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———— ee

THE DICTIONARY

OF

SCIENCE AND TECHNICAL TERMS

USED IN

PHILOSOPHY, LITERATURE, PROFESSIONS, COMMERCE,
ARTS, AND TRADES.

BY

W. M. BUCHANAN.

WITH SUPPLEMENT.

EDITED BY

JAMES A.’ SMITH,

AUTHOR OF A TREATISE ON * ‘THE BEING AND FACULTIES OF MAN,” “ THE
STRUCTURE OF MATTER,’ ° ETC., EDITOR OF “‘ THE GENERAL GAZETTEER,”
* JOHNSON’S POCKET DICTIONARY,” ETC.

LONDON: GEORGE BELL AND SONS,
YORK STREET, COVENT GARDEN,
1884.

we a o
eA sega ptt

ADVERTISEMENT.

.
.

THE rapid progress of. modern invention and dis-
covery, involving the continual increase of discrimina-
tive nomenclature, has long made it evident that no
absolutely complete Dictionary of Technical Terms
can ever be compiled. Yet there are some, even among
the critical, who look upon every such work as the pre-
sent with undue expectation, and do not hesitate to
find fault because impossibilities are not achieved. It
is necessary, therefore, to explain that an exhaustive
dictionary of Chemistry alone, up to the existing stage
of that science, would fill several volumes larger than
the present, and be, from the necessary cost, almost
inaccessible to either the general or the special student.
With the terminology of all the other sciences added,
it is plain that a work would be involved of such
dimensions that a remunerative circulation could
hardly be expected.

Still, however, a Scientific Dictionary, accurate in
its definitions, and something much more than merely
general in its scope and details, was seriously wanted
when the first edition of the present work appeared ;
and Mr. Buchanan, in his “* Technological Dictionary,”

a 2

iv ADVERTISEMENT.

which forms the body of this volume, met the demand
with an amount of judgment, knowledge, and ability,
which at once fixed the character of his performance,
as not only an efficient and unrivalled feat of scientific
lexicography for the time, but also as an invaluable
nucleus for all sound and judicious subsequent aug-
mentations. In both these respects the present Editor
is able to testify, from his personal experience, that it

is still without an equal in the field of scientific litera-
- ture; and he can only hope thatpin the Supplement
now appended, and the corrections which time has
rendered necessary in the original text, he has, with-
out increasing the cost of the work to the purchaser,
been fortunate enough to meet by a further instalment
the public requirement, and not wholly unsuccessful
in maintaining that clear and condensed style of
explanation, of which Mr. Buchanan has given so
excellent an example, and without which the present
‘enlargement would not have been possible within due
limits.

London, 1876.

A

TECHNICAL DICTIONARY.

A

ABA

A is the first letter of all known alpha-

9 bets, except the Ethiopic, in which it
w the thirteenth, and the Runic, in which
it is the tenth.

A is naturally the first letter, because
it represents the first vocal sound na-
turally formed by the human organs;
being the sound uttered by merely
opening of the mouth, and without
effort to alter the natural position of
the lips. Hence this letter is found in
many words first uttered by infants:
which words are the names of objects
with which infants are first concerned,
as the breast and the parents. Hence
in Hebrew, am is mother, and abd is
father. In Chaldee and § abba is
father: in Arabic, aba; in Ethiopic,
abi ; in Malayan and Bengalese, bappa ;
in Welsh, tad, whence Scotch, daddy;
in old Greek and Gothic, atta; in Irish,
aithair; in Cantabrian, aita; in Lap-
ponic, atki; in Abyssinian, adda; in
Amharic, aba; in Shilhic and Melin-
dane (African dialects), dada; and papa
is found in many Hence
the Latin mamma, the breast, which is,
in popular use, the name of mother: in
Swedish, amma is a nurse.

A, was used by the Romans as a nume-
ral to denote 500, and with a dash over it,
A, to mean 5000. The Romans also em-
ployed A, the initial letter of antiqguo,—I
oppose, to signify dissent in voting. The
letters U.R. (for wti rogas, be it as you
desire), were the form of assent. [These
letters were marked on two woeden bal-
lots, and given to each voter, who gave
one of them as his vote.}] In criminal
trials, A. stood for absolvo, I acquit; C. for
condemno, I condemn: and N, L. for non
Viqguet, it is not evident; and the judges
voted by ballots so marked. In Roman
nscriptions, A stands for Augustus, drgen-
um, aurum, &c.

A, in music, is the nominal of the sixth
note in the natural diatonic scale, and
the natural key in the minor mood. It is
the open note of the second string of the
violin, by which the other strings are
tuned and regulated.

A, in commerce, stands for “‘ accepted ;””
& for “* to;” and @ for “at.” Merchants
and public officers also number their
books and documents by the letters A, B,
C, instead of figures.

A, in logic, denotes a universal affirma-
tive proposition. A asserts, and E denies.
In BARBARA, the a thrice repeated means
that so many of the propositions are uni-
versal. *,

A, A, or AA, in pharmacy, are abbre-
viations of the Greek word &Vva, ana, which
signifies of each, or that equal quantities
of each thing are to be taken.

AAA, in old chemistry, stands for amat-
gam, or amalgamation.

AAM, a Dutch measure for liquids. At
Amsterdam it is equal to about thirty-five
imperial gallons.

AARON’s Ron, in architecture, a rod with
& serpent twined round it. It is some-
times confounded with Caduceus, (q. v.)

A. B. an abbreviation of artiwm bacca-
laureus, bachelor of arts.

AB, in the Jewish Calendar, the 11th
month of the civil year, and the 5th month
of the ecclesiastical year, answering to a
part of July and of August. In the Syriac
calendar, 4d is the last summer month of
the year. Asa prefix to English names, 4d
is usually an abbreviation of abbot, or abbey.

ABACK’, from Saxon, a, on, and
back. A nautical term, signifying the
situation of the sails when flattened by the
wind against the masts. Taken aback, is
when they are carried back suddenly by
the wind; Zaid aback, ts when they are
purposely placed so to give the ship stern-
way.

B

ABA

ABA

Ap’acor, in architecture, a small member
vepresenting the abacot, or cap of state,
ip the form of a double crown, anciently
worn by the kings of England.

Anac’tor (Latin, from abigo, to drive
away), in Jaw, one who steals numbers of
cattle: in distinction to one who steals
one or two.

Ax’acus, Latin, from a#@e, any thing
flat,asa bench,atable. 1. A small sanded
or waxed table, or board, on which, of
old, mathematicians traced their dia-
grams, and children were taught to write.
——2. An instrument to facilitate arithme-
tical calculations, similar to the swanpan
of the Chinese. It consisted of a board of
an oblong figure [__] divided by lines or
cerds. A counter placed on the lower
line denoted one, on the second ten, on
the third a hundred, &c.: on the spaces
between the lines, counters denoted half
as much as on the lines immediately above.
Other schemes are called by the same
name.——3. In architecture, the upper
member of the capital of a Greek Doric
column, and a collection of members or
mouidings, serving as a kind of crowning
in other orders. It is usually square, but
in the Corinthian order it is encurvated,
which curving is called the arch of the
abacus. The upper member of the abacus
in this order is sometimes called the boul-
fine, or enchinus: the member under it,
the fillet: and the third and undermost
member, the plinth. See Cariran.—4. A
table of numbers ready cast up, to ex-
pedite arithmetical operations, e.g. the
Abacus Pythagoricus, the common multi-
plication table, invented by Pythagoras:
the Abacus Logisticus, or canon of sexage-
simals, is a rectangled triangle, whose
sides forming the right angle contain the
numbers from 1 to 60, and its area the
result of each pair of the numbers per-
pendicularly opposite.

Axacus Harmonicvs, the structure and
disposition of the keys of a musical in-
strument.

Asacts Magsor, a trough to wash ore
in.

Axap’pon, from abad, to be lost. The
destroying angel of the bottomless pit.—
Rey. ix. The bottomless pit.—Milton.

Azarr, from Sax. beeftan, to be behind
in place. The situation of anything placed
towards the stern of the ship: opposed to
afore. Relatively it means farther aft, or
nearer the stern. Contr. aft.

Av‘acun, the name of an Ethiopian
fowl, remarkable for a sort of horn on its
head. The name means proud abbot.

Azar’str, spodium, burnt ivory, or
ivory-black.

Apratssep, Fr. abaissé, depressed. In
teraldry, applied to the wings of eagles,
tc., when the tips are depressed below

the centre of the shield or shut. The
natural bearing is volant, (q. v.)

AxaLiena’TION, from ab and alienation,
(q. v.). In law, transferring title to pro-
perty from one to another. medicine,
decay of body or mind.

ABAN’DONMENT, from abandon, to for-
sake entirely. In commerce and naviga-
tion, the relinquishing to underwriters
all the property saved from loss by ship-
wreck, capture, or other peril stated in
the policy. The abandonment being made,
the insured claims indemnification for a
total loss. z

Ax’sNneET, in surgery, a bandage resem-
bling the abanet, or girdle, worn by Jew-
ish priests.

Axan’ca, the ady,a species of palm-tree
in the West Indies. It furnishes a juice
of which a species of fermented drink is
made. ‘

AxpapTis’Ton,in surgery, the perforating
part of the trephine: der. @, not, and
Sarre, to dip, because it was made with
abaptista, or shoulders, so as not to enter
the brain.

ABARTICULA’TION, from ab and articula-
tion, (q. V-) In anatomy, that articulation
of joints which admits of manifest motion.
Syn. diarthrosis, (q. v-)

Azas’, a Persian weight for pearls equal
to seven-eighths of a carat.

AzasED, in heraldry, the same with
abaissed, (q. V-)

Apass!, or ABASsIs, a Persian silver
coin of the value of ten pence sterling.

ABATAMENTUM, from abate. In law, an
entry of a freehold, when a person dies
seised, and another enters before the heir.

Azate, Fr. abattre, to beat down, to
destroy, e. g. in law, to abate a castle is
to pull it down: to abate a writ, is to
overthrow or defeat it: to abate by covin,
to overthrow by deceit. In horsemanship,
a horse is said to abate when, working
upon curvets, he puts both hind legs down
at once, and Observes the same exactness
in all the times.

Asa’tempnt, from abate. In commerce,
1. An allowance or discount for prompt
payment ; 2. A deduction sometimes made
at the custom-house from the duties
chargeable upon such goods as are da-
maged. Syn. rebate. In heraldry, a mark
of dishonour in a coat of arms. In law
the English word for abatamentum, (q. v3)

Apatis, or Apatrtis, from @, not, and
Paros, pervious. In war, a temporary
work, made of felled trees, with the
branches pointed outwards.

Asator, from abate. In law,a person
who intrudes into a freehold on the death
of the last possessor before the heir. See
ABATAMENTUM.

Aeg, yarn for the warp of a web.

As’za, the Syrian and Chaldee name

ABO 8

AB

for father. In the Coptic, Syriac, and
Ethiopic churches, it is the title of bishops,
and the bishops bestow it by way of dis-
tinction on the bishop of per camel
Hence the titles of baba, papa

Ap’Racy, from adda (low Lat. gg eee
the dignity, rights, and privileges of an
abbot. ,

ABBE, (addy), from abba. ally, an
abbot; subsequently, a common title iu
Catholic countries, implying no deter-
minate rank, office, or rights ; and latterly,

(s, b,c.) A. psalms, are those whose parts
according to the os of

the Hebrew alphabet, e. g. psalms 25,

11

AB'DALS, a sect of fanatics in Persia,
who sometimes run out into the streets,
and attempt to kill all they meet who are
of a different religion; and if they are
themselves killed, they are considered
martyrs.

ABDERITE, au inhabitant of Addera, in
Thrace ; Democritus was so called because

an academic, but not properly a church- | he was a native of it, and as he was given

man.

AB’BEss, from abba, the female superior
of a nunnery.

AP'BEY, from abba, a monastery or reli-
gious society of persons of either sex.
The males, called monks, are governed by
an abbot; the females, called nuns, are
governed by an abbess. Abbeys were sup-"
pressed in England by Henry VIIL.

Avb’BoT (formerly abbat, from abba, Latin-
ised abbas), the superior of au abbey or
monastery. Abbots are regular and com-
mendatory. The regular abbots are such
as take the vow; the commendatory are
seculars, but obliged, when of suitable
age, to take orders. The title is also
borne by bishops whose sees were formerly

abbeys. The A. of unreason was a sort of |

histrienic character peculiar to Scotland,
similar to the lord of misrule in Englaud.

ABBREUVOIR, from abbreuver, to water.
A watering place. In masonry, the joint
between two stones, to be filled up with
mortar.

ABBRE’VIATE, from abbrevio, to shorten.
In mathematics, to reduce fractions to their
lowest terms. A. of adjudications, in Scotch
law, is an abstract. of'a decree of adjudica-
tion, which is recorded in a register kept
for that purpose.

ABBREVIATED, Lat. abbreviatus, short-
ened. In botany, an abbreviated perianth
is shorter than the tube of the corolla, as
in the pulmonaria maritima.

ABBREVIA‘TION, from abbreviate, the
contraction of a word or a passage, by
omitting some letters or words, as i. e. id
est, that is; e. g. exempli gratia, for ex-
ample ; A.M. ante meridiem, before noon ;
P.M. post meridiem, afternoon; A. of
fractions, the reduction of them ‘to their
lowest terms.

ABBRE’VIATOR, one who abbdreviates.
Abbreviatores are officers in the Chancery
of Rome, who draw up,the pope’s briefs,
and reduce petitions, when granted, to due
forms for dulis or mandates.

ABBRE VIATURE, Lat. abbreviatura, an
abridgment. A mark or character used in
abbreviation, e. g. A B C used for the
whole alphabet.

ABBUTTALS, the — or boundary of
land towards any po!

|

to laughter, foolish laughter is called
abderian.

ABDICATE, in a general reir to relin-
quish, from Lat. ad-dico, to send away.
To relinquish an office before the expiry
of the time of service. In the civil law, to
disinherit, e. g. a son during the lifetime
of the father. .

ABDIca/TION, from abdicate, the act
whereby a person in office gives it up
before the time of service is expired. The
term is chiefly used with reference to the
supreme magistrate; we say of the mon-
arch that he abdicated the throne, and of
a minister that he resigned his office.

ABDO'MEN, in anatomy; the lower belly,

‘or that part of the body between the

thorax and the pelvis. It is lined by the
peritoneum, and contains the stomach,
liver, spleen, pancreas, kidneys, bladder,
and intestines. It is separated from the
chest internally by the diaphragm, and
externally by the extremities of the ribs.
It is divided into four regions,—the epigas-
tric, umbilical, hypogastric, and lumbar.
The term is usually derived from Lat.
abdo, to hide, and omentum, the caul, be-
cause it conceals the viscera; but some
maintain that men is merely a gramma-
tical augmentation, and that abdomen is
formed from abdo in the same way as
legumen is formed from lego.

ABDOMINAL, belonging to the abdomen,
e. g. A. aorta, that portion of the aorta
which is below the diaphragm: 4. ring,
the inguinal ring, an oblique tendinous
ring in both groins, through which pass
the spermatic cord in men, and the round
ligaments of the uterus in women.

ABDOMINALS, Latinized abdominatles, a
class of fishes whose ventral fins are placed
behind the pectoral. The class contains
nine genera, the loche, saimon, pike,
argentine, atherine, mullet, fiying-fish,
herring, and carp. They chiefly inhabit
fresh water.

ABDOMINOUS, belonging to the ads7omen.

ABDUCENT, Lat. abducens. In enatomy,
muscles which pull back the parts into
which they are inserted are called abgucent
muscles, or abductors ; muscles which have
an opposite action are called adducent

tors. The sixth pair of

oO
ABCEDARY, vod to the alphabet | nerves are also called abducent (nervi @b-
Z

B

ABE

ABE

ducentes), from their distributton to the
abductor muscle of the eyeball.
Aspvuc’1ion, Lat. abductio, from ab-
duco. See Anpucent. 1. In physiology,
the action by which muscles draw back
by their contraction the parts into which
they are inserted ; and also the state of a
part so withdrawn, e.g. when certain
muscles withdraw the arm from the side,
or the thumb from the rest of the fingers,
they are said to perform the abduction of
those parts, and the parts are said to be
in a state of abduction.——2. In surgery,
a species of fracture in which the parts
recede from each other. It is sometimes
used to denote a sprain.——3. In law,
the taking away of a child, a ward, a
wife, &c., either by fraud, paca or
open violence. ——4. In es of
argumentation, called by the Greeks apa-
goge, in which the major is evident; but
the minor is not so clear as not to require
further proof; e. g. in this syllogism—

‘Whatever God has revealed is certainly true:

Now God has revealed a future retribution ;

Therefore a future retribution is certainly
true.

Aspvc’ror, Lat. abductor -oris, from ab-
ducc. In anatomy, a muscle which per-
forms the abduction of any part; its an-
tagonist is called an adductor, e.g. the ab-
ductor pollicis pedis, which pulls the great
toe from the rest.

ABECcEDA’RIAN, OF ABECE’DARY, One Who
teaches the letters of the alphabet. A
novice in any art or science.

ABEVE’DARY, pertaining to or formed
of the letters of the alphabet. See Axn-
CEDARY.

ABELF, or-ABEL-TREE, the hoary or white

poplar (populus aloa). The wood is white
and soft, fit only for coarse work. The
best sort of abel-trees haying come from
Holland, it is in some places known by
the name of Dutch beech.

ABEL'IANS, ABELO'NIANS, OF A’BELITEs.
In church history, a sect which arose in
Africa during the reign of Arcadius; they
married, but lived in continence, after the
manner, as they pretended, of Abel, and
attempted to maintain the sect by adopting
the children of others.

ApE.tice’A, anold name of the logwood-
tree (hematoxylon campechianum).

A®ELMOSK, ABELMOSCH, OF ABELMUSK,
the Syrian mallow, or musk okro, a spe-
cies of hibiscus (H. abelmoschus). The plant
rises on an herbaceous stalk of three or
four feet in height. The seeds have a
musky odour; hence its name, habb el
msk (Arabic), "musk seed. It is a native
of the East Indies.

ApeErra’TION, Lat. aberratio, from ab-
erro, to wander from; wandering, devia-
tian. 1. In astronomy, a small apparent
motion of the fixed stars, occasioned by

the progressive motion of light, and the
earth’s annual motion in its orbit. The
A. of a planet is equal to the space it ap-
pears to move, as seen from the earth,
during the time that thelight employs in
passing from the planet to the earth.
Thus, in the sun the aberration (in ee
tude). is constantly 20”, that being th
space moved by the earth in 8’ 7” of Bind
the interval that light takes to from
the sun to the earth. From this the ab-
erration of the other planets is readily
found; for, knowing the distance of the
sun from the earth, it will be, by common
proportion, as the distance of the earth
to the sun is to the planet, so is 8’ 7” to
the time the light takes to pass from
the planet to the earth; then finding
the planet’s geocentric motion in that
time, it will be the aberration of the
planet.——2. In optics, a deviation of the
rays of light, when infiected by a lens or
speculum, by which they are prevented
from uniting inone point. Itisoccasioned
by the figure of.the reflecting body, or by
the different refrangibility of the rays
themselves: this last is called the New-
tonian aberration, from the name of its
illustrious discoverer. Crown of aberra-
tion, a luminous circle round the disc of
the sun, depending on the aberration
of the solar rays, by which his apparent
diameter is enlarged.——3. In medical
language, (1.) The passage of a fluid in
the living body into vessels not destined
to receive it; (2.) The determination of a
fluid to a part different to that to which
it is usually directed; (3.) The aliena

of the min

Asrsasum, the oxide which forms on
the iron of wheels: formerly used in
medicine.

Aser’, in law, to encourage, counsel,
incite, or assist, in a e€ action ;
from Sax. betan, "to push forward, or ad-
vance.

Azsezr’ror, one who abets or incites. In
law, one who encourages another to the
performance of an unlawful action. In
Scotch law,an abettor is said to be art and
part. In treason, there are no abettors;
all concerned are principals.

Asrvacua’TIon, from ab, dim. and eva-
cuation (q. v-). In medicine, a partial
evacuation of the morbid humours, either
by nature or art.

AxeEy’ance, from Norm. abaizance, in
expectation (bayance). In expectation of
law. The fee-simple or inheritance of
lands is in abeyance, when there is no
person in whom it can vest; so that it is
in a state of expectancy, until a proper
person shall appear; e.g. if land is leased
to a man for life, remainder to another
for years, the remainder for years is is
oe until the death of the leasee for

le.

-

ABJ

&

ABO

As‘Hat, the fruit of a species of Asiativ
cypress, said to be a powerful emmena-
e.

ABHO’RRERS, @ name given to a party
in England about 1680, in opposition to
those who petitioned for a redress of
gricvances.

Azs'rs, the first month of the Jewish
ecclesiustical year, called also Nisan. It
begins at the spring equinox, and answers
to the end of March and beginning of
April. Its name, which means a full ear
of corn, is derived from the wheat being
full grown in Egypt at that season.

Asrpz, from Sax. abidan, to continue.
Abiding by writings, in Scotch law, means
compelling a person to abide by a false
deed as if it were true.

Asies, the trivial name of the Norway
spruce fir (pinus abies), which affords the
Burgundy pitch, and common frankin-
cense (abietis resina). Name, from eios,
a wild pear, to which its fruit bears some
resembiance.

Astetic, from abies. "A. acid (acidum
abieticum), an acid discovered in the resin
of the pinus abies. It crystallises in square
plates, is soluble in alcohol, and forms
salts with the alkalies.

AzretineE (abietina), a resinous sub-
stance obtained from the Strasburg tur-
pentine.

A’zica, the ground-pine, or chamepitys
(Teucrium chamepitys). Name, from abigo,
to expel, as it was supposed to promote
parturition.

Axicear (abigeatus), the crime of steal-
ing cattle in droves; called also abactus.
See AsacTor.

Asi.iry, from Lat. habilitas, ableness,
from habeo, to have. In law, the power of
doing certain actions, principally with
regard to the acquisition and transfer of
property.

AxinTEs’TATE, from Lat. ab and intesta-
tus, without a will (testator). In law,
applied to the person who inherits the
estate of one dying intestate, or without a

Asroros, deadly ; from «, not, and S:ow,
to live. Aname given to hemlock (conium
maculatum), from its deadly qualities.

Asrreriration, from ab and irritation,
a medical synonyme for asthenia, debi-
lity, &c.

AssuRaAtion, from abjure, Lat. ab-juro,
to deny upon oath. A renunciation upon
oath; e. g. “an ion of the realm,”
by which a person swears to leave the
country forever. This is much the same
with what in Scotland is called signing an
act of banishment, and was allowed for-
merly in England to felons who had taken
refuge in a church, and confessed their

t. In some statutes, it is an oath
Giciaiming al! allegiance to a pretender.

The “ aljuration of heresy," is the «+vanta-
tion of any religious doctrine as tris«.

AsLacra’Tion, the weaning of u child
from the breast. In gardening, a mode of
grafting, in which the scion is not sepa-
rated from the parent stock tillit is firmly
united to the new one. It is now called
grafting by approach, or inarching.

ABLAQUEA'TION, from Lat. aband laquear,
acovering. In gardening, the operation
of laying bare the roots of trees to the
air and water.

Asxa’Tion, Lat. ab-latio, a carrying
away. In medicine, the taking away from
the body whatever is hurtful: evacua-
tions generally. In chemistry, the removal
of whatever is finished

Ax’LaTIvE, Lat. ablativus, from aufero,
to carry away (of ab and ferv). In Latin
grammar, the name of the sixth case,
peculiar to that language. Words are
used in this case when the actions of car-
rying away or taking from are signified. It
is therefore opposed to the dative. It is
sometimes called the comparative case, as
being much used in comparing things.
Ablative absolute, is when a word in that
case is independent in construction of the
| rest of the sentence.

ABLE-BODIED, in nautical language, it
denotes skill in seamanship.

AsLEc’T! (selected). Inthe Romanarmy,
a select body of soldiers chosen from
among those called extraordinarii.

ABLE’GIMA (cesroreypeos)- .In Roman
archeology, the parts of the victim which
were offered to the gods in sacrifice. The
word is derived from. ablegere, in imitation
of the Greek asrodeyésy.

ABLEP’sy, Lat. ablepsia, from w, not, and
BaAexw, to see. Blindness.

Ax’LuENT, Lat. abluens, from ab-luo, to
wash away (Ir. lo, or lua, water.) In
medicine, that which purifies the blood.
It issometimes used in the sense of diluent,
and abstergent.

Astv’tion, Lat. ab-lutio (of luo, or lavo,
to wash). 1. Purification by water. Ap-
propriately, the washing of the body asa
preparation for religious duties, enjoined
by Moses, and still practised in oriental
countries. The priests of Egypt used
daily ablutions ; the Grecians, sprinklings ;
the Romans, lustrations ; the Jews, wash-
ings and baptisms. The ancient Christians
had their ablutions before communion;
the Roman Catholic has his before mass ;
on Good Friday, the Syrians, Copts, &c.,
have solemn washings.——2. In chemistry,
the separation of extrarieous matters from
any substance by washing.——3. In medi-
cine, the washing of the body.

ABNOR’MAL, or AsNoxmovs, Lat. abnor-
mis, irregular. Deviating from nature:
unnatural.

Asoarp (a and board), within a saip

ABO

6 ABR

boat, &c.: hence, co go aboard, to enter a
ship: to board, to enter a ship by force of
arms: fo fail ard, to strike a ship's
side, to encounter; aboard main-tack, an
order to draw the main-tack, i.e. ‘the
lower corner of the mainsail, down to the
chess-tree.

Asotrtion, from Lat. ab and oleo
olesco, to grow. In law, 1. The repealiny
of any statute. 2. Remitting the panish-
ment of a criminal. 3. Leave given to
a criminal accuser to desist from further
prosecutivun of the accused.

Abolition conveys the notion of a
more gradual proceeding than either
repeal or abrogate, and seems more ap-
plicable to the obliteration of customs ;
e. g. we say a change of taste has
eaused the abolition of tournaments;
but that such a law has been repealed,
or abrogated; such an edict has been
revoked, contract annulled, or debt can-
celled.

Azor’ta, in Roman archeology, a wool-
len cloak or pall, which was worn by
the soldiers; and also by judges. The
word is identical in signification with
pallium (gxgos)-

Axzomas'vs, the fourth omons in rumi-
nating animals: from ab, and omasum,
the paunch. In calves, the runnet, or
earning, is formed in the abomasus.

AxzomINATIon, detestation: from Lat.
abomino (of ab and omen), to deprecate as
ominous. <A. of desolation, foretold by
Daniel, the statue of Jupiter Olympius,
which Antiochus Epiphanes caused to be
put up in the temple of Jerusalem. A. of
desolation, mentioned by the evangelists,
the ensigns of the Roman army when
Jerusalem was besieged by Titus.

Azo’REA, 2 species of duck called, by
the black-bellied whistling
It is of a reddish brown colour,
with a sort of crest on its head: the belly
is spotted with black and white.

AzorreineEs, the first inhabitants of a
country—as the Celts in Europe, and the
Yndians in America. The term is Lat.
from ab,and origo, origin. Adj. aboriginal.
The name was first given to the ancient
or original inhabitants of Italy, who,
according to tradition, were conducted
into Latium by Saturn.

Axzor’TIENT, Lat. abortiens, miscarrying.
A term sometimes used by botanical wri-
ters, as Synonymous with sterilis, barren.

Axzortion, Lat. io, miscarriage,
(of ab and orior). The premature expul-
sion of the fetus. If it occur before the
end of the sixth month it is called abortion,
or miscarriage ; if between the sixth and
end of the ninth month, premature labour.
Biecarringe is restricted by some writers
t the expulsion of the foetus within six
Weems siicr conception: abortion and

miscarriage are, however, generally used
synonymously.

Axzor’tivE, applied, 1. To a medicine
which a the power ‘of exciting abortion
(q.¥.); 2. To flowers or florets which do
not produce perfect seed. Abortive flow-
ers are generally such as haye stamens,
but no pistils.

Asovut, from Sax. abutan, coinciding
with engi. About ship, the order to the
ship’s crew for tacking; the situation of
the ship immediately after she has tacked.

Az Ovo, from the beginning: literally
from the egg, with which the banquet

gan.

Asp., abbreviation for archbishop.

ABRACADAB’RA, the name of a deity
worshipped by the Syrians. The name
was supposed by the cabalists to possess
great virtues in preventing and curing
fevers. To render its powers certain, it
was written on paper as many times as it
contained letters, omitting the iast letter
every time, thus-—

ABRACADABRA
ABRACADABR

A

The word isa corruption of Abrasadabra,
which means “ divine decree.”

ABRAC’ALAN, a cabalistic term, to which
the rabbins ascribed the same virtues as
to the Abracadabra.

ABRAHAMIC, pertaining to Abraham the
patriarch, e.g. the Abrahamic covenant.
Abrabamites, a sect of heretics who
adopted the errors of Paulus, and who
are therefore called Paulicians. Also an
order of monks exterminated in the ninth
century, by Theophilus, for worshipping
images.

AsRan’cHIA, from a, not, and Leavysa,
gills. Animals which have no gills, or
apparent organs of respiration.

Aprancuia’Ta, from abranchia (q. v.),
the third order of Articulata, having no
apparent external organ of respiration,
but seem to respire, some by the entire
surface cf the skin, and others by internal,
cavities. They have a closed circulating
system, usually filled with red blood.
This order is divided into two families:
the A. setigera, which are provided with
sete which enable them to crawl, e. g.
the earth-worm; and the 4d. asetigera,
which are aquatic, and have no seta,
e. g. the leech.

ABRASAX, @ word which has been de-
rived from the initial letters of the Hebrew

oP ay

why

= aa

7.

—__r-

ABR

ABS

words, Ab, Ben, Ruach-hakodesh, (Father,
Son, and Holy Ghost), and the Greek
words, Lwrugie aro Evdoy (salvation
from the cross); but more probaviy, it
is made up of the Greek numerals, «=1,
8=2, e=100, w=1, c=200, e=1, §=60,
which together make 365: for it was, 1.

The name of the supreme god under

whom the Basilidians supposed 365 de-
pendent deities, who had the government
of so many celestial orbs. It was the
principle of the Gnostic hierarchy whence
sprung the multitude of @ons. 2. An
antique gem or stone with the word
abraxas engrayen on it. There are many
of various figures, e. g. of beetles, ser-
pents, human heads, mostly as old as the
third century. The letters are mostly
Roman, Greek, and Phenician. They
appear to have been early sought after
as amulets.

Asra’sion, from abrado (of Lat. abrado,
to serape off). In physics, the effect pro-
duced by attrition. In medicine, the
effect produced by corrosive applications.

Aeravm, a red clay brought from the
Isle of Wight, with which cabinet-makers
darken and polish mahogany.

Apraxas, in ent , a subgenus in
the classification of Leach, including the
Phalena Grossulariata (magpie),and Pha-
lena Ulmata (clouded magpie), of La-
treille. Feed on the leaves of the currant
and gooseberry.

AerazitTe, Zeagonite or Gismondine,a
mineral which occurs in semi-globular
masses (sometimes in octahedral crystals
with a square base), in the volcanic rocks
of Capo di Bove, near Rome. Conts. Si-
lica, 41°4; lime, 48°6; alumina, 2°5; mag-
nesia, 1°5; oxide of iron, 2°5.—Philips.

Asrzast, (a and breast), in nautical lan-
guage, the position of two or more ships
which have their sides parallel, and their
heads equally advanced. <Abreast within
Ship, means in a line with the beam,
main hatchway, &c. From this point
the position is reckoned fore or aft.

Asrine’MENT, from abridge (of Beayus,
short), an epitome ; a summary of a book.
In law, shortening a count or declaration ;
e. g. in assize, a man is said to’ abridge
his plaint, and a woman her demand in
action of dower, if any land be put there-
in, which is not in the tenure of the
defendant: for, on a plea of non-tenure
in abatement of the writ, the plaintiff
may leave out those lands, and pray that
the tenant may answer to the remainder.

Aproca’tion, from , to annul
by an authoritative act. The act of abo-
lishing by authority of the legislative

wer. The term is derived from abrogo,

fa rogo, to ask, in allusion to the
Roman custom which admitted no law
to be valid to which the consent of the

peeple had not been obtained by asking;
or abrogated, but in the same way, by
gaining the popular consent.

Asno'Ma, from &,not,and Bewuc, food.
A genus of plants of the polyadelphia
dodecandria class and order; containing
two species, the A. augusta, and the A.
fastuosa. VThey grow freely in common
garden soil, and are easily propagated by
seeds and cuttings. The first is a native
of the East Indies, and the other of New
South Wales.

Apro’rantmM, southernwood, from
Beorovey (of %, not, and Seerss, mortal,
because it never decays). A species of
plant arranged under the genus artemisia.
H. shrub.

Asrupt, Lat. abruptus, broken ; applied
to the leaves of plants when the extre-
mity of the leaf is, as it were, cut off by
a transverse line.

ABRUPTLY-PINNATE, abrupte-pinnatus, @
term applied in botany to a leaf which is
pinnate, and terminates abruptly, with-
out an odd leaflet or cirrus.

A’srus, the knob-rooted wild liquorice,
from aBeos, soft, in reference to the so:
ness of its leaves. A genus of plants of
the class and order diadelphia decandria.
There is only one species known in
Europe, the precato’rius. It grows
wild in both East and West Indies, and
in Africa, and produces those beautiful
red seeds, called Angola seeds, marked
with a black spot or eye at the one
end, which have been so much used as
beads for making necklaces and rosaries
(whence the specific name precatorius of
the plant).

Axgsce’DENT, Lat. abscedens (of abscedo,
to depart). Applied to a decayed part of
an organised body, which is separated
Trom the sound.

Ax’scess, Lat. abscessus (of ab and cedo,
to go from} , an imposthume; a collection
of morbid matter or pus in the cellular
or adipose membrane; matter gencrated
by the suppuration of an inflammatory
tumour.

Axssciss, or Anscissa, from ab and scindo,
to cut. In conics, any part of the diame-
ter or axis of acurve,intercepted between
the vertex, or some other fixed point,
and another line called an ordinate. An
absciss and ordinate considered together
are called co-ordinates. By means of these
the equation of the curve is defined.

Asscis’sion, from abscindo to cut off.
In surgery, the separation of any soft part
of the body, by an edged instrument,
and as amputation is when bones are cut.

Axssco’nsto, from abscondo, to hide. In
anatomy, the cavity of a bone which re-
ceives and conceals the head of another
bone.—Lat.

Aszconsa. from abscondo, to hide. A

ABS ABS
dark lantern, used by the monks in bury- | who has appealed from a sentence of
ing the dead at night.—LZat. excommunication.

Assin’THATE (absinthas), a salt formed
by the combination of absinthic acid with
a base.

Assin’/rHIc, related to absinthium. <A.
acid (acidum absinthicum), a peculiar acid
contained in absinthium.

Asstn’rHINE (absinthina), the bitter
vrinciple of absinthium.

AsIN’THITES, Wine impregnated with
absinthium.

ABSINTHIUM, Wormwood; a bitter plant
used in medicine asa tonic. It is a spe-
cies of artemisia (artemisia absinthium).
Name Latinised from e-Liydsoy, supposed
to be derived from @, not, and ~Lsybog,
sweet, on account of its Ditterness.

ee in astronomy, the same with Apsis

.v.

AxsotuTe, Lat. absolutus, independent
of anything extraneous. 1. In grammar,
the azssoL_ure case is when a word or
member of a sentence is not immediately
dependent on the other parts of the sen-
tence in government, e.g. ‘‘ Pray without
ceasing.” the word pray is taken absolutely.
—2. In mathematics, an ABSOLUTE TERM
Or NUMBER, is one which is complevely
known, and to which all the other part
of the equation is made equal, e.g. in the
eq. x + 10x = 25, the absolute number
term is 25, which is equal to the square of
z,added to ten times z.——3. In astro-
nomy, ABSOLUTE EQUATION is the sum of
the optic and eccentric equations: the
apparent inequality of a planet’s motion
in its orbit, arising from its being at dif-
ferent times at different distances from
the’earth, is called its optic equation: the
eccentric inequality arises from the uni-
formity of the planet’s motion in an ellip-
tical orbit, which for that reason appears
not to be uniform.—4. In physics, anso-
LUTE sPAcE is space considered without
relation to any object. Absolute gravity is
that property in bodies by which they
are said to weigh so much, withoutregard
to circumstances of modification: this is
always as the quantity of matter they
contain——5. In chemistry, absolute is
applied to substances free of some usual
combination, e.g. alcohol free of water is
called absolute alcohol.

AxssoLv’r10on, Lat. absolutio (of ab and
solvo, to loosen}. In civil law, a definitive
sentence of acquittal by a judge, releasing
the accused from all further prosecution.
In the Scotch Presbyterian church, a sen-
tence of the church judicatories, releasing
an individual from excommunication and
receiving him again into communion. In
Roman Catholic churches, a remission of
sins pronounced bya priest in favour of a
penitent. Absolutio ad cautelam is a pro-
visional absolution granted to a person

Axssor’BENT, Lat. absorbens (of ab-sorbeo,
to drink in). 1. In anatomy, the delicate,
transparent vessels which take up sub-
stances from the surface of the body, or
from any cavity, and carry it into the
blood, are termed absorbents. These are
the lacteals and lymphatics. The same
name is given by naturalists to those
fibres of roots which draw nourishment
from the earth.——2. In chemisiry the
term is applied to any substance which
withdraws moisture from the atmosphere,
neutralises acids, &¢.——3. In pharmacy, ©
a medicine which destroys acidities in
the stomach and bowels (e.g. magnesia,
prepared chalk).

Assorr’Tion, Lat. absorptio (of ab-
sorbeo, to drink in). 1. In physiology, a
function of living organised bodies, which
consists in taking up substances, and con-
veying them into the mass of circulating
fluids, by means of the absorbing vessels.
— Hooper.—2. In chemistry, the passage
of a gas into the pores of a liquid or solid
substance; the passage ofa liquid into the
pores of a solid.

AszsTER’GENT, from abstergo, to cleanse,
(abstergeo), a medicine which removes
foulness. The term detergent is now com-
monly used.

As’stract, from Lat. abs-traho, to sepa-
rate; distinct from something else, e.g.
an abstract idea, in metaphysics, is an idea
separated from a complex object, or from
other ideas which naturally accompany
it: as the solidity of marble, considered
apart from its colour or figure. stract
terms are those which express abstract
ideas, as whiteness, roundness, (in con-
tradistinction to concretes, as white,
round), without regard to the subjects in
which they exist. Abstract numbers are
numbers used without application to any
particular objects, as 3, 7; but when
applied to anything, as 6 men, they be-
come concrete. Abstract, or pure mathe-
matics, treat of magnitude or quantity in
general, as arithmetic and geometry;
opposed to mixed mathematics, which
treat of the relations of quantity, as
applied to sensible objects, as astronomy,
optics. An abstract is a summary, or
epitome, containing the substance of a
treatise or writing. To abstract means,
in chemistry, to separate the volatile
parts of a substance by distillation. In
bee sense the word eztract is commonly
used.

Asstrac’T1, in church history, a sect of
Lutherans, who asserted that Christ is to
be adored not only in the concrete, as the
Son of God, but that he is in the abstract
an object of adoration.

ABSTRACTION, the act of separating or
state of being separated. See Agstacr.

ABUT

ACA

1. In metaphysics, the operation of the
mind when occupied with abstract ideas,
as when some particular part or property
of an object is considered apart from the
rest, e.g. as when the mind considers a
branch of a tree by itself, or the colour of
the leaves, as separate from their size or
form ——2., In logic, the power ot the mind
in separating the combinations presented t
it, bears the name of abstraction.—Stewart,

Abstraction may be regarded as the
Science af generalization, as itis by ab-
stracting from individuals that which
is peculiar to each, and retaining what
is peculiar to all, that we come to form
the idea of species, and proceeding in the
same way with species, we arrive at
genera; from thence we proceed to
orders and classes,

3. In chemistry, the term denotes the
separation by heat of the volatile parts of
a compound.
is collected, the process is called distilla-
tion or sublimation, according as the pro-
cess is wet or dry.

ABSTRIN’GENT, Lat. abstringens. Medi-
cines which are used to resolve obstruc-
tions, concretions, &c., are called abstrin-
gents, &. Z. soup.

AxsurD, Lat. absurdus (from ab and
surdus, deaf), opposed to manifest truth.
In mathematics, a term empioyed in de-
monstrating converse propositions. The
proposition is not proved in a direct
manner from principles before laid down,
but the contrary of the proposition is
proved to be impossible or absurd, an
this indirectly proves the truth of the
proposition itself. Thus the fourth pro-
position of the first book of Euclid is
demonstrated by showing that if the
extremities of two right lines coincide,
the lines themselves will coincide in
their parts, otherwise they would enclose
a space, which is absurd, being contrary
to the tenthaxiom. This is called reductio
ad absurdum.

Ax’sus, the trivial name of a small
Egyptian lotus (cassia absus). The pow-
dered seeds are used in the cure of
ophthalmia.

Azun’panT, Lat. ab-undans (from unda,
a wave). In arithmetic, a number, the
sum of whose aliquot parts is greater than
the number at is called an abundant
number, e. g. 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, the aliquot

of 12, Bea ‘the sum 1€. This is
opposed to a deficient number, as 14, the
aliquot parts of which are 1, 2,7, the sum
of which is 10,and both toa perfect number ,
which is equal to the sum of all its aliquot
Darts, as 6, whose aliquot parts are 1, 2,3.

Axgvur’iton, a genus of exotie shrubs,
containing 26 species ; class monadelphia,
order polyvandria, natives of South Ane.
rica, East and West Indies, Senegal,

‘When the part abstracted |

Egypt,andCanaries. One species (A. Avi-
cenn@) is a native of the south of France.

AscTmMeEntT, from abut, to meet (chiefly
used in describing the bounds or situation
ofland). The extremity; chiefly used to
denote the solid mound or pier erected
on the bank of a river, to support the end
ofa bridge. Synonymes, land-stool, land-
pier. The term, however, often means
simply the masonry casing of this pier.
Among carpenters, the joining of two
pieces of timber is called an abutment. In
this the fibres of the wood are placed as
nearly as practicable at right angles to
each other.

Azsur’raL, the butting or boundary of
land; a headland. See Anpurrats.

Asyss, from eSuecos, without bottom ;
something profound, as it were bottom-
less; e.g. the ocean, hell (bottomless pit).

The term has been used by some to
denote a vast cavity filled with water,
which they supposed to exist in the
centre of the earth; and by others, to
signify a deep mass of water, which
they conceived encompassed the earth
in its state of chaos. These waters
were, according to the same authori-
ties, collected by the Deity, into the
abyss in the centre of the earth, on the
third day of creation. Geology has
done much of late to correct our no-
tions on these subjects.

2. In heraldry, the centre of an escut-
cheon, e.g. “He bears azure, a fleur de
lis, in abyss,” i.e. in the middle of the
shield clear of everything else.——3. In
ar , the temple of Proserpine, so
called from the immense treasures it was
supposed to contain.

Asyssin’1ans, a sect of Christians in
Abyssinia, who admit but one nature in
Jesus Christ, and reject the council of
Chalcedon. They are governed by a
bishop, called an &.

Ac, in Saxon, oak; the initial syllabie
of names, as Acton, Oaktown

A.C., an abbrev. of Ante Christum (be-
fore Christ).

Acac’aLor, the Tantalus Mexicanus, a
Mexican fowl. See Acator.

Aca‘cia, Gr. axaxie, from axagw, to
sharpen, the Egyptian-thorn, a genus of
shrubaceous plants, of the class polygamia,
and order monecia, This genus contains
about 132 species, all natives of hot cli-
mates.

The Chinese make a yellow dye from
the flowers of one species of it, which
bears washing on silks. From another
species of it (acacia vera), we derive our
gum arabic, gum senegal, &c.; and the
astringent medicine called catechu is the

roduction of a species of the same tree

(acacia t:), Which is a native of
the East Indies

ACA

10

ACA

2. In medicine, the name of the expressed
Juice of the immature pods of the acacia
vera. It is brought chiefly from Egypt in
roundish masses, wrapped up in thin
bladders.——3. In arche@oiogy, a roll or bag
on the medals of the Greek and Roman
emperors, supposed by some to represent
simply a handkerchief rolled up, with
which signals were given at the games:
by others it is said to be a roll of peti-
tions; others make it a purple bag filled
with earth, to remind the prince of his
mortality.

Aca‘ctans, in church history, sects so de-
nominated from their leaders, <Acacius,
bishop of Cesarea, and Acacius, patriarch
of Constantinople. Some of them main-
tained that the Son was only a similar,
not the same substance with the Father ;
others, that he was not only a distinct
but a dissimilar substance.

Acapr’mic, 1. pertaining to an academy,
college, or university, e.g. academie stu-
dies ; also what belongs to the school or
philosophy of Plato, e.g. the academic
sect.——2. An academician (q. v.).——3.
One who belonged to the school or ad-
Sb to the philosophy of Socrates and

ato.

Plato, the founder of the academical
philosophy in Greece, taught that mat-
ter is eternal and infinite, but without
form, refractory, and tending to dis-
order, and that there is an intelligent
eause, the author of spiritual being,
aud the material world.

» ACADEMI’cIAN, a member of an academy,
or society for promoting arts and sciences,
particularly a member of the French aca-
demies; also an academic philosopher;
an academist.

Aca’pEmy, Lat. academia, from wxady-
fei; Originally a garden or grove near
Athens, where Plato and his followers
held their philosophical conferences, and
ultimately, the sect of academic philo-
sophers.

In the modern sense, a society of learned
men united for the promotion of the
arts and science in general, or of some
special department. Hence academies of
antiquity (for the illustration of whatever
regards archeology, as medals, coins, in-
scriptions, &c.), ecclesiastical, chirurgical,
and dancing academies; academies of
belles-lettres, of languages, of painting, of
sculpture and architecture, &c. The first
modern school under this name was esta-
blished by Charlemagne, at the instance
of Alcuin, an English monk. Academy is
also applied with us for a kind of school
in which the elementary branches of edu-
cation are taught.

ACs DEMY-FIGURE, a draught or design
made after a model with a crayon or
pencil.

Acz’'na, the generic name of aMexicsa
shrub (A. elongata) of the class tetrandria,
and order menogynia. Name axzaiva, ®
prickle.

Acznitvs, in entomology, a genus of
ichnemnonides.—Latreille.

Acator, a Mexican fowl resembling the
ibis; it is called by some the water-crow.

Aca’LYcInE, Lat. acalycinus, (a, without,
and zedvz, a calyx), without calyx or
flower-cup.

Aca‘tyPHa, from azaangy, the nettle,
(urtica, Lin.). 1. A genus of plants of 16
species,some of which much resemble the
broad-leaved pellitory of the wall: class
monecia, order monadelphia. 2. A class
of radiated animals (radiata animalia),
comprising zoophytes (zoophyta), which
swim in the ocean, and in whose organi-
sation vessels can be recognised. These
are generally, however, “‘mere produc-
tions of the intestines excavated in the
parenchyma of the body.” The acalyphze
are divided into two orders; the A. sim- °
plicia (simple A.), and the A. hydrostatica
(hydrostatic A.). The first swim by the
alternate contractions and dilatations of

‘their body, although their substance is

apparently without fibres. The hydro-
static A. have one or more bladders, filled
with air, by means of which they sustain
themselves in their liquid element.

Acamacu, the | name of the Bra-
zilian fly-catcher, or todus (q. v.).

Aca’mpsy, Lat. acampsia, from, not,and
zawrrw, to bend. The same with An-
chylosis (q. V.).

Acana’cez, a class of plants in some
systems of botany, including all those
which are prickly, and bear their flowers
and seeds on a kind of head; name, from
axayos, & prickly shrub.

Acana’cEous, armed with prickles; be-
longing to the class of plants called
acanacee.

Acanats, in Turkish military affairs, “a
kind of light-armed horse.”

Aca’nos, from azayes, a spine. The
onopordium (q. V.).

Aca’nTHa, from gxzavOe, a thorn, In
botany, athorn. In zoology, the spine of a
prickly fin of a fish ; also an acute process
of the vertebra. In anatomy, the spina
dorsi.

AcanTHa’sotts, from exzavOe, a thorn,
and ~aArdrw, to throw out. In surgery, a
kind of forceps for pulling thorns, &c.
from the skin.

Aca’NTHIA, in entomology, a genus of
hemipterous insects; form oval, with a
spinous thorax, and ciliated abdomen.
Found chiefly on the banks of rivers
Name anciently given to a spefes of
Sere found near the city of acan-
thus

ACA

ll

ACA

Acantiia cicade (singing grasshop-
pers), had the same meaning among the
ancients that timber tuned has among
ourselves.

Aca/NTHINE, pertaining to, or resem-
bling the plant acanthus. In architecture,
a border or fillet ornamented with the
acanthus-leaf.

The acanthine garments of the an-
cients were made of the down of the
thistle, or embroidered with represent-
ations of the acanthus.
ACA’NTHINE-GUM (gummi acanthinum).

Gum-acacia is sometimes so called, be-
cause it is produced by a thorny tree, the
acacia vera.

Aca/NTHOCEPHALA, an intestinal worm
constituting a family of the order paren-
chymata, and class entozoa, and forming
the genus echinorhynchus, of Gmelin. The
A. attach themselves to the intestines by
a prominence armed with recurved spines,
which also appear to act as a proboscis:
— the name, exaybos thorny ; xtparr,

Aca’NTHOMERA, in entomology, a genus
belonging to the tribe of blapsides of La-
treille; name, from «z«vOos, spinous.

Aca’NTHOPODA, a tribe of coleopterous
insects composed of the single genus he-
terocerus, of Bosc; remarkable for their
broadish flattened’ legs armed exteriorly
with spines: whence the name, azavba,
a spine, and gous, a foot.

Aca’NTHOPTERA, in entomology, a genus
belonging to the tribe of cerambycini of
Latreille. It comprises the callichroma,
purpuricenus, and stenecorus, of Dejean ;
name, axavbe, a spine,and xregov, awing.

Aca’NTHOPTERYGII, the first and by far
the most numerous division of fishes;
distinguished by having the rays of their
fins bony, and many of them prickly at
the extremities: whence their name,
axavbe, @ spine, and wreeue, a jin. The
perch is an example of this order.

Aca’NTHOPUS, in entomology, a genus of
hymenoptera, belonging to the apis of
Linneus, and apiarie of Latreille.

Aca’NTHCSCELLIS, a genus of coleopte-
rous insects; anterior tibie strongly
palmated: posterior short, broad,arched,
and spinous : whence the name, wxavlec,
@ spine, &e,

Aca’ntxEvs, from axavos, prickly. Lat.
1. In botany, the plant bear’s breech or
brank ursine; a genus of about ten spe-
cies, receiving their name from their
prickles: class didynamia, order angio-
spermia. The acanthus mollis is that which
was formerly used in medicine: the branca
urst. Itis a native of Italy, Sicily, and
the Archipelago.—— 2. In architecture,
the leaf which forms one of the orna-
ments of the Corinthian capital. The
honour of introducing it 1s ascribed, by

Vitruvius, to Callimachus, who was by
the Athenians called zararsyos (the first
of artists).
Aca’nTICONE, a sub-species of —-
toidal augite, occurring pyc Bagh ee
ig rocks, as micaceous sch hist, gneiss
It is known also as pistacite

te.

rere the iva frutescens, a corym-
biferous plant which produces the Mexi-
can quinquina.

Aca’pnon, from aezesrvos, unsmoked.
1. Honey taken from the hive without
smoking the bees. — 2. The herb marjoram
(which when burnt gives out no smoke).

Aca’rpa, a genus of fossil mollusca, be-
longing to the order of testaceous ace-
phala. The shells are thick, and of a
solid or porous tissue. M. de Lamarck
makes a family of this genus, which he
calls radiata. They are now usually di-
vided into radiolites, spherulites, hippu-
rites, batholithes.

Aca’Rnar, a bright star of the first
magnitude in Eridanus.

Aca’rpia, from exzaeros, unfruitful.
Unfruitfulness. Acarpious, sterile, barren.

Ac’arts, the tick or mite; a numerous
genus of insects of the order aptera, or
those which have no wings. The acari

are oviparous, have eight legs, two eyes,
and two-jointed tentacula. Name, from
extiew, not divisible, as though the in-
sect were too small to be divided. In the
system of Cuvier, the acarus belongs to
the family of holetra, class arachnides, and
order tracheare. Linnzus enumerates
35, and Gmelin 82 species of acari. They
are excessively numerous, and most of
them so small as to be almost microsco-
pical. They abound everywhere, even
attached to the bodies of other inseets,
and have been found in the brain and eye
of man.

AcaTaLec’ric, from axararnxros, not
defective inmumber. In ancient poe
applicable to such verses as have all their
regular feet and syllables, e. g. the first
two of the following lines of Horace are
acatalectic, and the last catalectic -—

Solvitur acris hyems grata vice
Veris et Favoni;
Trahuntque siccas machine carinas.

AcaTater’sia, from a, neg. and zara
AauBasw, to comprehend. Acatalepsy.
In medicine, uncertainty in the prognosis
or diagnosis of diseases.

Acatatepsy, from acataiepsia, (q. Y.).
In ancient philosophy, the impossibility
of comprehending something. The dis-
tinguishing tenet of the pyrrhonists was,
their asserting an absolute acatalepsy
re eversthing.

Acara’posis, from a,neg. and xearevrive,
toswallow. Difficult deglutition.

ACC

12

ACC

AcaTua’ssia, from axa , impure.
Acatharsy ; an impurity of the blood, &c.

Aca’tivum, in archeology, a kind of boat
used in military affairs.

Aca’uLInE, Aca’uLosE, or Aca’uLovs, in
botany, plants which have no caulis or
stem. :

Aca’utis, from ezavdos, Without stem.
Stemless: applied in botany, to those plants
whose flowers are without stalks, and
rest on the ground, e. g. the Carline thistle
{the nae is not to be too rigidly under-
st 4
Acawrnia, the Ceylonese name of the
root of the ophyoxrylum serpentinum. It is
used in India as an antidote against the
bite of serpents.

Accapita’RE, in old law-books, the act of
becoming yassai te 2 lord; or of yielding
him obedience: hence,

Acca’Pirum, money paid by a vassal
upon his admission to a feu: from accapi-
tare, (q.v.) Itis also used for the relief
due to the chief lords.

Accr’pas ap Curiam, inlaw, a writ lying
where the man has received, or fears,
false judgment in an inferior court. It is
issued by the chancery, and directed to
the sheriff.

Accr’LERATE, Lat. accelero (of ad and
celero, to hasten), to quicken motion; to
add to natural progression. In mechanics,
accelerated motion is that in which the
velocity is continually increasing, from
the continued action of the force. Uni-
formly accelerated motion is that in which
the yelocity increases equally in equal
times; e. g. a new impression being made
upon a falling body at every instant, by
the continued action of gravity, and the
effect of the former still remaining, the
velocity continually and uniformly in-
creases. Accelerated motion is the opposite
of retarded mution. -

Accetera’tion, from accelerate (q. v.),
the act of increasing velocity ; the state of
being quickened in motion; the opposite
of retardation, The acceleration of the moon
is her increase of mean motion from the
sun, compared with the diurnal motion
of the earth, being about 10” in a hundred
years. This arises from the action of the
sun upon the moon, combined with the
variation of the eccentricity of the earth’s
orbit. The acceleration of u planet is when
the real diurnal motion exceeds the mean
diurnal motion ; and vice versé, a planet is
said to be retarded when the mean diurnal
motion exceeds the real diurnal motion.
‘These inequalities of a planet’s motions
arise from the change in the distance of
the planet from the sun. The diurnal
acceleration, as applied to the fixed stars,
is the time by which they, in one revyolu-
tion, anticipate the mean diurnal revolu-
tion of the sun: that is, a Star rises or sets

about 3’ 56” sooner each day. This appa-
rent acceleration is owing to the motion
of the earth in its orbit, which is at the
rate of 59 84” a day. Therefore, to find
the acceleration we haye this proportion
—360° : 59’ 84” :: 24h : 856’ nearly. In
physiology and pathology, the a is ap-

functions, but particularly of the circula-
tion and respiration.

Accr/NDEN?TES, or Accr’Nsores, from
accendo, to brighten (canus, white). In
the Romish church, a lower rank of mi-
nisters whose business it is to trim the
candles and tapers.—Lat.

Acce’NDONES, or AccE’DoNES, from accen-
do, tokindle. In Roman antiquities, ofticers
in the gladiatorial schools, whose business
it was to animate the combatants during
the fight.—Lat.

Ac’cent, Lat. accentus, from ad and cano,
to sing. In a general sense, a tone or
manner of speaking peculiar to some
country, or province, e. g. the Scotch ac-
cent, &c.——2. In elocution, a particular
force or stress of the voice in pronouncing
certain syllables of words, which distin-
guish them from the others.

Accent is of two kinds, primary and
secondary, as in as’‘pira’tion. In pro-
nouncing this word, we observe that
the first and third syllables are distin-
guished: the third by a full sound,
which constitutes the primary accent ;
the jirst by a degree of force in the
voice which is less than that of the
primary accent, but evidently greater
than that which falls on the second or
fourth syllables. When the full accent
falls on a vowel, that vowel has its long
sound, as in vocal; but when it falls on

_ an articulation or consonant, the pre-
ceding vowel is short, as in had‘ié.
ys alone regulates English yerse.—

er.

8. A mark orcharacter used in writing,
to direct the stress of the voice in pronun-
ciation. We have three kinds of accents;
the acute (’), the grave (‘), and the cir-
cumflex (* or ™). The first shows that
the voice is to be raised; the second that
it is to be depressed; and the third, that
the vowel is to be uttered with an undu-
lating sound, between high and low.——
4. In music, a certain modulation or
warbling of the sounds, for the purpese
of variety of expression. The principal
accent falls on the first note in the bar,
but the third place in common time re-
quires also an accent.

Acce’ntor, from accent, (q. ¥.) In the
old music, one of the three singers in
parts, or the person whw sung the pre-
dominant part in a trio.

Acce’prance, from accept, (q.¥.) 1. The
receiving of a bil) of exchange in such &
way as to bind the acceptor to make pay-

ACC

13

A'S

ment of the same. This must be by
express words; and to charge the drawer
with costs in case of non-payment the
acceptance must be in writing, under,
across, or on the back of the bill. Any-
thing tending to show that the party
means to make himself liable for the
amount of the bill (as the signature of the
initials, or making other marks upon the
bill, or even keeping the bill longer than
usual), is, in law, an acceptance. The
common mode of acceptance is to write
the word “ accepted,” and subscribe the
name.——2 In mercantile language, a bill
of exchange accepted; e. g. ‘‘I took his
acceptance in paysnengrrs oe: In common
law, the tacitly agreeing to some act done
by another, which might have been de-
feated without such acceptance; e.g. a
bishop’s taking rent reserved on a lease
made by his predecessor, is an acceptance
of the terms of the lease, and bars him
from bringing the writ cui in vita-—
4. In the Romish church, the receiving of
the pope’s constitutions.

AcceEr’TER, or AccEp’ror, in mercantile
affairs, the person who accepés a bill of
exchange.

ACCEPTILATION, among civilians, the
discharging of a debt without receiving
payment : compounded of acceptum, some-
thing received, and latio, from fero, to
take away.

Accession, from access, a coming to.
1. In law, the property acquired in ac-
cessories is acquired by the right of ac-
cession, e.g. the calf of a cow becomes
the property of the owner of the cow.——
2. In medicine, the commencement of a
disease; applied chiefly to fevers having
paroxysms or exacerbations.

Ac’cEssoryY, OF AccEssaRY, Lat. accesso-
prey (from accedo, to add to), something

that accedes—not principal ; aiding in cer-
tain acts or effects in a secondary manner;
e.g. accessory sounds in music. 1. In law,
one who is guilty of a felony, not by com-

mitting the offence person, or as a
principal, but by advising or commanding
another to commit the crime, or by con-
cealing the offender after the crime is
committed. There may be accessories in
all felonies, but not in treason.——2. In
anatomy, the accessory nerves (par accesso-
rium) ,a pair of nerves of the neck, which,
arising from the spinal marrow in the
vertebre of the neck, enter the cranium
of the great foramen of the occipital bone,
and then passing out again with the par
vagum, are distributed into the muscles
of the neck and shoulders.—Accessorius
lumbalis, the sacro-lumbalis.——3. In paint-
ing and sculpture, those parts of a design
which are added merely for ornament.

Ac’crpEnT, from Lat. accidens, falling (ad
and cado, to fall). 1. In logic, in ) What-
ever does notessentially belong to a thing,

e.g. the money in a man’s pocket. 2.)
Such properties in any subject as are not
essential to it, e.g. whiteness to paper.
(3.) In opposition to substance, all qua-
lities W whatever are called accidents, e. g.

c.——2. In grammar,
something belonging to a word in com-
position, but not essential to it, e.g. gen-
der, number, &¢.——3. In heraldry, a point
or mark not essential to a coat of arms.
—4. Per accidens denotes what does not
follow from the nature of a thing, but
from some accidental qualities of it; it
stands opposed to per se, which denotes
the nawure or essence of a thing; e. g.

“ fire burns per se, but a piece of iron burns
per

‘AcciDENTAL, Lat. ace
unexpectedly. In physics, the ‘term sy ap-
plied to that effect which proceeds from a
cause occurring by accident, without being
subject to general laws or regul ar returns.
In this sense accidental is opposed to con-
stant; e.g. the sun’s variation of altitude
is the constant cause of heat in summerand
cold in winter; but thunder, wind, rain,
snow, &c., are aecidental causes.——2. In
perspective, that point in the horizontal line
where the projections of all lines parallel
among themselves meet the perspective
plane, is called the accidental point.——3.
In opties, those colours which depend upon
the affects of the eye, in contradistinction
to those which belong to the light itself,
are termed accidental rs.——4. In
music, the term accidental is appiied to
such sharps, flats, and naturals, as do not
occur in the clef, and which imply some
change of key or modulation different
from that in which the piece began.

AcciPpENSER. See ACIPENSER.

Accip’iTrEs, from accipiter,a hawk/{from
ad and capio, to seize), that order of birds
of prey which are distinguished by their
hooked beaks and talons. They form two
families, the diurnal and the nocturnal:
the vulture and hawk are examples of the
first, and the owl of the second. «+

AcciPITRINA, hawkweed (accipiter, a

aw

ACCIPITRINE, rapacious; belonging to
the order of accipitres.

AccLamation, Lat. acclamatio (from ad
and clamo, to cry out), anciently, a formula
of words, uttered with vehemence, some-
what resembling a song, sometimes accom-
panied with applause given by the hunds,
and usually in approbation of some indi-
vidual or performance. The acclamations
were ecclesiastical, military, nuptial, the-
atrical, &c.: they were musical and
rhythmical. At first, the acclamations of
the Roman theatres were confused shouts ;
but in process of time they assumed
a regular form, and were performed by a
band instructed for that purpose. When
Nero played in the theatre, he had i

* Iontaiie th

ACL

14

ACC

attendance an acclamation band of 5000
soldiers to chant his praise, which the
spectators were obliged to repeat in
chorus. Acclamations, at first practised
in the theatre, passed to the senate, and
at length into the acts of councils and
the ordinary assemblies of the church.
Sermons were applauded with hands and
feet, by leaping up and down, and shout-
ing ‘‘ orthodox,” by the waving of hand-
kerchiefs, &c. The acclamation of the
Jews was “ Hosanna; of the Greeks,
Ayaly tx (good luck) ; of the Romans,
Dit te nobis servent (may the Gods preserve
you!). In the famous French Conven-
tion of 1792, decrees were voted by accla-
mation.

Accii’matize (Fr. acclimater),to accus-
tom to the temperature ofa foreign climate.

Accti'vis, Lat. from clivus, an ascent.
In anatomy a muscle of the belly: named
from the oblique ascent of its fibres.

Accota’pE, from Lat. ad and collum,
the neck. An ancient mode of conferring
knighthood, by the king’s laying his arm
About the young knight’s neck, and em-
bracing him.

Accottr’e, in heraldry, 1. The same
with aecolade. 2. Two things joined to-
gether. 3. Animals with collars or crowns
about their necks. 4. Batons or swords
placed saltierwise behind the shield.

Accommoparion, from aceommodate. In
a commercial sense, a loan of money. An
accommodation bill or note, in the lan-
guage of bankers, means one drawn for
the purpose of borrowing its amount, in
contradistinction to a note or bill received
in payment of goods. The term is also
used of a note lent merely to accommodate
the borrower, and of one given instead of
a loan of money.

AccoMPANIMENT, from Lat. ad and com-
pagino, to join (Fr. accompagnement).
Something that attends asa circumstance,
or is added as ornament to the principal
thing, or for symmetry ; e.g. in music, the
instruments which accompany the voice
to make the music more full: in painting,
the dogs, guns, &c. of a hunting piece, or
the warlike instruments accompanying the
portrait of a military character.

Accomptice, Fr. accomplice, from Lat.
ad-complicatus from con and plieo, to fold).
An associate in crime: generally applied
to such as are admitted to give evidence
against their fellow-criminals. By the
law of Scotland accompliccs cannot be
prosecuted till the principal offenders are
convicted.

Accorp, Fr. accord, agreement. In
painting, the harmony which prevails
among the lights and shadows of a pic-
ture. In law, an agreement between
parties in controversy, by which satis-
faction for an injury is stipulated, and
wiich, when executed, bars a suit.—

Blackstone. In music, the same with con-
cord (q.v.}. This work is derived by some
from Lat. cor, cordis, the heart. In some
of its applications it comes naturally from
chorde

Accor’pion, from accord,a small musical
instrument, the sounds of which are pro-
duced by the action of bellows upon
‘trings made of German silver.—Crabb.

AccoucHEMENT, the French word for
the act of parturition.

AccovcHeur, the French word for a
man-niid wife.

Account, Fr. ccate, or Actua, Fr.
compte, from Lat. computo, to reckon. In
a general sense, any arithmetical compu-
tation. Account signifies more strictly, in
mercantile affairs, a single entry or state-
ment of particular debts and credits: in
the plural it is used to denote the books
containing such entries. A writ of account,
in law, is a writ which the plaintiff
brings demanding that the defendant
shall render his just account, or show good
cause to the contrary. ‘This is also called
an aetion of account. Commissioners of
public accounts, are individuals who exa-
mine and report the receipts, issues, and
expenditure of the public moneys. Cham-
ber of aceounts, in the old French polity,
was a sovereign court answering to our
exchequer.

AccounT’ant, one skilled in accounts ;
more generally, a person who keeps ac-
counts ; a book-keeper in a public office;
e. g. an officer in the court ef chancery,
who receives money, and pays it to the
bank, is called accowntant-general.

ACCOUPLEMENT, carpentry, a tie or
brace, and sometimes the whole work
when framed.

Accretion, Lat. aceretio, increase (ad
and cresco, to grow).——1. Growth by the
aecession of new parts.——2. The growing
together of parts naturally separate; e. g.
the fingers or toes. In law, property ac-
quired in something not occupied, by its
adhering to or following another thing
already occupied; e. g. a legacy left to
two persons, and one of them dies before
the testator, the legacy devolves to the
survivor by right of aceretion. Alluyion
is another instance of accretion.

AccrocHeE’ (Anglice, accroach), in he-
raldry, denotes that one thing is hooked
in another. - Croc.

AccRvuED, in heraldry, a full blown tree.

AccumMuULATION, from cumulus, a heap.
A collecting together. In law, the con-
currence of several titles to the same
thing, or of several proofs to make out
one fact. In universities, the accumulation.
of degrees means the taking of several of
them together, or at shorter intervals
than the rules allow. ,

AccvsaTIoNn, Lat. ad-cusatio{from causa.
blame, &c.) In law, a declaration charging

ACE 15

ACE

person with something punishable.
peanctens of accusations must find secu-
rity to pursue them; and failing, must

pay damages to the accused, and a fine to
the sovereign.

Accu’saTIVE, Lat. accusativus. Ingram-
mar, that case of nouns, on which the
action of the verb falls: called in Engiish
grammar the objective céve.

Ace, Lat. as. 1. A unit; e.g. a single
point on a card or die, or the card or die
so marked.——2. A trifle; e. g. he would
not abate an ace of his demand.

Acentric, from @, not,and centric ; not
centred.

Aceru’ata, from @. without, and x¢-
Gary, head. 1. A class of mollusca,
having no apparent head, but merely a
mouth, which is always edentated, con-
cealed between the folds of their mantle.
This mantle is generally provided with a
ealeareous bivalve, and sometimes multi-
valve shell. All the acephala are aquatic:
the oyster is an example.——2. An order
of insects in some systems of entomology.

AcEPH’aALA Nv’pa (naked acephala), an
order of mollusca, in which the shell of
the ordinary acephala is replaced by a

inous substance sometimes so thin
as to be as flexible asa membrane. The
urder consists of two families, the segre-
gata and the aggregata.

AcePHALI, from axtgudros, headless.
In history, a party in the reign of James I.
who acknowledged no government, civil
or ecclesiastical.

AcerHa’tia, from axEGaros, without
head. In medicine, that variety of partial
agenesia which consists inabsence or im-
perfection of the head.

AcEPHALOBRACH'IA, from azegados and
Beaxiwy, that species of agenesia charac-
terised by absence of head and arms.

AcEPHALOBRACH'Ivs, from extgaros and
Seaxiwy, a foetus without head or arms.

AcePHALocar’p1a, from axesanos and
moedic, the heart. That species of age-
nesia characterised by absence of head
and heart.

AcrpHatocar’pivs, from wextgadros and
xaedia, & foetus without head or heart.

ACEPHALOCHI’Rus, from extgaAros and
x#e,ahand. <A foetus born without head
or hands.

AcerHatocyst’, Lat. acephalocystis, from
Oxedaros and zvecis, a bladder. The
headless cyst: the name given by Laennec
to the visceral hydatid of Linnzus.

ACEPHALOGAS‘TER, from axtduros and
yerrne, the belly. A foetus, defective of
the head, chest, and superior parts of the

.
AcePHaLocast®’RIA, from axtgados and

, that species of agenesia which
consists in a defective formation of the
head and superior parts of the body.

AcepH’atovs, applied, 1. to ore:
which belong to the class q. Vv
2. to a lusus nature born without head.

AcCEPHALO’PHORA, from aztgadros and
¢tew, a class of mollusca in some systems.

AcEPHALOPO'DIA, from axegades and
sous, afoot. That specics of partial age-
nesia in which the head and feet are
wanting or defective.

ACEPHALOPO’DIUs, from « os and
gous, a foetus born without head or feet.

AcEPHALORA’cHIA, from axztgaros and
exis, the spine. That species of agene-
sia in which the head and vertebral co-
lumn are wanting.

AcEPHALOs’romus, from exegedos and
croc, mouth. An acephalous foetus,
having at its superior part an aperture
resembling a mouth.

AcEPHALOTHORA’ciA, from antgahos and
Gwent, the chest. That species of partial
agenesia which consists in the absence of
head and chest.

AcEPHALOTHO’RUS, from axtgeros and
Bugas, a foetus born without head an

aeetacia: from axegadros, bedi.
An obsolete name of the tenia or tape-
worm, which was supposed to have no
head. Asan ective, the Lat. form of
acephalous, (q. ¥.) Also a verse defective
in the beginning.

Acer, the generie name of the maple-
tree; class octandria, order monogynia ;
name, from acer, sharp, sour; Celtic, ac,
on account of the hardness of the wood,
which was employed in fabricating spears,
pikes, &c. There are 24 species, two of
which are natives of Britain—the syca-

more (A. pseu’do-pla’tanus), and the com-
mon maple (A campestre). The wood of
sycamore is chiefly used in turnery.

Acer virginianum odoratum, an old name
of the liquid amber.

Acrras, the generic name of the man-
orchis; a hardy perennial belonging to
Britain: class gynandria, order monandria.
There is bein one species, the A. anthro-

pophora, which inhabits dry or clayey

pastures. Name from @, without, and
zteas, a horn; in allusion to the absence
of the spur from the lip, which is found
in the orchis proper.

A’cERATE, in chemistry, a sait formed
with the aceric acid and a base.

Acers, Lat. acerbus, from acer, sharp.
Taste combining acidity and astringency
or roughness; e. g. that of an unripe sloe.

Aceric Acip is obtained from juice of
the maple tree (acer).

ACE

16

ACH

AcrFRi'N#, a natural oraer of dicotyle-
donous plants; mostly trees of the tem-
perate parts of the northern hemisphere.
The eaves are generally simple and lobed ;
Jlwers often polygamous; fruit a double
samara, each l-celled, with one or two
erect seeds ; style 1, stigmas 2; petals about
8, inserted in the disk ; calyx 4-5-9-partite.
Typical genus acer.

AceERo’sE, or AcERots, Lat. acerosus,
chaffy (acus, chaff;. In botany, leaves
which are linear, needle-shaped, every-
wherg of an equal breadth, mostly acute
id, e.g. the leaves of the fir-tree
(pinus syivestris).

AcEr’RA, in architecture, vases repre-
senting those in which the ancients burned
incense before a dead body until the
period of its inhumation. The term is
corrupted from arcerra, a private altar
(arce and ara).

Acrs’cent, Lat. acescens, turning sour.
That has a tendency to become sour by

tion. It sometimes
means “slightly sour,” but this is more
correctly expressed by acidulous.

A’cEsIs, a cure or remedy, from extcic.
A name of the herb water-sage.

Aces’ra, from axzetoros, diseases which
are easily cured.

AcESTE, a species of papilio or butterfly,
with subdentated wings, found in India.

AceEs‘rIs, a factitious chrysocolla made
of Cyprian verdigris, urine, and nitre.

AceETaAs’uLtM, Lat. from acetum, vinegar.
(Among the Romans the acetabulum was
acruse or saucer in which vinegar was
held for table use. 1. In anatomy, a
cavity of a bone formed for receiving the
head of another bone, and thus named
from its cup-like shape. It is used espe-
cially for the os innominatum, which
receives the head of the thigh bone. 2, In
botany, (1.) used in the sense of cotyledon,
(q.v-) (2.) “‘ The trivial name of a species
of peziza, thecup peziza. (3.) Aspeciesof
lichen.” ——3. The lobes or cotyledons of
the placenta in ruminating animals, have
been called acetabula.——4. ‘The name has
been given to the mouths of the uterine
veins terminating in the placenta.

A’‘cetary, Lat. acetaria, from acetum,
vinegar. 1. A salad.——2. An acid pulp,
found in some fruits, especiaily the pear,
round the core.

A’cetaTE, Lat. acetas, any salt formed
by the union ef acetic ‘acid with a sali-

fiable base, e.g. acetate of potash (called
also regenerated tartar, essential salt of wine,
&ec.) The acetates are all characterised
vy their solubility in water; by the pun-
gent smell of vinegar which they exhale
on the affusion of sulphuric acid ; by their
yielding, on distillation, pyroacetic spirit.

Ace’tic, from acer, sour. The acetic
acid is vinegar (acetum), in a very dilute
and impure state. It is the product of

the acetous fermentation, and exists, with
potash, in the juices of a great many
plants, and is generated during the de-
structive distillation of most vegetable
substances. It consists of three equi-
valents of water, and four equivalents of
carbon.

Aceririca’TIon, from acetum, vinegar,
and facio, to make. The operation of
making vinegar.

ACETIMETER, or ACETOMFTER, from ace-
tum, vinegar, and Méreov, 2 measure. An
instrument to ascertain the strength of
vinegar.

A’cETITE, a neutral salt formed by the
acetous acid, with a salifiable base, e. g.
acetite of copper,&c. See AcEtrous Aci.

AcETonE, the new chemical name of
pyroacetic spirit.

AcerTo’sa, the trivial name of the herb
garden sorrel (rumex acetosa). It is a
hardy native perennial. Name from aceto,
to be sour.

AcetosEt’Lta, the triyial name of the
herb sheep’s sorrel (rumex acetosella). It
is a hardy native perennial. Name from

acetosa.

Acerous, of or pertaining to vinegar
(acetum).

Acrtovs Acip, chemists formerly sup-
posed that there was a difference between
the acetic and the acetous acids; the salts
of the former were therefore called ace-
tates,and those of the latter acetites. The
distinction is without foundation; the
acids are one and the same.

Acuan, from wyavys, large. In medi-
cine, a species of herpes.

AcHA’NIA, @ genus of West Indian
shrubs, containing three species. Class

phia, order polyandria. Name
from ayeviee (from & priv. and yasw),
as the corolla does not open.

AcHanis’ton, from ayaeieros, invalu-
able. A name of various antidotes and
collyria.

Acuates, the agate, so called from the
river Achates, in which it was first found
The word agate is a corruption of achate
(ayarns).

ACHATINA, a genus ofland shells, —
found in Africa, where the animals which
inhabit them are used as food. They are
the largest of land shells, and constitute
the first and typical genus of achatine.
The subgenera are the achatina (proper),
cochlicopa, chacrospira, leucostoma, and
achatinella,

ACHATIN2, a subtypical group of heli-
cide, or snails, representing in their own
family the zoophagus tribe. Besides the
achatina, which is the first and ical
genus, there are other four genera of this
group—the bulimus, clausilia, helicina, and

ACHATINELLA, a subgenus of achatina,

_ments.

paintings were certain pictures of Christ

ACH 17

ACI

These shells are very small, but remark-
able for the beauty of their colours; they
are all inhabitants of the Pacific Islands,
where they are used as beadlike orna-

ACHER’NER, a star of the first magnitude
in the southern extremity of the constel-
lation Eridanus. :

ACHERSET, an ancient measure of corn,
supposed to be about eight bushels.

Acut'coLuM, the sudatorium of the an- '
cient baths.

ACHILLEA, millefoil, yarrow; @ genus |
of plants of the class syngenesia, and order |
polygamia superflua. There are fifty-three |
species, all, with one exception, hardy
perennials. Only three species are pecu-
liar to Britain,—sneeze-wort (A. ptar’-
mica), yarrow (A. millefo'lium), woolly
millefoil or yarrow (A. tomentosa) in
meadows and pastures, and waysides.
Name from Achilles, who is said to have
made his tents of it.

ACHILLE’ION, a sort of sponge used by
the ancients to make tents for wounds,

ACHILLES. In anatomy, astrong tendon
of the heel is called tendo Achillis. Fable
says it was by this tendon that Thetis,
the mother of Achilles, held him when she
dipped him in the river Styx, to render
him invulnerable.

AcHIOTE, a name of the annotia tree
(bixa orleana).

ACHIRITE, “‘ emerald malachite ;” a mi-
neral consisting of oxide of copper, car-
bonate of lime, silica, and water.

ACHIROPOETOUS, Gr. “4X€lpoTrOLyTOS,
not made with hands. Achiropoetous

said to haye been painted in a miraculous
manner.

Acu’tys (*XAvs), darkness. Any
opacity of the cornea of the eye.

ACH’MIT, a mineral of a brownish-black
or reddish-brown colour. It is considered
a bisilicate of soda.

ACHNODON’TON, a genus of plants of the
class triandria, order digynia. There are
three species, one of which belongs to
Britain, the land A.* (A. arenarium), a
hardy annual.

AcHOLOUS, Lat. acholus, deficient in bile.

A’cHor, Gr. 4xwp. 1. A species of scald-
head; a disease which attacks the hairy
scalp of the head, particularly of young
children. It is called achor from the
branny scales it throws off.——2. In my-
thology, the god of flies, said to have been
worshipped by the Cyreneans, to avoid
being vexed by them.

ACH’RAS, a genus of shrubaceous plants
of the class hexandria, order monogynia.
In this country they are stove plants.
The sapota plum is the fruit of the West
Indian species (A. sapota).

ACHROMA’TI¢c, from 4, vriv.and Xpwea,

colour. ™ Without colour, a term applied
to those telescopes formed by such a com-
bination of lenses as seprrates the various
coloured rays of light to equal angles of
divergency, at different angles of refrac-
tion of the near ray, and thereby corrects
in a great measure the optical aberration
arising from the various colours of light.

ACHYRANTHES, chaff flower (@\Upov),
chaff, and av@os, a flower. The descrip-
tive name of a genus of hot-house plants,
Class pentandria, order monogynia. There
are seven species,

ACIC’ULAR, from acicula, in the shapé of
aneedle. <Acicularly, needle-like.

A’ciD, Lat. acidwm (Sax. aced, vinegar).
In a popular sense, the word acid is
synonymous with sowr; but the term is
applied in chemistry to several sub-
stances which are not so. The general
characteristic properties of acids are
these, 1. Their taste is generally sour, and
in the stronger it is acrid and corrosive.
—2. They unite with water in almost
any proportion, with a condensation of
yolume and evolution of heat.——3. The
generally change the vegetable blues to a
red.——4. They unite with the alkalies,
earths, and metallic oxides in definite
proportions, and form salts. This may be
reckoned their indispensable property.

The salts produced by any acids which
terminate in ous, have their termina-
tion in ite, e. g. the combination of sul-
phurous acid and potassa is a sulphite of
potassa ; and when an acid whose name
terminates in ic, enters into combina-
tion, the salt produced has the termina-
tion ate, e. g. sulphuric acid and potassa
produce sulphate of potassa. Je gene-
rally indicates an acid with much
oxygen, e.g. sulphuric acid: ows indi-
cates a smaller quantity of oxrgen, e. g.
sulphurous acid. Hypo prefixed to the
name indicates that the acid has a
smaller quantity of oxygen than that
to which the prefix is made, e. g. hypo-
sulphuric acid, and hyposulphurous acid.
Sub is occasionally employed to denote
an intermediate degree of oxidation,
e. g. subsulphurous acid, which contains
less oxygen than sulphurous, and more
than hyposulphurous acid. Per is used
where acids have been found to contain
more oxygen than those whose names
terminate in ic, e.g. perchloric acid.
Hyper where a still larger quantity is
observed. Acids are usually divided
into two classes,—oxacids and hydracids.
The first class includes all those acids
which contain oxygen, and the second
those which contain hydrogen. There
are acids, howey.r, which belong to
neither of these classes. e
aqueous is now used to designate definite

ns with water: the term

Cc

ACI

18

ACO

hydrate was formerly used in the same
sense. We have also the composed
terms binaqueous, teraqueous, &e.

Acrpir’ cages from «cidum and fero,
con g acid.

Acip'IFiasLe, from aciduwm and fio, ca-
pable of being converted into an acid.
Substances with this = perty are called
radicals, or acidifiable bases.

AcipIFicaTion, the formation of an acid.

Acipiryine, that which combines with
an avidifiable substance is called the acid-
ifying principle, or acidifier.

AcipimerEeR, from acid and pergoy,
measure. An instrument to show the
strength of acids.

AcipimEerry, the measurement of the
strength of acids, by saturating a given
weight of them with an alkaline base.
The quantity necessary is the measure of
their strength.

Aciputous, Lat. acidulus, somewhat
acid; sub-acid. Applied to salts in which
the base is combined with such an excess
of acid that they manifestly exhibit acid
properties.

Acitivs, a genus of coleopterous insects
of the tribe of hydrocanthari of Latreilie.
Name from cilium, in reference to the
hairy elytra of the females.

Acrnacirorm, Lat. acinaciformis, from
acinaces, a cimeter,'and forma, form.
Cimeter-shaped, applied to leaves, one
edge of which is straight and thick, and
the other curved and thin.

A’crn1, plural of acinus Granulations;
compound berries.

Acino’pus, a genus of insects belonging
to the tribe of carabici, of Linnzeus. Name
from acinus and pes, which is in some
measure descriptive.

A’crnos, the generic name of the com-
mon basil-thyme (thymus acinos.—Lin.)
Class didynamia, order gymnospermia.
“Name, axzivos, ab axn, acies.”’

A’crnose, from acinus, granular. A va-
riety of iron ore found in masses, and
commonly lenticular. Col. generally
brownish red; lust. metallic; text, gra-
nular; brittle.

A’ctnvg, Lat. from wxivos, a grape.
Fach part of a compound berry contain-
ing a seed, e. g. the blackberry has many
acini united. e term is used in oppo-
sition to bacce, or such berries as grow
single. 2. A genus of plants of the class
didynamia, and order gymnospermia.

A’cIPENSER, a genus of fishes of the
order sturiones or chondropterygii branchiis
liberis (i.e. with free branchie). The
sturgeon, sterlet, and paddle-fish of the
Mississippi, are ‘examples. Acipenser, or

», is the ancient name; sturio
(whence sturgeon) is the modern.

AcitTui, a name of the water-hare, or

great crested grebe or diver.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT, confession. In law,
a declaration or avowal of one’s own act,
to give it legal validity, e. g. the acknow-
ledgment of a deed before a proper bas gy
Acknowledgment-money, in some parts of
England, is a sum paid by tenants on the
death of their landlords, as an acknow-
ledgment of their new lords.

Acme, from ezum, the top or highest
point. In medicine, the height or crisis of
a disease. Old medical writers divide the
progress of disease into four stages :—1.
aexn, the beginning; 2. avefacis, the
increase; 3. axe, the height, or matu-
rity; 4. reeaxun, the decline.

AcmeEt’La, a genus of plants of the class
syngenesia, and order polygamia superfiua.
There are three species, all ann ; two
natives of South America ; one Mauritius
(a stove plant).

Ac’MITE, a mineral of a brownish-black
colour, opaque, and brittle; fracture im-
perfect conchoidal. Its constituents are
silica, 53°25; oxide of iron, 31°25; soda-
10°4, with traces of oxide of manganese
and lime. It resembles paratomous
augite-spar in a remarkable degree. Lo-
cality, Eger, in Norway, where it is found
imbedded in granite. Name from ez,
a point, from the form of its crystals.

Ac’na, or Ac’, from ayyn, An erup-
tion of hard, inflamed tubercles, on the
face, which are sometimes permanent for
a considerable time, and sometimes sepa-
rate very slowly.

ACcNES'TIS (axynoeig), that part of the
spine, in quadrupeds, between the shoul-
der-blades and the loins.

Acnr’pA, Virginian or bastard hemp, a
genus of plants of the class diwcia, and
order hexandria. Locality, North Ame-
rica. There is only one species. A hardy

annual.

4Aco’Locy, Lat. acologia, from exes, a
remedy, and Aoyves, doctrine. The doc-
trine of remedies; usually restricted to
surgical remedies.

Acoxv’ra14 (ezorcvbic), the service in
the Greek church, or the book which
contains it.

Ac’oLyTE, or Acor/oruis?, from aze-
Rovbos. In the ancient church, a subor-
dinate officer who trimmed the lamps,
prepared the elements for sacraments,
waited on the bishops, &c. An officer of
a similar kind is still employed in the
Romish church.

Acon, an instrument, resembling the
discus, used in ancient exercises; also
the name of an ancient order of knight
hood.

Aco’nDYLovus, or ACONDYLOSE, Lat. acon-
dylus, without joint; applied to the stalks
of plants which haye no joints.

ACO 19

ACQ

ple

AconireE, the herb wolf’s bane, particu-

the species monk’s-hood (aconitum
mapellus).

ACONITINE, the narcotic principle of the
aconite. It is uncrystallisable, alkaline,
inodorous, little soluble in water, but
readily so in either alcohol or ether. It
combines with the acids, and forms un-
crystallisable salts. It may be obtained
either in a granular white substance, or
as a colourless transparent mass having a
glassy lustre.

ACONITUM, wolf’s bane; a genus of hardy
perennial plants, containing about forty-
five species, most of which are poisonous.
Class polyandria, order trigynia., Locality,
all countries of Europe. Names axov.Tov,
from &koOvaw, of oaxwv, a dart, because
the ancients used its juice for the purpose of
poisoning their darts.

ACON’TIAS (2KOVTLOS,- from M@KOVTLOV,
adart). 1. A species of African serpent
called dartsnake, or jaculwm, from its
manner of darting on its prey——2. A
comet or meteor resembling the serpent.

Ago’PIc (4KOTLKOS), preventing or re-
méd weariness.

A’cok, Lat. from aceo, to be sour. Aci-
dity ; sourness in the ‘stomach.

Aco’rra, from @k0Op0s, not satisfied.
Canine appetite; a diseased desire for
food or drink.

A‘oorn, the fruit of the oak; an oval
nut which grows in a rough permanent
cup. Name, from Sax. aec, or ac, oak,
and corn, a grain.——2. In nautical lan-
guage, a small ornamental piece of wood
of aconieal shape, fixed on the point of
the spindle above the vane, on the mast
se to sas the vane from being blown

£——3. In conchology, the lepas, a genus

be, shells of several species found on the

British coasts. The shell is multivalvular,
unequal, and fixed by a stem. It is always
found fixed to some solid body.

A’coRUS, aromatic calamus, sweet flag
or sweet rush or sedge. A genus of hardy
perennial plants of three species, belong-
ing to the class hexandria, and order
monogynia. Name, &kopos, from KOpy,
the pupil of the eye, from its being sup-

for disorders of the eyes.
There is only one British species, common
in the middle and south-eastern counties
of *England, and watery places on the
banks of rivers, &c——2. In natural his-
tory, a blue coral found on the coasts of

Africa. It grows in the form of a tree on peer

a@ rocky bottom.

AocoryLr’pon, from &@, without, and
KoTvAyéwv. A plant whose seed is not
farnished with lobes or cotyledons. In
the natural system of Jussieu, the acoty-

ACONITA, & poisonous vegetable princi- |
extracted from aconitum.

ledonzes form a class which corresponds
with the cryptogamis of Linnzus.

i poe not having cotyledons,
or seed lobes,

ACOUMETER, from @KOUW, to dear, and
MeTpOoVv, a measure. An instrument for
estimating the extent of the sense of
hearing.

Acousmatics, Axkovomarikot. In

antiquities, disciples of Pythagoras, who had
not finished their five years of probation.

Aco’usTic, from @kovoTtKOs, (from ’
akovw, to hear). Relating to hearirig:
Acoustic duct, in anatomy, the meatus
auditorius, or “external passage of the ear.
coustic nerve, the portio mollis, the
| immediate organ of hearin’. An acoustic
| medicine is one used for d disorders of the
| sense of hearing. instr
|such as produce, convey, or concentrate
sound, e. g. the speaking trumpet. Acoustic
vessels, in ancient theatres, were brazen
tubes or vessels shaped like a bell, to
propel the voice of the actors, so as to
render them audible at a great distance.

Acoustics, the science which treats of
‘the nature, phenomena, and laws of
sound. The science is sometimes divided
into diacoustics, which explains the pro-
perties of sounds coming immediately
from the sonorous body to the ear; and

+ Which treats of reflected

aad

sounds,

Sound is the result of vibratory mo-
tions produced in bodies, and trans-
mitted to the ear through the air (or
any other body in contact with the ear).
The intensity increaces or diminishes
as the elasticity of the air increases or
diminishes. If the impulses from the
sonorous body be repeated continuously,
and at shorter intervals than the ear
can attend to them individually, tone is
produced, and this is grave or sharp,
according as there are many or few in
a given time. The sudden termination
of the impulses produces noise. The
shock which causes the sensation of

spreads in water, with a strength de-
creasing in the inverse ratio of the
square of the distance. The velocity is
estimated at 1142 feet per second,
but the latest experiments make it
1120 feet. Sound is reflected from
smooth surfaces, hence echoes, &c.

ACQUEST, Lat. acguisitus. In law, some-
thing acquired by purchase, in con tradis-
tinction to what is acquired by inheris-

ACQUI'REMENT, from acquire, Lat. ac-
quiro. Something attained, and which
is in a degree permanent. It denotes
especially personal attainments, in oppo-
sition to material or external things
gained, which are more usually called

c 2

ACR

20

ACR

acquisitions. A mere temporary possession
is not an acquirement, but something
gained, obtained, or procured.

Acquir’rat, from Fr. acquitter (It. qui-
tare, to remit, forgive, remove). A judi-
cial deliverance from the charge of offence,
as by verdict of a jury, or sentence of a
court. The acquittal of a principal ope-
rates as an acquittal of accessories.

Acaquirrance, from acquit. 1. A dis-
charge or release from a debt.——2. The
writing which is evidence of a discharge,
e. g. a receipt in full which bars a further

emand.

Acr=a,a genus of butterfly (Jepidoptera)
of the diurnous family.—Fabdricius,

Acra’tea, from wzeos, extreme. Any
extreme parts of the body, e. g. the legs,
arms, &c.

Acrany, Lat. acrania, from xzecyioy,
defect of the cranium.

Acra’sy, Lat. acrasia, from LH CKT IO,
1. Predominancy of the quality above in
mixture or in the human constitution.
——2. Intemperance of any kind.

Acre, pron. dker. (Sax. acer, acera, or
acer ; Ger. acker ; Dut. akker ; Sw. acker ;
Dan. ager ; Ir. acra; Gr. ayeos ; Lat. ager.
In these lenguages the word retains its
primitive meaning, an open, ploughed, or
sown field. In English it retained its
original signification, that of any open
field, until it was limited to a definite

-quantity by statutes 31 Ed. III., 5 Ed. 1.,
24H. VIII.—Cowel.) 1. A measure of land
containing four roods, each rood contain-
ing forty poles or perches, and each pole
272 sq. feet, and consequently each acre
contains 43560 sq. feet, or 4840 sq. yards.
The Scotch acre contains 6150 sq. yards,
and is therefore equal to 1°261 imperial
acres. The Irish acre contains lac. 2rd.
19 pol. ; 30 Irish acres are therefore equal
to 49 imperial acres. The French arpent
is very nearly equal to the Scotch acre.
The Roman jugerum was 3200 sq. yards,
—2. In the Mogul’s dominions acre is
the same as lack = 100,000 rupees =
12,5001. sterling.——3. Acre-jight,a sort of
duel in the open field.——4. Acre-tax or
acre-shot, a tax levied upon lands at a
certain rate by the acre.——5. In physio-
logy, the extremity of any part. In this
sense the word is derived from anes,
the top, e. g. of the nose.

Acrra, the same with acralea, (q. v.)

Acriro’Lium, Lat., any prickly-leaved
plant.

Acrirta,that division of mollusca which

consists cf polypes, corals, and other
plant-like animals. ‘‘ Our impression is,
that the whole, or nearly so, of the true

ACRITA, are compound zoophytes, or, in
other words, plant-like animals.” —Swain-
ton.

Acry’sy, Lat. acrisia, from @, aot, and

xe, tojudge. A condition of whichno
correct judgment can be formed.—2.
That of which no choice is made.

Acroamar'ic, or AckoaTic, from Lx 20h—~
ferizos, abstruse, applied to the secret
doctrines of Aristotle. His lectures were
of two kinds; acroamatic, acroatic, or
esoteric, delivered to a class of select dis-
ciples, who had been previously instructed
in the common branches of philosophy ;
and exoteric, delivered in public. The
former consisted of speculations regard-
ing being, God, and nature ; the principal]
subjects of the latter were logic, rhetoric,
and policy. The abstruse lectures were
called acroatics, and those admitted to
hear them were called acroatici.

ACROCERA, a genus of dipterous insects
of the family of inflate, of Latreille. Name
a&zgos, summit, and xéeus, a horn.

ACROCERAU’NIAN, from axeos, summit,
and zegevyes, thunder. Mountains be-
tween Epirus and Illyricum, supposed to
be especially subject to the effects of
lightning.

AcrocHor’pon, Lat. acrochordus, from
axeovoedwy, a wart. The wart-snake;a
genus of snake the body and tail of which
are completely covered with warts. The
snake which gave rise to the institution
of this genus is a native of Jaya. It is
said to measure eight feet. There are
three species.

Acrocinus, a genus of beetles (coleop-
tera) belonging to the tribe of lamiarie of
Latreille, and constituted of the rerambyx
longimanus, of Linneeus. It is distin-
guished from all the longicornes by the
thorax being provided with a moveable
tubercle on each side, terminated by a
spine, whence the name. It is called by
the French colonists the harlequin of Ca-
yenne, from the mixture of its colours,
grey, red, and black. This genus includes
the prionus accentifer, of Olivier.

Acroco’LIa (ezesxivdse), the extremi-
ties of quadrupeds.

AcroGEN, from axneos and vyevycem.
In botany, acylindrical plant, growing at
its point only, and not augmenting in
thickness.

ACROMANIA (azeoueyiw), incurable in-
sanity.

Acro’MIAL, Lat. acromialis, appertaining
to the acromion.

Acro’mion, from azeos and O1L05 5
shoulder. In anatomy, the humeral ex-
tremity of the spincus process of the sca-
pula or shoulder-biade.

ACROMONOGRAMMATIC (axgotsovoyeape-
perizos), a term applied to a kind uf
pcem, in which every line or verse com-
meaces with the letter with which the
one preceding ended.

a

.
|
|

ee Se

.

ACR og

ACT

Acrom’PHALON (axgougaroy), Inana-
tomy, the centre of the umbilicus, to
which the umbilical cord is attached in
the foetus.

Acro’nic, or Acronicat, from axe0s,
extreme, and yyz, night; applied to the
rising of a star at sun-set, or its setting
at goa The word is opposed to cos-
nm

AcRopPA’TRY, (axeorabesce) , disease of |

the extremities.
A’crory (axgorsm), imperfect articu-
Jation.

Acrospire, the shoot or sprout of a
seed, especially of the barley, developed
by germination: called also the pluma,
plumule, or plumula. In malting, when
the barley has sprouted at both ends, it is
said to be acrospired.

This word is usually derived from
2x e05 and ortign, a spiral line, but the
more obvious etymology appears to be

» an old word of the same
meaning, compounded of @chir, an ear
of corn, and spyre, a point.

Acros’tic, from axzeog and eriyos,
order or verse. A composition in verse
in which the first letters of the lines,
taken in order, make a word, name, or
phrase, or some title or motto, which is
the subject of the poem.

Acros’rIcHUM (axzeorrixoy), a genus of
perennial plants of the class cryptogamia,
and order jilices. There are eleven spe-
cies, mostly natives of warm climates.

Acroretevric, from exzess, extreme,
and géAgry, end. A term applied to
something added to the end of a psalm,
e. g. the gloria patri, or doxology.

A’croreR, from exzgorne, a summit. In
architecture, a small pedestal, usually
without a base, placed in the middle of
pediments or frontispieces, to support
globes, statues, &c. Acroteria also de-
notes figures placed as ornaments or
crownings on the tops of churches, and
the sharp pinnacles that stand in ranges
about flat buildings with rails and ba-
lusters.

AcroTeria, the Latinised plural of
Acroter (q.¥.). Anciently this word sig-
nified the bo triger wages of the body, emi-
nences or bones, &

ACROTHYM'ION, Badd axeos, extreme,
and Sues thyme. A species of conical
wast, ceeatiing the flower of thyme.

Acrotic, Lat. acroticus, pertaining to
the surface.

Acror’ism, Lat. acrotismus, defect of

Acryp1um, in entomology, a genus of
orthoptera of the saltatoria tiene, This
— contains the noted insects called

. the scourge of Africa.

Mr. Barrow records, that, in the
scuthern districts which he visited,
the surface of an area of nearly 2000
square miles might literally be said to
be covered by locusts. The water of a
wide river was scarcely visible in con-
sequence of the innumerable dead
which floated on it, apparently drowned

~ in their attempts te reach the reeds

along its shores; except these reeds
they had devoured every other green
thing. Their destruction on a former
occasion was sudden and singular. All
the full-grown insects were driven into ~
the sea by a tempest, and were after-
wards cast upon the beach, where they
formed a bank of three or four feet bigh,
extending nearly fifty English miles.

The Arabs, except those of Sinai, are in

the habit of eating these insects. They

are sold by measure in shops in almost
every town. They are first boiled, and
afterwards dried in the sun.—Ency. "Brit.

Acr, Lat. actus, from ago,to do. The
exertion of power ; the effect of which
power exerted is the cause. 1. In logic,
any operation of the human mind, e. g. to
discover is an act of the understan 3
to judge is an act of the will——2. In
lew, an instrument or deed in writing,
serving to prove the truth of some trans-
action, e. g. records, certificates, &c.——
3. The final resolution, or the result of a
public declaration of a legislative body,
council, court of justice, or magistrate;
or the book, record, or writing containing
the same.

Acts of parliament are called statutes,
of the Royal Society, &c. transactions,
of the French Academy, mémoirs; of
the Academy of Sciences of Petersburgh,
commentaries ; at Leipsig, acta erudito-
rum; those of the lords of session at
Edinburgh are called acts of sederunt.
The same name is given to those of the
general assembly of the kirk of Scotland.
4. In theatricals, a part or division of a

play to be performed without interrup-
tion, after which the action is suspended
to give respite to the actors. Acts again
are subdivided into smaller portions called
scenes.-_—5. In the English universities, a
thesis maintained in public by a candi-
date for a degree, to show proficiency.

Acr or Farr (auto da fé), in Catholic
countries a day set apart by the inquisi-
tion for burning heretics, and absolving
persons found innocent of heresy ; or it is
the sentence of the inquisition.

Acts oF THE AposTLes, the title of a
book of the New Testament, containing a
history of the transactions ofthe Apostles.

Acta Diurna, among the Romans, a sort
of gazette resembling our newspapers.

Acta Poputt, or Acta Pusttca, the
Roman registers of assemblies, eer s4g-o§
cutions, births, marriages,and deatke, Ry

ACT

22

ACT

Acta Senatus, minutes of what passed
in the oni senate; called also com-
mentari

reine herb christopher. A genus of
hardy perennials, belonging to the class
polyandria, and order monogynia. There
are four species, two of which are peculiar
to North America, and one, bane-berry
(A. spicata), is found growing in mountain-
forests in most parts of Europe. The root
is strongly cathartic, and the berries are
poisonous. Name, HAT, LKTN; “ quod
in aussibus circa maris littus crescit.”—
Pliny, 27,c.7. These are also Greek names
of the elder-tree.

Ac’r1an, relating to Actium, a town and
promontory of Epirus, as Actian games,
which were instituted by Augustus in
honour of his nayal victory over Antony,
near that town, Sept. 2, 8.c. 31. Accord-
ing to Strabo, they were held every fifth
year, and were sacred to Apollo, thence
called Actius. Actian years were reckoned
from the battle of Actium.

Ac’TINE (azeiyy), the earth-nut (bunium
bulbocastanum).

Acrtr’nta, the sea-anemone; a genus of
polypi of the order carnosi. The fleshy
body of the actinia is frequently orna-
mented with bright colours, and exhibits
numerous tentacula placed round the
mouth in several ranges, like the petals
of a double flower; and hence their
popular name of sea anemones. Name
from azrivy, the sea.

Actinocar’pus, the generic name of the
herb star-fruit. Class herandria, order hex-
agynia. Name, ezriv,a ray, and xaeros,
a fruit; its curiously radiated fruit re-
sembling a star-fish, found in ditches,
pools, &c.

Actin’ocomax, from azry and zon,
A genus of fossil shells resembling the
belemnites.

Actin‘ocritE, from exriy and x00.
A fossil crinoidean, found in the carboni-
ferous limestone near Bristol.

Actis‘ouite, from ezriy, a Tay, and
AiGoc, astone. Ray-stone (the strahlstein
of Werner), a mineral nearly allied to
hornblende. There are three varieties,—
the crystallised, the asbestose, and the
glassy actinolite. Colour, green, varying
in shade. Constituents: silica, 50; lime,
9°75; magnesia, 19°25; oxide of iron, aS
alumina, 1; with traces of the oxides of
manganese "and chromium. It is found
chiefly in primitive districts: rarely in
secondary rocks. Actinolite schist is a
metamorphic rock, consisting chiefly of
actinolite, witha mixture of mica, quartz,
or felspar.

Actinomr’Ris, a genus of hardy Ameri-
can perennial plants, of five species.
Class syngenesia, order polygamia frus-
tranea .

Actinote, the amphibole, actionote hezs
édre, of Haiiy, is the same with the greey
diallage of Jamieson, and the actinolite
described above.

Actino’rvs, a genus of plants containing
only one species, a native of New Holland.
It is a greenhouse perenhial, resembling
the sunflower (helianthus). Class pentan-
dria, order digynia.

Action, Lat. actio, literally, a driving.
Action is opposed to rest, and when ex-
erted on one body by another, it is said
to be mechanical ; when produced by the
will of a living being, it is said to be
spontaneous, or voluntary.— Webster. 1.1In
mechanics, operation; effort of one body
upon another, e. g. action of the wind upon
a ship’s sails; also the result of such
effort. Quantity of action is the product
of the mass of a body by the space p
through, and velocity.——2. In
the motions or functions of the rent
vital (actiones vitales), animal (animales),
and natural (naturales). Vital and inyo-
luntary, e. g. action of the heart; ee
e.g. all voluntary muscular motions ; ;
tural, e. g. digestion and Pv

Morbid actions are those derangements of
the ordinary actions which constitute
disease.——3. In ethics, the external si
or expression of the sentiments of a moral
agent, e.g. conduct, behaviour, demean-
our, that is, motion with respect to
a rule of propriety.— Webster.——4.
poetry, the series of events which con-
stitutes the subject of the fable——5. In
oratory, the gesticulation of the speaker,
or the accommodation of his soqet atti-
tude, gesture, and countenance, to the
subject. “The matter is not so important
as the manrer.”—Cicero.——6. In paint-
ing and sculpture, the attitude or position
of the several parts of the body to exhibit
passion, law, an urging for
right ; thesuit or process which is brought
by which a demand is made for a right.
The suit till judgment is properly called
the action, but not after. Actions are
veal or feudal, personal’ or mixed. Reak
actions concern landed property only (for
that was the only property accounted
real by our ancestors), as when a title to
an estate is claimed. Personal actions are
brought to recover a debt, damages for
trespass,&c. Mired actions are in demand
of real estate and damages for a wrong
sustained. Actions are also criminal or
civil; criminal, or penal, when brought to
recover a penalty imposed by way of
punishment ; civil, when instituted solely
in behalf of private persons to recover
debts, damages, &c. The word is also
used for a right of action, e.g. “ the law
gives an action for every claim.” '—Black-
stone. A chose in action is a right to a
thing in opposition to the possession, e. 2.

a bond is a chose in action, as it gives the

———T.

acy 23

ACU

owner a right to prosecute his claim to
the money,as he has an absolute property
in a right as well as in a thing in pos-
session.— Chose, Vr. a thing. ae In mili-
tary language, battle; engagement be-
tween troops, whether by land or water.
—9. In commerce, a term used in some
countries of Europe to denote a certain
part or share in the capital stock of a
company, or in the public funds. It is
therefore equivalent to our term share.
In many cases action and act are
synonymous; but action seems to have
more relation to the power that acts,
and its operation and mode of acting ;
act more relation to the effect or opera-
tion complete.

Ac’rionary, or Ac’t1onist. Incommerce,
a proprietor of stock in a trading com-
pany; one who owns shares or actions of
stock.—V. Action, def. 9.

Active, Lat. acticus, that has the power
or quality of acting, or contains the prin-
ciple of action independent of any visible
external force, e. g. attraction is an active
power. It is opposed to passive.——2.
Practical; producing real effects. Op-

to speculative-——3. Active capital,
mercantile language, is money, or pro-
ened which may be readily converted
to money.——4.. Active commerce is that
which a nation carries on with its own
and foreign commodities in its own ships.
Opposed to passive commerce, where the
productions of one country are transported
by the people of another, e.g. the com-
merce of Britain is active; that of China
is passive——5. Active verbs are those
which not only signify action, but havea
noun or name following them, denoting
the object of the action. They are also
called transitive, as implying the passing
of the action expressed by the verb to the
object.

Ac‘ror, Lat. from ago. An active agent.
In theatricals, a man who acts ina play.
Among déivilians, an advocate or proctor
in civil courts or causes.

AcTora, a genus of dipterous insects of
the family of m . The A. estivum
Aas been taken in England: it is rare.

Actuat, Lat. actualis, that exists truly
and absolutely, e.g. actual heat opposed
.o that which is virtual or potential ; actual
cautery or burning with a red-hot iron,
opposed to a cautery or caustic applica-
tion that wey f produce the same effect
upon the body by a different process.
Existing in act; independent of theory ;
e. g. actual crime.

Ac’tuary, Lat. actuarius, a notary or
clerk who writes down the preceedings
of a court.

Actus, a Roman yy of length
bod to 120 Roman feet. In agriculture,

the length of pe gone Tat.

Acurtion, Lat. acuitio (from-acuo, to

sharpen), the angmentation ofthe strength
of an acid or medicine by the addition of
something which has similar powers in a
greater degree.

Acv’LeaTa, the second -primary section
of hymenopterous order of insects, ac-
cording to Latreille. The ant belongs to
this division, forming the family called
heterogyna; name, aculeus, a sting; the
ovipositor of the female being represented
by a sting composed of three parts: it is
concealed and retractile. It likewise
exists in those individuals called neuters.

AcULEATE, or ACULEATED, Lat. aculeatus,
haying prickles (aculeus, a prickle). Ap-
plied to animals and yegetables which
have prickles that separate with the
epidermis or bark, ¢. g. the echinus or sea-
urchin, and rosa centifolia.

Acv’tx1, plural of aculeus. In zoology
and botanz, spines or prickles ph ene 44
upon the skin or bark.

Ac’uLER, in the manege, said of a horse,
when, working upon volts, he does not
go far enough forward after each motion,
so that his shoulders take in too little
ground, and his croup comes too near the
centre of the volt.

Acv’LEws, a spine or prickle, from acus,
a needle ; plural aculei, (q. v.) The aculet
of plants are peculiar to the bark; sping,
or thorns, proceed from the wood.

Ac’uton (exo), the acorn or fruit of
the ilex or scarlet oak.

Acu/MINATE, Lat. acuminatus, termin-
ated by a point (acumen) somewhat elon-
gated. Applied by botanists to several
parts of plants, as leaves, leaf-stalks, &c.

ACcUPUNC’TURATION, improperly used for
acupuncture, (q. V-)

Acupunc’ruRE, from acus,a needle, and
punctura, a prickle. Asurgical operation
which consists in pricking the part af-
fected with a needle. ‘This process is
sometimes called acupuncturation. It was
introduced into Europe in 1679 from
China, where it had long been practised.

Acvs, aneedle ; Lat. from #1, point.
1. In surgery, the pointed instrument
having an eye at ons end, used for making
setons. It is sometimes called the seton-
needle. <Acus canulata, or triquetra, a
trocar.——2. In natural history, (1.) The
needle or gar-fish. (2.) The ammodyte,
orsandeel. (3.) The oblong cimex.

Acu’sto, an alchemical name of nitre
(nitrate of potassa).

AcuTanGcuLaR, Latinised, acutangularis
or us, applied to parts of plants having
acute angles.

Acute, Lat. aewtus, sharp - pointed.
Ending in a sharp point, opposed to ob-
tuse, or blunt. An acute angle is one which
is less than a right angle, or which sub-
tends less than 90°. An acute-
triangle is one whose three angles are all

ADA

24

ADA

acui#, or less than 90° each. The acute
accent is that which marks the elevation
or sharpening of the voice (see Accent).
An acute disease is one attended with
violent symptoms, and comes speedily to
a crisis: the opposite of a chronic disease.
In music, the term acute is applied to a
tone which is sharp or high—opposed to
grave. In botany,acute is applied to parts
of plants ending in acute angles, as leaves,
&c. The term is figuratively applied to
the senses and intellect, as an acute eye-
sight, acute reasoning.

AcuTenac’uLuM, Lat. from acus and
tenaculum, the handle of a chirurgical
needle; also the name given by Heister
to the portaiguille.

Acutia’ror, from acuo; in the middle
ages, a military officer whose business it
was to see to the sharpening of the in-
struments of the soldiers.

Acy’anosepsy, Lat. acyanoblepsia, from
xveyvos, blue, and Prerw, to see. A de-
fect of vision, consisting in incapability
of distinguishing the colour of blue.

Acyro’Locy, from azueos, empty, and
Aoyos, discourse. Unmeaning discussion.

Ap, a Latin preposition signifying to.
In composition, the d is usually changed
into the first letter of the word to which
it is prefixed ; e. g. accession for adcession,
affinity for adfinity, &c. The reason of
this change is agreeableness of sound.
Ad hominem, i. e. to the man, in logic, an
argument adapted to touch the prejudices
of the person addressed. Ad inquirendum,
in law, a writ commanding inquiry to be
made. Ad valorem, i. e- according to the
value: applied to duties or charges laid
upon goods at a certain rate per cent.
upon their value, in opposition to a spe-
cific sum upon a given quantity. Ad libi-
tum, i. e. at pleasure.

A.D., abbreviation of Anno Domini, i.e.
in the year of our Lord.

Ava’G10, Ital. from ad and agio, leisure.
In music, (1.) A slow movement.—(2.)
Leisurely and with grace. When repeated,
adagio adagio, it directs the movement to
be very slow.

ApaM, in oriental languages, means man.
Adam’s needle, the popular name of the
yacca, (q. Vv.) Adam’s apple, the popular
name of a species of citron; also the pro-
tuberance in the forepart of the throat,
vulgarly attributed to a piece of the for-
bidden apple having stuck in the throat
of Adam! Adami morsus os, in anatomy,
the thyroid cartilage.

Av’amanrT, Lat. adamas, from adauns,
a@ name given to different stones of great

ess, e.g. the diamond. Chaucer uses
adamant for the loadstone (Romaunt of
the Rose, line 1~82). In modern minera-
Mone the word has no technical significa-

Apama’NTINE, having the qualities of
adamant. Adamantine spar, a variety of
rhombohedral corundum, found in India,
Ava, +» both massive and ¢

- Colour usually reddish-brown ;
fracture foliated and sparry, and s some-
times vitreous. It is brittle, and so hard
as tocut rock crystal. Sp. gr.37 to 42.
The crystals brought from India are the
most pure.

Av’amic, relating to Adam. Adam
earth, a name given to several Pe age of
clay or bole which are of a red colour, in’
consequence of a mistaken opinion that
Adam means “‘ red earth.”

Av’amites, in church history, a sect of
visionaries who pretended to establish
a state of innocence, and, like Adam,
went naked.

Apanso’n1a, Ethiopian sour- gourd;
monkeys’ bread-tree; African c2labash-
tree: a genus of one species belonging to
the class monadelphia, order polyandria.
This huge tree is a native of Africa. It
grows mostly on the western coast, from
the Niger to the kingdom of Benin. Its
height is rarely 18 feet, but its cireum-
ference is often upwards of 75 feet. The
branches shoot out 60 or 70 feet, the ends
bending to the ground. Its bark is mu-
cilaginous, and promotes perspiration. It
is considered a powerful antidote against
the epidemic fevers of the country, an
is used by the negroes, when dried and
powdered, as pepper on their food. The
fruit is oblong, pointed at both ends, ten
inches in length, and covered with a
greenish down, under which is a ligneous
rind. It hangs to the tree by a pedicle
two feet long, and contains a white spongy
substance. The tree is named from M.
Adanson, who first ery ee 4 it. The
native name is 7 0)

A’paPis, one of the extinat pachyder-
mata, found in the gypsum quarries of
Montmartre. Its form nearly resembles
that of the hedgehog, but it was three
times the size of that animal: it seems to
have formed a link connecting the pachy-
dermata with the insectivorous carnivora.

A’par, a Jewish month answering to
the end of February and beginning of
March: the twelfth of the sacred, and
sixth of the civil year. Name, from adar,
to become glorious, in respect to the exu-
berance of vegetation during that month
in Egypt and Palestine.—Parkhurst.

Avar’ca, Apar’cE, or ADAR’cEs, a Saltish
concretion found encrusting the reeds and
grass in the marshes on the sea-coast of
Galatia. It was formerly in repute as a
medicine for freeing the skin from tetters,
freckles, &c. Name, wdaedegxw, frome,
privy. and déexa, to see, “ quod herbas qui
vccultet.”

Apvar’con, an old Jewish coin wert
about 153.

= =

ADD 25 ADE
Apar’mz, a Spanish weight, equal to Anp’pitive. Additive quantities, in alge-
the sixteenth of an ounce: Fr. demi-gros. | bra, are such as have the sign + prefixed

ADARTICULA’ a » Lat. adarticulatio, the
same with rodia (q. Y.).

Apa’tIs, a species of fine, clear cotton
cloth, manufactured in India. The pieces
are fifteen yards in length, and three
quarters wide.

AppE‘crmate, from ad and decimus,
tenth. ‘To ascertain the value of tithes.

ApprpH’say, Lat. addephagia, #ddzy
and ¢éyw, the disease of gluttony.

ADDER, a venomous serpent (vipera) of
several species. Sax. etter, a serpent or
poison.

ADDER-FLY, a name of the nage aad
(libellula) sometimes called adder-bdol:

ADDER’S-TONGUE, a popular name of the
ophioglossum (q.v.); the seeds of which
are produced on a spike resembling a ser-
pent’s tongue.

ApDER’s- wort, bistort or snake-weed,

re rong of polygonum (ay vy.) peculiar to

tain, and supposed to be a specific for
the bite of a serpent.

Appex’rratores, from ad and dezira,
the pope’s mitre-bearers, who walk at his
right hand when he rides to visit the
churches.—.

AppI’‘TAMENT, Lat. additamentum, some-
thing added. In anatomy, forming the
same with epithysis, but now only applied
totwo portions of the lambdoidal and
Squamous sutures of the skull.

Anppition, Lat. additio, augmentation ;

to diminution. 1. In arithmetic,
the uniting of two or more numbers into
one sum. Addition is either simple or
compound: the first relates to quantities
which are all of the same denomination;
and the second to quantities which are of
different denominations. Addition forms
the first of the four fundamental rules of
arithmetic.——2. In algebra, the forming
of two or more expressions into one, by
connecting them together by means of
their proper + or—: e.g. the sum of
aand } is a— 6, and the sum of aand —b
is a—b, which, ‘in an arithmetical sense is
the difference of @ and b.—3. In law,
a title annexed to a man’s name, to show
his rank, occupation, or residence ; e. g.
James Roydd, Esq. Surgeon , London. —
4. In music, a dot marked on the right of
a note, to show that its sound is to be
lengthened half as much more as it would
have been without such mark.— 5. In
heraldry, something added to a coat of
arms as a mark of honour: opposed to
abatement. Among additions are reckoned
bordures, quarters, cantons, gyrons, piles,
&c.——. In distilling, anything added to
the wash, or liquor ina state of ferment-
ation.

ADDITION oF RaTIOos 1s the same with
composition of ratiws

or understood.

Appo’rsep, from ad and dorsum. In he-
raldry, having the backs turned to each
other, e.g. animals so situated.

Avpress, from ad and dirigo (Fr. adres-

writing, e. g. the let-
ter was cabaeed to, &c. 2. To consign
to the care of an agent or factor; e. g. he
addressed the goods to, &c. 3. To present
a petition or a testimony of respect; e.g.
parliament addressed her majesty in, &c.
4. To direct discourse; e.g. he addressed
the jury, &c.——2. ‘AS anoun, 1. A formal
speech, as when introduced, e.g. he made
aneat address. 2. Direction of a letter,
including the name, title, and place of
residenée of the person for whom it is in-
tended: the par titute aman’s
address. 3. A formal or written applica-
tion, petition, or eongratulation; e.g. an
address of thanks.

Avpv’cent, Lat. adducens, performing
the action of adduction: muscles of the
body which draw together the parts of
the body to which they are attached:
opposed to abducent.

Appvuc’TIon, Lat. adductio, the action by
which a partis drawn towards some other
more principal part; the action of the
adducent muscles.

Appvuc’ror, Lat. from ad and duco, to
draw. A muscle which performs the ad-
duction of the part into which it is in-
serted; e.g. adductor oculi, a muscle
which turns the eye towards the nose ;
adductor indicis pedis, a muscle which
— the fore-toe inwards from the rest
of the toes.

Ap’ss, an Egyptian weight of 210 okes,
each of three rotolos ; the rotolo is about
fourteen drams avoirdupois. At Rosetta
the adeb is only 150 okes.

Aveta, the generic name of a beautiful
little butterfly, lepidoptera. It occurs in
woods, and is said to appear with the
leafing of the oak. There are several
species, all beautiful. Name, edyAos,
obscure: belongs to the fincites of La-
treille.

Avetanta’po, Spanish, a governor or
lieutenant-governor of a province.

Apr’t1a, ADELLA, a genus of shruba-
ceous plants, natives of Jamaica. Class
diecia, order monadelphia. Name, from

@, not, and d3yAes, obvious, in reference.

to the obscure nature of the fructification.
There are three species.

ADELING, a title of honour given by our
Saxon ancestors to the children of princes
and young nobles. It is compoun
adel, or rather @thel, the Teutonic term
for noble or illustrious, and ling, young.

ADE

A il

Ap’s.ite, the Spanish name for one
who predicted the fortunes of individuals
by the flight and singing of birds, and
other circumstances. The Adelites were
also called Almoganens.

ADELIUM, a genus of coleopterous in-
sects belonging to the helopii of Latreille.

AvEL'PHIA, from a@deAgog, a brother.
Cognate. In botany, a collection of sta-
mens into a bundie or brotherhood.

ADELPHIANS, adelphiani, a sect of Chris-
tians, whose peculiar tenet was to fast on
the sabbath.

Avem’prion, from ad and emo, to take.
In the civil law, the revocation of a grant,

Avenat/cia, from gadyy, a gland, and
adryos, pain. A pain seated in a gland.

ADENANTHE’RA, from adyy,a gland,and
evOcs, a flower. Glandfiower: a genus
of stove shrubs, of three species; natives
of the East Indies and Ceylon. Class,
decandria, order, nia.

The A. pavonina is one of the largest
and handsomest trees of India, and
commonly lives 200 years. The seeds
are very beautiful; and from their
equality in weight (each = 4 grains)
they are used by goldsmiths as weights.
ADEN’IFoRM, Lat. adeniformis, of a

gland-like shape.

Avenr't1s, from edyyv,a gland. Inflam-
mation of a gland. :

AveENno’crarxy, from a«dyy, a gland, and
yeuga, to describe. That which treats of
the glands.

Av’enor, from a3yy,a gland, and g:3o¢,
form. Resembling a gland.

AveEnov’ocy, from adyy, a gland, and
Aovyos, discourse. The doctrine, nature,
and use of the glands.

ADENoPHARYNGI'TIs, from edyy,a gland,
and geevyyZ, the pharynx. Inflamma-
tion of the tonsils and pharynx.

ADENOPHTHA’EMIA, from adyy, a gland,
and o¢fwameos, the eye. Inflammation of
the Meibomian glands.

Av’ENos, a species of cotton from Aleppo:
called also marine cotton.

Av’ENOSsE, ) Lat.adenosus. Glandiform:

Av’enovs, § having the shape of a ker-
nel, or gian

ADENOSTY’LEZ, Gr. wdyy, a gland, and
orvios,astyle. A subdivision of compo-
site plants; the branches of the style are
covered with long glandular hair.

ADEPHAGZ#, the first primary and
numerous division of coleopterous insects,
all of which agree in being voracious;
whence the name from Guyos, vora-
cious. The adephaga of Clairville, corres-

with carnivora of Cuvier.
Avert, from ad and aeto. A name as-

sumed by alchymists, who had attained
extraordinary skill in alchymical re-
searches. The term is now used in a
wider sense, to denote great proficiency,
especially in some art.

Av’Eps, Lat. Fat; a concrete oily mat-
ter which is contained in the cells of the
adipose tissue. It differs in its physical
properties in different animals, and in the
same animal at different ages: it is white
and insipid in the young, and has a deeper
colour and stronger taste in those of
greaterage. Excessive fatness constitutes
a disease, called polysarcia ; and it is ques-
tionable whether fat generally does not
indicate disease.

ADEssENaA’RIANS, from adesse, to be pre-
sent. In church history, a sect who hold
the real presence of Christ’s body in the
eucharist, but not by transubstantiation.

Avrecr’ED, in Algebra, consisting of dif-
ferent forms of the unknown quantity,
e. g. x? + ax + b =0, is an adfected qua-
dratic equation: it contains both the first
and second powers of z.

Apriuia’tTion, from ad and filius, a son.
A Gothic custom, whereby the children
of a former € are put upon equal-
ity with those of the second ;
This is otherwise called unio proliwm, and
is still retained in Germany under the
name of éinkindschafft.

ApHE'sIon, Lat. adhesio. In physics,
the force with which two bodies of dif-
ferent kinds remain attached to each
other, when they are brought into con-
tact: distinct from cohesion, which is the
force uniting together the particles of a

pathology, the morbid union of contiguous
parts, by means of adhesive in: tion.
ApIaAn’tuM, maidenhair: a genus of
thin-leaved ferns, consisting of about fif-
teen species, most of which belong to hot
climates. The only natiye specimen is
the A. capillus veneris, formerly employed
in the manufacture of syrup of capillaire ;
a hardy perennial. Flowers from May to
July; class eryptogamia, order (/ilices.
Name, adievrov, from a, not, and
Siesyw, to grow wet ; the leaves not being
easily wetted.
AvIapH’oRISTS, \ from wd:ecgogos, indif-
AprapuH’oriTEs,) ferent. Moderate Lu-
therans: the name. given in the 16th cen-
tury to the followers of Melancthon, who
was more pacific than Luther.
AvlapH’orEsIs, )} from @, not, and dia.
AviaPHRo’sis, ) gocew, to dissipate.
In medicine, deficient perspiration.
ApiaPH’onovs, from edimeGogos, indif-
ferent. In chemistry, synonymous with
neutral.

ADJ

27

ADJ

ApIApNev’sT1A, from @, not, and
diarvew, to perspire. In medicine, dimi-
nution or obstruction of perspiration.

AviaRRH@’a, frome, not, and diegetw,
to flow through. In medicine, suppres-
sion of any of the natural evacuations.

Ap InFinitum,a Latin phrase, meaning
indefinitely, or to infinity.

Ap InauirEenpuM, a writ to command
inquiry concerning something connected
with a cause in a court of law.

ApIpoceration, the process of being
converted into adipocere. ;

Apipoce’RE, | from adeps, fat, and cera

Ap‘IPOCIRE, } (Fr. cire), wax. A pecu-
liar substance, intermediate between fat
and wax, and closely resembling sperma-
ceti. It results from the spontaneous
conversion of animal matter when ex-

d to running water, or more speedily
by maceration in dilute nitric acid. It is
produced also, but not so rapidly, by
heaping together large masses of animal
matter; as was exemplified, on an im-
mense scale, on the remoyal of the bodies
from the Cimetiére des Innocens in Paris,
in 1787. When the coffin-lids were taken
off, the bodies were found flattened into
irregular masses of soft, ductile, greyish-
white matter, resembling common white
cheese. All the soft parts were converted

_ into this substance; the bones were fran-
gible; and no trace of viscera remained:
all were confused together, and blended
in a common mass of adipocere.

ADIPOCERE-MINERAL, a fatty mineral
matter, found in the argillaceous iron ore
of Merthyr: inodorous when cold, but
when heated it emits a slightly bitumi-
nous odour. Fuses at 160° Fah.

_ AprposE, | Lat. adiposus, from adeps,

Avirots, } fatty: e. g. the adipose mem-
brane is the tissue containing the fat in
its‘cells in the animal body: the adipose
ducts coutain the fat.

Aore’sy, Gr. adinLa. In medicine, ab-
sence of thirst; mostly symptomatic of
brain diseases.

Avir’son, from @, not, and $Bmla,
thirst. A medicine which allays thirst,
e. g. liquorice.

Anit, Lat. aditus, from ad and eo, to go.
The horizontal entrance to a mine, some-
times called the drift. It is usually made
in the side of a hill. The term is often
used as synonymous with atr-shaft.

ADJACENT-ANGLE, in geometry, an angle
immediately contiguous to another, so
that one side is connected to both angles.

Ap’secTive, Lat. adjectivum quasi ad-
junctivum. Adjective colours, in dyeing, are
such as require to be fixed by some base
or mordant.

ApJoURNMENT. 1. The closing of a ses-
sion ef a public or official body. 2. The
tire or interval during which a particular

official body intermits its business. The
close of a session of parliament is called a
prorogation: the close of a parliament is
a dissolution ; anintermission of business
for a definite time is an adjournment.
Parliament has the privilege of adjourn-
ing itself, but its prorogation is the act
of the sovereign.

Apjupica’rion, the act of trying and
determining judicially. 1. The decision
ofa court.— 2. In Scotch law, an action by
which a creditor attaches the heritable
estate of his debtor, or his debtor’s heir,
in security of the payment of the debt;
or an action by which the holder of an
heritable right, labouring under a defect
of form, may supply that defect.——3.
Transferring the property of a thing sold
by auction to the highest bidder.

Apsunet, Lat. adjunctus, joined, from
adjungo, to join to. 1. Literally, some-
thing added to another, but not essen-
tially a part of it, e.g. water in a sponge
is an adjunct to the sponge.——2. In meta-
physics, a quantity of a body, or of the
mind, whether natural or acquired, e. g.
colour, weight, form, &c. in the body, and
thinking in the mind,are adjuncts.——3.
Inethics, adjuncts are what are otherwise
called circumstances: these are reckoned
seven, viz. quis, quid, ubi, quibus, auziliis,
cur, , quando. . In grammar,
wo: added to other words to amplify
the force of other words, e. g. the history
of the French revolution. The words in
italics are adjuncts to history.— Webster.
— 5. In music, the word is employed to
denominate the relation between tlie
principal mode, and the modes of its two-

s.

In the Royal Academy of Sciences at
Paris, there are twelve members called
adjuncts attached to the study of some
particular science. Geometry, astro-
nomy, mechanics, chemistry, botany,
and anatomy, have each two members.
These appointments were instituted in

6

The Roman adjunct deities were in~
ferior deities, added as assistants to the
principal gods; e.g. Bellona to Mars;
the Cabiri to Vulcan; the Lares to the
ney Genius, and the Lemures to the

vil. :

Ap Jura Reets. In law,a writ which
lies for a clerk presented to a living by
the sovereign, against those who en-
deavour to eject him to the prejudice of
the sovereign’s title.

Apsust’MEeNT. The act of adjusting:
settlement, e. g. of a loss incurred. at sea,
by the insured. In this case, it is
for the insurer to indorse upon the policy,
* Adjusted this loss at £— per cent. pay
able at——— days. M.N.” This is con-
sidered as a note of hand, and, as such, is
prima facie evidence of the debt.

ADM

28

ADM

An’surTaGeE, from ad and jacio, jactus, }
As'vTacE, from Fr. ajouter, to join.

The tube fitted to the mouth of a vessel,

through which the water of a fountain is
to be played. It is by its means that the
water is directed into any desired figure,
so that the diversity of fountains consists
chiefly in the different structure of their

adjutages. ;

Ap’suTant, Lat. adjutans, aiding. In
military affairs, an officer who assists the
major by receiving and communicating
orders, and therefore has sometimes been
called the aid-major. Each battalion of
foot and regiment of horse has an ad-
jutant. who receives orders from the
brigade-major, to communicate to the
colonel andsubalterns. He places guards,
receives and distributes ammunition, as-
signs places of rendezvous, &c.

Ap’suTANT-GENERAL is the chief ad-
jutant: he is to an army what the ad-
jutant is to a regiment.

Ap’JUTANTS-GENERAL, among the Je-
suits, were a select body of fathers who
resided with the general of the order, each
of whom had a province or country as-
signed to his care. Their business was
to keep up correspondence with such
countries by means of their delegates and
emissaries, and give information of state
occurrences to the father-general.

ApsvutToriumM, Lat. from ad and juvo. In
anatomy, a name given to the humerus
from its usefulness in lifting the arm.

ApsuvANT, Lat. adjuvans, helping. Ad-
jutant: applied to an ingredient intro-

duced into a medical prescription, to aid
the operation of the principal ingredient
or basis.

AptxEGa’TIon, Lat. ad and legatio, from
lego, to send. In the public laws of the
German Empire, a right claimed by the
states, and by some princes, of joining
their own ministers with those of the
emperor in all negotiations where the
interests of the empire are concerned.

ADMANUEN’: — from ad and manus, the

d. In old law books,a term denoting
laymen, who sware by laying their hands
on the bible; whereas the clergy were
forbidden to swear so, their word being
deemed equal to an oath.

ApMEA’/SUREMENT, from ad and measure-
ment. In law,the adjustment of shares of
something to be divided; e.g. Admeasure-
ment of dower takes place when the widow
of thé deceased claims more than belongs
to her as dower: Admeasurement of pasture
takes place when any one of the persons
who have title to acommon pasture, puts
more cattle to feed upon it than he ought.
These take place by writ ofadmeasurement,
addressed to the sheriff.

ApMINICULA’TOR, Lat. from adminiculor,
to give help. In church history, an officer,

otherwise called the Advocate of the poor.

ADMINISTRA’TION, the act of administer-
ing ; management or government of public
affairs; the office of an administ, —
2. The executive part of a government,
consisting in the exercise of the constitu-
tional and leg’! powers, the general super-
intendence of national affairs and the
enforcement of laws.——3. The persons
collectively who are entrusted with the
execution of the laws, and the super-
intendence of public affairs: the chief
magistrate and his council, as in America ;
the council alone, as in Great Britain.
— 4. The management of the estate
ofan intestate person, alunatic, &c., under
a commission from the proper authority.
— 5. Among ecclesiastics, the power with
which a parson is invested both as re-
gards the temporalities and spiritualities
of his cure.——6. In commerce, the name
given by the Spaniards to the staple
Magazine at Calao, in Peru, where all
ships loaded with European goods were
required to unload and pay duties.

ApDMINIsTRA’TOR, Lat. from ad and min-
ister. In law, the person to whom the
goods, &c.,of a person who died intestate
are entrusted. He must give account of
the same when required. ‘The bishop of
the diocese, when the person dies, is
] regularly to grant administration ; but, if
4 the deceased has goods in several dioceses,
administration must be granted by the
archbishop in the prerogative court. The
persons to whom administration is
granted, are first the next of kin to the
deceased, and then to a creditor.——2. In
Scotch law, a tutor, curator, or
having the care of one who is incapable
of acting for himself—Administrator is
used in several other senses, e.g. an
pewbe of a church; a person appointed

to manage the revenues of an hospital, or
other charitable institution ; a prince who
enjoys the revenues of a secularized
bishoprick ; the regent of a state during
a minority, or a vacancy of the throne.

ADMINISTRA’TRIX, a female who adminis-
ters upon the estate of an intestate person.

Ap’MIRAL, an officer who commands the
naval forees, and decides all maritime
causes. According to Ducange, the
Sicilians were the first, and the Genoese
the next, who gave this name to the
commanders of their fleets; deriving it
from the Ar. émir, or amir, a commander,
a designation applicable to any com-
manding officer: hence low Lat. amira,
amiras, admiralis, Sp. and Port. admirante,
Fr. amiral : the termination al, is probably
from &As, the sea. The admiral has the
same authority over the maritime forces,
that a general has over the land forces.
There are three ranks of admirals,
admiral, the vice-admiral, and rear-
admiral, besides the lord high admiral,

ADM 29

ADO

who is the ninth great officer of state in
England. He superintends all maritime
affairs, and has the government of the
navy; ‘but this office is now executed by a
certain number of commissioners, called
lords of the admiralty. These have juris-
diction over all maritime causes, and
commission naval officers. The office of
lord high admiral was held by William
IV., while duke of Clarence, in 1827, and
following year. The admiral of the fleet is
the highest officer under the admiralty:
when he embarks on an expedition, the
union flag is displayed at the main-top-
gallant mast-head. The vice-admiral is an
officer next in rank to the admiral: he has
command of the second squadron, and

certain officers, who have power to hold
courts of vice-admiralty in various parts
of the British dominions: there are up-
wards of twenty such. Appeal lies from
their sentence or award to the admiral
courtin London. The rear-admiral, next
in rank to the vice-admiral, has command
of the third squadron, and carries his flag
at the mizentop-gallant mast-head. <Ad-
mirals on shore receive military honours,
and rank with generals of the army.
Admiral is also an appellation given to the
most considerable ship of a fleet of mer-
chantmen, or of fishing vessels.

ApMIRAL, in conchology, the popular
name of a sub-genus of magnificent shells
of the volute pcan (voluta). There are
four species : th miral, the orange-
admiral, the ete deerel, and the eztra-
admiral. The first is of an elegant white
enamel, variegated with bands of yellow,
which represent in some measure the
colours of the flag of aman-of-war. It is
distinguished from the vice-admiral by
a denticulated line, running along the
middle of the largest yellow band. The
orange-admiral has more yellow than any
of the others, and the bands of the extra-

run into each other.—In entomo-
logy, a species of “‘ butterfly, which lays
her eggs in the nettle.”

Av/MIRALTY, the office of the lord high
admiral, which is discharged (usually) by
seven commissioners, called lords of the
admiralty

Apmiratty Court, or Court or Ap-
MIRALTY, is the supreme court for the
trial of maritime causes, held before the
lord high admiral, or lords of the admi-
ralty. All crimes committed on the high
seas, or in rivers beneath the bridge, next
the sea, are cognisab so ingy Stace -hareaghl

“nited States of America, is no

admiralty court distinct from the cthers;
the district courts are invested with ad-
miralty powers. The prize court, which
decides causes relating to prizes in time
of war, is a separate court from the court
of admiralty, but is usually presided over
by the same judge.

Apmika’TIONn, in grammar, the character
(1!) used after a word, or at the close ofa
sentence, or a remarkable or emphatic
nature, is called a point, or note of admira-
tion

Apmis’ ston, Lat. admissio, from ad and
mitto, admittance. I. Among ecclesiastics,
the act of a bishop’s admitting a clerk to
be qualified for a cure: this is done after

examination, by pronouncing the formula
admitto te habilem. Any person p
to be admitted without episcopal ordina-
tion forfeits 1007——2. Among logicians,
-» grant of an argument or proposition
not "fully proved.

ADMITTENDO CLERICO, a writ granted to
a person who has recovered his right of
presentation in the common pleas: it di-
rects the bishop or metropolitan to admit
his clerk.

ADMITTENDO In Soctum, a writ asso-
ciating certain uctab.e persons of the
county to the just.ce of the assize already
appointed.

ApMIXTION, Lat. admirtio, of ad and
misceo. The union of substances by mix-

them. The admixed bodies retain
their characteristic properties: they un-
dergo no chemical change, as they do in
composition.

Apmoni'TIion, Lat. admonitio, of ad and
moneo. A part of church discipline, which
consists principally in warning an offender
of his irregularities. By ‘the ancient
canons, nine admonitions were necessary
before excommunication.

ApmMortTizaTion, from ad and mors,
death. The reduction of property in lands
or tenements to mortmain (q. v.).

Apnas‘cenT, Lat. adnascens. Growing
to some other thing.

Ap’naTa, Lat. from ad and nascor to
grow. 1. In anatomy, one of the coats of
the eye, called also albuginea. It is that
portion of the conjunctiva which covers
the scelerotic coat.——2. Such parts of
animal or vegetable bodies as are usual
and natural, as hair, wool, horns ; or acci-
dental, as fungus, and the several epi-
sitical plants——3. In horticulture, offsets
of plants germinating underground, as
from the lily, narcissus, hyacinth, and

wards grow to the roots.

Anp’NaTeE, Lat. adnatus, grown to. Ap-
plied to parts which appear to grow to
other parts: e.g. in botany, when a leaf
adheres to the aot or stem by the sur-
face or disc itself; or when the stipules
are fixed to the petioles.

ADOLECERA, a genus of coleopterous in-

ADO

30

ADO

wects. Name, from @3oros and xsgos,

in reference to the form of the antenna.

Belongs to the elaterides of Latreille.
Avon’ar, a Hebrew, Chaldean, and Sy-

rian name of the Sup Being, g
Lord or Sustainer.
Apo’nra ancient festivals kept in

honour of Adonis, by females, who spent
two days in lamentations and the most
infamous pleasures. These Adonia were
celebrated by the Greeks, Egyptians,
Syrians, Sicilians, &c.

Apo’NICc, \ pertaining to Adonis, the

Avonr’an, J favourite of Venus. <Adonic
is applied to a kind of short verse, consist-
ing of a dactyl, and a spondee or trochee,
e. g. rard javéntis. It was originally used
in bewailing the fate of Adonis.

Apo’nIs, pheasant’s-eye, or bird’s-eye.
A genus of plants of the class polyandria,
order polygynia.{ There are eight species,
resembling the anemone in appearance,
but smaller. The A. autumnalis, an an-
nual common in our gardens, is the only
British specimen. Name, edwyis, the my-
thological youth, from whose blood it is
fabled to have sprung.

Apo’NIsts, among critics, a party who
maintained that the Hebrew points ordi-
narily annexed to the consonants of the
word Jehovah are not the natural points
belonging to that word, and that they do
not express the true pronunciation of it.

ApopreR, a two-necked chemical yes-
sel, placed between a retort and receiver,
to lengthen the neck of the retort, and
thereby give more space to elastic vapours.

ApopTians,a sect which held that, with
re: to his human nature, was not
the natural, but the adoptive son of God.

Apvorrion, Lat. adoptio, from ad and
opto, to choose. 1. The act whereby one
man makes another his heir, giving him
all the rights of a son. Adoption was
common among the Greeks and Romans,
who had many regulations concerning it.
The Lacedemonian law required that it
should be confirmed before their kings ;
at Athens, slaves, madmen, and persons
under age were incapable of adopting ;
and at Rome, adoptions were confirmed
before the praetor in an assembly of the
people, or by a rescript from the emperor.
The adopter, besides, was required to be
at least eighteen years the senior of the
adopted, and the natural father required
to renounce all authority over his son,
and consent to his translation into the
family of the adopter. The various cere-
monies of adoption have given rise to
many kinds of it: e.g. adoption by testa-
ment, the appointment of a person to be
heir by will, on condition of his taking
the name, &c. of the adopter: adoption
by matrimony, the taking the children by
@ former marriage into the condition of

children of the second marriage: adop-
tion by baptism, the spiritual affinity con-
tracted by godfathers was sup to
entitle the godchild to a share of the god
father’s estate: adoption by hair was per-
formed by cutting off the hair of a person,
and giving it to the adoptive father:

tion by arms,an ancient ceremony of
presenting a suit of armour to one for his
merit or valour, which laid the person
under an obligation to defend the giver.
Among the Turks, the ceremony of adop
tion is performed by obliging the person
adopted to pass through the shirt of the
adopter. In France, the adopter must
have neither children nor other legiti-
mate descendants.

Apoption is also used for many kinds
of admission to a more intimate relation,
as the admission into hospitals, particu-
larly that of Lyons, and is, therefore, very
nearly equivalent to reception.

Avora’tion, Lat. adoratio. The act of
worshipping; the worship paid to the
Supreme Being. Among the Jews, adora-
tion was performed by bowing, kneeling,
and prostration. Among the Romans, the
devotee, with his head veiled or covered,
applied the right hand to his lips, the
forefinger resting on the thumb, which
was erect, and then bowing he turned
round from left to right. The Gauls
theught it more religious to turn from
right to left: the Greeks to worship with
their heads uncovered. The Christians
copied the Grecian rather than the Ro-
man mode, and universally uncover when
they perform’ any act of adoration. In
modern times adoration is paid to the
pope by kissing his foot, and to a prince
by kneeling and kissing his hand. The
word has been sometimes used in the
sense of acclamation, e. g. a pope is said
to be elected by adoration, when he is
elected by sudden acclamation, without
scrutiny.

Aporium, a genus of coleopterous in-
sects; the species are foreign. The ado-
rium is included among the isopodes of

treille.

AposcuLa’tTion, Lat. adosculatio, from
ad and osculum, a kiss. A term used by
naturalists to denote impregnation by
mere external contact: this takes place

many birds and fishes. Itis also used
in botany for the impregnation of the
plant by the falling of the farina on the
pistils ; and also for the insertion of one
part of a plant into another.

Anos’sEp, English of adossée, part. of
adosser, to place back to hack; dos, the
back. A heraldic term denoting two
figures or bearings placed back to back.

Apo’xa, bate i . — of a
Apo’xIa ardy perennial t, pe
culiar to Britain ; class ootatitia: order

tetragynis. Name, @, without, and degx,

aa

——_ ——--

ADT 31

ADV

_glory, from the humble aspect of this —
fiower. There is only one species, th

A, moschatellina, so called from its oie
ing like musk. It is also known by the
oe bastard fumitory; grows in shady

Ap Pponpus me literally, ‘‘ to the
weightofthe whole.” These words after
the name of any ingredient, in a medical
prescription, signify that the weight of
such ingredients is equal to that of all
the others put together.—Lat.

Ap qvop pAMNUM, literally, “‘ to what
damage.” The name of a writ —
before certain liberties are granted, as,
fair, oes &c., ordering the the sheriff "0
inquire what damage may be caused by
such grant.—

ApprREs’sED, Lat. adpressus. Appressed :
pressed close together ; applied to branches
or leaves, when they rise nearly parallel
to the stem, and are close to it, e.g. the
branches of the Genista tinctoria and
leaves of the Thlaspi campestris.

Aprirt, a nautical term denoting the
condition of a vessel broken from her
moorings. It is the participle of the Sax.
verb adriftan, to drive.

Aprosa’TIon, a species of adoption
among the Romans, by which a person
was admitted to the relationship of a son,
derived from ad and rogo, to ask ; in refer-
ence to the questions put to the "parties.

Apstriction, Lat. adstrictio, from
stringo, to bind. In medicine, 1. The
action of an astringent.——2. Constipa-
tion

Apvta’rta, the moonstone of lapidaries :
a transparent white-coloured variety of
prismatic feldspar, with a silvery or
pearly opalescence. The finest crystals

are found at Adula, the summit of St.
Gothard. The sunstone of the > opecer
is the Siberian variety of Adularia; it is
of a yellowish colour, and numberless
golden specks appear distributed through-
out it.

Apu tt, Lat. adultus, grown to matu-
rity: oleo, to grow. Among civilians, a
person upwards of 14 years of age. The
term is also applied to animals and plants
at a state of maturi

Aputt’rery, Lat. tilterium, from ad and
alter, other. The crime of married per-
sons, whether husband or wife, who
violate their marriage vow by inconti-
nence. In Europe and America, adultery
is reckoned a private offence: none but
the husband being allowed to intermeddle;
and except in Scotland, though the hus-
band be guilty of adultery, the wife is not
allowed to prosecute him for the same.
In England adultery is a spiritual offence,
ard therefore the injured party can have
no other redress than to bring an action
of damages against the adulterer,and to
divorce and strip the adulteress of her

dower.—See Divorce. In scriptural lan-
guage, adultery is sometimes used for
idolatry, and at other times for any spe-
cies of unchastity. It is in this sense that
divines interpret the seventh commanda-
ment.

AvvutteEry, in church affairs, means the

ting a person into a bishoprick dur-
ing the life of the bishop.

ApuMBRA'TION, umbra. In heraldry, a
figure painted of the same colour as the
ground of the field, but darker.

Apvus’tion, Lat. ’ adustio, from ad and
uro, to burn. In surgery, the same with
cauterisation (q. v.)

Apva’‘nce, from ad and van, the front.
In commerce, 1. To supply beforehand, to
furnish on credit.——2. Additional price
or profit on the Ares cost of goods,——
3. Money before goods are delivered
upon ¢o) ent. This is usually from
a half to two-thirds of the value of the
goods consigned.

ADVANCE-pDITCcH, |) In fortifications, that

ADVANCE-MOAT, drawn round the
glacis or esplanade of a place.

ADVANCEMENT, in law, provision made
by a parent for a child, by gift of property,
during the parent’s life, to which the
child would be entitled, as heir, after the
parent’s death.

Ap’venT, Lat. adventus, from ad and
venio, tocome. A coming: appropriately
the coming of the Saviour. It is intended
as a season of devotion, with reference to
the past and future coming of Christ, and
includes four sabbaths before Christmas,
beginning at St. Andrew’s day, or on the
sabbath next before or after it according
to the day of the week on which the 25th
of December fi

ADVENTIT‘10U8, Lat. adventitius, extra-

ordinary. Added extrinsically, e. g.
among civilians, goods which are acquired
accidentally, are said to be adventitious.
The same is said of fossils, as shells, &c.,
which are found embodied in other fossils.
Applied also to diseases which are not
hereditary or congenital; and in botany,
to anything which appears out of the
ordinary course of nature. It is in speak-
ing of natural things, what abnormal is in
speaking of productions of art.

ADVEN’TURE, Fr. aventure. See ADVENT.
1. Among satlors, something which a
seamen is permitted to carry aboard, with
a view to sell for profit. Seamen usually
call this a venture.——2. A bill of adventure
is a writing signed by a person who takes
goods on board of his ship, wholly at the
risk of the owner.

ADVENTURER, one who adventures, e. g.

turers constituted a com-
pany, formed for the purpose of exploring
unknown regions, and opening up new
channels of trade; called also the society
of adventurers.

ADV

32

ADV

Av’vERB, Lat. adverbium, from ad and
verbum. In grammar, a word used to
modify the sense of a verb, participle,
adjective, or attribute, and usually placed
near it; e. g. he spoke fluently ; the day is
extremely cold, where the words fluently
and extremely are adverbs. if
speech may be called a modifier,as its use
is always to qualify the sense of another
word.

Avversa’RiA, Lat. from adversus. Among
the ancients,a book of accounts, not unlike
our journals and day-books, and so named
from the debt and credit being placed in
opposition to each other. The word also
imports, among literary persons, aspecies
of commonplace-book, in which the notes
are not digested under regular heads.

ApvVERs’aTIVE, Lat. adversativus. In
grammar ,a word denoting some difference
or opposition between what goes before
and what follows it; e.g. he has genius,
but wants application. The word but is
an adversative conjunction.

But is not, however, always an adver-
sative conjunction; it often implies
something superadded. It has therefore
two senses: in the first it is a corruption
of bot, the participle of the Saxon verb
butan, to be out, and in the second it is
the imperative of botan, or betan, to
make better, and is radically the same
as bet, in the word better. ‘“‘ Botan” is

the verb ¢o boot.

ADVERSIFO'LIATE, } Lat. adversifolium,

Apversiro’Lious, $ from adversus and
folium, a leaf. Having opposite leaves:
applied to plants where the leaves are so
arranged on the stem.

Anpvice, from Fr. avis, opinion, whence
the verb aviser,toadvise. Adviceis usually
given by one merchant or banker to an-
other, by letter, informing him of the bills
or drafts drawn on him, with all particu-
lars of date, &c.,&c. For want of such
letter of advice, it is allowable to refuse
accepting a bill of exchange.

ADVICE-BOAT, a small yessel employed
to carry despatches, &c.

AD VITAM AUT CULPAM, an office to be
held quamdiu se bene gesserit, that is, till
the death or some delinquency of the
holder.

Ap’vocaTE, Lat. advocatus, from ad and
voco, to call. vocate, in its primary
sense, signifies one who pleads the cause
of another in a court of civil law: hence
it came to signify one who pleads the
cause of another before any tribunal or
judicialcourt. The fees are of agratuitous
character, and cannot be recovered atlaw.
In England and America, advocates are
the same as counsel or counsellors. In
England they are of two degrees, barris-
ters and serjeants: the former being ap-
prentices or learners, cannot, by ancient
eustom, be admitted serjeants till of 16

years standing.—In Scotland, the Jaculty
of advocates isa society ofeminent lawyers
who practise in the highest courts, and
who are admitted members only on the
severest examination at three different
times. It consists of about 200 members,
from whom vacancies on the bench are
usually supplied.—The lord-advocate is the
principal crown-lawyer. He pleads all
the causes of the crown, and is the public
prosecutor in criminal cases. France,
the avocats form a separate order, of
which each member is attached to a par-
ticular local court.—Advocates haye dif-
ferent titles, according to their particular
duties.—At Rome, orial advocates
appear before the consistory, in opposition
to the disposal of benefices. Among the
ancient Romans, the jiseal advocate de-
fended causes in which the public revenue
was concerned.—Feudal advocates were of
a military kind: to attach them to the
church, they had grants of land, with
power to lead the vassals of the church to
war.—Juridical advocates became judges,
in consequence of their attending causes
in the earl’s court.—Matricular
defended the matricular or cathedral
churches.— Military advocates were em-
ployed by the church, to defend it by
arms, when force was the eloquence of
Europe. There were besides, elective ad-
vocates, chosen by. the chapter, bishop,
abbot, &c. ;
by the emperor, pope, &c. In France,
there are two kinds of advocates: those
who plead, and those who —_. —
like our chamber-counsellors. In
an advocate is a magistrate appointed, 1D
the emperor’s name, to administer justice.
Apvoca’TIon, Lat. ‘ad and vocatio. Among
civilians, the act of calling another to as-
sist in pleading some cause.—A bill of ad-
vocation, in Scotland, is a written applica-
tion to a superior court, to call an action
before them from an inferior court: the
order granted, is called a letter of advocation.
ADVOCATIONE DECIMARUM, is a writ for
claiming a fourth part or upwards of
tithes belonging to any church.
ADVOWEE, he who has the right of ad-
vowson. 2. The advocate of a church, &e.
pert SON, in English law, a right of
presentation to a vacant benefice: the
right of patronage. The word is derived
from advocatio, because the right was first
obtained by such as were founders, bene-
factors, or defenders, that is, of
the church ; hence those who have this
right are styled patrons.

Advowsons are either appendant or in
gross: the first are such as are annexed
to a manor or lands, and pass as ap-
purtenances of the same; whereas
advowson in gross, is a right of presen-
tation subsisting by itself, and belonging
to the patron, independent ot lands. In

ZGI

38 ZOL

either case, advowsons are no less the

property of the advowee than landed

estates, and may be granted away by

deed or will, and are assets in the hands

of executors.

Apvoyer, Nor. Fr. advoes. A chief ma-
gistrate of a town or canton im Switzer-
land.

Apyna’ia, Gr. aduvapta. A defect
of vital power (Suvapss),

A’pytum, Gr. aduTov, The most sacred
place in the heathen temples, correspond-
ing to the Jewish Holy-of-Holies. : The
term is derived from @, not, and dU, to
enter.

ADZ, or ADDICE, Sax. adese. A cutting
tool of the axe kind; the blade is thin or
arching, and set at right angles to the
handle. It is chiefly used for paring away
inequalities on boards, planks, c.

JZAcCEA, Grecian festivals in honour of
acus, who, on account of his justice on
earth, was supposed to be appointed one of
the judges in hell.

JECHMALOTARCHA, the title given an-
ciently to the principal governor of the
Hebrew captives residing in Chaldea, As-
syria, &c. The Jews called him Rosch-
Galuth, or chief of the captivity. At pre-
sent the echmalotarch is only the head of
the Jewish religion, like the episcopus Ju-
deorum in England, the altarch at Alex-
andria, and the ethnarch at Antioch,

JZEDES, a temple of an inferior order
among the Romans. From atéys, dark,
being originally dark buildings. The name
latterly hecame synonymous with templum,
or teraple,

JEDILE, In ancient Rome, an officer
who had charge of the public buildings
{edes), and, indeed, buildings of all kinds,
highways, aqueducts, public places, spec-
tacles, &c. The ediles were four in num-
ber, and of two classes—the plebeian and
curule, Julius Cesar afterwards added two
other plebeian zdiles, called cereal: their
business was to inspect weights and mea-
sures, public stores of provisions, &c.

Zpeotomy, from ado and renvw,
The anatomy of the organs of generation.

Apoptosis, from adovoy and mTwots.
Genital prolapsus,

JEGAGROPILE, Lat. e@gagropilus, from
avyaypos and 7iAos. 1. A concretion
found in the stomach of the chamois-goat
(sometimes in that of deer, cows, &c.), con-
sisting of hair which the animal has swal-
lowed in licking itself. These balls were
formerly called Jezoars, and believed to

the same virtues as the oriental

ZEGICERAS, a genus of plants found in the
ucca Islands, Class pentandria, order

monogynia. ‘Name from até, a goat, and
képas, a horn, the having some re-
semblance to the horn of the goat.

ZXGILoPs, from até, a goat, and oW, an
eye. 1. A sore under the inner angle of
the eye: now generally considered a stage
of the fistula lachrymalis. Named from the
supposition that goats are peculiarly liable
to it——2. Hard-grass: a genus of hardy
European annuals, of the class polygamia
and order monecia. There are seven spe-
cies.—Named from its supposed virtues in
curing the disease called egilops.

ZEGIs, in mythology, is particularly used
for the shield or cuirass of Jupiter and
Pallas. Named from atyis, a goat’s skin,
with which shields were anciently covered.

£G0'CEROS, the same with dgiceras

q. ¥.

ZEGOPO'DIUM, goat-weed, gout-weed, or
goat’s-foot. A British genus of plants, of
the class pentandria and order trigynia:
named from até, a goat, and 70US, a foot,
“the leaves being cleft something like the
foot of that animal.” There is only one
species, 47. podagraria, found in gardens
and wet places. The root is pungent and
aromatic.

JEGYPTILES (Latinised gyptilia). A
species of ornament in Egyptian architec-
ture having a light-blue figure on a dark
greund,

AELLOPODES, the name of a pedo-motive
carriage lately exhibited in the metropolis
by Mr. Revis, of Cambridge. It consists of
two large driving wheels, urged round by
cranks acted upon by treddles, on each of
which the rider’s weight is thrown alter-
nately. The name, in which the only novelty
consists, is from Aéilo, one of Actzeon’s dogs
i. Met. iii. 219), and mous, zodos, a
‘oot.

ELuRUS, the Egyptian god-cat, some-
times represented in architectural decora-
tions in proprid persona, and sometimes as
a& man with a cat’s head!

Zouic, pertaining to olia or olis,
The £olic dialect is one of the five dialects
of the Greek tongue, agreeing in most
things with the Doric dialect. The olic
verse consists of an iambus er spondee,
then of two anapests separated by a long
syllable,

ZOLIAN, pertaining to Zolus (q. v.)

JEOLIAN-HARP, & musical instrument, so
named from its producing its wild and often
exquisite strains merely by the action of
the wind. It is made thus: a box of thin
deal is made of such a length as will suit
the window into which it is to be fitted;
a number of strings (catgut) are fixed upon
the mouth of it, and tuned in unison. It
is fitted into the window with the strings
outwards,

D

a

AER

34

SC

£ovorixz, from Aolus (q.v.),and ryAse,
a passage. A hollow metal ball, with a
small hole into which a slender pipe is
fitted : the ball being half-filled with water
and heated, vapour issues yehemently
from the orifice. It is used principally to
show the convertibility of water into
steam, but was anciently used as bellows,
and is still sometimes used as a blow-pipe.

JEotornon, from olus, the god of the
winds, and Qari. voice. The name of a
musical instrument somewhat resembling
a cabinet pianoforte in shape, Its
tones are produced by metallic springs,
set in vibration by the air produced from
bellows.

Zon, from aswy. age, duraticn. 4. term
used in the Platonic philosophy to desig-
nate a virtue, attribute, or perfection.
The Platonists represented the Dssty as
an assemblage of @ons. The Gnastics
considered @ons as certain substential
powers, of divine natures, emanating
from the Supreme Deity. ars performing
various parts in the operatiovs of the
universe.

Agrate, from aér. To aérate, is to im-
pregnate with carbonic acid, formerly
called aerial acid ; e. 8: aerated water.

AERA'TION, xe xi7e, air. The satura-
tion of a liquid with some gas; e.g. the
aeration of water with carbonic acid or
fixed air.

AERIAL, Lat. aérius. In painting, the
term is applied to the diminishing in-
tensity of colour on cbjects receding from
the eye.

A¥RIAL PLAnTs,a general name for such
—_ as derive their nourishment chiefly

om the atmosphere, e.g. the epidendra,
aerides,&c. These are often, especially in
the East, suspended by astring ina room,
aS ornaments, and continue to blossom
even for months, without earth or water.

Arnians. In church history, a branch
of Arians who take their name from
Aerius, who maintained that there was no
difference between bishops and priests.

Av‘ripes, air-piants. A genus of per-
ennials of four species, natives of China
and the East Indies. Class gynandria,
order monandria. Name, aeiig and sido.

AgrriricaTion, from aér, air, and facio,
to make. 1. The act of passing from a
liquid or solid state into gas or elastic
vapour. 2. Being filled with air.

Azrirorm, from aér, air, and forma,
form. Having the nature and properties
ofair; e.g. the gases are aeriform fluids.

Axrro-Dynamics, from dz, air, and
Suvcuse, power. That department of ex-
pDezamental science which treats of the
mction of air and the mechanical cffects
ef air in motion.

AznocnaPny, from &7e, air, and yeagw,

to describe. A description of the atmo-
sphere, its nature, &c. It includes me-
teorology.

Azr’oLite, from dye, air, and Asbog,
astone. A meteoric stone. See Merror-
OLITE. .

Azro’Locy, from &7e, air, and Avyes,
science. That branch of physics which
treats of the nature and properties of the
atmosphere as regards its salubrity.

AEROLUM, an ancient weight, equal to
the sixth part of an obolus, or about 2 grs.
It was the same with the Greek Karnous.

AxERomeEL, from aér, and mel, honey.
Manna (mel aéreum), which was believed
to descend like dew from che atmosphere.
It was also called deoroeAs, mel roscidum,
or honey-dew. :

ArromereR, from &7e, air, and wsrgov,*
measure. 1. An instrument for ascertain-
ing the weight or density of the atmo-
sphere.——2. An instrument for ascertain-
ing the relative bulk and density of the
gases.

zr’omETRY, from ave, air, and pergov,
measure. 1. That branch of aérography
which considers the pressure, elasticity,
and rarefaction of the air.——2. The art
of measuring the relative bulk and density
of gases.

ArEronavrtics, the science of navigating
the air in balloons. See Arronavrt.

Arnoruosia, from &, air, and gofos,
fear. Dread of wind; symptomatic of
hydrophobia, and occasionally observed
in hysteria and p tis.

Arropuytes, from adie , air, and ¢uroy,
a plant. Plants which ps exclusively in
air, in distinction té hydrophytes, which
live under water.

Azrosrat, from ave, air, and ¢reros.
sustaining. Anair-balloon, a fire-balloon.

Aznosra’tics, from &%¢,air,and crates,
sustaining. 1. The same with cerostation,
(q. V. Rote The same with pneumatics,
(q. Vv.

Agnosta’TIoNn, from & aie, air,and{ IOT by
to weigh. Theartof raising, suspending,
and latterly, of guiding balloons in the
air. Primarily, the word signified the art
of weighing air or aeriform fluids, but is
now used synonymously with aeronautics,
(q. v.), though not very correctly.

4Exvco, primarily, the rust of brass
(@s) , latterly, verdigris. The linimentum
@ruginis of the London Pharmacopeia,
corresponds with the old mel Zgyptiacum,
or orymel @ruginis. ;

4Es, the Latin word for brass. Among
the Romans, @s meant coimed money, in
contradistinction to @s yrave, money paid
by weight.

JEscuLAcEs, a natural order of exs¢e
nous plants, consisting of the horse-ches

;

AET 85

AFF

nut (esculus hippocastanum), and other
nearly allied species.

JESCULINE, an alkaline substance, ex-
tracted from the horsechesnut (escudus).

f/scuLts, the horsechesnut; a genus of
shrubaceous plants, of the class heptandria,
and order monogynia. There are six spe-
cies, with some varieties; natives of the
northern parts of Asia and America, Name
from esca, food.

The bark of the common horsechesnut
tree (4. hippocastanum) is much es-
teemed on the Continent as a febrifuge ;
and itis by some considered superior to
Peruvian bark. This tree is now well
known in Britain.

ZESHNa, a sub-genus of neuropterous
insects (dragon-flies), included in the libel-
tula of Linneeus. i

ZEstuetics, Gr. atg@yrixos, having
the power of perception by means of the
senses, In the fine arts, the science which
derives the first principles in all the arts
from the effects which certain combinations
have on the mind, as connected with nature
and right reason. It is intimately related
to sentiment, and links together with feeling
the different paris of a composition.

ZESTIVAL, Lat. estivalis, pertaining to
summer (estas), e. g. eestival solstice. Ap-
plied also, 1. To plants which flower during
summer.——2. To diseases which appear du-
ring summer.

ZESTIVATION, Lat. estivatio. 1. ae ef-
fect produced by summer heat (@stas).——
2. The state of the bud before the Seaiulien
of the cerolla,

ZESTUARIUM, Lat. from cestuo, to heat.
An apparatus for conveying heat. Zhe term
ts chiejly used by medical writers.

AETHEOGAMOUS, from @/,0¥s, and yo-

#405, marriage. A term used to express
characteristically the nature of cryptogamic
plants.

ZETHIOPS, a name given by the older
chemists to several black powders, on ac-
count of their colour; e. g. @thiops mar-
tialis was the black deutoxide of iron ;
ethiops per se was the protoxide of mer-
cury ; ethiops animalis and vegetabilis were
the powders formed by the incineration of
animals and vegetables! The term ethiops
mineral is still popularly used to denote
the black sulphuret of mercury, which is
formed by triturating mercury with sulphur,
till the whole forms a deep black powder.

ZETHUSA, fool's parsley, or lesser hemlock,
a genus of plants of two species, The Bri-
tish species, 7. cynapium, resembles parsley,
and is often mistaken for it: it is poisonous.
Class, pentandria, order, digynia. Name
from at6w, to burn, on account of its acrid
quality.

AETHRISCOPE, from al@ptos, clear, and

TKOTEW, to view. An instrument con-
trived by Sir J. Leslie, to measure the vari-
ations of radiation in different states of the
atmosphere. It consists of the différential
thermometer, having one of the balls
excluded from the light, and the other
placed in a metallic cup, exposed to a
clear part of the sky; the heat radiates
from it rapidly, and the temperature falls ;
exposed to a cloud the radiation is re-
turned, and there is no reduction of tem-
perature, .

ZETIOLOGY, from G@tTiOV, a cause, and
Adyos, discourse. 1. A figure of speech,
whereby in relating an event, we unfold
the causes of it.——2. The doctrine of
causation. Ghat

ZETITES, from @*TO0S, an eagle. The
lapis aquile, or eagle: ‘stone: a variety of
the “oxide of iron and clay. It is found in
hodular masses in the coal formations of
Great Britain, and is known to mineral-
ogists by the name of clay-iron ore. It
takes its name from a popular notion, that
the eagle carries it to her nest to prevent the
eggs from becoming rotten,

AETOMA,\ Gr. from @ TOs, an eagle

A‘ETOS The name given by Greek
architects to the tympanum of a pediment,
from the custom of decorating the apex or
ridge of the roof with figures of eagles. The
name thus first given to the ridge, was trans-
ferred to the pediment itself.

AFFA, a weight used on the Guinea coast,
equal to an ounce troy. Half an affa is
called an eggebu.

AFFECTATION, Lat. affectatio, from affecto,
to seek for overmuch. In the fine arts,
overcharging any part of a composition with
an artificial and cverstrained appearance,
in colouring, drawing, or action.

AFFEER, in law, to assess or reduce an
arbitrary amercement to a precise sum,
according to the circumstances of the case.

AFFEERMENT, the act of affeering an
amercement, See AFFEER,

AFFEEROR, ) In law, one of several per-

AFFEERER, fons appointed in courts

AFFERER, / leet, courts baron, &c., to
settle the fines upon those who have been
guilty of faults arbitrarily punishable. See
AFFEER.

AFFETTO, AFFETUOSO, or CON AFFETTO,
Ital. from Lat. affecto. In music, a direc-
tion to perform certain notes in a soft and
affectionate manner, and therefore rather
inclined to slow than the reverse.

AFFIDa’VIT, in daw, a declaration upon
oath before a competent authority, more
particularly when reduced to writing and
signed by the party.

The term is an old law verb in the
perfect tense; ke made oath, from ad
= fides, faith; afido, I confirm by
0a

Dz

AFF

36

AFT

Arrinity, Lat. afinitas, from affinis,
near. 1. Among civilians, the relation of
one of the parties married to the kindred
of the other. It is distinguished into
three kinds: (a) Direct affinity is that
subsisting between the husband and his
wife’s falatiaes by blood, or between the
wife and her husband’s relations by blood.
(6) Secondary affinity is that which subsists
between the husband’s and wife’s rela-
tions by marriage. (c) Collateral affinity
is that which subsists between the hus-
band and the relations of the wife’s
relations. The degrees of affinity are
always the same with those of consan-

ity.——2. In natural history, arelation
of animals to one another in the similarity
of a greater proportion of their organisa-
tion: distinct fromanalogy, which denotes
a resemblance of external form. Thus,
anatomy shows that the porpoise has an
affinity to man, and its appearance denotes
aclose analogy to a fish.——3. In chemistry,
the tendency which dissimilar particles of
matter have to combine together and
form new compounds, and the power
which causes them to continue in com-
bination. It is otherwise called chemical at-
traction. This preference of uniting, which
a given substance is found to exhibit with
to other substances, is by an easy
metaphor called elective affinity, and is of
two kinds: (a) When a simple substance
is presented to a substance compounded
of two elements, and unites with one of
them so as to exclude the other, the effect
is said to be produced by simple elective
affinity: it is called simple, because only
one compound is decomposed,—elective,
because the substance seems to choose one
body to combine with rather than another.
(6) When two compound substances, each
consisting of two elements, are brought
together, and a mutual exchange of an
element takes place, by means of which
two new substances are formed differing
in their properties from the original com-
pound, the effect is said to be produced
by double elective affinity, by complex af-
finity, or by double decomposition.—It often
happens, that bodies which have no ten-
dency to unite are made to combine by
means of a third, which is then valled the
medium: thus, water and the fat oils are
made to unite by means of an alkali in
forming soap. Some writers call this action
the affinity of intermedium, others disposing
affinity, others again reciprocal affinity.—
Affinity agrees with sensible attraction in
every point which it has been possible to
determine. Al] the elementary substances
yet known are 54: by the union of these
with one another are formed the almost in-
nxmerable substances which are met with
in nature, or which are only formed arti-
ficially. These substances have, besides,

different degrees of affinity for one another. |

AFFIRMA’TION, a solemn declaration,
under the penalty of perjury, by those con-
scientiously objecting to an oath; in law,
equivalent to testimony on oath. An indul-
gence to Quakers under Will. IIL, extended
to all conscientious scruples under ‘Will. Iv.

AFrrirn’MATIVE. In algebra, synonymovs
with positive: the term applied to quan-
tities which have the sign + prefixed to
them, in contradistinction to negative
quantities, which have the sign — pre-
fixed to them.——2. In logic, a term used
to denote the quality of a proposition
which asserts the agreement of the Be
dicate with the subject. Example: “‘ Man
is an animal.”

Arria’tvs, Lat. from affo, to blow upon.
A blast of wind. The word is also used
for a species of erysipelas, which attacks
suddenly, asif produced by some unwhole-
some wind blowing on the part.

AFrFo’RCEMENT, from ad and force. In
oid charters, a fortress for deferce.

AFrrorzsta’TIon, from ad and forest. The
turning of ground into forest or wood
land, as was done by the first Norman
kings in England, for the purpose of
affording them the pleasures of the
chase.

AFFRAY, or AFFRAYMENT, from Fr. ef-
Srayer, to frighten. In law, the fi
of two or more persons in a public place,
to the terror of others. A fighting in
private is not an affray in the legal sense.

AFFRONTED (Fr. affrontée). In ete
front to front: applied to animals tha
face each other.

ArrrontTinc. In heraldry, opposed face
to face. See AyFRonTED.

Arrusion, from Lat. ad and fundo, to
pour out. Affusion with cold water is a
mode of treatment in fever, brought into
general notice by the late Dr. Currie, of
Liverpool: it consists merely in placing
the patient in a bathing tub, and pouring
a pailful of cold water upon the body.
This mode of treatment has been gene-
raliy attended with success, when em-
ployed in the early stage of the disease.

Arora, from Lat. a, and fores. A term
applied to plants in which the seed-vessels
are not furnished with valvules.

Arore, from a, and fore. In nautical
language, towards the head of the ship;
further forward, or nearer the stern; e.g.
“* afore the windlass.’’——A/fore the mast is
applied to acommon seaman, or one who
does duty on the main-deck, or has no
command or office abo:

Art. In nautical language, applied to
what pertains to the stern of a ship, as,
the aft part of the ship.—Fore and aft
means the whole length of the ship.
Right aft means in a direct line with the
stern. See Apart.

: AFTER-BIRTH, the same with placenta
\q. V-i.

ae

AGA

37 :

AGE

Arter-crop, the second crop from the
#ame ground in the same year.

APFrTER-GUARD, the seaman stationed on
the poop, or after part of aship, to attend
the after sails

Arrer-most. In nautical language, near-
est the stern; opposed to foremost.

AFTERPIECE, In theatricals, a piece per-
formed after a play ; a farce or other light
entertainment.

AFTeERsAILs, the sails of the mizen-mast,
and stays between the main and the
mizen-masts.

ArrerswarM, any of the swarm of bees
which leave a hive after the first.

AFZzELI1A, a genus of shrubaceous plants
of three species, natives of Sierra Leone.
Class decandria, order monogynia.

Aca, Per. aka, lord or master. In the
Turkish dominions, a commander or chief
officer. The title is also given to great
landholders, and to the eunuchs of the
Sultan’s seraglio. It is also a common
title of respect in addressing a distin-

n.

AGA’LLOcHOR, ) &yc&AAoxou, aloes-wood

Aaa’tiocuum, ) (lignum aloés). The pro-
duce of a large forest tree, to be found in
most countries between the 24° of north
latitude and the equator. It seems to be
the result of the diseased action ofa small
part of a few trees of the same kind, and
the rest of the wood is without value.
The kind most valued—and it was at one
time reckoned nearly as valuable as gold
—is so soft and resinous, that it may be
modelled with the fingers. It is in high
repute for fumigations and incense in all
Hindoo, Mohammedan, and Catholic
countries.

Acatma’TOLitE, jfigure-stone (ayarux
and aA/fos) ; asub-species of mica of various
colours. The best specimens are those of

Aeare (pron. ag’apy). Among the pri-
mitive Christians, a love-feast held before
or after communion. The meaning of the
name (ayasrn, love,) was latterly taken
in too hteral a sense, and this feast be-
came scandalous: it was finally sup-

pressed.

Ac’apHiteE. Sve Turquoise.

Aca’ric, )the mushroom; a genus of

Aca’ricvus, } plants of the class cryptoga-
mia, and order fungi. The plants of this
genus approach more nearly to animal
matter than any other productions of the
vegetable kingdom. Name, dyagsxov,
because primarily found near the river

, in Sarmatia.

AGARIC, MINERAL, a variety of soft car-
bonate of lime. It is found in the clefts of
rocks, in pieces loosely cohering, and so
light as nearly to swim on water. It
takes its name from its resemblance to a
fungus in colour and texture.

Acastrics, Gr. «, without, and Yarrne,
stomach. A name formerly given to
certain animalcules, on the erroneous
supposition that they were devoid of
internal digestive organs. The name
is still used to designate a family of
medusz.

AGATE, a genus of semipellucid gems,
the basis of which is calcedony, blended
with variable proportions of jasper,
amethyst, quartz. opal, heliotrope, and
cornelian. Whencut and polished, agates
present an appearance of waving lines,
sometimes accurately parallel, as ribbon
agate, and sometimes containing a resem-
blance to mosses, ferns, &c., as in Mocha
stone, and sometimes the parallel lines
are zigzag, as in fortification agate. Name
yayasns, because found near the river of
that name in Sicily, afterwards called
achates, and finally agate-——2. An in-
strument used by gold wire-drawers; so
called from the agate in the middle of it,
through which the wire is drawn.

AGATHIDIUM, a genus of coleopterous
insects belonging to the family of Clayi-
palpi. Name from ayefis, a clue, in
reference to the faculty possessed by the
species, of rolling themselves into a ball,
in which state “‘they feign death in the
most imperturbable manner.”

AcatHopzMon, Gr. ayabos, good, and
Saiuzwy, demon. In mythology, a good
spirit.

AGaTIzED, having the coloured lines
and figures of agate ; e.g. agatzed wood, a
species of hornstone, apparently produced
by the petrifaction of wood.

Aca’vE, the generic name of the Ameri-
can aloe. There are fourteen species,
thirteen of which are beautiful shruba-
ceous plants, the othera perennial. Class
hexandria, order monogynia. Name ayavos,
noble, in reference to the beautiful appear-
ance of the great aloe, which rises up-
wards of twenty feet, and its branches
form a pyramidal top. The genus is the
type of a subdivision of the amaryllida-
ceous plants.

AceEpoire. See ASPAKAGIN.

Acr’ma,a body of soldiery in Macedonia,
not unlike the Roman legion.

AGEMOGLANS, such children as were
obtained by a tax, levied every third year
in the Turkish empire upon the Christians -
the collectors usually took every third
child, and the handsomest.

AcEnpa,fromago,toact. 1. In theology,
what one is bound to perform, in contra-
distinction to credenda, what one is bound
to believe ——2. A memorandum-book of
things to be daily attended to.——3, A
ritual or liturgy.

Acene'sia, from @, not, and arses,
generation. 1. Impotence.——-2. Any

AGG

38

AGI

anomaly of organization, consisting In
absence or imperfect development of the

Acer, a Roman acre of land.

Acera’tum, the generic name of the
bastard hemp dgrimony. There are seven
species, natives of America. Class syn-
genesia, order polygamia equalis. Name,
aynearoy, from % and yxeas, old, in refer-
ence to the length of time which the
flowers of some of the species preserve
their beauty.

Acev’sria, from @, not, and yiysreas,
to taste. <A defect or lose of taste ; symp-
tomatic of many diseases

Accer, Lat. from ad and gero, to heap.
A fortress, a tumulus.

AcceErosz, full of heaps.

AGGLomERATE, from agglomero, to'roll
into a ball. Applied: 1. In botany, tothe
stamina of plants when collected into
a globular form, as in Anona triloba, and
to amente when of a similar form, as in
Pinus sylvestris. —— 2. In anatomy, to
glands in the same sense as aggregate.

Ace tuTinant, from Lat. agglutino, to
gine together. 1. Any viscous substance
which unites other substances by causing
an adhesion.——2. The adhesion of parts
by the effusion of a coagulating medium.

AGGLUTINATION, the action of an agglu-
tinant. In surgery,the natural process of
adhesion in wounds.

Aceravation, from ad and avis,
heavy. The addition of one degree of
guilt to another. Technically, an eccle-
siastical censure threatening excommuni-
cation after three admonitions used in
vain. From aggravation, the next step
is re-aggravation, which is the last ex-
communication.

Acerecata, the second family of Ace-
phala nuda. This tamily consists of
animals analogous to the Ascidie, but
united together in a common mass, so
that they seem to communicate organi-
cally with each other, and in this respect
to connect the Mollusca with the Zoo-
phytes. Hence the name of the family.
from aggrego, to flock together. The form
of the mass is sometimes that of a single
star, e. g. the botrylia ; sometimes that of
many stars strung together, e.g. the pyro-
soma; sometimes the mass is globular,
e.g. the polyclina.

Acerecartr, from Lat. aggrego, toassem-
ble together, from grer,aflock. Inphysics,
a whole or mass formed by the uniting
together of many parts of the same kind:
the chemical properties of the aggregate
do not differ from those of its parts. The
smallest partsinto which ah aggregate can
be divided without altering its chemical
properties are sometimes called inéegrant
parts.——2. In botany, the term is applied
to flowers composed of many simall florets

having a common undivided receptacle,
the anthers being distinct and separate
the florets commonly standing on stalks,
and each haying a partial calyx. —
Jlowers are, therefore, opposed to simple
Jlowers. In aw, applied to a corpora-
tion, the existence of which is preserved
by accession of new members.——4. In
anatomy, applied to glands which are
clustered together.

AcereEcation, By attraction of aggre-
gation is meant the power which causes
homogeneous bodies to tend towards each
other, and te cohere when united. The
aggregate differs from a heap, whose parts
do not cohere ; and from a mizture, which
consists of parts dissimilar in their nature.
The word is used of solid, liquid, and
gaseous bodies

AGILD, in “ald law dooks, a person of

AcILpe, § so little account that whoever
killed him was not liable to any fine for
so doing!

Acio (Italian), the difference in value
between bank-s:ock, or money, and cur-
rent coin, or cash. Also the rate of pre-
mium whicb is given when a claim that
can only be legally demanded in one kind
of money is paid in another. ee in
countries where the standard is sil
the receiver will often pay agio for prs
The agio is subject to variations. The
term is also sometimes used to denote
the premium on the discounting of a bill.

Acio oF AssvuRANCE is the same with
what, in this country, is called policy of
assurance.,

Actst. In law, to take the cattle of
others to graze at a certain sum: used
originally for the feeding cf cattle in the
king’s forests. The word is probably
from Fr. geser, from the old word gister,
to lodge for a short time.

AGISTAGE, yin law, the taking of

AGISTMENT, ; Other people’s cattle to

Acistation.) graze, especially in the
king’s forests, and also the profits thence
arising. These terms also denote a tax,
burden, or charges levied for repairing the
sea-banks iu different parts of England.
The agistment-tithe is a tithe paid to the
vicar for pasturage of barren cattle, usu-
ally i0 per cent. on the agistage-money
taken by the agistor. , This tithe is abo-
lished in Ireland.

AGISTOR, An officer of, the king’s
Acistator, ; forest, who has the care of
Aaister. /) the cattle agisted, andcol-

lects the money for the same : hence called
gist-taker, which is popularly rendered
guest-taker.

Aarraro (Ital. from Lat. agito), in music,
denotes a broken style of performance,
adapted to awaken surprise.

Acitstor, that which agitates. In the
time of Cromwell, “there were
officers appointed by the army to watch

————

AGN 39

AGR

over its concerns, called agitators.” e
word is Latin for eran banee is, one
who drives, from ago, to

AGLA’ or badh a genus of “ hawhcwothe oa

AGLET, Tr. aiguillette, a point, from

AIGLET, faiguille, a needle. Qu. from
ewiyAn, bright. 1. A tag, or knob, on a
point, usually made to represent some
animal, often a man.—2. In botany, a
pendant at the ends of the chives of
flowers ;,e. g. in the rose and tulip.

AGLET-BABY, @ small image on the top
of a lace.

Acta, the generic name given by
Ochsenheimer to the Bombyxtan of La-
treille.

Actossa, a genus of nocturnal Lepi-
doptera belonging to the sub-family of
Zineites.

A’cmeN, a part of the Roman army,
which, drawn up in the form of an oblong
parallel ogram, answers to what moderns
calla column. From ago.

The Roman army consisted of three
agmina, the van (primum ne
body (medium agmen), and rear tre-
mum agmen); but the samara (agmen
quadraitum), and the column (agmen
pilatum), were the forms in which the
armies were usually brought to the
combat.

Aewnata, the same with adnata (q. v.)

Acnate, from Lat. ad and nascor, to be
born. Any male relation by the father’s
side, in contradistinction to » (q. Vv.)

AGNATION, relation by the father’ s side,
or descent in the male line, distinct from
cognation, (q. V-)

Aenet, from Lat. agnus,alamb. An
ancient French coin, value 12so0ls6 deniers:
it had the figure of a lamb struck on it,
and was therefore indifferently called
mouton dor and agnel d'or.

Acno’MEN, Lat. from ad and nomen.
Among the Romans, a kind of fourth or
honorary name bestowed on a person on
account of some noble action, or extraor-
dinary virtue or accomplishment; e. g.
che agnomen Africanus was conferred
upon Publius Cornelius Scipio, on ac-
count of his great achievements in

Ac’non, a name given by Fabricius to a
genus of dragon-flies.

AGNOTHER’IUM, an extinct animal of the
miocene period; order mammalia, allied
to the dog ; j but of very large size. Named
from déyvoiw and Syefoy. Epplesheim, in
Germany, has furnished the only species
as yet recognised.

Acnvs Castvus, aspecies of vitex; so
aaa from ayvos, chaste, from its sup-

ot da er of preserving chastity. The
then ladies reposed on the leaves of
this plant at the thesmophoria or feasts

of Ceres. The Lat. castus, chaste, now
ysgol to the name, forms a duplication of

Gants us Der (Lamb of God). In the Ro-
mish church, a cake of wax stamped with

the figure ofa lamb supporting the banner
of the cross. It is consecrated by the
pope, and distributed to the faithful.
Also a prayer, which begins “ Agnus Dei
qui tollis peccata mundi.”

Aenvus Scyruicus (Scythianlamb) A’™
name given to the roots of a species of fern
(polypodium Baromez). Itis covered with
brown woolly scales, and in shape re-
aera a lamb: itis found in Russia and

AGompHTA, AGoMPHIANS, the name given
by Ehrenberg to those rotifers in which
the jaws are deprived of teeth: from a,
without, and yougios, a tooth.

A’con, aywy. In Roman antiquity, 1.
The place where agonistic games were
celebrated.—2. The day on which the
rex sacrorum sacrificed a victim

Acona’t1a, Roman festivals in honour
of the god Agonius.

Aconistics. In church history, such of
the disciples of Donatus as he sent to
fairs, markets, &c., to propagate his doc-
trines : from ayariorhs , a champion.

Aco’n1vs, — ayayvigw, to strive.

Aco’n1uM, § The Roman god of business
and gymnastics.

AconorH’etA (eiyavolienys). In archeo-
logy, the superintendent of the gymnastic
games: he inspected the discipline of the
athlete, and adjudged the prizes.

A’cora, the market-place of a Greek
town. It was in the agora that the as-
semblies of the people met; hence the
name from the verb eyoieeiy, to assemble.
The Agoranomi were certain magistrates,
who had charge of the markets, and col-
lected the customs imposed upon certain
articles.

Acovuti, {the popular name of the

Acovuty,f Chloromys of Cuvier. The
agouties very much resemble hares and
rabbits in disposition and the nature of
their flesh, and, indeed, may be said to
hold the place "of those animals in the
Antilles and hot parts of America.

AGREGARIAN, Lat. agregarius, from
ager, afield. Pertaining to lands. The
agregarian laws of the Romans were those
which related to the division and distri-
bution of public lands, accruing to the
state by conquest. These lands were °
leased out by the state to the patricians
atanominal rent, and the plebeians gained
nothing by them. This abuse was at-
tempted to be reformed by the agregarian
awe, the object of which was to restrict
the quantity occupied by individuals, and
to cause a real rent to be paid from them

40

AGU

AGR

for the support of the army. ‘There were
many laws relating to the distribution of
the conquered lands, but that called agre-
garia lex, by way of eminence, originated
with Spurius Cassius, in 486, s.c.

AGREE’MENT, In the fine arts, a certain
degree of resemblance in style and cha-
racter, whereby the parts seem to belong
to each other.——2. In law, the consent
of persons to anything done or to be done.
“ All agreements, to be valid, ought to be
on astamp, cr at least duly stamped at
the Stamp-office within 21 days after the
date of the agreement. We derive this
term immediately from the Fr. agrément.

Acrestis, Lat. from ager, afield. Per-
taining to the tield: the trivial name of
many plants. The term is opposed to
hortis.

Acris (ayei«). 1. The common holly
(Ilex aquifolium).——2. A pustular disease
of the skin, accompanied with redness and
erosion.

Ae’ricutturE from Lat. ager, a field,
and cultura, cultivation. In a general
sense, the cultivation of the ground for the

of producing vegetables and fruits
for the use of man and beast. In this
sense, the word includes gardening or
horticulture, and also the raising and
feeding of cattle. But appropriately, the
word is used to signify that species of
cultivation which is intended to raise
grain and other crops in large quantities.
The word is thus synonymous with hus-
bandry, and opposed to horticulture. The
term is also sometimes considered to in-
clude every description of territorial im-
provement, as embanking, road-making,
draining, planting, &c.

AGRIELZA, the oleaster or wild olive;
(wyetos, wild, and trAaia, the olive-tree).

AGRIro’Lium, the holly-tree, so named
from ayeios, fierce, and folium, leaf, on
account of its sharp prickles.

Ac’RIMONIA, } a genus of plants. Class,

Ac’rimony, $} dodecandria,order digynia.
The name geyeudvy was given by the
Greeks to a plant supposed to cure the ca-
taract in the eye, called eeynua. There
are seven species of this perennial, one of
which, A. eupatoria, is common in Britain,
in waste places, as road-sides.

Ac’R1mony, the popular name for Agri-
monia (q. ¥.). Hemp agrimony is Bidens
tripartita.

Acniococcr’mELA, the sloe-tree (Prunus
spinosa), from wygios, Wild; xzozxzes, a
berry ; and wyAca, an apple-tree.

AcRionIpz, the name of a family of
dragon-flies (Libellula, Lin.), of which the
type is the blue dragon-fly (Agrion puella),
found frequenting the sides of ditches in
most parts of Britain.

Asrir’erist, from Lat. ager,a field, and

peto,to seek. One who claims a portion
in the division of lands.

Acrir’pa, a difficult birth. Agrippe,
children of difficult birth, ab @gro partu.

Acrom’yza, a genus of muscides (q. Y.).
From wyess and wigw, a fly.

AcRo’nomy, from ewyeos, a field, and
youog,arule. The art of cultivating the
ground: sometimes used synonymously
with agriculture.

AGRosTEM’MA, corn-cockle or rose-cam-
pion (A.githago). A genus of the class de-
candria, and order pentagynia. Name,
wyeo FTE, garland of the field. The
trivial name githago is from gith, the
Celtic word for any peculiar black seed.
There are, besides that mentioned, seven
foreign species, most of which are per-
ennials.

Acro’sTIs, bent-grass. A genus of the
class triandria, and order digynia. Name,
ayenrris, given by the Greeks to grasses
generally, from ayeos, a field. The genus
contains about 24 species, five of which
are British, mostly perennials.

Acrostor/ocy, from ayeworis, grass,
and Aovyos, discourse. The part of botany
which relates to grasses. The term is
commonly used as synonymous with
agrostography

Acrrp/nia, from ayeurvos, sleepless,
Agrypny, sleeplessness.

AcrrP’nocoma, from ayeurvos, sleep-
less, and zwua, lethargy. A lethargic
state, common in bad cases of typhus
fever. It is synonimous with coma-vigil.

AcvuE, a disease consisting of febrile
paroxysms, which completely subside and
return at certain intervals. The febrile
paroxysm is distinguished into three
stages—the cold, the hot, and the sweating
—and these follow in regular succession.
The name is also applied to a sense of
chilliness, attended with shaking, though
in health. The word is Goth. agis, fear,
which is one of the chief characteristics
of the disease. Ague-cake, the popular
name for a tumour, consisting of an en-
larged spleen, which projects under the
false ribs on the left side: it occurs in
persons who have suffered from pro-
tracted ague. Ague-drop. The medicine
sold under the name of Fowler’s tasteless
ague-drop is a solution of arseniate of
potash in water (liquor arsenicalis of the
Pharmacopzia).

AGUE-FREE, a name sometimes applied
to sassafras, on account of its supposed
febrifuge qualities. _

AauIt’LANEvF, a form of rejoicing
among the ancient Franks on the first day
of the year ; it was derived from the dru-
idical custom of cutting misleto, which
was held sacred by the druids, who, on
the first day of the year, consecrated it,

AID 41

AIR

by crying aguillaneuf, “ a new year to the
misleto” (a, to, gui, misleto, andl’an neuf,
the new year): This cry is ‘said to be still
observed in some parts of France, but for
the purpose of extracting new-year-

Aeyrreas, from ayuels, a collection.
An opacity of the crystalline lens of the
eye.

Aua,asunk fence, not visible without
near approach.

AHEAD, in nautical language, denotes
the situation of an object in advance of
the ship: opposed to astern. The wordis
composed of a, for at, and head.

AHICCYATLI, a poisonous serpent of
Mexico, somewhat resembling the rattle-
snake, but destitute of rattles: its poison
is as fatal as that of any known species.

Anriman, | one of the chief deities of

Arman, } the ancient Persians. Ah-
piacresth the god of evil, opposed to

ee from Sax. helan, to cover. The
situation of a ship when all her sails are
furled on account of the violence of the
wind, and when, having lashed her helm
to the lee-side, she lies nearly with her
side to the wind and vt her head being
somew: the direction of the
wind.

AuHvITLA, a worm peculiar to the lake
of Mexico, about four inches in length, as
thick as a goose-quill, and having a hard
and poisonous tail containing a sting

AuvITzoTE, a small amphibious qua-
druped of tropical America: its body is a
foot long,its snout long and sharp, its
skin of a dark brown.

At, the three-toed sloth (Acheus tridac-
tylus, F. Cuvier). “ A species in which
sluggishness, and all the details of the
organisation which produce it, are carried
to the highest degree.” The animal takes
the name di from its peculiar cry, as it
takes the name of Sloth from its tardy
movements. It is of the size of a cat, and
is the only mammiferous animal known
which has nine cervical vertebre.

Arp, Fr. aider, to help. Assistance. 1.
In English oh a subsidy granted by par-
liament, and making a part of the king’s
revenue. In France, aids are equivalent
to customs or duties on exports and im-
ports.——2. In England, a tax paid by the
tenant to his lord; originally a gift: use
and want converted it into a right de-
mandable by the lord. The aids of this
kind were chiefly three. (1). To ransom
the lord when a prisoner. (2). To make
the lord’s eldest son a knight. (3). To
marry the lord’s eldest daughter.

AID PRIER, a petition made in court, to
call in help from another person who has
interest in the thing contested. Thus a
tenant for life may pray in the aid of him

der or reversion, that is, he may
pray or petition that he be joined in

the suit to aid or help to maintain tne
saeiaee The petition is otherwise eased
a

ane THE Court or, in France, is a
court which has cognizance of causes
respecting duties or customs.

Arps, in the manége, cherishings used
to avoid the necessary corrections. The
tnner aids are the inner heel, leg, rein,
&c.; the outer aids are the outer heel, leg,
rein, &e.

AID-DE-cAMP, in military affairs, an
officer whose duty it is to receive and
communicate the orders of a superior of-
ficer.—This word is French, aide-de-camp,
but naturalized, and it would perhaps be
well to naturalize its pronunciation also.

ArevEe Martine, a variety of topaz ofa
bluish or pale green colour.

AIGUILLE, Fr. for a needle. An instrument
used by engineers to pierce a rock for the
lodgement of powder, in mining, &c.
Aiguille is also taken to mean the needle-
like points or tops of granite rocks.

Arcuisce, | in heraldry, a cross with its

AtcuissE, §four ends sharpened into
obtuse angles. The term is French, from
aiguiser, to Phe ged same It is sometimes

written
AiLurus, a genus of the plantigrade
tribe of . There is only one

species known, the panda of the north of
India (the A. refulgens of Fred. Cuy.):
size, that of a large cat; fur, soft and
thick ; above, of the most brilliant cinna-
mon red, behind, more fawn-coloured,
beneath, deep black ; the head is whitish,
and the tail marked with brown rings.
Arr, Fr. air, Ital. aira, Sp. ayre, Gr.
axe, Lat. aér, Ir.aer. The root is pro-
bably “TYX, whence “3X, which means
the vehicle of light. That fluid, trans-
parent, impenetrable, ponderable, com-
pressible, dilatable, perfectly elastic sub-
stance, which surrounds the earth,
pe aa what we otherwise call the
e. Air is one of the four classical
Gindenaa of antiquity; but modern che-
mistry shows, that of 1000 parts, 788 are
nitrogen, 197 are orygen, 14 are vapour,and
l carbonic acid. 100 cubic ins. weigh 31
grains. The term air, though now re-
stricted to atmospheric air, was formerly
used to designate gases generally. Thus
ammonia was called alkaline air ; nitrogen
or azote, azotic air; carbonic acid, Sized
air; fluoric acid , fluoric air; carburetted
hydrogen, heavy inflammable air ; sulphur-
etted hydrogen, hepatic air ; hydrogen,
inflammable air; nitrogen, nitrous air,
phlogisticated air, and nitrous dephlogisti-
cated air ; phosphuretted hydrogen, phos-
phoric air; sulphurous acid, sulphureows
air; oxygen, vital air and empyreal air;
and even hydrochloric or muriatic acid
the odi cognomen of marine air.——

AIR

42

AIS

2. In music, the term air signifies the
melody or treble part of a musical com-
position; also the peculiar modulation of
the notes which gives music its character.
The common meaning is the leading part
of a tune, as distinct from the bass, treble,
and counter.——3. In painting, as the air
is the medium in nature through which
every object is viewed, it is to be trans-
ferred to the imitation on the canvas,
and the effects which it produces, in re-

. gulating the sizes and colours of objects,
constitute a large part of the artist’s
knowledge.

Arra, the hair-grass, a genus of the
class triandria, and order digynia. There
are eleven species, seven of which are Bri-
tish, and allthe order perennials. Named
from aiew, to destroy. This name was
anciently given to the bearded darnel
Lolium temulentum), on account of its in-
jurious effects; and now to this genus of
plants, which it was thought somewhat
to resemble.

Atr-Battoon.

Arr-BiappeEr, } the sound or swim of

Arrn-Bac, fishes: an organ situ-
ated in the abdomen, by altering the
dimensions of which the fish regulates
its depth in the water.

Arr-Cetts. 1. Of plants: cavities in
the stems and leaves intended to render
the part buoyantin water.——2. Of birds:
membraneous receptacles which commu-
nicate with the lungs. These permeate
throughout the whole body.

Atr-Gun, a-pneumatic instrument re-
sembling a musket, to discharge bullets
by the elastic force of the air compressed
into an iron or copper globe by means of a
condenser. To produce an effect equal to
that of gunpowder, 1000 atmospheres must
be forced into the globe, that is, the air
must be compressed into one thousandth
of the bulk which it occupies at.the com-
mon pressure of the atmosphere, taken at
the earth’s surface.

AIR-HOLDER, an instrument for holding
air, for the purpose of counteracting the
pressure ofa decreasing column of mer-
cury.

ATR-JACKET, a jacket made of leather
in which are several receptacles for air,
communicating with each other, and
fitted to receive air by means of a brass
tube. This jacket is used by persons who
cannot swim, to support them in the
water. A jacket, formed of corks strung
together, serves equally well.

AIR-LAMP, another name for Doberen-
nier’s lamp.

AlR-Pipe, a pipe used to withdraw
vitiated air from the hold of a vessel, &c.
by means of communication with the
furnace and the place to be cleared of
noxious air. Through this pipe only, the
fire ic supplied with air; and as one end

See Battoon.

is placed in the hold, a perpetual current
is thus kept up, the foul air b2ing con-
stantly withdrawn from the hoii to the
fire.

AIR-POISsE, an instrument for Ascertain-
ing the weight of a given camasitg of air.

Arr-PLants. See AERIAL and AERIDES.

AIR-PUMP, a pneumatic machine for
exhausting the air of a proper vessel, A,

a

by means of a pump, B. The figure repre-
sents a section of the machine. CD
supports the receiver, A, and the pump,
B, is fitted air-tight to this sole. There is
a communication-tube, ¢, through which
the air passes from A on working the
pump, just as water is drawn from a well
by means of acommon pump, from which
this does not differ. See Pump.

Ars. In the manége, the artificial mo-
tions taught horses, as the demivolt,
curvet, capriole.

Arr-sacs, certain receptacles of air in
birds, or vesicles lodged in the fleshy parts,
in the hollow bones, and in the abdomen :
they all communicate with the lungs.
These are supposed to be for the purpose
of rendering the body specifically lighter,
and to supply the place of a muscular
diaphragm.

P

Arr-sHAFT, a passage for air into a
mine, usually opened in a perpendicular
direction, and meeting the adits or hori-
zontal passages, to cause a free circulation
of fresh air through the mine. It may
be made to communicate with a furnace
above.

AIR-THREAD, a name given to the spi-
ders’ webs which are often seen in autumn
floating in long filaments in the air: they
are attached to branches of trees and
shrubs, and serve to support the spider
when in search of prey.

AIR-TRAP, an opening for the escape of
air from drains, or sewers, or pipes.

AIR-VESSELS, spiral ducts or canals in
the leaves and other parts of plants, which
are supposed to supply them with air,
after the manner of lungs in anim:

Aiste (pron. ile), Fr. aile, from ‘Lat.
ala,a wing. When a church is divided
in its breadth into three parts, the two
extreme outward divisions are called
aisles, and the centre division the nave or
middle aisle, although the last seems im-

ALA

43

ALA

pi and “‘ side aisle’ seems a tauto-
ogy

Aizoon, a genus of exotics, of which
there are several species: three, shrubs of
the Cape of Good Hope; one, an annual
of the Canary Islands; and another, of
Spain. Name aifwor, from aes, always,
and fwey, alive; the old name for the
house-leek (smapersivat.

AJARARATH, an old name for lead.

Asvea, the bugle. A genus of plants,
of ten species and some varieties. Class
didynamia, and order gymnospermia, Four
of the species are British, inhabiting
pastures chiefly: they are hardy peren-
nials. “‘Name altered from the abiga
(abigo, to drive away) of the eee &
medicinal plant allied to this.’”

AJsURU-CATINGA, a species of jer
parrot: colour green, with eyes of fiery
red, encircled with white.

AsuRu-cuRAU,a species of the American
parrot: colour lively green, with a blue
crown, the throat and sides of the head of
a fine yellow.

Asuru-PARA, a small American parrot,
of an elegant green: the beak, legs, and
circulets of the eyes, white
( ge the same with Adjutage

q. V.).

AKeERA, a genus of mollusca, of the
order tectibranchiata.

Axis, a genus of coleopterous insects, of
the Melasoma family, and Pimeliaric
tribe. Named from @xzis, a javelin, in
reference to their form.

Ata, the wing of a bird, Lat. from
eiAsw, to enclose. 1. In botany : (a) The
angles which the leaves or their stalks
make with the stem or branches of the
plant from which they arise are called
ale Or axille. (b) The two lateral petals
of papilionaceous flowers placed between
the verillium and the carina are called
ale. (c) The borders formed on the stem
of a plant by decurrent leaves are called
ale. (d) An appendage of some seeds,
consisting of a membranous. prolongation
from the side of the seed. According to
the number of these appendages, seeds
are distinguished into monopterygia (1-
winged) ; dipterygia (2-winged) ; triptery-
gia (3-winged) ; tetrapterygia (4- “winged) ; A

nolypterygia (man -winged) ; and, from
their form, molendinacea (windmill-wing-
ed).—Hooper.——2. In anatomy, the lobes

of the tear; the lateral cartilages of the
nostrils, the cartilaginous parts of the
ears, are called ale. The term is also ap-
plied in the same sense as avilla.
Atazaster, Lat. from &A&6 oy,
compounded of a, without, and AwPov,
a handle. SeeAtapastrites. Thisnameis
applied indifferently to two minerals: cale-
sinter, which is a carbonate of lime, and
gypsum, which is sulphate oflime. The

latter is the alabaster of the ancients,
used by them, as it is now, for the pur-
poses of sculpture, as for making small
statues, ornamental vases, perfume-boxes,
bottles, &c

ALABAsTRI’TEs, Lat. from ahapacres-
tvs, alabaster-stone: gypsum. Horace
calls it onyx. Also, among the ancients,a
vase without a handle, for holding per-
fumes ; often seen as ornaments on tomb-
eo Pliny compares them to oblong

?

pearls.
Alabastrites were often made of other
materials than alabaster, as lead, gold,
coloured glass, terra-cotta,and the com-
mon stones of the country
piper plural of ala (q. vi In the an-
ent Roman architecture, the ale were re-
pitas or alcoves for conversation or
study, surrounded on three sides by seats:
their thresholds were of mosaic work. In
, a species of shell-fish.

Ata’ GAO, the local name of a shrub of
the Philippine Islands, used by the natives
for making cataplasms for diseases of the
belly and head, for tumours, &c.

At’acas-os, a name of the sacrum and

coccyx.

Ata’ttA, from wAlwAsw, speechless. De
fect of articulation.

Ata’LiTE,a variety of augite, called also

; so named by Bonvyoisin, from

his finding a variety of it near the vil-
lage of Ala, in Piedmont.

ALA-MIRE, in music, the lowestnote but
one in Guido Aretine’s scale.

Atamops, Fr. @ la mode, after the fa-
shion. In commerce, a thin, glossy silk,
for scarfs, &c. It is often called simply

Atanora’ cEx, a natural order of plants
closely allied to the myrtacew : the typi-
cal and only genus is alangium (q. ¥-)

ALANGIUM, a genus of showy Indian
trees of two species. Class polyandria,
and order ia. Named from alangi,
the Malabar name of the first known spe-
cies. The other species is called angolam
by the natives.

Ara‘ris, Lat. from ala. Formed like, or
pertainin: ng to, a wing. Alaris externus,
the external pterygoid muscle, which
takes its rise from the wing-like process
of the spheroid bone.

Ararm. Alarm-bell, a bell rung to give
notice of danger, as of fire——-Alarm-gun,
a gun fired to give notice of anenemy.——
Alarm-post, a rendezvous appointed in
case of defeat, in time of war.——Alarm-
clocks sometimes have alarms, absurdly
called alarums: they can be so adjusted
as to give notice of the hour at any time
wanted.

ALARMWATCH, a watch that strikes the
hours.

Avasmopon, a genus of shells of the fa-

ALB

44

ALB

mily unionide, having two cardinal and
no lateral teeth

ALAsmopo’ NTINE, a sub-family of unio-
nid ; the typical genus is the alasmodon.

ALTE, Lat. alatus, winged: having di-
lations like wings. Applied: 1. In botany,
to stems and: leaf-stalks when the edges
vand angles are longitudinally expanded
into leaf. like borders.——2. In concho-
logy, to shells having an expanded lip, or
when any portion of them is much ex-
panded.

ALav’pA, the generic name of the lark:
a granivorous bird which builds on the
ground, and generally sleeps there. There
are several species: the sky-lark (A. ar-
vensis), is universally known by its per-
pendicular mode of soaring, and powerful
song; and the crested lark (A. cristata),

well known for the power it has of
erecting the feathers on the top of the
head into a tuft. Name, from ad, and
Zaudo, to praise. It is classed among the
conirostres by Cuvier, in the order pas-

serine.
Azza, | Lat. albus, white. A vestment
Ase, } worn by priests of the Roman

Catholic church. It differs from the sur-
plice in fitting more closely to the body,
and being tied with a girdle.

Aupa-Firnma, anciently a rent paid in
siiver,and not in coin, which was called
black-mail.

At’Batross, the most massive of all
aquatic birds, called sometimes the great
gull, and diomedea, by Lin. The D. exu-
dans is the species best known to navi-
ss who, on account of its size, white
pl umage, and black wings, and because it
is particularly common beyond the tropic
of Capricorn, call it the Cape sheep. To
English sailors, however, it is best
known by the name of the man-of-war-
bird. It is classed in the family of longi-
pennes, and order palmipedes, by Cuvier.
Named from alcatros or alcatross, by
which the early Portuguese navigators
designated all oceanic birds.

ALBERTUS, a gold coin of the time of
Albertus, archduke of Austria.

ALBICcORE, a marine fish, noted for fol-
lowing ships: named from Port. albacor,
the little pig.

ALBIGE’NSES, = party of reformers

ALBIGE’No!Is, J) who separated from the
Church of Rome in the 12th century.
They take their name from Albigenois, a
small territory in France, where they re-
sided. They are sometimes confounded
with the Waldenses, but they were prior
to them in time, and different from them
in some of their tenets, and resided in a
different part of France. The Catholics
made war upon them, and they gradually
dwindled till the Reformation, when the
remains of them fell in with the followers
of Zuinglius and the Genevan Protestants.

ALBINIsM, the anomaly of organisation,

which distinguishes the albino. It is re-
garded as a disease.
Av’sino, (from albus, white). A white

descendant of black parents, or a white
person belonging to a black race. The
name was originally given by the Portu-
guese to negroes who were born mottled
with white spots, or whose entire skin
was white.

The whiteness of the albino is not
similar to that of the fair European: it
is pallid and death-like, communicating
a peculiar and yery unpleasant appear-
ance to the individual. The hair is
white on every part of the body, the
iris is of a pale rose colour, the eye can-
not bear a strong light, and vision is
very imperfect during the day-time.
For this reason, the albinos of Africa
sleep during the day and go abroad
during night, when they see with great
accuracy.

Axzion, an old name of England still
used in poetry: supposed to be given on
account of its white chalk cliffs, (albus,
white.)

ALBITE, a name of tetarto-prismatic fel-
spar: a variety of felspar in which the
alkali is soda instead of potash. It 1s
sometimes gray, green, or red ; but gene-
rally white, whence its name from albus,
white.

ALBoRA, a disease of the skin terminat-
ing without ulceration, but with fetid
evacuations from the mouth and nose: it
is described as a complication of morphew,
serpigo, and leprosy.

Axzuca, bastard star of Bethlehem. A
genus of shrubaceous plants of 15 “or
all natives of the one of Good Ho
Name, from

cum, the ‘daffodil.

Arsver' NEA, Lat. from albugo,the white
of the eye. The outer coat or tegument
of the eye is called tunica albuginea oculé
by anatomists, on account of its white-
ness. Itis otherwise called the conjunc-
tiva.

ALBuerneovs, Lat. albugineus, pertain-
ing to, or resembling the white of the eye,
or of an egg; e.g. albugineous humour
is the aqueous humour of the eye.

AuBvu’co, the white of the eye, from
albus, white. Technically, a white spot
on the corner of the eye, which causes
blindness; otherwise called oma.

ALBULA, a genus of fishes of the trutta-
ceous kind. An Indian species (A. indica)
is called by the Dutch ‘‘ wit-fish.” Ano-
ther species (A. nobilis) is very plentiful
in the German lakes.

Asem, (Latin). Literally anything
white. 1. Among the Romans, a white
table, board, or register, on which the
names of public officers and public trans-
actions were written.——2. The term is

ALC

+ 45

ALC

new generally used to designate a book
eatuly blank, kept at places of resort,
wherein visitors ins insert their names. Also
a book much in fashion, especially among
ladies, abr friends and visitants are
to insert verses, mottos, &c.
Some illustrated annual publications, de-
= for light reading. are likewise so
, in reference to their ty to
bog albums of young ladies.

ALBu’MEN, the white of egg, (from albus,
white).——1. Animal albumen. This sub-
stance is one of the chief constituents of
all animal solids. The white of egg is
almost pure albumen, being combined
only with a little water, soda, and saline
matter. It abounds in the serum of the
blood, the humours of the eye and the
fluid of dropsy. From its coagulability,
albumen is much used for clarifying
liquids ; and as it forms precipitates with
the solutions of almost all the metallic
salts, itis a ready antidote against some
of the metallic poisons.——2. Vegetable al-

This vegetable principe bears a
close resemblance to al albumen, and,
like it, is coagulable by heat. It is pro-
cured from gluten, of which it is a consti-
tuent. Itis never deleterious, however
poisonous the plant may be which af-
fords it.

Atsum Grzcum, the white excrement
of dogs, sometimes used to soften leather
in the process of dressing it, after the de-
pilatory action of lime. It principally
consists of ——_ of lime.

ALBuRN, the small fish otherwise called
bleak. It belongs to the order of abdo-
minals, and genus cyprinus: is deemed
delicious food, and artificial pearls are
sometimes made of its scales. Named
from alburnus, whitish.

ALBv’RNvUM, Lat. albus, white. The soft
white substance which, in trees, is found
between the inner bark and the wood.
In process of time it acquires solidity, and
becomes itself wood. It is popularly called
sap-wood.

Atca, a genus of birds including the
auk and puffin. These birds inhabit the
northern seas: their wings are too small
to support them in flying, which they,
therefore, do not attempt; but live on
the ocean and breed on the rocks. They
belong to the brachypterous family of
palmipedes. Twelve species are enu-
merated. The name alca is latinised from
aik or auk, the name of these birds in
ait Islands and the north of Scot-

AtcasBa’La, | a tax formerly imposed in
Atcava’ta,) Spain and her colonies,
consisting originally of 10, and subse-
quently of 14 per cent., ad valorem, onall
property sold as often asit changed hands.
Accaic, in ancient poetry, a term applied
te several kinds of verse. from Aiceus,

their inyentor. The following are speci-
mens:

1. Eheu! | fuga | ces, | Postume, | Postume,
Labun | turan | ni! | necpie | tas moram.

2. Afferet | indom | teeque | morti.

3. Cur _— Fi basa Tiberim | tangere,

car | oli
Atcarp, Vin the polity of Spain and
AtcatpE, J Portugal, a magistrate an-

swering nearly to ourjustice of the peace:
the Moors have an officer of the same
name, but he is invested with supreme
jurisdiction both in civil and criminal
cases. The title is written in Spain al-
cayde; in Portugal alcaide; the common
root of which is Ar. kaidon, governor,
with the prefix al, the; hence also the
cadi of the Turks.

ALCALIMETER, a graduated glass to be
employed in determining the quantity of
alkali in the potash and soda of com-
merce.

ALCAMPHORA, a Brazilian herb, the
croton perdicipes of botanists. The leaves
are used in decoction against syphilis, and
as a diuretic.

Atcanna, the Arabic name of three
plants. (1.) The Lawsoniainermis. (2.) A
species of filaria. (3.) The anchusa tine-
toria. It is also the name of a powder
prepared from the Egyptian privet, used
by the Turkish females to give a golden
colour to the nails and hair.—Infused in
water it gives a yellow, in vinegar ared,
colour.

AtcanTara, the name of a town in
Spain, from which the military order of
the knights of Alcantara took its name,
otherwise called the knights of the pear-
tree.

ALcARAzzas, a species of porous earthen -
ware, made in Spain, for cooling liquids
by promoting evaporation of the trans-
uded water upon the external su: a"

ALCAVALA, in Spain, a tax on the trans-
fer of every kind of property, real or
personal. To this tax, which has been as

high as 14 per cent., and which is levied
on the same property at every transfer, is
perhaps to be traced the real cause of the
ruin of Spanish manufacturers.

Auce, the elk. Name from #az%,

strength.
Aucra, the hollyhock: a genus of plants.
Class mon odelphia, order polyandria. Name
dazéca, given by Pliny to a species of
mallow.

Atcepo, the king-fisher:
tenuirostres of the order
There are numerous species of this genus,
with one or other of which almost every
part of the world is furnished. They
frequent rivers, feed on fish, which they
capture by precipitating themselves into
the water, and nestle in holes on the

a genus ot

ALC

46

ALD

banks. Blue is the predominating colour ;
the wings and tail are ee the beak
tong, st straight, angular, and pointed.

e bird known to one ancients by
thir cata. is described as little bigger
than a sparrow ; feathers purple, mixed
with white, neck long and slender, bill
green, and proportioned in length to the
neck. During her incubation, which
was in the sands of the sea-shore, the
sea remained perfectly calm: these
days, forty in number, were thence
called Alcydonide, or Halcyonei dies, that
is “halcyon days.” See Hatcron.
ALCHEMIL’LA, the generic name of ladies’-

mantle, of which there are seven species,
and three of these British. Class tetran-
dria, order monogynia. Named from Ara-
bic, alkemelyeh, on account of its sup-
posed alchemical virtues.

ALCHEMY, a pseudo-science, which had
for its object the transmutation of the
baser metals into gold and silvyer—the
discovery of an alkahest or universal
menstruum—a panacea or universal re-
medy—a universal ferment, and many
other things equally ridiculous. It was
much cultivated in Europe during the
i6th and 17th centuries, and, notwith-
standing the chimerical nature of its
objects, we are indebted to its followers
for many important discoveries in che-
mistry and medicine. The earliest notice
that we find of alchemy, is in an edict of
the Roman emperor Diocletian, com-
manding all books which treat of the art
of making gold and silver to be burned.
The term is composed of the Arabic al,
ent and kaéimya, secret, from kamay, to

de. :

Axciopa, a genus of articulata, of the
order dorsibranchiata, of Cuvier.
sirie peor or cs pertaining to Aleman, a
t of the 27th Olympiad, celebrated
ork amorous verses.—Alemanian verse
consists of two dactyls and two trochees.
At’co, an American quadruped nearly
resembling the dog, but mute and melan-
choly. This circumstance has given rise
to the fable, that dogs transported to
America become mute. The animal was
used as food by the native tribes and the
first Spanish settlers, but it is said now
to be extinct. It is known also by the
name of zechichi
ALCOATES, definite compounds of
Atocowotates, J alcohol and various
saline substances: discovered by Professor
Graham. The alcohol seems simply to
replace the water of crystallization.
Ax’conoL, a word compounded of Arabic,
al, the, and kéhol, a paint for the eye-
brows. Sulphuret of antimony reduced
- a otaee fine powder is used for this
y eastern ladies, and is called
7 kohol; alcohol came ultimately to signify
anything raised to the highest degree of

fineness and purity, and (in Europe) now
designates the purely spirituous part of
liquors which have undergune the vinous
fermentation. It is light, transparent,
colourless, of a sharp, penetrating smell,
anda warm stimulating taste. It cannot
be frozen by any known degree of cold,
and boils at 174° Fah., sp. gr. 792, but
the strongest spirit obtained by mere dis-
tillation is *820; and alcohol can rarely be
had from the shops less than °835. Its
constituents are 2 atoms of carbon, 3 of
hydrogen, and 1 of oxygen. When dis-
tilled with sulphuric acid, ether is pro-
duced. Alcohol burns with a pale flame,
producing carbonic acid and water. It
gives no smoke.

AtcoHouiza’rion. 1. Conversion into
alcohol. 2. Rectification of spirit till
wholly dephlegmated. 3. Reduction ofa
substance to an impalpable powder.

ALCOHOL’OMETER, | an instrument for

ALCOHOL’IMETER, J ascertaining the a-
mount of absolute alcohol in a given
quantity of alcoholic fluid. Sike’s hy-
drometer is generally used in England for
this purpose.

Au’cor, a small star adjoining to the
large bright one in the middle of the tail
of ursa major. The word is Arabic.

At’coraNn, see ALKORAN.

ALco’vE, a part of a room, separated by
an estrade or partition of columns, or by
other corresponding ornaments, in which
is placed a bed of state, and sometimes
seats for company. The use of alcoves, as
wellas the word, which we have altered
from alcoba, seems to have been derived
from the Spanish builders, and by them
from their Arabian conquerors. They
haye fallen into disuse.

The Sp. word is from Ar. al kubbeh, a
place for the bed, the root of which is
khaub, sleep.

Av’cryon, a trivial name of the king-
fisher. See Atcrpo.

Atcy’onITEs, spongiform flint fossils_
common in the chalk formation.

Atcy’oniIum, a genus of polypi, placed
in the family corticati, by Cuvier. The
animal grows in the form of a plant: the
stem or root is fixed, fleshy, gelatinous,
spongy, or coriaceous, with a cellular
epidermis penetrated with stellated pores,
and shooting out tentaculated oviparous
hydre. e best known species is that
popularly called “Dead Man’s Hand,”
A. digitatum, Lin.

ALDEBA’RAN, a Star of the first magni-
tude in the constellation Taurus, called
also the Bull’seye. Term, from Ar. al,
the, and débrdn, a leader.

ALDEHYDE, a newly-discovered, colour-
less, inflammable liquid, having a peculiar
ethereal smell; sp. gr. °79; boils at 71°
Fah. It is named from the ‘first syllables
of alcohol and dehydrogenatus, and may

—" A.

ALE hiss a

ALE

be prepared by distillation from 1 part of
water, 1 part of alcohol, 14 binoxide of

manganese, and May of aE sk sulphuric
acid. Symbol. OC

AwupEHypic acid is ie from alde-
hyde, and is composed of oxygen, hydro-
gen, and carbon.

Av’pER, a tree which usually grows in
moist or boggy places: it is the Betula
alnus of the botanist, and isa native of
Europe, from Lapland to Gibraltar; and
of Asia, from the White Sea to Mount
Caucasus.

ALDERMAN, from Sax. al, old, aldeft,
older, and man. 1. Among our Sazron
ancestors, the second order of nobility: it
answered to our title of earl, it was infe-
rior to atheling, but superior to thane.
The title was also used in the time of
Edgar for a justice or judge.——2. In
present usage, a magistrate or officer of a
town corporate, next in rank below the
mayor. In London there are 26 aldermen,
each having one of the wards of the city
committed to his care. The office is for
life. They are, by their office, justices of
the peace, and, with the mayor, constitute
the court of corporation. In other bo-
roughs, the aldermen are, by 5 & 6 W. 4,
ec. 76, to be in number one-third of the

councillors, one part to be elected tri-
ennially from among the councillors.

AtpIneE Epirions, in bibliograpny, those
editions of the Greek and Roman classics
which proceeded from the press of the
family of Aldus Manutius, first established
at Venice, not long after the year 1490.
The impress is an anchor and dolphin
engraved on the last

Ate, a fermented liquor made from malt.
and hops, and chiefly distinguished from
beer, made of the same ingredients, by
a smaller quantity of hops being used in
its preparation, which renders it less
bitter, and less fitted to keep than beer.
Ee word is altered from Sax. eale. See

EER.

AxeaTo’r1vum, in the old Roman archi-
tecture, an apartment appropriated to
the use of players with dice (alee).

Avze-Conner, an officer in London,
whose business it is to inspect the mea-
sures used in ale-houses, &c. The situa-
tion is now a sinecure. Conner, from
Sax. con, to see, examine.

ALecTor, the generic name of the Hocco.
“The hoccos are large of Ame-
rica, which resemble turkeys, with a
brown, round tail, formed of large stiff
quills. They live in woods, feed on buds
and fruits, build on trees, *and are very
social and easily domesticated.” Name,
aerate the cock, for what reason un-
certain

ALECTO’RIA, the alectorius lapis or cock-
stone (@Aswreg, 2 Cock): a peculiarstone,

said to be got in the stomach of the cock,
and fabled to possess great medicinal
virtues.

AvscToripes, a tribe of gallinaceous
birds, including the curassow, and analo-
gous species. Typical genus Alector (q.v.).

Autre. In nautical language, when the
helm is moved over to the lee-side, it is
said to be alee or hard alee.

ALEHOoF, a name of a species of grouwnd-
ivy ; the Gi hederacea of Lin. The
leaves are used in clarifying ale. The
name is Dutch, eiloof.

ALEMBIC, from Ar. al, the, and umbeq,a
kind ofcup. A chemical vessel used in
distilling, called also a Moorshead. Itis
made of glass, metal, or earthenware ;
consists of a bottom part, called the cu-
curbit or boiler, to which is adapted a
head, called the capital. The head is of
a conical figure, and has its external cir-
cumference or base depressed lower than
its neck, so that the vapours which rise,
and are condensed against its sides, run
down into the circular channel formed by
the depressed part, from whence they are
cénveyed by a tube into a receiver.

Aem’sRoTH, salt of wisdom. The al-
chemists gave this name to a preparation
made by dissolving equal parts of corro-
sive sublimate and sal ammoniac in dis-
tilled water, and adding carbonate of soda
as long as any precipitate was gga
This precipitate is the sal alembroth:
hydrochlorate of mercury and paxionin.
and the same with the Aydrargyrum
precipitatum album, or white precipitate
of mercury of the present London phar-
macopeia. The word is Arabic, and sig-
nifies the key of art.

ALEPIpoTE, any fish whose skin is notco-
vered with scales (eAsrig, Without scales).

ALE-SILVER, a duty paid to the Lord
ey of London by sellers of ale within

e city.

ALE-TASTER, an officer appointed in
every court-leet, and sworn to inspect
ale, beer, and bread; and examine the
quality and quantity within the precincts
of the lordship.

ALETRIs, a genus of exotic perennials,
of eight species, belonging to the class
hexandria, and order monogynia.

ALEvRITxEs, the generic name of a South
Sea shrub, which belongs to the class
monecia, and order monudelphia. Name,
trom eAgveoy, flour.

ALEXANDRIAN Scmoot, an academy of
learning of all kinds, founded at Alexan-
dria, by Ptolemy, son of Lagus, and sup-
ported by his successors. The grammar-

ans and mathematicians of this school
were particularly celebrated. Among the
first may be mentioned Aristarchus and
Aristophanes; and among the lacter Pto-
lemy and Euclid.

ALG

48

AL

ALEXAN’DRINA, the bay-tree or laurel of
Alexandria: is so called from the place
of its growth.

ALEXAN’, ‘DRINE, len epithet applied to

ALEXAN’DRIAN, § a kind of verse, con-
sisting of 12 and 13 syllables alternately ;
so called from a poem, in French, on the
life of Alexander the Great. The French
tragedies are generally composed of Alex-
andrines.

ALEXIPHAR’MIc, from awdeZw, to expel,
and gaguwaxoy, poison. Antidotal: that
has the power of expelling poison or in-
fection by fortifying the system against it.

Aca, a sea-weed. Alge (plural of alga)
is the name of one of the seven families,
or natural tribes, into which the whole
vegetable kingdom is divided by Lin-
nus, who defines them as plants, the
roots, leaves, and stems of which are all
in one. Under this description are com-
prehended all the sea- -weeds (plants which
grow in salt-water),and such fresh-water
plants (conrERvz) as vegetate exclusively
under water. The alge form the third
order, the class cryptogamia.

Atearo’Ba, the name of a tree found in
the southern parts of Europe and in some
parts of Asia, especially Palestine. Its
pods are filled with a sweetish powder,
which is supposed to have been the locusts
on which St. John fed in the wilderness.
Name, from Arabic, al, the, and garoba,
a bean-tree.

Ar’carotu. When chloride of antimony
(butter of antimony) is poured into water,
the metallic oxide is precipitated in the
form of a white powder, which is powder
of Algaroth: it is, therefore, a subchloride
ofantimony. It acts as a violent emetic,
and takes its name from Victor Aigarotti,
a physician of Verona.

Atcesra, the science of quantity in
general or universal arithmetic: it treats
of the method of representing magnitudes
and their relations to one another in
general terms, by means of symbols and
signs respectively ; and by such method
of representation, it comprises all parti-
cular cases of quantities, and their con-
nection with each other, in general lan-
guage, dependent upon the nature of the
questions in which they are involved.
The symbols employed are the letters of
the alphabet, and the signs are, + for
addition; —, for subtraction; =, for
equality, and Ae for inequality; X, is
i used for multiplication ; and

-—, for division: but the use of these signs

is generally evaded by more concise modes
of denoting the operations for which they
stand.

** Algebra is the European corruption
of an Arabic phrase, which may be
thus written—al jebre al
meaning restor zation and reduction, The

earliest work on the subject is that of

Diophantus, a Greek of Alexandria,

wholived between a.p. 100 and a.p. 400,

but when cannot be well settled, nor

whether he invented the science himself
or borrowed it from some eastern work.

It was brought among the Mahometans

by Mohammed ben Musa (Mahomet

the son of Moses), between a.p. 800 and

A.D. 850; and was certainly derived by

him from the Hindoos. The earliest

work which has been found among the
latter nation, is called the Vija Genita,
written in the Sanscrit language, about

A.D. 1150. It was introduced into Italy,

from the Arabic work of Mohammed,

just mentioned, about the beginning of
the 13th century, by Leonardo Ronacci,
called Leonard of Pisa; and into Eng-
land by a physician, ‘named Robert '

Recorde, in a book called the Whetstone

of Witte, published in the reign of

Queen Mary, in 1557."—Augustus De

Morgan.

pesos pil Pertaining to algebra ;

ALGEBRA'ICAL, f§containing an opera-
tion of algebra, or deduced from such an
operation. Thus an algebraic curve is
one of which the relation between the
abscissa and ordinates is expressed by an
equation which contains only algebraic
quantities: in contradistinction to a
transcedental curve, in which the relation
is expressed in infinite series. See also
Eavation and QuanrTiry.

Aw/GENEB, a star of the second magni-
tude, on the right shoulder of Perseus.

At/coL, a star of the third magnitude,
called Medusa’s head, in Perseus.

Ar’/GoRAB, a star of the third magni-
tude on the right wing of Corvus.

Av’cuaziIL, an officer in Spain, corre-
ponding to the bailiff in England.

AxHa’cEx,a tribe of plants in the natural
system; type alhagi.

AtHA’al, the prickly hedysarum; a
shrub of the Levant. Name altered from
the Arabic name Algul or Aghul.

Auias the Latin word for otherwise: a
term used in judicial proceedings to con-
nect the different names by which a
person is called, who has assumed ficti-
tious ones.— Alias is also the name of a
second writ, issued when the first has
failed to enforce the judgment, as an alias
capias, &c.

Aisi, the Latin word for elsewhere; a
law term used where a person charged
with an offence, pleads that he could not
have committed it, because he was at the
time elsewhere. The part of a plea which
avers the party to haye been elsewhere,
is also called an alibi.

Auico’NEDA, a large tree found in Congo,
from the bark of which a kind of flax is
man tured.

Au'rpapE, an Arabic name for the index

)
;

4Li 49

ALE

which moves about the centre of an as-
trolabe or quadrant, carrying the sights
of the telescope, and showing the number
of degrees and minutes of altitude on the
quadrated limb of the instrument.

A’tren, from Lat. alius, another. In
law, a foreigner: one not within the alle-
giance of the sovereign; opposed to
denizen.

In France, a child born of residents
who are not citizens is an alien. In
Britain, the children of aliens born in
that country are natural-born subjects ;
and the children of British-born sub-
jects, owing allegiance to the crown
of England, though born in other coun-
tries, are naturalised subjects, and
entitled to the privileges of resident
citizens. .
Avrena’tE, Lat. alienatus. Applied to

leaves of plants, when the first leaves give
way to others totally different from them.

Aviena’TIon, in law, denotes the act of
making over a man’s property in lands,
tenements, &c. to another person.

To alien or alienate in fee, is to sell or
convey the fee-simple of lands, &c.

-DUTY, a tax upon goods imported
by aliens, beyond the duty upon like
goods imported by citizens; a discrimi-
nating duty on the tonnage of ships be-
longing to aliens; or any extra duties
imposed by law on aliens.

ALIENATION-OFFICE, an Office to which
all writs of covenant and entry, on which
fines are levied and recoveries suffered,
are carried, to have fines for alienation
set and paid thereon.

AuiIment, from Lat. alimentum, nou-
rishment. In Scotch law, the natural ob-
ligation of parents to provide for children,
is termed the obligation of aliment.

ALIMENTARY-CANAL, | a name given to

ALIMENTARY-pDuUcT, |} the whole con-
auit through which the passes from
the mouth to the anug. The presence of
this duct may be said to form the true
characteristic of the animal. The tho-
racic duct is sometimes so called.

ALIMENTARY-LAW, among the Romans,
a law that obliged children to support
their parents, when they were unable to
provide for their own sustenance.

Autmony, Lat. alimonia, from alo, to
feed. An allowance made to a woman
legally separated from her husband, when
sheis neither charged with elopement nor
adultery. The sum is fixed by the pro-
per judge, and grantedout of the hus-
band’s estate.

A.Irep, wing-footed, from ala, a wing,
and pes,a foot. Substantively, an animal
‘whose toes are connected by a membrane,
and which serve for wings, e.g. the bat
is an aliped.

Attqvant, from Lat. aliquantum, a
little. In arithmetic, an aliquant number

is one Which does not mensure another
exactiy, e.gy 6 is an aliquant part of 20,
for 6 does not divide 20 without leaving
a remainder.

Atiavor, from Lat. aliquoties, some-
times. In arithmetic, an aliquot part of
a number is one which measures it a
certain number of times ; e.g. 7 measures
21, and is therefore called an aliquot part
of 21. See Measure.

Auis’ma, the water-plantain ; a genus of
plants of the class herandria, and order
polygynia. There arefive British species,
all hardy perennials, inhabiting the mar-
gins of lakes, rivers, ditches, &c., whence
the name, from Celtic alis, water.

Auisma’cEx, an order of aquatic plants
in the natural system; typical genus
alisma,

ALI-TRUNCK, } in entomology, the

AtrtrRuncvs,) terior segment of the
thorax to which the abdomen of the in-
sect is affixed, and which carries the legs,
properly so called, and the wings.

Axiz4’RINE, a substance extracted from
madder, and believed by some to be the
dyeing principle of the root. It is, how-
ever, to be observed, that the richer
madders of Avignon afford little or no
alizarine ; and that the purpurine, from
which the alizarine is immediately pro-
cured, is a richer dye than the pure sub-
stance itself. The term is derived from
ali-zari, the ial name of madder
in the Levant.

ALKAHEST, a term used by Paracelsus

signify a liquid capable of removing
every kind of obstruction; and by Van
Helmont, to designate a universal solvent,
capable of pees, | every substance in
nature toa state of purity. The prepa-
ration of this wonderful tluid was one of
the chief objects of alchemy.. Query.—Ift
it dissolves all substances, in what vessels
could it be contained ?

The term is usually derived from the
Arabic, but others maintain that Para-
celsus compounded it cf the German
words alland geist, spirit; others, agaiu,
assert, that it is nothing more than a
corruption of alkali est, so that the ety-
mology appears as difficult as the pre-
paration of the wonderful fiuid of
which it is the name.

AvxKatl,)} from Ayrabic kali, with the

Atcatr, }common prefix al, the plant
called glasswort (from its use in the ma-
nufacture cf glass), or rather the salt ob-
tained from the ashes of the plant. A
general name in chemistry for all bodies
which combine with acid, so as to nea-
tralise or impair the activity of tke
latter, and produce certain saline sub-
stances, differing in their properties from
either. The name was formerly confined
to the three substances potash, soda, and
ammonia, but it is now extended to nu-

ALK

50

ALL

merous other substances, and these are
become the representatives of three
classes of alkalies, the vegetable, mineral,
andanimal. The first two are called jixed
alkalies, and the third is called volatile
alkali. They have these properties in
common: they change the vegetable
purples and blues to green, the reds to
purple, and the yellows to brown, both
before and after being saturated with car-
bonic acid; they are powerful solvents of
animal matter, with which, as with fat of
oil, they combine, and form soap.

AL’KALIMETER, an instrument for ascer-
taining the amount of absolute alkali in
commercial potash and soda by the quan-
tity of acid of a known strength which
a given weight of it will neutralise.

At’Katorp, from alkali, and ¢3e¢, like.
A substance possessing some of the
properties of an alkali. The name is
applied to a large class of vegetable sub
stances possessed of alkaline properties,
and which are more commonly designated
vegetable alkalies. These generally consist
of carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, and nitro-
gen, and possess great medicinal activity.

At’kanet, the plant bugloss (Anchusa
tinctoria), the root of which yields a fine
red colour to alcohol, oil, wax, and all
unctuous substances. The colouring
matter is confined to the bark: it is
named by chemists alcannine or anchusic
eT), The name is altered from alkenna

q.¥-

ALKEKEN’GI, the Arabic name of the
winter cherry (Physalis alkekengi). The
berry is medicinal.

ALKEN’NA, the Egyptian privet, (a species
of Lawsonia), the pulverised leaves of
which are much used in eastern countries
for staining the nails of the fingers yellow.
The powder being wetted forms a paste
which, bound on the nails for a night,
gives colour enough to last for several
weeks. The name is Arabic, al, the, and
kénny, a dye.

ALKER’mes, an Arabic name of a cele-
brated remedy in the form of a confection,
of which kermes (q. v-) forms the basis.

ALKoO/HL, ALKOO’L, a preparation of
antimony (black ediphuret » used by
oriental ladies to tinge their eyelids, eye-
dashes, and eyebrows of a black colour.

Av’xoran, (from Ar. al, the, and koran,
book, that is, the book, by way ofeminence,
as we say the bible. The book whichcon-
tains the Mohammedan doctrines of faith
and practice. It was written by Moham-
med in the dialect of the Koreish, which
is the purest Arabic; but the languages
of Arabia have suffered such changes
since it was written, that the book is no
‘longer intelligible to the Arabiars them-
‘selves, without being studied “ke any
“other book written in a dead anguage.

The great doctrine of the koran is the
unity of God; that there never was, and
never can be more than one orthodox
religion ; that the ceremonies of worship
are only temporary, and may be altered
by divine direction, yet the substance _
being eternal truth continues immutable ;"
and that whenever religion became cor-
rupted in essentials God in his goodness
re-informed mankind by his seyera. pro-
phets, of whom Moses and Jesus Christ
were the most distinguished, till Moham-
med, who is their seal, and no other is to
be expected after him.

ALKor’aNnIsT, one who adheres strictly
to the letter of the koran, rejecting ali
comments. The Persians are alkoranists.
The Arabs, Turks, and Tartars admit many
traditions.

Att, the whole. All in the wind is a
phrase which expresses the state of a
ship’s sails when they are parallel to the
direction of the wind.—— All hands ahoay !
the phrase by which a ship’s company
are summoned on deck.

ALLAGITE, a mineral of a brown or
green colour; massive, semi-opaque, frac-
ture conchoidal; it is a carbo-silicate of
manganese.

ALtaH, the Arabic name of God, com-
pounded of the particle al and elah, ador-
able, i. e. the Adorable.

ALLA Breve, Italian, according to the
breve. In music, the name of a movement
whose bars consist of the note called a
breve. Itisdenoted at the beginning of a
staff bya C witha vertical line through it.

ALLAMAN’DA, the generic name of a
shrub of Guiana, the leaves of which are
used at Surinam as a specific for colic.
Pentandria—Monogynia.

Ata CaPELta, Italian, literally, accord-
ing to the chapel. In music, the same as
Alla breve (q. v.), this time being princi-
pally employed in movements used in the
church or chapel.

AL’LANITE, & mineral named in honour
of Mr. Thomas Allan of Edinburgh. It is
a siliceous oxide of cerium, and is found
in Greenland.

ALLANTO’IC, pertaining to the elantois.
The allantoic acid is obtained from the
fluid of the allentois. The same acid was
formerly called the amntotic acid, being
supposed to exist in the liguor amnii or
the cow.

ALLANTO'ID. The allantois is also called
the allantoid membrane.

ALLANTO’IS, from @AAw, a sausage, and
t[d0¢, likeness. A thin membrane which
exists in most of the mammalia, situated
between the chorion and amnion, and com-
municating with the bladder of the canal
called the wrachus: it contains the urine
of the foetus.

ALLANTOXx’Icon, from wAAus. a Sausage,

~ erate ae *

ALL 51 ALL

and roZixoy, poison. A poison developed
in putrid sausages made of blood and
ver.

ALtEGa’TIoNn, in ecclesiastical courts, a
formal complaint or declaration of charges.

law, the production of instruments or
deeds to justify something.

ALLEGIANCE, the duty or fidelity of a
subject to his sovereign or government.—
The oath of allegiance is that taken in
acknowledgment of the temporal autho-
rity of the sovereign, as the oath of su-

acknowledges the sovereign to be
the supreme head of the church. The
term is old Fr. from Lat. alligo, of ad
and ligo, to bind.

Av’Lecory, from aAAnyseiw, Of wAdos,
other, and ayogevw, to speak. A figurative
sentence or discourse, wherein something
else is signified than the words in their
literal m express. The principal
— is thus kept out of view, and is

ribed by another subject, which is
soumapented so as to bear some resemblance
to it in properties and circumstances.

The reader or hearer is thus left to collect
the meaning from the resemblance which
he can find between the secondary and
the primary subject.

ALLEGRE'TTO, in music, denotes a move-
ment of time quicker than andante, but
not so quick as allegro. See ALLEGRO.

ALLEGRISSIMO, in music, Means very
lively. See ALLEGRO.

ALLEGRO, Ital. from leggiere, to be merry.
In music, a word denoting a brisk move-
ment; asprightly part or strain. There
are two other degrees of the same: allegris-
simo, very lively ; allegretto, or poco allegro,
a little lively. The word pit, more, is
sometimes prefixed to strengthen the

meaning.

ALLELU’1an (in Heb. M*-"1957, praise
to Jah). Praise to Jehovah: a word used
to denote pious joy and exultation, chiefly
in hymns and anthems. The Greeks re-
tained the word in their EacAcy In, praise
to Io; probably a corruption of Jah. The
Romans retained the latter word in their
Zo triumphe.

ALLELUIAH, a name given to wood sor-
rel (oxalis acetosa). It was so called, be-
cause the alleluiah was sung in the church
at the time saan its leaves first appeared
above groun

ree tas (French). In music, a slow
air in common time, or grave, solemn
music with a slow movement. Also the
name of a brisk dance common in Ger-
many and Switzerland.

ALL¥’RION, in heraldry,an gr without
beak or feet, with expanded wings, de-
noting imperialists vanquished and dis-

armed. The word is also written alerion.

ALtL-Fovurs, a game at cards played by
two or four persons; so called from pos-

session of the four honours by one person,
who is then said to have all fours.

ALL-HALLows, all-saints’-day: the first
day of November, dedicated to all the
saints in Eenetek

ALL-HEAL, @ pular name of several

lants ; e.g. a species of hedge nettle
stachys palustris), is called “‘ clown’s all-
heal;’’ and a species of St. John’s wort
hypericum androsemum), has the name
of all-heal, besides several others

Attia‘ceous, pertaining to garlic (al-
lium) : having the properties of garlic.

Acuiance. 1. In civil and canon law, the
relation contracted between two persons
or two families by marriage -——2. In
politics and international law, a treaty en-
tered into by sovereigns or states, for their
mutual safety and defence, or for the
purpose of attacking some other state, or
for both; sometimes also the instrument
of confederacy.—The term is Fr. alliance,
the root of which is lier, to unite.

Awtication, Lat. alligatio, of ad and
ligo, to bind. A rule in arithmetic to
find the value of compounds, consisting
of ingredients of different values. It is
divided into two kinds. 1. Alligation
medial is when the price and quantities
of several simples, which are to be mixed,
are given to find the mean price of the
mixture.——2. Alligation alternate is when
the prices of several things are given to
find the quantities which must be taken
of them to make a mixture of a given
mean price.

At’LIGATOR, a species or rather subgenus
of the crocodile family of reptiles; to
which belongs the crocodilus lucius of
Cuvier. The animal belongs to the lizard
order (sauria, Cuy.), has a long naked
body, four feet, five toes on each fore foot,
and four on each hind one, armed with
claws, and a serrated . The mouth is
very large and furnished with sharp teeth ;
the skin is brown, tough, and on the
sides covered with tubercles. The larger
of these animals grow to the length of 17
or 18 feet ; they live in and about the rivers
of the southern

lizard.

ALLIGATOR-PEAR, a West Indian fruit,
resembling a pear in shape. It is the
fruit of the Laurus Persea of Linnzus.

ALLIN’EMENT, from Fr. alignement, a
squaring, a row, from ligne, a line.

ALLIOTH, a star in the tail of the Great
Bear (ursa major), much empioyed in fina-
ing the latitude at sea.

The Arabs gave the name of Amoth
or Alliuth, meaning “the horse,” to
each of the three stars in the tai ve the
Great Bear, on account of their appear

E 2

ALL

52

ALL

ing like three horses, ranged for draw-

ing the waggon represented by the four

stars called Charles’ Wain.

AL’Lium, garlic; a genus of plants of the
class hexandria, and order monogynia.
There are upwards of 60 species, almost
all of which are hardy perennials. Eight

species are British. The A. porrum, or’

leek, and the A. cepa, or onion, are perhaps
among the most useful of the species j and
the A. Canadense, or Canada onion-tree,
which bears excellent eatable onions on
the top of the stalk, is perhaps the most
remarkable. Name latinized from Celtic
all, acrid.

Axtoca’Tion, from Lat. ad and loco, to
place. The admission of an article of an
account, or the-allowance of an account,
in the English Exchequer. The certificate
of allowance of cost of taxation, granted
by the master or other officer of court, is
in practice termed an allocatur. The writ
de allocatione facienda is directed to the
Lord Treasurer or Barons of the Exche-
quer, commanding them to allow an ac-
countant such sums as he shall lawfully
expend in the execution of his office.

ALLocHRoITE, a variety of the dodeca-
hedral garnet. It is found massive, of a
green, brown, gray, or ee colour ;
lustre, glimmering. Name, from warros,
other, and xyes, colour, expressive of
the changes of colour it undergoes before
the blow-pipe, by the action of which it
is finally converted into a fine black
enamel.

ALLODIAL, pecteining to allodium (q.v.),
and opposed to feuda

ALLODIUM, rechold estate: land which
is the absolute property of the owner:
real estate held in absolute independence,
without being subject to any rent, service,
or acknowledgment to a superior: op-
posed to feud. In England there is no
allodial land, all land being held of the
sovereign: in the United States of Ame-
rica, most lands are allodial. The word
is probably latinised from Celtic allod, that
is, all, complete, and od, possession.

ALLONGE, from Fr. allonger, to lengthen,
to thrust.——1. A pass with a sword made
by stepping forward and extending the
arm.——2. A long rein when a horse is
trotting in

ALLO’PATHY, Lat. allopathia of a«rros,
other, and za@os, disorder. The effect
of a medicine which cures a diseased
action by inducing another: opposed to
homeeopath

y-

ALLOPHANE, a mineral of a blue, green,
or brown colour; occurs massive, or in
imitative shapes. Itis hard and brittle,
and gelatinizes in acids. Name, from
eAAos, other, and gasyw, to appear.

ALLOTMENT oF Lanps. Any piece of land
set apart for a special purpose is calledan

allotment. Thus, when a cottage has
more land than suffices for a garden, it is
commonly called a cottage allotment.

ALLOTRIOPHAGY, from a, sag, extra-
neous (things), and gayw, I eat. A desire
to eat what is improper for food, depraved
appetite: symptomatic of disease.

Attowances. In selling goods, or in
paying duties upon them, certain deduc-
tions are made from their weights, depend-
ing on the nature of the packages in which
they are inclosed, and which are regulated
in most instances by the custom of mer-
chants, and the rules laid down by public
offices. These deductions are termed
allowances ; and are further distinguished
by the epithets Draft, Tare, Tret,and Cloff,
which see in their places.

Attoy’, from Fr. alloyer, to mix one
metal with another, perhaps from @ Ja loi,
the proportions being regulated by law ;
but more probably from allier, to unite.
To alloy is to mix one metal with another
by fusing them together: the compound
formed is called an alloy. Formerly the
term was restricted to compounds formed
of gold and silver, with other metais of
inferior value, but it is now extended to
any compound of any two or more metals
whatever, except when one of the con-
stituents is mercury: the term amalgam
is then used to denote the compound.
Brass, bronze,and type metal are familiar
instances of alloys. When a metal of in-
ferior value is used to deteriorate another
metal, as gold, the inferior metal is some-
times distinguished as the alloy. Thus,
when gold is alloyed with copper, the
copper is called the alloy, although strictly
the term is referable to the compound.
Thus our gold coin is an alloy, consisting
of 11 parts pure gold and one part copper ;
and our silver coin is likewise an alloy,
consisting of 11‘1 silver and 0°9 copper.
The silver alloy used for plate is thesame
as that used for coin, and the purity is
guaranteed by the assay stamp of the
Goldsmiths’ Company. To produce an
alloy of two metals, they must be fused
together. is sometimes written
allay.

piper ab the first day of November,
called also All-hallows.

ALL-souLs, the second day of Novem-
ber, which is set apart by the Romish
church, to supplicate for the souls of the
faithful deceased.

ALLSPICE,a popularname of the M;
pimenta, or more parficularly the dried
berry of that tree, which has a spicy,
pungent, but agreeable aromatic taste. It
is a native of Jamaica, and is thence called
Jamaica pepper: similarly, the Chimo-
nanthus fragrans of Japan is called the
Japan allspice.

ALLU’MED, Fr. allumée, lighted. In he

ALM 53

ALM

raldry, applied to the eyes of beasts, when
they are drawn sparkling and red.

ALLv’v1At, composed of ailuyion.

ALLU’yion, ) Lat. alluvio, of ad and luo,

Attvu’vium,/to wash. Detritus, con-
sisting of earth, sand, gravel, stones, or
other transported matter, which has been
washed away and deposited by water
upon land, not permanently submerged
beneath the waters of lakes and seas.
Alluyion is distinguished by geologists
into ancient and modern: the first is cha-
racterised by the fossil remains of large
extinct mammalia and carnivora ; and the
second, by the remains of man and co-
temporaneous animals and plants.

Atma. 1. An alchemical name for
water.—2. In Egyptian customs. See
ALME

Armapic. 1. A bark canoe used on
some parts of the coast of Africa——2. A
long boat used at Calicut, in India, 80 feet
pot tok and 6 or 7 broad; called also

ure.

Atmages’r, the name of a celebrated
book drawn up by Ptolemy ; being a col-
yection of the problems of the ancients
relative to geometry and astrology. Its
original Greek title was Suvradis Meysorn
(the Great Computation). The Arabians
translate it in the ninth century, and

ed their article al, the, to the word
tyiory, Which, when the work was re-
translated into Latin, was corrupted into
Ailmagesium; whence English Almagest.
The best modern edition is that published
at Paris in 1813-15, in 2 vols.,4to. Itcon-
tains tne Greek and a French translation,
by M. Halma.

Aza Mater, fostering mother. The
name sometimes given to a university by
those who have taken their degrees in it.

A’MANAC, te. small book containing

Ac’Manack,!a calendar of days and
months ; the rising and setting of thesun ;
the age, changes, &c., of the moon,
eclipses, tides, church festivals, &c., for
the ensuing year. The Nautical Almanac
and Astronomical ephimeris is a kind of
national almanac, published for every
year, by anticipation, under the direction
of the Commissioners of longitude: the
astronomical calculations are adapted to
the meridian of Greenwich. The term is
compounded of Arabic al and méndch,
reckoning, perhaps from wavexos,a lunar
circle

ALMAN’DINE, Fr. almandine, It. alaban-
dina. A beautiful mineral of a red colour,
of various shades : commonly translucent,
often transparent. It is usually termed
precious garnet: the finest crystals are
those of Ceylon and Pegu, where they
occur in the sand of the rivers.

Ame, In Egyptian customs, the alme
are girls, whose occupution is to amuse

company with singing and dancing. They
derive their name from haying received
a superior education to other women.

AL/MEHRALES. In Mohammedan aps os
a niche pointing out the direction of the
kebla, or temple of Mecca, towards which
the faithful look during prayer.

ALmonD, the seed or kernel of the nut
or fruit of the almond-tree (amygdalus
communis), which grows spontaneously in
warm countries, particularly in Barbary :
it nearly resembles the peach. There are
sweet and bitter almonds, but they are
only distinguishable by the taste and
by chemical analysis. Sweet almonds
contain 54 per cent. of a fixed oil; bitter
almonds contain less of this oil, but they
yield instead a bitter poisonous principle,
known in chemistry as amygdaline-—-
2. The tonsils, two glands near the basis
of the tongue, are called almonds of the
throat, from their resemblance to that
fruit ; and the external glands of the neck,
situated near the ears, are called almonds
of the ears——3. Among lapidaries, almonds
signify pieces of rock crystal, used ir
adorning branch candlesticks: they are
so called in reference, to their form.——
4. A measure, by which the Portuguese
sell their oil, is called an almond (written
almude): 26 almudes = 1 pipe.

ALMOND-FURNACE, a furnace used by
refiners to reduce to lead the slags of
litharge, used in refining silver, by the
aid of c

ALMOND-PASTE, a paste made of blanched
bitter almonds, white of egy, spirit of
wine, &c. It isa cosmetic for softening the
skin and preventing chaps.

ALMOND-TREE. See AMYGDALUS.

ALMONER, a distributor of alms. By the
ancient canons, every monastery was to
dispose of a tenth of its income in alms to
the poor, and all bishops were obliged
to keep an almoner. This title is some-
times given to a chaplain, as an almoner
of a ship or regiment. The lord almoner,
or lord high almoner of England, is an
ecclesiastical officer, usually a bishop,
who has the forfeiture of all deodands,
and the goods which accrue from felo de
se, which he is required by his office to
distribute among the poor.—The grand
almoner of France is the first ecclesiastical
dignitary, and has the superintendence of
hospitals and other charities.

Atmonry, the residence of the almoner,
or the place where the alms are distri-
buted. Hence the words ambry, aumbry,
and Scotch, aumery.

Atoms, whatever is given out of charity
to the poor. Tenure by free alms, or frank-
almoign, was that by which the pos-
sessor was bound to pray for the soul of
the donor, whether dead or alive. By this
tenure most of the ancient monasteries
and religious houses in England held their

ALO

54

ALP

lands, as do the parochial clergy, and
many ecclesiastical and eleemosynary
establishments at the present day.

ALMUCcAN’TAR, the Arabic name of each
of aseries of circles of the celestial sphere,
which are conceived to pass through the
entre of the sun or ofa star parallel to
the horizon. The almucantars are the
same, with respect to the azimuths and
horizon, which the parallels oflatitude are
with respect to the meridians and equator.

ALMUCANTAR-STAFF, an instrument of
box or pear-tree, having an arch of 15
degrees : formerly used at sea for observing
the sun’s amplitude at rising or setting,
and the variations of the compass.

AlMUDE, a wine measure in Portugal,
of which 26 make a pipe; written also
almond, (q. ¥.).

At’mue, the Scriptural name of a tree
or wood, which the Vulgate translates
lignia thynia; the Septuagint, wrought-
wood, and which some consider to be
ebony. The Rabbins render the word
coral, but the more common opinion is
that it means gummy or resinous wood in
general, and perhaps especially the shit-
tim. See 1 Kings x. 11.

Atnupve. See ALMuUDE.

At’nvs, the generic name of the alder-
tree, of which there are 15 species besides
many varieties. Class monecia, order
tetrandria. The common alder (A. glutin-
osa), is frequent in Britain ; inhabits wet
meadows and moist grounds. The bark
and leaves are employed in dyeing and
tanning leather; wood valuable for piles
of bridges, &c. Name Latinized of Celtic
al, near, and lan, the river bank “‘ where
the alder dank delights to dwell.”

Atoz, the name of a genus of plants
comprehending upwards of 100 species,
some of which are arborescent, others
shrubaceous, and some perennials ; 3 all
natives of warm climates, and most of
them of the south of Africa. Class her-
andria, order monogynia. Name aloé, Gr.
Ady, 0f uncertain origin, but perhaps
from the Arabic name alloch.

A series of trials has been made with-
in these few years, at Paris, to ascer-
tain the comparative strength of cables
rmaade of hemp and of the aloé from Al-
giers. Of those of equal size, that made
of aloé raised a weight of 2000 kilo-
grammes (about two tons) ; that made
of hemp a weight only of 400 kilo-

grammes.

A’tors, the inspissated juice obtained
from the leaves of some species of the
aloé. It is bitter, gummy, and resinous,
and extensively used in medicine. There
are four sorts. 1. The Socotrine ,im-
ported from the island of Socotra, in the
Indian ocean: it is obtained from <Aloé
syrcata.——2. The Hepatic aloes takes its
name from its liver colour: it is obtained

from the Aloé vulgaris, or true alo#, ac-
cording to Sibthorp, but others believe
that it is the produce of the Aloé perfoliata.
——3. The Cabaline (Horse) aloes is merely
the coarsest species of the Barbadoes or
hepatic aloes. It is extensively used in
veterinary medicine.——4. The Cape aloes
is obtained from the same species of the
plant as the Socotrine, butit isofa coarser
quality. The use of aloes in medicine is
to stimulate the large intestines.

Avor’ric, pertaining to the aloé, or to
aloes: containing aloes, e.g. an aloetic me-
dicine. Braconnot has given the name of

or ic acid toasub
by treating aloes with sulphuric acid ; but
Chevreuil regards it as an artificial tannin.

ALorT, in nautical language, in the top,
at the mast-head, or on the higher yards
or rigging.

Ato’cians, a sect of ancient heretics,
who denied Jesus Christ to be the Acyos,
or Word, and, consequently, rejected the
gospel of St. I ohn.

ALocotrro’pHy, Lat. alogotrophia, from
roves, disproportionate, and ¢,
nutrition. An unequal nutrition of dif-
ferent parts of the body, especially of the
bones, in the disease called rachitis.

Atoor,in nautical language, the com-
mand to the man at the helm to keep the
ship near the wind when sailing upon a
quarter-wind.

Auore’ces, from giwryzZ, a fox. The
psoas muscles are sometimes so called,
probably because they are peculiarly
strong in the fox.

Ato’pEcy, Lat. alopecia, of adrwaryt, &
fox, the urine of which is said to occasion
baldness. Fox-evil: a disease which is
also called scurf: it consists in a falling-
off of the hair, from any or every part of
the body. The term is now nearly syno-
nymous with baldness.

Atorecu’rvs, the generic name of the
fox-tail grass. Class triandria, order di-
gynia. There are 12 species, 6 of which
are British, mostly perennial. Name,
from aroryé, a fox, and oven, a tail; the
flowers being arranged in tail-like stalks.

Ato’sa, a fish called the shad (A. vulga-
ris). It is a sub-genus of the clupe® or
herring family, but is much larger and
thicker than the clupea or herring.

Atpaco’na, the Damalus paco of Lin. and
the Pacos of Pennant: it is used asa beast
of burden in Peru.

AtrHa, thename of the first letter of the
Greek alphabet, and omega, the name of
the last; whence the metaphorical ex-
pression, alpha and omega, meaning the
first and the last.

ALPHABET, wage and Pyre, that is, A
and B. The ordinary series of letters or
syllables (in syllabic alphabets) of a lan-
guage. The number of letters differ in

ALS 55 ALT

‘different languages: Lhe Hebrew con-

tains 22 letters; as alsu the Chaldee, Sa-
maritan, Syriac, Persian, sand /£thi-
opic. The Irish, which is the same as the
Pelasgian or Scythian, has only 17; the
Greek alphabet, which was brought by
Cadmus into Greece from Pheenicia, and
was also Pelasgian in its origin, consisted
of 16, to which 8 were afterwards added.
The ancient Arabi¢ alphabet consisted of
24 letters, but 4 were added, m: making 28.
The Sanscrit (Devanagaree)} alphabet con-
tains 100 letters. The Coptic consists of
32, the Turkish of 33, the Georgian of 36,
the Russian of 39, the Spanish of 27, the
Italian of 20, the Latin of 22, the French
of 22 (strictly 28), and the English of 26.
The Chinese have no proper alphabet.
ALPHO'’NSIN, a surgical instrument for
extracting balls from gun-shot wounds ;
so called from its inventor, Alphonso Fer-
rius, a Neapolitan physician
ALPHO'NSINE TABLEs, the name given to
a set of astronomical tables compiled by
order of Alphonsus, king of Arragon, in
the first year of his reign (4.p. 1252).
Av’pxuvs, from argos, white. The spe-
cies of leprosy called vitiligo, in which
the skin is rough, with white spots.
Appia, Ar’pisr. The seed of the fox-
tail grass; used for feeding birds.
Atriy’ta, a genus of exotic perennials,
of 15 species, of the class monandria, and
order monogynia. Name, from alpinus,
elevated, in reference to their favourite
situations.

Alpine plants are such low plants as
grow naturally in mountainous situa-
tions, where they are covered with
snow during some part of the year.
Avptn’IAcez, one of the names of the

natural order of plants called Zingibe-
racer.
Ar’quier, a Portuguese measure of ca-

‘pacity, equal to about two gallons; called

also a cantar. It contains half an almude.

Axaquirov, |) names ofa lead ore found

Avavuirore, } in Cornwall, and used by
potters to give a green varnish to their
wares ; hence called potters’ ore.

ALrv’n#, small images earved out of the
roots of trees, and held in great venera-
tion formerly among the northern nations.
They had the same rank asthe penates of
the ancient Italians.

At Sereno, a direction in written music
to return to a former part, where the cha-
racter .& appears.

ALsInacez, an order of weedy plants,
of which the genus Alsini is the type.

Atsrn1, the generic name of the chick-
weed, according to Linnzus; but the A.
media, or common chickweed, isnow re-
ferred to the genus Stellaria. The name

is from g@Aees, a shady place, =) GIP,
to love.

Atsto’niA, the generic name of two spe-
cies of Indian shrubs, class
order monogynia ; the one resembles the
tea-plant, the other is poisonous. Named
in honour of Professor Alston, who first
established the genus.

ALSTROEME’RIA, a genus of American
perennials, of the class herandria, and
order monogynia. There are thirteen
species.

Att, ) from Lat. altus, high. A term

Atro, ) applied in music to that part of
the great scale of sounds which lies be-
tween F above the treble cleff and G in
altissimo.

A’trar, Lat. alta, ara. See Ana, 1.An
elevated place upon which sacrifices were
formerly offered to some deity. Altars
were originally of turf, latterly of marble,
wood, or horn, and those of the Jews of
shittim-wood, and covered with gold or
brass. Some ‘altars were round, others
square, others ; but all faced
the east, and there is no doubt but that
they are as ancient as the practice of
sacrificing ——2. In modern churches, the
communion-table, or table for the distri-
bution of the eucharist, &e.

A‘LTARAGE the profits arising to priests
on account of the altar ; also altars, erected
before the reformation,in virtue of dona-
tions, within parochial churches, for the

P of performing mass, &c. for de-
ceased friends,
A’LTARIST, In old law-books, the

A’LTAR-THANE,f priest or parson to
whom the altarage of a church belonged ;
also a chaplain.

ALTERATIVE, Lat. alteratus, causing
alteration. Substantively, a medicine
which establishes the healthy functions
of the body, without sensible evacuation
by perspiration, purging, or vomiting.

ALTERN, Lat. alternus, of alter, other.
Alternate : reciprocal. In crystallography,
exhibiting on an upper and a lower part
faces which alternate among themselves,
but which, when the two parts are com-
pared, correspond with each other.

ALTERN-BASE, in trigonometry, is a term
used in contradistinction to the true-base ;
e. g. in oblique triangles, the true-base is
either the sum of the sides, and then the
difference is the altern-base ; or the true-
base is the difference of the sides, and
then the sum of the sides is the altern-base.

ALTERNATE, Lat. alternatus, being by
turns: one following the other in succes-
sion of time or place. 1. In botany, ap-
plied to branches and leaves, when they
stand singly on each side, in such a
manner that between every two on any
side, there is but one on the opposite side.
—2. In heraldry, applied to denote the
situation of the quarters. Thus the first
and fourth quarters. and the second and
third, are usually of the same nature, and

ALT

56

ALU

are called alternate quarters.——3. In
geometry, applied to the internal angles
made by a line cutting two parallels, and
lying on opposite sides of the bisecting
line. Thus,—

/

a

a’

/

@ and a’ are alternate angles, and if the
two straight lines be parallel they are
equal. The alternate terms of a propor-
tion are the first and third, and the second
and fourth; and the terms of the propor-
‘tion are said to be taken alternately or
by alternation, when the secondand

are made to change places; thus,—
a:b::e¢:d, by alternation, becomes
@202262¢.

ALTERNA‘TION, Lat. alternatio. In arith-
metic, the alternation of numbers is called
permutation. See ALTERNATE.

ALTu#’, the generic name of the marsh-
mallow, of which there are 12 species, two
of which are British. Class ie
order polyandria. Name from @Afw, to
cure, in reference to its supposed healing
virtues

Attica, a genus of tetramerous cole-
optera, of the family cyclica. Name from
aArizos, a leaper, in reference to their
lively movements. The insect is known
familiarly by the name of the garden flea.

Attim’eTer, from Lat. altus, high, and
sreov, Measure. An instrument for
measuring altitudes on geometrical prin-
ciples; e. g. a quadrant.

Av’TIN, a money of account in Russia,
value three copecks.

ALTIn’car, a species of factitious salt
used in the fusion and purification of
metals: it is crude borax, and now
usually called tincal.

Atris’s1mo, Italian, highest: applied in
music.

Av’'rircpE, Lat. altitudo, of altus, high,
1. Height: the elevation of the vertex of
an object above its foundation, as the
elevation of a column: the elevation of an
object above the surface on which we
stand, or other surface to which we refer
it, as the elevation of a meteor. 2. In
mensuration, altitudes are divided into
accessible and inaccessible, according as the
base is approachable or inapproachable.
—3. In astronomy, the elevation of the
sun, a star, or other object above the
horizon, is called its altitude ; and this is
true or apparent altitude, according as it
is taken from the true or apparent hori-
zon. See Horizon.—~t. The altitude of
the eye, in perspective, is its perpendicular
potent above the geometrical plane.——

. Meridian altitude, in astronomy, is an
og of the meridian, between the horizon

and any star or point on the meridian.
The difference between the true and
apparent place of the star, caused by re-
fraction, is called the parallax of altitude.
—6. Altitude of motion is its measure
estimated in the line of direction of the
moving force.—Dr. allis——7. Deter-
minative altitude is that whense a heavy
body falling acquires a certain velocity,
by its natural accelerations.

At’ro (Ital. from Lat. altus), high. In
music, the counter and tenor part; the
part immediately below the treble or
highest. The term is also used to denote
the tenor violin.

Atro anv Basso (high and low), in old
law, signified a submission of all differ-
ences of every kind to arbitration.

Axto-ocravo (Ital.), an octave hiwhe>.

Av’to-rELIe’vo (Ital. for high relief).
The name given to that speci#3 of sculp-
ture in which the figures project half or
more, without being wholly detached
from the ground. See Ratrzvo.

ALTO-RIPIEN’O (Ital.). in music, a name
given to the tenor of the great chorus,
ein sings or plays oniy in particular
places.

ALTO-TENORE (Ital.), that part of the
great vocal scale between the mezzo
soprano and the tenor.

ALTO-VIOLA, (Ital.), a small tenor

ALTO-VIOLINO,) Violin. Alto is sume-~
times used in the same sense.

Auv’pDEL, Lat. a, and lutum, lute. A
spear-shaped vessel open at both endg.
used in sublimation. A series of them are
placed above one another, and fitted ex-
actly together, with a pot at the bottoin,
containing the matter to besublimed, and
a receiver at the top to collect the volatiie
matter. They are now rarely used except
in Spain for distilling mercury.

Atv’ta, Lat. ala, a wing. In ornitho-
logy, the group of inl- feathers attached ta
the carpus, and sometimes called the
bastard wings (ala spuria).

AtuM, Lat. alumen, Germ. alaum. A
triple sulphate of alumina and potash, or
ammonia: it is both native and factitious.
It is usually obtained by roasting and
lixiviating certain clays containing
pyrites, and to the leys adding a certain
quantity of potash; the salt is then ob-
tained by crystallization. In medicine it
is used as an astringent; in dyeing, to fix
colours; in tanning, to restore the cohe-
sion of skins ; in candle-making, to harden
the tallow. The crystals are octahe-
drous; the taste acerb and subacid: the
solution reddens the vegetable blues. It
dissolves in about five parts of water a¢
60° Fah.

ALUM-EARTH, a massive mineral of a
blackish-brown colour. It is nearly
allied to the clay-slate, but contains a con-
siderable quantity of bituminous mattez

—— es

ALU 57 AMA
ALU’MINA, } one of the primitive ALvVr’arRy, Lat. alvearium, of alveare, a
ALU’/MINE, earths, which, as consti- ve. The auditorius externus,

tuting the plastic principle of all clays,
loams and boles, was called argil, or the
argillaceous earth, but new being. ob-
tained in greatest purity from alum, it
is called alumina. In its mixed state itis
one of the most abundant substances in
nature, but pure and unmixed it is one of
the rarest. The sapphire and ruby are
perhaps the purest native specimens of it:
these gems are simply the clay crystal-
lized and combined with small portions
of colouring matter. To obtain it pure,
it must be precipitated from alum by
means of ammonia. Thus obtained, it 1s
destitute of smell or taste, insoluble in
water, but mixes with it readily: may be
made into a ductile paste, and kneaded
into regular forms. Alumina was deemed
an elementary substance, till Sir H.
Davy’s electro-chemical researches led to
the knowledge that it is a metallic oxide,
the metallic basis of which is called alu-
minum, (q. v.). It consists of 52°94 alu-
minum, and 47°06 oxygen.

ALU‘MINITE, a mineral of a snow-white
colour, dull, opaque, and having a fine
earthy fracture. It isa native subsulphate
of alumina, and occurs chiefly in the al-
luvial strata round Halle, in Saxony.

Atv’minum, the metallic basis of alu-

It somewhat ‘* resembles pla-
tinum in powder.” Sp. gr. 13°7. The
experiments of Sir H. Davy first led to
the belief that alumina is a metallic
oxide, but it was Woehler who first suc-
ceeded in separating the metallic sub-
stance.

Atvum-s~aTe, )} 2 bluish or greenish

Atvum-scuist, § black mineral, contain-
ing more or lesg iron pyrites mixed with
coaly or bituminous matter. It occurs in
the strata of brown coal, where the upper
layers lie immediately under clay-beds.
From this schist the greater portion of the
alum manufactured in Britain is made.
Minerologists distinguish between com-
mon and glossy alum-slate.

Atum-sToneE, | Alum-stone is a mineral

Atum-rock. Jof a white colour,
sometimes inclined to grey. It occurs in
beds of a hard substance, characterised
by numerous cavities, containing drusy
crystallizations of basic alum. The beds
in which the alum-stone occurs, is called
alum-rock. Hungary yields large quan-
tities. The alum-stone contains all the
constituents of alum, being a siliceous
subsulphate of alumina and potash: the
alum-schists contain only two of them.
Clay and sulphur, convertible into sul-
phate of alumina: the alkali must be
added.

Avovta (Lat. for tanned leat\er). Leather-
stone ; a soft, pliable mineral, not lami-
nated.

the hollow of the external ear, or bottom
of the concha, where the wax is con-

tained.

Atvr‘otaRr, Lat. alveolaris. A
to the alveoli or sockets of the teeth.

Atvr’oLaTE, Lat. alveolatus. Having
i cavities, so as to resemble a honey-
comb.

AtvroLE, Lat. alveolus. <A little cavity.
Technically: 1. A cell in a honey-comb,
in a fossil, &e.——2. A socket in which
a tooth is placed.— 3. A marine fossil,
of a conical figure, eemposed of a number
of cells like a honey-comb, joined by a
tube of communication.

Atve’oLITE, a marine fossil composed of
numerous concentric beds, each formed by
the union of hemispherical cells : the body
itself is usually of a hemispherical shape.
From alveolus, and A/§es. Only one spe-
cies is known, and it occurs in the Port-
land stone.

At’vineE, Lat. alvinus. Appertaining to
the belly (alvus): usually applied in rela-
tion to the intestinal excretions.

At’vus (Lat.), the belly: used in ana-

tomy.

Aty’pon, the Globularia alypum of Lin.
It is a drastic purgative. Name, from a,
not, and Aury, pain.

Aty’sm, Lat. alysmus, of wavw, to be
anxious. The inquietude which a patient
exhibits under disease.

Atys’sum, the generic name of the plant
madwort, supposed to bea specific in cases
of hydrophobia. Class tetradidynamia,
order siliculosa. There are ten species, ail
foreign. Name, from @, not, and Avrcn,
hydrophobia.

A.M. stand for artium magister, master
of arts, the second degree given by uni-
versities and colleges, and called in some
countries doctor of philosophy. Also for
anno mundi, in the year of the world; and
ante meridiem, before noon.

A’ma, from Dan. aam, a vessel. Written
also Hama. 1. In church affairs, a vessel
tocontain the wine for the Eucharist ——
2. A wine measure of indefinite size, as a
cask, a pipe.

Amasy’R, an old British word, signify-
ing “‘ the price of virginity,’ and express-
ing a barbarous custom which formerly
prevailed in England and Wales, being a
sum of money paid to the lord when a
maid was married within his lordship.

Amacra’TIic, 7 A lens photographically

AMASTHE’NIC, § perfect, or which unites
all the chemical rays into one focus, may
be called amacratic (ua, together, and
meares, power), or amasthenic (cbeves,
force). If this nomenclature be adopted,
a diacratic or diasthenic medium be
one which transmits the chemical power

AMA

58

AMB

or force: diacratescence that quality in
virtue of which it does so, &c.—Sir J.
Herschel, Phil. Trans. 1840.

Am’apou,) Aspecies of boletus, or agaric,

Ratcned tiseed in the trunks of old
trees. especially in Germany, where it is
called nunderschwamm. According to
some, it is B. ignarius; according to
others, the B. fomentarius. Boiled in
water, dried, beaten with a mallet, and
finally impregnated with a solution of
nitre and dried, it constitutes spunk, pyro-
technic spunge, or German tinder—names
Significant of itc :~tismmability. Black
amadou is the sume aaterial impregnated
with gunpowder: this is black-match ; the
common amadou is red-match. It is used
on the Continent extensively instead of

tinder.

Aman (Sax. &, and MeqZn, force).
A nautical term, signifying to yield or let
gosuddenly. Thus, fo let go amain,is to
let fall or lower at once; and to strike
amain, ig to let fall the topsails in token
of surrender. To wave amain, is to make
@ signal to a vessel to strike its topsails.

AMAL’GAM, a compound produced by
mixing a metal, in a state of fusion, with
mercury: any metallic alloy, of which
mercury forms an essential constituent.
The term is usually derived from eue,
together, and yaéw, tomarry ; but Web-
ster, with more probability, supposes it
to be from perayun, of uarhacow, to
soften, as medallists commonly apply the
term to soft alloys.

AMALGAMA’TION, @ process by which an
amalgam is formed.

Amalgamation is extensively em-
ployed in extracting gold and silver
from certain of their ores, founded on

“the property which mercury has of
readily dissolving these metals as dis-
seminated in the minerals, and thus to
separate them from the earthy matters.

The mercury is afterwards driven off

from the amalgam by heat.

AmatruHa#’s. In mythology, a goat of
Crete alleged to have suckled Jupiter.
The horn of this goat was the magic Cornu
Copia, or horn of plenty.

Amanr’?A, a genus of fungi, some species
of which are edible, others poisonous.

Am’arantu. 1. The Amaranthus (q. v.).
——2. A colour inclined to purple.

AMARANTHA’CEX, an order of plants in
the Natural System of Jussieu: typical
genus, Amaranthus. The order compre-
hends some other dry-flowered genera.

AMARAN’THINE. 1. Resembling the ama-
ranth.——2. Purplish.

AMARAN’THUs, the Amaranth, or Flower-
Gentle: a genus of annuals, of about fifty
epecies, only one of which (and that a bad
specimen) is a native of England. Class
morexcia, order pentandria. Name, from

a, not, and wagasa, to fade; or flowers
which do not fade, commonly called
‘Everlasting Flowers.” Love-lies-bleed-
ing, Prince’s-feather, &c. are well known
in our gardens.

Ama’RINE, a Name given by some to the
bitter principle of vegetables, from ama-
rus, bitter.

AMARYLLIDA‘CEX, @ natural order of
beautiful endogenous plants, named from
its typical genus amaryllis. The greater
part of its species are bulbous plants, in-
habiting the Cape of Good Hope and the
tropical parts of both hemispheres. The
snow-drop is the most northern example.

Amaryv'ts, the lily-daffodil ; a genus of
liliaceous perennials, of about forty spe-
cies, much cultivated in flower-gardens.
Class hexandria, order ia. Named
from Amaryllis, a peasant girl, celebrated
by Theocritus and Virgil for her beauty.

Ama’t1a,a subgenus of polypi, belonging
to the Sertularia of Linnzus; it is the
name given by Lamouroux to the Sertu-
laria of Lamarck.

Amatory, from amo, to, loye.——2. In
anatomy, the oblique muscles of the eye
have been called musculi amatorii, thatis,
amatory muscles, from their use in ogling.
— Hooper.

Amavro’sis, Aavewsis, from anaveos,
obscure. A diminution or total loss of
sight, arising from a paralysis of the retina
or optic nerve, and which may exist in-
dependently of any visible lesion of the
structure of the eye, or complicated with
cataract or other affection. The disease
is usually characterised by dilatation of
the pupil and immobility of the iris, but
these are not constant symptoms. It is
also called gutta serena, the “‘ dropserene”’
of Milton. *

Am’azon, from #, without, and pagos,
breast. The Amazons are said to have
been a race of female warriors, who
founded an empire on the river Thermo-
don, in Asia Minor, on the coast of the
Euxine, and that they cut off their right
breast that it might not incommode them
in shooting and throwing the javelin.
The name was latterly conferred on some
American females, who joined their hus-
bands in attacking the Spaniards who
first visited the country. This occurredon
the banks of the Maranon; and trivial as
the circumstance is, it gave the name
Amazon to that mighty river, and Ama-
zonia to the country on its banks.

AmazonsE-stonE, | a beautiful variety

AMAZO’NIAN-STONE, j of prismatic fel-
spar of a bluish green colour, found in
rolled masses near the river Amazon.

Amparva‘Lia, religious fétes among the
Romans, to propitiate Ceres, and so called
from ambire arva, to go round the fields,
the victim being carried round the fields

—"

—— eee lL hl

AMB “59

AMB

at the proper season (the end of May), and
a biessing invoked of the goddess on the
coming harvest.

Ampas’sapbor, a minister of the highest
rank, employed by one sovereign or state,
at the court of another, to manage the
public concerns of his own government,
and representing the power and dignity
of his sovereign. Ambassadors are ordi-
nary when they reside permanently at a
foreign court, and extraordinary when
sent on a special mission. Ambassadors
are also called ministers ; but envoys are of
lower rank, and only employed on spe-
rial oceasions.—Webster pleads the au-
thority of good authors for spelling the
word embassador, more especially as the
orthography of embassy is established.—
The etymology of the word is doubtful.
We have jn Sax, ambyhtrecza, a mes-
sage-sayer ; from Goth. andbahts,aservant ;
but in the laws of Bur: dy we find
ambascia, service, and a iator, a ser-
vant, whence probably Ital. ambasciadore,
Fr. ambassadeur, and Ang. ambassador.
Spelman derives the word from Germ.
ambact, which Cesar calls ambactus, a re-
tainer, whence Norm. ambaxeur.

AMBE, } from ay, the rim or margin

Ames, /of anything. A surgical in-
strument for reducing dislocations of the
shoulders; so called, because its extre-
mity is rounded to fit into the axilla. It
is not now used.

Am’sEeR, a mineral solid of a yellow
colour of various shades; usually nearly
transparent; brittle and inodorous except
when pounded or heated ; it then emits a
fragrant odour. Ithas considerable lustre ;
becomes negatively and powerfully elec-
trical by friction; is found in nodules
varying from the size of coarse sand to
balls of several pounds weight. Sp. gr.
107 to 1°08. Constituents, carbon 70°68,
oxygen 7°77, and hydrogen 11°62, which is
so nearly the composition of vegetable
resin, that it is now regarded as fossil
resin by chemists generally. It often
contains the remains of certain families
of insects, as hymenoptera, diptera, co-
leoptera, and sometimes, though rarely,
lepidoptera. When distilled, it yields an
empyreumatic oil and an acid sublimate,
which has received the name of succinic
acid. The name is from Sp. ambar, from
Ar. ambaron. Mostofthe amber imported
into this country is brought from the
Raltic. Amber is chiefly used for orna-
mental purposes; it is cut, for instance,
into beads for necklaces; it is also used
jn the manufacture of varnish. The sub-
stance called fossil copal, which closely
resembles amber, contains no succinic
acid, and is much less soluble in alcohol.

Am’percris. Fr. ambre and gris, that is,
Qruy amber. & solid opaque ash-coloured

fatty inflammable snbstance, yvariegaecd
like marble ; remarkably light, rugged va
its surface, and when heated, it has a

it odour. It breaks easily, but
cannot be reduced to powder; melts like
wax, does not effervesce with acids, is
soluble in ether and the volatile oils, and,
assisted by heat, in alcohol, ammonia,
and the fixed oils. It is found generally
in small, but sometimes in large masses of
250 lb. floating on the sea, near the coasts
of India, Africa, and Brazil. There has
been much diversity of opinion regarding
its origin—some supposing it to be a
vegetable, others a mineral production,
but it is now known to be a concretion
discharged from -the intestines of the
spermaceti whale (physeter macrocephalus),
in which it is found abundantly on open-
ing the animal. It is probably a pro-
duct of disease. It is chiefly used in
perfumery, the odour being exceedingly
diffusive. The name is sometimes cor-
ruptly written ambergrease.

AmMBIDEX’TER, Lat. from ambo, both, and
dexter, the right hand. In law, a juror
who takes money from both parties for
giving his verdict.

Amsi’GEnat, from Lat. ambi, about, and
geno,a produce. In geometry, a term ap-
plied to one of the triple hyperbolas of
the second order, haying one of its infinite
legs falling within an angle formed by the
asymptotes, and the other without.

AmeBrcu, Fr., from Lat. ambiguus,
doubtful. A feast or entertainment con-
sisting of a medley of dishes.

Amesir, Lat. ambitus,a circuit. In geo-
metry, the perimeter of a figure; the pe-
riphery or circumference of a circular

y-

Am’s1TUvs, Lat. from ambio, to encompass.
1. In conchology, the outline of the valves
of a shell.—2. In politics, a term used
by the ancient Romans to designate can-
vassing for office, by soliciting the suf-
frages of electors.

Am’sLE, Fr. from ambler, to walk. In
the manége, the pace of a horse when his
two legs on one side move at the same

me.

AmBLIGon, [fom auberus, obtuse, and

AmBLy’Gcon, § yovia, an angle. An ob-
tuse angled triangle ; a triangle with one
angle more than 90°.

AMBLIG’ONITE, ' a massive, crystallised,

AMBLYG’ONITE, f greenish coloured mi-
neral, which frequently occurs in granite
alone, with green topaz and tourmaline,
near Penig, in Saxony. Name from
apbrAvywvios, obtuse-angled, in reference
to the form of its crystals, which ar:
oblique, four-sided prisms.

Amswo’ric, Gr. auCawcis, abortive.
Having the power to cause abortion.

AMAure’PY, Lat. amblyopia, from xt

AMB

AME

Crawaia of aCauvs, dull, and a), the eye.
Incipient amaurosis; defect of sight,
without apparent defect of the organs of
vision.

Amp.yruyn’cuus, Gr. awPaus, obtuse,
and guyyos, snout. A genus of marine
lizard. “The A. cristatus is the only marine
lizard now known. It is found on the
shores of the Galapagos Islands.

AMBLYTE’RES, a genus of phyllophagii
(leaf-eating insects).

Ampiyte'rvus, Gr. awSavs, obtuse, and
wrtgov, a fin. A genus of fossil fishes,
which occur in the strata of the carboni-
ferous order. Their teeth are small and
numerous, and set closely together, like a
rush. They are besides characterised by
rounded pectoral and ventral fins, from
which they take their generic name.

Am’son, «Cov, a boss or knob. In
anatomy, the margin of a socket in which
the head of a bone is lodged.

Am’prEapA, a sort of factitious amber
which the Europeans sell to the Africans.

Am’BREATE, a salt formed by the com-
bination of the ambreic acid with a
base.

Am’sreic Acrp. Ambreic acid is a pro-
duct obtained by heating ambreine with
nitric acid.

Am’BREINE, a fragrant substance ex-
tracted from ambergris, by digestion with
alcohol. It is obtained in white tufts,
which fuse at 100°.

Ampro’sta, Awogooia, immortality. In
mythology, the food of the gods: hence
whatever is pleasant to the taste or smell.
The name has been given to many alexi-
pharmic preparations, and to several
plants, as tansy, botrys, &c. It is also
the name of an American genus of plants
of the class monecia, and order pentan-
dria. They are chiefly valued for their
flosculous flowers.

Ampro’sIan, pertaining to St. Ambrose.
‘The Ambrosian ritual is a formula of
worship in thechurch of Milan, instituted
by St. Ambrose in the fourth century.
The Ambrosian chant was also composed
for that church by St. Ambrose; it is dis-
tinguished from the Gregorian chant by
monotony and want of beauty in its
melody.

Amsro’sIn, a coin of the middie ages,
struck by the Dukes of Milan; on which
St. Ambrose was represented on horse-
back, with a whip in his right hand.

Amputa’cra, Lat. ambulacrum, an alley.
The narrow longitudinal portions of the
shell of the sea-urchin (echinus), which
give passage through their perforations
to the tentacular suckers.

AmBuLant, Lat. ambulans, wandering.
Ambulant brokers, at Amsterdam, are
certain exchange-brokers, or agents, who

are not sworn, and whose evidence is not
received in courts of justice.

AmButa’TIon, Lat. ambulo, tu walk. In
surgery, the spreading of a gangrene.

AmBULA’TOR, in entomology, # species of
Lamia.

AmBEvLato’RrEs, Lat. plural of ambulator,
awanderer. The name given by Illiger
to an order of birds nearly correspondirg
to the Passeres of Linnzus.

AMBULATORY, not stationary; e. g. an
ambulatory court, which exercises its
jurisdiction in different places ; an ambu-
latory will, which may be revoked at
pleasure, before the person’s death.——
2. Formed for walking, e. g. the term is
applied to the feet of birds, when the toes
are placed three before and one behind,
as in the lark.

Am’BURY, } in farriery, a tumour, wart,

An’sury, J or swelling on a horse: it is
soft to the touch, and full of blood.

Ame’DIANns, a religious sect who styled
themselves the amati Deo, the beloved of
God. The name is compounded of amo,
to love, and Deus, God.

Aw’EL, the old word for enamel, (q. v.)-

AMELAN’CHIER, a genus of shrubaceous
plants, class icosandria, order pentagynia.
There is one European species and three
American.

Amet’tvs, the starwort ;a genus of plants,
class syngenesia, order pol. superfiua.
Named from the flos amellus of Virgil, but
it isnot the same. There are three spe~-
cies, natives of the Cape of Good Hope
and America.

A™eEn. This word, with slight differ-
ences of orthography, is in all the dialects
of the Assyrian stock. As a verb, it signi-
fies to confirm or establish, to trust or
give confidence; asa noun, truth, firmness, —
trust, confidence. In English, after the
oriental manner, it is used at the begin-
ning, but more generally at the end of
declarations and prayers, in the sense—be
it firm, be it established.

AmEN’D, ) In France, the amende ho-

AmeEn’DE. J norable is an infamous pu-
nishment (imposed for any false prosecu-
tion or groundless appeal), inflicted on
traitors, parricides, and sacrilegious per-
sons. The culprit is delivered into the
hands of the executioner, who strips
to the shirt, puts a rope about his neck,
and a taper into his hand: he is then led
into the court, and begs pardon of God,
the king, the court, and the country. For
smaller offences, this is the amount of the
punishment, but in some cases it is a
prelude to banishment to the galleys, or
even to death. The simple amende ho-
norable consists merely in anacknowledg-
ment and recantation in open court,
bareheaded and kneeling, of the offence
committed. .

AMEN’DMENT, Lat. emendo. of menda,@

AME.

61

AMM

fault. In law, the correction of an error
in a writ or process. In parliament, a
word, clause, or paragraph added to, or
proposed to be added to, a bill.

Amenor’RH@A, from a, neg. “yy, a
month, and gew, to flow. Morbid irregu-
larity of the menstrual discharge, a
disease of which there are two species,
emansio mensium, and suppressio mensium.

AMENT, Lat. amentum, a thong. In
botany, a catkin ; a species of inflorescence
consisting of a simple peduncle, covered
with numerous chaffy scales, under which
are the flowers or parts of fructification,
exemplified in the poplar, birch, willow,
beech, &c. >

AmeEnta’cExZ, amentaceous plants; a
natural order, comprehending all such as
have catkins or amenta. As this order
was found to comprise plants of different
kinds of structure, it has been broken up
into several others.

Amenta’cEovs, having an amentor cat-
kin; belonging to the order amentacee:
growing in an ament.

AmeENTIA, Lat. amens, deprived of mind.
Idiotism.

Amen’tuM, Latin of ament, (q. Vv.) ; called
also julus, nucamentum, catulus; also a
name of the alumen scissum.

. Awer’ceEMENT, | Fr. merci. A pecu-

AmeER’CEAMENT, / niary punishment in-

on an offender, at the discretion
(mercy) of the court. It differs from
a fine, which is a fixed sum prescribed
by statute, whereas the amercement is
arbitrary. It has now, however, become
common to enact that the offender shall
be jimed at the discretion of the court,and
thus the jine being rendered indefinite,
the w has in a measure superseded
amercement (written in old law-books
amerciament).—Amercement-royal is a pe-
nalty imposed upon an officer for a misde-
meanour in his office.

AMERIM’NUM, a genus of shrubaceous
plants of two species. Class diadelphia,
order ndria. Natives of the West
Indies and South America.

AmerTapo’Lia, ametabolians. A division
of insects which do not undergo any
metamorphosis. Hence the name, from qa,
without, and wera Born, change.

Aw’eruyst, Gr. &ibveros, from a,
priv. and tbicxm, to be inebriated.
1. In mineralogy, a subspecies of rhombo-
hedral quartz: it is merely coloured rock
crystal. Its colour resembles that of the
violet, and when perfect it is considered a

em of exquisite beauty; but the colour
§ sometimes confined to one part of the
stone, while the other is left almost co-
lourless. This is the amethyst proper: it
is called by lapidaries the occidental ame-

thyst, in distinction to the oriental amethyst,
2 variety of rhombohedral corundum of

the most perfect violet colour and extra-
ordinary brilliancy and beauty.—The
ancients supposed that wine drank out of
an amethystine cup did not produce in-
toxication.——2. In heraldry, a purple
colour. It is the same in a nobleman's
escutcheon, as purpure in a gentleman’s,
and mercury in that of a prince.

AmIAn’TH, Gr. amiaveros, undefiled.

Amian’ruvs; ) Mountain-flax or earth-
flax: a mineral of which there are seve-
ral varieties, all more or less fibrous,
flexile, and elastic. The colour is usu-
ally grayish or greenish white, not unlike
flax or unspun silk. It is incombustibie,
and anciently was woven into cloth,
which when soiled was put into the fire,
which cleaned it better than washing.
Pliny states that its principal use was to
wrap the bodies of the dead, previous to
their being exposed on the funeral pile,
that the ashes of the corpse might not be
mixed with those of the wood. Amian-
thine cloth, however, was very scarce,
and was sold at an enormous price. Ami-
anth includes the finer varieties of as-
bestos (q.v.) It is found in great profusion

Corsica, and many other places, espe-
cially in Germany.

AMIAN’THINITE, aN amorphous variety
of actinolite, having an amianthine or
fibrous fracture.

AmranTHorpe, from amianth and sidog,
form. A mineral, in long capillary fila-
ments of an olive-green, found at Osians
in France.

Amian’tus, the same with amianthus or
amianth (q.v.) tus is the correct,
but not the received, orthography.

Amicre, Lat. amictus, clothed. The
square piece of linen cloth which the Ca-
tholic priest ties about his neck, hanging
down under the alb, when he officiates at

mass. é

Amr, from & and M159, the middle.
Amid-ships is a nautical phrase signifying
the middle of a ship with regard to her
length and breadth.

A’mipIneE, the soluble basis of starch.
Fr. amidon, starch. When starch has beer
gelatinized in water, it is converted into
amidine, which is soluble in cold water ;
but, according to Raspail, starch consists
of a vesicle which he terms amidine, anc
of a soluble matter contained within the
vesicle, which he terms amidin.

AMIRANTE, in Spain, a high officer an-
swering to our lord high-admiral.

Amma, Auun. In surgery, a girdle
or truss used in ruptures: written also

Hamma.
Am’man, 2 in the German and Belgie
Am’MANT, § polity, a judge who has cog-
nizance in civil cases. In France, a notary
public. Germ. amtmann, the root of

which is ampt, office, charge.

AMM 62 AMN
Am’m1, Bishop’s-weed, a genus of umbel- | called diamond cement. It is called aiso
liferous plants of four species. Class pen- | gum-ammoniac, and is latinised ammonia-

tandria, order digynia. Warm climates.
Name, from a2j2o¢, sand, in reference to
the appearance of its seeds, which are
used extensively as an ingredient of the-

riaca.

AmmiITeE, from ewes, sand, and Aibos,
stone, sand-stone; the roe-stone or oolite
of recent authors. Written also Hammite.

AMMO’BATES, a genus of honey-making
bees (apiarie). They belong to the Cucu-
line of Latreille.

AMMOCHRY’SE, xUMoxeuTos- A yellow
soft stone found in Germany. In the time
of Pliny it was used, when ground to
powder, to strew over writing like black
sand with us. It is probably a micaceous
sulphuret.

Am’mopyTe, the sand-eel. The ammo-
dytes belong to the order malacopterygii
apodes of Cuvier. The name is also com-
mon to a small African serpent of the
viper tribe, and to a large venomous ser-
pent of Ceylon.

Am’mon, the title under which Jupiter
was worshipped in Libya. “‘ Ammon was
originally a Libyan deity adopted by the
Greeks.”” The name seems derived from
@uyes, sand, and the situation of the
celebrated temple, in an oasis surrounded
by desert, further justifies this etymology.

AmmonaceEa, according to the arrange-
ment of De Blainville, a family of the
order polythalamacea: it embraces the
genera discerbis, scaphites, ammonites,
andsimplegas. In the Lamarckian system,
the ammonacea is a family of the order
polythalamous cephalopoda, embracing
the genera of ammonites, ammonoceras,
baculites, and turrilites.

Ammo’n14, a chemical compound, other-
wise called the volatile alkali, and which,
in an uncombined state, and under ordi-
nary atmospheric pressure, exists in the
state of a highly pungent gas, possessing
all the mechanical properties of air, but
very condensable in water, with which it
forms the water of ammonia, aqgua-ammo-
nia, or spirit of hartshorn of the shops. It
is called ammonia from its being chiefly
obtained from sal ammoniac; volatile al-
kali, from its being an alkaline gas; harts-
horn, from its having been originally
obtained by distillation from the horn of
the hart. Its constituents are three vols.
hydrogen, and one vol. of nitrogen, con-
densed into two vols. By strong com-
pression it becomes a liquid of sp. gr. 76.

AmmMo’NIAC, gum-resin, the inspissated
‘juice of an umbelliferous plant (the do-
yvema armeniacum) which grows in Persia.
It possesses a fetidsmell and bitterish taste.
It is imported in large masses, composed
of small whitish tears. It is used in me-
dicine, and in making the substance

cum. Pliny says that it takes its name
from its being produced in the vicinity of
the temple of Jupiter Ainmon in Africa.

Am’mMoniTE, snake-stone, or serpent-stone,
or cornu- - Ammonis. The Ammonites con-
stitute an extensive genus of fessil sheils,
allied to the Nautili, which inhabit cham-
bered shells curved like a coiled snake.
They are very abundant in the strata of
the secondary mountains, varying from
the size of a lentil to that of a coach-
wheel. M. Brochant enumerates 270 spe-
cies. They appear to have been aimost
universally distributed in the ancient
world. They are found at an elevation
of 16,000 feet on the Himalaya Mountains,
and are so plentiful in some parts of
Germany as to be broken for mending
roads. They belong to the cephalopodous
order of Mollusca, and take their name
from their resemblance to the horns on
the statues of Jupiter Ammon.

AMMONI'TID2, a family of Cephalopods,
with chambered syphoniferous shells, and
distinguished from the other Ammonites
by the septa being sinuous.

Ammo’Nium. Sir H. Davy gave this name
to what he believed to be the metallic
basis of ammonia. According to the hy-
pothesis of Berzelius, ammonium consists
of 1 vol. of nitrogen and 4 vols. of hydrogen,

MO’NIURET, a compound of ammonia
and any substance not acid, as a metallic
oxide. ’

AMMONOCE’RAS, From Ammon, and

AMMONOCE’RATITES. zéens, a horn.
Ammon’s-horn, a genus of fossil shelis
resembling the Ammonites in their in-
ternal structure; but they are simply
curved, instead "of being spirally con-
volute.

Ammo’PHILA, sea-reed, marum, or mat-
weed. A genus of the class triandria, and
order digynia. Named from euwmos, sand,
and ¢s20¢, a lover; in allusion to its being
generally found on sandy sea-shores; in
consequence of which habit, it is exten-
sively employed in Norfolk and Holland
for preserving the banks of sand which
protect those countries from the inroads
of the sea.

Am’nton, Am’ntos. The membrane of
the ovum, which immediately surrounds
the foetus: it lines the sep oa covers
the placenta, and is reflected on the um-
bilical cord, which it invests as far as the
umbilicum, where it terminates. From
apeyvioy, Which primarily meant a vessel
for receiving the blood of the victims at
sacrifices, and came afterwards to mean
the membrane described.

Aw’nios. In botany, a thin, semitrans-
parent, gelatinous membrane, in which
the embryo of a seed is suspended wheu

AMP 63

AMP

it fifst appears. It seems to afford nou-
‘rishment to the embryo in its earlier

stages. The term is commonly derived
from avio¢, a lamb, in reference to the
softness of the membrane.

Amniotic Acip, an acid formerly sup-
posed to be peculiar to the liquor amnii
of the cow, but now known to belong to
the liquor ailantois. ALLANTOIC.

Amo’muM, a genus of perennials, of 13
species, one of which (A. Granum Para-
Gisii), produces the Grains of Paradise or
Great Cardamom seeds; and the root of
another (A. Zingiber) is the ginger of
commerce. Class monandria, order mono-
gynia. Hot climates—Africa and Asia.
Name, auapoy, from Ar. hamaama, of
hamma, to warm, in reference to the
pungent aromatic qualities of the plants.

Amo’rpuia, false or bastard indigo. A
genus of American shrubaceous plants, of
ten species, from some of which a coarse
kind of indigo is made. Class diadelphia,
order decandria. Name, from &, without,
and en; form, in reference to its irre-

gular stems.

Amor’PHOUS, shapeless, from we woe hos
of «, without, and (0G, form. Applied
to bodies which have no determinate
form, or whose forms cannot easily be
dein

AmorTIzA/TION, ) Lat. ad, and mors,

Amo’RTIZEMENT,/ death. The act or
right of alienating property to corpora-
tions, which was formerly regarded as
transferring them to dead hands, as such
alienations were mostly made to religious
houses for superstitious purposes.

AmortisE, | Lat. ad, and mors, death.

Amortize, ! To alienate in Mortmain.
See AMORTIZATION and MorTMAIN.

Am’pac, an East Indian tree which af-

s fords an odoriferous resin.

AmPELI'DE%. In botany, another name
of the natural order Vitacee. From
“urt)o¢, & Vine.

‘Ao'PELITE, a mineral of which there
are two varieties, the aluminous and
graphic. The first is the alum-slate, and
the latter the graphic-slate. The name is
sometimes applied to the species of slaty
coal which in England is called cannel-
coal,and in Scotland parrot-coal. The term
is from wurtros,& vine, being anciently
the name of a bituminous matter with
which husbandmen anointed their vines
to destroy worms.

Ampetosac’r1a, the wild vine (Bryonia
ryt from aurtios, a vine, and ayesos,

AmpuiartTaro’sis, from «¢}, both, and
aefewois, arthrosis. A mixed kind of

audobletion; which partakes of the nature

both of f diarthrosis and synarthrosis : the
articular surfaces of the bones are united

by anint diate subst ina manner
which admits of asmall degree of motion.

Amputsia, from &9?, both, and Pos,
life. In the system of Linnaeus, the third
class of animals. The lungs differ essen-
tially from those of animals of the classes
mammalia and aves. Their heart has but
one ventricle ; their blood is red andcold,
and they can for a considerable time sus-
pend respiration, so as to live under water.
Their body is covered with a shell, with
scales, or is quite naked. They have
neither hair, mammez, feathers, nor ra-
diated fins. They are divided into reptiles
and serpents, and are either oviparous,
or viviparous. In the system of Cuvier, the
third tribe of carnivorous mammalia.
Their feet are so short and so enveloped
in the skin, that the only service they can
render them on land is to enable them to
crawl; but as the intervals of the fingers
are occupied by membranes, they are
excellent oars ; and, in fact, these animals
pass the greater portion of their time in
the veeat never landing, except for the
purpose of basking in the sun, and suck-
ling their young. Their elongated body ;
their very moveable spine, which is pro-

vided with muscles that very strongly
flex it; their narrow pelvis, their short
hair that adheres closely to their skin,—
all unite to render them good swimmers,
and all the details of their anatomy con-
firm these indicia. We have as yet dis-
tinguished two genera only, phoca (the
seal), and trichechus (the morse).

AmPuisious, &ugiGios, capable of two
modes of life. This term is variously
applied. 1. To animals which, at one
period of their existence, live entirely in
water, breathing by means of gills, and
at another respire air, and are frequently
on land; e. g. frogs.——2. To
which respire air, but are capable of re-
maining Pee water for a length of

time; e.g. seals——3. To animals of
the class (Lin.) or tribe (Cuv.) amphibia
(q. ¥.).——4. To plants which grow in-
differently on dry land or in the water;
e.g. Polygonum amphibium.

AM’PHIBOLE, &2GiPoAos, thename given
by Haiiy to the Hemi-prismatic Augite-
spar of Mohs. The varieties are Horn-
blende, Actinolite, and Tremolite. The
name is more particularly referable to
the first.

AMPHIBOLITE, a general name for all
trap rocks, which have amphibole for
their bases.

Ampuisra’cH, Lat. amphibrachus, from
aos, both, and Beaxos, short. In poetry,
a foot of three syllables, the middle one
long, and the first and third short, as in
the word habere.

Ampuico’ma, a genus of anthobii, from
az , around, and zou, hair, in refer-

AMP

64

AMP

ence to the frequent covering with which
the species are invested.

AmpuHico’ms, 2 kind of figure-stone,
anciently used in divination, and called
erevylos, on account of its supposed power
of exciting love. Name eugs, both, and
zoun, hair.

Ampuic’ryons, council of. In history,
ar. assembly of deputies from the different
states of Greece, which met sometimes at
Thermopyle. but generally at Delphi;
30 named because established by king
Araphictyon. ;

Ampuin’g£0n, Aygideov, from augidew,
te bind round. In anatomy, a name of
tke os uteri.

AMPHIDES’MA, a genus of bivalve shells
belonging to the Tellining of Swainson.
Name from ‘aug and decane, of dew, to
bind.

AMPHIDIARTHRO'sIs, from wugs, both,
and BieeeBewoss » diarthrosis. A name
given to the articulation of the lower
jaw with the os temporis, because it par-
takes both of the nature of ginglymus
and arthrodia.

AMPHIGAMOUS PLANTS, the most imper-

fect of all plants—having no trace what-
ever of sexual organs: hence the name
from aos, doubtful, and yemos, mar-
riage.
Ampur’cenit, Gr. aug and yéyos. Tra-
pezoidal zeolite, or leucite, called also
Vesuvian. This mineral occurs in im-
bedded grains or crystals in the more
ancient lavas.

Am’PHIHEXAHEDRAL from aug and
hexahedral. A term applied to crystals
which have two hexahedral outlines,
when counted in two directions.

Ampuima’cer, from augimaxeos, long
eneach side. In poetry, a foot of three
syllables, the middie one short, and the
other two long; e. g. glaténare.

Ampui’PNEvsts, the name given by
Merrem to a tribe of reptiles, compre-
hending such as have both lungs and gills;
from augis, on both sides, and zyzw, to
breathe. The tribe comprehends the true
amphibia, or perennibranchiate amphi-
yods; the third order of crustacea in
Latreille’s arrangement, comprehending
such as have subcaudal natatory feet,
with sessile eyes. Name from agus,
on both sides, and ous, a foot.

AmpuiPrRo'styLe, from eg, double,
eo, before, and gryAes, a column. A
temple, or house, having four columns in
front and four behind, or two fronts ; but
without columns at the sides.

AMPHISB#’NA, } from wugis, both ways,

AMPHISBE'NA,? and Paiyw, to go. A
genus of opidian reptiles of South Ame-
yica. They feed on insects, and are often

Yound in ant-hills, which has given rise
to the notion that the large ants are their
purveyors. There are two species, both
oviparous, and not poisonous. They have
the power of moving with either head or
tail foremost: hence the name,

AMPHI'SCII, from augs, on both

AmpPHIscIans,!sides and g¢xzin, @
shadow. In geography, the inhabitants
of the torrid zone, whose shadows at one
part of the year fall on the north, and at
another on the south, according as the
sun at noon is south or north of their
zenith.

AMPHITHE’ATRE, from eugs, a round,
and Sergey, a theatre. 1. An elliptical
building among the ancients, having seats
entirely round, and an arenain the middle
where spectacles were exhibited. Some
amphitheatres, as the Coliseum at Rome,
could accommodate from 50,000 to 80,006
persons.—2. In gardening, a disposition
of shrubs, &c. in the form of an amphi-
theatre on 2 declivity, or forming such by
placing them in the order of their growth.

AMPHITRI'TE, augireiry, A genus of
Tubicola, of the class annulata, easily re-
cognised by the golden-coloured sete,
arranged like a crown. Hence named
ApGgireirn, or the goddess of the sea. The
A. auricoma inhabits the south coast of
England; its tube is conical, and two
inches long; formed of grains of sand ag-
glutinated together by a sort of mucus
which exudes through the skin.

AmpuHo’RA. The Roman amphora con-
tained 8 congios or 48 sextarii = 74 imp.
gallons. The Grecian agogevs Was
equal to 28% gallons. The Venetian am-
phoro contained 14 quarts. The capacity
of the old ambra of England is not known.
The measure takes its name from havin
two handles ; ags, on both sides, an
Gégw, to carry, augogsos, two-handled,
——2. The amphora is frequently repre-
sented in architectural decoration. It is
represented as a vase with two handles.

AMPLEX’ICAUL, Lat. amplevicaulis, Clasp-
ing (amplexus), the stem (caulis) : applied to
leaves, the bases of which project on each
side, so as to clasp the stem with their.
lobes.

Amptex’ts, Lat. for embracing, from
amplecto,to embrace. In natural history,
a fossil resembling a coral, found in the
Dublin limestone. Itis nearly cylindrical,
divided into chambers by numerous trans-
verse septa, which embrace each other
with reflected margins.

Amp.Lia’‘TION, Lat. ampliatio, enlarge-
ment. In Roman law, postponement of @
decision, to obtain further evidence.

Am’PLITUDE, Lat. amplitudo, to enlarge,
largeness. In astronomy, an are inter-
cepted between the east and west points

AMY 65

ANA

of the horizon, and the point of the same
circle on which the centre of the sun or
star appears in rising or setting, on any
particular day, is called the amplitude of
the sun or star for that day, and so is
either eastern or western, or technically,
ortive at rising, and occiduous or occasive at
setting. The distances of the points of
rising or setting from east and west, as
shown by the compass, is called the mag-
netic amplitude, and the difference
between this and the true amplitude is
the variation of the compass, or the am-
plitude of azimuth, and is found by the
azimuth-compass. The amplitude of the
range of a projectile is the horizontal line
+ sae rar the path of the body, or the

line which measures the distance it has
moved.

Ampvtr’ta, literally, a large-bellied
bottle. 1. In chemistry, any bellied vessel,
as a bolt-head, receiver, cucurbit.——2.
In anatomy, the dilated part of the mem-
branaceous semicircular canals of the ear.
—3. In botany, a small membranaceous

attached to the roots and the im-
m leaves of some aquatic plants,
them buoyant.——4. In patho-

logy, the same with Bulla (q. v.).

Ampvuttace’ra, from ampulla,a bellied
bottle; the name given by M. Quoy to a
genus of Turbide, to which Swainson
gives the name Thallicera.

AmputtariA, from ampulla, a dellicd
bottle, a river shell of warm climates,
called the apple-snail, from the form of
the shell. It belongs to the trochoid fa-
mily of Cuvier, but Swainson places it
among the Turbidz or marine snails.

AmPULLARI'N2, from ampulla a bellied
eel a sub-family of Turbide, “ most

e the -snails; theyare generally
7 <aared e spire is very short, and the
bog whorl enormous.” Their typical
genus is the ampuillaria.

An’uLer, Lat. amuletum, from amolior,
to repel. gem, stone, piece of metal,
paper, or other substance, usually in-
scribed with mystical characters, words,
sentences, numbers, or other devices,
commonly worn suspended from the neck,
or carried about the person, from a belief
that it had the power of averting evil, as
witchcraft, poverty, &c.; orof conferring
some particular gift, ass , courage,
eloquence, &c. Amulets are distinct from
prophilactics, which were supposed to
prevent disease.

AMYGDALA, auvydadry 1. The fruit of
the almond-tree (Amygdalus communis).

The tonsils are called amygdala,

pe.
onc ge barre in botany, on “ i
ee eee of whic e
iy aegis i type. The peach,
Stam, and oun Je vexneaples.

Amyepato'Ip, from’ guvydérse, am
almond, and ¢jdos, likeness. 1. As a
name, toadstone: a volcanic or igneous
rock, of any composition, contain
nodules of other minerals embedd
plentifully in it: “cellular volcanic rock,
pge its cells occupied with nodules of

substance.”——2. As an ad-
feative, almond-shaped.

Amye’patus, the generic name of the
almond-tree, of which there afte eight
species, mostly natives of Asia. Class
icosandria, order monogynia. Name
avydadcy, an almond.

Amy.a’crous, pertaining r possess-
ing the properties of, starch emule).

Amy’Lic, amylaceous. Amylie acid is
obtained from starch by distillation with
peroxide of manganese.

AMYLI'NE, a substance between gum
and starch, called also amidine.

AMYRALDISM, the erie: of universal
grace, as explained by Amyraldus or
Amyrault, of France, in the 17th cen-

tury.

Amy’ris, the generic name ofthe balsam-
tree, of which there are several species,
all natives of the hotter climates. Class
octandria, order monogynia. Named from
apeueov, odorous ointment, in the compo-
sition of which it is much used. Gum-
elemi is obtained from an American spe-
cies (A. elemifera), and the balm of Gilead
from the A. ,» which grows in

Abyssinia and Arabia.

Ana. 1. In medical prescriptions means
“of each.” See A.——2. As an affix to
names of celebrated ns, ana denotes
a collection of their memorable sayings,
anecdotes of them, extracts from their
works, &c.

ANABAP’TISTS, @ sect who hold the doc-
trine ofthe validitv of infant baptism,and
the necessity of rebaptization at an adult
age; and who maintain that baptism
ought to be performed by immersion.

An’aBas, the paneiri or tree-climber; a
peculiar acanthopterygious fish common
in India, which, it is asserted, not only
leaves the water, but climbs trees on the
banks of rivers: hence its name from
avalaive, to ascend.

An’aBLEPs, a genus of malacopterygious
fishes which inhabit the coast of Surinam.
They are characterized by a remarkable
projection of the eyes, and a still more
singular structure of the cornea and
iris, from which there results two pupils,
and the eyes appear to be double on each
side. They have, however, but one cry-
stalline lens, nog ee vitreous humour, and one
retina. Name from avaSAsrw, to raise
the eyes.

ANACAM’PEROS, & genus of shrubscosun

plants of ten species, belonging to the
Cape Of Good Hope.” Claas dedecandirtins
F

ANA

66

ANA

order monogynia. Named from the Greek
VAR CLEC OS »

Anaca’mprics, from aya, back, and
xajrrw,to bend. That branch of optics
now Called catoptrics (q. v.).

ANACAN’THES, a genus of chondroptery-
gious fishes; from aya, and sayfa, a
spine, being covered with spines.

ANACARDIA’CEX, a natural order of exo-
genous plants, of which the cashew-nut
(Anacardium occidentale),is the type. The
marking-nut, Burmen varnish, mastich,
pistacio nuts, and sumach, are all pro-
duced by species of this order.

Anacar’pium, the cashew-nut ; a genus
of the class enneandria, and order mono-

ia. There are two species, the acajou
or acajuba (A. occidentale), the oil of the
nut of which is a good marking ink; and
the Malacca bean (A. orientale). Name from
ava, resembling, and zagdsa, a heart, in
allusion to the form of the fruit.

Anactas’Tic, refracting, from aye,
backwards, and zAacis, a breaking. <An-
aclastic glasses are sonorous glasses, made
chiefly in Germany. They resemble in-
verted funnels, with very thin convex
bottoms. On drawing outa little air by
applying the mouth to the orifice, the
bottom springs into a concave form with
a sort of crash, and again, by blowing into
them, the bottom with a like noise springs
into its convex form. These glasses are
used to show the elasticity of glass.

Awnactas’tics. See ANactastic. The old
name for that branch of optics which
treats of refracted light, and which is now
called dioptrics (q. rm

AnacoLu’rHON, Gr. evazoAsvioy, some-
thing which does not follow. A gramma-
tical term denoting the want of sequence
among the members of a sentence.

ANACON’DA, } a name given in Ceylon to

Anacon’po, J a large snake, a species of
boa, “ which is said to devour travellers.”
Its flesh is much esteemed as food. The
name is Ceylonese, and means the great
snake.

ANACREON’rIc. The anacreontic verse
consists of three feet and a half, usually
spondees and iambics, but sometimes

ts—An anacreontic is a poem in
anacreontic verse.

Awnapipto’sis from aye and dirdvos,
double, duplication. A rhetorical figure,
consisting in the repetition of the last
word or words in a line or clause of a
sentence, as,

“He retained his virtues amid all his

isfort isfort which” &e.

2. Among physicians, the reduplication of
a paroxysm in agues of a double type.
Awnacat'tis, the herb pimpernel, of
which theré are two British species; one
of which is called the poor man’s weather-

glass. Class pentandria, order monogynia,
Named from ayaytAaw, tolaugh ; because,
says Pliny, it excites pleasure; and, ac-

cording to Dioscorides, because it cures
bilious disorders.
An’AGLYPH, from aye, upon, and

yavgw, to engraye., An embossed or
chased ornament, usually of metal and
worked in relief. When raised on stone,
the anaglyph becomes a cameo: when
sunk, an intaglio.

Anacnos’ta, Lat. from avayworxw,
to read. A domestic servant employed by
the wealthy Romans to read to them
during meals. The old clergy continued
the custom and the name.

ANAGOGE, pen: ava, upwards, and

Anacocy, J ayw, to lead. In theology,
amode of interpreting the Bible, whereby
the text is turned from its literal sense to
signify something of a morespiritual and
mysterious nature. ;

An’acram, from aya and yeaumua,
aletter. A transposition of the letters of
a name, by which a new wordor sentence
is formed; e.g. Horatio Nelson becomes
Honor est a Nilo.

An/acraPH, fromaya, upon, and yeaga,
to write. A transcription, inventory,
register, prescription, anagram, commen-~

ANAGYRIS, avayueis, bean-trefoil. A
genus of shrubaceous plants, natives of
the southern parts of Europe. Class de-
candria, order monogynia.

Anat, Lat. analis, pertaining to the
anus ; e.g. the anal jin is that between
the vent and the tail. The anal valves of
certain of the cephalopods are intended
for the defence of the terminal orifice of
the intestines.

Anat’cIME, cubic zeolite, called also
cubizite. A stone which is found chiefly
in the cavities of amygdaloidal rocks, re-
gularly crystallised, in angulo-granular
concretions, and massive. It is remark-
able as having no cleavage lines: each
crystal is composed in a singular manner
of 24 solids, all symmetrically arranged
with respect to the axes of the icosatetra-
hedron, and each of them possessing a
separate optical structure and double re-
fraction. It is rendered feebly electrical
by heat, whence its name, from avaAzis,
feeble. é

AnatEem’ma, Lat. from ayarnuua,
altitude. 1. In geometry,a projection of the
sphere on the plane of the meridian, or-
thographically made by straight lines,
circles, and ellipses, the eye being sup-
posed at an infinite distance, and in the
east or west points of the horizon.——2.
An instrument of wood or brass, upon
which an analemmatic projection is
drawn, with a horizon and cursor fitted

ANA

«7

ANA

to it, in which the solstitial colure, and all
eircses parallel to it, are concentric cir-
eles ; all circles oblique to the eye are
eflipses ; and all circles, whose planes pass
ee the eye, straight lines. The use

f the instrument is to show the comm..3
Gaireenaieal problems, which it does very
imperfectly.

Anatepr’sy, from ayartauSavw, to re-
cover. A species of epileptic attack, of
sudden and frequent occurrence, but not
reckoned dangerous.

Anavocy, Gr. avaroyia, Of avadroyos,
according to rule. A certain relation or
agreement between things in some cir-
cumstances or effects, when the things are
otherwise entirely different, and which in
reasoning serve to explain or illustrate,
but not to demonstrate. Thus, there is
an analogy between plants and
in so far as both grow and decay. In
matters of experience analogy is one of
the principal bases of reasoning.

Awnatysis, Gr. agvadvois, resolution ;
R. Avw, to loosen. 1. Generally, the reso-
Iution of something into its constituents :
an examination of the different parts of a
subject separately, as the a erp pen of
an argument; opposed to synthesis or com-
position.——2. In mathematics, the name
—_ to “ the method of resolving pro-

by means of algebraical equa-

fons. » ‘The analytic method of resolving
problems consists in “reasoning upon the
whole problem, reducing it at every step
to simpler terms, and so coming at last to
those considerations which must be put
together to make a solution and to verify
it.” Analysis is divided into finite and
infinite, determinate and inate,
and residual. The analysis of finite quan-
tities constitutes algebra, and that of infi-
nite quantities constitutes the method of
fiuxions, or differential calculus. Analysis
of powersis evolution.—3. In chemi
the resolution of a compound body to its
—- which is effected Ped means of

mixture, electricity, &c. Qualita-
on sis consists in the determination
of the component parts of a compound
merely in respect to their nature, and
without reference to their proportions;
by quantative analysis, on the other hand,
it is required to determine the relative
proportions of the component parts.

SI Satya ionages the method of analysis. A

ven to algebra, as being a general
par of pure mathematics.

ANAMORPHO's!Is, from cevee, and Moggoris,
formation. 1. In pe d ,apro-
jection or representation, which, under
ordinary points of view, appears extrava-
gantly distorted and ridiculous, yet seen
from a particular situation, it es the
eye as one of complete symmetry. The
anamorphosis is also something restored

by reflection from specula, with certain

as those of cones and cylinders,
and by refraction through lenses. Deli-
neations ofthis sort depend on the simplest
rules of mathematics and perspective.—2.
In natural history,an appearance unusual
to the production.

Ana’nas (Brazilian), the pine- an

plant. A species of bromelia which
native of South America, but now niows
wild in some parts of Africa and Asia, es-

y the Malayan Archipelago, where
it seems to thrive better than in its native
woods.

Anan’provs, from @, without, and avye,
aydeos, amale,astamen. Plants whose
flowers are destitute of stamens; thence
called female flowers.

An’apest, | from aya and srasw, to beat

Ay‘spzst,) time. A metrical foot in
Greek and Latin, having the two first
syllables short and the last long; e. g.
pittds. It is areversed dactyle.

AnarHropr'sta, from a, and aggodiry.
Want of generative power.

AnaPLeERo’sIs (avarAnewois). Restora-
tion of parts destroyed, as in the healing
of a wound.

ANaRRHICH’AS, the sea-wolf, or wolf-fish.
A genus of acanthopterygious fish, belong-
ing to Cuvier’s family Gobiodes. Named
from aya, upwards, and evw, to drag, in
allusion to its elimbing rocks and shoals
by aid of its fins and tail.

ANARRHIN’UM, a genus of herbaceous
plants of the class didynamia, and order
angiomonospermia. Named from aye and
eivos, the seed vessel being recurvated.

An’as. The anas of Cuvier is a genus of
palmipedes, of the family Lamellirostres,
and which comprises three subgenera ;
the cygnus (swan), the anser (goose), and
the Anas of Meyer, the duck, properly so
called, of which there are many species.
Name from ayaw, to swim well.

Anasar’ca, from aye, between, and
wags, the flesh. A species of dropsy which
consists in a collection of serous fiuid Bos

; y uni

ANASTO'MA, a subgenus of land-volute
shells (lucernine), belonging to the genus
lucerna. Name from aya, upwards, and
orouc, &mouth.

Awastomatic. See ANASTOMOTIC.

Anastomo’sE, from aya and ¢roue, the
mouth. To inosculate: the term is used
of parts, which growing in different direc-
tions, meet and grow together, as the
veins in leaves.

Anastomo’sis (ayaorojsocis). Inoscula-
tion: applied to the opening of one vessel
into another, as arteries, veins and lym-
phatics, in the animal body.

F 2

ANA 68

ANC

Awnastomo’ric, applied, 1. In anatomy,
to those branches of vessels which anas-
tomose with other vessels——2. In medi-
cine, to medicines supposed to have the
power of opening the mouths of vessels
and promoting circulation, e. g. cathartics.

Anas’tROvs, from qa, without, and
arreoy, astar. Anastrous signs are the 12
portions of the ecliptic which the signs
anciently possessed (called duodecatemo-
ria), but which are now deserted by reason
of the precession of the uinoxes.

Anata’sE, from gyarzcis, extension.
Pyramidal titanium-ore: a very pure
mineral oxide of titanium, called also

ite and rutile.

ANATHEMA, ayabeuwa, a placing behind.
A thing laid by as consecrated or devoted:
Hence, 1. In heathen mythology, an offering
made to some deity and hung up in a
temple.——2. In church affairs, “‘ excom-
munication with curses;’? hence denun-
ciation by ecclesiastical authority, accom-
panied by excommunication. A person
thus placed under the ban of the church
is here said to be anathematized.

There are properly two kinds of an-
athemas, the judiciary and the abjura-
tory. The former is pronounced by a
council, bishops, &c., the latter is the
act of a convert, who anathematizes
— the religion which he ab-

jures.

Ana’tIpz, the duck family of birds.
The genus anas is the

Awnatir’a, the parnacle. A genus of
cuneiform multivalve shells, belonging to
the class cirrhopoda, of Cuvier; often
found adhering to rocks, piles, keels of
vessels, &c. There are many species.
Named from anas, a goose, and fero, to
bring forth, in allusion to the absurd
notion once entertained, that the “ bar-
nacle-goose ’’ was bred within these shells.

Anatomy, from ayeropice Of avarereva,
to cut up. The dissection of 0
bodies, with a view to elucidate their
structure and functions; also the science
which treats of the structure of organised
bodies, and which is learned by dissection.
Anatomy is distinguished into human and
comparative, the one treating of the struc-
ture of the human body, the other describ-
ing and comparing the structure of other
animals. Theanatomy of the inferior ani-
mals is also sometimes called zootomy, and
that of vegetables phytotomy. The science
is also divided into general and descriptive.
The first teaches the structure and phy-
sical properties of the various tissues
which compose the body, without refer-
ence to the form or situation of the organs
into whose composition they enter; while
descriptive anatomy takes cognizance of
the shape, position, and connexion of the
parts. When dissections are made for the

purposes of investigating the changes
induced in the structure of organs by
neat the etry are called patho-
logical or morbid anatomy; with a view
to surgical operations, they constitute
surgical anatomy; for the purpose of
elucidating the functions of organs,
physiological anatomy ; and finally, to ex-
hibit the plan on which the living frame
and its organs are developed, transcenden-
tal anatomy. The art of making models
of wax or of other materials to illustrate
the healthy or diseased structure of parts,
is sometimes termed artificial

Anat’norovs, from avareera, to invert.
A term applied to a very common kind of
embryo, produced by one side of the oyule
growing upon itself, while the other re-
wadinas taint peated till that
next the apex is brought down to the
hilum, as exemplified in the apple.

ANAxIMAN’pDRIANS, the followers of
Anaximander, the most ancient of philo-
sophical atheists. They admitted of no-

in nature but matter.

ANBATKEND, the name of a celebrated
book of the Brahmins, wherein the Indian
philosophy and religion are contained.
The word means literally. the
wherein is the water of life.

An’creps, two-edged, having two sharp
b> ie applied to the stems and leaves of

plan
po aiyirAer), from a, a goat,
and ax), the eye. Goat’s-eye, a tumour
near the inner angle of the eye. See
JEGILOPs.
ANCHOMENUS, a genus of adephagous
to the Patellimani

An’cHoR, Lat. anchora, from ayzuen,
probably from oyx7, a hook. A hooked
iron instrument of considerable weight
and strength, for enabling a ship to lay
hold of the ground and fix itself in a cer-
tain situation by means of a rope, called
the cable. The arms which take hold of
the ground are technically called jiukes ;
the cross-bar of wood is called the stock ;
the massy iron bar constituting the body
of the anchor is called the shank ; and the
flattened points of the flukes are called
palms,

Anchors are of different sizes, and
have different names, according to the
purposes which they serve: as sheet,
best bower, small bower, spare, stream,
and kedge anchors. Ships of the first
class have usually seven anchors; and
smaller vessels, as brigs and schooners,
three. The weight in cwts. of the

principal anchor, should be a twentieth
of the number of tons burden, in ordi-
nary vessels. Thus, a vessel of 1000 tons
will require an anchor of 50cwts. There
are many nautical phrases connected

ANC 69

AND

with the anchor: as, the anchor comes
home, when it comes from its bed; it is
Soul, when entangled with another ; a-
peak, when drawn in so tight as to bring
the vessel immediately over it; a-trip,
or a-weigh, when just drawn out of the

, is to lay down a
small anchor a- -head of that by which
the ship rides, with the cable fastened

to the crown of the latter, to prevent
its coming home. At ; to lie at
anchor, to ride at anchor, to cast anchor,
to weigh anchor, are well-known phrases.

—2. In architecture, a carving some-

what resembling an anchor, commonly

placed as part of the enrichment of boul-
tins. ——3. In heraldry, anchors are em
blems of hope.

An’cHoraGE, ground suited for holding
an anchor, that is, neither too deep, shal-
low, nor rocky. The best anchorage is
land-locked and out of the tide ——2. The
duty charged to ships for the use of a
harbour where they cast anchor.——3. The

anchor and necessary tackle for anchoring

are also sometimes called the ship’s an-

chorage.

An’cuoretT, )Gr. aveywenrys, from

An’cHoRITE, S evox mesa, to retire. A
recluse: one who retires into a solitary
place to devote himself to religious duties.
Also a monk, who with the leave of the
abbot retires to live in solitude with an
allowance from the monastery. A hermit.
Many of the early Christians became
unchorets to escape persecution; but this
kind of life afterwards became fashionable
among religious enthusiasts.

ANCHOR-GROUND, ground suited for an-
choring. See ANCHORAGE.

AncHovy, a small fish (clupéa encrasi-
eolus, 1.in.),common in the Mediterranean.
ts closely resembles the sprat, and is
“Biefly used as a sauce. About 120,000

%. are consumed in Britain annually.—
the name is Span. anchova, of uncertain
origin. See ENGRAULIs.

AncHOyY-PEAR, a large esculent fruit of
Juimaica ; also the tree which bears it, the
grias caulifiora.

Ancuv’sa, the buglos or alkanet. The

pular name of a genus of which there
are two British species, class pentandria,
order monogynia, Named from eyyoure,
a paint, in reference to the dye obtained
from the roots of one species of it. See
ALKANET.

Ancxyrto'sts, from ayzvAew,tobend. A
stiff and bent joint.

AncIENT, Fr. ancien, old. 1. Substan-
tively in the plural, ancients: those who
lived in former ages, opposed to moderns.
The term is now commonly applied to the
Greeks and Romans.——2. In French his-
tory, the council of acients was one of the

two assemblies which composed the —_
lative body in 1795. It consisted of 250

members, and derived its name from each
- them being at least 40 years of age.——

. A flag or streamer in a ship of war,
Seas acorruption of end-sheet, a flag
at the stern.

ANCIENT-DOMAIN, In English law, a

ANTIENT-DEMESNE. § tenure by which
all manors belonging to the crown were
held in the reign of William the Con-
queror. The numbers, names, &c., of
these lands were all entered in the record
called the k, as terra regis.
The tenure resembles copyhold in some
respects.

ANCIENTLY, in old statutes, eldership or
seniority.

AncIbta’‘RIA, a volute shell, of an oblong
subeylindrical’ form. It belongs to the
genus buccinum of Lin., and the family
buccinoida of Cuy. The shell is highly
polished. Named from ancilla, a maid.

Ancrp’ITAL, Lat. ancipitas. Compresse¢
so as to form two opposite angles or
edges: applied to leaves in the same sense
as anceps (q.V¥

Anciritovs, ‘from anceps, two-edged.
See ANCIPITAL.

An’con, Gr. ayzqv, the elbow. Some-
times applied to the olecranon or -
vecting part of the elbow on which we
lean. In architecture, the ornaments or
consoles cut on the keystones of arches,
&c., are termed ancénes. The term is also
applied to the corners of walls, cross-
beams and rafters,and to other projecting

Ancono’sE, ) Lat. anconeus, angular.

Anco’novs, J The anconose muscle (an-
coneus minor of Winslow), is a small
triangular muscle situated in the back
part of the elbow, and which assists in
extending the forearm.

An’cony, probably from ancon (q.v.).
In tron works, a piece of half-wrought
iron ; the middle is of the shape of a bar,
but the ends are unwrought.

Ancy’Le. In antiquity, a shield, which
it was pretended fell from heaven in the
reign of Numa Pompilius, at which time
likewise a voice was heard to declare that
Rome should be mistress of the world, so
long as she preserved this holy buckler ;
it was kept with great care in the Temple
of Mars, under the protection of twelve
priests. Among surgeons, a contraction
or stiffness of a joint; from ayxzvies,
crooked, or contracted.

ANCYLOME’LE, acurved probe used by
eg ayxuaos, crooked, and uxAn,

a pro

Ancrtvus, the fresh-water limpet; a
genus of river snails. See Lrwwactan2.

An’pa, a Brazilian tree, the fruit of
which is an oval-shaped nut, containing
two seeds, which are strongly cathartic.

AND

70

ANE

ANDALUSITE, a massive mineral, of a
fesh-red colour, and vitreous lustre,
which takes its name from Andalusia, in
Spain, where it was first found. Its chief
elements are alumina, silica, and potash,
coloured by a minute portion of oxide of
iron. It occurs in primitive rocks; chiefly
in gneiss in England, Scotland, and Ire-
land. Mohs places it among the gems.

Anpa’xTE, an Italian term (literally
going) employed in music to denote a
movement moderately slow between largo
and allegro.

AnpDE’Na, in old writings, the swath
made in mowing of hay ; as much ground
as a man ean stride over at once.

ANDERSO’NIA, the generic name of a tree

of New Holland ; class pentandria, order
monogynia. Named in honour of Dr. 0.
Anderson.
1. The name of a species of
Brazilian bat, “nearly as large as a
pigeon. * 2. The generic name of the
cabbage-tree ; a lofty tree which grows in
the East and West Indies, and other hot
countries: class diadelphia. order decan-
dria. The bark and seed are used in
medicine.

Anprana’tomy, from ayye, a man, and
avartuya, to cut up. The dissection of
the human body, particularly of the male.

ANDRENE’T2, a tribe of hymenoptera,
embracing all those genera of bees which
live solitarily, and consist of two kinds of
individuals, males and females. They
correspond with the andrene of Fabricius,
and take their name from the typical
genus andrena.

AnpDROocz’uM, from a@yye, a male, and

.oizos, ahouse. In botany all that part of
a flower to which the male organs belong ;
the male apparatus of a plant.

ANDEO’GINAL, ak avdeoyuves, from

ANDRO’GINE, ayyg, aman, and yuvy,

Anpro’cinous,/ a woman. Having two
sexes, or being an hermaphrodite.
botany, the term is applied, 1. To flowers
which have both male and female organs.
—2. To plants which have separate
male and female flowers. Such plants
constitute the Moncecious class in the
Linnean system, and have frequently
aments.

Ay’prorp, from ayye, @ man, and tid0s,
likeness. In mechanics, a figure con-
structed so as to imitate the actions or
motions of man. See AuTOMATON.

ANDRO'MEDA. 1. In astronomy, a con-
stellation of the northern hemisphere,
behind Pegasus, Cassiopeia, and Perseus,
representing a woman chained. It is
fabled to have been formed in memory of
Andromeda, daughter of Cepheus and
Cassiopeia, and wife of Perseus, whom
her father chained to a rock, and left ex-

posed to a sea-monster.——2. In botany,
the March cystus: a genus of the class
decandria, and order monogynia, of which
there is one British species. This beau-
tiful tribe of plants takes its name like-
wise from the fable of Andromeda, being
found in dreary and northern wastes,
feigned to be the abodes of hobgoblins
and monsters,

An’pRon, in Grecian antiquity, an
apartment for the use of men; hence,
among ecclesiastical writers, the southern -
side of a church, which was anciently
appropriated to the men; the northern
being appointed for the women. Among
the Greeks and Romans, the andron
was always in the lower part of the house,
and the gynecea or women’s apart-
ments in the upper.

Anproreratovs, from ayye, amale, and
xtradoy,a petal. A term used in botany
to describe double flowers, which are pro-
duced by the conversion of the stamens
into petals, as is exemplified in most
double flowers. F

AnpRo’PHORON, ) from eyyg, a male, a

ANDRO’PHORUM, } stamen, and Gégtiy,
to bear. The columnar expansion in the
centre of some flowers on which the sta-
mens seem to grow, as in the passion-
flower.

AnprRopo’con, a genus of plants; man’s-
beard, from avye, @ man, and zwyay,
a beard. Class polygamia, order mone cia.
There are many species, all natives of
warm climates; two of them are known
to physicians under the names of Indian
nard and camel’s-hay, or sweet-rush.

AnpRo’tomy. See ANDRANATOMY.

Anpruo, a kind of elephantiasis of the
scrotum, which is epidemic in the south
of Asia, particularly Malabar. The root
of the word is Indian.

AnprRy ata, the downy sow-thistle, a
genus of exotics. Class syngenesia, order
polygamia equalis.

ANELEcTRIC, non-electric; from @, not,
and yAezreoy, electricity.

ANEMIA, a genus of cryptogamous
plants of the order filices. There are five
species, all perennials, and natives of the
West Indies and South America. Named
from ayewos, the wind.

Anemo’Locy, from dyvzzog, the wind,
and Asyes, discourse. The doctrine of the
winds, or a treatise on the subject of
aerial currents.

ANEMO'METER, from gyeuos, the wind,
and jtreov, measure. A machine or in-
strument for measuring the force or velo~
city of the wind: called also a wind-gage
(q.v.) An instrument of this sort was first
invented by Wolfius.

ANEMONE, the wind-flower,a genus of

-

ANG

71

ANG

the class polyandria and order polygynia.
There are four British, and 24 foreign
es, all perennials. Named

ayvéuos, the wind, because the flower is
said not to open till blown upon by the

wind. From the beauty of the flower it
is fabled that Venus changed her Adonis
into an anemone.

ANeEmO’NIA, ) an acrid crystallisable and

ANEMO'NIN, J/inflammable substance,
obtained from some species | of anemone.

A’nemosco’rs, from @yeuég, the wind,
and ¢zertw, to view. Properly,a machine
for showing from what point of the com-
pass the wind blows; but the term is
oftener used as synonymous with anemo-
meter (q.v.) The common weathercock is
strictly an anemoscope.

ANEPITHY’M1IA, loss of any natural appe-
tites, as that for food and drink: from q,
without, and exsOupesee, desire.

Awnr’sts, in medicine, remission or =
— of symptoms; from aympes,

r

AwnETnH’vM, the herbs dill and fennel ; the
name of a genus of the class pentandria,
and order dygynia. Named ayxfoy, quod
citd crescat (Pliny, 20,18). The fennel, A.
Jeniculum, grows plentifully on the chalky

land; its seeds are carmi-

native.

An’Evrism, Gr. cevtveua' ect, from ayev-
guyw, to dilate. “ The term signifies strictly
a tumour arising from the dilatation of
an artery; but it has been extended to
several diseases and lesions of the blood-
vessels, and to dilatations of the heart ”

AnrFractuo’siTy (supra), an inyolution

of parts.
Anrrac’ruovs, Lat. anfractus,a winding
backwards and forwards. A term most
commonly used in botany, to signify that
the marginal parts are folded back, and
doubled and bent until all trace of the
normal character is lost.

AnGEL, 1. literally a messenger, from
a@yytdos, one employed to communicate
’ information, from eyyeAAw, to announce ;

hence, in scripture, a spiritual see ped
aor by God to execute his will.——

metic —o de a gold coin ony =
rent d bearing the suppose
figure of an angel. This coin nad different
values in different reigns
the reign of Edward VI. ;
Henry VIII., and 8s. in 34th Henry VIII. ;
10s. in the reigns of Mary and Elizabeth.
The angel was first struck in commemo-
ration of a saying of Pope Gregory, that

~ the English, whom he a cabieaen

th
Lave been instituted by Constantine, but

more probably by the imperial house of
Comnenus of Constantinople. The order
was revived by Charles V. It is the same
as that known as the orders of St. George
and of St. Constantine——4. Angel is
also the popular name of a genus of fishes
(chetodon, Lin.) remurkable for their
beautiful colours. See Cuzropon.

ANGEL'IcA, a genus of aromatic plants
of the class pentandria and order digynia,
named angelic, from the cordial and medi-
cinal properties of some of its species.

ANGELICE, the name given by Decan-
dolle to a tribe of umbelliferous plants, of
which the genus angelica is the type.

ANGELICs, angelici, in church history, an
ancient sect of heretics, who maintained
that the world was created by angels,
also a congregation of nuns founded at
Milan, in 1534, by Louisa Torelli, Countess
of Guastalla. Angelics is also the name of
an order of knights instituted in 1191, by
Angellus Flayus Comnenus, emperor of
Constantinople, probably the same as the
order of the golden angel. See ANcEt (3).

ANGELITES, in church history, a sect so
called from Angelicum, in Alexandria,
where they held their first meetings.
They are also called Severites, from Seve-
rus, their head; and osians, from
one Theodosius, whom they made their
pope.

AncEtoT. 1. A musical instrument
somewhat resembling a fiute; so

from Fr. auche, the reed of a
hautboy or other musical instrument.——
2. An ancient gold coin, struck at Paris
while under the dominion of England; so
called from its being the figure of an
angel, supporting the scutcheon of the
arms of England and France.——3. A
smail rich sort of cheese, made in Nor-
mandy: supposed to be so called from the
name of the person who first made it,
or from its resemblance to the form of
the coin angelot.

ANGEL-sHoT, from Fr. ange, a chain-
shot. A sort of chain-shot having two
halves of a cannon-ball fastened to the
ends of a chain.

ANGEL-WATER, a mixture of rose,
orange-flower, and myrtle water, per-
fumed with ambergris. It is made in
Portugal.

Anerna, Lat. from ango, to strangle. A
general name for diseases called sore
throat, and which are attended with diffi -
cult deglutition and respiration,as quinsy,
mumps, croup. That peculiar affection of
the chest called suffocative breast-pang is

named by physicians angina pectoris.

Aneiocar’pous, from ayyisoy, a case, and
xaexos, fruit. A term applied in botany
to seed-vessels which are enclosed in a
covering that does not form part of them-

.

ANG

72

ANG

selves. The filbert in its husk, and the
acorn in its Pn ofa are examples of an-
us fruits.

Anelo’crarxHy, from ayyeiov, a vessel,
and yeespw, to describe. A description of
the vessels of the human body.

ANGIo'Locy, from ayyétsov, a vessel, and
Aoyos, discourse. The doctrine of the
Dlood-vessels and absorbents of the body.
: ANGiomo’Nosrer’movs, from ayyeioy, a
vessel, zovos, one, and omteun, seed. Ap-
plied to plants which produce only one
seed in a pod. ¢

ANGIOSPERMIA, the name given by Lin-
neus to an order of plants of the class
aidynamia, which have their seeds in-
closed in a pericarp or seed-vessel.

Anerostoma, “‘a family of univalve
shells of the order siphono-brachiata.”
Name, from «yyesoy, a vessel, and croue,
a mouth.

Ancioromy, from ayyésoy, a vessel, and
vtuvw, to cut. The analogy of the san-
guiferous and absorbent vessels of the
body. The word has been confounded
With arteriotomy and phlebotomy.

AnGLE, Lat. angulus, a corner, from
ayyvios, a bend. In plane geometry,

Cc

when two straight lines, not lying in the
same direction, as AB and AD, meet in
@ point as at A, the opening between them
is called an angle. Thus, thé opening
commencing at A is called the angle
BAD, or DAB; and the lines AB and
AD are called its sides or legs. When the
legs of the angle intercept less than the
fourth part of a circle drawn round the
point A, the angle is said to be acute.
When exactly a fourth of the circle is
similarly intercepted, the angle is called
a right angle; but when more is inter-
cepted, the angle is obtuse. Thus, BD is
less than the fourth; BC eractly a fourth;
and BE more than a fourth: therefore,
the angle BAD is an acute angle; the
angle BAC is a right angle; and the
angle BAE is an obtuse angle. d as
all circles are supposed to be divided into
360°, an acute angle will contain less than
90°; a right angle, 90°; and an obtuse
angle, more than 90°. The number of
degrees which an angle wants of 90°, or
of being a righ. angle, is called its com-
plement ; and the number of degrees which

it wants of being equal to two right an-
gles, or 180°, is called its supplement. Thus,
the angle CA D is the complement of the
angle DAB, or these angles are comple-
ments of each other; and are also called
contiguous or adjacent angles, because one
leg, AD, is common to both.— aA solid
angle is “‘formed by the meeting of two
plane angles, which are not in the same
plane, in one point.”—Euclid. Solid an-
gles do not, like other subjects of geome-
trical investigation, admit of accurate
comparison with one another, as no mul-
tiples of them can be taken ; and therefore
all reasoning regarding them must be con-
fined to the plone angles by which they
are bounded.—A spherical angle is an
angle made on a sphere by the intersection
of two great circles, or by the inclination
of the planes of these circles to each other.
—Facial angle, in zoology, signifies the
angle formed by the intersection of a line
drawn from the mpst prominent part of
the frontal bone over the anterior margin
of the upper jaw, with another line drawn
from the external orifice of the ear-passage
along the floor of the nasal cavity. ——The
frontal angle, in ornithology, is the angle
which the upper line of the beak makes
with the forehead.

ANGLE oF DraucuT. When a power is
applied to drag or roll a body over a plane
surface, it has to overcome two obstacles:
one is the friction of the surface over
which the body moves, and the other the
weight of the body itself. There is, in
every case, a certain direction of the
drawing power which is best adapted to
overcome these combined obstacles; and
the angle made by the line of direction
with a line upon the plane over which
the body is drawn, and perpendicular to
that line of direction, is termed the angle
of draught.

ANGLE oF IncIpENCE. See REFLECTION.

ANGLE oF Rerraction. See REFRACTION.

ANGLE oF Vision, the angle formed by
two rays of light proceeding from dif-
ferent objects, or opposite extremities of
the same object: called also the visual
angle and the optic angle.

ANGLER, one who fishes with an angle,
or hook attached toa line. Also the popular
name of a singular fish, known also by the
name of the jishing-frog, from the resem-
blance which it has to the frog in the tad-
pole state.

ANGLICAN, pertaining to England or the
English nation; e.g. the Anglican church,
The word is the adjective of Anglia. A
tribe of Saxons, called Angles, who, being
employed by the Britons against the Scots
and Picts, ultimately turned upon and
conquered their employers, and gave
the name of Anglia to England. The
Angles were the Ingevones of Tacitus.

ANGLo-DanisH, pertaining to the An-

ANG 73

ANI

glican Danes, or Danes who settled in
England (Anglia).

AnvuLo-NormMaAn, pertaining to the Nor-
mans who settled in England.

ANGLo-Saxon, pertaining to ve tope ne
or tribe of Saxons that settled in Englan
See ANGLICAN.

An’con, the javelin of the ancient
French, the iron head of which resembled
a fleur-de-luce.

An’oor, Lat. from ango, to strangle. In

pathology, a feeling of anxiety, and con-
striction in the precordial region: it is an
accompaniment of many severe

Anevu, bread made of the cassava, ‘a
plant of the West Indies.

AnGuina, a family of serpents having

y' th three lids. They are
all comprised in the genus anguis of Lin-
neus (whence their family name), and
belong to the order ophidia of Cuvier.

ANGUIS, a aotmne of serpents (Linnzeus)
composing the family anguina of Cuvier,
and now subdivided into pseudopus, ophi-
saurus, anguis proper,and acontias. They
are all characterised by having subcaudal
and abdominal imbricated scales. The
slow-worm (A. fragilis) is an example.

ANGULAR, relating to angles. Angular
motion is the motion of a body about a
fixed t, which is measured by the
angle described at the centre by lines
drawn from its positions at different
points of its circular path. By Angular
section is meant, in the old geometry, the
division of an angle into any number of
equal . The bisection only of an
angle is possible by plane geometry; the
trisection of an angle requires the aid of
solid geometry, and the general division
of an angle into any proposed number of
equal parts is a problem which has not as
yet been solved. Angular sections, in
modern mathematics, is the name used to
denote a branch of analysis, which is
employed in the investigation of the pro-
perties of circular functions.

ANGULATE, angled; applied to stems,
leaves, petioles, &c., which are of an
angular shape.

Anous’tate, Lat. angustatus, beginning
with a narrow base and growing broader ;
tapered downwards, or towards the base.

AnGus‘TIcLtAvE, from Lat. angustus,
narrow, and clavus, a knob. A robe or
tunic worn by the Roman knights ; it was
embroidered with narrow purple knobs,
or studs, whereas the laticlave worn by
the senators had broad studs.

ANGUSTIFOLIATE, narrow-leaved; an-
gustus, narrow, and folium, a leaf.

AnGustu’ra, bark; a medicinal bark
= the Bonplandia trifoliata) ; is so called

use brought from Angustura,in South
America. It is oceasionally used as a
tonic, and in diarrhcea. Spurious angus-

!

tura is a poisonous bark,sometimes found
in commerce; itis ob btained from a spe-
cies of strychnos.

ANHELA’TION, from anhelo, to breathe
with difficulty. Difficult respiration, with
a sense of suffocation. See Dyspnea.

ANHI’MA, an aquatic fowl] of Brazil,
somewhat like a crane. It d
when the male or female dies, the alin
one remains by the carcass till i
expires.

ANHYDRITE, anhydrous gypsum. A
variety of sulphate of lime containing no
water of crystallisation. It is also called
prismatic gypsum.

Anuyprovs, from @, priv., and vdwe,
water. Containing no water in combina-
tion. Anhydro is a contraction a this
word ; e. g. anhydro-sulphuric aci

ANIL, one of the indigo plants rr na
fera). Avil is the Spanish and Portuguese
word for indigo, perhaps from Arabic nila
blue. The plant is a native of America.

ANILLE’ROs, in history, the name given
to the moderate party during the Spanish
revolution of 1820-23. They directed the
Cortes, and were headed by Arguelles and
Martinez de la Rosa.

ANIMAL, an 0: and living body,
endowed with sensation and the power of
voluntary movement, in whole or in part
Locomotion, although a general character-
istic, is not an essential attribute of 4
mality. There are numerous
permanently fixed to their native sath
and coral reefs, as the most deep-rooted
plants are to the soil on which they grow.
The word animal is Latin, from anima,
air, breath, soul.

Animat Kinepom. The Anima Kinc-
pom is arranged into four divisions. Di-
vision I. Vertebral Animals, so called from
their possessing a vertebral column, or
spine.—Division II. Molluscous Animals,
such as shell-fish, which are of a soft
structure, and without a skeleton, from
mollis, soft.—Division III. Articulated
Animals, such as the worm, or insect,
which are also without a skeleton; but
whose skins or coverings are divided and
jointed ; from articulus, a small joint.—
Division IV. Zoophytes, animals believed
to be composed very nearly of a homo-
geneous pulp, which is moveable and
sensible, and resembles the form of a
plant; from {wov, a living creature, and
guroy, a plant.

Drvisron I.

Vertebral Animals are composed of four
classes: viz., 1. animals which
suckle their ‘young ; from mamma,a teat;
2. Aves, from avis, a bird; Reptilia, ani-
mals that crawl, from repo, to creep; 4.
Pisces, from piscis, a fish.

The Frrsr Crass, Mammalia, is again
divided into orders, which are subdivided

ANT

74

ANI

into genera, and these are further divided
into species. The following familiar ex-
amples willillustrate the principal orders:
1. Bimana, two-handed, from bis, double,
and manus ahand. Of this order man is
the typeand sole genus.—2. Quadrumana,
four-handed, from quatuor, four, and
manus. Apes, baboons, lemures, and the
loris tardigradus, are of this character.—
3.Cheiroptera, from yee, hand, andzregoy,
wing. These have their hands so modi-
fied, as to serve the office of wings. Of
this order the common bat may be consi-

dered the type—4. Insectivora, from
insecta, insect, and voro, Ideyour. Ani-
mals which live wholly or chiefly on in-
sects, as the hedgehog, shrew, mole, &c.
—5. Plantigrade, from planta, the sole of
the foot, and gradior,I walk. These are
generally carnivorous animals, as the
bear, racoon, &c.—6. Digitigrade, from
digitus, the finger, or toe, and gradior; so
called from walking on the extremities of
their digits, as the lion, wolf, dog, &c.—
7. Amphibia, from agi, both, and Bios,
life ; having the faculty of existing both
in water and on land, as the walrus, seal,

.—8. Marsupialia, from marsupium, a

pouch. The females of this order have a
bag, or pouch, underneath the belly, in
which they deposit their young after par-
turition, as the kangaroo and opossum.—
9. Rodentia, from rodo, 1 gnaw, so called
from having two long incisors in each
jaw, and no canine teeth, as the squirrel,
rat, beaver, hare, &e.—10. Edentata,
from edentulus, toothless; i. e. animals
without the front teeth, as the ai, unau,
armadillo, ant-eater, &e- —l1. Pachyder-
mata, from zayue, thick, and degua,
skin; i.e. tHick-alianed, as the rhino-
ceros, elephant, mammoth, horse, &c.—
12. Ruminantia, from ruminatio, chew-
ing the cud, as the camel, deer, cow,
goat, sheep.—13. Cetacee, from cetus, a
whale. To this order belong the dolphin,
whale, dugong, &c

Sreconp Crass.—Aves, or Birds.—1. Ac-
cipitres, from accipiter, a hawk; such as
the vulture, eagle, hawk, &c.—2. Passeres,
from passer, &@ sparrow; those which
neither manifest the violence of birds of
prey, nor the fixed regimen of terrestrial
birds, but feed indiscriminately on insects,
fruit, or grain, as the lark, thrush, swal-
low, gs wren, &c.—3. Scansores, from
scando, I climb; i.e. climbing birds, which
have the toes arranged in pairs; two
before and two behind, as the parrot,
woodpecker, toucan.—4. Galline, from
gallina, a hen. This order is sometimes
called rasores, scratchers, being provided
with strong feet, and obtuse claws for
scratching up grains, as the peacock,
pheasant, pigeon, hen.—5. Gralle, from
grail@ stilts: i.e. long-legged, as the

ostrich, stork, ibis, famingo.—6. Palmi-
pedes, from palma, the palm of the hand,
and pes, foot; i. e. “ep shoggce birds, as
the swan, goose, pelican, gull, &c

Tuirp Cxrass.—Reptiles.—1. Chelonia,
from yeAvs, a tortoise, including terra-
penesand turtles.—2. Sauria, from caves,
a lizard, an order which have their
mouths well armed with teeth, and their
toes generally furnished with claws, as
the crocodile, alligator, cameleon, dragon,
&c. The most gigantic of this species
have been long extinct.—3. Ophidia, from
ogis, @ Serpent, as the boa, viper, &c.—
4. Batrachia, from Bareayos, a frog. To
ag order belong the salamander, proteus,

Fourtx Crass.—Fishes.—1. Chondropte-
rygii, from yovdos, gristle, and vg, the
ray of a fin: as the sturgeon, shar! int eae
prey, &c.—2. Plectognathi, from pikes
I join, and yyafoc, the jaw: as the sun-
fish, trunk-fish, &c.—3. Lophobranchi,
from Aogos, 2 loop, and Pemrrc crag the gills,
as the pipe-fish, pegasus,
terygii, from wadraxzos, soft, and lessee?
as the salmon, trout, cod, herring, &c.—
5. Acanthopterygii, from wzay$a,a thorn,
and wreevg: as the perch, sword-tsh,
mackerel, &c.

Division II.—Molluscous Animals,

1st Class. Cephalopoda, from 7¢aA%, the
head, and +93z, feet, i. e. animals which
have their organs of motion arranged
round their heads. This class includes se-
pia, or cuttle-fish, argonauts, the nautilus,
ammonite, an extinct cephalopode which
inhabited a shell resembling that of the
nautilus, coiled like the horns of a ram, or
of the statues of Jupiter Ammon, whence
the name; belemnites also extinct, of
which the shell was long, straight, an
conical; nummulites, likewise extinct:
whole chains of rocks are formed of its
shells, and the pyramids of Egypt are
built of these rocks: so called, from num-~
mus, @ coin.—2nd Class. Pteropoda, from
Tregoy, & wing, and szeda, feet: those
having fins resembling wings on each side
of the mouth: the clio borealis, which
abounds in the north seas, and is the
principal food of the whale.—3rd Class.
Gasteropoda, from v , the stomach,
and zod@: animals which move by means
of a fleshy apparatus placed under the
belly, as the snail, slug, limpet.—4th Class.
Acephala, from @, without. and zegaa7z,
head: as molluscous animals that have no
head, viz., the oyster, muscle.—5th Class.
Brachiopoda, from feaxiov, arm, and
ode: animals which move by'means of
processes resembling arms, as the lingula,

ANI

ri)

AN4g

terebratula, &c.—6th Class. Cirrhopoda,
from cirrus, a tuft of hair,and rede: ani-
mals which are commonly called barna-
cles and erate: snelle, as the balanus,
anatifera,

Sevance Il] .—Articulata.

Ist Class. Annelides or vermes, from
annellus, asmall ring, and vermis, a worm.
Animals haying a long cylindrical body
divided into ring-like segments, as the
leech, sea-mouse, earth-worm, and sand-
worm ; worms which cover themselves by
means of a slimy secretion that exudes
from their surfaces, with a case of small
shells and pebbles, like the caddis-worm,
or with sand and mud.—2nd Class. Crus-
tacea, from crusta, a hard covering. Ani-
mals which have a shelly crust covering
their bodies, as crabs, mgr lobsters,
&c.—38rd Class. Arachnida, from LVN,
a spider; as spiders, the leaping spider,
the scorpion spider, the mite, &c.—4th
Class. ta, insects. This class is
dividea into insects without wings, 4 aptera,
and those which have them; and these
are again subdivided, according to,the

ties of their wings. (1.) Aptera,
a, without, and ¢réegoy, wing: as
centipedes, the louse, flea, &c. (2.) Coleop-

tera, from xoAeos, a sheath or scabbard,
and régey: insects which have their

wings protected by a cover: as the beetle,
oe aaaeerers . (3.) Orthoptera, from
ght: as the locust, grasshopper.
(4.) Hamiytere, from #escv, half: insects
which have one-half of their wings thick
and coriaceous, and the other membran-
ous: as the bug, tick, fire-fly. (5.) Neu-
Toptera, from ysugov, a nerve* as the
dragon-fly, ant-lion, ephemera. (6.)
Hymenoptera, from gey, a membrane:
as the bee, wasp, ant. (7.) Lepidoptera,
from ewig, ascale : as the moth, butterfly.
(8.) Rhipiptera, from gsrig, a fan: as the
xenos, stylops. (9.) go from 3is,
double: as the house-fly, gnat.
Division [V.—Zoophytes.

Echinodermata, from eysvos, a hedge-
hog, and degues, the skin: as the star-fish,
sea-urchin.—Entozoa, from ¢yros, Within,
and ¢woy, an animal: as the tenia hyda-
tia.—Acalephe, from azaAngn, a nettle:
as the medusa, polypi, tubipora, sertu-
laria, cellularia, flustra, coralline, sponge.
—Infusoria, from infundo, I pour in: as
monas, vibrio, proteus.

ANIMALCULE, literally a little animal.
This name is applied by naturalists to
those minute beings which become appa-
rent only by aid of the microscope. They
are hence called microscopic animals by
some; and as numerous species are de-
veloped through the medium of infused

substances, they are sigg! Seagnermagy!> poe ho
infusoria, and under this name

places them in his fourth great tivistons
the radiated or zoophitical animals.

ANIMAL-FLOWER, an absurd name given
to several species of animals of the genus
actinia, but especially the urtica marina,
or the sea-nettle and the sea-anemone.

ANIMALIZATION, endowing with proper-
ties peculiar to animals ; e. g. the process
by which the nutritive part of the food
is converted into the various substances
which compose the body. Animal sub-
stances are the products of animal bodies,
chemically considered, which are chiefly
characterised by the presence of nitrogen
usually combined with carbon, hydrogen,
and oxygen. -

An’mz (Fr.). In heraldry, a term used
to denote that the eyes of a rapacious
creature are borne of a different tincture
from the creature itself.

An’Ime (Sp.). A transparent amber-
coloured resin, exuded from the trunk of

y
Indians courbaril—a species of Hymenza.
It is sometimes called gum-anim.

Anton, from gyz, upwards, and éxger,
to go. A substance which in electrolysis
passes to the anode. See ELecTRopE.

Anisop’Ryovs, from eyicos, unequal,and
Pevw, to grow. A term applied to mono-
cotyledonous plants, which having only
one cotyledon, grow at first with more
force on one side of their axis than on the
other.

ANISoDAC’TYL”, ) Gr. avices, unequal,

Antsopac’rres, J) and daxzxrvAes, a toe.
The term given by Temminck to an. ovder
of birds, the toes of which are of unequal
length, as in the nuthatch.

IsopY’NAMOUS, from auioos, Unequal,
and duvyeuis, power. A term applied in
rag in the same sense as anisobryous
q- V.).

ANIsosTEM’onovs, from gyros, unequal,
and ¢ryuoy, a stamen. <A term applied
in botany when the stamens in a flower
neither correspond with the calyx nor
corolla in number or power ; e. g. when a
flower having five sepals has three or seven
stamens: in such case the stamens are
neither equal to the number of sepals nor
to any power of their number.

Aniso’stomus, from eyioos, unequal, and
croc, mouth. A term sometimes used
to denote that the divisions of a we or

a corolla are unequal.

ANISoTOM’IDz, Gr. ayiros; unequal, and
ttuyw, tocut. The name of a family of
coleopterous insects, having moniliform
antenne, subelongate, slender at the base,
and gradually increasing tow: the
apex witha terminal club-shapea mul-

ANN

76

ANO

articulate joint. The family includes
eight genera: tritoma, phalacrus, ephis-
somus, leiodes, agathidium, clambus,
elypeaster, and sericoderus. Many of the
species are British.

Annats, from annus, R year. A year’s
income of a spiritual living, originally
given to the pope on the death of an
incumbent, and paid by the successor.
At the Reformation the annats were
vested in the king, but were restored by
Queen Anne to the church, and appropri-
ated to the augmentation of poor livings.
—2. Masses said in the Romish church
for the course of a year.

Anne. The order of St. Anne is a Russian
order of knighthood, which originated in
Holstein, and was carried by the princes
of that country into Russia. It became a
Russian order in 1796.

ANNEALING, from Sax. ancelan, to heat.
A process by which glass is rendered less
frangible ; and metals which have become
brittle, either in consequence of fusion or
long continued hammering, are again
rendered malleable. The process consists
in bringing the material to be annealed
to a high heat, and allowing it to cool
gradually : it is frequently called nealing
by the workmen.

ANNELIDA, } the class of sea-worms

ANNELIDES, ) having the joints of their
bodies, like the common earth-worm, dis-

in rings, and having red blood.

hey constitute the first class of articulata

in the system of Linnzus. Name, from an-
nellus, a little ring, and gdos, like.

Anno Domini (Lat.] In the year of our
Lord; noting the time from Christ’s in-
ee anak ,as Anno Domini 1844, contracted

D. 1

Anno’na, the custard-apple. A genus of
many species, mostly natives of America
and the West Indies. Class polyandria,
order polygynia.

ANNOT'TA, } a species of red dye, formed

Annor’to, ) ofthe pulp which surrounds
the seeds of the Bixa orellana, a plant
common in South America. It is em-
ployed in colouring cheese, and, in dyeing,
to give an orange tint to simple yellows.

AnNv'ITy, from annts,a year. <A peri-
odical payment of a specified sum of
money at particular dates agreed upon, to
be continued either for a definite period,
as ten, fifty, &c. years, in which case it is
called an annuity certain ; or for an inde-
terminate time, dependent upon some
contingency, as the death of a person, in
which case it is a contingent annuity ; or
for an indefinite period, in which case the
annuity is said to be perpetual. A deferred
annuity is one to commence after a certain
number of years: if after the death of a
person now living, it is a reversionary an-
nuity. When the annuity is limited by
the duration of a given life, it is termed a

life annuity; when it is to continue only
for aterm of years, provided a certain
life or lives continue, it is a temporary life
annuity. The present value of an annuity
is that sum which, being improved at
compound interest, will be sufficient to
pay the annuity.

ANNULA’RIA, a species of phalena, of
the geometra section.

Annu ta’TA, the first class of articulata,
according to Cuvier, comprehending all
red-blooded worms. The body is usually
soft, more or less elongated, and divided
frequently into a considerabie number of
segments, whence the name annulata,
from annulatus. They nearly all inhabit
the water, the lumbrici or earth-worms
excepted. Several penetrate into holes
at the bottom; others construct tubes
with the ooze or other matter.

An’nuLateE, Lat. annulatus. Formed or
divided into rings, or marked with dis-
ha annulations, or surrounded with

ings.

gic? ‘nuLeEtT, from Lat. iaysscs: aring. In
architecture, 1. A smali square member
in the Doric capital, under the quarter-
narrow flat moulding
which is common to many places, as the
bases and capitals; called also a * fillet, a
listil, a cincture, or a list, timea, eye-brow,
or square-rabbet. In heraldry, a littlecircle
borne as a charge in coats of arms; for-
merly regarded as a mark of nobility and
jurisdiction, it being the custom of pre-
lates to receive their investiture per bacu-
lum et annulum, by staffand ring. Itis
also an emblem of strength and eternity.

Annuto’sa, from Lat. annulus, a ring,
segment. A division of the animal king-
dom in some systems, containing the five
classes crustacea, myriopoda, arachnida,
insecta, and vermes. In the arrangement
adopted by Macleay, the annulosa com-
prehend only the classes insecta, arachnida,
and crustacea.

ANNULOSE, furnished with, or composed
of, rings (annuli). .

An’nuLus, a Lat. word for ring, used
chiefly in botany in that sense, but with
considerable latitude.

Annun’‘ciation, order of the Annun-
ciada, Annunciata, Annuntiada. An
order of knighthood in Savoy, instituted
by Amadeus III., in 1335, but named an-
nunciada by Amadeus VIII.

ANNUN’CIATION. 1. “ The tidings
brought by the angel Gabriel to the vir-
gin Mary, of the incarnation of Christ.
2. A festival kept by the church of
Rome on the 25th of March, in commemo-
ration of those tidings; called alse Lady-
day.——3. The Jews give the name to 2
part of the ceremony of the passover.

Ano’BiuM, a sub-genus of ptini (see
Prinvus). Name, from ayvafioy, resusci-
tated, the species being characterised, in

ANO 77

ANT

common with most of their congeners, by
their frequent simulation of death, and
their reassumption of activity as soon as
the threatened danger is over. Several
species inhabit the interior of houses,
where they attack the timbers, furniture,
books, &c., and pierce little round holes
resembling those made by a very
gimlet. When much pierced the article is
popularly said to be worm-eaten. The
sexes frequently summon each other by
reiterated and rapid strokes of their man-
dibles against the wood they inhabit, and
mutually answer the signal. These sig-
nals constitute that noise resembling the
accelerated tick of a watch, so often su-
perstitiously listened to as “‘ the death-
watch.”

An’ope, from &y&, up, and 6dd-, a way.
The way which the sun rises ; the surface
at which electricity passes into a body,
supposing the current to move in the op-
posite direction of the sun: opposed to

cat. x

An’‘opon, the fresh-water muscle. A

Awnopon’ta, ?-genus ofmollusca belong-

tga ane ing to Cuvier’s second
family of testaceous acephala, mytilacea,
or muscles. Character, doubly-winged,
no lamellar or other teeth, whence the
name, @, Without, and édévra, teeth,
éd0v¢ a tooth.——2. The name has also
been applied to a genus of serpents which
have the teeth very minute: the A. typus,
a South African species, answers to the
coluber scaber of Linnzeus.

Ano’LI, the vernacular name in the An-
tilles of a species of lizard, to which the
generic name anolis (q.v.) is applied.

Ano’tis, the name of an inguanoid
genus of lizards, all the species of which
are natives of the warmer parts of Ame-
rica, and are remarkable for agility,
erg & and brilliancy of their colours,
and their power of inflating the skin of
the throat. The typical species is the anoli
of the Antilles.

Anom’aLiPED, any fowl whose middle
toe is united tothe exterior by three pha-
langes, and to the interior by one only;
from «&yéueros, anomalous, and wous,
foot.

ANOMALIS‘TICc, from &yéucdsee, ine-

ANOMALIS’TICAL, } quality, irregular. In
astronomy, the anomalistic year is the time
in which the earth passes through her
orbit, otherwise called the periodical year.
It is longer than the tropical year oy 25

ates, on account of the precession of
the equinoxes. See Apsipes.

ANOMALY, dyapadsee, irregularity, de-
viation from law. In astronomy, an irre-
gularity in the motion of the planets,
whereby they deviate from their peri-
helion, which is owing to their unequal
velocity. There are three anomalies ; the

true, the mean, and the eccentric.——2,
grammar, an exception to a genera,
rule.——3. In music, a false scale or in-
terval.
AnomcAns, } the name by which the
Ano’MEANS, J pure Arians were called
in the fourth century,in contradistinction
to the Semi-Arians: from eyéosos, dif-
ferent, because they maintained that the
Son was in no respects like the Father.
ANOMORHOMBO'ID, \ from a yopeo10¢, ir-
ANOMORHOMBOIDA, + regular, and Cou
ANomorHomporpiA, ) _Boesd%¢, Thomboi-
dal. A genus of pellucid, crystalline spars
of no determinate external figure, but
always fracturing into regularly rhom-
boidal masses. There are five known
species, all white, and possessing in some
degree the double refraction of Iceland
spar.
Anona’cEx, an extensive natural order
of evergreen, exogenous plants, trees, and
shrubs, whose fruit is sometimes edible ;
as the annona, the type of the order.
ANOPLO'THERE, from gyorAos, un-
ANOPLOTHE’RIUM, J) armed, and Ongiov,

awild beast. The name given by Cuvier
toa genus of fossil quadrupeds, which pre-
sents many affinities with the various
tribes of the pachydermata, and approxi-
mates insome respects to the order of the
ruminantia. The bones of this extinct
genus have hitherto been only found in
the gypsum quarries near Paris. Five
species are ascertained; the largest ap
pears to have been of the size of a dwarf
ass, With a thick tail, equal in length he
its body, probably to assist the animal in
swimming.

ANoR’MAL,commonly written abnormal,
irregular; from ab and norma, law. Op-
posed to normal.

Anor’THITE, a variety of felspar, distin -
guished by the absence of right angles in
its fracture : whence its name.

Anos’roma, from gyw, upwards, and
oro“e,amouth. A genusof air-breathing
gastropods, named from the peculiarity
of the adult shell, that the last whort
nt upwards towards the spire of the
shell.

ANnov’RA, from «, without, and ovee,

Anov’RAnS, J tail. The name ofa tribe
of Batrachian reptiles which lose the tail
on arriving at maturity. The toad and
frog are well-known examples.

An’sx, plural of ansa, a handle. In
astronomy, the parts of Saturn’s ring pro-
jecting Sepana the disc of the planet, like
handles to the body of the planet.

An’sEeres, the third order of aves, in the
system of Linneus : the anser, or goose, iz
the type. See NaTaToreEs.

Ant, contracted from Sax. €N1eT, an
emmet A tribe of insects, celebrated

ANT

78

ANT

from time immemorial for their provident
habits, and, in some countries, for their
depredations. The species are numerous,
and constitute a family of aculeate hy-
menoptera, to which Cuvier gives the
name of Heterogyna, the most oppaenaiy

wsea, Lin., the common yell ant. The

rve and nymphs are vulgarly called
ant-eq,
pee (plural Antz,, Lat. from ante,
before. In architecture, a pilaster or
square projection attached to a wall.
When detached from the wall, ante are
termed parastatze by Vitruvius.

Anta’cip, from eyri, against, and acid.
Applied to medicines which neutralise
acidity of the stomach.

AnT-BEAR, | This name is common to
AnT-EATER.) the Myrmecophaga and
Manis of Linnzus. The first, which is Lag

eminently the ant-eater, is ah
with a long muzzle, terminated by a
smooth toothless mouth, from which is
protruded a filiform tongue, which the
animal insinuates into ant-hills and the
nests of termites, whence these insects are
drawn by being entangled in the viscid
saliva that covers it. The manis, called
also the pangolin, or scaly ant-eater, is
also destitute of teeth, has a very extensile
tongue, and, like the true ant-eater, lives
on ants and termites ; but the body is co-
vered with large trenchant scales, ar-
like tiles. The name of ant-bear
is confined to the Myrmecophaga, all the
species of which belong to the Western
Continent ; while all the species of Manis
belong to the Eastern Continent. Both
belong to Cuvier’s order of Endentata, or
quadrupeds without front teeth.
ANT-cATCHER, the Myothera of Illiger,
a bird very much resembling the thrush.
The species live on insects, and chiefly on
ants. They are found on both continents.
Anrac’onIst, ey7s, against, and dywvifw,
to contend. An opponent. In,anatomy,
a muscle whose action is opposed to that
of another muscle; e. g. the flexors and
extensors of a limb are antagonists, and
also the adductors and abductors.
ANTANACLA'SIS, cyrayaxAacis, a rheto-
rical figure, which repeats the same word
in a different sense, as, “‘ Dum vivimus,
vivamus” (whilst welive, let uslive). The
return to the former train of thought after
the interruption of a parenthesis, is also
called antanaclasis.
AnTapuHropr'si4c, } from ayri, against,
ANTAPHRODITIC, J and Ageodinn, Ve-

nus. Applied: (1.) to erie which
diminish venereal desire; to medi-
cines against venereal syphilie
AnrakctTic, from égy¢:i, Opposite, and
a&extos, a bear. Opposite the arctic or
northern pole: relating to the southern
pole, especially to a lesser circle, distant
23° 28’ from the south pole. See Arcric.
AnTaRres, a Star of the first magnitude,

| popularly known as the Scorpion’s Heart.

ANTATRO’PHIC, from AYTI-ATCOPICL,
against wasting. Counteracting atrophy.

ANTE, a Latin preposition signi
before. 1. In heraldry, ante denotes that
the pieces are let into one waned as by
dove-tails, rounds, swallow-
2. In architecture, see ANTA.

ANTECEDENCE, from ante, before, and
cedens, going. Precedence. In astronomy,
an apparent motion of a planet towards
tha or contrary to the order of the
s

ANTECEDENT, from ante, before, and
cedens, going. In grammar, the word or
words to which a relative refers. In logic,
the first of two members of a hypothetical
proposition; the second member is the
consequent. In mathematics, the first of
two terms of a ratio, or that whichis com-
pared with the other. See Ratio.

ANTECEs’sor, Lat., one who antecedes,
or goes before; a leader, a principal ; for-
merly given as a title to one who excelled
in any science. In the universities of
France, the teachers of law take the title
antecessors in all their theses.

Anter’cians, Lat. anteci, from dys,
opposite, and osztw, to dwell. Those
people who live under the same meridian
but on different sides of the equator, and
equally distant from it. They have the
same hours of day and night, but different
seasons, it being winter to the one, while
it is summer with the other.

ANTECUR’sorS, Lat. antecursores, fore-
runners. In the Roman armies, the ante-
cursores were a body of light horse de-
tached to obtain intelligence, provisions,
&c. They were also called antecessores
and by the Greeks sgodeouos-

ANTEJURAMEN’TUM, by our ancestors
called juramentum calumni@, an oath
which anciently both accuser and accused
were to take before any trial by purga-
tion. The accuser swore that he would
prosecute the criminal, and the accused
that he was innocent of the crime charged
against him.

An’TELOoPE. See ANTILOPE.

ANTELU’can, before light; ante, before,
and luz, light: applied to assemblies of
Christians in ancient times, held before
light in the morning.

ANTEMU’RALE, ante, before, and murus,
awall. In fortification, an out-work.

AnTENA’TI, from ante, before, and natus,

ANT

79

ANT

born. In history, the subjects of Scotland,
born before the accession of James I. to
the English throne, and alive after it;
opposed to postnati.

ANTENYCENE, anterior to the council of
Nice ; ante, before, and Nice. A term in
ecclesiastical history.

ANTEN’N 2, Lat. plural ofantenna,a yard-

_arm. In zoology,'the horns, or feelers of
insects. These are peculiar to this order
of beings, and seem to constitute very
delicate organs oftouch. Their form and
size vary greatly in different genera and
species, and even in the two sexes of the
same species. When the antenne have
but one joint, they are said to be exarti-
culate; when they have two joints, biar-
ticulate; when furnished with three, tri-
articulate ; while those whose joints are
numerous are said to be multiarticulate.
The antenne rarely exceed two in number,
but some apterous insects have as many
as six.

ANTEN’NULZ, Lat. dim. of antenne (q. v.)
A term applied to the small articulate
filaments attached to the lower-lip of
some mandibulate insects, and which
seem to be endowed with great sensibility.

ANTENNULA‘RIA, a subgenus of Tubu-
laria of Linnzus, in which the cells form
horizontal rings round the stem; whence
the name.

ANTEPAG’MENTs, Lat. antepagmenta, In
architecture, the mouldings, or architraves
round doors ; also the jambs of a doorway.

AnrTeErec’tus, Lat. from ante, opposite
to, and pectus, the breast. In entomology,
aterm used to signify under the breast-
plate of the manitrunk, and the bed of the
first pair of extremities.

Anreposi’tion, from ante and position,
from pono, to place. In grammar, the
Placing of a word before another, which,

y the ordinary rules, should follow it.

ANTEPREDIC’AMENT, from ante, before,
and predicament. In logic, a preliminary
question to illustrate the doctrine of pre-
dicaments and categories.

Antr’RioR, ante, before, in time, or
place. Thus historians use the word in
the first sense, and anatomists in the
latter. In descriptions of shells, the an-
terior of bivalves is the side opposite to
the hinge; ofa spiral univalve, that part
of the aperture most distant from the
apex; of a symmetrical conical univalve,
that part where the head of the animal

ies.

An’rss, a range of pilasters attached to
the front ofa building. See Anra.

ANTESIGNANI, & Class of picked soldiers
in the Roman armies, who were drawn
up before (ante) the standards (signa),
whence the name.

Antesta’turB, from ante and statura,
stature. In fortification, a small retrench-
went made of palisadoes, sacks of earth ,&c.

AntHE'LA, Gr. from ayOjAsop, a Littie
flower. A name given by Meyer to the
inflorescence of the rush tribe of plants.

ANTHE’LIX, rey ayti, Opposite, and

Antine’Lix, J {,, the helix, or margin
of the external ear. The inward protu-
berance of the external ear, being a semi-
a within, and almost parallel to the

Ay’tHEM, from gaye, opposite, and
duvos, &@ hymn. A hymn performed in
cathedral service by choristers, who sing
alternately : first introduced into church
service, it is said, in the reign of Queen
Elizabeth ; but, according to Pliny, the
early Christians sang their hymn to Christ
in parts by turn (secum invicem).

An’tHEmIs, the generic name of the
camomile, or chamomile; a genus of the
class syngenesia, and order poly. superflua.
Named from avisov, a flower, in allusion
to the profusion of its blossoms. There
are five indigenous species, the flowers of
one of which (the A. nobilis), is much

as a stomachic.

An’tHER, from eyfos, a flower. In
botany, the part of the stamen which is
situated on the top of the stem, or fila-
ment, and which contains the pollen, or
farina; this, when mature, it emits for
the impregnation of the stigma. See
Stamen. Different terms are applied to
the anthers, to designate their form; as
oblong, globose, semilunar, angular,
linear, &c.; and others to designate their
position, as erect, incumbent, versatile,
lateral, sessile, free, cuneate, &c.

ANTHERIF’EROUs, bearing anthers.
Anthera, an anther, and fero,- to bear
Forming a support to an anther.

ANTHEROGENOUS, anthera, an anther,
and yesvoweas, 1 am produced. A term ap-
plied in botany, when in double flowers the
anthers are converted into horn-like petals.

ANTHEsPHO'RIA, from gyfos, a flower.
and geew, tocarry. A Sicilian festival in
honour of Proserpine.

ANTHEsST’ERIA, an Athenian festival in
honour of hus—from gy$os, flowers
being offered to Bacchus.

ANTHESTE’Rion, the sixth month of the
Athenian year. It answered to a part of
November and December.

ANTHO’BII, a tribe of pentamerous cole-
optera, which take their common name
from gyGos, a flower, and (és, life; be-
cause they live among flowers, and the
varied foliage of shrubs and trees.

ANTHODIUM, Gr. avOwdn¢s, full of flowers,
from &yHoc, a flower. A species of calyx
which contains many flowers, being com-
mon to them all,as the head of a thistle
or daisy.

Anruo’Loey, from «fog, a flower, and

ANT

80

ANT

Aovo¢g,a discourse. A collection of flowers,
or beautiful passages from authors. In
the Greek church, a collection of devotional

ieces,

AnTuHo’tysis, from &y§os, a flower, and
Avois, aloosening. The expanding of a
flower-bud ; also the changing of flowers
from their usual state to some other state,
as leaves, branches, &c.

AntTHomy’ca, a genus of diptera of the
Muscide family. Name from «yes, a
flower, and via, a fly. There are up-
wards of 100 British species of this insect.

ANTHO’pHILA, a family of aculeate or
stinging hymenoptera. Name from eyes,
a flower, and ¢sA0s, a lover. The insects
of this family all collect the pollen of
flowers or honey. Latreilie divides them
into two sections, the andrenate and the
apiarie, to which the honey-bee properly
so called belongs.

AnTHOPHO’RUM. from ay§os, a flower, and
Geegtiv, to bear. In botany, the name given

‘to a columnar process arising from the
bottom of the calyx, and having the petals,
stamens, and pistil, at its apex.

AnTHOPHY’LLITE, from gy6os, a flower,
and @vAAov, a leaf. A mineral usually
massive, but sometimes found crystal-
dised, of a yellowish-grey, inclined to
brown; pearly lustre. It is found in In-
vyerness-shire, and in the cobalt mines of
Modum in Norway. Its constituents are
silica, alumina, lime, with oxide of iron
and manganese.

Anrtuo’rism, from ayes, against, and

beIT LOS, definition. In rhetoric, a defini-

on or description opposite to what is
given by the adverse party.

ANTHOXAN’THUM, the sweet “ vernal-

.? A genus of perennials, of which
there ure two British species: class dian-
dria, order digynia. Name from avbos,
a flower, and Zayfcs, yellow, “ from the
yellowish hue of the spikes, especially in
age.’’ Hay is supposed to derive its fra-
grance from the presence of this dwarf
grees, which is found plentifully in pas-

Tea ete! sta, from eyboc, a flower, and
Zam, to flourish. A term used by botanists
to signify that the leaves of a plant as-
sume the appearance of petals.

An’/THRACITE, a species of coal found in
the transition-rock formation, and often
called stone-coal. Its colour is iron-black,
lustre imperfect metallic, fracture con-
choidal; Sp. gr. from 1°3 to 16. It con-
tains about 97 per eent. of carbon, with
minute proportions of iron, alumina, and
silica. It is difficult to kindle, but burns
without smell or smoke, and with intense
heat- whence its name from ayfeawz,

charcoal. It is called also glance-coal and
blind-coal.

ANTHRACOTHE’RIUM, a name given to a
fossil and extinct mammiferous
of the tertiary strata, supposed to belong
to the pachydermata. Seven species are
known, some approximating to the size
and appearance of the hog, others resem-
bling the hippopotamus. Name from
évieuxeds, carbonaceous, and Oygsoy, wild
beast; the bones being found chiefly in
the tertiary coal or lignite of Cadibona,
in

Liguria.

An’THRAX, Gr. av§exZ, a burning coal.
A carbuncle, which is the name of a gem,
and also of a disease nearly allied to a boil,
but more aggravated in its symptoms.
The name is also given to a genus of dip-
terous insects belonging to the tanystoma
of Cuvier, and placed among the bomby-
liers by Latreille. The ow is now raised
to the rank of a family, an an-
thracide.

ANTHRENUvs, the name of a Linnean
— of pentamerous coleoptera, from

evy- An ancient name of an insect,
bly allied to this genus, in the habit
ofl living among flowers.

An’THRI1BUS, the name of a Fabrician

genus of tetramerous coleoptera,
a yOoe,a flower, and regia, to destroy. The
genus js formed of a section of the curcu-
liones of Lin., which has the lip and jaw
bifid and short, also the proboscis short.

AnTuHris‘cus, the beaked-parsley. A
genus of which there are three British
species, one of which is well known asa
salad and pot-berb, under the name of
garden chervil: class pentandria, order
digynia. Name given by Pliny to a plant
analogous to this genus.

ANTHROP’OGLOTE, \ from cvOgaros,

ANTHROP’OGLOTTE, / man,andyAwrra,
tongue. A name given to animals, in
which the tongue resembles the human
tongue ; e. g. the various species of parrot,

AntHrorotitEe, from ayvbewros, Man,
and Ajfog, a stone. A petrifaction of the
human body ; a fossil human skeleton, of
which several have been found in the
West Indies.

ANTHROPOMOR’PHITE, from cevBewsros
man, and “oegy, form. One who believes
a human form in the Supreme Being. An
ancient sect of heretics were called. an-
Benen ee they took literally

the passage, “‘ made man after his own
image.” Their doctrine was called an-
thropomorphism.

AnTHROPOP’sTHY, from ayvfewros, Man,
and zafog, passion. A rhetorical figure,
by which some passion is ascribed to the
Supreme Being that belongs only to man.

AnTHRoporH’acI, from ayOgawos, Man,

ANT 81

ANT

and gaya, 1 eat; cannibals. The practice
is called anthropop 6

AnTHkopos‘cory, from avOewrog, man,
and ¢zortw, 1 view. The art of judging
or discovering man’s character, disposi-
sition, passions, and inclinations, from
the lineaments of his body; in which
sense physiognomy is a branch of anthro-

opy.

AnTurw'tis, the kidney-vetch* a genus
of 20 species, mostly natives of Europe.
Diadelphia—Decandria. Name from 960s,
a flower, and jovAog, a beard, or down,
from the downy calyces. The A.culneraria
is sometimes provincially called Lady’s-
fingers, from the form of the flower heads.

ANTHYpPocon’priac, from ayri-roxov-
Jeraxos, not-hypochondriac. Applied to
medicines used against hypochondriasis.

AnTHYporH’oRA, from ays, and hypo-
phora (q.¥-). A rhetorical figure, which
consists in refuting an objection by the
opposition of a contrary sentence.

AnTHYSTER’IC, from gyri, against, and
Settee, the womb. Counteracting hys-
teria.

- AntrBac’cuts, Lat. from eyes and Pax.
xtiog, a foot of one short and two long
syllables. In poetry, a foot of three syl-
lables, first two long, and the last short,
e.g. dmbzre.

Ay’tic, old; usually written antique. In
architecture, antics are fancies haying no
foundation in nature, as sphinxes, cen-
taurs, syrens ; representation of different
sorts of flowers growing on the same
stem; grotesque ornaments of all kinds,
as lions and pards with acanthus tails, or
other tails than their own proper ones ;
human forms with similar ridiculous ap-

pendages.

AnTIcacHEC’rIc, from dy¢}, against, and
xaxixrixoes, of abad habitof body. Sub-
stantively, applied to medicines used to
cure a bad habit of the constitution.

Anricar’pivm, Lat. from ay}, opposite,
and zagdia, the heart. The pit of the
stomach, or scrobiculus cordis.

Anticavsor'ic, from gyri, against, and
zaveos, burning fever. Applied to anti-
febrile medicines.

An’ticuzist, from gyri, against, and
Christ. Among ecclesiastics, a great ad-
versary of Christianity, who is to appear
upon the earth towards the end of the
world. Some place his capital at Con-
stantinople ; others at Jerusalem ; others
at Moscow; a few at London; and the

at Rome.

AnrTicn’ronisM, from gyri, against, and

esvos, time. Deviation from the right
order, or account of time.

AnTicipa’TION. In music, the »bstruc-

tion of a chord upon a syncopated note,
to which it forms a discord.

Anticti’mMax, from gyi, against, and
xAimaz, gradation. A sentence in which
the ideas become less important towards
the close; opposed to climaz, as—
“ Next comes Dalhousie,the t

Lieutenant-Co)’nel to the Earl of M

ANTICLINAL, Gr. from gy}, against, and
xAivuy, toincline. Ifa range of hills, or
a valley, be composed of strata, which on
the two sides dip in opposite directions,
the imaginary line that lies between them,
towards which the strata on each rise, is
called the anticlinal axis. In a row of
houses, with steep roofs, facing the south,
the slates represent inclined strata dip-
ping north and south, and the ridge is an
east and west anticlinal axis. The term
anticlinal is opposed to synclinal.

AntTicosmer’ic, Gr. from eyri,against,
and zerues, order, beauty. Destructive
or injurious to beauty. Substantively,
any preparation which injures beauty.

ANTIDEs’MA, the Chinese-laurel : a genus
of East Indian shrubaceous plants. Die-
cia—Pentandria. Name ¢yri, against, and
déicuwa, a bandage; the leaves being re-
garded as an antidote to the bite of ser-
pents.

ANTIDoTA’RIUM, the old name, 1. fora
dispensatory.——2. Fora book containing
directions for preparing medicines, or
antidotes.

ANTIENNEAHE’DRAL, from ay}, Oppo-
site, evvec, nine, and é}gq, side. A term
used in crystallography, to denote that
the crystal has nine faces on two opposite
sides.

Anticce’GLeR, ) from anti and guggile.

ANTIGUGLER, }A small metallic si-
phon, which is inserted into the mouths
of casks, or large bottles, called carboys,
for drawing off the liquor without dis-
turbing the sediment, or making any
guggling noise.

ANTILOG’aRITHM, from anti, against,
and logarithm. The complement of the
logarithm of a sine, tangent, or secant;
or the difference of that logarithm from
the logarithm of 90 degrees.

AN’TILOPE, & numerous genus of rumi-
nant mammalia, usually divided accord-
ing to the form of the horns, the nucleus
of which is bony, without pores or si-
nuses, like the antlers of the stag. The
most remarkable species are the gazelle,
springboc, plunging-antelope, rock-springer,

azel, mois, gnu, and nylgau. The
name is corrupted from anthoiops, from
a vOog, a flower, and an), an eye. Flowery-
eyed or beautiful-eyed ; the beauty of the
eye in the animal of this genus being pro-
Yerbial, especially in vriental countries.

G

of war,
ar.”

ANT

82

ANT

ANTIMONIC ACID, the sesquioxide of an-
timony (Sb* + 0%). It combines with
alkalies in definite proportions, and forms
salts, which are called antimoniates.

ANTIMONIOUs acip, the deutoxide of
antimony (Sb + 0*), which combines in
definite proportions with alkalies, and
forms salts, called antimonites.

An‘tIMony, a metal but rarely found
native. It is usually combined with sul-
phur in the state of a sesquisulphuret,
usually called crude antimony, while the
anetal ‘itself is called regulus of antimony.
The metal is of a bluish-white colour,
crystalline texture, and brittle. Sp. gr.
67; fuses at 810°. Ata high heat it ox-
idates rapidly, forming the white crystals
called argentine flowers of antimony. With
tartaric acid it forms tartar-emetic. Among
oriental ladies, the powdered sulphuret
(properly sesguisulphuret, which is the
common ore of the metal), is used as a
paint for the eyelashes and eyebrows.
See Atconoy. It is extensively used as
an alloy, e. g. in type-metal, bell-metal,
Britannia-metal, specula-metal,&c. Even
its fumes render gold brittle, which, with
other things, led the alchemists to assign
it a royal lineage, and call it by the title
of reguius, or the little king.

he Latin name of antimony is sti-

bium ; hence the chemical symbol Sb.,
but the etymology of the modern name
is uncertain. The term antimoniwm is
low Latin, which some writers suppose
to have been formed from anti, and Fr.
moine, a monk, from the ludicrous story
related by Furetiere of Basil Valentine,
who appears to have been the dis-
coverer of the metal about 1620. He
was a monk, and practised as a physi-
cian. By way of experiment, he gave
some hogs a dose of some preparation
of the metal, and observed that after
they were well purged, they imme-
diately fattened. Imagining that the
effect on his brother-monks would be
the same, he administered to them a
similar dose. Unlike the hogs, the
monks, however, did not get fat—they
died of the experiment. Thesubstance
thenceforth obtained the name of anti-
moine, which is still the French name,
and may be translated antimonk.

ANTIN’OMIANS, a sect who maintain
that virtue and good works are unneces-
sary under the gospel dispensation—that
faith is sufficient for salvation. Name
from a@yri, against, and szovyos, law, the
law being of no use or obligation.

Antin‘ovs, a figure inserted into the
consellation aquila, from <Antinous, the
favourite youth of Adrian.

Antrocuian. The Antiochian sect or
academy was founded by Antiochus a
philosopher, contemporary with Cicero.
He attempted to reconcile the doctrines

of the different schools, but was really a
Stoic.—Antiochian epoch, a method of
computing time from the proclamation of
liberty granted to the city of Antiuch,
about the time of the battle of Pharsalia.

ANTIPAR’ALLEL, from anti and parallei,
opposite. Applied to lines which make
equal angles with other lines, but in a
contrary order; also to lines
the opposite direction.

Antip’atuy, from eyr}, against, and
xaos, an affection. In pathology, disgust
and horror at the presence of particular
objects, with great restlessness or faint-
ing; e. g. the aversion of some persons to
cats, toads, vipers, &c.; to the smell of
roses, the sound of*music; to the sight of
a drawn sword, radia James I., or the
rattling of a carriage along a bridge, as
in Peter the Great, all ag which depend
on some pec diosyncrasy ; but in
what such idiosyncrasy consists is not
yet explained.—In ethics, hatred ( t
persons), aversion ‘against things), re-
pungnancy (against actions).—In physics,
a contrariety in the properties of matter,
e. g. oil and water.

ANTIPERISTAL’TIC, from anti and peris-
taltic. Applied to an inverted action of
the intestines, by which their contents
are urged upwards: opposed to peristaltic.

ANTIPHLoGIs’TIc, from anti and phlagis-
tic (q. v.), counteracting heat. A term ap-
plied to those means, whether medicinal
or regiminal, which tend to reduce inflam-
mation.

ANTIPH’ONARY, a service book in Cath-
olic churches, containing whatever is said
or sung in the choir, except. the lessons:
called also a responsary.

AntTipH’ony, from gyri, Opposite, and
¢wvy, sound. The answer made by one
choir to another, when the psalm or an-
them is sung betweentwo. Itsometimes
also denotes that species of psalmody
wherein the congregation, being divided
into two parts, repeat the psalm, verse
for verse, alternately ; in contradistinc-
tion to symphony, where the whole con-
gregation sing together. In amore mo-
dern sense, antiphony denotes a kind of
composition made of several verses ex-
tracted out of different psalms, adapted
to express the mystery solemnized on the
oceasion.

ANTIPRAX'IA, avtiveazia, antipraxy. A
contrariety of action or affection in simi-
lar things, as spasm of the muscles of one
leg and paralysis of those of the other.

ANTIPTO'SIS, aytirrwois- In grammar,
the putting of one case for another.

An’tiavary, from antiquarius, from an-
tiquus, oldest (quasi ab ante et ovum). A
person who studies and searches after
monuments and remains of antiquity,
as old medals. books, statues, sculptures.

ee

SS -_ -

ANT 83

ANT

and aed any! and in general whatever
any light into antiquity. The
titlehas also been given to keepers of cabi-
nets vf antiquities ; e.g. Henry VIII. Lng
John Leland the title of his
The monks who were employed in making
new copies of old books, before the art of
ing, were also called Antiquarit.
nder the reign of George II., the Royal
Society of Antiquaries, in London, was
founded.

ANTIQUATED, grown old. In conchology,
“longitudinally furrowed, but interrupted
by transverse furrows, as if the shell had
acquired new growth at each furrow.”

An’tiqaveE, from antiquus, first. Gene-
rally, something that is very old; but the
term is chiefly used by sculptors, painters,
and architects, to denote such pieces of
their different ‘arts as were made by the
ancient Greeks and Romans; e.g. antique
busts, antique vases, &c. Works of art
dated after the sixth century are ancient,
but not antique.

AnTIQ’uITY, ancient times: Lat. anti-
quitas (¥. supra), from the root ante,
before. The term is generally used
the plural—antiquities, comprehending all
that of ancient times, e. g. monu-
ments, coins, inscriptions, edifices, litera-
ture, offices, habiliments, weapons, man-
ners, ceremonies. Scholars, however,
distinguish between antiquities and arche-
ology: the former relating to the middle
ages, the latter to ancient Greece and
Rome.

ANTIRREINEX, a small division of
plants in the natural system. Type, the
Antirrhinum (snapdragon) of Linnzus.
See ANTIRRHINUM.

ANTIREHI’NUM, the generic name of the
vlant snapdragon, or calves’-snout, of which
fiuellen, or female > Speedwell, and toad-

» are species.

‘mia. Name, cevrgesvov, from dy; ‘and

giv, the nose, in allusion to the resem-
blance of the flower to the nose of a calf.

An’‘TISABBATA‘RIANS, @ sect who oppose
the observance of the tian Sabbath:
hence the name, from anti and Sabbath.

Antis‘cians, Lat. Antiscii, from ayzi,
opposite, and ¢zie,ashadow. Those in-
habitants of the earth, who, living on
opposite sides of the equator, their sha-
dows at noon are thrown in contrary
directions; and from this circumstance
the epithet is applied.

Antiser’ric, from ¢yr}, against, and
onwvoz, putrid. A term applied to such
substances as have the power of prevent-
ing animal and vegetable substances from
passing into a state of putrefaction, and
of obviating putrefaction when already
begun; as culinary salt, nitre, spices, and
sugar. The term is also applied by phy-
sicians to medicines used to correct the

tendency to putrescency, which is su
posed to exist in the fluids of the body,
malignant diseases. Thus, cin
chona, alcohol, camphor, and some other
substances, are named antiseptics

Antisresis, from @y¢), against, and
ovaw, to draw. In pathology, a revul-
sion of the humours from one part of the
body to another.

An’ +r am eh apres a@yzi, against, and
Craciwos, & spasm. An antispasmodic
medicine properly means one which has
the power of allaying spasms of the mus-
cles; the term, however, is usually ex-

to those medicines which allay
severe pain, from any cause unconnected
with inflammation; and hence it is not
easy to draw the line between anti-
spasmodics and narcotics.

ANTIs'TASIS, ayticracis. The defence
of an action, founded on the consideration
that, if it had been omitted, worse would
have ensned: called by Latin writers
comparativum argumentum.

ANTISTO'CREON, ayticruixtioyv. In
grammar, the using of one letter instead
of another, as oll for ili.

ANTISTRAGUS, in anatomy, the process
of the external ear opposite (anti) the
tragus (q.v-), and Meese the meatus au-
ditorius, or ear-

ANTISTRO'PHE, front dye, opposite.
ANTISTRO’PEY, j and oreiga, to turn.
Reciprocal conversion. In grammar, a
figure by which two things, mutually de-
pending upon each other, are reciprocally
converted ; e. g. the master of the servant,
the servant of the master. Inlyricpoetry,
that part of a song and dance, in use
among the ancients, which was performed
before the altar, in turning from east to
west; in opposition to strophe. See Over.

STROPHE.

ANTYTHESIS, aytibecis, Of dyer} and
Secis. In rhetoric,an opposition of words,
or sentiments, as,—

“Liberty. with laws, and government with-
out oppression.

Anti?’racus, Lat. from anti and tragus.
An eminence on the outer ear, opposite

e tragus.

An’/TITRINITA’RIAM, from anti and triné-
tarian. One who denies the existence of
three persons in the Godhead; opposed to
trinitarian. The antitrinitarians of mo-
dern times are understood to be the Soci-
nians, otherwise called Unitarians.

AN’TITYPE, from eyr} and ruses, type,
or pattern. A figure corresponding to
some other figure, type, or pattern. The
term is chiefly used aby theologians ; but
it may be understood to mean generally
anything formed according to a model, or
pattern. In the Greek liturgy, the sacra-
mental bread and wine are called ani-

a2

ANX

84

APA

types, meaning thereby similitudes, in a
theological sense.

AntTitT‘ropaL, Gr. from dye), against,
and rertiy, toturn. A term in botany,
used when in a seed the radicle of the
embryo is turned to the end farthest away
from the hilum, which, indeed, is the
normal position, if the development of an
oyule be rightly understood.

Antizrm‘ic, from dysi and gupow, to
ferment. Applied to whatever prevents
fermentation.

An’TLIA, an ancient machine, supposed
to be the same with our pump ; called by
the Greeks dyrAioy, from &yrAw, to draw
water. In astronomy,the Antlia pneuma-
tice, or pneumatic pump, is anew asterism
formed by De la Caille, out ofa few stars,
between Hydra and Argo Navis. In
entomology, the oral instrument of Lepi-
dopterous insects, in which the ordinary
trophi, or instruments of manducation are
replaced by a spiral, bipartite, tubular
apparatus, and appendages for suction.

ANTOSIAN’DRIANS, a sect of rigid Luther-
ans are so denominated, because they
opposed the doctrines of Osiander.

An’TRUM, Lat. a cave, from ayTeOS.
This term is applied by anatomists to
many cavities, but especially the maxil-
lary sinus, situated above the molar teeth
of the upper jaw. The term was formerly
used by botanists to denote such hollow
- fruits as the apple.

AntTRts’TIons. In history, a class of
people among the Franks, who were the
personal vassals of the kings and counts.
The word seems to be formed from the
same root as our word trust.

Anv’5Is, a symbolical deity of the
Egyptians, regarded as a faithful compa-
nion of Osiris and Isis. He had temples
and priests consecrated to him, but was
only an ugly dog after all.

A’nus, Lat. the termination of the
rectum. In conchology, a depression of the
posterior side near the hinge of bivalves.
In botany, the posterior opening of a mo-
nopetalous flower. In entomology, the last
two segments of the abdomen.

An’vIL, a mass of iron, having a smooth
and nearly flat top surface of steel, upon
which blacksmiths, and various other
artificers, ferge metals with the hammer.
Blacksmiths place their anvils upon a
wooden block ; but cutlers and file-makers
fasten theirs to a large block of stone.
The old English name is anvelt, from on
and ‘build (Belg.) to shape; hence, on-
build, anbeeld, anvelt, anvilt, anvil, that on
which things are shaped.

AnxiETY, anxietas, In ‘medical language,
this term is applied to a painful restless-
ness and inquietude, usually accompanied
with a sense of weight in the precordial
region.

Ao’NIAN, pertaining to Aonia, in Beotia.
The Aonian font was Aganippe, at the
bottom of Mount Helicon, near Thebes,
andsacred to the Muses, which were
therefore called Aonides.

A’orist, from wogirros, indefinite. In
grammar, @ tense peculiar to the Greek
language. expressing action in an inde-
terminate manner, without regard to past,
present or future.

Aor’ta, from aoery, an ark, or chest.
The principal trunk of the arterial system,
called also the magna arteria. It proceeds
from the left ventricle of the heart, and
gives, either mediately or immediately.
to all the other arteries, except the pul-
monary. In mammalia and in birds, itis
single ; in most reptiles, and in cephalo-
pods, double ; and triple in crustaceous.

Aov’Ta, the paper-mulberry tree (brous-
sonetia papyrifera). It is found in Japan
and Otaheite.

Apac’ocE, | from avo, from, and ayw,

Arac’ocy,! to drive. 1. In logic, a kind
of argument wherein the greater extreme
is evidently contained in the medium, but
the medium not so evidently in the lesser
extreme, as not to require further proof.
—2. In mathematics,a passage from one
proportion to another, when the first,
having been demonstrated, is =
in proving others.——3. In the Athenian
law, the carrying of a criminal taken in
the act, to a magistrate ; or when this was
impracticable, taking the magistrate to
the criminal.

“Apacoe’icat (See Apococs). An apo-
gogical demonstration is an indirect proof,
which consists in showing the absurdity
of the contrary,

Apac’ynovs, Gr. from &rez, once, and
yuvn, afemale. A term applied to plants
that fructify only once, and perish imme-
diately after they flower.

Ap’atus, a Linnean genus of coleop-
terous insects.

Ap’anacGE, an allowance to younger
branches of a sovereign family out of the
revenues of the country. In ordinary
cases, it descends to the children of the
prince who enjoys it.

Apan’tHROPY, from w,neg,and eyOearros,
man. A species of melancholy character-
ised by a dislike of society.

APARITH’MESIS (aragsOunois). In rhe-
toric, an answer to a protesis.

Ar’atHy, from @, neg, and gafo¢, affec-
tion. In the Stoic philosophy, an utter
privation of passion, and an insensibility
to pain, which was regarded as the highest
wisdom. In medicine, a morbid suspen-
sion of the natural passions and feelings.

Ap’aTITE, a native phosphate of lime,
constituting a genus of brittle minerals;
green, blue, red, brown, and yellow

ee

APH 85

API

colours, occurring both crystallised and
massive. Finest p Pred mes os Devon

and Cornwail.

ApaTvu’RA, a genus of butterflies (lepi-
aoptera diurna), of which the “ purple
emperor” is a species.

Apatu’ria, an Athenian festival which
took oe in October,and continued three
days. On this occasion children accom-
panied their fathers, that their names
might be entered on the public register.

Ape, a popular name extended to all the
tribe of monkeys and baboons (quadru-
mania, Cuv., which comprehends the
simi@ and lemurs of Lin.)}, but more espe-
cially to those species which have no tail;
those having tails being called baboons:
the gibbons are — of the first, and
the patras of the latter.

Apr’ak, in nautical language, perpendi-
cular. See ANCHOR.

ApE'RIENT, Lat. aperiens, opening.
Mildly laxative or deobstruent.

ApeR’tor, Lat. from aperio, to open.
The muscle which raises the upper eyelid
is sometimes called apertor oculi, the eye-
opener.

Bn ph from apertas, open. An

ning. In geometry, the space i bevewenk
ie right lines which meet in a point and
form an angle. In optics, a round hole in
a turned bit of wood, or plate of tin,
placed within a telescope or microscope,
near the object-glass, by which more rays
are admitted, and a more distinct appear-
ance of the object is obtained.

Aperatovus, from a, Without, and
xtradeoy,a petal. Applied to flowers that
want the corolla.

APET’ALoSE, | Lat. apetalus, without pe-

Arer’atous, J tal. Applied to flowers
which have no corolla.

ArHz’reEsIs. See APHERESIS.

ApH=’reEvs, from kGccsetsy to takeaway.
The removal of a vowel from the begin-
ning of a word, as ’tis, for it is, ‘bide for
abide. See also APHERESIS.

APHANIP’TERA, from dgavyc, obscure,
and TTtLOy, wing. An order of apterous
haustellate insects, having perfect rudi-
mental wings, and undergoing a meta-
morphosis like that of the tipalide, or
crane-flies.

ApH’aNITE, a mineral included among
the rocks, which the older mineralogists
cailed corneénnes, or lapis corneus trape-
zius. The predominant principle is am-
phibole. Name @, not, and gaiyw, to
appear, in allusion to the homogenous
appearance of the rock.

APHELEX!S, a genus of superb flowering
shrubs, natives of the Cape of Good Hope,
class syngenesia, order pol. superfiua,

APHE'LION, } ‘bgGAsov of dro, and Hrsog,

APHE’LIUM./ the sun. That point in

the orbit of a planet at which it is at the
farthest distance from e sun that it can

Revyery: a genus of diseases of which
there are three species. A. socors, absence
of mind, A. intenta, abstraction of mind,
and A. otiosa, brown study.

Apur’resis, {from dro, and «igw, to

ApuHa2’RESIS.!take. In grammar, the
taking of a letter or syllable from the be-

g of a word; e. g. to write mittere
‘or omittere. In surgery, amputation.

APH’IDEs, | the second family of homop-

ApuHip’i1, Jterous hemiptera. in the
system of Cuvier; typical genus, aphis of
Linnzus.

APHIDIPH’ac!I, a family of trimerous
coleoptera. Name, from the cirumstance
of their feeding on aphides gencys and
Gaye, to ert). The cow-bug and lady-
bug belong to this family, and are weli
known to gardeners.

A’PHIs, the puceron, vine-fretter, or plant-
louse. A genus of homopterous hemip-
tera, and the type of the family aphidii or
ee which is simply the plural of

APHLOGIS'TIC, flameless, from g, not,
and gAcyieros, inflammable. An aphlo-
gistic lamp is one in which a coil of pla-
tinum wire is kept in a state of ignition
by vapour of alcohol or ether, without
flame.

APHO'NIA, agwyse, Speechless. Aphony ;
a suppression or total loss of voice.

ApHropr'sia, in archeology, festivals
kept in honour of Venus (a’geodirz).

APHRODI'TA, ) the sea-mouse, a genus of

ApHRoOpI’TE, J articulata, of the order
dorsibranchiata (Cuy.) Name, a geodirr,
Venus, in allusion to the splendid colour-
ak of some of the species, e.g. the

rodita aculeata of

Apuy’/THA, agGas, the thrush. A disease
which shows itself in small white ulcers
upon the tongue, gums, inside of the lips,
and palate, resembling particles of curdicd

APHYL’ Lose, ) Lat. aphyllus, of agvAX oy,

APHYL'LOws, J leafless. Applied to parts
of plants when altogether void of leaves.
as an aphylous stem. Plants which are
devoid of leaves are naturally arranged
under one head, aphylle plante.

Apra’cEx, Lat. apium, parsley. A name
recently proposed to replace that of um

lliferz.

Apia‘r12, a tribe of honey-making hy-
menoptera, of which the apis, or garden-
bee is the type.

Aptas’tTER, the bird otherwise called the
bee-eater ; a species of merops, It
a the swallow. Name, from apis
a bee

APO

86

APO

Apic’cLatEn, from apex, a sharp point.
Leaves, &c. terminating suddenly in a
point are so called.

Apioc’RIN1TE, the pear-encrinite (apio-
crinites rotundus), the pear-like remains
of which are plentifully found near Bath.

When living, the roots of the apio-
crinites rotundus were confluent, and
formed a thin pavement at this place
over the bottom of the sea, from which

their stems and branches rose into a

thick submarine forest, composed of

these beautiful zoophytes.

A’Pion, a genus of tetramerous coleop-
tera, of the attelabide tribe. Name, from
“<ioy. a pear, which the insects some-
what resemble in form.

A’ris. 1. The honey-bee; a genus of
aculeate hymenoptera, of the family an-
thophila. This extensive genus is divided
into two tribes, the andrenet@ and apia-
ri@ ; the honey-bee, par excellence, or apis
of Latreille, belongs to the latter. Name,
from «, without, and sous, a foot, “ quod
sine pedibus nascantur”—plural, apide.
——2. In mythology, a bull, worshipped
by the Egyptians, especially at Memphis.
He was required to be black, and was
changed every twenty-five years.

Apis'res, Gr. from erieros, treacherous.
A genus of spiny-finned fishes, remarkabie
for a strong suborbital spine, with which
they are apt to inflict severe wounds
when incautiously handled.

A’p1um, the herb celery: a genus, pen-
tandria: digynia. Name, Celtic, apon.
water, in reference to the places where it
naturally grows. The A. graveolens, or
smallage, is the origin of our garden ce-
tery. Among the older botanists, apium
was the generic name of the herb parsley.
See PeTRogEeLINUM.

Apran’tic, from @, not, and tAavaw,
to wander, free from error. Applied to
those optical instruments in which the
spherical aberration is completely cor-
rected: distinet from achromatic.

Apto’mE, a mineral of a deep orange
colour, found in Siberia and New Holland.
It is usually regarded as a variety of gar-
net; but the primitive form of the crystal
is a cube, and not a dodecahedron. Name,
from &srAoos, simple, in allusion to its
crystalline structure.

Aprys/ta, the sea-hare: a genus of mol-
lusea, of the order Tectibranchiata. Name,
from @, not, and yAvyw, to make clean, in
allusion to the power possessed by some
of the species of throwing out an acrid
and deep purple humour when in danger.
The English name is taken from the form
of the tentacula, which are four in number,
being folded so as to resemble the ears
of a hare.

APpocaLyPsE, from exoxadurrw, I reveal.

Revelation : the name of one of the books
of the New Testament, written according
tolIreneus,4.p 96,in the island of Patmos,
whither St. John had been banished by
the emperor Domitian. Anciently there
were numerous books published under
the same name.

Apocar’pous, Gr, from go, from, and
HULTOS » fruit. The term is employed
when the carpels of a flower either do
not adhere at all, or when they adhere
only by the ovaries.

Apocrisary, from erexeiris, answer.
Anciently a resident in an imperial city,
in the name of a foreign church, or
bishop answering to the modern nuncio.

Apoc’ryPHa, from azo and xzeurra,
Ihide. The apocrypha, or apocryphal
books, are those writings not
into the canon of Scripture, being either
not acknowledged as divine, or regarded
as spurious. When the Jews published
their sacred books, they gave the appella-
tions of canonical and divine only to those
which were then made public ; while such
as still remained in their archives were
denominated apocryphal, for no other
reason than that they were not pub-
lished.

Apocrn’acez, a family of plants of
which the genus apocynum is the type.

Apocynum, the plant dog’s-bane: agenus
pentandria; ‘digynia. Name, aro and
zvwy, a dog; it was anciently believed to
be poisonous to dogs. ,

Ap’opa, the second order of the Echino-
dermata, comprising but a small number
of animals, closely related to the Holo-
tharie ; but which want the vesicular
feet of that order. The body is invested
with a coriaceous unarmed skin. From
a, Without, and ous, a foot. é

Ap’opE, an animal without feet (2 and
sous). The apodes of older travellers were
birds without feet, which supported them-
rare on trees by means of their hocked

Ss.

Apropyte’rium, Gr. from e&-roduchas, to
strip one’s self. That part in the pales-
tra, or bath, in ancient architecture, for
undressing before bathing, or engaging
in gymnastic exercises.

Apr’ocee, from ¢zo and y%, the earth.
That point of the moon’s orbit in which
she is at the greatest distance from the
earth: opposed to perigee.

When the earth was regarded as the
centre of the system, the terms apogee
and perigee were applicable to the
places of all the planets, and also of
the sun, with respect to their variable
distances from the earth; but now these
terms are referrible to the moon only.
What was formerly the sun’s apogee is
therefore, in strictness, the earth’s ephs-

APO 8

‘APO

lion, and the perigee of the former has

become the perihelion of the latter.

Apottina’RiANs, a Christian sect deriv-
ing their name from Apollinaris, bishop
of Laodicea, in the fourth century, who
maintained that the body of t was
endowed with a sensitive, but not with a
rational soul; and that the divine nature
supplied the place of the intellectual
principle in man.

Apotto. In mythology, the god of medi-
cine, music, and the fine arts, of the
Greeks and Romans. Cicero mentions
four deities of thisname ; three of Grecian,
and one of Egyptian origin; the last the
Great Apollo. The Apollo Belvidere is
reckoned in the first class of ancient sta-
tues, and takes itsname from having been
placed in the Belvidere of the Vatican,
at Rome, by Pope Julius II. The artist
is unknown.

Ap’oLocve, from ero, and Doves, Speech.
A relation of fictitious events, differing
from a parable this; the parable is
drawn from events among men, and is
therefore supposed probable ; the apologue
may relate the supposed actions of brutes
or inanimate things; and therefore does
not require to be supported by probability ;
e.g. ZXsop’s fables are in general apo-
logues. .

Ap’onEvRoO’ss, from asars, and yeveor,
atendon. A tendinous expansion.

AvopH’ycE, | from xo and guy, flight.

Avoprn’yey, J) In architecture, a concave
quadrantal moulding joining the shaft of
a column to the base, and connecting the
top of the shaft to the fillet under the
astragal ; the small facia, or bend, at the
top and base of the shaft of columns.

APOPHYL’LITE, a mineral called also
Ichthyophthalmite, or fish-ey2- stone.
Its constituents are silica and lime, with
a small proportion of potash. It occurs
both massive and crystallised in the
secondary trap rocks of the Hebrides and
Iceland. Name aro and gvAAoy, a leaf,
in reference to its tendency to exfoliate.

APOPH' SSIS, &rogucis, a process. 1. In
anatomy, a process, projection, or protu-
berance of a bone, or other part, other-
wise called appendix, and differing from
epiphysis.——2. In botany, a fleshy tuber-
cle under the basis of the pericarp of some
mosses.

Ap’optexy, from arordnfian, a stroke.
A sudden deprivation of all the powers of
sense and yoluntary motion, the action
of the heart continuing, as well as the
respiration, which is often accompanied
with a stertorous sound.

Ap’ogoBRAN’CHIANS, ) Gr. from arogtw,

Ap’oroBRANCHIA’TA, JI want, andeay-
xa, gills. A name applied by Latreille
to an order of Arachnida, which are

re of stigmata on the surface of the

Ap’oRON, aroeoy, a problem difficult to
resolve, and which has never been re-
solyed, though not in itself impossible ;
e. g. the squaring of the circle. Among
the ancients, when a question was pru-
posed which the person to whom it was
put could not solve, the answer was
aroee, I cannot see through it. The
term aporon has also been used generally
for whatever was inexplicable.

APosE’PEDIN, aro, from, and cyrtday,
product of putrefaction. A peculiar crys-
tallised substance obtained from putrid
cheese.

Ap’osiope’sts, a rhetorical figure, after-
wards called reticency and suppression, and
which consists in the person really speak-
ing of a thing at the time that he makes
a show as if he would say nothing of it.
From esocinraw, to be silent.

A-PosTERIO’RI, posteriori, after. Argu-
ments a-posteriori are drawn from effects,
consequences, or facts,; in distinction to
arguments a-priori, which are from causes
previously known.

APpos'TLE, aroorroAos, 2 messenger’
used to denote one of the disciples com
missioned by Jesus Christ to preach the
gospel. According to Theodoret, “‘ those
who are now bishops were called apostles"
in the primitive ages. In the Greek liturgy,
the term apostle means the Epistles of St.
Paul, printed in the order in which they
are to be read in the churches through
the course of the year

ApostLts’ Creep. A confession of faith,
formerly supposed to have been drawn up
hy the Apostles themselves.

Apostov'tc, in the primitive church, was
an appellation given to all such churches
as were founded by the Apostles, and even
to the bishops of those churches, as the
reputed successors of the Apostles. These
were Rome, Alexandria, Antioch, and
Jerusalem.

Aposror'tcs, certain sects of Christians
who pretended to imitate the practices of
the Apostles, abstaining from marriage,
wine, flesh, pecuniary reward, &c.

Aposv’rRa, a tribe of nocturnal lepido-
ptera, characterised by the absence of
feet on the anal segment of the body of
the larve; whence the name, w, neg.,and
sous, a foot.

AporHE’ca, arobyxy, a repository. In
ancient architecture, a storehouse for oil,
wine, &c.

AporHecary, from asrobyxy, a repusi-
tory. On the Continent, and formerly
in this country, the functions of th
apothecary consisted in compounding ard

g the prescriptions of the phy

fan an
sic and surgeon; but now the tem

APE

88

APP

is applied to practitioners in medicine
who deal also in drugs. The apothecaries
of old times were allied with the grocers ;
but having separated from them, they
were incorporated by a charter from
James I.

ApotHrosis. In archeology, a ceremony
whereby emperors and great men were
ranked among the gods, which was fol-
lowed by the erection of temples and the
institution of sacrifices to the new deity.
From eo and @zo¢,

Aporoms, from aacanbiiiens to cut off.
1. In mathematics, the difference between
two incommensurable quantities, or an
irrational remainder, as AB; when from

! I |

A B Cc
a rational line, AC, is cut off a rational
part, BC, only commensurabie in power
with the whole line AC.——2. In music,
the difference between a greater and lesser
semitone, expressed by the ratio 128 : 125.

APPANAGE, lands appropriated by the
sovereign to the younger sons of the fa-
mily as their patrimony, the reversion
being reserved to the crown on failure
of male heirs. The term is derived from
the panage, panayium of the middle ages,
from panis, bread, provision.

Appara’tTus, Lat. from apparo, to pre-
pare. Things provided as a means to an

nd, as the tools of an artisan; but ina
vrictly technical sense, the instruments
r utensils for performing an operation.
—2. In surgery, certain methods of per-
-orming operations; as A. major and
minoy, which are particular methods of
operating for the stone.-——3. In physio-
logy, a catenation of organs all ministering
to the same function; as the respiratory
apparatus, the digestive apparatus.

Appa’RENT, from ad and pareo, to appear.
Visible ; appearingtotheeye. 1. In ma-
thematics and astronomy, this term is ap-
plied to things as they appear to us, in
contradistinction to real or true; as the
apparent diameter, distance, and. motion
of the sun. Conjunctions are said to be
apparent when the bodies appear to be
placed in the same right line with the
eye; e.g. when a right line, supposed to
be drawn through the centres of two
planets, passes through the eye of the
spectator, the conjunction is only ap-
parent; but if the same right line pass,
not through the eye, but through the
centre of the earth, the conjunction is
then real.—The apparent diameter or mag-
nitude of an object is the angle which it
subtends at the bottom of the eye; and
this liminishes as the distance increases,
~# “nat a small object at a small distance
may have the same apparent diameter as
a larger object at a greater distance: the

condition to be .4lfilled is, that they sub-
tend equal angles at the eye.—The ap-
parent figure of an object is the form under
which it appears when viewed at a dis-
tance; thus, the apparent of a
straight line may be a point; of a surface,
a line; and of a solid, a surface—An
object may have apparent motion when
it is really at rest (at least, relatively
speaking) ; ; as in the case of an observer
moving in one direction, any remote
object at rest will appear to move in
a parallel line in the contrary way
The apparent motions of distant ohpeeth
are also very different from the real
motions, these being only perceptible
from the mutation of the angle at the
eye.—The apparent place of an object
differs from the true place in proportion
to its distance and the refracting power
of the medium through which it is ob-
served. See Time and Horizon.——2. In
law, an apparent heir is one whose right
is indefeasible, provided he outlives his
ancestor, as the eldest son or his issue:
in distinction to an heir presumptive,
whose right of inheritance may be de-
feated by the comtingency of some nearer
heir being born.

Apparr Trion, from apparitio, an appear-
ance. In astronomy, the becoming visible
of a star, &c., which before was hid: op-
posed to occultation.

Appa’ritor, Lat. from appareo, to at-
tend. Among the Romans, any officer
who attended the magistrates and judges
to execute their orders.—In England, an
officer who serves the process of a civil
court; also a beadle in the universities
who carries the mace.

APPAU’ MEE, in heraldry, denotes that
the hand is extended with the full palm
appearing, and the thumb and fingers at
full length.

Appr’aL, from Lat. appello, to drive or
send. In law, to call or remove a cause
from an inferior to a superior court; also
to institute a criminal prosecution for
some heinous offence; e.g. to appeal a
person of felony. Swubstantively, the re-
moval of a cause or suit from an inferior
to a superior tribunal; also a process in-
stituted by a private person against an-
other person for some heinous crime by
which he has been injured, as for murder,
larceny, mayhem. The process was an-
ciently given to private persons te recover
the waregild, or private pecuniary satisfac-
tion for an injury received in the murder
of relations, or other personal affront.

APPEAR’ANCE, m appear of Lat. ad
and pareo. 1. In perspective, the represen-
tation or projection of a figure upon the
perspective plane. 2. In optics, the
view of an object by direct rays, without
either reflection or refraction, is termed
direct appearance. ——3. In astrom my, &e.,

Arr oy

APP

appearances are usually termed pheno-
mena and phases.

AppeL’Lant, in church history, one who
appeals from the constitution of Unigeni-
tus to a general council.— Milton.

AppEcta’Tion, the name by which any-

to wait at table on great occa-
sions, and were ranged near the buffets,
which procured them the name of
buffetiers, now jocularly beef-eaters. The

ruption of blanc nes, or the white-head-
Bull and mouth, vulgarised from
mouth, means the port or har-

bour of Boulogne, which was taken by

Henry VIII., and became a popular

subject for signs. The dull and gate has

a similar origin, being the ?epresenta-

tion of the principal gate of Boulogne,

which Henry VIII., Samson-like, car-
red away with him when he took the
town.

APPEL’LATIVE, 2 common name in dis-
tinction toa propername Appellatives
ttand for whole ranks of beings; e.g.
man is the name of the whole human
race, fowl of ali winged animals.

APPENDAGE, something added to a
principal, but not essential to it ; from ad
and vendeo, tohang. In dotany, the term
is applied to additional organs of plants
which are not universal cr essential ;
uei Scar is one plunt furnished wth them
all, e.g. etpies, ficral leaves, thorns.
prickles, tendiils, giends, aai hairs

Appen’pantT, from Lat. appendo. Hang-
ing to something else, but not forming an
integrant part of it. In law, common
appendant is a right belonging to the
owners or occupiers of lands to put com-
monable beasts upon the waste lands of
the manor. a common of i
may be appendant to a freehold.—An ad-
yowson appendant is the right of patron-
age annexed to the possession of a manor.

APPENDIC'ULATE, Lat. appendiculatus,
appendicled or appended. Applied to
parts of plants which are furnished with
udditional organs for some particular
purposes; e. g. to flowers furnished with
some addition distinct from the tube; to
netioles with leafy films at the base; to
seed furnished with hooks, scales, &c.

AppeEn’sts, Lat. appendo, I hang up.
‘When an ovule is attached to the placenta
by some point intermediate between the
apex and the middle.

Al’PETENCE,) Lat. appetentia, desire,

A’peTencr, J appetite. The disposition
or power of 0: bodies to select
and imbibe such portions of matter as
serve to support and nourish them.

Ap’PIAN-wayr, the most famous of the
highways leading from Rome, and con-
structed by the Censor, Appius Claudius,
a.v.c. 442,

AppLav’sE, Lat. applausus, approbation,
expressed by the hands, in distinction to
acclamation (q. v-)

In the ancient theatres, persons were
appointed for the purpose of applaud-
ing, and masters were appointed to teach
them the art. There were three species,
viz. bombus, a confused din; imbrices
and teste, by beating on a sort of sono-
rous vessels, placed in the theatres for
the purpose. The plausores or applauders
let themselves out on hire to the vain-
glorious among the poets and actors.
Ap’pce. In former times this word sig-

nified fruits in general, especially those of
a roundish form ; but now it is restricted
to that of the Pyrus malus, or cultivated
crab-apple of our hedges. e apple of
love or love-apple, is the tomato or lyco-
persicum, a species of solanum. The
apple of the eye is the pupil. An appie-
—— a scion of an apple-tree en-

grafted.

Ap’piicaTE, from Lat. applicatus, ap-
plied. In geometry, an applicate, or ordi-
nate applicate, is a right line drawn at
right angles across the axis of a curve.
and terminating at both ends in thecurve,
called now more commonly a double ordi-
nate.

Apprica’tion, in Lat. applicatio, is the
laying of two things together. 1. In geo-
metry, a division for applying one quan
tity te another: tae areas being the same
anc the figures ditf-rent; or the trana
fring of a given lixe into a circle ur
other ilgure ; so that :ts ends shal] be the
perimeter of the figure.——2. In sermons,
that part of the discourse in which the
principles, before laid down and illus-
trated, are practically applied.

Aproceia’To, in music (particularly in
song), a blended and not abrupt utterance
of the tones, so that they insensibly -
glide and melt into each other, without
any perceptible break. The term is Ital.
from appoggiare, to lean on.

APPOGGIATU’RA, in music, a small addi-
tional note of embellishment,
prone the note to which it

attached, and taking away —“—9—
from the principal note a por- ———
tion ofits time. Ital. from ap- ~*~
poggiato (q. Vv.)

APPOR’TIONMENT, in law, the dividing of
a rent, &c. among the parties who lay
alaim to it.

ApPREN’TicE, from Fr. apprenti, of ap-

APP

Su

APS

prendre, to learn. One who is bound by
indenture to serve a tradesman or arti-
ficer, or company of such, a certain time,
upon condition that the master instructs,
or causes him to be instructed, in his art,
business, or profession. The term for
which the apprentice is bound is called
his apprenticeship, and varies in different
businesses from three to seven years. In
old law books, barristers are called appren-
tictiad legem, and their technical appren-
ticeship lasted sixteen years, after which
they might take the name of serjeants,
servientes ad legem.

APppRES’SED, | Lat. appressus. In botany,

APPRES'T, applied to leaves pressed
to the stem; also to peduncles.

Approa’cu,fromad and Fr. proche,near.
1. In military language, both the advances
of an army, and the works thrown up by
besiegers to protect themselves in their
advances, are called approaches.——2. In
gardening, when a scion of one tree is
grafted into another without cutting it
from its parent stock, it is said to be in-
grafted by approach. See IncRAFTING.——
3. In geometry, the curve of approach is
defined by this property—that a heavy
body descending along it by the force
of gravity, makes equal approaches to
the horizon in equal times.

Appropria’TIon, from Lat. ad and pro-
prius, private. In law,the sequestering of
a benefice to the perpetual use of a spiri-
tual corporation sole or aggregate.

Appro’ve, from ad and prove, proof.
In Jaw, when a person indicted of felony
or treason, and arraigned, confesses
the fact before the plea is pleaded, and
appeals (accuses) his accomplices of the
same crime to obtain his pardon, this con-
fession and accusation are called approve-
ment, and the person an approver, because
he must approve (adduce sufficient proof)
to what he alleges in his appeal.

APPROX’IMATE, in zoology, when the
teeth are so arranged in the jaws that
there is no intervening vacancy.

Approxima’TIon, from Lat. ad and proz-
imus, next. In mathematics, a continual
approach to a quantity required, where
no process is known for arriving at it ex-
actly: this is the casein all rules for find-
ing the square or cube root of a number
which is not an exact square or cube.

Ap’pvt,in the manége, the stay upon the
horseman’s hand, or the reciprocal sense
between the horse’s mouth and the bri-
die hand; or the sensibility of the horse
to the action of the bridle.

Aprv’tsE, Lat. appulsus. The act of
striking against. In astronomy, the ap-
proach of a planet to a eonjunction with
the sun ora star.

ArpPUR’TENANCE, an appendage or ad-
junect. Fr. appartenance. Appropriately,
such buildings. rights, and improvements

as belong to land are called appurtenances.
Common appurtenant is that which is an-
nexed to land, and can be claimed only by
prescription or immemorial usage, on a
legal presumption of a special grant.

Ap’ricot, the fruit of the Prunus Arme-
niaca, Which grows wild in many parts or
Armenia, and was introduced into Eng-
land about the middle of the 16th century.
Apricot-trees are chiefly raised against
walls, and are propagated by grafting
upon plum-tree stocks. Old orthography,
apricock, Fr. abrécot.

A’pRIL, the fourth month of the year.
Lat. Aprilis, from aperio, to open, inallu-
sion to the season, which is traly the
spring and opening of the year.

A-priorI, the opposite of a-posteriori.
To judge or prove a thing a-priori, is to
do it upon unds or reasons preceding
actual knowledge, or independently of it.

A’pron, from a or ag, and Celt. bron,
the breast. 1. Acloth or piece of leather
worn to defend the clothes. ——2. In gun-
nery, a flat piece of lead as a cover for the
touch-hole of a cannon.——3. In ships, a
piece of curved timber fixed behind the
lower part of the stem, and immediately
above the foremost end of the keel: it
connects the stem and keel——-4. A plat-
form at the entrance of a dock, on which
the dock-gates are shut.——. A piece of
leather or wax-cloth spread before a
person riding'in a gig, to defend him from
rain, &c.

Ap’sipes, plural of apsis, a circle (q. v.).
Those two points in the orbit of a planet
or comet, one of which is the farthest
from, and the other the nearest to, the
sun. The nearest point is called the lower
apsis or perihelion (q. Y.), and the farthest
point is the Aigher apsis or aphelion (q. v.}.
In the orbits of the satellites, the corres-
ponding terms are perigee and apogee.
The (imaginary) straight line which joins
the apsides, that is, the transverse axis of
the orbit ‘which is an ellipse), is called
the line of the apsides. This line moreover
has a slow progressive motion, which
may be represented by supposing a planet
to move in an ellipse, while the ellipse
itself is slowly revolving about the sun in
the same plane: this is called the motion
of the apsides, and the time which the
earth takes, setting out from either apsis,
to return to the same point, is called the
anomalistical year. This, in consequence
of the motion of the apsides, is longer than
the tropical year. The motion of the
apsides is however so slow, that more
than 109,830 years are required for the
major axis of the earth’s orbit to accom-
plish one sidereal revolution. See Equi-

NOXES.
Aps‘'is, Lat. of e-Lis of draw, to con-
nect. 1. In astronomy, either of the two

AQU

91

AQD

reints of a planet’s orbit, otherwise called
the bts ary aphelion. See ApsiDeEs.
In the old churches, an inner part
where the altar was placed, and where
the clergy sat, answering to the choir:
used in opposition to nave, where the
congregation were seated, and synony-
mous with concha, camera, presbyterium.
—3. In architecture, the bowed orarehed
roof of a house, room or. oven; the canopy
of a throne; and anciently, the throne of
a bishop; at present called apsis-gradata,
fro: ing raised a few steps above the
seats of the priests.

—-?,

Aprenopy’res, the scientific name of | P’

the penguins, a tribe of palmipedes, or
web-footed birds of the family of brachy-
ptere (Cuy.): they are found only in the
Antarctic seas. Name from asrrnyis,
wingless, and diryg, a diver, in allusion
to ‘‘ their little wings, covered with mere
vestiges of feathers, which at first sight
resemble scales, and their habits in the
water:” they are totally incapable of
flying, and when they do go on shore,
they push themselves along on their bel-
lies as in ming. The great penguin
(A. patagonica), of about the size of a
goose: the flesh is black, but eatable.

Ar’rers, ) the name ofa class of insects,

Ap’rerA, }in the system of Linnzus.
Named a, without, and rrigey, a wing, be-
ing characterised by the absence of wings,

Ap’rrrovs, belonging to the class of
apters: destitute of wings and scutellum.

Ap’reryx, Gr. from a, without, and
arseve. A New Zealand genus of very
rare birds, in which the wings are re-
duced to a single defensive spur.

Ap’ THANE, a title anciently ‘given to the
higher degrees of nobility in Scotland.
See THANE.

Ap’rHovs, e#riy, to inflame. A dis-
ease termed the thrush.

Apyce’st Svont, in music, sounds distant
one or more octaves, and which yet
accord.—Apyenos is said of the diatonic
genus, on account of its having spacious
intervals in comparison with the chro-
matic and enharmonic.

Apy’Retic,froma@,not,and 7e,fire. A
medical term applied: 1. To those days on
‘which the intermission happens in agues.
—. To local affections not attended
with febrile excitement of the system.

A’avarortis, strong water. Nitric acid
was so named by the alchemists, on ac-
count of its strong solvent and corrosive
action upon numerous mineral, vegetable
and animal substances; and the name is
still used to denote the weak and impure
nitric acid used in the arts. This is dis-
tinguished according to its strength,
Gouble and single, the single being only
half the strength of the other.

Aava Marr'na, sea-water. A name
given by jewellers to the beryl on account
of its colour. ~

Aava Re‘ata, Fe water. The

Aaeva Recoa’iis./ name given by the
alchemists to that mixture of nitric and
muriatic acids which was best fitted to
dissolve gold, styled by them the king of
the metals. It is now called nitro-muriatic
acid ; or, adopting the more recent nam6é
for the muriatic acid, its synonym is nitro-
hydroe acid.

Aava Torra’‘nta, ) Water of Toffana.
Aqva DELLA Tora. } A poisonous liquid,
repared by a woman at Naples, named
Toffana, or Tofania. It was as limpid as
rock water; and from four to six drops
were a fatal dose. It was contained in
small glass vials, bearing the inscription
Manna of St. Nicholas of Bari, and orna-
mented with an image of the saint. Tof-
fana distributed this poison to women
who were anxious to get rid of their hus-
bands; and when put to the rack, in 1709,
she confessed that she had destroyed up-
wards of 600 persons by means of it. The
mode of preparing it is now happily lost.

Aava Vi'r.x, water of life. A name fa-
miliarly applied to native distilled spirits :
equivalent to the eau-de vie, or brandy, of
the French ; the whisky, of the Scotch and
Irish; and the Genera, of the Dutch. It
has been the aqua mortis of myriads of
the human race.

Aqva’rrans. Christians, in the primi-
tive church, who consecrated water (aqua)
instead of wine for the celebration of the
Eucharist.

Aqva’ricum. A place in gardens, in
which only aquatic plants are grown.

Aquva’rivs, the water-carrier. The name
of the eleyenth sign of the Zodiack, em-
blematic of the rainy season. It is marked
thus “Y, and answers to the Egyptian
Canopus.

Aaqvatin’ra, from aqua and tinta, dyed.
The art of engraving on copper after the
manner of Indian ink, by which happy
imitations are made of pencil drawings in
Indian ink, bistre, sepia, &c.

A’aveptcr, from aqua and ductus, a
conduit. A structure made for conveying
water from one place to another, either
under ground or above it, without em-
ploying any other mechanical principle
than that water will descend along an
inclined plane. A structure continuing
the line of a canal across a river, road, or
valley, is called also an aqueduct, and,
perhaps more correctly, an aqueduct bridge.

A’aveEo, from aqua. When prefixed to
a word, aqueo denotes that water enters
into the composition of the substance
named, as aqueo-sulphuric acid: opposed
to anhydro-sulphuric acid.

A’quirotia’cEx, Lat. aquifolium, the
holly. A natural order of robust Exogens,

ARA

ARZ

which connect the monopetalous and poly-
petalous subclasses. Ilex, Prinos, and
Cassia are the most common genera.

A’avita, the eagle. The name of a tribe
of diurnal birds, of the order accipitres,
embracing the most powerful of all the
birds of prey.

The eagles are now divided into the

Aquila proper (to which belongs the

-tailed Eagle), the Haligetus of

Savigny, or Fisher Eagles of Cuvier (the

Pygargus and Bald Eagle), Pandion

(the Osprey), Circaétus, Harpyia (where

we find the “’ Great Harpy of America,”

that possesses such strength of beak as
to be able to cleave a man’s skull), and

Morphnus, differing in certain pec

ities of the tarsi, claws, and wings.
—2. In astronomy,a constellation of the
northern hemisphere, usually joined with
Antinéus, or of which the asterism Anti-
néus is an integral part.

AquiraRia’cex, from aquilaria, eagle-
wood, one of the genera. A very small
order’ of Indian plants, whose species is
but little known. The aquilaria agallo-
chum produces the eagle or aggul wood,
which, in all probability, was the aloes
wood of scripture.

Aqvitr’eia, the herb Columbine. A
genus. Polyandria—Pentagynia. Named
from aguila, an eagle, whose claws the
nectaries resemble. About 12 species, of
which one is indigenous. Perennial.

A.R. stand for anno regni, the year of
the reign ; e.g. A.R. V. R.4, in the fourth
year of the reign of Queen Victoria.

Ara,analtar. The name given to an
asterism south of the Scorpion's Tail. It
is also called Ara Thuribuli, the Altar of
Incense.

An’apesquE (Fr.), ) Something done af-

Ar’apesk (Eng.). )ter the manner of
the Arabs: applied to sculptural and
painted ornaments consisting ofimaginary
foliage, plants, stalks, &c., but in which
no human or animal fi appear, re-
presentations of these being forbidden by
the Koran. The term is synonymous with
moresque (q. cs ), but not necessarily with

grotesque (q.
AR’azIs, the herb wall or rock cress. A
genus. Tetr Nam

so “ because originally an Arabian genus,”
or more probably from the Greek Aga Gz,
a species of nasturtium used in pickles.
Walls and rocks throughout Europe.

An’sno-TEDEs‘co, Ital. arabo, and tedes-
cho, German. In painting and sculpture,
astyle of art composed of Moorish, Roman,
and German-Gothic.

Aracats’cHa, a South-American plant,
said to be more nourishing and prolific
than the potato (solanum tuberosum), and
which may be cultivated with advantage
nmost partsof Europe. Scientific name,
Eeracleum tuberosum Moline.

What is most peculiar regarding this
plant is, that it is also found growing in
the country of Sus on the south side of
pone Atlas, and is called by the Arabians

» Which means the dry root.

Now the question is, how does the plant

come to bear among the natives of Santa

Fé de Bogota an Arabian name? Did

the Arabs, in old antiquity, trade with

South America? Or, shall we believe

that acontinent—a real Atlantis—form-

ed a connection between Africa and

South America?

Ana’cEx, or AROIDEX, arum, one of the
genera. Acrid endogens, with the flowers
arranged upon a spadix, inclosed in a
spathe.

ARacH’NIDA, the name given by Lin-
neus to the spider-tribe of articulated

, from wayyy, a spider, and sides,
likeness. They compose the two fami-
lies of spiders and scorpions.

ARACH’NIDES, the spiders composing the
second class of articulated animals in the
system of Cuvier. They are provided
with moveable feet, are destitute of
wings, do not experience any metamor
phosis, and generally feed on insects,
though many are parasitical, and some
are only found among flour, on cheese,
and various plants. They are divided into
two orders, pulmonarie and trachearia.

ARACcH’NOID, Cobweb-like, from asayyn,
aspider, or spider’s web, and elder, like-
ness. In anatomy, (1). A cobweb-like
membrane forming one of the tunics or
coats of the brain. (2). One of the tunics
or coats of the eye.——In natural history,
a species of fossil madrepore.

Ara’cK, the native name of a spirituous
liquor prepared in India from rice, the
juice of the sugar-cane and of the cocos-
nut, by distillation. It is the agua vite
of India.

Arzom’ETER, from @gasos, rare, thin,
and Méreoy, Measure. An instrument to
measure the density or gravity of fluids.
See HyDROMETER.

ArzosTYLE, from agaios, rare (thin
set), and grvAes, acolumn. In archétec-
ture, one of the five proportions by which
the ancients regulated the intervals called
intercolumniations, between the columns
of porticoes and colonnades. In modern
practice the word denotes the interco-
lumnar space of 4 diameters, and is re-
stricted to apertures decorated with the
Tuscan order.

Axzzosrs'TY LE, from agasos and systyle
(qv-) In architecture, a method of pro-
portioning the intervals between columns
ranged in pairs. The disposition is com-
posed of two systyle intercolumniations,
= a in the west front of St.

aul’s.

ARB

93

ARC

Araicn’r’E, Fr. a spider. In military
affairs, a branch, return, or gallery of a
min

e.

Anra’L1a, a genus of American plants,
chiefiy arborescent, of which the ange-
lica-tree is a species. Pentandria—Penta-
¢ The berries of the angelica-tree
fo rtncen). are said to be bate in tooth-
ache and colic, whence called tooth-ache
tree. It is also called prickly-ash.

ARALIA’CES, a natural family of plants,
of which the genus aralia is the type.

Ara’NEA, a spider; a genus of arach-
nides, of the order pulmonarie. The spe-
cies are exceedingly numerous, some so
small as to be nearly got es me and
others so large as to kill small birds, and
so poisoning that their bites have proved
fatal to man. The domestic spider is a

species of this genus; it is harmless from | jish,

its want of power to ‘pierce the skin.
A’ran, the tree whose wood is chiefly
used by the Mahometans for the con-
struction of their mosques, and whose
resin is the sandarach of commerce.
ArRavea/RIA, & genus of trees somewhat
resembling the pine tribe. Diecia—Mo-
nodelphia. Named from Araucania in
South America, where one of the species
Sir Joseph Banks’ pine) grows plenti-
Uy, and being the first discovered gave
name to the genus.
AR’BALEST, |} a cross-bow, from arcus, a
An’zatist, J bow, and balista (q. v.).
This instrument consisted of a steel bow
set in a shaft or stock of wood, furnished
with a spring and trigger. The arrows
shot from it were called quarrels.
Arpirra’Tion, the hearing and de-
termining between parties in contro-
versy, by arbiters either chosen by the
| cee or appointed by a magistrate. It
for each party to choose an arbiter.
and these to nominate a third party called
an umpire. The final determination is
called an oars; and this is binding upon
the
ee Properly, a person to
whom the presiding judge proposes ques-
tions depending on scientific or technical
knowledge, which affects the matter in
dispute.
ap’ Bor, the Latin word for tree, as dis-
tinguished from shrub. 1. In gardening,
a bower, usually formed of lattice-work
phan with parasitical plants, as ivy.——
2. In mechanics, the same with shaft (q. v.).
—3. In chemistry : If mercury be wn
into a dilute solution of nitrate of silver,
the silver is gradually precipitated in a
beautiful arborescent form, constituting
what is usually called the Arbor Diane
the tree of Diana), or Arbor philosophorium
the philosophical tree).——4. In anatomy :
en the cerebdelium is cut vertically,
the medullary substance appears ed
30 as to represent a tree: this dendriform

ement is called the Arbor vite (tree
of life). ——5. In botany : A beautiful ever-
green tree—the Thuja occidentalis—islike-
wise called the Arbor rite. It is a native
of Siberia, Canada, Japan, and China.

Arso’rEOvs, Lat. arborens, tree-like.
Having a permanent woody stem. This
term is sometimes used to distinguish
such fungi or mosses as grow upon treea
from those which grow upon the ground.

ARBORES'CENCE, from arboresco, to grow
like a tree. The resemblance of a tree
frequently observed in crystallizations
and in mineral productions.

ARBORES'CENT, Lat. arborescens, grow-
ing like a tree (arbor). Becoming woody ;
dendriform. A species of Asterias, call ad
sometimes Caput Meduse (Medusa’s head),
is popularly called the arborescent star-
in epasiod to its appearance.

ARBOR’ETUM, a place in parks, pleasure
grounds, gardens, or nurseries, in which
a collection of different species of trees is
cultivated.

AR’BORICULTURE, Lat. from arbor, a
tree, and colere, to cultivate. The art of
cultivating trees and shrubs grown for
timber, or for ornamental purposes. The
practice includes propagation by seeds,
by cuttings, layers, grafting, raising in
beds and rows, transplanting, pruning,
thinning, and, finally, felling, and the
succession of kinds.

Ar’suTws, the strawberry-tree. A genus.
Decandria—Monogynia. The A. unedo,
or true strawberry-tree, is a beautiful
evergreen, which, from its frequency and
elegant foliage, adds greatly to the lake
scenery in Killarney in Ireland. The A.
alpina, called popularly the bear-berry,
bear’s whortle berry, bear’s bilberry, wild
cranberry, &e., is a trailing shrub found
plentifully among the Highland hills of
Scotland ; as is also the A. uva wrsi, or red
bear-berry, which affords excellent food
for moor-fowl. This derives the name
from Celtic ar, rough or austere, and
boise, a bush, which is characteristic of
the Scottish species.

Arc, Lat. arcus, a bow, vault, or arch.
In geometry, any part of a curved line
which does not consist of contrary curva-
tures. It is by means of circular arcs
that all angles are measured, the arc
being described from the angular point
asacentre. See ANGLE.

Arca’pE, Fr. from Sp. arcada, from Lat.
arca. In architecture, a series of recesses
with arched ceilings or soffets.

The use of this word is very vague
Some use it for a single arched aperture
or inclosure, instead of vault, or for the
space covered by a continued vault or
arch, hy pps on piers or columns,
instead of gallery or corridor; and by
others for the space inclosed by two or
more arcades, or a wall and an arcade,

ARC

94

ARC

instead of a piazza or ambulatory.—
Siuart

Ar’capz, a family of marine bivalve
shells, of which the genus arca is the type.

Arca’DIANS, a society of Italian poets
in Rome, established in the latter half of
the 17th century, for the improvement of
taste, and the cultivation ofItalian poetry.
It took the title of omy of Arca-
dians; in conformity with which they
pretend to imitate the pastotal life of
the Arcadians (inhabitants of Arcadia,
the Greek Switzerland).

Arc-BouTant, Fr, from are and bouter,
to abut. An arched buttress formed of a
fiat arch, abutting against the feet or
sides of another arch or vault to support

them and prevent their giving way in.

that direction: called also a flying buttress.
AxcH, probably from ey, beginning,
origin; Fr. arc, arch. 1. In geometry,
part of a circle, not more than a half.
Among modern mathematical writers
this form of the word is disused, being
replaced by arc (q.v.), except as re-
stricted to its signification among ar-
chitects and mechanics.
—2. In architectwre, a mechanical ar-
rangement of separate inelastic bodies in
the line of a curve, which preserve a
given form when resisting pressure. A
concave structure of stone or brick raised
upon a mould in the form of an are of a
curve, and serving as the inward support
of some superstructure. The arch may
be supported by the form of its own curve,
the stones acting against each other, and
resisting with the force by which they
would otherwise fall; or it may be con-
structed of wood or iron, and supported
by the mechanism of the work.
The lateral supports of an arch are
atutments or Gutments, and the internal
supports are piers. The first or under-

most stones at A and B of the arch are

termed springers, and the line A B on
which they are placed is called the
springing line or reins of the arch. The
upper end of the pier on which the
arch rests is the impost or platband.
The stones ranged in the curvature of
the arch are archstones or voussoirs. The
whole interior curved surface of the
arch ADC, is called the intrados by

geometers, and soffet by architects, or
popularly the arch. The eztrados is
the convex surface A’D’ B’. The span,
called by geometers the chord of the arch,
is meas m the lines where the
intrados rises from the impost. The
rise of the arch, or, geometrically, the
versed sine, is the distance CD of the
highest point of the intrados above the
chord line ABC. The highest point
D of the intrados, is by geometers called
the crown or verter, but by the work-
men the underside of the crown, the crown
with them being the upper end of the
key-stone, or stone which connects the
two semi-ar D and CD at D.
These semi-arches are called haunches, -
or hances, or flanks, and the spaces
above these, being the outer walls,
forming the elevation of the arch, is
the spandrels, or, collectively, the spar-
drel-wall. Sometimes small circular
arches are constructed through the.
spandrel and haunch walls, mostiy
‘over piers in stone bridges: these are
called ox-eyes by the workmen.
Ancx, chief, from aey;: used as a sylla-
bic prefix to words, to denote the highest
=< of their kind, whether good or

ArcHZoL’ocy, from aexasos, ancient,
and Aoyos, a discourse. The science or
subject of antiquities, especially of Greece
and Rome.

Apr’cHaism, Gr. from aexaios, ancient.
A term used by ancient chemists and
physicians, to imply the occult cause of
certain phenomena.

ARCHBISH’oP, from arch and bishop. The
hee of a church dignitary of the first

The title was introduced about a.p.
340. England has two archbishops,
that of Canterbury and that of York,
who are called primates and metropoli-
tans. The archbishop of Canterbury
had anciently jurisdiction over Ireland,
and was styled a patriarch, and is still
accounted the first peer of England,
and next to the royal family. He has
the precedence of the dukes and all the
officers of the crown.

AncHBv’TLER, one of the great officers
of the German empire, who presents the
cup to the king on solemn occasions. The
office belongs to the king of Bohemia.

ARCHCHAM’BERLAIN, an Officer of the
German empire, much the same as the
great chamberlain in England.

ARCKCHAN’CELLOR, a high officer who
in ancient times presided over the secre-
taries of the court.

Axcy’counT, a title formerly given to
the earl of Flanders, on account of his
great power and riches.

ARcH’DEACON, from aych and deacon. An

ARC

95

.

ARC

ecclesiastical dignitary next to a bishop:
his jurisdiction may extend over the
whole diocese, or only a part of it. There
are sixty archdeacons in England, and as
many archdeaconries over which they have
authority.—Archdeacon's court is an in-
ferior church court held in the absence of
the archdeacon, and from which appeal
lies to the bishop’s court. The judge in
this court is called the archieacon's official.

Arcn’puke, from arch and duke. A
title given to the princes of the house of
Austria, all the sons being archdukes and
daughters archduchesses.

ARCHE!’on, the most retired and secret
place of the Grecian temples, used as a
treas

ury.
Ancu’ss-Covrt, an ecclesiastical court
peal belo

The court takes its
name from the church of St. Mary-le-Bow
(de arcubus), whose top is raised of stone
pillars built archwise, where it was an-
ciently held.

AncH’etyre, from weyerurov, a first
pattern. Among minters, the standard
weight to which the others are adjusted.

Ar’cHiaco’LyTH, from weyos, chief, and
axzorovbos, minister. In the ancient ca-
thedral churches, the ministers were
divided into four orders, viz. priests,
deacons, subdeacons, and acolyths (or
Lat. acolythi),each of which had its chiefs:
that of the acolythi was calied the archi-
acolyth or archiacolythus.

ArcH’tater, from aeyy, chief, and
tergos, physician. An old title for the
chief physician to a prince who retained
several.

Ar’cHrpar’Irer, from arch and dapifer,
’ sewer. In Germany, a great officer of the
ee: the office belongs to the elector

A violet, red, or purple
paste, obtained froma spe-
cies of whitish moss (lichen roccelius) which
grows upon rocks in the Canary and Cape
de Verd Islands. It is used in dyeing for
™ other colours. It is analogous
to the substance r in Scot-
land. Litmus is obtained from the same
lichen, by a modified process practised in
Holland. Asort of archil is also obtained
from the lichen parellus, which grows on
the basaltic rocks of Auvergne.

ARCHILO’CHIAN, appertaining to Archilo-
chus, a Greek poet, who flourished about
700 mc. The Archilochian verse, which is
_ called from him, is—

ewvuvevue-

Arcuiman’prire. In the Greek church.
’ the abbots were called mandre, and their
chief archimandrite, the pretix archi mean-
ing chief. See Ancu.

ArcHImeE’DEs’ Screw, a machine for
raising water, said to have been invented
by Archimedes, the most celebrated among
the ancient geometricians (287 z.c.). The

machine consists of a tube rolled in a
spiral form about a cylinder, as in the
figure. The handle, A, being turned, the

water enters the spiral tube at B: the
orifice being brought to C, the water will
fall to E; another revolution brings it to G;
and so on, till it is finally discharged at D.

Axcurpsr’aco is a corruption of Zgeo-
pelago, the modern Greek pronunciation
Of Asyasoy TleAcyos, the gean Sea.
The term is applied to any sea interspersed
with many isles, and to the isles situated
therein. ;

Ar’cHITecTuRE, the art of contriving
and erecting buildings. According to the
objects to which it is applied, architecture
is divided into civil, naval, and military
The word is from the Lat. architectura, o
the verb architector, from agyirextay,
a constructor, an architect.

The Egyptian style of building takes
its origin in the cavern and mound ; the
Chinese architecture is modelled from
the tent; the Grecian is derived from
the wooden cabin ; and the Gothic from
the bower of trees.

Axcu’Irrave, from geyos, chief, and
trabs,a beam. In architecture, that patt
of the entablature which rests imme
diately upon the columns. It probably
represents the beam which in ancient
buildings extended from column to co-
lumn, to support the roof. In Gothic
architecture there is no architrave.

Ar’cHIVEs, a collection of written docu
ments containing the rights, privileges,
claims, treatises, constitutions, &c. of a
family, corporation, community, city, or
kingdom; also the place where such do-
cuments are kept. The term is Fr., from
Ital. archivio; Low Lat. archivium or ar-
chivum, from wextioy.

Anr’cuivotr. ‘In architectwe, the innez
contour of an arch or band, adorned with
mouldings, running over the facings of
the arehstones and bearing upon the im-
posts. It differs in different orders. The
term is from the Fr. archivolte, and tie
same as the Lat. arcus volutus.

ARC

96

ARE

Arcn’Lure, )Ital. arcileuto. A large

Arcu’ttuTe, J lute, a theorbo: the base
Strings are doubled with an octave, and
the higher strings with a unison.

ARCH’MARSHAL, the grand marshal of
the German empire. The dignity belongs
to the elector of Saxony.

Arcu’on, from weywy, a prince. The
highest magistrates of Athens were called
Archons. There were nine: the first was
properly the archon; the second, king ;
the third was the polemarch, or general of
the forces; and the other six were thesmo-
thete, or legislators.

ArcHOoN’TIcs, a branch of the Valen-
tinians, who held that the world was
made by archontes or angels.

Arc’TIc, an epithet given to the north
pole in reference to the constellation of
the Little Bear, called by the Greeks
aexros, the last star in the tail of which
points out the north pole. The arctic
circle is a lesser circle of the sphere, pa-
rallel to the equator, and 23° 28’ distant
from the north pole, from which it takes
its name. This, and its opposite, the
antarctic (q.v.), are called the two polar
circles, and within these lie the frigid
zones.

Arc’rIum, the plant burdock or clitbur.
A genus. Syngenesia— Poly. e@qualis.
Name, aexros, a bear, in allusion to the
coarse texture of the involucres. Waste
places, as way-sides.

Arc’romys, the marmot. A genus of
mammalia, of the order rodentia. The
marmots live in societies and are easily
tamed. There are many species, the most
interesting of which are the Alpine i,
which inhabits high mountains, and the
bobac of Poland and Kamschatka, both
about the size of a hare, and burrow in
the hardest soils. The American species
are smaller. Name, zexro¢, & bear, and
us, a rat; the bear-rat.

ARCTOPHYLAX, Lat. from &exros, a bear,
and gvaéz,a keeper. The Greek name of

the constellation Bodtes, or Charles’s’
Wain.

Axctv’rts, Lat. from aexres, a bear,
and ofex,a tail. A star of the first mag-
nitude in the constellation Arctophylax, or
Bodtes. é ;

Arc’rvs, zextos. The name given by
the Greeks to two constellations, called by
the Latins Ursa major and Ursa minor,
and by us the Great Bear and the Little
Bear.

Axrcta’rIon, Lat. arcuatio,a bending. In
gardening, a method of raising by layers
such trees as cannot be raised from seed.
It consists in bending to the ground the
branches which spring from the offsets or
stools, and covering them with earth
three inches deep upon the joints. When

they have taken root, they are re-
moved.

Ar’pga, the heron. <A genus of birds of
the order grallatorie, and family ecultri-
rostres. There are several species,
including the crabeaters and bitterns.
Named by the Latins from wéea diss,
ab alto volatu.

Are, from area. A superficial square
measure in France, substituted for the
former square rod. It contains 1076°44
square feet, English.

A-RE, in the Guidonian scale of music,
denotes the iowest note but one.

A’rEA, a Latin word signifying—1.
A threshing-floor——2. A yacant space
bounded on all sides, or before a public
building. In geometry, the superficial con-
tent of any figure; the surface included
by any given lines. The extent is ascer-
tained by finding how many times the
surface contains another smaller surface,
of which we have an accurate idea; asa
square inch, a square foot, &c., which we
use as superficial measures. Among phy-
sicians, the term area has been use
vaguely to denote certain cutaneous dis-
eases producing baldness.

Are’ca, the cabbage-tree, a genus of
palms, one species of which, called the
cabbage-palm (A. oleracea), grows abun-
dantly in South America, and is cnl-
tivated in both the Indies. The pith
forms an inferior sago, the young buds
are eaten as cabbage, and the fruit
yields oil. The fruit (nut) of another East
Indian species (A. catechu), yields two
kinds of catechu, called cuttacamboo and
casheutti by the Indians. Monecia—Mo-
nodelphia. Called also fausel-nut (nut
resembles the nutmeg), and drunken-

ate. 2

Arr’na, sand. In the Roman amphi-
theatres, a plain space in the middle,
covered with sand, on which the gladia-
tors, &c. fought. Hence, also, the com-
batants were called arenarii.

ArneEna’r1A, the plant sandwort. A genus,
of which there are eleven indigenous spe-
cies. Decandria—Trigynia. Named from
arena, sand, the greater number of species
growing in sandy soils.

ArenpDa’Tor. In Russia, one who con-
tracts with the government for the rents
of the farms is ealled’ an arendator, from
arenda,afarm. And he who rents an es-
tate of the crown is called a crown-aren-
dator. The estate and rent paid for it are
indifferently denoted by arende.

AREN’GA, a genus of palms peculiar to
the Moluccas. The pith affoxds a kind of
sago, and the sap sugar by evaporation,
and a pleasant liquor by fermenta-
tion.

ARENILIT IC, pertaining to sandstone,
arena and py consisting Ol saLd-
stone.

\

ARG 97

ARG

Arro’pa, avery brilliant genus of pea
merous coleoptera, belonging to
closely allied to the cockchafer.

Arr’ota, Lat. dim. of area. In anatomy,
the small interstices of cellular tissues.
In Surgery, an inflamed ring around pus-
tules, &c. The coloured circle which sur-
rounds the nipple of the breast.

ARF’oL2, the smaller spaces into which
the wings of insects are divided by the
nervures.

Arg/ouaTe. 1. Th entomology, divided
into small spaces.——2. In botany, in com-
posite plants, when the florets are placed
on the surface of the receptacle,and drop-
ping off leave pentagonal spaces.

ARxEoLa’TION. Any small space, bounded
by something different in colour, tex-
ture

AREOM’ETER. See AnxoMETER and Hy-
DROMETER.

Arrom’erry, the art of measuring the
density or gravity of fluids by means of a
hydrometer (generally an areometer).

Arropa’eus, the name of the oldest of
the Athenian courts of justice, and
the most respectable. The title is derived
from Aenys, Mars, and rayos, hill. Mars’
Hill, a in the city on which its first
meetings were held. The judges were
called areopagite.

ARETOL’0GY, a name sometimes given
to that part of moral philosophy which
treats of virtue, its nature,and the means
of attaining it; from ager, virtue, and
doves, discourse.

ARGat, crude tartar, called also argol.

Arcan’pD. When a strong light is re-
quired from oil or gas, it is common to
make a circular burner, with a hole per-
forated through the middle for the ad-
mission of air into the interior of the
flame, and a series of small perforations
around the circumference for the egress
of gas, or one continuous opening into
which the wick is put when it is required
to burn oil. Such burners are called ar-
gands or argand burners, from the inven-
tor’s name.

ARGE’Monz, a genus of Mexican plants.
Polyandria—Monogynia. Name from ar-
gema, an ulcer of the eye, which the first
known species was said to cure.

ARGENT, from argentum, silver. The
white colour in coats of arms, intended to
signify in a woman, Foose A - a maid,
virginity ; in Judges, justice, & therich,

umility.

gr geore TATE. Fulminating silver is
sometimes called argentate of ammonia.

ARGENTIFEROUS, prod! silver, ar-
gentum and fero.

Ar’GENTINE, resembling silver, argen-
tum. Also a name of slate-spar, which is
a nearly pure sub-species of carbonate of
lime, of a slaty structure. The antimo-

nious acid is popularly termed argentine
Jlowers of antimony.

Ar’GIL, \aee argilla of &eyiAdos, white

An’GILL, ) earth, &eyés, White. Gene-
rally potter’s earth, tat strictly the earth
of clay called in chemistry alumina (q. v.).

ArGoItta’ceocs, of the nature of argil,
containing argil. A. earth, alumina, A.
schist, clay-slate: arn indurated clay com-
eae to the fossiliferous and metamorphic

es.

Arott’LITE, argillaceous-schist or clay-
slate used in roofing houses.

AR’GoL, crude tartar, called also argal,
which when purified is called cream of
tartar.

ArGonav’ta, the paper nautilus or
sailor, a sub-genus of sepia or cuttle-fish ;
there are several species closely resem-
bling each other in animal and shell.

These mollusca are always found ina
very thin shell, symmetrically fluted
and spirally convoluted, the last whorl
so large that it bears some resem-
blance to a galley, of which the spine is
the poop. The animal makes a con-
stant use of it, and in calm weather
whole fleets of them may be observed
navigating the surface of the oceun-
employing six of their tentacula as oars
and elevating the two membraneous
ones by way of a sail. If the sea be-
comes rough, or they perceive any dan-
ger, the argonaut withdraws all its
arms, concentrates itself in its shell,
takes in water, and descends to the
bottom. There is, however, consider-
able doubts whether the animal found
within this shell be really the con-
structor of it, or a parasitical intruder

into a shell formed by some other .

animal not yet discovered. The animal

has no other connection with the shell
than that it is found within it, and oc-
cupies the last or large whorl only.

The others being entirely empty.—The

name is derived from @, the name

of the ship in which Jason sailed to

Colchis in search of the golden fleece,

and yavros, a sailor.

Ar’Go-Na’vis, the ship Argo (Jason’s
ship). Thename ofa comstelincion in a
southern hemisphere, and type of th
ship in which Jason sailed to Colchis.

Ar’GUMENT. Lat.argumentum. In as-
tronomy, a quantity upon which another
quantity or equation depends, or some
circumstance relative to the motion ofa
planet orsatellite ; or it isan arc whereby
we endeavour to find another unknown
are proportional to the first ; hence argu-
ment of inclination, called also the argu-
ment of latitude, the portion of a planet’s
orbit intercepted between the ascending
node and the place of the planct from the
sun, counted according to the successioD

H

ARI

46

ARK

of the signs. Argument of the moun's
epogec, culled also the annual argument,
the distance of the moon’s apogee from the
sun’s place, that is, the arc of the eclip-
tic comprised between these two points.
Argument of parallax, denotes the effect
produced by parallax on an observation,
and which is the argument for deter-
mining the quantity of horizontal pa-
rallax.

ARGUMENTUM AD HOMINEM, AN argu-
ment which presses with consequences
drawn from one’s owr principles and con-
cessions.

ARGUS-SHELL, a species of porcelain
shell, beautifully variegated with spots,
in some measure like the peacosk’s tail.

Arary’nis, a genus of butterflies, re-
markable for the silvery spits on tne
under part of the body. ,

An’erritis, an old nume of litharge,
from agyueos, Silver, bc: ause separated in
the process of extracting silyer from the
lead ores.

AnGYx’ocoME, a sub-genns of cud-weed
(gnaphalium). From aeyuees; silver, and
xoum, bair, because the towers are sil-
very white.

A’ata, in music, Ital. for air (q. v-)

A’aians, the adherents of the Alexan-
arian bishop, Arius, who held Christ to be
a created being, inferior to God in nature
and dignity. Their doctrine is Arianism.

A’g1zs, Latin forsam. Inastronomy, a
constellation forming the first of the
twelve signs of tne zodiac. Symbol, m
In the ancient military art, aries means
& battering. ram.

Azrer’ta, in music, Italian for dim. of
Gria (q. ¥-).

A‘nin, Lat. ariilus. A tunic investing
the seed of some plants completely or
partially. It is fixed at the base of the
seed, and mcre or less closely envelopes
the other parts. Mace is the aril of the
nutmeg.

on cleaptongl Sid evil principle in the

Anrgi’mMan. J) Persian theology, which
perpetually counteracts the designs of the
good principle, Ormuza or Horminaa.

Arto’so, Italian for light, lively. Ap-
pied in music to a Bind of melody bor-
dering on the majestic style of a capital
air

Arnrsta, the awn. A sharp bristle-like
appendage which proceeds from the husk
or glume of grasses.

Aarstate, Lat. artsvatus,awned. Ap-
plied to leaves, &c. terminating in a long
rigid spine, which docs not appear asa
contraction.

Aristo.o’cu1a, the plant birthwort.
Genus. Gynan Ilerandria. Name,
agiorts, and Aoxtica, for its supposed me-
@icinal virtues. One indigenous specics.

ABISTOLOCHI’s, & natural family of

plants, of which the genus Aristulochio iz
the type.

ArisroTe’Lta, the generic name of 2
South American tree. Dodecandria—Mov-
nogynia. Named in honour of Aristotle,
the ancient philosopher.

Arita’meETIC, from wefuyrizy, the art
of numbering, aesf.o¢, number. A branch
of mathematics which has for its object
the combination of numbers according to
certain rules, in order to obtain results
which satisfy given conditions. These
rules, methodically arranged, constitute
the science to which is given the name
arithmetic. Arithmetic is called theoreti-
cal when it treats of the properties and
relations of nymers considered abstract-
edly: and practical, when it treats simply
of the art of computing. Integral arita-
metic treats of whole numbers ; fractional
arithmetic of fractional numbers ; decime!
arithmetic of decimal numbers. Logariti.-
mic arithmetic is that which is performed
by tables of logarithms. Political arich-
metic is the calculation of reyenue, deter-
mination of taxes, adjustment of expendi-
ture, &c. Specious and universal arithmetic
are names given to algebra. All arith-
metical operations are performed by
means of addition, subtraction, mul*ipli-
cation, and division ——Arithmetica!. ¢22..-
plement of a number is what it wants of
the next higher decimal denomins*i-a.-
Thus 4 is the arithmetical complemext 32
6, as it is what 6 wants of 10——Arit/,-
metical mean between two numbers is a
number, such that its excess over the first
is equal to its defect from the second.
Thus 5 is an arithmetical mean between
3 and 7.——Arithmetical progression, a se-
ries of numbers, such that each differs
from the quantity that precedes and fol-
lows it by the same number. Thus, 3, 5,
7, 9, form an arithmetical progression,
when the common difference of the terms
is 2. Arithmetical proportion of four
numbers consists in the difference of the
first and second being equal to thatof the
third und fourth. Thus, 2,5, 8, 11.

ApiyExRricaL Rario. The difference
of sr? twe of an arithmetical progression.

42x. the name given,in our translation
of the Bible, to the floating edifice in
whicn Noah z+sided during the deluge.
From Sax. epte or eptk, achest. Lat.
arca. Dut. arke. The chest in which the
tables of the law were preserved was
called the ark of the covenant. This coffer
was 3 feet 9 inches long, by 2 feet 3
inches in breadth. and the same in depth.
lt was made of shittim-wood, and covered
with the mercy-scat, or propitiatory
(iAacingiov trsOntex), made of pure gold,
and having at each corner a cherub with
expanded wings.

—— ~=— lr/?— ele
all

ARM 99

ARR

Arm, Sax. afiM or eafim. That part
of the upper extremity of the human
body which extends from the shoulder to
the wrist: divided into the brachium and
antibrachium by anatomists.

Ar’ma, Lat. for arms, applied in botany
to various pointed appendages of plants,
as spina.

ARMADIL’Lo, a mammiferous genus of
quadrupe2 peculiar to America; the da-
sypus of Linneus, and belonging to his
order bradypoda, but placed by Cuvier
in the order edentata. The armadillos
take their name from the peculiar scaly
and hard shell, formed of compartments
resembling little paying stones, which
covers their head and body, and frequently
their tail. ‘They dig burrows and live
partly on vegetables, and partly on in-
sects and dead bodies, There are several
species or rather sub-genera.

Ar’MatuRE, Lat. armatura, armour, that
which defends, but sometimes used of
offensive weapons. A piece of soft iron
#pplied to a loadstone, or connecting the

oles of a horse-shoe magnet, is called

ts armature; when the armature is ap-
plied the magnet is said to be armed.

ARMED. In heraldry the term is used
with respect to beasts and birds of prey
when their teeth, horns, feet, beak, talons
or tusks are of a different colour from the
rest of the body; e.g. “‘ He bears a falcon
armed, or.’”’

ARME’NIAN sTONS, 2 blue mineral or
earth variously spoticd, and not unlike
she lapis lazuli; found xirst in Armenia or

An’micsR, literally a bearer of arms,
arma and gerv; an old title of dignity
next in degree to a knight, now replaced

esquire.

Ar’sLiary, from armilla, a bracelet.
Consisting of rings or circles, chiefly ap-
piice to an artificial sphere composed of
various circles put together in the proper
order of the imaginary circles which sur-
round the earth, for the purpose of illus-
trating the motions of the celestial bodies.

Ar’mines, in nautical language the
waist-clothes hung about a ship’s upper
works.

ARMIN‘’IANS, @ religious sect which has
ive name from Arminius (the Latin name
of James Hermann), who maintained, in
opposition to Calvin, that the merits of
Christ extended to all mankind; and that
the grace necessary to salvation is attain-
able by every one. The Arminians stil
remain a distinct sect in Holland, under
the name of remonstrants (q. v.), and have
been the predominant party in the church
of England since the time of Laud.

‘wor, )a defensive habit com ad

Ar’movr,jof the casque or he
gTorget, » gauntlet, tacce, brasseta,

cuisses and covers for the legs, to which
the spurs were fastened. This furniture
was denominated harness or armour, cap-
@-pié, i.e., from head to foot, and was
used by csvaliers and men-at-arms. In
statutes, armour is used for the whole ap-
paratus of war. Coat-armour signifies
the escutcheon of any person or family,
with its several charges and other furni-
ture, as mantling, crest, supporters,
mottd, &c.

Akos, Lat. arma. In botany, see ARMA,
In heraldry, tie ensigns armorial of a
family, and consisting of figures and co-
lours borne in shields, banners, &c., as
marks of distinction and dignity. Charged
arms are such as retain their ancient in-
tegrity,and acquire some new honourable
charge or bearing. Vocal erms are such
that the figures bear some allusion to the
name of the bearer.

Ar’nica, the plant leopard's bane, a
genus of pere ; Syngenesia—Poly-
gamia superflua ; a European species, is
used medicinally. Name anciently given
to a different plant.

ArnoipE, a natural family of plants of
which the genus arwm is the type.

Ar‘notpists. The partisans of Arnold
of Brescia, who, in the twelfth century,
was the first to raise his voice against the
abuses and vices of the clergy.

Ap’opa, ie Sp. arroba, and in the dia-

Ar’ozgE, Jlect of Peru arrow. 1. A
weight used in Spain, Portugal, Goa,and
Brazil; that of Madrid is 25lbs. ayoir.——
2. A measure of capacity, that of Malaga
contains 794 cub. ins.

Aro’ma, Lat. of aewua. The odorife-
rous principle of aromatic plants, or such
as have a warm and agreeable odour, as
the cardamom.

Anov’ra.. 1. A Grecian measure of 50
feet.——2. An Egyptian measure of 100
square feet.

ARPEG’GIO, Ital. arpeggiare, to play

ArpeEcGia’TO, fon the harp. In music,
the striking or bowing of notes on a vio-
lin or similar instruments in quick suc-
cession, in imitation of the harp.

‘pent, the French acre, corrupted
from arvipendium or aripennium, which
denotes the measuring of land witha cord.
The arpent is about j acre English.

Aravesvs’aDE, from arquebuss, a hand-
gun. An aromatic spirituous lotion ap-
plied to strains, &c., originally applied to
wounds from an arquebuss.

Axrac’acHa. The South American
name for an umbelliferous plant, the Arra-
eacia esculenta of botanists. Its roots,
which are of a large size, and fleshy and
phe ot are cultivated in Columbia and

ARRAIoN, arraignment. To arraign is
to set in order or fit for trial: as to ar-

H 2

ARS

100

ART

raign a writ of novel disseisin ; to calla
prisoner to the bar of the court ‘to answer
to the matter charged in the indictment,
and the calling of the prisoner to the bar
is denominated an arraignment. The term
from Norm. aresner, to answer. Black-
stone says from Lat. ad rationem ponere ;
in Fr. ad reson or abbreviated a@ resn.
Apr’Ras, a kind of tapestry, said to take
its name from Arras, the capitai of the
department Pas de Calais, where the ar-
ticle was first manufactured
ARRENTA’TION, from Sp. arrendar. to
rent. In the forest laws of England thali-
censing of an owner of land in a forest to
inclose it in consideration of a yearly rent.
An’RrEoys, the name given to a class of
individuals: in Otaheite and the neigh-
bouring islands, who destroy their own
offspring at the ‘moment of their birth.
Arre'st, from French arréter, for arres-
ter, to stop. To arrest judgment, is to stop
judgment after verdict, for causes as-
signed. The motion for this p
called a motion in arrest of judgment.
ArrestMENT. In Scotch law, 1. The de-
tention of a criminal till he finds bail.——
2. An order of a judge, by which a debtor
to the arrestor’s debtor is prohibited to
make payment till the debt due to the
arrestor is paid or secured.
AnrRgEs’ts, in farriery, mangy tumours
upon a horse’s hind legs.

Arniere, the rear cf an army. The

arriére-ban of the old French kings was a
proclamation (dan) by which their vassals
were summoned to take the field for war
farriére, the last). <Arriére-fief or fee, a
fee or fief held of a feudatory. Arriére-
vassal, the vassal of a vassal.

Ar’Ris, probably from risega, Ital., at
the projection. The intersecting line of
two planes cutting one another, and pre-

senting a salient angle.

ARRONDE'E. In Aszraidry, the curved
cross, the arms of which terminate in the
escutcheon.

Arrow-root, @ kind of starch, manu-
factured from the roots of the Maranta
arundinacea, a native of South America,
cultivated both in the East and West In-
dies; also the popular name of the genus
Maranta ( (q. V-) ; Supposed to be an antidote
to the poisonous arrows of the Indians.

Ars’cH1n. 1. A Russian measure of
length = 23 feet English——2. A Chinese
measure of length = 302 Paris lines.
Written also arskin.

ARSEN‘IATE, asalt formed by the com-
bination of the arsenic acid with a base.

Ar’sENIC, aecrtvinoy- Properly, the name
of a metal of a bluish-white or steel-gray
colour ; brittle, of considerable brilliancy,
and sp. gr. 5°76; but more frequently used
to designate the white oxide of the metal,
called by chemists arsenious acid, and in
common white arsenic. Arsenic is met

with abundantly in nature; sometimesin

its metallic state, occasionally in the state

of an oxide, but more frequently united
with sulphur, forming the native realgar,
or native orpiment of mineralogists: with
iron and sulphur forming arsenical pyrites,
and along with cobalt and sulphur form-
ing the mineral called cobalt pyrites, in
which the arsenic predominates, and from
the roasting of which the arsenious

of commerce is obtained.

The term dertvixoy, from which we
derive the term arsenic, was an epithet
applied anciently to those natural sub-
stances which strong and
acrimonious qualities, as the poisonous
quality of arsenic was found to be re-
markably powerful; the name was
given especially to the yellow sulphuret
now called orpiment.

ARSEN’Ic AcID. ie only known

ArsrE’niovs Aciv.
senic and oxygen are two, and they both
possess acid properties. That which has
the least oxygen is called ursenious acid,
and is the well-known and virulent poison
called white arsenic, or simply arsenic, in
commerce; and the other, containing a
larger quantity of oxygen, is called ar-
senic acid.

ARSENITE, a salt formed by the union
of the arsenious acid with a base.

Arsis, deois, of cigar, toraise. The
raising of the voice in pronunciation;
opposed to thesis. In the ancient music,
arsis and thesis were applied to the lifting
and falling of the hand in beating time.

Ar’son, from Lat. ardeo,arsum,to burn.
In law, the act of wilfully setting fire to
a house or other property belonging to
another person, which by the law of Eng-
land is felony, and punishable with death.

Art, Lat. ars, artis, the primary sense
of which is strength and skill. The ap-
plication of knowledge to practice ; hence
we have useful or mechanical arts ; liberal,
polite, or fine arts: the former Zz
manual labour principally, the latter re-
quiring the exercise of the mind more
than of the body.

The old division of the liberal arts
(artes liberales) was—grammar, dialec-
tics, rhetoric, music, arithmetic, geo-
metry, and astronomy.

ARTEME’SIA, Wormwood, mugwort.
southernwood. An extensive genus of
plants. Syngenesia—Poly. superflua. Much
usedin medicine. Named from Queen
Artemesia ; according to others, from Ar-
témis, the Grecian Diana.

AxtTERior’omy, from aeryeia, anartery,
and reuyvw, tocut. The opening of an ar-
tery for the purpose of abstracting blood;
only practised by modern surgeons on the
temporal artery.

ARTERY, con ane, air, and rygta, to

compounds of ar-~

—

ART 101 ART
hold (the ancients sup that thearte- | arrangement of Cuvier, embracing four
ties ccn air only). The arteriesare | classes: annulata, crustacea, arachnoides,

strong elastic canals, which convey the
Senne mh heart to the ae
parts of the y, and are during -
tinguished from oc dow veins by pulsation.
The original arterial trunks are only two
pr nescaragedl the aorta (q. v.) and the pul-

rary artery, which arises from the
right ¥ ventricle of the heart.

ArrTeE’sIAN WELLS, springs of water ob-
tained by boring through strata destitute
of water into other strata which contain
it. Thus named from the operation hav-
ing been first practised in Artois, the an-
cient Artesium of France.

Agturi’tis, from aefgoy, a joint. Any
disease that affects the joints, but gout
particularly.

ArtHRo’cace, from agfgov, a joint, and
azaxy, vice. A collection of matter
within the cavity of a bone.

ARTHRO’pDic, a connection of bones in
which the head of one is received into the
£ollow of another so as to admit motion
an all directions.

AnrHxopr'ex, Gr., from aeGgov, a joint,

name given to those algz which have
an articulated structure.

ARTHRODY'NIC, Gr., from axeBeov, a joint,
and éduvy, pain—rheumatic and other

painful affections of the joints.

Ar’TICHOKE, the popular name of the

scolymus which is extensively cui-
tivated for culinary purposes. The Jeru-
salem Artichoke is a species of helianthus
or sun-flower.

The popular etymology of this word
is, that any one unfortunate enough to
get the artichoke into his throat would
certainly be choked! The word occurs,
with little variation of orthography, in
most modern European languages. The

talians write sevetefala, probably from

Lat. carduus.

Ar’ticce, from Lat. articulus, a little
joint. In law, to article is, 1. To acquire
or charge by an exhibition of articles (e. g.)
“He shall be articled against in the High
Court of Admiralty,” 33 Geo. III.——2. In
war, the code of military law embodied
in the rig 4 Act, which is passed each
year.——3. »@ point of Chris-
tian pre teg established by the church
(e. g-), the 39 Articles of the Church of
England, which are founded upon certain
articles compiled and published in the
reign of VI

Edw: r
Antic’uLaR, jointed, Lat. articularis,
appertaining to the joints.

ARTicuLa’TA, one of the great divisions
of the animal kingdom. A pri di-
vision of the animal! kingdom, character-
ised by an external skeleton consisting o
a series of rings, articulated and sur-
rounding the body. The third in the

and insecta.

ArTic’uLtaTEe, Lat. articuatus, jointed.
Applied, 1. In grammar, to the sounds
made by opening and shutting the organs
of speech ; the junction of the organs form-
ing a joint or articulation ——2. In
to roots, stems, and other parts which are
so united as if one piece grew out of
another.

ARTIC’ULATED, Lat. articulus, a joint.
Connected by moveable joints, and in
plants applied to parts so slightly con-
nected, as finally to fall asunder, as in
the case of a withered leaf.
pee aneeee fitting by means of

Arricuta’tion, Lat. articulatio, of arti-

~

culus. The junction of bones, of which
there are three kinds: syn , diar-
throsis, and amphi-arthrosis. botany,

the connection of the parts of a plant by
joints, also the nodes or joints. In gram-
mar, the distinct utterance of syllabics
and words by the human voice.

ArTIcuLA’TIon, the connections of the
bones of a skeleton by joints.

Aargtic’utvs, a joint, Lat. dim. of artts.
In botany, a part lying between two knots
in an articulated stem. The knots are
also called articuli.

ArtrFicer, Lat. ars, art, and facio,1
make. One who requires intellectual re-
finement in the exercise of his profession,
in distinction from an » who may
practise either the fine or useful arts
without knowing more than the general
rules of his art.

Artiriciat, contrived by art (arsand
facio). Artificial lines on a sector or scale
are lines so contrived as to represent the
logarithmic sines and tangents. Artifi-
cial numbers are the same with logarithms.

ArTItiery, from Fr. artillérie, archery
(primitively). Artillery denotes all can-
non, mortars, howitzers, petards, &c., to-
gether with all apparatus thereto be-
longing; as also the art or science of

the same, (more commonly
called gunnery.) The same name is also
given to the troops by whom these arms
are served, being subsidiary to the in-
struments. The artillery park is the place
a for the encampment of the ar-
tillery apparatus and troops for its ser-
ae and defence. Flying artillery con-
sists of light pieces, and is thus distin-
guished from jield artillery.

Arroca’Rre#, a tribe of dicotyledonous
plants, of which the genus Artocarpus is
the

e type.
Artocar’pus, the bread-fruit tree: a
genus of several species, of which the A.

f | incisa, which grows to about the size of
a smail

oak, is the most celebrated. It is
a native of the South Sea Islands, but u

ASA 102

ASC

now cultivated in other parts of the
world. The fruit, which is contained in
a round catkin, is often as large as a
man’s head; it is baked in an oven, and
the rind being removed, the internal
parts resemble the crumb of bread. It
furms a substitute for bread in the coun-
tries where it grows. Mon@cia—Monan-
dria. Name, aeros, bread, and zagzos,
fruit.

ArToT’ryRITEs, a sect of the second cen-
tury, in Galatia, which used bread and
cheese in the eucharist; hence the name,
a¢ros, bread, and cuges, cheese.

Arts, plural of Art (q. vy.)

A’RuM, an extensive genus of peren-
nials, of which the only British type is the
cuckow- -pint or wake-robin (A. macula-
tum). Common in hedges. Monecia—
Polyandria. Name, Agov, supposed to be
an Egyptian word by which one of the
tribe was known.

ARUNDE’LIAN MarBies, a series of an-
cient sculptured marbles, procured from
the ruins of Greece, by William Petty, at
the expense of the Earl of Arundel (1627),
trom whom they take their appellation.
Their authenticity has been questioned.

ARUNDINA’CEZ, a natural tribe of
plants, of which the genus Arundo is the
type.

Arvn’Do, a Latin word meaning gene-
raily a reed, but applied permanentiy by
botanists to denote the reed-grass, an ex-
tensive ‘genus of perennials of the class
triandria, and order digynia.

Axvs’Pices, plural of arusper. The Ro-
man priests, whose business it was to
predict events by examination of the en-
trails of sacrificed animals.

Arvi'cota, Lat. arvum, a field, and
colere, to inhabit. A genus of rodent or
gnawing animals, of the family of the rat
and mouse.

Arytz’norp, from @ eevroiva, 2 funnel,
and ¢d0¢, likeness. Funnel-shaped. Ap-
plied to two cartilages of the larynx, and
to the muscles and glands connected with
these cartilages.

As, a word used by the Romans to de-
note, 1. Any unit considered as divisible.
——2. The unit of weight, or their pound
(libra) divided into twelve ounces.——=3.
Their most ancient coin, originally a
pound, but reduced finally to half-an-
ounce.

A’/sareTipa, from asa and fetidus, fetid.
A strongly fetid resinous gum, procured
from the root of a large umbelliferous
plant (Ferula assafotida), which grows
in some parts of Persia. It is much
used in medicine

AsaraBac’ca, a popular name of the
Asarum (q. V-) ; but more especially of the
4 Enropeum,. the root and leaves of
which are had from the shops under this

name. The powdered leaves form the
basis of most cephalic snuffs. Name, asz-
rum, and bacca, berries.

As’ARINE, the name given by Gitz to
the emetic principle of the asarabacca.

onog
Name, «, not, and oeeigeas to b adioxa, being
rejected from the ancient coronal wreaths,
Asarum is also the pharmacopeial name
of the asarabacca or Asarum Europeum.

ASBEs’TOs, \ a mineral of which there

AsBeEs’tus, J are several varieties, all
marked by their fibrous and flexible qua-
lities. The most celebrated are the ami-
anthus (q.v.), the mountain-cork, rock-
wood, and mountain-wood. Asbestos is it-
self a variety of hornblende. Named
from acBecros, Of a, not, and cBevvve,
to perish, in allusion to its incombusti-
bility. °

AscaL’apHus, a Fabrician genus of
insects, characterised by having nearly
equal palpi, distinct from the ant-lions o.
Linneus.

As‘canis, the thread-worm, a genus of
intestinal worms, found in all animals.
The ascarides (plural of ascaris), are
placed by Cuvier in the order Neen:
and class Entozoa. Name, aczagiva,
to leap.

AScEND’ANT, in astrology, the degree of
the ecliptic above the horizon at one’s
birth. In law, ascendants are opposed to
the descendants in succession; e.g. when a
father succeeds his son, an uncle his ne-
phew, &c., the inheritance is said to
ascend, or go to ascendants.

ASCEND’'ING, Lat. ascendens, rising. Ap-
plied, 1. In botany, to leaves, stalks, &c.
— 2. In astronomy, to such stars as are
rising above the horizon in any parallel
of the equator. Ascending latitude, the
latitude ofa planet when moving towards
the north pole. Ascending node, that
point of aplanet’s orbit wherein it passes
the ecliptic to proceed northward ; other-
wise called the northern node. The sym-

bol is QQ.

Ascen’sion, Lat.-ascensio,a rising. In |

astronomy, the right ascension of a star,
&c. is that degree of the equator, reck-
oned from the beginning of Aries, which
comes to the meridian with the star ina
right sphere. Oblique ascension is an are
of the equator, intercepted between the
first point of Aries, and ofthe point ofthe
equator which rises witha star in an ob-
lique sphere. The ascensional difference is
the difference between the right and ob-
lique ascension.

AScET‘Ics, a name given in old times to
persons who devoted themselves to severe
exercises of piety and penance. The term
is taken from agxyzis, exercise, used by

ASH

103

ASP

the Greeks to signify the meagre diet of
the athlete, who, tu prepare themselves
for the combat, abstained from many of
the ordinary indulgences. Hence, also,
many writings on the spiritual exercise
of piety are called ascetic writings.

As‘ct, Gr. from &exé¢, a bottle. Small
membranous bladders, in which are in-
closed the seed-like, -reproductive particles
of lichens, fungi, &

As/crans, Lat. sect from a, without,
and ¢x/a, shadow. The inhabitants of
the torrid zone, who at. Meridian have no
ahadow.

As‘crpr, } a genusof naked acephalous

Ascip’1a, }) mollusca, found adhering to
rocks, and other bodies in the oceanl
Name, dexd¢, a bottle, which the anima.
in some degree resembles.

Ascrp’ium, Lat. of e¢xsdioy, a bottle.
Used in botany to express a hollow ap-
pendage resembling a small bottle, which
occurs on the stem, leaves, &c. of some
plants.

ASCLEPIAD2’AN VERSE, SO called from its
inventor Asclepias, consists of four feet
and a half, of this kind, and in this order,
viz. a spondee, a dactyl, a long syllable,
then two dactyls, as :—

1 2 | $ | 3 4
Méc8| nds ata \vts| #di-te | ra-gi-biis,

Ascte’pias, the swallow-wort, or tame-
poison. A genus of om ag Remap ea
Digynia. Named after Asclepias or Es
lepius. Several species are used in masa
cine.

Asu, Asu-Tree, the fraxinus excelsior of
botanists. A forest tree of which there
are many varieties. The mountain-ash is
the pyrus aucuparia of the botanist.

Asnes, the residuum of any substance
after it has been burnt; but in commerce
the term ic used to denote the ashes of
vegetable substances, from which are ex-
tracted the alkaline matters called pot-

» peati-ash, barilla, kelp, &c. The
terns is Sax. afca, from Goth. azga, and
has no singular number.

Asn’tar. 1. Free stones as Aon are
brought from the q’
of squared stones on the front of ‘. build-
ing. This facing when smooth is called
plane ashlar ; when wrought so as to ex-
hibit parallel flutes, it is termed tooled
ashlar ; when the surfaces of the stones
are cut with a broad tool, without regu-
larity, it is said to be random- tooled ; when
wrought with a narrow tool, chiselled or
boasted, or if the tool be very narrow, the
facing is said to be pot: j and when the
stones project from the joints, the ashlar
is said to be rusticated.

AsH’LerInG, in carpentry, the fixing
of short upright quarterings in garrets,
between the rafters and the floor, in

——2. Th

eas to cut off the acute angles at the

ttom.

Asiv'ict, a family of dipterous insects,
of which the genus asilus is the type.

As‘1tvs, the hornet-fly. A genus of dip-
tera,of which there are about 60 European
species, many of which are known in
Brit m their voracious habits.
Name given by the ancients to the horse-fly.

As’LAN, | a name given to the Dutch

Asta’n1, }) dollar in some parts of the
Levant: it is worth from 115 to 120 aspers.
The word is of Turkish origin, signifying
a lion, the figure stamped upon the coin.
Written also asselani.,

Asmo’palr, the destroying angel of the
Hebrew mythology, written Abaddon.

Asp, ja species of viper found in

Aspic, ) Egypt resembling the cobra da
capello, or spectacle serpent of the East
Indies: itis the coluber haje of Lin., and
vipera haje of Geoff. When the cervical
spine is compressed between the finger
and the thumb, the animal becomes sti@
and motionless: the trick is practised by
the jugglers, and is called changing the
serpent into a rod.

AsPat/atHus, the African broom. A
genus of shrubby plants which are natives
of tropical countries. ia—Decan-
dria. Name weradafos, a thorny shrub,
mentioned by the Greek and Roman
writers.

ASPAR’AGIN, ) a peculiar principle ob-
ASPAR’AGINE, J tained from the juice of
the asparagus by evaporation. It erys-

tallises in white transparent rhomboidal
prisms. It consists of 8Car - 8H+60
+ 2N, but the crystals included 2 atoms
of water. It is identical with the sub-
stance called agedoite, obtained by Robi-
quet from liquorice root, and also with the
althein discovered by Bacon.

ASPARAGI'NES, a natural family of
plants. the genus asparagus is the type.

ASPARAGINOUS PLANTS. Those culinary
vegetables, of which the points of the
tender shoots are eaten.

Aspar’acus, popularly named sparrow-
grass. A genus of many species. Hex-
andria—Monogynia. Name arragayos,
which denotes generally a young shoot
before it unfolds its leaves. The only
British of this genus is the A. offici-
nalis, the favourite culinary vegetable.

As’pect, Lat. aspectus, of ad ant specio.
1. In astronomy, the situation ofthe planets
and stars with respect to each other.
There are five aspects : Ist, sextile, marked

*, when the planets are 60° distant;
2nd, quadrile, [] , at 90°; Srd, trine, /\,
when 120°; 4th, opposition, & , when
180°; and 5th, conjunction, 4 , when both
in the same degree. The aspects were

ASP

104

ASS

introduced into astronomy by the old
astrologers, and were distinguished by
them into benign, malignant, and indif-
ferent.——2. In architecture, the direction
towards the point of the compass in which
a building is placed.——3. In horticulture,
used in reference to the inclination of the
ground with respect to the sun.

As’PEN, aspen-tree, called also the
trembling poplar, from the trembling of
its leaves when moved by the slightest
impulse of air, is the populus tremula of
the botanist. The name is Sax. efpe,
restless. The aspen grows in all soils, but
especially moist.

ASPERGEUiI™M, a genus of testaceous
acephala: animal lives in the sand, and
inhabits a calcareous tube seven or eight
inches in length; hence the name asper-
giilum, “a holy water-stick” (to sprinkle
holy water), and aspergilliform, applied to
any shaped like that instrument.

As’peRiro’Liz, a natural family of
plants characterised as asperifolious.

As‘PERIFo’Liovs, Lat. asperifolius, rough-
leaved, asper and folius, a leaf.

AsrE’rMovs, a, Without, and ¢rieua,
seed. Destitute of seed.

ASPHALT,-os,-uM, native bitumen, so
called because anciertly procured only
from the Lake Asphaltites (Dead Sea) in
Judea. Hence called aiso Jew’s Pitch
(bitumen Judaicum). See BiruMEN. ©

Instead, however, of the lake giving
name to the bitumen, it is probable
that the bitumen gaye name to thelake,
and that &c¢aAros, the general Greek
word for bitumen, is derived from

&ogadigw, to make secure, the sub-

stance being used as pitch is with us

for ships.

AspHoDE’LE®, a natural order of plants
of which the genus asphodelus is the type.

AspHopr'Lus, the asphodel, a genus of
hardy exotic perennials, the best known
of which is the branched asphodel or
king’s spear (A. ramosus), used medi-
cinally. Hi ia. Name,
argodtros, of uncertain origin.

Aspuy’xy, Lat. asphyxia, of «, without,
and ¢¢viis, pulse. Literally, absence of
pulse, but applied usually to that state in
which the yital phenomena are sus-
pended, from some cause interrupting
respiration, but in which life is not ac-
tually extinct.

Aspic. 1. The asp (q.v.)——2. A gun
which carries 12lb. shot.

Aspip’1um, the shield-fern. an exten-
sive genus of ferns of which there are up-
wards of 15 British species. Name
&ewid7s, a shield, which the involucres
resemble.

As’piraTs. spiritus asper. In grammar,
an accent peculiar to the Greek lan-

guage, marked ‘ and denoting that the
letter over which it is placed should be
strongly aspirated, i.e. pronounced as if A
were prefixed.

ASPLE’NIuM, the spleenwort, an exten-
sive genus of perennials of which there
are 10 British species. Cryptogamia—
Filices. Name of a, not, and cramp, the
spleen, some of the plants being supposed
useful in removing disorders of the spleen.
Leek-fern or black maiden hair, milt-
waste, mule’s-fern, wali-rue or tent-fern,
&c., are species.

As’RAEL, an angel in the Mohammedan
mythology, who watches the souls of the

ying.

Ass, this well-known animal is a na-
tive of the deserts of central Asia. It be-
longs to the equine genus of the solipede
family of pachydermata: Cuvier. Latin
name asinus, native name onager.

As’sal, an Italian term used in music,
which, when annexed to a word mean-
ing slow, signifies a little more lively, and
when annexed to a word meaning quick,
it indicates a little slower.

As’sart, in the old laws. 1. A tree
plucked up by the roots.——2. The offence
of grubbing up trees.——3. A piece of
forest land cleared. Assart rents were
paid to the crown for lands assarted.

Assart is from the old Fr. word assartir,
which was latinised assartum.

Assas‘sIns, a tribe or clan of Ismael -
ites which took possession of the moun-
tains of Lebanon about 1090, and be-
came famous for their assassinations.

Assavu’LtT, assultus. 1. In law, an at-
tempt or offer to do corporeal hurt to
another, as by striking at him with or
without a weapon, without touching his
person. If the person be actually struck
it is battery.—2. In war, an effort made
to carry a fortified post, camp, or for-
tress, wherein the assailants do not
screen themselves by any works.——3.
al Sencing, amock engagement with singic

‘oils.

Assa’ y, Assa’yInc. The process by
which the quantity of gold or silver in
any mineral or metallic compound is ar
termined. It differs from ysis
this:—the analysis is instituted for ne

purpose of ascertaining the exact pro-
portions of all the ingredients in the com-
pound, whereas the whole object of the
assay is to determine the precise amount
of the particular metal in question, con-
tained in the specimen under examina-
tion. The purposes of assaying were, till
lately, confined to the yaluation of the
alloys of gold and silver, but are now ex-
tended to determine the quantity of pal-
ladium and platinum in certain bullion
and gold dust brought from Brazil. Ths
term is from Fr. assayer, to try.

OO Oo
77

Oe ee ee

—————

ASS

105 ASS

Assa’y Ba’LANCE, @ very delicate ba-
lance employed in chemical analysis, and
so called from its being tirst employed in
assaying metals. It ought to indicate

gr.
AssEM’BLY, Fr. assemblée, any convoca-
tion. The general assembly of the church
of Scotland is an ecclesiastica! court com-
posed of delegates from every Presbytery,
university, and royal burgh in Scotland.
In military language, assembly means the
second beating of the drum before a march.
Assessor, in Scotch law, a person who
sits along with the judges ‘in the inferior
courts, and assists with his professional
knowledge in the decisions pronounced.
Asse’rs, from Fr. assez, enough. 1.
Property placed for the discharge of some
particular obligation or trust in the hands
of executors, assignees, &c.——2. The
stock in trade and the entire available
pro belonging to a merchant or

company.

Assten’to, a Spanish word signifying a
contract or treaty, and used to denote the
contract or agreement by which the Spa-
nish government ceded, first to the French,
and afterwards (by the treaty of Utrecht}
to a company of English merchants,
called the assiento company, the right of
importing slaves into the Spanish colo-
nies in America, on payment of certain
duties. Ships so employed were called
asxiento shi

Asste’NaT, the name of the French paper
currency in ‘the time of the French revo-
lution, which by over-issue (40,000 mil-
lions), after a while, became of no value.

Assioxa’TIon, a Russian paper money
used since 1769. There are assignations
for 5, 10, 25, 50,and 100 rubles, but the no-
minal and real values are such that, in
1809, four assignation-rubles were paid
fr one ruble silver money.

ASSIGNE’E, a person appointed by com-
petent authority to transact some busi-
ness, or exercise some particular privi-
lege or power, on account of some specified
person or persons. The term is most com-
monly applied to odin creditor of a bank-
— ap’ to manage for the rest of

he creditors, and who has the bankrupt’s
para assigned over to a This person
is called trustee in Scotlan:

AssizzE, Fr. assizes, of ta. ad and sedeo.
1. In the middle ages, the name given to
assemblies, and especially to courts for
the administration of justice to v
and freemen.——2. In England, the ses-
sions of the court of justice held by the
judges in the counties are called assizes.
At these assizes the judges sit under five
different commissions, some of which
relate to civil and others to criminal
causes. ‘The first is the commission of
assize, from which the session derives its

name, and by which they are authorised

to take assizes in the several counties;
that is, to take the verdict of the particu-
lar kind mg called an assize, and sum-
moned to decide certain cases respecting
the titles of land.——3. In Scotch la law,a
jury of fifteen sworn men, picked out
from the court by a greater number, not
exceeding forty-five, who have been
summoned by the sheriff for that purpose
A list of these is given to the defender
whenacopy ofthe libel is served upon him.
—Assize of Novel Disseisin, a writ given
to recover possession of lands, tenements ,
&c.,of which the tenant has been lately
disseised. ——-Assize of Mort d’ Ancestor, lies
against an abator, who enters upon jand
after the death of the tenant and before
the heir enters.——Assize of darrein Pre-
sentment, lies against a stranger who pre-
sents a clerk to a benefice.——Assize of
Bread, the price of bread as formerly re-
gulated by statute, in proportion to the
price of wheat.

Assocra’Tion. 1. In psychology, a name
given to that property of the mind, by
which any object or state of consciousness
has a tendency to recall other states or
objects of consciousness with which it
has been formerly connected.——2. In
politics, a society formed of a number of
individuals acting under common rules
and an elective government, for the ac-
complishment of some definite object.

As’sonance. In 7 ie and poetry, a
resemblance in termination without mak -
ing rhyme, called by the Romans similiter
desinens, and by the Greeks oosortAturos.

As’sonant Ruymes, in Spanish poetry,
are those in which the vowels only are
required to rhyme, as ligera, tierra,

Assum’psit, a Latin word meaning he

, used in English law to denote
an action to recover a compensation in
damages for the non-performance of a
parol promise; i.e. a promise whether
verbal or written, not contained ina deed *
under seal. The word is taken as the
name of the action, from its occurrence in
declarations of the plaintiffs cause of
action when these were in Latin——
Assumpsits are either express or implied ,
according as the contract is actually ex-

pressed by words, or inferrable from some
benefit accruing to one person from the
acts (as the labour) of another.

Assum’pTion, Lat. assumptio. The fes-
tival by which the Roman and Greek
Catholic Churches celebrate the miracu-
lous ascent of the Virgin Maryon the 15th |:
of August.

Asscum’ptive, Lat. assumptius, can be
assumed. In heraldry, assumptive arms
are such as a person hasa right, with the
approbation of his sovereign and the |
heralds, to assume in consequence of some
expivit.

AST

10€

AST

Assv’rance, insurance; a contract to
make good a loss (See Insc’Rance).— In
jaw, legal evidence of the conveyance of
property. —In theology, full confidence in
possessing an actual interest in the divine
favour. The root of this class eee is,
Fr. str, sure, certain

reel TACUS, doraxds, Cancer marinus (Plin.

9.31). A genusof Crustacea, constituting
Cuvier’s family Macroura (long-tailed),
and divided into four sections, each con-
sisting of numerous sub-genera. In one
cf these (the Pagurus) we find the Her-
mit (Cancer Bernhardus, Lin.), which in-
habits a univalve shell: it is common in
the Europeanseas. In another (the Asta-
cus, Fab.) isthe common lobster (A. mari-
nus). The fresh-water species are known
by the name of Craw-jish. Among these
are also the shrimp (Crangon), and the
prawn /Palemon). See Cancer.

Astar’tE, a Syrian goddess, probably
corresponding to the Semele of the Greeks,
the Astaroth of the Hebrews, and the Juno
of the Romans.

Astar‘ic, from gorares, balanced. The
Astatic needle is a double magnetic needle,
not affected by the earth’s magnetism.

As’tEIsM,from e¢reios, polite. In rhe-
toric, “‘ polite irony,” ‘‘ genteel derision.”

As’TER, a genus of syngenesious plants,
of the order Poly. superflua, containing up-
wards of 150species, mostly hardy peren-
nials. The sea Starwort or Michaelmas
daisy (A. tripoliwm), found in salt-marshes,
is a bad type, and the only one which in-
habits Britain. Name, aster, a star,
which the flowers resemble.

Aste’riA, from aster,a star. 1. A va-
riety of sapphire, not perfectly transpa-
rent, and showing a star-like opalescence
in the direction oftheaxis,ifcutround. It
is sometimes called cat’s eye and bastard
opal.——2. The generic name of the star-
fish or sea-star, so called because the body
is divided into rays (usually five), in the
centre of which, and underneath, is the
mouth. The asterias have the power of
reproducing the rays which have been
removed, even if only the centre and one
of the rays remain: for this reason their
figure is often irregular. They are placed
by Cuvier in the order Pendicellata and
class Echinodermata, of the radiated ani-
mals or zoophytes. They inhabit the
ocean, and are frequently found fos-
silised.

ASTER’ IALITE," fossilised asterias or star-
fish: gorze, a star, and A/fos, stone.

AsTE’RION AND CHara (canes venatici),
the greyhounds. A constellation occupy-
ing the space between Bootes and the hind
legs of Ursa Major, particularly distin-
guished by a star of the third Chelen ty.
(called Cor Caroli, in honour of Charles T.)
in the neck of Chara.

pharm be ee, “ore; a star,
As’rRiTE, ;and Ajfos, stone. 1, The

As’TROITE, y same with asteria. See As-
TERIA, Ist def.——2. Used to denote de-
tached articulations of encrites. This is
especially the application of the French
word astroite.

AsTERN’, in nautical language, towards
the after-part of the ship, opposed to a-
head (q. ¥.).

As‘TEROIDS, from GOT7/P, a star, and
elSos, likeness. The name given by Her-
schel to the little planets between the orbits
ef Mars and Jupiter, now called PLANE-
TOIDS, g. %

AsTHENOL’oGy, from agbevos, weakness,
and Aoyes, discussion. The doctrine of
diseases arising from debility.

As’THENY, Lat. asthenia, debility; @,
without, and cfeyos, strength.

As’tHMa (acfua). A disease character
ised by difficulty of breathing, recurring
in paroxysms, accompanied with cough
and a sense of constriction in the chest.

As’rrRaGaL, in architecture, a small
moulding, having a semicircular profile,
usually surrounding the top or bottom of
a column, and representing a ring, to
prevent the splitting of the part which it

binds.—The ring or moulding near the
mouth of a canon.—In analomy and bo- -
tany—See ASTRAGALUS.

Astrac’atus, Gr of dergcyados, the
ankle-bone. 1. That bone of the tarsus
upon which the tibia noe called popu-
larly the sling-bone.——2. In botany, a
genus of plants of which there are tates
British species, known by the popular
name of the milk-vetch: perennials. Dia-
delphia—Decandria. The seeds are sup-
posed to bear some resemblance to the
astragalus of the foot.—The gum
canth or gum dragon is derived from a
Persian species, the goat’s horn (A. verus).

AsTRAN’TIA, the black-master-wort. A
genus of hardy European perennials.
Pentandria—Digynia. Named from as-
trum, a star, from the star-like shape of
the flowers.

AsTRIN’GENT, Lat. astringens, binding.
Applied to medicines, which when applied
to the body, renders the solids denser, by
contracting the fibres. The astringent
principle of vegetable substances is tan-
nin.

As’TROLABE, from aoreoy, a Star, and
AaSev, to take. 1. An instrument for
measuring angles, and formerly used for
taking the altitude of the sunor stars. It
consists of a circular plate with the de
grees and minutes marked round the
edge, and a moveable index, with a sight
glass at each end. The instrument is
suspended when used.——2. An old stere

bia

a a i
——mhmv er,

eee ee

ASY 107

ATA

ographic projection of the celestial
sphere, equivalent to the modern armil-
lary sphere.

Astrovocy, from eergoy, a star, and
Aoyos. discussion. This term, in its more
extended sense, is synonymous with astro-
nomy, but it has generally been empioyed
to denote the pseudo-science which pro-
fesses to explain the phenomena of nature
by astral influences, and to predict future
events, especially the character and fate
of persons, from the aspects or relative
positions of the heavenly bodies. This
met department was called judicial as-
t

ogy.

Astron’omy, from a¢reoy, a star, and
yOuos,law. The science which treats of
the heavenly bodies, their motions, posi-
tions, magnitudes, and all consequent
phenomena. It is founded on observation,
and perfected by calculation. See TasLe

As’rroscore, from eergoy, a star, and
oxortw, to view. An astronomical instru-
ment consisting of two cones, on the sur-
faces of which the constellations are deli-
neated according to their respective posi-
tions in the heavens, so that by observing
any particular star, and the position of
another with regard to it, that other may
be known by reference to the astroscope.

As’rrrn, a genus of accipitrine birds,
including the goshawks and sparrow-
hawks. Name anciently applied to the
buzzard.

Aar’tcm, from acvdcv, of q~, not, and

cuAa», © piunder. A place where per-
sons find protection. The name was an-
ciently given to temples, statues of the
— and altars where criminals and

ebtors sheltered themselves from justice,
it being sacrilege forcibly to remove
them. In modern times the name is given
to many charitable institutions, for “the
relief of orphans, and persons who are
blind, dumb and deaf, lunatic, &c.

Asym’metry, from q@, not, and guyme-
vem, Symmetry. A want of proportion
between parts. Applied in mathematics in
the same sense as ommensurability,
e.g. 1: r/ 2.

Asrm’prore, from a, not, and gy.
wiz, to fall together (coincide). A right
or straight line which continually ap-
proaches a curve, but which, though both
were infinitely extended, would never
meet it; or it may be regarded asa tan-
gent to the curve, when infinitely pro-
duced, or at an infinite distance. See
HYPERBOLE.

Asyn’peton, from @, not, and cuvdtm,
to bind together. A grammatical figure,
which omits the connective, in order to
render the expression more forcible and
lively, as veni, vidi, vici.

Ar’apar, a Spanish word, meaning a
kettle-drum, and used to designate a kind
of tabor.

Arac’aMITE, prismatoidal green mala-
chite; a native muriate of copper. It
takes its name from its being found in al-
luvial sand in the river of Lipas, in the

TABLE OF THE SOLAR SYSTEM.

|B ie8
Sidereal Mean |Inclinationof’ Mean |3S=3)
Reyolutions | Distance {| Orbitsto { Orbital :5 © ae bo
Name. inmean fromthe ; Planeof [Velocity Gea, © | Volume.
days. Sun, Ecliptic, (per hour) FS 2 31 A
1840. jin miles. S725
wenat Da:
Vourcean(?) ane as a eS a “Fe ae
Mercury. 87-9692824 | 0.287098 | 7° 0’ 4”-51| 100-0 3067 | 1225! 0-0595
Venus . 224-7007754 | 0°723331 | 3° 23’ 28” 80-0 7814 {OS !) 0-9. 60
Earra ..| 365°2563744 | 1000000 | 0° 0” 68-0 7 1-090! 1-000
ARGS ov<s 686°9794561 | 1°523691 | 1°51’ 5’8.| 55°0 4178 | 972; O-1 G4
Juprrer .| 4382°5848042 | 5°202767 | 1918 5806 | 20-0 8790 | (-227 | 1491-0000
Saturn .. |10759°2197106 | 9°538850 | 2° 29’ 36’r9 22-0 | 74327 | 0-131 | 722-0000
Uranus .. | #0686 8205256 | 19°182390 | 0° ae’ 244) 156 | #3200 | 0-167 | 86-5008
Nepruns.. 6126-722 3u-036270 1° 47’17”8 127 | 36100 | 0-321] 70-6000

* Vesta, Juno, Ceres, and Pallas were discovered in the early part cf the 1%tn century,
and a numerous set of discoveries of other planetoids, or smal! planets, forming with these
_ of the remarkable group between Mars and si, gd with orbits at a great deviation

rom the plane of the ecliptic, have since been

failed, as up to 1876 they had reached the

e. An attempt to gre them namlez
156,

vast number of about and the simpler

method has been adopted of indicating them by an easily remembered distinction and s
symbol, i.e., by placing their number in the .rder of discovery within a small circle,

ATH

10e

ATO

desert of Atuc’aa.a, in Peru. Primitive
fourm, octohedron. ‘

A’rar. When the petals of roses are
immersed in water and distilled, there
separates a small portion of fragrant bu-
tyraceous oil, which liquefies by heat, and
appears yellow, but concretes in the cold
into a white mass. This is called atar of
roses, and is highly prized as a perfume.

ATELES, a&stAns, irritus, imperfectus.
Brande has it, “‘ A genus of South Ame-
rican monkeys, characterised by the
absence of the thumb of the anterior
hand, fur the want’of which they are
sufficiently compensated by a very effi-
cient: prehensile tail.”

ATELLA‘N®% Fauuiz, a species of co-
medy, which originated among the Oscan
inhabitants of Campania, from the town
Atella, which gave it its name.

A Temvo Givusro. (In tempore justo).
An Italian phrase used in music to signify

equal time, or justtime. A tempo, at
the same time.

ATEN’CHUS, a genus of pentamerous cole-
optera, two of the species of which were
worshipped by the ancient Egyptians, and
form a conspicuous feature in their system
of hieroglyphics. They were also figured
on all their monuments, and separately
on the most precious metals, and were

as seals and as amulets, which were
suspended to the neck, and buried with
the mummies. Atenchi are also found in
some of theircoffins. One of the species,
A. sacer, is an object of superstitious dis-
tinction, even in Europe.

ATHAL’amovs, Gr. from @, without, and
Garces, a bed. Lichens whose thallus is
not furnished with shields or beds for the
spores, but whose reproductive matter is
supposed to be dispersed through the ab-
sence of the crust, as in /vpraria.

ATHAMAN’TA, a genus of European per-
ennials, of which the Candy carrot
‘brought from the island of Candy), and
the black mountain parsley, used in me-
dicine, are species. Pentandria—Digynia.
Named from the country of the Atha-
mantes, in Epirus.

ArTuHana’stan CreEED, the exposition of
faith composed by Hilary, bishop of Arles
(430), and formerly attributed to Athana-
sius, bishop of Alexandria.

A’rHE!IsM, from @, without, and @éos,
God. The doctrine which teaches the
non-existence of a Supreme Intelligent
Being. Opposed to theism and deism. As
a manner of thinking with regard to re-
ligion, it is the opposite of faith and belief.

AtHEe’NzUM. A@yyvaioy. In antiquity,
1. The school which Adrian established
on the Capitoline Mount. 2. A gym-
nasium at Athens.—In modern times, a
name given to different establishments
connected with literature or the sciences.

ArTuHeEnric’eRna, afamily of dipterous in-
sects in the system of Cuvier, generai!y
found on foliage, comprehending the
modern families Syrphide, Astride, Co-
nopidz, and Muscidw. Name from afing,
acute, and zeew, a horn.

ATHERI/NA, a genus of abdominal fishes,
the best known of which, Hepsevus, is
found abundantly in the Mediterranean.

ArueEr’oma, | abegoue of ctaga, pap-

ATHERO'ME,SAn encysted tumour,
which contains a substance of a pulpy
consistence.

ATHLE’?z, combatants who took part in
the public games of Greece, and made
wrestling and boxing their business.
From «fos, contest.

Atuwa’rt (from a and twert, traverse),
in nautical language, across the line of a
ship’s course. <Athwart ships, reaching
across the ship from side to side, or in
that direction.

AtHwa’RT-Hawsz, the situation of a
ship when she is driven by the wind,
tide, or other accident, across the fore-
part of another. Athwart the fore-foot,
denotes the tlight of a cannon-ball from
one ship across the course of another to
intercept that other, and make her
shorten sail.

ATLan’TIDES. 1. In astronomy, the
Pleiades (q. v.).——2. In architecture, sta-
tues of men used to support entablatures
with mutules, otherwise called aizases.

Ar’tas. 1. In the Greek mythology, a
Titan condemned by Jupiter to bear the
vault of heaven.——2. In anatomy, the
first vertebra of the neck which supports
the head, as Atlas did the heavens !——
3. A collection of maps w which a pic-
ture of the fable is usually pretixed.——
4. In commerce, a beautiful silk manufac-
ture of the East Indies.——5. In architec
ture, see ATLANTIDEs (2nd def.).

Armom’ETER, from ards, Vapour, and
péretw, to measure. An instrument con-
trived by Sir J. Leslie to measure the
quantity of vapour exhaled from a humid
surface in a given time.

Arv’mosPHERE, from a&ros, Vapour, and
T$eien,asphere. The body of air which
surrounds the earth. (See Arr.) Ina
wider sense, it is that mass of elastic
fluid with which any body is surrounded.
Hence we speak of an atmosphere of the
sun, of the moon, of electric bodies, &c.
Atmosphere, one, two, &c., means a pres-
sure of 15lbs., 30 lbs., &c., on the square
inch, resulting from condensation. The
force of steam, weight of flu.ds, &c., are
often so estimated.

At’om, Arouos (from #, not, and rzuya
to cut), one of the elementary particles of
matter, and so small as to be incap ble of
further division. See MotecuLe ani Cor:

=

ATT « 309

ATs.

PuscvULE. Component atoms, are those
atoms which, being different in their na-
ture, united form a third or compound
atom. Thus the atoms of sulphur and
oxygen are the component atoms of sul-
phuric acid. Organic atoms are the atoms
of eeeanens found only in organic
es.

Atomic Puitosopuy. See CorPvscv.e.

Arom’ic THEory. See EquivaLENTs.

Arrac’TyLzs, the distaff-thistle, a genus
of European plants of five species.
Syngenesia—Poly. @qualis. Name from
areaxros, a distaff. A species, called the
pine-thistle, is used for diseases of the
gums.

Arnip, a nautical term applicable to
the anchor when it is drawn perpendi-
cularly out of the ground, and to the sails
when hoisted to the top of the mast.

Artrip’Lex, the orache. A genus of plants
of which there are seven British species,
mostly inhabiting muddy sea-shores and
salt-marshes. Polygamia — Monecia.
Name from «, not, and Teagey, to NoU-
rish, and written by the Greeks
arengetis.

A’trivm, cifeios, exposed. In ancient
architecture considered the same as the
vestibule.

Atro’pa, a genus of plants of which
the deadiy nightshade or dwall (A. bel-
ladonna), is a species. Pentandria—Mo-
nogunia. Named from Argo-og, the eld-
est of the Parce or Fates, in allusion to
its deadly quality.

Ar’ropuy, from a@, not, and rzt¢w, to
nourish. A wasting of the body or any
particular part of it, in consequence of
some derangements of the functions of as-
similation and absorption.

* Ar’ROPIA, ye pecuitar vegetable salt,

Ar’rorineE, ) obtained from the Atropa

na. It is tasteless, alkaline, and
highly poisonous, and is soluble in boiling
alcohol.

Ar’Ta, a subgenus of formica (q.v.), in-
cluding some of the largest species of
ants (some an inch in length of body).
The visiting ant (formica cephalotes, Lin.),
of South America, is the type of the
genus, and receives its name trom its
habit of visiting in troops the houses of
the residents, who open their doors and
receive it gladly,as it consumes or drives
away not only the cockroaches and spi-
ders, but even mice and rats.

Arrac’ca, an Italian word meaning
attach, and used in music to signify that
a passage is to follow another imme-
diately ; e. g., attacca F

Artacu’, ATTACHMENT. (Fr. attacher, to
fasten.) In English law, to attach, means
to take or apprehend a person by virtue
of a writ or precept. Attachment dif-
fers from arrest by proceeding out of a

higher court, by precept or writ, whereas
the latter proceeds out of an inferior
court by precept only; and further, an
arrest lies only against the body of a
man, whereas the attachment often lies
only against the goods, and may lie
against both body and goods. Attach-
ment’is also a mode of punishing con-
tempts. (See Contempt.) The first no-
tice to appear in a Court of Equity is by
summons. If the defendant disobeys this
monition, a writ of attachment issues,
commanding the sheriff to attach him, by
taking gage or security of goods, which
he forfeits by non-appearance, or by
making him find securities for his ap-
pearance. Attachment for this cause is
not made in courts of law, for should the
defendant not appear when summoned,
his default is noted and judgment is given
against him. Attachments are issued by
courts of law for various kinds of con-
tempts, but in all the use is to bring the
offender into court.——Foreign Attachment.
is the attachment, by a creditor, of a debt
due to his debtor from a third 3 it
is so called from its being one of the
modes of securing debts due by foreigners.
In Scotland, it is called assisting the debt.
In London the process is called garnish-
ment or warning, the person summoned
being the garnishee.

Arrarn’DER, (Nor. Fr. atteindre, to cor-
rupt). In law, the corruption of blood
consequent upon a person’s being ad-
judged guilty of a capital offence; the
law thereby sets a mark of infamy upon
him, and takes no further concern about
him than to have him executed. A sta-
tute attainting a person is called an act
of attainder.

ATTAINT’, a writ at the common law
which lies to inquire whether a jury have
given a false verdict: it is so called be-
cause the party who obtains it endeavours
to taint the character of the jury.

ATTEND’ANT, accompanying. In law,
depending on or owing service to. In
music, applied to the keys on the fifth
above, and the fifth (or fourth) above any
given key.

ATTEN’UATED, Lat. attenuatus, tapering :
applied to of plants &c.: dispropor-
tionably slender ; thinned.

Arrenva’tvs. When the thickness of a
part diminishes in some direction, it is
often used in the sense of narrowed or
angustate.

Artic, Lat. Atticus, of Arrizos. Pertain-
ing to Attica, or its capital Athens.

Ar’tic Satt, a delicate, poignant kind
of wit peculiar to the old Athenians. In
architecture, an attic denotes a low story
erected over an order of architecture by
way of crowning.—An Attic base consists
of an upper and lower torsus, a sco

AUB

1i0_—(-

AUG

and fillets between them, used by ancient
architects in the Ionic order, and some-
times in the Doric.—Attie order is a term
sometimes used to denote the pilasters
employed in the decoration of an attic
story.—An attic story is the upper story
of a house.

Arti’re. 1. Dress. ——2. Horns of a
deer.—23. The sexual parts of plants.

Arror’tent, Lat. attollens, lifting up;
applied to muscles which raise the parts
they are aitixed to.

Arro’rNey, Lat. attornatus; one ap-
pointed by another to transact some
business in his name and stead. An at-
torney is either public or special; the
former is one who is authorized by the
rules of the court to represent suitors
without any especial written authority
for the particular case—a special attorney
is appointed bya deed called a power,
warrant, or letter of attorney, which is a
commission from the principal specifying

the acts for which he, the principal, will,

hold himself liable on their being per-
formed by the attorney.

ATToR’NEY-GEN’ERAL, a principal law-
officer appointed to manage all law affairs
on the part of the government.

ATToRN’MENT, | Lat. attornamentum,

ATTOURN MENT, / (from Fr. tourner). In
English law, the actof a feudatory vassal
or tenant, by which he consents, on the
alienation of an estate, to receive a new
lord or superior.

Arrrac’rion, Lat. attractio, a drawing
to, ad and traho The tendency which
bedies have to come together, or the
principle which inclines them to unite
and remain in union. (See AFFriIniry.)

The terms attraction and repulsion in

the language of modern philosophy are
employed merely as the expression of the
general facts that the masses or particles
of matter havea tendency toapproach or
recede from each other under certain cir-
cumstances. The term affinity has been
used synonymously with attraction, but
it is now generally restricted to chemi-
ca) attraction, while the term gravity is
used to designate that, influence which
one mass of matter exerts over another
at sensible distances (See Gravity).
Whether the several kinds of attraction
are referable to one and the same
cause is still aa open question ; all that
is at present known is, that they give
rise to different phenomena, and appear
to operate according to different laws.

Arus, is a Latin termination; Angli-
cised ate or ated, and denotes the presence
of something general ; e. g. dlatus, Ang.
alate, winged. The same applies to itus.

Av’Balye, Fr. aubain, an alien. The
droit d’Aubaine was a French law, by
which the king became heir to an alien
dying within his jurisdiction.

Avcue’nia, a genus ofruminant animals
allied to the camel : the species are two,
the Lama and the Paco, both natives of
America.

Avcvu’sa,the Gold-Plant, shrub; native
of Japan. Monwcia—Tetrandria.

Avpr’anism, anthropomorphism; the
doctrine of Audeus.

Av’DIENCE, Lat. audientia, of audio, to
hear. 1. The ceremonies practised in ©
courts at the admission ot ambassadors
and public ministers to a hearing.——2. A
court held in England by an archbishop
whenever he chooses to call up a cause to
be argued before himself.——3. In Spain,
a court of oyer and terminer.

Av’piTor, a Latin word denoting a
hearer ; and in the language of the ancient
law, an officer of courts whose duty it was
to interrogate the parties. In England,
the term is employed as the designation
of certain officers who examine accounts,
compare the charges with the vouchers,
interrogate parties, allow or reject
charges, and state the balance. Accounts
so examined are said to be audited, and
the process is called auditing.

Av’pitory, Lat. auditorium. 1. A seat
or bench where a magistrate or judze
hears causes. ——2. That part ofan ancient
church where the people sate, now called
the nave.-—3. Belonging to the parts
connected with the sense of hearing ; e. g-
the auditory nerves.

Av’ciTE, a mineral ofa dark green,
brown or black colour, of which the most
remarkable varieties are Diopside, Sah-
lite, Coccolite and Omphazite ; the Ziller-
thal, used in jewelry, is also a variety. e
occurs in yolcanic rocks, crys
six or eight sided prisms, terminated by
dihedral summits. Name from guyz (Pin.
37,16), splendour. Itis the pyroxéne of
wpe and the paratomous augite-spar of

AvemeEnta’tIon, from Lat. augmen, in-
crease. In music, a doubling the value of
the notes of the subject of a fugue or
canon. In heraldry, additional charges to
acoat-armour. The Augmentation Court
was a court erected by 27 Hen. VIII., to
augment the revenues of the crown by
the suppression of monasteries; abolished.

Aveurs were certain priests among the
Romans, who from the flight and crics of
birds, from m lightning, &c., pretended w
foretell future eyents, and announce the
will of the gods.

Av’cust, the eighth month of the year,
haying 31 days. The name was changed
by the Romans from Seztilis (the sixth
month from March), in honour of the em-
peror Oct. Augustus.

AvcusTan CoNnFESSION, & memoria.
drawn up at Augsburg (Lat. Augusta), by
Luther and Melancthon in 1530, setting

vO ee ——— =< ee | ee

_——— ee ——

+

AUR lll

AUT

forth their reasons of separation from the
Romish church.

AvGus’TIANS, } an order of monks so

Av’eustins, § called from St. Augustin.
They made one of the four orders of
Mendicants, and were originally called
Austin friars.

Avra‘rntn. belonging to aula, a hail.
A member ofa hall, ac Oxford, in distine-
tion to a calieytan.

Av’Lic, pertaining to awa, acourt. At
epithet generally given to one of the two
supreme courts of the ci-devant German
empire—the Reichshofrath

Avtos’roma, Gr. from efAos, a pipe, and
eros, &@ mouth. A genus of acantho-
pterygians, belonging to the family called
‘by Cuvier bowches en JSiute; including the
pipe-fishes, or those ies whose mouth
is elongated into a kind of tube or pipe.

AURANTIA‘CEm, a natural family of
plants, of which the orange (aurantium)
is the type.

AvRAN’TIUM, the orange (citrus auran-
tium), so called ab aurea cvtore.

Avrr’L1a, some of the two-winged tribe
of insects. Butterflies and moths when
in their pupa state are inclosed in a mem-
braneous envelope, and as these pup are
often tinged of a gold colour, they were
called from this circumstance chrysalides
by the Greeks, and aureli@ by the Romans,
both which terms are in some measure
become Anglicised, and though not strictly
applicable to ungilded pup, are often

ven to those of all lepidopterous in-
sects, These by Linné are denominated
oblected pup.

Avreota, of the colour of gold. In
painting, the glory with which the an-

cient painters decorated the heads of the

saints, martyrs, and confessors, which
they executed. 2

Av’revus, a Roman gold coin worth
about 16 shillings, according to Tacitus,
and weighing about 24 oz. avoird.

Av’ricte, Lat. auricula, a little ear
(auris). Applied, 1. In anatomy, to the
external ear, and to two cayities of the
heart, which have some resemblance to
ears.——2. In botany, to plants whose
leaves or other parts more or less resem-

le ears.

Avzxice’rsa, asubgenus of bulimi. See
Betravs.

Avurrcutar Conressron. Confession of
sins to a priest in private, distinguished
from public confession.

Avricu’Late, Lat. auriculatus, having
ears or appendages resembling ears.
Applied, 1. In botany, to leaves which are
furnished with a pair of leaflets, generally
distinct, but sometimes joining them at
the base.——2. In conchology, to a few
hivaives which have a flat ted
projection on one or both sides of the

umbones or bosses: most developed in the

us.

Acrv'ea, in astronomy, the waggoner.
A constellation of the northern hemi-
sphere, containing 66 stars according to
the British catalogue.

Av’rocns, Germ. wrochs, the ure-ox. A
name given to an animal of the bovine
kind, found fossil in alluvion.

-Avr’ors Borea’.is, literally northern
dawn. The name given to that extraor-
Ginary luminous appearance or meteor
which shows itself in northern latitudes
after sunset, called also nurthern light ©
(Germ. nordlicht), and popularly streamers
and merry dancers.

This appearance is from our position
on the earth regarded az peculiar to the
north, but a similar phenomenon is alse
observable in the southern hemisphere,
called with like propriety Aurora Aus-
tralis. It was witnessed in 1773 be-
tween 58° and 60° S. lat. by Cooke’s
sailors, and later travellers have ob-
served the same. These phenomena
therefore, as they are common to both
poles, ought properly to be called Polar
ights.

Av’rum Musr’'vum, or Mosatcum. Mo-
saic gold, composed of 100 tin + 54 sul-
phur.

Avscutta’tTI0on, Lat. auscultatio (of aus-
culto, to listen). This term is applied to
the several methods of detecting the
nature and seat of disease by means of
the sense of hearing, but particularly to
the exploration of the thorax by means
of the sounds in that part, rendered more
distinct to the ear by the intervention of
an instrument called a stethuscope (q. y.).

Avspices, the observations taken by the
Roman augurs from the flight of birds
and othernaturalappearances. An auspex
was any one who interpreted omens; an
augur was a member of the sacred college.

Acs’rer, the south-wind. Austral, south,
southern.

Av’rerrorts, from Fr. autre, another,
and foits, fois, time. A term introduced
into law Jressetioky under the Norman
princes of England, to signify at another
time, formerly ; as auterfoits acquit, for-
merly acquitted, which, being specisily
pleaded, bars a second prosecution for the
same offence. :

AvTHEN’TIC (avfeyrixes), of genuine
origin. Applied in music, 1. To chords
which have the 4th uppermost. 2. In
melodies whose principal notes lie be-
tween the key-note and its octave.

AvTHEN’Tic Metopies, in music, suck
as have their principal notes contained
between the key-note and its octave.

AvTHEN’TICs, in civil law, a name given
to an extract from the Novels (q. v.i, by
which a law of the code is either changed

VT

AVA

ils

9
a

AVI

ov aiwlished. So called, because first ex-
tracted from a MS. copy of the Novel
(liber authenticus), put among the altered

passages of the code, and have thus re-
mained in the editions of the Corpus Juris.

Avtocar’rcus, Gr. from gusts, him-
self, and zweros, fruit. A name given to
such fruit as consists of nothing but peri-
carp, without any additional organ.

AvTocH’THON (avroxfwy), one produced
from the ground. Several ancient nations
assumed the name of autochthones, to in-
dicate the antiquity of their origin.

Av’to va FY’, Port. ) literally, act of

Av’to vg ¥er’, Span. J faith. A sentence
given by the Inquisition, and read to a
criminal! (heretic) on the scaffold just be-
fore he is executed.

AvuTom’ALiTE, } octahedral corundum.

Avrom’ouits, J A variety of corundum
containing oxide of zinc (thence called
pinelle zincifere by Haiiy) and alumina.
It is sometimes called fahlunite, because
found in a taleose rock at Fahlun, and
gahnite, from Gahn, its discoverer.

AutomaTic, self-acting. Applied to
machinery which in some measure super-
sedes manual labour and attention.

AvrTom’aTon, from aurouaros (of euros,
self, and zaw, tomove Any mechanical
contrivance which, by some concealed
force (springs or weights), can carry on
for some time certain movements, more
or less resembling animal exertion. In
this respect al] kinds of clocks, watches,
and numerous other machines employed
in cotton and other factories, are deno-
minated automata; but the term is more
commonly restricted to that class of
mechanism in which the power is made
to imitate the voluntary motions of living
beings. When such automata represent
human figures and actions, they are
termed androides (man-like).

Av’tumn, Lat. autumnus. That one of
the seasons, which, in the N. temperate
zone, begins when the sun, in its apparent
descent to the southern hemisphere,
touches the equator, and enters Libra
(23rd September), and ends at the winter
solstice (20th December): from this as-
tronomical autumn, the popular autumn
differs ding to

AUTUM’NAL POINT, the point where the
equator cuts the ecliptic : the sun reaches
it on the 23rd September. It is said to be
at the beginning of Libra, but the one
has really long since receded from
constellation: it is now near the stars rae
the left shoulder of Virgo.

AvuTum’NAL siens, the signs Libra, Scor-
pio, and Sagittarius.

A’va-a’va, a plant of Otaheite, from
which the inhabitants obtain a species of
arack.

Avy’aLancue, the name given to those

vast snow-siips which roll down the Alps
and often overwhelm forests, villages, &c.,
in their course. The term is from Fr.
avaler, to swallow.

Ava’st, with seamen, cease, stop, stay ;
Germ. basta, stop.

AVELLA’NA, the hazel-nut: a species of
corylus. Named from Avella, a town of
Campania.

A’ve Mar’1a, Ave Mary. Among Catho-
lics, the beginning of a prayer to the
Holy Virgin is Ave Maria, whence the
whole prayer takes that name (Ave meang
hail). The name Ave Maria is also given
to the little balls in rosaries, each of which
denotes a prayer called Ave Maria, while
the larger balls denote a Pater-noster.

Aver’na, the oat-grass. A genus of which
the plant that produces the grain, well
known under the name of oats; is a species
(A. sativa). Triandria—Digynia. Name ap-
plied by the ancients to the Brome-grass.

Av’ENAGE, Oats (avena). Paid by a ten-
ant in lieu of rent or other duty.

Av’ENER,-oR, in feudal law, an officer of
the king’s stables, whose duty it was to
provide oats.

Av’ERAGE, a term used in commerce and
navigation, to signify a general contribu-
tion to make up a particular loss ; as when
the goods of a particular merchant are
thrown overboard to prevent the ship
from sinking, or where the masts, cables,
anchors, or other furniture of the ship,
are cut away or destroyed for the preser-
vation of the whole, or money or
are given to pirates to save the rest, or
where any expense is deliberately and
voluntarily made, or any expense fairly
and bond fide incurred, to prevent a total
loss—such sacrifice or expense ought to
be rateably borne by the owners of the
ship, freight, and cargo, so that the loss,
for the good of all, may fall equally on
all.—There are also some small charges
called petty or accustomed averages: it is
usual to charge one-third of them to the
ship, and two-thirds to the cargo. Hence
the expression in bills of lading, ‘‘ freight
with primage and average accustomed.”

AveEr’nvs, a lake of Italy, 10 miles west
of Naples, celebrated in antiquity as the
entrance to the infernal regions.

AVERRUNCA’TOR, Lat. averrunco, I dress
or weed; in arboriculture, an instrument
for cutting off the branches of trees, con-
sisting of two blades fixed on the end of a
rod; one of which has a moveable joint,
which, by means of a line fixed to it,
operates like a pair of scissors.

AveEnR’sE, Lat. aversus, turned back. In
ornithology, when the posterior extremi-
ties are attached to the trunk near the
anus, so that the body is held erect, as in
the penguin.

AVICEN’NA, the generic name of the
Mangrove-tree. D SDET Nite

AXI 13

AZI

Namedin honour ofan Arabian physician.
Eastern

“Native of the hot parts of both

aznd Western continents.

Avic’uLa, a genus of equivalve shell
with a rectilinear hinge: it belongs to
the oyster family, and is known popularly
as the Mother-of-pearl oyster. The
species which produces the fine pearis of
Ceylon is the Mytilus Margaritifera, Lin.

Avicv’Lip2, a family of shell-fisk com-
prehending the muscles and pearl oysters.
Swainson.

Avorpance. In ecclesiastical law, sig-

rifies the condition of a benefice when
void of an incumbent, and is opposed to
plenarty.
Avoirpvpo'rs, Fr. avoir du pois, to have
weight. The weight commonly used for
bulky and coarse commodities. The pound
contains 16 0z., and is to the troy pound
as 17 to 14.

AVosEr’TA, pik Avoset, a species of
gralle placed by Pennant among the
palmipedes. The ? birdis of the size of the
lapwing, and is common to Europe and
America.

Avo’wrr, in law, the act of the dis-
trainer of goods who in an action of re-
pee avows and justifies the taking; the
act of maintaining the right to distrain.

A-wEIGH, in nautical language, the
same with a-trip.

Awt'wort, the Subularia aquatica, an
indigenous aquatic perennial, so named
from its awl-shaped (subulate) leaves.

Awn'tnc. 1. A covering of canvas ex-
tended over the decks of a ship to give
shelter from the sun, rain or wind.——2.
That part of the poop deck which is con-
tinued forward beyond the bulk head of
the cabin.

AwNLEss, without awn or arista.

Axaya’caT, a Mexican Fad whose eggs,
deposited on rus in large quanti-
ties, are collected and used as a sort of
caviare, called ahuauhAtli.

AXE’STONE, a mineral; asub-species of
jede, which in some respects resembles
nephrite. It occurs in New Zealand and
the isles of the Pacific, where it is made
into axes and other cutt’ng instruments
bh the natives, from which circumstance

has obtained its name.

prokosos Lat. avis, a centre, and
fero,I bear. Said of those plants which
consist solely of an axis with foliage or
Fie tat. ceils, ite anatom

‘tt, Lat. a. y, the
arm-pit.—2. In botany, the angle formed
by the stalk ofa eaggihe nes the stem.

Ax’'t1z, Lat. azis, the axis of
,» as an embryo in the axis of a
seed ; viz., from the to the end dia-

AxX’ILLARY Lat. axillaris » pertaining to
, the arm-pit. In botany, applied to
leaves, &c. which rroceed from the angle

forraed by the stem and branch. Gene-
rally, applied to parts which spring from
the point of union of two or more other

parts.

Ax’tniTE, thunderstone, (thumerstein,
Werner). A mineral commonly found in
crystals of four-sided prisms, so flattened
that some of its edges become thin and
sharp; hence its name from aZsyy an az,
and AjOos stone. Colours, brown, grey,
black and yiolet.

Ax’ls, aZwy. This term is applied in
the language of science to a right line

through the centre of a body on
which it may revolve. The may
either be real or imaginary, as: 1. In
mathematics, the straight line which
divides the area of a figure and about
which it revolves to produce a solid.
Further, the straight line drawn from a
point in the periphery through the cen-
cre of a sphere is its axis; and a straight
line drawn from the vertex of a cone
through the centre of its base is the axis
of the cone. See Cont and Conic Sections.
——2. In mechanics, the line about whick
a balance moves or rather turns is the
axis of the balance ; the avis of oscillation
is a right line parallel to the horizon,
about which a pendulum vibrates; the
axis in peritrochio is another name for
the mechanical contrivance called the
wheel and axle.-——3. In optics, that ray of
light which passing from the eye falls
i pen rapped on the eye.——4. In as-
right line passing
throug ih the two poles ana the centre of
the sphere, is called the avis of the sphere,
and similarly the sun and all the planets
are each conceived to revolve about their
respective axes.——5. In botany, a taper
column in the centre of some flowers
about which the other parts are disposed.
—6. In anatomy, the second vertebra of
the neck: the atlas rotates on its tooth-
like process as on an axis.

Axoromovus, from atov an aris, and
réuyw, tocut. A mineralogical term, sig-
=e cleavable in one particular direc-

br ea ta the name — by the
natives to an ani’
Cheiromys Mi = its pe-

culiarecry. Itisa nocturnal quadruped,
size of a a burrows, and motion seems
painful to i

Aza’LEA, a extensive genus of plants of
the class pentandria, and order monogynia.
Name from af«Asos, arid, because found
only in such places. The trailing azalea,
a low shrub with very woody tortuous
stems, and crowded leafy wranehes: ee
plentifully on the Scottish Highlan
mountains, is the only British type.

pAzimere, from Ar. al and samath, path.

In astronomy, the are of the horizon’ ater

I

BAA

1l4

BAC

cepted between the meridian of the ob-
server and a vertical circle passing
through the celestial object whose azi-
muth is measured. Azimuth circles, are
great circles of the sphere, intersecting
each other in the zenith and nadir, and
cutting the horizon at right angles. The
magnetic azimuth is an are of the horizon,
intercepted between the vertical circle

passing through the centre of the celes-
tial body and the magnetic meridian. It
is found by the azimuth compass.

AzimurH Dist, a dial of which the
style or gnomon is perpendicular to the
plane of the horizon.

Azoca Suips were those Spanish go-
vernment ships, called also quicksilver
ships (Sp. azogue, quicksilver) because em-
ployed to carry mercury to the Spanish
West Indies, to extract the silver from
the ores of the mines of Mexico and Peru.

Az‘ors, from q@, not, and Jay, life. A
gas otherwise called nitrogen (q.¥.),
which when breathed alone destroys life.

AzoTizEp, containing azote, said of
some vegetables which contain much
azote, and therefore in some measure par-
take of the nature of animal matter.

A’zureE. 1. The fine blue pigmentcom-
monly called smalt. It is a glass coloured
with oxide of cobalt, and ground to an
impalpable powder.—2. In heraldry, the
blue colour in coats of all persons under
the rank of baron.

Az’ycos. Agvyos, an anatomical term
applied to muscles, veins, &c., which have
no corresponding muscle, vein, &c.

Az’yuites (from okuuos, unleavened).
Christians who administer the eucharist
with unleavened bread (azyme).

B.

B is the first letter of all known alpha-
a except the Ethiopic, in which it is
eninth. As anumeral B was used by
pd Hebrews and Greeks, as now by the
Arabians, for 2: by the Romans for 300,
and with a dash over it, thus, B, for 3000.
It is often used as an abbreviation: thus,
B.A., stands for bachelor of arts; B.L.,
for bachelor of laws; B.D., for bachelor
of divinity; B.F., before the decrees of
the old Romans, for bonum factum. In
music, B is the designation of the seventh
note in the natural diatonic scale of C;
but anciently it denoted the second inter-
val in the scale beginning with A. BD
staerds for B flat, or the semitone major
above A. B also stands for base, and B.C.,
for thorough base (basso continuo). In
B is one of the dominical let-
ters, and in the old chemical alphabet it
denotes mere
Baa, a name common to the male, as
Ashtaroth was to the female idols of the

East. The name is common to several or
the oriental languages, and signifies lord
or master.

Bap’tan, the rind or shell which sur-
rounds the fruit of the mimosa cineraria,
and which is brought from the East under
the name of neb-nab. It is used in dye-
ing ra Pigteaye: for proving various shades of

Baszoo’n, a name common to several of
the larger species of the monkey tribe,
which have short tails, and more or less
approximate to the human figure. ey
are peculiar to the eastern continent.
The term is Fr. babouin, from the re-
sembles which the animals bear to a child.

Bazyrnov’ssa, the Indiam hog; a species
of the genus sus. It is a native of Ce-
lebes and Bourou.

Bac. 1. In navigation, a praam or ferry-
boat.——2. In brewing, a large flat ves-
sel in which wort is cooked before boiling,
hence called a cooler-——3. In distilleries,
a tub in which liquor to be fermented is
pumped from the cooler in order to be
worked with the yeast.

Bac’ca, a berry. A fruit which con-
sists of a pulpy pericarp without valves,
inclosing several naked seeds.

BaccaLav’revus, Lat., the lowest aca-
demical degree in the English and French
Universities.

Baccavta’ris, a fruit consisting of dis-
tinct carpels, seated upon a short recep-
tacle.

Baccuana’tia, festivals at Rome in
honour of Bacchus, the god of wine.
They were ultimately suppressed for their
licentiousness.

Baccuvs, the god of wine, and son of
Jupiter and Semele.

Baccui’us, a foot in ancient poetry
composed of one short and two long syl-
lables ; e.g., dolores, employed much in

to Bacchus.

h
Baccir’ernous, Lat. bacciferus, berry-
stew a applied to plants which producé
rries.

Baccrv’orovs, berry-eating, bacca ani
voro to eat.

Bacue’tor, Lat. baccalawreus, from ba-
culus, a shoot. 1. A person who has
taken the first degree in the liberal arts
and sciences, at a college or university.
The honour or degree is called the bac-
calaureate-——2. In the middle ages, a
knight of the lowest order, or rather a
young knight, called a knight bachelor
(bachelier). ee. canon of the lowest
rank.

Bacitia’REx, a small group of alga-
ceous plants, much the same as those
called cymbellee. They are said to pos-
sess the power of spontaneous motion.

Back, a nautical term. 1. To back an
anchor. See ANcHor..——2. To back sails
is to arrange them so that the ship shall

BAD 115

BAG

move astern.——3. To back astern is to
manage a boat in rowing so that it shall
move stern foremost. Back is here used
#5 an abbrevietion of Lack wards.
Bac’xzr. In architecture, used to de-
mote a narrow slate laid on the back ofa
broad, sjuare-headed slate when the
wiates begin to diminish in width.
Baczcam’mMon, a game played with
dice by two persons on a table divided
imto two parts, upon which there are 24
black and white spaces called points.
Mach player has 15 men, black and
white, to distinguish them. The term
{s from Welsh bac, little, and cammaun
battie. The little battle.
Back’quapRantT, a quadrant formerly
used at sea for taking the sun's altitude ;
sce called from the back being turned to-

which possession. is restored to those hav-
ing the primary interest in it. From back
and set, a lease.

Back’starr, the backquadrant (q. Vv.) ;
called also, from its inventor, Davis’s
Quadrant, and by the French, the Eng-
lish Quadrant.

Bacx’stays, ropes or stays extending
from the topmast heads to both sides of a
ehip, to assist the shrouds in supporting
the mast, when strained by a weight of sail.

Bacx‘’sworp. In England,a stick with
& basket-handle, used in rustic fencing.

Bacx’rack. In Scotland,adeed by which

® wadsetter, instead of himself possessing
the lands which he has in wadset, gives a
lease of them to the reverser, to continue
in force till they are redeemed, on condi-
tion of the payment of the wadset-inter-
Sstasrent. From back and tack, lease.

Baco’ntan Puritosopny. The system
propounded by Francis Bacon, Lord Ve-

Bacvta’rREs, a sect of anabaptists is so
named from baculum, because they held it
unchristian to carry any other weapon
than a staff.

Bacvutom’erry, the art of measuring
heights with a staff—baculus and metrum.

Baveer. In old law,a person licensed
— — a place and sell it in an-
other, ow the ties of
= ¥ eg penal
pa belonging to the plantigrade

In the first sense, badger is from Sax, |

byezan, to buy. In the second, from

Gothic baydga, to fight, to beat.

Bap14/ca, @ marine plant of the order
alge, used ‘in Russia to remove the livid
marks of bruises.

Bavice’on, a mixture of plaister and
freestone well sifted and ground together.
Use by statuaries to fill up the little

holes, and repair the defects in stones of
which their work is made. Joinezs also
give this name to a mixture of sawdust
and pm with which they fill up ihe
chaps and other defects of wood after it
has been wrought.

Ban’inaGE, a emathod of hunting wild-
ducks practised in France. It consists in
covering a boat with foliage, and sailing
it cautiously towards the birds, when &

dog, trained to the sport, is silently
put out; the birds seek shelter about the
insidious d, and are generaily
psc but sometimes shot.

Bz2ztxr'1, certain anointed stones wor-
shipped by the Phoenicians. Baszodes,
the stone which Saturn devoured instead
of J bs accent

Bz’T0EN di ser-
pent of “Africa; described by Foskal.

Bac. 1. In commerce, a certain quan-
tity of a commodity, such as it is common

carry to market in a sack; e.g. a bag
of meal is 240 lbs. avoir.——2. In farriery,
a bag or list of one oz. asafoetida, with as
much powder of savin, tied to the bit of
a horse’s bridle, to restore his appetite.
Norm. bage.

Baaa‘sse, the sugar-cane in its
and crushed state, as delivered from the
sugar-mill. Used for fuel.

Bac’eatnec, a mode of reaping corn or
pulse with a hook by chopping, instead of
by a drawing-cut.

Bac’taFEcHT, 2 variety of the Philip-
pine Grosbeak (Loxia Philippiana) found
in Abyssinia.

Bacon’ to, an Italian term for a bath.
Applied to a house provided with conve-
niences for bathing, &c.

Baa’Pire, the arxavaos of the Greeks,
and the tibia utricularis of the Romans, is
a musical wind-instrument of high anti-
quity, especially among the northern na-
tions. Its peculiarity consists in collecting
the air into a leathern bag, from which
it is forced, by the pressure of the per-
former’s arm, into the pipes. The base
pipe is very appropriately called the
drone, and the tenor or treble is called the
chanter. This has eight holes, like those
of a flute, which the performer opens and
stops at pleasure. Air is supplied either
with bellows, as in the Irish bagpipe, or
with the mouth, as in the Scottish or
Highland bagpipe.

This instrument has so long beena
favourite in Scotland and Ireland, that
it is regarded as the neticual music of
those countries ; but it is by no means
peculiar to them. Itis found on Gre-
cian and Roman sculptures, and in
several other countries it is a popular
instrument at the present time. It is,
besides, one of the few things on which
time has wrought no improvement. It

I

RAT

116

BAL

is still exceedingly defective. The

of the Irish or soft pipe does not
exceed twelve tolerable notes, and that
of the Scottish or Highland pipe nine ;
and itcan hardly be said that the music
of either is a “‘ pleasant noise,” unless
when filtcred through a stone-wall of
two feet thick.

Baaver’re, an architectural term, from
the French, denoting asmall round mould-
ing, somewhat less than an astragal,
which, when enriched with ornaments. is
called a chaplet, and when plain. it isa bead.

Ban’ar BARRE, a weight used in various

of the East Indies. That of Acheen

= 490 Ibs., that of Bencoolen = 560 lbs.,

that of Junkseylon = 485 Ibs. 5} oz., that

' of Malacca = 405 Ibs., and that of Mocha
= 445 lbs. ayoirdupois.

Bait, from Fr. bailler, to deliver. In
law, to bail is to liberate from arrest and
imprisonment. Thus the magistrate bails
aman when he sets him at liberty upon
bond given with securities ; and the surety
bails a man when he procures his release
by giving bond for his appearance. When
a person has procured his liberty on bond
given for his appearance when cited, he
is said to be out on bail; the persons who
are surety for him are his dail, and the
bond of surety is the bail-bond. When the
securities are mere fictitious names, a
John Doe and Richard Roe, the bail is
called common ; when the bail-bond is
bond fide a bond of surety, the bail is
called special——The word bail is used by
seamen to signify the process of clearing
a boat of water; but in this sense it is
usually written, though improperly, dale.

Ba'itee, the person to whom a bail-
ment (q. v.) is made.—Bailer, the person
making the bailment

Bar'11£, in Scotland, a magistrate of a
royal burgh, possessed of certain jurisdic-
tion by common Jaw as well as by statute:
aw gee is analogous to alderman in Eng-
Jan

Battrrr, Fr. bailif, of Lat. baila, autho-
rity. This name was anciently used to
signify an officer appointed for the ad-
ministration of justice within a certain
district, and comprehended sheriffs of
counties (called bailiwicks or ballive), as
weil as bailiffs of hundreds. There are
now many sorts of b : 1. Sheriffs-
basliffs, who are either special, and ap-
pointed for their adroitness to apprehend
defaulters; or bailiffs of hundreds, who
collect fines, summon juries, attend the
assizes, and execute writs and processes.
The specia!-bailiffs are more commonly in
Scotland called sheriff-officers, and the
beiliffs of hundreds have in England got
the homely appellation of bum-baitlifs =
odd Sepak, of dbound-basii#®. See Ap.
PELLATION 2. Baiiiffs of kberties, are
appointer by the Joras of their respective

jurisdictions, to execute processes and
perform other duties.——3. Bailiffs of
courts baron, summon these courts and
execute the process thereof.——4. Water-
bailiffs, are appointed in seaport towns to
search vessels, gather toll for anchorage,
arrest debtors on the water, &c.——5. In
some provincial towns of England the
principal magistrates are called bailiffs ;
there is a high-bailiff of Westminster ; the
lord mayor of London sits under his title
of bailiff (which title he bore before the
present became usual), in the court of Old
Bailey; the sheriff is the Queen's bailiff,
and there are bailiffs of castles, as that of
Dover, and bailiffs on estates, who have
charge of the inferior servants and direct
their work.

Barrtiwick (baili, and Sax. plc, juris-
diction). The jurisdiction ofa bailiff (q. v. );
Under William I., the counties of Englani
were called bailiwicks (Lat. ballive), and
the subdivisions hundreds.. The courts
the latter have long since ceased.

Bait'ment, from bail. A delivery ox
goods, in trust, upon a contract expressea
or implied that the trust shall be faith-
fully executed. It comprehends: (1.) De-
posit. (2.) Loan. (8.) Hire. (4.) Pledge.
(5.) Carriage of goods for reward. (6.)
Mandate.

Bart’piece, a slip of parchment or
containing a recognisance of
bail to the action.

Barr’am, an annual festival among the
Mohammedans. It may be called the
Easter, as the rhamadan is the Lent of
the followers of Mahomet. See Ruam-
ADAN.

BartrMan, bair and man. An old law
term, denoting a debtor sworn in court
not to be in possession of property worth
five shillings and fivepence. Synonymoug
with dyvour.

Bas’averes, the Portuguese name of
the Indian dancing girls, employed partly
as priestesses, and partly as means of
entertainment and pleasure to the gran-
dees of Indi

. Bas’vivs, Lat. bajulare, to carry. Inthe
lower Greek empire, the officer intrusted
with the education of a prince.

Ba’KeEr’s-1TCH, a species of psoriasis is
so called when itis confined to the back
of the hand, where it often appears among
bakers.

Batz’na, from Garniva, 2 whale (of
Badrdrw, to throw, in allusion to its power
of spouting the water, technically called
blowing). A genus of mammalia belong-
ing to the order cetacea of Cuvier; and to
that tribe popularly called the blowers.
See Ceracea and WHALE.

Barata’txka, a musical instrument of
the guitar kind, of very ancient Sclavonian
orizin, and common among the Russians

aper,
or

BAL 117

RAL

ee eee

7" ance, Fr. balance, Sp. balanza, Lat.
bilanz; of dis, double, and lanz, a dish,
scale. A well-known mechanical contriv-
ance which serves to find out the equality
or difference of weight in ponderable
bdedies. It is commonly reckoned among
the mechanical powers, but it is only
a particular species of the lever, in which
the arms are equal, and which must there-
fore be in equilibrio when the power or
weight are equal. Beside the common,
there are various other kinds of balances,
as: 1. The Bent-lever balance, isa bent lever
ABC, to er
extremity, C F Dv
weight is fixed, ¥
and at its extrem Wij

liv,

different &

dicular, » and

therefore the inclination of BC and these
tions are noted upom the quadrant,
, usually in lbs. and oz.——2. The

Denish balance differs from the steel-

yard or Roman statera, in having a

——_ Soh
h

moveable fulcrum instead of a moveable
weight. It is often nothing more than a

is called the rim, and its spindle the verge.
It answers the purposes of a pendulum,

BatancE-Fisu, a species of squalus or

shark, weighing about 500 Ibs.
sap itaNce-REEr, a reef-band crossing a
sail diagonally, used in balancing (q. v.i

Bar/ancinG, in nautical language, the
contracting a sail into narrower compass
by folding up a part of it at onc corner,
by which it is distinguished from reefing.

Bar’axvs, a genus of mollusca; order
Cirrhopoda, Cuy. The principal ‘part of
the shell of the balani consists of a testa-
ceous tube attached to various bodies, as
rocks, shells, and the bottoms of ships.
One species, the barnacle, (Lepas balanus,
Lin.) is exceedingly numerous on the
coasts of Europe. They often penetrate
into the flesh of large fish, as the whale.
Name Barayos, a nut.

Bat'ass-Rvsy, } A sub-species of Cor-

Bau'tass-Reusy, } undum, which being
found chiefly in Ceylon has obtained the
name of Ceylonite. It is called also
Spinelie Ruby. The name balass is the Fr.
balais, and Lat. balasius lapis.

Batc’ony, Fr. and Sp. balcon, from Ar.
baikana. 1. A projection in front of a
building supported by pillars, and usually
encompassed with a balustrade——2. A
gallery in a ship, either open or coverei,
made abaft the captain’s cabin for con-
venience or ornament.

Barpacu’imx, ) A term derived from the

Bapaev'tn, } Italian daldachino, and ap~
plied to a building in the form ofa canopy,
supported by columns, and serving as the

, crowning orcovering to an altar.

Bar’perick, Ir. balta,a belt, and rick,

‘vich. 1. A richly ornamented belt—

batten of hard wood AB, with a knob of :
: of lime.

lead B, and a shifting fulcrum F, often a
piece of cord, by which to suspend itin
weighing The weight is read off on a
division marked along the arm for the
purpose.——3. The Hydrostatic balance is
8 delicate balance of the common form,
azed in determing the specific gravities of
bodies.—4. Roman balance. See StTEEL-
tazp and Srarera.—5. Torsion balance.
See Toxsion.——Balance, in commerce, is
the term used to denote the difference in
value between the exports from and im-
ports Into a country. The balance is
sald te be favourable when the value of
exports exceeds that of the imports, an
unfavorsble when the value of the imports
is the greater——Balance of power, in
politics,a system by which the relative
power of different states and alliances is
s0 maintained as to render any extensive
derangement improbable. Balance
among watch-makers, that A agase | a watch
or clock which ts beats. It is
asort of wheel, the Ayes peti of which

The zodiac. (obsolete).
Barpwin’s Puosrxorvs, ignited nitrate

Barx-Goops, are such as are imported
or exported in bales.

Bat’‘zen, Fr. baleine, a name given by
the whale-fishers to the whalebone of
commerce. The term is a corruption cf
wa the generic name of the common

e

Batenor’rera, the jubarta; asub-genus
of the whale- tribe, from balena (q. v.)
and ptera, a fin, the animal being pro-
vided with dorsal fins.

Bat’ istTER,a cross-bow,named from the
ancient dciista, a warlike engine jused in
besieging fortified places, for projecting
stones, arrows and other missiles. Root,
Bara, to throw.

Batr’va, in old statutes, a bailiwick, 3 {4-
vy.) Balivous, abailiff. Balivo amovende
the name of a writ to remove a bailirf
from his office.

Bauize, Fr. balise, Sp. baliza, a beacon ;
& sea-niark or pole raised on a bank

Bark, (1). balk.) Balks are large pieces

BAL

118

BAL

of timber or beams, of from 5 to 12 inches
square, as imported; the larger are ac-
counted timber. Baik is also a pro-
vincial name of the summer-beam of a
bduilding; and in some parts of Scotland
it is synonymous with Cubber. Among
bricklayers, the term denotes the pieces
of timber used in making scaffolds. In
agriculture, a balk is a ridge of land passed
over in ploughing and not turned.

Baxx’ers, in fishery, persons stationed
on rocks and eminences to espy the shoals
of herrings, and give notice to the men
in the boats which way they pass.

Batt, is a popular name of any spherical
body, whether natural or artificial ; found
in most European languages with little
variation of meaning or orthography.——
In heraldry, balls are common
called, according to their different colours,
ogresses, besants, golpes, guzes, hurts,
pellets, a, Lgroribe oranges, torteaux.
—A printer’ consists of hair or
‘wool covered with leather, fixed into a
stock called the ball-stock, somewhat hol-
low at one end, and serving as a handle:
used (formerly) to put ink on the types
in the forms (instead of the roller now
used).—Puff-ball is a popular name of
the lycoperdon; and ball-vein, a miner’s
mame for a species of iron ore which oc-
curs in loose nodular masses.

Batt anv Socket, an instrument made
a, of brass, with a perpetual screw,

as to move horizontally, vertically,
etd obliquely : used in managing survey-
ing ard astronomical instruments.

Batt-cock, a hollow globe of metal
attached to the end of a lever which turns
the stop-cock of a cistern pipe, by floating
on the surface of the water, thereby re-

ating the supply.

Bat’tet, a Fr. term, dim. ofdal, a dance.
1. A dramatic dance, the object of which
is to express by the different movements
some subject, sentiment, passion, or, ac-
tion.——”. A species of dramatic poem
representing some fabulous subject.—
3. In heraldry, the term is used in the
same sense as ball (q. V.).

BA.wiacGe, a small duty paid to the city
of London by aliens, andeven by denizens,
for certain commodities exported by them.

Bautista, written also balista. See
Ba.isTeER.

Batuistic Penpvuntm, a machine for
ascertaining the force of military prcjec-
tiles, and consequently of gunpowder. It
consists of a large block of wood, sus-
pended vertically by a horizontal iron
axis, to which it is connected by an iron
stem. The ball impixges against the
block, and causes it to vibrate through a
certain arc proportional to tke force of
the impact, and this are being accurately
observed, the force of the projectile is
conesyu> matly known.

Bsx/Lium, im the architecture of the
middle ages, the open space or court of a
fortified castle.

Batw’on is a French term, meaning a
large ball or balloon; used to denote a
globe on the top of a pillar.

Bat’toon, from ballon (q.yv.). 1. Ache-
mical glass receiver in the form of a
hollow globe with a short neck.——2.
A spherical silk bag filled with hydrogen
gas or with heated air, by the buoyancy
of which it ascends into the atmesphere:
sometimes called for distinction an air-

loon.——3. A ball of pasteboard filled
with combustibles to be played o:f when
fired, either in the air or in water, burst-
ing like a bomb, and throwing out sparks
like stars.

Bat'tor, a ball used in voting: Fr. 52i-
lote; Sp. balota, a little ball. Voting by
ballot signifies voting by putting little
balls of different colours into a box or
urn: the greater number of one colour
determines the result. Tickets are alse
used instead of ballots, and called by t2e
same name.

Most clubs elect their members by
ballot—a white ball indicating aszent,
and a black one dissent: hence when
an applicant is rejected, he is said to be
blackballed.

Battota, the stinking-horehound A
genus of perennials. Didynamia—Gvm-
nosperma. Name SardAwry, from Barr,
to repel, in allusion to its disagreeable
smell.

Bar’torape, in the ménage, the leer of
a horse between two pillars or upou 2
straight line, so that when his fore feat
are in the air, he shows nothing but the
shoes of his hind feet, without jerking
out: it is thus distinguished from capriole.

Bam, contraction of balsam (q.v.). In
botany, the popular name of several plants,
especially the pater the species of which
are aromatic-——Balm of Gilead, the
samic produce of the amyris
low tree or shrub indigenous to Arabia ae
Abgsssinia, and transplanted at an early
period to Judea. This is the most valz-
able of all the balsams, but it rarely
finds its way to this country. The balm
of Canada, which is merely a fine turpen-
tine, obtained from an American species
of fir-tree (pinus balsamea\, is usuall
substituted for it, and the tree itself is in
consequence popularly called the balm of
Gilead. See OPoBALSAM.

Bat’sam, Lat. balsamum, of Bararauov,
from the oriental baal samen. prince of
oils. Balsams are vegetable juices either
liquid, or which spontaneously become
concrete, consisting of a substance of a
resinous nature, combined with benzoic-
acid, or which are capable of affording
benzoic acid bv being heated alone or with

eS <<

-

-

BAN 119

BAN

water. The liquid balsams are copaiva.
opo of Peru, storax an
tolu; the concrete are benzoin, dragon’s
blood, and red storax—(which see).—The
balsam of Peru is viscid, of a deep reddish
brown colour, and of the consistency of
honey: it is the produce of the myroxylon
pomitferum, a tree which grows in the
warmest parts of South America.—Bal-
sam is also oor pular name of the im-
patiens (q. v.),of which the noli me tangere
or touch-me-not is a species.—The name
of balsam-tree is common to three genera,
the amyris, the clusia, and the copaifera.
—The balsam-apple is an East India an-
nual (momordica balsamina).—The pre-
a sold under the name of balsam of
soney, is a tincture either of benzoin or of
tolu.—Balsam of sulphur, solution of sul-
phur in olive oil; a brown fetid liquor.
BatsaMtn’Ez, & natural order of herba-
ceous and succulent plants. Type Im-

patiens. . .
Batte’vs, Lat., a girdle. In architec-

ture, the wide step in theatres and am-

phitheatres which afforded a passage

round, without disturbing the sitters. In

the Greek and Roman theatres every

eighth step was a balteus. Nobody sat

on these ; — they served as a landing or
~place.

Bav'rimore-Biep, a beautiful American
— (Oriolus Baltimore, Wilson) called

also, hanging-nest, fire-bird, golden robin.
Itis "distinguished by its black and orange
plumage, which being the colours of Cal-
yert, Lord Baltimore, proprietary of the
province of Maryland, gave it the name
of the Baltimore bird.

Bat’vster. 1. A small column or pil-
lar belonging to a balustrade.——2. The
lateral part of the volute of the Ionic ca-
pital, called by Vitruvius, pulvinata.

Batvsrra’peE, from Lat. balustrum, a

in the ancient baths which was

merely. ‘The balusters of the balustrade
are ome: heaps te wade a rail as in balconies.
»} Specs peo of cane, the bam-
Renee: arundinacee of bota-
nists. It grows everywhere within the
tropics, and is of the utmost utility to the
inhabitants of those climates. It serves
all the purposes of wood, is manufactured
into cordage, cloth, and paper, and the
grain makes tolerable bread. It is pro-
perly a gigantic grass.
Bamav’sa, the paste name of the bam-
boo-cane, of which there are two species.
Hexandria — Digynia. Name latinized

name.

Ban. 1. A proclamation, hence bans,
8 notification of marriage proposed.——

A tion of outlawry, equivalent ~

political matters to excommunication
among ecclesiastics ——3. In military af-
fuirs,an order given by beat of drum or
sounding the trumpet, requiring the strict
observance of discipline, announcing the
appointment of an officer, &.—4. A
mulct paid to a bishop by one guilty of sua-
crilege——5. The name of a smooth fine
muslin imported from the East Indies. ——
6. A title of the governor of Croatia, who
has the third place among the secular
nobles of Hungary. Ban is the Sclavonic
word for master, hence provinces over
which a ban was placed were ed
bannats.

Bana’na, an Indian name of the musa
saptentium, which grows in the West
Indies an¢ other tropical countries. The
leaves are six feet long by one foot
broad; the fruit, which growsin bunches,
is about five inches, and yields a soft and
luscious pulp frequently used in desserts,
and made into a sort Of bread,

Ban’co, Ital. 1. In commerce, a word sig-
nifying a bank, and commonly applied
to the bank of Venice. —— 2. In law,
superior courts are said to sit in banco
during term, the judges occupying the
benches of their respective courts.

Banpv. In architecture, the word band
is applied to narrow members, somewhat
wider than fillets and smaller than the
facia. The cincture round the shaft of 2
rusticated column is called a band.
Banded column, a column encircled with
bands. The word band is frequently used
to denote a narrow belt; e. g. the narrow
belts or rather bands which give motion
to the wheelwork, &c. The bands of &
saddle are two pieces of iron nailed upon
the bows to hold them in their proper
places. The band of pensioners is a com-
pany of 120 gentlemen, who receive a
yearly allowance of 100/. for attending
the sovereign on solemn occasions.

BANDALEER, } a large leather belt

Banpboteer, § (thrown over the right
shoulder, and hanging under the left arm)
worn by the old musqueteers for sustain-
ing their fire-arms and musket-charges.
From band and D. leer, leather.

Banpa’na, \e style of calico print-

Banpa’nna;Jing in which white or
brightly-coloured spots are produced upon
ared or dark ground. The term is the
name of those silk handkerchiefs, gene-
rally red spotted with white, formerly
manufactured only in India, where the
art appears to have been practised from
time immemorial.

Banvep, when a body is striated with
coloured bands.

Banpecer’, Banwtet. In architecture,
dim. of band ‘a. y.), used to designate any
small flat moulding greater than a (isd,
and less than a plat-band ; e.g. that which
crowns the Doric architrave

BAN

120

BAR

BanvDeERo’'LE, a Pr. term meaning a nar-
row flag or streamer, used in heraldry to
denote the streamer aflixed under the
sng of a crosier and folding over the
s

Banv’orz, Sp. bandurria. A musical-
stringed instrument resembling the lute.

BanpnOu, a little flag or streamer af-
> pat the top of masts, from banderote
(q. V.).

BanGveE, an opiate much used through-
out the east to produce intoxication. It
. is obtained in several ways, from 2 kind
ofhemp. The Persians call it beng.

Ba‘wians, a name formerly given by

to all Hindus, because baniya,
the term whence it is derived, signifies a
banker, the class with which Europeans
he? most fiequernt intercourse. Banian
is with us the name of a sort of morning
drese resembling the loose gown worn by
the Banians of India. The banian-days
of the sailors are those upon which no
flesh meat is allowed, also borrowed from
tk: habits of the Banians, who, being
metempsychosists, refrain not only from
eating flesh, but even from killing noxious
arimals

Ban‘IAN-TREE, } the Indian-fig or God-

Ban’YAn-TREE, } tree, the (Ficus Indica).
The branches of this famous tree descend,
take root, and are in time converted into
great trunks, so that a single tree, with
ail its props and stems, may cover a space
ci 2000 feet circumference.

Banx. 1. In carpentry, & piece of fir-
wood unslit ofabout six inches square, and
oY any lenzth.——2. In
a bench of rowers in a galley, so called
from their seat, bench and bank being ra-
dically the same word. —— 3. In com-
merce, an establishment for the custody
andissue of money. Bank for savings, a
bank established for the receipt of small
sums deposited by the poorer class, and
for their accumulation at compound in-
terest.

Bank-cnrepits are credits peculiar to
Scottish banking, by which, on proper se-
curity being given to the bank, a person
is entitled to draw money to the extent
agreed upon.

Banxz’er. 1. Among maso~3, the stone
bench on which they cut andsquz2re their
work.——2. Among seamen, a vessel em-
ployed in the cod-fishery, on the banks of
Newfoundland.—3. The individual who
manages a bank, or who carries on the
business of banking.

Banx’er. In bricklaying, a piece of
wood of about eight inches square, and
nue feet in length,on which to cut the
bricks.

Banx’rvptcy, the state of an insolvent
merchant. From bancus, a bench (whence
bank), and ruptus, broken, in allusion to
the benches formerly used by the money-

lenders of Italy, which were broken in
case of their failure. No person but a
trader can be a bankrupt.

Bank’sta, @ very extensive genus of
——— shrubs, natives of New Hol-

Ban’iievE, Fr. The territory without
the walls, but comprised within the legal
limits of the city.

Ban’ner. 1. In military tanguage, the co-
lours, orsquare standard.——2. In botany,
the upper large petal of a papilionaceous
flower.

The origin of this term, which occurs
in all modern languages of Western
Europe, is, perhaps, the Persian band, a

standard, from bandan, to bind. Qu.

Goth. dannan, to summon, proclaim ?

Ban’NeERET, a knight made on the field,
with the ceremony of cutting off the
point of his standard, and making it a
square. The custom is obsolete. He was
then called a knight of the square flag,
and held a rank between a baron and sim-
ple knight.

Ban’quet, Banquette. 1. The footpath
of a bridge. -—2. The elevation of earth
behind a parapet, on which the garrison
of a fortress may stand in order to fire
upon an approaching enemy.

Ban’sHEE, BansuH1, an Irish fairy.

Ban’sTIcKLE, @ small fish called also
stickle-back, and bantickle in some paris of
Scotland.

Ban’yan, akind of Indian fig, forming
a very large tree, which sends down roots
from its branches, which in their turn
become trunks, and prop the extending
branches.

Baruomet, the imaginary symbcl which
the Templars were accused of employing
in their mysterious rites.

Bar’ristery. In architecture, a building
destined for the purpose of administering
the rite of baptism.

Bar’tists, a protestant sect, distin-
guished by opinions regarding the mode
and subjects of baptism. As to the mode,
the Baptists maintain the necessity of im-
mersion, from the literal translation of
the word Barrigw ; and the subjects, they
maintain, should only be those who pro-
fess repentance and faith. Hence, they
are often called antipedobaptists, because
they consider infants unfit subjects for
baptism.

Bar, literally that which obstructs. 1.
In law-courts, an inclosure made with a
strong partition of timber, three or four
feet high, where the counsel are placed
to pleadcauses. Hence, lawyers licensed
to plead, are called barristers. The benches
where the lawyers are seated are also
called bars, and the lawyers themselves
are collectively called the bar. A trial at
bar is a trial at the courts of Westmin-
ster, in distinction to a trial at niet prius,

)
;
s
,
'
j
;

BAR 121

BAR

in the circuits.——2. In law, a peremptory
exception sufficient to destroy the plain-
tiff’s action, either for the time being, or
for ever, four te a: as it is temporary or
perpetual.——3. A bank of sand or gravel,
or both, forming a shoal at the mouth of a
river or harbour, obstructing entrance, or
rendering it difficult. —4. In music, a
Stroke or line drawn rpendicularly
across the lines of a piece, to divide the
notes into equal portions with respect to
time.——5. In heraldry, one of the honour-
able ordinances, consisting of two hori-
zontal lines drawn across the escutcheon.
The space inclosed is the bar.——6. In the
ménage, the highest part of the place in a
hLorse’s mouth between the tusks and
grinders, so that the part of the mouth
which lies under and at the side of the bars
retains the name of the gum. The upper
part of the gums which bears no teeth,
aad to which the bit is applied.——7. A
tar of gold or silver is an ingot, w
or mass that has been cast in a mould, and
unwrought. A barof iron is a long piece
wrought in the forge, and hammered
from a pig. Iron when first formed into
bars is called bar-iron, and is marked
No.2; but when cut up, piled, and
worked over again, it is denominated
No. 3, or best iron.——8. To bar a vein is
an operation in farriery, which consists
in opening the skin over a vein, disen-
gaging it, and tying it in two places, and
between the two ligatures.

Banavir’ron, an arbitrary term, usedin
logic, to denote the first indirect mode of
the first figure of syllogism.

BaRAa.tors, a sectof Manicheans, at Bo-
logna, who had all things in common,
even their wives and children. The name
is the compound bar-all-lots.

Baratry, in commerce, is the act of a
master of a vessel, or of the mariners,
when they cheat the owners or thn apm
by g away with the s gy em-
bezale their goods. From Ital. daraiare,

” aie Lat. barba, beard. 1. The beard,
or that which grows in the place of it, as
the bard ofa fish.——2. In botany, the

tufts which are found on various
parts of plants; a sortof pubescence.——
3. The points that stand backwards in an
arrow, fish-hook, &c. are called barbs,
and are intended to prevent easy extrac-
tion. Barb is also the common name of
the Barbary pigeon and Barbary horse.

Bar’sa, Lat. a beard. In mammalogy,
the long tuft of hair dependent from the
under-jaw. In rey the setiform
or simple feathers which depend from the
skin covering the etorcrop. In Ich-
se op a kind of spine, with the teeth
rorired ting backward. In botany, any col-

tion of long loose hairs fo: a tuft
or crest, as on the petals of the

Bar’sacan, Barsican, Fr. barbacane. In
1. An outwork or defence of
a city or castle, co of an elevation
of earth along the foot of the rampart.
—2. A fort at the entrance of a bridge,
or the outlet of a city having a doubie
wall with towers.——3. An opening in
the wall of a tower or fortress, through
which to fire upon an enemy; called also
an embrasure.

BarzanoeEs-Lec is a disease indigenous
to Barbadoes, in which the limb becomes
tumid, hard, and misshapen.

BaRBADOEsS-TAR, a mineral fluid which
trickles down the sides of the mountains
in some of America, and sometimes
is found on the surface of the waters.

Bar’Bara, an arbitrary term used in
logic to denote the first mode of the first
figure of syllogism. A syllogism in bar-
bara, is one in which all the propositions
are universal and attirmative, as, mice eat
cheese ; mouse is a syllabie ; ergo, syllables
eat cheese!

Barv’arta, the winter-cress. A genus of
which there are two British types. Te-

Named in honour
of St. Barbara.

Bar’zareE, | Lat. barbatus, having beard

Bar’sep, § (barba), bearded. Applied
to leaves, &c., terminated by a pubescence
of strong hairs: awned.

Barse, in the military art. To fire in
barbe, is to fire the cannon over the para-
pet, instead of firing them through the
embrasures. Anciently, armour wich
which horses were covered.

Bar’pecvse. 1. In the West Indies, a
hog roasted whole.——2. At home, ary
animal dressed whole.

Ban’sep, bearded. In botany, the same
with barbate.—In heraldry, applied to
extremities pointed with barbs, and also
used synonymously with crested.

Bar’seL, a fish, a species of cyprinus
(q.v.). Its dorsal fin is armed with strong
spines, whence its name from barb.

Bar’settate. When the Pappus of
composite plants is bearded by short, stiff,
straight bristles. When the roughness i is
caused by short points, it is termed bar
bellulate.

Bar’sEts, small cylindrical processes
appended to the mouths of certain fishes,
subservient to the sense of touch.

Bar’sERRyY, 2 popular name of the genus

is, of which there is one British
species, common in hedges, apd well
known for its oblong, red berries. It is
called also pipperidgebush.

Ban’ser, the buceo (q. y.), of ornitholo-
gists, is so named from its beak being
barbed or furnished with bundles (five)
of stiff hairs directed forwards, one behind
the nostril, one on each side of the lower
jaw, anda "fifth under its symphysis.

Banser ve, a Fr. term meanirg o glat-

BAR

122

BAR

jorm ; used to denote a breastwork of a
fortification, from which the cannon may
be fired over the parapet.

Bar’siton, a musical instrument of the
lyre kind.

Bar’stes, a white excrescence that
grows under the tongue in cattle: called
barbes by the French.

Banr’suta, Lat. dim. a little beard. A
finely divided beard-like apex to the peri-
stome of some mosses, as in the genus
tortula.

Ban’caro.ie, a Venetian boat song.

Bar’con, a luggage vessel used in the
Mediterranean.

BarDIctrone, a blue variety of anhy-
drite, cut and polished for ornamental
purposes.

Bar’pin, in military antiquities, a com-
plete set of armorial trapping for a horse.

word is written in the plural bar-
dynges, and is derived by Grose from Fr.
bardé, covered; but it is more probable
that the term was primarily used to denote
the pikes or spears fixed in the horse’s
trappings, and consequently may be from
the Teut. barde, a pole-axe.

Barps, the ancient Celtic poets are so
termed by Roman writers. The etymology
of the word is uncertain. They were the
priests as well as the instructors of the
people, and were greatly venerated.

Bare-Potes, the masts ofa ship at sea
without sails.

Ban’-FEE, a fee of ls. 8d. which every
prisoner acquitted (at the bar) of felony
pays to the gaoler.

Banr’cain, from Welsh, bargen, toengage.
Bargain and sale isa species of conveyance
by which the bargainer contracts to con-
vey certain lands to the bargainee, and
becomes by such contract a trustee for
and seised to the use of the bargainee.
The statute then completes the purchase,
that is, the bargain vests the use, and the
statute vests the possession.

BarceE-Boarps, in architecture, the in-
clined boards placed at the gable of a
building, to hide the horizontal timbers
of the roof, and frequently ornamental.

BarGE-cour.es, in architecture, a beam
mortised into another to strengthen the
building.

Bareet-covrse, in bricklaying, that part
of the tilting which projects over the
gable or kirkinhead of a building, and is
made up below with mortar.

Barcu’mMore, a court which takes cog-
nisance of causes and disputes among
miners: also barmote.

Barit’ta, the name given in commerce
to the impure carbonate of soda imported
from Spain and the Levant. It is pro-
eured by the incineration of various plants
which grow on the sea-shore, but espe-
cially the saisola soda, which is extensively
ealtiyeted <r the purpree. Kelp (4. v}

is sometimes called British barilleo. The
term barilla is Spanish, probably fm an
Arabic root.

Bar’Itone£, in music, a voice tne com-
pass of which partakes of the bass and
tenor: Pages, heavy, and royss, tone.

Ba’rivuM, the metallic basis of the earth,
baryta (q. V.)

Bark. 1. The exterior part of trees,
&c., corresponding to the skin of animals:
it consists of a cuticle and epidermis.——
2. Cinchona (q. V.).

In medicine many kinds of bark are
used; but the Peruvian or Jesuit’s bark
is especially called bark by way of emi-
nence. It is the produce of 9 Peruvian
tree ( ia),and was intro-
duced into Europe “ the Jesuits.
Among tanners, oak bark iz bark par
excellence.

—3. A particular form of rig of ves-
sels, namely, that of a ship, but having s
gat so -sail instead of the square mizen
top-s

een ‘gr'’s MILL, a valuable hydraulic
machine, of which A B is a hollow cslin-
der moveable about a vertical axis MN;
P P’ another hollow cylinder placed at

right angles to the former, and comiauni-
cating internally with it. Noar its ex-
tremities, which are closed, two apertures
are made—the sides of this horizontal
cylinder opening in opposite directions.
The cylinders being filled with water, tre
pressure on the portions opposite the
orifices P and P’ being unsustained, the
cylinder will tend to move in the direction
of that pressure that is round its axis
M N; and being free to move about that
axis, it will eontinue to revolve about it
in a direction opposite to the efflux as
long as any fluid remains in the cylinders,
and being connected with » system of

—_ EE a

BAR 123

BAR

machinery, it operates as a powerful
moving principle.

Bar’tey, strictly the grain, but popu-
larly the grain and plants indifferently
which produce it. The English barley is
that with two-rowed ears (hordeum dis-
tichon): the Scotch beer or bigg is two-
rowed, but has the appearance of being
six-ear: it is the hordeum hexastichon o
the botanists.

BaRLeEycorn, 2 grain of barley. The
third part of an inch in length, and the
least of our long measures.

Bar'nacte, the popular name applied
to Cuvier’s class of cirrhipodes, but espe-
cially used to designate the Lepas balanus,
Lin. In ornithology, the name barnacle
is popularly applied to two species of the
goose tribe, the brant and Egyptian
goose. See BERNACLE.

Baro’co, an arbitrary term used by
logicians to denote the fourth mode of
the figure of syllogism ; the first proposi-
tion is universal and affirmative, the
other two particular and negative.

Barometer, from Sagos, weight, and
ergov, measure. An instrument for mea-
suring the variation in the weight of the
atmosphere. The common barometer is

i

WOR ORRGRRO LER ROCeeesTPCR ERG Rae

& glass tube somewhat more than 30 ins.,
hermetically sealed at one end H, and
being filled with mercury, the tube is in-
verted, and the open end placed in a dish
M, containing mercury. The mercury in
the tube will then stand somewhere be-
tween 28 and 30 inches above the level of
the mercury in the cup, and the varia-
tions in the height denote the variation
of atmospherical pressure. The wheel-
barometer is a tube filled with mercury
and inverted as shewn in Figure 2. It
differs nothing in principle from the com-
mon barometer. A float is placed upon
the surface of the mercury at L; and to
this a thread is attached, which is brought

over a pulley at P, so that as the float
rises or falls in the tube the pulley wi
move towards the left or right, and these
variations are rendered more perceptible
by attaching an index to the pulley. The
common barometer is preferable for
accuracy.

Bar’ometz, the hairy stem of a species

f | of aspidium which looks like an animal

crouching, from its procumbent position ;
hence it has been called the Scythian lamb.

Bar’on. 1. A title of nobility next
below that of viscount and above that of
baronet. The title was introduced into
England by William I., and used to sig-
nify an immediate vassal of the crown
who had a seat and vote in the royal
court and tribunals, and subsequently in
the house of peers. Hence in old records
the whole nobility are included in the
word barons, which is equivalent to land-
holders, manor-holders, or royal feuda-
tories; and as every manor had its court,
these courts were called courts-baron. The
title is not now attached to a manor, but
is conveyed by letters patent, and the
privileges of the courts-baron are merged
in the house of peers, as the representa-
tives of the ancient barons.——2. Baron

also a title of certain officers :—Barons
of Exchequer are the four judges who try
cases between the sovereign and the sub-
jects relative to revenue—The Barons of
the Cinque Ports are members of the
House of Commons, elected for the seven
Cinque ports, two foreach. These ports
are Dover, Sandwich, Romney, Hastings,
Hythe, Winchelsea and Rye-——3. In
law,a husband, as baron and feme, husband
and wife.

Bar’onet, dim. of baron, a title next
below a baron and above a knight. Itis
hereditary, and was originally instituted
by James I., in 1611.

Barony, a term used both of the terri-
tory over which the jurisdiction of 4
kere extended, and the jurisdiction it-

This lordship was held in chief of
the sovereign.

Banov’cue,a light open summer car-
riage on four wheels.

Barrac’usa,a Sp. name for a marine
fish of the pike tribe, about 10 ft. in
length.

Ban‘ras, a resinous juice which exudes
from the pinus maritima, and concretes on
the =u in yellow masses; called

alipo
’ ea Tor, from old Fr. barat, strife.
In law, a person who stirs up strife be-
tween other persons is called a common
barrator, and the offence common barratry.

Bar’ratTry, l. In commerce. See Ban-
aTRY.——2. In law. See BaRRATOR.

Bar’ret. 1. A cask or vesselof cylin-
drical form, bulged in the middle and
bound with hoops.——%. The quantity

BAR

124

BAS

which a barrel containe:—A barrel of
beer is 36 Imp. gal.; a barrelof Essex
butter is 106 los., of Susfolk butter 256 ;
a barrel of soap is alsc 256 Ibs.; anda
barrel of nerrings should measure 32 gals.
W. meas., and contain 1000 herrings; a
barre] of flour should weigh 226 Ibs. gross,
and contain 196 lbs. of flour. Among
workmen, the terms barrel and drum are
used to designate a cylinder, e. g. the
barrel of a watch.

Bas’zen. A barren flower, flos abortivus,
is one which produces no perfect seeds.
Barrer. fiowers are generally such as have
stamens, but no pistils; they are called
perhaps more commonly male flowers.

Ban’xicape. a Fr. word signifying a
series of bars or barriers, and used to de-
note, 1. In fortification, adefence made in
& Narrow p2ssage with such things as can
Se hastily collected, as trees, waggons, &c.,
to obstruct the progress of an enemy.——.
2. In Naval architecture, a strong wooden
rail supported by stanchions, extending
across the foremost part of the quarter-
deck in ships of war, and filled with
ropes, mats, pieces of old cable, and full
hammocks to prevent the effect of small
shot in time of action.

Baxrries-Txeaty. In 1713, anegotiation
between the Dutch and the French, by
which the former reserved the right to
hold garrisons in certain fortresses in the
Spanish Netherlands.

Ban’nows, or Tomvtt, are said to be the
most ancient monuments in the world.
They were generally raised as sepulchres
for the heroes of war, though not uni-
formly so. Barrow-burial is said by Sir
R.. Hoare to have existed from a period
of unknown antiquity till the eighth
century.

Ban’Rutet, in heraldry, the fourth part
of the bar, or the one half of the closet.

Bar’nuty, in heraldry, means that the
field is divided barways, i. e. into several

from side to side.

Bar’Ry-BENDY, in ; means that
the escutcheor is divided evenly barways
and bendways, i.e. by lines drawn tra-
versely and diagonally, interchangeably
and varying the tinctures of which it is
composed.

Rar’ry-Pity, in heraldry, is when a coat

is Jivided by several lines drawn obliquely *

— side to side, where they form acute
sles.

Bar’ton, means literally barley-town
(bapte-con), and ie taken to denote:
(1.) The demesne lands of amanor. (2.)
The manor-house. (3.) The manor itself.

Bary’ra, 1 from Bagds, heavy. A

Bary'TE, j mineral which occurs abun-

Bany'res, ) dantly innature inthe form

to its great specie gravity: but the baryta
of the chemist is only obtained artificialiy,
e.g. by subjecting the nitrate to a red
heat, or the carhonate to an intense white
heat, which drives off the acid, and a
protoxide of barium is obtained. This is
the simple earth baryta; it is alkaline,
and all its salts are poisonous except the
sulphate. Hence the best antidote is
dilute sulphuric acid (cr a golution of sul-
phate of soda).

Bas’att, a variety of trap-rock, usually
of a dark green or brownish black colour ;
composed of augite and felspar, with some
iron and olivine. It occurs sometimes in
veins or dykes, traversing all formations,
sometimes in layers spreading over the
surface of strata, and sometimes it forms
hills of considerable magnitude. It has
usually a columnar structure, e. g. the
Giants Causeway, and bears so ciose 4
resemblance to recent lavas, a3 to leave
no doubt of its igneous origin. The name
is derived by Cuvier from Ethiopic, basal,
iron, and Pliny informs us that the Egyp-
tians found in Ethiopia a species of marbie
called basaltes, of an iron colour and hard-
ness, whence it received its name.

Bas’aNITE, a variety of schistose horn-
stone. Sonamed from Cacayog, the trier,
in reference to its being formerly used as
a touchstone in trying metals. It was
also called Lydian stone (Lupis Lydius,
Plin.), from its heing found abundantly
in Lydia.

Base, Lat. basis, Gr. Pacis, a foundation.
1. In geometry, the lowest side of the
perimeter of a figure, in which sense base
is opposed to vertex. In rectangled tri-
angles the base is the side opposite the
right angle, and in solid figures it is the
surface on which they rest. The base of
a conic section is a right line in the hyper-
bola and parabola arising from the com-
mon intersection of the secant plane and
the base of the cone.——2. In architecture.
The base of a column is that part which is
between the shaft and pedestal, or if there
be no pedestal, between the shaft and the
zocle or plinth. The base of a room is the
lower projecting part of a room, co’
of a plain board which adjoins the floor,
called the plinth, and one or two mould-
ings above it called the base-mouldings.
—3. In surveying, a line measured with
the greatest possible exactness, on which
a series of triangles are constructed, in
order to determine the position of objecte
and places.——4. In fortification, the ex-
terior side of the polygon, or an i
line drawn from the flanked angle of a
bastion to the angle opposite-——é. Ia
tactics, a tract of country well protectec
by fortresses, or possessing certain natur2!

of sulphate and carbonate, well known j advantages, ‘and woz. Fhich the opere

under the name of heavy spar, ic,

in. allusion tions “f an army ‘ray proceed ——6. In

ee ——E——— a

ee

BAS 125

BAS

gunnery, the smallest piece of ordnance
Sasa: bore 1} in., length, 4 ft., load 5 Ib.
—7. In conchology, that part of the shell
im univalves by which they are attached
to rocks or other substances: in muliti-
valves, the opposite extremity to the apex.
The last whorl of a spiral shell is called
the base or basal whorl. In waattached
bivalves the term cannot be properly aD:
plied.— Base and basis are often used
differently, the latter generally in pro-
fessions, and especially in chemistry,
pharmacy, and anatomy. See Basts.

Base-ree. In law, to hold in base-fee is
to hold at the will of the Lord: opposed
to secaye tenure.

Base-tine. In perspective, the common
section of a picture, and the geometrical
plane.

Base’MEnT. In architecture, the ground
floor on which an order is placed with a
base or plinth. die and cornice.

Ba’senzt,ahelmet. Sometimes written
basinet and bascinet.

Basuaw"’, 2 title of honour in the Tur-
kish dominions, which ought to be written
and pronounced pashah. Itis often written
pasha. The Ar. is bashé, and the Per.

BasraTor, the orbicularis oris, a muscle
of the mouth: from basto, to kiss.

Rasicy’nivum, Gr. from, Pecos, the base,
and yuyn, female. A stalk rising above
the origin of the calyx, and bearing an
ovary at its apex, as in Capparis.

Ba’stt. 1. A word used by carpenters
and joiners, who pronounce it bdazil, to
denote the angle co which the edge of an
iron tool is ground.—2. The popular
mame of the Ocymum of botanists, espe-
cially the Ocymum basilicum or citron
basil, an Indian plant much used as a
—. to season dishes, to which it

imparts a grateful odor and taste. Hence
the name from basilic (q. v.)

Bas’ILaRy-MONKS, are an existing order
of monks of the order of St. Basil, who
founded the order in Pontus.

Basit‘1c, royal, from Bacirtvs,a king.
This word, or its Latin type basilica, is
used by architects to denote a spacious
building; e.g. a church, cathedral, royal

e.

Ba’stt-teatHer, tanned sheep-skin:

written also basan.
Anciently, the term basilica was used
to designate a public hall or court of
udicature, where the magistrates sat
to administer justice; but from the
circumstance of Constantine giving the
use of some basilica to the Christians
for their worship, the term became
with them synonymous with Church.
——Basilic is applied, in anatomy, to parts
supposed to be pre-eminently important
in their functions; and in pharmacy, to

— highly esteemed for their
cac

Bas'trisx, from Bacidtws,a king, A
highly poisonous serpent, which was 80
called, according to Pliny, from a white
spot upon its head, which resembled a
crown. Many extravagances were be-
lieved by the ancients regar this
serpent ; the moderns added more wonders,
and made it a monster sprung from a
cock’s egg! whence it got the name of
cockatrice. The animal at present known
by the name of basilisk, is a harmless
lizard. Basilisk is also a name given to
a large piece of ordnance from its sup-
posed resemblance in deadly effect to the
wonderful serpent of that name. The
old basilisk carried a ball
Dutch basilisk is 15 ft., the French 10 ft.,
and carry a ball of 48 lbs.

BasILosav’Rus, an enormous fossil
saurine, described by Dr. Harlan of Phila-
delphia. Neither its relations to other
species, nor its geological position, are
yet determined.

Ba’sts, Lat. from Bacis, from Bessy, to
go. originally the step or walk of an
animal on the sole of the foot on which
the body is supported in walking, and
hence, analogically, that part of the body
which supports all the rest, viz., the
lowest part: Anglicé anatomy, the
term is used to denote a part from which
other parts appear, asit were, to proceed,
or by which they are supported. In che-
mistry, the term is usually applied to
alkalies, earths, and metallic oxides, in
their relations to the acids and salts. It
is sometimes also applied to the particular
constituents of an acid or oxide, on the
supposition that the substance combined
with the oxygen &c. is the basis of the
compound to which it owes its particular
qualities. In pharmacy, the basis is the
principal ingredient inacompound. For
other significations, see Base.

Basts‘otute, Lat. basis and solutus, free.
Applied to leaves prolonged at the base
below the point of origin.

Bas’xer, from W. basged, of basq, a net-
ting. 1. A vessel made of twigs, &c. &c.——
2. As much as a basket will contain. In
military affairs the term is used to desig-
nate small baskets of earth, which serve
as a defence against small shot : called by
the French corbeilles. In architecture, the
term denotes a carving in the formof a
basket filled with flowers and fruits.

Bas’Kine-SHark, a species of Squali.
(See Squatus.) It is the largest of all the
shark tribe, and has nothing of the fero-
city of the shark. It inhabits the Arctic
seas, and lies much on the surface, basking
in the sun.

Bae-Rewier. See Basso Retrevo.

Basa, in music, the deepest or gravest

BAS

126

BAS

part ofatune. The word is thas written
in imitation of the Ital. dasso, which is
the Engl. dase,low. The bass is the foun-
dation of the harmony, and the base or
gupport of the whole composition. Figured
bass a bass which, while a certain
chord of harmony is continued by the
parts above, moves in notes of the same
harmony. Fundamenta: bass is that which
torms the tone or natural foundation of

the harmony, and from which that har-
mouy is derived. Ground bass starts with
be repeated throughout the movement,
while the upper parts pursue a separate air
Bass. Bass is the nameof several species
of fishes. In England it is a name of the
Anarrhichus lupus, Lin.), and in America
of theperca oecillata, Lin. Another species

Bas’sanEtT, } A kind of helmet, a hat or

Bae’sanar. J casque of steel, very light,
in the French army who wore bassanets
were called bascinets or
The character here represented, ~
and placed at the beginning of a a
notes are placed.

Bass-countTer, the under bass or con-
are two bass parts in a musical composi-
tion, is performed by the double basses,
basso coneertante.

Bass-Horn, a modification of the bas-
it is now generally substituted in field
music for the serpent.
press an upward slanting direction of a
vein from below the surface. Basseting,

Bas’srt-Horn, the richest of all musi-
cal wind instruments; it is properly an
form, its intonations, the mode of hold-

and fingering it are such, that any
out practice. It has the name corne? from
its curvature.
Basso-concertante, the bass of the little
chorns, usually taken by the violincellos,
basso repieno, the bass of the great chorus.
The former plays throughout the piece,

Baz’so-Reriz’vo, Ital. | The terms are

Bass-Retier, Eng. used to denote
fiat surface, or back-ground, in sucha
manner as to project from it less than

some subject of its own, and continues to
end supply theharmony. See THorovucH-
fish otherwise called the Sea-wolf (the
of the same tribe is called the sea-bass.
made in the form ofa basin. The soldiers
Baes-Cuirr, called also the F. Currr.
ztave, in which the base or lower
tra-bass. That part which, when there
the violincellos taking the upper bass or
soon, much lower and deeper in its tones ;
Basszr, a term used by miners to ex-
slanting upwards, opposed to dipping.
enlarged clarionet. Although differing in
clarionet-player can perform on it with-
Bas’so, the Italian word for bass (q. v.).
called also basso recitante, and opposed to
the latter only at full parts.
sculptured representations raised upon a
one-half the general depth of the figures,

hea from alto relievo, in which
the figures project more than a half, and
mezzo-relievo, in Which they project a
half. Popularly, however, the first term
includes the other two.

Bassoo’n, Fr. bas son, low sound. A
musical instrement which forms the na-
tural bass to the hautboy. It is played
like that instrument, with a reed, and
forms a continuation of its scale down-
wards, hence called by the French bas-
son de hautbois. It consists of four tubes
bound together like a faggot, hence its
Italian name faggotte, which the Germans
write faggott.

Bas’sus, a genus of terebrantian hyme-
noptera.

Bass Viou, a stringed instrument re~
sembling the viol in form, but much
larger. It has four strings and eight
stops, and is played with a bow.

Bas’rarp, Lat. basturdus, an individual
born out of wedlock. The subsequent
marriage of the parents legitimises the
bastard according to the common law of
Scotland. Bastar eigné, bastard elder, is
when a man has a bastard son, and after-
wards weds the mother, and has a legiti-
mate son, mulier puisne, or younger. The
term bastard is otherwise used in the sense
of spurious, and especially in botany, thus :
bastard balm is the melittis of botanists, a€
disti hed from melissa or true bal.
Bastard cabbage-tree,is the genus Geoffrova
in distinction to the calcalia kleinia, or
cabbage-tree of the Canary Islands, &c. &c.

Bastarp Srvucco. In architecture, plas-
tering of three coats: first, the roughing-
in, second, the floating ; the third or finish-
ing coat, contains a small quantity of hair
additional.

Bastarp WinG, three or five feathers,

placed at a small joint at the middle of
the wing.
Bastina’po, \ a punishment used among
Bastona’po, ) the Turks, co}sisting in
beating the offender on the soles of the
feet with a baston or wooden club.

Bas’rion, a bulwark, from old Fr. bas-
tir, to build. The bastion, formerly

called a bulwark, is an erection by which
the line of fortification is broken so as to
obtain lateral defences and due command
of every point at the bottom of the ram-
parts, and in the ditch before the citadel
They are built in very different ways

BAT

127

BAT

Some are solid, being entirely filled with
earth, some have a void space inside,
some are straight, some curved, some
dcuble, that is, one raised on the plane
of another, some are composed, or have
three or four flanks one over the other;
some have fausse-brays; some casemates
for retrest of the garrison or for batteries ;
some cavaliers, orillons, &c. The parts
ery considered essentialare marked
the figure.

Bag’ron, Batoon. See Torvs.
Bar, & name common to a large tribe
mammiferous quadrupeds, c ter-
ised by a fold of skin, which commences
st the sides of the neck, and, extending
between their front feet and toes, consti-
tutes winge capable of supporting them
in the air, and in many species so com-
plete as to enable the creature to fly with
great rapidity. They are all nocturnal,
and in our climate pass the winter in stu-
por. During the day they suspend them-
selves in obscure places by the thumb-
nails. The bats belong to Primates of
Lin., and constitute the family Cheiro-
ptera of Cuvier. See VesrERTILIo and Ga-
LEOPITHECUB.

Bara’ras, the name given by the na-
tives of Peru to the potato, solanum tube-
rosum, and also to the root of a species of
conyolyulus. Zatatas is also the name of
2% mite found in the potatoes of Surinam.

Barea’v, Fr. from Lat. batilaim. A
light boat long in proportion to its
breadth.

BarvuH-sTONE, je species of limestone,

Baru-oouire, / consisting of minute
globules, cemented together by yellowish
earthy calcareous matter, and presenting
somewhat the appearance of the roe of a
Ssh, hence called roe-stone. This member
of the oolite formation affords excellent
freestone for building. The quarries at
Bath are well known. See Ootire.

Ba’tist, Batiste.
white linen cloth, manufactured in va-
rious parts of the Continent. Different
kinds of it are called linons, clairs, and
cambrics. With us, cambric is the general
mame. The manufacture takes its name
from Baptista Chambrai, who brought it
zato vogue in Flanders, in the 13th cen-

tury.
Baron. Fr. In music, a rest of four
semibreves. Also the staff of a field-

Batra’ cua, the name given by Cuvier
to the fo order of rep » from
Bauredyos, a frog, the batrac being
analogous to frogs. It comprises frogs,
toads, salamanders, and sirens, all of
which have two equal lungs, and a heart
composed of one auricle and one ventricle.

Bar’nacuomy’omacur’a, composed of
Barenxos, afrog, uvs,a mouse, and psy,

a battle ; the battle of the frogs and mice.
A mock-heroic poem, which has been
ascribed to Homer.

Barraw'ion, a body of infantry, usu-
ally from five to eight anc ca oes
So called because originally y of
men arrayed in order of battle ‘oacalia’

Barret. In old law, the wager of battel
was a species of trial for the decision uf
causes between parties, introduce? into
England by William the Norman Con-
queror, and three cases :—in courts
of honour ; m appeals of feiuny; and in
issues joined upon a writ of right. The
contest took place before judges, and the
combatants were bound to fight till the
stars appeared, unless the deatr “7
party, or victory, sooner decided the con-
test. At Oxford the word battel is used
to designate the account of expenses of a
student in the college books. Batteler there
is the same with sizer at Cambridge.

Bar’ten. In carpentry, a scantling of
stuff from 2 to 6 inches broad, and from
§ to 2inches thick. Used in the boarding
of floors; also upon walls, in order to se-
cure the lath on which the plaster is laid.
The act of fixing the battens is called
battening. The name batten is also used in
commerce, to designate wood 2% inches
thick, and 7 wide: if more than 7 inches,
it is called deal.

Bar’rENED Down. The hatches of a
ship covered down in bad weather with
strong gratings nailed to battens.

Barrer, Fr. battre. 1. Among masons,
when a wall is built in a direction that is
not perpendicular to its base, it is said to
batter, and the amount of deviation froza
the perpendicular is called its batter.
Walls are made to batter in order to re-
sist the weight of a body of water, mound
of earth, or other pressure that may rest
against it.

Bar’rertne Ram, a warlike instrument

by the ancients to beat down the

walls of fortified places. These were of
two kinds, the swinging and the rolling
ram, and when worked under a cover, to
protect the ts, they were denomi-

nated tortoise-rams, from the shed being

assimilated to a tortoise-shell. The na-
ture of the swinging-ram is obvious from
the figure; and the only difference of the

BAY

138

BEA

rolling-ram was, that it wee mounted on
wheels instead of being suspended. Some
of these machines, from accounts, must
haye weighed little short of 100,000 lbs.
They were wrought by human force.

Bar’teny, Fr. batterie. In law, see As-

esuLT. In experimental physics; a combt-
sation of Leyden jars forms an electrical
battery; and a combination of metallic
glates (one set of which consists of oxidiz-
- able metal) constitutes a galvanic battery.
See Leypen Jar, and Gatvanic TroucH
and Pitz. In fortification, a parapet
thrown up to cover the gunners from the
enemy’s shot, and in which embrasures
. gre made, through which the cannon are
projected to be fired. Cross batteries are
two batteries which play athwart each
other. A battery d’ is one which
scours the whole line. A battery en echarpe
ia one which plays obliquely. A battery
ae revers is one which plays upon the
enemy’s back.

Bat’TLE-ax, } a weapon much used by

Bar’rie-axe,§ the people who fought
on foot, during the middie ages. It was
especially a cutting instrument, but had
usually a point for thrusting. It was
much used in England, Ireland, and
Scotland, and, indeed, the Lochaber-aze
remained a formidable weapon of destruc-
tion in the hands of the Highlanders till
‘very recently.

Bar’r.e-Piece,a painting which repre-
sents a battle, exhibiting large masses of
men in action.

Bar’ron, in commerce and carpentry. See
Barren.

Bar’ron, Baron, Batoon. 1. The staff
of a marshal.—2. A truncheon used in
coats of arms to denote illegitimacy.

Bar’rvue, Fr. In sporting, a practice of
huntsmen, consis of surrounding a
portion of the forest, and, by beating the
‘bushes and shouting, endeavouring to
bring out wolves or otheranimals for the
chase.

Barrv’ta, It. abeatius. In music, beat-
ing time with the hand or foot.

Bav’HInta, mountain-ebony. An ex-
teuzive genus of arborescent plants. De-
oxndria—Monogynia. All the species in-
-habit warm climates. Named in honour
of Gaspard Bauhin.

Bavux, from the Dutch. A piece of
timber from four to ten inches square.
Baulk-roofing is roofing constructed of
baulk timbe:-

Baw REx, a epecies of hawk.

Baxte’Rians, the followers of Richard
Baxter, on the subject of grace and free-
will, whose opinions were midway be-
tween Calvinism and Arminianism.

Bax, the wood of the bay-tree. See
Lavrus. The term is like used to
designate the colour of horses when red-
dish and inclined to chestnut, like the

leaves of Were gem cage of this
colour are t-bay, » dapple-bay
gilded-bay, chestnud-bay. Commonly ali
bay horses are called

Bay, from Teut. baeye, synonymous wits
bulge. 1. An arm of the sea smaller than
a gulf and larger than a creek. The term
is used very indefinitely, as will be ob-
served in its application in Hudson’s Bey
and the Bay of Biscay.——2. Among build-
ers, any kind of opening in a building, es
a door, window, or chimney.—A bay cf
joists consists of the joists between two
binding joists, or between two girdeis
where there are no binding joists —Bay
of roofing, the small rafters and purlins be-
tween principal rafters.—Bay, as applied
to windows, is the same with bow.
bay of a barn is a part often about 15 feet,
at the end where corn, &c., is laid: when
a barn consists of a floor and two heads, it
is called a barn of two bays.——3. In shigs
(of war), that part on each side between
decks which lies between the bitts.

Bay-cHER’RY, } the prunus lawro-cerasus

Bay-.LavReEL, } of botanists; called also
poison-laurel, and Alexandrian-laurel.
The leaves yield prussic acid. he

Ba’yoneEt, the iron blade for affixing on
the muzzle of the musket, to transform it
into a thrusting instrument: takes its
name from Bayonne, where bayonets
were first made.

Bay-satt, salt obtained by evaporating
sea water in shallow ponds by the heat oa
the sun—whence its name. It is of »
dark-grey colour, and contains iodine.

Bay’-TREE, a name common to the who...
genus Laurus (q. v.), consisting of 17 sp:-
cies. :
Baza’ar, Bazar, a market-place. Tks
word is borrowed from the Orientzl-,
among whom bazurs have been commen
from time immemorial: it signifies sale.

Baz’at, a long, fine spun cotton froza
Jerusalem, hence called Jerusalem cotton.

Boerta (GdeAAx). The horse leech.

BoeEr’tium (@deAAsy). A gum-resin
produced by an unknown plant, which
grows in Persia and Arabia. It is im-
ported in semi-pellucid, yellowish-brown
pieces, which smell feebly like myrrh. It
contains 59 resin, 9°2 gum, se 6 cerasin,
and 1°2 etherous oil.

BpeE.tos’romes, ) Gr. from Bdarran, Zz

Boewtos’roma, suck, and croym, &
mouth, i.e. a mouth formed for suction.
A genus of cyclostomous fishes.

Bea’conaGE, dues levied for maintenance
of beacons.

Beap, from Sax. bead, @ praying.
Beads are the small globules or balis
used as necklaces, and made of different
materials, as pearl, amber, steel, &c. The
Catholics) use strings of beads in rehearsing
their prayers; hence the phrases, to teh

BEA 129 BEA
beads and to be at beads, means to be at| beam. There are also scarfing and teuss
prayers. beams (q.v.). The beam ofa shipis a great

Beap, among builders and wrights, is a
round moulding (originally and often yet
carved in short embossments like beads in
necklaces), frequently set on the edge of
each facia of an architrave; also used as
the mouldings of doors, shutters, skirt-
ings, impost and cornices. When the
bead is flush with the surface, it is called
quirk-bead, and when raised, cock-bead.

The term is frequently used by car-

penters, thus: Bead and butt work, a

piece of framing in which the panels

are flush, having beads upon the two

* edges.—Bead, butt, and square work,
framing with bead and butt on one side,
and square on the other, used chiefly in
doors.—Bead and flush work, a piece of
framed work with beads run on each
edge of the inclined panel.— Bead, flush,
and square work, framing with bead and
flush on one side, and square on the
other.— Bead and quirk, a bead stuck on
the edge of a piece of stuff, flush with
its surface, with only one quirk. —Bead
and double quirk. See ReruRN Bean.

Beap-proor, a rude method of deter-
mining the strength of spirituous liquors
from the continuance of the bubbles (beads)
on the surface, produced by shaking.

Beans, a number of glass globules for

g the strength of spirits, which is
denominated by the
number of the bead.
Thus if the bead mark-
ed 22 be exactly sus-
pended, while those
which are heavier sink,
and those which are
lighter stand above the
surface, the spirit is said to be of bead 22.

BeEab-TREE, the popular name of the
genus melia, but used to denote especially
the species azedarach and azedarachta,
both Asiaticarborescent plants. The fruit
is a nut, which, being bored, is strong,
and worn as beads, especially in Spain
and Portugal.

Beak, the bill or nib of a bird, from the
same root as peak. In architecture, asmall
fillet left on the edge of a larmier, which
forms a canal, and makes a kind of pen-
dant chin, answering to what is other-
wise called the mentum —In farriery, a
little shoe, at the toe, about one iach
long, turned up and fastened upon the
fore part of the hoof.

Beam, from Goth. bagm, a tree; Sax.
beam. Among builders, a piece of timber
or metal of a rectangular section, laid
across the walls, and serving to support
the principal rafters. When the word is

technically used, it is commonly com-
pounded with another word aan ai
tively, as tie beam collar-beam, ca .

eross timber which holds the sides of a
ship from falling together. The beams
support the deck and orlops—the main-
beam is that nearest the main-mast.—
Beam-ends: a vessel is said to be on her
beam-ends when she inclines so much on
one side, that her beams approach a ver-
tical position.—On the beam signifies at
any distance from the ship on a line with
the beams, or at right angles with the
keel.— Before the beam is an are of the
horizon intercepted crossing the ship at
right angles, and the point of the compass
on which she steers.—The anchor-beam is
the shank of the anchor.—The word beam
is also used to signify: 1. The pole of a
carriage, which runs between the horses.
— 2. The lever or rod of a balance is
termed the beam, and the parts on each
side of the pivot are its arms.——3. The
main horn of a stag, which bears the
antlers, royal and tops.——4. The cylin-
ders of a loom on which the warp and
cloth are rolled, are called, the one the
back and the other the fore- -beam -— 5. The
main piece of a plough, in which the
plough-tails are fixed, and by which it is
drawn.

BEAM-BIRD, & species of the genus Mo-
tacilla, Lin. ; called also _petty-chaps and
hay-bird. The name is also given in
some parts to the spotted fly-catcher, a
species of muscicapa.

BrEam-compass, an instrument consisting
of a square wooden or brass beam, havy-
ing sliding sockets that carry steel or
pencil-points. Used for describing large
circles.

Bea’m-Fizntine, the filling in maso
or brickwork between beams or joists,
its height being equal to the depth of the
timbers filled in.

BeamM-TREE, WHITE Beam. The Pyrus
aria of botanists.

Bear, a name common to all the ani-
mals of the genus Ursus (q. v.). There
are various species of the Bear, as the
Polar Bear, Thibet Kear, Malay Bear, and
the Grisly Bear. The thick- lipped Bear
(U. labidtus. Lin.) is peculiar to India,.
where it is a great favourite with the
jugglers on account of its blackness and
general ugliness. The name is from the
Goth. biérn, Icelandic, bearn, beorn, the
primary sense of which is rough.

Bear (Great and Little). In astronomy,
see Ursa.

Bearp, Sax. beard, Lat. barba (q. v.).
1. In botany, the awn ‘which grows from
the glume or chaff, in corn and grasses;
and so; the lower lip of a ringent
corolla.—2. In conchology, the processes
by which some univalves adhere to rocks,
&c.——3. In farriery, the chuck ofa horse,

K ;

BED

130

BEE

or that part which bears the curb of the

bridle under the lower jaw or mandible,

on the outside and above the chin.——~4.
astronomy, see CoMET.

Berar’er, that which supports. Among
builders, &c. whatever supports a body in
its place,asa post, astrut. Among heralds,
a fi in an achievement, placed by the
side of a shield, and seeming to support
it; generally the figure of a beast. A
‘uman figure similarly placed is called
a tenant.

Bear’tna, the situation of an object or
place with regard to another, as esti-
mated by the points of the compass; as
A bears S. by SE. of B or the bearing
of A is, &c. In heraldiy, whatever is
borne in, or fills the escutcheon is called
abearing. Among builders, the bearing of
a piece of timber is the unsupported part
between two fixed extremities or sup-
ports, which are likewise called bearings.
When a wall or partition is made to sup-
port another, it is called a bearing-wall or
partition, and the supported wall, if built
in the same direction, is said to havea
solid bearing; if built in a traverse di-
rection a false bearing, or as many false
bearings as there are intervals below the
wall or partition.

Beat. In the manége, a horse beats the
dust, when at each motion he does not take
in ground enough with his forelegs ; at cur-
vets, when he does them too precipitately
or too low. He beats upon a walk when he
walks too short. In seamanship, a ship
beats up, when she sails against the direc-
tion of the wind,in a zigzag line. In
music, a beat is a small transient grace-
note, struck immediately before the note
it is intended to ornament.

Beat Ipeat, Fr. In painting, that beauty
which is freed from the deformity and the
peculiarity found in nature in all indivi-
duals of a species.

Beaver, the Castor, Lin. A genus of
aquatic animals, highly interesting from
their habits, industry, and ingenuity.
The animal is about two feet long, its
body thick and heavy, and its fur, which
is in great demand with hatters, is of a
reddish brown colour, but sometimes

® fiaxen-coloured, and at others black, or
even white. The beaver is easily tamed,
lives on bark and other hard substances,
and builds huts on the banks of some soli-
tary river for winter habitation, each hut
serving for several families, which sepa-
rate in summer and live solitarily. See
Castor.

Bep. 1. In geology, a stratum of two
yards or more in thickness. 2. In ma-
sonry, the horizontal courses of a wall are
called beds: that at the under surface of
any particular stone is the under-bed, and
that at the upper surface, the upper-bed.
—3. In guanery, the frame of timber in

which cannon, mortars, &c. are placed to
give them a steady and even position.

Bep-cuam’ser, Lords of the. Officers
of the royal] household, under the groom
of the stole; they are 12 in number.

Bep-mMovtpinc. In architecture, the
members of a cornice which are placed
below the coronet, consisting of an ogee,
a list, and boultine.

Bep-straw, a popularname. 1. Of the
Pharnaceum mollugo, an Indian shrub.
—2. Ofall the plants of the genus Ga-
lium, of which there are sixteen British
species, known by many other names,
as Mug-wort, goose-grass, goose-share,
cleavers, hayriff, cheese-rennet, ladies’
bed-straw.

Rex, a name common to all the insects
of the genus Apis, Lin., but particularly
applied to the Apis mellifica, Lin., or
honey-bee (Apis, Latreille). There are
several other species, however, which de-
serve the name nearly as well. The bee-
communities consist of neuters (barren
females), usually from 1500 to 2000, but
sometimes exceeding 3000, with 600 or
800 males, about 1000 drones, and com-
monly a single female styled king by the
ancients,and queen by us. When the hive
becomes overstocked, a young colony is
sent out under the direction of a queen-
bee; this is called swarming, and casting
in some parts of Scotland.

BeE-sReaD, the pollen of flowers col-
lected by bees as food for their larve or
young.

Bee-EaTeR, a bird of which there are
several species closely allied to the swal-
lows: it feeds on insects, chiefly bees. The
name is common to all the species of the
genus Merops (Lin.), but especially de-
notes the apiaster.

Ber-e6 ce, a soft unctuous matter with
whieh bees cement the combs to the hives
and close up the cells: called also propolis.

Brrcu, a name common to all the spe-
cies of the genus Fagus (q. y.). The beech-
tree, well known in England as the Fagus
sylvatica, a valuable forest-tree. The
name is Sax. bece, boc, probably the name
of the bark, and this being used by our
ancestors as the material for writing on,
the word came to signify a book.

Beer-gaters. 1. The yeomen of the
Queen’s guard, corrupted from Fr. buffe-
tiers, of buffet, a sideboard, in allusion to
their being stationed by the sideboard at
royal dinners.——2. A genus of African
bird of one species (Buphaga Africana), so
named from the popuiar notion, that, in
extracting the larve ef the cestrus, on
which it fee-is, from the skin of cattle, it
really feeds on the cattle themselves. The
bird is brownish, hes a cuneiform tail,
and is as large as a thrush.

Beer Fr. biére, Germ. der. The fer-

BEL

131

BEL

mented infusion of malted barley, fla-
voured with hops, constitutes the best
species of beer, but there are many beve-
rages of inferior quality to which this
name is given, as spruce-beer, ginger-
beer, molasses-beer, &c., all of which
consist of a saccharine liquor, partially
advanced into the vinous fermentation,
and flavoured with peculiar substances.
The Romans gave beer the appropriate
name of Cerevisia,as being the product of
corn, the gift of Ceres.

Beet, a4 name common to all the plants
of the genus Beta, but especially the Beta
vulgaris, cultivated throughout the
greater part of Europe for its succulent
root (beet root), from which sugar has been
pretty extensively manufactured, espe-
cially in France, and more recently used
in the manufacture of beer. Nitre is
obtained from the leaves of the same

lant. There are three varieties known
our kitchen-garden, the red, white,
and green.

Bertie. 1. Aname common to all the
insects of the genus Scarabeus (Lin.) See
Scaraszvus. Heetles are for some reason,
or none, called clocks in Scotland. 2.
In architecture, a large wooden hammer,
or mallet, with one, two, or three han-
dles for as many persons, for drawing
piles, stakes, &c. :

Bee, a Turkish title equivalent to prince
or lord: written begh, and pronounced
bey or bec, by the Turks themselves.

Bee’LerBec, a title of a high officer
among the Turks, next in dignity to the
grand vizier. The title beglerbeg means
prince of princes or lord of lords, and im-
plies that the bearer is the governor of a
province, called a beglerbeglic, and having
several begs under him

Breurnes, certain female societies in
Germany and the Netherlands, whose
members united themselves for the pur-
poses of deyotion and charity, without
taking the monastic vows. The name
means suppliants ; andin Germany several
eleemosynary institutions are called be-
guinages, in imitation of the beguinages
or houses inhabited by the beguines.

Ber’nemoru, the scriptural name of an
animal which Bochart endeavours to
prove to be the hippopotamus. The He-
brew word is from an Arabic root signify-
ing a beast, but indefinitely.

Besv’io, the bean of Carthagena. A
small bean of South America, famous as
an antidote against the poison of all ser-
pents, when eaten immediately.

BeEcew’niTEs, an extinct genus of mol-
lusca, the shells of which are found plen-
tifully in the chalk rocks. They are
‘classed with the cephalopods: about 90
species are known. The name is from
#iAsevoy, a dart, in allusion to the straight
tapering form of the shell.

Betem’no1p, in anatomy, aterm applied
to the styloid processes in general: from
BéAtuvoy,a dart, and ¢7de¢, likeness, in
allusion to their shape.

BeEt-EsPrit, naturalised from the French.
An agreeable vivacity in writing or con-
versation.

Ber’rrey, Fr. béfrroy, orrather, Sax. bell,
and Lat. ferre, to carry. In the middle
ages this term denoted a tower raised by
the besiegers to overlook the place be-
sieged, in which sentinels were stationed
to watch the avenues, and to prevent sur-
prise by parties of the enemy, and to give
notice of fires by ringing a bell.—The
name has since been transferred to that
part of a steeple in which the bell is hung.
This was called in the middle ages the
campanile.

Bett. A bell consists of three parts—
the barrel or body, the clapper or hammer
called also the tongue, and the ear or can-
non, which is the enlarged mouth.—
Church-bells originated in Italy, and were
introduced into England in the eighth
ceentury.—The word bell is used to desig-
nate many instruments and parts of
machines of forms similar to that of a
bell. The word is also used popularly to
denote the calyx of a flower, from its
shape.

BELL-FLow’Es, 2 name common to all
the plants of the genus Campanula, of
which there are nine British species. The
name is synonymous with harebeli.

BELt-ME?’aL, a composition of tin and
copper, usually consisting of three parts ©
of copper and one of tin. Less tin is used
for church-bells, than for clock-bells, and
for very small bells a small quantity of
zine is added to the alloy.

BeEtu-PEpPER, the Capsicum grossum, &
biennial plant of both Indies. It is the
red pepper of the gardens, and pepper of
Guinea used in pickling.

BeLtaponna, the deadly nightshade
(Atropa belladonna), said to be named bella-
donna, because the Italian ladies use the
juice of its berries as a cosmetic.

Betxes-Lerrres (Anglicé, bell-letter). A
French term meaning polite literature.

It is impossible to give a satisfactory
explanation of what is or has been
called belles-lettres ; in fact, the vaguest
definition is the best, as almost every
branch of knowledge has at one time
been included in, at another excluded
from, this denomination. The most cor-
rect definition, therefore, would be,
perhaps, such as embrace all knowledge
and every science not merely abstract,
nor simply useful ; but there is a gene-
ral understanding, at present, that the
name ought to be restricted to poetry,
rhetoric, and such prose writings as lay
claim to elegance of style.

x 2

BEN

132

BEN

Ker'us, the daisy. A genus of the
class Syngenesia, and order Poly. superflua.
Named from bellus, pretty. There is only
one British type, B. perennis, called also
brnisewort.

Beto’Mancy, Gr. from dos, javelin,
and “avr, prophecy, divination by a
Right of arrows, quite common among
the Arabians. The inscription on the
jabel on the arrow first found, generally
serves as a guide.

Bet’one, the generic name of the gar-
fish, of which there are several species.
Name from f¢Aoyy, a point, in reference
to the pointed snout. The gar-fish are
placed by Cuvier among the pikes (esoces),
in the soft-finned order of abdominales
(Malacopterygii abdominales), and were
first formed by him into a distinct genus.

Berr, Sax. belt, Lat. balteus. A gir-
dle or band, as that in which a sword is
hung. Machinery is often driven by
means of belts. Those two zones or girdles
which surround the planet Jupiter are
named belts, and surgeons use the same
term to denote the broader sort of bands
used in dressing wounds. In masonry,
the term belt means a course of bricks or
stones projecting from the rest of the
wall, generally placed in a line with the
sills of the first-floor windows. In he-
valdry, it denotes the badge given to a
person when raised to knighthood.

Bevrern, an ancient festival in Ireland
and Scotland, held on the 2Ist of June,
_ where fires were kindled on the tops of the
hills. It was among the last remains of
fruidism.

Beiv’ca, a Russian term signifying
awhite-jish, and used to designate a species
of the dolphin found in the Arctic seas,
and rivers, and caught forits oil and skin.

Betvepe’re, an Italian term, which
literally means jine view, used to desig-
nate a turret or lantern raised above a
roof, &c. as an observatory ; and in Italy
and France, a small edifice erected in
gardens for enjoying a fine prospect.

Ben, Ben-nvur. The fruit of the Mo-
ringa aptera. It affords an oil by simple
nie called oil of ben and sometimes

-oil.

Bencu’ers, in the inns of court, are the
senior members of the society. They have
been readers, and being admitted to plead
within the bar,are called inner barristers.

Benp. In nautical language, to bend is
to fasten, as the cable to the ring of an
anchor; and the knot by which the fasten-

ing is made, is called a bend. The bends of |

a ship are the strongest and thickest
planks of her sides, more usually called
wales. They are reckoned from the water,
first, second, &c. bend.

Benv. In heraldry, an honourable or-
dinary, formed by lines drawn from the

dexter corner to the sinister base. It is
supposed to represent a shoulder-belt or
scarf, and to signify that the bearer has
been valiant in war.

Benv’‘tet, in heraldry, dim. of bend. It
occupies a sixth part of the shield.

Benp’y. In aldry, applied to the
field when divided into parts diagonally,
and varying in metal and colour.

Bene, the Sesamum orientale, an African
plant.

BeEnEpDIc’TINES, ‘a celebrated order of
monks, called also Black Friars. They
take their name from professing to follow
the rules of St. Benedict.

Ben’trice, from bene, well, and facio, to
make. Allchurch preferments are called
benefices, except bishoprics, which are
called dignities ; but ordinarily the latter
term is applied also to deaneries, arch-
deaneries, and prebendaries; and bene-
Jices is appropriated to parsonages, vicar-
ages, and donatives. In the middle ages,
benefice was used for a fee, or an estate in
lands, granted at first for life only, and
held ex mero beneficio of the donor. The
estate afterwards becoming hereditary,
took the appellation of feud, and benefice
was transferred to church livings.

Benetrit or CLercy, a privilege in law;
at first peculiar to clergymen, but after-
wards made available to the laity who
could read, all such being considered
clerks. It consisted in the exemption,
wholly or partially, from the jurisdiction
of the lay tribunals. The felon, on being
convicted by the latter, claimed the bene-
Sit of clergy, had a book put into his
hands, and if the ordinary pronounced
these words, “legit ut clericus,” he reads
like a clergyman, the culprit was handed
over to the ecclesiastical court for a new
trial or purgation, the pretty uniform
result of which was his acquittal. Bene-
fit of clergy was finally abolished in Eng-
land by 7 & 8 George IV. c. 28.

BeENE’VOLENCE, a-species of tax levied
| by the sovereign. It was nominally a
| gratuity; but was in fact exacted as a
forced loan, with or without repayment.

Ben’JaMIN-TREE, 2 name common to
two distinct trees. 1. The Laurus ben-
zoin, called also spice-bush, native of Ame-
rica. ——2. The Styrax benzoin, which af-
fords the gum benzoin. See Benzorn.

Bent, bent-grass, a name common to
all the species of grasses composing the
genus Agrostis. There are five British
species.

Ben’z1nz, the name applied by Mit-
scherlick to the bi-carburet of hydrogen,
which is procured by heating benzoic
acid with lime.

Ben’zoaTE, a salt formed by the union
of the benzoic acid with any salisabie
bases.

Benzo’'ic Acrp, a peculiar vegetable

BER 138

BET

acid procured in small white needles of a
silky lustre, from gum benzoin by subli-
mation, hence called flowers of benjamin
or benzoin, as well as by more compli-
cated chemical processes. The taste is
acrid, hot, acidulous and bitter, its smell
slightly aromatic.

Ben’zoin, Ger. benzde, a substance

Ben’samin, Fr. benjoin, ) classed by
modern chemists among the balsams and
chiefly used in perfumery. It is extracted
by incision from the trunk and branches
of the styraz benzoin, a tree which grows
m several parts of the East Indies and
adjacent islands. It comes to us in brittle
masses, which, when white and of the
form of almonds, are called amygdaloid,
but when coloured and impure are called
sorted benzoin.

Ben’zorne, a crystalline compound de-
posited from oil of bitter almonds and
some other oils when keptin contact with

potassa.

Ben’zone, a volatile fluid procured by
Peligot by heating dry benzoate of lime.
Syn. Cy 3> H he

BERBER! veE-*, a Natural order of plants
of which the genus berberis is the type.

Berezeris, the barberry or pepperidge-
bush, a genus. Herandria—Monogynia.

Ber’pasn, a kind of neck dress for-
merly worn in England. Persons who
made and sold berdashes, were called
berdashers, whence our modern haber-
dashers.

Besv’ans, a sect of Protestant dissen-
ters from the Church of Scotland, who

to follow the example of the an-
cient Bereans (Acts xvii.10—13, and xx. 4),
in building their system of faith and
practice upon the scriptures alone, with-
out regard to human authority.

Benenea’RIans, the adherents of Beren-
garius or Berenger of Tours, who de-
clared (1050) against transubstantiation,
in which he agreed with John Erigena.

Bereni‘ce’s Hain (Coma Berenices), a
name given to seven stars in the tail of
the constellation Leo, in compliment to
Berenice, wife of Ptolemy Evergetes, who
made an offering of her hair to the gods
for the preservation of her husband.

Bercamor, a species of citron (citrus
medica), of which there are three varie-
ties:—1. The lemon-tree, ( petiolss lineari-
bus, Lin.,) a native of the upper part of
Asia, but cultivated in Spain, Portugal,
and France.——2. The citron-tree (Citrus
medica, Lin.), the fruit of which is the
cedromel, less succulent than the lemon.
——3. The Citrus meila rosa, Lam., pro-
duced at first by grafting a citron on a
stock of a bergamot pear-tree, whence
the fruit participates both of the citron
and pear. The essential vil, called essence
of bergamotte, is prepared from this fruit.

Beremore, a court held on a hill (Sax.
beorg, a hill, and mote, meeting) in
Derbyshire, to decide controversies
among the miners.

Beris’er1. Two perfectly distinct dis-
eases have been confounded under this
name, the one a peculiar form of acute
dropsy, the other a. chronic disease of
which paralysis is the most prominent
feature. The first is the true beriberi.

BERLIN BuivE, Prussian blue.

Berme, in fortification, a space of
ground, of three or four feet in width,
left between the rampart and the moat
or foss, designed to receive the ruins of
the rampart, and prevent the earth from
filling the foss. It is usually palisaded
or planted with hedge.

Benr’nactgs, a geuus of palmipedes, dis-
tinguished from the common geese by a
shorter and sienderer bill. The brant
and Egyptian goose are species. The
bernacles were included by Lin. in the
genus anas (q.v.), and are placed by Cu-
vier among the lamellirostres.

Brrnxarpins, Bernardine monks. See
CIstTeRCIANS.

Ber’sy. See Bacca. Berries are the
fruits or seeds of many plants. The bay
berries are of the fruit of the Lawrus no-
bilis, a tree which is a native of the
south of Europe. The juniper berries are
the fruit of the common juniper, Juni-
perus communis, principally imported from
Holland, Germany, and Italy. The Tur-
key yellow berries, the Persian berries, and
the berries of Avignon, are extensively
used in dyeing yellow; they are the un-
ripe fruit of the Rhamnus infectorius, a
plant cultivated in Turkey, Persia,
France, and other countries, for the sake
of its berries. These are the berries
quoted in the London price currents.

Benr’xt, Lat. beryllus, Gr. ByevAdos. A
beautiful mineral ranked among the
gems, usually a green colour of various
shades, hence called by’jewellers agua-
marine. See EMERALD.

Brsayrz. (Norm. ayle, grandfather.)
Great grandfather.

If an abatement happen on the death

of one’s grandfather or grandmother, a
writ of ayle lieth; if on the death of
the great-grandfather, then a writ of
besayle, but if it mount one degree
higher to the tresayle, or grandfsther’s
grandfather, the writ is caled a writ
of cosinage, or de consanguin.

Br’ra, the beet (q.v.). A genus of
plants. Pentandria — ligynta. Named
from the river Boetus in Spain, or accor-
ding to Théis, from Celuc, beét, red.

Br’rex, the piper betel is a species of
pepper vine cultivated extensively in
India® for its leaves, which the natives
are in the habit of chewing, either alone

BEV

134

BIB

or more commonly when compounded
with a little lime obtained from sea-shell
(chunam), and wrapped round slices of
the areca nut (Sce Areca). This whole
compound is called betel, of which there
is an almost incredible consumption
throughout India and other parts of the
East as an article of luxury. It is carried
about in boxes, and presented, by way of
civility, as snuff isin Europe. It reddens
the saliva, gives.a bright hue to the lips,
and renders the teeth quite black.

Bern’Lemirtes, an order of monks intro-
duced into England in 1257. ‘They were
habited like the Dominicans, only that
they wore a star of five rays, in memory
of that which conducted the wise men to
Bethlehem : hence called also star- bearers
(stelliferi).

Ber‘onica, the befony. A genus of hardy
perennials. Didynamia— Gymnospermia.
Name altered from bentonic, in Celtic:
ben, meaning nead and ton, good or tonic:
Its properties are cephalic. Whole vo-
lumes have been written on the virtues of
betony, and at the present time, you
have more virtues than betony, is a prover-
bial compliment in Italy.—The wood-be-
tony (B. officinalis), is the only British
type: it is common in Scotland in woods
and thickets.

Berrory’MENT, in Jaw, a mutual pro-
mise or compact between two parties, by
which they bind themselves to marry. The
word imports, giving one’s troth, i. e. true
Zaith or promise. Betrothment amounts
to what civilians and canonists call spon-
salia or espousals, sometimes desponsation,
or what the French call fiangailles.

Be’rvuta, the birch. A genus of hardy
trees of about 20 species, besides several
varieties. Monecia—Polyandria. Name
Latinised from Celtic, betu, the birch,
which is the badge of the clan Buchanan.

Ber’vtine, a vegetable principle ob-
tained from the bark of the common birch
(Betula alba). It is ofa white colour, very
light, and crystallises in the form of long
needles ; soluble in concentrated sulphuric
acid, ether, alcohol, and the fixed and
volatile oils, but insoluble in water and
alkaline solutions; fusible, volatile and
inflammable.

Bev’eEt, an instrument used by masons,
carpenters, joiners, &c. It differs from a

uare in having a moveable tongue, so
that the instrument may be set to any
angle.

Bervet-ancte is a workman’s term for
any other angle than one of 90° or 45°.—
The operation of cutting to a bevel-angle
is called bevelling.

BeEvEL-GEER, in mechanics, a species of
wheel- work, in which the axes of the two
shafts are neither parallel ror at right
angles to each other. <

REVELMENT. in mineralogy, supposes the

removal of two contiguous segments front
the edges, angles, or terminal faces of the
predominant form, thereby producing
new faces inclined to each other at a
certain angle, and forming an edge.

Bevicre, | in heraldry, a thing broken
Bervire, § or opening like a carpenter’s

bevel; e. g. “ He bears argent, a chief
bevilé, vert.”

Bry. See Bee.

Berzanv’s, round flat pieces of pure gold
without any impression, supposed to have
been the current coin of Byzantium. This
coin was probably introduced into coat-
armour by the ers. The gold of-
fered by the Queen on the altar at the
feast of Epiphany and Purification, is
called bezant.

Bezet, the upper part of the collet of a
ring which encompasses and fastens the
stone. Sw. betzla, to curb.

Ber’zoar, a concretion found in the
stomach of an animal of the goat kind
(capra gazella) ; hence the name from Pers.
pazar,a goat. Some however derive the
word from Pers. pazacher, which means
the poison-destroyer ; the substance being
regarded in Oriental countries as an in-
fallible antidote to poison; and hence all
alexipharmics were called bezoardics.—
The name bezoar has latterly been ex-
tended to all the concretions found in
animals: hence we have the bovine, and
the camel bezoar; the Persian bezoar is
however most highly valued: it is of the,
size ofa kidney-bean. The King of Persia
sent three asa present'to Napoleon: these
consisted of woody fibre.

Br’zoaR-MINERAL, a deutoxide of anti-
mony awkwardly prepared.

Br, a Latin prefix for bis, double, twice ;
e.g. when prefixed to the name ofa saline
compound, it indicates two equivalents of
acid to one of the base.

BiARSEN’IATE, a Salt in which there are
two primes of the arsenic acid to one of
the base.

Brartic’utate, Lat. bis and articulus,
joint. Applied to the antennez and the
abdomen of insects, consisting of but two
joints.

Bravric’vtate, Lat. from dis, and auri-
cula,anauricle. In comparative anatomy,
a heart with two auricles.

Bi'sxe, BiGAos. THe Boox, by way of
eminence. The authorised version now
in use jn England was made by command
of James I., and is commonly called King
James’ Bible. It is the work of 47 translators.

Brate Socrery. A society established
in England in 1804, with the sole object
of encouraging a wider circulation of the
Scriptures without note or comment, as
expressed in its regulations. .

Brstio’crarHy, from £;fdAos, a book,
and ysagn: description. A history or

BIF

135

BIH

description of books as to their dates,
editions, form, type, and other particulars
connected with their publication. The
term is now sometimes used to denote the
arrangement and classification of the par-
ticulars, facts, or objects of some depart-
ment of arr as the bibliography of
the m

Bistoma’n1A, from 2s8Acs, a book, and
ayia, Madness, book-madness, a dis-
ease which manifests itself in an over-
anxiety to obtain old and scarce editions

- of books, without much regard to the
value of their contents.

Bicat’carate, Lat. bis and calcar, a
spur. When a limb or part is armed with
two spurs.

Bicap’sutar; Lat. bicapsularis, having
two capsules; e.g. a bicapsular pericarp.

SBICAR’BONATE, a carbonate containing
two equivalents of the acid to one of the

Bicz, Bisr. A blue colour used in paint-
ing,and prepared from the Lapis Armenus
(Armenian stone). It is a smalt reduced
to.a fine powder by levigation.

Biceps, Lat. bis and caput, head. Ap-
plied to muscles having a double insertion.

BicHromatTe, a chromate containing
a equivalents of the acid, for one of the

se.
Bicrp’1ran, ) Lat. biceps, having two

Bicir’etous, § heads. A termapplied to
muscles which have two distinct origins.

Bicou’Licate, Lat. bis, and colligo, I bind
together. In ornithology, the connexion
of all the anterior toes by a basal web.

Bi'corn, ie Lat. bis and cornu, a

Bicor’nvs, ) horn, two-horned. Applied
to parts of plants from their shape,
as the anthers of the Erica vulgaris.

Bicus’PrparTe, | Lat. bicuspidatus, two-

Bicvus’Pip, § pointed, two-fanged
(cuspis, a spear). Applied, 1. To leaves
that terminate in two points. 2. To teeth
which have double fangs.

Bup’ate (bid and ale). A local custom in
some parts, of inviting friends to a poor
person’s house to drink ale, and make up
a charitable reckoning.

Biven’tate, Lat. bidentatus, furnished
with. two teeth. Applied to parts of

ts.

Bivie’irate, Lat. bidigitatus (bis and
digitus, a finger). Applied to leaves, the
common petiole of which has two leaflets
at its extremity.

BIpIGITI-PENNAIE, Lat. bidigiti-pen-
natus. Applied in botany to bidigitate
leaves, the leafiets of which are pinnate.

Brvret, a kind of basin supported on
legs: used in washing the lower part of
the body.

Brer-satx, the church-road for burials.

Brrr, Lat. biferus (bis, twice, and fero,
to bear). A plant that bears fruit twice

‘a year, which is the case with many tro-
pical plants.

Bir’1p, forked, Lat. bifidus, divided into
two. Applied chiefly in botany, as to seed-
vessels, petals, &c., which are two-cleft,
but not deeply divided.

Birvo’Rare, Lat. biflorus, two-flowered.
Applied to a pedicle having two flowers.

Krr’orare, Lat, biforatus (bis, and foris),
adoor. Having two apertures or pores.

Birormes, singular bodies, minute
oval sacs, lately discovered in the interior
of the green pulpy part of the leaves of
some plants.

Bic, a kind of barley (Scotch barley),
more commonly written bigg. See Bar-
LEY.

Brea. In old records, a cart or vehicle
with two wheels, drawn by two horses.
Bis and jugum.

Bie’amy, from bis and yoyzos, marriage,
A hybrid term meaning double marriage,
or the having of two wives at once,
which is felony by statute. The term is
frequently used synonymously with poly-
gamy, andin this sense means the crime
of having a plurality of wives. In the
canon law, the term was formerly applied
to marriage with a second wife after the
death of the first, or once marrying a
widow, which disqualified a man for or-
ders, and holding ecclesiast:cal offices.

Bieas’reEr, from bis and yvaorze, a belly,
A hybrid term sometimes used for biven-
ter (q. V-).

BicEm’/INATE, Lat. bigeminatus, double-
paired (bis and gemini, twins). Appliea
to a leaf, when near the apex of the com-
mon petiole there is a straight pair of
secondary petioles, each of whixh is sup-
ported by a one of opposite leatiets; e.g.
Mimosa unguiscatt.

Bicut, Dan. boyt, a bend, coil, wr turn-
ing. 1. The double part of a rope, where
it is folded, in distinction to the ends.——
2. The inward bent ofa horse’s chambreb,
and of the fore knees.

Bieno’nta, the trumpet-flower. A very
extensive genus of plants, most of which
are shrubs. Didynamia—Anyiospermia.
Inhabit warm climates. Named {in honour
of Bignon, by Tournefort.

Bienonia’cez, a natural family of
plants. The genus Bignonia-is the type.

Bi-HYDRO-cARBON, Carburetted hydro-
gen, or olefiant gas, is sometimes so
named. It is composed of two equiva-
lents of carbon, and two of hydrogen.

Bi-HyDRoG’cuRET oF CARBON, Sub-car-
buretted hydrogen gas, called also heavy
inflammable air, and jfire-damp,=C +
2H. See Hyproovrer.

BreIRAK’, a Persian intercalary

Kruvrax’ | month, introduced once in
120 years. It serves the same parpose a8
our leap year intercalations.

BIL ;

136

BIL

Bruypxoc’tret, a double hydroguret:
See HypRocerer.

Biy'vcovs, Lat. bdijugus, twice-paired
(bis and jugum). Applied to leaves com-
posed of two pairs of opposite leaflets on
the common petiole.

Bixu, a deleterious plant used by the
inhabitants of Nepal to poison their wells,
at the time the British troops invaded it.
This poison has been ascertained to be
the Aconitum ferox.

Bir’asiate, Lat. bilabiatus, two-lipped
(bis and labium). Applied in botany ; e.g.
the corols of flowers.

Bruacin‘1ate, Lat. bilaciniaius, double
laciniate. Applied to a leaf when the
margin is cut into two segments.

Bivam’eviare, Lat. bilamellatus, having
two layers (dis and lamella). Used in
botany to denote that the part is of the
74 of a flattened sphere longitudinally

d.

Br'tayver, by and land. A small vessel
with two masts, distinguished from other
two-masted vessels by the form of the
mainsail, which is bent to the whole
length of a yard, hanging fore and aft,
and inclined to the horizon in an angle of
about 45°, the foremost lower corner,
called the tack, being secured by a ring-
bolt in the deck, and the aftermost or
sheet in the tafferel. It was used chiefly
in the canals of the Low Countries: hence
its name.

Bitarerat, Lat. bilateralis, two-sided
(bss and latus, a side).

Bit’sors. | In ships, long bars of iron

Bit’sows. } with shackles sliding on
them, and a lock at the end, used to con-
fine the feet of offenders. Hence, also, the
punishment of offenders in this way is
called by the same name, and is equiva-
lent to punishment in the stocks on land.

Bie, Lat. dilis, the gall; a bitter fluid
secreted by the liver,in part flowing into
the intestines, and in part regurgitating
into the gall-bladder. This fluid is se-
creted in the minute lobules of the liver
from the blood, contained in the extreme
branches of the portal vein, and is brought
by minute canals, called biliary ducts,
into the hepatic duct, which conveys it
into the common biliary duct, by which
it is carried into the duodenum.

Bitr’srones, biliary calculi are popu-
larly sonamed. See Catcutvs.

Bixee, from Goth. bulgia, to swell. The
protuberant part of a cask, which is
usually in the middle. The bilge of a ship
is the underpart of her floor which ap-
proaches to a horizontal direction, and
on which she would rest if aground.
When this part of the ship is fractured,
she is said to be bilged ; the water which
sies in the bilge, is called the bilge-water,
and the pump adapted to withdraw it is
called the bilge-pump.

Biv'tary, Lat biliarius, appertaining ot
relating to bile; e.g. the bile or biliary
ducts, which are minute adapted
to convey the bile intc the hepatic duct.
Biliary calculi are concretions which form
in the gall bladder or bile ducts.

Bitin’/GuEnt, from bis and lingua. A
jury impanelled ona foreigner, part being
English and part being natives of the
same country with the panel.

Birt. 1. The beak of a bird, from Sax.
bille, the primary sense of which is a
shoot.——2. A cutting instrument, used
by plumbers, basket-makers, and gar-
deners, made in the form of a bird’s man-
dible, and fitted with a handle; when
short it is called a hand-bill, when long, a
hedge-bill, being used for cutting hedges
and pruning-trees. From Sax. bille, Ger.
beil, an axe, a hatchet.

Bit, from Norm. bille, a note. In law,
a declaration in writing expressing some
wrong the complainant has suffered from
the defendant, or a fault committed by
some person against a law. It contains
the fact complained of, the damage sus-
tained, and a petition or process against
the defendant for redress. In Scofs law,
the term extends to every application in
writing, by way of petition to the court
of session. The term is also used in Eng-
land to signify an obligation or security
given for money under the hana, and
sometimes the seal, of the debtor, with-
out a condition or forfeiture for non-pay-
ment, in which circumstance it differs
from a bond. This kind of security is
very generally called a note of hand. In
parliament, the word bill is used to denote
a draft or form of a law presented but not
enacted. In some instances statutes are
called bills, but they are usually qualified
by some descriptive title, as a bill of at-
tainder. When a bill has received the
sanction of both houses of parliament and
the royal assent, it is generally named an
Act of Parliament.

Bitt or Entry, a written account of
goods entered at the custom-house, whe-
ther imported or intended for export-
ation.

BItt oF ExcHanceE, a written request
or order to one person or company to pay
a certain sum of money therein sta to
another person or company, on his or
their order. The person who makes the
bill is called the drawer, the person to
whom it is addressed, the drawee, and
the person to whom or to whose order
on the face of the bill it is payable, the
payee. If the drawee accepts the bill,
he thereby becomes the acceptor. A bill
of exchange differs trom a promi.
note in being a request to another per-
son to pay, whereas the latter is a pro-
vuise on the part of the maker hi

BiL

i37

: BIM

pay the sum specified to the payee.
Bills of exchange are either inland, i.e.,
when both the drawer and drawee re-
side in the same county; or foreign, i.e.,
when drawn by a person in one country
upon one residing in another.

Bitt or Hearrnu, a certificate or in-
strument, signed by consuls or other pro-
per authorities delivered to the masters
of ships at the time of their clearing
out from all ports or places suspected
of being particularly liable to infectious
disorders, certifying the state of health
at the time that such ship sailed. A
clean bill imports that, at the time the
ship sailed no infectious disorder was
known to exist there. A suspected bill,
more commonly called a touched patent
or bill, imports that no infectious dis-
order had actually broken out, but that
there were rumours of such. A foul bill
imports that the place was affected when
the vessel left; this is more commonly
known by the absence of clean bills,
a foul bill not being worth having.

Bitt or Lavine, a formal receipt signed
by the master of a trading vessel in his
capacity of carrier, acknowledging that
he has received the goods specified in it
on board his ship, and binding himself,
under certain exceptions, to deliver them
in the like good order as received, at the
place and to the individual named, &c.
There are usually triplicate copies, one
for the party sending, another for the
party to whom the goods are sent, and
the third for the captain.

Brut oF Morrauiry, an account of the
number of deaths in a place in a given
time. These bills usually contain also a
summary of births, christenings, &c.

Bitt or Parcets, an account given by
the seller to the buyer of the several arti-
cles purchased, with the price of each.
See Invoice.

Britt or Ricuts, a summary “ of that
residium of natural liberty which is not
required by the laws of society to be sacri-
ficed to public convenience; or else those
civil privileges which society has engaged
to provide in lieu of those natural liberties
so given up by individuals.” The name
is usually given to the declaration pre-
sented by the houses of Lords and Com-
mons to the Prince of Orange in 1688, on
his succession to the British throne,
wherein they ‘‘do claim, demand, and
insist upon, all and singular the pre-
mises” as their undoubted rights and
privileges. A similar declaration was
made in the act of settlement.

BIvt or Save, a contract under seal, by
which an individual conveys away the
right and interest he has in the goods and
chattels named in the bill, on some consi-
deration given or promised.

Birt or Sicut, when a merchant is

ignorant of the real nature of the goods
assigned to him, so that he is unable to
make a perfect entry of them, he must
give due notice of the circumstance at the.
custom-house: the collector is thereupon
authorised to take an entry by bill of sight,
and to grant warrant that the goods be
landed and examined by the importer in
presence of the officers. .

Bitt or Store, a license granted by the
custom-house to merchants, to carry such
stores and provisions as are necessary fot
a voyage free of duty.

Bit’ta Ve'ra, true bill. The indorse-
ment of the grand inquest upon any in-
dictment which is found to be probably
true.

Bixete’, dille-ei. A French word used
in heraldry to signify that the ground of
the escutcheon is strewed with billets or
rectangular oblong fizures—supposed to
represent cloth of gold and silyer—num-
ber of such indefinite.

Bitirarps, ap interesting game of
French invention, played on arectangular
table covered with green cloth, with ivory
balls which are to be driven into holes
called hazard-nets or pockets, at the corners
of the table, with sticks, one of which is
a mace, and the other a cue.

Brtv'ton, that is, bi-million. According
to the English system of numeration, a
billion means a million times a million, or
1,000,000 X 1,000,000 = 1,000,000 ,000,000 ;
but in the French sytem it expresses a
thousand times a million, or 1000 X
1,000,000 = 1,000,000,000. See Numera-
TION.

Bit0’sep, Lat. bilobus, two-lobed. Ap-
plied in botany to leaves, petals, seed-
vessels, &c., which are divided into two
rounded portions or lobes; e. g. the cap-
sules of the veronica biloba.

Bitoc’utar, Lat. bilocularis, two-celled.
Applied to capsules, &c., which have two
cells.

Bimac’vcare, Lat. bis and macula, a spot.
Anything marked with two spots.

Bima’na, Lat. from bis and manus, a
hand: two-handed animals. The bimana
constitute the first order of mammalia—
comprehends but one genus, and that
genus is man.

Brmar’GiInate, two-margined. A term
applied to shells which are furnished with
a double margin as far as the lip.

Bror’piat, bis and medial. If two me-
dial lines, commensurable only in power,
and containing a rational rectangle, be
compounded, the whole will be irrational
with respect to the other too, and is a first
bimedial line; but if the lines be commen-
surable only in power and contain a me-
dial rectangle, the whole, when com-
pounded, will be irrational, and constitute
a second bimedial line. Euclid, B. x. prop
38 and 32

BIN

138

» Bry, for aya asa prefix is synonymous
with bi (q. ¥

Binary, Lat. binarius, arranged in
twos; e.g. a binary compound is that
resulting from the union of two elements ;
a binary number is one made up of two
units; a binary arrangement is made
with pairs.

Bhr’nary AritTumMetic is that wherein
unity or land 0 are only used. In this
arithmetic the cypher multiplies by 2
instead of 10, as it does in the common
arithmetic.

Bi’nary LoGaritHms were cont2ived
and calculated by M. Euler for facilitating
musical calculations. The modulus 2 two
instead of ten, as in the com.non loga-
rithms, or one in the hyperbolic loga-
rithms.

Bir'yary MeEasore, in music, is that used
in common time,wherein the time ofrising
in beating is equal to the time of falling.

Br'nate, Lat. binatus,in pairs. Applied
to a leaf divided into two parts almost its
whole length; or to a compound leaf hav-
ing only two leaflets on a common petiole.

Brinp. 1. Bind and clunch are names used
indifferently by miners to designate the
soil upon which the coal strata rest. It
is an argillaceous shale, more or less in-
durated, and sometimes intermixed with
sand and resembling sandstone, but al-
most always passing into a clayey soil on
exposure to the action of the atmosphere.
—2. In music, a tie for grouping notes
together.

Einv’'1nG-Joists, those joists of a floor
into which the trimmers of stair-cases,
or well-holes of the stairs and chimney-
ways, are framed.

Brner’vare, Lat. binerviue, two-nerved ;
applied in botany to leaves which have
two longitudinal ribs or nerves.

Brin’Nacie, a box containing a ship’s
compass, and light to show it at night.
It was formerly called bittacle, supposed
to be a corruption of Fr. habitacle, but
more probably boite d’aiguslle, needle-box.

Ki'Nocre, Brnoc’utar TEvEscore,a tele-
scope to which both eyes may be ap-
plied, hence the name from binoculus,
double-eyed. It consists of two tubes
with two~sets of g' of the same
power, and adjusted to the same axis.
The instrument is not now used, being
found inconvenient.

Bino’miar, from binus and nomen. In
algebra, a quantity consisting of two
terms or names, and connected by the
sign + or —. When connected by the
latter sign the quantity is usually called
a residual, and by Euclid an apotome.

Brino’Miat THEOREM, @ general alge-
braical expression or formula by which
any power or root of a quantity of two
terms may be expanded into a series. It
is usually called the Newtonian theorem,

Newton being considered the inventor,
as he certainly was, in the case of the
fractional and negative exponents, and
this includes all the other cases of powers,
division, &c.

Bin’oxataTe, an oxalate in which there
are two (binus,. twice) equivalents of the
acids to one of the base.

Brn’ox1bDE, written incorrectly for deu-
toxide. See Ox1vE.

Br'nvs, a Lat. word meaning by couples,
(bis and unus,) applied to leayes when
there are only two upon a plant.

Bro’cEtiareE, Lat. bis pe ocellus, dim. @
small eye. In entomology, when the wing
of an insect is marked with two eye-like
spots.

Brr’arTite, Lat. bipartilus, haying two
corresponding parts, applied to the co-
rolla, leaf, and other parts of plants when
divided into two corresponding parts at
the base.

Brparti't!, a tribe of pentamerous cole-
optera, composed of carabici which, “
relation to their habits, might be styled
fossores.”” These insects all keep on the
ground, conceal themselves either in
holes or under stones, and frequently
leave their retreat only at night, to prey
on other insects; they are particularly
proper to hot climates, though Britain
produces some genera.

Birec’TINate, Lat., bis and pecten, a
comb ; a part haying two margins toothed
like a comb.

Birev’raTeE, Lat. bis, and pelta, a buck-
ler ; an animal or part having a defence
like a double shield.

BIpen’NATE, Lat. bipennatus, doubly
pennate, applied to a compound leaf hay-
ing a common petiole which produces
two partial ones, each bearing leaflets of
its own.

Brirer’atovs haying two petals, bis and
wtrarov,apetal. °

Birinnaririp, Lat. bipinnatifidus,
doubly pinnatified: applied to a pinnati-
fied lea, the segments of which are them-
selves pinnatified.

Hrev’PILitatre, Lat. bis, and pupilla, a
pupil. In entomology, an eye-like spot on
the wing of a butterfly, having two dots
or pupils within it of a different colour.

Bravap’rare, Lat. biguadratus, doubly-
squared. The biquadrate of a number is
the square of the square. Thus 4 is the
square of 2, and 16 is the square of 4; 16
is therefore the biquadrate of 2.

Biavapratic, from bis and quadratus,
squared. In algebra, a biquadratic power,
root, or equation, is a power, root, or
equation of the fourth degree. See Equa-
TION, Power, and Roor.

Bircx, the betula of botanists, a genus
of arborescent plants of about 20 species,
met with in every part of the north of

Europe. Two species are found in Bri-

-—_ ——_

BIR 139

BIS

tain, the common and dwarf birch, but
there are four varieties of the former.
The Scotch name is dirk, Sax. bire.

The second letter of the Runic alpha-
bet is called biarkann, i.e. the birch-
leaf, and the second of the Irish is bet
or beith, birch.

Brrp’-catt, a little stick, cleft at one
end, in which is put a leaf of some plant
for imitating the cry of birds when blown
upon like a whistle. A laurel leaf coun-
terfeits the cry of lapwings, a leek that
of nightingales, &e.

Birv’time, bird and slime,a vegetable
substance generally prepared from the
middle bark of the holly, and so called
because, from its great viscidity, it is
used to entangle birds. It may likewise
be obtained from the mistletoe, the vi-
burnum lantana, young shoots of alder,
and 6ther vegetables.

Brrp oF Parapise. The birds of Para-
dise are natiyes of New Guinea and the
adjoining islands, are said to live on
fruits, and are particularly fond of aro-
matics. See ParapismaA.

Brnp’-peprer, the capsicum baccatum, a
shrubby plant of both Indies, bearing an
oval fruit, very biting, to which the name
of bird-pepper is given.

Brirps, in heraldry, are emblems of ex-
pedition, liberty, readiness, and fear.

Brrp’s-eyve. 1. A species of the prim-
rose, the primula farinosa.—2. The
Adonis vera, and sometimes the whole
genus Adonis, more usually called phea-
sant’s-eye.

Birp’s-EYE-VIEW, a view taken from a
point considerably above the objects re-
presented.

Birp’s-movutH, in architecture, an inte-
rior angle or notch cut in the end of a
piece of timber for its reception on the
edge of a pole or plate. It signifies also
the internal angle of a polygon.

Brrp’s-Ntst. .1. A genus of ferns, the
struthiopteris germanica.—2. The plants
of the genus monotropa are distinguished
by the name yellow-bird’s-nest, but are
often called simply bird’s-nest. The British
species is the M. hypopithys. —3. The
listera nidus avis of Britain.

Brrp’s-NeEsts, in commerce, the nest of a
species of swallow peculiar to the Indian
islands (the hirundo esculenta), very highly
valued in China as an article of luxury.
The nest in shape resembles that of other
swallows. It is formed of a viscid sub-
stance not unlike fibrous, imperfectly,
concocted isinglass. These esculent nests
are chiefly found in caverns in Java, and
the better sorts are sold at Canton at from
61. to 71. per Ib.

Brreme, Lat. biremis, a vessel with two
a or tiers of oars (bis and remus an
oar).

Brruomeor’pat, bis and rhomboid Havy-
ing a surface of 12 rhombic faves, which
being taken 6 and 6, and prolonged till
they intercept each "other, would form
two different rhombs.

BrrtH, evidence of. By the French civil
code it is required that a declaration be
made of the birth of every child to the
proper officer within three days, with the
production of the child.

Birra or Berta, of aship. The ground
in which she is anchored; also, an apart-
ment, as the midshipman’s berth; also,
the space allotted to a seaman to hang up
his hammock in.

BirtTH’ wort, a name common to all the
plants of the genus aristolochia (q. v.).

Bis, Lat. twice. In music, a word
placed over passages signifying that they
are to be played twice over.

Biscuit, Lat. bis and cuit, baked. Ear-
thenware when it has been baked, but
not glazed.

Brsect, Bisection, Lat. bis and seco, to
cut. To bisect is to divide into two equal
parts ; e. g. the rational horizon bisects the
globe; and such division is called a bisec-
tion.

BisEc’mENT, bis and segment. One of the
parts of a line, &c., divided into two equal

Bis’erovs, Lat. bis and seta, a bristle.
When an animal is furnished with two
bristle-like appendages.

Bisex’cat, when flowers contain both
stamens and pistils in the same envelope.
It is the same as hermaphrodite.

Bisuop, Lat. episcopus ; Gr. sriczxoros, of
sx, OVer, and zzoros, inspector; czortw,
to view. This Greek and Latin word ac-
companied the introduction of Christi-
anity into the west and north of Europe,
and has been corrupted into Saxon,
biscop, bisceop; Sw. and Dan. biskop ;
D. bisschop ; Germ. bischof. It is the title
which the Athenians gave to thuse whom
they sent into the provinces subject to
them, to inspect the state of affairs; and
the Romans gave the title to those whose
business it was to inspect the provisions
brought into the markets. In the primi-
tive church the title denoted one who had
the pastoral charge ofachurch. In pro-
cess of time the maintenance of their
ecclesiastical prerogatives, and.their ex-
tensive ecclesiastical as well as criminal

jurisdiction, left the bishops little time or

inclination for the discharge of their
duties as teachers and spiritual fathers.
They .herefore attached to themselves
particular vicars, called suffragans, for
the inspection of all that concerned the
church. The office now became an object
of ambition for the nobility and the sons
of kings: it was honourable, profitable,
and perniitted sensual enjoyments of evely

BIS

140

BIT

description. The reformation, in some of
the Protestant countries, left the higher
clergy with the title of bishop, but stripped
them of many of their privileges and
much of their revenues: the English
bishops fared the best, and for that reason
the English church has received the name
of episcopal. Her bishops are appointed
by the Sovereign, must be thirty years of
age, and ure, with the exception of the
bishop of Sodor and Man, peers of the
realm.

Bis’mutu, Germ. bismut. A metal of a
reddish white colour, and almost destitute
of taste and smell. It is softer than cop-
per, breaks when struck smartly witha
hammer, and consequently is not mallea-
ble, neither can it be drawn into wire.
Its sp. gr. is 9°82, but its density may be
much increased by cautious hammering ;
it melts at 476° Fah., and, if gradually
cooled, it crystallises in octohedrons. At
a strong heat it burns with a pale blue
flame, and sublimes in the form of the
yellow-coloured oxide known by the name
of flowers of bismuth. It occurs both na-
tive and combined with other substances,
as oxygen, sulphur, and arsenic, and, in
veins of primitive rocks, accompanied by
ores of lead, silver, and sometimes cobalt
and nickel. When found as an oxide, it
is called bismuth ochre ; as a sulphuret, bis-
muth glance ; as a sulphuret with copper,
it is copper bismuth ore ; with copper and
lead, it forms needle ore. The metal used
*n the arts is derived chiefly from the
mineral called native bismuth. It gene-
rally contains small proportions of sul-
phur,iron,andcopper. It isknown among
workmen by the names of marcasite and
tin-glass : the last a corruption of French,
étain de glace.

Bison. Piooy. Alarge, wild, untame-
able, herbiverous, and gregarious animal
ofthe bovine genus, which inhabits the
temperate parts of North America, and
which, from its resemblance to the buffalo
(bos bubulus, Lin.), is often termed the
buffalo of America (Bos Americanus,
Gmel.). It is particularly distinguished
by a t hump or projection over its
fore-shoulders, and by the length and
fineness of its woolly hair.

Bisrrno‘sus, Lat. bis and spina, a spine,
armed with two spines.

Bis’sextiLeE, leap-year. A year consist-
ing of 366 days, the additional day being
added to the month of February. This is
done every fourth year, on account of the
excess of six hours by which the year
really exceeds 365 days. It takes itsname
thus: the Romans, instead of making a
29th day in February, reckoned the 24th
twice, and called this 24th day, sexto calen-
das Martias, i.e. the sixth day before the
ealends of March. This, with the prefix
bis, to denote that it was reckoned twice,

gave the name bissertilis, which we write
bissextile, to the leap-year.

Bistor’ta, snakeweed. A species of po-
lygonum, named from bis and torqueo, to
twist, in allusion to the contortions of its
root.

Bis’toury, Fr. bistouri, any small knife
for surgical purposes.

Bis’tre, |) Fr. bistre, from bis, brown,

Bis‘rerR,)A brown colour preparec
from wood soot, and used in water-colours
in the same way as China ink.

Br’suLPHate, a sulphate in which the
oxygen of the sulphuric acid is a mal-
tiple by two of that of the base.

Bisut’Puire, a sulphite in which the
oxygen of the sulphurous acid is a mul-
tiple by two of that of the base.

Bisut'pHuret, a sulphuret with a
double proportion of sulphur.

Bir, from Sax. bita, a mouthfdl, of
bitan, to bite. 1. The iron part of a
bridle, which is inserted into the mouth
of a horse, and its appendages to which
the reins are fastened. It includes the
bit-mouth, the branches, the curb, the
level-holes, the tranchefil, and the cross-
chains. There are yarious kinds; the
musrole, snaffle or waterbit, the canon
mouth, jointed in the middle, the canon or
fast-mouth, all of a piece, kneed in the
middle ; the scotch-mouth, the masticador
or slavering-bit.——-2. A boring instru-
ment: the boring end of the stock and
bit. See Srocx.—3. A small coin of the
West Indies, half a pistareen, about five-
pence sterling.

Birer’NaTe, Lat. biternatus, doubly-
ternate. Applied to compound leaves
when the common footstalk supports three
secondary petioles on its apex, and each
of them bears three leaflets.

Bit-Nosen (Indian), Salt of Bitumen.
A white saline substance prepared by the
Hindus, and variously used to improve
the appetite, cure diseases of the liver,
paralytic disorders, cutaneous affections,
rheumatisms, and indeed all chronic dis-
orders of man and beast. Itis called in
the country pandanoon, soucherloon, and
popularly khalamimuc, or black salt —
Hooper. ;

Bir’rer-APPLleE, The cucumis colo-

Biv'enn-Ceevarnen, | oyuthis An an-

Bir’rErR-Govurp, Jnual of Turkey
and Nubia, and also its fruit, which is a
round berry or pepe of the size of a small
orange, yellow, and smooth on the out-
side when ripe. It is gathered, peeled, and
dried in a stove,and in this state sent inte
this country, where it is known popu
larly by the names given, and scientifi-
cally as cologuintide. It is intensely
bitter, and strikes, with sulphate of iron,
a deep olive colour. It js much used in
medicine.

BIYV 141 BLA

Bir’rern. 1. A species of heron, the
ardea stellaris, a native of Europe.——2.
The mother-water which remains after
the crystallisation of common salt from
sea-water.

Bitter Princirte. Applied to certain
results of the action of nitric acid upon
organised matter, of an intensely bitter
taste.

Bir’TERSWEET, a species of nightshade,
the solanwm dulcamara, a slender climbing
plant, whose root, when chewed, produces
first a bitter, then a sweet taste.

BirTERWORT, a name common to all
the British species of the Gentian. See
GENTIANA.

Birts, a plural word used to denote a
frame of two pieces of timber, fixed per-
pendicularly in the forepart of a ship, on
which to fasten the cables when she rides
at anchor. There are several other
smaller bitts, as the topsail-sheet-bitts,
paul-bitts, carrick-bitts, &c.

Birvu’men, a generic name for a num-
ber of inflammable mineral substances
known under the names of naphtha, pe-
troleum, mineral tar, mineral pitch, mal-
thu or sea-wax, asphalte, elastic bitumen,
or mineral caoutchouc, jet, mellilite or
honey-stone, mineral coal, amber, and
mineral tallow or adipocire. The four
tirst are liquid, the others are solid at or-
dinary temperatures. All the varieties
of bitumen seem to partake, more or less,
both of an oily and resinous nature, and
are composed, in a great measure, of car-
bon and hydrogen, but their origin is not
known; the tar-like substance which
oozes out of coal when on fire, is a good
example of bitumen.

Brrv’minovs Cement, | a factitious sub-

Birv’minovus Mastic, § stance which
has of late been much used in France for
covering roofs, lining water cisterns, &e.
It is made by boiling asphaltum, and
when ‘hot mixing it with chalk or brick-
dust. Boiled coal-tar treated in the same
way is equally good.

Birv’mrnovus Limestone, a limestone of
a lamellar structure, more or less charged
with bitumen. Itis found near Bristol,
and abundantly in Galway, hence called
Galway marble.

Bitvu’minovs Sprines, properly springs
impregnated with petroleum and analo-
gous nominal substances; but the name
is commonly used to designate those foun-
tains of almost pure petroleum, so very
numerous, especially in Persia, where
some of them yield from 1000 to 1500 Ibs.
of petroleum a day, and seem to be quite
inexhaustible.

Bi'vatve, Lat. bivalvis, two-valved

Brv’atves, one of the three Linnean
classes of shell-fish, the shells of which
are composed of two pieces or valves

joined Neste by a hinge. The oyster
is an example.

Br’vovac, Ger. biwacht. The name
given to the modern system by which
the soldiers in service lie in the open air
without tents, in opposition to the old
system of camps and cantonments.

Brx’a, the arnotto-tree or roucou, a ge-
nus of two species, one of which, the B.
orellana, common to both Indies, pro-
duces the terra orllana” or arnotto of the
shops. Class, polyandria ; order, mono-
gynia.

Brx’acrex, a natural order of plants of
which the genus biza is the type.

Buiacx Acts. In England, the statutes
of 9 George I. and 31 George II. In Scot-
land, the acts or statutes of the five
Jameses, with those of Mary’s reign and
of James VI., down to 1587, all of which
were printed in the old English charac-
ter, or black letter.

Buack’aMoor’s-HEAD’, a chemical vessel
of a conical form, named from its sup-
posed resemblance to a negro’s head. It
is now rarely used.

Bracx’ Bar, a plea obliging the plain-
tiff to assign the place of trespass.

Buack’-Birp. In England, the turdus

in. In America, 1. The gracula
guiscula, Lin. This is called the crow
black-bird.——2. The sturnus predatorius,
Wilson; oriolus phenicus, Lin. This is
called the red-winged black-bird.

Buracx’-soox. 1. A book kept in the
Exchequer of England, and containing
the orders of that court, its officers, their

s and privileges, wages, perquisites
and jurisdiction, with the revenues of the
Crown in money, grain, and cattle. It is
supposed to have been composed in 1175,
by Gervais of Tilbury.——2. A book com-
piled by order of the visitors of monas-
teries under Henry VIII., containing an
account of the enormitie spractised in
those houses.——3. Any book which treats
of necromancy or the black art.

Bracx-Cap, alittle bird, the moftacilla
atrecapilla, Lin.; called otherwise the
mock nightingale; it has obtained its
oe from the fine black crown on its

ead.

Brack Carrie, a general name for all
cattle of the bovine genus, reared ex-
pressly for slaughter, in distinction from
dairy-caftle.

Buacx Cock, the heath cock, tetrao te-
trix, Lin., named from its black plumage.
In some places it is called black grouse, and
in others black game.

Bracx Dye, the principal ingredients
2 black dye are logwood, Aleppo galls,

verdigris, and sulphate of iron or green
vitriol, but the process is intricate, and
varies with the stuff to be _—

Brack Fis, the tautog, a dark coloured
species of labrus (q.v.). Fish newly

BLA

142

BLA

spawned are in Scotland called black or
Soul fish ; and the practice of taking salmon
in the rivers ie they come up to
spawn, is called ing.

Brack Fivux,a Pelee of carbonate of
potash and charcoal, made by deflagrating
tartar with half its weight of nitre.

Brack Iron, malleable iron, in contra-
distinction to that which is tinned, called
white iron.

Brack Leap, the same with plumbago
and graphite, a compound of carbon and
a small proportion of iron and earthy
matters. It takes its name from its
leaden appearance, but contains no trace
of lead. It is chiefly used in the manu-
facture of black-lead pencils, the first
specimens being procured from the cele-
brated mine of Borrowdale in Cumberland,
worked since the time of Queen Elizabeth.

Brack Lerrer, the old English alpha-
bet. (AGC abc.)

Brack’mait. In Scotland, a sort of
yearly payment, formerly made for pro-
tection to those bands of armed men who,
down to the middle of last century, laid
many parts of the country under contri-
bution. Mail means tax or rent.

Bracx-Mon&s, a name of the Benedic-

es.

Bracx-Rop, the usher belonging to the
Order of the Garter; so called from the
black rod which he carries. He is usher
of Parliament.

Brack-spavt, a disease of cattle, called
also blackleg and blackquarter.

“« The blackspaul is a species of pleu-
risy, incident to young cattle, especially
calves, which gives a black hue to the
fiesh. It is indicated by lameness in the
forefoot (spaul or leg), and the common
remedy is immediate bleeding.”
Briack-THorN, the sloe (Prunus spinosa),

in distinction from white-thorn or haw-
thorn.

Bracx-tin, tin ore when dressed,
stamped, and washed, ready for melting.

Bracx-vomir, the yellow fever.

Brack-wapp, one of the ores of manga-
Lese, used as a drying ingredient in
paints.

Brack-watcu, the designation given to
the companies of loyal highlanders raised
after the rebellion in Scotland, in 1715,
for preserving peace in the highland dis-
tricts. The black-watch formed the nu-
cleus of the 42nd regiment, and received
the denomination of black (Gal. dhu) from
their dark tartan habiliments,

Brav’per, Sax. blader, of blaeS.
A thin membranous substance, which
serves as the receptacle of some fluid or
secretion, as the urinary bladder and
gall-bladder in animals. When unre-
stricted the name applies to the former.

Biap’DEa-NUT, & name common to both

species of the. genus staphylea (q. v.).
There is also a species of royena, called
the African bladder-nut, and a species of
ilex, holm, or holly, called the laurel-
leaved nut,

BLaDDER’WoRT, a name common to all
the plants of the genus Utricularia. The
British species are all aquatics, with
roots, stems, and leaves, furnished with
numerous membranaceous reticulated ve-
sicles, which are filled with water till it
is necessary that the plant should rise to
the surface and expand its blossoms. The
vesicles are then found to contain oniy
air, by aid of which the plant floats ; this
air, again, gives place to water, and the
are descends to ripen its seeds at the

bottom.

Biav’DER-WRACK, a sea-weed (the Fu-
cus vesiculosus) called also the sea-oak and
sea-wrack.

Brain, Per. blaen. 1. A watery vesicle
of the skin. 2. A distemper incident
to animals, being a bladder which grows
at the root of the tongue to such a degree
as to stop the breath. It answers to croup
in the human subject.

Brancuim’srer, from blanch and weregoy,
measure. A measure of the bleaching
power of chloride of lime (bleaching-
powder) and potash.

BriancwH’inc, whitening, from Fr.
blanchir, to whiten. Applied, 1. To an
operation performed upon pieces of
metal, as silver, to give them whiteness
and lustre—2. To the Whitening of

living ms by making them grow in
the dark

Biancn’ -FERM, RLANK-FARM. In an-
cient law, a white-farm. A farm, of which
the rent was paid in silver, and not in
cattle.

Brancu’-Hotpinc. Inlaw, a tenure by
which the tenant is bound to pay only an
elusory yearly duty to his superior, as an
acknowledgment of his right.

Branpro’rpia, a genus of New Holland
plants, of the class hexandria, and order
monogynia. Named from Blandford.

Bianx-Bar. In law. a common bar, or
a pleain bar, which in action of trespass
is put in to oblige the platntiff to assign
the place where the trespass was com-
mitted.

Branxk’-poor, a doorway which has
been blocked up to prevent entrance.
Also a false door, placed in an apartment
opposite to the real door, for the sake of
uniformity.

Branx’et, Fr. blanchet. Among printers,
woollen-cloth or white baize, to lay be-
tween the tympans.

BLankK-winpow, a sash-frame, sashes
and glass fixed into a recess corresponding
with the real windows, to preserve the
uniformity of an elevation.

Bras’PHEMY, from Bracgnuta, to dee

BLE

143

BLI

fame. Treason against the Deity: the
denying the existence of God, assigning
to him false attributes, or denying those
which are true; speaking irreverently of
the mysteries of religion ; and, in Roman
Catholic countries, speaking disrespect-
fully of the Holy Virgin and of the saints.
Blasphemy was formerly punished by
death, but the laws with respect to it are
now modified in most countries.

Buast, Sax. blaest, a puff of wind;
applied, 1. To the column of air forced
into a fire, as in forges by bellows, or the
blasting-machine, for the purpose of
quickening the combustion.——2. To ery-
sipelas which appears suddenly on the
face in consequence of exposure to cold
wind or a blast.——3. To the explosion
of gunpowder in splitting rocks, and also
the explosion of inflammable air in a
mine, &c.

Braste’Ma, in botany, the axis of
growth of an embryo. In anatomy, the
homogeneous, gelatinous, and granular
basis of the ovum, in which the organic
elements, which characterise the different
tissues, are deposited in the early stages
of development.

Brasrocar’pous, Brarros, a germ, and
waeros, fruit. That kind of fruit which
germinates inside the pericarp, as the

ve

Buar’ra, the cockroach; a genus of or-
thopterous insects placed among the Cur-
soria or Runners by Cuvier. ‘‘ The blatte
are very active nocturnal insects, some of
which live in the interior of our houses,
particularly the kitchen, in bake-houses
and flour-mills, and others inhabit the
country. They are extremely voracious,
and consume all sorts of provisions,”
hence the name from Grarro, to destroy:

Bua’‘zontnc. ) In heraldry, the deci-

Bua’zonry. § phering of coats of arms,
from Ger. blasen, Dut. blaazen, to blow,
because the herald blew a trumpet and
called out the arms of a knight when he
entered the lists at a tournament.

Breacuinc-Liquin, Fr., eau de javelle,
chlorine-water. When chlorine is con-
densed in water, the result is called
bleaching liquid, when condensed in quick
lime, it is called bleaching powder. Bleach-
ing liquid is prepared from the bleaching
powder simply by solution.

Bieacnutnc-Powner, chloride of lime,
quick-lime saturated with chlorine.

Biecn’ncm, a genus of perennials.
Cryptogamia—Filices. Name Bdryzvov, a
fern. This genus is sometimes distin-
guished by the name of Aard-fern, and the
British species (B. boreale) by the names
northern hard-fern and rough spleenwort.
Buiencu’-Ho’Lpine, | a tenure of lands
BLENcH’-TE’NURE, J upon payment of a

small sum in silver, blanch, i.e. white
money.

Bienpe, black-jack. a native sulphuret
of zinc, named from Ger. blenden, to
dazzle. There are several varieties of
this one, as brown, yellow, and black;
the primitive form of crystals is a rhom-
boidal dodecahedron.

Buiennivs, the blenny, a genus of
acanthopterygious fishes, placed by Cu-
vier among the gobrides, and by Linnzus
among the juglares. The blennies live in
small troops among the rocks on the
coast, and take their name from Bigeye,
mucus, a slimy mucus being smeared over
their skin.

Briennorrua’cia, a discharge of mucus,
from BdAevve, mucus, and exyyous, to
burst forth.

BLENNORRHG’A, a flow of mucus, from
GAevye, mucus, and eew, to flow, applied
to an increased discharge of mucus from
any mucous surface, but commonly re-
stricted to that from the urethra and
vagina.

BierHaroprr’cia, the same with ble-
pharoptosis (q.v.), from BAsgagoy, the
eyelid, and zAyyy, a stroke. The word
xAnyn Was applied by the Greek physi-
cians to paralysis.

BLeruHaropr’osis, a prolapse of the
upper eyelid, arising from a relaxed state
of the common integuments of the eye-
lids, or from paralysis of the levator
muscle, from frAsgagoyv, the eyelid, and
xrwcis, a prolapse ; of siz7w, to fall.

Buiey’me, from Teut. dbleima. to hinder.
In farriery, inflammation between the
sole and bone of the foot. It usually
arises from a bruise.

Buicut, a general name for various
distempers of corn, fruit-trees, &c., by
which the whole plant sometimes pe-
rishes; sometimes only the leaves and
blossoms which become shrivelled as if
scorched, from Sax. blaectha, leprosy.

Burinp, a skreen,a cover. In military
affairs, and especially in operations
against fortresses, all which tend to in-
tercept the view of the enemy are called

linds. These are of several kinds: 1. A
fascine placed across the embrasures to
prevent the enemy from observing what
passes near the canon.——2. Shutters
made of strong planks placed before the
port-holes as soon as the guns are dis-
charged. ——-3. A screen consisting of
three strong perpendicular posts, five
feet in height, between which are planks
covered with plates of iron on the out-
side, and thus made shot proof, used to
protect labourers in the trenches, is
called a single blind. A double blind is
constructed of large wooden chests filled
with earth or bags of sand. Both these

BLO 144 -

BLO

kinds of blinds are furnished with block-
wheels or rollers to enable the labour-
ers in the trenches to push them for-
ward. The kind of blinds called chan-
deliers are constructed on the principle
of the single blind, and are used for the
same or similar purposes. . The co-
yerings placed over the most exposed
parts in tl. saps or the fortress, are also
called blinds. These are made of beams
over which hurdles or fascines are spread,
and these receive a sufficiently thick layer
of earth as a covering.

Biinv’-worm, a small reptile called
also slow-worm, and classed among the
serpents, though quite harmless. It is
covered with scales and has a forked
tongue.

Burnx,from Sax. blican, to shine. The
blink of ice is the dazzling whiteness
about the horizon occcasioned by the
reflection of light from the fields of ice
at sea.

Burn’kexrs, expansions of the sides of the
bridles of horses, to prevent them from
seeing on either side.

Buisrer-Friy, the musca hispanica, an
insect found in Italy and France, and
more or less throughout Europe, but par-
ticularly common in Spain, and there-
fore called the Spanish fly. It is about
two-thirds of an inch in length, and one-
fourth in breadth. of a somewhat oblong
shape, and of a greenish gold shining co-
lour, with soft elytra. It is much usedin
Dlistering. See Canruanis.

Buock, Fr. bloc, Germ. block. A piece of
wood in which one or more sheaves or
pulleys are placed for the purpose of form-
ing tackles in various operations in naval
tactics and architectural constructions.
Blocks are single, double, treble, or four-
fold, according as the number of sheaves
is one, two, three, or four. The sheaves
are grooved to receive the rope, and have
in their centre a brass bush to receive the
pin on which they revolve. The sides of
the block are called cheeks. A running
block is attached to the object to be moved,
a standing block is fixed to some perman-
ent support. See Puitey.

Brocx’ape, the interception by one bel-
ligerent of communication with a place
eecupied by another, from Ital. bloccare,
to inclose. A declaration of blockade or
siege is an act of national sovereignty,
which claims as a right the power of
declaring war, and the right which na-
tions at war have,of destroying or captur-
ing each others subjects or goods, imposes
on neutral nations the obligation not to
interfere with the exercise of this right
within the rules and limits prescribed by
the law of nations.

Buock’HouseE, in fortification, a house
made of beams, joined together crossways,
and often doubled, with a covering and

loopholes. It is usually large enough to
contain from 50 to 100 men; is sunk several
feet beneath the surface; is fitted up to
receive cannon; sometimes contains two
stories, and is commonly rendered bomb
and fire-proof. Its use is to afford a
feeble garrison an opportunity of holding
out against the cannonade of the enemy
till relieved. Bilockhouses are also made
as places of last resort in the interior or
intrenchmentsand in the covered passages
of fortresses.

Biocx’'tne, in masonry, a

Biock’InG-course,} course of stones
placed on the top of a cornice cro
the walls.

Brocx’tnes, in joinery, small pieces of
wood fitted and glued to the interior angle
of two boards or other pieces, with a view
to strengthen the joint.

Buiocx-tin, tin cast into blocks or in-
gots; it is generally less pure than grain-

an.

Biom’ary. See Broom.

Buioop, Germ. blut, Fr. sang. The red
fluid contained in the blood-vessels of
animal bodies. It is found in the mam-
malia, in birds, in reptiles, and in fishes.
In the last two classes of animals, the tem-
perature of the blood is much lower than
in the former, for which reason they are
distinguished by the n2me of cold-blooded,
while the others are termed warm-blooded
animals. Insects and worms, instead of
red blood, havea juice of a whitish colour,
which is called white-blood. In the mam-
malia the blood circulates in the arteries
and veins: itis bright red in the former
and purple in the latter. It consists:
lst, of a colourless transparent solution of
several substances in water; and 2nd, of
red undissolved particles diffused through

‘the solution. When fresh drawn from

the vessels, it rapidly coagulates into a
gelatinous mass ealled the evaculum or
clot, from which, after some time, a pale
yellow fluid oozes forth, called the serum.
The coagulum may be divided into two
parts—the cruor, or that part of the blood
which is intrinsically red and coagulable,
and the lymph or jibrine to which the
coagulation of the blood is to be ascribed.
The specific gravity of the blood varies
from 1°053 to 1°057 at 60°.—In law, a kins-
man of the whole blood is one who descends
from the same couple of ancestors; of the
half-blood, one who descends from either
of them singly by a second marriage.

Bioop’-HEAT, } a fluid raised to the tem-

Bioop’-Hor, j perature of the blood
(98° Fah.), is blood-hot.

Bioop-Hounp, the canis sagax, Lin., and
chien courant, Buffon. A variety of the
common dog, remarkable for the perfec-
tion of its sense of smell. Owing to this
circumstance, the blood-hound was an-
ciently much employed in pursuing cri-

ies

—

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145

BLO

mirals, and tracing robbers and enemies,
whose course he invariably discovered if
once placed upon their track. These dogs
were in Scotland called sleuth-hounds, and
any person refusing one of them entrance -
in his pursuit of stolen goods, was by law
deemed accessory to the theft. This va-
riety of the hound is perhaps now extinct.

Btoop’-root, )} Names common to the

Btoop’-wort, § species of the genus san-
guinaria (q. v.). These plants have also the
names buccoon, turmeric, and red-root.

Buoop’-stone, the lapis hematites. A
species of calcedony, of a reddish colour,
hard, ponderous, with fine strie or
needles. It is used for trinkets, and by
goldsmiths and gilders to polish their
work. The best much resembles cinnabar.

Buioop’-vEssEL, any vessel or tube in
which the blood flows or circulates in an
animal body, as an artery or vein.

Broop’-witse. In ancient law, a fine or
amercement paid asa composition for the
shedding of blood.

Broopy Hanp, a hand stained with the
blood of a deer, which in the old forest
laws of England was sufficient evidence
of a man’s trespassing in the forest against
venison.

Broom, Bioomery. At iron-works, amass
of iron, after having undergone the first
hammering, is called a bloom, and the
"apa of forming blooms is called

oomery, or blomary. The term is Sax.
bloma, a mass or lump.—In botany,
see Buiossom. The word bloom is the
Goth. bloma, Ger. blume, D. bloem. from
the root of blow. The term blossom is
a dialectical word from the same root
through the Saxon,

Buios’som, from Sax. blosma. The
flower or corolla of a plant; a general
term applicable to every species of tree
or plant, but more generally used than
flower or bloom when we have reference
to the fruit which is to follow. Thus, we
use flowers in speaking of shrubs culti-
vated for ornament; and bloom in a more
general sense, as flowers in general or in
reference to the beauty of flowers. The
term blossom is used to denote the colour
of a horse when the hair is white, but
intermixed with sorrel and bay hairs,
otherwise peach-coloured.

Brow1nc-Macu ine, an engine employed
at iron-works and other places for sup-
plying the large furnaces with a regular
and rapid volume of air. C is a hollow
cylinder, furnished with a piston E, with
its rod P working through a stuffing-
box at the top of the cylinder, as in a
common steam-engine. A and B are pipes
leading into the cylinder, and furnished
with valves opening inwards. F and G
are valves opening outwards into two
pipes, which lead into the upright pipe H.

From this pipe, which is closed both at
bottom and top, there proceeds a pipe,
DO, giving off a branch at I into the

iron chest, K, which has no bottom, but
rests upon a cistern of water, a partof the
stone-work of thesides of which is shown
at Mand N. Above this branch there is
a species of safety-valve, L, opening up-
wards, and loaded to a certain pressure.
When the piston is raised, the valves A
and@ F are shut, and the air contained in
the cylinder is forced through the valve
br at thesame time the valve B opens to

it more air into the cylinder. When
the piston begins to descend, the conden-
sation of the air within the cylinder
causes the valve B to shut, and Fand A
to open: the first allows the air to pass
into the pipe H, and the latter admits
more air into the cylinder. The condensed
air in H passes along the pipe DO, but the
branch I allows it a passage into the iron
chest K, where it presses upon the sur-
face of the water, and causes it to rise on
the outside of the chest. By this contri-
vance. a perpetual pressure is obtained,
equal to the height to which the water is
raised, and thus the force with which the
air passes through O into the furnace is
equalised, notwithstanding those irregu-
larities which unavoidably accompany
the ascent and descent of the piston.
From O two branches strike off to each
side of the furnace.

Buiow’rires, are instruments used by
anatomists and chemists, enamellers, &.
The anatomical blowpipe is a silver or
brass tube, by means of which parts are
inflated in order to develope their struc-
ture more distinctly. It is usually pro-
vided with a stopcock about its middle,
by turning which, when the operator
ceases to blow, the disagreeable efluvium
from the parts in a state of putrefaction
is avoided. The chemical blowpipe is
usually made of brass; it is about one-
eighth of an inch in diameter at one ex-
tremity, and tapers to a much smaller
size at the other. The smaller end is bent
toone side, and has a minute aperture,
through which a stream of air is blown
upon the flame of a candle, lamp, or gas-
jet, producing thereby a fine conical
flame, possessing a very intense heat,

BLU 146

BOA

The air is supplied from the lungs of the
operator, or by bellows or bladders adapted
to the purpose: but modifications of the
blowpipe are made, whereby jets of oxy-
gen, hydrogen, or the two gases mixed in
the due proportions, are substituted for
atmospheric air. When the two gases are

the proper apparatus constitute
what is called the oxyhydrogen blowpipe.
The blowpipe is an invaluable instrument
to jewellers, mineralogists, chemists,
enamellers, glass-workers, &c., as it
affords them instantaneously a heat equal
to the strongest heat of a furnace.

Bivue’ser. 1. The fat of whales and
other sea-animals, of which train-oil is
made. The blubber is the adeps of the
animal; it lies immediately under the
skin, and over the muscular flesh; it is
about six inches thick, but about the
upper lip it is from two to three feet in
thickness——-2. The sea-nettle is also
called the sea-blubber. See Mrpvusa.

Brive’-Bonnet. 1. A small bird common
in Britain: so called from a blue spot on
its head——2. A species of centauria
(q. v.) is so called from the colour and
shape of its flower.

Buive’-cap, a species of the salmon tribe,
80 called from the blue spots on the head.

Buve Dyes are indigo, prussian blue,
logwood, bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus),
elder-berries (Sambucus nigra), mulber-
ries, privet-berries (Ligustrwm vulgare),
and some other berries, whose juices
become blue by the addition of a small
portion of alkali, or of the salts of copper.

Brur'ine, the process of heating iron
and some other metals until they assume
a blue colour. The blue colour depends
on a film of sub-oxide.

BuivE-sJoun, a name given by the mi-
ners to fluor-spar, called also Derbyshire-
spar.

Brive Picments. The blue pigments
found in common are Prussian-blue,
mountain-blue, Bremen-blue or verditer,
iron-blue, cobalt-blue, smalt, charcoal-
blue, ultramarine, indigo, litmus, and
blue-cake.——The molybdates of mercury
and tin, the hydrosulphuret and the prus-
siate of tungsten, the ammonuret of cop-
per, and the silicate of copper, may be
useful in particular cases.

Bive-stockine, a pedantic female:
one who has sacrificed the characteristic
excellencies of her sex to learning. The
term originated with Mr. Stillingfleet,
who constantly wore blue stockings, and
whose conversations on literary subjects
were highly prized in certain female
evening assemblies afterwards denomi-
nated blue-stocking clubs.

BuveE Virri01, sulphate of copper.

Puurr,a high headland presenting a
precipitous front. Hence a ship is said to

dlujg’-headed when her stern is upright

or nearly so; and bluff-bowed, when hex
bows and broad are fiat.

Buivn’pErzuss, blunder and D. bus, a gun.
A short gun with a large eens
contain a number of small balls, and
intended to do execution without exact
aim.

Brunk, a name in Scotland for calico,
or that species of cotton cloth manufac-
tured for being printed ; hence blunker, a
calico-printer. The word i is a trivial ap-
plication of the word blunk, dull, this
species of cloth being denominated by
weavers “‘ heavy work.”

Boa. 1. The Latin name of a popular
eruption.——2. An old name of the lues
venerea.——3. A boa-like ruff worn by
ladies. It sane its name from its great
length.——_4.. The name of a genus of rep-
tiles belonging to Cuvier’s tribe of ser-
pentia or true serpents. It is in this genus
that are found the largest serpents on the
globe. Certain species attain a length of
30 or 40 feet, prey on dogs, deer, and even
oxen, which they manage to swallow
entire, after having crushed them in their
folds, and covered them with saliva. The
species, of which the boa constrictor and
the anaconda are the most celebrated, are
natives of the hottest latitudes of South
America. The great serpents of the old
continent belong to the genus python, to
which however, the name boa appears to
belong as a matter of right, having been
so named, according to Pliny, because
they sucked the teats of cows (Gaus,
acow). Certain large Italian serpents
appear to have been first called bow, and
subsequently the name came to signify
any very large serpent, and was but re-
cently restric

Boar. In the manége, a horse is said te
boar when he shoots out his nose, raising
zt = as his ears, and tossing it in the

nd.

Boarp, Sax. Germ. Sw. bord, 1. In
nautical language, the line over which a
ship runs between tack and tack.—TZo
make a good board, is to sail in a straight
line when close hauled.—Zo make short
boards, is to tack frequently.—To board, is
to enter a ship by force in combat.——
2.A body of men constituting a quorum
in session ; acourt; acouncil; e. g. a
of trustees ; a board of officers ; a board of
commissioners.——3. In carpentry. See
DEAL.

Boarpino-soists, joists in naked flooring
to which the boards are fixed.

BoarDING-PIKE, a pike used by sailors
in boarding an enemy’s vessel.

Boastina, in stone-cutting, the paring of
a stone with a broad chissel and mallet.

Boat, Sax. Sw. bat, Germ. bot, Sp. bote.
A vessel propelled by oars, or rowing.
Boats differ in construction and name ac-
cording to the services in which they are

a

BOB 147

BOD

employed; e. g. the barge is a long, light,
narrow boat, employed in harbours but
unfit for sea: it never has less than ten
oars.—The pinnace resembles a barge, but
is smaller, having only eight oars.—The
long-boat is the largest boat belonging to
a ship, generally furnished with a mast
and sails, and may be armed and equipped
for cruising short distances.—The launch
is more flat-bottomed than the long-boat,
which it has generally superseded.—The
cutters of a ship are broader and deeper
than the barge or pinnace, and are fitter
for sailing: they have usually six oars.—
Yawils are smaller than cutters, but have
the same number of oars.—The jolly-boat
is smaller than a yawl, and has usually
four oars.—A gig isa long narrow boat,
used for expedition, and rowed by six or
eight oars.—A wherry is a light sharp boat

_ used in rivers and harbours.—A skiff is a

small boat like a yawl, used for passing
rivers.—A punt is a small flat-bottomed
boat, usually propelled by one person.—A
moses is a flat-bottomed boat used in the
‘West Indies for carrying hogsheads from
the shore to ships in the roads.—A felucca
is a strong passage-boat used in the Medi-
terranean with from ten to sixteen banks
of oars.—A scow is a large fiat-bottomed
heavy boat. In some parts of America it
is called a gondola, in imitation of the
gondola used at Venice, in Italy, on the
canals - it is about 30 ft. long, and 12 wide.
There are also canoes, perogues, galleys,
ferry-boats, packet-boats, passage-boats,
advice-boats, canal-boats, steam-boats, tow-
tng-boats, &c., &e.

Boar’-Bi11, the cancroma cochlearia, Lin.
A bird of the grallic order: size of a hen:
whitish, grey, or brown back, red belly,
white forehead followed by a black ca-
lotte; bill four inches in length, and not
unlike a boat with the keel turned upper-
most: inhabits the hot and marshy parts of
South America. The boat-bill bears a close
resemblance to the heron.

Boar’-¥rty, a genus of hemipterous

Boar’-1nsect, ) insects known in ento-
mology by the generic name notonecta.
Their posterior legs are densely ciliated,
and resemble oars. They swim or rather
row with great swiftness, and frequently
while on their back.

Boatswain, pron. bos-n; boat, and Sax.
SwelN, aservant. An officer on board of
ships who has charge of the boats, sails,
rigging, colours, anchors, cables, and
cordage. His office is also to summon the
crew to their duty, to relieve the watch,
assist in the necessary business of the
ship, seizing and punishing offenders, &c.
The ain’s mate has charge of the
long-boat, for setting forth and weighing
anchors, warping, towing, and mooring.

Bos. 1. The ball of a pendulum: the

metallic weight which is attached tothe
lower extremity of a pendulum-rod.——
2. A knot of worms on a string used in
fishing for eels. ;

Bos’srays, ropes to confine the bowsprit
of a ship downward to the stem.

Bocar’po, an arbitrary name in logic for
the fifth mode of the third figure of syllo-
gism. The middle proposition.is universal
and affirmative, and the other two parti-
cular and negative.

Boc’conia, the tree celandine. A genus
of arborescent plants of two species—Do-

ndria —Monogynia. Natives of the
West Indies and Peru.

Bocxtanps, that is booklands. In ancient
times lands held by charter or deed in
writing, under certain rents and free ser-
vices. This species of tenure has given
rise to the modern freehold.

Bon’y, from Sax. bodiz, that which is
set or fixed. 1. In physics, the term body
is often read in the same sense as matter,
that is, to designate a substance which
has length, breadth, and thickness; is
divisible, impenetrable, and moveable.
Bodies are called ponderable when they
may act upon several of the senses, and
when their materiality is thereby suffi-
ciently established : of this kind are solids,
fluids, and gases. They are called impon-

able when they give rise to phenomena:
which may be regarded merely as parti-
cular states or affections of ordinary mat-
ter, without being otherwise cognisable
by the senses: of this sort are caloric, light,
electricity, and magnetism.. Besides the
common properties of matter, extension,
divisibility, impenetrability, and mobility
ponderable bodies possess secondary pro-
perties which are variable, as hardness,
porosity, elasticity, density, &c., by which
their condition or state is infinitely modi-
fied. Bodies are also simple and compound,
simple when they consist of one element,
and compound when they are composed
of two or more elements. Animal bodies
are composed of eight or ten elements,
and have nitrogen for their base; vege-
tables consist of only four or five elements,
and have carbon for their base——2. In
geometry, the word body is used in the
same sense as solid, that is, Which has the
three dimensions, length, breadth, and
thickness. A regular or platonic body is
one which has all its sides, angles, and
planes,similar andequal. There are only
five bodies such, viz.: (1.) Tetrahedron
contained under 4 equilateral triangles ;
(2.) Hexahedron, 6 squares; (3.) Octa-
hedron, 8 triangles ; (4.) Dodecahedron, 12
pentagons ; (5.) Icosahedron, 20 triangles,
Bodies are said to be irregular when they
are not bounded by equal and like surfaces
—3. Among painters, the phrase “to bear
a body,” is applied e any colour when

-_

BOI

148

BOT!

capable of being ground so fine, and to
mix with the oil so entirely as to seem one

thick oil of the same colour.——The word | fu

body is frequently used to denote the main
or principal part ; e. g. the body of a pump,
which is the thickest part of the barrel or
pipe; the body of a coach, &c. It is also
used to designate a number of individuals
or particulars united; e. g. the legislative
bedy. We also speak of bodies corporate,
bodies politic, &e.

Bopy Pan, in the language of naval
draftsmen, an end view, showing the
contour of the sides of the ship at certain
points of her length; and since the sides
are exactly alike, the left half is made to
represent the vertical sections of the
after-part of the body, and the right half
those of the forepart. The
base of the projection is
the midship section, called
the dead-fiat, and within
this the other sections are
delineated.

Boe, an Irish word sig-
nifying soft, and applied to
a@ quagmire covered with
herbage. It is defined by
marsh and morass ; but dif-
fers from a marsh, as a part
from a whole. Bogs are
too soft to bear a man’s
weight: marshes are less
soft, but very wet; swamps
are spongy grounds which
are often mowed.

Boa’-BERRY, thecranberry
or marsh whortleberry (vac-

(fea
=<
.
:
,
a
2
a
2
=
s
>
>
r
«
;
:
’
4
:
'
:
s
;
:
H
:

Goth. buila, rage, madness, as its Latin
synonym, furunculus, is from the verb
ro, to rage.

Bott’er, a large pan or vessel of iron,
copper, or brass, used distilleries, pot-
ash works, and the like, for boiling large
quantities of liquor at once. The same
name is given to the vessel in which
steam is generated for the supply of a
steam-engine. This boiler is usually
formed of plates of copper or malleable
iron rivetted together, so as to be per-
fectly air-tight, and in shape oblong, its
sides and bottom arched inwards, but its
top curved outwards. The figure is a lon-
gitudinal section: aa is the boiler, 6b the
flues, c, the chimney, d, the ash-pit, #,
an opening to receive any ashes which

cinium oxycoccos) which is
common in peat-bogs.
» Boe’-rron-ore, ) an iron ore peculiar to

Boe’-ore, boggy land. ‘* At the
bottom of peat mosses there is sometimes
found a cake or pan of oxide of iron,’’ to
which this name is given. Itis probably
derived from the decayed vegetables, of
which most of the moss is composed.

Boe’-rusH. 1. A name common to all
the plants of the genus Schenus, most of
which inhabit spongy grounds. Donn
enumerates three British species.——2.
A bird, a species of warbler of the size of
a wren, common among the bog-rushes of
Schonen in Sweden.

Boc-spav’tIn. In farriery, an encysted
tumour on the inside of the hough, con-
taining a gelatinous matter.

Boe’-wHort, the bilberry or whortle-
berry, common in boggy grounds.

Boue’a, a species of black tea (see Tra),
named, according to Grosier, from a
mountain in China, called Vou-y or Voo-y.

Bort, an inflammatory, circumscribed,
and very swelling immediately
under the skin, which always suppurates,
and sooner or later discharges its con-
tents. The word is perhaps from the

may be carried over the furnace bars, f,
the fire-place, g, the man-hole, in the
cover of which there is a valve which
opens inwards, h, steam-pipe leading to
the engine, ijk, the safety-valve, with
its lever and weight, /,a stone-float ba-
lance by the weight m, both being at-
tached to the lever nop, the fulcrum of
which is ato. To the centre of this lever
is also attached the small rod which works
the small valve fixed in the bottom of the

of the feed-pipe,grs. The force
of the steam in the boiler causes the
water to rise in the pipe and act upon the
float opposite ¢, connected by a chain
passing over the pulleys, uv, to the dam-
per w, which is capable of moving up
and down in guides, and of closing and
opening the passage, where the flue enters.
the chimney, zy, are the guage-cocks for
ascertaining the height of the water in
the boiler.

Bort’1ne Pornt, the temperature at
which a fiuid begins to boil and assume
the gaseous state in contradistinction to
freezing-point. Both points are different
in different fluids, but constant in eagh

BOL

149

BOM

rovided the pressure of the atmosphere
Se" the same. The boiling point of water
is 212°, of mercury, 656°.

Borrr’aro, a Brazilian serpent of the
most venomous kind, about eight feet
long, covered with scales of a Lc eusbere
colour.

Borg, from Lat. bolus, a mass. An ar-
gillaceous mineral, having a conchoidal
fracture, a glimmering internal lustre,
and a shining streak. Its colours vary
from white through all the shades of yel-
low and brown to black. The terre sigil-
late (sealed earths) were little cakes of
dole stamped with certain impressions,
and formerly in high repute as medicine.
The Armenian bole of the shops is a red
variety, the colour is due to an impregna-
tion of peroxide of iron. It is used asa
tooth powder. Bole of Blois is yellow;
Bohemian bole is orange; French bole is
pale red, variegated by white and yellow
specks ; Lemnian bole is pale red ; Silesian
bole is pale yellow.

Boxe’ro, a peculiar dance very popular
in Spain, and so called after its inventor.

Boter‘ic, ing to the boletus. The
boletic acid is obtained from the juice of
the boletus pseudo-igniarius, a species of

Bote’tvs, Bwrsrys. 1. A fungus re-
ferred to the genus Lycoperdon.— —2. A
-genus of mushrooms of the order Fungi.
*f-ny of the species are poisonous, two
of them afford amadou (q. v.), and the bo-
fetus sulphureus, on drying, evolves crys-
tals of pure oxalic acid

Bouts, Lat. from Borss, a dart, a fire-
ball: a meteor seen darting through the
air, followed by a train of light or sparks.

Bott. 1. The pod or capsule of a plant,
@ pericarp.——2. A measure of six bushels.

Bot’tarps, large pots set in the ground
at each side of docks; to them are lashed
large blocks through which are reeved
the transporting hawsers for docking
and undocking ships.

Bor’tarp Timsers, in a ship, are two
timbers rising just within the stem, one
on each side of the bowsprit, to secure
its end. They are also called knight-heads.

Botoenese Scuoot. In painting, some-
times called the Lombard school, and the
eclectic school. It was founded by the
Caracci, and its object was to unite the
excellencies of the preceding schools.

Botooe’n1an Srone, a pyropho-

Botoc’N1an Puosrnorvs, J rus obtained
from sulphate of baryta by calcination
and exposure to the sun’s rays. This
substance shines in the dark, a circum-
stance which was accidentally discovered
by one Vincenzio Casciarolo, a shoe-
maker of Bologna, about the middle of the
seventeenth century.

Bov’sters. 1. In nautical language,

small bags filled with tarred canvas,
rope-yarn, &c.,to place under the shrouds
and stays to prevent their chafing against
the trestle-tree, by the motion of the
mast, when the ship rocks.——2. In sad-
dlery, the parts of a saddle raised upon
the bows to hold the rider’s thighs.

Borr, a strong cylindrical pin of iron
or other metal, used to fasten a door,
plank, &c. Those used for fastening doors
and windows, are plate-bolts, spring-
bolts, and tiush-bolts. In ships, bolts are
used in the sides and decks, and have
different names, as rag-bolts, eye-bolts,
ring-bolts, chain-bolts, &c. In gunnery,
there are prize-bolts, transom-bolts, tra-
verse-bolts,and bracket-bolts. A thunder-
bolt is a stream of lightning. A bolt of
canvas is 28 yards.

Bour’-AvGeER, an auger of a large size
used in ship-building.

Bor’rer. See Kouttine.

Bott-Hzap, a long, narrow-necked,
chemical glass vessel, usually employed
for digestions. It is "otherwise called a
matrass.

Borrine-Croru, a linen or hair cloth of
which bolters are made for sifting flour.

Bott-Rore, the rope to which the
edges of sails are sewed to strengthen
them. That part of it on the perpendi-
cular side is called the luck-rope ; that at
the bottom, the foot-rope; that at the
top, head-rope.

Bom, an American serpent of a harm-
less nature, and remarkable for uttering
a sound like bom.

Bos, from bombus, a great noise. A
large hollow iron-ball or shell with a hole
in which a wooden fusee is cemented, and
furnished with two handles. It is filled
with powder and combustible matter,
and the fusee being inserted, it is dis-
charged from a mortar, in such a direc-
tion as to fall into a fort, city, or enemy’s
camp, when it bursts with great vio-
lence, and often with terrible effect.
Bombs are used in sieges; grenades in
the field; the first are thrown from mer-
tars, the latter from howitzers.

Bom’sarp, a piece of short thick ord-
nance with a large bore formerly used;
called also a basilisk, and by the Dutch a
donderbuss or thunder-gun. Some bom-
bards carried balls of 300 lbs. The name
is found in the French, Spanish, and Ita-
lian languages, and is composed of bomb
and ard, kind, but such guns are no
longer used.

BompBarpie’rs. 1. Those who manage
the mortars, which throw bombs.——2.
A genus (Carabus) of the beetle tribe of
insects.

Bomsar’po, a musical instrument of the
wind kind ; it resembles the bassoon, and
is used as a base to the hautboy.

Bom’sast, a stuff of a loose texture for.

BON 150

BON

merly used to swell garments. The word
is now used to designate a fustian style of
writing.

Bom’sax, the silk cotton-tree, a genus of
arborescent plants of several species, na-
tives of hot climates. Monadelphia—Po-
lyandria. Named from Bouedz.

Bompazi’Ne, a worsted stuff sometimes
mixed with silk, and sometimes crossed
with cotton.

Bomes’-Cuest, a chest filled with com-
bustible matter, placed under ground to
do misehief by its displosion.

Bom’s1c Acrip, acid of the silk-worm,
bombyzx, contained in a reservoir near the
anus

Bome’-Kercu, ) a strong vessel built for

Bome’-VessEt, j the purposes of bom-
bardment. The modern bomb-vessels
carry two 10-inch mortars, four, sixty-
eight pounders, and eighteen pouhd car-
ronades, and are generally from 60 to 70
feet from stem to stern.

Bom’svs, Lat. from Bees, a humming
noise, the name of a genus of aculeated
hymenoptera, the species of which are
recognised in this country as humble-bees
or humming-bees. This name, however,
is common also to the zylocope, which
include the larger species. Both genera
belong to the great genus Apis.

Bom’sycrr’ta, a genus of omnivorous
paserine birds.

root as band. In law, an obligation or
deed by which a person binds himself, his
heirs, executors, and administrators, to
pay a certain sum on or before a future
day appointed. This is a single bond, but
usually a condition is added, that if the
obligor shall do a certain act, or pay a
certain sum of money, on or before a fu-
ture time specitied, the obligation shall
be void, otherwise it shall remain in full
force. If the condition is not performed,
the bond is forfeited, and the obligor and
his heirs are liable to the payment of the
whole sum. In carpentry, the binding of
any two pieces together by tenanting,
morticing, &c. In masonry, the disposi-
tion of stones or bricks in building, se
that they most aptly fit together. Stones
which have their length placed in the
thickness of the wall are called headers,
and those which have their length ex-
tended along in the length of the wall are
called stretchers. English bond is that
disposition of bricks in a wall where the
courses are alternately composed of head-
ers and stretchers. Flemish bond is that
in which the bricks in each course have
headers and stretchers alternately.
Bonnv’-Srongs, stones used in uncoursed
rubdble-walls, having their length placed
in the thickness of the wall. When the
length of a stone is equal to the whole
thickness of the wall, it is called a per-

Bom’sycires, a tribe of nocturnal lepi- | pend

doptera. The caterpillars live in the open
air, feed on the tender parts of plants,
and in general form acocoon of pure silk.
a genus Bombyx gives name to this
ti

Bomsywie’rs, Latr.) A genus of dipte-
Bomsyt'tus, Linn. J rous insects placed
by Cuvier among the tanystoma, and by
Wilson among the proboscides, named from
Gor6os, in allusion to the sharp humming
sound which they make in flying. Fifty
European species are described.
Bom’gyx,a genus of nocturnal lepido-
ptera, the caterpillar of which is the silk-
worm. The true silk-worm moth, B. mori,
Linn., is whitish, has a few transverse
Streaks, and a lunar spot on the superior
wings. It feeds on the leaves of the mul-
berry, and spins an oval cocoon of a close
tissue, with very fine silk, usually yellow,
but sometimes white. The variety which
eee the latter are now preferred.
e name Bou6vg, is derived from Boulos,
a& humming sound.
gare the Egyptian name of the coffee-
ee

Bona-ri’peE, that is, good faith, meaning
without fraud or subterfuge. Lat.
Bonas’sus, } a species of the bovine ge-
Boya’svs, § nus of quadrupeds common
to Asia and Africa.
Bowp. Sax. bond from the same

Bonp-Timsers, the horizontal timbers
bedded in stone or brick walls to
strengthen the masonry.

Bonps. In building, includes all tim-
bers disposed in the walls of a building,
as bond-timbers, wall-plates, lentels, and
emplets.

Bonvep Goons, those for the duties on
which bonds are given at the Custom-
house.

Bon’pvuc. 1. The nickar-tree, a name
common to both species of the genus Gui-
landina, but especially to the yellow-
seeded species common to both Indies.
—2. The gymnocladus canadensis, a Ca-
nadian tree recently separated from the
genus Guilandina.

Bone, Lat. os, the substance of which
the frame-work of animals is composed
from Sax. binnan, to bind. Bone is
composed of 33°3 cartilage; 55°35 phos-
phate of lime; 3 fiuate of lime; 3°85 car-
bonate of lime; 2°05 phosphate of magne-
sia, and 2°45 soda, with a little common
Salt.

Bonr’-ace, a game at cards in which he
who has the highest card turned up to

him wins the bone, that is, one half the
| Stake.

| Bons-Bracx, the black carbonaceous
}matter into which bones are converted
| by calcination in close vessels. It is also

BON

15r

BOO

animal charcoal, and is used as a black
pigment, and to deprive various solu-
tions, particularly syrups, of their colour-
ing matters. _

Bone-.ace, alace made of linen thread,
so named from its being made with bob-
bins of bone, or more probably in allu-
sion to its stiffness.

Bone’spaviIn, a bony excrescence or
hard swelling on the inside of the hock
of a horse’s leg, usually cured by caustic
blisters. See Spavin.

Bon’erace. 1. A large bonnet formerly
worn by females to protect them from
the sun.——2. A fence of old ropes, can-
vas, &c., laid at the bows, stern, and
sides of a vessel sailing in high lati-
tudes, to protect the mariners against
flakes of ice, winds, &c.

Bon’tne, the act of judging of or
sma J a plane surface by the direc-
tion of the eye. This term is of fre-
quent use among surveyors and archi-
tects, who perform the operation of bon-
ing by means of poles set up at certain

i ces; these are adjusted to the re-
quired line by looking along their yerti-
eal surfaces. Joiners, &c., bone their
work with two straight edges.

Bonr'ro, a fish of the tunny tribe found
on the American coast, and in tropical
climates. It ws to three feet, has a
greenish back and a silvery white belly.

Bon’net, Fr. bonnette, Sp. bonete. 1. In

. fortification, an elevation of the parapet
in the salient angles of a field retrench-
ment, or of a fortification designed to
prevent the enfilading of the front of the
work, at the end of which it is situated.
The bonnet a prétre, or priest’s bonnet, is
an outwork having at the head three sa-
lient angles, and two inwards.——2. In
nautical language, an addition to a sail,
or an additional part laced to the foot of
a = in small vessels and in moderate
winds

Bono’ntan-Stone. See BoLoGnian-
TONE.

Bono’ntan-Jars, small thick jars of
Bono’ntan-Borrtes, § unannealed glass,

which break into a thousand pieces by
the impulse ofa single grain of sand.

Bon’t14, the generic name of the wild
olive of Barbadoes. Didynamia—Angio-
spermia. The tree is named in honour of
James Bontius of Leyden, a distinguished
physician and naturalist.

Bo’nvus, a Latin word meaning good,
used to denote a premium given for a
loan, right, or privilege, above its prime
or original cost.

Bon’zes, a name given in oriental
countries to the priests and devotees of
the god Fo. They are distinguished by
different names in the different countries

‘where their superstition prevails. In
Siam they are called TZalapoins: in Tar-

tary, Lamas ; in China, Ho-chang ; in Ja-
pan, Bonzes, in which name all the others
are comprehended among Europeans.
Boo’sy, a bird of the Pelican tribe. The
boobies constitute the sub-genus Sula of
Brisson, and take their name from the
excessive stupidity with which they allow
themselves to be attacked by other birds,
particularly the frigate birds, which force
them to yield up the fish they have cap-
tured. The common booby (Pelecanus bas-
sanus, Linn.), is found from the Tagus to
the Gulf of Bothnia, and in great num-
bers on the Bass Rock in the Frith of
Forth. It is white, but the primary fea-
thers of the wings and the feet are black ;
the bill is six inches long, and of a beau-

. tiful bluish grey.

Boox, the general name given to a
printed volume in contradistinction to
pamphlet. Among printers five sheets
and upwards make a book ; less than five
sheets is a pamphlet. A quantity of un-
printed paper, bound up or sewed in the
manner of a printed volume, is oddly
enough called a paper-book, sometimes
more correctly a blank book.

Books are divided into the following
classes according to the mode in which
the sheets of the paper on which they
are printed or written are folded; viz.,
folio, when the sheet is folded into two
leaves ; quarto, when folded into four;
octavo, when folded into eight; duode-
cimo, when folded into twelve ; 18mo,
when folded into eighteen; and 24mo,
when folded into twenty-four. These
classifications have no reference to the
size of the sheet. The word book is
derived from the Saxon boc, the root
of which is the Gothic boka, a beech or
service-tree, or more strictly the bark
of such tree. This was the first mate-
rial of which books were made.
Boox-Keepine, a mercantile term used

to denote the method of keeping commer-
cial accounts of all kinds, in such a sys-
tematic manner, that the true state of any
individual account, or of the whole af-
fairs of the concern, may be ascertained
with clearness and expedition. Book-
keeping is practised by single and double
entry. In the first the posts of debtor
and creditor are separate, and entered in
such a way that each one appears singly ;
while in the latter, creditor and debtor
are in continual mutual connexion, to
which end all the posts are entered
doubly, once on the debtor and once on
the creditor side. This mode was first
practised in Spain, but was introduced
into this country from Italy ; hence it is
with us called the Italian method.

The books principally wanted are a
waste-book or blotter, in which all deal-
ings are recorded without particular

BOO

152

BOR

order ; a journal,in which the contents
of the waste-book are technically en-
tered on the debtor and creditor sides ;
and the ledger, in which the posts en-
tered in the journal are placed under
particular acceunts. Besides these,

some merchants use a chase-book, a

bill-book, a receipt-book, a sales-book,

an inyoice-book, a letter-book,a stock-

k, besides books of charges, house-
hold expenses, &c. These are called
subsidiary

Boom, from Sax. boeme, a beam, a
bar. In nautical language: 1. Along pole
or spar run out from yarious parts of a
ship or other vessel, for the purpose of
extending the bottom of particular sails,
as the jib-boom, studding-sail boom, main-
boom, square-sail boom, &¢.——2. A strong
iron chain fastened to spars and extended
across a river or the mouth of a harbour
to prevent an enemy’s ships from passing.
—3. A pole set up as a mark to direct
seamen to ae the channel in shallow
water.—4. To boom, to rush with vio-
lence, as a ship under’ a press of sail. In
this sense the word is, Dut. bom, the
sound given by an empty barrel when
struck ; hence bomme, a drum, and bom-
men, to drum.

Boom’xin, dim. of boom, a short spar
projecting from the bow of a ship to ex-
tend one edge of the foresail to the
windward.

Boors, the pike-headed whale, so
named from its sharp-pointed nose. It
has a double pipe in its snout, and a
bony ridge on its back.

Boor, a peasant (D. boer, a rustic), par-
ticularly applied to the peasantry of Rus-
sia. These are divided into two classes,
free boors and vassal boors, The former
cannot be sold ; the latter are mere slaves
entirely at the disposal of their lords. The
crown 's, the mine-boors, and the pri-
vate-boors, are all of this latter description.

Boor, a covering for the leg, made of
leather, and united to a shoe. In old law,
the boot was a kind of rack for the leg,
used for the purposes of torture. It was
made of boards bound fast to the legs by
cords. Another kind was a small boot
made of strong leather, which being
made thoroughly wet and soft was
drawn upon the leg, and then dried by
the fire so as to contract and squeeze
the leg. The boot of a coach is the space
underneath, between the coachman and
the body of the coach, in which the lug-
gage is stowed. The apron of a gig is
also sometimes called, very improperly,
the boot.

Bodres, a northern constellation, called
by the Greeks Arctophylax, and by the
English Charles’s Wain. Arcturus was
piaced by the ancieats on his breast, and

by the moderns on the skirt of his coat.
Fable relates that Ceres, as the reward of
Philomelus for his invention of the art
of ploughing, transferred and his
oxen to the heavens, under the name of
Bodtes (Bowens, 2 husbandman). In the
Berlin tables this constellation contains
64 stars.

Boor-Torrine, the operation of clean-
ing a ship’s bottom near the surface of
the water, by scraping off the grass,
shells, slime, &c., and daubing it over
with a mixture of tallow, rosin, and
sulphur.

Boracic, pertaining to borax. Boracic
acid is obtained from borax by dissolv-
ing the salt in hot water, filtering the
solution, adding sulphuric acid till the
liquid has become sensibly sour; then
setting aside to cool, the boracic acid will
be deposited in small white shining scaly
crystals. It is composed of boron and
oxygen, in the proportion of eight parts
of the former to sixteen of the latter. Its
salts are called borates.

Boracr’re, a native borate of magnesia
found embedded in gypsum in Hanover
and Holstein. Its colours are white and
greyish ; it is generally of a cubic form,
and possesses, when heated, strong elec-
trical properties.

Bor’ace, a name common to all the
plants of the genus Borago, but especially
applied to the B. officinalis, an indigenous
annual, much used as an ingredient in
the summer beverage called cool tankard.
It contains much nitrate of potash.

Boracin’Ex, a tribe of dicotyledonous
plants, of which the genus Borago is the

Bo’rare, a salt formed by the combina-
— of the boracic acid with a salifiable

"Bois, a biborate of soda which, in an
impure state, is called tincal. This salt
is found crystallised in certain lakes in
Thibet ; in solution in many springs in
Persia; and may be procured of superior
quality from China. It is purified by cal-
cination, solution,and pap tg ace os Its
composition, according to bergman, is
boracic acid, 34; soda, 17; water,49. It
is highly important in the arts as a flux.
The word borax is latinised from the Per-
sian word bourakon, from bordka, to shine,
glisten.

Bor’sontres, a sect of Gnostics of the
second century. They denied the last
judgment, and take their name from
BogSoeos, in allusion to their daubing
themselves with filth.

Borgorye’mus, the name given by me-
dical practitioners to the rumbling noise
occasioned by flatus in the intestines,
from RogGrruypos, intestinal noise.

Bor’per. The term is from the same

BOR

153

BOS.

root as board. In heraldry, it is an ho-
nourable ordinary, according to French
heralds, which should occupy a third part
of the shield. It surrounds the field, is of
equal breadth on every part, and in Eng-
eam it occupies one-fifth of the

e€

Borp’tanp, in old law, the domain land
which the lord kept in his own hand for
the maintenance of his bord (board) or
table ; sometimes called bordage.

Borp’-Lope, that is, board-load, the ser-
vice required of a tenant to carry timber
from the woods to his lord’s house ; also
the quantity of provisions paid by a bord-
man tor bordland.

Borp’-Man, the tenant of bordland, who
supplied his lord with provisions.

Borp’-Service, the tenure by which
bordland was held, which was the pay-
ment of a certain quantity of provisions
to the lord. In lieu of this the tenant
now pays sixpence an acre.

Bor’pure. In heraldry, a tract or com-
pass of metal, colour or fur, within the
escutcheon, and around it.

Bore, from Sax. boptian, to perforate,
expresses the sudden rise of the tide in
ce estuaries. To bore: in the manége,
a horse is said to bore when he carries

‘ his nose to the ground.

Borer’, the French name of a dance, in
common time of four crotchets in a bar,
always beginning in the last quaver or
last crotchet of the measure.

Bor’tne, a species of circular cutting in
which a cylindrical portion of the sub-
stance is removed. Among miners, boring
is performed for the purpose of ascer-
taining the nature of the subjacent strata

without digging. The instruments used
are scooping irons, which, being with-
drawn from time to time, bring up sam-
pee of the strata through which they

ve i,

Bo’ron, the basis of boracic acid. It
may be obtained by heating in a copper
tube two parts of potassium and one of
boracie acid, previously fused and pow-
dered. It is classed among the metals by
chemists.

Bor’ouex, from Sax. bophoe, surety.
In Saxon times this word denoted a mani-
pledge (hand-pledge) or association of
men, who were sureties or free pledges to
the king for the good behaviour of each
other, and if any offence was committed
in their district, they were bound to have
the offenders forthcoming. The asso-
ciating of ten men was called a tything or
decenary ; the head man was called the
tything-man, or head-borough, and in some
places borsholder and borough’s ealder, and
the society friburg, that is, free-burgh or
frank-pledge. Ten tythings formed an
hundred, a denomination still retained to

the districts comprehended in the asso-
ciation. Itis probable that the applica-
tion of the word borough to towns sprung
from these associations, when their pri-
mary objects were somewhat merged: in
the rights and privileges of the burghs,
which denoted originally fortified towns.
This name, however, was early restricted
to those towns which sent burgesses to
parliament. In this sense the termis Sax.
bounZ, a fortified place. Some boroughs
are incorporated, but others are not. In
Scotland, the term is applied to a body
corporate, erected by charter of the Sove-
reign, having a certain jurisdiction. Bo-
roughs, when erected to be held of the
Sovereign, are called royat boroughs ; when
erected to be held of the Sovereign simply
as superior of the land, they are called
boroughs of regality ; when erected to be
held of the lord baron, they are called
boroughs of barony.

Bor’oucu-Covrts, certain courts of pri-
vate and special jurisdiction, held in
different cities, boroughs, and corpora-
tions, throughout the kingdom, by pre-
scription, charter, or act of parliament.
Of this character are the Sheriff’s court
and court of Hustingsin London. _..

Bor’ouGH-ENGLIsH,a customary descent
of lands and tenements to the youngest
son instead of the eldest; or, there being
no sons, to the youngest brother.

Bor’RE.Ists, a sect of Christians in Hol-
land, so called from Borrel, their founder.
They reject the use of the Sacraments and
i external worship, but lead an austere

e.

Bos, the ox: a well-known genus of
ruminant animals of the tribe of Bovid=.
The name is Lat. from Bovs,an ox. Tare
chief species are the common ox, the
aurochs, bison, buffalo, yack, and musk ox.

Bo’sa, an inebriating preparation used
by the Egyptians, made of the meal of
darnel, hempseed, and water.

Bos cace, a French term, now written
bocage,a grove. 1. Underwoodand some-
times lands covered with underwood.——
2. In painting, a landscape representing
thickets and woodlands.——3. In old law,
food for cattle which is yielded by buskes
and trees.

Bos’ker, Eng. } Ital. boschetto, a grove,

Bos’quer, Fr. j from bosco. In garden-
ing, a compartment formed by branches
of trees, disposed according to fancy.

Bossace, from boss. In architecture >-—
1. A projecting stone laid rough in build-
ing, to be afterwards carved into mould-
ings, capitals, arms, &c.——2. Rustic
work used chiefly in the corners of build-
ings, and thence called rustic quoins.

Boswev’c1a, a genus of plants. Decan-
dria—Monogynia. The B. serrata is sup-

| posed to yield the olibanum of commerce

BOT

154

BOT

Bovsno’Graruy, Poravy, a plant, and
yeagn> description. Description of plants,
their habits and geographical distribu-
tion.

Bor’any, from forevy, a plant. That
branch of natural history which relates to
the vegetable kingdom. It has been
divided into the following heads:—l. Or-
ganography, or the organization of plants ;
2. Physiology, or the department which
treats of the vital actions of plants; 3.
Taxonomy, or the principles of classifica-
tion; 4. Terminology, or the terms em-
ployed in the science; 5. Phytography, or
the rules to be observed in describing and
naming plants; and, 6, the Practice of
Botany, or, the application of the preced-
ing subjects to the art of discriminating
species:

The only two botanical arrangements
now in use are the Linnzan and the
Natural. The former is a classification of
plants according to their agreement in
some single characters; the latter is a
scheme for placing next to each other all
those plants which have the greatest re-
semblance. Fora more full explanation
of these two kinds of classification, the
reader is referred to the various works
that have been published on the subject,
as space can only be afforded here for a
very general account of these. As the
Linnzan system is rapidly falling into
disuse, and has been already so often ex-
plained, a very brief description of the
combination of the stamens and styles
may suffice in this place. Class I. (sta-
men, 1), Monandria; II. (stamens, 2),
Diandria; I1I. (stamens, 3), Triandria;
IV. (stamens, 4), Tetrandria; V. (stamens,
5), Pentandria; VI. (stamens, 6), Hexan-
dria; VII. (stamens, 7), Heptandria;
VIII. (stamens, 8), Octandria; IX. (sta-
mens, 9), Enneandria; X. (stamens, 10),
Decandria; XI. (stamens, 12—19), Dode-
candria; XII. (stamens, 20 ortmore, in-
serted into the calyx), Icosandria ; XIII.
(stamens, 20 or more, inserted into the
receptacle), Polyandria; XIV. (stam as,
2 long and 2 short), Didynamia; XV.
(stamens, 4 long and 2 short), Tetradyna-
mia; XVI. (stamens united by their fila-
ments into a tube), Monadelphia; XVII.
(stamens united by their filaments into
two parcels), Diadelphia; XVIII. ‘sta-
mens united by their filaments into se-
veral parcels), Polyadelphia; XIX. (sta-
mens united by their anthers into a
tube), Syngenesia; XX. (stamens united
with the pistil), Gynandria ; X XI. (sta-
mens and pistils in separate flowers, but
both growing on the same plant), Mone-
cia; XXII. (stamens and pistils not only
in separate flowers, but those flowers si-
tuated upon two different plants), Diccia ;
XXIII. (stamens and pistils separate in

some flowers, united in others, either on
the same plant, or two or three different
ones), Polygamia; XXIV. (stamens and
pistils, either not ascertained, or not to
be discovered, with any certainty, inso-
much that the plants cannot be referred
to any of the foregoing classes), Crypto-
mia. The number of styles, or stigmas
if there be no styles, characterises the
orders of the first thirteen classes, which
are thus named :—Monogynia, style 1;
Digynia, 2; Trigynia, 3; Tetragynia, 4;
Pentagynia, 5; Hexagynia, 6; Heptagy-
nia, 7; Octogynia, 8; Enneagynia, 9;
Decagynia, 10; Dod ia, 12; Poly-
gynia, more than 12. In the 14th class,
Didynamia, the orders depend upon the
ovary; in the 15th class, Tetradynamia,
the orders are characterised by the form
of the fruit. The orders of the 16th, 17th,
and 18th classes, Monadelphia, Diadel-
phia, and Polyadelphia, depend upon the
number of stamens, and have the same
nomenclature as the first thirteen classes,
Syngenesiz are determined by the ar-
rangement of their flowers, and by the
sex of their florets. Polygamia has flowers
crowded together in heads. Monogamia
has the flowers separate, not crowded in
heads; and the last class, Cryptogamia,
is divided into orders according to the
principles of the Natural System, viz.
Filices, Musci, Hepatice, Algze, Fungi.
The Natural System of botany is base
upon that formed by Jussieu out of the
views of Ray, Tournefort, and others, in
combination with numerous observations
of his own, and may be thus classified :—
Divisions formed by the Organs of Fructifi-
cation or of Nutrition.—I. PHANEROGA-
Movs or Vascutar. Class 1. Dicotyle-
dons or Exogens; 2. Monocotyledons or
Endogens. II. Cryprocamovus or Cetiu-
Lar. 3. Atheogamous or Semivascular ;
4. Amphigamous or Cellular. Or thus :—
I. Sexva, being furnished with sexual
organs, or having vessels and stomates at
some period of their existence. Class 1.
Dicotyledons or Exogens; 2. Monocoty-
ledons or Endogens ; 3. 7Ztheogamous or
Semivascular. II. Without distinct sexes,
or without either vessels or stomates at
any age. 4. Amphigamous or Cellular.
A more recent author has, however,
proposed a material modification, which
may be expressed as follows :—PLANnts.—
According to their Fructification. I. Hay-
ing flowers and sexes (Phanerogamous),
or According to their Vegetation. 1. Their
axis increasing symmetrically in density
and breadth, as well as length (Pleuro-
ens). (a) Minimum of Cotyledons, 2, or
a) Stem in concentric layers (Exogens).
Class 1. Dicotyledons, or veins of leaves
netted ; Class 2. mnosperms, OF veins of
leaves netted or forked. (b) Minimum of
Cotyledons, 1, or (6) Stem, a confused

——————

BOT

155

BOU

mass of wood and cellular tissue. Class 3.
Monocotyledons, or veins of leaves parallel,
and not netted. (c) Acotyledons, or (c) Ve-
getation fungoid. Class 4. Rhizanths.—
Il. Having neither flowers nor sexes, or
II. Their axis increasing by simple elon-
gation, or irregular expansion. Class 5.
Cryptogamic plants, or Class 5. Acrogens.

Borar’co, a sausage made of the roe of
the mullet, on the shores of the Mediter-
ranean and Black Sea. It is called bo-
nargues in Provence.

Bore, a Saxon word meaning repara-
tion, compensation, allowance, and the
like, and retained in law in composition.
Thus, manbote, compensation for killing a
man ; fire-bote, allowance of wood for fuel.

Boret’ro, a small Mexican fish, the
liver of which is a deadly poison. It is
about eight inches long, has a flat belly
and a convex back.

Borua’cium, duty paid to the lord of
the manor for pitching booths. Latin
from Celtic (bothag,a cot, a booth, botha).

BorHriocerHa’Lus, the tape-worm (see
Tzn1), thus named from Bolesy, a little
pit, and zegaan a head; there being
certain depressions about the head.

Borrycuiu'M, the moon-wort, a genus
of hardy perennials. Cryptogamea—Fili-
ces. Named from forevs, a bunch of
grapes, in allusion to the appearance of
the branched clusters of capsules. There
isonly one British species, the B. lunaria,
Sw., or Osmunda lunaria, Lin. & E. Bot.,
found in dry mountain pastures.

Borryta’RIANs, } In geology, a family

Borry.ya’/R1z. of compound Tuni-
caries, in which several individuals are
arranged in a ring round a central aper-
ture common to the rectum of each, the
mouths being at the circumference.

Bor’ryoip, oe Boreus, a bunch of

Borryor'pat, § grapes, and ¢:de¢, form;
haying the form of a bunch of grapes;
clustered ; applied to minerals, &c.

Borryot'te, grape-stone, a variety of
prismatic datolite occurring in mamil-
lary concretions, from Borevs,a bunch of
grapes, and AsHog, a stone. It occurs plen-
tifully in Norway.

Bors, a species of worms found chiefly
in the intestines of horses. They are the
larve of a species of breeze or gad-fly
(the Gastrus equi, Meig.),which depositsits
eggs on the tips of the hairs, generally of
the fore-leg and mane, whence they are
taken into the mouth and swallowed.
The same name is also given to the larve
of other species of the Gastrus (@strus,
Lin.), found under the hides of most ani-
mals of the bovine genus, and sometimes
in the nostrils of sheep, de»r, &c.

Bor’tre. Sp. botella, dim. of bota, a
leathern bag for wine. The bottles of the
ancients were made of skins and leather.

In modern times they are made chiefly of
thick glass of the cheapest sorts.

Bor’rie-crass is composed of sand and
lime, and sometimes clay and alkaline
ashes of any kind, such as kelp, barilla,
soap-boilers’ waste,and even wood ashes.
The green colour is in part owing to the
impurities’ of the ashes, but chiefly to
oxide of iron contained in the sand.

Bor’rom. 1. In commercial language, a
ship; e.g. ‘The goods were imported in
British bottoms.”——2. In the language of -
jockeys, stamina, native strength; e.g.
“‘ The horse has good bottom.”

Borrom-HEaT, applied to the artificial
temperature produced in hot-houses.

Bor’romry, in commercial affairs, is the
hypothecation or pledge of a ship for the
payment of a debt. The owner of a ship
and the captain, under certain circum-
stances, is authorised to borrow money,
either to fit her out so as to enable her to
proceed on her voyage, or to purchase &
cargo for the voyage, pledging the keel
or bottom of the ship (a part for the whole)
in security for payment. If the ship is
lost, the lender loses his money ; but if
she arrives in safety at her destination,
the lender is then entitled to get back his
principal and the interest agreed on, how-
ever much that interest may exceed the
legal rate.

Bor’rony. In heraldry, a cross bottony
terminates at each end in three buds,
knots, or buttons, resembling in some
measure the trefoil; hence called croiz
trefié. The term bottony is from the same
root as button.

Bovcue, a French word signifying
mouth, used anciently to denote the pri-
vilege of having meat and drink at court
“ scot free.”” The word is also written
bowge, bouge, and budge.

Bov’poir, a small room destined for re-
tirement. The name is Fr., from bouder,
to be sulky.

Bov’cet, Water Budget, or Dosser. In
heraldry, the representation of a vessel
for carrying water.

Bov’aiz,a French term for a wax candle
(candela cerea}, and used as the name of a
smooth, flexible, elastic, slender cylinder,
introduced into the urethra, rectum, or
cesophagus, for opening or dilating it in
cases of stricture or other diseases. Some
are solid and some hollow, some corrosive
and some mollifying. When the bougie
has some escharotic substance attached
to the end of it, it is said to be armed.

Bovir’tton. In the manége, an excres-
cence of flesh causing the frush to shoot
out, which makes the’horse to halt. The
word is Fr., from bouillir, to boil.

Bovtp’er, from Fr. boule, A bale.

Bow p’er, from Eng. bowl. ) This name
is used to designate those masses of rocks
found lying on the surface, or imbedded

BOU

156

BOW

in the soil, and differing from the rocks
about where they arefound. These frag-
ments or outlying boulders are of no de-
terminate size ; they are supposed to have
been transported by water, and are occa-
sionally found at great distances from
their parent rocks.

Boviv’er-watts are those built of
boulders or rounded fragments of rocks,
laid in strong mortar, used where the sea
has a beach cast up.

Bovvmy, Lat. boulimia, voracious appe-
tite, from Sous, great, and Asjoos, hunger.

Bovri’rine. In architecture, the work-
man’s term for a convex moulding, whose

periphery is just a quarter of a circle,
next below the plinth in the Tuscan and
Doric capitals. It is called also a boltel,
but is not at present in use.

Bounn. In dancing, a spring from one
foot to the other, in distinction from hop,
which is a spring from one foot to the
same. Bound is used in composition, as
in ice-bound. wind-bound, when a ship is
prevented from sailing by ice or contrary
winds ; and in the sense of destined, when
We say that a ship is bound for C: Cadiz.

Bowun’rx, Lat. bonitas, Fr. bonté. A term
used in commerce and the arts, to signify
a premium paid by government, 1. To
producers, exporters, and importers of
certain articles ;——2. To owners of ves-
sels engaged in certain trades. Most of
the bounties have now happily ceased.
The term is still retained to designate the
Corea offered to induce men to enlist

the public service.

Bour’pone’c. In heraldry, the same
with pomée (q. v.).

Bovrceots, the name used to designate
that sort of printing types in size between
long-primer and brevier. The word is
French.

Bovusrropue’pon, a sort of writing
found on Greek coins and inscriptions of
the remotest antiquity; so called from
Bevs and rreagew, use the lines are
60 disposed as to succeed each other like
furrows in a ploughed tield.

Bovt, in agriculture, is one turn or
course of a plough in ploughing a ridge.

Bov’rant. In architecture, an arc bou-
tant is an arch or buttress serving to sus-
taina vault, and which is itself sustained
by some strong wall or massive pile. The
word is Fr., from bouter, to abut. A pillar
boutant is a large chain or pile of stone
made to support a wall, terrace, or vault.

Bourr’, Fr. for bouted or abuted. In the
manége, a horse is said to be bouté, when
his legs are in a straight line from the
knee to the coronet.

Bov’vaTE, an ox-gate,or as much land
as an ox can plough in a year (Cowellsays
28 acres). Written in law Latin, bovata,
from bos, bovis, an Ox.

Bovey -coat, a name given to wood-coal,
from its having been found abundantly at
Bovey Heathfield, near Exeter. It is
also called brown coal and brown lignite.

Bovi'p#, a tribe of ae of which

», pe
oxen, cows, &c. The epithet i is spelled
to all the quadrupeds of the genus Bos,
called accordingly the bovine genus.

Bow, from Teut. boghen, to bend. 1. An
ancient instrument of war and hunting,
made of wood or other elastic matter,
with a string fastened to each end. Itis
of two kinds: the long-bow and the cross-
bow, arbalet or arbalest. The use of the
bow is called archery.——2. A well-known
implement, by means of which the tone
is produced from viols, violins, and other
ical instruments of that sort. It is
made of a thin staff of elastic wood, ta-
pering slightly till it reaches the lower
end, to which from 50 to 100 horse-hairs
are fastened, and with which the bow is
strung. At the upper end is an orna-
mented piece of wood or ivory, called the
nut, fastened with a screw, which serves
to regulate the tension of the hairs.——
3. A beam of wood or brass, with three
screws, that governs or directs a lath of
wood or steel to any arc; chiefly used
wherever it is requisite to draw large
arcs. . An instrument formerly in use
vr! taking the sun’s altitude at sea.——5.

An instrument used: 1. By smiths to
turn a drill; 2. By turners for
small articles of wood; 3. By hatters, &c.
for breaking fur, wool, and cotton. It re-
sembles the archer’s bow. (See Dritt-
Bow).——6. The rounded part of a ship’s
side forward, beginning where the planks
arch inwards, and terminating where
they close at the stem or prow. Hence,
among seamen, that arc of the horizon
(not exceeding 45°) intercepted between
some distant object and that point of the
compass which is right ahead is said to
be on the bow. This is applicable to any
object within that arc.——7. The bows of a
saddle are the two pieces of wood laid arch-
wise to receive the upper part of a horse’s
back, to give the saddle its due form, and
keep it tight——8. That part of some
buildings which projects from a straight
wall, most commonly of the form of a
segment of a cylinder, though it has
sometimes three, four, or five vertical
sides, raised from a polygonal plan, or a
prism so disposed, when it is called a
canted bow.

Bow-compasses are used for drawing
small circles with great exactness.

Bow’er, in nautical language, an anchor
carried at the bow of a ship. There are
generally two bowers, called the jirst and
second, great and little, or best and small.
See ANCHOR.

BR

157

BRA

Bow’-arace, in nautical language, a
frame or composition of junk laid out at
the sides, stems, or bows of ships, to se-
eure them from injury by ice.

Bow’tineE, in nautical language, a rope
fastened near the middle of the leech or
perpendicular edge of the square-sails, by
subordinate parts called bridles, and used
to keep the weather edge of the sail tight
forward when the ship is close-hauled.
The term may be Armoric bouline, “a
slanting sail to receive a side wind;’’ or
Fr. bouline, a tack, from bouliner.

Bow’LinE-BRIDLES, the ropes by which
the bowline is fastened to the leech of the
sail.

Bow’-neEt, a machine for catching lob-
eters and crawfish, called also a bow-wheel.
It consists of two round wicker baskets,
pointed at the end, one of which is thrust
into the other, and at the mouth is a
little rim bent inwards.

Bow’sprir (bow and sprit, q. v.), D. boeg-
spriet, Dan. boug-sprid. A large spar
which projects oyer the stem of a ship
to carry forward. It rests obliquely on
the head of the main-stem, and has its
lower end fastened to the partners of the
foremast.

Box’-pRAIN, an underground drain built
of brick and stone, and possessing a rect-
angular section.

Box’-Havt, to veer a ship in a particular
manner when it is impossible to tack.

Boxine-orr, throwing the head sails
aback, to force the ship’s head rapidly off
the wind.

Boxtne THE Compass, repeating all the
points in their regular order.

Box-tTrREE, the Buxus sempervirens, which
grows wild in several parts of Britain.
The wood is yellow, close-grained, very
hard, and heavy; it cuts better than any
other wood, and is susceptible of a very
fine polish. Wood-cuts are engraved on
it. Itis mostly imported at a duty of 5/,
per ton.

Box-woop, properly the wood of the
boz-tree (q. ¥.), but applied popularly as a
name for all the species of the genus
Buxus. There is properly only one species
native of Britain, but there are at least
six varieties of that species. Buxvs,

Boyrav’, in fortification, a ditch covered
with a parapet, serving as a communica-
tion between two trenches. The term is
Fr., boyau, a gut.

Boyv’na, alarge but harmless American
Serpent. It is black and slender, and has
an intolerable smell.

Br., an abbreviation of the word bishop.

B avapro, a figure in written music
called in French B quarré, from its figure
, and in English B natural or sharp, in
distinction from B mol, or flat.

B.R., an abbreviation of the words

ag Regine, the Court of Queen’s
ench,

Brac’cate (bracca, breeches), when the
feet of birds are concealed by long feathers
descending from the tibiz.

Brace, from Cel. braic, brac, the arm.
1. In architecture. a piece of wood framed
in with bevel joints, serving to keep the
building from swerving either way. It
extends like an arm from the post or main
timber.——2. In music, a double curve at
the beginning of a stave-——3. A thick
strap which supports a carriage on wheels.
—4. A crooked line in printing, )
connecting two or more lines or }
words. It is used to connect triplets
in poetry.——5. In nautical language, to
brace about is to turn the yards round for
the contrary tack; to brace sharp is to
cause the yards to have the smallest pos-
sible angle with the keel; to brace to is to
check or ease off the lee braces, and round
in the weather ones, to assist in tacking.

Braces, plural of brace (q. y.). 1. Nar-
row fillets or bands of leather, or textile
fabric, which pass over the shoulders, and
support the pantaloons.——2. In nautical
language, ropes belonging to all the yards
of a ship, except the mizzen, two to.each
yard, reeved through blocks which are
fastened to pendants, seized to the yard-
arms, to square or traverse the yards.
The name is also given to pieces of iron
which are used as supports, such as of the
poop-lanterns, &c.——3. The braces of a
drum are the cords on the sides of it, for
tightening the heads and snares.

BRacHELY’tTRA, a family of pentamerous
coleoptera, having only a single palpus on
each maxilla, or four in all, including the
labial pair. The name is composed of
Beads, short, and edvregov, a sheath.

Bracw’rartE, Lat. brachiatus, four-ranked,
applied to stems, &c. of plants when
they divide and spread in four directions,
crossing each other alternately in pairs.

Bra’cuio is used in compounding the
names of muscles, &c. of the arm (bra-

ium).

Bra’cH1otum, a member of an instru-
ment used upon astrolabes, &c., some-
times called the creeping index. It is
usually made of brass, with several joints,
that the end or point may be set to any
degree of the astrolabe.

BracuHiopo’pa, a Class of mollusca pro-
vided with two fleshy arms instead of
feet; hence the name, Beaxsov, an arm,
and gots, a foot. The brachiopoda are
all bivalves, and, like the acephala, haye
an open bilobe mantle.

Bra’‘cumans, a sect of ancient Indian
philosophers. The brachmans were a
branch of the gymnosophists. The word
is also written Brachmins and Brahmins,
They took their title from Abraham, whom

BRA 158 BRA

they called Brachma and Brama, and pre-
tended to imitate the life of the patri-
arch by living in deserts.

Bra/cHYCATALEPTIC, Beayds, short,and
zaraanrrizxes, deficient. In Greek and
Latin poetry, a verse wanting two sylla-
bles to complete its length.

Bracuyeo’ decosioide stenography, Peaxis,
short, and yea¢w, to write

Bracuypo’pium, the false brome-grass, a
genus of plants. Triandria — Digynia.
Named from Reads, short, and govs,a
foot, from the sessile, or nearly sessile,
spikelets, which, with the terminal awn,
distinguish this genus from Bromus, where
the two eel ag plants of this genus had
been plac

Reseach TERz, a family of birds of the
Palmipede order, having the legs placed
farther back than in any other birds,
which renders walking painful to them ;
and haying but feeble powers of flight,
which renders them almost exclusively
attached to the surface of the water. The
divers, auks, and penguins are examples.
The name is from Beaxds, short, and
Trego, a wins.

Bracuyr’rEerovus, short-winged, be-
longing to the Brachyptera family of birds.

Bracuy’stocHRONe, Beans, short, and
xeovos, time. The name given by John
Bernéulli to the curve which possesses
this property, that a body setting out
from a given point, and impelled merely
by the force of gravity, will arrive at
another point in a shorter time by moy-
ing in this curve, than if it followed any
other direction. It was first proposed by
Bernoulli as a challenge to other mathe-
maticians in 1696. The brachystochrone,
or curve of quickest descent, as it is
otherwise termed, is found to be the com-
mon cycloid.

Bracuyv’ra, a family of crustaceans,
placed by Cuvier in the order Decapoda,
and constituting the genus Cancer, Lin.
Name from Beaxis, short, and ode, a
tail, the tail being shorter than the trunk,
in which the Brachyura differ from the

‘acroura.

Brac’rgea, a Latin word meaning a leaf
of gold or other metal, and used in bo-
tany to denote a little leaf-like appendage
in some flowers, lying under or inter-
spersed in the flower, but generally differ-
ent in colour from the true leaves of the
plant. It is otherwise called a floral leaf.
The term is sometimes anglicised, and
written bract.

Brac’reate, furnished with bracteze,
bracted.

Brac’reates, thin coins of gold or sil-
ver, and latterly of copper, with irregu-
lar figures stamped upon one surface, so
that the impression is raised upon one

side and depressed on the other. They
were circulated in great quantities under
Otho I. of Germany. The real names at
the time they were in circulation were,
denarius, moneta, obolus, panningus.

Brap, a slender sort of nail, used in
joinery, having no spreading head, as
other nails have, but a small projection
on one side. Of this sortare joiners’ brads,
used for hard wainscots, batten-brads, for
soft wainscots ; bill-brads, or quarter brads,
used in floors. When brads are used, it
is customary to drive them beneath the
surface of the wood with a punch and
hammer, and fill up the hole with putty,
that the nailing may not be visible. The
term is from Sax, bftedan, to join, knit.

Brap-awt, that is, a broad-awl. (See
Awt.) This awl is used chiefly for piercing
holes for brads.

Brapyp’opa, an order of slow-moving
animals of class Mammalia, and including
the Bradypus (sloth), Mermecophaga (ant-
eaters), Manis (scaly-lizard or bangolin),
Dasypus (armadillo), Ornithorhynchus
(duck-bill). Name from Sceragges and
sous, foot. The Bradypoda, are
mostly comprehended among the eee
tata, Cuv.

Brap’ypus, the sloth. An American
genus of animals of the order Bradypoda
and class Mammalia. Named from Beadvs,
slow, and zo;,afoot. They are placed
by Cuvier in his order Edentata and divi-
sion tardigrada. There are several species,
of which the ai (B. tridactylus, Lin.) is
the most celebrated; F. Cuvier applies
the name bradypus to those species only
which have two nails to the fore-feet: the
Cholepus, ., of which there is only
one species known, the unau (B. didac-
tylus, Lin.), larger than the ai.

BRAw’MAns, the highest of the four
castes of Hindoos: they form the learned
orsacerdotalclass. Their chief privileges
are, reading the Vedas or sacred writings,
instituting sacrifices, imparting religious
instruction, asking , and exemption
from capital punishment.

Brarp, a sort of narrow textile band or
tape formed by plaiting (Sax. bnebdan,
to plait) several strands together. There
must be at least 3 strands, but as many
as 29 (and perhaps more) are sometimes
employed. Braid, stay-laces, and up-
holsterers’ cord are worked by means of
a machine of very ingenious construc-
tion, called the braiding-machine or frame.

Braix, ) An instrument used in flax-

Brake. § dressing, to brake (break) the
wood or boon of the stems, and loosen it
from the harl. The bott-hammer (q. v.)
is generally employed on the Continent
instead of the brake, and the
machine has in Britain superseded the

—

be ee ee ee ee

_-

BRA 159

BRA

hand-brake. The essential part of such
machine consists in seyeral deeply fluted
rollers of wood or iron, whose teeth work
into each other, and while they stretch
out the flaxen stalks between them, they
comminate the woody parts, and effec-
tually loosen the harl.

Bralit, Fr. brayer, a truss. In naviga-
tion, brails are ropes passing through
pulleys on the mizzen-mast and yard, and
fastened to the aftmost leech of the sail
in different places, to truss it up close.
Also, all ropes employed to haul up the
bottoms, lower corners, and skirts of the
other great sails, for the more ready
furling of them. To brail up is to haul
up into the brails, or to truss up with the
brails.

Brarn, from Sax. bpeyne, fervour.
The soft whitish mass or viscus inclosed
in the cranium. It is composed of a
cortical substance, which is external, and
a medullary substance, which is internal.
The first is reddish, the latter white. It
is divided below into six lobes, and above
into two hemispheres, whose volumes are
in proportion to the extent of the intelli-
gence. Itis moreover divided by anato-
mists into two principal parts—the cere-
brum, which occupies in man the higher
part of the head, and is seven or eight
times larger than the cerebellum, lying
behind and below it.

Brake. 1. A machine used in dressing
flax. (See Brarx.)——2. A name common
to all the plants of the genus Pteris (q. vy.)
——3. A baker’s kneading-trough.——4. A
sharp bit or snaffle——5. A machine for
confining refractory horses while the
smith is shoeing them.—6. A heavy
harrow, called also a drag, and used only
on rough ground.—7. That part of the

e of a moveable battery or engine
which enables it to turn (Fairfax).——
8. The handle of a pump: in this sense,
from Celtic, braic, the arm.

Bra’ma, a genus of acanthopterygious
fishes, placed by Cuvier among the squam-
ipennes. There is only one species known,
the Sparus rait, Bl., which inhabits the
Mediterranean. It attains a large size, is
of a burnished steel colour, and is excel-
lent food.

Bra’mau, the first person in the Trinity
(Trimurti) of the Hindus.—Bramah, the
creator, Vishnu, the redeemer, and Siva,
the destroyer. Bramah means “ know-
ledge of laws.”

Bra’mMan’s Press. See Hyprostatic

Press.

Braw’stz, Sax. bttembel, a name com-
mon to all the species of the genus Rubus.
There are 13 British species, of which the
blackberry or common bramble, raspberry,
dewberry, stone-bramble and cloud-berry,
are well known.

Brancu, from Celtic, braic, the arm, a
shoot. 1. A shoot of a tree.——2. Any
part extending from the main body of a
thing, as a branch of an artery.——3. The
branches of a bridle are the two pieces ot
bent iron which bear the bit, the cross
chains and the curb.——4. The branches o;
ogives are the arches of Gothic vaults
traversing from one angle to another
diagonally, and forming a cross between
the other arches, which makes the sides
of the square of which these arches are
diagonals.

Brancw’er, in falconry, a young hawk
when it begins to leave the nest and take
to the branches.

Brancw’ta, the gill of a fish (Geayyog).
The branchie of fishes are filamentous
organs for breathing in water. The term
is generally used in the plural, like lungs.

BrRancuHios’TEG!, an order of fishes in
some systems of ichthyology, the charac-
teristic of which is that the rays of the
fins are of a bony substance. Name from
Feayxie, gills, and ¢reyw, to cover. The
pipe-fish and sucker are examples.

Brancuios’rec1, gill-covered, belong-
ing to the order Branchiostegi.

Brancu'revs, the Cancer stagnalis, Lin.,
an animal belonging to the crustaceans,
having the legs reduced to soft paddles,
which perform the double office of lungs
and feet; hence the name, from Peayxic,
gills, and zod-, a foot.

Bran’py, an ardent spirit distilled from
wine and the husks of grapes, hence
called by the Germans brantewein, by
the French, brandevin, by the Dutch,
brandewyn, the root of which words is
Teut. branden, to boil, distil. Brandy is
prepared in most of the wine countries,
but the French brandy is the best.

Branxkovr’stnz, the herb bear’s breech.
The name is applicable to all the species
of the genus Acanthus.

Bran’tin, a species of fish of the sal-
mon tribe, called in some places the
Jingry, from certain black marks on each
side resembling fingers.

Brant, a bird, the Anas bernicla, Gm.,
distinguished from the common geese by
a shorter and slenderer bill, the edges of
which conceal the extremities of the la-
mine. It is thus named from the colour
of the mantle, which is brownish grey, as
if brant, brent, or brint (Sax. bnennan,
to burn.)

Brass, an alloy of copper and zinc.
Fine brass is nearly two parts of copper
to one of zinc; but the proportions are
variable. The varieties are Prince’s or
Prince Rupert’s metal, Mosaic gold, Bath *
metal, button metal (platin), red brass
(the Tombak of some), Dutch foil, pinch-
beck, similor, Manheim gold. The term

BRA

160

BRE

oh Sax. bnaef, but the root is uncer-
n.

Brass Cotovn, for staining glass, is
prepared by exposing thin plates of brass
upon tiles in the annealing arch (leer) of
a glass-house, till they be thoroughly
oxidised into a black powder. This pow-
der being mixed with glass in fusion,
communicates to it greens of various
tints, passing into turquoise. Glass-
maker’s red colour is similarly prepared
in a reverberatory furnace, and the yel-
low by interstratifying the plates with

‘sulphur. Colourmen use a powdered
brass imported from Germany, to imi-
tate clear or gilt brass; and mix copper
filings with red ochre or bole, to produce
their bronze tint.

Bras‘sacE, anciently a sum levied to
defray the expense of coinage, taken from
the real value of the coin.

Bras’sart, the piece of metal which
protected the upper arm, between the
shoulder-piece and elbow.

Brassep. .Copper plates and rods are
often brassed externally by exposure at a
high temperature to the fumes of zinc,
and afterwards laminated or drawn.

Brass Fort, Dutch leaf, called knitter
and rauschgold in Germany, is made from
very thin sheet-brass (rather thin plates
of copper brassed) beat out under a ham-
mer, worked by water power at the rate
of from 300 to 400 strokes per minute,
from 40 to 80 leaves being laid over each
other.

Bras‘stca, a genus of plants, mostly
Dbiennials, but some annuals. Tetradyna-
mia— Siliquosa. Name latinized from
Celtic bresic, a cabbage. There are six
British species, of which the Navew,
rape or cole-seed, turnip, Savoy, and gar-
den cabbage, are well known. The B.
oleracea, found on cliffs by the sea, in
many parts of England and Scotland, is
the origin of our garden cabbage.

Bravura Arr, an air composed to en-
able the singer to show his skill in exe-
cution by additional embellishments. Bra-
vura is sometimes used for the style of
execution.

Brazep,a term used in heraldry to de-
note three cheverons clasping one another.

Bra’zZENn-DISH, among miners, the stan-
dard by which the other dishes are
gauged.

Braziter’ro, an inferior species of Bra-
zil wood brought from Jamaica.

Bxrazit’-nouts, or chestnuts of Brazil, the
fruit of the Juvia (Bertholletia excelsa), a
majestic tree abounding on the banks of
the Oronoco, and in the northern parts of
Brazil. The nuts are triangular, the shell
rough and hard, and of a brownish
colour. The kernel resembles the almond,
but tastes like the common hazel nut,
and contains much oil, whieh may be ob-

tained by mere expression. The nuts
grow in clusters of from 20 to 50, in great
ligneous pericarps, generally of the size
of a child’s head.

Brazit’-woopv. This name is common
to the wood of every species of the genus
Cesalpinia. The best is that afforded by
the C. echinata, called Fernambuco-w
It grows in the Brazils, the Isle of France,
Japan, and elsewhere. The C. crista af-
fords wood of the second quality, and the
C. sappan, of the third. This last is found
in Siam and Amboyna. The wood of all
the species is hard, crooked, and full of
knots; susceptible of a fine polish, and
sinks in water. It is pale when newly cut,
but becomes red by exposure to the air.
It is valuable in dyeing. Its price in Lon-
don, exclusive of duty, 5/., is from 351. to
401. per ton.

It has been commonly supposed that
this wood derived its name from the
country in which it is chiefly produced ;
but Dr. Bancroft (Philosophy of Colours,
vol. ii., p. 316), has shown that woods
yielding a red dye were called Brazil
woods long previous to the discovery
of America, and that the early yoy-
agers gave the name of Brazil to that
part of that continent, to which it is
still applied, from their having ascer-
tained that it abounded in such woods.
Braz'tne, the soldering together of

edges of iron, copper, brass, &c. with an
alloy consisting of brass and zinc; some-
times with a little tin or silver.

BrEACH-BATTERY. (The term breach is
from Sax. bfiecan, to break.) A battery

i inst a face or salient angle of a
bastion or ravelin, for the purpose of

ing an accessible breach. See BATTERY.

Breap, the principal article in the food
of most civilised nations. It isa eee os
mass, formed of the flour or meal of dif-
ferent sorts of grain, mixed with water
and yeast, and baked. Dough baked
without being fermented constitutes
cakes or biscuits, or unleavened bread.
The term is Sax. bneod, from brteban,
to feed.

Breav’-rrvit, the fruit of the Artocar-
pus incisa, a large tree which grows wild
in Otaheite and other South-Sea Islands,
The fruit is a globular berry, of a pale
green colour, about the size of a child's
head. It contains a white fibrous pulp,
which is baked by the natives, and eaten
as bread. See ArTocaRPusS.

Breax, from Sax. bpecan, frango.
1. In nautical language, when a ship at
anchor is in a position to keep clear of
the anchor, but is forced by wind or cur-
rent out of that position, she is said to
break her sheer. The break of a deck is
the part where it terminates, and the de-

BRE

161

BRE

scent to the next deck below commences.
—2. Break is the name given to a light
but strong-built carriage, used for train-
ing horses to gentle draught.——3. In
architecture, a break is a recess or shrink-
ing back of a part behind its ordinary
range.——4. In printing, the short lines
which end paragraphs are called breaks.

Breaxk’ers. In marine language, rocks
which lie immediately under the surface,
and break the waves as they pass over
them; also the billows which break
against the rocks.

BREAKING Bvutk, the act of beginning
to unlade a vessel, or of discharging the
first part of the cargo.

BREAKING GrounD, a military term for
opening the trenches, and beginning the
works for a siege.

BrREAK-JoInT. Among masons, one
stone placed on the joint mf two stones in
the course below, to bind the work.

BrReEaKING THE Line. A naval ma-
neeuyre, by which the assailant cuts
asunder the enemy’s order of battle, and
places one part of the hostile fieet be-
tween two fires.

BREAK’WATER. 1. A mole at the en-
trance of a harbour, to diminish the force
of the waves; it is often formed by sink-
ing the hull of an old vessel.——2. A small
buoy fastened to a large one, when the
rope of the latter is not long enough to
reach the surface of the water.

Bream’ine, burning off the filth, such
as grass, ooze, shells, and sea-weed,
from aship’s bottom. It is performed by
kindling furze, &c. under the bottom,
which loosens and melts the pitch, and
brings it off, with whatever filth may be
adhering.

BxreEast-casket, one of the largest and
longest of the caskets or strings on the
middle of the yard of a ship.

Breas?’ rast, a large rope to confine a
Ship sidewise toa wharf or quay.

BrReEast-HooKs, thick pieces of timber
placed directly across the stem of a ship,
to strengthen the fore part, and unite the
bows on e side.

Breasrpiate. 1. A strap that runs
across a horse’s breast, from one side of
the saddle to the other.——2. Armour for
the breast.——3. A part of the vestment
of the Jewish high-priest, consisting of a
folded piece of richly embroidered stuff, of
which the ephod was made.

Breast-PlovcH, a turf-spade driven
forward by the hands, placed opposite the
breast.

Breast-roprs. In ships, those ro
used to fasten the yards to the parrels,
and with the parrels to hold the yards fast
to the mast; more commonly called
parret-ropes.

BrReaet-soMMER. See BRESSUMMER.

BREAST-WHEEL, & water-wheel which

receives the water at about half its
height, or at the level of the axis.

BREAsT-work, a military term for
works thrown up to afford protection
against the shot of the enemy. Breast-
works are usually made of earth.

Brec’cia, anItalian term used by mine-
ralogists, &c. to designate such rocky
masses as consist of angular fragments
united by a common cement. When the
fragments are rounded, the conglomerate
is called pudding-stone, from a fancied re-
semblance to plum-pudding. Concrete is
a factitious breccia or pudding-stone.

Breecu. 1. The hinder part of a gun,
from the cascabel to the bore.——2. The
knee-timber in a ship.

BrReEcH’Ine, a rope used to secure the
cannon of a ship-of-war, and prevent
them from recoiling too much when dis-
charged. Named from its being passed
round the breech or hinder part of the gun.

Breeze, Fr. brise, Bel. breeze. 1. A
shifting. wind that blows from the sea
and land alternately for a certain time,
and is in some degree regular in its alter-
nations. The wind from the sea is called
a sea-breeze, that from the land is a land-
breeze. The first blows during day, ana
the latter during night.——-2. Small ashes
and cinders made use of instead of coals
in the burning of bricks.——-3. The name
of the horse, gad, or breeze fly. The latter
has been supposed to arise from the sound
made by its wings. It is from Sax. briose,
from Gothic bry, a point or sting.

Bre’Hon, an ancient Irish magistrate.
Each tribe had one brehon, whose judg-
ments were given in the open air on the
tops of hills. This unts for the many
brehon-chairs throughout the country. The
office was abolished under Edward III.

Bre’HoN-taws, the ancient anwritten
laws of Ireland, administered by the
brehons.

Bren’naGE, from bran. In old law, a
tribute paid by tenants in lieu of nwt
which they were required to furnish for
their lords’ hounds.

BreEs'SUMMER, . Ientel beam in the

Brest’-sumMER. § exterior wall of a
building, principally over shop- windows,
to sustain the superincumbent part of the
wall. Bressummers are commonly sup-
ported by iron or wooden pillars. See
SuMMER.

Brertes’st, in heraldry, a line embattled
on both sides.

Brer’rices, in coal mines, wooden planks
to prevent the falling in of the strata.

Breve, from brevis, short. The name
of a note in music of the third degree of

ngth, and formerly of a square form, us

; but now of an oval form, witha per-

pendicular line on each side to the stave,

thus, (|. The breve without a dot
M

\

BRI

162

BRI

wfter it is equal to 4 minims and is called
imperfect ; but when dotted, it is equal to
§ minims, and is called perfect, this being
three-eighths of a large, and the greatest
length it can assume.

Brev’er, a term borrowed from the
aranting in which it signifies a royal act

rey Bee fayour or privilege, and
poplied Britain and America to nominal
rank in the army higher than that for
which pay is received.

Bre’ viary, the book containing the
daily service of the Romish Church ;
matins, lauds, prime, third, sixth, nones,
and vespers. Named breviarum, of brevis,
short.

Brevr'ator. See ABBREVIATOR.

Brevr'er, a size of types for letter-press

printing, smaller than bourgeois and
eee than minion.

Brev'rrep, a fowl having short legs—
brevis and pes. The martinet is an ex-
ample.

Breviren’Nes (brevis and penna). The
name given by Cuvier to a family of birds
of the grallic order, distinguished by the
shortness of the wings which renders
fight impossible. The ostrich and casso-
Wary are examples.

Bricia‘nt, a military order instituted
by 8t. Bridget, Queen of Sweden; also
tie members of this order.

Brick, Teut. brike. A sort of factitious
stone, composed of an argillaceous earth
t-mpered and formed in moulds, dried in
the sun, and finally burnt to a proper
Gegree of hardness in a clamp or kiln.
fhe different kinds of bricks made in
Fagland are principally place bricks and
stocks, gray and red bricks, marl-facing
bricks, and cutting bricks. The place
tricks and stocks are used in common
walling. The marls, which are su-
Porior to the stocks, are of a fine yellow

The cutting bricks are the
Lacst kiad of the marl and red bricks,
aud are used in arches over windows
ad doors, being rubbed to a centre and
gorged toa height.

3n1cK-Noe’cinG, brick-work carried up
and filled in between timber-framing.

BRICK-TRIMMER, an arch abutting
against the wooden-trimmer in front of a
ag place, to guard against accidents by

Brivcz, Sax. brigge. A structure of
masonry, carpentry, or iron-work, built
over a river, canal, or valley, for the con-
venience of g from one side to the
other. The extreme supports of a bridge,
whether it have one arch or a series of
arches {see Ancu), are called abutments or
butments ; the parts between the arches
are called piers or pillars; and the fences
or. the phage of the briige-way, for pre-
Veuting the passengers from falling over

the bridge, are called parapets. Bridges
have various names according to the mode
of structure, materials composing them,
and the particular uses for which they
are designed. A daw-bridge is one made
with hinges, and may be raised, or opened
and lowered, or shut at pleasure. A fly-
bridge is made of pontoons, light-boats,
hollow-beams, empty casks, and the like,
for the passage of armies. This name is
also given to a kind of ferry-boat con-
structed so as to resemble above the road-
way of a bridge, and in such a manner as
to be readily moved from one side of a
river to the other by means of a chain-
cable. endent-bridges or suspension~
bridges, are supported on strong iron
chains or rods, hanging in the form of an
inverted arch "from one point of support
toanother. Floating-bridges are stationary
rafts of timber extending from one shore
to the other, and may either be perman-
ent, or, like the military fiy-bridge, may
be erected for the special occasion. ——
Bridge is also the name of several things
similar in figure to a bridge, as the bridge
of the nose, the
the nostrils; the bridge of a violin, the
perpendicular piece of board which sup-
ports the strings. Gunners also use the
word bridge, to denote the two pieces of
wood which go between the transums of a
gun-carriage, on which the bed rests.

BrinGE-over, in carpentry, when any
number of parallel timbers have another
piece of timber fixed over them in a trans-
verse direction, then the transverse piece
is said to bridge- -over the pieces which are
parallel; e. g. the common rafters, in
framed roofing, bridge-over the purlins.

, BripcGe’-stone, a stone laid in a hori-
zontal direction over an area, extending
from the payement to the entrance-door
of a house, and not supported by an arch.

Brine’tInc-Fioors, floors in which
bridging-joists are used. See Naxep-
FLOORING.

Bripe’inc-sorsts, pieces of timber or
joists in naked-fiooring, extending in a
direction parallel to the girder, and sup-
ported by beams called binding-joists. Ii
is to the bridging-joists that the flooring
is nailed.

Brive’Inc- Preces. See
PIECEs and STRUTTING-PIECES.

Brrte, Sax. bridel. 1. That part of the
furniture of a horse’s head whick serves
to guide the animal. The principal parts
are the bit or snaffie which goes into the
horse’s mouth; the headstall, which is
the leather that goes round the head;
the jillet, that lies over the forehead:
the throat-band, which buttons under the
throat; the reins which the rider holds.
the nose- band, buckled under the cheeks;
the trench, the caveson, the martingal, and ~
the chaff-halter —2. A shori piece of

Srrainine-

e which separates _

BRI

163

BRO

cable well served attached to a swivel or
& chain, laid in a harbour, and the upper
end drawn into a ship and secured to the
bitts. The use is to enable a ship when
moored to veer with the wind and tide.

Buusr, Fr. bref, from Lat. brevis, short.
In law, aclient’s case made out for the
instruction of counsel on a trial. Also a
writ summoning a@ person to answer to
an action.—In Scots law, a writ from the
Chancery, directed to any judge ordinary,
commanding and authorising that judge
to callajury to inquire, and upon their
verdict to pronounce sentence.—An apos-
tolical brief is a written message of the
Pope addressed to a prince or other magis-
trate respecting matters of public con-
cern. Such briefs (brevia) are written on
paper, and sealed with the fisher’s ring
in red wax. A bull is more formal, being
written on parchment, and sealed with
lead or green wax, and subscribed with
the Pope’s name, whereas the name of
the secretary only is appended to the
brief.

Bric, Bric/antTine, a square-rigged
vessel with two masts. The term is dif-
ferently applied by the mariners of differ-
ent countries. The uncontracted term
brigantine is used, especially in the Medi-
terranean, to denote a light, flat, open
vessel, with 10 or15 oarsona side, having

sails, and carrying upwards of 100
men. Such vessels have been much used
for piracy; whence the name, from bri-
gand, a freebooter.

Bric’ ‘ADE, a division of troops of any
kind, commanded by a brigadier. A bri-
gade of horse consists of eight or ten

- squadrons; a brigade of infantry of four,

five, or six battalions. The term appears
to have been introduced into Europe by
the Moors, but the root is not ascertained.

Bricapr’-ma’Jor, an officer appointed by
@ brigadier to assist in the management
of his brigade.

Bricapr'er, the general officer who has
command of a brigade. He is in rank
next below a major-general.

Brie’anvDIneE, a kind of defensive ar-
mour, consisting of thin, jointed scales of
plate, pliant and easy to the body. It is
not now used.

Brit’tanTe, an Italian term, from bril-
tare. Used in musical compositions, to
signify that the notes are to be played in
a lively or sprightly manner.

Brit’trant, a diamond cut so as to re-
fract the light, and display great brilli-
ancy. Fr. from driller, to sparkle.

Brrvep. In conchology, streaked.

Brine-to. In nautical language, tocheck
@ vessel’s course when advancing, by
arranging the sails so that they shall
counteract each other, and keep her
ey stationary. She is then said to
ise-le,

Bris’TLE-GRass, a name common to all
the grasses of the genus Setaria.

Bris’ries, the strong hairs growing on
the back of the boar, extensively used
by brushmakers, shoemakers, &c. The
termis Sax. bristl or byrst, primarily a

shoot.
Bris’ToL-sToneE, } rock-crystal, fine
Bris’Tou-pi‘amonD, § specimens of which
are found in the rocks near Bristol. They
are pure silica, crystallised in six-sided
prisms, and terminated by six-sided
yramids.

Bris’TroL-waTeEr, the water ofa thermal
and slightly acidulous spring situated
about a mile below Bristol.

Brir’‘isH Gum, starch altered by a slight
calcination, whereby it assumes the ap~
pearance, and acquires the properties of
gum. Madeinto a paste with water, it is
used by calico-printers to thicken their
colours.

Bri’za, the quaking-grass. A genus of
European grasses. Triandria—Digynia,
Name, fea, some kind of corn some-
what like spelt. There are two British
species, the great and small.

Brize, an agricultural name for ground
that has been long untilled.

Broacxu. To broach, among masons,
means to rough-hew. Broached-stones are
thus distinguished from ashlar or polished
work.

Broacu-to. In navigation, to incline
suddenly to windward of the ship's
course, when she sails with a large wind:
or, when she sails directly before the
wind, to deviate suddenly from the ship’s
line of course, and bring her side to wind-
ward, and thereby expose her to the
danger of oversetting.

Broap-cast. Among farmers, when
seed is sown by casting it athwart the
ridges or grounds, it is said to be sown
broad-cast, in distinction from the mode
of sowing i in drills

Broap’Piece, a denomination of some
English gold pieces, broader than &
hacoeiag especially Caroluses and Jaco-

Broav’-sEAt, the Great Seal of England.

Broap’-sipE. 1. Ina naval engagement,
a discharge of all the guns of one side of
a ship, above and below, at the same
instant.——2. The side of a ship above
the water, from the bow to the quarter.
—_—3. printing, a sheet of paper
printed on one side only, and that side

g a single page.

Brocd’pe, a silk stuff variegated with
gold and silver, or raised and enriched
with flowers, foliage, and other orna-
ments. The name is Spanish, brocado, as
the manufacture originally was. The root
is probably broche, the instrument used in
embroidery.

mM 2

BRO

164

BRO

Broc’arp, an old Scotch forensic term,
denoting the first elements or maxims of
the law. Sp. brocardico, a maxim of
law.

Broc’cou1, a species of cabbage (Bras-
sica Italica). The name is Fr., from Ital.
dbroccolo, sprout.

Brocwue, a narrow-pointed chisel, used
by masons in hewing stones. The term
is usually written broach.—2. A fish, a
species of lutjan.

Brocx’er, a hart of the third year. a
hind of the same year is termed a brocket’s
sister. The word is dim. of Sax. broc,
wildling, and is sometimes written brock.
The French write brocard.

Broe, a pointed steel instrument fixed
into a handle, used by joiners to make
holes for nails in soft wood. Root, brog,
to pierec.

Bro’KENBACKED, the state of a ship
when so weakened in her frame as to
droop at each end.

Bno’KEN-WIn'VED, a disease in horses
often accompanied with a preternatural
enlargement of the lungs and heart.

Bro’xer, a person employed as a mid-
dleman to transact business between mer-
chants or individuals. Brokers are di-
vided into classes; as bill or exchange
brokers, stock-brokers, ship and insur-
ance brokers, pawn-brokers, and brokers
simply so called, or those who sell or ap-
praise household furniture distrained for
rent. The term is from Sax. brucam,
Germ. bratichen, to employ.

Brox’erace, the commission, reward,
or per centage paid to brokers on the sale
or purchase of bills, stock, merchandise,
for effecting insurance, or doing other
basiness.

Brour-Grass, a name common to all
the plants of the genus Bromus.

Bkome’rra, a genus of American peren-

3 TL, A. ia Wr, ig 2 Named
in honour of O. Bromel. The pine-spple
was formerly placed in this genus under
the name of B. ananas, but it is now re-
ferred to the new genus Ananassa.

Buomecia’ce2, a natural family of
monocotyledonous plants, of which the
genus Bromelia is the type.

Bro’mic Acip, an acid analogous to the
chloric and iodic acids.

BromiveE, a combination of bromine
with a me base; e.g., bromide of
potassium.

Bro’m1n&, one of the archzal elements,
which being developed from its combi-
nations at the positive pole of the voltaic
circle, has been therefore deemed to be
idio-electro-positive, like oxygen and
chlorine, which last it somewhat resem-
bles in smell, hence its name from Beduos,
Sretor. At ordinary temperatures it isa
liquid of a dark brown colour in mass.

but of a hyacinth red in layers. It occurs
in various saline springs on the continent
of Europe, but is usually prepared from
bittern. It congeals at4° Fahrenheit.

Bro'mys, the ve-grass, a genus, Tri-
andria—Digynia. Name, Bedios, @ spe-
cies of oat (Peas, food). There are 12
British species of Brome-grass.

Broy’cuia, the tubes of the throat into
which the trachea divides. Bgoyyos, the
throat.

Broncur'tis, inflammation of the mu-
cous lining of the bronchi (bronchial tubes),

Bron’cutus Mvu’scutvus, the sterno-thy-
roideus muscle.

Broncuoce’te, goitre, Derbyshire-neck ;
called also tracheocele and bronchial
hernia ; a tumour on the fore part of the
neck, formed by an indolent enlargement
of the thyroid gland ; Gzo7x0¢, the wind-
pipe, and zyAy, a tumour.

Broncopn’ony, from Beoyyos, the wind-
pipe, and gwyy, the voice; the sound of
the voice as heard by applying the ste-
thoscope over a large bronchial tube.

Bron’cuo-Prevmo'n1A, a form of inflam-
mation of the lungs which commences in
the bronchial fe! eae and afterwards
involves the parenchyma of the lungs.

Broncuor’omy, from Peoyxos, the wind-
pipe, and rizyw, to cut. A surgical ope-
ration, in which an incision is made into
the larynx or trachea, to afford a passage
for the air into and out of the lungs, when
any obstruction is offered to the same of
passing by the mouth and nostrils, as
when any foreign body has fallen into
the trachea. The operation is called Tra-
cheotomy when the opening is made into
the trachea, and Laryngotomy when the
opening is made into the .

Bron’rouite, thunder-stone (govern,
thunder, and Asfos, stone).

Bronze, an alloy of copper, Witha small
proportion of tin: a little zine and lead
are sometimes added. It is harder than
copper, and is chiefly used for statues,

cannon, bells, and other articles, in all of
which the proportions of the ingredients
yary. Thep meaning of the word

is browned.——2. A colour prepared for
the purpose of imitating bronze.——3.
Among archeologists, a bronze is any work
of art cast in bronze; at present, any
bronze statue.—4. Among medallists,
any copper medal.

Bron’zine, the art of giving to objects
of wood, plaster, &c., such a surface as
makes them appear as if made of bronze,
The term is sometimes extended to the
production of a metallic appearance of
any kind upon such objects.

Bron’zine Sarr, chloride or butter of
antimony, is so called from its being e1a-
ployed in the process of browning.

BRO 165

BUB

Bxoocu, a painting all of one colour.

Baoom. ‘The common broom, a well-
Known shrub in Britain, is the Cytisus
scoparius, De Cand., or the Spartium sco-
parium, Eng. Bot. The Spanish broom,an
ornamental flowering shrub, common in
English gardens, and exceedingly plenti-
ful in some parts of Spain, where many
articles are manufactured from its twigs
and bark, is the Spartium junceum of bo-
tanists. The word broom is Sax. brum,
the root of bramble, and is now the name
of a besom for sweeping floors ; besoms
being originally made, as they still are
for various coarser uses, of the broom-
plant, though heath is now often used
for the purpose.

Broom’-Coon, the yellow-seeded Indian
millet (Holcus saccharatus), an annual
plant peculiar to warm climates. It bears
a head of which brooms are made.

Broom’-Rare, a name common to all
the plants of the genus Orobanche, be-
cause the roots, being often attached to
broom and furze, and other leguminose,
are supposed to injure them.

Bros'imum, a genus of arborescent
plants common in the West Indies and
South America. Diacia — Monandria.
Named from Bewoiwos, eatable. The
Bread-nut tree, the Milk-wood tree, and
the Cow-tree are species of this genus.

BrorHEeRHOoOD oF Gop, an association
formed in the 12th century in Guienne,
for the purpose of abolishing war. The
members took an oath to reconciled to
their enemies, and to attack all who should
refuse to lay down their arms.

Brow’-antter. 1. The first start that
grows on a deer’s head.——2. The branch
of a deer’s horn next the tail.

Brown, Sax. brun. A dusky colour
inclining to redness; but the shades are
various, as Spanish-brown, London-
brown, clove-brown, and tawny-brown.
Brown is obtained by admixture of red,
black, and yellow.

BRowN-BILL, a weapon formerly used
by English foot soldiers.

Brown’ka, a genus of plants. Monadel-
phia—Decandria.

BRownInaG, a process by which the sur-
face of several articles of iron acquires a

‘ shining brown lustre. It is chiefly em-

ployed for the barrels of fowling-pieces
and soldiers’ rifles, to conceal the fire-
arms from the game andthe enemy. The
material commonly employed to produce
this erga me pag” Sa (butter) of an-
timony, ¢ , from its uses in purposes
of this kind, bronzing salt.
Brown’'ists, a religious sect, the Inde-
ndents, so called from their founder
obert Brown.
Brown-spar, a magnesian carbonate of
lime, tinged by oxide of iron and man-
ganese.

Brow-prost, a name given by builderg
to a beam that goes across a building.

Brv’cea, a genus of shrubby trees.
Diecia—Tetrandria. There are two spe-
cies, natives of Abyssinia and Sumatra.
The genus is named in honour of Mr.
Bruce, the traveller in Abyssinia, who
first brought the seeds of the Abyssinian,
species (B. ferruginea) into Europe.

Brv’cia, )a vegetable alkali obtained

Brv’cine,) from the false Angustura
bark (the bark of the Brucea pseudo-fer-
ruginea) ; hence its name.

Brv’cite, a mineral of a pale brown
colour ‘often),and called also chondrodite
and hemiprismatic chrysolite. It was
named Brucite, after Mr. Bruce, an
American mineralogist. It consists chiefly
of magnesia and silica, coloured with
oxide of iron.

Bruis’ER, a concave tool used in grind-
ing the specula of telescopes.

Bruis’wort, a species of soapwort, the
Saponaria officinalis, supposed to be bene-
ficial in the cure of bruises of the flesh.

Broumav’RE, in the French revolutionary
calendar, the foggy month (November},
—brume, fog.

Bruns’ WICK-GREEN, & pigment composed
of carbonate of copper, with chalk or
lime, and sometimes a little magnesia or
ammonia. It may be prepared by adding
ammonia to sulphate of copper and alum.
It is called also Bremen.

Brusu’-wHEELs, wheels sometimes used
in light machinery, to turn each other by
means of bristles or brushes fixed to their
circumference.

Bruv’ta, the second order of Mammalia
in the Linnean system of zoology, com-
prehending those animals which have no
front teeth in either jaw, as the elephant,
rhinoceros, walrus, sloth, &c.

Brvute’-wEicHT, gross-weight, in con-
tradistinction to net-weight.

Bryo’n1a, the Bryony: an extensive
genus of plants. Monecia—Sungenesia.
Name from Bevw to shoot, in allusion 10
its rapid growth. The B. dioica, Jacq., &
perennial found in thickets, is the only
English species. Flowers dicecious; ber- ~
ries red.

Bv’zo, a swelling of a lymphatic gland,
particularly of the groin (GovCay) oF
axilla. The rootof the word is Heb.
bobo, which is a reduplicate of the verb
boe, to swell.

Bou’zon, a genus of umbelliferous plants.
Pentandria—Digynia, Namefrom Goveay,
the groin, because one of its species, the
Macedonian parsley (B.macedonicwm), Was
supposed to cure swellings (bubos) there.

Buponoce’te, inguinal hernia, from
Pov€ay, the groin, and zyx, a tumour.

BvsonoreEx'ts, ) from Govewy, the groin,

Busonorix’:z, J and e7fis, @ cuptura.

BUC 166

BUC

A bubonocele, accompanied with a divi-
sion of the peritoneum.

Bucao, a species of owl of the Philip-
pine isles. It resembles the peacock in
size, has beautiful plumage, and utters a
hideous nocturnal scream.

Buce’cx% Loric’ar, mailed-cheeks. A
family of Acanthopterygious fishes, to
which the singular appearance of the
head, variously mailed and protected,
gives a peculiar aspect, that has always
caused them to be arranged in special
genera, although they have many close
affinities with the perches. The fiying-
Jishes are examples of this tribe.

Buc’caner’rs, Fr. boucanier. The pirates
who infested the coasts of the West In-
dies and South America in the 17th and
18th centuries.

Boccer’ta, an old name for a polypus in
th:zoase, formerly believed to grow from
the ete k (bucca).

Brox Lva’/Tion, buccellatio. A mode of
#%29>l: 2 hemorrhage, by applying lint
upes *ne vein or artery.

F gcrna, an ancient musical instru-
ment of the trumpet kind, the sound of
which was called buccinus, and the player
buccinator.

Buccina Tor, a trumpeter (Covzavoy,
a trumpet). The Latin name of the trum-
peter’s muscle; a large flat muscle, which
forms, in a manner, the walls of the
cheeks.

Buccini’s2, the whelks. A sub-family
of Testacea, of the order Gasteropoda.
Type, Buccinum.

Buc'crn1res, fossil remains of the whelk-
genus of shells (buccinum).

Beo’crnum, the whelk. A genus of Tes-
tacea, of the Buccinoid family, Cuv. This
genus comprises all the shells furnished
with an emargination, and in which the
columella is destitute of plice. Brugneir
has divided them into four genera; the
Buccinwn, the Purpura, the Cassis, and
the Terebra ; and Lamarck has divided the
latter two into the five genera, Nassa,
Ehurna, Ancillaria, Dolium, and Harpa.

Huc’co, the barbet. A genus of birds of
the order Scansorie. The barbets have a
thick conical beak, inflated on the sides of
its base, from which they take their
generic name (bucco, to inflate the cheeks).
hey are natives of hot climates, live on
insects, and build in the hollows of trees.

Bucenta’ur, the great-centaur (Gov,
great, and ztyraveos, centaur). The
splendid galley in which the Doge of
Venice annually sailed on Ascension-day,
to wed the Adriatic, by dropping a ring
into it, was thus - :

Bucery’aton,a plant (the Trophis Ame-
ricana), which produces a red, coarse,
edible fruit, eaten in Jamaica. Named
from Sov, great, and zt¢aAmn, head.

Becern’aces, the famous horse of Alex-
ander the Great, which cost 2500. Named
from ov, great, and zegwdAn, head, in
allusion to the great size of his head. The
name is now given to an animal of the
gazelle tribe, of the size ofa hind.

Bv’ceros, the horn-bill. A genns of
omnivorous birds of Africa and India,
whose enormous dentated beak is studded
with excrescences which sometimes equal
in size the beak itself. This allies them
to the Toucans, but their habits approx-
imate them to the Crows, and their feet
to the Bee-eaters and Kingfishers. The
Hornbills are placed by Cuvier in the
order Passerine, and family Tenuirostres
Name, Bovzteus, of Bous, an ox, and
xtoas, horn.

Rucn’anttes, a set of enthusiasts who
sprung up at Irvine, in the West of Scot-
land, about 1783. They take their name
from Elizabeth Buchan, the wife of a
painter near Glasgow, who styled he
the woman of the 12th of Revelation!

Bucuv, the name given. by the natives
of the Cape of Good Hope to the Diosma
crenata, a shrubby plant, the leaves of
which are much used in medicine.

Bre’Ka, a medicinal leaf imported from
the Cape of Good Hope, and used as an
antispasmodic.

Buck’sean, a corruption of bog-bean.
The Menyanthus trifoliata, which grows
not unlike a bean, and in boggy places.

Buckets, in water-wheels, are a series
of cavities placed on the circumference of
the wheel, into which the water is deli-
vered to set the wheel in motion. By the
revolution of the wheel, the buckets are
alternately placed so as to receive the
water, and inverted so as to discharge it,
the loaded side always descending. See
WATER-WHEEL.

Bue’kety, paste used by weavers to
dress their webs. Corrupted from Buck-
wheat.

Bucx’tne, the process of soaking cloth
in ley (buck) for the purpose of bleaching.

Bucx’ce, Fr. boucle. In coats of arms
buckles are tokens of surety, faith, and
service of the bearer.

Bucx’ter, Fr. bouclier. A kind of shield
or defensive piece of armour, anciently
used in war. It was often made of wicker-
work, fortified with plates of brass or
other metal, and borne on the left arm. ~

Bucx’mast, the mast or fruit of the
beech-tree.— Buck, beech, and mast.

Bucx’ram, Fr. bougram. A sort of coarse
cloth, made of hemp, gummed, calen-
dered, and dyed several colours. It
used to stiffen garments, &c.

Bvucx’s-Horn. 1. the Plantago caro
nopus, a British annual plant.——2. Tha
Cotula coronopifolia, an annual of the Cape
of Good Hope. 3. The warted bucks

fa

BUD 167 BUG

horn is a species of Cochlearia or scurvy-
grass.

Bvucx’statt, a toil or net to take deer.

Bucx’THORN, a name common to all the
plants of the genus Rhamnus. The buck-
thorn of the shops is the expressed juice of
the berries ofthe R. catharticus, or purg-
ing buckthorn, a shrub common in Bri-
tain. Itis employedasa drastic purgative.
The berries of the common alder (R. fran-
gula) are often used for the same purpose. A
decoction of this tree (alder) is extensively
used in medicine. It is most astringent.

Brex’-wHeEat, the Polygonum fago-
vyrum, an annual plant which grows well
‘n ell parts of Britain. It is extensively
snitivated, in order that it may, when
young and green, be employed as fodder
for cattle: when allowed to ripen, the
grain is chiefly employed to feed poultry.
Jt is known in some parts by the names of
¥rench-wheat and brank. Its native place
{3 supposed to be Asia. The Eastern
buck-wheat is the Polygonum divaricatum,
@ perennial of Siberia.

Bucenemia, fram Sov, great, and xyyumn,
the leg. The generic name of a disease
characterised by a tense, diffuse, inflam-
matory swelling of a lower extremity,
usually commencing. at the inguinal
glands, and extending in the course of the
iymphatics. The prerperal swelled leg,
and the Barbadoes leg, are species of this
genus.

, the snap-dragon plant, a
species of Antirrhinum, so named from
Gov, an Ox, and zeavioy, the head, in al-
tusion to a supposed resemblance of its
flower to the head of an ox.

Bup, from Sax. budan or boudan, to
proffer. 1. In botany, a small protuber-
ance on the stem or branches of a plant,
containing the rudiments of future leaves
ora flower. Shrubs in general have no
buds, neither have the trees of hot cli-
mates. See Gemma. 2. In horticulture,
to bud is to inoculate a plant, that is, to
insert the bud of a plant under the bark
of another tree, for the purpose of raising
upon any stock a species of fruit different
from that of the stock.

hupp’xtsm, the doctrine of the Budd-
hists in Asia.

Bup’pxe, in mining, alarge square frame
of boards, in which tin ores are washed;
hence to buddle is to wash ores.

Bunce BacHetors, a company of men
dressed in long gowns lined with lamb’s
fur, who accompany the Lord Mayor of
London at his inauguration.

BUDGE-BARREL, & small barrel with
only one head, and on the other end a
viece of leather is nailed, which is drawn
together with strings like a purse. It is
used for carrying powder with a gun or
mortar.

Bup’cet, Fr. bougette, from Norm. bouge,
abag. The budget, in the parliamentary
language of Britain, means the Minis-
ters’ proposed plan of taxation for the
ensuing year, and comprehends a general
view of the national debt, income, and
expenditure, ways and means, &c., with
a general view of the actual product of
the preceding budget. It is brought for-
ward in parliament by the Chancellor of
the Exchequer.

Burr, contracted from Buffalo. 1. Buff-
skin, a sort of leather prepared from the
skin of the buffalo, dressed with oil, like
shammy. It is used for making bando-
liers, belts, pouches, gloves, and other
similar articles. The skins of oxen, elks,
and other animals, dressed in like raan-
ner, are also called buffs.——2. The co-
lour of buff; a light yellow, with a slight
reddish shade.——3. A yellow viscid sub-
stance formed on the surface of biood
drawn in inflammatory diseases.

Borrato, the bos bubalus, Linn. <A ru-
minant animal, originally of India. Itis
larger and less docile than the common .
ox, and inhabits marshy places, and eats
coarse plants on which the ox could not
live. Its milk is good, its hide strong,
but its flesh is not esteemed. The name
is also applied to wild oxen, generally and
especially to the Bison of America (Bos
bison, Linn.) See Bison.

Bur’ron, the Numidian crane, an Afri-
«an fowl, named in honour of Count Buf-
fon, the naturalist.

Brr’ronia, the generic name of a
British biennial. Tetrandria—Digynia,
Named in honour of Count Buffon.

Bv’ro, the toad, a well-known genus of
Batrachian animals. Their bite, saliva,
&¢c., are erroneously considered poison-
ous; but their appearance is against
them.

Bvu’ronites, from bufo. The Bufonis
lapis, or toad-stone. The teeth of several
species of fossil fish, which appear to be-
long chiefly to the genera Anarrhicas and
Sparus, got the name of bufonites because
they were formerly believed to have been
generated in the head of tne toad, or vo-
mited by that animal; chelonites, be-
cause they were believed to be petrified
tortoises’ eggs, and various other names
for equally good reasons, as serpents’
eyes, Batrachites, Crapaudines, &c. They
were formerly believed to possess great
alexipharmic virtues, and changed colour
on the approach of poison. They cecur
in great abundance throughout the oolite
formation.

Bue, in common language, the name of
a vast number of insects which infest
houses and plants. By entomologists
ihe word is applied to those insects ar-
ranged in the genus Cimex. They are
furnished with a rostrum or beak, with

BUL

168

BUL

antennz longer than the thorax, and the
wings are folded together crosswise, but
some species haye no wings, as the
house-bug or bed-bug, which isa trouble-
some and disgusting insect.

Bu’etz. Probably from Fr. beugler,
whence bigle,a beagle. 1. Originally the
hunter’s horn ; now used to denote a mili-
tary musical instrument of the horn kind
(See Honn).——2. A name common to all
the plants of the genus Ajuga, in allusion
to the form of the flower of most species.
—3. The Prunella vulgaris, or common
self-heal, a British perennial.

Bv’ctoss, a name common to all the

lants of the genus Anchusa, from Lat.
uglossus, of Bovs, an Ox, and yAwron,
tongue.

Buc’-Wort, a name common to all the
plants of the genus Cimicifuga.

Buu, ornamented furniture, in which
tortoise-shell and various woods are in-
laid with brass. The name is derived
from the inventor.

Buitp'1ne, a mass formed by the junc-
tion of materials arranged according to
some plan. In common language, an edi-
fice of large dimensions; technically, a
piece of masonry; also the art of con-
necting stones, &c. together, either with
or without cement. The building of
beams is the uniting of several pieces of
timber together by means of bolts, so as
to form a beam of greater length or thick-
ness than could be obtained from a single
piece of timber.

Burs, from Lat. bulbus,a globular body.
This name is given to many objects be-
cause of their shape; but the term is es-
pecially used in botany to denote a pyri-
form coated body, solid or formed of
fleshy scales or layers, constituting the
lower part of some plants, and frequently
giving off radicals from the circum-
ference of the flattened basis. A bulb
differs from a tuber, which is a farina-
ceous root and sends off radicals in every
direction.

Bouuzir’erovs, Lat. bulbiferus, bulb-
bearing ; having one or more bulbs.

Butgocas’ranum, the earth-chesnut or
pig-nut, a species of Bunium. Named
from BorGos, a bulb, and zarravoy, a
chesnut, because of its bulbous root,
which has somewhat the flavour of the
chesnut.

Buxyocaverno’svs. The accelerator
urine muscle is so called from its origin
and insertion.

Buxsoco’pium, the mountain saffron; a
genus of plants of one species common in
Spain. Hexandria—Monogynia. Named
from PoaGes, a bulb, and zwdia, a head,
in allusion to the form of its flower.

ButzocEem’ma, bulbs which grow on the
stezcs of plants.

Bur’zosz, - bulbosus (from bulbtse) ;
Bur’sovs, S applied in botany, to the
roots of plants which are bulbed, and in
anatomy, to soft parts that are naturally en-
larged, as the bulbose part of the urethra.
Buizorvu’ser, a round, solid, under-
ground stem, producing buds on its sur-
face, and clothed with the decayed re-
mins of leaves.
Bur’svte, Lat. bulbulus, a little buib.
cae he Bovan, a council; the Athenian
nate.

Bu'trmy, Lat. bulimia, insatiable hun-
ger (Bou, great, and Aswos, hunger). This
is a vice rather than a disease ; but there
is a morbid state of the system, in whick
the appetite becomes so excessive that
it is no longer under the moral control of
the individual, and the quantity eaten is
in some cases so great as to be scarcely
credible.

‘ hee the whole contents of a ship’s

old.
Butx’Heaps, partitions built up in se-
veral places of a ship between two decks,
either lengthwise or across, to form and
separate the various apartments. Bult
in this word has the sense of bulker or
beam. Dan. bielcher.

Butt. 1. The male of the bovine genus
of quadrupeds, of which cow is the female.
Icel. baula, to bellow. By the custom of
some places the parson is req to
keep a bull and a boar for the use of his
parishioners.——2. A letter, edict, or re-
script of the Pope, published or trans-
mitted to the churches over which he is
head, containing a decree, order, or
decision. The bull is written on parch-
ment, and provided with a leaden seal.
The word was originally the name of the
seal. A collection of bulls is called bullary.
Certain ordinances of the German empe-
rors are also called bulls. The golden bull,
emphatically so called from the seal at-
tached to it being in a gold box, is that
fundamental law of the German empire
enacted by the Emperor Charles IV. in
two diets held in succession, in 1356, at
Nuremberg and Metz. Its chief object
was to fix the manner of electing the em-
peror. en bulls were sent by the
emperors of Constantinople to patriarchs
and princes; and by the grandees of
France, Sicily, &c.; and by patriarchs and
bishops. Wazen bulls were in frequent use
with the Greek emperors, who thus sealed’
letters to their relations, and persons in
high favour.

Bur'ta, a bubble. 1. Insurgery,a bleb;
a vesicle containing a watery humour,
which arises from burns, scalds, or other
causes.——2. In malacology, a sub-genus
of Bulline. Example, B. lignaria, Sow.,
a cylindrical univalve. The Bulle, Lam.
corresponds with B. asperta, Sow. The

se

BUL 169

BUN

bulle take their name from the form of
the shell, which is ovate and gibbose. The
shell occurs fossil in the tertiary for-
mations.

Burt», in Roman archeology, little
hollow ornaments of gold made in the
form of a heart, and suspended round the
necks of the children of the nobles until
they attained the age of 14 years, when
they were taken off and hung up assacred
te ihe Lares.

Bucxian’ric, a term designating certain
ornamental capita) letters used in apos-
telic bulls (bulle).

Bur'tare, Lat. bullatus, blistered; ap-
plied to the leaves of plants when the
velns are so tight that the intermediate
space appears blistered; e.g. cabbage.

Bett’-poc, a variety of the common
dog. The canis molossts of naturalists,
remarkable for its short’ broad muzzle
and the projecture of its underjaw, which
causes the lower teeth to protrude be-
yond the upper.

But’.Len naits, nails with round heads
and short shanks, tinned and lackered.
These nails are principally used in the
hangings of rooms.

But’verin, in France, an official report
giving an account of the actual condition
of some important affair; e. g. bulletin of
the army. Le Bulletin des Sciences et de
Industrie is published monthly at Paris
py the French Society for the Promotion of
Useful Knowledge. The term bulletin is
dim. of bulle, a bull or written instrument.

Bot’-ricuts, one of the favourite diver-
sions of the Spaniards, exhibited at Ma-
drid twice a week, for the benefit of the
general hospital! At those disgraceful
exhibitions all the spectators are dressed
in their best; the combatants, who make
bull-fighting their business, march into
the arena with some magistrate at their
head: the corregidor gives the signal,
and the bull is let in, and the attack is
commenced. If the bull is too inactive,
dogs are set upon him; if he is too active,
he kills a few horses before he is himself
killed by the sword of the matador (killer).

Butr’rincnu, the ia pyrrhola, a well-
known European bird which has a short,
rounded, robust bill, a black-cap (hence
called black-cap), and plumage on the back
of a dark blue-gray colour: the inferior
parts of the body are reddish. ‘

Butt’rroc, the Rana ocellata, a large
species of frog found in North America,
of a dusky brown colour, mixed with
yellowish green, and spotted black.

Buiw-Heap. 1. The Cottus, a genus of

‘fishes with a head broader than the body,

whence the name. This fish is known in
some places by the name of the Miller's
wnb.——2. A small black water-insect.
Bout’tinz, a sub-family of Mollusca, of
which the genus bulla is the type.

Bev'tion, uncoined gold or silver in the
mass. The precious metals are called
bullion when smelted and not perfectly
refined, or when refined and cast into
bars, ingots, or plates. Foreign coin is
bought and sold under the name of bul-
lion in this country.

Beit’s’-tre, a little skylight in the
covering or roof, designed to admit light
to a granary or the like. The centre ofa
target, when used as a mark to shoot at.

Butt’s nose, the external angle of a
polygon, or of two lines meeting at an
obtuse angle.

Buut-Trovut, the sea-trout or salmon-
trout; a large species of trout thicker in
its proportions than the common trout.
Weight 3 lbs.

But’rusu, a large species of rush. The
Juncus globulosus, a native of Egypt: The
name is applied popularly to any large
species of rush.

But’wark, in ancient fortifications, is
nearly the same with bastion in the mo-
dern. The term is Teut. bolle, round, and
werk, work, i. e. a round or spherical
fabric. See Rampart and Torvs.

Bum’saltirr, an under bailiff, or sub-
ordinate civil officer, appointed to serve
writs, and to make arrests and executions,
and bound with sureties for a faithful
discharge of his trust. The term isa cor-
ruption of bound-bailiff. See Batwirr.

Bum’-BEzE. \ These popular names

Bum’BiE-BEE. J) are common to all the
species. The genera:Xylocopa and Bombus,
Latr. and Fabr., the humble-bee, which
are large and particularly characterised
by the humming sound which they make.

Bum’soat, a small boat used to carry
provisions to vessels lying at a distance
from shore. Bum is Welsh, bon, mean,
insignificant.

Boumevia, the bastard bully tree. A
genus of eight species, trees and shrubs:
natives of America and the West Indivs.
Pentandria—Monogynia. Name Boustric,
a species of ash-tree, mentioned by Pliny,
lib. 16. ¢. 13.

Buncuw’osia, a genus comprehending six
species, trees, and shrubs: natives of
America and West Indies. Decandria—
Trigynia.

Buncatow’, an East Indian term for a
house with a thatched roof.

Bo‘nias, a genus of European plants of
three species. Tetrady ia—Silicul
The name was anciently applied to the
turnip (Plin. 20. 4).

Bu’nivm, the earth-nut, pig-nut, kipper-
nut, hawk-nut,&c. A genus of perennial
plants of two species, both found in bn-
tain. Pentandria—Digynia. The name
was applied by the ancients to the turnip
(Bovvioy), but it has been used at different
times to denote different plants. The

DULL 46

BUR

3. bulbocastanum, to which the popuiar

“xames above noted are particularly ap-
Jliea, has a tuberous and whitish root of
"he size of a nutmeg. It is nutritious,
and has a sweetish taste avd flavour not
snlike the chesnut, especially when
roasted: honce called the earth-chesnut.

Bun’pie-Piitar, in Cochie arcatiecture,
+ column consisting of a number of small
dillers round its circumfzrence: it is thus
she reverse of fluted.

Bun «’er. In Scotland, a seat in a win-
dow, which also serves for a chest, opce-

‘ng with a nes lid. Dan. bunker ; |

Zoth. benck, a bene

Bunn. In Scotian, aloaf; Ir. bunna,
a mass.

Buns‘tne, an animal peculiar to the
Cspe of Good Hope, resembling the ferret
in its proportions, but twice as large.
When pureved it emits an intclerable

Boat. 1 In naw 2d language, the
auddle part or cavit7 of the principal
Square saiis, as the mamsail, foresail, &c.
—2. In cor.chology, an increasing cavity,
a tunnel.

The term bunt is also used as a verb,
meaning to swell out or bilge, and in po-
pular language it has sometirmcs the
sense of butt.

Bonr'ine. 1. A thin woollen stuff, of
which the colours and signals oi 2 ship
are usually formed.——2. In crnithclogy,
a name common to all the species cf the
genus Em*zriza, Lin. Also & common
name of the: Alauda calandra, Lin.

Bunruinss. In‘ships, smail lines made
fast to the tcttoms of square sails, to
draw them up tc their yards. They are
fastened to the middle of the bolt-rope.

Buoy, Fr. bouée. A piece of wood, cork,
or other light substance, moored and
floating on the surface of the water.
Buoys of wood are sometimes solid, and
sometimes hollow like a cask, and strongly
hooped. They are made of various shapes
and sizes,and are either private or public.
The private buoys are such as belorg to
ptivate individuals, and are chiefiy em-
ployed to mark the place of a sfip’s
anchor. The public buoys are siaticned
by the competent authorities. They are
usually of a large size, and painted so as
to be readily recognised by the descrip-
tions of them in the charts. Their uses
are to point out dangers, and to direct
navigators into the safest chanrele. The
life or safety buoy is suspendcd from the
stern of the ship, and ready to re let go
(with a light attached to ic #* nignt) in
the event of any person falling overboard.
Its use is to keep the person «afloat till
taken out of the water. Te ¢tream the
buoy, is a nautical phrase meanirg to let
the buoy fali from the side of the snipiniw
the water before letting go the anchor.

Buoy’-rope, the rope which fastens the
buoy to the e:chor. It chould be strong
enough to reise the anchor by in case the
cable should break.

Lu’PHaGA, the ox-eater, or beef-eater.
A genus of African birds of one species
(B. Africana), belonging to the order Pas-
serine, and family Conirostres. Named
from Gous, an ox, and gayw toeat. This
bird is about the size of a thrush, and has
obtained the alarming names which it
bears, from its lighting on the backs of
cattle, and compressing the skin with its
inflated and blunt pointed mandibles, to
force out the larv= of the wstrus or gad-
fly, lodged in it, and on which it feeds.

Burno’nia, an Athenian festival in
honour of Jupiter, from Gouvg, an ox, and
Qaim, Slaughter, an ox being immolated
with much quaint ceremony.

BeupLev’rum, the hare’s-ear, or
thorough-wax. A genus of plants of
many species. Pentandria — Digynia.
Name trom ou, great, and wheveoy, arib,
in alli zion to the large ribs or veins upon
its leeves. The three British species are
annus.'s.

Bu;»x.ss'T1s, a genus of colecpterous in-
sects <¥ the Serricorne family, remark -
able fox their brilliant colours; some
species having a brilliant polished gold
colour cx an emerald ground; in others,
an azure blue glistens over the gold, and
in wary species there is a union of several
metallic colours. The generic appellation
Ricnard was given to these insects by
Georfroy, to denote the richness of their
livery. The name, Pourenosis, was given
anciently (Pl. 30, 4,) to an insect noxious
to cattle. Govg, a cow, and 7e70u, to in-
flame ; perhaps the Burn-cow, which causes
inflammation in the mouths of cattle
when feeding.

Burtuaw xia, ) the ox-eye, Covs,an ox;

Burrsax’xvs, } and oobar 1055 an eye.
A disease regarded by most writers as the
first atage of hydrothaimia, or dropsy of
tke eye.

Burruat’moum, the ox-eye. A genus of
plants of 13 species; some shrubs, some
annuals, and some per
—Pol. superflua. Named from “Bous, an
ox, and j2og, an eye, from 2 sup-
posed resemblance of the flowers of some
of the species to an ox’s-eye.

Bur’sot, the Gadus lota a fish shaped
like an eel, but shorter in its proportions,
with a b head, and in its nose two
sma]} beards, and another onitschin. It
is disyusting in its appearance but is excel-
lent food. In some localities it has the
nume of eel-puut.

Bur’ca,a term among the Turks for !) +
rich covering of the door of the beusrs 4
Mecca. It is 10 feet long, and 5 fuer wid;

hae

BUR

171

BUR

and has several figures and Arabic cha-
racters on it, richly embroidered in gold.
This is carried round in their solemn pro-
cessions, and is often made to stop that
the people may touch it.

BuRDEN oF A Sona, the return of the
theme at the end of each verse. In this
sense the word is Fr. bourdon, a drone or
base. A chord which is to be divided to
perform the intervals of music, when
open and undivided is also called the
burden.

Bur’pock, or Clot-Bur, names common
to both species of the genus Arctium.
They are troublesome weeds, but have
their uses in medicine. The name is bur
and dock (bur is Goth. biorn, a bear), in
allusion to the shaggy roughness of the
involucres of the plant.

Bur’pon, a pilgrim’s staff which was
commonly of an inconveniently large size.

Bureav’,a French word from bure, cloth,
used first to denote a desk, afterwards
the chamber of an officer of government,
and later, the body of subordinate offi-
cers who act under the direction of a
chief. In Spanish this word bureo is a
court of justice for the trial of persons
belonging to the royal household.

Bureav’ System, } terms designating

BuREAU’CRACY, governments in
which the business of administration is
carried on in departments, each under
the control of a chief, and is opposed to
those in which the officers of government
have a co-ordinate authority. According
to the parliamentary usage of France,
the Chamber of Deputies is divided into
nine bureaus or committees, composed of
anequal number of deputies, designated
by lot. Each bureau appoints its own
presidrnt, and discusses separately all
matters referred to it by the chamber.

Bekerce’, an instrument of measure
for dividing a given portion of any liquid
into !6 or 1000 equal parts.

Buns'ace. In English law, tenure in
burgage, or burgage tenure, is tenure in
soeage, applied to towns and cities, or
where houses or lands which were for-
merly the sites of houses in an ancient
borough, are held in common socage by
a certain established rent; a remnant of
Saxon liberty.

Burcaner’,)a kind of helmet; the

Burconer’,/ Spanish murrion. The
word is Fr. bourguignote, from burg in the
sense of guarding or covering.

Burcro'ls, a French word meaning bur-

ess, and pronounced boorzhwd, from
irg, a borough. The same word is
used in Britain to denote a species of
type or printing letter, smaller than long
primer and larger than brevier; in this
sense pronounced sometimes buryjois and
sometimes burjo.
Bour’ceon, in Fr. bourgeon ; a term used

to denote the button or bud put forth by
the branch of a tree in spring.

Bur’cess, in England, the holder of a
tenement in a borough; ina parliamen-
tary sense, the representative of a bo-
rough; in Scotland, a member of the cor-
poration of a borough.

Boere’GRAvE. ) In some countries, espe-

Bure@’RAVE. cially Germany, the
hereditary governor of a castle, from burg
and grave or graf, a governor.

Bureu, a borough. Originally a forti-
fied town. See Boroven.

Buren’-Botre, in ancient times, a con-
tribution (ote) towards the building or
re of castles, walls, &c., for the
defence of the burgh.

BuRGHERS AND ANTI-BURGHERS, a
body of seceders from the Church of Scot-
land, who separated in the year 1733,
in consequence of an undue exercise of
patronage in the church. They pre-
served a distinct existence till 1820, when
they joined in one. Out of their body
sprung a large and respectable denomi-
nation of Christians, distinguished by
their hostility to the church, and in
favour of what is now termed yolun-
taryism.

Bureu’-Mart, formerly a yearly pay-
ment to the crown in Scotland, resembling
the fee-farm-rent of English boroughs.

Burcu’more, the court of a burgh,
mote, a court.

Buretary, from Ger. burg, a house,
and Arm. laer, a thief (whence Fr. larron).
The breaking and entering the house of
another by night with the intent to com-
mit some felony, whether such felonious
intention be executed or not. To consti-
tute this crime, the act must be com-
mitted in the night, and in a dwelling-
house or in an adjoining building which
is part and parcel of the same. There
must be an actual breaking and an entry ;
but the opening of a door or window,
picking a lock or unlocking it witha key,
raising a latch or loosing any fastenings,
constitutes a breaking ; and a putting in of
the hand after such breaking, is an entry.

Burcomaster, }a magistrate, or one

BurcuHMasterR,)employed in the go-
vernment ofa city. The burgomasters are
the chief magistrates of the great towns
of Holland, Flanders, and Germany. The
same officer in France is called maire ; in
England and North America, mayor ; and
in Scotland, provost.

Burcovr (pron. burgoo), the French
name of a dish much cooked at sea. It
consists of groats boiled in water till they
burst, with a little butter.

Burcenpy, a proyince of France, in
which the wine so called is made. In
richness of flavour and perfwme, and in
all the more delicate qualities of the jue
of the grape, the wines of Burgundy un-

BUR

172 BUR

questionably rank as the first in the
word.

Bureunpy Pitcu, a resin, the produce
of the Pinus abies, or spruce fir. It takes
its name from Burgundy in France, where
it was first prepared. A fictitious resin is
made in England under the name of com-
mon Burgundy pitch, and the Norway
spruce fir yields a resin which i¥ often
called Burgundy pitch; it is the Abietas
resina or thus (common frankincense) of
the London pharmacopeeias.

Bure’warp, a bulwark, Latinised by
the writers of the middle ages, burgwardus
or burgwardium. ‘The name has been
used to designate the town, and even the
country about such a fortress.

Burrn (Fr. burin), a graver. Aninstru-
ment of tempered steel used for engraving
on copper, &c. It is of a prismatic form,
having one end inserted ina short wooden
handle, and the other ground off obliquely
80 as to produce a point.

kburt’Er, a dresser of cloth.

-Buxtes’ave, Fr. from It. burlesco, from
burlare, to ridicule, buria, mockery. Bur-
lesque signifies the low comic arising from
a@ ludicrous mixture of things high and
low, as when Hudibras describes the
glorious sun rising from his bed in the
morning like a boiled lobster. In good
burlesque composition there is a well
maintained contrast between the manner
and the subject.

Burter’ra, a light, comic species of mu-
sical drama, which derives its name from
It. burla, raillery. It originated in Italy.

Bour’net, a name common to all the
plants of the genus Poterium, from Celtic
Surne, moist, the only British species,
P. sanguisorba, or common burnet, in-
habiting moist places.

Bur’NET-SAXIFRAGE, 2 Name common
to all the plants of the genus Pimpinella,
of which there are four British species,
all perennials.

Bukn’tne-crass. ) Aglasslens, which

Burn’inc-mir‘ror. § being exposed di-
rectly to the sun, refracts the rays which
fall upon it into a focus, is called a burn-
ing-olass. If the solar rays be similarly
collected by reflection from the surface of
a concave mirror, this is then called a
burning-mirror. The burning glass is the
most convenient instrument, butits power
is onty about a fourth of that of a concave
mirios or reflector of equal extent and
curvature. This reflects more heat than
the giass allows to pass through it, has a
less “ocal distance, and is free from the
dissipation of rays which takes place in
the burning-glass, since it reflects them
all nearly to the same point, whereas the
burning-glass refracts them to different
points.

Bunr’NIsHER, a blunt, smooth tool used
for smoothing and pulishing a rough sur-

face by pressure, and not by removing
any part of the body. Agates, polished
steel, ivory, dogs’ teeth, &c., are usea for
burnishing.

Burr. 1. The lobe of the ear!/——2.
The round knob of a deer’s horn, next the
head.——. The sweetbread.

Bur’REL-FiLy, the ox-fly, gad-bee or
breeze. Fr. bourreler, to torment.

Bur’REL-sHot, small shot, nails, pieces
of old iron, small stones, &c., put into
cases to be discharged among the enemy.
Fr. bourreler, to torment.

Burru’-stone, mill-stone which is al-
most pure silex: it has generally a red-
dish or yellowish tinge, but the best is
nearly white. It is full of pores and
eavities, which give it a corroded and
cellular appearance. The name is some-
times written buhr-stone.

Bur’rocx, a small weir or dam where
wheels are laid in a river for catching fish.

Burr-poump, a bilge-pump (q. v.). This
term isa corruption of bar-pump, this kind
of pump having a staff of six or eight feet
long, with a bar of wood, to which the
leather which serves instead of'a box is
nailed. This staff is worked by men, who
pull it up and down by a rope fastened toi
the middle of it.

Bur’sa, Lat. from Guerw, a bag, a purse.
Used by writers of the middle ages to
denote a little college or hall in a univer-
sity for the residence of students.

Bursatr’ocy, Lat. bursalogia. The doc-
trine of the bursz2 mucosz.

Bur’sa Mucosa, in anatomy, a.smail
sac lined with synovial membrane, which
secretes an oily fluid to lubricate the sur-
faces over which the tendons of muscles
play. The burse mucose are of different
sizes, and are situated near the joints,
particularly the large joints of the ex-
tremities.

Bur’sar astudent to whom astipend is
paid out of a burse or fund appropriated
for the maintenance of poor students.
The exhibitioners sent to the universities

of Scotland by the presbyteries are bursars,

and the annual stipend paid to each is a
bursary. ;

Bursary. 1. The treasury of a college.
—2. In Scotland, an exhibition or foun-
dation for the maintenance of poor stu-
dents (bwrsarii).

Bourse, a public edifice in some cities
for the meeting of merchants to consult
on matters of trade and money, and to
negotiate bills of exchange. This is the
name used #1 many cities of Europe, but
in Britain and America the building is
called an Exchange. The term is a mo-
dern application of the word bursa (q. v.’.

Burs‘cpen, the name given to one an

other by the students of the German uni- -

versities ; from bursarii, the name which

Les emia «

Saenedienmnecame ed

BUS

173

BUT

the students bore in the middle ages,
from the buildings (it#s@) in which they
lived in common.

Bur’scHENSCHAFT, a secret association
of students, formed in 1815, for the poli-
tical reformation of Germany ; afterwards
suppressed by government order.

BurscHen Comment, the code of laws
adopted by the students for their internal
regulation.

Burse’ra, a genus of West India plants
of two species, one of which is the Ja-
maica birch (B. gummifera), which yields
the gumelemi. Hexandria—Monogynia.
Named from vere, and céseew, to drain.

Bur’ron, in a ship, a small tackle con-
sisting of two single blocks. Named from
the inventor

Bus, a circular piece of iron or other
metal let into the sheaves of such blocks
as have iron pins, to prevent their wear-
ing. In America, the bush in the nave of
a cart or coach-wheel is called a box.

Bousn’ert, an English dry measure of 8
gallons or 4pecks. The standard English
bushel (12 Henry VII.), contains 8 galls.
wheat, each 8 Ibs. troy, each of 12 0z.,each
of 20 dwts., each of 32 corns of wheat that
grew in the middle of the ear. In 1696
the capacity of the Winchester bushel
was fixed at 2151'7 cubic inches of pure
water, equivalent to 1131 oz., 13 dwts.
troy. The capacity of the imperial bushel,
prescribed by act of uniformity (5 Geo.
IV., c. 74), is for coal, potatoes, fruits,
and other goods sold by heaped measure,
2815 cubic inches, the goods to be heaped
up in the form of a cone, to a height
above the brim of the measure of at least
three-fourths its depth. The Irish bushel
- for all liquids, and for corn and other dry

, not heaped, contains 2218°2 cubic
ches, and holds 80 Ibs, avoirdupois of
ure water.—The word bushel is low Lat.

us, dim. of buza.

BusxH-Harrow, an implement of hus-
ban for harrowing grass-lands and
cove grass and clover-seeds. It con-

sists of a frame with three or more bars,

among which bushes are interwoven. A
ight harrow with small tines serves
better.

Busu’men, Dut. bosjesmannen, men of
the wood. A name given by the Dutch
colonists to some roaming tribes akin to
the Hottentots, in the vicinity of the
Cape of Good Hope.

Bvs’x1n, in Lat. cothurnus. A kind of
high shoe or boot worn by the ancient
tragedians upon the stage, to give them a
more heroic appearance. In classic au-
thors the word is used for tragedy, and
for a lofty and elevated style. The buskin
‘was also worn by both sexes, especially
“by the ladies, for ornament. Hunters
and soldiers use a buskin much resembling
@ half boot.

Bess, Dut. duis, Ger. biise, Russ. busa.
A small sea-vessel used by the Engliah
and Dutch in the herring fishery, com-
monly from 50 to 60 tons burden, and
sometimes more. A buss has two small
sheds or cabins, one at the prow and the
other at thestern: that at the prow serves
for a kitchen.

Bust, that part of the human figure
which comprises the head, neck, breast,
and shoulders. By this term, busto is up-
plied to the human figure as low as the
hips, with or without the head and arms;
which definition agrees with that speciea
of sculpture which represents the por-
traits of illustrious Romans, either en-
tirely round and mounted on pedestals,
or in alto relievo on the sides of sarco-
phagi or other sepulchral monuments.
The Italian busto is probably from Lat.
bustum, a figurative expression for any
kind of tomb, but originally applied to
the pile on which a dead body had been
burned, as the bustum in the Campus
Martius, on which the bodies of the em-
peror Augustus and his successors were
burned.

Bus’TrarD, & name common to all the
birds of the genus Otis, Lin. The great
bustard (0. tarda, Lin.), is the largest of
European land birds, the male weighing
on an average 25 lbs. It is 4 feet in
length, and sometimes measures 9 fect
from tip to tip of the wings.

BuTcHER-BIRD, a species of shrike. The
Lanius collurio, Germ., which destroys
small birds, young frogs, and great num-
bers of insects, which it, butcher-like,
sticks upon the thorns of bushes in order
to devour them at leisure, or to find them
again when wanted.

ButcuH’ERsBROOM, aname common to all

the plants of the genus Ruscus, but parti-
cularly applied to the R. aculeatus, an
evergreen shrub which grows in woods
and thickets in this country, and is known
also by the names knee-holly, Alexan-
drian laurel, and wild myrtle. It is used
by butchers for brooms to sweep their
blocks.
Bu'reo, the buzzard: a subgenus of birds
of the order Accipitres and family Diurnz.
The buzzard is ranked among the ignoble
birds of prey, and is called in some parts
of America the hen-hawk, from its depre-
dations among the poultry. Name orizi-
nally applied to a species of the falco tribe
(Pliny 10. 8).

Bur’MENTs, supports or props by which
the feet of arches or any other bodies
pressing in an oblique direction to the
horizon are sustained in their places. See
ABUTMENTS.

Bur’MENT-CHEEKS, in carpentry, the two
solid parts on each side of a mortise: the
thickness of each cheek is commonly
equal to the thickness of the mortise.

,

BUT 174

BUT

Bort. 1. Fr. bout, extremity. The butt end
of a piece of timber is that end of a plant
which was nearest the root of the tree; a
butt-joint in a hand-rail isa joint at right-
angles to the curve of the rail. A butt,
among ploughmen in Scotland, is a piece
of ground which does not forma proper
ridge. In archery, a mark to be shot at.
—2. Sax. butte, a measure, a vessel or
measure of wine containing two hogs-
heads or 126 wine gallons, that is 106
imperial gallons. Etymon, Bovrris, a
vessel for holding wine.

Burrer, from Sax. buter. An oily, in-
flammable part of milk, separated by
churning, and used as an article of dietin
most civilised countries. Butter differs
renga the common animal fats in contain-

a dearias. fluid oleaginous matter.
called rine. This substance, when
saponified, yields in addition to the usual
products, three volatile odoriferous sub-
stances, called the butyric, caproic, and
capric acids. The Latin etymon of the
term butter is butyrum, from Bourugoy,
of which favs, a cow, is the root.

Bur’rerR or AntTIMony, the sesqui-
chloride of antimony.

Burrer or ArsENIC, a sublimated
chloride of arsenic.

Bour’rer or BismutTH, a sublimated
chloride of bismuth

Bour’rer or Cacao, an oily, concrete
matter, obtained from the cacao nut by
bruising and boiling it in water, when the
uncombined oil is liquefied, and rises to
the surface, where it swims.

Bor’ter or Trin, a sublimated chloride
of tin.

BurTer or Wax, the oleaginous part
ot wax, obtained by distillation.

Bor’rer or Zinc, chloride of zinc, ob-
tained by burning zinc in chlorine gas.
It is called also muriate of zinc.

Bur’ TER-FLY, 2 name common to all
tnose lepidopterous insects of the genus
Pepilio, from the yellow colour of a com-
mon species. That which seems to bea
powder upon the wings of the butterfly
tride, is an innumerable quantity of
plumes, which are only to be observed
distinctly with a good microscope. The
insect appears in the state of a caterpillar,
and afterwards in that of a chrysalis,
from which it comes forth perfect.

Ror TERFLY-SHAPED, papilionaceous.
Applied to the corolla of plants, when
they are irregular and spreading.

Bor’reris, an instrument of steel set in
a wooden handle, used by farriers for
paring the hoof of a horse.

Bur’rer-nvt, the fruit of the Juglans
cinerea, an American tree. The fruit bears
a resemblance to the black walnut, and is
uamed from the oil it contains.

Burrrrs, mineral. A name formerly

given to some of the chlorides, on account
of their soft butyraceous texture, when
recently prepared; such as butter of
antimony.

Burrers, vegetable. The concrete
fixed oils, sc.id at the ordinary tempera-
ture, such as those of the cocoa and cho-
colate nuts.

Burrer-TREE, aremarkable plant found
by Park in the interior of Africa, yielding
from its kernels, by pressure, a white,
firm, rich butter, which kept well for a
year without salt.

Bour’reR-wort, 2 name common to all
the plants of the genus Pinguicula, but
especially applied to the Yorkshire sanicle
(BP. Sulparisi, which grows in soft grounds.
Its leaves are covered with soft, pellucid
prickles, which secrete an unctuous fluid,
to such a degree as causes them to be
applied to chaps, and as a pomatum for
the hair.

Bour’tery, a store-room for provisions.
The name is given, in some colleges, to a
room where refreshments are kept for
sale to the students.

Bur’r1nc-soint, a joint formed by the
surfaces of two pieces of wocd, the sur-
face of one piece being parallel with the
fibres, and that of the other, either in
the same or in an oblique direction to
them. The joints which the struts and
braces form with the truss-posts, in car-
pentry, are of this description.

Burton, from the same root as bud.
Buttons are manufactured of an endless
variety of forms and materials—wood,
horn, bone, steel, copper, brass, &c. The
non-metallic buttons, called also
are made of the substances first men-
tioned, by sawing them into little slips
of the thickness of the button to be made;
these slips are then cut into the form re-
quired’ by an instrument adapted to the

Metallic buttons are cast in

passe ug:

and which runs along the length of the
reins.——3. A small piece of wood or
metal, turning on a centre (usually a
round nail with a smooth head), for fas-
tening a door, aglarcynf or other closarc.
The button of a lock is around head serv-
ing to move the bolt.——4. The round
mass of metal collected at the bottom of a
crucible after fusion.

Bur’ton-woopv. 1. The aR
occidentalis, an American shrub. ——
The Platanus occidentalis, or anne
plane-tree, a large American tree, the
wood of which is very hard, and is highly
valuable in turnery.—3. The button-
tree.

Bur’rress, butt and truss. A mass of
masonry, to support the side of a wali
that is very high, or that is pressed on tae

———

a

BYL 175 Cc

opposite side by an adventitious force, as

a bank of earth, or body of water. In
pa structures improperly called Gothic,
buttresses are placed around the exterior
sides of the building, one in the inter-
mediate space between every two win-
dows, and one or two at each of the
angles, in order to support the vaulting.
In pointed architecture two kinds of but-
tresses are used; the one formed of ver-
tical planes, and attached to the walls, is
called piliared buttresses ; the other, which
arises from the pillared buttresses upon
the sides of the aisle, with an arch-
formed intrados or top, is called flying-
buttresses or arc-boutants,

Buryra’crovus, having the appearance
or properties of butter (dutyrum.

Buryr’ic Acrp, a volatile odoriferous
substance having acid properties, ob-
tained from butter. See Burrer.

Bou’tyrInez, a substance which exists
in butter (butyrum), combined with oleine,
stearine, and a very small quantity of
butyric acid; Sp. Gr. 0°822. Butyrine
saponifies easily, and is then transformed
into butyric, caproic and capric acids;
into glycerine, and margaric and oleic

Bvx’tne, an alkaline substance disco-
vered by M. Faure in the Buaus semper-
virens.

Bux’vs, the box-tree, a genus of plants.
Monecia—Triandria. Name from zuzalw,
to become hard. Of this plant there is
only one British species, but of this there
are several varieties, the extremes of
which are the tree and the dwarf-edging,

common in forming the edging of garden
‘walks.

Buz‘zarp. 1. The Vultur aura, Wils.;
Cathartes aura, Illig.; commonly called
turkey-buzzard and turkey-vulture, a bird
found over a vast extent of territory on
the American continent, in the West In-
dia Islands, and in the southern parts of
Europe and Asia (See VutrurE).——2. A
name common to two sub-genera of the
kite tribe. See Burro and Pernis.

Buzzarper’, a species of kite resemb-
ling the buzzard in most respects, except
that its legs are in proportion rather
longer.

By’arp, @ cts of leather across the
breast, used by those who drag the
sledges in coal-pits.

By’arvs, a exke of blood-vessels in
the brain.

By-Law, a particular law made by a
corporation, or by any other distinct por-
tion of the community, for the regulation
of the affairs of its members in such of
their relations as are not reached by the
general law of the land. By-laws must
con involve the infraction of any public

Bysstrers, Byssifera, a fimil; cf
Lamellibranchiate acephalous mollaats

Bys'souite, from fuccos, flax; and
Aibos, stone, a rare massive mineral, in
short and somewhat stiff filaments, of an
olive-green colour, implanted perpendi-
cularly like moss on the surface of cer-
tain stones. It has been found at the
foot of Mont Blanc, and also near Oisons.

Bys‘sus, Biccos. 1. A variety of fine
flax much prized by the ancients (Orig.
1. xix., c. anh, also the cloth manufactured
from this flax, Egyptian linen.——2. A
genus of lichens.——3. A name of Asbes-
tos.——4. The hairy appendage by which
some of the bivalv@ mollusca attach
themselves to rocks and other objects;
the byssus or silky rd of the Pinna
marina is used in Sicily to make stock-
ings and gloves, but only as objects of
curiosity.

Byzant’, a gold coin of the yalue of
151. sterling, so called from its being
struck at Byzantium, the present Con-
stantinople.

C

C, the third letter of the alphabet in
most European dialects. It is probably
the Hebrew Caph (3) inverted for the
facility of writing, or the Greek kappa
(%) with the upright stroke, left out for
the same reason. Some suppose that it
was originally the Greek gamma (vy), as
the earlier Romans used it in many
words which at a later date were written
with a g,as leciones for legiones. Q and
C are often interchanged on old mo-
numents; thus gom for com. In the
Roman calendars and fasti, C denoted the
days on which the comitia might be held.
In trials the unfayourable opinions of
the judges were given by writing on a
little tube (tessera) the initial letter C
for condemno, as A was written for ab-
solvo, or N. L. for non liquet. On medals
C stands for many names of persons, as
Cesar, Caius, Cassius, &c.; of offices, as
Censor, Consul ; of cities, as Carthage. As
an abbreviation, it stands for Christ, as
A.C. for Anno Christi or ante Christum,
and for companion, as C.B., Companion
of the Rath. As a numeral it denotes
100, being the initial letter of centwm.
C, in music, the name of the note in the
natural major mode to which Guido ap-
plied the syllable ut, but which the Ita-
lians have since relinquished for do, as
softer and more vocal. When placed at
the clef, it stands for common time, and
with a line run through it perpendicu-
larly, for cut-time or a quicker kind of
movement. Italian musie C is some-
times written for canto, as C 1, Canto
primo.

CAB 176

CAB

Ca’a-a’pia, the Brazilian name of the
Dorstenia braziliensis, the root of which
is chewed by. the natives it has the
same effect as i

Ca’aBA, a square stone > edifice in the
temple of Mecca, being the part princi-
pally reverenced by the Mohammedans,
and to which they always direct them-
selyesin prayer. The direction is ascer-
zined in distant parts by a little pocket
compass called a kiblet or director.

Ca’a-k£o, the Brazilian name of two spe-
cies of acacia, viz., the Mimosa sensitiva,
and Mimosa pudica.

Caarr’sa, the Brazilian name of the Pa-
poate ere called by the Portuguese

‘as.

Caz. 1. A Hebrew measure (Q2 kab)
equal to thesixth part of a seak or satum,
and containing about 23 imperial pints.
——2. An alchemical name of gold.——
3. An abbreviation of the word cabriolet.

Caza’t. 1. In British history, one of the
cabinets of Charles 1I., which consisted of
five men famous for their intrigues :—

ord, Ashley, Buckingham, Arlington,
and Lauderdale; the initial letters of
whose names form this word.——2. A be-
vyerage made in Portugal by bruising
20 lbs. of raisins, and saturating them
with white wine during three months.
The mixture is rich, clear, and agreeable.

Car’ata, | Terms derived from the

Cap‘zata,/ oriental word kibel, which

Cap’atia, >in Hebrew means to re-

Capaw’ta,| ceive; Chal. to obscure; in

Ca’suta,/ Syr. to aceuse ; and applied
<0 a mystical interpretation of the Pen-
tateuch, alleged to have been received
from the Deity by Moses, and transmitted
by an uninterrupted tradition through
Joshua and the seventy elders to the Rab-
Dinical doctors. In a general way the

term cabala is applied to the whole sys-
. tem caer er occult philosophy of the Rabbins,
which chiefly consisted in understanding
the combinations of certain letters, words,
and numbers. Every letter, word, num-
ber, and accent of the law is supposed to
contain a mystery, and the cabalists pre-
tended to foretell events by the study of
this science.

Cap’atist. 1. One who professes the
study of the cabala.——2. In French com-
merce, a factor or agent.

Can’aLLine Atoes, horse-aloes ; a coarse
sort of aloe. so called because it is given
only to horses.

Can’BAGE, a name common to all the
plants of the genus Brassica (q. v.). Of
the garden cabbage there are many va-
rieties: the chief are the drumhead, the
savoy, the cauliflower, the broccoli, the
Brussels-sprouts, the sugar-loaf, the cole-
sort, and the early-market.

Cap’Bace-TREE. 1. The Cacalia Kleinia,

wach hag a compound shrubby stalk re-

sembling that of a cabk:ge. It grows
naturally in the Canary Islands, and has
long been cultivated in English gardens,
where it is more commonly called the
carnatios-tree, from the shape of its leaves
and the colour of its flowers —2.
Andira inermis or Geoffroya inermis, Lin.,
a lofty tree (from 170 to 200 feet) of the
East and West Indies, and other hot cli-
mates. It bears on the top a substance
called cabbage, lying in thin, snow-white,
brittle flakes, in taste resembling an
almond, but sweeter: this is boiled. and
eaten with fiesh like other vegetaples.
The fibres of the leaves, which somewhat
resemble those of our common garden-
cabbage, are used to make cordage and
nets ; and the internal bark of the tree is
much used in this country in medicine.
The tree is also called the cabbage-palm.

Cap’pata. See CaBara.

Casr’ca, a name given to the finest silks
of the East Indies; the inferior qualities
are called barina.

Cax’Ezon, in Spain, a register of the dif-
ferent taxes paid to government, and of
the names of the contributors: cabeza,
head, person.

Caz’In, an apartment in a ship for of-
ficers and passengers. The bed-places in
ships are sometimes also called cabins, but
more commonly berths. Berth is used like-
wise for the room where a number of
men mess and reside. The same name is
also applied to the huts and cottages of
poor people and savager, from the Celtic
word cab, a hut or booth.

Cap’tnet, dim. of cabin. 1. A small
apartment adjoining a larger one.——2.
The most retired part of a private dwell-
ing, designed for work, study, amuse-
ment, or for collections of yaluable arti-
cles.——3. In the abode of a prince, the
cabinet is a room set apart for the ruler’s
particular use; also the apartment where
he transacts government business, advises
with his counsellors, and issues his de-
crees: hence, in political language, the
cabinet is put for the government, as the
Cabinet of London, &c. &c.——4. A ca-
binet is any part of a building, or one or
more whole buildings, where are pre-
served valuable collections of paintings
and other curiosities, making up the
contents of a museum, and by metonymy,
the name is applied to the collections
themselves.——. A little insulated build-
ing in a garden, serving as a place of
retirement, and to enjoy the fresh air
under cover.

Cas’Iner-Cotn’cit, the confidential
council of a prince or executive magis-
trate.

Can’trt (xeeCesgos). Sacred priests or
deified heroes, venerated by the Pagans
as the authors of religion and the founders
of the human race, The name literally

magne ene +

cAC

177

CAC

fiznifes the mighty ones, and seems to have
bees applied to the supposed beings that
preside over the striking operations of
Navire.

‘Sasr’r1a, the mysteries of the Cabiri:
thuse celebrated at Samothrace were the
chief.

Ca’sre, Fr. and Sp. cable, Teut. kabel.
1. A large rope or chain used to retain a
vessel at anchor. Rope cables are prin-
cipally manufactured of hemp: each cable
has three strands, every strand has three
ropes, and every rope consists of three
twists. The twists have more or fewer
threads according to the greater or less
thickness of the cable. All vessels have
ready for service three cables: the sheet
cable, the best bower cable, and the smail
tower cable. Iron cables are strong iron
chains constructed in various ways: they
have in a great measure, and deservedly,
replaced the hempen cables.——2. In ar-
chitecture, wreathed circular mouldings
resembling a rope; also the staff which
is left in the lower part of the flutings of
some examples of the Corinthian and
Composite orders.

Ca’steD, tied withacable. <A heraldic
term applied to a cross formed of the ends
of a cable in representation.

Ca’sLEp Cotumns are such as have the
flutings of the shaft filled with astragals
to about one-third of the height: called
also rudented columns.

_. Ca’sLep Fivres, in architecture, are such
flutes as are filled with cables.

Ca’BLE’s-LENGTH, the measure of 120
fathoms, the usual length ofa ship’s cable.

Ca’sLz-TIER, the place where the cables
are coiled away.

Ca’suinc, the filling of the flutes of
columns with cables, or the cables so
disposed.

Cazo’cueD, ) Fr. cabochée. In heraldry,

Caxzo’sHED, } haying the head cut close
80 as to have no part of the neck left.

Cazom’sez. In botany, the name given
to the order now called Hydropeitidee.

Cazoo’se, Ger. kabuse, a little room. The
cook-room or kitchen of a ship. In
smaller vessels it is an inclosed fireplace,
hearth or stove, for cooking on the main-
deck. Ina ship of war, the cook-room is
called the galley. Caboose also signifies
the box that covers the chimney in aship.
‘fhe term appears to be formed of cabin
and house.

Cas/RIOLET, a two-wheeled vehicle
drawn by one horse, and carrying two
passengers and a driver; frequently con-
tracted cab. The word is French, from
cabriole, a goat-leap. Lat. capra, a goat.

Caxzv’ans, small lines made of spun
yarn, to bind cables, seize tackles, and
the like.

Caca'Lia zazxadsc. Ayenus of plants.

Syngenesia—Polyg. equalis. There is no
British species. The cabbage or carna-
tion-tree, sow-thistle, &c. are, however,
cultivated in our gardens, and several
of the species are used in medicine.

Ca’cao. 1. Chocolate, a kind of hard

Ca’coa. J paste formed into a cake, the
basis of which is the pulp of the cacao or
chocolate nut, a production of the West
Indies and South America.——2. The
seed or nuts of the cacao tree.——3. The
cacao tree.

Ca’cao-nvt, the fruit of the cacao-tree.
It somewhat resembles a cucumber in
shape, but is furrowed deeper on the
sides. Its colour while growing is green,
but as it ripens this changes to a fine
bluish-red, almost purple, with pink
veins ; or, in some varieties, to a fine
yellow or lemon colour. Each pod con-
tains from 20 to 30 nuts or kernels, which
in shape are not unlike almonds, and con-
sist of a white and sweetish pulpy-like
substance, enveloped in a parchment-
like shell.

Ca’cao-TREE, the Theobroma cacac,
which both in shape and size somewhat
resembles a young cherry-tree, but sepa-
rates, near the ground, into four or five
stems. The leaves are about four inches
long, of a dull green colour; the flowers
are saffron coloured, and very beautiful.
The fruit is the eacao-nut. The cacao-
tree grows plentifully in the West Indies
and South America.

Cac’atory Fever, a species of intermit-
tent fever, accompanied with diarrhea,
and sometimes with tormina. Cacare, to
go to stool.

Ca’cuatot, the physeter or spermaceti
whale. Physeter, as well as physalus,
signifies blower. Cachalot is the name
used by the Biscayans, from cachau,
which in the Cantabrian dialect means
tooth. The head of the cachalot is enor-
mously large; the under-jaw is armed
with a range of cylindrical teeth; the
superior portion of the head consists of
large cavities, filled with an oil which
becomes fixed as it cools, and isknown in
commerce by the name spermaceti, a sub-
stance for which the cachalot is princi-
pally sought. The odorous substance
ambergris is a concretion formed in the
intestines of the cachalot,

Cacue’t, LETTREs DE, under the ancient
French government, letters signed with
the king’s private seal, for the detention
of private citizens. Previous to the 17th
century they were seldom employed, but
in the reign of Louis XIV. they were
very common. In the reignsof Louis XV.
and XVI. 59 were issued against the
Mirabeau family. They were finally abo-
lished in 1790.

Ca’cHOLONG, a milk-white variety of
quartz, having a pearly cr glistening

Bs

Ac 178

CAD

lustre, a fat, conchoidal fracture, and
perfect opacity. Itis found in the river
Cach, in Bucharia, and obtains its name
from that river, and cholong, the Calmuc
word for stone.

Cacuvu’nnE, a medicine highly cele-
brated among the Chinese and Indians.
It is made of several aromatic ingre-
dients, perfumes, medicinal earths, and
precious stones, formed into a stiff paste,
fashioned into various fantastic forms,
and dried for use. It is reckoned a pro-
longer of life, and a provocative to
venery, the two great intentions of most
of the medicines used in the East.

Ca’craveE, a title borne by some of the
native chiefs of America at the time of
the Spanish conquest. This is a French
form of the word; it was pronounced
easic or kasik, and denoted the dignity of
a ruler.

CacocHoty, in Lat. cacocholia, a vitiated
state of the bile; xaxos, bad, and yodz,
bile.

Cacocuyt’y, in Lat. cacochylia, depraved
chylification ; zones, bad, and yures,
ehyle.

Cacor’THES, zaxzxozbysg. Bad custom,
condition, or habit; e. g. cacoéthes scri-
bendi.

Cacor‘ocy, in Lat. cacologia, bad choice
ef words in writing or speaking. zaxos,
bad, and Acyos, word.

Cacopr’atHy, in Lat. cacopathia, ill-
feeling, whether physical or moral;
xaxes, bad, and zaHos, feeling.

CacopH’ony, in Lat. cacophonia, dis-
egreeable utterance; zazeos, bad, and
@wyy,sound. 1. Defective articulation of
words.——2. A fault of style consisting
in harsh and disagreeable sound pro-
duced by the meeting of two letters or
two syllables, or by the too frequent re-
petition of the same letters or syllables.

Cacor’racy, in Lat. cacopragia, a dis-
ease of those viscera which minister to
outrition ; xazos , ill, and rearrw, to act.

Ca’cosPHEXY, in Lat. cacosphexea, a dis-
ordered state of the pulse; zaxzos, bad,
and ¢¢viss, pulse.

Cacosyn’THETON. In rhetoric, a figure
cf speech improperly introduced. an ill
arrangement of words in a sentence:
xaxos, ill, and cuyferos, composed.

CacotH’ymy, in Lat. cacothymia, a dis-
ordered state of mind: zazos, bad, and
Somwos, mind.

Cacor’ropHy, in Lat. cacatrophia, con-
sumption from defect of mnuurishment:
xazos, bad, and ses¢7, nourishment.

Cacta’cex, a natural order of exogens,
of which Cactus is the type, remarkable
fur their gay and large flowers.

Cac’rus, a genus of sucrulent plants of

about 90 species, permanent in duration,
generally without leaves, having the
stem and branches jointed, for the most
part armed with spines in bundles, with
which, in many species, bristles are in-
termix Class Icosandria; order Mo-
nogynia. Name zaxres, anciently applied
to the artichoke. They are natives of the
West Indies and South America, and are
only cultivated in this country for curi-
osity in green-houses. Gardeners call
those species which are ef a roundish
form melon-thistles ; those which are erect
and support themselves are torch-thistles ;
those which have creeping roots are ce-
reuses; the compressed and proliferous
jointed are prickly pears or Indian jigs.
CaDAVER’Ic, appertaining to a dead
body; e.g. the changes induced in a

corpse by putrefaction, are called cada-—

veric phenomena.

Can’pis. 1. Lint for dressing a wound.
—2. Akind of tape-——3. A water-in-
sect sometimes called the case-worm, and
often contracted cad.

Cap’po, the jack-daw, or corvus mone-
dula, Linn

CapbE, from Lat. cadus,a cask. A cade
of herrings is the quantity of 500; of
sprats, 10060.

Caper’-o1L, a medicinal oil prepared in
Germany and France from the fruit of
en oxycedrus, called in those countries

Capr’-wors, the case-worm or caddis.
Ca’pence, from Lat. cadens, falling,
fall. In music, a pause or sus-

pension at the end of an air, to afford
the performer an opportunity of intro-
ducing a graceful extempore close, called
also reprise. The word cadence is also
frequently applied to the embellishment
itself. In reading or speaking a certain
tone is taken, which is the key-note on
which most of the words are pronounced,
and the fall of the voice below this is
called cadence. The term is also used in
horsemanship, to denote a just proportion
observed by a horse in movements.

Caven’za (Italian), the modulation of
the yoice in singing

Caper’ (French). A younger brothér.
—2. A gentleman who has served in
the army without pay, for the purpose of
learning the art of war.——3. The term
cadet is now applied, in Britain and the
United States of America, to the pupils
of a military academy.

Capew’, the case-worm or caddis.

Ca’p1, in Arabic, a judge. Among thea
Turks, cadi signities an inferior judge,
in distinction to molla, a superior judge.
They belong to the higher clergy.

Capites’Ker, the chief judge in the
Turkish empire. The name is compounded
of cadi (q. v.), and leskar, army, because
his Office originaliy extended to the try-

Ss

ee,

C£C

17

9 CAF

Ing of soldiers, who are now tried only
by their own officers.

CapMr’aN, | relating to Cadmus, a re-

Cap’m1an, J puted prince of Thebes,
who introduced into Greecé the 16
simple letters of ‘the alphabet; «, 6, y,
3, £4, 4, A, My ¥, 0, T, 0, 0, F, Ue These
are called Cadmean letters.

Cav’mia, xadusiax. A name which has
been given to a variety of substances, but
is now chiefly used to denote an oxide of
zine which collects on the sides of fur-

naces where zinc is sublimed, as in-

brass founderies. This is more commonly
called tutty. Cobalt has been called me-
tallic cadmia and native cadmia ; and cala-
mine is named fossil cadmia in some old
books.

Canp’m1um,. a metal discovered about the
beginning of 1818 by M. Stromeyer in an
oxide of zine (cadmia or tutty). It has
since been found in several of the ores of
that metal, especially in the Silesian na-
tive oxide, which contains from 14 to 11
per cent. of cadmium. It has the colour
and lustre of tin, but is harder and more te-
nacious, and is susceptible ofa fine polish.
It is very ductile and malleable, melts at
about the same temperature as tin, and is
nearly as volatile as mercury, condensing
like it into globules which have a metallic
a its vapours have no smell. Sp.
gr. 8°6.

Capv’ca-zo’NA, an old law term, —
fying goods (bona) forfeited (caduca) to
the treasury of the prince.

Capv’ceus (Latin), Mercury’s rod. A
white rod carried by the Roman heralds
(caduceatorii) when they went to treat of
peace: thus named @ udo, quid cadere
Jaciat contentiones. The rod was of laurel
or olive, with two little wings on the
upper end, two serpents twined about it,
with their heads turned towards each
other, and their crests not bristled, em-
dlematice of peace. Among the moderns
the caduceus is an emblem of commerce.

Capvu’cisRancHia’TEs, Lat. caducus,
fading, and branchia, gills. Batrachians
which lose their branchial apparatus be-
— reaching maturity, as the frog, toad,

Cc.

Canpv’covus, in Lat. caducus, falling off.
Applied in botany to leaves which fall
before the end of summer; to a calyx
which drops at the first opening of the
petals, or even before, as in the poppy; to
petals which are scarcely unfolded before
they fall off, as in thalictrum, and to parts
which fall off before the unfolding of the
flower or leaf, as the perianth of the pa-
paver, and the ‘stipule of the prunus avium.

Czca,Lat.eecus, blind. In comparative

- amatomy, the blind processes of the alimen-

tary canal.
Cz’cum (Jatin), the blind-gut. The first

portion of the large intestine, situated in
the right iliac region. It so named
from c@cus, blind, because it is perforated
at one end only.

Carr, in British antiquity,a term which,
like the Saxon chester, denotes castle,and
is prefixed to the names of places fortified
by the Romans.

Czsatri’NiA, the brasiletto. A genus of

arborescent plants. all natives of hot cli-
mates. Decandria—Monogynia. Named
in honour of A. Cesalpinus, chief physi-
cian to Pope Clement VIII. All the plants
of this genus afford wood which is used
in dyeing: these woods are known in
commerce under the names of Brazil
woods.
Czsa’RIAN OPERATION, } the operation
C:SARE’AN SECTION, of making an
incision into the uterus, to extract the
child, either after the death of the mother,
or when the obstacles to delivery are so
great as to leave no other alternative. It
is so named, because Julius Czesar is said
to have been brought into the world in
this manner.

Czsrvs, the boxing-glove of the Gre-
cian and Roman pugilists.

Czs’ura, in Latin verse, the separation
of the last syllable of any word from those
which precede it, and the carrying it for-
ward into another foot. It always ren-
ders the syllable on which it falls long,
and is accompanied with a slight pause,
called the cesural pause, as in the follow-
ing line :—

Tile la | tus nive | um mol | Ui ful | tus

hyacintho.

In English verse the czesura is equivalent
to a pause.

C2zTERIS Parisus, a Latin phrase, used
by writers on physical science, to signify
other things being equal; e. g. the heavier
the bullet, ceteris paribus, the greater the
range; i.e. the heavier the bullet, the
length and diameter of the piece, and the
strength of the powder being the same, the
greater will be the range of the piece of
ordnance.

CaFFEIN’, } a chemical principle dis-

Careine’, J covered in coffee (café), by
Robiquet. It is a white volatile matter,
sparingly soluble in cold water, but
readily dissolved by boiling water or
alcohol, from which it is again deposited
on cooling i in silky filaments. It contains
more nitrogen than most animal matters.
but never undergoes putrefaction.

CarFita, in oriental countries,acompany
of travellers or merchants. It differs from
a caravan by being in the employ of some
sovereign or company. The root of the
word is Arabic, kafz, a companion.

Car’ran, the national dress of the Turks,
in the form of a night-gown, and gene-

rally white, with pale yellow flowers. It

nw 2

CAI 180

CAL

is made of wool or silk, and sometimes
lined with fur.

Cae, a small cask, differing from a bar-
rel only in being of smaller size. The
word is usually written keg: the root is
Dan. kag.

Cace, from Lat. cagia. The term cage
is used in carpentry, to denote an outer
work of timber, inclosing another within
it. In this sense the cage of a staircase
is the wooden sides or walls which in-
close it.

Cae’n1z (Persian), a charter or patent,
granted by the Persian kings to those
whom they mean to honour, and by virtue
of which the governor of every district of
the kingdom, through which the Caghizar
travels, must supply him with every ne-
cessary and accommodation.

Ca’cu1, a monkey of Brazil, of two
species, one of which is the Pongi; the
other is not more than six inches long.
They are ealled also Jacchus and (dipus.

The name cagui, pronounced by the
natives sagui, is common in Brazil toa
great number of quadrupeds.

Cac’mMAc,a name given to old geese sent
to London market for sale. The same
name is given to the worst kind of meat.

Ca’x1z (Spanish). An imaginary mea-
sure of about 12 imperial bushels: hence
cahazada, a tract of land on which a cahiz
of wheat may be sown.

Ca’ic, Ca’iqve, a skiff of a galley. It
went out of use with the galley; but the
name is still applied in the Levant and
Black Sea to small barks; and in the
French navy it is used to designate any
small vessel.

Car’macan, lieutenant. A title of the
Grand Signior, the Grand Vizier, and
Governor of Constantinople.

Car’NITEs, a strange sect of heretics,
who appeared about 159 a.p., who as-
serted that the power which created
heaven and earth was the evil principle.

Caren, a name given to heaps of stones,
common in Great Britain, particularly in
Scotland and Wales; generally of a coni-
cal form, and covered with a flat stone.

CairRNGo’'RM, a species of quartz, of va-
rious colours and sizes, on Cairngorm, a
mountain of Scotland, belonging to the
Grampian hills. The cairngorms, called
also Seotch pebbles, are used for seals and
other trinkets. -

Car’sson, from Fr. caisse, a chest. 1. In
military affairs, a wooden chest into
which several bombs are put, and
sometimes gunpowder, and buried under
ground, in order to explode at a particular
time. The name is also applied to a
covered waggon for the provisions and
ammunition of an army.——2. In archi-
tecture, a kind of case or flat-bottomed
boat, used in the construction of bridges,
Jarge enough to contain an entire pier,

which is built in it ; the caisson is then
sunk to the bed of the river, and the sides
removed from the bottom, which is left as
a foundation for the pier. Floating ves-
sels, under the same name, are used to
close the entrances of docks and basins.

Ca’sEPuT-oIL, the volatile oil obtained
from the leaves of the cajeput-tree, the
Cajeputa inarum (the Melaleuca leuca
dendron,Lin.). The name is a corruption
of the mative term, cayu-puti, i. e. white-

wood oil, because the bark of the tree has
a whitish appearance, like our birch.

Ca’sEPUT-TREE, the tree which affords
the cajeput-oil (q.vy.). It is common in
Amboyna and other Eastern islands.

Cav’aBa, a tropical plant ; the species of
Calophyllum which affords the oil called
Oleum Sancte Marie.

Car’apar-skiIn, the Siberian squirrel-
skin, of various colours. It is used in
making muffs, tippets, and trimming for
clothes, and is called by the French pet*t-

gris.

Cat’/azasH, a light vessel, formed of the
shell of the fruit of the calabash-tree,
emptied and dried. So hard and close-
grained are these shells, that they retain
all kinds of liquids, and may be put oz
the fire, like kettles, without sustaining

any injury. The name is also used to
designate the calabash-tree.

Cat’azasH-nut, the fruit of the cala-
bash-tree. It contains a pale yellow
juicy pulp, of an unpleasant taste, which
is esteemed a valuable remedy for several
disorders, both external and internal.

CaL’aBASH-TREE, a name common to ail
the species of the genus Crescentia, but
especially applied to the C. eujeta, a pro-
duction of the West Indies and the con-
tinent of America, about the height and
dimensions of an apple-tree.

Cat’alrE, mineral turquois.

Cataman’co, a sort of woollen stuff
manufactured in England and the Ne-
therlands; it hasa fine gloss, and being
chequered in the warp, the checks appear
only on the one side.

CALAMAN’DER-WoopD, a beautiful species
of hard wood, brought from Ceylon.

Car’amar (Spanish), a name given to the
cuttle-fish or sea-sleeve. The name means

an ink-horn, the fish haying on the belly
vals bladders containing a black fluid
which it emits when pursued.

Cav’ampac (Indian), the lignum aloes,
xylo-aloes or aloes-wood.

Catamso’urR, a species of aloes-wood or
calambac used by cabinet-makers.

Cat’aMIne, the lapis calaminaris, a na-
tive carbonate of zinc. Name, calamina,
from calamus, in allusion to its reed-like
appearance.

Cav’amiTe. 1. From calamus, a reed: a
genus of fossil equisetaceze, abounding in
the most ancient coa] formations, and

CAL 181 AL

characterised by large and simple cylin-
drical stems, articulated at intervals, but
without sheaths.—2. m Ital.
méita,loadstone ; a mineral arity of horn-
blende, foundin serpentine with magnetic
iron and calcareous spar. Itis more gene-
rally called Actinolite, (q. v.)

Cat’amvs (Latin), a reed: in Roman
archeology. e C. pastoralis was a
simple reed, used as a musical instrument.
——2. The C. scriptorius, or C. chartarius,
was split like our pens, and sharpened
with a knife: it was used to write on
materials which the style would injure.
—3. Calamus is now applied as the
generic name of the true Indian reed or
rotang. Hexandria—Monogynia. There
are several species, one of which the
C. rotang affords the rattan canes used as
walking-sticks ; and another, the C. aro-
maticus, the sweet flag or Acorus calames,
Linn., is used bythe distillers of Dantzic
to correct the empyreumatic odour of
spirits.

Catan’pra (Latin), the lark ; applied as
the name of a genus of coleopterous in-
sects, of the family Rhynchophora. The
species are all destructive: the well-
known weevil, the destroyer of our gra-
naries, is the larvaof the C. granaria. The
Zarva of the C. palmarum, called ver pal-
miste, is considered a great delicacy by the

inhabitants of South America.
Cata‘THIUM, } xurabos, a cup. A
Catarui’p1um,) botanicalterm denot-

ing an umbel with all the flowers sessile.

Car’aron, in Roman archeology; an
apparitor or officer who attends courts to
summon the parties: HAANTWE» a crier.

CataTra’va, a § ih military order,
ave ia by ‘Sancho IlI., in memory of

Calatrava from’ the Moors.

= sedi Grossizr (French), a coarse
limestone often passing into sand, and
abounding in marine shells: it belongs to
the eocene tertiary peri

CaLcal’RE SiLicrevx (French), a com-
pact silicious limestone, belonging, like
borne’ on grossier, to the eocene tertiary
pe

Car’car (Latin), a spur; applied, 1. In
anatomy, to the os calcis or heel-bone.——
2. In botany, to a tube forming a sac at
the side of the receptacle-——-3. The name
of asmall reverberatory furnace, in which
the first calcination of sand and potash is
made for the purpose of converting them
into frit, from which glass is ultimately
made. The calcar is 10 ft. long, 7 wide,
and 2 deep.

Cav’carate, ‘Lat. calcaratus, spurred;
applied to corols and nectaries of plants.

Catca’REovs Eartu, commonly denotes
lime in any form, but properly it is pure
time.

Catca’rEous Rock, limestone

Catca’REots Spar, crystallised native
carbonate of lime ; it is found in veins in
all rocks from granite to alluvial strata.
The most beautiful crystals are found in
Derbyshire, but the purest variety is the
Iceland spar. Its optical effects are well
known.

Catca’REovs TuFA, calcareous incrusta
tions of carbonate of lime, sometimes
found so thick and hard as to be used for
architectural purposes. This tufa appears
to be formed generally by springs, which
issuing through limestone strata, hold in
solution a portion of calcareous earth;
this they ee, on coming in contact
with air and

Cat’cEepDon. with jewellers, a foul vein
like calcedony in some precious stones.

Catcep’ony, a simple silicious uncrys-
tallised mineral, semi-transparent and
translucent, thus named from its being
formerly found at Calcedon. There are
several sub-species: common calcedony
occurs in various shades of white, grey,
yellow, brown, green and blue; the grass-
green varieties are called Plasma; the
apple-green is Chrysoprase ; those withred,
brown, and yellow tints are Carnelian ;
others are known as heliotrope, jasper,
onyx, sard, &c.

Car’ctrraca, breakstone (calz, a stone,
and frango, to break), a plant so named
from its supposed property of breaking
the stone in the bladder, By some writers
the term calcifraga is used synonymoualy
with sazifraga.

Catcina’rion, the process of subjecting
a body to the action of fire to drive off
the volatile parts, whereby it is reduced
to a condition that it may be converted
into a powder (calz). Thus marble is
converted into lime by driving off the
carbonic acid and water; and gypsum,
alum, borax, and other saline bodies, are
said to be calcined when they are de-
prived of their water of crystallisation.
In a narrower sense, calcination consists
in subjecting metallic bodies to a roast-
ing heat, whereby they are changed into
a metallic calx or earth.

Catcrrrapor’pEs, fossil shells, so named
from their having four lobes disposed in
a triangular form, like the four iron
points of a caltrop.

Cav’cium, the metallic basis of lime. See
Lime.

Carco’crapHy, from calzx, chalk, and

yeacw, to write,engrave. See ENGRAVING.

Catc-sinTER, stalactitical or stalagmi-
tical carbonate of lime, so called from
German kalk, lime, and sintern, to drop.
Cale-sinter is often formed by the infil-
tration of carbonated lime-water through
the crevices of the roofs of caverns, &c.
When it hangs from the roof it is called
Stalactites, when found on the floor, the

gular masses are termed Stalagmites.

CAL 182

CAL

Cate Spar, calcareous spar, which see.

Catc Turr, a deposit of carbonate of
lime from calcareous springs. See Cat-
carxeous Tura and Tura.

Cat’cutvs (Latin), a stone; dim. of
calx. 1. In medicine, a general name for
all hard concretions (not bony) formed in
the bodies of animals. Those concretions
formed in the gall-bladder are called
biliary calculi, or gall-stones: these
usually consist of cholesterine blended
with various proportions of colouring
matter, inspissated bile, albumen, &c.
Urinary calewi are formed by a morbid
deposition from the urine in the kidney
or bladder, and are therefore renal or ve-
sical, Their usual constituents are lithate
of ammonia, oxalate of lime, and mixed
phosphates. There are also gouty con-
cretions, called arthritic calculi, and la-
chrymal and pancreatic calculi, the first
formed in the lachrymal passages, and
the latter in the pancreas. Pulmonary
calculi are found in the substance of the
lungs, or in the ramifications of the
bronchi; and salivary calculi, in the sali-
vary glands or their ducts. There are
likewise calculi of the ears (indurate wax),
of the pineal and prostate glands, and
spermatic calculi —2. In mathematics,
the higher analysis applicable to variable

itudes, or to quantities which may
be considered as having arrived at a given
state of magnitude by successive varia-
tions. This gives rise to two depart-
ments of analysis; first, the method of
descending from quantities to their ele-
ments, called the differential calculus;
second, the method of ascending from the
elements of the quantities to the quanti-
ties themselves, constituting the integral
calculus. Both of these methods are in-
cluded in the general name, infinitesimal
analysis. Every variable quantity ex-
pressed algebraically may be differen-
tiated, but there are differential quantities
which we cannot integrate; some be-
cause they could not have resulted from
differentiation, and others because means
have not yet been discovered of integrat-
ing them.

Catpa‘rium.~ In ancient architecture,
an apartment in the baths, heated for
causing perspiration.

Cat’/EeBasH, the Cucurbita lagenaria, an
annual plant of both Indies.

CAtera’cienT, Lat. calefaciens, making
warm ; applied in medicine to substances
which cause warmth in the parts to which
they are applied.

Cat’emBoure, a sort of pun in which a
word is employed in an unusual sense ; it
takes its name from a Westphalian Count
Calemberg, who, in the reign of Louis
XV., amu: the Varisians by his blun-
ders in speaking.

Cat’envar, the division of time inte

years, months, weeks, and days; also a
register of these divisions. Among the
old Romans, for want of such a register,
it was the custom for the pontifer mazi-
mus, on the first day of the month, to
proclaim (calare) the month with the fes-
tivals occurring in it, and the time of
new moon, hence and calendar.

CaL’ENDAR Mont, a solar month as it
stands in almanacs.

CaL/EeNDER, from zaAtvdges, acylinder,

A machine consisting essentially of two
cylinders, revolving so nearly in contact
with each other, that cloth passed through
betwixt them is smoothed, and even
glazed, by their powerful pressure. The
machine is employed either to finish goods
for the market, or to prepare cotton and
linen webs for the calico-printer, by ren-
dering their surfaces level and compact.

Cat’ENnDERs, a sect of dervises in Turkey
and Persia: named from their founder.

Cat’enpDs, with the Romans, the first
days of the month, so called because the
pontifer maximus then proclaimed (calavit)
whether the nones would be on the 5th or
on the 7th. This was the custom till 450
U.C., when the fasti calendares were af-
fixed to the wall in public places.—In
ecclesiastical history, the conferences re-
garding their duty and conduct, anciently
held by the clergy of each deanery, are
called calends.

Caen’puta, the Marygold: anextensive
genus of plants. Syngenesia—Polyg. neces-
saria. Named quod singulis calendis, i. e.
mensibus, florescat, because it flowers every
month. The annual species are all hardy ;
the permanent ones are cultivated in this
country as green-house plants. A muci-
laginous. substance obtained from the
plant is called calendulin.

CaL’enTuRE, Lat. calentura, a form of
phrenitis, alleged formerly to have been
common among seamen in tropical lati-
tudes. It was attended with delirium, in
which the patient fancied the sea to be
green fields, and would leap into it if not
restrained. There appears to be no such
disease known at present.

CaL'1zER, Fr. calibre. 1. The diameter
of the bore of any piece of ordnance.——
2. The diameter of any body, asa column,
a shot, a shell.

Cainer Compasses, }a sort of com-

Cav’tireR Compasses, passes, with
arched legs, used by gunners to take the
diameter of shots, shells, &c., and by
turners to find the diameter of the object
in the lathe: called often for shortness.
calibers or callipers. The gunner’s calibers,
called also caliber rule, consist of two
thin pieces of brass jointed by a rivet, so
as to move quite round each other. The
instrument contains a number of rules,
tables, &c., connected with the artillery
practice.

—

ae

ee

CAL

183

CAL

CAv’ico, a species of cotton cloth, named
from Calicut, in India, where it was first
manufactured. In England, unprinted
cotton cloth is called calico; in An.erica,
the cloth is called calico after it is printed ;
in Scotland, white cotton cloth or calico
is called blunk.

Car’1co-PRINTING, the art of applying
colours to cloth after it has come from the
hand of the weaver, in such a manner as
to form patterns or figures. This art is
sometimes practised upon silks, linens,
and woollens, but most frequently upon
that species of cotton cloth called calico:
whence the name.

Cat’1pris, the name given by Cuvier to
the sandpipers, and by Vigors to the sand-
erlings (the arenaria of Bechstein). Both
of the subgenera of birds are compre-
hended in the genus Scolopaz, Lin. The
name was originally applied to some bird
of this genus.

Cat'teo (Latin), darkness: appropriate-
ly, a disease of the eye, causing dimness
of sight or blindness. Its cause is the
interposition of some opaque body be-
tween the object and the retina: hence
there are many species.

Ca’tipH, the name assumed by the suc-
cessors of Mohammed in the government
of the faithful, and in the high priesthood.
The term is Arabic, and means vicegerent.
The title is borne by the grand signior in
Turkey, and the sophiin Persia.—Caliph-
ate is the govermment or jurisdiction of a
caliph.

Cautp’pic Pertop, in chronology, a period
of 76 years continually recurring, after
which it was supposed by Calippus, that
the lunations, &c., of the moon would
Tretarn again in the same order (which is
not exact, as it brings them too late by a
day in 225 years).

Catrx’tins, a sect of Hussites in Bohe-
mia, who differed from the Catholics
chiefly in giving the communion cup to
laymen. They are called also Utraquists.

Catx, to drive oakum into the seams of
, planks to prevent the entrance of water.

After the oakum is driven in, it is covered

with melted pitch or resin to preserve it
from the action of the water. In some
parts of America the term calk is used
substantively in the same sense as calkin
in England and calker in Scotland; and,
as a verb, to set calks upon horses’
shoes.
Cavx’ers, in Scotland, the sharp pointed
armature of a horse’s shoes, put on to
prevent the animal’s feet from slipping
on ice,&c. The wordis properly chalkers,
and has reference in its etymology to the
white lines which the calkers make on
the ice: hence the term is often used to
designate such lines.

Catx’tnc. 1. Stopping the seams of a

ship-with oakum.——2. Arming a horse’s
shoes with calkins.——3. Covering the
back of a design with black lead or red
chalk, and, with a sharp point, tracing
lines through on a wax plate or other pre-
pared surface, which leaves an outline
impression on the plate or other surface.
This is more commonly called tracing.

CALK’ING-IRON, an iron instrument like
a chisel, to force the oakum into the seams
of ships.

Catx’ins, in England, the sharp pointed
armature of a horse’s shoes. See CaLKERs.

Catt. 1. The cry of a bird to its young
or to its mate at coupling time.——2. A
sort of pipe used by fowlers to catch birds
by imitating their notes——3. Among
sportsmen, a lesson blown on the horn of
the keeper to encourage the dogs in their
search of game.——4. Among seamen, the
boatswain’s whistle.——5. Theinvitation
of a Scotch congregation to a preacher to
become its pastor.——6. A short visit.

CaLiicu’tys, a genus of Malacoptery-
gious abdominal fish, related to tha
salmon-tribe. Name from xeAAOS, beau-
tiful, and syru¢, a fish.

Caxuicoc’ca, a genus of plants, Pentan-
dria—Monogynia. Name from zaAdos,
beautiful, and xoxxos, berry. Ipecacuanha
is afforded by a Peruvian species of this
genus, C. Ipecacuanha.

CaLiic’RaPHyY, Gr. from zaAdAog, beauty,
and yeagw,I write. The art of beautifu.
writing.

Cauuion’ymus. 1. A genus of Acan-
thopterygious fishes, placed among the
Gobioides by Cuvier. The dragonet is
a species. Name, zaAAsovuseos, given by
Pliny to an undetermined species.——2.
The lily of the valley, a species of Con-
vallaria.

Cattr’opr, one of the Muses (q. y.);
daughter of Jupiter and Mnemosyne. She
presided over eloquence and heroic
poetry. Kawaaog and ot.

Catuis’THENICcS. See GyMNASTICS.

Cat’tovs, fromcallus, hard. Indurated.
Applied to parts oforganized bodies which
are morbidly hard. When there is a
thickening of enamel upon any particular
part of a shell, resembling a tumor, itis
termed callous or a callosity, this is ob-
served among spiral shells, in the inner lip
of the Olives, Natice, and many others ;
and is very common near the hinge of
certain bivalves.

Catt’una, the common heath or ling,
Erica vulgaris, oi which there are many
varieties known in Britain. Name from
zaAAnyw, to adorn, which is peculiarly
applicable, whether we consider the
beauty of its flowers or the circumstance
that brooms are made of its twigs. It is
the badge of theclan Macdonell.

CAL 184

CAL

Cat’‘tvs (Latin), a preternatural hard-
ness ofany part, whether carneous Or osse-
ous. Corns produced by pressure and fric-
tion on the hands and feet of labourers are
examples of the first, and the new growth
of bony substance between the extemities
of fractured bones, by which they are
united, is an instance of the latter.

CatLocaT anus a nameofthe wild poppy,
Papaver rhe@as; from zadros, beautiful,
and zarayov, a cup, in allusion to the
beauty of its flower and shape.

Cav’omEL, from xaAos, good, and weras,
black. This name was originally applied
to the black sulphuret of mercury,
e@thiops mineral, it was afterwards very
inappropriately applied to the proto-
chloride of mercury, which is the only
substance .ow known under the name of
calomel. It is a highly important and
highly abused medicine.

CaLoruy.’Lum, the calaba-tree of the
E. Indies; of which there are two species.
Polyandria — Monogynia. Name from
mados, beauty, and guAdoy, a leaf; the
species being distinguished by the beauty
of their leaves. All the species afford a
kind of tacamahaca, and an oil used for
burning.

Cator’ic, from calor, heat; applied in
philosophical language as the name of
that agency which produces the pheno-
mena of heat and combustion. There
are two theories regarding it: 1. That it
is a subtile fluid, the particles of which
mutually repel one another, and are at-
tracted by all other substances.——2. That
it is not a separate entity, but is merely,
like gravity, a property of matter refer-
able to a vibratory motion among the
ultimate particles of common matter. The
arguments in favour of the first theory are
founded on the evolution and absorption
of heat during chemical combination, and
the existence of colorific rays along with
those of light in the solar beam ; those of
the latter are chiefly founded on thé pro-
duction of heat by friction, and other
mechanical processes, producing motion
among the particles of matter.

Catori’METER, from caloric and metrum,
@ measure. An apparatus invented by
Lavoisier and Laplace to measure the
quantity of heat which a body gives out
in cooling, by the quantity of ice which
it melts. It consists of three similar me-
tallic vessels, the one containing the

_ other, and kept separate by small pieces
of wood. Whe intervals between the ves-
sels are filled with pounded ice, and the
body to be cooled is placed in the inner
vessel which is formed of iron net-work.
The quantity of water produced by the
cooling of the body is the measure of its
specific caloric. In the calorimeter of
Count Rumford water is used, and the

capacity of the body is determined by
the number of degrees which the tem-
perature of the water is raised in cool-
ing the body a given number of degrees.
The sources of fallacy in both kinds are
such as render the results doubtful.
Ca’torimo’tor, from caloric and motor,
a mover, a galvanic instrument,in which
the calorific influence or effects are at-
tended with scarcely any electrical power.
Catoso’ma, Gr., from zaAog, beautiful,
and cwua, body. Carabide or ground
beetles, a genus of most beautiful cole-
opterous insects. |
CaLosTEM’mMa, a genus of perennial
plants of New Hollan& Herandria—
Monogynia. Name from xaos, beauti-
ful, and ¢rtuuc, a wreath.
CaLoTHAM’NUS, a genusof plants (trees)
of New Holland. Polyadelphia—Icosan-

dria. Name from zadcs, beautiful, and -

Tapyos, tree.

Catottr’ (French), a cap; applied in
architecture to a concavity in the form of
a cup or niche, lathed and plastered, to
diminish the height of a chapel, cabinet,
alcove or the like, which otherwise would
be too high for the breadth.

Cat’orers, Greek monks, who chiefiy
resided in Mount Athos, and became ce-
lebrated for their solitary and austere
life. The Turks sometimes cali their der-
vishes by this name.

CaLP, xwAay, a Sub-species of carbonate
of ltme containing argil and oxide of iron.

Cac’rua, the marsh marigold, a genus
of British perennials. Polyandria—Poly-
gynia. Greek name zxadfa, caltha, pro-
bably a corruption of yadrya, yellow,
whence its other names, zaAfvraw, cal-
thula; zaAdvaa, caldula; zarevdura,
calendula.

Cau’TROoPs, &@ name common to all the
species of the genus Tribulus, but espe-
cially applied to the I. terrestris, a thistle,
with a roundish prickly pericarp on the
one side, gibbose and armed with three
or four daggers; and on the other angu-
lar and converging with transverse cells.
It is found in the south of Europe, among
corn, &c., and is peculiarly dangerous to
the feet of cattle. Name, calyx, the heel,
and tribolo, a thistle. The name water-
caltrops is applied to the plants of the
genus Trapa.

Catrrop. In military affairs, an instru-
ment with four iron points disposed in a
triangular form, so that three of them
being on the ground the othe. point is
upwards. Caltrops are scattered on the
ground where an enemy's cavalry are to
pass, to impede their progress by endan-
gering the feet of the horses. The instru-
ment takes its name from its resemblance
to the caltrops thistle.

—

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CAL

185

CAL

Catum’Ba, the root of the Cocculus pal-
matus, imported from Colomba in Cey-
resid Synonyms, Colombo, Calomba, Co-

m .

Cat’umeEt, the Indian pipe of peace,
corresponding i& some measure to the
European flag of truce. The bowl of the
pipe is usually made of a red soft marble,
and the tube of reed ornamented with
feathers. From this instrument the ca-
lumet dance, the least hideous of the In-
dian dances, has its name.

Car’vary, from calvaria, a skull. In
heraldry, a cross set upon steps in imi-
tation of that on which Christ was cruci-
fied on Mount Calvary.

Cat’ves-snout, the herb snap-dragon.
See ANTIRRHINUM.

Cat’vinism, that system of religious
doctrine taught by John Calvin, the dis-
tinguishing features of which are em-
braced in the jive points,—predestination,
particular redemption, total depravity,
irresistible grace, and the certain perse-
verance of the saints. The doctrines of
the trinity and original sin, are common to
other protestant sects besides Calvinists.

Catx (Latin), properly lime or chalk,

but the term is now more generally ap-
plied to the residuum of a metal or mine-
ral which has been subjected to a violent
heat, burning or calcination, and which
is or may be reduced to a fine powder.
Metallic calees are now generally called
oxides.
Caux warr’va (Latin), native calx: a
kind of marly earth which, without burn-
ing, will make with water a sort of cal-
careous cement.

Caty’BI0, yadru6y, a cottage. A one-
celled, inferior, or few-seeded fruit, en-
closed in a capsule, as the acorn of the oak.

Car’ycantHA’cex. Calycanthus the
type. A natural order of plants related
to cer.

Catycan’THEM2, an order of plants in
Linneus’ fragments of a natural method,
consisting of plants which have the co-
rolla and stamina ¥ted in the calyx;
hence the name from calyx and ayios,
a flower.

Catrcan’THUvs, the all-spice,a genus of
American trees. I dria—Polygyni
Name from zaavk, a calyx, and avOos,
a flower; the corolla consisting of leaves
on the calyx.

Caty’cerA, the wazx-cup,a genus of syn-
genesious plants of the order Polygamia
segregata. Name from calyx and cera,
wax

Ca’tycera’cEm. Calycera the type. A
natural order of plants related to Com-
posite.

Ca’tyciF.o’r#, an order of plants in
Linnzeus’ fragments of a natural method.
Name from calyz and fies, the order con-

sisting of plants which have the stamina
inserted in the calyx.

Caty’ctnaL, Lat. calycinalis, helonging
to the calyx of a flower. Applied to the
nectary when it is a production of the
calyx.

Catyc’uLaTeE, Lat. calyculatus, having a
double calyx, or several successively di-
minishingin size. Applied to a periaith,
when there are smaller ones like srles
about its base: six seeds are inclosed iu a
hard bone-like calyx.

Cat’ycue, Lat. calyculus, a little vasyx.
Used to designate, 1. The membranaceous
border surrounding the apex of a seed.
—2. A little calyx exterior to another
proper one.

Catym’ENngE, a genus of Trilobites, long
confounded with insects under the same
of Entomolithus paradorus. This genus
appears to have been extinguished with
the termination of the carboniferous
strata. The name is from zezadrvuueyy,
concealed, in reference to the dubious
characters of these fossils.

Catyp’so. 1. In mythology, a daughter
of Atlas. She inhabited the woody island
Ogygia, situated deep in the ocean, re-
mote from all intercourse with men and
gods. She died of love for Ulysses.——
2. The generic name of a perennial plant
(C. borealis) of North America and Europe.

CaLyP’TER, zadurrze, a covering. Used
in anatomy to designate a carneous ex-
crescence covering the hemorrhoidal vein.

Catyr’rra, Lat. from zadaurrw, to
cover. In botany, 1. The veil or covering
of mosses ; a kind of membraneous hood
placed on a thin capsule or fructification,
like an extinguisher on a candle.——2.
The proper exterior covering or coat of
the seed, which falls off spontaneously.

CatypTr#z’a,a genus of Mollusca, hav-
ing a conical shell ; placed in the Capuloid
family by Cuvier, and among the Halio-
lide or ear-shells by Swainson. Name
from zeAurrw, to cover, there being
found in the hollow of the shell a little
lamina that projects inwards, and inter-
poses itself between a fold of the abdo-
minal sac.

Catyp’TRATE, Lat. calyptratus. Having
a covering like the calyptra of mosses.

Catystr’cia, the bearbind. A genus of
plants mostly perennials. Pentandria—
Monogynia. Name from calyx and ore-
yotw, to conceal.

Ca’/tyx, from zadAviz, the flower-cup—
xaAvurrw, to cover. Used in botany to
designate the external covering of a
flower, generally resembling the leaves in
colour and texture. There are seven kinds
of calyces, viz. perianthium, amentunt
cag gluma,invyolucrum, perichetium
volya.

cAM 186

CAM

Camz’‘a,asemi-pellucid gem, approach-
ing to the onyx in structure, being com-
posed of zones, and formed on a crystalline

Camar’ev, a variety of onyx, or any gem
whereon there are various natural figures.
From tamahuia, an oriental name of the
onyx. This name has also been generally
given to all precious stones whereon lapi-
daries employ their art, to perfect their
‘natural beauty. Camaieu is also used
synonymously with cameo (q.v.), and to
designate a painting wherein there is
only one colour, and where the lights and
shades are of gold, wrought on a golden
or azure ground. When the ground is
yellow, the French call it cirage; when
gray, grissaile. The bare at called pieces
of this sort wovoxeouc

CAMAL’DOLITES, | an ‘ondee of hermits

Camatpv’Lians, ) and monks, founded
in 1012, by St. Romuald, in the valley of
Camaldoli, near Arezzo, in the Apennines,
and confirmed by Pope Alexander III.

Cam’anDaa, \a tree of the Philippine

Cam’ANDANG, J islands, which has not
been classed botanically. Its juice, called
tague, is used by the natives to poison
their arrows.

Camaritia, Span. The little or private
chamber of the Sovereign of Spain. The
term is generally applied to his imme-
diate confidants, and is then synonymous
with clique.

Camano’MA, ) camaration, a species of

Camano’sts, J fracture of the skull where
the bones present the appearance of an
arch or vault (zapaea). Camarosis has
ako been used by architects to denote an
elevation terminating with an arched or
yaulted head.

Cam’BER, in architecture, an arch on the
top of an aperture, or on the top of a
beam. The term is from Fr. cambrer, to
arch, probably from zaeen, an arch.

Cam’BER-BEAM, a piece of timber cut
with an obtuse angle on the upper edge,
so as to form a declivity on each side
from the middle of their length. Beams
of this description are used in truncated
roofs, being covered with boards and the
boards covered with lead, to discharge
the rain-water towards each end of the
platform.

CAMBERED-DECK, an arched deck declin-
ing towards the stem and stern.

CaMBER-WINDOWS, Windows which are
arched above.

CAMBERING, arching, as the deck lies
cambering.

Cam’sicm, Lat. from cambio, to ex-
change. In physiology . 1. The nutri-
tious humour which is changed into the
materials of which the body is composed.
2. The gelatinous substance or mat-
ter of organisation supposed to pro-

duce the young bark and new wood of
plants.

Cams’opta, | Gamboge: thus named from

Cams‘oota,ja river in Transgangetic
India, on the banks of which the tree
that affords the gum is produced. See
GaAMBOGE.

Cam’BRASINE, a species of fine linen
made in Egypt, and named from its re-
semblance to cambric.

Cam’srtan Rocks, the name given by
Sedgwick toa group of rocks placed below
the Silurian rocks, from their being ex-
tensively developed in North Wales, the
ancient name of which is Cambria.

Cam’sric, a sort of fine linen, thus
named from its being first made at Cam-
bray, in French Flanders. A good imita-
tion is now produced extensively in this
country from fine cotton yarn
twisted.

Ca/mE, a slender rod of cast lead, of
which glaziers make their turned or
milled lead for joining the panes or quar-
rels of glass.

Cam’EL, Lat. camelus. 1. The English
name of the camel-genus of quadrupeds.
=——2. A machine used first by the Dutch
for lifting ships over the Pampas, at the
mouth of the river Y, or over other bars.
It consists of two half ships so constructed
that they can be applied below water, on
each side of the hull ofa vessel. On the
camel’s deck are a great many horizontal
windlasses, from which ropes proceed
through apertures in the one half, and
being carried under the keel of the vessel,
enter similar apertures in the other half,
from which they are conveyed to
windlasses on its deck. When the appa-
ratus is to be used, as much water as may
be necessary is suffered to run into the
parts: all the ropes are cast loose, the
vessel is conducted between the divisions
of the camel, and the ropes are then made
fast, so that the ship is secured in its
place. The water is then pumped out of
the parts of the camel, by which they
rise and float the ship between them.
Thus, ships of 100 guns can be raised to
pass without grounding the shallow banks
of the Zuyder-Zee. The Russians use
similar machines to float vessels built in
the Neva, over the bar at Cronstadt. The
machine takes its name from its supposed
resemblance to a camel, called kameel by
the Dutch.

Cam’ELEoN. See CHAMELEON.

CameEv'ipz, the camel-tribe of quadru-
ped ; zeepemroe, a camel, and ¢idoy, like.
The camel is the type.

CameEt'tna, the gold-of-pleasure: a genus
of European annuals. TZetradynamia—
Siliculosa. Named from camelus, because

camels are supposed to be fond of it. (The
nape gold-of-pleasure, is by some given te

CAM

187

cAM

the plants of the genus Myagrum, and
perhaps more correctly.)

CAMEL’LIA, a very extensive genus of
Asiatic plants (trees and shrubs), all
treated in this country as green-house
plants. Monadelphia—Polyandria. Name
trom zemaiA due, an undetermined plant.

CAMEL’'LID2, | a natural order of plants,

CaMELLI'EX, Jincluding the’ genera
camellia and thea.

Cam’ELoparD, the giraffe: an African
quadruped forming the genus Camelopar-
dalis of Linnzus. It is the tallest of ani-
mals; its head being often 18 feet from
the ground. Its hair is short and gray,
intermixed with fawn brown angular
spots. It lives on leaves, and is of a gen-
tle disposition.

CaMELOPARDALIS, the generic name of
the camelopard (q. v.) or giraffe. Charac-
terised in both sexes by conical horns
covered with a hairy skin ; from zasenros,
a camel, and rweSadss, a panther, the
animal being supposed by the ancients to
partake of the characteristics of both
these animals.

Camet’s Harr, the hair of the camel,
imported into this country chiefly for the
manufacture of fine pencils for drawing
and painting. It is divided into three
sorts, the black, the red, and the grey.
The black is the dearest, and the grey is
only worth half the red.

CameEt’s Hay, the sweet rush (andropo-
gon scheenanthus). The dried plant is
imported into this country from Turkey
and Arabia, and used as a stomachic.

Cam’eLvs, the Latin generic name of
the camel: there are only two species
known, the two-humped or Bactrian
eamel (so called from its inhabiting Tur-
kestan, the ancient Bactria), and the one-
humped camel or dromedary, both large
animals of the Eastern Continent. (The
lamas are by some placed in this genus).
The camel belongs to the ruminant order
of mammiferous animals, and is the only
animai of that order which has cutting
teeth in the upperjaw. Name zaumAos,
from zajeve, to toil.

Cam’ziot. See Camter. F

Cam’eo, in the proper sense, a gem en-
graved in relievo. At first the onyx (see
CamareEv) only was used for this purpose,
but afterwards any gem which was carved
in relief was called a cameo. They were
carved according to the layers of the stone,
so that the ground should be of a different
colour from the figure in relief. The most
famous cameo is the Apotheosis of Augustus,
at Paris; it 1s 12 inches high, and 10
inches wide.

Camera ora (Chamber of Zolus), a
contrivance for blowing the fire. It is
simply a large olopile (q. v.).

Cam’enan Cra 24a (Clear chamber), an

optical instrument on the principle of the
Camera obscura, and has this advantage
over that instrument, that it may be used
equally well in clear and dark weather.
Cam’eRa Lucipa (Light chamber), an in-
strument employed for delineating views
from nature and copying drawings. Itcon-
sists essentially ofa four-sided glass prism,

a section of which is shewn in the cut, in
which O is the object, and O’ its reflected
image, P the prism, and E the eye of the
observer, who is thus led to suppose that
he sees the object delineated on a sheet of
white paper placed at O’. This instru-
ment was invented by Dr. Wollaston, but
the name was originally given to an in-
strument invented by Dr. Hooke, analo-
gous to the solar-microscope.

Cam’ERa Oxscu’ra (Dark chamber), an op-
tical instrument, employed for exhibiting
the images and colours of external ob-
jects, so that they may be traced on paper.
The simplest form of it is a darkened
room, into which no light is admitted ex-
cept by a small hole in the window-shut-
ter. A picture of the opposite objects
will then be seen on the wall or on a
white screen placed so as to receive the
light from the aperture. A very simple
portable camera obscura is revreserted in

the annexed cut. ABCD isa small rec-
tangular box, closed on all sides excep»
the space EF GD, which is covered with
a piece of groundglass. In the other end
is a moveable tube T, with a proper lens,
and in the body of the box is a mirror
EIHD, set to anangle of 45°. Upon this
mirror the image of the object PQ falls,
and is reflected upon the ground glass
plate EF GD.

CamrEratis’tIcs, the science of finance,
German camerallist, a financier. The root

CAM 188

CAM

of the word seems to be Spanish camer-
tila, a chamber.

Camera‘riA, the’ bastard manchineel ; a
genus of plants, natives of warm climates.
Pentandria—Monogynia. Name camararia,
a@ waiting-maid, in allusion to the light
and gaudy appearance of the plants when
in bloom.

Cam’ERATED, vaulted orarched. Camera,
an arch or vault.

Cam’eruinco, in Italy; originally the
pope’s treasurer, at present the highest
oficer in the ecclesiastical states, under
the pope. ;

CameEr’on1ans, a sect of Christians who
trace their descent from the martyrs of
the Scottish church, and hold by the prin-
ciples of that church as settled at what is
called the second Reformation (1649).
They take this designation from Richard
Cameron, who was killedin a skirmish
at Airmoss, Ayrshire, where he and his
followers were attacked by Bruce of
Earlshall, on the 20th July, 1680.

Cam’ery, that disease of horses called
founce (q. v-).

Cam’IsapeE, in military affairs, an attack
by surprise at a time when the enemy is
supposed to be in bed; hence the deriva-
tion, Ital. camicia, Sp. camisa, a shirt.

Camr’sarps, persecuted Calvinists, inha-
biting the Cevennes, in France, who, in
the beginning ofthe 18th century attacked
the tax-collectors, dragged them out of
bed and hanged them with the tax-rolls
about their necks. To disguise them-
selves, they appeared in their shirts,
whence the name.

Cam’Let, } A light stuff manufactured

Cam’BLET. on a loom with two tred-
dles, and so named from its being origi-
nally made of camel’s hair. There are
camlets of different kinds, as goat’s hair,
hair and wool, wool and silk, wool and
linen or cotton yarn. Some are watered,
others figured, and some striped.

Cam’omive. the anthemis nobilis, a well-
known plant, the dried daisy-like flowers
of which are much used in medicine.
Latin name Chamomilla.

Camp, from Lat. Campus, 1. The place
and order of tents for soldiers in the field,
in contradistinction to bivowac, which de-
notes the situation of an army which re-
mains in the open air.——2. In agriculture,
a heap of turnips, potatoes, or other roots,
laid up for preserving through the winter.

Campa’xa (Latin), a bell; used to denote,
1. In chemistry, a receptacle like a bell
used for making sulphuric acid; whence
the old name oleuwm sulphuris per cam-
panum.—2. In architecture, the body of
the Corinthian pillar, thus named from
its figure.

Campana’cE2, bell-shaped flowers; an
order of plants in Linnaeus’s natural me-
thod—Camipana, a bell.

CaMPAN‘ILE, in architecture, a tower
appropriated to bells, from Ital. campana,
a bell. In Italy bell-towers are built
apart from the churches.

Campan’uLA, the bell-flower, an exten-
sive genus of plants mostly perennials.
Pentandria—Monogynia. Name, dim. of
campana,a bell. There are several Bri-
tish species of this plant, of which the
throat-wort is among the best known.
It is used in medicine for sore-throat.

Campanvta’cez, bell-shaped flowers; a
natural order of plants of which the
genus campanula is the the type.

CAMPANULA‘RIA, a genus of coralliferous
polypi placed among the Tubularii by
Cuvier. Name from campanula, a little
bell. The extremities of the branches
through which the polypi pass are
widened and bell-shaped.

CaMPAN’ULATE, Lat. campanulatus, bell-
shaped, applied to many parts of plants,
especially the corolla and nectary.

Camp-crettinc. A roof is said to be
camp or tent ceiled, which has the ceiling
under the rafters.

CaMPEACHY-wooD, the wood of the He-
matoxylon campeachianum, known better.
by the name logwood, which is said to at-
tain the greatest perfection at Campeachy
in America.

CaMPEs’TRAL, ) Lat. campestris, per-

Camres’TRIAN, § taining to the Mato
fields, =. as the specific name of
many plants.

Camp’-Ficur. In old law writings, a trial
by duel, or the legal combat of two cham-
pions for the decision of a controversy.

Camp-Meerincs, religious meetings
among the Methodists held in the open
air (campus) in Britain and America. In
the latter country sometimes 20,000
attend.

Campur'Ne. In chemistry, a hydro-car-
bon, identical with pure oil of turpentine.

Cam’PHIRE, a peculiar substance which

Cam’PHor, J exists in several plants,
but is obtained chiefly from two trees:
the Laurus camphora, found in the forests
of Fokein in China and of North Ame-
rica, and the Dryobalanops camphora,
which grows in the forests of Sumatra
and Borneo. From the first-named tree
the camphor is obtained by boiling the
wood; from the second it is obtained by
making incisions. into the tree when
growing, into which incision the cam-
phor concretes ; the tree is then cut down
and the camphor extracted. After ex-
traction it is purified by mixing it in a
crude state with a twentieth part of its
weight of quick lime and subliming it.
When pure it has a strong and peculiar
fragrance, and a bitter pungent taste. It
is white, semi-transparent, unctuous to
the touch, brittle, and of irregular crys-
talline texture. It is volatile, melts at

CAN

189

CAN

88° Fahr., and boils at 400°, burns with
a bright flame and much smoke at higher
temperatures. Sp. gr. 984; constituents—
earbon, 6, hydrogen, 1, oxygen, 1. It
was introduced into Europe by the Ara-
dians, under the names camper and ca-
Joor, Latinised camphora, whence camphor.

Cam’PHORATE, a salt formed by the
union of the camphoric acid with a base.

Cam’PHORATED, containing camphor ;
e. g- camphorated spirit of wine.

CampuHor’ic Acrp, an acid obtained by
repeated distillations of nitric acid from
camphor. It combines with the earthy,
alkaline, and metallic bases, and forms
salts called camphorates.

Cax’pnor O1n, a fragrant essential oil,
obtained in large quantities by heating
the wood of the Dryobalanops camphora.
It is cheap and forms a good substitute
for spirit of turpentine in the arts.

AM’PIT#s,a name given to the Dona-
tists, from their meeting in fields (campi)
for want of churches.

Camrvtir’rorus, Gr. from zaurrw, 1
curve, and ¢ge7w, I turn. In botany such
ovules as bend down upon themselves till
their apex touches the base.

Cam’woop, a red dye-wood, the colour-
ing matter of which seems to differ little
from that of the common Nicaragua
wood, either in quality or quantity. It
is principally obtained from the vicinity
of Sierra Leone.

Can-svor, a buoy of the form of acone,
made large and sometimes painted.

Can-HOOK, in ships, an instrument to
. Sling a cask by the ends of the staves,

formed by reeving a piece of rope through
two flat hooks, and splicing the ends to-
gether.

Can’aDa Batsam, one of the purest tur-

mtines. It is obtained from the Pinus

mea, a tree found in Canada.

Can’apa Ricz, a name common to all
the species of the genus Zizania, but
especially applied to the Z. aquatica, a
Canadian perennial.

Cana’tr. the coarser partof meal. The
term is Fr. canaille, refuse,

Cana’t, Lat. canalis, a pipe .l. An arti-
ficial channel filled with water, kept at
the desired level by means of locks or
sluices, and forming a communication be-
tween two or more vlaces.——2. Inarchi-
tecture this word is sometimes used for
the flutings of a coluinn or pilaster. The
canal of the volute is a spiral channel com-
mencing at the eye of the Ionic capital,
and expanding in width until the whole
number of revolutions are completed. The
canal of the Larmier iz a groove recessed
on the soffit of the larmier upwards, to
prevent the rain-water m
down the bed of the cornice.——3. In con-
chology, the groove or gutter observable

in different parts of certain spiral shells, ~
belonging to the carnivorous tribe (Zoo-
phaga), is called the canal.——4. In phy-
stology, any duct or passage in the body,
through which any of the fiuids or juices
flow, or other substances pass.

CaNnatic’cLaTE, Lat. canaliculatus, chan-
nelled ; furrowed.

CANALIF’ERA, Lat. canalis,a canal, and
fero, [bear. Zoophagous univalves, the
shell of which is characterised by a long
straight canal terminating its mouth.

CaNAR’DIERE, & Small turret or sentry-
box, sometimes erected on the salient
angles of works to serve as a shelter to a
sentinel. Formerly canardieres were con-
structed on castles to shelter the warriors
when they discharged their missiles.

Cana’/RY-GRASS, 2 name common to all
the species of the genus p/alaris, but es-
pecially applied to the P. canariensis,
brought from the Canary Islands, but
now naturalised in Britain. It affords
the canary-seed.

Canas’TER, the rush basket in which
tobacco is packed in South America.

CancELLA’RIA, & genus of shell, com-
prising many species, some of which are
found in a fossil state in the London clay
add cale-grossier of Paris. This genus is
placed among the Scolymine by Swain-
son. Name from cancelli, lattice-work,
the shell being generally reticulated and
scabrous.

Can’CELLATED, Lat. cancellatus, reticu-
lated ; having the appearance of cancelli.

Cancetti (Latin), lattice-work: the
divisional lines crossing each other at
right angles.

Can’cEr (Latin), a crab. 1. Thecrab,a
genus of malacostraceous crustaceans of
the order Decapoda, and family Brachyura,
Cuv. Naturalists have now divided the
crabs into swimmers, arcuated, quadrila-
teral, orbicular, triangular, &c., differing
in shape, the number and form of the
spines or teeth, the relative proportion of
the eyes and their pedicles, &c. Each
of these sections is again divided into
numerous genera.——2. The crab, one of
the signs of the zodiac, being the sign of
the summer solstice, and represented upon
the globe by the figure of a crab. In
books it is marked SS. A lesser circle of
the sphere parallel to the equator, and
passing through the beginning of the sign
cancer, is called the tropic of cancer.——
8. The cancer, a malignant disease, thus
named from the parts affected being raised
into a tumour, and surrounded by dilated
veins, thereby presenting somewhat the
appearance of acrab. In the first stage
of the disease it is called seirrhus, or occtlt
cancer.

Can’cERITE, & petrified crab (czncer).

CAN 190

CAN

CancHERIz’aTO, Musical terms, de-

CAaNCHERIZAN’TE, J) noting a retrogade
motion from the end to the beginning of
apiece. The terms are Italian, from can-
chero, a crab, the motions of which are
reckoned back wards

Cancro’ma, the boat-bill: a genus of bird
inhabiting the hot and marshy parts of
South America. Order Grallatore, and
family Cultrirostres, Cuvier. It much re-
eembles the heron in habits and form,
except in the form of the bill. Name,
cancer, a crab, and roma, food, from its
being thought to live on crabs.

Canpexa’sra (Latin), the stands on
which the ancients supported their lamps.

CANDELA’RIA. the herb mullein, from
candela, its stalk being supposed to re-
semble a candle.

Canpipa’t1, Lat. candidus, white. In
Roman antiquities, so called from their
being arrayed in white garments, were
the aspirants for public offices.

CanpD_z, from Lat. candela. Along roll
made of tallow, wax, or spermaceti.

CanDLEsER’RY MyrrLe,aname common
to all the plants of the genus Myrtica.

Can’DLEBERRY TREE, the Myrtica ceri-
fera, or wax-bearing myrtle of N. America.

Can’DLE-BoMB, a Small glass bubble con-
taining a drop of water and hermetically
sealed. It is placed in the wick of a can-
dle, which, being lighted, the water ex-
pands, and the bomb loudly explodes. It
is a dangerous plaything.

Can’DLE-COAL, ) A species of coal which

Can’NEL-CoAL. § has obtained its name
from the bright flame, unmixed with
smoke, which it yields during combustion.
Candle being provincially pronounced
cannel. It is black, opaque, compact and
brittle, and breaks with a conchoidal
fracture. It does not soil the fingers,
and, like jet, is capable of a high polish,
and of being worked into trinkets and
ornaments. It appears indeed to differ
from jet only in containing foreign earthy
matters, which give it a greater specific
gra

CanDLe- -FIR, moss-fallen fir; fir that has
been buried in moss for a length of
time, split up and used in some parts
instead of candles.

Can’pitEemas (comp. of Candleand mass) ;
a Roman catholic festival, celebrated on
the 2nd of February, in honour of the
purification of the Virgin Mary, and so
called from the great number of lights
used on that occasion. On this day the
Catholics consecrate all the candles and
tapers which are to be used in their
churches during the whole year. In Rome,
the pope performs the ceremony himself,
and distributes wax candles to the car-
dinals and others, who carry them in pro-
cession through the hall of the pope’s
palace. The ceremony was prohibited

in England by an order of council in 14~
but it has given name to one of the fov7
terms for paying and receiving rents an/
interest, and to alaw term beginning Lith
Jan., and ending 3rd Feb. Candlemas-
day is the 2nd Feb.

Can’py, a preparation of sugar, made hy
crystallizing it several times to render it
hard and transparent. Thename and art
was introduced into Furope by the Arabs.

Cane¥, Lat. canna. 1. In botany, this
term is applied to several plants belonging
to different genera, as Arundo, Calamus,
Saccharum, &c. Among them is the bamboc
of the E. Indies, and the sugar-cane of Asia,
Africa and America.—2. A measure of
length in several countries of Europe; at
Naples = 7°292 ft: at Toulouse, in Upper
Languedoc = 5°708 ft. ; in Lower Langue-
doc = 6°458 ft., and the same at Montpel-
lier, and in Provence and Dauphiny.——
3. In Scotland, a duty formerly paid in
produce by a tenant to his landlord.
Skene derives the term, taken in this
sense, from Gaelic Cean, the head, and
supposes that the cane was originally a
capitation tax.

Cane’-BRAKE. 1. A cane-thicket.——2.
A plant, the Arundinaria microsperma of
N. America.

Caner’-HOLE, a trench for planting the
cuttings of cane on sugar plantations.

Canew’LA, the generic name ofa tree of
the W. Indies and S. America. Dodecan-
dria—Monogynia. Name, dim. of canna,
because the bark is brought into this
country in the form of reeds. This tree
affords the bark called Canelle alba or false
Winter’s bark, often confounded with the
true Winter’s bark, which is the produce
of another tree, the Drimys winteri.

Cane’La at’pa. 1. Thespecific name of
the canella tree.——2. The false Winter’s
bark, Canella cubana, which is the inner
bark of the branches of the Canella-tree.
It is brought into this country packed in
casks and cases, in long pieces, some rolled
in quills and others flat. The odour, when
newly broken, is aromatic, some
like a mixture of cloves and cinnamon ;
and the taste slightly bitter, and ex-
tremely warm and pungent.

CaneEv’La CeLyan’ica, Cinnamon, the
bark of the Laurus cinnamonum.

CaneE’LEx, canella being the type, 2
natural order of plants, consisting of S.
American shrubs.

CANE-MILL, a mill on plantations,
for expressing the juice of the sugar-cane.

CaNEPHO’RIA, in Grecian archeology, 1.
A ceremony which formed part of a feg
tival celebrated by the Athenian ladies o1
their marriage-eve: it consisted in pre-
senting a basket of offerings to Minerva.
to obtain leave to marry.—2. A festiva,
in honour of Bacchus, in which a train of
virgins carried covered baskets.» The term

\

CAN

i9l

CAN

is compounded of zaytoy, a basket, and
tw, to carry: hence also a bride was

called zavegoea-

CanEs VENATICI (Latin), the greyhounds,
two constellations (asterion and chara,) be-
tween the tail of the great bear, ursa major,
and Bodtes’ arms, aboye Coma Berenices.

Cane-TRAsH, refuse of the sugar-cane
reserved as fuel to boil the sugar-juice.

Canic’vta (Latin), a little dog; astar
of canis major, called also the dog-star or
Sirius. It is the largest and brightest of
all the fixed stars. The ancients reckoned
their canicular or dog-days from the
heliacal rising of this star.

Ca’'NInE, Lat. caninus, appertaining to
or partaking of the nature of a dog, as—
(1). Canine appetite, see Butimia. (2). Ca-
sine madness, see HypRoPHOBIA. (3). Ca-
nine teeth; the four eye-teeth are thus
named from their resemblance to those of
. Canine muscle, the levator
. (5). Canine spasm, the sar-
donie laugh; a kind of convulsive grin
observed chiefly in cases of tetanus and

ammation of the diaphragm.

Ca’nts Ma’sor (Latin), the Great Dog,
a constellation of the southern hemi-
sphere, having 64 stars, among which is
the brilliant Sirius of the first magnitude.
The Canis Major is fabled to have been
one of Orion’s hounds, but it more pro-
bably represents the Egyptian god Anu-
bis. Sirius (latrator anubis) is verticalon
the 30th June, when the Nile overfiows.
The Egyptians regarded the Nile as under
the infiuence of this star, and hence gave
the constellation of which it is the orna-
ment, the figure of a dog, the most watch-

ul and faithful of the brute creation.

Ca’nis Mr’'nor (Latin), the Little Dog;
a constellation of the southern hemi-
sphere, said to be the type of one of the
beagles of Orion’s pack, or from the ken-
nel of Bodtes, or it is the sagacious cur
Mera ; but it is more probably the sym-
bolical companion of Anubis (the Egyp-
tians introducing all their astronomical
symbols in pairs). The constellation has
14 stars, of which the chief is Procyon,
which comes to the meridian about 50
minutes later than Sirius.

Can’KeErR, Lat. cancrum. 1. A cancer-
ous affection which occurs frequently in
fruit-trees——-2. A fungous excrescence
in the feet of horses disc ng a fetid
matter from the cliff in the middle of the
frog. ——3. Small eroding ulcers in the
mouth, particularly of children, generally
covered with a whitish slough.—4. Any
virulent ulcer.

CanKER-FLy, & name common to all
or which prey on and destroy green

ruit

Can’xeR-Worm, a worm that destroys
the leaves of fruit-trees.

Can’na (Latin). 1. a reed or holiow
cane.——2. A genus of perenniai plants.
Monandria — Monogynia. There are 25
species all natives of hot climates ; popu-
lar name Indian shot.

Can’nasis, hemp; a genus of plants.
Diecia— Pentandria. Name xayvabis,
supposed to be from zayyva,a reed. There
is properly only one species of this im-
portant plant, the C. sativa, a native of
India and Persia, but now naturalised in
the south of Europe. The C. Indica isa
variety of the same plant; its leaves are
used as those of tobacco, and an intoxi-
cating liquor is prepared from them in
many parts of Asia.

Can’nEL Coat. See CANDLE Coat.

Can’NIBALS, Or anthropophagi; man-
eaters, a custom attributed especially to
the Caribee or people of Cariba, whence

is term is derived.

Can’non, a long hollow engine for
throwing iron, lead, or stone balls by the
force of gunpowder. Cannons are com-
monly made of iron, but frequently also
of a mixture of copper, tin, and brass.
They are either cast hollow or solid, and
then bored; the latter kind are superior.
The Moors appear to have used cannon
in Spain in 1312. The origin of the term
is doubtful ; probably it is Lat. canna, a
tube. The parts of a cannon are as fol-
low ; namely,—The reinforce, that part of
a gun next the breech, which is made
stronger to resist the force of powder.
This is divided into the first and second
reinforce, which differ in size.— The
chace, the whole space from the trun-
nions to the muzzle.—The muzzle, pro-
perly so called, is that part comprehended
between the muzzle, astragal, and the
end.—The cascable, the hindermost part
of the breech, from the base-ring to the
end of the button.—The cascable-astragal,
the diminishing part between the two
breech-mouldings.—The neck of the cas-
cable, the narrow space between the
breech-moulding and the button.— The
breech is the solid piece behind, between
the vent and the extremity of the base-
ring, which terminates the hind part of
the gun, exclusive of the cascable—The
breech-mouldings, the eminent parts, as
Squares or rounds, which serve only
for ornaments to the piece, &.—The
base-ring and ogee are ornamental mould-
ings; the latter of which is always in
the shape of the letter 8S, after the man-
ner of the ogee in architecture.—The
vent-field is the part from the vent to the
first reinforce-astragal.—The vent-astra-
gal and fillets are the mouldings and fil-
lets at or near the vent.—The charging
cylinder is all the space from the chase-
astragal to the muzzle-astragal.—The first
reinforce-ring and ogee are the ornaments

CAN

132

CAN

on the second reinforce.—The jirst rein-
Sorce-astragal is the ornament between
the first and second reinforce.—The chase
girdle is the ornament close to the trun-
nions.—Trunnions, two solid cylindrical
pieces of metal in every gun, which pro-
ject from the piece, and by which it is
supported upon its carriage.—Dolphins,
two handles placed on the second rein-
force-ring of brass cannons, resembling
the fish of that name; they serve for
mounting and dismounting the guns.—
The second reinforce-ring and ogee are the
two ornaments joining the trunnions.—
The chace-astragal and jillets, the two last-
mentioned ornaments jointly. — The
enuzzle-astragal and fillets, the joint orna-
ments nearest the muzzle.—The muzzle
mouldings, the ornaments at the muzzle
of a piece.—The swelling of the muzzle, the
projected part behind the muzzle mould-
ings.—The mouth of acannon, the entrance
of the bore, or the hollow part which re-
ceives the charge.—The vent, that which,
in small fire-arms, is called the touch-hole,
asmall hole pierced at the end, or near
the end, of the bore or chamber, for the
purpose of priming the piece with pow-
der, or to introduce the tube in order
when lighted to set fire to the charge.—
The chamber is the place where the pow-
der is lodged which forms the charge.
The tools employed in the use of cannon
are as follow :—Quoins, or wedges, to lay
under the breech of the gun in order to
elevate or depress it.—Handspikes, which
serve as levers to move and lay the gun.
—Ladles, which serve to load the gun
with loose powder. Rammers, which
serve to ram home the wads put upon the
powder and shot.—The sponge is fixed at
the opposite end of the rammer, and
serves to clean the gun after it has been
fired.—Screws are used to field-pieces in-
stead of quois, by which the gun is kept
to the same elevation.—The searcher is an
iron hollow, at one end, to receive a
wooden handle, and, on the other end,
has from four to eight flat springs pointed
and turned outwards at the ends.—The
reliever is an iron flat ring with a wooden
handle at right angles to it: it is socalled
because it serves to relieve or disentangle
the searcher, when any one of its springs
- is caught in a hole, on its being introduced
into the piece to search it after it is fired.

Cannon Boxe. In farriery, is the
single metacarpal or metatarsal bone of
the horse.

Cannon Metat consists of about 90 of
copper and 16 of tin.

Cannvta, Lat. dim. of canna,a reed. A
metallic tube used by surgeons for vari-
ous purposes. It is often adapted to a
sharp instrument, along with which it is
thrust into a cavity containing a fluid;
the perforation being made, the sharp

instrument is withdrawn and the cannula
left, in order that the fluid may pass
through it.

Canor’, a boat used by rude nations,
made usually by excavating the trunk
of a tree, but sometimes by making a
rude framework, and covering it with
skins or bark. The word is said to be of
Indian origin.

Can’on, Lat. from zaywy, that which is
established; a law or rule in general;
e.g. In ecclesiastical affairs; (1.) A law
or rule of doctrine or discipline, enacted
by a council and co: ed by the sove-
reign. (2.) A person who possesses a pre-
bend or revenue allotted for the perform-
ance of divine service in a cathedral or
collegiate church. A cardinal canon is
one attached to a church (incardinatus)
as a priest toa parish. Domicellary canons
are not in orders, and have no right to ©
any particular chapters. Expectative
canons have no revenue, but have the
titles and dignities of canons, a voice in
the chapter, and a place in the choir,
till a prebend shall fall, Foreign canons
do not officiate in their canonries,in con-
tradistinction to mansionary or residen-
tiary canons.——2. In mathematics, a ge-
neral rule for resolving all cases of the
same kind. The word is seldom used in
this sense ; instead of it we use the term
formula.——3. In music, (1.) A rule for
determining the intervals of notes, in-
vented by Ptolemy; (2.) A kind of perpe-
tual fugue, in which the different parts,
beginning one after another, repeat in-
cessantly the same air.

Can’on-BIT, a large bit for a horse’s
mouth.

Canoness, a description of religious
women in France and Germany.

Can’on-Law, a body of law which was,
at different times and in different portions,
promulgated under the authority of the
see of Rome, for regulating the consci-
ences, and fixing the property, as well
civil as ecclesiastical, of all the inhabitants
of popish christendom.

Canon’icau Books, ) The genuine

Canon’tcaL Scriprures, § books of the ©
Holy Scriptures, called also the sacres
canon.

Canon’tcat Horrs, certain stated times
fixed by the ecclesiastical law for prayer
and devotion. These hours are from 8 tu
12 forenoon, before and after which mar-
riage cannot be lawfully performed in tnz
church.

Canon’Icats, the dress worn by tte
clergy when they officiate

Can’onist, a doctor of canon-law
Canonists and civilians are usually com
bined in the same person. Hence the
titles, Doctor juris utriusque et legum
doctum, contracted LL.D. and I.U.D.

Canoniza’TIon, the act of enrolling a

a SO

UAN ‘WS

cAN

person deceased in the catalogue of saints,
which is the practice of the Romish
church, and performed by the pope.

Can’onry, an ecclesiastical benefice in
@ cathedral or collegiate church, which
has a prebend or stated allowance out of
the revenues of the church ; the benefice
filled by a canon. :

Cano’pus, a bright star of the first mag-
nitude, in the rudder of Argo. Canopus
was the pilot of the ship Argo.

Can’opy, a magnificent covering for an
altar, throne, tribunal, pulpit, chair, or
the like; also the label or projecting

moulding that surrounds the arches and.

heads of gothic niches. The termis Greek,
zavwrtioy, &@ pavilion or net spread
over the head to keep off gnats, from
xovery, a gnat. >

Cant (D. kant, a corner). An external
angle. To cant signifies to toss or turn
over, from Lat. cano. Cant signifies also
& piece of wood laid on deck for the sup-
port ofa bulk-head.

Can’TALIvers, cantle and eaves. Blocks
©f wood or iron, which are placed at
regular distances, projecting at right
angles to the surface of a wall, to support
the eaves of a house or the upper mould-
ings of acornice. Cantaliver is, therefore,
essentially the same as modillion, but the
latter word is confined to the description
of regular architecture, while the former
has a general and trivial use.

Can’TaRo, a weight at Acra = 603 Ibs. ;
at Tunis and Tripoli = 100 rottoli, or
ill’ 05 Ibs. At Alexandria it is also = 100
rottoli, but the rottolo has different names
and weights. At Genoa, the cantaro of
100 Ibs. peso sottile, = 69°89 lbs. avoir.,
and the cantaro of 100 Ibs. peso grosso,
-= 76°875 lbs. avoir. At Leghorn the can-
taro is generally 150 lbs. ; but a cantaro of
sugar is 15llbs., of oil 88 lbs., of brandy
1201bs., of stock-fish 160lbs. At Naples
the cantaro grosso = 169 lbs. ; the cantaro
piccolo = 106Ibs. avoir. At Alicant, in
Spain, the cantaro is a liquid measure
of eight medios = 3°05 English wine
gallons.

Canta’Ta a poem set to music. Acom-
position or song intermixed with recita-
tives and airs, chiefly intended for a
single voice. The term is Italian, from
cantare, to sing.

Canter’n, a tin or wooden vessel, used
by soldiers to carry liquors for drink: it
holds three pints.

Can’TERBURY-BELLS, a biennial species
of the bell-flower, the Capanula medium
of botanists.

Cant-bopy, in shipbuilding. See Frame.

CaNnT-FRAME, in shipbuilding. SeeFrame.

CanTHAR’IDz, a tribe of coleopterous
insects of the trachelide family. The

eantharis gives name to this tribe, and all |

the species possess, in a greater or lese
degree, epispastic powers.

CaNTHAR'IDIN, the peculiar principle of
the cantharides, which causes vesication.

Can’THARIS (plural Cantharides), the
blister-fly or Spanish-fly, common in
Spain, Italy, and France, and well known
for its medical uses. Synonyms, Can-
tharis vesicatoris, Geoff. ; Meloé vesicatoria,
Lin.; Lytta vesicatoria, Fabr. The insect
is about the third of an inch in length, of
a golden glossy green, with simple, regu-
lar, black antenne. Name zaviavis,
from navdagos , a beetle.

Can’rHarvs. 1. In archeology,acistern
in the middle of the atrium, before the
ancient churches, wherein persons washed
their hands and faces, before they en-
tered. The cantharus of a Roman foun-
tain was the apparatus out of which the
water issued, made of many different
forms.——2. A genus of acanthoptery-
gious fishes of the sparoid-family. The
body is thick and round, not unlike a jug
(the literal meaning of cantharus). There
are two species found in the Atlantic and

Mediterranean.

Cantus, Lat. from zayfosg, the angle
or corner of the eye, where the upper
and undereyelidsmeet. That nearest the
nose is called the greater, and the other
the lesser canthus. Plural canthi.

CanTIcLe, a song, from Lat. canticum.
In the plural canticles, the Song of Solo-
mon, one of the books of the Old Testa-
ment, called by the Jews the Song of
Songs (canticum canticorum), and gene-
rally supposed to be an epithalamium
composed by Solomon on the occasion of
his marriage with the King of Egypt's
daughter.

Cant’tnc, see Cant. The cutting away
a partof an angular body at one of ita
angles, that the section may form a paral-
lelogram, whose edges are parallel from
the intersection of the adjoining planes.

Can’tLE, a fragment or small portion.
This is the root of the word Scantling.

CANT-MOULDING, a moulding with a
bevelied surface.

Can’vo, Italian, a song. Used to denote
a division of a poem, otherwise called a
book. The word is also used to denote
the treble part ofa song, and with secundo
added it means the second treble. Canto-
Sermo means the subject song.

Can’ton, a word found in most Euro-
pean languages, and signifying primarily
acorner. 1. In geography, a division or
small parcel of a country, constituting a
distinct state or government, as the can-
tons of Switzerland. 2. Inheraldry, an
ordinary, so called because it occupies
only a cantle or corner of the escutcheon,

Can’ronep. When the angles of a
building are ado-ned with columns, pi-

oO

CAO

194

CAP

tasters, rustic quoins, or anything which
projects beyond the naked wall, it is
called a cantoned building.

Cantoninc. In military affairs, the
alloting of se te quarters to each regi-
ment, the town being divided into as
many cantons as there are regiments: the
separate quarters thus assigned are called
cantonments.

Can’tron’s PHosrpHorvs, a composition
made by mixing three parts of calcined
oyster-shells, with one of flowers of sul-
phur, and subjecting them for an hour to
a strong heat in a covered crucible. The
Eeuiting substance is luminous in the

Can’TRED, ) an old British compound
Can’ ‘TRETH, of cant, hundred, and tref,
Can’trEF, ) village, and signifying a

district of 100 villages. In Wales, cantreths
answer to hundreds in England. 4

Cant-T1mzERs, those timbers which are
situated at the two ends of aship. They
derive their name from being canted or
raised obliquely from the keel, in contra-
distinction to those whose planes are per-
pendicular to it.

Can’vas, a coarse, unbleached cloth of
hemp or flax, used for tents, sails of ships,
painting, and other purposes. Among
sailors, sails in general are called canvas.
The word is from Lat. cannabis, hemp.

Canzo’NneE, Italian, a song or air in two
or three parts, with passages of fugue and
imitation ; ora poem to which music may
be set in the style of a cantata. When
set to a piece of instrumental music, it
signifies much the same as cantata; and
when set to a sonata it signifies allegro.

CanzoneEr’, Ital. canzonetta, a little song,
{n one, two, or three parts. It sometimes
consists of two parts, each of which is
sung twice. Sometimes it is a species
of jig.

Caovtcn’ouc. 1. The vegetable sub-
stance commonly called India rubber and
gum elastic. It is the concrete juice of the
Heva caouchouc and Iatropa elastica, na-
tives of South America, and of the Ficus
Indica and Artocarpus integrifolia, which
grow in the East Indies. It is a soft
yielding solid, of a whitish colour when
not blackened by smoke, possesses consi-
derable tenacity, and is particularly re-
markable for its elasticity. It is inflam-
mable, and burns with a bright flame; is
insoluble in water and alcohol, but
soluble in the essential oils, in petroleum
and cajeput oil, and readily in the naph-
tha purified from coal-tar, which is the
solvent used in the arts. Its constituents
are carbon 90, hydrogen 10.—2 Mineral
caoutchouc is a bituminous substance,
elastic when soft, but brittle when hard.
In its appearance it much resembles vege-

table caoutchouc: whence its name.

GsouTcH’ovcINE, a peculiar substance

obtained by exposing caoutchouc to a
temperature of about 600° Fah., when it
is resolyed into vapour, which, by proper
refrigeratory methods, is condensed into
an extremely volatile liquid. This liquid
has the smallest sp. gr. of any liquid
known, whereas in a state of vapour it is
heavier than the most ponderous of the
gases. It is a solvent (when mixed with
alcohol) of all the resins, and mixes
readily with oils.

Car. In architecture, the uppermost part
of an assemblage of — or that which
crowns the whos: In this sense the
term is applied to the capital of a column,
cornice of a door, &c.——In carpentry, a
thick strong block of wood, used to confine
two masts together, when one is erected
at the head of the other.

Cap oF MAINTENANCE, an ornament of
state carried before the Sovereigns of
England at the coronation. It is also
carried before the mayors of some cities.

Cap-A-PIE (French), from head to foot;
as, armed cap-a-pie.

Cap-pa’PER, &@ Coarse paper, so called
from being to make caps to hold
commodities.

Capr’-sHEAF, the crowning sheaf of a
stack.

Capa’citry, in geometry, the solid con-
tents of a body. In natural Y,
the capacity for heat of bodies denotes
their power of absorption of heat. Dif-
ferent bodies require different amounts
of heat to raise them to the same tem-
perature, and they have therefore differ-
ent capacities for heat.

Capar’sa, Caparya. See Coparpa.

Capak’Ison, anciently a sort of iron
armour with which war-horses were
covered ; latterly,a covering laid over the
ite of a horse, especially a sumpter

orse.

Cap’ELAN, a small fish about six inches
long, shoals of which appear off the coasts
of Greenland, Iceland, and Newfoundland.
It constitutes a large portion of the food
of the Greenlanders.

Carev’ta, a bright star in the left shoul--
der of the constellation Auriga.

CaPEt’Lets, a disease of horses called
vulgarly chaplets. It is a kind of swelling
like a wen, growing on the heel of the
hock of the horse.

Ca’pErs, the pickled buds of the capparis
spinosa, a low shrub, generally growing
out of the joints of old walis and fissures
of rocks in most of the warm countries of
Europe.

Car, a Jewish measure of capacity
equal to five-eighths of an English pint.

Ca’pi-aca, a Turkish officer who is
grand-master of the seraglio.

Ca’rias, from capio, to take. In law,a
writ of two sorts: one before judgment,
called capias ad respon , Where an

i

CAP 195

CAP

original is issued to take the defendant
und make him answer to the plaintiff:
the other, which issues after judgment, is
of divers kinds, as a capias ad satisfacien-
dum, or writ of execution; a capias pro
Jine ; acapias utlagatum ; a capias in wither-
nam.

Caritta‘tre (French), a kind of syrup
obtained from maiden-hair.

CaPit/LAMENT, a filament ; from capillus,
ahair. A chive.

Car’ItLaRry, Lat. capillaris,from capillus,
ahair. 1. In natural philosophy, capillary
attraction is properly that force by which
water or any other fluid is raised above
its level in glass tubes, whose diameters
are of the smallness of hairs; but the
term is now employed, in a more general
sense, to denote that force with which
solids act upon fluids, either in raising
them above or depressing them beneath
their natural level, when the solid is
eimply immersed in the fluid, or when
the fluid is inclosed in a tube or between
two plates, nearly, but not in actual con-
tact.——2. In anatomy, the capillary ves-
cels are those minute vessels by which
the terminal arteries and veins communi-
cate with one another.——3. In botany,
capillary plants are hair-shaped, as the
ferns: this class of plants corresponds to
the order Filices of the sexual method.
The term capillary is also applied to parts
of plants which resemble hairs: thus a
capillary root is one which consists of
many very fine fibres.——4. In surgery,
the term capillary is applied to a linear
fracture of the skull, unattended with
bad separation of the parts of the injured

me

Capititr'tum, Lat. capillus, a hair. A
kind of purse or net in which the spores
of trichia and similar fungi are retained.

Carit’Lus VeEN’Eents, the true maiden-
hair ; a British species of adiantum.

CariTatL, Lat. capitalis, appertaining to
the head (caput): used substantively. 1.
In geography, the principal town or city
of a state or kingdom.——2. In architec-
ture, the head or uppermost part of a
column, pillar, or pilaster, serving as the
crowning, and placed immediately over
the shaft, and under the entablature——
3. In letter- ~press printing, the large letters
serving as initials of proper names, &c.,
are called capitals ——4. In trade, capital
is that sum of money which a merchant,
banker, or trader, adventures in any un-
dertaking, or which he contributes to the
common stock of a partnership. It signi-
fies likewise the fund of a trading com-
pany or corporation ; but in this sense the
word stock commonly added: thus we
say the capital stock of the bank, &c.

Capita’TIon-TAx, a poll-tax, or imposi-
tion upon each head or person.

Car’itz, in English law, a tenant in

capite, or in chief, is one who holds by
knight’s seryice or by soccage, the land
immediately of the sovereign, caput, the
head or lord paramount of all the lands
in the kingdom. This tenure was abo-
lished by 12 Charles II.

Ca’pite Censi, anciently, the lowest
rank of Roman citizens, who were count-
ed rather by their heads than by their
estates.

Car’1rot, Lat. capitolium, the temple of
Jupiter at Rome, and a fort or castle on
the Mons Capitclinus. In this the senate
of Rome ancientiy met, and on the same
site is still the city-hall or town-house,
where the conservators of the Romans
hold their meetings.

Car’IToLInE Games, annual games, in-
stituted by Camillus, in honour of Jupiter
Capitolinus, and to commemorate the pre-
servation of the Capitol from the Gauls;
and other games instituted by Domitian,
and celebrated every five years.

CaPpir’ULAR, an act in a chapter
(capitulum) either of knights, canons, or
religious.

Capir’uLary, the body of laws or sta-
tutes of a chapter (capitulum), or of an
ecclesiastical council.

Carir’uLum (dim. of caput). 1. A small
head or knob.——2. A protuberance of a
bone received into the cavity of another
bone.——3. An alembic.—4. A species
of inflorescence called a head or tuft,
formed of many flowers arranged in a
globular form, upon a common peduncle.

Cap’nion, chimney-money; atax levied
by the Roman emperors on smoke,
HUTVOS-

Car’nomancy, Gr. zaayos, smoke, and
jauvereia, prophecy ; divination by smoke-

Car’nomor, Gr. zasmves, smoke, and
forge, part; an oily substance obtained
from the tar of wood.

Ca’poc, a very fine short cotton of the
E. Indies, used chiefly to line palanquins,
stuff cushions, &c.

Caronnif’RE, in fortification a covered
lodgement made four or five feet deep in
the ground, encompassed with a parapet
about two feet high, serving to support
several planks laden with earth. It is
usually large enough to contain 20 men,
and is placed in the glacis, at the ex-
tremity of the counterscarp, and in dry
moats with embrasures or loop-holes
through which the soldiers may fire.

Caror’, a term used at the game of
piquet, when ali the tricks of cards are
won.

Caprar’tipacem. Capparis the type. A
natural order of exogenous plants.

Car’paris, the caper-plant, a genus of
plants, mostly shrubs, of 12 species, natives
of warm climates. Polyandria—Monogyniae

02 :

CAP 196 CAP
Name, xerraeis, perhaps sage ro| cept at twilight and at night in fine
sarruytsy eecy, from its supposed efficacy | Weather, when they hunt phalane and

in curing melancholy. The pickled buds

of the C. sninosa are well known under the
name of capers.

Ca’ryra, the goat: a genus of ruminant

, of which the wild goat (the

stock of all the varieties of our domestic

goat) and the ibex are species. The name
capra is the Latin word for a she-goat.

_, CAPRA'RIA, a genus of tropical plants.

mia. The sweet-
wood or Mexican tea is the C. bifiora,
‘Name, Capraria, a kind of seagreen good
against hemorrhoides.

Carre’oLer, Lat. capreolatus, resembling
the tendrils ofa vine, tendril-like.

Car’REOL, Lat. capreoius, a tendril.

Db patter the struts or braces of a

roof.

Cap’Ric acip, a peculiar acid discovered
by M. Cheyreuil in the butter of goats’
and cows’

CapPpRIccio (Ital. ), fancy. In music,
applied to passages where the composer
indulges his fancy without being bound
to keys or moods; called also Fantasia.

Car’KiconNn, from capra, a goat, and
cornu,a horn. 1. The name of one ofthe
three divisions of tetramerous beetles.——.
2. In astronomy, one of the twelve signs
of the zodiac represented on globes by the

figure of a goat, and symbolised by WP,
originally intended torepresent the horns
efs coat. The sun enters capricorn on
the 21st Dec., which is the time of the
“inter solstice, andas he then ascends to-
‘wards the north, like the goat when it
climts the sides of mountains, some
have ascribed the origin of the name to
this fanciful resemblance. This constel-
letion gives name to one of the small
circles of the sphere. See Troric.

Car’RID2, 2. tribe of mammalia of which
the genus Capra is the type.

_ CAPRIFICA’ TIon, a method of ripening

=e fruit of the domestic fig-tree, by means
of the cynips or fig-fly, practised in the
irlands of the Grecian Archipelago. These
insects, which are produced trom the
winter figs of the caprificus or wild fig-
tree, are gathered and deposited on the
fruit of the garden fig-trees. They enter
the fruit by the eye, and the worms pro-
duced from the eggs which they lay
puncture the fruit, and, it is said, not
only accelerate its maturity but render it
la

Capairotia’cex, a family of plants in
the natural system of J ussieu ; the genus
Caprifolium is the type.

Carrimur/eus, the goat-sucker; capra
and mulgeo,to suck ; a genus of passerine
purds of the family Fissirostres. The goat-
suckers are allied to the swallows, live
wlitarily, end meyer venture abrosd ex-

other nocturnal insects. The whip-poor-
will of America, and the night-swallow,
or night-jar of Europe, are species. The
generic names, (caprimulgus, goat-sucker,
@gothelus,) derive their origin from the
whimsical idea entertained by the people
of their sucking goats and even cows. ’

Cap’R1OLE, in the manége; the goat-
leap, capriolus ; the leap which a horse
makes in the same place without advan-
cing, insuch a mauner that, when he is
at the height of his teap, he jerks out

his hind legs, even and near. The com-
mon name of this exercise is the pillared
horse, because the animai to work well
upon caprioles is put baediy > two pillars
and taught to raise his forequarters,
and when these are ie in the air to
raise his hind quarters.

CaP’RoIc AcID, a peculiar acid discovered
in butter by M. Chevreuil.

Car’romys, a genus of mammalia of the
order Rodentia, belonging to the rat-tribe.
The shape is that ofa rat, but the size
is that of a rabbit or hare. There are
two species, the C. fournieri, Desmar, and
C. prehensilis, Poessig; both inhabit the
island of Cuba, where they are known by
the name of Houtias. Name zargos,a
boar, and us, rat, the boar-rat.

Car’sa,a genus of mollusca named from
the capsular form of the shell,

Capset’ta, (dim. of capsa, a box). 1.
The herb shepherd’s- tish
annual.——2. The
bugloss.——3. A genus of r plants recently
detached from the genus

Cap’sicum, a genus of plants, natives of
warm climates. Pentandria—Monogynta.
Name from zarrw, to bite ; some of the
most pungent peppers, as the cayenne,
bird, bell, and cherry peppers, being pro-
duced by species of this genus.

Cap’squares, the plates of :ron which
come over the See of agun to keep

it on the
Cap’sTan, if a windlass have its axis
Cap’sTERN, placed vertically, it be-

comes a capstan. The power is applied

to the capstan by meane uf a series of -
Levert, vleced at ¢qual distances round it,

CAP

197

CAR

m® the direction of the radii. To each of
these the force of one or more individuals
is applied at the same time. The machine is
principally used for raising the anchors of
ships. A few turns of the cable are put
. upon the cylinder; these are sufficient to
prevent it from slipping ; and as one ex-
tremity coils itself, the other rolls off and
is stowedaway. A conical form is given
to the cylinder, to counteract the tendency
of the cable to move continually from one
end to the other, as by this means the coil,
when it approaches the lower end, is made
to slide up the inclined plane of the sides
of the cone.

Cap’stons, a fossil encrinite, or that
genus of encrinite known as conulus, thus
named from its supposed resemblance to
4& cap, rising from a circular base into a
tone.

Car’scrar, Lat. capsularis. 1. Relating
to or resembling a capsule.——2. Sur-
rounding a part likea bag: applied thus,
in anatomy, to a ligament which surrounds
every moveable articulation, and contains
the synovia as in a bag.

Capr’suLaTED, Lat. capsulatus, inclosed
in a capsule.

Capr’sute, Lat. capsula, (dim. of capsa,

bag). 1. In botany, a membranous or
‘woody seed-vessel, internally consisting
of one or more cells splitting into several
valves, andsometimes discharging its con-
tents through pores or orifices, or falling
otf entire with the seed. From the number
of its valves, a capsule is said to be one,
two, three, four, fiwe, or many-valved ; from
the number of cells, it is unilocular, bilo-
cular, trilocular, quinquelocular, novemlo-
cuar, or submultilocular ; from the ap-
pearance of the external surface, it is
glabrous, aculeate, or muricate ; from the
number of tubercles on the external sur-
face, it is dicoccal or didymous, tricoccal or
tetracocee ; from the number of contiguous
capsules, it is simple, duplex, triplex, quin-
tuplex, or multiplex ; from its substance, a
capsule is called membranaceous, corticate,
woody, baccate, or spurious ; from the num-
ber of seed, it is monosperm, disperm, tris-
porm, or polysperm. The parts are the valves,
sutures, dissepiments, loculaments and colu-
mella.—2. In anatomy, a membranous
production inclosing a partlike a bag; as
the capsular ligaments, the capsule of the
«crystalline lens, &c.—3. In chemistry,
a small basin orcup, commonly of porce-
lain, but sometimes of platinum or siiver,

.used chiefly for subjecting minute por-
tions of substances to heat.

Car’rain, the military officer who com-
mands a company, whether of infantry,
eavalry, or artillery. In the feudal laws
of Europe the title was given to tenants
an capite, who were bound to attend their
prince in the wars, at the head of soldiers ;
and from this practice the name had its

origin. The title of Captain is appro-
priately given to commanders Of ships.

Car’TaAIN-LIEUTENANT, an officer who,
with the rank of captain and pay of lieu-
tenant, commands a company or troop.

Car’tion. 1. In English law, a certifi-
cate subscribed by commissioners in
Chancery declaring when and where the
commission was executed.——2. In Scotch
law, a writ issued under her Majesty’s
signet, commanding the apprehension of
a debtor who has disobeyed the charge
given him on letters of horning. Peers
and married women are by law secured
against personal execution -by caption
upon civil debts, and pupils by special
statute 1696, c. 41.

Carvucur’n. 1. A garment for females,
consisting of a cloak and hood made in
imitation of the dress of Capuchin monks.
——2. A pigeon, the head of which is co-
vered with feathers.

Capucui’ns, monks of the order of St.
Francis, who cover their heads with a
capuce, capuchon, a stuff cap or cowl.
They are clothed in brown or gray, go
barefooted, and never shave.

Carutor’pa,a family of mollusca ; class,
Gasteropoda; order, Pectinibranchiata,
Cuvier. This family of shells contains
five genera, four of which are taken from
the patelle.

Ca’put Mor’ruvum, a fanciful term for-
merly used to denote the inert residuum
of a distillation or sublimation.

Car (Welsh), a small carriage of bur-
den drawn usually by one horse; also a
name of the constellation called Charles’s
Wain or the Bear.

Car’aBINE,|a@ short gun, carrying a

Car’sinE, J) ball of 24 to the pound,
borne by light horsemen. The name is
French, carssine.

Car’azts, Lat. from zweabos. A genus
of coleopterous insects ; family, Carnivora.
Cuv. The ancients designated Carabici
under the name of Buprestis. The cara-
bici are now variousiy subdivided, each
section consisting of numerous genera.
There are the TRUNCATIPENNES, consist-
ing of Anthia, Graphipterus, Aptinus, Bra-
chinus, Casnonia, &c. ; the Birparriri, con-
sisting of Enceladus, Siaquona, Pasima-
chus, Scarites, &c.; the QuADRIMANI, the
genera of which are the Acinopus, Daptus,

arpalus, &c.; the SmmpPLicimani, con-
sisting of Trabrus, Pogonus, Feronia, &c. ;
the ParELimant, consisting of Dolichus,
Agonus, ius, Dicelus, &c.; and the
GRANDIPALPI, in which we have the Pam-

s, Cychrus, Scaphinotus, Procerus, Ca-
lasoma and Cara proper, of which 124
species are described.

Car’acot, Fr. caracole,a wheeling round.
1. A semi-round which a horseman makes
either to the right or left. Cavalry muke
a caracol after each discharge, in order te

CAR 198

CAR 5

pass to the rear of the squadron.——2. A

stuir-case in a helix or spiral form.
Car’acorr, an alloy of gold, silver, and

copper, of which inferior jewellery is

e.

Car’amet (French), sugar partially de-
composed by the action of heat.

Caran’xa (Spanish), a resin called also
caragua and .caranna-gum. It exudes
from a large tree of New Spain, the bo-
tanical characters of which are not well
ascertained.

Ca’rapa’ce, Lat. clypeus, the hard cover-
ing or shell which protects, the upper
part of the body of the Chelonian reptiles.

Cara’ss=, the bony vault or shell which

protects the upper part of the turtle and
tortoise ; also the analogous part in the
crab.
Car’at (Arabic). 1. A weight used in
Mecea, equal to the twenty-fourth part
of a denarius or denier.——2. A weight
of four grains, used in weighing dia-
monds.——3. A term used in expressing
the fineness of alloys of gold. The whole
mass is supposed to be divided into 24
equal parts, and as many of these parts
é8it contains of pure gold, are taken as
the number of carats. Thus if a mass
contain 22 parts of pure gold out of every
24, it is gold of 22 carats. The term carat.
is by some derived from the name of a
bean, the produce of a species of Erythina,
a native of Shangallas, in Africa, a fa-
mous mart of gold-dust. Thetree is called
xXuara. As the dry seeds are nearly of
‘aniform weight, the savages have used
them from time immemorial to weigh
gold. The beans were anciently trans-
ported to India, and have been long used
there to weigh diamonds.

Car’avan, an organised company of
merchants or pilgrims, or both, who as-
sociate together in many parts of Asia
and Africa, that they may travel with
greater security through deserts, and
other places infested by robbers, ur where
the road is naturally dangerous. The
word is derived from Persian, kdrvan,a
trader.

Canravan’sERA, a large public building
in oriental countries, appropriated to the
reception and lodgement of the caravans.
The traveller must take his provisions
and ali necessaries with him to the cara-
yvensera, where nothing is provided but
lojging and water.

Car’avrL, Fr. caravelle, a small vessci
of 25 or 36 tons’ burden, on the coast
of France in the herring fisheries ; written
also carvel.

Car’away, a small biennial plant (the
carum carui) much cultivated in Essex
foreits seeds (caraway-seed), which are
smail, cblong, peirted at both ends, and
curved. These seeds are chiefly used by
eonfectioners. In Seotland they are

called carvy ; in France and Italy, carvs.
The term caraway is Arabic, kérawia.

Carpazor’ic Actp,a peculiar acid formed
by the action of nitric acid on indigo, and
thus named by Liebig, from carbon and
azote. Itis a powerful narcotic poison.
Its salts are named carbazotates.

Car’zon, from Lat. carbo, coal. Clar-
coal, a pec substance, which rmaay be
obtained from most organic substances
by ignition in close vessels. It is com-
monly prepared from wood. Diumond is
pure carbon.

CaRBONATE, a Salt formed by the union
of the carbonic acid with a base. When
the base is imperfectly saturated with the
acid, the salt formed is called a subcar-
bonate ; when there is an excess of acid, a
bicarbonate.

Car’BoNATED WATER, water either pure
or holding various saline matters in so-
lution, impregnated with carbonic acid,
The carbonated water made for sale, con-
tains usually a little soda, which being
charged with the gas, is called soda-water,

Cargon’ic Acip, called also fixed air,
carbonaceous acid, calcareous acid, and
aérial acid, is a compound of carbon and
oxygen, and is formed during the com-
bustion of charcoal. It is gaseous, co-
lourless, and cannot support respiration
or combustion. It composes 44 of the
weight of limestone, marble, &c., and is
readily disengaged by any of the strong
acids. It is much heavier than common
air, and therefore occupies the lower part
of mines, caverns, &c.,and for this reason
it is called by miners choke-damp. Sym.C.

Carson’ic Ox1pe. called also oxide of
carbon; a gaseous compound of carbon
and oxygen; transparent, inodorous, in-
flammable, burning with a pale blue
flame. It does not support respiration or
combustion. It differs from carbonic acid
2 satin only one equivalent of oxygen.

ymb. C.

CarsoniP’ERots (carbon and fero); con-
taining or yielding carbon.

Car’RONISED, converted into charcoal:
(carbon).

Carsoy, a large globular bottle of green
glass protected by basket-work.

Car’BUNCLE, Lat. carbuneulus. 1. The
name of a gem‘highly prized by the an-
cients. It is a species of the ruby, of a
very rich glowing blood-red colour.——
2. A disease. See ANTHRAX.

CarBun’cULATE, Lat. carbunculatus ; ap-
plied, 1. To the nose and face when
affected with the disease called acne ros-
acea.—— 2. To small protuberances on any
part of animals, vegetables, or minerals.

CarBuncuLa’TIon, the blasting of the
bads and leaves cf trees, &c., by excess of
heat or cold: rom carbunculo, to blast.

Car’BuRET, a compound formed by the
chemical combination of carbon with

CAR

199

CAR

$8 me other substance, as the carburet of
itun (steel).

Dar’BURET oF SuLPHUR, Called also sul-
rhuret of carbon and alcohol of sulphur; a
volatile liquid, possessing a penetrating
feiid smell, and acrid burning taste. It
is valuable for producing great degrees
eg by its rapid evaporation. Symb.
CS8e.

Car’BURETTED Hyproven. There are
two gases to which this name has been
applied: 1. Light carburetted hydrogen,
or subcarburetted hydrogen, or bihydruret
of carbon, the fire-damp of miners: symb.
H2 C. 2. Heavy carb ted hyd
or hydruret of carbon, or olefiant gas:
He Cg. Both are inflammable but do not
support respiration or combustion. In
oil-gas the last, and in coal-gas the first,
predominates. In the process of com-
pressing oil-gas into portable gas-lamps,
Mr. Faraday discovered two liquid car-
burets of hydrogen: a bicarburet of hydro-
g-n (C2 H), and quadro-carburetted hydro-
gen (C4 H4), which is isomeric with
o.chsnt gas. Strictly all such substances
¢4s naphtha, oil of turpentine, oil of wine,
cacutchoucine, otto of roses, &c., which
contain only carbon and hydrogen, are
éarburets of hydrogen, but perhaps more
éppropriately hydrurets of carbon.

Car’cass. 1. The frame-work of some
structure unfinished and without orna-
nent; e. g. a house before it is lathed and
plastered or the boards are laid, is called
2 carcass.——2. An iron case about the
size of a bomb, filled with combustible
materials, to be thrown from a mortar to
set fire to buildings or ships. It has aper-
tures through which the fire blazes, and
the light afforded sometimes serves as a
direction in throwing shells. It is named,
perhaps, from the ribs of iron that form
it, which resemble the ribs of an animal
carcass.

Carcer’ttus (Lat.), alittle prison. A
name applied to fruits consisting of a
small number of dry indehiscent few-
seeded cells, coherent round a single axis.

Carctno’Ma, cancer (zaexivos). See
CaNcER.

Carctnom’arovs, of the nature of car-
cinoma or cancer.

Cagrp,asmallletter of intimation, called
also when it regards business, a note.
There are also call-cards, containing
merely the address of the caller; and
notice-cards, which give some intimation,
as of the sailing of a vessel. In these
senses the word is from Lat. charta, paper.
for other significations see Carns.

Car’DaMINE, the Lady’s-smock: a genus
of hardy plants. Tetradynamia—Siliquosa.
Name from waeedicts the heart, which it
was supposed to strengthen. One of the
British species (C. pratensis), is called

5 a

cuckoo-flower, and others have cther
local names, as meadow-cress. &c.

CARDAMO’MC, a perennia! plant of the
East Indies. This is the true cardamomr,
but the name is given to various other
plants. See Carpamoms.

Car’Damoms, the seed capsules produced
by the cardamom plants, of which there
are various species growing in India,
Cochin China, Siam, and Ceylon. The
lesser cardamoms are the capsules of the
Matoniacardamomum ; the greater carda-

moms, called also seeds of paradise, are

produced by the Amomum granum para-
disi. Both kinds are highly aromatic,
have a piercing smell, and 2 bitterish
though not unpleasant taste. The best
are brought from the coast of Malabar.

Car’piac ARTERIES, the coronary s:-
teries of the heart.

Car’p1ac ConFECTION, a medicine pos-
sessing stimulant and antispasmodic vir-
tues, prepared from a mixture of cinna-
mon bark, nutmegs, cloves, cardamora
seeds, saffron, &c.

Car’p1ac Passion, an old name for
heartburn. ‘

Car’piac Piexvs, the plexus of nerves
which supplies the heart.

Car’piac VEINS, the coronary veins of
the heart.

Carviar’eta, from zagdia, and aayos 3
an uneasy sensation in the stomach, with
heat more or less violent; frequently a
symptom of other diseases, as dyspepsia,
&c. Heartburn and black-water (Scotland,
water-brash), are species of this disease.

Car’DINAL, Lat. cardinalis, fundamental.
Taken substantively, cardinal is the title
of an ecclesiastical pyince in the Romish
church, who has a voice in the conclave
at the election of a pope: the pope is taken
from the number of cardinals. The rank
of cardinal was originally inferior to that
of bishop, but these dignitaries have now
changed places.

CarpDINAL NumBeErs, the numbers one
two, three, &c., in distinction from jirst,
second, third, &c., which are ordinal num-

‘Ss.

Car’DINAL Points, the four intersections
of the horizon, North, South, East, and
West. In astrology, the cardinal points
are the rising and setting of the sun, the
zenith and the nadir.

Car’pinat Siens, Aries, Libra, Cancer,
and Capricorn.

Car’DINAL VIRTUES, prudence, temper-
ance, justice, and fortitude.

Car’pINAL Winns, those winds which
blow from the cardinal points.

Carn’DINAL’s Cap, a cap or nat of a pecu-
liar form wora by cardinals.

Carp’iInc MacuIneE, a machine for comb-
ing, cleaning, and breaking wool and
cotton. It consists of cylinders thickly

CAR 200

CAR

set with teeth, and is moved by water-
power or steam.

Car’piorp (from xaedse, and ides) ; an
algebraical curve, so called from its re-
semblance to a heart.

c a)

/ g

PQ =AB.
CQ =QQ= 2AB.
AQ=AB=AP.
P always bisects QQ.

Carpira, aninequilateral bivalve, found
fossil at various depths in mud and sand.
It belongs to the genus cardium.

Carpium, the cockle. A genus of bi-
valve shell, characterised by the teeth of
the hinge, and the projection of the beaks:
the latter gives the shells a cordiform
2 rance: 52 species are described.

ame cardium, from zagdia, the heart.

Carpoo’n, the Cynara cardunculus, a
hardy perennial plant of Crete. It resem-
bles the artichoke, but is larger. Name,
from Lat. carduus.

Canps, plural of Card (q.y.). 1. Instru-
ments which serve to disentangle the
fibres of wool, cotton, or other analogous
bodies, to arrange them in an orderly lap
or fleece, and thereby prepare them for
being spun into uniform threads. Cards
are either fastened to a flat piece of wood,
and worked by the hand, or to a cylinder,
and worked by machinery. The card
consists of teeth of wire inserted intoa
thick leather, the leather being afterwards
attached to the wood. In this sense the
term card is from the Latin carduus.——2.
Playing Cards: these are too well known
to need description. They are said to
have been introduced in the 14th century,
to divert Charles VI. of France. By the
hearts were meant choirmen or ecclesi-
astics; the spades (Spanish, espadas,
swords) represesented the nobility, who
wore évords, or carried pikes. The dia-
monds (carreauz) denoted the citizens or
merchants; the trefoil-leaf or clover-
gress was an emblem of the husbandman ;
this is cailed clubs with us, because the
Spaniards have dbastos on their cards. The
knaves were the servants of knights ; the
kings were David, Alexander, Cesar,
and Charlemagne, who established the
four great monarchies, the Jews, Greeks,
‘Romans, and Franks. The four queens

were Argine (i.e. regina or queen by
descent), Esther. . J udith, and Pallas.

Caree’NinG, the process of heaving a
ship on one side, for the purpose of clean-
ing or caulking the other. The term is
inn Fr. caréne, the side and keel of a
ship.

CarzerR. 1. In the e manége, a place in-
closed with a barrier in which the ring is
run.—72. In falconry, the Aight of a
hawk, or about 120 yards.

Ca‘net, Lat. A mark in writing, 4,
showing ‘that something omitted in the
line is written above, or inserted in the
margin, and should be read in that place:
careo, to want.

Car’coosr, a fowl belonging to the

ymbus, called also the crested

Car‘tca. 1. The fig, Ficus carica.——2.
The Papaw-tree, of which there are
six species, natives of hot climates;
Diacia—Decandria. Name, carica, a load.

Carlcatv’RE, Ital. caricare, to charge.
An exaggerated representation of an ob-
ject, in which na defects are over-
charged, so as to cause it to appear ridi-
culous.

Ca‘nrzs,a Latin word for rottenness,
applied in medical language to the ulcer-
ation of a bone.

Car’ILton, Fr. 1. A little bell: a small
instrument furnished with bells, properly
tuned, and furnished with finger-keys,
like those of the piano-forte.——2.
simple nee: adapted to be played by a

sic

Cany mas Lat. 1. The keel of a ship.
——2. The back-bone.——3. The keel, or
that part of a papilionaceous flower, con-
sisting of two petals, separate or united,
which incloses the parts of fructification.

CaRINARIA, a Very thin univalvye, placed
by De Blainville in the family Nectopoda.
It derives its name from its dorsal keel ;
its inhabitantis unknown.

Car’INATED, Lat. carinatus, keeled or
boat-shaped. Applied to leaves and
petals when the back is longitudinally
prominent ; and to shells when furnished
with an elevated ridge, either on the sur-
face or margin.

CaRIn’THINE, a variety of augite, of a
dark green or black coiour. It obtains
its name from being found in Carinthia.

Carina, the carline-thistle. A genus
of plants, Syngenesia—Polyg. orwes.
Niub from Carolus Magnus, Charles th:
Great, or Charlemagne ; because, as ems
story goes, an angel showed him the car-
line thistle, and by the use of it his army
was preserved from the plague.

Car’tine, Caroline, a silver coin of
Naples.

Car’LINE, | a piece of timber in a ship,

Car’tinc. Jj ranging fore and aft, from
one dcck-beam ‘to another, directly over

CAR

201

GAR

the keel, serving as a foundation for the

ship. On these rest ledges, on which the

planks of the deck are made fast.
Car’LINE-KNEES, timbers in aship lying

_ across from the sides to the hatchway,

and serving to sustain the deck.
Car’LINE-THISTLE, &@ name common to
all the plants of the genus Carlina, but
especially applied to the C. acaulis of
Italy, and the C. vulgaris of Britain.
Car’Lock, a sort of isinglass, from
Russia, made from the sturgeon’s bladder,
and used in clarifying wine.
CaRLovin’GIAN, pertaining to, o1 de-
scended from, Charlemagne.
Car’meuire. 1. A mendicant friar,
named from Mount Carmel, because the
order was founded there.——2. A sort of

pear.

Car’men, Carters. The carmen of the
city of London are constituted a fellow-
ship, by act of Common Council. They
are subject to the president and governors
of Christ’s Hospital.

Car’mMInE, a beautiful red pigment,
formed of the colouring matter of cochi-
neal, It is a species of lake. The namcis
French, perhaps from Arabic kirmén,
cochineal.

Carna’ria, flesh-eating animals. In
Cuvier’s arrangement, the third order of
Mammalia. The families are Cheiroptera,
Insectivora, and Carnivora.

Carna’TIon. 1. Flesh-colour ; the naked
parts of a picture, exhibiting the colour
of the flesh.—2. A beautiful species of
the Dianthus (the D. caryophyllus) , having
its colours equally marked all over the
flowers. It is a British perennial.

Carna’TIon-crass, Lat. caro, flesh. Any
coarse species of carex is so named in
the north of England and Scotland.

Carne’LIAN, |} a precious stone of va-

Carne‘Lion,) rious colours; as red,
prown, yellow, and white. Itis a variety
of rhombohedral quartz. The finest spe-
cimens are brought from India.

Car’NEL-work, the putting together
the timbers, beams, and planks of a ship,
a6 distinguished from clinch-worh.

Car’neous, fleshy. Applied, 1. In ana-
tomy, to some muscles of the heart. 2.
In natural history, the term designates
(usually) flesh-colour.

Car’nzy, a disease of horses, in which
the mouth is so furred that they cannot
eat.

CarnivaL, the season of rejoicing ob-
served before Lent, in Catholic countries,
with feasts, balls, &c.

Carnivora, from carnis and vora. 1.
Animals which subsist wholly on flesh:
they form a family in the order Carnaria,
Cuv.—— 2. A family of coleopterous
insects which pursue and devour others.

Canno’si, an order of polypi, consisting

of fleshy animals which usually fix them-
selyes by their base.

Carnos’ITy, a little fleshy excrescence
in the urethra, neck of the bladder, &¢.

Carozn-TREE, St. John’s Bread (Cvra-
tonia siligua), a native of the South of
Europe.

Carocue’, Fr. A carriage of pleasure.

Carocor’ta, Lat. caro, fiesh,and Gr.
xzoAAn, glue. A genus of land-snails, so
called from the tenacity with which their
glutinous fleshy foot adheres to limestone
rocks,

Car’omEL, the smell emitted by sugar at
a calcining heat. See CaramMeEL.

Car’orip, the name of an artery on
each side of the neck, from xagom, to
cause to sleep; because the carotids sup-
ply the head with blood, and the ancients
believed sleep to be caused by an increased
flow of blood to the head.

Carp, a fish, the Cyprinus carpio, Lin.
The name is in some measure common to
all the Cyprinide, amongst which are the
ae Gudgeons, Tenches, Suckers,

c.
CARPATHIAN Batsam, an essential oil,
distilled from the fresh cones of the trees
which yield the common turpentine.

CarPeEt’tum, Lat. from xueros, a leaf
in a particular state of modification.
Thus the modified leaves forming the
pistil are called carpelila, and have their
under sides turned outwards, and their
upper towards the centre of the flower.
These leaves are also so folded that their
margins are next to the axis; from these
a kind of bud is produced.

Car’PENTER, one whose business is to
cut, fashion, and join timber for building.
Those who do the work of houses are
house-carpenters; those who build ships
are ship-carpenters. Correctly, the framer
is a carpenter, but the finisher is a
joiner, The word is French, charpentier,
from charpente, timber.

Car’PENTER’s RuLE, a graduated scale,»
fitted with slides (hence called the sliding-
rule), to take the dimensions of timber,
and cast up the content of artificers’
work.

Car’PENTER's Square. See SQuaReE.

Car’pentRY, the art of employing tim-
ber in constructing edifices. It is divided
into house-carpentry and ship-carpentry.

Car’per, a thick woollen fabric, of
variegated colours, for covering floors.
This manufacture took its origin in Persia
and Turkey. The Axminster carpets are
not inferior to those of oriental fabric.

Carrret-way, a border of green sward
left round the margin of a ploughed field.

Carpnoto’cta, \ from zaegos, chaff, and

Canpoto’aia, J rAgyw, to pick. A dis-.
position to pick minute objects, which
accompanies the delirium of low fever.

CAR 202

CAR

It is often witnessed in individuals
picking the bed-clothes; it is a very un-
favourable sympton.

Carpe’nvs, the hornbeam-tree. A genus
of which three species are described, be-
sides severai British varieties. Monecia
—Polyandria.

Car’PoBal /SAMUM, Gr. from HALTS,
fruit, and Bazacamoy, balsam. The exu-
dation of the fruit of the Amysis Gilead-
ensis.

Carpot'ocy, that branch of botany
which treats of fruits; zagros, fruit, and
Aoyos, doctrine.

CARRAGEF'N, marine pearl moss,

Carnracanete’n, J found in the West of
Ireland. The jelly formed from it is more
firm than that deduced from the Iceland
moss, or Indian arrow-root.

Carn’rRanaA MARBLE, a species of white
marble, called marmor lunense and ligus-
trum, by the ancients. It is distinguished
from the Parian or statuary marble, by
being harder and less bright. It takes its
name from Carrara, in Italy.

Car’REL, an apartment for privacy; a
cross-bow bolt; the arrow used in cross-
bows.

Can’r1acE, from the root of carry. A
general term for a coach, or other vehicle
on wheels ; as a cannon-carriage on trucks ;
a block-carriage for mortars ; and a truck-
carriage. In architecture, the term de-
notes the framework which supports the
steps of a wooden stair.

Car’RICK-BEND, a particular kind of
knot.

Canr’ricx-s1TTs, the bitts which support
the windlass in a ship.

Car’ROoNADE, a short piece of ordnance,
having a large calibre, and a chamber for
the powder, like a mortar. This species
of cannon is carried on the upper works
of ships, as the poop and forecastle. It
takes its name from Carron, in Scotland,
where it was first cast.

Carroo’n. 1. In London, a rent re-
ceived for the privilege of driving a
cart.——2. A variety of cherry.

Car’ryInG Trane, the trade which con-
sists in transporting goods by water
from country to country.

Car’nyinae Winpv. In the manége, a
tossing of the nose as high as the ears.

Carsz LanD, alluvial svil in a state of
aration.

Cant Borg, timber to arg a tenant
is entitled for repairing carts, &c.

Cart Tire, the bands ry ito, used to
bind the wheels of a cart.

Cartre-Brancue (French), white paper;
a blank paper cigned at the bottom by a
person, and given to another, with per-
mission to insert what conditions he
pleases ; applied usually in the sense of
anlimited terms granted to a person.

Car’tEL, from Lat. chartula. 1. A
writing or agreement between states at
war for exchange of prisoners or other
mutual advantage; also the vessel em-
ployed to Ts the messenger on this
occasion. —— 2. A letter of defiance, a
challenge.

Car’rEL Surp, a ship employed in the
exchange of prisoners, or in carrying pro-
positions to an enemy.

Car’THAMUs, a genus of plants mostly
European. Syngenesia— Polyg. equalis.
Name from zafeiew, to purge. The
well-known saffron-flower or bastard saf-
fron, used in dyeing, is the flower of the
C. tinctorius, an annual much cultivated
in Egypt. A variety is cultivated in
Spain and the Levant.

CartTHv’sians, an order of monks so
calied from Chartreuse, the place of their
institution. They are remarkable for
their austerity.

Car’tT1Lace, Lat. cartilago, gristle;
smooth, solid, animal matter, softer than
bone, and harder than ligament. It forms
the nidus in which the earthy matter of
most bones is deposi

CaRTILAG'INOUS, Lat. cartilagineus,
gristly. 1. In icthyology, fishes form two
distinct series, that of jishes properly so
styled, and that of the git,
otherwise called cartilaginous fishes. The
skeleton of these contains no osseous
fibres, the calcareous matter being depo-
sited in small grains and not in filaments.
—2. In botany, the margins of leaves
are said to cartilaginous when they
are of a hard or strong consistence.

Cartoo’N, Ital. cartone, pasteboard; a
design made on strong paper, to be after-
wards chalked through and transferred
to the fresh plaster of a wall, to be after-
wards painted in fresco; also a coloured
design for working in mosaic, tapestry, &c.

Cartovu’cu, Fr. cartouche, from carte,
paper. 1. An ornament in architecture
resembling a scroll of paper, being usually
in the form of a table or flat member with
wavings, whereon is some inscription or
device. Itis nearly akin to a modillon,
and is called by some workmen a dentil.
—2. A case holding about 400 musket-
balls, and six or eight iron balls of a
pound weight, to be fired out of a howit-
zer for defending a pass.——3. A car-
tridge-box.

Cartrioce (corrupted from cartouch),a
case of pasteboard or strong paper, hold-
ing the charge of powder or powder and
ball for a cannon, mortar, musket, or pis-
tol. Theyare carried in a dge-box.

Canrv’Lary, Sp. cartulario, from carta,
paper, a register-book or record of a mo-
nastery. Blackstone writes the word
chartulary.

Carv’caTE, Lat. caruca, as much iand as
one team can plough in a year.

EE a

CAS. es

203

CAS

Ca’rvum, the caraway, a genus of plants.
Pentandria — Monogynia. Named from
Caria, a province in Asia, where it grows
abundantly.

Canun’cuLE, Lat. caruncula, dim. of
caro, flesh, a little fleshy excrescence, ap-
plied, 1,to healthy and natural parts, as
the lachrymal caruncula; and 2, to little
soft fleshy excrescences which are the
product of disease.

Carvin, the art of cutting figures in
wood, or more generally, it is the art of
fashioning by cutting any hard body, in
which sense it includes statuary and en-
graving as well as cutting in wood.

Caryart’ic Onper, an order of architec-
ture wherein the entablature is supported
by female figures clothed in long gar-
ments, instead of columns, the figures
supporting the columns being called
caryatides, cariates, or carians.

Caryaripes, columns shaped like fe-

figures, and in the dress of the Ca-
ryan women, who were taken captive
by the Athenians (the males being put to
the sword) and condemned to wear their
national robes asa mark of ignominy, and
to perpetuate the disgrace of the van-
quished Caryates, the architects of the
time employed the representation of
these women to support the entablatures
of their public buildings.

CaRYOPHILLA’cEovs is sometimes said of
corollas, consisting of petals having long
claws dilating into a broad limb.

CaARYOPHSL’'LEX, a natural family of
plants: type, genus Caryophyllus.

CaryorHy.t’Ltvm, the clove (Eugenia
caryophyllata.)

CaRYOPHYLLUS, the clove-tree. a genus
Polyandria — Monogynia. Named from
xeegvoy, &@ nut, and guAdoy, a leaf. The
C. aromaticus, an Indian tree which af-
fords the clove, is by some botanists
placed in the genus Eugenia.

Caryor’sis, Gr., from zaevey, a nut, and
oLis, resemblance, the technical name
of the grain of corn

Cas’caBEL (Spanish), the knob or pum-
melion of 4 cannon.

Cascat‘Ho (Portuguese), a deposit of
debris, in which the Brazilian diamond
is found.

CascaRIt’LA, a name given originally to
some specimens of cinchona, but now ap-
plied io another bark, the croton casca-
rilla. The term is a Spanish diminutive
of cascara, park or rind.

Casz, a covering or box: Fr. caisse, Sp.
caza. 1. Any cutside covering which
serves to inciose a thing entirely. ——2. In
ea the case of a door is the
wooden frame in which the door is hung.
The case of a stair is the wall which sur-
rounds the staircase——3. In grammar
‘Lat. cassus, from cado), an inflection of

nouns, or a change of termination, to ¢x~
press a difference of relation in that word
to others, or to the thing represented.
The variation of nouns and adjectives is
called declension: both case and declen-
sion signifying falling or descending from
the first state of the word.——4. In law,
an action on the case is an action where
the whole cause of complaint is set forth
in the writ.——s. In printing, is the re-
ceptacle for the types. There is always
a pair of cases, the upper case and the
lower case, which are subdivided into
compartments for the different types.

CasE-zacs, joists which are framed be-
tween a pair of girders in naked flooring.

CasEp, covered. A brick wall faced
with stone is said to be cased. Cased sash
frames are such ‘as have their interior
vertical sides hollow to conceal the
weights by which the sashes are hung.

CAsSE-HARDENING, & method by which
articles of iron have their surfaces con-
verted into steel. The piece of iron, aftex
being properly polished, is brought to a
red-heat, and is then rubbed over with
prussiate (ferrocyanate) of potash in fine
powder, and quenched in cold water: the
process is then complete.

Ca’sEIc Acip, an acid obtained from
cheese (casewm): its existence is doubtful.

Case’MaTE, from casa, a house. 1. A
hollow moulding, which some archi-
tects make one-sixth, and others one-
fourth of a circle-——2. A vault of masen
work in the flank of a bastion, next to
the curtain, serving as a battery to defend
th. face of the opposite bastion and the
moat.——3. A well, with its subterranean
branches, dug in the passage of a bastion
till the miner is heard at work and air
given to the mine.

Ca’/sERN, Fr. caserne, from casa, a house.
A lodging for soldiers in garrison towns,
usually near tne rampart.

Ca’sz-suHot, or CANISTER-SHOT, musket
balls, stones, scraps of iron, &c., put into
cases and shot out of mortars, &c.

Ca’szvm, the basis of cheese: the puri-
fied curd of milk.

Casu, in trade, the ready-money, bills,
drafts, bonds, and all immediately nego-
tiable paper, in an individual’s or com-
pany’s possession.

Casu-account. 1. In book-keeping, an
account to which nothing but cash is
carried on the one hand, and from which
all the disbursements of the concern are
drawn on the other. The balance is the
cash in hand.——2. In banking, the name
given to the account of the advances
made by Scottish bankers to an indivi-
dual, who has given security for their
repayment.

CasHEew’-nuts, the produce of the Ana-
cardium occidentale, a tree of the West
Indies. The kernels are used in cooking

CAs 204 ~ Bae

and 11 ine preparation of chocolate. See

ANACARDIUM. aS
CasH’MERE, a peculiar woolien c
first im from the kingdom of Cash-

taere, and now weii imitated in France
and Great Britain. The material of the
Cashmere shawls is the downy wocl found
about the roots of the bair of the Thidet

t.
TmstecKo} the operation of plastering a
house with mortar on the outside, and
marking it while wet with lines, so a3 to
make it resemble a building of polished
freestone.

Cas’xer, in nautical language, a small
rope fastened to gromets or little rings
upon the yards, used to fasten the sail to
the yard in furling. This word is usually
written gasket.——2. A small jewel-box.

CassaTion, Court oF, the highest judi-
cial court in Franc: --» called from its
Tare to quash (casser) the decrees of

ed courts. It 1s a court of appeal in

ar ee sava, the starch of the root of the

Manioc (Jatr-pha Manihot),a tree belong-

to the natural family Euphorbiacee,
and found in the West Indies, the tropical
regions of America, and upon the African
coast. Cassava flour can with difficulty
Se distinguished from arrow-root. See
Tariova.

Cassia, a genus of plants, of which
about 70 species are described, nearly all
natives of warm climates. Decandria—
Monogynia. Name Arabic, katsia, from
katsa, to tear off. The Senna fistula and
Egyptian lotus are species.

CassIa-BARK, } the bark of the Laurus

OASSIA-LIGNEA, § cassia, the Malabar or
wild cinnamon-tree.

Cas’sia-Bups, the dried berry of the
Taurus cassia,a tropical tree. The cassia-
buds are chiefly the produce of China.

Cassia Fistvta, the purging cassia: the
fruit of the Cassia Fistula, a tropical plant.

Cassia Senna, one of the plants which

uce senna. See Senna.

Cas’sinzE. 1. A house surrounded by a
ditch, like those of the feudal lords or
barons.——2. A genus of greenhouse ar-
borescent plants. Pentandria—Trigynia.

Cas’sino, a game at cards, in which the
ten of diamonds, the deuce of spades, and
the aces, are the highest cards.

Cassiopr’1a, one of the northern constel-
lations, representing the wife of Cepheus
and mother of Andromeda. Itis situated
between 45° and 75° N. declination, and
lies between 47° and 55° right ascension.
It contains 55 stars.

Cas’sis. 1. The black currant (Rides
nigra).——2. The helmet-stone, an en-
chinite belonging to the catocysti.——3. A
genus of ventricose univalves. Order
Gasteropoda, family Muricide, sub-family
Cusine, Sw.

Cas’s1us Precipirars, a purple oxide (?)
of gold precipitated b tin. It is properly
a compound of peroxide of tin and prot-
oxide of gold. It is used in enamel paint-
ing, and for ti glass of a fine red
colour. It is soluble in ammonia.

Car’sowary, a bird allied to the ostrich.
There are two species forming the genus
Cassiarius, Gris., the one reread the
islands of the Indian Arc hipelago, and
the other peculiar to New} Holland. The
feathers of thic bird resemble hairs, and
the wings are so short as to be entirely
useless even in running. It runs, how-
ever, with great velocity, outstripping
patel has racer. The nomeis Spanish,

Cassumuniar (Indian). A medicinal
root brought from India inirregalar slices
of various forms.’ It possesses warm, bit-
ter, and aromatic qualities, and a smell
like ginger.

Cast. 1. In sculpture, an impression of
any figure taken in bronze, plaster, wax,
or other fusible material.——2. A tube
of wax fitted into a mould, to give shape
to metal.—3. A cylindrical piece of brass
or copper slit in two lengthwise, to form
a canal or conduit in a mould for convey-
ing metal.—4. A little brazen fumnel at
one end of a mould for casting pipes, by
means of which the melted metal is
poured into the mould.

Casta‘NEA, the chestnut-tree. A genus.
Monecia—Polyandria. Named from Cas-
tana, a city in Thessaly, where it was
abundant.

Cas’TANET,a musical instrument, formed
of small shells of ivory or hard wood,
shaped like spoons, placed together, fas-
tened to the thumbs, and beat with the
middle finger. This instrument, named
from Spanish castana, a chestnut, from
its resemblance to two chestnuts, is used
by the Moors and Spaniards, as an accom-
paniment to their dances, sarabands, and
guitars.

Caste. In India, &c., a class or tribe of
the same profession. Ths four castes of
hhindoos are the Brahmins, or sacred
order; the Chehteree, or soldiers and
rulers ; the Vatssva, or Bice, or husband-
men and merchants; and the Sooders or
Sudras, or labourers and mechanics.

Cas/TRLLAN, the governor of 4 castle.
Applied in some parts of the continent to
a dignity or charge.

Cast’eR, a small wheel on a swivel,
attached to the supports of heavy furni-
— that it may be readily moved on the

oor.

Cas’TIGaToxy, an engine formerly used
to punish and correct arrant scolds;
called also a ducking-stool and a trebucket.

Cast’inc. 1. Whatever is cast in a
mould.——2. The process of taking casts
aud impressions of ngures.-—3. Among

:

CAS

205

CAT

sarpenters and joiners, a term analogous
to warping (q.v.).—4. Casting of dra-
peries, in painting, is the disposition of
the folds of the garments, with which the
figures in the picture are clothed.——5.
Casting off copy, in printing, is to ascer-
tain accurately how many pages in print
@ given quantity of matiuscript will oc-
teupy ; orhow many pages of alarger type
@ given quantity of print in asmatier type
will occupy.

CasTING-NET, a net which is cast and
drawn ; in distinction from a net that is
set and left.

CasTING-vore, the vote of a person who
presides in an assembly or council, and
which, there being a parity of the other
votes, decides the matter at issue.

Cast-1ron, the iron as it is extracted
from the ores, being cast in a species of
moulds; called also pig-iron and cast-
metal.

Cas‘TLE, Sax. castel. 1. A fortified house.
-—2. In ships, there are two parts called
by this name; the forecastle, which is a
short deck in the fore part of the ship,
above the upper deck ; and the hindercastle
at the stern. ‘

CastiEe-cuarp, a feudal tenure, or
knight’s service, which obliged the tenant
to perform service within the realm with-
put limitation.

CasTLE-wanrp, an imposition laid upon
subjects dwelling within a certain dis-
vance of a castle, for the purpose of main-
taining watch and ward in the castle.

Cas’r0r, Lat. from . 1, The
systematic name of the beaver, a genus of
Mammalia, of the order Rodentia. See
Braver.—2. The English name of the
castoreum of the pharmacopeeias ; a pecu-
liar odorous concrete substance, obtained
from the Castor fiber (common beayer).
The castor is contained in two bags,
situated inthe inguinal region. The best
comes from Russia.

Castor AnD Pottux, a fiery meteor
which, at sea, appears sometimes ad-
hering to a part of a ship, in the form of
one, two, or even more balls. When one
only appears it is called Helena; tw
called Castor and Pollux, or Tyndarida.

Castor-o1t, isobtained chiefly from the
seeds of the Ricinus communis, or Palma
Christi, an annual plant found in most
tropical countries. The oil is separated
from the seeds, either by boiling them in
water, or by subjecting them to strong
pressure.

Castra’tion. 1. In surgery, the removal
of a testicle from the body.——2. In
botany, the removal of the anther of a
flower.

Casrra’to (Italian). A male person
emasculated for the purpose of improving
his voice for singing.

Cas’v1stry, the doctrine or science of
conscience, cr the science of resolving
cases Of doubtful propriety, or of deter-
mining the Jawfulness or unlawfulness of
what a man may do, by rules and prin-
ciples drawn from the Scriptures, from
the laws of society, or from equity and
natural reason.

Ca’sus Feperis (Lat.), the case stipu-
lated by treaty. That which comes within
the terms of compact. ‘

Car. 1. The domestic cat is the Felis
catus, Lin., originally from the forests of
Europe. See Frris.——2. A vessel formed
on the Norwegian model, of about 600
tons burthen, carrying from 20 to 30 keels
of coals.——3. A tackle, or combination
of pulleys, to suspend the anchor at the
cat’s-head of a ship.——4. A double tripod,
having six feet.

Car’aBasion,a place under the altar, in
ie Greek church, where the relics are

ept.

CaTACHRESIS, zarayencis, a rhetorical
figure, wherein the name of one thing is
borrowed to express another thing, as
“* the blood of the grape.”

Ca’TABaP’TISTS, zara, against, and
BarriSmw, I baptise. Those who oppose
infant baptism, or deny the necessity of
baptism at all.

Ca’Tacaus'tTIcs, zaraxaiw, I burn, in
Optics or Geometry, are the caustic curves
formed by the refiection of light, in con-
tradistinction to diacaustic curves, which
are formed by refraction.

Car’actysm, a deluge, xaraxAvauos.
Applied to describe the Noachian deluge.

Car’acomss, subterranean places for
burying the dead, from zaraxoimaw,
Isleep away. The term is said to have
been first applied to the chapel of St.
Sebastian in Rome, where St. Peter was
deposited. It is now applied to a vast
number of sepulchres on the Appian Way,
about three miles from Rome. These are
supposed to have been the cells and caves
in which were deposited the bodies of the
primitive Christians. The Egyptian cata-
combs extend over a wide tract of country
in the neighbourhood of Grand Cairo;
and those of Paris under a considerable
part of the city.

Caracov’srics, from zeraxovw, to hear.
That part of acoustics which treats of re-
flected sounds.

Carapior’rertcs, from zero and dy0-
xrouzas, tosee through. The branch of
optics which treats of reflected light.

Car’arat’co (It.),ascaffold. A temporary
structure of carpentry, decorated with
painting and sculpture, representing a
tomb, and used in funeral ceremonies.

Catatav, asortof smelting furnace in
use in the Pyrenees, where malleable iron

CAT 206

CAT

is obtained directly from the ores by one
fusion. It is not suited to the reduction
of the clayey iron ores of this country.

Cataxec’TIic Verses are such as want
either feet or syllables, from zara and
Atya-

Carater’sta,) from zararaubavy, to
CaraveEP’sis, ¢ seize, A trance: a disease
Caraver’sx, ) which consists in a total

suspension of sensibility and voluntary mo-
tion, and generally also of mental power ;
the pulsation of the heart and breathing
continuing, the muscles remaining flex-
ible, the body yielding to and retaining
any position, in which respect it differs
chiefly from ecstacy. ,

Ca’TALOGUE RaIsonneEs, a catalogue of
books, classed under heads

CarTat’pia, a genus of American trees:
Diandra—Monogynia.

Carat’ysis, zaradvors, dissolution. An
imaginary force which is supposed to
assist in the decomposition ofsome bodies,
and the composition of others. Thus the
conversion of sugar into alcohol by yeast,
which itself is not changed, is cited as an
instance of catalysis.

CaraMara’n, a sort of raft, originally
used in China as a fishing-boat. The name
was applied to explosive vessels, intended
to destroy the French flotilla at Bou-
logne, early in this century.

Caramr’n1a, the monthly discharge of
females, zarx, and wxy,a month.

CatTarnuon’ics, the doctrine of reflected
sounds, zara, and gwyy, sound.

Catarn’or, from zaragegw, to fall
down, aterm used by some to designate
a state of coma, and by others an unu-
sually sound sleep.

Car’arutt, a military engine used by
the ancient Greeks and Romans for throw-
ing stones, darts, and arrows upon the
enemy ; from zara, and vaAAw, to throw.

Car’anact, from zaragaccw, to fall with
violence. 1. A great fall of water over a
precipice ; a cascade upon a great scale.
That of Niagara is the largest in the
world.——2. An interruption of sight pro-
duced by opacity, either of the crystal-
line lens or its capsule, or the fiuid of
Morgagni, or more generally any percep-
tible obstacle to vision, situated between
the vitreous humour and the urea and
pupil. The first species is called true
cataract, and when the disease consists
of opaque matter situated before the
lens, it is denominated false cataract.

Cararn’n, from zarageew, to flow from ;
a cold in the head or on the chest; it de-
velopes itself by inflammation of the lin-
ing membrane of the air passages. Com-
mon catarrh is called a cold, and epidemic
catarrh is influenza.

Catas’Tasis, yaracracis. 1. The con-

stitution or state of anything, as of the
atmosphere.——2. The restoration of a
thing to its natural condition, state, or
position.

CaTAs’TROPHE, vatracr; 200M 5 from zara
and ¢reegw. The change or revolution
of events which produces the final eyent
of a dramatic piece, or the unfolding of
the plot. The ancients divided their
plays into prostasis, epitasis, catastasis,
and catastrophe; the introduction, con-
tinuance, heightening, and development.

Cat-BLOck, a two or three-fold block,
with an iron strap and large hook, used
on board ships to draw up anchors to the

cat’s-head.

CatT-CaLL, a squeaking instrument, used
in play-houses to condemn plays.

CatcH’prarns, the feeders of reservoirs.
In the constructing of canals, the same as
counter-drains.

CaTcH-worbD, a word at the bottom of
a page which begins the next page
Catchwords are not now inse

CaTcH-woRkK MEApDows, grass lands with
very regular surfaces, subject to irriga-
tion, the water as it descends being inter-
cepted by drains.

CaTEcHv’, the Terra japonica, an ex-
tract of an astringent nature obtained
from two plants; viz., the acacia catechu,
a tree of great abundance in many of
the forests of India, and the nauclea gam-
bir, a scandent shrub, extensively culti-
vated in the countries lying on both sidez
of the straits of Malacca. From the first-
named plant the catechu is obtained by
boiling the chips of the interior of the
trunk ; from the latter it is obtained by
boiling the leaves. Catechu has long
been employed in India for tanning hides
in this country it is chiefly used in dyeing
browns.

CaTEcHU’MEN, an adult who is receiy-
ing instruction and preparing himself for
baptism. The name, from HLATNKOULLEVEL,
the place where the catechist taught, is
commonly applied to pagans not fully in-
structed in the Christian religion.

CATEGORICAL PRoPposiTion, zarnyoeew,
I declare something of another. A pro-
position which affirms or denies that the
subject does not agree with the deer 7

Cat’EcoryY, HUTNY OL In logic, an
enumeration of all the attributes con-
tained under a genus. In the logic of
Aristotle there are teu categories: sub-
stance, quantity, quality, relation, rig
passion, time, place, situation, and ha it.

CaTEen’ary, Lat. catenarius, appe
ing to a chain (catena), used to denote the
curve which a chain forms itself into by
its own weight when hung freely be-
tween two points of suspension, whe-
ther those points be in the same horizon-
tal plane or not.

CAT 207

CAT

UaTEN’ULATE, When a surface presents
& series of ridges like the links of a chain.
CaTERPIELAR, a female papilio or but-
terfly lays her eggs, from which they are
hatched, not as butterflies, but animals
with an elongated body, divided into

- ¥rmgs, and a head furnished with jaws

and several small eyes, having very short
feet, six of which are inferior, scaly, and
pointed, the rest, varying in number and
membranes, being attached to the poste-
rior annuli. These animals are caterpil-
lars. They live in this state for a cer-
tain period, and repeatedly change their
skin. An epoch, however, arrives when
from the skin of a caterpillar issues a to-
tally different being, of an oblong form
und without distinct limbs, which soon
ceases to move, and remains a long time
apparently dead and desiccated, under
the name ofa chrysalis. After a time the
skin of the chrysalis splits, and the but-
terfiy issues forth, with humid and soft
flabby wings, which in a few moments
enlarge and become firm, and the animal
is ready for flight. This is what is called
the metamorphosis of insects. ——2. A
name cdmmon to all the plants of the
genus Scorpiurus, which are hardy Euro-
pean annuals.

Car-Fisu. 1. A species of squalus or
shark.—2. A species of cottus found in
the North American rivers.

Car-Fatt. See Car’s-HEap.

Car-Gurt, the name given very absurdly
to tords made of the twisted intestines of
rheep. Whip-cord, hatter’s cords, bow-
etrings, clockmaker’s cord, and fiddle
and harp strings are all made of cat-gut
variously prepared.

CarH’an, yobagos, pure. An oriental
sect of Christians.

CaTH’ARINE- WHEEL. \ 1. An orna-

CarH’ERINE-WHEEL. J) mented window
or compartment of a window in ancient
buildings, of acircular form, with rosettes
or radiating divisions of various colours.
—2. A sort of firework constructed in
the form of a wheel, which is made to
turn round when it is let off.

Caru’aRist, one who pretends to more
purity than others possess ; from zabugos,
pure.

CaTHaR’TINE, a substance of a reddish
colour, peculiar smell, and bitter nau-
seous taste, obtained from the leaves of
senna.

CarHA’/RTOCARPUS, a genus of plants se-
parated from the Linnzan genus Cassia.
The Cassia fistula is placed in this genus,
and named C. fistula.

CarnepRAL, Lat. cathedra, from
xaledex, a chair; used to designate the
head church ofa diocese, sometimes called
ecclesia matriz, or mother church.

Catu’erer, Lat from zalerng,a long

hollow tube introduced by surgeons into

the urinary bladder, to draw off urine

when the patient is unable to pass it na-

turally. Catheters are made of silver, of
ed metals, and of elastic gum.

Carue’rus, Lat. from zaferos, a line or
radius falling perpendicularly on another
line or surface: thus, in optics, (1). The
cathetus of incidence, is a right line drawn
from a point of the object perpendicular
to the reflecting plane. (2). The cathetus
of reflection is a right line drawn from the
eye, perpendicular to the reflecting plane.
(3). The cathetus of obliquation is a right
line drawn perpendicular to the speculum
in the point of incidence or reflection. In
architecture, a cathetus is, (i). A perpen-
dicular line passing through a cylincrical
body, as acolumn or baluster. (2). Aline
falling perpendicularly, and passing
through the centre eye of the volute of
the Ionic chapiter.

Carnor'tcon, from zaforszoy, a univer:
sal remedy: a medicine which was sup-
posed to purge away all vitiated humours.

Carn’opz, from zarz, downwards, and
6d0¢, 2 way. The way which the sun sets ;
the surface at which electricity passes out
of a body, supposing the current to move
in the apparent direction of the sun.

Car-Hook, the strong hook attached to
a cat-block.

Cation, from zara, downwards, and
tius, to go. That which goes down; &
substance which in electrolysis passes to
the cathode.

Cat’kin. See AMENTUM.

Car’tInG, a long, narrow, double-edged,
sharp-pointed knife, used by surgeons
chiefiy in amputations.

Car’-mMINT, 2 name common to all the
plants of the genus Nepeta, but especially
applied to the N. cataria, a British per-
ennial: cats are said to be fond of it.

Carocys’t1, in malacology, the second
great division of the Echini. They have
the opening for the vent in the base of
the shell, and are divided into fibulx,
cassides, scuta, and placente.

Caror’rrics, from zerorreoy, a mirror.
The science of reflex vision, or that part
of optics which explains the properties of
reflected light, particularly that reflectez
from polished surfaces, whether plain or
curved.

Car’s’-EYE, a beautiful variety of rhom-
bohedral quartz, haying an opalescenc?
resembling the light from the eye of the
cat: whence itsname. The fines* speci-
mens of this stone are brought from
Ceylon.

Car’s’-HEADS, two strong short beams of
timber, projecting almost hvurizontally
over a ship’s bows, one on each side of the
bowsprit: called also cat-heads. These

CAU

208

CAV

beams carry two or three sheaves, about
which a rope, called the cat-fall or cat-
dole, passes and communicates with the
eat-block.

Car’s’-PAw, among seamen, 1. A light
air perceived ina calm by a rippling on
the surface of the water.—z2. A parti-
cular turn in the bight of a rope, made to
hook a tackle on.

Car’satt, a beautifully granulated salt
obtained from the bittern or leach-brine
that runs from the salt when taken from
the pans at salt-works. This salt is used
in the making of hard soap and for curing
fish. It is very pure.

Cat’s’-TAIL, a name common to all the
plants, 1. of the genus Phlewm ; 2. of the
genus Typha. This last has more com-
monly the name Reed-mace. There are
several native species of both genera.

Cat-THymMz, the Syrian herb mastich
(Teucrium marum), a shrub which grows
plentifully in Greece, Egypt, Crete, and
Syria. The dried and powdered leaves
are used in medicine, but chiefly as an
errhine.

Car’tLe, beasts in general serving for
tillage or other labour, or for food to man.
In the primary sense, the term includes
camels, horses, asses, all the varieties of
domesticated horned beasts or the bovine
genus, sheep, goats, and perhaps swine.
Animals of the bovine genus are usually
distinguished by the name of neat, horned,
or black cattle, while sheep of all kinds,
goats, swine, &c., are denominated small
cattle. The origin of the term cattle is
doubtful—it may be Norm. cetal, goods, or
Arm, chetal, beasts, or some cognate root.

Cav’cus, a word used in America to
denote a meeting of citizens to agree upon
candidates to be proposed for election to
offices, or to concert measures for support-
ing a party. The origin of the word is
not ascertained.

Cav’pa (Latin), a tail: applied to parts
resembling a tail, as the elongated base of
the ventre, lip, or columella of shells.

Cav’pex (Latin),astem: applied by some
botanists to that part both of the root and
stem of a plant which is not ramified.

Cavpic’uta, a thin elastic process of the
pollen masses of the orchidaceous plants.

Cavur, a chest with holes for keeping
fish alive under water.

Caux, ) aname given by English miners

Cawk, J to sulphate of barytes or heavy
spar.

rey the English name of the omentum
(q. v.). A detached portion of the mem-
brane is sometimes found covering the
face of a newly born child: this in popular
language is named the caul. The super-
stitious believe that this species of mem-
brane, borne about the person, will pre-
vent an individvai from ever being
ir. waed.

Cav’Licoxgs, the slender stems or stalks
of the leaves of the abacus in the Corin-
thian capital.

Cavuic’utvs, the slender part which
— the cotyledon of a seed with the

cle.

Cav’tin®, Lat. caulinus, appertaining to
the stem: applied to leaves and peduncles
which come immediately from the stem.

Cav’tis (Latin), a stem which bears the
leaves as well as the flowers.

Cavutk’inc. 1. In nautical language,
see CALKING.——2. In architectwre, the old
mode of fixing the binding joists ofa floor,
or the tie-beams of a roof, by dovetailing
into the wall plates: called also cocking.

CavLocan’Pous, zavdos, stem, and
zeeoros, fruit. Perennial plants which
yield flowers and fruit.

Cav’stic, from zas@, to burn. A sub-
stance which has so great a tendency to
combine with organised substances as to
destroy their texture. The common cau-
stics are lunar caustic, or nitrate of silver,
and caustic potash.

Cav’stic Barter, the seeds of the Vera-
trum sabadilla, a plant of Senegal. They
are powerfully caustic.

Cav’stic Curve, the curve formed by
the collected rays of light issuing from a
curved reflector : called also the catacaustie

curve.

Cav’TEeRy, from xem, to burn. The
application of a red-hot iron is an actual
cautery; the application of a caustic is a
potential cautery.

Cav’TIoNER, in Scots law, a security or
person bound by obligation for another.

Cav’rionry, in Scots law, the obligation
by which one person becomes security
for another, that he shali pay a sum of
money, &c.

Cavz’pium, Lat. in ancient architecture,
an open quadrangle within a house.

CavatieR, in fortification, an elevation
of earth, situated ordinarily in the gorge
of a bastion, and bordered with a parapet
with embrasures.

Cavatiers, in history, the party of
Charles I.

Cavati’na (Italian), a short air with-
out a return or second part, which is
sometimes relieved by recitative.

Cava’zion, | from Lat. cavo, to hollow;

Cava’sion, } the foundation plan for the
walls of a building, which may be as
deep as one-sixth part of its height.

Ca’vea. In ancient architecture, the sub-
terranean cells in amphitheatres, in
which wild beasts were confined, in
readiness for the fights of the arena.

Ca’vEaT, a tin word m “ let
him beware,” used in courts of law to de-

note a to stop proceedings, also
to denote a notice of intention to apply
for a patent for some invention.

OE —————=

cED £09

CEL

Ca’veaTinG (See Caveat),a term in fen-
cing applied to the shifting of the sword
from one side of an adversary to the other.

Caver’ro, Ital. dim. of Lat. cavus, an
architectural term used to denote a con-
cave ornamental moulding, opposed in
effect to the ovolo; the concavity of the

{ Cas

. 6 7

\ if

one and the convexity of the other are
not to exceed the quarter of acircle. The
projection of the cavetto is equal to its
altitude.

(French), a sort! of nose-

Cav’ssson | band of iron, leather, or
wood, sometimes flat and sometimes hol-
low, put on the nose of a horse to wring
it, and thus to forward the suppling and
breaking of him.

Ca’y1, the guinea-pig or cobay, a genus
of quadrupeds of the order Rodentia, Cuv.
The best known species is the mus porcel-
lus, Lin. The word Cavia is Brazilian.

Caviar (French), a substance prepared
chiefly in Russia, consisting of salted
roes of large fish, especially the sturgeon,
caught in the Wolga. The Italians first
ht it to Europe, under the name of
é. The root of the word is perhaps
Arabic, gabiar.

Cavour’NITE, a Vesuvian mineral of a
hexahedral form, occurring in the inte-
rior of calcareous balls, accompanied by
garnets, idocrase, mica, and granular py-
roxine, lining the cavity of geode, &c.
Named in honour of Cayolini, a Neapoli-
tan naturalist.

Cay’ENNE, a species of very pungent
pepper, called Cayenne pepper and Guinea
pepper. It is prepared from the pods of
several species of the capsicum, which
originally came from Cayenne, but is now
brought from both the Indies.

C. B., Companion of the Bath.

C. C., Caius College. C.C.C., Corpus
Christi College.

Czano’rHvs, a genus of shrubby plants,
Pentandria—Monogynia. Name, xtavalos,
the Serratula arvensis. The New Jersey
tea (C. Americanus) is perhaps the best
known species of this genus.

Ce’srio, a genus of Pentamerous cole-
optera; family Serricornes. This genus
is the type of the cebrionite tribe, and is
now subdivided into Physodactylus, Ane-
lastes, Sanwialus, Rhapicera, &c. These
insects are chiefly found on aquatic plants.

Cr’par, the Pinus cedrus, Lin.,,by Tour-
nefort ranked under Leriz. It is a eoni-
ferous evergreen, bearing large roundish
cones of smooth scales, standing erect ;

dro’
eari:

the leaves small, narrow, and thickly set.

is tree is nowhere found native but on
Mount Libanus, and is usually distin-
guished by the name of the Cedar of Le-
banon. Few are now found on Lebanon,
but those that remain are of immense
size. The red cedar, so well known from
its being used in the manufacture of
black-lead pencils, is the wood of the
Virginian cedar, a species of juniper
(Juniperus Virginiana), a iarge tree of
America, West Indies, and Japan. Like
the cedar of Lebanon it is not attacked
by worms.

Cr’pra, the fruit of a species of orange,
citron, or lemon, a tree which bears the
same name. Its peel contains a highly
prized essential oil used to flayour pre-
serves.

Cepre’ta, the bastard-cedar, the generic
name of a tree of isirbadoes. Pentan-
dria—Monogynia. Tt is the type of the
natural order Cedrelacex. Name dim. of
cedrus, the cedar-tree.

CEL’ANDINE, a name conmon to all the
plants of the genus Chelidonium, two spe-
cies of which are British. The greater
celandine, called also tetterwort; the
lesser celandine is called also pilewort.
The great tree celandine is a species of
bocconia found in the West Indies.

Ceta’stRvS, the staff-tree,a genus. Pen-
tandria—Monezynia. Name from celastra,
a shepherd’s cup. It is the type of the
Celastriacee, a natural order of shrubby
exogens.

Cer’aturE, Lat. celatura, from celo, to
engrave; the art of engraving or emboss-
ing, or that which is engraved or em-
bossed.

Ce'te. Kyay. A tumour caused by
the protrasion of any soft part ; a hernia.
This wovri is chiefly used in composition.
aS erverccel’, epplocele, &c.

Cex’EnEs, light horsemen instituted by
Remalus whon he settled the constitu-
tion of Rume.

CELEs’TINE, native sulphate of strontia,
so named from its being frequently found
of a blue colour, but it also occurs per -
fectly colourless and sometimes red.

Cretes’TIns, a religious order named
from Pope Celestin. They have about
100 convents in Italy and 20 in France.

Cer’trac, Lat. celiacus, pertaining to the
lower belly or intestines.

Cer’Larist. ) 1. An officer in a monas-

Cer’Larer. § tery who has the charge
of procuring and keeping provisions.——
2. An officer in chapters who bas the care
of the temporals, and particularly of dis-
tributing bread, winc, and money, to
canons on account of their attendance in
the choir.

Ceriuta’ria, a genus of coralliferous
polypi, forming the type of Cuvier’s fa-
mily of cellularii.

P

CEN 210

CEN

Crttvuta’ru, a family of coralliferous

polypiers, bearing a general resemblance
to the hydra. Each polypus is adherent
in a calcareous cell, and only communi-
cates with the others by an extremely
tenuous external tunic, or by the minute
Ag which traverse the parieties of the
cells.
CeLtvLaR IntTEGUMENT, the succulent
pulpy substance situated immediately
under the cuticle of plants. Thus leaves
consist chiefly of this substance, and the
stems and branches are surrounded by it.
It is the seat of colour, mostly green, but
is itself colourless, the colouring matter
being contained in its vesicles.

Cxr’/turan Membrane, that tissue of
filmy meshes which connects the minute
component parts of most of the structures
of the animal body.

Ceto’s1a, a genus of tropical plants. Pen-
tandria—Monogynia. There are many spe-
cies, all producing fine flowers, from which
the genus has obtained the name coxrcomb.

Cem’eNT, Lat. cementum. Chemists
give this name to all sorts of lutes, and
builders use it to denote a stronger kind
of mortar than that commonly employed.

CremeEntA’Tion, a chemical process, which
consists in surrounding a body in the solid
state with the powder of some other bo-
dies,and exposing the whole for atime,in
a close vessel, to a degree of heat not suffi-
cient to fuse the contents. Thus iron is
conyerted into steel by cementation with
charcoal; green bottle-glass is converted
into porcelain by cementation with sand,
&c. The term is also used for the act of
cementing.

Cen’ozires, a religious order who live
in community: opposed to anchorets. The
term is Gr. xoivoCsorys, 2 Community,
from zoiyos, common, and Bow, to live.

Censz, Lat. census, a valuation, a regis-
tering, a tax: censeo, to enrol, to tax.

Cren’sER, @ vase Or pan. in which in-
censeis burned (see IncENnsE). The Jewish
censer is a sort. of chaffing-dish, covered
by a dome, and suspended by a chain,
used to offer perfumes in sacrificing.

Cen’sorn, Latin. An officer at ancient
Rome, whose business was to register the
effects of the citizens, to impose taxes
according to the property which each
man possessed, and to inspect the man-
ners of the citizens, with power to censure
vice by inflicting a public mark of igno-
miny on the offender. (See Censz.) The
term is now used to designate one em-

wered to examine manuscripts and
books, before they are committed to the

ress, to see that they contain nothing
mmoral or heretical.

Censure, Lat. censura. (See Censor.)
Among ecclesiastics, this term is used to
denote a sentence of condemnation ona

member of a church for mal-conduct, by
which he is deprived of the communion
of the church, or prohibited from per-
forming the sacerdotal office.

Cen’svs, Latin. -The declaration made
in ancient Rome by the citizens before the
censors. (See Censor.) This declaration
was registered, and contained an enume-
ration of all their lands and estates, their
quantity and quality, with the wives,
children, domestics, tenants, and slaves
of each citizen. In modern times the
word is used to denote the enumeration
of the inhabitants of a country. us a
census of the population of Great Britain
is made every 10 years.

Cent, contracted from Lat. centum, a
hundred. Hence, per cent. means per
hundred, as five per cent., meaning five in
the hundred. Cent is also the name of a
copper coin of the United States of Ame-
rica, of which 100= one dollar.

Cen’taurR, Lat. centaurus, a fabulous
being, supposed to be half man and half

horse. The origin of the fable and names
is not ascertained. This name is now
given to part of a southern constellation
(the Archer), in form of a centaur, usually
joined with the wolf. It contains 35 stars.

CenTav’REA, the centaury. <A very ex-
tensive genus of plants, mostly perennials.
Syngenesia—Poly. frustranea. Name, Lat.
from ze ta. The knapweed, blue
bottle, sultan, and star-thistle, are well -
known British species.

Cen’raury. 1. A name common to all
the plants of the genus Centaurea (q. Y.).
—2. The Chironia centaurium, a British
annual plant.

CENTE'n3s, the tearic. A genus of mam-
miferous ani of Madagascar, sepa-
rated by Illiger from the genus Erinaceus,
Lin. There are three species, all covered
with spines, like the hedgehog, but they
are somewhat larger. Order Carnaria,
family Insectivora, Cuy.

Cen’TERING or CentTRE. The tempo
woodwork on which any vaulted work is
constructed.

CenTEs'ImaL, in arithmetic, the next
step of progression after decimal, answer-
ing to the English word hundredth (cen-
tesimus, from centum).

CENTESIMATION, a Military mode of
punishing for desertion, mutiny, or the
like, where one person in a hundred
(centum) is selected for execution.

Cen’tIarE, from cent and are, a French
superficial measure, the hundredth part
ofan are, or 1196 square yards.

CentTiro’Liovs, fromcentum and folium,
having a hundred leaves.

Cen’TIGRADE, from centum and gradus, 2
degree, divided into a hundred de
Graduated into a hundred divisions. ar
equal parts, as a centigrade thermometer.
See THERMOMETER,

72

ak ee

ee a

CEN 211

CEP

CEn’/TIGRAMME, from cent and gramme.
A French weight, tHe hundredth part of
a gramme, or 0°1543 grains. See GRAMME.

Centivirer, from cent and litre. A
French measure of capacity; the hun-
dredth part of a litre, or 0°6103 cub. inch.

Centime’rre, from cent and metre. A
French long measure; the hundredth
part of a metre, or 0°3937 inches.

Cen/tIPED, Lat. centipeda, an animal
(insect) having a hundred feet (centum
and pes). The term is commonly applied
to insects which have many feet.

Cen’rnEx, in metallurgy and assaying,
a decimastic hundred (centum). Metal-
lurgists use a weight divided into a
hundred equal parts, each one pound:
The whole they call a centner. The pound
is divided into 32 equal parts or half
ounces ; the half-ounce into two quarters;
and these into two drams. Assayers use
different weights: with them a centner is
a dram, to which the other parts are pro-
portionate.

Cen’ro, Lat. a patched cloth. Used to
designate a composition formed of verses
cr passages from other authors, disposed
in a new order.

Cen’TRAL, Lat. centralis, relating to the
centre, e.g. the central forces, which is the
name given in mechanics to those powers
which cause a moving body to recede
from, or tend towards, the centre of
motion.

Cen’tRE, Lat. centrum, from HEVTLOY,
a point. Popularly, a point equally distant
from the extremities of a line, figure, or
body. In the geometry of curves, any
point in which two or more diameters
concur, is called a centre. In mechanical
philosophy there is, l. Centre of gravity,
that point about which the parts of a
body, in any situation, balance each
other.——2. Centre of motion, the point
about which all the other parts of a body
move, when that body is put in motion:
this is more correctly the axis, and passes
through the centre of gravity, if the body
be not under constraint——3. Centre of
oscillation, that point in a pendulum, in
which, if the weight of the several parts
were collected, each vibration would be
performed in the same time as when those
weights were separate. This is the point
whence the length of the pendulum is
measured.—4. Centre of suspension, that
point in a moving body wherein the per-
cutient force is greatest, or that point
with which, if the body strike against
any obstacle, no shock will be felt at the
point of suspension. The centre of a dial
is a point in which the axis of the world
intersects the plane of the dial, and there-
fore, in dials which have two centres, it
is the point wherein all the hour-lines
intersect. The centre of a bastion is the
point in the middle of the gorge where

the capital line commences, which is
generally at the angle of the inner
polygon.

CEN’TREBIT, & Carpenter’s tool, which
makes a cylindrical hole, and turns on an
axis or centre when used in boring.

CenTRIFU’GAL, from centrum, centre,
and fugio, to flee, tending to recede from.
the centre. The centrifugal force of a
body is that force by which any body
moving ina curve tends to fly off from the
axis of its motion, in a tangent to the
periphery of the curve.’ Thus the cen-
trifugal force arising from the velocity of
the earth in its orbit, balances the attrac-
tion of the sun, and that arising from the
earth’s rotation on its axis, is 1-289th of
that force with which bodies tend to fall
towards its centre. In the centrifugal
pump, which has the form of the letter T;
and revolves on an axis, this force
been applied to the raising of water.

CENTRIPE’TAL, from centrum, centre,
and peto, to seek; tending towards the
centre. The centripetal force of a body is
that force, whatever it may be, which
impels it from a right line towards a

int as a centre, as in the case of a
planet revolving round the sun as the
centre of the system.

CEeNnTRONO’rus, a genus of Scombroides,
characterised by the spines, which, in
acanthopterygious fishes, generally form
the anterior portion of the dorsal or a
first separate dorsal, but in them are free
and unconnected by acommon membrane ;
they all have ventrals. The pilot-fish is
a species, or rather subgenus (Naucraies,
Ratinesque) of this genus.

Centum'vir (Latin), one of the 105
judges in ancient Rome, appointed to
decide common causes among the people.
The word iscompounded of centum, a hun-
dred, and vir, a man.

CentuMvirI, Roman judges who were
chosen three from each of the 365 tribes,
making in all 105, though they were de-
signated in round numbers 100 men.

Centvu’r1on (from centum); a military
officer among the Romans, who com-
manded 100 men, answering to a captain
in modern times. i

Cen’rury, a hundred years (centum,
hundred); generally anything consisting
of a hun parts. The centuries of
Magdeburg, is a title given to an ecclesi-
astical history, arranged in 13 centuries.
It is the work of a great number of pro-
testants of Magdeburg.

CEPHALAN’THUS, the button-wood tree
of North America, constituting a genus
Triandria — Monogynia. Name from
xtGadn, a head, and wybog, a flower.

CerHatas’Pis, a fossil fish of the car-
boniferous series, named from its head
(zegadrn) being ix oF by a sort of shield

P

CER

212

CER

aoxis), having the bones united into
one osseous case.

Cepnav'tc, from zegady, the head; per-
taining to the head. In pharmacy, a
varisty of medicines are called cephalics,
as being adapted for the cure of disorders
of the head: of this class is cephalic snuff,
the active ingredient 0 which is asara-
baecca.—In anatomy, the term is applied
to a vein of the arm anciently supposed
to have some particular connexion with
the head. The jugular vein is also called
the cephalic vein, and the carotid artery is
sometimes termed the cephalic artery.

Cerxuato’pirm, in botany, a figure re-
sembling a convex shield without an ele-
vated rim.

CepHatom’eTeR, from zt¢aAy, the head,
and treoy, Measure; an instrument for-
merly used to estimate the size of the
fetal head during parturition.

CEPHALO’PHORA, zeGady, the head, and
sem, I bear. 1. A name substituted by
De Blainville for the Cephalopoda (q. v.)
of Cuvier.——2. A genus of South Ameri-
can plants of one species (a perennial),
formerly called Gremia aromatica, from
the name of the discoverer, and the aro-
matic flavour of the dried leaves.

CrerxHatopo’pa, a class of mollusks com-
prising only a single order, divided into
genera according to the nature of the
Shell: those which have no shell are ar-
ranged by Linnzus in the genus Sepia or
cuttle-fish. The Sepia, Nautilus, Belem-
nites, Ammonites, and Nummulites, are
the genera included in this tribe according
to Cuvier. The feet ef the voracious ani-
mals are placed round their heads (whence
the name, from zegahn, ahead, and rod,
feet), and they walk ia consequence with
their heads downwards. Between the
base of the feet is situated the mouth,
armed with two stout horny jaws, re-
sembling the beak of a parrot. Their
fiesh is eaten, and their ink, a peculiar
and intens¢ly black excretion, with which
they darken the surrounding water when
they want to conceal themselves, is used
in painting: the China or Indian inks are
supposed to be made of it.

Cern’atus, a genus of Gymnodontes
found in the European seas: the short
sunfish is a species. Name from zegaAz,
a head; the tail being so short and high,
that this fish resembles one whose pos-
terior portion has been truncated. The
species named is about four feet in length,
and weighs upwards of 300 lbs

Crpn’evs, a constellation in the northern
hemisphere containing 35 stars, named in
memory of an ancient king of Ethiopia,
said to be the father of Andromeda, and
husband of Cassiopeia.

Crratnz. By the saponification of

cerine, margarate of potash is obtained,

and a substance resembling wax. This

is named Cerdine by Boudet and Boissonet.

It cannot be converted into soap, fuses at

Py , and may be distilled without altera-
on.

Cer’asin (from cerasus); a name given
by chemists to those gummvr substances
which swell in cold water, but do not
readily dissolve in it: the best example
of this species of vegetable product is
gum tragacanth.

Ceras'TES (zeguorns, from xzegas, a
horn). A nt, a species of per od
which the ancients supposed to be fur-
nished with horns. (Pliny 8. 23.)

Creras’tium, the mouse-ear chickweed ; a
numerous genus of small hardy plants.
Decandria—Pentagynia, There are many
British species.

Lat. ceratum, from cera; a
composition of wax, oil], or lard, with or
without other ingredients. Many cerates
are used in medicine. Their consistence
is intermediate between that of plasters
and that of ointments.

Cerato’nta, the carob-tree, or St. John’s
bread; a genus of one species found in
Europe and Asia. Polygamia—

This is the zegarwvie of Galen, and is so
named from its horn-like pod.

Cerator’ome, from zégas, a horn, and
rTtuvw, to cut; a knife used by surgeons
for dividing the cornea of the eye.

Creratopnu’yTA, a tribe of coralliferous
polypi of two genera, the Antipathes and
the Gorgonia. They have a horny axis
(whence the name from zegas, horn, and
¢vroy, a plant) ; this is covered by a fleshy
substance, from the cavities of which
polypi occasionally appear.

CERAU‘NIA, or names formerly

Cerav’nrs Laripes, J given to the fos-
sil echinites, from a supposition that they
fol formed in the air. (Pliny 37,9 and

Gan’ ATRIN, the bitter principle of Ice-
land moss.

Cer’sERvs, in ancient mythology, a
ster who guarded the entrance of the infer-
nal regions, who had from 3 to 100 heads,
according to the whims of the authors.

CeRcoPiTH’Ecus, a genus of quadru-
mana, comprehending the long-tailed
monkeys—zéexos, a tail, and wiOyzos, &
monkey. Numerous species, of every
variety of size and colour, abound in
Africa: they live in troops, and do much
damage to the gardens and fields under
cultivation.

Cerc’osis, from HbEx0S,A tail. 1. A poly-
pus of the uterus.—2. An enlargement.
of the clitoris.

Crre, the naked skin which covers the
base of a hawk’s bill.

CER

213

CES

CreRrEseEv’LuM, Lat. dim. of cerebrum ; the
little brain, situate behind the cerebrum.
See ENCEPHALOs.

Crr’EMONIES, MASTER OF THE, an Officer
of the king’s household, instituted for the
more honourable reception of strangers
of quality.

Crr’E0LiITE, wax-stone (cera and AsHos),
a@ substance resembling steatite.

Crexerop’sis, the generic name of an Aus-
tralian goose, characterised by a green
cere-like naked membrane, covering the
upper portion of the base of the bill.

Ce’res. 1. The mythological goddess
of corn and tillage, the daughter of Sa-
turn and Ops.——2. The name of a planet
discovered by M. Piazzi, at Palermo in
Sicily, in 1801. It is situated between
Mars and Jupiter.

Cr’reEvs, in botany, a colour, surface, or
texture, resembling that of wax.

Cr‘n1ne, one of the constituents of wax
(cera). Wax, like the oils and fats, has
been found to be composed of two sub-
stances, which differ from each other only
in their fusibility, and their solubility in
alcohol, and which are called Cerine and

yricine. The first is analogous to elaine,
and the myricine corresponds to stearine.
Sp. gr. of cerine 969, melting pt. 138°;
soluble in 16 times its weight of boiling
alcohol.

Crrtin’THIANS, an early sect of heretics
who denied the Divinity of Christ. Named
from Cerinthus, the founder of the sect.

Cz’rite, the silicious oxide of cerium;
a rare mineral of a rose-red colour, found
in the Swedish mine of Bastnias, and long
known to the German mineralogists,
under the name of Bastnds Schwerstein,
i.e. heavy stone of Bastnis. It is named
‘Cerite from the metal it contains.

CeritH’ium, the name given by Bru-
gueir to a turretted or turriculated spiral
shell, of which Lamark has discovered
upwards of 60 species in the neighbour-
hood of Paris. Class Gasteropoda; order
Pectinibranchiata; family Buccinoida.

Cr’Rivm, a metal discovered in 1803, by
Hisinger and Berzelius, in cerite (q. v.),
and named by them after the planet
Ceres. It is brittle, white, and volatile
in a very intense heat; is not acted upon
by nitric acid, but is dissolved in aqua-
regia, nitro-hydrochloric acid.

Cer’oma, In ancient architecture, the
apartment in a bath or gymnasium in
which persons anointed themselves with
wax and oil.

Crroptas’ric, the art of modelling in
wax; it is of very high antiquity.

CrRostro’ruM, x7g0s, Wax, and orgwros,
spread. A species of encaustic painting
executed on horn or ivory. *

Crn’TuIA, the creeper or ox-eye, a genus
of birds. Order Passering: family Tenui

rostres, Cuv. About 50 species of this
little bird are enumerated. They take
their name from their habit of climbing
trees like wood-peckers. The common
ox-eye is well known.

CreRTIF’ICATE, in a general sense, means
any written testimony; but the word is
used in a more practical sense to denote
the written declaration of some public
officer, to be used as evidence in a court
or to substantiate a fact, and is consi-
dered as being given under the oath of
the officer. ;

CerTiricaTe CockET.
See Cocker.

CERTIFICATES OF ORIGIN, written docu-
ments subscribed by the proper officers of
the places where goods were shipped.
These are required by the importers of
sugar, coffee, cocoa, and spirits from any
British plantation.

CrERTIORA’RI, a writ issued out of Chan-
cery or other superior court, to call up
the records of an inferior court, or re-
move a cause there depending, that it
may be triea in the superior court. This
writ is obtained upon complaint of a
party that he cannot in the inferior court
receive justice, or that he is not certain
(certus) of receiving it.

CrrusE, Lat. cerussa. Carbonate of
lead, commonly called white lead.

Cer’vicaL, Lat. cervicalis, belonging to
the neck (cervix) as the cervical vertebre,
muscles, and arteries.

CreRVICOBRANCHIA’TA, the name of an
order of shells, in the conchological sys~-
tem of De Blainville, comprising the two
families Rotifera and Branchifera, and
the genera Patella, Fissurella, Emargi-
nata, and Parmophorus.

Cer’vus (Latin), a stag; a genus of
Ruminant mammalia, which have heads
armed with antlers; the females, how-
ever (the rein-deer alone excepted), are
always without them. The elk or moose,
roebuck, axis, fallow-deer, &c., are spe-
cies. The fiesh is used as food.

Crs’PirosE PLANTS are such as produce
many stems from one root, and which
have all their leaves radical, so as to re-
semble turfs. From cespes, a turf.

Cessa’vir, a Latin word meaning he
hath ceased, from cesso, to cease, used in
law as the name of a writ given by sta-
tute to recover lands, when the tenant or
occupier has ceased for two years to per-
form the service which constitutes the
condition of his tenure, and has not
sufficient goods or chattels to be dis-
trained.

Ces’s1o Bono’rum, a Latin law phrase
meaning the surrender by an insolvent
debtor of his entire property to his cre-
ditors. This exempts him from all per-
sonal penalties.

Cresson. In law, one who neglects fou

In the Customs.

cET

214

CHA

two years to perform the service by which
he holds lands,so that he incurs the dan-
ger of the writ of cessavit.

Crsto’1pEz, a tribe of intestinal worms,
comprising those without external
suckers. Only one genus is known, the
Ligula, inhabiting certain birds and fresh
water fish.

Crsrra’cionts, a sub-family of sharks
found fossil in all strata, from the carbo-
niferous to the most recent chalk series.
The Cestracion Philippi, or Port Jackson
Shark, is the only living specimen of the
tribe.

Ces’tus, ztoros. The marriage girdle
or girdle of Venus among the Greeks and
xtomans.

Cesv’ra. See Czsuna.

Cera’ckEa, an order of marine mam-

Cera’crans, J miferous animals, includ-
ing the whale, porpoise, dolphin, &e.
They are warm-blooded and breathe air
by means of lungs, and they bring forth
young alive and suckle them.

Creracea Herpivora, herbivorous ce-
tacea. These constitute Cuvier’s first
family of Cetacea, and comprise the ge-
mera Manatus, Halicore (dugong, siren,
sea-cow, &c.), and Stellerus. They fre-
quently leave the water to seek pasture
on shore. The teeth have flat crowns,
“hey have two mamme on the breast,
a:ad hairy mustachios, two circumstances
which, observed from a distance, as they
vaise the anterior part of the body verti-
cally from the water, give them some
resemblance to human beings, and have
probably occasioned those fabulous ac-
counts of tritons and sirens which some
travellers pretend to have seen.

Ceracrea Ornprnania, ordinary Cetacea.
These form Cuvier’s second family of Ce-
tacea, and comprise the genera Delphinus
(dolphin) ; Phoczena (porpoise); Monodon
(narwhal); Physeter (cachalot or sper-
maceti whale), and Balena (true whale).
The ordinary cetacea are distinguished
from the preceding by the singular appa-
ratus from which they have received the
name of Blowers.

Ce’TE, xyros, a whale. The sixth order
of Mammalia in the Systema Natura of
Linneus.

Cer’ic Acip, a name given by Chev-
reuil to what he supposed to be a pe-
culiar acid resulting from the saponifica-
tion of cetine, but which he has since
found to be merely a mixture of margaric
acid and cetine.

Cr'TINE, a name given by Chevreuil to
spermaceti, from cete, a whale.

Ceto’Nra, a genus of coleopterous in-
sects commonly termed gold-beaters, from
their brilliant golden green colours. They
are common on flowers, and frequently
oa thuse of the rose and elder

Cetus (Latin), the whale. The nam of
a large constellation in the southern ne-
misphere containing 97 stars. The most
brilliant is Menkar’,, situated in the upp.r
mandible.

Cev’apic Acip. By the action of pot-
ash on the fatty matter of the cevadilla,
an acid is obtained which is called the
cevadic.

Cry’LaANnITE, a dark-green or black va-
riety of dodecahedral corundum, which
occurs in the sand of the rivers of Ceylon,
from which island it is named. -

Cuaz’asiTE, rhombohedral zeolite ; the
chabasic of Haiiy, and schabasit of Wer-
ner. The mineral is usually white, but
has sometimes a rosy tinge. Silica forms
about 50 per cent. of the whole.

Cua‘cone or Craconz (Span.), a kind of
dance resembling a saraband, of Moorish
origin.

CH#ROPHYL’LUM, a genus of small
plants. Pentandria—Digynia. Name from
yasew, to gladden, and gvAAoy, a leaf, in
allusion to the luxuriance of its foliage.
The common chervil or cow-parsley,
sweet cicely, and bastard hemlock are
species.

Cu2z’ropon a genus of fish abundant in
the seas of hot climates, where they fre-
quentrocky shores. They are adorned
with the most beautiful colours, and are
reckoned good eating. They take their
name from their teeth, which in length
and tenuity resemble hairs collected in
close rows, like a brush. ‘

Cuztor’TEeRvus, a genus. Class Arti-
culata, order Dorsibranchiata, Cuv. The
mouth has neither jaws nor proboscis.
The animal is provided with nine pair of
feet, and a pair of long silky fasciculi, re-
sembling wings. The only species known
is about 12 inches long, and inhabits a
tube resemp:1ing parchment. It is found
at the Antilles.

Cua’rery. In iron-works, a forge in
which an ancony or square mass of iron,
hammered into a bar in the middle, with
its ends rough, is reduced to a complete
bar, by hammering down the ends to the
shape of the middle.

CHAFE-Wax, an officer belonging to the
lord chancellor, who fits the wax for
sealing writs.

Cuar’FER, a small portable furnace.

CHAFF-WEED, a plant, the bastard pim-
pernel (Centunculus); also cudweed, a
species of Gnaphalium.

Cuar’ry Partracrous, when a surface is
covered with small, weak, erect, mem-
branous scales, resembling the chaff of
corn.

Cuatn. In surveying, a measure of
length, composed of a certain number
of links of iron wire, serving to take
the distance between two places. Gun-
ter’s chain consists of 100 such links, each

Cha 215

CHA

7°92 inches, consequently equal to 66 feet
or 4 poles.

Cuarn-Boart,a large boat fitted for get-
ting up mooring-chains, anchors, &c.

CuHain-Casce. Sve Casre.

Cuarin-Pump, a well-known hydraulic
machine for raising water. It is usually
made from 12 to 25 feet in length, and
consists of two collateral square barrels,
and an endless chain of pistons of the
same form fixed at proper distances. The
chain is moyed round a coarse kind of
wheel-work, the teeth of which are so
contrived as to receive one half of the
fiat pistons and let them fold in, and they
take hold of the links as they rise. Half
the pistons are ascending when the ma-
chine is at work, and bring up a full bore
ot water in the pump.

Cuain-Suot, two balls chained toge-
ther, used chiefly at sea, to be shot against
vessels to damage the rigging.

Cuarn-TimBer, a piece of timber in
breadth equal to the length and breadth
of a brick, used for strengthening brick-
walls, by insertion in the middle of the
height of the story.

CHain-Wates. In a ship, broad and
thick planks projecting from a ship’s sides,
abreast and behind the masts, for the

of extending the shrouds, for
better supporting the masts, and prevent-
ing the shrouds from damaging the gun-
wale by rubbing. Every mast has its
chain-wales,

Cxartn’work, a peculiar style of textile
fabric. to which hosiery and tambouring
belong.

Cuarr,a moveable seat. This name is
used to designate a pedestal or socket of
cast-iron used upon railways, for receiv-
ing and securing the rails upon the blocks,
to which they are fastened by oak tree-
nails. The chair for receiving the ends
of two rails is termed a joint or double
chair, being larger than the simple or in-
termediate chairs.

CuAIsE-Loneve (French), a sort of sofa
open at one end.

Cuau’aza, XaAala. A hailstone. 1. In
botany, a point marked on the interior
tunic of the seeds of some plants, which
answers to the insertion of their umbili-
cal cord. It is sometimes coloured, as in
the lemon and orange.——2. The two
white bodies attached to the membrane
which covers the yolk of an egg, are
called or grandines.

Cxata’G, @ name applied to the two
twisted cords attached to the yolk of an
egg, to maintain it uppermost in every
position of the egg.

CHALCEDO’NY, a sub-species of quartz,
called also white agate, named from Chal-
cedon, a town in Asia Minor.

Cratcepno’nyx, a variety of agate, in
which white and grey layers alternate.

Cuat’crpEs, a genus of Scincoideans.
They are elongated lizards resembling
serpents ; but the scales are rectangular,
forming transverse bands which do not
encroach on each other.

CHALcID’Ix, a tribe of hymenopterous
insects, of which the genus Chalcis is the
type.

Cuatcr’picum. In ancient architecture,
a large building for administering justice ;
sometimes the tribunal itself.

CuHat’cis, a genus of hymenopterous in-
sects so named from their being decorated
with extremely brilliant metallic colours
(#a2.z0¢, brass).

Cuatcoc’RapHy, the art of engraving
on brass; %a2x0s, brass, and yeagw, to
write.

Cuav’pron, @ dry English measure ; 36
, coal bushels make a chaldron, and 21 chal-
drons make a score. The bushel contains
2217°6 cubic inches, but when heaped it
contains 2815°5 cubic inches, making the
chaldron 58°65 cubic feet. The Newcastle
chaldron contains 53 cwt., and is just
double of the London chaldron.

CuALkK, a white earthy limestone, (car-
bonate of lime), Sp. gr. 2°38. It usually
contains an inconsiderable portion of silex
and iron. 3

Cuatk Formation. This term is a
plied, in the nomenclature of geology, to
a group of deposits very dissimilar in
their compositions, but agreeing in the
character of the organic remains which
they contain, and referrible to the same
epoch of formation. These strata are dis-
tinguished into: 1. The Maestricht beds;
2. The upper chalk with flints; 3. The
lower chalk without flints; 4. The
upper green sand; 5. The gault; 6. The
lower green sand. The whole of these
are marine deposits, and their greatest
aggregate thickness in England may be
estimated at from 600 to 1000 feet.

Cuatk-Strone, a calcareous concretion
in the hands and feet of violently affected
gouty persons.

Cua’LenGE. In law, an exception to
jurors ; the claim of a party that certain
jurors shall not sit in trial upon him or
his cause. The right of challenge is given
both in civil and criminal cases, for cer-
tain causes which are supposed to disqua-
lify a juror to be animpartial judge. The
word is Norm., calenge, an accusation.
Among sportsmen, the opening cry of
hounds at first finding the scent of the
game, is called the challenge, and the
same name is given to any invitation,
verbal or written, of parties, to decide a
controversy by. duel.

Cua’ma, a genus of inequivalved adhe-
ring bivalves, forming the type of the fa-
mily Chamacea.

Cuamacr’s, a family of bivalves placed

by Lamarck in the order Dimyaria, and

CHA 216

CIA

by De Blainville in the order Lamelli-
branchiata. It comprises the genera
chama, diceras, etheria, isocardium, tri-
gsebees In the arrangement of Cuvier

forms the third family of testaceous
acephala, and comprising only the genus
chama, Lin.

Cua’ma Gicas, Lin., a species of chama
inhabiting the Indian ocean; it is the
largest and heariest shell known, weigh-
ing sometimes between 300 and 400 lbs.
Its occupant is so large as to furnish i20
then with a good meal.

Cua’mBer, Lat. camera, from zapo0n,
an arched roof, the vaulted room. This
word has generally the signification of
apartment, as the chamber of a mine, a
place generally of a cubical form, where
the powder is confined ; the chamber of a
mortar, which is that ‘part of the chase
where the powder lies. In a general
sense the word is taken to mean the place
where an assembly meets, and also the
assembly itself. 1. The star-chamber, the
authority of which was abolished by the
statute 17 Car.1. This hall was so called
becguse the roof was painted with stars.
—2. Chamber of Commerce, an assembly
of merchants to discuss the affairs of
trade.——3. Chamber of assurance, usually
a society of merchants and others for car-

ing on the business of insurance, but
in Holland a court of justice where insur-
ance causes are tried ——4. Chamber of
London, an apartment in London where
the city money is deposited.

CuA’MBERED SHELLS, such shells as are
divided into compartments by septa,
usually called multilocular.

CHA'MBERLAIN, an officer charged with
the management of a chamber or cham-
bers. The lord chamberlain of Great
Britain is the sixth officer oz the crown.
His office is hereditary, anc re is entitled
to livery and lodging in the imperial
court. He has the oversight of all officers
belonging to the royal chambers, except
the bed-chamber, wardrobe, &c., and ad-
ministers the oath to all officers above
stairs.—The chamberlains of the Exche-
quer of London, of Chester, of North
Wales, &c., are commonly receivers of
rents and revenues, and have certain
rights and immunities attached to their
situations.

Cua’MBRANLE, an ornamental border on
dvors, windows, and fire places. This
ornament is commonly taken from the
architrave of the order of the building.
In window frames, the sill is also orna-
mented, forming a fourth side. The top
of the three sided chambranle is called
the transverse, and the sides ascendants.

CHAME’LEON, & name common to all the
species (seven) of the genus Chameleo.
The chameleon is particularly remarkable
for the great size of its lungs, which when

fully dilated, make the body almost trans-
parent. This circumstance enables it
to change colour at pleasure, by enabling
it to throw a greater or less quantity of
blood upon the surface of the body, and
perhaps also somewhat to change the hue
of the Flood itself, by varying the degree
of its aération.

CHAME’LEON MIn’ERAL. When peroxide
of manganese is mixed with an equal
weight of nitre or carbonate of potash,
and the mixture fused at a red heat,a
green coloured mass is obtained called
chameleon mineral. When this substance
is dissolved in water, the solution is at
first green; it then becomes successively
blue, purple, and red, and finally throws
down a brown precipitate and becomes
colourless: from these phenomena it de-
rives its name.

Cuam’FER, | a small gutter or furrow

Cuam’FRET, / cut in wood or other hard
material, as in stones, pillars, or other
ornamented parts of a building. The
word is also used as a verb, meaning ta
channel.

Cua’mors, a species of the antelope tribe
of animals, whose skin is made into the
soft leather called shammy. It inhabits
the Alpine mountains.

Cuam’‘omite, a name (from chameme-
lum, from yaoi, the ground, and “xAoy,
an apple), common to all the plants of the
genus Anthemis, but especially applied to
the A. nobilis, a well known perennial
cultivated for its medicinal properties.

Cuam’pain, in heraldry, champain, or
point champain, is a mark of dishonour in
the coat of arms of an individual who has
killed a prisoner of war after he has asked
for quarter.

Cuam’patn Line In ornamental carved
work formed of excavations, the line
parallel to the continuous line, either as -
cending or descending, is called the cham-
pain line.

Cuamp DE Mars, in French history, the
public assemblies of the Franks, which
were held in the open air, and in the
month of March, whence the name.

Cuam’rerty, Fr. champart, field-rent ;
a species of maintenance, being a a bargain
with a plaintiff or defendant, to divide
the land or other matter in suit between
them, if they prevail; whereupon the
champertor is to carry on the party’s suit
at his own expense. This is equivalent
to a purchase of the right of suing.

CHANCE-MED'LEY, in law, the killing of
a person by chance, when the killer is
doing a lawful act; if he be doing an un-
lawful act the killing is felony.

CHANCELLOR, lat cancellarius, a chief
scribe or notary under the Roman em-
perors; but in England in later times, an
officer invested with judicial powers, and
particularly with the superintendence of

__—T

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217

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all charters, and other official writings
that require to be solemnly authenti-
eated. Hence this ofticer became the
keeper of the great seal and keeper of
the king’s conscience. The lord high chan-
cellor of Great Britain is at present the
highest officer of the crown. He is privy
counsellor by his office, prolocutor of the
‘house of lords by prescription, and judge
of the court of Chancery.—From the Ro-
man empire, the office of chancellor passed
to the church, and hence every bishop
has his chancellor ; and there are chancel-
lors of cathedrals who hear lessons, lec-
ture in the church, hear causes, apply the
seals, &c. The universities have also
their chancellors, who seal diplomas or
letters of degree, &c. The chancellors of
military orders are officers who seal the
commissions and mandates of the chapters
and assembly of the knights, and deliver
their acts under the seal of their order.

CHAN’CELLOR OF THE EXcCHE’QUER, an
officer who presides in that court, and
takes care of the interests of the crown.
He has power with the lord treasurer to
lease the crown lands, and with others to
compound for forfeitures on penal sta-
tutes. He is the British finance minister.

Cuan’‘cery, the highest court of justice
in Great Britain, next to Parliament,
consisting of two distinct tribunals: one
ordinary, being a court of common law,
the other extraordinary, being a court of
equity.

CHANDELIE’R (French). 1. A frame with
branches to hold a number of candles to
illuminate a large room.——2. In fortifi-
cation, a moveable parapet serving to
support fascines to cover pioneers.

CxHan’NEL, a part in the Ionic order of
architecture, somewhat hollow under the

_ abacus, r the listei; it lies upon the
echinus, haying its coulters ‘or turning
upor each, to make the volutes.

Cranks, CHANK’SHELLS, Common conch
shells, chiefly fished up by divers in the
Gulf of Manar, on the coast opposite Jaff-
napatam,in Ceylon. They are of a spiral
form, and constitute a considerable article
of trade in India, where they are sawn
inte narrow rings, and worn as orna-
ments for the arms, legs, and fingers, by
the Hindu women.

Cuan‘tER. 1. The pipe which sounds
the tenor or treble in a bagpipe.——2. The
chief singer or priest of the chantry.

Cuan’rry, Fr. chanirerie A chapel en-
dowed for the maintenance of one or
more priests, daily te say or sing mass
for the soul of the endower, or such as he
appoints.

Cuar’gau (French). In heraldry,a cap.
Cxar’eL.. 1. A house for public wor-
ship. of which there are several kinds, as
parochtai chapeis, distinct from the mother
aourch; chapels of ease, built in large

parishes for the accommodation of the
inhabitants ; free chapels, founded by
wealthy individuals ; domestic chapels,
built by noblemen for the accommodation
of their families. The name took its
origin thus :—the kings of France, through
superstitious notions, carried in times of
wi. St. Martin’s hat into the field, where
it was kept in a tent as a precious relic.
This tent took the name capella, a little
hat, and the priest who had the charge
of it was called capellanus, now chaplain,
and hence the word chapel came to signify
any private oratory.——2. A printer’s
work-room, said to be so called from
printing being first carried on in a chapel.

CuHar’eLer, | Fr. chapelet. A pair of

Cuar’tet, $} stirrup leathers, with stir-
rups made fast to the pommel of the sad-
dle by a sort of leather buckle, after they
have been adjusted to the length and
bearing of the rider.

Cuap’ELLING, turning a ship round in a
light breeze, when close hauled, so that
she shall lay the same way as before.

Crapr’eron (French), a cap worn by the
knights of the garter in their habits. It
was anciently worn by men, women,
nobles, and populace; afterwards appro-
priated to doctors and licentiates in col-
leges. ‘The name then passed to cer-
tain devices placed on the foreheads of
horses which draw the hearse in pompous
funerals.

Cuap’iTErR. 1. In architecture, a difter-
ent word for capital.——2. The charge of
a justice to an inquest.

Cuap’tain. See CHAPEL.

Cuap’tet, Fr. chapelet. Among Catho-
lics, a chaplet is a string of beads, by
which they count the number of their
prayers, usually called a paternoster :
hence the word is taken by architects to
denote any ornamental fillet in the form
of a string of beads. :

Cuap’rER, Fr. chapitre, Lat. caput. 1.A
division of a book or treatise. 2. A
community of clergymen belonging to a
cathedral or collegiate church.—3. A
place where delinquents receive discipline
and correction.——4. A decretal epistle.

CHAPTER-HOUSE, Lat. capiiwlum. The
apartment of a cathedral in which the
heads of the church transact business.

Cuar’actEK, a mark or abbreviation
used in certain arts and sciences: thus
there are the numeral characters, 1, 2,3,
&c., used to express numbers ; alyebraical
characters used to represent abstract quan-
tity: these are usually the letters of the
alphabet, with certain other symbols and
signs to denote the operations of addition
and subtraction, with their abbrevia-
tions, multiplication, and division. ‘These
characters of operation are + for addi-
tion, — for subtraction, X for multipli
cation, and =~ for division. There are

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also astronomical characters (see S1GNS),
and musical characters (see Nores).

Cuaracreris’t1c, that which character-
ises. The characteristic of a Logarithm is
its index or exponent; the characteristic
triangle of a curve is a rectilinear right-
angled triangle, whose hypothenuse makes
a part of the curve, not sensibly different
from a right line.

Czar’ape (French), a species of riddle,
the subject of which is a name or a word
that is proposed for solution from an en-
igmatical description of its-several sylla-
bles, and of the whole word. The follow-
ing is a good example from the French :—

“My first makes use of my second to eat
my whole:” the solution being chien-dent,
er dog’s grass.

CHara’privs, the Plover: a genus of
birds. Order Grallatorie, family Pressi-
rostres,Cuy. Itis now divided into two
subgenera, viz. Gidicnemus, ,Tem., and
Charadrius, Cuvy:

Cuar’coat, a black, brittle, and some-
what sonorous mass, obtained in large
quantity by burning wood out of contact
with the air. (See Carson.) If bones be
exposed to a red heat in a covered cruci-
ble, a black mass remains, which is char-
coal mixed with earthy matter, and is
called animal charcoal. Charcoal is used
on particular occasions 2s fuel, as it gives
& strong steady heat without smoke. It
is used in destroying tne smell, colour,
and taste of various substances, in the
manufacture of gunpowder, and in its
finer states, as in ivory black, lamp
biack, &e. it forms tks basis of black
paints, printers’ ink, &c.

Cuarce, Fr. charge, from the root of
cargo.—iIn law, 1. The instructions given
by a judge to aj et Rs The instrac-
tions given by a bishop to the clergy of
his diocese. —3. A notification toa debtor
to make payment under pains and penal-
ties on or before a certain day.—In gun-
nery, the powder and ball with which a
gun is loaded.—In heraldry, whatever is
borne on coats of arms.—In painting, an
exaggerated representation of a person.—
In physics, a quantity of electricity col-
lected ina Leyden jar, &c.—In farriery, a
peorereson used as a remedy for sprains,

CHanrce’p'Arrarres, the third and low-
est class of foreign ministers.

Cuaxcer or Leap, 36 pigs, each 6 stones
all but 2 Ibs.

Cuarity, Ststers oF, an institution of
females in France, whose office is to at-
tend the sick.

Cxanies’s Watn. In astronomy, seven
stars—the constellation called Ursa Major
or the Great Bear.

Cuarr, a fish of the salmon tribe, the
Salmo uwmbla, Cuv. Yarr. Jen.; Salmo
alpinus, Penn. Yuis beautiful little fish,

found in our lakes of Westmoreiand,
Wales, and Scotland, has various names
according to the intensity of its colours,
as gold-fish, red charr, &c.

Cuart, Lat. charta; a hydrographical
map. The term is applied to a marine
map, while the word map is applied to a
draught of some portion of land. Charts
are of several kinds, as plain, globular,
and Mercator charts.

Cuartaceovs, Lat. charta, paper; pa-
pery, the paper-like texture of most
leaves.

Cuar’rER, Lat. charta; a written in-
strument executed with usual forms,
given as evidence of a grant, contract, or
whatever is done between man and man.
In its most general sense, it is the instru-
ment ofa grant conferring powers, rights,
and privileges, from some sovereign or
party having power to grant such
charters.

CHAR’TER-PARTY, &@ Written contract be-
tween the owner or master of a ship and
the freighter, by which the former lets
his ship, or part of it, under certain con-
ditions, for the conveyance of goods of
the freighter.—Charter-party is in com-
mercial law what an indenture is at come
mon law.—The term is French, charte-
partie, a divided charter.

Cuar’tutary. See CARTULARY.

Cuase. In printing, an iron frame three-
fifths of an inch thick, in which pages of
letter are wedged up to prevent the types
from getting displaced during the print-
ing. Chases are of different sizes, to suit
the ss to be wedged (technically,
locked) in them.——2. A row of hedge or
other plants; also an extent of waste or
forest land.—3. of @ gun, the
whole length of the bore.

Cnase Greys, those ship guns which
have their ports at the head or stern. A ~
gun at the head is calied a bow-chase ; one
at the stern is a stern-chase.

Cuastnc. (See Encuasine.) In opera-
tive mechanics, screw-cutting is often

termed chasing; the thread is said to be
chased,

CHasTE-TREE, & Name common to all
the species of the genus Vitex, but es-
pecially applied to the agnus castus. It
was anciently belleved by the
ladies to promote chastity, for which
reason they strewed their beds with
its leaves.

Cuato’yanT, a term used to describe a
property of some metailic and other sub-
stances, of varying their colours accord-
ing to the way in which they are held, as
is the case with the feathers of some
birds, which appear very different when
viewed in different positions. The word
is composed of chat, cat, and @il, eye.

Cuat, probably Fr. chat, met. small, as
Chat Potatoes, small potatoes only fit or

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feeding pigs, &c.; Chat-wood, small wood
only fit for fuel.

Cuar’tets. In lar, all goods moveable
or immoveable, except such as have the
nature. of freehuld. The term is only
used in the plural form.

Cuay, CHaya-Roor, the root of the Olden-
landia umbellata, a biennial, which grows
wild on the Coromandel coast, and is like-
wise cultivated there for the use of dyers,
for the same purposes as madder is with us.

CuEeck, jan order to some person,

CHeEquez, ) usually a banker, to pay a
specified sum to the bearer on demand, in
which respect it differs from a bill of.ex-
changes

Cuecx-Marte, a movement in the game
of chess which Kills or hinders the adver-
sary’s king from moving. Mate is from
Spanish matar, to kill.

Curcxy. In heraldry, a border that has
more than two rows of checkers, or when
the bordure is checkered after the manner
of a chess-board.

Curexs. In mechanics, those pieces of
a machine which form corresponding
sides, or which are double and alike, and
have the operative parts of the machine
between them.

Cueersz, the curd of milk, coagulated by
rennet, separated from the serum or whey,
and pressed in a vat or mould to harden
it. The principal varieties of cheese
known in commerce are:— Brickbat,
formed of new milk and cream, chiefly
in Wiltshire, and sold in square pieces
about the size of brickbats. Cheddar, a
rich, thick, and round variety, of a spongy
appearance, weighing usually about
200 ibs. Cheshire, a rich, solid, and homo-
geneous quality, weighing from 100 lbs
to 200 lbs. Derbyshire, a small, rich and
white variety. Dunlop, a quality made
in Scotland, very like the Derbyshire.
Gloucester, a rich and mild variety, of two
qualities, the single and double: the for-
mer contains half the cream of the milk,
and the last the whole. Sage or green
cheese is simply coloured by a decoction
of sage and other leaves added to the
milk. In Scotland seeds of lovage are
added. Lincolnshire,a small and soft qua-
lity, made of new milk and cream. Nor-
folk is dyed yellow with annotto or saffron.
Slip-coat, a small and very rich variety,
not unlike butter, but white. Stilton,a
solid, rich, buttery, and white sort, made
in Leicestershire. It is seldom used till
two years old, and is the dearest of En-
glish cheeses. Cottenham, this differs from
the former chiefly in shape, being broad,
while the Stilton is twice as high as it is
broad. The Cottenham is also superiorly
flavoured. Suffolk,a variety made from
skim-milk, that is milk deprived of the
whole cream. Yorkshire is the same as
ae slip-coat cheese.

Currsz-Press, a machine for pressing
curd in the making of cheese.

. Currse-ReEn’NEt, a plant, ladies’ bed

straw (Galium verum). See Renner.

CuEeEseE-Vart, the vat or case in which
curd is placed to be pressed in the process
of making cheese.

Cuee’ra, a Mahratta name common to
the Felis jubata (the hunting leopard), and
the Felis leopardus. In this country it is
contined to the former species.

Cur’cor, a tropical insect that enters
the skin of the feet, and multiplies incre-
dibly.

Cuerran’tHvs, the Stock wall-flower,a
genus of plants. Tetrady ia—Siliq
Name from yee, the hand, and ayvfos, a
flower ; a flower to be borne in the hand.

CuHErRop’TERA, a family of mammiferous
animals which have the fingers of the
hand greatly elongated, and a production
of the skin extending between the fingers
and between the hands and the feet, so as
to supply the place of wings, and enable
the animals to fly small distances; e.g.
the bats. This family stands first in Cu-
vier’s order Carnaria. Name from Kes
a hand, and TTecova, & Wing.

CneEt’IFrER, the name given by Geoffroy
to the Obisium of Illiger. The chelifers
form a genus placed by Cuvier among the
pseudo-scorpions. They closely resembie
small scorpions destitute of tail, run
swiftly, and frequently retrograde like
crabs, whence the generic name chelifer.

CueEto’n1a, Chelonians. The tortoise
tribe ; yéAdyy, a tortoise. In the arrange-
ment of Cuvier, Chelonia forms the first
order of Reptilia. Linnzeus includes Che-
lonia in the genus Testudo. The order is
now divided in the genera Testudo or Land
Tortoises; Emys or Fresh-water Tor-
toises; Chelonia or Sea Tortoises; Chelys
or Batrachian Tortoises, and Trionyx or
Soft-shelled Tortoises; and Merremi has
distinguished by the name of Sphargis
those chelonize whose shell is destitute of
plates. Name from yeAdyy, testudo, a
tortoise.

CHELSEA PENSIONER, the name of a nos-
trum for rheumatism, consisting of gum
guaiac, rhubarb, cream of tartar, flowers
of sulphur, nutmeg, and clarified honey.
It is said to derive its name from a Chel-
sea pensioner haying cured Lord Am-
herst with it.

Cuem’istry, from yyere, usually de-
rived from yew, to fuse or melt, but more
probably the old name of Egypt (Chemia),
where the art had its origin. The learned
were long unagreed upon the most proper
definition of chemistry. Boerhaave calls
it anart; Macquer, Black, Fourcroy, and
most modern chemists, call it a science.
According to Brande, it is that branch of
natural knowledge which teaches us the

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220

CHI

properties of elementary substances, and
of their mutual combinations ; it inquires
into the laws which affect, and into the
powers which preside over their union;
it examines the proportions in which
they combine, and the modes of separat-
ing them when combined; and endea-
vours to apply such knowledge to the
explication of natural phenomena, and
to useful purposes in the arts. According
to Turner, its object is to examine the re-
lations which affinity establishes between
bodies, ascertain with precision the na-
ture and constitution of the compounds
it produces, and determine the laws by
which its actions are regulated. The ob-
jects to which the chemist’s attention is
directed, comprehend ali material sub-
stances It is, unquestionably, a Science.

Cueo’vrers, stones in the facings of
walls, of uniformly equai dimensions, so
arranged that no interruption occurs in
the joints, either horizontally or verti-
cally.

Cur’avuy, Checky, or Chequered. In
neraldry, when a field is divided by
transverse lines into equal squares of dif-
ferent tinctures.

CueEr’ry, the well-known fruit of the
Prunus cerasus. It was brought from
Cerasus in Pontus to Italy, by Lucullus,
A-R. 680, and was subsequently introduced
into England by the Romans. There
are other fruits known popularly by the
name of cherries, which are produced by
other plants than the Prunus, as the
Barbadoes-cherry, Cornelian- cherry,
Dwartf- rah Hottentot-cherry, Winter-
cherry, &

CueEr’ =e LAUREL, the Prunus lauro-
cerasus; called also poison-laurel, bay-
laurel, Alexandrian-laurel, &e. The poi-
yr aes quality of this laurel is prussic
acid.

Cuert. In mineralogy,a sub-species of
rhomboidal quartz, called also hornstone,
petrosilex, and rock-flint. It is coarser,
and less splintery than common flint, and
fusible. It occurs in large masses in
quarries of limestone.

Cuer’vpim. See SERAPHIM.

Cuess, Fr. échees. A game performed
by two parties, with different pieces,
upon a checkered board: that is a board
divided into 64 squares called houses.
Each player has eight dignified pieces—
a king, queen, two knights, two bishops,
and two rooks or castles, besides eight
pawns or foot-soldiers. These are all
moved according to certain rules, and the
or of the game depends entirely upon
skill.

CueEss-TrREE. In ships, a piece of wood
bolted perpendicularly on the side, to
confine the clews of the mainsail.

CHEST-FOUNDERING, a disease in horses,
like pleurisy in the human subject.

Cuer’wert a measure of corn in Russia,
= 5°94 Win. bushels.

Curv’aux DE Frisz, Fr. the Friesland
horse. A piece of timber transversed
with wooden spikes, pointed with iron,
five or six feet long: used to defend a
passage, stop a breach, or make a re-
trenchment to stop cavalry.

CueEv’erRIL, leather made of kid-skin.

Cuev’ron, Fr. a rafter. Applied, in
heraldry, as the name of one of the
honourable ordinaries, representing two
rafters of a house joined together in
chief, such as carpenters set on the high-
est part of a house to support the roof.
—2. An ornament in Gothic architec-
ture, to which the name of zigzag is also
given.

CHEV’RONEL, an ordinary similar to
chevron, but only half the dimensions.

Cuevrer’re. In artillery, an engine for
raising guns and mortars into their car-
riages.

CHIAN TuRPENTINE, another name for
the Cyprus turpentine, obtained from the
Pistachie terebinthus.

Curas’oLirx, the Holspath of Werner,
and the Macle of Haiiy, found in clay
Slate in Cumberland and Argyleshire.
The crystals of this mineral are arranged
in four-sided, nearly rectangular prisms.
Silica, 68°49; alumina, 30°17; magnesia,
4°12; oxide of iron, 2°7 ; water 0° 27. Name
from ximiros and aubos.

Cuica. 1. A fermented liquor used by
the Peruvians, and obtained by them
from the Indian corn.——2. A red colour-
ing principle, made use of by many of the
Indian tribes to stain their skins. It is
extracted from the Bignonia chica.

CHICKEN-Pox, an eruptive disease, called
also water-por. See VARICELLA.

CHICKLING-VETCH, a vetch or pea of the
genus Lathyrus, used in Germany as food.

Curer. In heraldry, the head or upper
part of the escutcheon, from side to side,
occupying the third part of the field.
Anything borne on this part is said to be
in chief.

Cuit’DERMAS Day, an anniversary ob-
served by the Church of England, on the
28th of December, in commemoration of
the children of Bethlehem, slain by
Herod. Called also Innocents’ day

CHILIAD, yiAsow, a thousand. The pe-
riod of a thousand years.

CHIL'IaGon, a plane geometrical —
of a thousand equal angles. yidsa, a
thousand, and ywyi«, an ingle.

CHILIAHE’DRON, a figure of a thousand
equal sides. yidiw, a thousand, and
dea, a base.

CuIL’1arcu, a commander of a thousand
apes aihice, a thousand, and a@gx%os,
a chief.

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221

CHI

CuIu’tIasts, a sect; the millenarians.
XiAsas, @ thousand years.

Cu1t'iras, the pods or fruit of the Capsi-
cum annuum,orGuinea pepper, and which,
being ground, form Cavenne pepper.

Curt’TERN Hunpreps. The tract an-
viently called by this name extends
through parts of Buckingham and Oxford
shires. The steward was an officer ap-
pointed to keep the peace there. Mem-
bers of Parliament, by accepting a
nominal office, such as this stewardship,
under the Crown, do virtually abandon
their seats.

Cuima’ra, a genus of fishes closely
allied to the sharks in their general form.
Cuvier places the chimere in the order
Sturiones. Name from yiaige, a mon-
ster with three heads, &c. “‘ The chimera
is one of the most remarkable among
living fishes, as a link in the famiiy of
Chondropterygians ; and the discovery of
a similar link in the geological epochs of
the oolitic and cretaceous formation,
shows that the duration of this curious
genus has extended through a greater
range of geological epochs than that of
any other genus of fishes yet ascertained
by Professor Agassiz.”——2. A fabulous
monster in mythology.

Curm’1nace. In law,a toll for passage
through a forest. The word is Fr. chemin,
a way.

Cuim’NEy games, the sides rising from
the top of the grate tothe entrance of the
chimney, from the back of which the
upper part extends forward under the
mantel-piece.

CHIMNEY STALK, 2 tall upright chimney
= carrying away smoke from a furnace,

c.

CHIMPANZE’, a variety of the ourang-
outang, regarded as a distinct species by
Cuvier ; the Simia Troglodytes, Linn., Com-
mon in Guinea and Congo. The chim-
panses live in troops, construct huts, arm
themselves with clubs and stones, and
thus repulse men and elephants. They
are easily domesticated, and soon learn to
walk, sit, and eat like human beings. In
size this monkey is nearly equal to man.

Curna Rose, the Hibiscus rosa-sinensis,
of which there are many varieties.

CHINCHILLA, an animal found in the
valleys of Chili. Its fur isof anash colour,
crisped and tangled, and much valued in
Europe.

Cuine. 1. The spine of an animal.——
2. The chime of acask, or the ridge formed
by the ends of the staves. 3. A narrow
ravine with vertical edges.

Cuin’sInG, in nautical affairs, a tempo-
rary species of calking, the oakum being
only tightly thrust into the chinks of the
ship by meansof a chisel or pointed knife.

Cuin1z, chints, fine printed calico first

manufactured in the East Indies, but now
largely manufactured at home. Thename
is Hind. chunt, Per. chinz, spotted.

Cur’o,an orifice in the German refining
forge, to allow the melted slag or cinder
to flow off from the surface of the metal -
called also the floss-hole.

Cuio’nts, the Sheath-bill; a genus of
birds: order grallatorie, tamily macro-
dactyli. Only one species is known, and
that is from N-. Holland, about the size of
a partridge, with entirely white plumage ;
whence the name from y/ovssos, white.

Cuip’PING-PIECEs, the projecting pieces
of iron cast on the faces of iron framing
when intended to be rested against each
other; the chippings form the points of
contact.

Cuir’ocraPn, from yee, the hand, and
yeagu, to write. 1. Anciently, a deed,
which, requiring a counterpart, was en-
grossed twice on the same piece of parch-
ment, with a space between, in which
was written chirograph, through which
the parchment was cut, and one part
given toeach party. Itanswersto what is
now called a charter-party.——2. A fine,
so called from the manner of engrossing,
which is still retained in the chirogra-
pher’s office in England.

Cu1r0G’RAPHER (of fines), an officer in
the Common Pleas who engrosses fines ac-
knowledged in the court, and delivers the
indentures to the parties. See CHIROGRAPH.

Curr’OMANCY, OF PALMISTRY ; ysse and
fevrtia,a divination. Theart of divina-
tion by the hands. This practice, once de-
fended and explained by “‘learned”
authors, is now entirely in the hands of
gipsies.

Curro’nta, a genus of plants to which
thecentaury of Britain belongs. Pentan-
dria Monogynia. Name from Chiron, the
centaur, who discovered its use. The
British species are annuals, hut those of
the Cape of Good Hope are shrubby plants.

Curron’omy, yeie and yoxsos, law. The
science of gesticulation, pantemime, and
oratorical action.

Cuirorue’rivm, from yee, a hand, and
Sneh0v, a wild beast, the name proposed to
be given by professor Kaup to the great
unknown animal, whose footsteps have
been observed in beds of red sand-stone,
on account of their resemblance to the
impressions of a human hand.

Cuis’EL, a tool for cutting by the im-
pulse of pressure or by the blows of a
mallet. The former is used, first of all,
after the work is scribed, with a mallet ;
the paring-chisel, with a fine smooth edge,
is used without a mallet, to smooth the
irregularities left by the former ; the skevw-
Jormer is used forcleaning acute angles ;
the mortise-chisel is narrow, and very thick

CHL 222

CHL

and strong, andis used to cut deep square
holes for mortises ; the gouge has a round
or curved edge; socket-chisels haye thin
shanks with a hollow socket at top, to re-
ceive a strong wooden sprig, fitted in with
a shoulder ; the ripping-chisel, is a socket
chisel of an inch broad, with a bluntedge,
and no basil.

Cuis’Lev, the ninth month of the Jew-
ish year, answering to a part of November
and Deccmber.

Cur’ron. Xira@y- A genus of shells found
both recent and fossil. They belong to
Cuvier’s order Oyclobranchiata. Twenty-
eight species are described, seven of which
have been found upon our own coasts,
The larger species inhabit the 8. Seas.

Cutv’atry, in law, a tenure of lands by

knight's service, that is, by the condi-

tion of performing service on horseback,
(Chevalerie), or of performing some noble
or military service to his lord. When the
tenant held only of the king, the tenure
was regal, when held of any other person,
it was common, and was usually called
escuage or shield- -service.

CuIvEs, Cives, in botany, 1. the small
headed onion, (Allium schenoprasum).——
2. See STaMEN.

Cuto’rAt. Liebig has lately described a
new chemical substance under this name.
It consists of chlorine, carbon, and oxygen,
and may be called a chloride of carbon. It
isa limpid colourless liquid, similar in
odour and appearance to the oily fluid
which chlorine forms with olefiant gas ;
butin density, volatility, and composition,
itis very different. It is formed by pass-
ing chlorine into alcohol, from the first
syllables of which words the name is
formed.

Cuto’RATE, a salt formed by the union
of the chloric acid with a salifiable base,
as the chlorate of potash.

Cxuto’r1c¢ acip. Thisacid, formerly called
hyperoxymuriatic acid, is a compound of

. oxygen and chlorine, in the proportion of
five equivalents of oxygen to two of chlo-
rine. It has no sensible smell, reddens
litmus, and its solution in water is per-
fectly colourless. It unites with the bases
and forms chlorates.

Cuto’Ric oxIpE, the peroxide of
chlorine.

CuuLo’RIDE, a compound, not acid, of
chlorine, with a base.

CHLO’RINE, a gaseous element discovered
by Scheele in 1770, and named thus from

weds green, on account of its colour.
It is one of the most suffocating gases,
possesses powerful bleaching qualities,
and is highly valued as a disinfecting
agent. It is soluble in water, forming
chlorine-water, and is still more condensed
by lime forming chloride or lime, or bleach-
ing- -powder. Chiorine combines with hy-

drogen, forming hydrochloric or muriatie
acid. It unites with oxygen in various
proportions, forming the ped list of
compounds :—Protoride of chiorine, 35°45
chl. + 8 oxy. by bibs Fhe 2 chi. + 1
oxy. by measure ; peroxide of chlorine, 35°45
chl. + 32 oxy. by wt., or 2 chl. + 4 oxy-
by meas. ; chloric acid acid, 35° 45 chil. + 40 oxy.
by wt., or 2 chi. + 5 oxy. by meas.; per-
chlorie "acid, 35°45 chl. + 56 oxy. by wt.,
or 2 chl. + 7 oxy. by meas. To these
pe Ro some chemists add a fifth,
under the name of chlorous acid. Those
compounds of chlorine which are not
acids, are termed chlorides and chlorurets.

CHLO’RIODATE, a compound of the chlor-
iodic acid with a salifiable base.

Cuto’Riopic Acrip, a peculiar volatile
substance possessing acid properties, ob
tained by subliming iodine in a great ex
cess of chlorine.

Cur’orIs (yAmeds, green). i: The green-
finch, a small bird. 2. Agenus of exotic
small plants. Polygamia—Monecia. The
species are mostly American.

CuHLo’RITE, @ mineral of a grass green
colour (xAweds), a variety of tale. Chlo
rite and talc pass, by insensible gradations,
into each other, and in this state they
supply the place of mica in most of the
granitic rocks in the vicinity of Mont
Blanc. There are several varieties.

CHLOROCARBON’ICc Acip, a colourless
gas, composed of 1 eq. of chlorine, and 1
eq. of carbonic oxide. Itis better known
by the name of phosgene gas.

Cutorocy’anic Acip, an acid com
of hydrocyanic acid and chlorine, and
formerly called oryprussic acid. It consists
of equal volumes of chlorine and cyan-
ogen.

CHLornom’EeTrY, the name given to the
process for testing the discolouring power
of any combination of chlorine, but espe-
cially of the commercial articles, the
chlorides of lime, potash, and soda.

Cutoroni’trous Gas, formed of equal
volumes of chlorine and binoxide of ni-
trogen.

CHLoR’oPHANE, a Variety of fluor-spar,
found in Siberia, of a violet colour.
Name from » green, and gasyw,
to show, from its transmitting only the
green rays of light.

CHLOROPHZ ITE, ) ascarce mineral found

CHLOROPHE'ITE, Jin some amygdaloids
in nodules, from the size of a radish seed
to that of apea. Itis named from yawed;,
green, and gases, black, because its colour
is green when newly broken, but it speed-
ily becomes black.

Cutoro’sis. 1. In medicine, the green
sickness (yAweds, green), a disease which
principally affects young unmarried fe-
males. ——2. In botany, constitutional
debility, the plant being pale, weak, and

oe

————————< do

i

CHO 223

CHO

slender; supposed to arise from the want
of sufficient light.

Cuboroxavic Acip, a compound ob-
tained by exposing acetic acid and(chlorine
to bright sunshine. It may be regarded
as a compound of 1 of hydrochloric acid,
and 1 of oxalic acid.

Cxrtorvrets, compounds of chlorine.

Cuo’ANITE, a zoophyte of the chalk-
formation, called the petrified sea-ane-
mone by lapidaries: it bears a close
resemblance to the recent Alcyonia.
Named from yoxyy, a funnel, in allusion
to its shape, which is sub-cylindrical,
with root-like processes, and having a
cavity or sac. which is deep and small in
comparison to the bulk of the animal.

Cuock, in marine language, a kind of
wedge, for confining a cask or other body
to prevent it from moving. The chocks of
the rudder are pieces of timber kept in
readiness to stop the motion of the rudder
in case of an accident, &c. In the con-
struction of framing a chock is an angular,
commonly a triangular shaped piece,
checked into the ends of the two pieces,
to be joined and fastened by treenails to
the ends forming the joint. See Coax.

Cuoc’oLaTe, an article of diet prepared
from the cacao-nut, and thus named, ac-
cording to Dr. Alston, from two Indian
words, choco, sound, and atte, water, be-
cause of the noise made in its preparation.

‘Yo prepare it, the nuts are first roasted

like coffee; and being next reduced to
powder, and mixed with water, the paste
is put into moulds of the desired shape.
It speedily hardens, and is then taken
out, wrapped in paper, and sent to mar-
ket. This alimentary preparation was
first used in Mexico, from which country
the Spaniards introduced it into Europe
in the year 1520. It was by them long
kept a secret from the rest of the world.
The proper flavouring admixture is va-
nilla, but cinnamon and cloves are more
commonly used because of their compa-
rative cheapness. See Cacao.

Cuorr (yoeos). In architecture, the part
of a church in which the choristers sing
divine service.

Cuoxke’-pamp, a name given by miners
to all irrespirable gases, especially car-
bonic acid gas.

Cuotr’pocuus (yodmn, and deyoues, I
receive): one of the ducts of the liver is
called the ductus communis choledochus.

Cuot’era, a word derived, according to
Celsus, from yoAmn, bile, and gew, to flow,
thus signifying a flow of bile; according
to Alexander of Tralles, it is derived
from yoAn, the intestine, and gew, to flow,
signifying intestinal fluid; others again
derive it simply from yoy, bile. The
naine cholera is now applied to two dis-
€ases utterly dissimilar, viz., to a com-

mon Dilious disease long known in this
and most other countries, and to a malig-
nant disease of recent origin which com-
menced in Hindustan, and has since
diffused itself epidemically in various
directions. The first is usually called

common, and here British cholera, and the

second is malignant, Asiatic, blue, and
pestilential cholera, or cholera morbus.

Cuotester’ic Acip. When choiesterine
is treated with nitric acid, a peculiar acid
is formed called the eholesteric. It is in
crystals of a yellowish white colour, littie
soluble in water, but abundantly so in
boiling alcohol.

CHOLES’TERINE, a pearly substance found
abundantly in human biliary calculi,
whence its name, from yoy, bile, and
oreenos, Solid,

Cxouram’BIC, a verse having an iambic
foot in the fifth place, and a spondee in
the sixth or last. The word is ywAés,
(claudus), and iambic (q.v.).

CHoNnDRIL’tA, the gum-succory. A ge-
gus of perennial plants. Syngenesia—
Poly, equalis. Name from yoydgoy a grain
of corn, and so called because it emits
small particles of gum-like grains.

CHON DROL’0GY, a description of the car-
tilages of the human body. yovdgo¢ and
Aoves-

CHON’DRO-PHARYNG#’Us, a muscle so
named from yoydeos and guevyZ, because
it rises in the cartilaginous part of the
tongue, and is inserted in the pharynx.

CuHonpDRO-PTERY’GII, a Class of fishes di-
vided into two orders, Chondropterygii
branchiis liberis, and Chondropterygii
branchiis fixis. The skeleton of these
fishes is essentially cartilaginous; hence
the name from yovdeos, cartilage, and
wréeoy, a fin, that is cartilaginous-jinned.
The sturgeon and shark are examples of
this class, and of the orders composing it.

Cuoracic MonuMENT, yogos. In Gre-
cian architecture, a monument erected in
honour of the Choragus who gained the
prize by the exhrbition of the best musi-
eal or theatrical entertainment at the
festivals of Bacchus.

Cuorp, Lat. chorda, an intestine of
which strings were made. In music, 1.
The string of a musical instrument.——
2. The union of two or more sounds,
forming an entire harmony; as a third,
fifth, and eighth, which are perfect chords.
The fourth and sixth are imperfect chords.
In geometry, the right line which joins
the two ends of an arc.

Cuore’a, St. Vitus’s dance, yogos, a
dance. A disease which chiefly attacks
young people of weakly constitution, and
which manifests itself in convulsive mo-
tions of the limbs, occasioning strange
and inycl\untary gesticulations.

CHR 224

CHR

Cuor’rris'cori, y xwen, a country place,
and erigyoros, a bishop. Country bishops,
who were anciently appointed to rural
districts.

Cuortam’sus. In poetry, a foot of four
syllables, being a trochee (yogesos), and
iambus united.

CHo’RION. The external or involving
membrane of the fetus is thus named,
from roghovs meaning protection.

CHOROG’RAPHY, yogu, 2 district, and
4yeagw, I describe. The description of a
district, in iam to geography
and topograph

Cno’RoID, papeetbttne the chorion. Ap-

lied to the second tunic of the eye, lying
immediately under the sclerotica; and to
a plexus of blood-vessels situated in the
lateral ventricles of the brain.

Cuo’Rus, yogos. A band of singers and
dancers, who performed in honour of the
gods, particularly Bacchus. In modern
times, it signifies the joint performance
of music by the whole orchestra.

Cuow’pER-BEER, a drink prepared by
boiling black spruce in water, and adding
molasses to the liquor obtained.

CHREMATIS'TICS, yeeuara, wealth, the
science of wealth. A continental appel-
lation.

CuresTom’aTHY, yeeros, useful, and
peeevbayw, I learn. Applied to books of
extracts, chosen with a view to utility.

Curism, an oil consecrated by the
priests of the Greek and Roman Churches,
upon Holy Thursday, to be used in the
administration of baptism, confirmation,
extreme unction, &c.

CuRris’TENDoM comprehends all realms
under Christian sovereigns and institu-
tions.

CuRist1an Know3epce, Society for
promoting, founded inthe year 1699. It
has cireulated vast quantities of the Bible
and Testament, and of the Book of
mon Prayer. it isa powerful engine of
the Established Church.

Curoas’taces, from yeow, colour. A
name for all those gems which reflect
different colours according to their dif-
ferent positions.

Curo’MATE, a salt formed by the union
of the chromic acid with a salifiable
base.

CHROMATIC, music which proceeds by
several consecutive semitones.

Curomarics, the science of colours,
chroma, colour. That part of optics which
explains the relations of light and colours.

Curome. See CHkoMIUM.

CHrome-tRon Ore, a native chromate
of iron, or rather a mixture of the oxides
of chromium and iron. Its chief use isin
the manufacture of ehromate of potash.

Curom’ic Acitp. A red or orange co-

loured powder, of a peculiar rough,
metallic taste, is extracted from the red
lead-ore of Siberia, by treating it with
potash, and separating the alkali. This
powder is soluble in water, and crystal-
lises into longish prisms of a ruby red
colour. This is chromic acid.

CuRo’MiumM, a metal thus named, from
eo, colour, because it is remarkable
for giving colour to its combinations. Its
principal ore is the red lead ore of Siberia,
which is a chromate of lead. It may
also be obtained from chrome-iron ore.

Curo’nocram, from xecvos, time, and
Vectaiee, 2B letter. An inscription in
fete a date is given in letters instead of

Curonot’ocy, from xeovess time, and
Acyos, discourse. The science of time;
the method of computing it, by marking
it off into portions, with appropriate
names, and arranging the eyents and
occurrences of history ble
sequent order.

Curonom’eTER, from yeovos, time, and
pereevy, Measure. Any instrument that
measures time exactly. Many machines
for this purpose have been invented under
the name of chronometers.

CurysaLis. Xevowass. The middle
state in which all lepidopterous and most
other insects remain for some time, be-
tween the caterpillar form and their ap-
pearance as perfect insects. See Catzr-
PILLAR.

CuRYSAN’THEMUM, a genus of plants of
many species, mostly perennials. Synge-
nesia— Polygamia. Name from xedoes,
gold, and av§ezoy, a flower. The sun-
flower or marigold; great ox-eye daisy or
maudlin-wort; golden lotus, &c., are
species

Cury’ SOBER’YL, from xeboes, gold, and
BueddArsov, 2 gem ; a mineral; the cymo-
chee of Hatiy, and chrysopal of Dela-
metherie. Colour, asparagus
lustre, vitreous; fracture, conchoidal :
semitransparent, scratches quartz. Sp.
gr. 3°8. Found in Ceylon, in the Brazils,
and Siberia.

Cury’ SOCHE’oRIs, from xebores ,gold, and
xiw, to shed. A genus of insectivorous
mammalia, whose mode of life is similar
to that of the moles. Type the golden
mole (C. Asiaticus), smaller than the Euro-
pean mole, and the only quadruped that
presents any appearance of those splen-
did metallic tints which adorn so many
birds, fishes, and insects. Itsfur is green,
changing to a copper or bronze.

Cury’soco’ma, the Golden-locks, a genus
of plants (exotic). Syngenesia — Poly.
equalis. Name from yebros, gold, and
x6/4m, hair, in allusion to its golden-hair

eee SY
ae a

CcHY 225

cic

like appearance. The Achille millefolium
has also been called by this name.

CuRysoc’RAPHY, weusos, gold, and

aga, I write. The art of writing in
letters of gold.

Currs‘ouiTe, from yeveos, gold, and
A4sGos, a stone; a mineral, the Peridot of
Haiiy, and Krisolith and Olivin of Wer-
ner. Chrysolite is of a green colour, in-
clined to yellow; its texture is foliate
and fracture conchoidal. It causes double
refraction, and loses its transparency
when ‘heated to 150° Fah., and becomes
dark grey. The chrysolites of commerce
come from Upper Egypt, the Brazils, Cey-
lon, and Bohemia. The stone consists of
magnesia and silica, coloured with oxide
of iron.

CHRYSOL’0GY, yevoros, gold, and Asyas,
discourse. A continental term applied to
that part of political economy which re-
lates to the production of wealth.

Curys'orrase, from yeveos, gold, and
steacov, a leek. A precious stone of a
leek-green colour. It is a variety of cal-
eedony, and owes its colour to the pre-
sence of nickel and iron in small quanti-
ties. Found chiefly in Silesia.

Cuvz,a river fish,a species of cyprinus,
called also the cheven. Named from the
size of its head.

Cuvcx (for a turning-lathe), an appen-
dage to fix any material for the purpose
of turning it into any determinate form.
The term therefore includes all those
tools which serve to connect the mate-
rial to be operated upon to the mandril
of the lathe. Those which are capable only
of communicating a motion round a de-
terminate axis, such as they themselves
receive, are called simple chucks. Those
again which are of such a character that
the axis of the work can be changed at
pleasure, so as to throw the centre of
motion to any point, and make the work
revolve round any axis; form a large
class of complicated chucks which are
individualised by particular names, as
eccentric chucks, oval chucks, segment,
engine, geometric chuck, &c., according
to the kind of work for which they are
suited.

Cuo’nam, the name given in India to
lime obtained by the calcination of shells.

Cuyaz‘ic Acip, aname of hydrocyanic
or prussic acid, formed of the tial
letters of carbon, hydrogen, and azote.

Cuxte, from yvAds, juice; the milk-
like liquor observed, some hours after
eating, in the lacteal vessels of the me-
sentery, and in the thoracic duct. It is
separated by digestion from the chyme,
and is that fluid substance from which
the blood is formed.

Cururica’tion, from chylus and fio to

become; the process carried on in the
small intestines, and principally in the
duodenum, by which the chyle is sepa-
rated from the chyme.

Cuy’Lororr’ic, concerned in the forma-
tion of chyle—yvyAog and zostw, to make.

Cuyme, from yuuwog, humour or juice ;
the indigested mass of food from which
the chyle is prepared.

Cuymirica’tion, from chymus and fio, to
make; theconversion of food into chyme.

Crso’r1uM, yiGwesoy. In architecture,
an insulated erection, opening on each side
with arches, and having a dome, of a cup
form, carried by four columns. It also
denotes the case which contains the Host.

Cica’pa, the frog-hopper, balm-cricket, or
flea-locust. A genus of hemipterous in-
sects of many species. - They live on
trees and shrubs, of which they suck the
juices. Name from zizzos or ziz wdov.
Plentiful in the south of Europe.

Cicapa’rR1=, a family of hemipterous
insects, of which the genus Cicada is the

ype.

CrcaT’RIciE, Lat. cicatricula, from cica-
trix; the germinating or feetal point in
the embryo of a seed or yelk of an egg.

Cic’ELy,a popular name, common to all
the plants of the genus Scandizx, but espe-
cially applied to the S. odorata, or Great
Chervil. The name is also given to a
species of Cherophyllum.

Cr’cer, the vetch or chick-pea; a genus
of one species. Diadelphia—Decandria.
** Cicer nomen habet & forma, que orbicu-
laris, ut plerumque in leguminibus.”’ The
Cicerones took their name from this pulse,
as the Pisones did from the pisum or pea,
and the Lentuli from the lens or lentil.

Cicero’NeE (Ital.) Any individual who
acts as a guide. ‘

CicHo’r1um, the succory or endive; a
genus of plants. Syngenesia—Polyg. equa-
lis. British type a perennial. Name, ac-
cording to Pliny, is of Egyptian origin,
written giyogesoy and ziyogsoy-

Cicuory, the cichorium intybus or wild
succory.

Cicinpe’LA, the glow-worm; from can-
dela,acandle. Order, Coleoptera—Penta-
mera; family, Carnivora, Cuv.

CICINDELE’T#, a tribe of carnivorous
coleoptera, comprising the genus Cicin-
dela, Lin., now divided into various sub-
genera, as Cicindela, Marticora, Mega-
cephala, &c.

Cicis’‘pro (Ital.). Synonymous with
cavalier servente, and applied to a class of
persons in Italy who attend on married
ladies with all the respect and devotion
of lovers.

Cico’n1a, a genus of birds, the Stork, of
which there are several species. Order,
Grallatorie ; family, Cultrirostres. Name
of doubtful origin.

CIN 226 CIP
Cicv’ra, the water-hemlock and cow-bane ; | ——-2. The pharmacopeeial name of se-
agenus. Petandria—Digynia. Name, the | veral kinds of Peruvian barks. The trees

Latin word for hemlock, and also for a
shepherd’s pipe, made of the hollow stalks
of hemlock.

Cip, Arab., seid, Jord. The name ofan
epic poem of the Spaniards, celebrating
the exploits of their hero, Roderigo Diaz,
Count of Bivar.

Crp’aris, a family of echinites charac-
terised by their hemispherical form, and
named from nideeos, the cap ofstate worn
by the ancient Persian kings, which they
Were supposed to resemble. From other
characters, derived from their spines,
they have obtained the names of sea-
urchins, sea-hedgehogs, sea-thistles, &c.,
and those in a fossil state have obtained
many fanciful names expressive of their
supposed origin, as ombria, from buBeos,
heavy rain, from the notion that they fell
in a heavy ‘shower of rain; brontia, from
Beoven, thunder, from an idea that they
were thrown to the earth by thunder;
ceraunii lapides, under the impression that
they were generated by lightning; che-
lonites, from their resemblance to the
shells of the tortoise; and ova anguina,
from the notion that they were the eggs
of serpents.

Ci1’exy, ornaments of foliage and dra-
pery on the heads of architectural columns.

Cr'x1a, Lat. plural of ciliwm, the hair of
the eye-brows ; the eye-lashes.—In botany,
a species of pubescence which consists of

on the margin of a leaf or petal,
giving it a fringed appearance.—In
zoology, the hair-like organs of motion in
the radiated animals. The cilia resemble
very minute hairs, and are only visible
with the microscope.

Cima, zvua. In architecture, a mould-
ing which is generally the upper one of a
cornice. It is called by workmen an ogee
(OG), being an undulating ornament.

Cimpia. In architecture, a list, string,
fillet, or cincture.

Ci’mex, the generic name of the wall-
louse or bug, from zésuas, to inhabit.
Order Hemiptera, family Geocorise, Cuy.
This genus, of which our common bed-bug
is a too familiar example. is now divided
into upwards of forty subgenera.

Cimo’t1an Earru. } Fullers’ earth. It is

Cim'oLitE. jJof a greyish white
colour, and consists of alumina, silex,
oxide of iron, and water. It is named
from Cimolus, an island in the Cretan sea.

Crn/AROCEPHALI'2, a natural family of
plants,named from zsvega, an artichoke,
and xégaAy, a head, in allusion to the
shape of their inflorescence, as the thistle,
burdock, blue-bottle, &c

CrncHo’na. 1. The Cinchona or Peru-
vian bark tree. Pentandria—Monogynia

which afford these barks grow wild in
the hilly parts of Pern: whence the name
Peruvian. The name Cinchona is derived
from the circumstance that, among the
earliest cures effected by this medicine
was, in 1638, that of the Spanish viceroy’s
lady, the Countess del Cinchon, at Lima,
when it came to be distinguished as the
Cortex cinchone, and Pulvis comitisse. On
the recovery of the Countess, she distri-
buted a large quantity of the bark to
the Jesuits, in whose hands it acquired
great celebrity, and by them was intro-
duced into Europe, whereby it acquired
the name of Cortex jeswiticus, or Jesuit’s
bark. See Bark.

CincuH’on1neE, the salifiable base or al-
kali obtained from the Cinchona conda-
min@, or gray Peruvian bark, as quinineis
from the yellow bark (Cinchone cordifolia),

Cinctna’cex, Cinchona the type; a
natural order of shrubby or arborescent
exogens.

Cinc’ruRE, Lat. cinctura. The circular
concavity near the head or base of a
column; from cingo, to surround. It is
supposed to be in imitation of the girths
or ferrules anciently used to strengthen
wooden columns.

Crn’napar, the native red sulphuret of
mercury, named from Arabic, kennabar.
It is the most prolific ore of mercury, and
occurs in veins, surrounded by a black
clay, and associated with native quick-
silver, amalgam with iron-ore, lead-
glance, blende, copper-ore, and sometimes
gold. That of Almaden, in Spain, is said
to be the richest. The artificial red sul-
phuret of mercury, or factitious cinnabar,
is called in commerce vermilion.

Crn’NAMON, xivvonpLoy. The bark of the
cinnamon-tree (Laurus cinnamomum), a
native of Ceylon, where it grows in great
abundance; it is also found in Cochin-
China. Itis thin, light-yellow in colour,
smooth, and shining ; ; has an agreeable,
warm, aromatic flavour, and a mild,
sweetish taste. Cassia barks are often
mixed with cinnamon: these are thick,
brown in colour, and pungent to the
taste.

CIN’NAMON-STONE, a hyacinth-red va-
riety of the dodecahedral garnet, called
also Essonite. The finest specimens are
brought from Ceylon.

CinavE Ports, or Five Ports. The
seaport towns of Dover, Sandwich, Hast-
ings, Hythe, and Romney; to which
three others were afterwards added, viz.
Winchilsea, Rye, and Seaford. These
towns possess peculiar privileges, and are
under the government of a lord-warden.

Ci’rHErR, from an Arabic word mean-
ing empty: the arithmetical character 0

=

—————————

Pee oe A eee =

CIR

227

ciR

The name has also been given to an ad-
mixture of letters, as the initials of a
name, engraved on a seal, plate, &c., so
as to have an enigmatical appearance.
These are plentiful on ancient tombs,
gravestones, &c. It has also been used as
the name of a disguised manner of
writing, wherein such arbitrary charac-
ters are made use of as may be agreed on
by two or more persons corresponding, to
stand for letters or words, and which cha-
racters are supposed to be understood
only by the persons agreeing to use them.
This kind of writing has been exten-
sively used in times of war, to conceal
from the enemy the facts contained in
any letters which they might intercept.
This mode of writing gaye rise to another
art, that of deciphering, or reading letters
written in cipher; and hence, also, the
word cipher came to signify the key to
unravel the characters of cipher-writing.
Crr’ortin, an Italian marble, containing
a slight admixture of quartz and oxide
of iron. Its colour is green, with white
zones. Name from Ital.cipollina, a shalot.
Crprin’p#, the carp family of fishes.
Type, Cyprindus, Lin.; Order, Malacopte-
rygui abdominales, Cuv.; Genera, Cyprin-
dus, Lin.; Cobitis, Lin.; Anableps, Blum.
Crroza, the Enchanter’s Nightshade, a

_ genus of British perennial plants. Dian-

‘Monogynia. Name from Circe, an
enchantress, supposed to have used it in
her magical operations.

Crr‘cie, Lat. cireulus, from circus. A
geometrical figure contained under one
line called the circumference; and is
such, that all straight lines drawn from a
certain point within the figure called the
centre, to the circumference, are equal to
one another. Thus,in the figure, AB =
AC = AD. These are called radii of the
eircle, of which the line BD, passing
through the centre, is the diameter.

Cc

The diameter of a circle is to its circum-
ference nearly as 1 to 3, more nearly as 7
to 22, more nearly as 106 to 333, more
nearly as 113 to 355, more nearly as 1702
to 5347, &c. ; or, taking the diameter as 1,
the circumference is

4x—3+ 3-7 +3-sy + yy ke)
Circle of curvature ; that circle the curva-
ture of which is equal to that of any

curve ata certain point; called also the
circle of equi-curvature.—Circles of the
sphere; such circles as cut the mundane
sphere, and have their circumference on
its surface. They are either moveable or
fixed. The first are those whose peri-
pheries are in the moveable surface, and
which therefore revolve with its diurnai
motion, as the meridians, &c.; the latter
haye their peripheries in the moveable
surface, and do not revolve, as the ecliptic,
equator, andits parallels. The circles of the
sphere are, besides, either great or little:
a great circle divides it into two hemi-
spheres, having the same centre and dia-
meter with it as the horizon: a little or
less circle divides the sphere into two
unequal parts, having neither the same
centre nor diameter with it as the paral-
lels of latitude.——Circles of Altitude. See
ALMUCANTAR. —— Circles of declination ;
great circles intersecting each other in
the poles of the world.— Circles of excur-
sion ; circles parallel to the ecliptic, and at
such a distance from it (usually 10°) as
that the excursions of the planets towards
the poles of the ecliptic may be within
them. Circle of illumination; a circle
passing through the centre of a planet
perpendicular toa line drawn from the
sun to the respective body. This is sup-
posed to separate the illumined part from
the unillumined part, which it does nearly.
—Circles of latitude; great circles,
called also secondaries of the ecliptic, per-
pendicular to the plane of the ecliptic,
passing through the poles thereof, and
through every star and planet. Theyare
so called because they serve to measure
the latitude of the stars, such latitude
being simply the are of one of the circles
intercepted between the star and the
ecliptic——Cireles of longitude; several
lesser circles parallel to the ecliptic, dimi-
nishing in proportion as they recede from
it: on these arcs the. longitude of the stars
is reckoned.— Circle of perpetual appa-
rition ; one of the lesser circles parallel
to the equator, described by any point of
the sphere touching the northern point of
the horizon, and carried about with the
diurnal motion. All the stars within this
circle neyer set. Circle of perpetual
occultation ; a lesser circle parallel to the
equator, and containing all those stars
which never appear in our hemisphere.
The stars situated between the circles of
perpetual apparition and perpetual occul-
tation, alternately rise and set at certain
times.

Circurr, from Lat. circum, round. The
journey or progress which the judges take
twice every year through the counties of
England and Wales, to hold courts and
administer justice. Thus England is di-
vided into six circuits—the Home Circuit,
Norfolk Circuit, Midland Circuit, Oxford

Q 2

CIR

228

CIT

Circuit, Western Circuit, and Northern
Circuit. In Wales there are two circuits
—the North and South In Scotland
there are three—the Southern, Western,
and Northern.

Crrcuiry. In law, a longer course of

eeding than is necessary to recover
the thing sued for.

Crr’cunar, an advertising letter. <A cir-
cular is printed with a fly-leaf, a bill has
no fiy-leaf. When a circular is very small
it is called a card.

Crrcutar Instruments. All instru-
ments for measuring angles, in which the
quadration extends round the whole cir-
cumference, from 0° to 360°.

Crrcutar Numsers, numbers whose
powers terminate in the roots. Thus, all
the powers of 5 terminate in 5.

Cirncutar Parts. The name given by
Lord Napier to a proposition invented by
him, which gives all the relations of the
parts of a right-angled spherical triangle.

Crrcvutar Saitinc, the method of
moving or sailing a ship upon a great
circle of the globe.

Crrcu.ats. In arithmetic, a circulating
decimal is sometimes so called.

Circctatinc Decimats, called also re-
curring decimals, are such as consist ina
repetition of the same figures, as °656565,
&c. When the circulation consists of the
same figure repeated, the decimal is called
a simple circulate, as ‘333, &c.; when the
period of circulation consists of more than
one figure, it is called a compound circu-
late, as *123123123, &e.

Crrcuta’tion (of the blood), the natural
motion of the blood in the living animal,
whereby it is alternately sent by the
action of the heart through the arteries
to all parts of the body, and returned to
the heart through the veins.

CrrcuMFEREN’ToR, an instrument used
by surveyors in taking angles. It consists
of a brass index and circle, all of a piece;
on the circle is a compass, the meridian
line of which answers to the middle of
the breadth of the index. There are also
two sights to screw on and slide up and
down the index ; also a spangle and socket
screwed on the back part of the circle, to
put the head of the staff in.

Circumpo’rar Stars, are those stars
situated so near the north pole of the
heavens as to revolve round it without
setting.

Crreumscri’sED Ficure. In geometry,
a figure drawn about another figure so as
to touch it on every side.

CrrncuscrisED Hypersora, one of
Newton’s hyperbolas of the second order,
which cuts its asymptotes, and contains
the part cut off within itself.

- CircumsTan’TIAL Evipence. In law,
that evidence which is obtained from
circumstances which usually attend facts

of a particular nature, from which arises
presumption.

CrrcumMvatta’rIon, from circumvallo, to
wall round ; the surrounding of trenches
with a wall or rampart; also the rampart
or fortification surrounding a besieged
place.—This word denotes properly the
wall or rampart thrown up, but ‘as the
rampart is formed by entrenching, and
the trench makes a part of the fortifica-
tion, the term is applied to both.

Crr’cus. 1. In antiquity, a large oval
building for the exhibition of popular
games and shows: that of Maximus was
nearly a mile in circumference.—2. In
modern times, a circular inclosure for the
exhibition of feats of horsemanship.

Crrrnor’opa, the sixth class of Mollusca
in the arrangement of Cuvier. Named
from cirrhus, and gods. The cirrhophods
are almost always inclosed in multivalve
shells, secreted from the outer surface of
a fleshy, thin, enveloping mantle, and
are attached to submarine es either
by their base or by a fleshy tubular
duncle. The position of the animal in the
shell, is such that the mouth is at the
bottom, and the cirri near the orifice.

Crr’ruvs, Lat. cirrus, a tendril._Ap-
plied to describe the apices of bodies,
which are terminated by a spiral append-

Crr’rvs, Lat. from zeew, ahorn. 1. In
botany, a clasper or tendril: one of the
fulera or props of plants. 2. In concho-
logy, a genus of fossil spiral shells of the
chalk deposit.

Cis’sorp, in the higher geometry, a curve
line of the second order, invented by
Diocles, an ancient Greek geometrician,
for the purpose of finding two continued
mean proportionals between two other
given lines; and named by him m
ziooos, ivy, and ¢s3os, like.

Cist, zion, achest. In architecture, a
chest or basket.

Cisra’cem, Cistus the type. A natural
order of shrubby or herbaceous Exogens,
inhabiting the South of Europe and North
America.

Cis‘TVAEN,astone receptacle often found
in barrows, containing the bones of per-
sons interred there. Some of them are
not sepulchral.

Cis'tus, ziorog. A genus of plants,
Polyandria — Monogynia. Rock rose
species numerous, mostly evergreens,
shrubs: natives of warm climates.

Crra’tion, from cito, to cite. Citation in
ecclesiastical courts is the same with
summons in civil courts.

Cirn’ERN, Lat. cithara, Gr. 21Dcegce. An
ancient musical instrument somewhat
resembling the guitar. The precise form
is not well known.

CLA 229 CLA
CirHarEx’ytum, a genus of plants. | in hydraulics, consisting of a circular
Did ia— Angi mia. Fiddle-wood. | piece of leather covering the bore of the

There are five species, nativesof the West
Indies and warmer parts of America,
where they grow to large trees. Name
from zsbeew,aharp, or a fiddle, and g/Acy,
wood : the wood being particularly adapt-
ed for stringed musical instruments.

Crr’rave, a salt formed by the union of
the citric acid with a salifiable base.

Crr’rre Acrp, the acid of lemons. Ci-
trus, a lemon.

Crr’ron, an agreeable fruit, the produce
of the Citrus limonium, extensively culti-
vated at Madeira. It is a native of Asia.
It differs from the lemon in being less
acid.

Crr’rnus. Kirgog. A genus of plants.
Polyadelphia—Polyandria. This genus
comprises the orange, lemon, citron, ber-
gamotte, lime, and other trees. Warm
‘climates.

Ciry, Lat. civitas. A borough or town
corporate, which is or has been the seat
of a bishop, or the capital of his see: it
differs in no other respect from another
borough.

Crver, an unctuous perfume taken from

‘ the civet-cat. It is worth, when genuine,
from 30s. to 403. an ounce.

Civet-cat, or Civer. This name is
common to all the species of the genus
Viverra, but especially applied to the V.
civetta, Lin., an animal of an ash-colour,
irregularly barred and spotted with black,
‘and not unlike a cat, but more closely re-
sembling the fox. It inhabits the hottest
partsof Africa. From the civet, and zibet
(the Indian species), the perfume called
cg obtained. The name Civet is Arabic,
sebet.

Crv‘tc Crown, a garland of oak leaves
which was given to a Roman soldier who
chad saved the life of a citizen (civicus.)

Crviz ARCHITECTURE, the architecture
which is employed for the purposes of
aivil life,in distinction from military and
naval architecture.

Crvit Law, the law of a state, city or
country ; appropriately the Roman law
comprised in the Institutes, Code, and Di-
gest of Justinian, and the Novel Consti-
tutions.

Crvyit List, the officers of civil govern-
ment; also the revenue appropriated to
support civil government. :

Crvir’tan, one learned in civil or Roman
law; particularly a member of the “ Col-
lege of Doctors of Law exercent in the
Ecclesiastical and Admiralty Courts” in
England and Wales.

Crack, from W. clec, noise ; the instru-
ment that strikes the hopper of a grist-
mill for the purpose of shaking it and

the corn.

CLack-vaLvE, a valye much employed

tube in which it is fixed, and moving by
a hinge, sometimes of metal, but gene-
rally of leather. Semicircular valves of
this description are called butterfly valves.

Cramp,in general something that binds.
In ship-building, the name is given to
thick planks in the inner part of a ship’s
side, used to sustain the ends of beams.
Clamps consisting of bent plates of smooth
iron are also used to strengthen masts
and fasten the masts and bowsprits of
small vessels ; and similar irons are fore-
locked to the trunnions of a cannon, to
keep it fast to the carriage. Clamp is
also the name used in some parts, as the
vicinity of London, to denote a pile of
bricks laid up for burning.

Cran. The Clans are tribes consisting
of many families bearing the same sur-
name, which; according to tradition, de-
scend from a common ancestor.

CiakE-opscuRE, light and shade in
painting.

Ciar’icHorp, from clarus, clear, and
chorda, a string’; a musical instrument in
the form of a spinet; called also a mani-
chord. It is furnished with about 50 keys
and 70 strings, some of these being in uni-
son. It isa great favourite in nunneries.

Cra’r1ion, from Fr. clairon, a wind in-
strument differing from the common
trumpet in this, that its tube is narrower,
ans its tone more acute and shrill.

Crar’Ionet, dim. of clarion (q. v.).

Cra‘Ro-ozscu’Ro (clarus and obscura). In
painting, the art of disposing advanta-
geously the lights and shades of a piece.
It also denotes a painting in two colours,
as black and white.

Crass, a term used to denote an assem-
blage of beings or things having some
marked character in common. Classes
are made up of orders. What the genus
is to the species, or the order to the
genera, the class is in respect to the or-
ders. Every class comprehends part of
the series of genera collected into several
orders; every order is an assemblage of
genera, every genus an assemblage_of si-
milar species, and every species is made
up of homogeneous individuals.

Crassic. In the jine arts, such an ar-
rangement of the subject that all the
parts are suitable to the general design.
In literature, signifies the highest and
purest class of writers in any language.

Cia’vatrE, Lat. clavatus, club-shaped;
applied to parts of plants.

Cra’yiary, from clavis, a key; a scale
of lines and spaces in music. :

Cra’vicnorp, from eluvis, a key, and
chorda, a musical instrument. See Cra-
RICHORD.

Cravicor’NngE3, the fourth family of the
pentamerous coleoptera. Name from

CLE 230

CLI

slava, a club, and cornu, a horn;- club-
horned, the antenne being always
Le at the extremity, and often club-

ped

Ctavus (Lat.), a nail. An excrescence
from the grains of rye. Also a parasitical
fungus, termed spermeedia clavus. Also a
severe pain in the forehead like the driy-
ing of a nail.

Craw or Uncuis, the narrow part at
the base of a petal, which takes the place
of the foot-stalk of a leaf.

CLay, a name common to all unctuous
tenacious earths. The common clays ge-
nerally consist of about equal parts of aiz-
mina and sili¢a, with various impurities.
Pure clay is alumina (q.v.). Potters’
clay consists of about equal parts of alu-
mina and silica, with a small addition of
lime. Loam is an impure potters’ clay.
Kaolin or porcelain clay is formed by the
disintegration of the felspar of granite.
Clays are often named according to their
colours, which they generally owe to a
slight admixture of some metallic oxide.

Crares, plu., from Fr. clate, a hurdle;
asort of fortification, consisting of wattles
or hurdles made with stakes interwoven
with osiers to cover lodgments.

Cray’tne, the operation of puddling.

Cray’staTe, argillaceous schist ; the ar-
gillite of Kirwan. It is an indurate clay
common to the fossiliferous and metamor-
phic series. Usual colours, bluish-grey
and greyish-black, of various shades.
Constituents, silica about 50 per cent. ;
alumina 25; magnesia10 or 12, withsome
metallic oxides, potash, sulphur, and car-
bon. It occurs in great beds, and is ex-
tensively quarried for roofing and other
purposes.

Ciay’stonz, an earthy stone resembling
indurated clay. It is a variety of pris-
matic felspar.

Ciear. 1. To clear a ship at the Cus-
tom-House is to exhibit the documents re-
quired by law, give bonds to perform
Other acts requisite, and procure a com-
mission to sail.— 2. To clear the land is,
in nautical language, to gain such a dis-
tance from shore as to have plenty of sea-
room.—S. To clear a ship for action is to
remove all incumbrances and prepare for
an engagement.

Crear’aANnce, a Certificate that a ship
has been cleared at the custom-house.

Crear’Inc, among Londcw bankers, a
method adopted for exchanging the drafts
of each other’s houses. Thus at half-past
3 o’clock, a clerk from eacn banker at-
tends at the clearing-house, where he
brings all the drafts on tl > other bankers
which have been paid into his house that
day, and deposits them in their proper
draws, (a draw being allotted to each
banker); he then credits their accounts
separately with the articles which they

have against him, as found in his draw.
Balances are then struck from all the ac-
counts, and the claims transferred from
one to another, until they are so wound
up and cancelled, that each clerk has
only to settle with two or three others,
aL their balances are immediately

“oe at, from zAsiAeoy, a fastener; a
piece of wood used in a ship to fasten
ropes upon. Cleats are of different shapes ;
some have one arm, some two, or are
simply hollow in the middle to receive
a rope, and are called belaying-cleats, a
deck-cleat, and a thumb-cleat.

Creav’acE, a term applied to the me-
chanical division of crystals, by showing
the direction in which their lamine can
separate. It enables us to determine, the
faces of cleavage being constant, the mu-
tual inclination of these lamine, and con-
sequently the primitive crystalline form
of the mineral.

Cuiecue. In heraldry, a kind of cross,
charged with another cross of the same
figure, but of the colour of the field.

Ciepes. In mining, the upper stratum
of fullers’ earth.

Crier. In music, a character placed at
the beginning of a stave to determine the
degree of elevation occupied by that
stave in the system, and to point out the
names of all the notes contained in the
line of the clef.

Crerr-Grarr, a graft made by cleaving
the stock, and inserting the cion.

Ciema’ris, a genus of plants. Polyan-
dria—Polygynia. Virgin’s Bower. Bri-
tish type, Traveller’s Joy (C. vitalba)
Name from zanua, a tendril

Ciepsy’pra, from wrerluder ad
xidterrw, to hide, and J3we, water).
instrument used by the ancients to Fer
sure time, by the dropping of water
through a hole from one vessel to ano-
ther; also a chemical vessel perforated in
the same manner.

Crev’y,the dren ofa plough, &e.

Crew. In nautical language, the lower
corner of a square-sail, and the aftmos'
corner of a stay-sail.

CLEW-GARNETS, a sort of tackie of rope
and pulley fastened to the clews of the
main and fore-sails of a ship, to truss-
them up to the yard.

CLew- Lines, a tackle similar to the clew-
garnets, but applied to the smaller square-

sails.

Cricxs, small pieces of iron falling into.
a notched wheel, attached to the wincher
in cutters, &c., and thereby serving tLe
office of pawls.

Ctr’ent, from cliens. Anciently, one
who put himself under the Zr tenis ofa
man of tinction, who his
patron: at present, one who pats himself

+.
h—diiineiieieaienn ee

CLO 231

COA

to the mercy of a lawyer, who often
becomes his tormentor.

Curmac’reric, from zAmeng, a grada-
tion. A term applied to certain years of a
person's life, which are supposed to mark
a certain degree in the scale of his exist-
ence, and also to a particular disease
observed in persons advanced in life,
wherein a general decay of the system
takes place without any assignable cause
being observed.

Cuinan‘tHus, from zAivy, a bed, and
ay$oc, a flower. The enlarged and flat-
tened top of a common peduncle, which
supports several sessile flowers.

Crincu. In nautical language, the part
of a cable, or the kind of knot and seizings
fastening it to the ring of an anchor,

CLINCH'ER, a cramp or piece of iron bent
down to fasten anything.

Crrincn’ER-BuiLt, made of clincher-
work,

Cirncn’ER-work, the disposition of the
planks; the side of any boat or vessel,
when the lower edge of every plank over-
lays that next below it, like the slates on
the roof of a house.

Crincx’tne. 1. The operation of driving
the point of a nail backward, when it
has penetrated quite through a piece of
wood.—2. The driving of a little oakum
into the seams of a ship, to keep out the
water; an imperfect kind of caulking.

Cri1n’IuM, used to denote the summit of
a floral branch, of which the carpella are
the termination.

Ciinx’EerS, bricks impregnated with
nitre, and more thoroughly burnt by being
placed next to the fire in the kiln.

Crinx’stonE, phonolite, a felspathic
rock of the trap family, named from its
yielding a metallic sound when struck.

Cuixom’eTeER, from zAsym, to lean, and
uéreoy, Measure. An instrument for
measuring the dip of mineral strata.

Crr’o, a genus of Mollusks, order Ptero-

. The C. borealis, Lin., is the chief
food of the whale.

Ctr’roris, HAeIToeIS. A small giandi-
form body, above the nymphe and before
the opening of the urinary passage of
females.

Croa’ca, (Lat.) a common sewer. Used
to designate the cavity formed by the
extremity of the intestinal canal in birds,
fish, reptiles, and the monotrematous
a

nimals.

Crorr, that in which any goods are put
for convenience of carriage; as the bags
of pepper, hops, &c.

Cror’ster, claustrum. Literally an in-
closed place. The principal part of a
regular monastery, consisting of a square
peristyle or piazza, between the church,
the chapter-house, and the refectory, end
«ver which is the dormitory.

CLOsE-HAULED, the trim of a ship’s sails
when she endeavours to make progress in
the nearest direction possible towards
that point of the compass from which the
wind blows.

CLosE-QUARTERS, strong barriers of
wood, used in a ship fordefenc® when the
ship is boarded.

Ctos‘zr. In masonry, the last stone in
the horizontal length of a wall, which is
smaller than the rest to fill up the row.

CLosE-sTRING, in dog-leg stairs, a stair-
case without an open newel.

Crovurep or CLorrep Cream, produced
on the surface of milk by setting a pan
of new milk on a hot hearth.

Clove, a pungent aromatic spice, the
fruit or rather calyces of the unopened
flowers of the clove-tree. Cloves are
shaped like a nail, whence their name,
from Fr. clou,a nail. Clove is also the name
given, 1. To 7lbs. of wool. 2. To 8lbs. of
cheese or butter.

Cio’verR, CLovER-GRASS, a@ Name com-
mon to all the species (about 100) of the
genus Trifolium. Dutch, klaver, a club,
quasi club-grass.

Crove-TREE, the Caryophyllus aroma-
ticus, a native of the Molucca Islands. It
grows to the size of the Laurel. ‘

CLUB-Moss, € name common to all the
species of the genus Lycopodium.

Ciump. 1. A mass of trees or shrubs,
or both, generally compact in its outline,
and always small as compared with ex-
tensive plantations. 2. The compressed
clay of coal strata.

Ciuncu, anindurate clay found dividing
the coal-seams.

Oxv’pzex (plural of clupea, a herring),
theherring family of fishes. Type, genus
Clupea.

Criym’ENA, a genus of Articulata. Order
Abranchiata, family Abranchiata setigera,
Cuy. Name from xzAvevos, plain, their
bodies having but few rings compared
with the earth-worm.

Ciy’PEATE, Lat. clypeus, shield-like. The
same as scutate.

Coapuna’rx, a natural family of plants,
which have anumber of flowers clustered
together (coadunatus) so as to resemble a
single flower.

Coae’utcm, Lat. the tenacious sub-
stance formed from a fluid by coagula-
tion. } :

Coax, in the construction of wood
framings, a small cylinder of hard wood,
let into the ends of the pieces to be
joined, to render the joining more secure.
The several pieces forming the timbers of
ships are at present coaked together: for-
merly they were chocked together by tri-
angular choeks, made fast by tree-nails,
which sustained all the stress at the joint
in whatever direction; and, therefore,

coc 232

coc

when the chock decayed, the joining was
left without any support whatever. The
mode of coaking is thus reckoned an im-
provement.

Coat, from’ Sax. cole. An important
combustible mineral, divided by mine-
ralogists into three great families: black
coal, uninflammable coal, and brown
goal. These, again, are divided into many
subordinate species. Coal is composed of
charcoal, bitumen, and earthy matter,
and its value, for the purposes of combus-
tion, depends on the relative propor-
tions of these constituents.

CoaL-FIELDs, a district having its pecu-
liar series of strata, unconnected with
any other. Coal-fields are of limited
extent, and are commonly arranged in
basin-shaped cavities, the strata dipping
to a common centre.

CoaL-PoRMATION, the carboniferous
group of strata succeeding the grauwacke
in the ascending series of Europe, and so
called because the great mass of Euro-
pean coal is included among the rocks
which compose it. It consists of indefi-
nite alternations of shalesand sandstones,
coal-beds, ironstone layers, and layers of
limestone.

Coarcra’rion, from coarcto, to straiten.
Contraction of the diameter of a canal, &c.

Coar of Arms, a habit (kind of surcoat)
worn by the ancient knights over their
arms. This habit was diversified by
bands and fillets of several colours, called
devices, being composed of several pieces
sewed together. The representation of
these is still called a coat of arms.

Coat oF Mari, a piece of armour in
form of a shirt, consisting of a network
of iron rings.

Coat-aRMouR, a coat of arms.

Co’patt, a metal of a reddish gray co-
lour, with but little lustre; of a fibrous
texture. Sp. gr. 86, melt. pt. 130° Wedgw.
= 17977° Fah. It is with the oxides of
this metal that glass and porcelain are
coloured blue; and its muriate forms one
of the most interesting sympathetic inks,
the letters being invisible in the cold, but
becoming blue when gently heated. (See
Smatr and Zarrre.) Cobalt takes its
name from an old German superstition,
that the mines of that country were
haunted by certain demons, called kobol-
den, and that those ores which appeared
rich to the eye, but afforded nothing of
value, were man tured by those spi-
rits, and were called kobold: the ores of
the metal in question were supposed to
be of this useless kind, and retained the
name, now written cobalt.

Conwatts, walls formed of mud mixed
with straw.

CoccineEv’ia, a genus of insects. Order
Quleoptera, family Fungicole. Species
cow-bug, indy-bug, &. Name dimin. of

coccus, a berry, in reference to the shape
of some of the ’species.

Cocco’on, the silken case which the larve
of certain insects spin for themselves.

Coc’cuLus inane the Indian berry;
the fruit of the Menispermum cocculus, a
large tree of Malabar. It is narcotic and
poisonous, and has been much employed
in the adulteration of ale and beer. Its
use in this way is prohibited under severe
penalties.

Coc’cus, xozxos. 1. In botany, a cell
or capsule.——2. In entomology,a genus of
hemipterous insects constituting the
family Gallinsecta. The cochineal insect
is the C. cacti, Lin., a native of Mexico,
where it is domesticated, and reared with
the greatest care on a species of opuntia.

Coccyx, the coccygis os, a bone fo
a small appendage to the end of the sa-
crum, terminating in a point, resembling,
it is said, the bill of a cuckoo (xexxv§).

CocuINE’AL, erst cochinilla, an imsect;
the Coccus cacti, Lin., reared chiefly in
Mexico on the Cactus ‘cpunti, India fig or
Nepai tree, and highly valued for the
crimson dye it furnishes. It is imported
in bags, and has the appearance of shri-
Me aren rugose berries. Value 8s. to 10s.
pér Ib

Cocutra’nIa, & genus of herbaceous
plants. Tetradynamia—Silicuiosa. Scurvy-
grass; horseradish. Name from cochleare,
a spoon, in reference to the form of its
leaves.

Cocx’et, a certificate given by the offi-
cers of the custem-bhouse to merchants, as
& warrant that their goods have been
duly entered. Fr. cachet, a seal.

Cocx’tx. 1. In conchology, a shell
(xoxdos) of the genus cardium.—2. In
botany, the cornrose (Sax. cocle), a species
of agrostemmsa ; also applied to wagh =
or lolium.—3. In mineralogy,
name for shorl, from cockle, the shell of
that name.

Coc’xte-oast, that part of a hop-kiln
where the fire is rade.

Cocx-pir. Ina ship of war, a place on
the lower deck abaft the main capstan,
where are partitions for the purser, sur-
geon, and his mates. Also the place
where game-cocks fight their battles.

CockROaAcH, a name common to all the
insects of the genus Blatta.

Cocxk’s-coms. In botany, a name ap-
plied, 1. To the species of the genus
Celosia, 2. Toaspecies of Rhinanthus
or yellow-rattle. —3. To the Hedysarum
crista galli.

Cock-WATER, among miners, & stream
of water brought into a trough to wash
away sand from ores

Co’coa, the fruit of ‘the Theobroma cacao
which is about the size of a nN: bean’
and inclosed in a thin shell

ee al ee ae

Se

COF

233

coL

Co’coa nev, the fruit of the Cocos nuci-
fera. Within the nut is found a hollow
kernel of a sweet and agreeable flavour,
and within this a liquid like milk, which
the Indians use.

Co’coa-nvut OIL, an orange-coloured oil
of a strong but not disagreeable smell,
obtained from the nuts of the Cocos buty-
racea, called also palm-oil. Large quan-
tities of it are manufactured in Bengal.

Co’coa-NuT TREE, a2 name common to
all the species of the genus Cocos, but es-
pecially applied to the C. nucifera, a native
of the warm climates of both Indies.

Coco’on, Fr. cocon; the ovoid nest
formed by the silk-worm (Bombyz), and
consisting of the filaments comprising the
silk. It serves as a defence against ene-
mies and the changes of temperature.

Co’cos, a genus of palmaceous plants.
Monecia—Herandria. One species affords
the cocoa-nut, and another the cocoa-nut
~ il, called likewise palm oil. Name con-
tracted from VPortu. macoco, or macao, a
monkey, the three holes at the end of the
cocoa-nut shell giving it some resemblance
toa bon ace head. The name cocos is
also = heey petrifications resembling
cocoa-nuts.

Sax. codd; a fish, the Gadus mor-
,Lin., Me Morrhua vulgaris, Yarr. From
two to three feet long; black, spotted
with yellowish and brown: it inhabits
the N. ocean.

Copa, It. a tail. In music, the passage
at the end of a movement which foliows
a lengthened perfect cadence.

Cope, from codex, a board on which ac-
counts were written ; used to designate a
digest of laws, especially that digest of
the laws and constitutions of the Roman
Emperors, made by order of Justinian,
hence called the Justinian Code.

DET’TA. music, a short passage
which connects one section with another.

Co’pex (Lat.), a manuscript volume.

Coerri’cients. In algebra, numbers or
letters prefixed to unknown quantities, to
show how many times such quantities
are repeated. The coefficient is a multi-
Leeds of the quantity to which it is pre-

Ce tr‘aca, in nosology, a class of diseases
embracing those of the digestive organs.

Canac’uLu™ (Lat.), anciently, the sup-
per-room of the Romans.

Ce@na’tIio, anciently, a refreshment
room.

Cceno’z10, applied to that class of fruits
which consists of two or more carpels sepa
rate at the apex and united at the base.

Ca/NoBITE, yoives, and Bios, life; one
oles under a rule in a religious com-
muni

Corrr’a, a genus of arborescent plants.
Pentandria—Monogynia. The coffee-tree
—warm climates, especially Arabia.

Cor’rer, Correr-Beans, the berries of
the coffee-tree (Coffea arabica}, generally
of an oval form, somewhat smaller than
a horse-bean, and of a rough, close, and
hard texture.

Cor’rEE-ROASTER, the iron utensil in
which coffee is dried over the fire before
being ground.

Cor’rEE-TREE, the Coffea arabica, a na-
tive of Upper Ethiopia and Arabia Felix.
It rises about 15 feet, its trunk sending
forth opposite branches in pairs, and pro-

ducing its berries in clusters.
Cor’rer. 1. A chest.——2. A troughin
which tin-ore is broken.—3. A recess

or sinking between the modillions in the
soffits of the cornices of the Greek and
Roman orders of architecture——+4. A
hollow lodgment across a dry moat, raised
to repulse besiegers when they endeavour
to pass the ditch.

Cor’FER-DaM, an inclosure formed by a
double range of piles, &c., with clay be-
tween, for laying the foundations of piers
and other works in water, to exclude the
surrounding fluid and protect the work
and workmen.

Cor’Fin, in farriery,the whole hoof of a
horse’s foot above the coronet.

Cor’FIN-BONE, a small spongy bone in
the middle of a horse’s hoof.

Coc, the tooth of a wheel, by which
that wheel acts upon another.

Coena’TION, in civil law, natural reja-
tion between males and females, both
descended from the same father.

Coe’NIzaNncE, in law, an acknowledg-
ment; as in fines, the acknowledgment
of the cognizor or deforciant that the
right is in the plaintiff or cognizee by
gift or otherwise.

Coeno’vir ActTio’NeM, in law, an ac-
knowledgment by a defendant that a
plaintiff's cause of action is just.

CoG-wHEEL, a wheel having cogs or
teeth.

Cour’ston, that species of attraction by
which the particles of bodies are held
together.

Conosa’rI0n, a repeated distillation of
the same liquid from the same materials.

Co’Hort, the tenth part of a Roman
legion.

Coir, a sort of cap formerly worn by
sergeants at law, &c.

Corin. 1. Money stamped: from Ital.
conio, a die-——2. A block to support a
body on an inclined plane: from cuneus,
a wedge.——3. The angle made by two
surfaces: from Fr. coin, a corner.

Coir, a species of yarn manufactured
out of the husks of cocoa-nuts. It is ex-
tensively used in the East.

Cov’anin. In architecture.
TURE.

Cotcn’icum, a genus of perennial plauts.

Hexandria—Trigynia. Meadow-sailrom

See Cino-

.CcoL 234

coL

.Named from Colchis, a country in Asia,
where some of the species were plentiful.

Cor’corHaR, the brown-red oxide of
iron which remains after the distillation
of the acid from sulphate of iron. Itis
used for polishing glass, &e.

CoLEoPHYL’LUM, zoAtds, a Sheath, and
QvAAoy, a leaf; applied to amonocotyledo-
nous structure, the young leaves being
evolved from within a sheath.

CotEorHIe’a, denoting the sheath
within which is inclosed the radicle of
monocotyledonous plants.

Coxzor’ ‘TERA, from zoAsds, a Sheath, ‘and
aTéeby, a wing; an order of insects fur-
nished with elytra or sheaths to their
wings. The inferior wings are merely
folded transversely and covered with
others which form cases or covers for them.
Of all insects the coleoptera are the best
known and the most numerous. They
have six legs and four wings, and expe-
rience a complete metamorphosis. The
elytra are horizontal and crustaceous.

Cottap’sE, Lat. collapsus, a falling to-
gether. This term is used in medicine
to denote an entire prostration of the
vital powers, such as occurs in adynamic
fever.

Cot’tar. In heraldry, an ornament for
the neck, worn by knights, as the collar
of the order of the garter.

Cottar-Beam, a beam above the lower
ends of the rafters of a roof.

Cottari’no. In architecture, anastragal.

Cotta’TING, among printers, the exa-
mining the sheets of a book to ascertain
that they are gathered correctly.

Cotra’tion. 1. In canon law, the pre-
sentation of a clergyman to a benefice by
a bishop who has it in his gift-——2. In
common law, comparison of a copy with
its original. 3. In Scots law the right
which an heir has of sharing the property
of the deceased equally with others of
the same degree of kindred.——3. ‘A re-
past between full meals.

Cottec’tIveE Noun. In grammar, a
noun which, though itself in the singular
number, denotes more than one, as as-
sembly.

Cotiecta’NEA, ) a selection of passages

CoLLec’rIon, made from various au-
thors for purposes of instruction.

Cottectrors. In botany, dense hairs
covering the styles of some species of Com-
posite,

Cox’ LEGE, Lat. collegium, a collection;
from con and lego, to send. This term
means an assemblage or society of men
invested with certain powers and rights,
and performing certain duties, or engaged
in some common pursuit, as the College of
Physicians, the College of Heralds. Such
colleges are usually established by the
supreme power of the state. In Russia

the name college is given to the councils
of state ; and in Britain the term is used
to designate an edifice appropriated to
the use of students in the Universities.

Cor’ret (French),.a collar; a term used
by jewellers to designate te the horizontal
plane or face at the bottom of brilliants;
pred gat Joh a ring in which the stone

set.

C.Liima’tion, collimo, I aim at. The
line of collimation in a telescope is the
line of sight passing through the centre
of the object-glass, and the intersection
of the wires placed in its focus.

Cotuima’tor, floating. An instrument
invented by Kater for finding the hori-
zontal point.

Coro’sus, Gr. zoAoBos, mutilated; a ge-
nus of long-tailed quadrumanes or mon-
keys, so called because the fore-hands
want a thumb.

Cotoca’sta, the Pontic or Egyptian
Bean (Nymphea nelumbo), a perennial
plant growing in marshy grounds in

gypt.

Coto’cyntH, Lat. colocynthis (zoroxuvbis,
from zoAozvybe, a gourd), the Coloquin-
tida, Bitter Cucumber, or Bitter Apple of
the shops, the produce of an annual plant
(Cucumis colocynthus), which growsin Tur-
key, Nubia, India, and other places,
much resembling:the cucumber in herb-
age. When ripe, the fruit is peeled and
dried, and in this state is sent to England.
It is an exceedingly drastic cathartic. It

is a round berry or pepo of the size and’

colour of a small orange.

CoLocyn’THINE, a brittle orange-co-
loured substance obtained from colo-
cynth, and regarded as the active prin-
ciple of the drug.

Co’ton. Kaaoy. 1. The largest of the

intestines. It commences at the cecum
and terminates in the rectum.——2. A
mark [:] denoting a pause greater than
the semicolon, and less than the period.

CotoneL-LizuTeN ant, the commander
of aregiment of guards of which the king,
prince, or other person of eminence is
colonel.

Cotonets. In architecture, the posts of
a truss frame.

Cotonna’pE, from Ital. colonna, a co-
lumn; a row of columns. The colon-
nade is termed, according to the number
of columns which it contains, tetrastyle,
hexastyle, octastyle, &c. When in front of
a building they are termed vporticoes ;
when surrounding a building, a peristyle,
and when double or more, a polystyle.

CoropHo’NITE, a variety of garnet of a

brown or red colour, and resino-adaman-
tine lustre; hence its name, from the
resin colophony. Its constituents are
silica and alumina, coloured with the
oxides of iron and manganese.

Rey

CoOL 235

COM

Cotorn’ony, the dark-coloured resin
which remains in the retort after distil-
ling rough turpentine without water,
named thus from Colophon, a city of
Ionia, whence it was first brought.

Cotoquin’tipa. See CoLocyNnTH.

Co’tor (Latin), a property of bodies by
which they separate the elementary rays
of light, and absorb some and reflect
others. Thus the colours of the spectrum
are red, orange, yellow, green, blue, in-
digo, and violet; and any body which ap-
pears to possess any of these colours, has
simply the property of absorbing all the
rays of the spectrum except that one,
which it reflects. The primary colours
are red, yellow, and blue; all others may
be produced by combinations of these.

Cor’usBeEr (Latin), a serpent; a genus of
venomous serpents with isolated fangs. .

Cotum’sa Noa’cut (Noah’s Dove); one
of the new constellations situated imme-
diately below Lepus.

Catum’sic Acip, the peroxide of Colum-
bium, evincing acid properties. It isa
white powder.

Cotum’z1a, a bitter crystalline princi-
ple, obtained from Columbo root.

Cotumsium, from Columbia, America, a
metal discovered by Mr. Hatchett in 1801,
in a mineral brought from North Ame-
rica. It is also called Tantalium, from
the mineral tantalite found in Sweden.

Cotumso Rwoor, the root of the Cocculus
palmatus, which grows in the forests of
Mozambique, where it is named kalumb ;
the Portuguese import it under the name
of Raiz de Columba. The root is peren-
nial, and is used as an antiseptic and
tonic.

Cot’umEL, Lat. columella, a column’ or
little pillar, as that which unites the
partitions of the capsule of a plant, or
that in the centre of most univalve shells.

Cot’cumn, Lat. columna,a prop. In ar-
chitecture, a round pillar, the parts of
which are the base, on which it rests, its
body called the shaft, and the head called
the capital. The capital finishes with an
abacus, and the base is supported on a
plinth. The shaft is in general either
plain or fluted, but carolytic columns have
foliated shafts. Columns are moreover

tinguished as to their form into Tus-
can, Doric, Ionic, Corinthian, and Com-
posite.

,Cotum’nvta (Latin), a little column;
the name of the filament which passes
through the middle of the capsule of
frondose mosses, to which the seeds are
connected.

Co’rure, from zoAos, mutilated, and
oven, a tail; aname common to two great
circles of the sphere, supposed to inter-
sect each other at right angles in the
poles of the world; one of them passing

through the solstitial, and the other
through the equinoctial point of the
ecliptic, thereby dividing the ecliptic
into four equal parts. The points where
these lines cut the ecliptic are called car-
dinal points. The colures take their name
from a part being always below the hori-
zon.

Cortym’svs, a genus of birds of the Pal-
mipede order, comprehending the Divers,
Grebes, and Guillemots. Name from
xohuubeea, to swim.

Cot’za, a variety of the cabbage plant,
the Brassica oleracea, whose seeds afford
by pressure an oil much used on the
continent for burning in lamps and other
purposes.

Co’ma. 1. In medicine, a morbid state
resembling sound sleep, produced by com-
pression of the brain and various other
causes; from x@ea,sound sleep.——2.
botany, a comb or fascicle of leaves on the
top of a stem or stipe, from zoszy, hair.

Co’ma Brerenr‘ces (Berenice’s hair), an
asterism situated north by Canis vena-
tici, east by Boétes, south by Leo and
Virgo, and west by Leo and Ursa Major,
43 stars.

Come. The term combe is usually ap-
plied to that unwatered portion of a val-
ley, which forms its continuation beyond
and above the most elevated spring that
issues into it ; at this point or spring-head
the valley ends and the combe begins.

Compina’TIOoNn, from com and binus, two
and two. 1: In chemistry, the intimate
union resulting from the action of that
species of attraction:which we call affi-
nity. See Arriniry.—2. In mathema-
tics, the variations which may be made
in the arrangement of any given number
of things in groups, are called combina-
tions. Thus the combinations or differ-
ent ways in which five articles may be
arranged or combined are 120, and are
found by multiplying together the terms
1, 2,3, 4, 5=120.——3. In law, combina-
tion may take place for the performance
of an unlawful act, and is punishable be-
fore such act is done.

Compus’TIBLE, a body which, in its rapid
union with others, causes disengagement
of light and heat. The simple combus-
tibles are sulphur, phosphorus, carbon,
hydrogen, all the metals, and boron.

Com’et, from coma, hair; an opaque,
spherical body like a planet, performing
revolutions about the sun in an elliptical
orbit, having the sun in one of the foci.
In popular language comets are failed,
bearded, or hairy, these terms being taken
from the appearance of the light which
attends them. Im their different posi-
tions with respect to the sun, the bod
appears to have a tail or train, a teane
or to be bounded by a fringe of light.

COM 236

cOoM

omeETA’RIUM, a machine for exhibiting
the revolution of a comet.

Comi’r1a. In ancient history, the as-
semblies of the Rom: nu people.

Com’ma, from zou,ca, a segment; a
mark in writing or printing, thus [,] de-
noting the shortest pause in reading;
also the difference between a major and
a minor semitone in music.

Comman’DER. In the navy, the next in
rank above lieutenant, corresponding to
major in the army.

ComMANDER-IN-CuHIEF, the officer in-

vested with the supreme command of all

the land forces of the British empire.

CoMMANDERY Or PREcEPTOoRY. By the
usages of some orders of knights, a dis-
trict attached to a manor, under the con-
trol of a member of the order.

CommeEn’pam, a benefice or living com-

by the sovereign or head of the
church to the cure of a clerk, till a proper
pastor be provided. This may be tempo-
rary or perpetual.

CoMMEN’SU RABLE QUANTITIEs, in geome-
try, are such as have some common divi-
sor, which yields quotients in whole
numbers.

Com’mErceE, from commutatio mercium ;
the exchange of one sort of produce or
service for some other sort of produce or
service.

Commina’tion, from con and minatio,a
threatening ; an office in the liturgy, being
arecital of God’s th ings, appointed
to be read on Ash Wednesday or the first
day of Lent.

Com’missary, from commissarius, a com-
mission. In ecclesiastical affairs, a de-
puty of the bishop, in places of the dio-
cese far distant from the see. In military
affairs, (1). An officer who has the charge
of furnishing provisions, &c., for an army ;
(2). An officer appointed to inspect the
muster-rolls, usually called General of the
Musters.

Commis’ston, from commissio ; from con
and mitto to send. In law, the warrant
or letters patent by which one is author-
ised to exercise jurisdiction. In military
affairs, the warrant or authority by which
one holds a post in the army. In com-
merce, the order by which one traffics or
negotiates for another; also the per cent-
age given to agents and factors for trans-
acting the business of others.

Comm™is’ston - MERCHANT, a@ merchant
who transacts business as the agent of
other men, in buying and selling, and re-
ceives a rate per cent. as his commission.

Commis’suRE, Lat. commissiora, a joint
orseam. Applied in architecture to the
joint between two stones ; and in anatomy
to the corners of the lips where they meet
together ; also to certain of the
brain, where its fibres cross and join one

phere to the other.

Com™rx’ruRE, Lat. commiatura, a com-
pound mass. Applied in Scots law to the
method of acquiring property by blending
different substances belonging to different
proprietors.

Commopo’ne, from Ital comandatore, a
commander. An officer who commands a
squadron destined on a particular enter-
prise: he bears the rank of brigadier-
general in the army. Commodore is also
used as a title of courtesy to the senior
captain, when three or more ships of war
are cruising in company. The leading
ship of a fleet of merchantmen bears also
the name of commodore.

Com’mon, from “Goth. gamana, fellow-
ship. In architecture, a common centering
is a centering without trusses, having a
tie-beam at the bottom. Common joists
are the beams in naked flooring, to which
the joists are fixed. The common ra
of a roof are those to which the laths are
attached.—In botany, a common bud is one
which contains both fiowers and leaves;
a common peduncle, one which bears se-
veral flowers ; acommon perianth, one that
incloses several fructifications ; a common
receptacle, one that connects several dis-
tinct fructifications.—In law, a common is
an open ground equally used by many
persons. A right of common is a privilege
claimed by one or more persons, to use in
some part or portion that which another
man’s lands, woods, waters, &c., produce,
without having an absolute property in
thesame,ascommon of pasture,&c. Com-
mon law is the body of rules for adminis-
tering justice within the kingdom,
grounded upon the general customs or
usages of the realm, and distinguished
from the statute laws, as having been the
law of the land before any acts of Parlia-
ment now extant were made.—Common
pleas, pleas including all civil actions be-
tween subject and subject: for the deciding
of these there is instituted the Court of
Common Pleas, which is one of the Queen’s
Courts, now held in Westminster Hall, and
consisting of a Chief and other three Jus-
tices: appeal lies to the Court of Queen’s
Bench.—Common recovery, a process for
recovering an estate or barring entail.

Com’mons, in a general sense, the whole
body of the people as distinguished from
the nobility; in a particular sense, the
knights and burgesses who represent the
Commons in Parliament, and who are
designated the House of Commons.

MMON Time. In susic, the time which
counts four crotchets or their equivalent
in a bar.

Com’monty, in Scots law, land belonging
to two or more common proprietors.

Com’MUNE, in France, one of the subor-
d-nate divisions of the country, introduceo
ix che revolution of 1792.

i.mMuTA’TION. In astronomy, the ang,

a ate 5,

COM 237

COM

of commutation of a planet is measured
by the difference between the sun’s longi-
tude and the geocentric longitude of the
planet.

Compan’ton, the covering over a ladder
or staircase in a ship.

Com’pany. L. In military affairs, a sub-
division ofa regiment under the command
of a captain. 2. In commercial affairs,
anumber of merchants associated together
in one common interest and for some
special purpose. When there are only a
few individuals associated, the concern is
called a copartnery, leaving the term com-
pany to be applied to large associations,
as the East India Company.

CoMPAR’ATIVE ANat’omy, the anatomy
of all organised bodies, anima] or vege-
table, compared with a view to illustrate
the general priaciples of organisation.
See ANATOMY.

Compar’tson. 1. In grammar, the form-
ation of an adjective in its several de-
grees, as good, better, best——2. In rhe-
toric, a figure by which two things are
considered with reference to a quality
possessed by both, as “a hero is like a
lion in courage. »—The distinction between
comparison and similitude is, that the for-
mer has reference to the quantity, and the
latter to the quality. Comparison is be-
tween more and less ; similitude is between
good and bad.

Companrrtr’TIon, division into parts. Ap-

plied in architecture to the distribution of
the ground plan of an edifice into rooms
and passages.
ComMPART’MENT, a separate part or divi-
sion of a design, as a compartment ceiling,
a ceiling divided into panels ; compartment
tiles, an arrangement of white and red
tiles—In gardening, compartments are
assemblages of beds, plots, borders, walks,
&e.—In heraldry, a compartment is called
a partition.

Com’pass, from con and passus, opening.
An instrument used in surveying, con-
structed in the main like the mariner’s
compass, but the needle is not fitted into
the card moving with it, but plays alone,
the card being drawn upon the bottom of
the box, and a circle divided into 360°
on the limb.—The mariner’s compass con-
sists of a circular card or fly, on which
are drawn 32 points of direction, called
the points of the compass, and a small
bar ofsteel magnetised, called the magnetic
needle, and which (excepting the varia-
tion) always points to the north, and the
box or framework which contains the
card and needle. The card and needle
are fastened to each other in such a mani-
ner, that the north pole of the magnet
coincides with the northern point of direc-
tion marked on the card, and turn on the
point ofa pin fixed in the centre of the
box.

ComPAssEs, or pair of compasses, a ma-
thematical instrument for describing
circles, measuring figures, &c., consisting”
of two pointed legs made of iron, brass,
or steel, and jointed at the top by a pivot
on which they move. There are several
sorts of compasses in use, as the triangular
compasses, Which resemble the common
compasses, with the addition of a third
leg, which has a motion every way, and
which suits the instrument for laying
down triangles on maps, &c.; the cylin-
drical and spherical compasses, which have
four branches joined in a centre, two of
which are circular and two flat: their use
is to take the diameter of cylindrical and
spherical bodies; the German compasses
are common compasses with the legs
bent ; the hair compasses are adjusted with
a fine screw in one of the legs, so as to
take an extent with great exactness; the
proportional compasses have the joint, not
at the ends of the legs, but between the
points terminating the legs: they are
conyenient for reducing designs, for what-
ever space is measured by one end, a pro-
portionate space will be marked by the
legs at the other end. The elliptical com-
passes are intended to be used in drawing
ellipses, but are very inconvenient. Spring
compasses are more commonly called di-
viders (q. v.) Beam compasses consist of a
beam with a fixed point at one end anda
moveable one at the other.

CompPass-sAw, a saw with a broad edge
and thin back to cut in a circular form.

Com’passinc. In carpentry, bringing a
piece of timber into the form of an arch.

Comrira’ti, Lat. compitum, a street. A
Roman feast in honour of the Lares and
Penates.

Com’PLEMENT, from complementum, a
filling (con and pleo, to fill). In astronomy,
the distance of a star from the zenith,
otherwise called the co-latitude. In ma-
thematics, the complement of an arcis what
that are wants of 90°, or of a quadrant;
the complement of an angle is what that
angle wants of being a right angle. The
arithmetical complement of a logarithm is
what that logarithm wants of 10,000,000,
&c. Complements of a parallelogram are
the two smaller parallelograms, formed by
drawing two right lines parallel to the
sides of the quarter, through a point in
the diagonal. In fortification, the comple-
ment of the curtain is that part of the in-
terior side which makes the demigorge.

Compiu’vium, anciently an area in the
centre of Roman houses, so constructed
as to receive the water from the roof.

Compos’Ine- Stick, an instrument used
by compositors in setting types.

Compos‘1rz, one of Linnzeus’s natural
orders of plants, comprising those which
have composite or compound flowers, as
the sun-flower, dandelion, &c.

COM 238

CON

Com’PosITE, from compositus, compound.
In architecture, the composite arch is the
pointed or lancet arch; the composite
order forms one of the five architectural
orders, and is thus named from its being
composed of the Ionic and Corinthian
orders. In arithmetic, Composite num-
bers are such as can be measured by a
number cote pene unity. Thus 12 is
measured by 6, 4, 3, and 2.

Composr’tion. In grammar, the joining
of two words together or prefixing a par-
ticle to another word to modify its signi-
fication; thus composition 1s formed of
com, from con, and position from pono, to
place. In logic, composition is a method
of reasoning by which we proceed from
a general truth to particular ones. In
music, composition is the art of adapting
sounds according to the rules of the art,
to songs, &c., also the piece of music so
composed. In painting, composition de-
notes the choice and disposition of the
figures of a picture. In commerce, the
sum paid by an insolvent debtor to his
creditors when the latter agree to take a
part of the debt in lieu of the whole. In
chemistry, the combination of different
substances by affinity. In printing, the
act of arranging the types into words, &c.

Compo’sitor. In printing, one who sets

types.

Com’rost, Lat. composta, a mixture ; ap-
plied by agriculturists to a composition
of various manuring substances.

Composter’ta, Sr. James or, an ancient
order of knighthood in Spain.

Com’pounp, from con and pono, to set;
composed of two or more parts: thusa
compound word consists of two or more
words, as ink-stand. A compound flower
consists of several florets inclosed in a
common perianth. A C. stem is one which
divides into branches. A C. leaf consists
of several leaflets. A C. spike consists of
several spikelets. A C. wmbel has all its
peduncles bearing umbelules at the top.
A C. fructification consists of several con-
fluent florets. C. interest. See INTEREST.
C. motion. See Morion. C. ratio. See
Ratio. C. quantity. See Quantity. C.
affinity. See Arriniry.

Com’rress. In surgery, soft linen, lint,
or other soft substance folded together
into a sort of pad, for the purpose of being
placed over parts which require pressure.

Compres’sor. 1. In anatémy, a name
given to those muscles which press to-
gether the parts on which they act.——
2. In surgery, a name common to an in-
strument inyented by M. Dupuytren for
compressing the femoral artery, and
another invented by Nuck, for compress-
ing the urethra in cases of incontinence
of urine.

Compurea’rion, from con and purgo, to
purify, aspecios of wager atlaw, whereby

aman is cleared by the oath of others,
who swear to their belief of his veracity.

The defendant having made oath him-

self brings into court a certain number of
his neighbours (usually eleven), called
purgators, who avow on their oaths that
pee Nay reen that he has affirmed the

Coms, Cooms, Coomes, orn Cuives. The
points of the radicles of malted grain,
which drop off during the process of turn-
ing. They are sold as malt dust, and are
an excellent manure.

Cona’tvus (Latin) effort; applied to de-
signate the tendeney which a body has
to pursue its course in the same line of
direction.

ConcAMERA‘TION, an arched chamber
(camera, an arch), applied in conchology
to designate these small chambers into
which multiloctlar shells are divided by
transverse septa.

Con’caveE, Lat. concavus, from cavus, a
hollow ; depressed in the middle, opposed
to convex.

Conca’vo-ConcavE, concave on both
sides, as a concave lens.

Conca’vo-ConvEx, concave on the one
side, and convex on the other, as a con-
cayvo-convex lens.

Concav'1ty, from concave, the internal
surface of a hollow spherical or sphe-
roidal body.

Concep’TacLE, Lat. conceptaculum, a re-
ceptacle ; the vessel which contains the
reproductive corpuscles of cryptogamic
plants. It is variously named in differ-
ent tribes.

Con’cEert, from con and certo, to strive,
a musical performance in which any num-
ber of practical musicians unite in the
exercise of their talent.

ConcERTA/NTE (It.), those parts of a
musical composition which continue
throughout the piece.

Conce’rro (Italian), a musical composi-
tion consisting of several parts to be per-
formed in concert.

Concer‘t! (It.), ingenious but misplaced
thoughts or terms of expression.

Conc, Lat. concha, a marine shell; ap-
plied to various objects from their shape.

ConcH2, plur. of concha, a shell; shetie
consisting of two or more pieces or valves,
as bivalves and multivalves.

ConcH’oip, from zovyy, a conch, aad
esd0s, like. The name of a geometrical
curve invented by Nicomedes.

Concuor’DAL, shell-like Used to charac-
terise the fracture of minerals, when
marked by convex elevations and concave
depressions, like the valves of conchz.

ConcHor/ocy, from zoyyy, a shell, and
Aoyes, science. That branch of natural
history which treats of testaceous ani-
mals, or animals haying a testaceous

a

—a

i

CON 239

CON

covering, whether they inhabit the land,
the fresh water, or the ocean. Shell-fish
are arranged by the characteristics of
their shells.

Concta’tor. In glass-works, the person
who proportions the materials to be made
into glass.

Con’ciave (Lat.), an inner room. The
room in the Vatican where the cardinals
meet to elect a pope: also the assembly
itself.

Conctv’ston. In logic, that proposition
which is inferred from certain former
propositions, termed the premises of the
argument.

Concoc’rton, from concoguo, to digest.
Digestive; also that operation of nature
upon morbid matter which renders it fit
to be separated from the healthy fluids.

Con’corp, from con, and cor, cordis, the
heart. In grammar, the agreement of
words according to their several inflex-
ions,as adjectives with nouns, in gender,
mumber, and case. In law, an agreement
between the parties in a fine, made by
leave of the court. In music, the union
of two or more sounds, in such a manner
as to render them agreeable.

Concor’pat. In canon law, an agree
ment concerning some beneficiary matter,
in particular when made between the
pope and a prince.

Con’creTeE, Lat. concretum, a compound
mass. A mass formed by the cohesion of
heterogeneous materials. The concrete
used by engineers and architects is a com-

t mass of pebbles, sand, and lime,
worked together with water, to form the
foundations of structures.

Con’crETE Numpers. See APPLICATE
Noumspers.

Concre’rion, from concresco, to grow
together. 1. The growing together of
parts which in a natural state are sepa-
rate.——2. The process by which soft or
fluid bodies become consistent, solid, or
hard.——3. The mass formed by concre-
tion; asa urinary concretion formed in
the animal body.

Concvs’sion, Lat. concutio, I shake. A
term generally applied to injuries of the
brain, from blows and falls.

Conpensa’TION, causing a mass of matter
to occupy less space by means of the
closer approach of its particles. When
this is accomplished by external force, it
is called compression. The term is gene-
rally used with re; to air, gas, and
vapours. The two former are condensed,
and their elasticity increased by com-
pression. The latter-are condensed into
as and solids by the abstraction of

eat.

ConDEN’sER, & pneumatic engine,
whereby an uncommon quantity of air is
forced into a given space. It is a sort of
syringe, which is worked upon the prin-

ciple of the force-pump, and performs an
operation the reverse of the air- pump.

Con’pER, from con, and duco, to lead. 1.
One who directs the helmsman of a ship
how to steer.——2. One who stands upon
an elevated part of the sea-coast, in the
time of the herring-fishery, to point to
the fishermen by signs the course of the
shoals of fish.

Conpirion. In law, is a restraint an-
nexed to a thing,so that by the non-per-
formance the party shall receive loss, and
by the performance, advantage.

ConDITIONAL Proposirion, in logic, is
one which asserts the dependence of one
categorical proposition on another.

Con’por, a species of vulture, the V.
gryphus, Lin., the largest bird known. It
is found on the most elevated mountains
of the Andes, in South America. It is
blackish, the wings ash-coloured ; collar,
silky and white, and the male, in addition
to his superior caruncle, has another under
the beak, like the cock.

ConporTrier’ri. In Italian history, a class
of mercenary military adventurers in the
i4th and 15th centuries.

Conpvc’ror, Lat. from con, and duco, to
lead. 1. A body which has the property of
transmitting heat or electricity ; opposed
to a non-conductor. Most natural bodies,
but especially the metals, are conductors.
—2. A pointed metallic rod, affixed
to buildings, ships, &c. to conduct light-
ning to the earth or water, and protect
the edifice from its effects. ——3. A surgical
instrument to direct the knife in certain
operations ; sometimes called a director.

Con’/pytz, from xzovdvAos, a knot. A
process of a bone in the shape of a flat-
tened eminence.

Con’pyxorp, from xzoydvde0s, a condyle,
and ¢fde¢, like. An apophysis of.a bone.

Conprtv’RA, a genus of carnivorous
Mammalia, named from zovdvAos, ajoint,
and ovew, a tail. The condylura resemble
the mole, except that the tail is longer,
and their nostrils are surrounded with
little moveable cartilaginous points,
which when they separate radiate like a
star. The Sorexcristatus, Lin., or radiated
mole of North America, belongs to this
genus.

Cone, Fr. cone, from Lat. conus, from
zwvos, that which shoots toa point. In
botany, a conical fruit of several evergreen
trees, especially of the pine-tribe. See
Srro’srtus. In geometry, a solid with a
circular base, and tapering equally up-
wards till it terminates in a point. Were
the base a right-lined figure, the solid
would be called a pyramid ; and in either
case, all the lines drawn from the peri-
phery, or bounding line of the base to the
apex or top, are straight lines. When the
axis is at right angles to the base, the

CON

240

CON

solid is called a right cone, otherwise it is
an oblique or scalene cone. In optics, it in-
cludes all the rays which fall upon a given
surface from a given point.

Conr’pate, Con epatt,an American ani-
mal of the weascl kind, resembling the
polecat in form and size, and in its fetid
stench.

Conrep’eracy, from con and feedus, a

; a term used in law to denote a
combination of two or more persons to
commit an unlawful act.

Con’FERENCE, a meeting of delegate
members from both houses of parliament
to discuss the provisions of a bill re-
specting which there may be a disagree-
ment between them. Also a meeting of
divines for ecclesiastical purposes.

Conrer’va, Lat. from confervec, to knit
together; a genus of plants. Cryptoga-
mia—Alge@. The tribe of cryptogamic
plants comprising the jointed alge or
Water weeds, are called Conferve. These
are chiefly fresh-water plants, but many
aremarine. They are composed of capil-
lary jointed tubes, containing granules
variously arranged ; but the plants grow
by the addition of one tube to the end of
another, and multiply by means of the
granules contained in the tubes.

Conression, AuricuLAR. In the Church
of Rome a part of the sacrament of pe-

_mance. It must be of every mortal sin,
and made to a priest, who is solemnly
obliged not to reveal it.

ConreEssion oF Farru,a formulary set-
ting forth the opinions of a body.

Conresson, one who has undergone per-
secution for Christianity only short of
death.

ConFirma’tion, from con and jirmo, to
make firm. In Jaw, an assurance of title
by the conveyance of an estate or right
in esse from one man to another, by which
a voidable estate is made sure or un-
avoidable. Ix church affairs, (1). Therati-
fication of the election of a dignitary of
the church by the sovereign; (2). The
ceremony of laying on of hands in the ad-
mission of baptised persons to the enjoy-
ment of Christian privileges.

Con’FivuENT, flowing together (confiu-
ens), applied in physiology to eruptions,
especially that of small-pox, and in botany,
to leaves which run together at their base.

Conrorm’asLe. In geology, aterm used
to express the parallelism of strata: thus,
when several horizontal strata are depo-
sited one upon another, they are said to
be conformable, but when horizontal are
Lourye over vertical strata, the strata are

nconformable.

> owvolert 1st. In church matters, one
who conforms to, or complies with, the
worship of the Established Church.

Con Fu’ria. In music, furiously; an
italian term.

Concer’ p’r’tire (French), the sove-
reign’s license or permission to a dean
and chapter to choose a bishop.

Concr’NER, Lat. from con and genus, a
thing of the same kind or nature: spe-
cies of the same genus. Also applied in
anatomy to muscles which concur in the
same action.

ConcGEn’ITAL, from con and genitus, born,
aterm applied to that which pertains to
an individual from his birth, as a conge-
nital disease.

Con’GER, Con’crer Ett, a large —_
of eel (Murena Conger, Lin., Conger vul-
garis, Yarr.) found in the European seas,
sometimes weighing 100 lbs. The name
is Latin, from zoyyeos, quod polypi cirros
divoret? See McurzNa.

ConceEs‘tion, from congero, to amass; a
preternatural accumulation of blood, bile,
or other fluids in their proper vessels.
Diseases arising from this cause are called
congestive diseases.

Con’cius. In modern latinity, a gallon.

Con’ctonaTe, from con and globus, a
ball ; formed or gathered into a ball, as a
conglobate flower.

ConGtom’ERATE, from con and glomus,
a clew. 1. In anatomy, applied to a gland
which consists of a number of smaller
glomerate glands, the excretory ducts of
which all unite in one common duct.——
2. In botany, applied to flowers which are
closely, compacted together on a foot-
stalk, to which they are a ae but
closely connected: opposed to diffused.
—3. In geology, congtomerate has the
same meaning as breccia (Mantell), and
pudding-stone (Lyell). According -to
Bakewell, ‘“‘ conglomerate consists of
large fragments of stone, whether
rounded or angular, imbedded in clay
or sandstone.”

CoNGREGATIONAL'ISTS, BRowWNISTS, OF
INDEPENDENTS, a sect of Protestant Dis-
senters who maintain that every congre-
gation for religious worship is independ-
ent of every other.

Con’crEss, Lat. congressus, from congre-
dior, to come together (gradus, a step.)
1. An assembly of enyoys, commission-
ers, deputies, &c., particularly a meeting
of the representatives of several courts,
to concert measures of mutual concern.
2. An assembly of delegates of the
several British colonies in America, which
met in 1774 to resist the claims of Great
Britain, and finally declared the colonies
independent. The name has since been
transferred to the assembly of deputies
from the different states of the union.

Con‘tc Sections, a branch of mathema-
tical science which treats of the proper-
ties of certain curves that are formed by
the cutting of a cone in different direc-
tions. If a cone be cut bv a plane pa-

oe

CON 2

41 CON

rallel to the base, the section will be a
circle; if cut by a plane passing through
the vertex, the section will be a triangle;
but both the circle and triangle belong to
common geometry, and are therefore not
treated of under the head of Conic Sec-
tions. There are, however, three other
sections—the ellipsis, the parabola, and
the hyperbola (q. v.).

Conir’ERx, the cone-bearing tribe of
dicotyledonous plants. It comprises the
pines, firs, &c., which bear cones.

Conrros’rrEs, a numerous family of
passerine birds, distinguished by their
strong conical beak; whence their name
from conus, a cone, and rostrum, a beak.
The bunting, bulfinches, crows, birds of
Paradise, &c., belong to this family.

Con1’um, a genus of plants. Pentandria
—Digynia. Hemlock. Greek name zwyésoy,
Or zovioy.

Con’soint DreReEs. In music, two notes
which follow each other immediately in
the order of the scale.

Consornt TerracHorps. In music, two
fourths where the same chord is the high-
est of the one and the lowest of the other.

Con’suGatTs, Lat. conjugatus, yoked.
Applied to a winged leaf with only one
pair of leaflets.

Con’3ucaTs Diamerer or Axis (of an
ellipsis), the shortest of the two diameters
or that which bisects the transverse axis.
See Evuirsis.

Consunc’r1on, from con and jugo, to
join, connection: thus, in astronomy, the
meeting of two or more stars or planets
in the same degree of the zodiac, which
is either true or apparent, heliocentric or
geocentric. When the bodies agree both
in latitude and longitude, the conjunction
is true; when they agree only in longi-
tude, the conjunction is apparent. A
heliocentric conjunction is that which
would appear to an observer at the sun;

. a geocentric conjunction is that which ap-

pears to an observer at the earth, and is
superior when the planet is seen on the
same circle of latitude with the sun, but
beyond him; and inferior when seen be-
tween the earthandthesun. Grand con-
junctions are those wherein seyeral of the
planets are seen near together. In gram-
mar, an indeclinable word or particle
which joins words or sentences together,
showing their mutual relation and de-
pendence.

Consunctr’va, one of the membranes or
coats of the eye, the C. tunica.

Consunc’t1ve Moon, that modification
of the verb which expresses the depend-
ence of the event in conditions.

Con’NATE, Lat. connatus, growing toge-
ther. Applied to leaves which are united
at their base.

Connec’tor. In chemistry, a small tube

of caoutchouc for connecting together the
ends of glass tubes in pneumatic experi-
ments.

Conni'vENT, Lat. connivens, winking.
Applied, 1. In anatomy, to the folds on
the mucous surface of the small intestines.
—2. In botany, to petals of flowers, as
those of the Rumex, and to the receptacle
of the fig, which the fruit really is, being
a fleshy connivent receptacle inclosing
and hiding the florets.

Connotsse’urR (French), one who is
versed in a knowledge of the fine arts.

Cononrr’LIx, an intermediate genus of
shells, between cones and volutes.

Con’orp, from zwyos, a cone, and gsdog,
like; a solid generated by the revolution .
of a conic section about its axis. There
being three conic sections, the ellipsis,
parabola, and hyperbola, there are con-
sequently three conoids, the spheroid,
paraboloid, and Ayperboloid.

Conscience, from con and scio,to know,
is considered by some an original faculty,
and called the moral sense ; others question
the propriety of considering conscience
as a distinct faculty, and hold that it is to
be regarded simply as a general principle
of moral approbation or disapprobation,
applied to one’s own conduct and affec-
tions; alleging that our notions of right
and wrong are not to be deduced from a
single principle or faculty, but from va-
rious powers of the understanding.

Con’scIENCcE, Courts or, are for the re-
covery of small debts.

Con’script, Lat. conscribo, a title of the
Roman senators.

ConscripP’TIon, a compulsory enrolment
for military or maritime service, taken
from the population at large.

ConsSIGNE’E, @ person to whom goods
are consigned for sale or superintendence:
the person who sends them is the con-
signer.

Constena’tTIon, ) from con, and signo, to

Consicn’MENT, Jseal. 1. The act of
consigning or sending goods to an agent.
— 2. The goods consigned to a factor or
agent.——-3. The writing by which any-
thing is consigned.

Consts’tory, Lat. consistorium, a place
of meeting. The place of justice in the
spiritual court; also the courtitself. The
court of every diocesan bishop, held in
their cathedral churches, for the trial of
ecclesiastical causes arising within the
diocese.

Consotrpa’tion, from con,and solidus,
solid. In parliament, the annexing of one
bill to another. In /aw, the uniting of the
profit of land, &c. with the property. In
ecclesiastical affairs, the combining of two
or more benefices in one.

Con’sonance. In music, the agreement
of two sounds simultaneously produced.

R

CON

242

CON

Con’sonant, from con, and sono, to

sound. A letter so named because it is
considered as sounded only in connection
with a vowel. Consonants are better
named articulations, as they are the
names given to the several junctions of
the organs of speech.
’ Con Sorpi’n1, It. In music, a direction
tc play a passage on the piano with the
dampers down, and on the violin with the
mute on.

Conspir’acy, from conspiro, to plot. A
law-term for an agreement between two
or more persons to indict, or procure to
be indicted, an innocent person of felony.
The persons so conspiring are called con-
spirators.

Con’sTABLE. an Officer whose duty it is
to preserve the peace, and to arrest all
public offenders who have committed the
offence in his presence, or against whom
he has the warrant of a justice of the
peace. In England, there are high con-
stables, chosen by the court leets of hun-
dreds; petty constables, chosen by the juries
of court leets; and constables of London,
nominated in each precinct by the inha-
bitants. The office of Lord High Con-
stable of England was so improperly
used, that its suppression was found ne-
cessary in 1521. This officer took his title
from his being comes stabuli, or count of
the stables. He was the seventh officer
of the crown.

Constant QuanTiTIEs. In algebra, those
quantities which remain constant, and
whose values are considered as known, or
which remain constantly the same; in
contradistinction to those which are ya-
riable, and whose values are not known.
Constant quantities are usually denoted
by the first letters of the alphabet, as a,
b, c, &c.; and variable ones by the last,
as x, y, z, &e.

Coxstar, a Latin word, meaning “ it
appears.” Applied as the name of the
certificate given by the clerk of the pipe,
and auditors of the exchequer, to a person
who intends to plead or move for a dis-
charge of anything in that court. The
effect of it is to show what appears upon
the record, respecting the matter in ques-
tion. The same name is also given to an
exemplification under the Great Seal of
the enrolment of any letters patent.

ConsTELLa’TION, from con, and stella,a
star. A cluster or assemblage of fixed
stars, expressed and represented under
the name and figure of some animal, or
other emblem, which are convenient in
describing the stars.

Constitu’rion, fromcon, and statuo, to
set. 1. The general condition of the
body, as evinced by the peculiarities in
the performance of its functions ——2. A
system of fundamental oS pee for the
government of rational and social beings;

the established form of hp ocaas ea ina
state, kingdom, or country.——3. A par.
ticular law made by a sovereign or other
superior power.

Constric’ror, from constringo, to bind
together. A muscle which draws together
any opening of the body.

Construc’rion, from con, and struo, to
dispose, fabrication. In mathematics, the
drawing of those lines of a figure which

are n to make the demonstration
of a proposition more plain. The con-
struction of is the method of re-

ducing equations to geometrical figures,
in order to a geometrical demonstration.
In grammar, the arrangement and con-
nection of words in a sentence, according
to established usages.

ConsvuBSTANTIA’TION, the doctrine of
Luther, that, the sacrament of the
Supper, the body and blood of Christ are
transferred into the material of the bread
and wine.

Con’sut, a chief magistrate of the
ancient Roman Republic, who took his
title from consulo, to consult. The title is
now given to an officer appointed by com-
petent authority to reside in foreign coun-
tries, with the view of facilitating and
extending the commerce carried on be-
tween the subjects of the country which
appoints him, and those of the country or
place in which he is to reside.

Consutta’TION, Writ or. In law, a
writ granted by the king’s court, whereby
a cause which had been removed into
such court by prohibition out of the
ecclesiastical court, is returned thither
again.

Consumption, from consumo, to waste
away, slow decay. This term is applied
in medicine to the disease technically
called Phthisis pulmonalis, pulmonary
consumption. See Pxuruisis.

Con’ract, ANGLE oF. In geometry, the
angle made by a curve line with its tan-
gent.

Conta’cton, from con, and tango, to
touch. The communication of
T, by contact ; 2, by effluvia evolved from
the body of "th e sick. INFECTION.
This term is also used by some writers
generically to denote all atmospheric and
morbid poisons ; all the effluvia, mias-
mata, infections, and poisons that cause
fevers, of whatever kind; and those
poisons which uniformly excite the dis-
eases which give birth to them, as syphi-
lis, itch, &c

Contem’pr, from con, and temno, to de-
spise. Applied in law to express the
offence of disobedience of the rules and
orders of a court.

Content’, from con, and teneo, to” hold.
Used in the House of Lords to ae
assent to a bill or motion.—2.
quantity contained. Used in pee -

CON 2

43

CON

ress the area or quantity of matter or
space included within certain limits.

ConTINEN’raL System, the celebrated
plan of Napoleon for excluding the mer-
chandise of England from all parts of the
Continent.

ConTIN’UED Puoron’ TION, in arithmetic,
is where the consequent of the first ratio
is the same with the antecedent of the
second, as A: B: ra 8

ConTInv’ ITY, ae or, may be thus
stated: nothing passes from one state to
another without passing through all the
intermediate states.

Contort’eD. 1. In botany, &c., twisted.
——2. In architecture, wreathed.

Con’TRABAND, from contra and ban (q.v. ?.
A term used in commerce, to designate, 1,
a commodity prohibited to be exported
or imported, bought or sold.——2. That
class of commodities which neutrals are
not allowed to carry during war to a
belligerent power.

ConTRABAS'SO, the largest of the violin
species, usually called the double-bass.

ConTRACTIL'ITry, a property of the living
fibre, by which it contracts on the appli-
cation of a stimulus.

Conrrac’tion, from con, and traho, to
draw. The lessening of the dimensions
of a body, by causing the parts to approx-
imate more closely; the action arising
from excited contractility.

Con’tRA-Dance, | Fr. contredanse; a

Coun’tER-Dance, } dance in which the
partners are arranged in opposite lines,
called vulgarly a country dance !

ConTRaDIc’rory Prorosi’r10ns, in logic,
are those which having the same terms
differ in quantity and quality.

Con’? RA-FIS’SURE, a counter or opposite
fissure, applied in surgery to designate
a fracture at some distance from the
part whereon the blow was received.

Con’rRa-Harmon’ic Propor’rtion, in
arithmetic, is that relation of three terms
wherein the difference of the first and
second is to that of the second and third,
as the third is to the first.

Con’rra-Inpica’TION, a counter or op-
posing indication, applied in medicine
to designate a symptom which forbids
the use of a remedy which might other-
wise be employed.

Conrrat’ro or ContRA-TEN’ORE (It.) In
music, the part immediately below the
treble, called also the counter-tenor.

Con’rkARIES, in logic, are propositions
which destroy each other, but of which
the falsehood of the one does not establish
the truth of the other.

Con’rrast. In fine arts, an opposition
of lines and colours to each other, so that

each increases the effect of the other.

Con’tRa-TEN’oR. In music, a middle part
between the tenor and treble ; the Counter.

Con’TRATE-WUEEL. In w k the

wheel next to the crown, the teeth ané
hoop of which lie contrary to those o1
the other wheels, whence its name.

ConTRAVALLA’TION, from contra and
vallo, to fortify. A line formed to defena
besiegers against the sallies of a garrison.

ConTRAYER’vA-Root, the root of the
Dorstenia contrayerva, a perennial plant
of South America. The name is Sp.
contra, against, and yerba, an herb, being
used as an antidote against poisons.

- Con’rumacy, from contumacia, stubborn-

ness; a term of law for wilful contempt
and disobedience of any lawful summons
or order of court.

‘nus, a genus of mollusks, named
from the conical shape of the shell. Class
Gasteropoda; order Pectinibranchiata ;
family Buccinoida. The shells are highly
prized ; one, the cedo nulli, is valued ata
hundred guineas. Found on rocky shores
in tropical seas.

ConVAtta’R1ia, a genus of plants. Hez-
andria—Monogynia. May lily. Lily of
the valley. Solomon’s Seal. Name from
convallis, a valley, because some of the
species abound chiefly in valleys.

ConvEn’TIonN, from con and venio, to
come. 1. A treaty, contract, or agree-
ment between two parties.——2. An ex-
traordinary meeting of parliament or
states of the realm held without writ of
the sovereign.——3. A treaty between
military commanders concerning terms
for a cessation of hostilities.

Convere/Inc Lines, those which tend
to a common point.

Convere’Inc Rays, those which tend
to a common focus.

Converc’Ine Series, those whose terms
continually diminish.

Con’vEeRsSE, in mathematics, commonly
signifies the same as reverse, from vertor,
to be turned.

Conver’sion (of proportion), is when,
of four proportionals, it is inferred that
the first is to its excess above the second,
as the third toits excess above the fourth.
——2. In logic, a proposition is said to be
converted when the terms are so trans-
posed that the subject is made the predi-
cate, and vice versa.

ConvER’sIoN (centre of). In mechanics,
the centre of revolution. “ If a stick be
laid on stagnant water and drawn by a
thread fastened to it, so that the thread
makes always the same angle with it,
the stick will be found to turn about a
certain point, which point is called the
centre of conversion.”’

Convex’o-Con/cavE, convex on the one
side and concave on the other. See Lens.

Convex’o-Con’vEx, convex on both sides.
See Lens.

Conveyance, from con and veho, to
carry. The instrument or means of pass-
ing from one place or person to another.

R 2

cop 244

COR

thus an aqueduct is a conveyance for water ;
a deed of conveyance is an instrument or
writing by which lands, &c., are con-
yeyed or made over to another person.
The term is also used in the sense of
transference, assignment, &c.
Convoca’tion, from con and voco, to

call; an assembly of the clergy of "the
Church of England by their Heh pee we
tives, to consult on ecclesiastical affairs.
It is held during the session of ioe
ment, and consists of an upper and lower
house; but is now a mere form.

Convotvuta’cEzx, a natural tribe of plants
of which the genus Convolvulus is the
type.

Convot’vutvs, the Bindweed ; a genus
of plants. Pentandria—Monogynia. Name
from convolvo, to roll up. Upwards of
100 species are enumerated, among which
are the jalap, scammony, and turbith
plants, the Spanish potato, &c

Con’voy. In navigation, a ship or ships
of war, appointed to escort or protect the
snerchant ships. The word is sometimes
tplied to the protected ships, and some-
tumes to both the protecting and pro-
tect] vessels. In the military service, it
signifies a detachment of troops who
guard supplies of provisions, ammuni-
tion, &c., on their way to the army.

Coo’LER ar REFRIGERA’TOR, an apparatus
used by brewers and distillers for cooling
worts.

Cooms, 1. 4 dry measure of 4 bushels.

—2. Aterm in geology. See ComBe.

Co-or’DINATES, in the theory of curves,
denote any absciss with its correspond-
ing ordinate.

Coor, a name common to all the birds
of Linnzeus’s genus Fulica (q.v.). The
tree Coots form the genus Fulica, Bris-
son. These birds form the link between
the grallatorie and palmipedes.

Copar’sa, from copal, the American
name for any odoriferous gum, and iba
or iva, a tree,a yellow resinous juice ofa
ditterish biting taste, obtained from the
copatfera officinalis, a tree which grows in
the Brazils and New Spain.

Co’pat. The substance called gum
copal is imported from Guiana, and ix the
produce of the Rhus copallinum, from
which it exudes spontaneously.

Copar’cENARY, Lat. con and particeps.
An estate is held in coparcenary, and the
tenants are coparceners, when it descends
from an ancestor to two or more persons.

Coprer’nNIcaN SystEM, a particular sys-
tem of the sphere proposed by Pythagoras,
and revived by Copernicus, in which the
sun is supposed to be placed in the centre,
and all the other bodies to revolve round
it in a particular manner.

Cor’PeR, a well known metal named
from the island of Cyprus, whence it was
first brought. It is fg und in nature in the

t
-

metallic state, in the state of oxide, sul-
phuret (vitreous ore of Brochant), carbon-
ate (malachite), hydrosilicate, sulphate
(blue vitriol), phosphate, muriate. and
arseniate. There are many varieties of
these ores. Sp. gr. of copper 89, melting
pt. 27° Wedgw. In tenacity it yields to
iron, but surpasses gold, &c.

Cor’PERAs, aname formerly synonymous
with vitriol, and hence applied to blue,
white, and green vitriol, but especially
the green, a factitious sulphate of iron.

Cor’pER-BoT’ToMED, having the bottom
sheathed with copper: applied to ships,

c.

Cor’prr-FAS'‘TENED, fastened with cop-
per-bolts.

Cor’PER-PLATE PRINT’ING, the process of
taking impressions from ‘copper-plates,
which is done by means of a rolling press.

Cor’Roite, from xoreos, excrement,
and As§oz, stone; the petrified fecal mat-
ter of carnivorous reptiles, found in all
strata containing the remains of these

a A
Cor’ura (Lat.),a shackle. 1. In logic,

the verb which connects two terms of a

preposition, the subject and predicate, as

‘vartue is indispensable to happiness:’’
here és is the copula.—2. In anatomy, a
ligament.

Cor’y, in printing, is the subject-matter

to be printed.

gfe sis in law,is aspecies of custom-
ary estate, said to be held by copy of court
roll; that is, by copy of the rolls of a
manor made by the steward of a lord’s
court,

Cor’yricut, the right which an author
has in his own literary compositions.

Cora’cias, from zogak, a crow; a genus
of birds—the Rollus. They belong to the
Eastern Continent, and resemble the Jays
in their habits, but their plumage is vivid.
Order Passerine, family Conirostres.

Cor’acLe, a boat used by fishermen in
Wales, made by covering a wicker frame
with leather or oil-cloth.

Cor’aco-BRa’/CHIAL, in anatomy, is ap-
plied to the muscle by which.the arm is
raised upwards and forwards, from its
origin and insertion,

Cor‘acorp, from ~0¢a, a crow, and
e1d0s, like ; shaped like the beak of a crow.
Applied to the upper. anterior process of
we scapula from its form.

Cor’aL (zogwAdsov), a general name for
those stony envelopes formed by coralliferi,
in certain seas, as the Red Sea, Persiam
Gulf, Coast of Sumatra, &c. It is a cal-
careous substance, has a shrub-like ap-
pearance, and is of various colours, as
red, white, and black. Its value depends
on its size, solidity, &c.: some is worth 101.
an ounce, while other descriptions do not
bring ls. per lb. The islands of the South

7
|
&

¢

COR 245

COR

Seas are mostly composed of coral covered
with earth, and many more are in process
of being formed.

CorALLIF’ERI, an order of coral-
(corallium and fero) polypi. The coralli-
feri constitute that numerous suite of
species which were long considered as
marine plants, and of which the indivi-
duals are in fact united in great numbers,
to constitute compound animals, mostly
fixed like plants, cither forming a stem
or simple expansions, by means of a solid
internal substance. Their volition and
their nourishment are in common; what-
ever is eaten by one goes to the nutrition
of the general body and all the other
polypi.

Corat’LInA, a generic. name given by
Linnzeus to certain bodies which exist in
the ocean, resembling the corals or poly-
piers, both in substance and general form,
butin which polypi have not yet been dis-
eovered. Some consider them as plants,
but others regard them, and with more
probability, as being inhabited by coral-
liferous polypi.

Cor’attine. 1. The animal which se-
eretes and inhabits coral——2. The coral-
lina officinalis, or C. alba, administered in
medicine as an anthelmintic, and popu-
larly knowy as sea-moss, white worm-
seed, &c.

Cor’at-rac. In geology, a member of
the middle division of oolite.

Cor’aL-REEF, CORAL-ISLAND, a reef or
island formed chiefly of coral (q. v.), but
usually containing a large variety and
amount of shells and other marine mat-

ters.
Co’ram No’sis (Lat.), before us: a law
phrase °

Cors, contracted from corban, an alms
basket; a basket used in collieries.

Cor’sEiL, from Fr. corbeille, a basket.
In architecture, corbeils are sculptured
baskets of flowers or fruit sometimes
placed on the heads of caryatides.

Cor’Bets. In architecture, a row of
stones projecting from the wall to sup-
port the pe ot in castellated and gothic
edifices, instead of brackets or modillions.
The term is also applied to a horizontal
row of stones and timber in a wall or
vault, to sustain the roof or floor ; also to
denote the vases of Corinthian capitals.
Corbel is moreover frequently used in the
same sense as corbeil (q. v.).

Cor’set-Tasce. In architecture, a series
of semicircular arches which cut one
another in a wall, supported by timbers
with their ends projecting out, and carved
into heads, faces, lion’s heads, &c.

CorcLte, Lat. corculum, a little heart
(cor, a heart) ; that point of a seed from
which the life and organisation of the fu-
ture plant originate, called also the em-
bryo, or germ.

Corp (Welsh). 1. A string or small rope.
—2. A pile of firewood containing 128
cubic feet, originally measured with a
cord or line. The cord is 4 feet high, 4
feet broad, and 8 feet long. :

CorpeELr srs, an order of friars sonamed
from the knotted cord worn about their

Cor’pon. 1. In architecture, the edge
of astone at the outside of a building.
—2. In fortification, a row of stones
made round on the outside, and set be-
tween the wall of the fortress which lies
aslope, and the parapet which stands per-
pendicular.

Corpovan’, a sort of leather made of
goatskin at Cordova in Spain.

Corp’waINnER, Fr. cordonnier, a shoe-
maker, from cordovan (q. y.). Cordwainers
is the title under which the shoemakers
are incorporated.

Corra’crous, Lat. coriaceus, leathery ,
applied to leaves and pods that are thick
ae tough without being pulpy or succu-
ent.

CorRIAN’DER, @ Name applied to both
species of the genus Coriandrum, but es-
pecially the C. sativum,

CorIAN’DRUM, a genus of annual plants.
Pentandria—Digynia. The C. sativum is a
native of Britain. Name zogiavov, from
xogis, &@ bug, Which the fresh plant re-
sembles in smell.

Corrin’THIAN Orn’pER. In architecture,
the noblest, richest, and most delicate
of the five orders, and so named because
first erected at Corinth.

Cork, the outer bark (corter) of a
species of oak, the Quercus suber, a tree
which grows abundantly in the southern
provinees of France, Italy, Spain, Portu-
gal, and Barbary.

Cork-JacKET, a jacket lined with thin
layers of cork, used by persons learning
to swim.

Cork-Trez, the Quercus suber, which
closely resembles the Quercus tler, or
evergreen oak. It lives to a great
age, and is periodically barked. See
Cork.

Cor’MoRANT, a bird ; the pelicanus carbo,
Lin., and aquatic crow of Aristotle. Its
size is that of a goose. It breeds among
the rocks by the sea, and feeds on fish.
The name is corrupted from corvus mari-
nus, sea-raven. The French call it cor-
moran, a corruption of corbeau marin, on
account of its black colour. The Welsh
call it morvran, sea-crow.

Corn’ace, from cornu, a horn; an an-
cient tenure of lands which obliged the
occupant to give notice of an invasion by
blowing a horn. i

Corn’BRUSH, a provincial name for a
coarse, shelly limestone, which occurs
abundantly in Wiltshire.

COR

246

COR

Con’nea (Latin), the anterior transpa-
rent portion of the ball of the eye.

Corner-Teetx (of a horse), the fore-
teeth between the middling teeth and the
tusks, two above and two below, on each
side of the jaw. They shoot from the
horse at 44 years old.

Cor’net. 1. A musical instrument
closely resembling a trumpet, used in the
army.——2. A commissioned officer in a
troop of horse or dragoons.——3. Cornet
of ahorse. See Coronet.

Cor’NET-a-PIston, Fr., a brass wind
musical instrument.

* Cor’niceE, from xoeuvn, & summit; any
moulded projection that crowns or
finishes the part to which it is affixed, as
the cornice of a room.

Cor’nisH CHovucGH, a sort of crow of a
fine blue or purple-black colour, with red
beak and legs, reckoned the finest bird of
its kind, and therefore borne in coats of
arms.

Corn-Sar’ap. 1. A name common to
the plants of the genus Fidia.—2. The
Valeriana locusta.

Corns, thickening of the cuticle of the
toes, of a horny texture, arising from con-
tinued pressure.

Cornv Ammo’nIs, the fossil shells called
Ammonites.

Cornvco’p1a, horn of plenty (cornu, a
horn, and copia, plenty), fabled to be the
horn which Hercules broke from the
head of Achelous, and which was filled
by the nymphs with all manner of flowers,
and made the emblem of abundance. It
is sculptured in ornamental architecture.

» cornucopia.

Cornvta‘ria, a genus of Tubularii (q.v.),
whose tubes are conical, and from each
of which issues a polypus with eight den-
tated arms. \

Cor’xus, the dog-wood. A genus of
hardy plants. Tetrandria — Monogynia.
The cornel-tree, cornelian cherry, &c.,are
species. Name given by Pliny to an un-
determined species.

Co’roa, a medicinal bark lately intro-
duced into Europe from the East Indies.
Plant unknown.

Cor’opy, oad Ital. corredare, to fur-

Cor’ropy, / nish; a right of sustenance.
The queen is entitled to a corody out of
every bishopric; that is, to send one of
her chaplains to be maintained by the
bishop, or to have a pension allowed till
the bishop promotes him to a benefice.
This is fallen into disuse.

Coxor’ta, from corolla, a little crown.
That part of a flower which is within the
calyx, and immediately surrounds the
organs of fructification; each division is
called a petal.

Cor‘ottary, from corolla, alittle crown.
A consequence drawn from a proposition
already proved.

Coro’na, Latin, a crown. Applied te
designate objects supposed to resembie a
crown, either in shape or position; as 1.
In architecture, the brow of a cornice
which projects over the bed mouldings.
—2. In , a luminous circle
surrounding the sun, moon, or planets.

Coro’na Den’ris, the exposed part of a
tooth, projection beyond the gum.

Corona’RIZ, ana order of plants,
consisting of such as have beautiful
flowers, thus forming a floral crown
(corona).

Cor’onary, from corona (q.v.). A term
applied in anatomy to , because they
surround others, or for some less obvious
reason.

Cornona’tT# PLan’Tx, a natural class of
plants, consisting of such as have the
seed-bud crowned by the flower-cup.

Cor’/onER, law Lat. for coronator.
ancient officer at common law, and so
called because principally concerned with
pleas of thecrown. The principal part of
a coroner’s duty is now to inquire into
the circumstances of the untimely death
of any of the queen’s subjects.

Cor’oneEt, from corona,a crown. 1, An
inferior crown worn by noblemen.——2.
The coronet or cornet of a horse, is the
upper part of the hoof.——3. In botany,
certain appendages of the corolla, which
are arranged within it in a circle.

Coron’uLa, dim. of corona, a crown.
The hem or border which surrounds the
seeds of some flowers in the form of a
crown.

Cor’porat, the lowest officer of a com-
pany of infantry, next below a serjeant.
The term is French, from the Celtic root
caput, cape.

Corporation, from corpus, body. A
body politic or corporate, formed and
authorised by law to act as a single
person.

Cor’posant, from Sp. cuerpo santo, holy
body. Aname given by seamen to a lu-
minous appearance often beheld in dark
tempestuous nights, about the decks and
rigging of a ship, but especially at the
mast-head, yard-arms, &c.

Cores, a French term pronounced kore,
and applied to designate, 1. A body of
troops forming a division (indefinite) of
any army. 2. A projecting part of a
wall, intended to form a ground for deco-
ration. The root of the term is Lat.,

corpus, body. :

Cor’PuscLE, ) Lat. corpusculum, dim. of

Cor’PuscuLE, J corpus, a body ; a minute
particle. Corpuscles are not necessarily
the elementary principles of matter, but
simply such minute particles, whether
simple or compound, as compose aggre-
gate bodies.

Corpus’cuLaA VERIFOR’MIA, in vegeta-
ble anatomy are the estrangulated ducts

COR 247

Cos

found chiefly in the knots and contracted
parts of stems.

Corpus’cutar Ac’rion, the action of
corpuscles on each other, by which all
chemical action takes place.

Cor’pus Ju’ris, the collection of the
authentic works containing the Roman
law, as compiled under Justinian.

CorresPon DENCE. In fine arts, the fitting
of the parts of a design to one another.

Cor’x1por, from Ital.corridore. A long
passage or gallery in a building, connected
with various departments, and sometimes
running round a quadrangle. In fortiji-
cation, a covertway. See CoverTWay.

Corro’stve Sun’Limate, perchloride of
mercury, highly poisonous.

Cor’RuGATE, Lat. ruga, wrinkle. In
zoology, applied to the surface of an ani-
mal which rises and falls in parallel
angles.

Corruea’tor, Lat. from corrugo, to
wrinkle. A muscle, the office of which
is to wrinkle or corrugate the part it
acts on.

Corrvur’tion, from con, and rupto, to
break. In Jaw, the term is used in the
sense of taint, the consequence of an act
of attainder.

Corse’Let (Fr.) 1. An ancient piece of
armour to cover the body, worn by pike-
men.—2. The trunk of insects.

Cor’trs, the Spanish name of the states
of the kingdom, composed of nobility,
clergy, and representatives of cities:
from corte, a court. The Assembly of
Cortes answers in some measure to the
Parliament of Great Britain.

Cor’ticat, Lat. corticalis, resembling
bark. Applied in anatomy to the exter-
nal portions of the brain and kidney.

Cortr'cirErs, Lat. cortex, bark, and fero,
Ee Those polyps whose substance
is spread over a central axis.

Cor’ricosE, Lat. corticosus, like bark or
rind. Applied, in botany, to hard woody

Cor’ritz (Ital.), an open quadrangular
or curved area in a dwelling-house, in-
closed by the building itself.

Cor’r1na (Lat.), a kind of table; a term
used in describing fungi, to denote that
portion of the velum which adheres to
the margin of the pileus in fragments.

Corun’pvuM, a very hard genus of alum-
inous minerals, of which the species are
dodecahedral corundum, e. g. spinel,
octahedral corundum, e. g. automilite,
rhombohedral corundum, e. g. sapphire,
and prismatic corundum, e. g. chryso-
be

ryl.
Co’nus, a Jewish measure, answering to
the omer = 75 . 5 pts. for liquids,
and == 32 pks. 1 pt. for corn, &c.
Cor’vez (Fr.) In feudal law, the obli-
gation of the inhabitants ofa district to
do services to the king, as the

repair of roads, either gratuitously, or at
a rate less than the value of the work
done

Corver’, Fr. corvette, Sp. corveta; a
sloop of war.

Cor’vus (Lat.), a raven. 1. In orni-
thology, a genus of passerine birds, com-
prising the raven, crow, rook, and jack-
daw.——2. In astronomy, the crow, one
of the old constellations lying south of
Virgo, north of Hydra, east of Crater, and
west of Hydra Continua.

CornyBan’TEs, in Grecian
were the priests of Cybele.

Corrce’um. In ancient architecture, an
apartment in a gymnasium.

Coryp’ULINnE, an alkaline substance ob-
tained from the corydalis bulbosa.

Cor’ytvs, the hazel-nut tree: a genus of
seven species. Monecia — Polyandria.
There is only one British species, the C.
avellana, Name xzogvaos, of unknown’
origin.

Cor’xyms, from , a cluster of
berries, &c.; a species of inflorescence
formed by many flowers, the partial
flower-stalks of which are gradually
longer, as they stand lower on the com-
mon stalk, so that all these flowers are
nearly on a level.

Cor’yPHA, a genus of palms. Hezan-
dria — Monogynia. Fan-palm, Talipot-
palm—Indies and New South Wales.
Name from zoguvgy, height, in allusion
to the majestic height of some of the
species.

CoryTHa’Ix, a genus of birds. The
Touracos—order Scansorie. Named from
the head being furnished with an erectile
tuft. Plumage green, and quill of the
feather crimson. Natives of the Cape of
Good Hope.

Cor’yruvs, a genus of passerine birds:
the Pine Grosbeak is a species. Name
from wogve, a helmet.

Co-secant, the secant of the comple-
ment of any arc or angle.

Cos’InacGE, from Fr. cousinage, kindred ;
a term used in law to designate a writ to
recover possession of an estate in lands
when a stranger has entered and abated,
after the death of the tresail, or the
grandfather’s grandfather, or other col-
lateral relation.

Co’stnz, the sine of the complement of
any given arc or angle.

Cos’micaL, from zocuszos, relating to
the world; an astronomical term for one
of the poetical risings of a star: thus a
star is said to rise cosmically when it rises
with the sun.

Cos’moraBE, from zocos, the world,
and AwuCave, to take ; an ancient instru-
ment for measuring distances, either
celestial or terrestrial, much the same as
the astrolabe.

mythology,

CoT 248

cou

Cosmor/ocy, from zoos, the world,
and Aeyes, discourse; the science which
treats of the Lemme laws by which the
physical world or universe is governed.

Cosmora’MA, from zognuos, the world,
and cgaua, View; an exhibition of views
representing various parts of the world,
the magnitude and apparent distances
being increased by convex lenses.

Coss, a Hindoo measure variable in
length, but ee about six-tenths of an
English mil

Cossacks, <Tnhabitants of those parts of
the Russian Empire bordering on Siberia,
Turkey, and Poland.

Cos’taTe, Lat. costatus, ribbed: applied
to leaves of plants which have elevated
lines extending from the base to the point.
Also to animals when their surfaces have
several broad elevated lines.

Cos’rume. In painting, the dress suit-
able to the time in which the action is
supposed to take place.

Co-Tan’GENT, the tangent of the comple-
ment of any arc or angle.

Co’r1Lton, a French term meaning pet-
ticoat, used as the name of a brisk dance
performed by eight persons together; also
a tune which regulates the dance.

Corr’sz, Fr. cété, side. In heraldry, a
diminutive of the bend, being one-half of
the width of the bendlet.

Corr, from Sax. cote, a bed; a small
bed. On board of ships,’ the cott is a par-
ticular sort of bed-frame, suspended from
the beams of the ship for the officers to
sleep in. It is made of canvas, sewed
in the form of a chest, and extended by
@ square wooden frame with a canvas
bottom.

Cor’ton, a species of vegetable eas
the produce of the Gossypium h
or cotton shrub, of which there are Shoe
varieties. It is found growing naturally
in all the tropical regions of Asia, Africa,
and America. The cloth which is manu-
factured from this wool is also called cot-
ton. The term cotton is taken from the
Arabic name khutén, written by the Ital-
ians cotone, whence Fr. coton, Dut. katon,
and Eng. cotton.

Cor’ron-Gin, a machine for separating
the seeds from the cotton.

CorToN-MILL, a building with machi-

nery for carding, roving, and spinning
cotton by water or steam-power.
Corron-PLaAnT, all the species of the
genus Gossypium produce cotton, and are
therefore cotton-plants. The principal
species are (1.) The G. herbaceum or her-
baceous cotton-plant, with smooth leaves
and yellow flowers, succeeded by round-
ish capsules full of seeds and cotton;
(2). The G. religiosum (and varieties) or
shrub-cotton, the flower and fruit of
which closely resemble the herbaceous

a but the pod is egg-shaped. oe
The G. arboreum or cotton-tree which
grows-on all the Indian mountains, and
yields cotton of a coarse quality.

Cor’uLz, ) the socket of the ue leint.

Cor’yxe, } The term xorvAy, is the name
of an ancient measure.

Coryi’/EDoN (xorvAndoy, from xorvrx,
acayity). 1. A seed lobe. The cotyle-
dons are the parts of a seed which when
germinating become seminal leaves, be-
tween which is seated the embryo or germ
of the plant, called when expanded, the
plumula. Some plants are dicotyledonous,

Nayel-wort. The exotic s species are
mostly permanent.

Cory’tirorm, applies to the general
form of organs of a rotate figure with an
erect limb.

Cor’yLtorp Cavity. In anatomy, the
socket which receives the head of the
thigh-bone, thus named from zorvAn,
the name of an ancient measure, and
6 des, resemblance.

Covace’ca, an animal of South Africa,
the Equus quaccha, Lin., which more re-
sembles the horse than the zebra. The
name is expressive of its — which re-
sembles the barking of a dog.

Covcn’ant (French), lying down; ap-
plied in heraldry to a lion or other beast
lying down with the head raised, which
distinguishes the posture of couchant from

1. In surgery, a surgical
operation, which consists in removing
the opaque lens out of the axis of vision,
by means of a needle adapted to the pur-
pose.——2. In agriculture, land
from couch grass.

Cout’rer, from culter, a knife; an iron
instrument like a knife, fixed in the beam
of a plough, and serving to cut the edge
of each furrow.

Cov’marIn, a crystalline odoriferous
principle extracted from the tonka bean,
which is the seed of the Coumarouna
odorata.

Covn’‘cit, an assembly ; applied to any
body of men convened for eee
and advice in important affairs.
what is called the Privy Council, isa Pre
council formed of the confidential ad-
visers of the sovereign, and convened for
the purpose of deliberating on affairs of
state. A Council of War is an assembly
of the principal officers, called in parti-
cular emergencies, to concert measures
for their conduct.

Cocnt. 1. In law,a particular charge
in an indictment. Fr. conte and compte.
—2. A foreign title of nobility equiva

eee a

covU 249

cou

fent to that of earl in England. Fr.
Comte, It. Conie, Sp. Conde. It is now
merely a title of honour.

Coun’TER Approa’cues. In fortification,
lines and trenches made by the besieged
to attack the works of the besiegers or
hinder their progress.

Coun’rER Drain, a channel dug paral-

lel to a canal, &c., for the conveyance of

the soccage water, by means of drains,
into the lower grounds.

. Coun’TERCHANGED. In heraldry, inter-
mixed as the colours of the field and
charge.

Coun’TERDRAWING, a Method of copying
a design or painting by drawing the out-
lines on some transparent medium placed
over the picture or drawing. This out-
lined sketch is then transferred to the
canvas or other material on which the
copy is to be made.

Coun’TERFOIL, | that part of a tally

Coun’TErsTock, § struck in the Exche-
quer which is kept by an officer in that
court, the other being delivered to the
person who has lent the money on the
account, and is called the stock.

Coun’TERFORT, a buttress, spur or pil-
iar, serving to support a wall, &c., liable
to bulge.

Coun’TERGAUGE. In carpentry, a method
used to measure the joists by transferring
the breadth of a mortise to the place
where the tenon is to be, inorder to make
them fit each other.

Coun’reRGuUARD. In fortification, a work
raised before the point of a bastion.

Coun’TERMARK, a mark frequently seen
in ancient coins.

Coun’TERMINE. In military affairs, a
well and gallery sunk and driven till it
meets the enemy’s mine, to prevent its
effects.

Cotn’TERMURE (murus, a wall), a wall
raised behind another to supply its place
when a breach is made.

Coun’TERPALED. In heraldry, is when
the escutcheon is divided into 12 pales
parted per fesse, the two colours being
counterchanged, so that the upper and
lower are of different colours.

Coun’TERPART, the corresponding part,
or that which answers to another, as the
two papers of a contract. In music, the
bass is said to be the counterpart of the
treble.

Coun’TER-Passant. Inheraldry,is when
two lions or other beasts are represented
as going contrary ways.

Coun’rERPOINT. In music, is when the
musical characters by which the notes in
each part is signified, are placed in such
a manner, each with respect to each, as
to show how the parts answer one
another ; hence in composition counter-
point is the art of combining and mo-
dulating consonant sounds.

Coun’rERPROoF. In rolling-press print-
ing, a print taken off from another fresh
printed, which, by being passed fresh
through the press, gives an inverted im-
pression.

Coun’TER-ROLL. In law, a counterpart
or copy of the rolls relating to appeals,
inquests, &c.

Coun’TERSa/LIENT. In heraldry, is when
two beasts are borne in the act of leap-
ing from each other. The term is Fr.
contre and sailer, to leap.

Coun’TERSCARPE. In fortification, the
exterior talus or slope (escarpe) of the
ditch, or the talus that supports the earth
of the covert-way, with its parapet and
glacis.

Covun’rEeRrsIGn, the signature of a public
officer to the charter of a king, prelate,
&c., by way of certificate. In military
language, see WarcHWworD.

Coun’TERsINK, to make a cavity in tim-
ber-work for the reception of a plate of
iron or the head of a screw or bolt.

Coun’tER Swat’Low’s-Tatt. In fortifi-
cation, an outwork in the form of a single
tenaille, wider at the gorge toward the
place than at the head toward the country.

Coun’TERTENGR. In music, high tenor;
a term applied to the highest male voice.

Coun’TERTIME. In the manége, the re-,
sistance of a horse that interrupts his
cadence and the measure of his manége,
occasioned by a bad horseman or the bad
temper of the horse.

CountT-WHEEL, in the striking part of
a clock, is that which moves round in 12
or 24 hours; called also locking-wheel.

County CokporaTE, a county invested
with particular privileges by charter or
royal grant.

County-courT, a court whose jurisdic-
tion is limited to a county, incident te
the jurisdiction of a sheriff.

CoUNTY-PALATINE, a@ county distin-
guished by particular privileges. So
called a palatio, because the owner had
originally royal powers. The Counties
Palatine of England are Lancaster, Ches-
ter, and Durham, but the palatine powers
are now abridged.

Coup-p'e1L, Fr. The first glance of
the eye, with which it surveys anything
at large.

Covup-pE-soLEIL, Fr. stroke of the sun-
A name given to any disorder suddenly
produced by the violent scorching of the
sun, especially on the head, as phrenitis,
apoplexy, &c.

Cour’Lz, Fr. 1. A band, as that with
which dogs are tied together in pairs-
—2. Arafter. See CoupLes. s

Covrie-crosz. In heraldry, an ordin
so called from its inclosing the chevrons
by couples.

Covrtep Cotumns, columns arranged in
pairs.

COV

250

CRA

Couptes. In architecture, rafters framed
together in pairs, with a tie fixed above
their feet.

Covr’Line-sox. An iron cylinder for
connecting shafts of machinery.

Covru’re. In /ortification, a passage
cut through the glacis, in the re-entering
angle of the covert-way, to facilitate the
sallies of the besieged.

Covrant, Fr. running. Applied in he-
raldry to any animal borne in an escutch-
eon in a running attitude.

Course, Fr. from Lat. curro, to run. 1.
In navigation, that point of the horizon or
compass which a vessel steers on, or the
angle which the rhomb-line makes with
the meridian.——2. In building, a con-
tinued layer of bricks or stones.——3.
Among slaters, a row of slates or tiles,
arranged with their lower ends level.——
4. In architecture, the course of the face
of an arch is the arch-stones which have
their joints radiating to the centre ; the
course of a plinth is its continuity in the
face of the wall. A bond course is further
inserted into the wall than those adjacent.

CoursE or ExcuanGeE. In commerce, the
price or rate at which the currency of one
country is exchanged for tof another,
supposing the currencies of both to be of

the precise weight and purity fixed by
their respective mints.

Courses. In a ship, the principal sails,
as the main-sail, fore-sail, and mizen.
Sometimes the name is given to the stay-
sails of the lower masts ; also to the main
stay-sails of all brigs and schooners.

CovuRSING-JoINT, one between two
courses of masonry.

CourtT-saRon, a court held by every
lord of a manor within the same ; punish-
ment is by amercement.

CourT-LEET, a court of record, held
once a year in a particular hundred, lord-
ship, or manor, before the steward of the
leet.

CoURT-MARTIAL, a court consisting of
military or naval officers, for the trial of
military or naval offenders.

Court or ConscIENCcE, a court for the
determination of cases where the debt or
damage is under 40s.

CouRT-PLAISTER, a plaister made by co-
vering black silk with a mixture of balsam
of benzoin and isinglass.

Covsrinet’, ) the stone which is placed

Cusuion, Jon the impost of a pier, to
xeceive the first stone of the arch; also,
the part of the front of an Ionic capital
between the abacus and echinus.

VE-BRACKETING. In architecture, is
generally applied to that of the quadrantal
cove.

Covep anD Friar Cerrina, a ceiling in
which the section is the quadrant of a
circle, rising from the walls, and inter-
secting in a flats

Cov’enant. In history, the famous bond
of association adopted by the Scottish
Presbyterians, in 1638. In a theologicat
sense, it isa promise made by God to man
upon certain conditions. In law, it ig an
engagement under seal, to do or to omit
a direct act; it is also a form of action,
which lies where a party claims damages
for breach of a covenant under seal.

CovEnan’rERS, the great body of the
Scottish people, who at the era of the Re-
formation, in 1638, and several times
afterwards, subscribed the National Co-
venant. I

Covexts. In ornithology, the feathers
attached to the wings.

Cov’eRTURE. In law, the state of a
married woman, who is consi d as
under cover, or the power of her husband,
and therefore called a femme-covert, or
Seme-couvert.

Covert-way. In fortification, a level
space of about 20 ft. broad from the side
of the ditch, surrounding half-moons, &c.
It has usually a parapet, with palisades
down the middle, and a foot-bank, and is
sometimes called "the corridor.

Cover-way, the recess left in brick-
work for the reception of the roofing. ;
Covin. In law,a collusive agreement
between two or more to prejudice a third
person. The term is from Norman coryne,

a secret place of meeting.

Cov’1nc, from cove, a term used in ar-
chitecture, to denote the projection of the
upper stories of houses over the lower.
The covings of a fireplace are the inclined
vertical parts of the sides.

Cow-rox. This name may be given to
any pustulous disease affecting the cow,
but it is especially applied to that which’
appears on the teats, in the form of vesi-
cles of a blue livid colour: they contain
the virus called vaccine. e same
may be obtained from the heel of a horse,
when affected by the disease called the
grease.

Cowavuakes, the quaking grass; names
common to all the species of the genus
Briza.

Cow’ry, a small shell brought from the
Maldives, which passes current as coin
in small payments in Hindostan, and
throughout extensive districts in Africa.

Cow’stip or Cow’s-tip, a species of Pri-
mula or primrose of several varieties.
The American cowslip belongs to the
genus Dodecatheon; the Jerusalem and
mountain cowslip to the genus Pulmon-

aria.

C.P.8. stand for Custos privati sigilli,
i. e. noone a the privy seal.

Cr. book-keeping, an abbreviation of
the otis creditor.

Cras, Sax. crabba. 1. In natural his-
tory (see CANCER).——2. In astronomy (see
CancER).——3. In botany, the wild apple-

ar =

‘with callous lips so

CRA a ee

CRA

tree, and also the fruit of that tree.——4.
In mechanics,a machine with three claws,
used to launch ships and heave them into
the dock ; also a wooden pillar somewhat
resembling a small capstan, and used for
the same purposes.

Craz’s Craws. In the materia medica,
the tips of the claws of the common crab
(Cancer pagurus) ground. The powder is
used as an absorbent.

Cras’s Erss, concretions formed in the
stomach of the cray-fish (Cancer astracus,
Lin.). They are round on one side and
depressed on the other, and not unlike
eyes.

Cras Yams, a name in the West Indies
for a kind of ulcer on the soles of the feet,
hard that they are
cut with difficulty.

Cra’pie, Sax. cradel, from zeadaw, to
swing. 1. A moveable bed for rocking
children and infirm persons to sleep.——
2. A frame of timber placed under the
bottom of a ship, to conduct her steadily
and smoothly into the water in launching
her.——3. The name is sometimes used
by architects and engineers in the same
sense ,as coffer (q. v.); and also to desig-
nate a centring of ribs and lattice for
turning culverts.

Cra’puinc. In architecture, timberwork
to support the lath and plaster of ceilings,
or for supporting the entablature for a
shop front, &c.

Crac. In geology, a tertiary deposit of
the older pliocene period, which has ob-
tained this name from a provincial term
signifying gravel. It is divided into two
groups, the coralline or lower, and the
red or upper crag.

Crake, the corn-crake (Rallus crex,
Lin.). Named from its cry, crek, crek. It
has been called the Quail-king, because it
arrives and departs with these birds, and
leads a solitary life on the same grounds,
from which arose the conjecture that it
was their leader. It feeds on grain,
worms, and insects.

Cram. In weaving,a warp having more
than two threads in each dent or split of
the reed.

Cramse, the colewort : a genus of plants.
Tetrady ia—Silicul The sea-kale
(C. maritima) grows wild on our shores,
and is cultivated for our tables. Name

xeawen, cabbage.
Crame’RIA, a genus of plants. Tetran-
dria—Monogynia. Named in honour of

two German botanists called Kramer.
The tree which affords the root called
rhatany is a Peruvian species of this
genus.

Cramp, Ger. Dut. Sw. krampe. 1. In
medicine (see Spasm).——2. In building, a
piece of iron or other metal bent at each
end, and inserted into contiguous parts of

a building, arch, &c., to hold them toge-
ther, and thus give additional strength to
the structure.

Cramp’risH, the torpedo or electric eel.

Crampoo’ns, three hooked pieces of iron
attached to the end of a rope or chain, for
drawing up stones, timber, &c.

Cran’BerRRyY, the red whortleberry, the
fruit of Vaccinum oxycoccus, a moss plant
indigenous in Britain, but not plentiful.
Cranberries are chiefly imported from
Russia and North America.

Crane. 1. In ornithology,a name com-
mon to all the species of the genus Grus,
Lin.—2. In hydraulics, a popular name
for the syphon employed to draw off
liquids. . In mechanics, a machine for
raising and lowering great weights, which
has been variously constructed according
to purposes intended to be accomplished,
and is consequently distinguished by va-
rious names, as the cellar crane, portable
stone crane, &c. Watt’s jib beam is perhaps
the most advantageous in present use.

CRANE’S-BILL, @ name common to all
the plants of the genus Geranium.

Cran’Gon, a species of crab (Cancer
crangon).

Cran’con, Gr. zeayyn, a cray-fish ; the
name of the Macrourous crustaceans, in-
cluding the common shrimp.

Craniot’ocy, from zxeavioy, the skull,
and Aoyos, discourse; the study of skulls,
as exhibited in the diversity of their size,
shape, and proportion of parts, of different
races of mankind.

Cranio’METER, from zeaysoy, a skull,
and gsreoy, Measure; an instrument for
measuring the cranial development of
man and other animals.

Crank, literally, a bend. Applied in
mechanics as the name of a square piece
projecting from a spindle, serving by its
motion to raise and fall the pistons of a
steam-engine, turn a wheel, &c.—Crank
is also the name given to iron supports
of a lantern and the iron made fast to the
stock of a bell.—Among seamen, crank
means liable to be upset, and is applied to
aship of a narrow build, or which has not
sufficient ballast.

Crap’aAuDINE Dooxs, doors which turn
on pivots at the top and bettom.

Craps, Fr. crépe, Ger. krepp. A trans-
parent textile fabric, somewhat like
gauze, made of raw silk, gummed and
twisted at the mill. It is woven with
any tweel, and is either crisped (crepé}
or smooth. When dyed black it is worn
by ladies as a mourning dress.

Crass’AMENT, Lat. crassamentum, from
crassus, thick ; the glutinous coagulum of
the blood.

CrassaTer’LbaA, a genus of Molluses,
Family Mylitacea, order Acephala testacea,
Cuy. Name dim. of crassus, thick, the

CRE

252s

CRE

valves of the shells becoming very thick

y age.

Cratz’cus, a genus of permanent plants,
of which the hawthorn and wild service-
tree are species. Icosandria — Digynia.
Name from xearew, to be strong.

Cratz’va, a genus of plants. Polyan-
dria—Monogynia. Name from zearaios,
strong, in allusion to the strong alliaceous
odour of the fruit of most of the species,
which has acquired for it the name of
garlic pears. The bark of the C. tapia is
a bitter tonic much esteemed in India as

a febrifuge.

Cray’on, from Fr. craie, chalk ; a gene-
ral name for all slender, soft, and friable
cylinders variously coloured, for delineat-
ing figures upon paper, usually called
chalk drawings. Red, green, brown, and
other coloured crayons are made with
fine pipe or china clay paste, intimately
mixed with earthy or metallic pigments,
then moulded and dried.— Lithographic
crayons are made of lamp-black, shell-lac,
hard tallow-soap, and white wax, fused
together and cast in a mould of the re-
quired size.

Cream or TarTAR, bitartrate of potash,
or the white tartar of commerce freed
from its impurities.

Crr’ance. In falconry,a fine small line
fastened to a hawk’s beak when she is
first lured.

Cre’asore, from zetas, flesh, and cwra,
to preserve; an oily, colourless, transparent
liquid, of a penetrating odour, resembling
that of smoked meat, and of a burning
and exceedingly caustic taste: obtained
most easily from tar. It takes its name
from its antiseptic property.

Crepen’pa. In theology, things to be
believed: articles of faith; in distinction
from agenda or practical duties.

Crepen’riats, Lerrers or, the letter
from one monarch to another, constituting
the evidence of the validity of the title
of a minister at a foreign court.

Crep’it. In commerce, the term used
to express the trust or confidence placed
by one individual in another, when he
assigns him money or other property in
loan, or without stipulating for its imme-
diate payment. The party who lends is
said to give credit, and the party who
borrows to obtain credit.

Creex, Sax. crecea. In geography, a
shore or bank on which the water beats,
running in a small channel from the sea.
In the United States, creek is synonymous
with rivulet.

Creet. A fish-basket.

Crer’rer. 1. Inbotany,creeping plants
are called creepers. ——2. In ornithology, a
mame common to all the species of the
genus Certhia, Lin., from their habit of
climbing trees like woodveckers.

Cree’Pers, an instrument of iron, with
hooks or claws, for drawing up things
from the bottom of a well, pir, ae: or for

the bottom of a river, ‘&e., in
search of something, as the body of a
drowned person.

Cremo’na, a general title for the violins
made at Cremona in Italy, during the
17th and 18th century, chiefly by the
Amati family.

Cre’nNaTE, Lat. crenatus, notched or
scolloped. "Applied to objects in natural
history when the indentations on the
borders, as of ar are rounded and not
sufficiently deep to be called teeth.

CreneEL’LE, in Gothic mabsinrg ie: the
opening of an embattled para:

Cren’uLaTeE (dim. of crenate) ; "indeueall
round the margin with small notches.

Crr’otes, the descendants of whites
born in Mexico, South America, and the
West Indies, in whom the European blood
has been immixed with that of other
races.

Cre’pance, | A chop in one of a horse’s

Cre’pane. § hind legs, caused by the
shoe of the other hind foot crossing and
striking it. This sometimes degenerates
into an ulcer.

Cre’Ppon, a fine stuff made either of fine
wool, or of wool and silk, of which the
warp is twisted much harder than the
weft. The crepons of Naples consist alto-
gether of silk.

Crepuscura’ria, a family of Lepidopte-
rous insects in the system of Cuvier,
composing the genus Sphinx of Linnzus ; :
name from crepusculum, twilight, as
“these lepidoptera appear only in the
morning or evening.”

Crescen’po (Ital.) In music, when the
volume of sound is increased from soft to
loud, marked thus

Crescent, from crescens, growing. In
heraldry, an honourable ordinary in the
form of a new moon or crescent.

_ CRESCEN’TIA, the Calabash tree: a genus.

mia. Name from
cresco, in allusion to the rapid growth and
large size of the nut or fruit. Natives of
the West Indies and South America.

Cress. A number of plants which have
a more or less pungent flavour are called
cresses. The garden and tie cresses
are species of the genus Lepidium; the
water and wild cresses belong to the
genus Sysimbrium.

Crest, from Norm. crest, it rises. A
term used in armoury to signify the top
part of the helmet generally ornamented ;
and in heraldry, that part of the casque
or helmet next the mantle. ;

Crera’crous Grovr. In geology,agroup
of strata comprising those from the chalk
of Maestricht to the lower green sand-
stone inclusive. These strata are all
marine.

CRE

253

CRO

Cre’'TINISM, & peculiar endemic disease,
‘,eommon in Switzerland, and in some
other mountainous districts. It makes a
close approach to rickets in its general
symptoms; but differs in the tendency to
that peculiar enlargement of the thyroid
gland called by the French goftre, and
by us Derbyshire-neck, and in the mental
imbecility which accompanies it from
the first. The individuals so affected with
this disease are called cretins.

Cris-sitina, biting the manger or crib;
a bad habit in horses, caused by disease
in the teeth, or rough usage by the person
who currycombs them.

Crip‘1rorM, Lat. cribiformis, sieve-like
(cribrum, a sieve); applied to one of the
bones of the cranium (the ethmoid bone),
which is perforated like a sieve.

Crice’tus, a genus of Mammalia—the
Hamsters. Order Rodentia. These ani-
mals have considerable resemblance. to
the ratin conformation, but are agree-
ably marked with grey, black, and white
spots. The C. vulgaris is common in all
the sandy regions which extend from the
north of Germany to Siberia.

Cri‘coip, Lat. cricoides, ring-like
( (memos, a ring, and ¢7de¢, like). Applied
in anatomy to a ring-like cartilage of the
larynx.

Criup. 1. An agent for coal-merchants
and persons concerned in shipping.——2.
An obsolete game at cards.——3. A person
formerly employed to decoy others into
the naval or military service.

Crin’eie, from D. krinkel, a. bend. A

“hole in the bolt-rope of a sail, formed by
intertwisting the division or strand of a
rope alternately round itself and through
the strand of the bolt-rope, till it becomes
threefold, and assumes the shape of a
ring. Its use is to receive the ends of
the ropes by which the sail is drawn up
to its yard, or to extend the leech by
the bow-line bridles. Tron cringles or
hanks are open rings running on the
stays, to which the heads of the stay-
sails are made fast.

Cri‘no, from crinis, hair. 1. A genus of
Entozoa, observed chiefiy in horses and
dogs.——2. A disease which, according to
Ettmuller and others, has prevailed epi-
demically among children. It consists
in the eruption of rigid black hairs from
the skin of the back, arms, and legs, ac-
companied with febrile irritation and
emaciation. Three or four crops arise
during the first month of the child’s life.

Cretnol’pEa, from xzesyoy, a lily, and
rides, like, lily-shaped zoophytes. A
name given to the whole class of Encri-
nites and Pentacrinites, from their resem-
blance to the head of a lily. The fossil
remains of order have been long
known by the name of stone-lilies or en-

erinites, and have lately been classed ina
separate order, containing many genera,
and placed by Cuvier after the asteria.
The skeleton of the crinoidea is composed
ofnumerous ossicula, thenumber of bones
in one skeleton being computed at up-
wards of 30,000.

Cris’ta, Lat. a crest. This name is
given, 1. In anatomy, to several parts and
processes of bone, supposed to resemble
the comb of a cock, as the crista ilit and
crista galli of the ethmoid bone. 2. In
surgery, to certain excrescences supposed
to resemble the comb of a cock.

Cris’Tate, Lat. cristatus, crested. Ap-
plied to parts of plants, &c., having an
appendage resembling a crest.

CritH’mum, the samphire or sea-fennel.
A genusof plants. Pentandria—Digynia.
There are two species ; the C maritimum,
alow perennial, grows on our coasts, and
is used as a pickle. Name from zeww,
to secrete, in allusion to some ascribed
medicinal virtues of the plant.

Crocxet, from Fr. croc,a hook. The
small buds or bunches of foliage used in
Gothic architecture, to ornament spires,
canopies, pinnacles, &c.; the larger
bunches at the top are termed jinials.

Croc’opILE, Lat. erocodilus. An am-
phibious voracious animal of the order
Sauria, Cuy. See Crocopitvus.

Crocopr’tus, a genus of reptiles of the
order Sauria, Cuy., comprising 12 species ;
viz. one Gavial, ‘three Alligators, and
eight true Crocodiles. Name 2 e0z008IAOS,
of uncertain origin. Crocodiles are large
animals, having four feet, and a tail
flattened on its sides, and covered, like
the back of the animal, with very hard
scales or plates. They are furnished with
two rows of teeth, and there are three
eyelids to their eyes. The vertebre are
so disposed as, not to admit of sudden
deviation from a straight course, in con-
sequence of which it is not difficult to
escape from them by pursuing a zigzag
course, or by running from them. Their
eggs are as large and hard as those of a
goose. They inhabit fresh water.

Crocon’ic Acip. During the distillation
of potassium from a mixture of carbonate
of potash and charcoal, a gray compound
comes over, which forms a yellow solu-
tion with water. From this solution
yellow crystals of croconate of potash are
obtained, which afford by proper treat-
ment yellow prismatic crystals of croconic
acid ; a compound, according to Gmelin,
of carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen. The
acid is decomposed by strong heat, and
deposits pure charcoal. It takes its name
from croceus, yellow (crocus, saffron).

Cro’cus. 1. Saffron, a genus of plants.
Triandria—Monogynia. The C. sativus is
a native of Greece and Asia Minor, but

CRO

254

CRO

is extensively cultivated in England for
medicinal purposes, and for the colouring
matter of its flowers (See SaFPrRon). The
story of young Crocus, turned into this
flower, may be seen in the fourth book of
Ovid’s Metamorphoses.——2. A name
given by the older chemists to several
preparations of metallic substances, from
their yellow colour, as C. martis, calcined
sulphate of iron; C. metallorum (metallic
crocus), ‘sulphuretted oxide of antimony;

. veneris, oxide of copper, formed by cal-
cining the metal.

Crots’sante Crorx (French), a crescent
at each end

Crom’LEcus, rude erections of great an-
tiquity, found in many parts of Britain.
They consist of huge flat stones, raised
upon other stones set upon end. By some
bog d are regarded as tombs, by others it

imagined that they are Druidical
aes, erected for sacrificial purposes.

Crop-ourt, a term used by miners to ex-
press the rising up at the surface of one
or more strata ; thus a stratum rising to
the surface is said to crop-out.

Crore. In commerce, 100 lacs of rupees.

CroseEr’res, in architecture, the same as
ancones.

Cro’ster. 1. A bishop’s crook or
toral staff; a symbol of pastoral autho-
rity and care. It was originally a staff
with a cross on the top in the form of a
‘T.——2. In astronomy, four stars in the
southern hemisphere in the form of a
cross

Cros’tet. In heraldry, a little cross
crossed at a small distance from the ends.

Cross, from Lat. crux, through Fr.
croix; an instrument used in surveying
for the purpose of raising perpendiculars.
It consists merely of two pairs of sights
set at right angles to each other, mounted
on a staff of a convenient height for use.
In heraldry, the most ancient and noble
of all the honourable ordinaries, which
contains one-fifth of the field, and is
formed by the meeting of two perpendi-
cular with two horizontal lines near the
fess point, where they make four right
angles.

CRoss-BANDED, a term applied to a ve-
neer on a hand-rail, the grain of which
crosses that of the rail.

Cross-BAR-SHOT, a cannon-ball with an
iron bar passing through it, and project-
ing a few inches on each side; used in
naval’ actions for cutting the enemy’s
rigging.

Cross-BEAM. In architectu;e, a large
beam passing from wall to wall, and serv-
ing to hold the sides of a house together.

Crossse.t. 1. In ornithology, a name
common to all the species of the genus
Doxia, Bris.; but especially applied to
the JI. curvirostra, Lin. The beak is
compressed, and the two mandibles rre

so strongly curved that their points cross
each other, sometimes on the one side and
sometimes on the other.——2. In chan-
cery, an original bill by which the defend-
ant prays relief against the plaintiff.

Cruss-Bow, a missive weapon formed
by placing a bow athwart a stock of the
form of a musket.

Cross-cuT Saw, a Saw managed by two
men, one at each end.

Cross-sack (Crojeck), a sail extended
on the lower yard of the mizen-mast;
seldom

Crosses, Stone. In antiquities, preach-
ing crosses are in general quadrangular or
hexagonal, open on one or both sides,
and raised on steps. Market crosses are
well known. Crosses of memorial were
raised on various occasions. Crosses
served also as landmarks.

CrosssEr’TEs, Fr., called also ears, elbows,
ancones, prothyrides. In architecture, the
returns on the corners of door-cases or
window frames.

Cross-HEAD. In mechanics, any cross-
beam or bar is so called.

Cross-Piece, a rail of timber extending
Over the windlass of a ship, furnished
with pins to which to fasten the rigging
as occasior requires.

Cross-sTaFrr, an instrument formerly
used at sea to take the meridian altitude
of the sun.

Cross-rrEeEs. In ships, pieces of tim-
ber supported by the cheeks and trestle-
trees at the upper ends of the lower
masts, to sustain the frame of the top,
and on the top-masts to extend the top-
gallant shrouds.

Cross-VAULTING, a Common name given
to groins and cylindric vaults.

Cro’raLus, the rattlesnake, a genus of
serpents remarkable for the intensity of
their venom, and the rattle which termi-
nates the tail (wlgence the generic name
from xedranoy; a rattle). This rattle is
formed by several scaly cornets, loosely
fitted into each other, which move and
produce the peculiar noise whenever they
crawl or shake that part of the body.
Four species are found in America.

Crotcu, Fr. Groc, a hook. 1. A crooked
timber placed on the keel in the fore and
aft parts of a ship.—2. A piece of wood
or iron opening on the top, and extend-
ing two horns or arms like a half-moon,
for supporting a boom, a square topmast,
yards, &c.

CrorcHet, Fr. crochet, croche, from croc,
a hook. 1. In printing, see BRacKETS.——
2. In carpentry, see Bracket.——3. In ob-
stetrics,a curved instrument with a hook,
used to extract the foetus 1a the operation
of embryotomy.——4. In music, a note
equal in time to half a minim
and the double of a quaver, = ;
marked thus :— :

CRO

255

CRU

Crora’tum, an ancient kind of casta-
net used by the Corybantes, or priests of
Cybele.

Cro’ron. 1. The Greek name of the
dog-tick.——2. The name of a genus of
plants, mostly shrubs, inhabiting hot cli-
mates Class Monecia; order Monodel-
phia. The C. cascariiia affords the casca-
Yilla bark; the C. tiglium affords the
parana wood and tiglia seeds, from which
croton oil is obtained; the C. tinctorium
produces the litmus or turnsol.

Croro’NE, a fungus on trees produced
by an insect like a tick (zeoroy, the tick),
and applied to small fungous excrescences
on the periosteum.

Croton’ic Acip, an acid obtained from
croton oil.

Cro’ton O1n, a powerful purgative oil,
obtained by expression from the tiglia
seeds (seeds of the Croton tiglium), which
is a native of Ceylon, Malabar, China,
and the Moluccas.

Croup. l. Fr. croupe, the hindermost
parts of a horse. 2, Scot. croup or
crowp; an affection of the throat accom-

ed by a hoarse and permanently la-
borious and suffocative breathing, a stri-
dulous noise, a short and dry cough, and
frequently, towards the close, an expec-
toration of concrete membranous spu-
tum. Of this disease there are three va-
rieties, the acute, the chronic, and the
spasmodic. The first species is both com-
mon and fatal among children under 12
years of age, the second is rare, and the
third is rather a nervous than an inflam-

In the manége, a leap in
which the horse throws up his croup and
pulls up his hind legs, as if he drew them
up to his belly.

Crovr’rr, a leathern strap attached to
a saddle, and fitted to go under the tail of
the horse to keep the saddle in its place.

Crow. 1. In ornithology, a name com-
mon to all the species of the genus Corvus,
Lin., from the ery of these birds.——2. In
mechanics, a bar of iron with a hook at
one end and having the other pointed,
used chiefly by masons and bricklayers
for moving heavy weights. —— 3. The
butcher’s name for the mesentery or
ruffle of a beast.

Crow-roor. 1. In ships, a complica-
tion of small cords spreading out from a
long block ; used to suspend the awnings,
to keep the topsails from chafing against
the tops.——2. In botany, a name com-
mon to all the species of the genus Ra-
nunculus.——3. In military affairs, a cal-
trop.

Crown. 1. A cap of state.——2. A sil-
ver coin worth 5s.——3. In anatomy, the
vertex of the head.——4. In architecture,
the upper part of a cornice, including the
eorona.——5. In geometry, a plane ring

included between two concentric pert-
meters.—46. In astronomy (See Corona).
——i7. Among jewellers, the upper work
of the rose-diamond.

Crown-c.ass, the best sort of window
glass.

Crown’tne. 1. In architecture, the fin-
ishing of a member or any ornamental
work.—2. Among seamen, the finishing
of a knot or the interweaving of the
strands.

Crown’-oFFIcE, an office belonging to
the Court of Queen’s Bench, of which the
Queen’s coroner or attorney is commonly
master, and in which the attorney-gene-
ral and clerk exhibit infor=~sJons for
crimes and misdemeanours.

Crown-post, in building, a post which
stands upright between two principal
rafters.

Crown-scaLe. In farriery,a cancerous
ee Set round the corners of a horse’s

oof.

CROWN-WHEEL. In a watch, the upper
wheel, which by its motion drives the
balance.

Crown-work. In fortification, an out-
work having a large gorge and two long
sides terminating towards the field in two
demi-bastions, intended to inclose a rising
ground or cover an entrenchment.

Cru’@1BLe, a chemical vessel indispen-
sable in the various operations of fusion
by heat. Crucibles are commonly made
of fire-clay, so tempered and baked as to
endure extreme heat without melting.
To render them more refractory, the clay
may be mixed with some finely ground
cement of old crucibles, a portion of black-
lead, and some coak. The black-lead cru-
cibles are made of two parts of graphite,
and one of fine clay, made into a paste
with water: they bear a higher heat than
the Hessian crucibles, which consist simply
of clay and sand: these have a triangular
shape. Crucibles are made of various
other materials, as iron, platinum, &c.

Cru’cirer, the name given to a large
order of plants, from crux and fero, be-
cause the petals, four in number, are so
arranged as to resemble a cross. The
radish, cabbage, stock, &c., are cruciferous
or cruciform plants. They all belong to
the Linnean class Tetradynamia.

Crv’cirorm, Lat. cruciformis, cross-like.
Applied to flowers, leaves, &c., which
have the’shape of a cross.

Crv‘or (Lat.), the red part of the blood,
from zevos, cold, it being that which ap-
pears as coagulum as the blood cools.

Crur’per, a roll of leather attached to
the saddle, passed under a horse’s tail, to
prevent the saddle from moving forward
on the neck of the horse.

Cruser’, Fr. creuset ; a goldsmith’s cru-
cible or melting pot.

Crust. In geology, that portion of our

CRY 2

56 cUsB

globe which is accessible to our examina-
tion. The greatest depth to which man
has hitherto been able to extend his ob-
servations is from eight to ten miles,
which has about the same relation to the
magnitude of the earth that the thickness
of the paper of a globe a foot in diameter
has to the magnitude of that globe.

Crus’ta. In gem sculpture, a gem en-
graved for inlaying on a vase or other
object.

Crusta’cra, } A class of articulated

Crusta’cEans. fanimals, with articu-
lated feet, respiring by means of branchiz,
protected in some by the borders of 4
shell (crusta), and external in others, but
which are not inclosed in special cavities
of the body, and which receive air from
openings in the surface of the skin. Their
circulation is double, and analogous to
that of the Mollusca. They are apterous,
furnished with compound eyes, and usu-
ally with four antennz. They have mostly
three pairs of jaws: the twosupérior ones
are called mandibles ; as many foot-jaws,
the last four of which, in a great many
instances, become true feet; and ten feet
properly so called. Their envelope is
usually solid, and more or less calcareous.
The class is divided into two sections, the
Malacostraca and the Entomostraca. The
crabs, crawfish, pernys, &c., belong to
the first of these divisions; the Molucca
crab, fish-louse, trilobites, &c., belong to
the second.

Crusta’ceEan, ) Covered with a shell;

Crusvra’crovs. } shelly: C. animals are
jointed, while the testaceous are covered
by an uninterrupted shell.

Croex. In astronomy, the cross: an as-
terism containing five stars, four of which
are in the form of a cross, the most north-
erly and southerly are in a line with the
south pole, and are therefore called the
pointers. uv

Cryorpn’orvus, from 26409, cold, and
tea, to bear ; the frost-bearer: an instru-
ment invented by Dr. Wollaston, to de-
monstrate the relation between evapora-
tion at low temperatures and the produc-
tion of cold. It consists essentially of
two bulbs of glass, connected by a tube,
as shown in the figure. The water is

A
boiled in one of the bulbs till the in-
cluded air is expelled by the steam,
through a small aperture in the tube at
A, which is then hermetically sealed:

when cool, the pressure of the included
steam is “educed to that due to the ter’-

perature of the surrounding atmosphere:
if the empty ball be now surrounded with
a freezing mixture, rapid evaporation
takes place from the water in the distant
ball, which is soon converted into ice, by
the rapid abstraction of its heat of tem-
perature.

Crypt, from zevrrw, to hide: a subter-
ranean place, especially under a church,
for the interment of the dead. Urypts
were originally places where the primi-
tive Christians performed their devotion,
hence the term has been applied to under-
ground chapels, as the crypt of St. Paul’s.

Crrproca’mia, the 24th and last class
of the Linnzan system of plants, compre-
hending those in which the parts essen-
tial to fructification have not been suffi-

ciently ascertained to admit of their being

referred to other classes: hence the name
from wevTros; concealed, and yor,
marriage. It contains four orders, Filices
(ferns), sci (mosses), Alg@ (sea- weeds),
and Fungi.
Crypto Porticts. In ancient architec-
ture, a concealed portico. - ;
Crys‘rat, Lat. crystallus, Gr. xeueTarAns,
from xev0E5 frost, and ortAAw, to set. I.
In chemistry and mineralogy, an inorganic
body which, by the operation of affinity,
has assumed the form of a regular solid,
terminated by a certain number of plane
and smooth surfaces. Every body sus-
ceptible of crystallisation, crystallises in
some primitive form, as the tetrahedron,
cube, dodecahed tahed six-sided

those of carbonate of lime, found chiefly
and of the finest quality in Iceland, are
called Iceland crystal, but more commonly
I. spar.—2. A species of glass more per-
fect in its composition and manufacture
than the common glass.

Crys’‘TALLINE HumowRr, \ A solid body,

———- LEns. of a lenticular
form, being part of the eye, situated be-
hind the aqueous humour, opposite the
pupil, and its posterior portion isreceived
into a depression on the fore part of the
vitreous humour. It is formed of two
segments of spheres of unequal sizes; the
anterior surface is the less convex.

CRYSTALLIZATION, a process in which
crystallisable bodies tend to assume a re-
gular form, when placed in circumstances

favourable to that particular disposition ©

of their molecules.

Cuse, Lat. cubus, Gr. zi8os, A regular
solid body, consisting of six square and
equal faces, with right, and therefore
equal, angles. A die is a small cube.
The third power of a quantity is als¢

}
:

cuUuc 257

cuUL

called the cube of that quantity; a quan-
tity multiplied twice by itselfis said to be
cubed. e CuBE Roor.

Cu’sess, the fruit of the Piper cubeba, a
climbing plant found only in Java. Cu-
bebs resemble pepper-corns, but are
somewhat longer. They have a hot, pun-
gent, aromatic, slightly bitter taste; and
a fragrant, agreeable odour.

Curse Numsers are those whose roots
are finite, or which are produced by the
multiplication of three equal factors.

CuseE Root, one of the three factors of
a cube number.

Cu’sic Eava’tions are those whose
highest power consists of three dimen-
sions, as x* + az” = bd.

Cusic’utum. Anciently, the tent pro-
vided to cover the emperors at the public
shows.

Cu’sit. 1. Lat. cubitus, that part of the
arm which extends from the elbow to the
wrist.——-2. A measure of length. Drv
Arbuthnot states the English cubit at
1 ft. 6in.; the Roman, at lft. 5°406in.;
and the Hebrew, at 1 ft. 9°888 in.

Cu’B0-DODECAHE’DRAL, presenting the
two forms, a cube and a dodecahedron.

Cu’B0-9CTAHEDRAL, presenting a com-
bination of the two forms, a cube and an
octahedron.

Cucxoo’, ) A well-known bird of pas-

Crcxow, J sage, which visits this coun-
try about the middle of April, and is
thus popularly named from its note. Its
generic name is cuculus (q.v.). It lives
on insects, and is celebrated for the sin-
gular habit of laying its eggs in the nests
of other insectivorous birds ; and what is
not less extraordinary, these latter, which
are often a considerably smaller species,
take as much care of the young cuckoo
as of their own offspring, and that, too,
when its introduction has been preceded,
which often happens, by the destruction
of their eggs.

Cuckoo’-sPIT, } A white froth or

Cuckoo’-sPITTLE, } spume,very common
on plants in the spring, and which is vul-
garly supposed to be the spittle of the
cuckoo. Itis ejected by a small insect in
the first stage of its life. It subsequently
becomes a hopping insect, and no longer
emits froth.

Cou’cvuLtatse, Lat. cucullatus, hooded,
cone-shaped. Applied to leaves when
their edges meetin the lower, and expand
toward the upper part.

Cv’cutvus, the cuckoo. A genus of Scan-
sorie,Cuv. See Cuckoo.

Cucur’sir. 1. A chemical distilling
vessel, so named from its resemblance to
a gourd (cucurbita)——2. A cupping-
glass.—3. In botany. See Cocursira.

Cucur’siTa, a genus of plants. Monecia
—Syngenesia. Name @ curvitate, according
to Scaliger, the first syllable being

doubled. The water-melon plant, or Sici-
lian citrul, and the common pompion,
gourd or bottle-gourd, are species. W.
climates.

Cucursir’vta, Lat. dim. of cucurbita, a
gourd. A cupping-glass, thus named from
its shape.

Cupsear’, a purple or violet-coloured
powder, used in dyeing violet, purple, and
crimson. Itis prepared from a species of
lichen (Lichen tartareus), named popularly
crustaceous moss, from its growing com-
monly on limestone rocks, in Seotland,
North of England, Sweden, &c. It was
first made an article of trade in this
country by Dr. Cuthbert Gordon, from
whom it derived its name. It is chiefly
imported from Sweden, and sells in Lon-
don for about 20/.-per ton.

Cup’py. 1. Im ships, a cabin under the
poop.—2. In ichthyology, the cole-fish.

Cuz, from Fr. queue, the tail. 1. A long
tapering stick, tipped with leather, used

in playing billiards. ——2. The notice
given to an actor on the stage what and
when to speak.

Cut-prE-rour. In architecture, a French
term applied to a kind of low spherical
vault.

Cutpr’ss, monkish priests remarkable
for religious duties. They formerly occu-
pied Scotland, Ireland, and Wales

Cuutet, the broken glass brought to
the glass-house to be remelted.

Cum. 1. A Welch name of a species of
coal of indifferent quality, used for burn-
ing lime.-——2. From Lat. culmus (of
xaheos, a reed), the stem or straw of
grasses, and plants nearly allied to them.

Cur’minaTE, from culmen, the highest
point. To be vertical to or on the meri
dian; hence the culminating potnt is
that point of a circle of the sphere that is
on the meridian; and culmination is the
term applied to the passage of a heavenly
body over the meridian, or its greatest
altitude during its diurnal revolution.

Cur’rer (Lat.), a knife or shear. In
anatomy, the third lobe of the liver, from
its shape.

Cutrivar’or, an instrument of the horse-
hoe kind, principally used in working
fallows.

Cutrriros’TRES, a family of birds: order
Grallatorie, Cuy. Name from culter, a
knife, and rostrum, a beak, in allusion to
their thick, long, and strong beak, which
is generally trenchant and pointed. The
cranes, herons, storks, and wood-pelicans,
are examples.

Cur'verin, from colubrinus, serpent-
like; a long slender piece of ordnance or
artillery for carrying a ball to a great
distance.

Cur’verT, an arched drain for the con-
veyance of water under canals, roads, &c,

8

CUR 258

CUR

Cum’srian System. In geology, another
name for the slate or grauwacke system,
from its being most remarkably developed
in Cumberland. It includes the Plynlym-
mon and Snowdon rocks, and Bala lime-
stone. The strata are of great but un-
known thickness.

Cunerrr’, Cvverrer’ (Fr.),a deep trench
in the middle of a dry moat, to obstruct
the enemy’s approach to a fortified place.

Cu’re., from cupella, a little cup. A
shallow vessel like a cup, used in refining
metals. It is made of phosphate of lime,
which suffers the baser me to pass
through it, when exposed to a melting
heat, and retains the pure metal. The
process is called cupellation.

Curetta’rion, the purifying of gold,
silver, palladium, and platinum, by an
addition of lead, which at a due heat be-
comes vitrified, and promotes the vitrifi-
cation and calcination of inferior metals
in the mixture, so that they are carried
off in the fusible glass which is formed.

Cvu’pora (It.), a dome (see Dome). The
word signifies also the founder’s furnace
- for melting cast iron.

Cur’Pinc. In surgery, the application
of curcubitule or cupping-glasses to the
fleshy parts of the body, for the purpose
of effusing the blood into the cellular
tissue (as in dry cupping), or of actually
extracting it after scarification. To apply
the cupping-glass, all that is necessary is
to heat the bottom of it slightly over a
spirit-lamp: this rarefies the air within
it, so that when applied and reduced to
the ordinary temperature, a partial
vacuum is formed into which the blood
is determined.

Cup’PING-Gutass, a glass vessel like a
cup, but more ample and round at the
bottom part.

Cupres’sus, the cypress-tree: a genus.
Monecia—Monadelphia. So called (azo rov
xUELY TaeloroVs Tous axeEmLovas), because
it produces equal branches. There are
seven species. See Cypkess.

Curaco’a, a liquor prepared in great
perfection by the Dutch.

Co’rate, Lat. curator (from cura, cure) ;
a clergyman of the Church of England
who is employed to perform divine ser-
vice in the place of the incumbent parson
or vicar.

Cora‘ror, Lat. from cura, cure; a trus-
tee or person appointed, according to the
forms of civil law, to manage the affairs
of minors and persons incapable of ma-
maging their own concerns.

Curs, Fr. courber, to bend. 1. In the
manége, a chain of iron made fast to the
upper part of the branches of the bridle,
and running over the beard of the horse.
Ausu (Fr. cuurbe, It. corba) a hard and cal-
lous swelling on the hind part of the hock

of a horse’s leg.——2. In bricklaying, a
noose of oak for brick steps, to prevent
the bricks from being dislocated.

Curs-ptate. In architecture, the wall
plate of a circular or elliptically-ribbed
dome; also the horizontal rib at top, and
the circular frame of a well, the horizon-
tal piles of timber at the junction of the
upper and lower rafters of a curb-roof,
and the plate of a skylight are thus deno-
minated.

Curs-rarreErs, the upper rafters on both
sides of a curb-roof.

Curs-roor, a roof formed of four con-
tiguous planes, each two having an ex-
ternal inclination: called also a Mansard-
roof. It gives more space to the upper
rooms of the house.

Curs-stonEs, the stones placed at the
edge of a pavement to hold the work to-
gether: written also kirb.

Curncv’ma, the Turmeric: an extensive -

genus of perennial plants. Monandria—
Monogynia. Name from Arabic, Kurkum,
a general name for all roots of a saffron
colour,

CuretrtrY’ (Fr.), a surgical instrument,
shaped like a little scoop, for taking away
any opaque matter that may be left be-
hind the pupil, after extracting
ract from an eye.

Cur’rew, Fr. couvre-feu, cover-fire; a
signal given in cities taken in war, &c.,
to the inhabitants to put out their fires
and retire to rest. The most celebrated
curfew in England was that established
by William the Conqueror, who appointed
that, under severe penalties, at the ring-
ing ofa bell at eight o’clock, every one
should put out his light and go to bed:
hence still, a bell rung about that time of
the evening is called a curfew-beil.

Cu’r1a, anciently a court or senate-

ouse.

Cu’rrgs, a subdivision of the Roman
patrician tribes, each of which were di-
vided into ten curies.

Cur’Lew, Fr. corlieu or courlis, a bird
belonging to the genus Scolopax, Lin., but
formed by Cuvier into a separate genus,
Numenius. It frequents the sea-shore.

Cur’RrEnT, a flowing; applied to fiuids,
as a stream or flux of water moving some-
times rapidly in any direction, and com-
mon in various parts of the ocean; e. g.,
the gulf stream is a remarkable current.
The setting of the current is that point of
the compass to which the water runs,
and the drift of the current is the rate it
runs per hour.

Curricvu’tum, Lat. from curro, to run;
the complete course of studies of a uni-
versity, school, &c.

Currv’ca, a sub-genus of passerine
birds, the most celebrated of which is the
nightingale (Motacilla luscinia, Lin.). See
Moracitua.

the cata- —

i

ad

i Oe

CUR

259

CYA

Cur’rrinc, from corium, a hide, and
vado, to scrape; the art of dressing skins
after they are tanned, for the purposes of
the shoemaker, coach and harness maker,
&c., or of giving them the necessary
lustre, colour, and pliancy.

Cur’stTor, from curso, to run; a clerk
of the Court of Chancery, whose busihess
is to make out original writs. In the sta-
tute 18 Edw. III., the cursitors (24 in
number) are called clérks of course.

Cunr’sor (Latin), a runner; a small slid-
ing piece of brass in some mathematical
instruments, as the piece of anequinoxial
ring-dial, which slides to the day of the
month; the point that slides along the
beam-compass, &c.

Curso’r1a, a family of insects, order
Orthoptera, Cuy. The posterior legs as
well as the others are solely adapted for
running, whence the name, from cursor,a
runner. The earwigs and cockroaches
are examples.

Curso’rtus, a genus of birds, order
Grallatorie; family Pressirostres. The
legs are long, and adapted for running,
whence the name, from cursor, a runner.

Cur’ratn. In military affairs, that part
of a rampart which lies between two
bastions.

Curta’na, the sword of Edward the
Confessor, having its edge blunted, as an
emblem of mercy.

Courtesy or Courtesy of EncGiann, is
the right of a husband to hold his wife’s
lands after her death for his life.

Ccr’tatEe Distance. In astronomy, the
distance of a planet’s place from the sun
or earth, reduced to the ecliptic, or the in-
terval between the sun and earth, and
that point where a perpendicular let fall
from the planet, meets with the ecliptic.

Cu’RuLE MAaAGistrratEs, were those of
the greatest dignity in the Roman em-
pire, and were distinguished by the

rivilege of sitting upon ivory chairs
Yelle eurules) in the exercise of their
functions.

Cur’vature. In geometry, the bending
by which a line becomes a curve of any
particular form and properties.

Curve, from curvo, to bend. A curve or
curved line is that of which no portion,
however small, is straight. A crooked line
may be either a curved line or the junc-
tion of two or more straight lines drawn
in different directions. The variety of
curves are innumerable, i.e., they have
different degrees of curvature, but those
most frequently referred to, besides the
circle, are the ellipsis, the parabola, the
hyperbola, and the cycloid. A curve of
double curvature is one in which all the
parts are not situated in the same plane,
and which,can only be traced upon a
eurve surface.

Cunver’, Fr. courbette ; It. corvetta; Sp-

corveta; a particular leap of a horse,
when he ruises both his fore legs at once,
equally advanced, and as his fore legs are
descending he raises his hind legs, so that
all his four legs are up at once.

Cusp, from cuspis, a point; a point or
horn of the moon or other luminary. This
term is also applied to the pendents in the
gothic style of architecture; assembled
they form trefoils, quatrefoils, &c.

Cus’PipaTE, Lat. cuspidatus, sharp-
pointed; applied to leaves, &c. which ter-
minate in a spine.

Cus’roMaRY FREEHOLD. In law, is asu-
perior kind of copyhold, the tenant hoid-
ing, as it is expressed, by copy of court
roll, but not at the will of the lord.

Cus’rom-Hovusse, the house or office
where commodities are entered for im-
portation or exportation; where the du-
ties, bounties, or drawbacks payable or
receivable upon such importation or ex-
portation are paid, and where ships are
cleared out, &c.

Custom. In Jaw, long established usage,
which constitutes the unwritten law,and
long consent, which gives it authority.

Cus’toms, In commerce, duties charged
upon commodities on their being im-
ported into or exported out of a country.

Cus’ros (Latin), a keeper, as, (1). C.
brevium, the principal clerk of the Court
of Common Pleas, who keeps all the writs
made returnable in that court; (2). ©.
rotulorum, an officer who has the care of
the rolls and records of the sessions of
peace; also of the commission of the
peace.

Cus’tos Mxs‘stum. In astronomy, an as-
terism named in honour of the astrono-
mer Messier, and in allusion to his name
it is called the Guardian of the Harvests,
Rt. asc. 35° and Decl. 68° N.

Cu’ticte, Lat. cutis, skin. In anatomy,
the scarf-skin. In botany, the thin vesi-
cular membrane that covers the exter-
nal surface of vegetables.

Cur’ter. In marine language, a small
vessel with one mast, and sloop-rigged,
constructed for swift sailing; alsoa small
boat attached to a ship of war: it has
six oars.

Cur’rierisy, the sepia of Linnzeus ; more
strictly the sepia of Lamarck. See Sepia.

Cur’ry-stoor. In Scottish kirks, a smail
gallery near the roof (more commonly a
bench or chair), painted black, in which
the offenders against chastity are obliged
to sit during the performance of the ser-
vice for three sabbaths, subjected to the
rebukes of the minister.

Cor-water. Ofa ship, the sharp part
of the head under the beak or figure.

Cy’anaTe, asalt formed by the union of
the cyanic acid with a salifiable base.

Cy’anto Actp, an acid obtained by Se-
rullas, in 1829, from perchloride ot cyai._-

s 2

cYyc ' 260

CYL

gen, by the action of hot water, which
converts that substance into hydrochloric
acid and cyanic acid. By evaporation
the hydrochloric acid is driven off, and
the cyanic acid is deposited in white
rhomboidal crystals. It is a compound of
one atom of cyanogen and two of oxygen.

Cy’aNnIDE, a combination formed by

Cy’anopipe,/ cyanogen and a great
variety of bases, and exceedingly analo-
gous to the chlorides. The term cyanuret
is less objectionable.

Cy’aniTz, from zvevos, blue. 1. A mi-
neral of a blue or bluish-green colour,
which occurs regularly crystallised, and
also massive and disseminated. Consti-
tuents, 64 alumina, 34 silica, with some
lime and oxide of iron.——2. A salt
formed by the union of the cyanous acid
with a base, as the cyanite of baryta.

Cy’anocen, called also prussine; a co-
lourless gaseous compound discovered in
1815 by Gay-Lussac, and termed cyanogen
from zvavos, blue, and yeyyew, to gene-
rate, in consequence of its being essen-
tial to the formation of Prussian blue. It
is obtained from dry cyanuret of mercury.

Cyanom’eter, Gr., from zvayog, blue,
and yereoy, measure. An instrument
contrived by Saussure for determining the
deepness of the tint of the atmosphere.

Crya’novs Acip, an acid composed of
one atom of cyanogen and one atom of
oxygen. Itis obtained only in solution,
and is little known.

Cyan’vureEt, the same with cyanide (q. v.).

Cyan’uric Acip, an acid that may be
obtained from wrea. It is composed of
carbon, 6; nitrogen, 3; hydrogen, 3; and
oxygen, 6; condensed into one volume.

Cy’cas, the sago-plant ; a genus of two
species, found in India and Japan. Die-
cia—Polyandria (see Saco). Named from
the zyxas of Theophrastus, a palm which
was said to grow in Ethiopia.

Cycra’MEN, the Sow-bread; a genus of
perennial plants. Pentandria— Monogy-
nia. Name from zuzAes, circular, either
on account of the round form of the leaves
or of the roots.

“w'cLE, from zuxzAog, a circle; a period
om numbers which regularly proceed from
first to last, and then return to the first
in a perpetual circle, as, (1.) The C. of
the moon, called also the Metonic cycle,
from its inventor Meton, and the golden
number; this is a period of 19 years,
which being completed, the new and
full moons return to the same days of
the month; (2.) The ©. of the sunisa
period of 28 years, which being elapsed,
the dominical or Sunday letters return to
their former place and proceed in the
same order as before, according to the
Julian calendar; (3.) The C. of Indiction

is a period of 15 years, at the end of
which the Roman emperors imposed an
extraordinary tax to pay the soldiers who
were obliged to serve in the army for
that time and no longer.

Cyr’ctic Cuorws, those who performed
the songs and dances of the dithyrambic
odes at Athens.

Cy’cric Poets, a succession of epic poets.
who followed Homer.

Cy’ctoeraPH, from zyxzAos,acircle,and -

yergu, to describe, an instrument for de-
scribing the arcs of circles.

Cy’ctoip, from zuxzdos, a circle, and
ei dos, form ; a transcendental curve gene-
rated by the revolution ofa circle along a
straight line, called also a trochoid. If
we conceive the circle ac bz to roll along
the line AB, the point @ being first at A,
and ending at the point B, this point «
will describe or pass through the curved
line AaB, which curve line is the cycloid.
a

%
A

s]

Properties, the line AB = the cir. of the
circle acbz, the arc ac= the right line
ed; the portion of the cycloid ad=
double the chord ac, and the area of the
whole cycloidal space A B a=thrice that
of the generating circle.

CycLopr’an, pertaining to the Cyclops ;
vast ; as C. buildings, which are formed of
huge blocks of stone piled upon each, and
constituting walls without cemert.

CycLopr’pia, more correctly clope-
dia; a work containing accounts of the
principal subjects in one or all depart-
ments of learning, art, or science.

Cyctor’rEervs, a genus of fishes; order
Malacopterygii subrachiati; family Disco-
boli. Name from zuxzdo¢, a circle, and
rreea, 2 fin; the genus being marked by
the ventrals being suspended round the
pelvis, forming an oval and concave disc,.
used by the fish as a sucker to attach
itself to rocks. Species, the Lumpsucker
(C. lumpus, Lin.)

Cyctos’roma, a genus of air-breathing
gastropods or snails. :

Cye’nus (Latin), a swan; a constella-
tion bounded on the north by Draco,
east by Lacerta and Pegasus, south by
Vulpecula et Anser, and west by Lyra.
It contains 81 stars,the most brilliant of
which is Deneb. There are seyeral fables
about the origin of this name.

Cyrt’Inper, from cylindrus (zvdsvdeos,
from zvAsvdw, to roll), a solid having a
circular base, and which base may oe
considered as carried upwards in @
straight line, and continuing the dircle

CYN

261

Corr

4m a parallel direction. It is'a circular
rism, as a cone is a circular pyramid.

hen the base is elliptical it is called a
cylindroid. When the sides are perpen-
dicular to the base it is a right cylinder,
otherwise it is an oblique one.

Cyrin’pric, CyLin’pricaL, having the
form of a cylinder, as, (1.) A C ceilin
(yulgarly called a wagyon-headed ceiling
is a ceiling vaulted in the shape of a seg-

~ment of a cylinder; (2.) A C. dome, is an.
oblong dome, of which there are two
kinds, the surmounted and surbased.

Cyxin’prorp, from cylinder and ¢fdes,
form; a solid which approaches to the
form of a cylinder, differing from it in
thaving the bases elliptical, but parallel
and equal. See CyLINDER.

Cr’ma. In botany, a form of inflores-
cence consisting of a solitary flower,
‘seated in the axilla of dichotomous rami-
fications, as in Sambucus.

Cy’ma, Lat. from zy, a sprout. 1. In
botany, a cyme; a sort of inflorescence
consisting of several flower-stalks,
‘springing from one centre, but each stalk
is variously subdivided, in which respect
the cyma differs essentially from an um-
bel.—2. In architecture, an undulating
moulding which is generally the upper
one of a cornice, when it is called cyma-
tium. The cyma recta is composed of a
concave and convex moulding, the former
being uppermost; in the cyma reversa, the
convex is uppermost.

Cyma’/tivm, Lat. from zuuariov, the
upper moulding of a cornice composed
usually ofa cyma. See Crma.

Cyrm‘sat, Lat. cymbalum; musical instru-
ment used by the ancients, hollow, and
made of brass, somewhat like our kettle-
‘drum. The name is now given to a mean
instrument used by vagrants, made of
‘steel wire in a triangular form, on which
are passed five rings, which are shifted
along the triangle by an iron rod; itis
supported by a ring in the right hand.

NAN’CHUM, a genus of plants. Pen-
tandria—Digynia. Name from zuvayyn,
the quinsy. The leaves of an Egyptian
species is used to adulterate senna, and
another species yields the Montpellier
scammony, and the third yields the ipe-
cacuhan of the Isle of France.

Cy’nara’cex. In botany, a division of
the group Composite.

Cx’nic, from zuyxzes, canine, having
the qualities of asurly dog. The cynics
of old prided themselves upon their con-
tempt of everything which others valued,
except virtue.

Crnic Spasm, a sort of convulsion in
‘which the patient imitates the howling
of 2a dog (xumy, a dog).

Orn’rrs, a genus of hymenopterous in-

sects. Name from zyjx}, a gnat, from
zvietiv, to hurt. The punctures which
these insects make in plants to deposit
their eggs give rise to those excrescences
called galls. Those most commonly known
are the gall-nut (Aleppo-gall) found on
oak-trees, and the bedeguar, found on
rose-trees. The perfect insect is often
found in the gall-nut.

Cy’nocEpH’aLus, the generic name of
the dog-headed monkeys (zywy, a dog,
and zé¢wAy, a head). They are gene-
rally large, ferocious, and dangerous ani-
mals, found mostly in Africa. The Gui-
nea Baboon (C. papia, Desm.) is an ex-
ample.

Cyrnomo’rtum, a genus of plants. Jion-
e@cia—Monandria. The only known spe-
cies is the Fungus melitensis, a small plant
which grows in Sicily and Malta, and
which is used in medicine.

Cyn’‘osuRE, zuvooovex, the dog’s tail;
the tail of Ursa minor: the constellation
near the north pole, consisting of seven
stars, four of which are disposed like the
four wheels of a chariot, and the three
lengthwise like the beam: hence called
the chariot and Charles’ wain.

CrprEra’cE&, a tribe of plants answering
to the English sedges. The genus Cyperus
is the type.

Crr’mrvs, a genus of plants. Triandria
—Monogynia. Name from xuTeeos, A
little round vessel, which the roots are
said to resemble. The rush-nut and galan-
gale are examples.

Cy’PHER. See CiPHER.

Cy’PHONIsM, zuwy, an instrument of
punishment. A species of punishment
anciently practised, which consisted in
besmearing the criminal with honey, and
then exposing him to insects.

Cyprz’a, the cowry ; a genus of mollusks.
Class Gastropoda, order Pectinibranchiata,
family Buccinoida, Cuv. Animal, a slug;
shell, a beautiful univalve ; found in tro-
pical seas. Name from cyprius, the shell
being used in some places as money. See
Cowkxy.

Cy’PRess, a name common to all the
species of the genus Cypressus, but espe-
cially applied to the C. sempervirens and
C. thyoides, forest-trees found in the South
of Europe, and in some parts of Asia and
America. It grows to a great size, and
is much valtied for its timber.

Cyprinus, a genus of fishes. Order
Malcopterygii Abdominales, family Ciprin-
ide. Name from zureivos, from zureis.
Venus, in allusion to the beauty of several
of the species, of which the carp (of
which there are several varieties), the
bream, the gudgeon, the tench, the sucker,
and the dace, are examples.

Cy’puis, zureig, a genus of microscopic

DAB 262

DAG

crustaceans, inhabiting the waters of
lakesand marshes. Their shelly coverings
are found exceedingly abundant in cer-
tain clay beds of the Wealden, in the
Sussex marble, &c.

Cy’psELa, zurleAn, a bee-hive. In bo-
tany, one-seeded, one-celled, indehiscent
fruit, with the integuments of the seed
not cohering with the endocarp.

Cyrr’ntans. ‘The philosophers of a
school founded at Cyrene, in the north of
Africa, by Aristippus, a disciple of So-
crates.

Cyst, Lat. cystis (zvev1is),a bag. 1, The
urinary bladder.——2. The membraneous
bag containing any morbid substance.

Cys‘ric, Lat. cysticus, relating to the
urinary or gall bladder, as the cystic oxide,
a peculiar animal product supposed to be
generated in the kidneys.

Cysricer’cus, from zugris, a bladder,
and HeeK0S, & tail; the tailed bladder-
worm: a genus of worms of the hydatid
tribe. Five of the species are found in
the human body. F

Cystit’ome, from zuesis, a cyst, and
rtyw, to cut; a surgical instrument for
ne the capsule of the crystalline
ens

Cystor’omy, from zueris, the dladder,
and rzxyw, to cut ; the operation of cutting
into the bladder, and of opening incysted
tumours.

Cy’ristnz, a bitter, nauseous, emetic,
and poisonous principle, detected in the
seeds of the Cytisus laburnum.

Cyrisus, the Laburnum or Bean trefoil
tree: a genus of shrubs. Diadelphia—De-
candria. Name from zvsicos, genus Fru-
tivis. The pigeon pea-tree is the C. cajan.

Cyzic‘envs. Anciently,a large hall de-
corated with sculpture.

Czar, the title assumed by the Emperor
of Russia. The word is Sclayonic, and is
nearly equivalent to king.

Czari’na, the title of the Empress of

ussia.

D.

D, the fourth letter of the alphabet, as
a numeral stands for 500; with a dash

over it thus D, it stands for 5,000. Asa
sign, it is one of the Dominical or Sunday
letters; and in music, it is the nominal of
the second note of the natural diatonic
scale of C.

ees a Dutch silver coin, value
2s. 7d.

Das, 4 name common to all the species
of the genus Pleuronectes, but especially
applied to the P. limanda, Linn., a fish,
called also the salt-water flounder or fluke.
It is a flat fish, found frequently on the
sandy banks of the British coasts.

Da Caro. In music, an Italian phrase
signifying that the first part of the tune
is to be repeated from the beginning (from
the head).

Dace, ariver fish, the Cyprinus leuciscus,
Lin. It is longer and more slender than
the roach.

Da’‘corrs, an East Indian word signify-
ing gang-robbers.

Dactiviociyex, Gr. from Jazrvrsos,
a ring, and yaugw,1I engrave ; the inscrip-
tion of the name of the artist on a gem.

Dacrizioe’RaPHy (Gr.), the science of
gem engraving.

Dac’trt, Lat. dactylus, a poetical foot
consisting of one long syllable and two
short ones.

Dac’ry.ic, an epithet for verses which
end with a dactyl instead of a spondee.
Dacrytiory’eca; Lat. from dezrurscbyzns
a cabinet or case containing finger-rings,
(Gaxrvasos, a ring), engraved gems, and
other jewellery.

DacryLop’rervs, a genus of acantho-

pterygious fishes, celebrated under the
name of flying-fishes. Name from dazruhos,
a finger, and zregoy, a fin or wing: the
peculiar eonstruction of the subpectoral
rays enables the fish to rise above the
water and fly for a short distance.

Dacrytotoey, from dexrvAos, a finger,
and Asyos, discourse; finger-

q. Vv.

Dac’ryLos, daxrvaos ; the shortest mea-
sure among the Greeks, being the fourth
part of a palm.

Da’po (It.), adie; the square or cubiform
part of the pedestal of a column.

Dz’patvus. In fabled history, the most
ancient statuary, architect, and hanist
of Greece.

DzmMonoma’nIA, that species of melan-
choly in which the patient supposes him-
self to be under demoniacal influence.

Dar’ry’s Evixiz, compound tincture of
senna, made with treacle instead ofsugar+
candy,and with the addition of aniseed
and elecampane root.

Da’con, one of the principal divinities
of the ancient Phoenicians and Syrians,
and especially of the Philistines. His
image was represented upwards in the
human shape, and downwards as a fish.

DaGueER’REOTYPE, a Species of photo-
genic drawing, in which the impressions
are taken by means of the camera obscura,
on plates of silvered copper, invented by
M. Daguerre.

The metallic plate is exposed, ina
well-closed box, to the action of the
vapour of iodine, by which means it
becomes covered with an extremely
thin layer of ioduret of silver. The plate
thus prepared, is placed in the dark
chamber of the camera obscura, in such

DAM

203

DAP

a position that the image of the object
to be represented is perfectly clear and
distinct upon it. In a short time the
plate is withdrawn, and is now ex-
posed at an angle of 45° to the action
of the vapour of mercury, at 60° Reau-
mur, and finally plunged into a solu-
tion of hyposulphate of soda. The
picture is now complete.

Danv'ta (so named from Dahl, a Swedish
botanist),a genus of flowering perennials.
Syngenesia—Poly. superfiua, Natural or-
der Composite. Mexico.

DaxHLrNE, the same as Inuline. The
fecula obtained from elecampane, analo-
gous in many respects to starch.

Dar’sy, day’s-eye, a plant, the Bellis
perennis of several varieties, thus named
from its eye-like appearance, and expan-
sion during the day. The blue daisy be-
longs to the genus Globularia, as does the
globe daisy ; and the ox-eye daisy to the
genus Chrysanthemum.

Daxir. In English statutes, ten hides,
or the twentieth part of a last of hides.

Dat’sy’s CaRMINATIVE, a nostrum too
much used as a carminative for children.
It consists of magnesia, oils of pepper-
mint, nutmeg, and aniseed; tinctures of
castor, assafcetida, and opium; and spirit
of oo with peppermint-water
ad libitum.

Datma’Tica, a long white gown with
sleeves, worn by deacons in the Roman
Catholic church.

Dam, Dutch dam, Germ. damm, a pond.
A water-tight mole, bank, or weir, erected
across a river or stream, for the purpose
of raising the level of the water by con-
fining it, and which is employed for va-
rious purposes, as for irrigation, impelling
water-wheels, &c.

Dam’acE-FEASANT, in law.is when one
person’s beasts get into another man’s
grounds, without license of the owner or
occupier of the ground, and do damage
by feeding or otherwise to the grass,
corn, woods, &c., in which case the
party injured may distrain or impound
them.

Da'MAN, an animal resembling the rhi-
noceros in miniature. See Hyrax.

Da’mar, a kind of indurate pitch or
turpentine, exuding spontaneously from
various trees, indigenous to most of the
Indian islands. Different trees produce
different species of the resin. One is
called damar-batu in Malay, and damar-
selo in Javanese, which means hard or
stony resin; another in common use is
damar-putch, or white resin.

Damascus Braves, swords or scimitars,
presenting upon their surface a variegated
appearance of watering, as white, silvery,
or black veins, in fine lines or fillets,
fibrous, crossed, interlaced, or parallel.
They are brought from the East, being

fabricated chiefly at Damascus, whence
their name.

Dam’ask, a silk stuff with a raised pat-
tern, consisting of figures and flowers:
originally from Damascus, whence the
name.

DamaskEE’NING, the art of ornamenting
iron, steel, &c., by making incisions upon
the surface of the article, and filling them
up with gold or silver wire; chiefly used
in enriching sword-blades, locks of pistols,

Originally practised at Damascus.

Dam’ask-sTEEL. a fine sort of steel from
the Levant, used for swords and cutlass-
blades, called more correctly Damascus
steel. See Damascus BiapsEs.

Dam’asstn, a sort of damask, with gold
and silver flowers woven in the warp and
woof.

DaME-wort, or DAME’s-VIOLET, a plant
of the genus Hesperis, called also queen's
gillyflower or rocket. It is remarkable
for its fragrance, and ladies are fond of
having it in their apartments.

Da’mianists. In ehurch history, a sect
eben denied any distinction in the God-

ead.

Dam’Per. 1. A valve or sliding-plate
in a furnace, to regulate the draught, and
thus consequently the heat.——2. A part
in a piano-forte, by which the vibration
of a string is modified.

Damps. In mining, noxious exhalations,
or rather gases, are so called from Germ.
dampf, vapour.

There are two principal kinds of
mine : the choke-damp, or carbonic
acid ; and the jire-damp, or carburetted
hydrogen.

Dancerte’. In heraldry, is when the
outline of any bordure or ordinary is very
largely indented.

DanvEtr’on (see Leoy™pon), a name
corrupted of dent de lion, or dens leonis,
— the shape of the jagged leaves of the

t.

Danr’GeEtt, from Dane, and gelt or geld,
money. An annual tax formerly levied
on the English nation, for maintaining
forces to oppose the Danes. It was made
a national tax by Ethelred, and abo-
lished by Stephen.

Da’nicu,an Arabian weight of eight
grains.

Dan’‘NEBROG, an ancient Danish order
of knighthood.

Da’ovuritE, a mineral called also rubel-
lite, and siberite, by Lermina. It isa va
riety of the red schorl of Siberia. Silica,
alumina, with oxides of iron, and manga-
nese.

Dapu’nez, the laurel or bay-tree. A
genus. Octandria—Monogynia. The me-
zereon or widow-wail, and spurge-laurel,
are British species. Name. dagvy, from
daw, to burn, and gawy, a noise, beeause

DAT 264

DEA

the leaves crepitate when burning.
is also the name of a nymph said
to have been changed into the laurel.

DarunerH’ora. In archeology, a Boo-
tian festival in honour of Apollo, from
dagvy, the laurel-tree, and gogew, to offer,
boughs of laurel being offered to the god.

Dar’arti. In logic, an arbitrary term
expressing the first mood of the third
figure of syllogisms, where the first two
propositions are universal and affirmative
and the last a particular affirmative.

Da‘ric,an old Persian gold coin, said to
have been struck by Darius.

Da’ru. In logic, an arbitrary term for
one of the affirmative moods in the first
figure of syllogisms.

Dar’Net. In botany, a name common
to all the species of the genus Lolium.
The rye-grass is a well-known species.

Dan’sts, excoriation; from d¢gw, to ex-
coriate ; the removal of the skin from the
subjacent texture, also the morbid abra-
sion of the cuticle.

Dar’tos, Aaerss, from degw, to exco-
riate ; a texture approaching to muscle,
under the skin of the scrotum, by which
the skin of the scrotum is corrugated and
relaxed.

Das. In music, a mark thus !, de-
noting that the notes over which it is
placed are to be played in a short, dis-
tinct manner.

Dasyv’rvs, an animal of the marsupial
order nearly the size of a badger. The
Didelphis ursina, Harr., or Ursine opos-
sum, of Van Diemen’s Land, isanexample.
Name from dacts and oven, the tail,
which is every where covered with long
hairs, not being prehensile.

Da’ra, plural of datum, given; a ma-
thematical term for such things or quan-
tities as are given or known, in order
thereby to find other things that are
unknown.

Da’rary, an Officer in the chancery of
Rome, who affixes the Datum Rome to the
Pope's bulls.

Date-tTreeE, the Phenix dactylifera, a
species of palm common in North Africa
and West Asia, growing sometimes to the
height of 100 feet, and yielding a fruit
which forms a principal article of food in
those countries. The best dates are
brought from Tunis and Persia.

Da’rHouite, Dat/orire, a mineral, a
borosilicate of lime, thus named from
Sabwaog turbid, because the crystals are
not transparent. It is the Dystom-spath
of Mohs.

Da’tist. In logic, an arbitrary term for
an affirmative mode of syllogisms in the
third figure.

Da’tuM-tiInE. In surveying, the base
or horizontal line of a section (datum,
given), from which all heights and depths

are calculated, and which is determined
by the level, and bears reference to some
fixed point in the line.

Darv’r1a, DaturrNne, an alkaline sub-
stance obtained from the Datura stramo-
nium or common thorn-apple.

Dav’cus, the carrot ; a genus of umbel-
liferous plants. Penta — Digynia.
Name azo cov davesy, from its relieving
the colic, and discussing fiatulencies.

Dav’puin, the title of the heir apparent
to the crown of France before the reyulu-
tion.

Da’vit. In a ship, a short boom fitted
to the fore-channel, to hoist the flukes of
the anchor to the bow, which is called
fishing the anchor.

Day. In astronomy, an apparent day is
the interval between two successive tran-
sits of the sun’s centre over the same me-
ridian, which interval is pip to con-
tinual’ variations, owing to the eccentri-
city of the earth’s orbit and the obliquity
of the ecliptic to the equator. A mean
day is the interval that would be observed
between two successive transits of the
sun’s centre over the same meridian, if
the earth’s orbit were circular, and the
sun always in the equinoctial. The civil
day begins at midnight, the astronomical
day at noon.

Day or Bay. In architecture, one of the
lights or compartments between mullion
and mullion in the great windows of the
pointed or gothic style of architecture.

Day-coaL, a name given by miners to
the upper stratum of coal.

Day-rty, the ephemera, Lin., an insect
so called from the shortness of its life,
which rarely exceeds a day.

Day-nrvuLe. In law, an order of court
permitting a prisoner in the King’s Bench
prison, &c., to go for one day beyond the
bounds of the prison.

Day’s Work. Innavigation, the reckon-
ing of a ship’s course for 24 hours from
noon till noon.

Days tn Bank, days of appearance in
the Court of Common Bench.

Days or Grace. 1. In law, three days
granted by the court beyond the time
named in the writ, in which the person
summoned may appear and answer.——
2. In commercial affairs, a customary
number of days, in Britain three, for the
payment of a bill of exchange after the
same becomes due.

Day-writ. See Day-Rvue.

D.D. (divinitatis doctor), doctor of di-
vinity.

Deacon. 1. In the Church of England,
the lowest of the three orders of clergy
(deacons, priests, and bishops) in the
Church of England. A deacon is not ca-
pable of an ecclesiastical promotion, yet
he may be chaplain to a family, curate to
a beneficed clergyman, or lecturer to 3

ET

PEA

265

DEC

parish church.—2. In Scotland, an over-
seer of the poor; also the master of an
incorporate trade.

Drap-sEar. In clock-work, a scapement
invented with a view to lessen’ the effect
of the wheel-work on the motion of the
pendulum.

Deap-ryeEs (Dead man’s eyes). In nau-
tical language, a kind of blocks with many
holes in them, whereby the shrouds are
fastened to the chains.

EAD-FLAT. In naval architecture, the
midship section. See Bopy-PLan.

Deap-tiecuts. In ships, strong wooden
ports made to suit the cabin-windows, in
which they are fixed, to prevent the
water from entering the ship in a storm.

DEAD-RECKONING. In navigation, the
difference between the place of a ship by
the log and astronomical observations,
owing to currents, &c.

DEAD-RISING, the parts of a ship’s floor
throughout her length, where the floor.
timber is terminated in the lower fut-
tock, called also the Rising line.

DEAD-WATER, the eddy-water imme-
diately at the stern of a ship while under
way.

Deap-woop, alayer formed of blocks of
timber laid on the keel of a ship, on
which are placed the floor timbers.

Deap-works, the parts of a ship above
the surface of the water when balanced
for a voyage.

DEAr’ENING, sound-boarding ; a method
of preventing the passage ofsound through
wooden partitions. See Puceine.

Deats, or DeAL-BoaRDs, a thin sort of
fir planks, formed by sawing the trunk of
a tree into longitudinal divisions. of
greater or less thickness. They are im-
ported from Dantzic, and many other
ports of the Baltic, and from North Ame-
rica. Those from Norway are the best.
The Russian standard deal is 12 feet long,
11 inches wide, and 13 inches thick; the
Christiana standard deal is 11 feet long,
9 inches wide, and 1} inches thick; at
Dram the length is 10 feet, and the thick-
ness 14 inches.

Dean, a dignitary of the Church of
England next to a bishop. The Dean and
chapter form the bishop’s council. The
term is Arm. dean, from Lat. decanus, the
leader of a file ten deep: the dean was
originally set over ten canons or preben-
daries. An officer in the universities also
bears the title of dean.

DEATH-WATCH, a small insect of the
beetle tribe, which inhabits old furniture,
&c., penetrating it with many small holes,
and which has the power of producing a
noise like the ticking of a watch: this
noise is the call which the male insect
makes to his mate, and is interpreted by
superstitious people into a presage of
‘death to some individual of the family.

Desa’cLe, a French term used by geolo-
gists to designate a violent rush of waters
which, overcoming all opposing barriers,
carries with it stones, rocks, &c., spread-
ing them in all directions.

Desen’tuRE, from debeo, to owe. In
law, a writ or note drawn upon goyern-
ment. The debentures signed by the
custom officers, and given to the exporter
of goods on which a bounty or drawback is
allowed, bearing that the exporter has
complied with the required regulations,
entitle the exporter to such bounty.
Debentured goods are those upon which
the drawback has been paid.

Dec’acuorpD, Decacuor’pon, from deze,
ten, and yogdy, a string ; a musical instru-
ment of ten strings.

Dec’acon, from dex, ten, and yaw,
an angle; a plain geometrical figure of
ten sides and ten angles.

Dec’acram, from deca, ten, and gram ;
a French weight of ten grammes, or 154°44
grains.

Decacyrn’tA, from deze, ten, and yoyy,
a woman; an order of plants in the sexual
system of the class Decandria, having ten
pistils.

DecaHeE’pRoN, from deza, ten, and Dece,
a base; a geometrical figure or body hay-
ing ten sides.

Decatrrer, from deca and litre; a
French measure of cavacity equal to ten
litres.

Decam’ERon, from d:xq, ten, and hineeoe,
a day; a work containing the actions or
conversations of ten days, as the Decam-
eron of Boccaccio, which consists of 100
tales related in ten days.

Decam’erER, from deze, ten, and wereov,
measure ; a French measure of length
equal to ten metres.

Decan’pria, from dexq, ten, and ayvne,
a man; the name of a class, and also of
an order of plants in the sexual system.
Decandrian plants have ten stamens in
the flower.

Decapnyt’tovus, from dexa, ten, and
QuAdoyv, a leaf; having ten leaves.

Decar’opa, from deze, ten, and sous,
a foot; an order of crustaceans, including
the lobster, crab, crawfish, shrimp, &c.

De’cARBONISA’TION OF Cast Iron. This
process is resorted to, in order to convert
cast iron into stee) and malleable iron.

Decas‘rick, from dexa, ten, and oriyos
a verse; a poem consisting of ten lines-

Dec’asTyLe, from deza,ten,and crvros,
a column ; a building having ten columns

front.

De’casytt/asic. Having ten syllables-

Decemioc’uLar, Lat. decemlocularis, ten-
celled: applied to capsules.

Decem’seEr, from decem, ten; the last or

DEC 266

DEC

twelfth month of the modern year, but
the tenth of the Roman year.

Decem’vIRate, Lat. decemviratus; the
office or term of office of the decemyirs
(decemviri) or ten magistrates of Rome:
they had absolute authority for two years.

Decen’nary, Lat. decennium, from de-
cem ; a tithing consisting of ten freeholders
and their families: ten decennaries con-
stituted a hundred.

Decer’rive Ca’pence. In music, a ca-
dence in which the final close is avoided
by varying the final vhord. .

Decip’vous, Lat. deciduus, falling as
leaves do in autumn. A calyx is said to

iduous when it falls or decays along
with the flower-petals, and permanent
when it remains after these are fallen.
_ Applied also to the temporary parts of
animals, as hair, horn, teeth, &c.

De'cicram, a French weight of one
tenth of a grain.

De‘cit, a position of two planets when
they are distant from each other a tenth
of the zodiac.

Deci‘Lirer, a French measure of capa-
city equal to one tenth of a liter.

Deci’Mat, from decimus, tenth, decem,
ten, increasing or diminishing by ten; as
decimal arithmetic, which proceeds on the
scale of ten, or in which we count by
periods of tens; decimal fractions, or more
concisely decimals, are such fractions as
have 10, 100, 1000, &c., for their deno-
minators, but which, for the sake of
brevity, are omitted in writing, and the
numerator only is expressed with a point
on the left of it, thus:

"2 = 3, 02 = zHp ke.

and which has always as many figures as
there are ciphers in the denominator.—A
decimal scale is one divided into tenths,
used by draftsmen to regulate the dimen-
sions of their drawings. We also speak
of the decimal scale of numbers, and the
decimal notation, in contradistinction to
she duodecimal, binary, and other scales of
notation.

Dectim’erer, a French measure of length
equal to the tenth of a meter.

Decimo-sexto (Lat.) A book is in

imo-sexto when a sheet is folded into
_ 16 leaves. .

Deck, Ger. decken, Sax. thec-an, to cover,
from Lat. tectum, a roof; the floor of a
ship. Small vessels have only one deck,
large vessels have two, or three decks, as
a three-decker; i.e. carrying two entire
tiers of guns, or three such tiers.

Decxep. In heraldry, a term applied to
birds when their feathers are trimmed at
the edges with a small line of another
rolour.

Decrara’tIon, from de and claro. to
make clear. 1. In law, that part of the
process or pleadings in which a statement

is made of the plaintiff's complaint——
2. In politics, a proclamation intimating
something of national importance.

Decwen’si1on, from de and clino, to lean;
declination. This is the word commonly
used in grammar to denote the change or
infiexion of nouns and adjectives through
their terminations.

Dectiina’Tion, Lat. declinatio. In astro»
nomy, the declination of a star, or any
point in the. heavens, is its shortest dis-
tance from the equator corresponding
with latitude on a terrestrial globe.—In
navigation, the declination of the needle or
compass is its variation from the true
meridian of any place to the east or west.
—In dialling, the declination of a wall or
plane is an are of the horizon contained
between the plane and the prime vertical
circle, if reckoned from east or west, or
between the meridian and the plane if
reckoned from the north or south.—In
grammar, see DECLENSION.

Dectina’ror, an instrument for deter-
mining the declination or inclination of
reclining planes.

Dectin’aTory Prea. In law, a plea be-
fore trial or conviction, intended to show
that the party is not liable to the penalty
of the law, or is specially exempted from
the jurisdiction of the court.

DectirNners, or DecLininG Drats, those
which cut either the plane of the prime
vertical circle or plane of the horizon
obliquely. :

Deci’n1nG, Decui’Nate (obliquus descen-
dens), descending obliquely. Applied to
stems, pericaps, &c. of plants, when bent
like a bow with the arch downwards.

Decotora’TIon, a term adopted from
the French, signifying the deprivation of
any substance of its colour. Thus indigo
in solutionis decolorated by charcoal.

Decompos'IT, a natural class of plants,
consisting of such as have decomposite
leaves.

Decom’pos!TE, ) Lat. decompositus, doubly

Decom’pornp,/ compound. Applied to
leaves of plants, when the primary leaf
is so divided that each part forms a com-
pound leaf; and to flowers which contain
within a common calyx severa) smaller
calyces.

Decomposr’rion, from de and compono,
todisunite. 1. The separation of the
component parts or principles of any
compound body. See Arriniry.——2. In
mechanics, the decomposition of forces is
the resolving of one force into several
others of which the resultant is equal to
that force. ——3 Decomposition of light,
the separation of a beam of light into the
different rays which exhibit the prismatic
colours.

Decre’e, Lat. decretum, a judicial deci-
sion, sentence, or determination; as a
decree of the court of Chancery: am edict

DEE

267

DEF

or law made by a council for regulating
any business within their jurisdiction, as
the decrees of the ecclesiastical courts.

- Decre’sr. In Scotch law, the decree of
a court.

Dec’REMENT, Lat. decrementum, gradual
decrease, the quantity lost by decreasing.
In mathematics, the small parts by which
a quantity decreases. In crystallography,
when the additions do not cover the whole
surface of a primary crystalline form,
rows of molecules being omitted on the
angles or edges of the superimposed la-
min, such omission is called decrement,
and gives rise to the secondary forms of
erystals. Decrement, equal of life, is a
phrase employed in the doctrine of annu-
ities, signifying that of a given number
of lives the periodical decrease conforms to
certain data, and may therefore be made
the subject of arithmetical calculation.

Deckescen’Do. In music, an Italian
term, the opposite of crescendo (q. vV.).

Decre’rat, a letter from the pope, ‘de-
termining some point or question in eccle-
siastical polity. The decretals form the
second part of the canon law.

Decum’senT, Lat. decumbens, lying
down, drooping. A term applied to fiow-
ers which incline to one side and down-
wards.

Decur’RENT, Lat. decurrens, running
down. Applied to leayes which run down
the stem in a leafy border or wing, as in
many thistles; and to leaf-stalks, as in
Pisum ochrus.

Decur’sive, Lat. decursivus, extending
downwards. Applied to leaves uf which
the middle nerve only runs down the
stem; also to a style, the base of which
descends on one side of the ovary.

Decur’sivELY PINNATE, a term applied
to leaves having their leafiets decurrent,
or running along the petiole.

Decvus’satE, Lat. decussatus, crossed
after the manner of an X. Applied to
leaves and spines which are in pairs,
alternately crossing each other; and to
strie intersecting each other at acute
angles.

Dep’atvs, from Dedalus, the Athenian,
who invented sails or wings. Having a
margin with various windings and turn-
ings, of a beautiful texture. Applied to
leaves of plants.

Dep’tmus Poresta’tem. In law,a com-
mission for the speeding of an act, apper-
taining to a judge or court.

Deep. In law, a written contract,
signed, attested, sealed, and delivered.

Deerm’stER, a judge in the Isle of Man
and in Jersey. The deemsters decide on
life and property, and, with the advice of
the keys, declare what is law on common
emergencies.

Deep SrA-tInt, a small line, with a
plummet at the end of it, to sound with.

°

The plummet is hollow at the head, and
has a quantity of tallow put into it to
bring up gravel, shells, &c. from the bot-
tom, to ascertain the nature of the ground.

DrxEpP-WAISTED, the distinguishing fabric
of aship’s decks, when the quarter-deck
and forecastle are elevated from four to
six feet above the level of the upper
maindeck, so as to leave a vacant space
called the waist, on the middle of the
upper deck.

Deer, from Sax. deor,an untamed beast.
A name common to all the species of the
genus Cervus, Lin., but especially applied
to the fallow-deer, common stag, rein-
deer, axis, and roebuck. The fiesh is
called venison, and is highly valued.

De Facro(Lat.), in deed or fact, in con-
tradistinction to de jure, where a thing is
only so in law or justice. A king de facto
has possession of the crown, a king de
jure has a right to it, but may never pos-
sess it.

Derav’tt. In law, non-appearance ia
court on the day assigned; also extended
to omission of that which ought to have
been done. The term is Fr. defaut, from
defaillir, to fail.

Derea’sance (Norm.), from defaire, to
undo, a rendering null. In law, a con-
dition relating to a deed, which being
performed, the deed is defeated and ren-
dered void.

Derecrive Firru. In music, an inter-
val containing a semitone less than the
perfect fifth.

DEFENDER OF THE Fairu, a title as-
sumed by the sovereigns of England,
bestowed originally on Henry VIII.

Der’ERENT, Lat. deferens, carrying; a
term employed in ancient astronomy, to
denote a circle invented to account for
the eccentricity, perigee, and apogee of
the planets.

DeEri'cient NumseErs, are such that the
sum of their aliquot parts is less than the
numbers themselves. ‘Thus 8 is a defi-
cient number, as the sum of its aliquot
parts, 1,2, 4, is only 7.

Derracra’tion, from defiagro, to burn;
a rapid combustion, as that which takes
pe when sulphur or powdered charcoal

thrown into melted nitre.

Dertacra’Tor, a galvanic instrument
for producing intense light and heat.

De’Fiorate, Lat. defloratus, from deflo-
resco, to shed the blossoms; a term ap-
plied to the anthers of flowers when they
haye shed their pollen, and to plants
when their flowers are fallen.

Derivux’ion, Lat. defluxio, a flowing
down ; a term used by the humoral patho-
logists to express a descent of the humours
from a superior to an inferior part.

Derouia’rion, from de and folium, a
leaf; the shedding of leaves, avpLed
technically to the autumnal season.

DEL 268

DEL

Derorce’mentT. 1. In England, the
holding of lands or tenements to which
another person has a right.——2. In Scot-
land, a resisting of an officer in the exe-
cution of law.

Der’rer-par (English), book-keeper.
The Turkish title of the Chancellor of the
Exchequer.

Deerapa’tion, Fr., from dégrader. 1.
The depriving a person of his dignity and
degree: thus an officer is degraded when
he is cashiered or deprived of his commis-
sion.—2. In painting, a lessening and
obscuring of distant objects in a land-
scape, that they may appear as they would
do to an eye placed at a distance. ——3. In
geology, the wearing away of rocks,
strata, &c., by the action of water, &c.

Decra’pEp. In heraldry,an epithet for
a cross which has steps at each end.

Decree, from gradus, a step ; Fr. degré.
1. In geometry. the 360th part of the cir-
eumference of a circle, denoted by a
small ° near the top of the figure, thus,
25°. Each degree is divided into 60 mi-
nutes, and each minute into 60 seconds.
(See ANcLE).——2. In elgebra, a term ap-
plied to equations, to distinguish their
order. Thus, if the highest exponent of
the unknown quantity be 3, the equa-
tion is said to be of the third degree.
3. In universities, a title of honour con-
ferred on students as a testimony of their

roficiency in literature and science, giv-
as them a kind of rank and entitling
them to certain privileges, usually evinced
by a diploma.——4. In grammar (see
ComParison.— 5. In geography, a degree
of latitude is measured upon the meridian
to the north or south. A degree of longi-
is a degree of the equator, or of any
of its parallel circles ——6. In music, the
small intervals of which the concords are
composed.

Deuis‘cent, Lat. dehiscens, gaping ; ap-
plied in botany to capsules which split
and gape wide when ripe.

DeiPno’soPuists, a sect of ancient phi-
losophers celebrated for their learned
conversations at meals, whence the name
from dusvoy, a feast, and cogirrns, a SO-
phist.

De’ist, a person who believes in the
existence of an eternal, infinite, inde-
pendent, intelligent Being (Deus), and
who, acknowledging all the obligations
and duties of natural religion and the
necessity of a general moral providence,
denies revealed religion.

De'l Jupi‘cium, judgment of God; the
old Saxon trial by ordeal, thus named as
be ng considered an appeal to God for
the justice of a cause.

De June (Lat.), of right. See De
Facro.

Dr. Crae’pere£, an Italian term used in
ecommerce to express the guarantee given

by factors, who for an additional pre-
mium warrant the solvency of the parties
to whom they sell goods upon credit.

De'Lz, Lat., imperative of deleo, blot
out or erase.

Der’ecaTE (see LEGaTE), a commissioner
appointed by the sovereign to hear and
determine appeals from the ecclesiastical
courts. The Court of Delegates determine
appeals in all ecclesiastical causes by the
archbishops, and in places exempt; also
when sentence is given in the Admiral’s
Court in suits civil and marine by order
of the civil law.

Dexreca’tion. In law, from de and lego,
to send; the assignment of a debt to
another. ,

Detr, Derr, a coarse species of porce-
lain originally manufactured at Delft in
Holland, hence called Delft-ware. It is
now rarely used in this country.

Deticacy. In the jine arts, minute
accuracy as opposed to strength or force.

Deriqves’cENcE, from deliquesco, to melt
down; deliquation or a spontaneous as-
sumption of the fluid state by certain sa-
line substances when left exposed to the
air, in consequence of the water which
they attract from it.

De.ir'Ium, Lat. from de and liro, to
wander ; the confusion of ideas which oc-
curs in the progress of diseases from dis-
turbed functions of the brain. It is either
violent and frantic (delirium ferox), as in
acute inflammation of the brain, or low
and muttering (typhomania), as in low
fever. Delirium tremens is an affection of
the brain nearly peculiar to drunkards.

DevrH’InE, DeLPHIN’IA, the vegeto-al-
kaline principle of the plant Staves-acre
(Delphinium staphysagria).

Det’/PHINE EpITIon. In bibliography,

DeEtrPuHIn’IAn Eprrion. J the name given
to those editions of the classics, printed
during the reign of Louis XIV. for the
use of the dauphin (in wsum delphini).
The Latin is arranged in the margin ac-
cording to the modern idiom.

DeELPHIN’IUM, the Larkspur, a genus of
hardy plants. Polyandria — Trigynia.
Named from deAgsv, the dolphin, the
flower being thought to resemble a dol-
phin’s head; above 30 species.

Derui'nvs, Acdgiy, the dolphin. 1. In
zoology, a genus of cetaceous mammalia,
which in the arrangement of Linnzus
comprises the sub-genera Delphinus
(dolphins properly so called), and Pho-
cena (porpoises), of Cuvier.——2. In as-
tronomy, a constellation in the northern
hemisphere, thus named from the poeti-
cal fable that the dolphin was translated
to the celestial regions by Neptune.

Dera, the Greek letter A. 1. In ana
tomy, the delphys has been sonamed from
its shape.——2. In geology, an alluvial for-

>

—— ——

DEM 2

69 DEM

mation at the mouth of a river usually
Soerehing the form of a A. The delta
of the Nile is an example.

Der’rorp, from deAve, the letter A,
and ¢Jde¢, form, delta-like, triangular.
Applied, in anatomy, to a thick triangular
muscle of the shoulder; and in botany, to
trowel-shaped leaves, &c.

Detror’pzs. 1. In botany, plants having
deltoid leaves.——2. In entomology, a tribe
of lepidoptera, belonging to the genus
Phalena, Lin., and forming the sub-genus
Herminia, Lat. The wings and body form
a sort of delta, marked by a re-entering
angle on the posterior side.

Detvu'srvuM, the most sacred part of an-
cient temples, where the images of the
sundry gods were.

Deman’pant. In law, the pursuer in
real actions, in distinction from plaintiff.

Demen’ria (Lat.), from de, and mens, the
mind. A form of insanity, in which the
powers of continued attention and reflec-
tion are lost: sometimes an accompani-
ment of old age.

Demesne, Demarn. In law,lands which
are next or adjacent to the lord of the
manor’s mansion-house, and which he
keepsin his own hands. The term appears
to be from maison, house.

Dem’I-ca’DENCE. In music, an imperfect
cadence, or one which falls on any other
than the key-note. _

Dem’I-cuLyErI'N, a piece of ordnance.
The least is 44 inches bore, 10 feet long,
and carries a ball9 lbs. in weight. The
largest is 43 inches bore, 10 feet 4 inches
in length, and carries a ball of 12 Ibs.
11 oz.

Dem’t-pis‘tancE. In fortification, the
distance between the outward polygons
and the flanks.

Dem’!-pi’ronE. In music, a minor third.

Dem’'I-corce. In fortification, that part
of the polygon which remains after the
flank is raised, and goes from the curtain
to the angle of the polygon. See Gorer,

Dem’I-soun, a glass vessel or bottle in-
closed in wicker-work.

Dem’‘i-nune. In fortification, a half-
moon, a defence usually attached exte-
riorly to the posterns of a ravelin. It is
now generally called Junette (q. y.).

Dem’I-merTo’Pe. In architecture, a half-
metope found at the retiring or project-
ing angles of a Doric frieze.

Dem’I-qua’vER, # note in music of half
the length of a quaver.

Dem't-revie’vo. In sculpture, a kind of
relievo, wherein the figure rises from the
plane, as if it had been eut in two, and
only one half fixed to the plane.

Dem’I-sEM’I-qua’vER, a uote in music,
equal in length to half a semi-quaver.

Dew'1-Trint. In painting, a tint represent-
iag the medium between light and shade.

Dew’1-vr’evs, Gr., from dyes, people,
and ezyoy, work. An artificer employed
in ordinary handicraft.

Dem’I-vict, a half-vill, consisting of five
freemen or frank pledges.

Dem’‘I-vott, one of the artificial motions
of a horse, in which he raises his fore-
legs in a particular manner.

Demr'szE, Fr. démis, démise, from démettre,
literally a laying down or removing. The
death of a king or queen regnant, and the
transfer of the royal authority to a succes-
sor, is termed the demise of the crown. In
law, a transfer of an estate by lease or
will is termed a demise ; and where there
are mutual leases made from one to ano-
ther, of the same lands or something out
of it, the conveyance is termed a demise
and re-demise.

Democ’racy, from dy0s, people, and
xeawsw, to govern, government by the
people ; one of the three forms of govern-
ment; that in which the supreme power
remains in the hands of the people.

Dem'o-Gor’Gon, Dasa, a demon, yoe-
yes, terrible. A mysterious divinity of
antiquity, who was an object rather of
terror than of worship.

De’mon, Dz’Mon, dasuwy. In mythology,
demons were spirits or genii, who ap-
peared to men either to do them service
or hurt, and which were therefore objects
of worship. The demons of the Platonists.
are those immaterial beings since called
angels; those of the New Testament were
the tormentors of men: hence, the word,
in modern usage, has come to signify an
evil spirit or genius, which has the power
of influencing the conduct and fortunes of
mankind.

Demo’ntracs. In church history, a branch
of the Anabaptists, who maintain that at
the end of the world the devil (da:uwyv)
will be saved.

Demonstra’rion, from de, and monstro,
to show. In logic, a proof of a proposi-
tion, founded on axioms or definitions, or
both, and called @ priori, when the effect
is proved from the cause, and 4 posteriori,
when the cause is proved from the effect.
In war, demonstrations are mancuvres
practised for the purpose of misleading
the enemy.

Demonstrator. In anatomical schools,
one who assists the students in their prac-
tical lessons on anatomy.

De'mos. In ancient history, a borough
or ward.

Demur’race, from demur, to stop. In
commercial navigation, an allowance made
to the master or owners of a vessel by
the freighter. for detaining her longer in
the port than the period agreed upon for
her sailing.

Demvur’rer, from demur, to etop. Ip

DEN

270

DEN

law, a pause upon a point of difficulty in
an action, and a resting of the decision of
the cause upon that point. This abiding
upon a point of law is called demurring.

Demy’ (see Demi). 1. A half-fellow at
Magdalen College, Oxford.—2. A par-
ticular size of paper, much used for print-

books upon.—23. In heraldry, a
charge borne in half.

Dena’‘ni1 (see Denarivs). A general
name in law for any sort of pecunia nume-
rata, or ready money.

Dena’rivs, the Roman penny. A silver
coin estimated by Dr. Arbuthnot to have
been worth about seven pence three far-
things. As a weight, the denarius was the
seventh part of a Roman ounce.

Den’pracarte, from déydgoy, a tree, and
a&xarns, agate ; arborescent agate ; agate
containing delineations of parts of plants,
as ferns, mosses, &c. Such pebbles are
found abundantly on the shore from Bog-
nor to Brighton, and are very beautiful
when cut and polished.

Den’vrire, from dévdeov,a tree. Any
mineral haying impressions or delinea-
tions of trees, shrubs, &c., or which as-
sumes aramified appearance. The native
silver of Potosi is also thus named from
its resembling, when first extracted, small
branches of trees.

_Denpror'p, from dévdeov, a tree, and
tides, likeness. Aterm applied in natural
history to objects which have a ramified
or tree-like appearance.

Denprom’ereERr, from déydeoy,a tree, and
fétreoy, Measure, an instrument adapted
to the purposes of measuring trees. It
consists of a semi-circle, divided into two
quadrants, and graduated from the middle,
and upon the diameter there hangs a
plummet for fixing the instrument in a
vertical position. Fitted to a theodolite,
it may be applied to measuring the heights
and distances of objects, aceessible or in-
accessible, whether situated in planes
parallel or oblique to the plane in which
the instrument is placed.

DeneEz. In astronomy, an Arabic term
signifying tail. Used to denote several
stars in the tails of some of the constella-
tions, as Deneb Adijem, the tail of the
Swan.

Der’nter, an old French copper coin, of
which 12 made a sol. There were two
kinds, the tournois and the parisis.

Den’izen, an alien born, who has ob-
tained letters patent whereby he is con-
stituted an English subject. The radix of
the term is Welsh, din, dinas, a town,
city, or fortress.

Denominator (of a fraction). In arith-
metic and algebra, the number and letter
Lelow the line, showing the number of
pzrts into which the integer is divided,

and consequently indicating the denomi-
nation of the fraction, or giving it name.
Denov’emenT (Fr.), dénouer, to
untie. The development of the plot or
story in a novel or play, or any other de-
partment of literature.
Der No’vo (Latin), anew, from the be-

ginning.

Dens (Latin), a tooth, guasi edens, from
edo, to eat. Many plants have this speci-
fie name from their fancied resemblance
to the teeth of some animal, as Dens leo-
nis, the Lion’s tooth or Dandelion.

Dense, Den’strx, Lat. densus, close ;
densitas, closeness. These terms are rela-
tive, and denote the comparative: quan-
tity of matter which is contained in the
same space; they are directly opposed to
rare and rarity. The specific gravities of
bodies are presumed to be the measure of
their densities. See VotumE.

Denra’cra, from dens, a tooth, and
ayen, & seizure.—1l. The tooth-ache.
—2. An instrument for drawing teeth.

Denrat. By naturalists, the expres-
sion dental formula is used as the name
of a notation, used to signify the number
and kind of teeth of a mammiferous ani-
mal. Thus the genus Felis is character-
ised by—Incis. $; canin.+,+; pramol.
%,%; mol. 2,2= 30. This signifies that
they have six incisors in both the upper
and the lower jaw; one canine tooth on
each side of both jaws, two praemolares
on each side of each jaw; two molareson
each side of the upper, and one on each
side of the lower jaw.

Denta’Lium, the tooth-shell; a genus of
marine tubicol shells; it is a tubulous
arcuated cone open at both ends, and re-
sembling the tusk of an elephant in mi-
niature, whence the English and generic
names dentalis, tooth-like.

Den’tate, Lat. dentatus, toothed. In
botany, leaves, petals, roots, &c., are den-
tate when beset with horizontal project-
ing points, or rather distant teeth of their
own substance.

Denta’to-sin’UATE, having points like
teeth with hollows about the edges.

Den’tExs, Den’rits. In architecture, or-
naments in a cornice in the form of in-
dentations or teeth (dentes) ; this membe
is called a denticule or denticulated band.

Den’tes, plural of dens, a tooth. D.
acute, or incisores, the incisor teeth or
four front teeth ; D. adulti, the teeth of
the second dentition; D. bicuspides, the
two first grinders on each side; D. canini
or cuspidati, the canine teeth, two in each
jaw on the sides of the incisores; D. mo-
lares, the grinders or double teeth; D.
sapientia, the wisdom teeth; the twe
double teeth farthest back in the jaw.

Denric’viats, Lat. denticuiatus, sek

DEP 271

DER

with little teeth, applied to various ob-
jects, from their appearance.

Den’ricutye. In architecture. See Den-
TALS.

Dentinos’rres, a family of passerine
birds characterised by having the beak
emarginated on the sides of the point,
whence the name from dens and rostrum,
abeak. The shrikes, thrushes, tanagers,
crown-birds and fly-catchers are exam-
ples.

Denvpa’rion, Lat. denudatio, a laying
bare ; applied, in geology, to those disap-
pearances of upper strata in particular
districts, by which lower strata are par-
tially exposed to view.

Denupa’tus, naked. In botany, applied
to the polish of bodies, being the reverse
of hairy, downy, &c.

De’opanv. In law, Lat. deodandum, a
thing given or forfeited to God to appease
his anger (that is forfeited to the king to
be applied to pious purposes), when a per-
son comes to a violent death without the
fault of any reasonable creature. Thus
if acartrun over a man and kill him it
is forfeited as a deodand.

DeonTor/oey, deoy, due, and Aoyos, dis-
course. The science of duty.

De-oxipa’tIon, | depriving asubstance

Der-oxypa’rion, J of the oxygen which
it contains; reduction from the state of
an oxide.

Departr’rion, from de and partior, to
divide; an old chemical name for the
process of separating metals.

Departure. In navigation, from Fr.
départir, to move from; the easting or
westing of a ship in respect to the meri-
dian it departed from; or it is the differ-
ence of longitude in miles, either east or
west between the meridian which the
ship is under, and that where the last
reckoning or observation was made.

DerxuiecMa’rion, from de and phlegm
(q. v-); the process by which liquids are
deprived of their watery particles: ap-
plied chiefly to spirituous liquids, and in-
volving the alchemistical notion of a par-
ticular principle called phlegm.

Depxoeis’ricaTep, from de and phlo-
giston (q. V.); a term formerly applied by
chemists to bodies which were supposed
to be deprived of phlogiston or the inflam-
mable principle. Thus oxygen was called
dephlogisticated air, and chlorine dephilo-
gisticated muriatic acid.

Depit/arory, from de and pilus, the
hair; a name for any substance capable
of removing hair from the human skin.
Thus a pitch plaster which on being
removed pulls the hairs along with it
by the roots, is a mechanical depilatory ,
the chemical ones are composed either of
caustic alkalies, sulphuret of baryta, or
some arsenical preparation, and act by

destroying the roots of the hairs. They
are very unsafe.

Depto’y, from Fr. de and ployer, to fold
i.e. to unfold. In militar tactics, the ex-
pansion of a body of troops previously
compacted in column, &c., so as to offer
a large front.

Depo’Nent, from de and pono, to place.
1. In law, one who answers interroga-
tions under oath in Chancery.——2. In
grammar, such verbs as have no active
voice are called deponents or deponent
verbs. ‘

Derorta’tion, from de and porto, to
carry; a sort of banishment among the
Romans by which the individual exiled

-was sentenced to remain in some al-

lotted place under pain of death.

Deposition. 1. In geology, the subsi-
dence from a fluid of the different strata
which now form the crust of the earth.
—2. In surgery, the depression of the
lens in the operation of couching.

Depres’ston, from deprimo, to press
down. The depression of the sun or of a
star is its distance at any time below the
horizon, measured by an arc of the ver-
tical circle.-—The depression of the pole is
the phenomenon which appears to an
observer as he travels or sails towards
the equator, the pole appearing to sink
as he recedes from it.—The depression of
an equation is the reducing of such equa-
tion toa lower degree: thus a biquadratic
may be depressed (in particular cases) te
a cubic equation, and the cubic equation
to a quadratic. .

Depriva’tton, from de and privo, to
take away; an ecclesiastical censure by
which a bishop or other dignitary is de-
prived of his spiritual dignity.

Dep’ury, from Fr. député; a person ap-
pointed to act for another. In law, a
person who exercises an office in another’s
right. One or more deputies sent to trans-
act business, either with a special com-
mission and authority, or with general
powers, constitute a deputation. The
Chamber of Deputies is the lower of the
two legislative chambers in France.

Denr’BysHiIRE Spar, a fluate of lime,
named also fluor spar, and found in great
beauty and abundance in Derbyshire.

Der’eticts, from de and relinguo, to
leave; things forsaken, as, 1. Tracts of
land left dry by the sea and fit for culti-
vation.—-2. Goods relinquished b) the
owner. Vessels forsaken at sea are like-
wise called derelict ships.

DERMAT’OGRAPHY, alee degua, the

DERMOG’RAPHY, skin, and yeagw,
to describe ; the anatomical description of
the skin. °

sey Seen from degua, the skin,

Der’moip, / and g]dos, like; reeem-
bling skin.

DES 272

DET

DermaTo.’ocy, } from degua, the skin,
Dermov'ocy, and oyes, discourse ;
a discourse or treatise on the skin.
Dermes’tEs, a genus of coleopterous
insects named popularly the leather-
eaters, because they destroy furs, leather,
&c., &c.; dissectors by De Geer, because
they devour and reduce to skeletons the
dead bodies of animals. Cuvier places
the dermestes among the clavicornes,
Deros’atory Cravse. In wills, a sen-
tence or secret character, inserted by the
testator, of which he reserves the know-
ledge to himself, with a condition that no
will which he may hereafter make shall be
valid, unless this clause be inserted word
for word. Thisis done as a precaution to
against later wills being extorted
by violence or other improper means.
Der‘rickx. In navigation, a tackle used
at the outer quarter of the mizen-yard;
also a prop or support to shears, &c.
Der’visE, a Persian name given to all
Mohammedan monks, though of various

rs.

Des‘cant. In old music, from Ital. des-
canto, Lat. canto, to sing; the art of com-
posing music in several parts. Plain
descant consists in the orderly disposition
ef concords, and is the foundation of
musical composition. Figurative or florid
descant is that part of an air in which
some discords are concerned. Double
descant is when the parts are so contrived
that the base may become the treble and
the treble the base.

Descen’ston, from de and scando, to
climb; a going downwards. Applied in
astronomy: 1. Right descension is an arc
of the equator which descends with the
star or sign below the horizon in a right
sphere.——2. Oblique descension is an arc
of the equator which descends with a
star or sign below the horizon in the

oblique sphere. The difference between

the right and oblique descension of any

heavenly body is called the descensional
erence.

Descent’, Lat. descensus, the tendency
of a body from a higher to a lower place.
1. In mechanics, the descent of bodies is
their motion or tendency towards the
centre of the earth either in a direct or
im an oblique direction. The line of swift-
est descent is that which a body falling by
the action of gravity, describes, in the
shortest time possible, from one given
point to another ; and this line is the arc
of a cycloid when the one point is not
perpendicularly over — other (see Bra-
CHYSTOCHRONE).—In law, descent is the
title by which an individual on the death
of his ancestor acquires his estate by right
0f representation as his heir at law.—In
heraldry, descent expresses the position of
an animal in the act of descending, as a

lion in descent with his heels upwards, as
in the act of leaping down from an emi-
nence.

Descri’BenT. In geometry, from de and
scribo, to write; the line or surface, from
the motion of which a figure or body is
supposed to be generated or described.

Dest'en, Fr. dessein, a plan or represen-
tation of anything by an outline or sketch.
In painting, the design is the first idea of
a large work drawn roughly and on a
small scale, with the intention of being
executed and finished in large.—tIn teztile
manufactures, design expresses the draw-
ings which the workman copies by va-
rious contrivances into the fabric upon
which he is employed.—In architecture,
&c., the plan of an intended building pro-
jected according to the rules of art, with
taste and judgment, is called a design: it
includes plans, sections, and elevations.—
In music, design means both the invention
and execution of the subject in all its
parts.

Deste’nator. Anciently, a master of
the ceremonies, whose duty it was to as-
sign to each person his proper place in
the theatres and at the other public spec-
tacles.

Desmot'ocy, from deruos, a ligament,
and Aoyos, discourse; the anatomical de-
scription of the ligaments of the body.

Despuma’TION, from de and spuma, froth;
the clarification of a liquid, or the sepa-
ration of the spume, froth;-orscum from it.

Desquama’tion, from de and squama,a
scale; the separation of scales from the
skin or bones: in the case of the bones
the word exfoliation is commonly used.

Destem’PEr, Fr. détrempe. In painting,
a preparation of opaque colour, ground
up with size and water, used in scene-
painting.

Desrrec’tive Distitiation, the distil-
lation of organic products at a high tem-
perature, whereby the elements enter
into new combinations, as in dis
coal for the production of gas, and wood
for the formation of vinegar.

Des’vEtTuDE, from desuetudo, to cease from
any practice; discontinuance of any cus-
tom, law, &c. Words are lost, and laws
are virtually abrogated, by desuetude.

De’sunt Cz’rera (Lat.),‘‘ the rest want-
ing ;” put at the end of any chasm or de-
ficiency in an imperfect or mutilated
work.

DeracHen. In painting, is said of yen
when they stand free and disengaged
each other.

Deracy’sp Pieces. In fortification, out-
works at 1 distance from the body of a
place, as ~emilunes, ravelins, &c.

Dera'tte (of a plan), drawings or de-
lineations for the use of workmen, other-
wise calle¥ working drawings.—In the

ti i

as *

—

DEV 273 DEX
fine aris, the parts of a work as distin- | equivalents of oxygen to one or more of a
guished from the whole mass. metal. See Ox1pe.

Deren’ts.. In clockwork, from detentus,
those stops which, by being lifted up or
let down, lock or unlock the clock in
striking.

Dere’nveE. In law, a writ or action that
lies against a person who has had goods,
&c., delivered to him to keep, and after-
wards detains or refuses to give them up.

DETER’/MINATE, Lat. determinatus, li-
mited, fixed in value, as a determinate
quantity,in algebra. In botany, determi-
nati ramosus, abruptly branched, as when
each branch, after terminating in flowers,
produces a number of fresh shoots in a
zircular order from just below the origin
of these flowers.—In mathematics, a deter-
minate problem is one which has a limited
number of answers.

DETER’MINING Line. In conic sections,
a line parallel to the plane of the base of
the cone. In the hyperbola it falls within
the base of the cone; it forms a tangent
to the base in parabolic sections; it falls
without in the ellipsis.

Deronatine PowneEr, falminating mer-
cury, and silver, and other compounds,
which suddenly explode when struck or
heated.

DeronaTinc Tune, a stout glass tube
for the detonation of gaseous bodies.

Derrac’ror, Lat. from detraho,to draw
a muscle, the office of which is to draw
the part to which it is attached from some
other part.

Derri‘rus (Lat.), the worn off or broken
fragments and matters formed by the dis-
integration of mountains, &c.

Beneath the whole series of stratified
rocks that appear on the surface of the
globe, says Buckland, there probably
exists a foundation of unstratified crys-
talline rocks, bearing an irregular sur-
face; from the detritus of which the
materials of stratified rocks have in a
great measure been derived.
DevrEro’Nomy, from devregos, second,

and yous, law; the second book of the
law, the name given in the Scriptures to
the fifth book of Moses ; equivalent to the
Mischna of the Hebrews.

Dev’TERO-canon'Icat. In theology, a
term applied to certain books of Scrip-
ture which were added to the canon after
the rest were compiled: deutero, abbr. of
devregos, Second, ‘

Devreror’atHy, Lat. deuteropathia
(Bevregos, second, and zafos, suffering) ;
a sympathetic affection where a second
part suffers from consent with the part
originally affected.

Devtox’1peE, from devregog, second, and
oxide (q. v.); literally, the second oxide,
but usually employed to denote a com-
pound containing two atoms or two prime

Devetor’Ment, Fr. développement, an
unfolding ; a term frequently employed by
algebraists to denote the transformation
of any fraction or other quantity into the
form of a series. The development of a
spheric surface on a plane is a method of
drawing a portion of a sphere nearly
spherical, by supposing it circumscribed
by a polyhedron, the side of which is ex-
tended upon a plane.

Devia’t10n. In commercial navigation,
from de and via, the way ; the voluntary de-
parture of a ship, without necessity, from
the voyage insured for. This discharges
underwriters from their responsibility.

Devi'ce, Fr. devise; a term used in
heraldry and painting for any emblem
contrived to represent a certain family,
person, action, or quality, with a suitable
motto applied figuratively.

DeVIL’s-DUNG, a vulgar name for assa-
foetida.

Devis’c. In law, the act whereby a
person bequeaths his estate to another:
the act of dividing real estate. The per-
son who thus bequeaths is called the de-
visor, and the person in whose favour the
bequeathment is made is called the devisee.

Dew, Sax. deaw. The vapour condensed
upon the surface of the earth during the
night in consequence of the radiation of
caloric into a clear expanse of sky, which
makes no return, so that the temperature
of these bodies sinks below that of the
air, from which they abstract a portion
of that caloric which holds the atmosphe-
rical humidity in solution, and cause a
part of it to-be deposited.

Dewan’. In India, the head officer of
finance and revenue: always a Hindoo.

Dewan’ny Apaw’ter. In India, a court
(adawlet) for trying revenue and other
civil causes, in distinction from the Niza-
mut adawlet (q. v.) See Dewan.

Dew-proint. The temperature at which
dew begins to be deposited, varying with
the humidity of the atmosphere.

Dex’rrat. In conchology, all spiral
shells are divided into dextral and sinis-
tral: when the turn of the shell is on the
right hand side (dexter), the mouth being
downwards, it is termed dertral, when on
the left (sinister), it is sinistral or reversed.
The great majority of spiral shells are
dextral, but individuals of the very same
species are found reversed or sinistral.

Dex’trine, from dexter, the right hand;
a matter of a gummy appearance, into
which the interior substance of the mole-
cules of starch is converted by diastase
or acids. Thus named, from the circum-
stance that it turns the plane of polariza-
tion to the right hand more than ar
other body. It is white, insipid, tr
parent in their plates, and without

DIA 2

74 DIA

Dey, the title of the supreme governor
of Algiers, Tunis, and the other States of

Barbary.
D.F., for defensor fidei, defender of the
th.

D.G., for Dei gratia, by the grace of God.

Diav'eres, diecbnrns. A morbid copi-
ousness of urine, a disease of which there
are two species, the D. insipidus, in which
the urine has its usual taste, and the D.
mellitus in which it contains a great
quantity of sugar. Both species are at-
tended,with great thirst, voracious appe-
tite, and emaciation.

Diacav’stic, from diexavw, to burn;
applied to a double convex lens or burn-
ing glass. The diacaustic curve is a spe-
cies of the caustic curves formed by re-
fraction.

Diacn’yton, diaxvawy. The name
given by the Greeks to a plaister composed
of the juices of herbs, from die and yuAos,

uice. In modern pharmacy two diachy-
on plaisters are known, the simple or
white didchylon or lead-plaister, and the
yellow diachylon or diachylon with gum,
made by adding galbanum, turpentine
and frankincense, to simple diachylon.

Dracov’stics, from dia and axzovw, to
hear: the doctrine of refracted sounds,
called also diaphonics (q. v.).

Diacrir’ic Marks, Sieur ervaay to distin-
guish. Marks used to distinguish let-
ters, between the forms of which much

rity exists.

Diaver’Pua, dig, twice, and aderges,
a brotherhood ; the name of a class in the
sexual system of plants, embracing those
the flowers of which are papilionaceous
or hermaphrodite, and have the male
organs united below (generally) into two
sets of cylindrical filaments. The fruits
are leguminous. The pea and bean are
examples.

Dr'avEem, Biadyua, diadema. 1. The
head-band anciently worn by kings as a
badge of royalty.——-2. The regal crown,
hence figuratively supreme power.——3.
In heraldry, a circlet enclosing the crown
of a prince.——4. In surgery, a sort of
bandage for the head in cases of relaxa-
tion of the sutures.

Diz’zesis, from diaetw, to divide. 1.
In grammar, the division of one syllable
into two, usually denoted by two points
over a letter, as in aulai for aule-——2. In
surgery, a solution of continuity, as an
ulcer.

Diacno’sis, from diayivwrxm, to know
thoroughly ; theart of distinguishing one
disease from another by the symptoms
presented, called also diacrisis

D1aGnos‘TIc, Siayvorrixess character-
istic ; the diagnostics of a disease are the

signs or symptoms by which it is recog-

?

nised and distinguished from others.
These are of two kinds, the adjunct when
the symptoms are common to several dis-
eases, and the pathognomic when they at-
tend only one disease, and serve to distin-
guish it from all others.

Diac’onat, from fig, through, and
ywvic, @ corner: in an angular direction.

&

A right line, as AB drawn across an
equilateral figure from one angle to
another, is by some called the diameter,
by others the diametral, but generally
the diagonal of the figure.

Dia’cram, from DimyenGads to delineate ;
a geometrical delineation for the purpose
of demonstrating the properties of any
figure, as a square, triangle, The
diayeapue of the Greeks was a sort of
musical scale, a proportion of measures
distinguished by certain notes

Divcrapx, dix and yeagu, to describe ;
an instrument recently invented in
France, used in perspective.

Dr‘at, an instrument serving to mea-
sure time by the shadow of the sun, called
therefore tautologically, a sun-dial. The
word is formed from dies, day, because
indicating the hour of the day. The an-
cients called it sciathericum, from its doing
it by the shadow. There are many kinds
of dials, the diversity arising from the
different situations of the plane, and from
the different figures of the surfaces upon
which they are described, as the horizontal,
the equinoctial, vertical, polar, direct, erect,
declining, inclining, reclining, &e., and
there are several kinds called universal,
because they serve for all latitudes. De-
scriptions of several of these will be found
in Jones’s Instrumental The
miner’s compass is sometimes erronevusly
called a dial by the workmen.

Dia’tect, from die and Asyw, to speak ;
the form or idiom of a language peculiar
to a province, a kingdom, or a state, as
the Attic dialect spoken by the Athe-
nians in contradistinction to the Ionic,
Doric and £olice dialects.
guages which are
are dialects of one common language
locally accommodated to circumstances.

Diat'tine Grose, an instrument of brass
or wood, with a plane fitted to the hori-
zon, and an index so contrived as to give
a clear illustration of the scientific prin-
ciples on which dials are constructed.

Drat’tine Lines, } Graduated lines

Diat’tinc Scares. J placed on rulers,
the edges of quadrants and other instru-
ments, for the construction of dials.

DIA

275

DIA

Diar’tnc-SpruHere, an instrument usu-
ally made of brass, with several semi-
circles sliding over each other on a move-
able horizon, used to demonstrate the
nature of spherical triangles, and to give
the true idea of the methods of construct-
ing dials on all sorts of planes.

Drat’tace. In mineralogy, a dark-
green variety of crystallised serpentine,
thus named from d;zAAayy, difference, in
allusion to the difference of lustre be-
tween its natural joints. Diallage is the
Verde di Corsica duro of artists, by whom
it is fashioned into ring-stones, snuff-
boxes, &c. In the rock it is called gabbro ;
it ranks as a species of the genus Schiller-
spar, is named smaragdite by Saussure,
and euphotide by others.

Drat’ysis, dieavois, a loosening (Aww,
to dissolve). 1. In grammar, a mark or
character consisting of two points placed
over one of two vowels to dissolve a diph-
thong, or to show that the two vowels
are to be separated in pronunciation, as
aérial. 2. In rhetoric,a figure of speech
in which several words are placed toge-
ther without the aid of a conjunction, as
veni, vidi, vici——3. In medicine, relaxa-
tion or weakness of the limbs.

Diawerer, from dia, through, and
MET LED; to measure ; a line which passing
through the centre of a circle or other
curvilinear figure divides it or its respec-
tive ordinates into two equal parts. In
conic sections, the line AB is called the
conjugate diameter, and the line CD is

the transverse diameter. In architecture,
the measure across the lowest part of the
shaft of a column, which is usually di-
vided into sixty parts, called minutes, and
forms a scale for the measurement of the
other parts of the order.

Dra’mMonp, a condensed and usually
crystallised form of carbon ranked as the
most beautiful and valuable, as it is the
hardest, of the precious stones, formerly
called adamant. Colours white and grey,
sometimes red, brown, yellow, green,and
rarely blue and black. The white is the
most valued; when transparent and pure
it is said to be of the first water. When
cut it exhibits a beautiful play of colours
in the sun-beam. It has only been found
as yet within the tropics (in some parts
of India, in Borneo, and in Brazil), in di-
luvial grayel, and among conglomerate
rocks called cascalho, in Brazil, on which
it way be said Europe depends at present

for diamonds. The primitive form is the
regular octahedron, but each triangular
facet is sometimes replaced by six secon-
dary triangles bounded by curved lines,
so that the crystal becomes spheroidal
with 48 facets. Its brilliancy depends on
its property of reflecting all the light
which falls on its posterior surface at an
angle of incidence greater than 24° 13’
only. The natural edges of the crystal
cut glass, artificial edges only scratch
it. The weight and consequently the
value of the diamond is estimated in
carats; and the price of one diamond as
compared with another of equal purity
is as the square of the respective weights.
The largest diamond known is that in
the possession of the Queen of Portugal.
It is uncut, and weighs 1680 carats, or 11
oz. 96 grs. ; supposing therefore the table
of rates to be applicable to this diamond,
it is worth 1680? X 2/.=5,644,800/., but the
highest price ever paid for a diamond
was 150,000/.. A rough diamond is one as
it comes from the mines. A brilliant dia-
mond is one which is cut into facets both
at top and bottom. A rose diamond is one
which is quite flat beneath, with its upper,
part cut into numerous facets, usually tri-
angles. <A table diamond is one cut with
a large square face on top, encompassed
by four lesser ones. Diamond powder is
used for cutting, engraving and polishing
hard stones. The glazier’s diamond, used
for cutting glass, is a small point of a
natural crystal of the diamond, set in a
socket of steel, lead, or silver. It is also
of late used by engravers to draw lines
which are to be deepened by aqua fortis
(dilute nitric acid). The term diamond is
used by heralds to express the black co-
lour in the achievements of peerage, and
the same name is given popularly to the
figure otherwise called a rhombus.

Dr’amMonD-sHAPED. Leavesare so called
when they approach in form to a square,
or resemble the figure of the diamond as
painted on cards.

Dra‘na. 1. The moon. A name formerly
given to silver from its white shining
appearance.——2. The goddess of hunting,
twin sister of Apollo.

Dia’na, TREE OF, a name given to the
crystallised silver which is disengaged
when mercury is put into a solution of
nitrate of silver.

Dian’pria, from dis, twice, and ayuye,
aman. The second class of plantsin the
Linnzan sexual system, comprising such
as have hermaphrodite flowers with two
stamens.

Dian’ruvs, the pink. A genus of about
70 species, mostly hardy perennials. De-
candria—Digynia. Name from Ajsos, Jove,
and ayfoe, a flower, in allusion to the ele-
gance and fragrance of the flower. The-

7 2

DIA 2

76

DIA

sweet-wiliiam, clove-pink, carnation, and
maiden-pink, are well-known species.

Diapa’son, Drapasz, from dia racwy,
through all. A rule or scale whereby
musical-instrument-makers adjust the
pipes of organs, cut the holes of flutes,
hautboys, &c., in due proportion for per-
forming the tones, semitones, and con-
cords with precision. Most writers on
the theory of music use diapason to ex-
press the octave of the Greeks. Con-
sidered simply, it is but one harmonical
interval; but considered diatonically, it
contains seven degrees, the three greater
tones, two lesser tones, and two greater
semitones.

Diapa’son-DIAPENTE. In music,acom-

“pound consonance in a triple ratio, con-
sisting of nine tones and one semitone: a
twelfth.

Diapa/SoN-DIATES’SARON. In music, a
compound concord, founded on the pro-
portion of 8 to 3, consisting of eight tones
and one semitone.

Diapa’soN-DITONE. In music, a com-
pound concord, the terms of which are
as 5 to 2.

Diapa‘SON-SEM'IDITONE. In music, a
compound concord, the terms of which
are as 12 to5.

Draren’te, from die, and eyes, five, a
fifth. In music, an interval making the
second of the concords, and with the dia-
tessaron an octave. In pharmacy, acom-
position of five ingredients.

Draper, a kind of cloth much used for
table-linen, thus named from Ypres (cloth
d'Ipre), in the Netherlands, where it
was first manufactured. It is named
by the French toile fourrée, and is orna-
mented with the most extensive figures
of any kind of twisted cloth, except
damas.

k.
Diapn’onics, the doctrine of refracted

sound.
Dis’pHora, from dieGecew, to differ. A
rhetorical figure, in which a word, when
repeated, is taken in a different sense
from what it was at first understood.
Di/aAPHRAGM, DieGeayjLe, the midriff.
A muscle which divides the thorax from
the abdomen. It takes its name from this
position, Jiagearow, to separate by a par-
tition; hence diaphragmatic, pertaining
to the diaphgram, as the diaphragmatic
arteries, veins, &c. Hence also, diaphrag-
mitis, inflammation of the diaphragm.
Draronre’sis, diaroenoig, doubt. The
name given to a rhetorical figure, in
which the speaker expresses his doubt or
hesitation as to the manner in which he
ought to proceed.
Diarrue@’a, from Dsegeew, to flow. A
purging, flux, orlooseness, of which there
are several species. It differs from dysen-

tery (q. V.), and is not contagious. Diar-
rhetic, purgative.

Diarturo’sis, from Jsaeefeom, to articu-
late. A moveable collection of bones, of
which anatomists enumerate five species:
enarthrosis, arthrodia, ginglymus, trochoi-
des, and amphiarthrosis. The term diar-
throdial is applied to the cartilages cover-
ing the articular extremities of bones.

Dr'ascuism, Jiacryiope, @ piececut off.
A term used in music to express the differ.
ence between the comma and enhar-
monic diesis, commonly called the lesser
comma.

Diastau'tic, dimoradrcizos, dilated,
noble. Applied by the Greeks to certain
intervals in music, as the major third,
sixth, and seventh.

Dias‘raseE, from diacrracis, separation,
A substance extracted by cold water from
crushed malt, and precipitated from its
solution by alcohol. It liquefies and sac-
charifies the paste of starch without ab-
sorption or disengagement of gas.

Drastem, diaoryua, an interval. Ap-
plied chiefly in music, but sometimes by
physicians in the same sense as diastasis
(q. v.). It is also used to express the in-
terval between the rising and falling
inflexions in reading and speaking.

Dias’T0LzE, Siarroay, dilatation. 1. In
medicine, dilatation of the heart and arte-
ries: opposed to systole.——2. In grammar,
a figure of prosody, by which a syllable
naturally short is made long.

Dr’asty ez, from die and ¢rvAog,a pillar.
An edifice of which the intercolumnia-
tion is equal to three mean diameters of
the columns.

Diares‘sanon, from dia, and ticcaca,
four. A musical concord, composed of a
greater tone, a r tone, and one
greater semitone. Its proportion is 4 to.
3, hence called a perfect fourth. The name

is also given to the four gospels when

arranged harmonically ; and toa medicine
composed of four ingredients,
aristolochia, laurel-berries, and honey.

DIATHER’MAL, dig, and Deeuns warmth.
Applied to substances, such as transpa-
rent rock-salt, which suffer heat to pass
through them.

Dis'rHEsis, Jiabyorg, disposition. A
natural predisposition to certain diseases,
such as the scrofulous, rheumatic, can-
cerous, and calculous diatheses.

Drar’ont, die, and royog, an extension.
In ancient architecture, the angle stones of
a F
Diaro’ntc, from die, and roves, sound.
An epithet given to a musical scale or
gamut, as it proceeds by tones and semi-
tones. Thus we speak of a diatonic scale
or series, a diatonic interval, diatonic har-

~

DIC

277

DIE

mony. It is applied to ordinary music,
containing only the two greater and
lesser tones, and the greater semitone.

Diazeux'ls, diaSevésis, division. The
name given by the ancient musicians to
the tone which separated two disjunct
tetrachords. It was placed between the
mesis and paramesis. This diazeutic tone,
in our music, is from A to B.

Dr'azom, diagwue, a zone. The term is
used to designate the diaphragm which
surrounds the cavity of the thorax. In
ancient architecture, the landings which
encircled the amphitheatre at different
heights.

Dr'cast, dizeeorys. An ancient officer
in Greece, answering nearly to our jury-
man. The radix is 3,4, justice.

Dicaste’R1vuM, a hallofjusticein Athens.

Drceras, from di¢, twice, and zégas,
a horn; a genus of fossil shells discovered
in granular limestone, and thus named
from ing two prominent spiral um-
bones which resemble two twisted horns.

Dicuor’omovus, Lat. bichotomus, bifur-
eate, forked; applied to stems and plants
divided into two parts.

Dicuor’omy, from Jsyxoropese, a division.
1. A distribution by pairs.——2. That

jhasis of the moon in which she appears
isected or shows only half her disc.

Dic’nroisM, dis, double, yewe, colour.
A property of certain crystallised bodies
of appearing under two distinct colours,
according to the direction in which the
tight is transmitted through them.

Dicu’RoirTe, a mineral of the gem order,
thus named from ds¢, and yeoe, colour,
fromits showing different shades of colour
(usually blue) when viewed in different
directions. It is called also iolite. It oc-
curs in granite and gneiss. Its principal
constituents are silica, alumi gnesi
and oxides of manganese and iron.

Drcoc’rous, Lat. dicoceus, two-seeded,
dic and xoxx0s,a berry ; applied to a cap-
sule which consists of two cohering grains
or cells with one seed in each.

Diceryt’epon, from dig and zorvayday,
a cotyledon ; a plant which has two cotyle-
dons, seminal leaves, or seed lobes, exem-
plified in the bean. The dicotyledones
form the third great division of plants in
Jussieu’s natural method, and the term
dicotyledonous is applied to all plants of
this division. See Corytepon.

Dicram’nvs, the Dittany or Frazxinella ;
a genus of perennial plants. Decandria—
Monogynia. Name from Dicte, a moun-
tain in Crete, where the red-flower frax-
{nella, the first known species, grows
plentifully. The frarinella of the shops is
the root of the D. albus or bastard dittany,
found in Germany.

Dicra ror, the title given in ancient

Rome to a magistrate created in times of
exigency, and invested with unlimited
power. The ordinary duration of his
office was six months, during which tiine
all other magistracies ceased, the tribune-
ship alone excepted. Sylla and Casar
rendered the dictatorship perpetual and
the name odious.

Dipac’TyLe, hsdexervdAos, an animal hav-
ing only two toes; hence didactylous, two-
toed.

DiIpEcAHE’DRAL, from di and decahedral ;
having the form of a decahedral (ten-
sided) prism with pentahedral (five-sided)
summits. A crystal of this form may be
called a didecahedron.

DivopEcaHE’DRAL, from di and dodeca-
hedral; having the form of a dodecahe-
dral (twelve-sided) prism with hexahedral
(six-sided) summits: such a crystal is a
didodecahedron.

Diver’pHis, } A genus of mammalia:

Diver’puys,$ order Fere, Lin., and
Marsupiata, Cuv. Name from 3i¢ and
dsAgus, having two wombs, all the species
possessing an external abdominal pouch
(marsupium),in which the foetus is placed
after a very short uterine gestation, and
where it remains suspended to the nipple
by the mouth till sufficiently matured to
come forth to the external air. This
genus, formed by Linnzus, is now divided
into the following genera: Didelphis, pro-
perly so called, including the Chironectes,
Illiger, and the Thylacinus and Phascogale,

|Temminck (Ex. opossums of America

and the dog-headed opossum of Van
Diemen’s Land); the Dasyurus, Geoffroy,
the Phalangista, Cuvier, the Hypsiprym.
nus, Illiger, the Macropus, Shaw, or Pal-
maturus, Illiger, the Koala, Cuvier, and
the Phascalomys, Geoffroy. These genera
form the order Marsupiata of Cuvier.

Dr'pEeron (Gr.) In ancient architecture,
a brick one foot long and six inches
broad.

Dripracw’MA, an old Grecian silver coin
of the fourth of an ounce.

Divyna’m1a, from dis, and dvvauis,
power ; the name of the 14th class of plants
in the sexual system of Linnzus, having
four stamens, two long and two short.
The orders are Gymnospermia and Angio-
spermia, and the bugle, germander, mint,
betony, balm, thyme, snapdragon and
broom-rape, are generic examples. Epi-
thet, didynamie.

Dre. 1. A stamp used in coining, strik-
ing medals: plural dies.——2. One of a
pair of dice——3. The cubical part of the
pedestal of a column between its base and
cornice.

Diss. 1. Plural of die, for coining. ——
2. Latin, plural of dies, a day, as D. cani-
culares, the dog-days. D. non (juridici),
days on which no court is held; D. datus,

DIG

278

DIG

a day or time of respite given by the court
to the defendant in a cause.

Drie'sis, dsecis, division. In music, the
division of a tone, less than a semitone:
an interval consisting of an imperfect
semitone.—In books, the mark #{, cailed
also a double-dagger, and used as a mark
for reference.

Drier. 1. Lat. dieta; food regulated
by medical rules.——2. Germ. dyet; the
general assembly of the states of the
German empire, and formerly of Poland.

Diev et mon Droit (French), God and
my right. The motto of the royal arms
of England, first assumed by Richard I.
William III. used the motto je maintien-
dray pon Elizabeth and Anne used semper

Direc er son Acre (French), a maxim in
law, that the act of God shall not be a pre-
judice to any man.

Dir’FERENCE, from dis, away, and fero,
to bear; variation in whole or in part.
In logic, an essential attribute belonging
to a species, that is not found in the genus.
In arithmetic, the remainder, when one
number has been subtracted from another.
In heraldry, any addition to a coat of
arms, serving to distinguish one family
from another.

Dirreren’ti1aL. In mathematics, an infi-
nitely small quantity, so small as to be
less than any assignable quantity: thus
denominated, because frequently con-
sidered as the difference of two quantities,
and as such is the foundation of the dif-
ferential calculus.

Dirreren’TiaL Catcutus, a arith-

Meruop, $ meticofin-
finitely small differences of variable quan-
tities, consisting in descending from
whole quantities to their differentials,
and comparing them together. It differsin
its metaphysics from the fluxional calculus.

Dirreren’T1at CoeErri’cient, in ana-
lysis, is the ratio of the differential of any
function of a variable quantity to the dif-
ferential of the variable.

Dirreren’tIAL THERMOMETER, an in-
strument for measuring very small differ-
ences of temperature.

Dirrrac’rion. In optics, a species of
inflexion, which the rays of light undergo
in passing very near the extremities of an
opaque body.

Dicam’mA, the double gamma or F of the
Greeks, with the sound of V.

Dice’st, Lat. digesta, a collection of
the Roman laws, ranged and digested
under their proper titles, by order of the
Emperor Justinian ; thus named the Jus-
tinian Code.

DicEs‘tER, a strong iron or copper ves-
sel, with a cover adapted to screw on,
with pieces of felt or paper interposed,
and furnished with a safety-valve, which
may be more or less loaded. The purpose

of this vessel is to prevent the loss of heat
by evaporation, and thereby to render the
action of water, &c. on solids digested in
it more intense, by raising the fluids to
higher temperatures than their common
boiling points. Animal bones are dis-
solved with great facility along with
water, in Papin’s digester. The autoclave
of the French cook is a modification of
the digester.

Dices’t10n, from digero, to dissolve. In
chemistry, the operation by which bodies
intended to act slowly on each other are
exposed for some time to a moderate
heat. In physiology, the change which the
food undergoes in the stomach in being
converted into chyme.

Diae'it, from digitus, a finger. In arith-
metic, any integer under 10, thus called
from arithmetic being first performed
upon the fingers, In astronomy, the
twelfth part of the diameter of the sun or
moon: used to express the quantity of an
eclipse.

Dic’ITaLine, a powerful poison, derived’
from the digitalis purpurea, or fox-glove.
This substance is now known to consist of
chlorophylle, resin, and a fatty matter.

Dicira’uis, the fox-glove. A genus of
plants, mostly herbaceous, and either bi-
ennial or perennial. Didynamia—Angio-
spermia. Name from digitale, the finger of
a glove, which the tlower resembles.
The leaves of the D purpurea are much
used in medicine.

Die’ItaTe, Lat. digitatus, R

Die’itirorM, ) Applied to leaves com-

of two or more leafiets.

Dieira’tion, from digitus,a finger. A
term applied by anatomists to parts which
are more or less finger-shaped ; as when
a muscle is said to arise by a number of
fleshy digitations.

Die'ITaTo-PY/NNATE, Lat. digitato-pin-
natus. Applied to digitate leaves, the
leaflets of which are pinnate.

Diciti’crapa, the name given by Cu-
vier to the second tribe of Carnivora,
from the circumstance of the animals.
comprised in it walking upon the ends of
their toes (digitus, a finger or toe, and
grado, to walk). The weasel and dog are’
examples.

Di'ciypx, dsyAuges. A double chan-
nelled tablet. See Guyrpu, and TricLypxH.

Die’niTaRy, an ecclesiastic who holds.
a dignity or benefice, which gives him
some preeminence over mere priests and
canons. Bishops, deans. arch-deacons,
&c. are dignitaries.

Dieniry, from Lat. dignus. Among ec-
clesiastics, office or prefermentjoined with
jurisdiction. In astrology, some peculiar
advantage which a planet has, from its
position in the zodiac, or with respect to:
other planets.

Dicres’sion, Lat. digredé, to diverge.

DIM

279

DIO

In astronomy, denotes the apparent dis-
tance of the inferior planets, Mercury and
Venus, from the sun.

Diern’t4, from dig, and yuyy, a Woman.
The name of an order in several classes of
the sexual system of plants, embracing
those plants which, to the character of
the class whatever it may be, add the
circumstance of having two styles or
pistils.

Drnepron, from dig, and édea, a face-
A figure haying two sides or surfaces;
hence dihedral, two-sided.

DrnExaHe’pRAL, from di and hexahedral.
Having the form of a hexahedral prism,
with trihedral summits.

Dixz, Sw. dike, Dutch dyk. Radically
the same word as ditch. Engineers use
this term in the same sense as embank-
ment, with this difference, that a hydraulic
embankment, and one impervious to
water, is meant. Thus a considerable
portion of Holland is preserved from the
sea by dikes. Geologists and miners em-
ploy the name dike toa wall of mineral
matter cutting through the strata in
nearly a vertical position. Many of these
- dikes are fissures filled with clay, but the
most notable are those of igneous matter,
as whin. In Scotland a stone fence is
called a dike.

Diraripa’tion, from di, and lapis, a
stone. In law, this term is used to denote
a voluntary wasting, or suffering to go to
decay, any building in possession of an ec-
clesiastical incumbent. Dilapidation is
active when the incumbent pulls downa
building ; permissive when he suffers the
building to waste for want of repair.
Dilapidation extends, not only to build-
ings, but also to woods or anything which
happens to be church property.

Dit’srory. 1. Lat. dilatoriwm, a sur-
gical instrument for dilating any part.
2. Lat. dilatorius, intending to make
delay, as in law, a dilatory plea, intended
to delay trial.

Dit'icence. In Scottish law, that pro-
cess by which persons, lands, or effects
~ seized in execution, or in security for

ebt.

Ditv’viem, Lat. from di, and luo, to
wash. Water-worn debris, consisting of
loam, sand, gravel, &c. deposited by an
inundation of water: such deposits are
termed diluvian and diluvial. These terms
were originally introduced into geology
to distingush the accumulation of debris
consequent on the Noachian deluge. See
ALLUVIUM.

Die, (contracted from Fr. dixieme,
tenth). A silvercoin of the United States
of America ; value ten cents, or the tenth
of a dollar.

Diaen’ston, from dimetior, to measure ;
length, breadth, or thickness. A line has

one dimension, length ; a surface has two
dimensions, length and breadth; a solid
has the three dimensions, length, breadth,
and thickness. In algebra, the term dimen-
ston has reference to the highest power
which enters into the composition of an
equation or expression. Thus an equatiop
is said to be of one, two, three, &e. di-
mensions, according as it involves the
simple quantity, the square, cube, &c.

DrowIntsHED IntTERVALS. In music, one
that is short of its quantity by a lesser
semitone.

DimiInvEn’po (It.), In music, where
the volume of soundis to be lessened from
loud to soft, marked thus é

Diuinv'tion, from di, and minor, less,
a making less; opposed to augmentation.
In architecture, a contraction of the upper
part of a column; called also the dimi-
nishing of the column. In law, a plea by
the plaintiff, in an appeal to a superior
court, that part of the record is omitted
in the inferior court. In music, the reply
to a subject in notes of half the length of
those of the subject itself.

Drimis’sory, Lat. dimissorius, sending
away, dismissing to another jurisdiction.
A letter dimissory is one given by a bishop
to a candidate for holy orders, having a
title in his diocese, directed to some other
bishop, giving leave for the bearer to be
ordained by him.

Dim‘1ry, Sp. dimite. A species of cross-
barred stuff, composed entirely of cotton,
and similar in fabric to fustian.

DinorHeE’RIvM, an extinct genus of ter-
restrial mammalia, thus named from
dives, huge, and fegsoy, a wild beast, in
allusion to its huge size, the dinotherium
being considered to have been the largest
of all terrestrial animals. It holds an in-
termediate place between the tapir and
the mastodon, as it is believed to have
been a herbivorous aquatic animal, and
supplies a link between the cetacea and
pachydermata. There are two species at
present recognised. The remains are
found chiefly at Epplesheim, in Germany.
The animal is referred to the miocene
period.

Diozo’ton, dioCoroy. An ancient weight
of two oboli (a scruple).

Dr’ocrEsE, Sr Sioszyois, & jurisdic-

Dr'ocsss, § tion (radix o:zos, a house).
An ecclesiastical division of a kingdom
or state, subject to the authority of a
bishop, hence called a diocesan. A diocese
was originally a division of the Roman
empire, called otherwise a prefectwre.

Diocraue’prat, from di, and octahe-
dral, Having the form of two octahedral
pyramids joined base to base, without
any intermediate column. Crystals of
this form constitute the genus dioctahedria,
and the figure is called a dioctahedron.

DIO : 280 DIP

Dr’ovon, the sun-fish. Placed by Cu-
vier in the family Gymnodontes, and thus
named from 3s¢, and odoevg, a tooth, in
consequence of the jaws being undivided,
and formed of one piece above, and ano-
ther below. The skin is everywhere
armed with spines, so that when the fish
is inflated, and it has the power of swell-
ing itself like a balloon, it bears a close
resemblance in form to the burr of a
chestnut-tree. A number of species inha-
bit the seas of hot climates.

Die’cia, from dig, and oszos, a house.
The name of a class of plants in the sex-
ual system of Linnzus, embracing such
as have barren or male flowers on one
individual, and fertile or female ones on
another of the same species. ‘The poplar,
aspen, and willow, are examples. The
epithet for plants of this class is diecious.

Diomr’prEa, the albatross. A genus of
aquatic birds of gigantic size (See ALBa-
tross). They inhabit the South Seas.
Cuvier places them among the Longipen-
nes. The name is that of certain birds of
the Island of Diomedes, near Tarentum,
which were said to receive the Greeks
favourably, and to attack the barbarians.

DioPHan’?TINE ANALYSIS. iz algebra,

Prostems. ) certain pro-
blems relating to square and cube num-
bers, right-angled triangles, &c.; the
properties of which were first discussed
by Diophantes, in his ‘‘ Arithmetic.”

Dior’rrics, from 3sa, through, and
oxrouast, to see. That branch of optics
which treats of the laws of refraction,
and of the effects which the refraction
of light has on vision: called also ana-
elastics.

Diora’, from dia, and ocapuc, a view.
This name is given to those buildings in
which dioramic paintings are exhibited,
and also to the art of making such paint-
ings. Dioramic painting is a new art,
and isa decided improvement upon the
old panorama. It consists in uniting
transparent painting to the usual opaque
method, and causing the light to fall upon
the picture both before and behind. To
givelife to the picture transparent blinds,
suspended both above and behind, are put
in motion by machinery, and now and
again modify and intercept the rays of
light, so as to fall at pleasure in graduated
tints upon all parts of the scene in succes-
sion. By the same means, figures are
made to appear where the spectators had
just beheld empty seats, &c.; rocks to
tumble from mountains; the dark thun-
der-cloud to overshadow the smiling
valley ; or the avalanche to hurl destruc-
tion among the peaceful inhabitants of
the lowland village.

Droscore’a, a genus of perennial plants.

ia—Hexandria. Named in honour of

Dioscorides. The esculent root called the
yam is afforded by three species, the alata,
bulbifera, and sativa. They are natives of
both Indies, and the root is eaten promis-
cuously as the potato is with us. The
taste is more luscious than the potato.

Dios’ma, a genus of permanent plants
of about 50 species. Pentandria—Monogy-
nia. Name from Ayes, Jove, and oruz,
a smell, on account of its divine smell.
The smell, however, of some of this spe-
cies is so far from being divine that a di-
vision called Barosma has been formed to
include them. A bitter principle called
diosmine has been extracted from the
leaves of the D. crenata, the Buchu of the
natives.

Dir, from Sax. dippan, to incline down-
wards. In geology and mining, the incli-
nation of a stratum, or the angle which
it forms with the horizon, is termed the
dip or angle of inclination. Mining work-
men also use the term dip for any inter-
ruption of a vein by a dike or fault, with-
out regard to the literal meaning of the
word. In magnetism, the depression of
one of the poles of a magnet, and the con-
sequent elevation of the other, is called
the dip of the magnet or needle. An ap-
paratus constructed to show the amount
of this depression is called a dipping-
needle (q.¥.). For dip of the horizon, see
DEPRESSION.

Direta‘Lous, from 3:¢, and stradoy, a
petal; having two flower-leaves or petals.

Dipu’xyces, the name given by Cuvier
to a genus of zoophytes. Class Acalepha ;
Order Hydrostatica; from dig, and ¢uz,
nature. Two different animals being al-
ways found together, the one encased in
a cavity of the other, but susceptible of
being separated without destroying the
life of either. They are gelatinous and
diaphanous.

Diruxv’Lovs, from dis, and guArey, a
leaf; two-leaved; applied to the perianth
of flowers when there are two calyces.

Dir'Léz, from dszdAow, to double; the
name given by anatomists to the cancel-
lated substance between the two plates of
the skull.

Dirto’ma, ditAwuc. A writing which
confers some privilege, and especially the
instrument of licence given by colleges
to clergymen to exercise the ministerial
functions, and to physicians and surgeons
to practise physic and surgery: thus
named from dsrAow, to double, be-
cause usually written on parchment and
folded up.

Dirtom’acy, from dirdame, a folded
letter (ancient meaning); the customs,
privileges, and rules of ambassadors, en-
voys, and other representatives of princes
and states at foreign courts. Ministers

DIP

281

DIR

at courts are hence termed a diplomatic

y, and severally, diplomatists. At the
Congress assembled at Vienna, 1814, it
was arranged that the rank of diplomatic
agents should be: 1. Ambassadors; 2.
Envoys Extraordinary and Ministers Ple-
nipotentiary;. 3. Ministers resident; 4.
Chargés d’Affaires; 5. Secretaries of Le-
gation and Attachés.

Drreromar'ics, the science of diplomas or
ancient writings, literary and public do-
cuments, decrees, charters, and having
for its object the deciphering of old
writings, and the discussing of their au-
thenticity, dates, &c.

Drr’topy, Lat. diplopia, a disease of the
eye in which the person sees an object
double, from Qds7Aoos, double, and

ues, to see; the visus duplicatus.
The cause of the affection is not well
known.

Dirto’zoon, from d;r200¢, double, and
Zaov, an animal; i.e. double animal, a
very singular worm which infests the
gills of the bream, having two distinct
bodies united in the middle, resembling
a St. Andrew’s cross.

Diprine (see Dir). Among miners, the
interruption of a vein of ore. In magnet-
tsm, the depression of the pole of a mag-
net or magnetic needle is called its dip,
and the amount is shown by the dipping-

needle. This needle, AB, isa flat mag-
net, through the centre of which a smail
axis passes at right angles. It moves
freely in circular holes made in the hori-
zontal bar, CD, which forms the diame-
ter of a circle, graduated for the purpose
of showing the angle which the needle
makes with the horizon. At the equator
the needle takes the horizontal position,
from which position it deviates in pro-
portion as it is approached towards either
pole: this may be shown by using a large
artificial magnet.

Drr’rera, an order of insects character-
fised by having two membranous, ex-
tended wings, whence the name from

dig and xregoy,a wing. The epithet for
this order is dipterous or dipteral. ,

Dierera’cex, a natural order of arbo- .
rescent exogens.

Dir’reron, from dirregos, two-winged ;
the name given by the old architects to
an edifice with a double row of columns,
which formed porticoes called wings or
aisles. '

Diprery’Gians, durreevs, two-finned ; a
family of fishes having only two fins.

Dir’rycu (Gr.), twofold,a tablet used by
the Romans for the purpose of writing,
and folded like a book of two leaves.
When it consisted of several leaves it was
called polyptych. The tablet was formed
of wood or some metallic substance.

Di’pus, the generic name given by
Gmelin to the Jerboas belonging to the
rat-tribe. The jerboa is found from Bar-
bary to the north of the Caspian Sea, is
the size of a rat, lives in burrows, and
becomes torpid during winter. Dipus
means two-footed, and the common jerboa
(D. sagitta) is often called the two-footed
mouse (a name more or less applicable to
all the species) ; from the great length of
its hind-legs and the shortness of its fore-
paws, its motions resemble those of a
bird.

Drr’yre, amineral of the zeolite family,
thus named from dig and gue, fire, be-
cause it melts and phosphorises at the
same time before the blow-pipe. It isa
silicate of alumina and lime.

Drrecr’, from directus, straight. In
astronomy, a planet moves direct when
its motion is forward in the zodiac or in
the direction of the signs (see ConsrquENn-
TIA): opposed of retrograde. In music, an
interval is direct when it forms harmony
on the fundamental sound which produces
it; anda direct is a character placed at
the end of a stave to direct the performer
to the first note of the next stave. In
arithmetic. See Proporrion and Rarto-
In geometry. See Ricur.: In optics. See
Ray. A direct dial is one which points
directly to one of the four cardinal points.
A direct tax is one upon real estate and
houses and lands.

Drrec’rion.. In mechanics, (1.)_ The line
of direction is the,line in which a body
moves, or in which force is applied; (2.)
The angle of direction is that included
between the lines of direction of two
conspiring forces; (3.) The quantity of
direction has the same meaning as mo-
mentum. . i

Dreec’ror. 1. A person appointed to
manage the affairs of a public company.
—2. A grooved instrument or probe for
guiding the knife in some surgical opera-
tions——-3. The name of a muscle.

Drreo’rrrx. In mathematics, (1.) A
line drawn perpendicular to the axis of

DIS

282

DIS

the curve, frequently referred to in de-
monstrating the properties of the conic

A
oT Seg sired
F é
eo axis.
2 eo res
8
B

sections in planes. (2.) The line or plane
along which another line or plane is sup-
posed to move in the generation of a
surface or solid, called also the dirigent.

Disasit'iry. In law, a state which ren-
ders a person ineligible as a holder of
certain legal benefits.

Disc, or Disk, Lat. discus. 1. The face
of the sun or moon as either appears to a
spectator on the earth.——2. The width
of the aperture of a telescope.——3. In
botany, the central florets of a compound
flower; the whole surface of a leaf.——
4. In conchology, the middle part of a
valve, or that part which lies between
the umbo and the margin; the convex
centre of a valve or most prominent part,
supposing it to lay with its inside under-
most.

DiscuarcEr. In electricity, an instru-
ment for discharging a jar or battery.
The handle is glass, and the other parts

ss. The common forms are the

UNIVERSAL DISCHARGER.

Pitt! ella

SIMPLE DISCHARGER.

SS —,

DOUBLE DISCHARGHER.

—<_>

The single discharger is called also a dis-
charging rod.

Dis’cirorM, Lat. disciformis, resembling
a disk or quoit in shape.

Discraim’eR. Inlaw, a plea containing
an express deni

Discontin’vance. In law, an injury to
real property, of which the rightful owner
is kept out by a tenant whose entry at
first was lawful, but who wrongfully re-
tains the possession.

Dis‘corp. In music, an interval whose
extremes do not coalesce: opposed to
concord. The second, fourth, and seventh,
with their octaves, are nces.

Discount, Fr. discompte, from de or dis,
and compte. An allowance paid for the
advance of money not due till a future
period. Itis of two kinds: discount of
bills, and discount of goods. Whena bill
of exchange is presented to a banker for
discount, he calculates the simple interest
for the time which the bill has to run,
and deducts it; this is called the discount.
Again, a merchant who allows three
months’ credit, will deduct a certain rate
per cent. for payment in hand; and this
sum is ¢ the discount, and sometimes.
the rebate.

Disco’very. In law, the act of revealing
or disclosing any matter by a defendant
in his answer to a bill in Chancery.

Discrete’, Lat. discretus, separate or
distinct. D. proportion is that in which
the ratio between two or more pairs of
numbers is the same. and still the pro-
portion not continued : called also disjunct
proportion. The proportion 3:6::5:10
isanexample. A discrete quantity is one’
which is not continued and ee Such

a number whose parts being distinct
units cannot be united ‘inte one conti-
nuance.

Dis’crETIvVE (see DiscrETe), disjunctive.
A discretive proposition is one which ex-
presses some distinction, opposition, or
variety, by means of but, though, yet,

Dis‘cus (Lat.), a quoit. A piece of iron,
copper, or stone, of an oval form, five or
six fingers broad, and about a foot long,
hurled in the manner of a bowl by the
help of a thong passing through a hole in
the middle, and fastened to the person’s
hand who threw it.

Disprapa’son. In music, two octaves,
or a fifteenth.

Distyrectine Liquor is a solution of
chloride of soda, or of chloride of lime.

DisintTeGRA’TIon, from dis and integer,
separation of the integrant parts of a
substance, as distinguished from decom-
position, or the separation of conatiinent
parts.

Dissunc’TIvE (see Dissuncr). Ingram.
mar, a disjunctive conjunction is a word
which joins sentences, but disjoins the
sense, as or, nor, but, &c. In logic, a dis-
junctive proposition is one in which the
parts are opposed to each other by means
of disjunctives. A disjunctive syllogism is
one in which the major proposition is
disjunctive, as the earth moves in a circle
or an ellipsis; but it does not move in a
circle, therefore it moves in an ellipse.

Disioca’tion, from dis, and locus, a
place. Insurgery, the displacement of the
articular extremity of a bone: called also
a luxation. In geology, the displacement

DIS

283

DIS

of parts o? rocks, or portions of strata,
from the situations which they originally
occupied. M De Beaumont’s theory of
dislocations goes to show that those of the
same geological age range in lines parallel
to one and the same great circle of the
sphere.

Dismem’sERED. In heraldry, birds, &c.
are dismembered that have neither legs
nor feet.

Diso’mum. In ancient sculpture,a tomb
made for the reception of two bodies.

Disparrinc. In gunnery, setting a
mark upon the muzzle-ring of a piece of
ordnance, so that a sight taken from the
top of the brass ring against the touch-
hole may be parallel to the axis of the
concave cylinder.

Dispensa’rion. In ecclesiastical affairs,
(1.) A system of principles or rites en-
joined (dispensed) as the Mosaic dispensa-
tion, i.e. the Leyitical law; the gospel
di. ton, ie. the scheme of human
redemption by Jesus Christ. (2.) The
granting of a license, or the license itself,
to do what is forbidden by laws orcanons,
or to omit something therein enjoined,
ie. the dispensing with a law or canon.
The pope has power to grant dispen-
sations.

DisrEr’mots, Lat. dispermus, two-seeded.
Applied to fruits.

Disrer’sion, from dispergo, to scatter.
In optics, the dispersion of light is the en-
largement of a pencil or beam of light,
which is produced by its passage from
one medium to another. In dioptrics, the
point of dispersion is that from which the
refracted rays begin to diverge, when
their refraction renders them divergent.

Dispivuyia’tuM (Lat.) A place in which
the rain was carried away by two chan-
nels, in ancient buildings.

Dissect, or Dissecrep, Lat. dissectus:
applied to leaves of plants, which are
divided into numerous irregular portions:
synonymous with incised or laciniated.

Disserstn, \ from dis and seize. In law,

Disserzin,/an unlawful disseizing
{dis ng) a person cf his lands, tene-
ments, &c.; adeprivation of actual seizin.

DissEn’TER, one who dissents or sepa-
rates from the service and worship of an
established church. The Dissenters of
England maintain that Christ alone is
head of the church, and bow to no human
authority in matters of religion. Dissent
began in Queen Elizabeth’s time.

Disser’1ment, Lat. dissepimentum apar-
tition: applied by botanists to the parti-
tions which divide a capsule into cells.

Dis’sipents. A term applied to those
dissenters from the established religion
in Poland, who, under the old republic,
were allowed the free exercise of their

faith.
Diesit'tent, Lat. dissiliens, bursting

suddenly asunder: applied to capsules,
&e., of plants.

Dissipa’rion, dispersion; from dis and
(obsolete) sipo, to throw. In optics, the
circle of dissipation is that circular space
upon the retina which is taken up by one
of the extreme pencils of rays issuing
from any object: the radius of that circle
is called the radius of dissipation.

Dis’Tance. A ible dist are such
as may be measured by any lineal mea-
sure. JInaccessible distances are such as can
only be measured by means of trigono-
metrical rules and formule.—In optics,
apparent distance is that at which we
judge an object to be placed when seen
afar off: it generally differs considerably
from the true distance.—In perspective, the
line of distance is a right line drawn from
the eye to the principal point of the plane.
—The point of distance is that point in the
horizontal line which is at the same dis-
tance from the principal point as the eye
is from the same.—The distance of the eye
is a line drawn from the eye to the prin-
cipal point.—In horse-racing, distance is a
length of 240 yards from the winning-
post: at this point is placed the distance-
post. If any horse has not reached the
distance-post before the first horse in that
heat has hed the winning-post, such
horse is said to be distanced and is disqua-
lified for running again during that race.

Dis’rant, Lat. distans: applied to petals,
stems, &c., of plants, when they are di-
rected away from each other.

Distem’PER (see TEMPER). 1. Atermused
in painting to signify the working up of
colours with something else besides mere
water oroil. Painting with water colours
is called limning; with colours prepared
with oil, it is simply painting or painting
in oil ; but a piece done with colours pre-
pared with any glutinous or unctuous
matter as size, white of eggs, &c., is done
in distemper.—2. A disease of the dog,
considered to be a catarrhal disorder.

Dis’THENE, a mineral, thus named by
Haiiy, from di¢ and chevos, strength, on
account of its double electric power:
some of its crystals, under the same cir-
cumstances, being positively and others
negatively electrified by friction. This
is the disthen-spath of Mchs. See CyanitTe.

Dis’t1cHovs, Lat. distichus, two-ranked,
dig and criyoe, a row: applied to stems,
leayes, &c., of plants, when they spread
in two horizontal directions, as the
branches of the silver-jir.

Distitia’tion, from dis and stilla, a
drop; a chemical process which consists
in the separation of the volatile princi-
mp4 of bodies, by subjecting them to heat

na vessel (alembic or retort), and con-
densing the volatile part in another ves-
sel (a receiver). When a body is decom-

DIU 284

DIV

by a strong heat in one vessel, and
the rokacts collected in another, the pro-
cess is called destructive distillation.

Disrinc’t10n, from distingus, to distin-
guish: a separation or disagreement in
kind or qualities by which one thing is
known from another ; divided by logicians
into three kinds, real, modal, and rational.
The first is that between the modes of
two substances; the second is that be-
tween several things, one of which may
exist without the others, but not vice
versa; the third is that between a thing
and its essence, between essences and
properties, &c.

Distin’cvuo. In the schools, an expe-
dient to evade an argument.

Dis’roma, from dig and eroua,a mouth ;
the name given by Retz toa genus of
Entozoa of the Parenchymic order. The
species are numerous. Several inhabit
the hepatic vessels of sheep and other
ruminant animals. The most celebrated
is the liver fluke (D. hepatica).

Distrac’T1LE. In botany, a connective
which divides into two unequal portions,
one of which supports a cell, and the
other not.

Disrrizsve’rion, from dis and tribuo, to
divide. In printing, the taking down of
a form, and the placing of the letters in
their proper cells in the cases.—In logic,
the distinguishing of a whole into its
several parts.—In architecture, the dispos-
ing of the several parts of a building ac-
cording to some plan.— Distributive nouns
are words which serve to distribute things
ye several orders, as each, every, either,

Disrrin’cas. In law, a writ command-
ing the sheriff or other officer that he
distrain for taxes, &c., or for his appear-
ance at a certain day.

Dis’txyLe, Lat. distylus; having two
tyles.

DITETRAHE’DRIA, & genus of crystals in
the form of tetrahedral prisms with dihe-
dralsummits. Epithet detitrahedral.

Dirnyram’svs, from 3:6: Ougaubos, one of
the titles of Bacchus; a hymn in honour
of Bacchus. Hence dithyrambic, a poem
in wild enthusiastic strains.

Dr’ronz, from dig and goyos, tone; a
musical interval comprising two tones.
The ratio is 4: 5.

Dirrrerxyrx. In architecture, the span
between two triglyphs.

Dirriuey’DRiA, a genus of crystals with
six sided planes (di and trihedria), being
formed of two trigonal pyramids joined
base to base without an intermediate
column. Epithet ditrihedral.

Divre’sis, diovencig- The excretion of
arme. Hence diuretic is applied to any
mctaicine which is designed to augment
the flow of urine from the kidneys.

Divr’Na, & f Lepidoptera, com-
prising the genus Pupilio of Linnzus, now
divided into 28 sub-genera. These but-
terflies are thus named because they fly
during the day.

Divr’xz, a family of the Accipitrine
order of birds, comprising the genera
Vultur and Falco, of Linneus. They fly
during the day, whence thename. Alsoa
family of Lepidopterous insects.

Divr’Nat, from diurnus, daily ; the di-
urnal arch is the arch or number of de-
grees that the sun or other heavenly
body describes between its and
setting. The diurnal motion of a heavenly
body is the number of degrees, &c. which
it moves through in 24 hours. -

Diva‘n, an oriental word (Arabic,
divan) signifying originally a register of
names and accounts, and now used ——
nymously with our board and d exchequer
a council assembled ; a court of ienlaae ‘
a council chamber. It also signifies a kind
of sofa.

Divere’EnT, diverging, from divergo, to
incline from a point; tending to various
parts from a point; thus divergent rays
are those which, going from a point of the
visible object, continually depart from
each other in proportion as they are re-
moved from the object, opposed to conver-
gent. ‘A concave lens renders rays diver-
gent, and a convex one renders them
convergent. In mathematics, series
to be divergent, when the terms become
always greater as the series is continued,
and convergent when they continually be-
come smaller. In geology, divergent is ap-
plied when branches form a right angle
with the stem. In botany, when describ-
ing the venation of leaves.

Drver’sion, from diverto, to divert. In
military tactics, a movement towards an
enemy’s weak point to draw off his forces
from operations in another quarter.

Div’IpEND (see Division). (1.) The pro-
portion of profits which the members of
a society or public company receive at
stated peri (2.) The payment made
to creditors out of a bankrupt’s estate.
(3.) The annual interest payable upon

the national debt; the order by which |

stockholders receive their interest is
called a dividend warrant, and the pro-
portions of interest unreceived are termed
unclaimed dividends. In arithmetic, any
number to be divided is called a divi-
dend, and the successive dividends in a
process of “long division’ are called
pia aah the dividing number is called
the d

Wiovte eine from divino, to foretel ;
the pretended art of foretelling future
events. The Jews were fond of divina-
tion, magic, and the interpretation of
dreams. The heathen philosophers be-
lieved in divination, and divided it int

DIV 285

DOC

two kinds, natural and artificial. The
first was supposed to be effected by a
kind of inspiration, the second by cer-
tain rites and observations, as sacrifices,
flight of birds, lots, position of stars, &c.

DivinE Rieut or Kines, the absolute
and unqualified claim of sovereigns on the
obedience of the people.

Drv'InG-BELL, a mechanical contriv-
ance by which persons may descend be-
neath the surface of the water, and
remain for some time with little incon-
venience. It somewhat resembles a bar-
rel without a bottom, or a bell, as
name implies, and is usually about 5 feet
in height and the same in width. in the
clear. It is commonly formed of very
thick cast iron, and in one piece, whereby
it is perfectly air and water-tight. The
weight of the metal causes the bell to
sink readily, and its substance is in some
measure proof against accidents. In the
top an opening is disposed for the recep-
tion of a supply of air, and thick lenses
are also fixed in the upper part to admit
light. The divers in the bell are supplied
with fresh air through an eduction tube,
by méans of a force-pump worked above.
There are many forms of this apparatus,
and some diving-bells are made to cover
the head only. The general use of div-
ing-bells is the recovery of property that
has been sunk in wrecks, clearing ob-
structions from the bottoms of harbours,
rivers, &c., and laying the foundations
of piers and other water-works.

Drv’InG-BLAD/DER, a term used by Bo-
relli for a machine which he contrived to
answer the purposes of the diving-bell in
great depths of water. It is nothing more
than a diving-bell for the head only of
the diver. The bladder, as it is called, is
made of brass or copper, and about two feet
in diameter. Within are pipes, by means
of which a circulation of air is kept up.

Drvisisit/1tr, that property of bodies
by which they are separable into parts,
and those parts into others. No limit is
assigned to this subdivision, though it
seems probable that at some term, how-
ever distant, the particles may lapse into
single atoms incapable of further reso-
lution.

Drvis‘ton, from divido, to divide: the
act of separating any entire bodies into

parts. In arithmetic, one of the four fun-
faaaienl rules by which we find how
often one quantity is contained in another:
itis called simple division when the divi-
dend and divisor are abstract numbers,
and compound division, when the dividend
is concrete. The terms of a division are
the divisor, the dividend, and the quotient.
In music, the distinguishing of the octave
into a number of less intervals, as qua-
vers. The fourth and fifth divide the oc-
tave perfectly though differently; whep

the fifth is below, and serves as a bass to
the fourth, the division is harmonical ;
but when the fourth is below it is arith-
metical. In logic, the explication of a
complex idea by enumeration of simple
ideas whereof it is composed, is called
division ; and the same name is given by
rhetoricians to the arrangement of a dis-
course into heads. In the navy, a select
number of ships in a fleet or squadron of
men-of-war, is called a division, and
distinguished by a particular flag, pen-
dant, or vane. A part of an army, usu-
ally two brigades, commanded by a
major-general, is also termed a division ;
but the term is not definite.

Divr'sor. In arithmetic, the number or
quantity by which a dividend is divided.
When the same number divides two or
more numbers, without leaving any re-
mainder, it is called a common divisor,
and if it is the greatest of all such divi-
sors it is called the greatest common di-
visor, or, more commonly, the greatest
common measure.

Divor’cr, Lat. divortium, a legal sepa-
ration of husband and wife either a vin-
culo matrimonii, which is a complete
dissolution of the marriage bonds, or @
mensa et thoro (from bed and board),
whereby the parties are legally sepa-
rated, but are not unmarried.

D. M. , an abbreviation of Doctor Meds-
cine, i.e. Doctor of Medicine.

Do. In music, a syllable used by the
Italians instead of ut.

Doas, a Persian word meaning two
waters, and applied in geography (In-
dian) to any tract of country included
between two rivers.

Dos’HasH, the name given in India to
a bilinguist, or one who speaks two lan-
guages, now synonymous With interpreter.

Doce’rz, from dexzery, to seem, an an-
cient heretical sect who considered that
Christ only acted and suffered in appear-
ance.

Docim’acy, doxiuacin, Trial by expe-
riment. The art of assaying metals. The
art by which the nature and proportions
of an ore are determined. It is callea
sometimes the doctmastic art.

Docrma’sta, Gr. dozsuacia, from 3ozs-
palm, to prove. A probation of the
ancient Grecian magistrates and persons
employed in public business at Athens, by
which they were obliged to give an ac-
count of themselves and their past life
before certain judges.

Dock. Said to be from 3exouas, to re-
ceive, but obviously Teutonic dock, per-
haps “originally from dekhen, to cover or
protect. In navigation, an artificial basin
for the reception of ships. Docks are of
two sorts, wet anddry. The first are for
the reception of ships at all states of the

DOD

286

DOL

tide ; dry docks are so called from their
being left dry when the tide is out. There
are also graving or repairing docks, for the
repairing of vessels; import docks appro-
priated for ships unloading; and export
docks for vessels going out. In America,
the spaces between wharves are called

Docx’er, a piece, from dock, to clip. 1.
In law, a small piece of paper or parch-
ment containing the heads of a writing;
abrief in writing ; also a subscription at
the bottom of letters-patent by the clerk
of the dockets; also an alphabetical list
of the cases ina court. Attorneys keep
docket-books in which they enter judg-

ments. To strike adocket, is a cant phrase |

for making a man bankrupt by process of
law.——2. In commerce, a direction tied
to goods; a ticket.

Docror, literally a teacher. One who
has taken the highest degree in the facul-
ties of divinity, law, or physic. D. of
Divinity, abbr. D.D.; D. of Laws, abbr.
LL.D.; D. of Medicine, M.D. The title
is either conferred publicly with certain
ceremonies, or by diploma.——2. In calico
printing, a thin plate of steel used for
scraping the colour or mordaunt off the
copper-plates.

Docrors’ Commons, the popular name
for the courts and offices occupied by the
* College of Doctors of Law exercent in
the Ecclesiastical and Admiralty Courts.”

Doc’rrixarres, a party of French poli-
ticians, supporters of a constitutional
monarchy ; the philosophical party.

Dopec’acon, from dwdexa, twelve, and
yovia,anangle. A geometrical figure of
twelve sides and angles.

Doprcaey’niA, from dwdexa, twelve,
and yuyy,a woman. An ordex of plants
oe twelve styles or pistils : the house-

eek.

DovecsHE’pron, from dwdexe, twelve,
and é3ea,a base. A regular solid con-
tained under twelve equal and regular
pentagons, or having twelve equal bases.

DopecaHE’DRAL Corun’pvum, a mineral.
There are two varieties; the Ceylanite,
on a Spinel Ruby. General name,

DopecaHe’prat Gar’NET, 2 species of
garnet of which there are ten varieties ;
the Grossulaire, Pyrenaite, Colophonite,
Precious Garnet, Topazolite, Melanite,
Allochroite, Pyrope, Essonite, and Com-
mon Garnet.

Dopecan’DRIA, from dadexa, twelve, and
avrg, &@ man. A class of plants in the
sexual system, comprising such as have
not less than twelve, nor more than nine-
teen stamens on each flower. Epithet
dodecandrian.

Dopercas’rytze. In architecture, a build-

ing having twelve columns on front or
flank.

Do’prans (Lat.). A measure equal to
about nine inches, being thespace between
the end of the thumb and the little finger
when fully extended. It is about equal to
the palm.

Dos. Asort of iron hook or bar, with
a sharp fang at one end, so formed as to
be easily driven into a piece of timber, to
drag it, by means of a rope, out of the
water or ship-board.

Doa’-pays, Lat. dies caniculares. The
days between the 24th of July and the
24th of A t; socalled because the dog-
star (Sirius), during this period, rises
the sun. To the influence of this star the
great heat of these days was ascribed.

Doce, formerly the title of the chief
magistrate of the republics of Venice and
Genoa.

Doe’crrR, a two-masted Dutch vessel,
navigated in the German Ocean: princi-
pally employed in fishing on the Dogger
Bank. It somewhat resembles a ketch.

Doo’matists, from doyua, a doctrine.
A sect of ancient physicians, of which
Hippocrates was the first. They laid down
definitions and divisions, and supposed
principles from which they drew conclu-
sions, which they applied to particular
diseases: hence they were also called
logici, or logicians, to distinguish them
from the empyrici and methodici.

Doe’-star, Sirius (q. v.). A star of the
first magnitude in the constellation Canis

major.

Doc-vane. In navigation, a small, light
vane, formed of a piece of packthread and
some slices of cork, stuck full of feathers,
placed on the windward side of the quar-
ter-deck, or weather-gunwale, to assist
in steering the ship in a wind.

Doe’watcH, among seamen, a watch of
two hours.

Doir, the old Scottish penny, twelve
of which made a penny sterling.

Dotas‘Rirorm, from dolabra, a hatchet,
and forma. Hatchet-shaped. Applied to
leaves cylindrical at the base, and haying
the upper part dilated, thick on one edge,
and cutting on the other.

Dor’ce (It.). In music, a mark which
means that the music is to be played
softly and sweetly.

Doricu’orus, a genus of dipterous in-
sects, family Tanystoma. Found on walls,
trunks of trees, &c., and often running on
the surface of water, Name from dersyos,
long, and sous, a foot, the legs being very
long and slender.

Dor/icuos, the cowhage, or cow-itch
plant. A genus of numerous species. Dia-
delphia—. ria. Name from derszes,
long, in reference to the length of ite
pods. Several species are used as food.

DOM

287

DOR

Dot’tar, asilver coin of Spain and the

United States, value 100 cents. Said to be

. named from Dole, the town where it was
tirst made. The dollar seems to have
been originally a German coin, and in
that country the name is still given to
coins of different values.

Doti’mMan, the name given to a long
cassock worn by the Turks.

Doto’m1TE, a variety of magnesian lime-
stone; thus named after M. Dolomieu, a
French geologist. A white variety called
D. marble was used by ancient sculptors
in their finest works. The Germans call
it Zechstein.

Dom. Lat. dominus,alord. A title of
the dignitaries of the Roman Catholic
church, and of certain monastic orders.

Dome, from Sonos, from deuw, to build.
1. In architecture, an arched roof spring-
ing from a polygonal, circular, or elliptic
plan ; when the base is circular itis called
a cy -—2. In chemistry, the upper
part of a reverberating furnace, resem-
bling a hollow hemisphere.

Domes’pay, Doomspay-Book, a book or
record, made by order of William the Con-
queror, of the lands of England. It con-
sists of two volumes, a folio and a quarto,
and remains in the Exchequer.

Dom’tna, dame, a title anciently given
ta women, who in their own right of in-
heritance, held a barony.

Domrn‘tcat Lerrens, called also Sunday
letters; the letters, A,B,C,D,E,F,G,
used in almanacs, &c., to denote Sundays
(dominicus dies), throughout the year.

Domin’tcans, called also Predicants or

ing Friars; an order of Monks
founded by St. Dominic of Spain, in 1215.
The object of their institution was to
preach the gospel, convert heretics, defend
the faith, and propagate Christianity. In
France they were called Jacobins because
their first convent was in the Rue St.
Jaques.

Domiciniary, pertaining to a domus or
private residence, as a domicilary visit,
which is a legal visit to a private house
for the purpose of searching it.

Dom’iryixc, from domus, a house, and
facio, to make ; aterm used in astrology,
for the distribution of the heavens into
twelve houses, in order to erect a theme
or horoscope by means of the six great
circles, called circles of position.

Dom’tnant, from dominus, a master;
predominant. In music, of the three notes
essential to the tone, the dominant is that
which is a fifth from the tonic. A domi-
nant, or sensible chord, is that which is

on the dominant of the tone,
and which introduces a perfect cadence.

Domrn’ton, Lat. dominium, supreme
authority. Domenium plenum is when
the property is united with the posses-

sion; dominiwm nudum, when there is
property without possession. Directum
dominium is the right of dominion ;
dominium utile is the profit arising from
it. The wife retains the dominium direc-
tum ofher jointure, but the dominium utile
passes to the husband.

Dom’tno. 1. A dress formerly worn by
ecclesiastics in winter, serving to protect
the face and head from the weather.
2. Amasquerade-dress worn by gentlemen
and ladies: it consists of a long silk man-
tle with cap and wide sleeves.

Dom’InoEs, a game played with 28
pieces of ivory or bone variously dotted
after the manner of dice ; these are some-
times called cards, but commonly dom-

inoes.

Dom’tnus (Latin), a master. 1. In
civil law, one who possesses anything by
right.——2. In feudal law, one who grants
part of his estate in fee to be enjoyed by
another.

Dom’o-RepParan’po, a writ which lies
for a person against his neighbour, whose
house he fears will fall to the damage of
his own.

Don, the Spanish title for a gentleman,
answering to Dom or imnus, lord.

Don’atists, a sect of Christiansin Africa,
named from their founder Donatus.

Don’ative, from dono, to give. In canon
law, a benefice given by the patron to a
priest without presentation to the ordi-
nary, and without institution or induc-
tion. Among the Romans a donativum
was a gift made by the soldiers, as con-
giarium was one made by the people.

Don’son, Doncron (Nev. Fr. for dun-
geon), in fortification, a strong tower or
redoubt of a fortress, into which the garri-
son may retreat, in case of necessity.

Dooxs, in Scotland, flat pieces of wood
inserted in walls; called in England
wooden bricks.

Door. Doors intended to present an even
surface when closed are called jib-doors,
or flush-doors. The three horizontal
pieces mortised into the upright sides of
the ddor, are called the top, the botiom,
and the lock-rails, and if a fourth occur
under the top-rail, it is called the frieze-
rail; the side pieces are called stiles, and
the two intermediate pieces are meeting-
stiles ; the intermediate pieces between
the stiles are munions. The door-frame
or case ig the wooden frame enclosing a

oor.
Dora’po (Span.), gilt, a southern constel-
lation sometimes called the Sword-fish.
Donr’EemA, a genus of plants. Petandria
—Digynia. Name from dwenuc, a gift.
A Persian species yields the gum ammo-
niacum of the shops.
Dor'‘tc, from Doris in Greece; pertain-
ing to Doris or the Dorians, as the Doric
dialect. The doric order of architec-

DOT

288

DOW

ture is that peculiar shape of a column
and its entablature originally formed in
imitation of a wooden fabric, supported
with fluted posts or the trunks of trees.
In the most ancient specimens the distin-
guishing character is the absence of base.
The order is characterised by strength
and simplicity, and is appropriately used
in the gates of cities and citadels, out-
side of churches, &c. The doricmode was
the first of the musical modes of the an-
cients. Its character is severe, tempered
with gravity and joy.

Dormant, is applied, in heraldry, to an
animal when in a sleeping posture; an
in commerce, to a partner in a concern
when he takes no share of the business.

Dor’mer, Dorn’mMant-winpow. The attic
stories of houses were in former times
gereraily occupied by sleeping-rooms,
and the windows opened on the inclined
plane of the roof; on this account the
rooms were
application of dormant was applied to the
windows of these apartments.

Dor’nocn, a species of figured linen of
astout fabric; it takes its name from
Dornoch, a town in Scotland, where it

_was first manufactured for table-cloths.

Dorsat, Lat. dorsalis, belonging to the

back (dorsum) ;
nerves, &c.
Dorsipran’cutata, from dorsum and
branchus ; an order of articulate animals:
class annulata. The branchie -resemble
trees, tufts, laminz or tubercles, in which
the vessels ramify and are placed on the
middle of the body, the dorsum. They
mostly inhabit mud or swim in the ocean.
Dorstr’erovs, from dorsum and fero, \
Dorstr’arovs, from dorsum and pario,
Back-bearing: applied to plants which
hhave nostems and bear their seeds on the
back of their leaves. The fern is an ex-

ample.

Dor’svxr (Lat.), the back. In conchology
the upper surface of the bod y of the shell
the aperture being downwards.—In phy-
sical geography, the ridge of a hill. .

Dort,Synopor. An assembly of Pro-
testant divines convoked at Dort in 1618-
19, by the states-general.

Do’ry, Joun, corrupted from Fr. jaune
dorée ; a fish, the zeus faber. ;

DosrtHeans. A religious sect which
sprung upin the first century of the Chris-
tian era.

Dos‘sit, from Fr. dossier, a bundle. In
surgery, a pledget or piece of lint made
into a cylindrical form.

Dorutnen’tERITES, from dobszy, a boil,
and ¢yrzgov, an intestine ; an enlargement
of Peyer’s and Brunner’s glands, regarded
by Bretonneau as the cause of those symp-
toms which constitute typhus and several
other kinds of feyers

as dorsal fins, dorsal

itories, and the.

Dovsiz-actine IncLInED PLane. U
railways, &c., an inclined plane worked
by the gravity of the load conveyed: the
loaded waggons descending being made
to pull up the empty ones by means of a
rope passing round a pully or drawn at
the top of the plane.

DovusLe-BaNKED, the situation of the
oars of a boat when two opposite ones are
managed by rowers seated on the same
bench or thwart; the oars are also said to
be double-banked when there are two men
labouring upon each oar.

Dovs.e-Bass. See ConTRABASSO.

Dovsie-cast, a term used by farmers
for that method of sowing which does
not dispense the requisite quantity of seed
at once, but requires to be gone over
twice.

Dovete-ocTave. In music, an interval
of two octaves; a fifteenth.

Dovstie-PLea. In /aw, a plea in which
two matters are alleged to bar an action.

DovsLe-quaRREL. In ecclesiastical af-
fairs,a complaint of a clerk to the arch-
bishop against an inferior ordinary for
delay of justice.

DovusBtE-RAILED INCLINED PLane. An
inclined plane having a double line of
rails upon it.

Dovs’tet. Among lapidaries, a coun-
terfeit stone composed of two pieces of
crystal with a colour between them, so
that it may have, the appearance of a
naturally coloured gem.

Dove’1tine. 1. In the military art, put-
ting two files or ranks of soldiers into one.
——2. Doubling upon is a phrase used by
naval tacticians for enclosing a part of
the enemy’s ficet so as to cannonade it
from two sides.——3. Doubling a Cape is
to sail round or pass beyond it

Doveto’on (properly dodlon), a Spanish
and Portuguese coin, value two pistoles.

Dovcue. In baths, a current of water
— to some particular part of the

y:
Dover’ne (Fr.), a moulding concave
above and convex below, serving as a
cymatium to a delicate cornice.

Dove-tTaiL. In carpentry, a method of
fastening boards together by letting one
piece into another in the form of a doye’s
tail spread, or of a wedge reve

Dow’aGER, properly a widow who en-
joys a dower, but now generally confined
as the title of the widows of princes and
nobility, as the Queen Dowager.

_Dow’at, a round dowal, or coak, is the
piece of timber to which the felloes of a
carriage wheel are united.

Down. 1. Germ. dunen: the fine fea-
thers from the breasts of several birds,
particularly those of the duck kind, and
especially the eider-duck. This bird p)ucks
it from its breast to line its nest: this
taken from the nest is called live down

.

DRA 2

89

DRA

and is most valued. Also, the fine feathery
substance by which seeds of plants are
conveyed to a distance by the wind, as in
the cases of the dandelion and thistle.
—2. Sax. dun,a hill. Downs are eleva-
tions of sand thrown up by the sea, and
formed along its coasts, and serving as a
barrier. The Downs is a famous roadstead
on the coast of Kent.

Down’-HAvuL. Ina ship,a rope passing
up along a stay through the cringles of
the stay-sails or jib, and made fast to the
upper corner of the sail, to pull it down
when shortening sail. The down-haul
tackles are a complication of tackles em-
ployed to pull down the main or fore-
yard ina tempest, in order to reef the sail.

Drap’teR. In sloops and schooners, an
additional part of a sail sometimes laced
to the bottom of a bonnet or square sail.
It is the same to a bonnet as a bonnet is
to a course.

Drass. In salt-works, wooden boxes in
which the salt is put when taken out of
the pans.

Dracum, Dracuma, denyuy. 1. An
ancient Grecian coin value 73d.——2. The
eighth part of an ounce: now contracted
to dram.

Dra’co, denxwy,a dragon. 1. A genus
of Saurians belonging to the East Indies.
—2. A constellation of the northern
hemisphere, representing the monster
which watched the garden of the Hes-
perides. —— 3. A luminous exhalation
common in marshy and cold countries:
called D. volans.

The term deaxzwy generally designated
alarge serpent. Lucian mentions flying-
dragons, alluding no doubt to the pre-
tended flying serpents treated of by
Herodotus. Subsequently dragons are
always represented as having wings.

Dracun’cutus, a little dragon. (See
Draco). 1. Inbotany, a plant, the same as
Dracontium.—2. A guinea-worm. The
dracunculi are small worms which breed
in the muscular parts of the arms and
legs: common among the natives of
Guinea.

Drarrs, a game played on a chequered
board like the chess-board: hence called
a draft-board.

Draa, from Sax. dragan,todraw. 1.A
machine for dredging docks, cleaning
rivers, &c. See Drepcer.—2. An ap-
paratus for retarding or stopping the
rotation of one or more of the wheels ofa
wheeled carriage in descending hills, &.

Drac’acaAntTH, DRAGANT-GUM, a gum
produced chiefly from the astragalus verus,
or goat’s horn, a plant common to the
north of Persia: more commonly written
Tragacanth.

Drac’-neT, a net to be drawn on the
bottom of a pond or river to take fish.

Drac’oman, Drocman, an interpreter
a term in general use in the Levant.

Drac’on. In zoology, a genus of Saurian
reptiles. See also Draco.

Dracon-seam. In architecture, a hori-
zontal piece of timber on which the raft-
ers of a roof pitch.

Drac’on-FLY, a neuropterous insect of
a light and graceful figure, beautiful and
variegated colours, and large wings, re-
sembling lustrous gauze. The name is
common to all the species of the Libellu-
le. See LipeLLua.

Draconn’aves (Fr.), the persecutions
instituted by Louis XIV. and his succes-
sors against the French Protestants.

»Drac’on’s Bioop (sanguis draconis) ; a
vegetable balsam ofa dark red colour, im-
ported in small balls of the size ofa pigeon’s
egg, but sometimes in rods and cakes,
from India, Africa, and South America, as
the produce of several trees: that in tears
from the Dracena draco, thatin sticks from
the Pterocarpus draco, that in cakes from
the fruit of the Calamus draco. The gum
is now only used as an ingredient in var-
nishes and dentifrices.

DraG’on’s- HEAD AND DRAGON’S-TAIL,
terms used in astronomy to denote the
nodes of the moon and planets, or the two
points in which the ecliptic is intersected
by their orbits: more particularly applied
to the moon’s nodes. It is about these
points that all eclipses happen. See Nopx.

Dracoons. A species of cavalry trained
to act either on foot or on horseback as
emergency requires.

Dratn‘1ne Tixzs, hollow tiles employed
in the formation of drains, and often em-
ployed in embankments to carry off the
water into the side drains.

Dra’prery. In sculpture and painting,
the representation of the clothing of hu
man figures, also tapestry, curtains, &c.

Draveut (see Drarr). 1. In mechanics,
the power or force required to put any
machine in motion, as a coach, horse

ill, &e.——2. The depth of water neces-
sary to float a vessel.—3. In masonry,
the chisel-dressing at the angles of stones,
made to guide in levelling the several
surfaces.——4. In trade, a small allow-
ance on goods sold by weight, made by
the wholesale merchant to the buyer,
that the weight may hold when the goods.
are again weighed in retail: called also
cloff or clough. The same name is given
to an allowance made at the custom-
house on excisable goods.

Dravcut’-compassEs, compasses with
moveable points, used for drawing the
finer lines in mechanical drawings, as
plans, &c.

Draveur’-nooxs, large hooks of iron ~
fixed on the cheeks of a gun-carriage for
the convenience of drawing it back wards
or forwards.

Uv

+e

DRtr

290

DRO

Draw’sacx. In commerce, the remitting
or paying back of duties previously paid
on a commodity on its being exported.

Draw’-BorE Pin, a joiner’s tool, of a
solid piece of steel tapered from the han-
die, and used to enlarge the pin-holes
which are to secure a mortise.

Dxraw’-BR1DGE, or LEAP-BRIDGR, a sort
of bridge thrown across canals, &c., and
so constructed as to be capable of being

and let down at pleasure. They
are now nearly superseded by swing or
swivel bridges.

Draw’-tink. The draw-link for rail-
Way carriages is a contrivance for securing
the several carriages of a train together.

Drepez, a sort of drag for catching
oysters in deep water.

Drepe’er, called also a ballast lighter ;
a sort of open barge employed in removing
sand, silt, or the like, from the beds of
rivers, harbours, docks, &c. The materials
are lifted by a sort of scooping apparatus,
and thrown into the barge moored beside
it, or to which it is often attached. Most
dredging machines are now worked by
means of steam-engines, the scoops being
attached together, and in the manner of
the piston-plates of a chain pump, so that
@ perpetual action is kept up.

Dres’s1ne. 1. In fiazx-mills, the whole
process of preparing the material for the
spinner.——2. In foundries, the cleaning
of the castings after being taken from the
moulds.——3. In the manége, the cleaning
and trimming of a horse. . In hus-
bandry, manure laid on the surface.——
5. In architecture, mouldings round doors,
windows, and the like.——6. The term is
applied to starch and other articles used
in preparing or stiffening silk, linen, or
other fabrics.

Drirtr. 1. In navigation, the angle
which the line of a ship’s motion makes
with the nearest meridian, when she
drives with her side to the wind and
waves, and is not governed by the helm;

the distance which she drives on that
line. The drift of a current is its angle
and velocity.——2. In mining, &c.,a square
horizontal passage between the shifts or
turns, or between shaft and shaft: called
also driftway and heading.——3. The term
drift is likewise applied to arches to
express the impetus of the arch against
the piers.

Drirr-sait, a sail used under water,
veered out right a-head, to keep the
ship’s head right upon the sea in astorm,
and to hinder her driving too fast in a
current.

Dritt. 1. In mechanics, a small steel
instrument used for boring holes in hard
substances when punches cannot be con-
veniently used: holes are drilled in ivory,
iron, &c.,and the process is called drilling.
—2. In husbandry, when ground is

channelled by the plough by backing
every two furrows u each other, these
channels are called

invention, adapted for sowing grain in
drills or rows, is named the drill-plough,
or drilling-machine.

Drip. In architecture, that member of
a cornice which projects beyond the other
parts, with a form adapted to throw off
the water by small portions, or drop by
drop ; called also the Larmier.

Drarr’pineG Eaves, the terminating pro-
jections of inclined roofs of houses, to
which there are no gutters for ¢
away the water, which therefore falls
into the street.

Driv’tne. In nautical language, said of
a ship when the anchor does not hold her
fast, but allows her to be driven away
by the tide or wind.—In music, driving
notes are those which connect the last
note of one bar with the first of the fol-
lowing bar, so as to make only one note
of both.

Droits or ApmMiratry, the perquisites
resulting chiefly from the seizure of the
property of an enemy at the commence-
ment of a war, and attached to the office
of lord-high-admiral.

Drom’epary, the Arabian camel (camelus
dromedarius), distinguished from the Bac-
trian camel by having a single hunch on
the middle of its back. This name is from
deoues, running, in allusion to the swift-
ness of the animal.

Drone. 1. The male of the honey-bee,
smaller than the queen-bee, and larger
than the neuters or working-bees.——2.
The largest tube of the bagpipe, which
emits one continued deep note, as a bass
to the air or tune played on the smaller

pipes.

Dror. 1. A small spherical portion of
any fluid. The spherical form is the re-
sult of corpuscular attraction.——2. A
machine for lowering coals from the
staiths of railways into vessels below.——
3. The part of a scaffold on which the
criminal stands to be executed,and which
is suddenly dropped after the cord is ad-
justed.—4. In architecture, a conical or-
nament, hanging drop-like in the cornice
of the Doric order, below the mutules,
and on the architrave under the triglyphs:
six drops under each.—5. Some liquid
medicines are popularly called drops, be-
cause the dose is regulated by pouring
a certain number of drops from the lip of
the phial which contains it. . Todrop
astern is,in seamen’s language, to slacken
the speed of the vessel and let another
pass her.

DRU

291

DUG

Dror’sy, corrupted from hydropsy, from
ddee, water, and anf, the face; a preter-
natural collection of watery fluid:in the
cellular substances of the body. The dis-
ease has different names according to its
situation. When diffused through the
cellular membrane, it is anasarca; in the
cavity of the cranium, it is hyd us 5
in the chest, it is hydrothorax ; in the ab-
domen, it is ascites; in the uterus, hydro-
metra ; and in the scrotum, hydrocele.-——
2. In botany, a disease peculiar to succu-
lent plants, arising from an excessive ac-
cumulation of water in the system.

Dros’ERA, the Sun-dew, a genus of per-
ennial plants. Pentandria—Pentagynia.
Name from deoros, dew, because the leaves
are beset with glands resembling dew-
drops. There are three British species.

Drosom’erer, from dgoros, dew, and
éregoy, Measure. An instrument con-
trived to measure the quantity of dew
that gathers on a body which has been
exposed to the open air during the night.
It consists of a balance, one end of which
is furnished with a receptacle for the
dew, and the other end is loaded with a
counterpoise protected from it.

Drovs. 1. In husbandry, a narrow
channel or drain much used in the irri-
gation of land. 2. In masonry, an epi-
thet referring to a description of tooling
on the faces of hard stones. Droved ashler
is the coarsest of hewn stone for building.
Droved and stripped applies to a series of
grooves, an eighth of an inch deep, cut
with a three-quarter chisel, leaving a
droved between each. This sort of
hewing is common in Scotland.

Drve’cet, a coarse but slight woollen
fabric, used for covering carpets, and as
an article of clothing by females of the
poorer classes. The article manufactured
under this name in Scotland has usually
the warp of coarse flax, and is commonly
striped blue and white.

Darvutips, from Welch derw, an oak, and
gwyz, knowledge. The priésts and philo-
sophers of the ancient Britons and other
Celtic tribes. They sacrificed under the

oak.

Davo, Ir.druma. 1. A martial instru-
ment of music, consisting of a hollow
wooden cylinder, with vellum stretched
over the ends, to be beaten with sticks by
a drummer.—2. In ics, a hollow
eylinder or barrel fixed on an axle, round
which ropes or bands are passed, for the
purpose of communicating motion to other
parts of the machine.——3. In architecture,
the bell-formed part of the Corinthian
and Composite capitals——4, The drum
of the ear is called technically the tympa-
num (q. V-).

Drops, Lat. drupa, a stone-fruit formed
of a coriaceous seed-yessel, enclosed in a

nut: from drupe, over-ripe olives. Fruits
of this character are called drupaceous:
the peach and apricot are examples.

Druse (German), a gland: the name
given to a hollow space in veins of ore
generally lined with crystals.

Dry. In painting, a term applied where
the outline is too strongly marked, and
the colours of the objects do not unite
with those around them.——lIn sculpture,
applied to a want of tenderness in the

‘corms.

Dry'tne O1n. Linseed and other oils
il have been heated with oxide of
ead.

Dry-nor, a term used to denote arapid
decay of timber by which the interior
substance is converted into a dry powder,
which issues from, minute circular cavi-
ties, resembling the borings of worms.
Many modes have from time to time been
suggested for preventing this disease, but
none have as yet proved completely suc-
cessful.

Dry’-stove. A gbazed structure for con-
taining the plants of dry arid climates.

Dv’atism. Those systems of philosophy
which refer all existence to two ultimate
principles.

Dep’ser, a leathern vessel, bottle, or -
jar, used in India to hold oil, ghee, &c.
Dubbers are of all sizes, from a quart up
to a barrel. :

Dus’sinc-out. Used by plasterers to
signify the bringing of an uneven surface
to a plane by pieces of tile, slate, plaster,
and the like.

Dv’cat, from duke. The ducal coronet
consists of a circlet of gold, with eight
strawberry or parsley leaves of equal
height about the rim.

Duc’at, from duke. A coin in several
countries of Europe struck in the domi-
nions of a duke.

Ducatoo’n, from ducat. A silver coin
struck chiefly in Holland and Flanders.

Do’ces Tecum (bring with thee). A writ
commanding a person to appear on a cer-
tain day in the Court of Chancery, and to
bring with him certain writings which
the Court would view.

Ducu’y Court, a court of the Duchy
Chamber of Lancaster, held at West-
minster.

Ducritim’erer, an instrument for com-
paring the degrees of ductility of differ-
ent metals.

Docrtitiry, from ductilis, a property
of some metals, as gold, silver, copper,
iron, &c.; in consequence of which they
may be elongated or drawn into wire. It
is to be distinguished from malleability
and laminability (q.v.).

Doer, Ital. duetto, a piece of music
composed in two parts; it may be vocal
or instrumental.

Du’cone. In zoology, the halicore du-

U

nova

DUT

open called also sea-cow, siren, &c., in-
bits the Indian ocean, and is often con-
founded by travellers with the Manatus.
See Hattcosr and Manartvs.

Dvxg, m dur. In Great Britain
Duke is the highest title of nobility infe-
rior to prince, but in some countries of the
continent a duke is a sovereign prince
without the title of king. In Britain
duke isa mere title, without giving any
domain or jurisdiction over the place
whence the title is derived. The consort
of a duke has the title of duchess.

Doet’cimer, Ital. dolcimello, from dolce,
sweet; a musical instrument strung with
50 wires stretched over a bridge at each
end, and played upon by striking the wires
with little iron rods.

Dvumo’sz, the 43d natural order of
plants in the natural system of Linnzus.
Name from dumus, a bush, because the
plants are chiefly shrubs or low bushy
trees. Ex. the elder.

Dv’mose, Lat. dumosus, bushy, applied
to plants chiefly.

Dune. In geology, a low hill or bank of

sand; the word is British, dun, an
eminence.

Dvu’netm. In church matters, the signa-
ture of the Bishop of Durham, the Chris-
tian name being usually prefixed ; itis a
contraction of Dunelmensis. ~

Dvenea'ine. In calico printing, the ap-
plication of a bath of cow-dung diffused
through hot water to cotton goods ina
- particular.stage of the process.

Dun’keErs, a Christian sect which arose
in Pennsylvania, in 1724.

Dun’nace. In commercial navigation,
loose wood, as pieces of timber, boughs of
trees, fagots, &c., laid in the bottom and
against the sides of a ship’s hold, either
to raise the cargo when she is loaded
with heavy goods, or to prevent the cargo
from being damaged in the event of her
becoming leaky.

Doun’Nine, a method of curing cod-fish
s0 as to give them a particular colour
on and quality, practised at the isle of

Shoals in New Hampshire, North Ame-
rica. The cod are split, slack-salted and
piled for two or three months in a dark
stove, covered for the greater part of the
time with salt, hay, or eel-grass, and

pressed with some weight. They are
tasied over, piled again in the same dark
stove, in which they are allowed to re-
main for two or three months more, when
they are fit for use.

Dvopec’mmats, from duodecim, twelve;
numbers proceeding in a proportion of
twelves, in the same manner as decimals
proceed in a proportion oftens. This no-
tation is commonly employed by artifi-
cers in casting up the contents of their
work, dimensions being commonly stated
in feet, inches, and twelfths; and from

the manner of performing the operations
the process is called cross multiplication.

Dvopvec’1mo, Lat. from duodecim, tweive;
having twelve leaves to a sheet ; : the
name given to a book in which the sheets
ate folded into twelve leaves, written

Dvopen’ary ARITHMETIC, that in which
the local value of the figures increases in @
twelve-fold proportion (duodeni, twelve),
instead of in a ten-fold proportion, as in
the denary arithmetic. Thus in the duo-
denary scale 1111 expresses 12* + 12° +
ec 1=1885 in the denary or common

e.

Dvopr’nvom, Lat. from duodeni, twelve ;
the name given by anatomists to the first
portion of the small intestines, supposed’
anciently, when anatomy was restricted
to the dissection of brutes, not to exceed
the breadth of twelve fingers.

Dv’rion, a double cocoon formed by two
or more silk worms.

Dvu’rxe, Lat. duplus,double. Dupleratio
is that of 2 to 1; sub-duple ratio is the re-
verse, or that of 1 to 2.

Dv’piex, Lat. from duo and plico, to
fold; double or Pe applied to
leaves, petals, &c. of plan

Duv’piicatTe, Lat. J licedeid, doubled ;.
applied, 1. In botany, to flowers which
have two rows of petals.——2. In arith-
metic, both proportion or ratio of squares,
thus the duplicate ratio of a to bis the
ratio aa to bb, or of the square of ato the
square of b.—3. A duplicate is a copy of
some writing, deed, or account.

Dv’na Ma’rer. In anatomy, the tough
sero-fibrous membrane which invests the
brain externally to the arachnoid mem-
brane; thus named from being hard
(durus) compared with the pia mater
(q..v.). It is sometimes called the derma-

toid membrane.

Dvna’MEN at. ) The fully formed
central layers of the wood of exogenous
trees, commonly known as heart-wood. ~

Durante. In law, during, as durante
bene placito, during pleasure; durante
vita, during life; durante minore etate,.
during minority.

Dvu’rate. In music, a term applied to:
whatever offends the ear by its effect.

Dvur’BaR, a Persian word used in India
for a court, where a sovereign or viceroy
gives audience.

Done'ss (Norm. duresse, from dur, hard),
literally, hardship. In Jaw, duress is of
two kinds, duress of imprisonment, which.
is illegal restraint of personal liberty ;
and duress by menace or threat, in which
the person is threatened with personal.
violence unless he perform some deed, as

signing of a bond.

Durcn’-prors, a preparation of oil of
turpentine, tincture of guaic, nitric ether,
and oils of amber and cloves. The balsam

DYS

293

EAR

sof varpentine is also sold under this
mame

Dorcn’-cotp, an alloy of 11 copper and
“2 zinc rolled into sheets ; hence frequently
called dutch-foil. It is manufactured
chiefly at the brass works of Hegermihl.

Dutcu Scuoou. Inpainting; this school,
Seely speaking, is founded on a

ithful representation of nature, without
attention to selection or refinement.

Dory, from due. 1. In commerce, any
tax or excise. ——2. Among engineers, the
work which a machine actually does,
measured by the weight raised and the
space through which itis raised conjointly.

Dvv'’MvIRI, Among the Romans,

Dvuv’MviRarTe. | magistrates, commis-
sioners, and other public officers were col-
pert, called duumviri ; and as two were

y associated in the same function,
the office or government of the two thus
-connected was termed a duumvirate.

D-Vatve, or D StrpE-vatve. In steam-
engines, a valve employed for opening
and shutting the communications with
the steam cylinder, 2 ge kee cage sr loco-
Motive engines: named from its s

DWARF: TREES, Tees may be trodiiosa
in three ways: by grafting on dwarf slow-
growing stocks ; by planting in pots of small
sige filled with poor soil ; and by cutting off
part of the tap and other roots.

DWARF-WALLS, those about courts, on
which are iron rails; but low walls in
general receive this name.

Dy’apic ARITHMETIC, is that in which
only two characters, 1 and 0, are used;
more commonly called binary arithmetic.
Dyadic from Svas, two.

Dye. In architecture, any square body,
as the trunk of a pedestal.

DynameTeR, (Svvapis, power, Me-
TP€q@, to measure,) an instrument for deter-

“mining the magnifying power of telescopes.

Dyn‘amics, from Ouvauls, power;
the science of moving powers, or the ‘action
of forces not in equilibrio. a branch
of mechanics, it treats of bodies in motion.

DYNAMITE, a nitro-glycerine compound
first prepared by Nobel by mixing nitro-
glycerine with one third of its weight of
porous oré silica. Other Dynamites
have since been prepared by substituting
for silica, chalk and sawdust in varying pro-
portions, or other substances, according to the
explosive power required.

DYNAMOM'ETER (see DYNAMETER): &
machine for estimating the amount of force
Tequired to draw carriages, boats, &c.

Dyy’asty, SuvacTns, 4 lord; a race
or family of sovereigns in succession.

Dysextery, Lat. dysenteria, Sus,
bad, and evrepa, the bowels; bloody
flux, a disease known by contagious fever,
frequent griping stools, &c, It is ep’

Dys’onixz, from ducadys, fetid ; a mn-
eral of a greenish colour found near Syra-
cuse. It burns like coal, but gives out
during combustion a most intolerable
foetor.

Dys’ury, Lat dyswria, dus, badly, and
ovgoy, urine ; difficulty in discharging the
urine.

Dyris‘cus, anumerous genus of aquatic
coleopterous insects, known popularly as
water-beeties.

E.

E, the second vowel and the fifth letter
of the English alphabet. As a numeral,
it stands for 250.—In music, it denotes the
tone e-la-mi.—In the calendar, it is the
fifth of the dominical letters.—In charts,
&c., it distinguishes the easterly points.

Ea’ete. 1. In ornithology (see Aquita).
——2. In astronomy, a northern constella-
tion having its right wing contiguous to
the equinoctial——3. A gold coin of the
United States of America, value 10 dol-
lars.——4. In architecture, the frontispiece
or pediment of a Grecian temple.——5, In
history, the symbol "of royalty.——6. In
heraldry, a bearing of frequent occur-
rence,particularly assumed by sovereigns
as the emblem of empire.

Es’/GLE-sTonES, @tites; a variety of ar-
gillaceous iron ore of a nodular form,
and varying in size from that of a walnut
to that of a man’s head, and containing a
sort of loose kernel. It obtained this
name from a supposition that the eagle
carried them to her nest to facilitate the
laying of her eggs.

Ea’cuet. In heraldry, when there are
several eagles on the same escutcheon
they are termed eaglets.

Ear. 1. In anatomy, auris; the organ
of hearing, consisting of the outer-ear or
concha, at the bottom of which is the
drum or tympanum, like the skin of a
drum, and beneath the drum is a cavity
terminated by the eustachian tube-——2.
In music, the internal sense by which we
oe and judge of harmony.——3. In

bandry, that part of certain plants
(gramineous) which contains the flower
and seed, as an ear of barley.

Ear’inas. In ships, certain small ropes
employed to fasten the upper corners of a
Sail to its respective yard.

Eart, a title borrowed from the Danes,
earlamh, noble. An earl is next below a
marquis and above a viscount. He had
formerly the government of a shire, and
was calledashireman. After the conquest,
earls were for some time called counts,
and from them shires have taken the
name of counties, and their wives at the
present time are titled countesses. The
title is now totally unconnected with

EAS 2

94

ECC

territorial jurisdiction. The coronet has
eight pyramidal points tipped with pearls,
placed alternately with as gal straw-
berry leaves, lower than the pearls.

Eart-MarsHat (of England), the eighth
* great officer of state, who has the super-

intendence of military solemnities. The
office is hereditary in the family of the
Howards.

Ear’nest, Scot. earles. In commercial
law, a sum of money advanced by the
buyer of goods, in order to bind the seller
to the terms of the agreement. In Scot-
land servants are earled when they are
engaged, and the common earles-penny is
one shilling-

Eartu. 1. In astronomy, the planet we
inhabit, the third in order from the sun,
marked by the character ——2. In
chemistry, the term earth was till recently
employed to denote a simple elementary
substance, which was neither inflammable
nor metallic ; but modern science has de-
monstrated that what were formerly
termed primitive earths are metallic ox-
ides. These are silica, alumina, lime, mag-
nesia, zirconia, glucina, yttria, baryta,
strontia, and thorifia. Almost the whole
crust of the globe is composed of the first
three.——3. In agriculture, earths are dis-
tinguished from soils by their being with-
out organised matter.

Eartu’quakeE, a shock, concussion, or
vibration of a tract or district of country,
usually accompanied by subterranean
noises, and spreading ruin widely around.
They stem to owe their origin to the
same class of. as volcanoes, or
rather, it may d, they are volcanic
irruptions diff “See VoLcano.

EARTH-WORK. 7 engineering, a term
applied to cuttings, embankments, &c.

Ear’-TRUMPET, an instrument used by
persons partially deaf, to strengthen the
sensation of sound, by conducting it
through a funnel-shaped tube directly
into the ear. The ear-trumpet is some-
times made large, to be put to the ear as
occasion requires ; but the more adyan-
tageous instrument of this sort is made
to fit into the ear, and to lead the sound
directly upon the tympanum.

Ea’sEt, the e on which painters
place their canvas. Hence, easel-pieces

* are those smaller pictures painted on the
easel, as contradistinguished from large
paintings on walls, &c.

Ea’seMEnNT. In law, any privilege which
one man has of another without profit,
as a way through his lands.

Ease Orr, East Away, in nautical
language, is the order to slacken a rope
gradually.

Ease THE Surr, the command given to
the steersman to put the helm close to
the .ee-side, or hard-a-lee.

Ea’stERLING, & coin struck pv Heenard
II., and supposed to have Bare Ne 0
the term sterling, as applied to Eswesh
money.

East Inpta Company. A famous joint-
stock association, originally established
to carry on the trade between this coun-
try and the countries east of the Cape of
Good Hope.

Ea’sy, the sea term for a ship moving
over the sea without jerking orstraining.

Eav pe Cotocne :French), a tig sad
tion to which numerous virtues have
been ascribed by its venders. It is sim-
ply brandy highly aromatised.

Eav pe Luce (French), a volatile liquia
formed chiefly of ammonia, a little mastic
macerated in alcohol, and a very little of
the oils of lavender and amber.

Eav Me‘picrnate (French), medicinal
water. A vinous infusion of the flowers
of colchicum, long celebrated for the cure
of gout.

Eaves’ Latu, Boarp, or Catcu, a thick
feather-edged board at the eaves, to raise
the bottom of the first course of slates.
above the sloping plane of the side of the
roof, that the next course may be pro-
perly bedded.

E’zIonitEs, a very ancient religious
sect, who would notallow that Christ was
any more than an inspired person, the
son of Joseph and Mary.

Exs’ony-woop, brought chiefly from
Madagascar, the Mauritius, and Ceylon.
There are several species, but the best is

the jet-black, and free from veins. Itis
the wood of the Diospyros ebenus, a small
tree.

E’sore(-acensis). In church government,
the signature of the Archbishop of York,
the christian name being usually pre-
fixed, and the part of the local word
which precedes the brackets.

Exsrac’reate, Lat. ebracteatus, without
a bractea, or floral leaf.

Ecavu’pate, from e, without, and cauda,
a tail, without a tail. Applied to plants
which have no tail or spur.

Ec’sasis, exacts. In rhetorie, the

figure of digression.

Ec’Boue, exGoay- In rhetoric, a digres-
sion, in which the speaker introduces
another person speaking his own words.

Ec’ce Ho’mo, behold the Man! A
painting which represents Christ with
the — of thorns on his head. John
xix.

Ec’cenrric, from ex, and centrum, cen-
tre; deviating from the centre: opposed

to concentric. In geometry, the term ec-
pobbass is used substantively to denote
two circles or spheres. which though
contained in some measure within each
other, haye not the same centre. Thus
an eccentric or eccentric wheel is in general

ECH

295

ECH

34 for working the valves of steam-en-
gines. (
upon the main-shaft, but fixed out of its
<entre. It is fitted in a brass ring to

which shafts are attached; these are con-
nected with the valve-lever, so that, as
the eccentric turns round with the shaft,
an alternate motion is communicated to
the lever, and the valves thereby opened
and closed. In astronomy, the eccentric
place of a planet is its place as it would
appear to a spectator at the sun, and
which, when referred to the ecliptic, co-
incides with the heliocentric longitude.
And the distance between the centre of
the planet’s orbit and focus is called the
planet’s eccentricity, a term used to de-
note the distance of either focus of an
ellipse from the true centre.

Eccur'ta, \ from 7xEw, to sound. So-

Ecur’a, J norous bell-shaped vases of
bronze, &c., used in the construction of
ancient theatres, to give additional power
to the voices of the actors.

Eccrestas’t1cat Courts. ‘The Archdea-
con’s, the Consistory, the Court of Arches,
the Peculiars, the Prerogative, and the
Court of Delegates. :

Eccrr’sta, exxzAnoia. In ancient history,
the great assembly of the Athenian people,
at which every free citizen had a vote.

Eccrrnov’ocy, from exzegsvw, to excrete,
and Asyos, discourse, the doctrine of ex-
cretions.

Ecu’eton (Fr.), from échelle, a ladder, a
scale. A term used by military tacticians,
to denote the position of an army, when
the divisions of which it is composed
march on parallel lines, but all differently
advanced. The object is to bring one
part into action, and reserve the others.

Ecue’nets, a genus of fishes; order Ma-
lacopterygii sub-brachiati, and family Dis-
coboli, Cuy. There are two species. The
best known is the Remora (the E. remora,
Lin.) which inhabits the Mediterranean.
It is sometimes called the Sucking-jish,
from its attaching itself firmly to bodies,
as ships at sea, sharks, and other large
fishes. From this it takes its generic
name, fy, to detain, and y%¢, a ship,
asit was supposed capable of stopping a
ship on her course.

Ecu’turys, from fyig and jus, the
spring-rat; a genus of mammalia of the
rodentian order, considerably larger than
the brown rat. e fur of some of the
species is intermixed with flattened spines
like sword blades. America.

Ecur/nate, Lat. echinatus, bristly; set

It consists of a wheel situated | with prickles, from echinus, a hedgehog.

Ecu’tnirT#s, fossil echini, abounding in
the ehalk formation. See Ecuinvs.

EcuHINopER’MATA, echinoderms, a class
of radiated animals, thus named from
éxivos, a hedgehog, and deexew, skin, as
the skin is generally armed with points or
moveable spines. 'The star-fish and sea-
urchin are examples.

EcHINORHYNCUs, a numerous genus of
intestinal worms composing the family
Acanthocephala of Cuvier. Name from
txivos, a hedgehog, and evyyos, a probo-
scis. The E. bicornis only has been found
in the human subject.

Ecur'nvs, txivos, the hedgehog. 1. The
generic name of the sea-urchins: Class
Echinodermata ; order Pedicellata, Cuv. The
body is invested by a shell or calcareous
crust, composed of angular pieces, which
join together exactly. The surface isarmed
with spines which move at the will of the
animal. The animal feeds on shell-fish-
The shells of echini are very abundant in
ancient strata, principally those of chalk,
where they are usually filled with silex.
—2. In architecture, an ornament near
the bottom of the Ionic, Corinthian, and
Composite capitals. It isa convex mould-
ing, generally ornamented with sphe-
roids; the upper ends cut off; the upper
part of the axis projecting and the lower
receding. The éechinus is only used in
columns, in the entablature and capital.

E’curum, the viper-bugloss, a numerous
genus of plants. Pentandria—Monogynia.
Name from gyi¢, a viper; because it was
supposed to heal the sting of a viper.

Ecn’o, from yyos, sound; a sound re-
flected from some surface, and thence
repeated to theear. That a speaker may
hear a distinct echo of his own voice, he
must stand at least 63 feet from the re-
flecting surface. This is owing to the
relation between the velocity with which
sound travels and the readiness of the ear
to distinguish sounds. Caverns, grottoes,
mountains, and ruined buildings gene-
rally, reflect sound; and as every point
against which the pulses of sound strike
becomes the centre of a new series of
pulses, and as sound describes equal dis-
tances in equal times, these frequently
give more than a single echo of a sound.
That at Woodstock, in Oxfordshire, re-
peats the same sound 50 times. Archi-
tects haye exercised their ingenuity in
the construction of vaults, arches, &c.,

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296

EDO

for producing artificial echoes. These are
usually ellipses and parabolas. Whisper-
ing galleries (q.v.), are constructed on
similar principles. The ancients believed
that Echo was a nymph of the woods, the
daughter of Air and Tellus, who pined
into a sound for love of Narcissus.

Ecuom’erer, from yxos, sound, and
Méreew, to measure; a sort of scale or
rule used Ly musicians to measure the
duration of sounds, and to find their in-
tervals and ratios.

Ecvec’rics, from ezAsyw, to select; an
cient Greek philosophers, who, without
attaching themselves to any particular
sect, selected from each whatever ap-

to be most rational. They endea-
voured to mould the doctrines of Pytha-
goras and Plato, and blend with them
the theology of the Egyptians and the
tenets of Zoroaster. They hoped to recon-
cile the Christians and Pagans to the
same opinions!

Ecuir’st, exrar lis, defect. An obscu-
ration or occultation of the sun or moon
by another heavenly body. An eclipse of
the sun is caused by the interposition of
the moon, which totally or partially ob-
scures the sun’s disc. Consequently all
eclipses of the sun happen at the time of
new moon. An eclipse of the moon is
caused by the interposition of the earth
between the sun and the moon; conse-
quently all lunar eclipses happen at full
moon. Ina case of a partial eclipse, the
dark part is called the umbra, and the
light part is called the pexumbra.

Ecrir’ric, from exAurrizes, linea eclip-
tica, the ecliptic line or line in which
eclipses happen. This is a great circle
of the sphere, sup to be drawn
through the middle of the zodiac, and
making an angle with the equinoctial
in the points of Aries and Libra of 23°
28’, which is the sun’s greatest declina-
tion. The points of intersection are called
equinoctial points. An ecliptic digit is the
twelfth part of the diameter of the moon.
Ecliptic limits are the greatest distances
at which the moon can be from her nodes,
in order that an eclipse of the sun or
moon may happen.

Ecruo’nesis, from ez and gayz, voice;
a figure of speech in which the orator
gives utterance to the warmth of his
feelings. :

Ec’promE, } from exairrw, to fall down;

Ec’ptosis, ) a falling down of any part:
applied to luxations, falling off of gan-
grenous parts, to hernia of the uterus, &c.

Ecrrro’ses, from ¢z and ue, fire ;
igneous devastations of the world, which,
according to the ancient Stoics, recur at
certain distant intery us.

Ec’stacy, excracis ecstasis. A disease

which consists in a total suspension of
sensibility and voluntary motion, and
mostly of mental power; the muscles are
rigid, the body erect and inflexible, the
pulsation of the heart is felt, and the
breathing not affected. It differs from
catalepsy and trance in the infiexible and
rigid state of the muscles, and the obvious
continuance of the breathing

heart’s action.

Ec’ruyma,ezOuyze. An eruption of phly-
zacious pustules which are usually dis-
tinct, arising at a distance from each
other, seldom numerous, unaccompanied
by fever, and not contagious.

Ec’ryPe, from ez¢uros, a copy ; a figure
in relievo or embossed.

Eczema, ex€tua, from exZew, to boil.
A cutaneous disease, characterised by an
eruption of small vesicles on various
parts of the skin, usually set close to-
gether.

Ep’pa. In northern antiquity, a system
of the ancient Icelandic, Runic, or Scan-
dinavian mythology.

Enp’py, from Sax. ed, back, and ea, water;
the water that by some interruption in
its course runs contrary to the direction
of the tide or current, and appears like
the motion of a whirlpool.

Epem’sTose, from dew, to swell; swell-
ing with a serous humour: applied to
tumours.

EvEn’TALS, lie order of Mammals,

Epenta’ta. J including those genera in
which the dental apparatus is incomplete.

Epenta’ta, from edentatus, without
teeth; the sixth order of mammalia in
Cuvier’s arrangement, comprising qua-
drupeds without front teeth. The sloth
is an example.

Epe’ine. In carpentry, reducing the
edges of ribs or rafters that they may
range together.

Ene’incs. In gardening, the series of *
small but durable plants set round the
edges or borders of flowerbeds. The best
edging is the Dutch box, especially for
walks.

EnGE-RAILWAY, a certain description of
roadway, consisting of a succession of iron
bars or girders, properly supported, upon
which the peripheries of the carriage
wheel revolve; a flange projecting one
inch, being formed on the inner edge of
the wheels, to prevent their getting off
the lines.

E’pitz, Lat. @dilis ; a Roman officer
thus named quod e@edes sacras, et edificia
publica procuraret. His duty was to see
to the state of public roads, conduits,
buildings, &c.

Epo’tius, a genus of flycatchers, the
species of which are numerous in the
countries bordering the Indian Ocean.
Order Passering, family Dentirostres,

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297

ELA

Epvc’r1on Pipe. In steam-engines, the
pipe through which the steam escapes
after fulfilling its duty.

Epvutcora’tion, from edulco, to sweeten.
1. The freeing of any substance from
saline matter by affusion of water.—
2. The sweetening of a medicine by addi-
tion of a saccharine substance or sugar.

Eeu. In ichthyology, the popular name
of all the species of the genus Murena,
Lin. The common eeliis the M. anguilla.
The Conger-eel (M. conger, Lin.), is found
in all the seas of Europe. The electric eel
or cramp fish is a species of Gymnotus.

Ert-por, a sort of basket used for catch-
ing eels.

Eet-srear, a forked instrument used
for catching eels by stabbing them.

Errecr’, Lat. effectus, that which is pro-
duced by a cause; the consequence of a
cause. In physics, it is an axiom that
effects are proportional to their adequate
causes.—In the arts, effect is taken as the
sensation which a work of design pro-
duces or ought to produce upon the mind
of the spectator: to produce a proper
effect, therefore, the parts require to be
harmoniously disposed or to be hugely
great.—In law, the word is used in the
plural effects, for the moveable goods of a
person.

Errec’rion, from effect ; the geometrical
construction of a proposition. The term
is also used in reference to problems,
which, when they are deduced from, or
founded upon, some general propositions,
are called the geometrical effections of them.

Erren’p1, a Turkish word meaning lord.
‘Applied to civil functionaries, in contra-
distinction to aga or military personages.

EFrFLoREs’CENCE, from effioresco, to flower
(fos, a flower). 1. In botany, the produc-
tion of flowers.——2. In chemistry, the
formation ofa soft, white powdery sub-
stance in minute spicule on the surface
of saline crystals. It takes place either
by the abstraction of their water of crys-
tallisation by the air, as in the case of
carbonate of soda, or by the absorption of
oxygen from the air, as in the case of
alum-schist.——3. In pathology, any mor-
bid redness of the skin, as in scarlatina.

Erriv’via, plural of effuvium, from ef
Jiu, to flow out; the particles which con
tinually exhale from most if not all bodies
in nature. The term is commonly re-
stricted to such exhalations as are noxious
or disagreeable to the senses. Thus we
speak of the effluvia of putrefying matter,
contagious effluvia, &c.

E.G., an abbreviation of exempli gratia,
for example ; for the sake of an instance.

Ecce anv Toncvue. In architecture, or
naments sculptured in the echinus and
Ionic volutes.

Er’poerarn, from «Anz, likeness, und

yexdu, to write; aninstrument contrived
for the purpose of copying drawings.

Erpoura’nion, from ¢:dos, likeness, and
ovenyoy, heaven; a delineation of the
heavens.

EistTepp’Frop, Welsh eistedd, to sit; the
assemblies of the Welsh bards.

EsectmMent. In law, a mixed action by
which a lessee when ousted may recover
his term and damages; it is real as to the
lands, but personal as to the damages.

Ex.zac’Nnvus, the Dutch myrtle or oleas-
ter; a genus of trees. Tetrandria—Mono-
gynia. Name from eAaioy, oil, and ayyos
chaste. Warm and temperate climates.

Evzosac/cHARINE, from ¢Aaioy, Oil, and
cuxyacoy sugar; containing oil and
sugar

ELZOTE’RIUM, cAcsoy, Oil; anapartment
nm ancient baths where the bathers
anointed themselves.

Eta‘ipic Acip, the name given by Bou-
det to an acid obtained by the saponifica-
tion of elaidine.

Ea‘ipine£, a substance resembling stea-
rine, obtained by the action of hyponitric
acid upon olive, almond, and some other
oils. The name is from gA aise, an olive.

E’taine£, from eAciov, Oil; the oily prin-
ciple of fats, which may be expelled by
pressure, or by digesting the fat in boiling
alcohol; upon cooling, the stearine preci-
pitates, and the elaine collects upon the
surface of the supernatant liquor. Itis
called oleine by some chemists.

Exa’1opic Acip, an acid obtained from
elaine. '

E’vais, the oil palm-tree ;a genus. Diecia
—Hexandria. Name from ¢raioy, oil-
Hot climates.

Evao’LirEe, from ¢gAasa, an olive, and
AsGos, stone; olive-stone ; a sub-species of
pyramidal felspar; colours dark-brown,
inclined to green, and flesh red inclined
to grey or brown. It is the fetistein (fat
stone) of Werner.

ELasMOTHE’R1vM, @ fossil animal nearly
allied to the rhinoceros: name from g,aw,
to drive, and Syeisy, a beast.

Exas’TIc, elasticity, from ¢sracras,
(from ¢Aaw), impulsor. A body is elastie
which has the power of returning to the
form from which it was made to deviate
by some external force; and the force
which it exerts in endeavouring to re-
cover its posture is the measure of its
elasticity. If two bodies when struck to-
gether rebound and remain unaltered in
form, they are elastic; if their form be
altered, they are non-elastic. If a body
yield to compression, and return to its
former bulk when the pressure is re-
moved, it is elastic ; if it be not compres
sihle, or being so does not re-assume

ELD

298

ELE

former bulk, it is non-elastic. Gases are
therefore elastic, and liquids are non-
elastic. All bodies belong to one or other
of these divisions, yet there is perhaps
no substance in nature perfectly elastic
or completely non-elastic: all partake of
these properties in a greater or less
degree.

Exastic Curve, the figure assumed by
an elastic plate, one end of which is
“xed horizontally in a vertical plane,
and the other end loaded with a weight
tending to bend the plate.
| Ena’rer, the skipper, a genus of cole-
opterous insects of the serricorne family.
Name crarye, aleaper. The £. noctilu-
cus, Lin., is the most celebrated species.
It is rather more than an inch long;
dusky brown; a convex yellow shining
spot on each side of the thorax, in con-
sequence of which it is used by the ladies
as an ornament for the hair during the
evening paseo, and the Indians fix it to
their feet to light them in their noctur-
nal journeys. This species belongs to South
America, but the elaterides have a wide
geographical distribution.

ELatE’RITE, mineral caoutchouc, a
brown, massive, elastic variety of bitu-
men: constituents, 52 carbon ; 40 oxygen,
and 8 hydrogen.

Evatr’rium, from sAarygsoy, a name
given by the Greeks to any drastic purga-
tive, and to the juice of the wild cucum-
ber in particular. At present, (1). The
wild cucumber (momordica elaterium) ; ;
(2). A peculiar substance deposited from
the juice of the wild cucumber and dried ;
its active power as a cathartic is derived
from a minute quantity of elatin which
it contains; (3). The name of a genus of
annual plants. Monecia — Syngenesia,
South America.

Eta’tin, the active principle of Ela-
terium (q.v-.). It is contained in the pro-
portion of 12 per cent.

Ex.sow. 1. The outer angle made by
bending the arm.——2. The name given
to an abrupt turn in a river, frequently
caused from the action of the current
upon one of the banks, which thereby
becomes washed away, when the silt is
-thrown to the other side, where it forms
an elbow.——3. The elbows of a window are
the two panelled flanks, one under each
shutter.——4. Elbow joints are voussoirs
of an arch which form part of a horizon-
tal course.

Er’caga, an Arabian tree, the fruit of
which is emetic, and is employed in an
ointment for the cure of the itch.

Ev’per. 1. In ecclesiastical affairs, from
ealdor, the comp. of eld, now old: elders
are officers, who with the ministers and
deacons of Presbyterian churches com-
pose the kirk session. In the first Chris-
tian churches the elders were persons

who enjoyed ecclesiastical functions. The
word indeed comprehends apostles, pas~
tors, presbyters, bishops or overseers;
hence the ancient Christian councils were
called presbyteria or councils of elders.——
2. In botany, from Sax. ellarn, Dan. hylde-
tre, the popular name of the Sambucus, a
genus of trees of seven species, and as
many varieties. Temperate climates.

Ext Dorapo, the Spanish name of an
imaginary country in South America,
abounding in gold and precious stones.

Etrar‘ic, an epithet given to a sect of
philosophers, from Elea, a town of Lu-
cania, where most of its teachers were
born.

Exrcr’, Lat. electus (from Asyw, to
choose); one chosen. The Calvinists de-
nominate those whom they believe God
to have predestinated to be saved, the
elect. In matters of polity the word elect
signifies chosen, but not ina ted.
Thus the Lord Mayor of London, before
his predecessor’s mayoralty is expired, is
called the lord mayor elect.

Ecec’rion. In the Calvinistie theology
the divine choice of objects for salvation
is election. See Erecr. In arithmetic, the
different ways of taking any number of
quantities given is called election, but the
term is rarely used.

Exec’rive, depending on choice, as an
elective monarchy. The term is in
chemistry thus: when a substance already
combined with another is presented toa
third for which it has a greater affinity,
it separates from the former and enters
into combination with the latter; this
preference is called elective attraction, or
more commonly elective affinity. It is
upon this gradation of alterative force
that the uniformity of chemical action
depends, and by which decompositions
are effected.

Exec’rric, from %Asxeeoy, amber; a
term used, (1). To denote whatever re-
lates to electricity ; (2)..To denote a
substance or body capable of exhibiting
electricity by means of friction or other-
wise, and resisting the passage of it from
one body to another. Hence an electric
is called a non-conductor, and an electric
per se. Such are amber, glass, rosin, wax,
shell-lac, sulphur, &c.

ELEc’TRIcAL AppaRa’tus, the various
instruments and machines necessary for
the illustration of the laws of electric
action.

Etec’rricaL Bar’rEry, a number of
coated jars connected with each other,
which being charged or electrified, are
then exploded or discharged with an
effect proportioned to the extent of the
coated surface.

Etrc’rricat Eger, a species of gymno-
tus; it is five or siz feet 1ong, and com

ELSE

299

ELE

municates such violent shocks that men
and horses are struck down by them.
This power is dependent upon the will
of the animal, which gives it that direc-
tion it pleases, and renders it effective
even ata distance. It is, however, dis-
sipated by use,just as muscular power is,
—Cuvier. The organ, which is the seat of
this wonderful faculty in the electric eel,
extends along the under side of the tail,
occupying about half its thickness.
ELEc’TRICAL MACHINE, a part of electri-
cal apparatus constructed for the purpose
of collecting the electric fluid in quan-
tity, so as to charge jars, &c., to exhibit
its effects in a very sensible manner. It
has been constructed of many forms, either
for the sake of convenience, or to render
it more efficient. The most common is
that which consists of a glass cylinder
fixed in such a manner that it may be
turned by a winch; a cushion supported
by a glass pillar, and having a piece of
silk between it and the cylinder, and a
metallic tube called the prime conductor,
supported also by a glass pillar; this is
the cylindrical machine. Another form
is that represented below. It has a plate
of glass instead of the cylinder.

Exre’rrRiIcaL Russer, a part of electri-
cal apparatus consisting of black oiled
silk, which serves to aid the friction in
an electrical machine.

Exrec’rric Fivip, a term for that which
produces electrical effects; the matter of
electricity.

Exec’rric ConpEnsER, an instrument by
which small quantities of electricity may
be accumulated and rendered apparent ;
B is a brass plate supported by a giass
stem: A is another brass plate of the same

size, capable of being placed as close to
it as possi-
ble without
touching, It
is supported
by a brass
stem which
moyes upon
a joint, so
that it is ca-
pable of as-
suming the
position at

Exze’rric Jar. See Leypen Jar.

Execrric’ity (see Erecrric) ; the name
of an unknown natural power which pro-
duces a vast variety of phenomena, the
first of which were observed (by Thales,
a.c. 600) in the mineral substance called
amber by us, but electron by the Greeks.
It was thence called electric power; and
the laws, hypotheses, experiments, &c.,
by which the electrical phenomena are at-
tempted to be explained and illustrated
constitute electricity. If a glass tube be
rubbed with a dry silk handkerchief, and
then approached to bits of paper, cotton,
feathers, &c., it will first attract these bo-
dies, then repel them. After a while the
excited body loses its influence, but it
may be renewed for any number of times.
by friction. If we substitute a stick of
sealing-wax for the glass tube, and rub it
with a dry, warm flannel, it will, when
approached to a feather, exhibit the same
phenomena of attraction and repulsion,
and in the same order; but if we present
the excited wax to a feather which has
received the repulsive property from the
glass, or the excited glass to the light sub-
stance repelled by the wax, strong at-
traction will be manifested in both cases.
From these phenomena is deduced the
doctrine of two electricities,—the vitre-
ous and resinous of the theory of Du Fay,
or the positive and negative of the theory
of Dr. Franklin. The same phenomena
gave rise to the terms electrical attraction
and electrical repulsion.

Execrric Kire, a contrivance devised
by Dr. Franklin to verify his hypothesis.
respecting the identity of electricity and
lightning. It differs nothing in shape
from a school-boy’s kite, but is covered
with silk or varnished paper, and armed
with a wire. The string with which the
kite is raised is hemp, with a piece of
silk cord or ribbon next the hand. From
a key suspended at the union of the
twine and silk, when the kite is raised
during a thunder-storm, a Leyden jar
may be charged. The experiment is not
perfectly free from danger.

Etrc’rric Spark. If a body contain-
ing only its natural share of electricity
be presented sufficiently near to a body

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300

ELE

“electrified positively or negatively, a quan-
tity of electricity will force itself through
the air from the latter to the former, ap-
pearing in the form of an intense spark,
_ealled the electric spark.

Execrric Tension or Intensity, that
state of a body which is measured by an
electrometer.

Exrecrro-CuEemistry, a department of
science which treats of the agency of
electricity and galvanism in effecting che-
mical changes.

Evxecrro-Drnamics, the phenomena of
electricity in motion.

Exec’rropE, from HALT LOY; electricity,
and 6de0¢, away; the point at which an
electric current enters or quits the body
through which it passes. The name is
chiefly used in speaking of the plates of
a galvanic battery, by which the current
passes into and out of the liquid, and as
being the doors by which the current
enters and departs. These are further
distinguished as the zincode and platinode.

Exec’rRo-Mac’NeETISM, a branch of elec-
trical science showing the joint effects of
electricity, or galyanism,and magnetism ;
magnetism produced by electricity.

ELECTROLYSIS, } from 7Aexreov, elec-

Evecrroty’TE, J tricity, and Ajw, to
loosen. The process of resolving a com-
pound body into its elements by the vol-
taic current, has been named electroly-
sis, and substances which can be so
decomposed, are called electrolytes.

Eectrrom’etTeER, the electricity-measurer ;
an instrument for mea-
suring the quantity or
intensity of electricity,
or the degree in whicha
body is electrified. The
most common is the
quadrant electrometer,
shown ‘in the figure.
The index, composed of
a straw terminated by
a pith ball, moves from
its centre of suspension
as the charge increases,
and measures the in-
tensity upon the gradu-
ated semicircle.

Execrropn’orvs, from
srexteov, and gegw, to
bear; an electric ma-
chine, consisting of two plates, one of
which is a resinous electric, and the other
a metallic plate. A second polished metal
plate, of rather smaller diameter, is fitted
with a glass handle, by which it can be
lifted on or off the upper. surface ofthe plate
of resin. When the resin has been excited
by gentle friction with dry fur or flannel,

and the plate placed upon it by its
handle, and immediately removed, it
will be found feebly charged with resin-

ous electricity. If it be then replaced and
uninsulated by a metallic rod, and again
lifted by its insulating handle, it will

be found to
give a strong
spark of vi-

out additional excitation.

Evecrro-Po’tar, applied to conductors,
one end of which is positive and the other
negative.

Exxc’rroscore, from eAexreoy, electron,
and ¢xortw, to view ; an instrument for
exhibiting the attractive
and repulsive agency of
electricity. This term is
generally used synonym-
ously with electrometer, but
sometimes applied appro-
priately to Bennet’s gold-
leaf electrometer, shown in
the figure with gold leaves
apart. Coulomb’s torsion-
electrometer is an excellent electroscope.

Etr’cance (Fr. and Eng.), from ele-
gantia: “ The beauty of propriety, not of
greatness.”—Johnson. In literature, the
elegance of a composition consists in well-
chosen words and phrases arranged in an
appropriate and happy nianner.
implies neatness, purity, and perspicuous
arrangement of parts—a style calculated
to please rather than excite admiration
or strong feeling. It is now much out of
fashion. Elegance of speaking includes
propriety of diction and gracefulness of
action. In architecture and painting, ele-
gance consists in a nice distribution of the
parts with a just regard to their propor-
tions and appropriate embellishments.
Similarly, the term may be applied in a
loose way to many works both of nature
and art, which please by their symmetry.

Exrr’cit. In law, a writ of execution
by which a defendant’s goods ‘are ap-
praised and delivered to the plaintiff,
upon a recognizance that he is able in
his goods to satisfy his creditors.

E’EmeEnt, Lat. elementum, a simple sub-
stance, or one which has not been decom-
posed. The ancients considered fire, air,
earth, and water, to be of this nature;
hence they are still called the four ele-
ments. Three of these elements, air, earth,
and water, are however now well known
to be compound bodies ; but instead of the
four classical elements, chemistry at pre-
sent recognises 54, of which 41 are me-
tallic. These are termed elementary bodies,

ELeMEN’rary. In chemistry, is synony-
mous with undecompounded.

ELG

301

ELL

Ex’rments, plu. of element (q. y.). 1. In
istry. ¢ ELEMENT. The elements
of a compound body are its constituent
parts ; these may be either proximate or
ultimate. —— 2. In astronomy, certain
quantities which require to be known in
order to determine something else; thus
the elements of the planets require to be
known in order to determine the theory
of their elliptic motion.——3. First prin-
ciples, as the elements of geometry.—.
The bread and wine in the eucharist.

Exr’mi, or GuMm-ELEMI, a resin which
exudes frn»m incisions made in the bark
of the Amyris elemifera, a tree which
grows in South America and Brazil.

E’tencH, Lat. elenchus, a fallacious ar-
gument. A sophism. -

Eu’eruant, the largest terrestrial ani-
mal. See ELvErHAs.

EterHant, Wuite. A Danish order of
knighthood.

El/EPHANT-BE’ETLE, a large species of
scarabeus found in South America. It is
covered by a hard black shell, is nearly
four inches long, and has a proboscis an
inch and a quarter in length.

ELEPHANTI‘AsIs, a species of leprosy,
named popularly elephant-leg, from the
swellings and incrustations resembling
those of the hide of an elephant. It is con-
sidered contagious.

EWveruHas, ¢As¢es, the elephant. Order
pachydermata ; family proboscidiana.
There are two species; the Indian ele-
phant (£. Indicus, Cuy.), and the African
elephant (E. Africanus, Cuv.). The first
has an oblong head, the latter a round
head. Elephants live in herds, and their
food is strictly vegetable.

ELzvstn’IAN Mysteries, anciently se-
eret religious rites annually performed at
Eleusis.

Exeva’tion, Lat. elevatio, a raising
(levo, to raise). 1. In astronomy, altitude,
the height of a body above the horizon of
any place.——2. In gunnery, &c. the angle
which the axis of the gun makes with the
horizon.——3. In perspective, the repre-
sentation of the whole body, a geometri-
cal projection drawn on a plane perpen-
dicular to the horizon.

Exeva’tor. 1. In anatomy, a muscle
which serves to raise a part to which it is
attached, as the lip.——2. In surgery, an
instrument for raising a depressed portion
of bone, especially of the cranial bones.

Err-ar’rows, flint-stones sharpened on
both sides in the shape of arrow-heads,
made use of in war by the ancient Britons,
but vulgarly supposed to have been shot
by elves or fairies.

Et’cin Manstes, certain ancient mar-
dics brought from Greece by the Earl of
Elgin, chiefly from the Parthenon at
Athens, and deposited in the British Mu-
seum, having been purchased by govern-

ment for35,0001. They are believed to be
the work of Phidias. Among them are
some of the finest specimens of ancient
sculpture.

Enrmrna’tion, from elimino, to thrust
out, denotes, in analysis, that process by
which all the unknown quantities, except
one, are exterminated out of an equation.

Etqva’tTion, from eliqguo, to melt. An
operation by means of which a more fu-
sible substance is separated from one less
fusible, by applying a degree of heat suf-
ficient to fuse all the former, and not the
latter.

Etr’sor, from Norm. eliser, to choose.
In law, when the sheriff is not an indif-
ferent party in a suit, or when he is con-
cerned by interest or affinity, the venire
is issued to the coroners: or if exception
lies to these, it is issued to two persons of
the county, named by the court and
sworn. These are called elisors, and re-
turn the jury.

Ex, an animal of the cervine genus,
the Cervus alice, Lin. Found in the nor-
thern regions of Europe, Asia, and Ame-
rica. In the latter country it is called
moose, from the Indian name musw.

Ext, a measure of length. The English
ell is 49 inches, the Scotch 37°2, the
French 54, and the Flemish 27.

Evtipsz, Exir’sis, eAdempic, defect.
1. In geometry, a figure generated from
A the section of a
cone by a plane
cutting both
b sides of the
cone, but not
parallel with
the base : popu-
larly called an
oval. The line CD is the transverse dia-
meter, and the shorter line, AB, is the
conjugate diameter. These lines are at
right angles to each other, and both
equally divided in the centre; they are,
therefore, called the greater and lesser
axis. ——2. In grammar,a figure of syntax,
by which one or more words are omitted,
which the hearer or reader may supply.

Extir’sorp, an elliptical spheroid, being
asolid generated by the revolution of an
ellipse about either axis.

Et.tr’ric, } something relating to an

Ettr’ricat, S ellipse. An elliptical are
is any part of the periphery of an ellipse.
An elliptic conoid is synonymous with
spheroid. An elliptic dial is one usually
made to fold up for convenience of the
pocket. An elliptic spindle is the solid ge-
nerated by the revolution of any segment
of an ellipse about its chord. £llipticat
Compasses. See Compass.

Evurpric'iry, the difference between
on greater and lesser semi-axis of an

e.
Ex.ir’rocrarn, from sAAempss, an ellip-

EMB 302 EMB
sis, and ygagw, to describe. An instru- Emsar’Go, an order issued by the go-
ment for drawing ellipses. vernment of a country to prevent the

Ex’mo’s Fring, Sv., anappearance caused
by fiery meteors in ‘the atmosphere, often
seen playing about the masts and rigging
of ships at sea. It is an electrical pheno-
menon.

Exonea’rion, from longus. 1. In astro-
nomy, the angle under which we see a
planet from the sun when reduced to the
ecliptic, or it is the angle formed by two
lines proceeding from the earth’s centre
to the centres of the sunand planet when
reduced to the ecliptic. The greatest
elongation is the greatest distance which
the planet recedes from the sun. It can
only be used in speaking of the inferior
planets Venus and Mercury.——2. In sur-
gery, an imperfect luxation, where the
ligaments are only lengthened, and the
bone not put out of its socket; also the
extension of a limb for the purpose of
reducing a dislocation or fracture.

E’tut, a Jewish month answering to
part of August and September.

Exvrris’tion, from elutrio, to cleanse.
The operation of pulverising a solid sub-
stance, diffusing it through a large body
of water, allowing it to settle for a little
till the larger and heavier particles sub-
side, and then pouring off or decanting
the supernatant liquor. The liquid run
off will be found to contain an impalpable
powder, which in repose will collect on
the bottom, and may be taken out and
dried. This is a method employed by
chemists, &c., to separate substances of
different specific gravities.

Exypor‘ic, from eAasoy, Oil, and dae,
water. A term applied to a mode of paint-
ing with a substance containing oil and
water.

Er’/ytTra, plural of elytron, the wing-
sheath of an insect, from eAvw, to involve.
The elytra are the crustaceous membranes
which cover the true membranous wings
of coleopterous insects.

Er’/xyrro1p, from eAvrzoy, @ Sheath, and
tsdo¢, like; sheath-like.

Eman’cinate, Lat. emarginatus, nicked ;
applied, 1. In botany, to leaves terminating
in a small notch at the summit.——2. In

logy, to shells which have no mar-
gin, but have the edges Lollowed out.——
3. In mineralogy, to crystals having all
the edges of the primitive form truncated
each by one face.

EmRALM’ING, a process in which balsams
were employed to preserve human corpses
from putrification. A body thus prepared
is called a mummy (q. v.). Modern che-
mistry furnishes more simple means of
preventing putrefaction than the Egyp-
tian system of salting, spicing, smoking,
and bitumening.

sailing of ships out or into port. The
word is A ima embargo, from the same
root as embarr

EMBATTLED. va architecture, indented
with notches in the form of embrasures,
and on the top of a wall, parapet, or other
building. Heralds expressed the embat-
tled line or embrasure by the word cre-
nelle; the military architect sometimes
calls them cannonieres; and meurtrieres
when only big enough for muskets: and
when the parapet is so low that cannon
may be shot without embrasures, they
are said to shoot en .

Emeper, in ember-days, ember-weeks, is
the Saxon emb-ren or ymb-ryne, a circle
or revolution ; from ymb, around, and ren,
or ryne, course. Ember-days are the
Wednesday, Friday, and Saturday after
Quadragesima-Sunday, after Whit-Sun-
day, after Holyrood-day in September,
and after St. Lucia’s-day in December:
they are therefore days returning at cer~
tain seasons. -weeks are the weeks
in which ember-days fall, and formerly,
our ancestors used the words ember-fast
and ember-tide or season.

Ew’stem, from e6Anee, properly inlaid
or Mosaic work, from ¢~CaAAw, to insert;
something inserted into the body of an-
other. The term isnow used to designate a
painted or sculptured eee nets ‘es the
image of Sczevola holding his in the
- with these words: “‘ agere -y padre Sor-

iter Romanum est’”—to do and to s
with fortitude is Roman.

Em’sLeMeEnTs, from Norm. emblear, from
embleer, to sow, blé, corn; the produce of
land sown or planted by a tenant for life
or years, whose estate is determined sud-
denly after the land is sown and before
harvest. The word comprehends the pro-
duce of all annual plants, but not of per-

ennial plants.

Em’sotus, euGoros; anything inserted
and acting in another, as the piston of a
pump.

Emesos’stne, from Fr. bosse, a protuber-
ance; the forming or fashioning of works
in relievo, whether by raising, by carving,
or by depression; wherein, according to
the prominence of the figures, they are
said to be in alto, mezzo, or basso-relievo.
Wood, stone, and other inflexible sub-
stances are embossed by carving; silver-
plate, &c., by the pressure of a hydrostatic
press upon the patterns ; paper, cloths, &c!
os Teyolvying cylinders on which the re-

patterns are engraved. Mr. Thos.
Greig of Rose-Bank, near Bury, Lanca-
shire, patented an invention in 1835 for
both embossing and printing silk, cotton,
pr , in one or more colours at one opera-
on.

EMI

303

EMU

Emsra’cery. In law,an attempt to cor-
rupt a jury.

Empras’vRe (Fr.), from ebraser, to widen;
an aperture in a parapet through which
cannon are fired, called also an embattle-
ment.—In architecture, the enlargement of
the aperture of a door or window towards
the inside of the wall.

Emsror’pery, figured work wrought
with silver or gold, or both, on silk, cloth,
stuffs, or muslins. The art was tilllately
a handicraft practised by ladies of rank,

on account of its elegance, but an inge-.

nious machine, invented by M. Hulmann
of Mulhausen, has brought it within the
factory system. By this machine one
female may attend to 140 needles doing
the work of 20 hand sewers.

Em’eratp, a gem of a beautiful green
colour, called by the Latins Smaragdus,
from ¢uaenydos. Under this name are
comprehended the prismatic emerald, the
euclase of Werner and Haiiy, and the
rhombohedral emerald, which contains
two varieties, the precious emerald, and
beryl or common emerald. The consti-
tuents of the emerald are 65 alumina, 16
glucina, 13 oxide of chromium with some
lime and iron.

EmeEr’cent, Lat. emergens, rising above
the water; applied, 1. To a star at the
moment it goes out of the sun’s beams so
as to become visible-——2. To the year or
epoch from which any computation of
time is made.

Emenr’r! (Lat.), the public functionaries
of Rome who had retired from their coun-
try’s service on half-pay.

Emer’sion, from emergo. The term is
chiefly used in astronomy, for the appear-
ance of the sun and moon after they have
undergone an eclipse. The minutes or
scruples of emersion, as applied to a lunar
eclipse, is the are of the moon’s orbit
which she has passed through from the
time she begins to emerge from the earth’s
shadow. The term emersion is also used
for the re-appearance of a star which had
been hid by the sun’srays. See EMERGENT.

M'ERY, a mineral substance, a sub-
species of corundum, used in powder for
polishing hard bodies, as metals, glass,
&c. It contains alumina (about 60 per
cent.), silica, andiron. It is imported in
large quantities from the Island of Naxos,
in which it occurs abundantly at Cape
Emeri.

Em’ETIne, a substance obtained from
the ipecacuanha root, of whose emetic
properties it is believed to be the sole
cause. It forms transparent brownish-red
seales. Halfa grain is a dose.

Eminence, Lat. eminentia, elevation ;
an honorary title given to cardinals since
the time of Urban YIII., previous to
which they were styled illustrissimi and
reverendissiins,

EmMINEN’TIAL Equa’rTion, a name for a
certain assumed equation, which involves
itself in several particular equations.

Emir, a title of dignity among the
Turks, denoting a prince. The title was
first borne by the Caliphs, but when they
assumed the title of Sultan, that of Emir
remained to their children. At length it
was attributed to all who were deemed
descendants of Mohammed by his daugh-
ter Fatimah.

Em’‘issory, Lat. emissorius, from emitto,
an epithet applied by physiologists to
ducts which convey fluids out of the
body, especially to certain veins.

EMoLuEs’CENCE, emollescens, softening,
a term used in metallurgy for that degree
of softening in a fusible body which alters
its shape; the first and lowest degree of
fusibility.

Empa'tEMEeNT, from im and palus, a
stake; a fencing. In heraldry, a con-
junction of coats of arms, pale-wise. In
botany, an old name for the calyx or
flower-cup.

Em’PuyMa, from gugucam, to inflate; a
tumour originating below the integu
ments, and unaccompanied with inflam-
mation ; such as fleshy, bony, and other
morbid growths.

EmMpPuyTeEv'sis, eugevois. In law, a
contract by which property is given to
be possessed for ever, or for a long term,
on condition it shall be improved, and
asmall annual rent paid to the granter.

EmPLec’TIon, euracyw,l entangle. In
architecture, a method of constructing
walls, in which the front stones were
ees fair and filled in with stones be-

EmprostHor’onos, sureoobev, forwards,
rtiva, 1 draw; a spasmodic action of the
muscles by which the body is drawn
forwards.

Empre'sis, from exrvow, to suppurate ;
the name given by Dr. Good to a genus
of diseases characterised by phlegmonous
pimples, which gradually fill with a puru-
lent fluid; e.g., small-pox.

Empy’nEat, from ey and gue, fire;
formed of the element of fire. Empyreal
air is a name given by Scheele to oxygen
gas.

Emprre’um. In theology, the highest
heaven where the pure element of fire,
ssrugos, is supposed to subsist.

Empyrev’MA, eurveevuc from rug ; the
peculiar and disagreeable smell produced
by the burning of animal and vegetable
oily matters in close vessels, or under such
circumstances as prevent the accession of
air to a considerable part of the mass,
and occasion an imperfect combustion.

E’muv. In ornithology, the struthio eas-
suarius of New Holland.

ENC 304

END

Emvt’aent, Lat. emulgens, milking ; ap-

plied to the artery and vein which go
Joon the aorta and vena cava to the kid-
neys, because the ancients supposed that
they strained, or as it were milked the
serum through the kidneys. The emul-
gent arteries supply the kidneys with

blood.

‘Emvnoc’rory, from emungo, to drain off.
The emunctories are the excretory ducts
of the body, and the cavities containing
the fluids to be excreted. e skin and
kidneys, are the common emunctories.

ENAL’LAGE, tyaAAayn, Change ; a gram-
matical figure by which some change is
made in the common mode of speech, as
when one case or mood is put for another.

Enam’ex (Fr. en email). 1. The hard
siliceous substance which covers the
teeth.——2. In the arts, a coloured glass
formed by combination of different metal-
lic oxides, to which some fixed fusible salt
is added, as borates, fluates, and phos-
phates. "Enamels possess all the proper-
ties of glass except its transparency. They
are used to counterfeit gems, and in
enamel painting.

Enam’Er-paintinc is performed on
plates of gold or copper. The plate is
first covered with a coating of white
enamel. The colours finely ground are
mixed with oil of spike and laid on. The
plate is then gently warmed, and after-
wards made red-hot, to incorporate the
colours of the picture with the enamel.

Enan’tHEsI1s, from cy and ayfew, floreo;
efflorescence from internal affection; a
vash. The term is opposed to eranthesis,
an eruption on the skin, not connected
with internal affection.

Enarturo’sis, from gy and aefeov, a
joint; the ball and socket-joint; a spe-
cies of diarthrosis in which the round
head of one bone is received into a cavity
of another, in such a manner as to admit
of motion in every direction.

Encz’nia, from tyzaia, renewal; a
festival among the Jews called the Feast
of Dedication (ofthe Temple). The term
has since been used for any commemora-
tive festival.

Encan’ruis, from ¢y and zayfes, the
angle of the eye ; a disease of the lachry-

mal caruncle of the eye, appearing at
et ae a small, soft, , but often livid
excrescence, granulated like a mulberry.
It often assumes a cancerous malignity,
and emits an exceedingly acrid discharge.

Encar’pus, Gr. from gy, and zaeros,
fruit ; the festoons on a frieze.

Encaustic, from ey and zai, to burn;

jurning in; applied to a species of paint-
ing in wax liquefied by heat, whereby
the colours acquire considerable hardness,
brilliancy, and dur bility. The term has

also been applied to painting on porce-
lain, enamel-work, and to painting on
glass ; and in short to all species of paint-
ing where the colours are fixed by means
of heat, and even to works in metals
where gold and silver are inlaid, melted,
or laid on by the application of heat.
Encr’tnte (Fr. from en and ceindre), to
gird. 1. The wall or rampart which sur-
rounds a place, sometimes composed of
bastions and curtains. ——2. In law, a

state of pregnancy.
ENCEPH’ALON, \ eyztg@aros. The brain,
ENcEPH’ALOS, J gyand zt¢admn, the head,

or contents of the cranium.

Encuas’1nG, Cuas‘tns, Fr. enchasser, to
enchase ; the art of enriching and beauti-
fying any work in metal by some design
or figure represented in low relievo. Gold
and silver plate are usually enchased. It
is a species of embossing performed by
punching out from the back, aad clearing
with gravers and like tools.

Encuo’riat, from ey ymeiovs a term ap-
plicable to whatever is characteristic of
a country, but especially applied to the
language, and used in ancient Egyptian
inscriptions, as distinguished from een
glyphics (the sacred language) and from
the Greek. These are all found on the
Rosetta stone of black basalt.

Encuirip’ion (Gr.), from gy, and mee,
hand. A manual, a short and useful com-
pilation.

En’‘ctave, from clavis. <A heraldic term
denoting something let into another, es-
mereny. when the piece so let in isa

squa

acid, from eyAstizes, inclined.
Applied to particles or words so closely
connected with others as to seem parts of
them; as quein virwnque. Such particles
are also called enclitics.

En’crinItT#E, a fossil encrinus. The en-
crinites form a genus of the order crinoi-
dea, known by the name of stone-lily.
See ENCRINUS.

EncRIN‘’ITAL, containing encrinites, as-
the encrinital marble of Derbyshire, which
consists chiefly of encrinites cemented
together by carbonate of lime.

Encri’/nvs, a genus of radiate animals
or zoophytes. Class Enchinodermata, or-
der Pedicellata, Cuv. Name from ZOO,
a lily, in allusion tothe form. There are
only two living species known, but the
fossil genera are exceedingly numerous.

Encyst’ep, from cyst. A term applied
to tumours when the matter is inclosed
in a sac or cyst.

ENDEC’AGON, OF UNDEC’AGON, tvd exary
eleven, and ywyia, angle. A plane geo-
metrical figure bounded by eleven sides.

Envem’c, from ey, and dyues, people.
Peculiar to a country. Applied to any

ST

aa

}

‘prevails. The term is often used substan-

ENG 30

1

ENR

disease that affects many persons of the
same country, proceeding from some cause
peculiar to the country or region whereit

tively.

Envocar’pitis, from ¢ydey, within, and
zuedse, the heart. Inflammation of the
lining membrane of the heart.

En’pocarp, from ¢ydsy, within, and
AULTOS s fruit. The stone or shell of cer-
tain fruits, as the cherry. The outer skin
is the epicarp, and the fieshy substance
the sarcocarp. f

Envoe’enovs, from ¢vdoy, Within, and
yivyew, to engender. An epithet for
plants (endogens), the growth of whose
stems takes place by addition from with-
in. The ferns and equicetacee are endo-
genous plants ; most others are exogenous,
or increase from without. See ExocEns.

ENDOPLEU’RA, eydov, and rAtvee, Side. In
botany, the internal integuments of a seed.

Enporuiz’2, evdov, and gfx, root. The
embryo of monocotyledons. :

Enposmo’sts, from ¢ydoy, Withir, and
WT [L055 impulsion. The passage of fluids
through the membranes of organised
bodies from the exterior to the interior.
Some gases endosmose.

ENDOsPER’MIUM, gydov, and oreeua,
seed. The albumen of seeds.

Enreorr’MENnT, from in and fief. The
deed whereby one is invested with the
fee simple of an estate.

Enriza’pe (Fr.), a line or straight pas-
sage (en, and fil,a thread). A term used
in speaking of trenches, &c. which may
be seen and scoured with shot all the
length of a line. Hence trenches are
usually dug in a zig-zag manner, that they
may not be enjiladed, or shot along their
whole length.

Enrrtep. In heraldry, a term desig-
nating that a head or other charge is
placed on the blade of a sword.

Encacep Cotumns are those attached
to, or built in, walls or piers, a portion
being concealed.

Enctne’er, Fr. ingenieur. A person
skilled in mathematics and mechanics,
and whose business it is to form plans,
and superintend the construction of
works. If these are for offence and de-
fence he is called a military engineer ; if
they are intended for industrial purposes,
as public works, railways, canals, &c., he
is called a civil engineer. The name is also
used to designate one who constructs
engines.

En’etscorz, an instrument, a kind of
microscope.

Encom’pxosis, from ey, and yordgos,
anail. A species of articulation which
resembles a nail driven into wood, asa
tooth in its socket.

ENGRA‘ILMENT, the ring of dots round
the edge ofa model.

Enera’vinoG, the art of producing upon
plates of copper or other metal, by means
of a steel instrument called a graver, re-
presentations, as letters, portraits, &c.,
without the use of aqua-fortis,and which,
by means of ink and a rolling-press, are
transferred to paper. Copper has hither-
to been generally used for engraving upon,
but for fine pieces, steel plates are used,
and many “ pictorial editions” are now
got up with wood engravings. In com-
plicate pieces, as landscapes, etching and
dry-point engraving are usually combined,
so that the picture is produced in a cer-
tain state by means of nitric acid, and
finished with the graver.

Eneross’, } In law (1.) Tocopy ina

EnGross'1ne. fa large (gross) hand any
deed or record, for preservation on paper
or parchment. (2.) To buy up corn or other
dead victuals with intent to sell them
again, and thereby to make profit by en-
hancing the price. -For a long time, most
scarcities which occurred in the country
were ascribed to the influence of engross-
ers and forestallers, and hence statutes
were framed for the suppression of en-
grossing and forestalling. The first is still
an indictable offence, punishable at com-
mon law by fine and imprisonment.

EnuHarmo’ntic. In music, an epithet for
such species of composition as proceed on
very small intervals, or smaller intervals
than the diatonic and chromatic. Anen-
harmonic interval is the eighth of a tone.

En’NEAGON, from eyyex, nine. and ywytery
acorner. A figure of nine sides and nine
angles.

ENNEAHF’DRIA, from ¢yyey, nine, and
Dea, a side. A genus of columnar double-
pointed crystals, composed of a trigonal
column, terminated at each end by a tri-
gonal pyramid.

ENNEAN’DRIA, from ¢yyey, nine, and
avye, @man. A class of plants of the
sexual system, containing such as have
hermaphrodite flowers with nine sta-
mina.

ENNEAPET’ALOUs, from eyyéa. nine, and
aztradoy, apetal. A coralla having nine
petals.

ENNEATIC, ) from ¢yyex, nine; every

ENNEATICAL, J ninth. Enneatical days:
are every ninth of a disease ; enneatic years
are every ninth of an individual’s life.

Enrock’/MENT, a term applied to the
stone-filling upon breakwaters and the
banks of rivers, underneath quays, &c-
It consists of large stones thrown in at
random, and of sufficient size to resist
the action of the current.

EnnRow’MENT, the registering of a docu-
ment in the rolls of chancery, or superioz

x

ENT 306

ENT

‘ courts of common law, or the records of
quarter sessions.

Ens, } (pert. pres. of esse, tobe.) The

En’tiry,jold metaphysicians distin-
guished the ens reale and ens positivum
from their ens rationis, which exists only
in the imagination. The old chemists
also had their ens to designate the essence
or virtue of a substance.

En’sateE, Lat. ensatus, shaped like a
sword (ensis). See ENsIrorm.

Ensem’sxe (Fr.),a term used in the fine
arts to denote the general effect of a whole
work, without reference to the parts.

En’strorM, Lat. ensiformis,sword-shaped
from ensis and forma); applied to leaves,

Enrap’/Lature, Fr. entablement, from

Lat. tabula ; that part of a column "which
includes the cornice, frieze, and architrave
(q. V-).
Enva’tr, from Fr. entailler, to cut. In
2aw,an estate entail, abridged and limited
by certain conditions, prescribed by the
first donor, to descend in a particular line
ofheirs. Estates-tail are either general or
Special, and are always lesser estates than
a fee simple. To entail is to settle the
descent of lands so that no subsequent
possessor can bequeath or alienate it——
2. In Gothic architecture the term entail is
used to denote delicate carving.

Enra’sta, from entasis; a generic name
for constrictive spasm, embracing trismus,
tetanus, priapism, &c.

En’rasis, eyracis, from tyrtivw, to
strain; a name given to the slight curva-
ture of the shafts of the ancient Grecian
columns, particularly the Doric, which is
exceedingly graceful.

Entre. In heraldry, a term signifying
grafted.

ENT'ELECHY, eyTeAeyesa, an Aristotelian
word expressing an object in its complete
existence, as opposed to potential exist-
ence.

En’rer1nc 1. Entering goods at the
custom-house is the lodging of a manifest
of them, and gaining permission to land
them.——2. Entering ports are ports cut
on the middle gun-deck of three-decked
vessels to serve as doors.——3. Entering
ropes, three ropes hanging fromi the en-
tering ports of a ship, on the right, left,
we middle of the steps: called also side

Eee, from eyregoy, an intestine ;
inflammation of the intestines.

EnTenroce’te, from EvTegov, an intestine,
and zyAy,a tumour; an intestinal rupture
or hernia.

EnTEROG’RAPHY, from syregoy, an intes-
tine, and ygegy, description ; anatomical
description of the intestines.

EnTeEnoL’ocy, from servgcy, an intestine,

and Asyos, doctrine ; that part of anatomy
which treats of the intestines.
En’THYMEME, tyOuuype, from gy and
Ovycs, mind; a term in rhetoric for an
argument consisting of only two proposi-
tions, an antecedent, and a consequent
deduced from it; the major is not ex-
peseeets , but supposed to be present to the

ENTIRE, complete or undivided. In bo-
tany, applied to leaves when the margins
are devoid of notches, serration, or inci-
sions.—In conchology, applied toa shell, in
opposition to emarginate.

EnTire’ty, | In law, the whole of a

ENTIERTIE. thing, in distinction from
a moiety.

EntTomorocy, from syroue, an insect,
and Asyos, discourse; that branch of
zoology which treats of insects.

EntTomostom’ata, the second family of
Siphobranchiata, in the conchological
system of De Blainville, including many
genera, as Buccinum, Dolium, &c., all
univalves. 4

Entomos’rraca, from eyroue, an insect,
and é¢reaxoy, a shell; shelled insects,
which, the arrangement of Cuvier,
form the second section of Crustacea.
They are mostly microscopic, and all
aquatic, generally inhabiting fresh water.

Entoz’o, from gyros, Within, and Tay,
an animal; intestinal worms. These form
the second class of the Radiata in Cuvier’s
arrangement. The greater number in-
habit the bodies of other animals.

En’tREmMETS (Fr.), small plates or dain-
ties set between the principal dishes at
table. The term is used in music for the
inferior movements inserted in a compo-
sition between those of more importance.

En’trepas (Fr.), a term used in the
menage for the broken pace of a horse re-
sembling an amble.

En’rrEsot (Fr.) See MEZZANINE.

En’rRocHI, Meas TeOK os, a wheel,

En’rrocuites, ) wheel-stones; a name
given to the broken stems of fossil encri-
nites. These are well known under the
name of St. Cuthbert’s beads.

En’try, Fr. entrée. 1. In commerce, the
depositing of a ship’s papers in the cus-
tom-house, and obtaining licence to land

oods :—‘‘ The person entering any goods
inwards, shall deliver to the collector or
comptroller a bill of the entry of such
goods, fairly written in words at length,
expressing the name of the ship, the place
whence the goods were brought, and the
name of the person in whose name the
goods are to be entered, and the par ag
and description of the goods, ” &e.—th
a bill of entry. ——2. In law,a writ airected
to a sheriff, requiring him to command
the tenant of land, that he render to the

em

ll

EPA

307

EPH

demandant the premises in question, or
appear in court on such a day and show
reason why he has not done it, is termed
a writ of entry ——3. Accounts are entered
in account-books, and these account-books
are kept either by single or double entry.

EnvumMeER’ation. In rhetoric, that part
of a peroration in which the orator re-
capitulates the principal points or heads
of the discourse or argument.

Envr’ney. In heraldry, an epithet for
a bordure charged with wild beasts.

En’vELOPE, a wrapper, Fr. enveloppe ; a
term in fortification for a work of earth,
sometimes in the form of a single parapet,
and at others like a small rampart witha
parapet, raised sometimes on the ditch,
and sometimes beyond it, to cover weak
places with single lines.

En’virnonne’. In heraldry, surround
with other things.

Envoy, Fr, envoye, from envoyer, to send ;
& person deputed by government to nego-
ciate some affair with a foreign govern-
ment. Envoys are inferior in rank to
ambassadors, but are equally under the
protection of the law of nations.

H’ocenz, from Ywe, aurora, and xesyoe,
recent ; one of the four terms proposed by

' M. Deshayes and Mr. Lyell, to designate

the marine formations of the tertiary
series, founded on the proportions which
their fossil shells bear to marine shells of
e species. These terms are Eocene,
Miocene, Older Pliocene, and Newer Plio-
eene. The proportion of living species in
the Eocene are less numerous than in any
of the others, and indicates what may be
regarded as the dawn or commencement
of the existing state of animate creation.
_ E’racr, from exazrog, adscititious ; the
name given to the excess of the solar
month above the lunar synodical month,
and of the solar year above the lunar
dees of twelve synodical months. The
unar month is 29 days, 12 hours, 44 min.,
3 sec., Consequently the lunar year is 354
days (nearly), and the annual epact 11
days, to which one is added every year to
19 (the lunar cycle), when it becomes 30
or 0, as 30 is an embolismic month. The
Gregorian epact for any year is the same
as the Julian epact for the preceding year,
the difference between the Gregorian and
Julian years being equal simply to the
difference between the solar and lunar
ear.
. Eraco’ar, from i¢éyw, induco; a rhe-
torical figure whereby like things or ar-
guments are compared, to prove universal
propositions by particulars.
EPANADIPLO'SIS, eravadimAwois, Tedu-
plication; a rhetorical figure wherein a
sentence begins and ends with the same
word

EPanateEr’sis, tzava)erfic, resumption ;

a rhetorical figure wherein the same wora
is repeated in resuming the subject after
a long parenthesis.

Epanapn’ore, from erovoGeew, refero ;
a rhetorical figure which makes several
clauses begin with the same word.

Epan’opos, from eqs and &yodeg; a rhe-
torical figure wherein two things spoken
of together are afterwards spoken of sey-
erally.

Epavte’. In fortification (Fr. epaule, a

hhoulder), the shoulder of a bastion; the
angle of the face and flank, often called
the angle of the epaule.

Epavute’mMenT, from Fr. epaule, a
shoulder. <A term in fortification for a
side-work made of gabions, fascines, or
bags of earth. It also sometimes denotes
a semibastion, and a square orillon to
cover the cannon of the casemate.

E’pHa, } a Jewish dry measure, equal

E’ruasx, J to an imperial bushel, nearly.

EPHEBEI‘UM, €9¢,S0g, Ayouth. In ancient
architecture, a building appropriated for
the wrestling and exercises of youth prior
to their entering the gymnasium.

Ern’evis, from eq, and 4Asog, the sun.
A term denoting not only the freckles or
little yellow spots which appear on per-
sons of a fair skin, and the larger brown
patches which likewise arise from ex po-
sure to the direct rays of the sun, but also
those large dusky patches which are very
similar in appearance, but occur on other
parts of the surface which are constantly
covered.

Erxem’era (Lat.), from EGepeegos, daily.
1. A fever of only one day’s continuance.
——2. The day-fly, a genus of neurop-
terous insects of the subulicorne family.
Epithet ephemeral. The ephemera take
their name from their short term of life
in their perfect state. They usually ap-
pear at sun-set, in fine weather, in sum-
mer and autumn, along the banks of
rivers, lakes, &c., and sometimes in such
innumerable hosts, that after their death
the surface of the ground is thickly co-
vered with their bodies; in certain dis-
tricts, cart-loads of them are collected for
manure. The continuance of their species
is the only function which these animals
have to fulfil, for they take no nourish-
ment, and frequently die on the day of
their metamorphosis, and even within a
few hours of that event. If, however, we
trace them back to that period in which
they existed as larve, we find that their
career extends from two to three years.
In this state they live in water.

Eruem’eris, an almanack, from EDEMLE~
€0s, daily. An account of, or tables eal-
culated to show, the state of the heavens
for every day of the year, i. e. the position
of planets, €c. The Nautical Almanack,
published by the Board of Longitude, is

sre

EPI 308 EPI

the most authentic specimen of an Astro-
nomical Ephemeris. The term issometimes
used in the plural, Ep. 8, for a
collection of astronomical tables.——2. In
literature, a collective name for all kinds
of periodical literature.

Epuratra, the herb peony, said to cure
night-mare (ephialtes).

EpuHiar/TEs, sgiaarys, Night-mare.

E’puop. In Jewish antiquity, a part of
the sacerdotal habit. It was a sort of
girdle, brought from behind the neck over
the two shoulders, and hanging down be-
fore, was put across the stomach, then
carried round the waist, it served as a
girdle to the tunic.

Epn’ori. In Grecian antiquity, magis-
trates (usually five) established in ancient
Sparta to balance the regal power.

Ep’icarp, from ¢qi, and zeg-vros, fruit.
The outer skin of some fruits. See En-
DOCARP.

Ep’IcENE, exizoives, common to both
sexes. Applied to nouns of common

Ep’icting, from eqs, and zAsyy, a bed.
An epithet applied by Mirbel to a nectary,
when it is placed on the receptacle of a
flower.

Ericran’It1s Gr., exszeasvw, I finish.
A term in architecture for the cyma of the
cornice.

Epicure’ans, an ancient sect of philo-
sophers, who followed the doctrines of
Epicurus,a celebrated philosopher of Gar-
getium, in Attica, about 300 years before
Christ.

Er‘icycie, from eqs, and zuxzdrog, a
circle. A little circle whose centre isin the
circumference of a greater circle; or a
small orb, which, being fixed in the defer-
ent of a planet, is carried along with its
motion; and yet, with its own particular
motion, carries the body of the planet
fastened to it round about its proper cen-
tre. Epicycles were of particular use in
the ancient astronomy.

Epicye’Loip, exizvzAceidys, & curve
generated by the revolution of the pe-
riphery of a circle along the ag or
concave part of another circle, thus dif-
fering from a cycloid (q. v.).

Eripem’ic, from eqs, and dypzos, people.
An epithet applied to those diseases which
attack a multitude of persons at the same
time and same place. The word is also
used substantively for epidemy, an epi-
demic disease. Epidemics may arise from
contagion or atmospheric causes.

EpipEn’pra, a natural family of plants,
of which the genus Epidendrum is the
type.

Epiven’prvum, the canelle. A genus of
perennial plants. Gynandria—NMonandria.
Name from as, and dsydeor, a tree, be-

cause the spas grow parasitically on
the trunks or branches of trees. Hot cli-
mates

EPIpER’MIs, exidteris, from ex; and
deen, the true skin. The cuticle or
scarf-skin of an animal or plant.

Eriper’moip, from gqideguss and eidos
resembling the epidermis. The se
should be written epidermatoid,

EpPmpip’xMvus, é@sdidvuss, from exis and
didvos. A hard, vascular body, princi-
pally composed of minute elastic tubes
(tubuli seminiferi), intricately convoluted,
and placed at the outer and back part of
the testis.

Er’ipote, from ggidocig, addition. A
mineral of a greencolour, and crystallised
structure, thus named from an enlarge-
ment of the base of the prism in one di-
rection: named also pistacite, from its

colour. Foundin primary rocks through-
out Europe, Comp. 37 silica, 27 alumina,
14 lime, 17 oxide of iron, and 1°5 oxide of
manganese. There are many varieties.

Ericz’ous, eas, upon, and yz, earth,
In botany, applied to plants which grow
close to the earth.

Ericas’rrRUM, ixiyéorreiov, from ens,
and yuorne, the belly. The upper part
of the abdomen or belly, immediately.
over the stomach.

Er’icEnE, from eqs, and ysyopeees, to pro-
duce. <A term which, with pseudomor-
phous, is applied to forms of crystals not
natural to the substances in which they
are found.

EPicEn’EsIs, exiyeveois, from exis, and
yivouas, to generate. A name given to
that theory of generation which regards
the foetus as the joint production of mat-
ter furnished by both Sexes.

EPIGLor’ris, egiyAwrsis, from es, and
yAwrra, the tongue. The cartilaginous
valve at the root of the tongue, which
falls on the glottis, or superior opening of
the larynx. Its use is to close the glottis
during the act of swallowing, and thereby
prevent the passage of food into the tra-
chea or windpipe.

EpicRaPH, exsyeagy, from exis, and
yveegw. An inscription on a monument
explanatory of its use, its destination, or
pointing out the time of its erection, &c.

Epic’yNovs, eqs, upon and yuyy, a fe-
male. In botany, any organ growing upon
the summit of the ovarium.

Epinye’ripes, exiyuzeides, from esi,
and yyz, night. A fugacious kind of nettle-
rash, which arises during the night, and
disappears in the morning.

Eprper’atovs, Lat. epipetalus. An epi-
thet applied to stamina and glands which
are attached to the corolla of a flower.

EPI

309

EQU

Ermu'any, ewigauvese, from eqs, and
@asyw, to appear. A church festival, cele-
‘brated on the twelfth day after Christmas,
in commemoration of the Sayiour’s being
manifested to: the wise men of the East,
by the appearance of a miraculous star.

Ep’iruracm, from eas, upon, and geay-

,apartition. The slender membrane
which sometimes shuts the peristome of
mosses.

EprpHyt/LosPer’Movs, from sai, @vAAov,
» leaf, and oreguw, seed. Anepithet ap-
plied to plants which bear their seed on
the back of the leaves. These plants are
-eryptogamic, and form a natural family,
under the name of epiphylosperme.

EpipHy’LiLous, eg; and guAAoy, @ leaf.
In botany, something inserted upon a leaf.

Eripy’xsis, exsguois, from exs, upon,
and guw, to grow; a portion of bone
growing upon another bone, but not
forming a part of it, as is the case of apo-
physis.

Eprerex'is, from eq; and srAtxw, to fold;

a figure of rhetoric in which the speaker
endeayours to convince by a gentle kind
of upbraiding.

Ep’IrPLoce, exixAoxy, implication ; a fi-
gure of rhetoric by which one aggrava-
tion is added by due gradation to another.

Epreroce’Le, from ezixAcoy, the omen-
tum, and zyAy, a tumour; ar omental
hernia; a rupture produced by the pro-
trusion of a portion of the omentum.

Erir’Loic, appertaining to the epiploon
or omentum, as the epiploic arteries, which
are branches of the gastro-epiploic artery
distributed to the omentum.

Epir’Loon, szixAooy, from erixAtw, to
sail over ; the omentum, which sails as it
were upon the intestines.

Episce’NIUM, exioxyyioy, a place on the
top of an ancient theatre where the ma-
chinery was kept.

' Episcopa’Lians, an appellation given
to those who adhere to the episcopal form
of church government.

Ep’IsoDE, exiowdy, an incident, story,
or action, introduced inte a poem, and
connected with, but separable from, the
main action. The episode was originally
something rehearsed between the parts
of a chorus in ancient tragedy, to amuse
the audience.

E’PIsPERM, egs and gwrteua, seed. In
botany, the integuments of a seed.

EPIsTATES, tvisrarys, the title of the
presidents of the two great Athenian
councils, the Ecclesia and the Senate of
the five hundred.

Eris‘TROPHE, erioreogy, from ers and
or , to turn; a figure in rhetoric
wherein several successive sentences end

with the same affirmation: thus, “ Are
they Hebrews? SoamtI. Are they Is-
raelites? SoamI. Are they of the seed
of Abraham? Soam I,’ &c.

Ep’istyte, from eqs and gyros, a co
lumn; a term used by the ancient Greek
architects for what is now called the ar-
chitrave (q. Y.).

Eprir’asis, from exirisyw, to strain; the
second division of an ancient dramatic
poem; that in which the plot entered
upon in the protasis was carried on and
strained, or worked up, till it arrived at
its height in the catastasis. The term has
also been used in medicine for the in-
crease of the paroxysm of a fever, and in
rhetoric for that part of an oration in
which the speaker addresses himself most
forcibly to the passions.

Eriratu’1pEs, egs and tibyus, I place.
In architecture, the crown of an entab-
lature.

Epir'Rore, exiregory, from eq; and
veerw, to turn; a figure in rhetoric
whereby something is granted with a
view to gain an advantage.

Epizoor’ic, from eqs, upon, and gwor,
an animal; an epithet for a disease which
prevails among cattle in the same man-
ner as an epidemic does among men.

Epizoo’ry, an epizootic disease of which
murrain is an instance.

Er’ocu, | from eroyy, a stop; a chro-

Er’ocua, ) nological term for the point
of time at which a new computation is be-
gun and from which dates are numbered,
such as the Creation, 4004 B.c.; the De-
luge, 2348 s.c.; the taking of Troy, 1184
B.c.; the building of Rome, 753 B.c.; the
Birth of Christ, the commencement of the
Christian era; the Hegira, 622 a.p.

Er’opE, exwdy, from exis and wdy, an
ode; the third or last part of the ode
(q.v-). The term is now commonly used
for any little verse which follows one or
more great ones. Thus a pentameter
after a hexameter is an epode.

Epor’tz, erorras, a name for those
who were admitted to view the greater
mysteries of the Greek theology.

Errovuvert’e (French), an instrument
for ascertaining the relative strength of
different kinds of gunpowder.

Ep’som Satts,a popular name for sul-
phate of magnesia, formerly obtained by
boiling down the mineral water found in
the vicinity of Epsom, but now prepared
from bittern and magnesian limestone.

Epvto’nes, officers among the Romans
who had charge of the epulum or sacred
banquets for Jupiter and the other gods.

F’quasie. In mechanics, a term ap-
plied synonymously with uniform. Thus
equable motion is motion neither accele-
rated nor retarded. Motion is also said

EQU 310

EQU

to be eguably accelerated or retarded
when it is increased or decreased by
equal quantities in equal times.

Eaquvav'iry, a term of relation between
things equal in magnitude, quantity or
quality. The sign now commonly used
to express equality is = but some writers
use OC, and others y.

E’auant, a circle in astronomy, for re-
gulating and adjusting certain motions
of the planetary bodies.

E’quarep Boptrs, or Gunter’s Scale ; two
lines which relate to the comparison of
the sphere and the regular bodies. They
are seldom given on modern scales.

Eava’tIon, that disposition of quan-
tities by which one set is made equal to
another however differently expressed.
Thus 2/. 16s. 6d. = 678d. is an equation,
so is y+y=ab+c—d. Equations are
said to be literal when the quantities
are expressed by letters, and numerical
when the co-efficients of the unknown
quantities and the absolute terms are
given in numbers. They are simple, when
the unknown quantities enter only in
the first degree; quadratic, when they
enter in the second degree; cubic, when
they enter in the third degree, &c. (See
Decree.) In astronomy, the term equa-
tion is used to express the amount of
correction to be added to or subtracted
from the mean position of a heavenly
body to obtain its true position; hence

ion of time denotes the difference be-
tween mean and apparent time, or it is
the quantity to be added to or subtracted
from the mean time, to find the true as-
tronomical time. The equation of time
arises from two causes, the eccentricity
of the earth’s orbit, and the obliquity of
the ecliptic. Equation of payments is an
arithmetical process for finding the time
to pay at once several debts due at sun-
dry times, and bearing no interest till
after the time of payment, so that no loss
shall be sustained by either party.

Eaquva’tor, Lat. equator, the equalizer;
a great circle of the sphere, equally dis-
tant from the two poles of the world, and
dividing it into two hemispheres, the
northern and southern. It is called the
equator, because when the sun is in this
circle the days and nights are of equal
length in all parts of the world. For this
reason the celestial equator is also called
the equinoctial (q.v.), and when drawn
on maps and globes, it is called the equi-
noctial line, or simply the line. From
this circle, referred to the earth, are
reckoned the degrees of latitude, both
north and south. Epithet equatorial, as
the equitorial regions. :

EquaTo’RIAL, an astronomical instru-
ment contrived for keeping an object in

view for any length of time, notwith-
standing the diurnal motion.

Equery, } from Fr. escurie 1. A grand
E’averry, ) stable——2. An oftiver of
the royal household under the master of
horse. The equerries are five in number,
and ride in the leading coach on grand
Coons ae and have. a table provided for
em.

E’aves Avratus, a knight bachelor
called auratus; q.d., gilt, because an-
ciently none but knights were allowed to
room their habiliments of war with
gold.

EqveEs’TRIAN, from equus, a term now
chiefly used in the phrase equestrian sta-
tue, which is the representation of a per-
son on horseback. The equestrian games,.
the ludi equestres of the Romans, were
horse races of five kinds: the plain horse-
race, the chariot-race, the decursory race
about funeral piles, the ludi sevirales, and
the ludi neptunales. The equestrian order
was the second rank in Rome next to the
senators.

Eavuian’GuLaR, haying equal angles,
such as the square and all regular bodies.
The term is also applied to two or more
figures having equal angles.

Eavicru’raL, from @quus, equal, and
crus, a leg ; having equal legs, but longer
than the base: isosceles.

Eavic’tLus, the Horse’s Head; a

Eauvvus Mi’nor, } constellation of the

Equv’LEvs, northern hemisphere,
representing, according to the poets, the
horse which Mercury gave to Castor, and
which he named Celeris. From the im-
perfect representation of the animal in
this constellation it has also been called
equi lectio. Number of stars 10.

E’quipir’FERENT, having equal differ-
ences: applied in arithmetic to any series
of quantities which proceed in arithmeti-
cal proportion, i.e. when the difference
between the first and second, the second
and third, the third and fourth, &c., terms
isthesame,as1+3+5+7+-9+ &e.,
is an equidifferent series. The term is also

applied to crystals when the faces of the

prism and each of the summits are dif-
ferent, but form a series, as 6. 4. 2.

E/quiLatT’ERAL, from @quus, equal, and
latus, a side; equal-sided. A bivalve is-
said to be equilateral when a transverse
line drawn through the apex of the umbo-
bisects the valve.—An equilateral hyper-
bola has the two axes equal to one another,

E’quiis’x1vum (Lat.), equipoise; a term
used in mechanics for an equality of forces.
acting in opposite directions, whereby
the body acted upon remains at rest, or
technically, in equlibrio. In fine arts,
equilibrium means the just poise or bal-
ance of an object, so as to appear to stand
firmly.

E’quimvt’tIPLes, products arising from
the multiplication of two or more primi
tive quantities by the same number oF

— ee —

=

EQU sll

EQU

quantity. The 3 aand 3d are equimulti-
plesofa@and 6. See Mutrirce.

EqviInocTiIAL, from e@quus and
EqvuINocriaL Lax, f nox, night ; the
Tue LINE, great circle of the

sphere under which the equator of the
earth moyes in its diurnal course, and
to which, when the sun in his progress
through the ecliptic comes, he makes equal
days and nights all over the globe, as then
he rises due east and sets due west. From
this circle the declination of the heavenly
bodies is counted (see Eauaror and Equi-
nox).—Eguinoctial colure is that passing
through the equinoctial points (see Cor-
wRE).—Eguinoctial dial, one whose plane is
parallel to the equator.—Equinoctial points
are the two points wherein the equator
and ecliptic intersect each other (see
Equinox). — Equinoctial gales, storms
which are observed generally to take
place about the time when the sun crosses
the equinocctial.

F’aqurnox, from @quus, equal, and nox,
night; the precise time at which the sun
enters one of the equinoctial points (the
first point of Aries or Libra), for then,
moving exactly in the equinoctial circle,
he makes our days and nights equal. The
sun enters Aries about the 2Ist of March,
which is the vernal or spring equinox, and
Libra about the 23rd of September, which
is the autumnal equinox. The word Equi-
nozes taken absolutely in common lan-
guage, generally signifies the equinoctial
gales, and the small observed retrograde
motion of the equinoctial points is whatis
termed, in astronomical language, the pre-
cession of the equinoxes.

E’quipace, from equip, the furniture of
an army. Camp equipage includes tents
and everything necessary for accommoda-
tion incamp. Field equipage consists of
arms, artillery, waggons, tumbrils, &c.
An army furnished with all its camp and
field equipage is said to be equipped for
service.

Eaqvr’Ria, equestrian games instituted
by Romulus at Rome in honour of Mars.

F’auirant, Lat. equitans, riding; ap-
plied to leaves which are disposed in two
opposite rows, and clasp or ride upon each
other by their compressed base.

E’quires, plural of eques, a knight or
horseman; the equestrian order among
the Romans. The eqguites composed the
Roman cavalry, and constituted the se-
cond order of nobility.

F’auiry (quasi equalitas), the impartial
distribution of justice. Eguity, in its
true and general meaning, is the soul and
spirit of all law; positive law is construed
and rational law is made by it. In this
equity is synonymous with justice. In
English jurisprudence, equity is the law
of reason, and a court of equity is one
whose business it is to correct the opera-

tions of the literal text of the law, and
supply its defects. Chancery is, or ought
to be, such a court.

Eavuiv’atents. In chemistry, a term
introduced by Dr. Wollaston to denote
the primary proportions in which the
various chemical bodies reciprocally com-
bine, referred to a common standard, as
oxygen or hydrogen, reckoned unity or
1000. Dr. Dalton, who is justly con-
sidered the true author of the grand dis-
covery of definite and’ multiple chemical
ratios, calls these equivalent numbers
atomic weights, when reduced to their
lowest terms, oxygen or hydrogen being

‘the radix of the scale. The following is—

A Table of all the Chemical Equivalenis at
present known, with their Symbols.

. g a
ui- | Equi- be
valents.| valents.} ©
ydro-| Oxygen| &
gen=1 =1, e
1. Aluminum . 10 1:25 | Al.
2. Antimony . 65 8°125 | Sb.
8. Arsenic . . 38 4°75 As.
4. Barium .. 69 8625 | Ba.
5. Bismuth. . 72 9° Bi.
6. Boron. .. 20 (25 B.
7. Bromine. . 78 975 | Br.
8. Cadmium. . 56 7 Cd.
9. Calcium. . 20 2°5 Ca.
10. Carbon. .. 6 0°75 | C.
ll. Cerium . . 48 6° Ce.
12. Chlorine .. 36 4°5 Cl.
13. Chromium . 28 3°5 Cr.
14. Cobalt .. 30 3°75 | Co.
15. Columbium.| 185 23°125 | Ta.
16. Copper .. 32 4° Cu.
17. Fluorine. . 18 2°28 ¥F.
18. Glucium . 18 2°25 G.
19. Gold . . .] 200 25° Au.

22. Iridium .. 96 12 ix
23. Iron . . -| , 28 3°5 Fe
24. Lead . . 104 13° Pb.
25. Lithium. . 10 1°25 | L.

26. Magnesium. 12 15 Mg.
27. Manganese 28 3°5 Mn.
28. Mercury ..| 200 25° Hg.
29. Molybdenum 48 6 Mo.
30. Nickel. .. 28 35 Ni.
31. Nitrogen . 14 175 | N.

32. Osmium ..| 100 12°5 Os.
33. Oxygen. . 8 ¥ 0.

34. Palladium . 54 675 | Pd.
85 Phosphorus 16 2° P.

36. Platinum. . 96 12° ri.
37. Potassium . 40 5 K.

88. Rhodium. . 45 5°625 | R.

39. Selenium . 40 5 Se.
40. Silicium .. 8 1 Si.
41. Silver. . .{ 110 13°75 | Aq.
42. Sodium .. 24 i Ne

ERA 312 ERM
Equi- | Equi- a frequently confounded, both in speaking
valente.|valents.| 3 | 2nd writing).
ydro- | Oxygen = Er’asepv. In heraldry, an epithet for
gen=1.]| =1. @ | the head or limb of a creature violently
torn pe the body, so as to give it a
; jagged appearance.
> a . M4 Gere: the followers of Erastus, a
4 °° erman divine.
m9 a . on .. - a Enr’ato, tgs, love. Inancient mythology,
47. Tin, ene 58 7°95 Sn. the muse who presided over love poetry.
48. Titanium. . 24 3 Ti * Erec’TI1Le, from erigo, to set upright; a
49. Wadiaeten hee 100 12°5 W. term applied to a tissue peculiar to some
50. Tanatium sh $5 |. | parts of the animal body, as the nipples,
at iranian 917 or12 | U lips, iris, &ec. It is formed of veins, ar-
52. Wetetuen, : 32 4 me x. teries, and nervous filaments.
53. Zinc vas 39 4 Zn. Penh beet Haws anatomy, a acon; the
tees eace iP f 3 office of whic to erect or raise the part
54. Zirconium . 30 3°75 Zr. into which it is inserted.

The foregoing enumeration may again be
very properly subdivided and classified
according to their analogies, as the greater
number of them fall under the character
of metals. Some, therefore, have been
called metalloids, as only in certain re-
spects they resemble metals, but in others
are greatly different; others, again, by
entering into peculiar and distinct saline
combinations, have been termed halogens,
of which common salt is the type; while
a third class have been designated gazo-
lwtes, having never been either liquefied
or solidified, but when isolated always
presenting themselves in the form of per-
manent gases. The following, there-
sh is the classification adopted by Ber-
zelius :

I. TI. Til.
Metalloids. Halogens. Gazolytes.
Sulphur. Chlorine. Oxygen.
Phosphorus. Iodine. Hydrogen.
Carbon. Bromine. Nitrogen.
Boron. Fluorine.

For the classification of metals, see Merats.

Eaqvivatve. In conchology (from equus
and valva), a term applied to bivalves
when the valves are found exactly alike
as to their length, width, depth, &c.: op-

d to inequivalve.

Eaquv’Levs, In astronomy, the little
Eavic’uxvs, or ? horse ; one of Ptolemy’s
E’auvs Minor. ) constellations. . Also,

Equuleus signifies a species of rack used
as an instrument of torture.

E’auvs, the horse; a genus of solipede
quadrupeds: family Pachydermata ordin-
aria, Cuy., E. caballus, the horse, properly

so called; E. hemionus, the dzigguetai of

Central Asia; E. asinus, the ass, a native
of Central Asia also; E. zebra, the zebra
of the South of Africa; EF. quaccha, the
quagga of South Africa; E. montanus, the
onagga of Africa; E. marinus, Lin., the
sea-horse or walrus.

Era, Lat. era; a particular reckoning ©

of time, counting from some remarkable
epoch. (The terms epoch and era are

Ererui’sm, from gesfiGw, to irritate,
preternatural sensibility of the animal
system.

Er‘cor, Fr. ergote,a spur. In farriery,
a stalk like a piece of soft horn, situated
behind and helow the pastern joint.—In
agriculture, a black curved morbid ex-
crescence, like the spur of a fowl,,found
in the spike of the rye (Secale cerealis,
Lin.), especially in hot climates, when
great heat suddenly succeeds to much
moisture. The disease is caused by a
small insect which penetrates the grain,
feeds on its amylaceous part, and leaves
its poison in the parenchyma. The ex-
erescence is extensively used in medicine,
under the name of the ergot of rye.

Err’ca, the heath ; a genus of permanent
plants, of which Don enumerates 402 dis-
tinct species, besides varieties. Octan-
dria—Monogynia. There are two British
species, the Cornish and common heath,
or ling, of which however there are many
varieties. Almost all the other species
are greenhouse plants.

Exiv’anvus, \a constellation of the

Tue River Po, J) southern hemisphere.
This immense constellation is fabled to
derive its name from Pheton’s tumbling
into the river Eridanus or Po. It contains
84 stars, of which Achernar is the most
brilliant. Its course winds from Orion to
Cetus, and thence to Pheenix.

Erina’ceus, the hedgehog; a well-
known genus of insectivorous mammalia.
One species is common in the woods and
hedges of Europe. It eats fruit as well
as insects. Its skin was formerly used to
| dress hemp.
| Enriom’erer, from seis, wool, and
éreoy, measure ; aninstrument for mea-
| suring the fibres of wool, &c.

Ex’MINE. 1. In zoology, a species of
weasel, the Mustila candida, Lin., abun-
dant in all cold countries, especially Rus-
sia, Norway, and Lapland. In summer
it is brown, and is then called the stoat,
. but in winter it is snowy white, and its

0rnr-Tr oe

—

Ad me

ty >:

field or fur powdered and interspersed
with black spots. It is supposed to re-
present the linings and doublings of
mantles and robes.

Ero’pep, Lat. erodo, I gnaw. In zoo-
logy, when an edge is irregularly jagged.

Ero’se, Lat erosus, jagged; applied to
leaves irregularly notched.

Eroro’Many, | from sews, love, and

ERoroMania, } jecevier, Mania ; that spe-
cies of insanity which is the effect of love,
or which shows itself in erotic passion.

Erretotocy. See HerPEeroLocy.

Er’RHINE, eeehyee, from ey and gsy, tne
nose ; a substance which excites sneez-
ing when snuffed up the nose. Medicines
of this soft are called sternutatories.

Er’ror. In law, signifies an error in
pleading, or in the process, and the writ
which is brought for a remedy thereof is
called a writ of error.

Erse, the name given to the language
spoken by the Scotch Highlanders.

Ervr’rion, from erwmpo, a violent
bursting forth of contained matters, as
the eruption of lava from a volcano. In
medical é,an eruption is the sud-
den appearance of a disease on the skin,
as an eruption of measles, smail-pox, &c.
The term applies both to the disease as
developed on the skin, and to the act of
its breaking out.

Erysir’Evas, eguoirtAas, from sev, to
draw, and ¢sAas, adjoining. Ignis sacer ;
St. Anthony’s Fire ; the Rose; a particu-
lar form of inflammation which occurs
chiefly in the skin. It takes the name
erysipelas from its tendency to spread to
the neighbouring parts.

EnysiPeta’rorp, from gevosridas, ery-

sipelas, and ¢:d0>; like; resembling erysi-
pelas.
Er’ytTHEM, } from sevfeos, red; the
Exyruea, ) yed-rush; a nearly con-
tinuous redness of some portion of the
skin, attended with disorder of the con-
stitution, but not contagious. This dis-
ease, usually symptomatic of debility,
developes itself commonly in large red
patches, which may be mistaken for ery-
sipelas.

Eryruri’na, the Coral-tree ; a genus of
plants mostly arborescent. Diadelphia—

ecandria. Name from sgvfeos, red, in
allusion to the beautiful scarlet blossoms
of some of the species. Warm climates.

Esoata’pe, from scala, a ladder; an at-
tack made by troops on a place, made by
sealing the walls of the fortifications, fill-
ing up the ditches with fascines, and en-
tering by ladders.

ESC 313 ESO
fur is then highly prized, and constitutes Escar/op, \the scollop; a _ bivalve
the ermine of commerce.—2. In herald- Escat/Lop, ) whose shell is regularly in-
ry, the word ermine denotes a white | dented.

Escapa’pE (Fr. naturalised). An im-
propriety of speech or behaviour of which
the person is unconscious.

EscaPr’MENT, a mechanical contrivance
for transmitting the maintaining power
of a clock or watch to the regulator, whe-
ther balance or pendulum, in order to
restore the loss of motion, in every vibra-
tion g from the friction of the act-
ing parts and the resistance of the air.

Escar’p, re escarpement. 1. In

Escar’PMeEnt, $ fortification, the exte-
rior slope facing fortified works ; the in-
terior slope is the counterscarp.——2. The
steep face of a high ridge of land.

Es‘cHar, tryaca, from eryagow, to scab
over ; the crust or scab occasioned by the
application of a caustic to a part of the
animal body.

Es‘coara. In malacology, the fifth
order of zoophytes in Linnzus’ system.
Each polypus is contained in a calcareous
or horny shell, without any central axis.

EscHaror'ic, from eschar ; a caustic ap-
plication, or one which has the power of
forming eschars when applied directly to
the parts of an animal body, as nitrate of
silver.

Escue’at, from Fr. echeoir, from Norm.
escheir, to happen; any possession which
falls to a lord of fee within his manor,
either by forfeiture, death of tenant, fail-
ure of heirs, or other contingency.

Escror’t. In heraldry, that exterior or-
nament of an escutcheon representing
usually a slip of paper or parchment, on
which the motto is inscribed.

Escrow, Fr. écreu, scroll. In law, a
deed delivered to a third party, to be the
deed of the party making it, upon a fu-
ture condition, when a certain thing is
performed.

Es’cuapE, vulgarly sguad; a military
term for the third or fourth part of a
company, so divided for mounting guard-

Es‘cuace, from Norm. escu, a shield ;
service of the shield, called also scutage ;
Lat. scutum, a shield; a species of feudal
tenure, by which the tenant was bound
to follow his lord to war.

Escu’tic Acrp, a peculiar acid found by
Bussy in the bark of the horse-chesnut,
esculus.

Escutcu’sxon, from Norm. escusson, from
escu, a shield. A shield on which the ar-
morial insignia of a family are painted.
It is in imitation of the shields anciently
used in war.

Esory’accs givogayos, from om and
gaya ; the canal or passage leading trom
the pharynx to the stomach, and througk
which the food passes to the stomach
written often esophagus.

EST 314

ETH

sorer'ic, from tcweseos, interior; an

ea applied to the private instruc-
ms and doctrines of Pythagoras; op-
ton to exoteric or public.

Espar’to, the Spanish name of a species
of rush, the Stipa tenacissima, Lin., des-
cribed by Pliny under the name of Sparta.
It is extensively used in the manufacture
of cables, and various things of a fibrous
nature, especially alpergates, a light sort
of shoes worn by the Valencian peasantry.

Esptana’vE, Fr. from Lat. planus. The
empty space between the glacis of a cita-
del and the first houses of the town; or
the glacis of the counterscarp or covert-
way towards the champaign.

Es’piers. In /aw, the general products
which lands yield, or the profit which is
to be made of a thing.

Es‘quirz, from Fr. escuier, and scutifier,
and Lat. armiger, armour-bearer; the
armour-bearer or attendant on a knight.
The dignity is next below a knight.

Esst’nzEs, a sect among the Jews in the
time of our Saviour.

Es’sera, from eshera, an Arabic word,
literally meaning papule; a species of
eutaneous eruption, distinguished by
broad, shining, smooth, red spots; differ-
ing from the nettle-rash in being ele-
vated.

Es‘sorn. In law (from Norm. exon, ex-
cuse),an excuse for a person summoned
to appear and answer in a court, on ac-
count of sickness or other reasonable
cause. In England the three first days
of a term are called essoin-days, these be-
ing allowed for the appearance of suitors.

Es‘sorant. In heraldry, a term for a
bird standing on the ground with its
wings expanded, as if it had been wet,
and was drying itself.

Esra’BLISHMENT OF THE Port. The in-
terval between the time of high water at
any given port, and the time of the moon’s
transit immediately preceding, when the
moon is in syzygy.

Esraca’pe (Fr.),a military term for a
dike constructed with piles in the sea, a
river, or morass, to oppose the entry of

troops.

EstTaFrFEeTtTe’,)}a name given on the

Esraretre, {continent of Europe to
a state messenger.

Estate. In Jaw (from status), the inte-
rest which a man has in lands, tenements,
&c. Real estate consists of lands or free-
holds; personal estate consists in chattels
or moveables.

Estrva’r1on. In botany (from @stas,sum-
mer), the disposition of the petals within
the floral gem or bud. These are con-
volute, imbricate, conduplicate, or val-
vate.

Estor’per, from Fr. estouper, to block
ap. In law, an impediment or bar of
action arising from a man’s own act or

deed, against which he is forbidden to
plead.

Esro’vers. In law (from Norm. estoffer, —

to store), reasonable allowance out of
lands or goods for the sustenance of a
felon in prison, for a woman divorced,
&c. The term is more commonly taken
for the allowance of wood to tenants,
called from the Saxon house-bote, plough-
bote, fire-bote, cart-bote, &c.

Es’ TRAPPADE, Er. strappado. The defence
of a restive horse, when he rises before,
and yerks out his hind legs furiously.

Estreat’. In law,a copy, note, or an
extract of some original record, especially
that of fines.

Es’tREATE, Norm. estraite. A law term
for the copy of an original writing.

Estke’PeMENT. In law (from Norm.
estreper, to waste), the stripping of land
by a tenant to the prejudice of the owner.

Esrricu, | the fine soft down which

Estripes, J lies immediately under the
feathers of the ostrich (q. v.).

Erc., an abbreviation of et cetera, and
so on, written also &c.

Ercu’1ne, from Germ. etizen ; a mode of
engraving on copper, &c., the lines being
corroded in with nitric ‘acid, instead of
being cut with a graver, and which for
many purposes is superior to any point
engraving. The name is also applied by
the artist to the lines drawn through the
etching-varnish upon the plate by the sty-
lus, or etching-needle, which are after-
wards to be deepened by aquafortis. ~

Err’stan, from erécios, fixed, applied
to certain periodical winds, answering to
the monsoons of the East Indies. The
etesian winds mentioned by the Greek
and Roman writers, are the periodical
winds of the Mediterranean.

E’rHER, Lat. ether. 1. In chemistry, a
volatile, inflammable liquid,-prepared by
the distillation of alcohol with an acta :
the sulphuric ether is the best known.——
2. The hypothetical subtile fluid or gas
which fills space, and which is infinitely
more rare than atmospheric air. From
this we have the epithet ethereal, in ethe-
real regions, &c.; and the same term is
applied in pharmacy to any highly recti-
fied essential oil or spirit.

E’rH10rs, a term applied by the old
chemists to several preparations, because
they are black (like the Ethiopian’s skin).
Thus: E. martial, the black oxide of iron;
+ mineral, the black sulphuret of mer-

cury; E. per se, the black oxide of mer-
cury, formed by agitation, with access of
air. The term is obsolete

Eru’morp, from go, a sieve, and gdoc,
like; sieve-like: applied to a bone of the
nose, because it is perforated like a sieve
ors

Erunoe’RaPuy, $Oyo¢, nation, and yeagar,y

ee

i.

+
=e

ae

4
“

To oT Oe _V<V_—V_

EUD

315

EUP

I describe; the science of the manners
and customs of nations.

Erxunot’ocy, from ¢fyog, a nation, and

os, discourse; a treatise on the rise,
decline, and fall of nations.

Errotate, Fr. etioler ; to blanch by con-
cealment from the light: hence etiolation,
the operation of whitening by conceai-
ment from light, as the inner leaves of
endive and lettuces when tied up, and
celery when earthed.

Eriquert®’ (Fr.), a ticket; originally a
iittle piece of paper, mark, or title, affixed
to a bag or bundle, expressing its contents;
subsequently an account of ceremonies ;
at present forms of ceremony. The word
took its present meaning in the old cus-
tom of delivering tickets containing the
orders of ceremony to be observed on
public occasions.

Er’rupa, a crane and pully, formerly

ce as an instrument of tor-
ture.

Errvs’can, having reference to the an-
cient inhabitants of Tuscany prior to the
Romans.

Erymot’ocy, from srvuos, true, and
Aoyos, Word; that branch of philology
which treats of the origin and derivation
of words. The term as used in grammar
implies not only derivation, but also in-
flection of nouns and verbs.

Er’yMon, erupcoy, from erujeos, true; a
primitive word.

Evcatyr’rus, a genus of trees. Icosan-
dria — Monogynia. Name from egy and
zahvarrw, to hide, in allusion to the great
size of the species, especially the brown
gum-tree. New Holland.

Ev’cHtorineE, from ¢y, very, and KAweos,
green; the protoxide of chlorine, thus
named by Sir H. Davy from its vivid
green colour. -

Ev’cHLorire, a mineral thus named,
from ¢v, very, and KAweos, green, on ac-
count of its lively green colour. It is re-
markable as containing water and copper.

Evcuow’ocy, evyodoyiov, from eux7n, a
prayer, and Aoyos, discourse; the formu-
lary or ritual of the Greek church, in
which is prescribed the order of cere-
monies, sacraments, and ordinances.

Ev’ctase, the prismatic emerald, thus
named from ¢), easily, and zAgw, to
break, because easily broken, or rather
divided into laminz. It has been con-
founded with the emerald on account of
its green colour. It contains silica, alu-
mina, glucina, and the oxides of iron and
tin

Evpiom’eter, from «dios, purity, and
usrgoy, measure ; an instrument for ascer-
taining the quantity of oxygen contained
<@ any given bulk of elastic fluid, origin-

ally applied in experiments upon atmos-
pheric air. The oxygen is absorbeé py
nitrous gas, or spongy platinum, and the
remainder measured, or a definite quan-
tity of hydrogen is introduced into a tube
containing a known portion of atmos-
pheric air, and the mixture exploded by
passing an electric spark through it.
Ure’s Explosive Eudiometer is perhaps.
the most convenient, and it is the cheap-
est.
Evpiom’erry, the operation of ascer-
taining the purity of air by means of an
eudiometer (q. v.).

Eveer'ntA, an extensive genus of trees.
I dria—Monogynia. Thus named by
Micheli, in honour of Prince Eugene of
Savoy. The clove-tree, the Malabar ap-
ple-tree, the Malay plum-tree, &c., are
species. All the species are stove-plants:

EvxHarmon’ic, from ey, well, and har-
monic; producing harmony well, as the
euharmonic organ.

Eunice, a genus of Annulata. Order
Dorsibranchiata. The E. gigantea, Cuv.,
is the largest of the known annulata, be-
ing upwards of four feet. It is found in
the sea of the Antilles.

Evpato’Rium, an extensive genus of
plants, mostly perennials. Syngenesia—
Poly. @qualis, Name EUTATWLIOV, the
hemp agrimony (the only British species) ,.
from Mithridatus Eupator, who brought
it into use as a counterpoison; but some
derive the name quasi pepatorium, from
nae, the liver, because the plant was
said to cure diseases of the liver. Tem-
perate climates.

Evpa’tRiw2, euraresdas. In ancient his-
tory, the nobles of Attica.

Ev’PHEMISM, eugnytio pcos, from ev, well,
and gys, to speak; a rhetorical figure,
in which a soft or agreeable word or ex-
pression is substituted for one which is
offensive to delicate ears.

Ev’PHony, sugwvic, from ev, and gayy,
voice ; an easy and smooth enunciation of
words. Euphony is sometimes obtained
at the expense of grammatical accuracy,
by omission and substitution of letters in
words. The Greek language abounds
with such euphonies.

Evrnor’sia, the Spurge; an extensive
genus of plants. Dodecandria—Digyna,
Named in honour of Euphorbius, physi-
cian to King Juba. Some species are
shrubby, others are herbaceous, and many
are succulent. All parts of the world.

EvrHorsia/cez, a natural tribe of
plants of which the genus Euphorbia is
the type

EvrnHor’sium, a gum-resin obtained
from a perennial species of spurge, the
Euphorbia officinarum., It is imported
| from Ethiopia, Libya, and Mauritania

EVA

316

EVO

Evpura’sta, the Eyebright; a genus of
hardy annual plants. Didynamia—Angio-
spermia. The name is corrupted from
£ugeorvyn, from sugwy, joyful, because it
exhilarates the spirits. Europe. Its Eng-
lish name is derived from its supposed
efficacy in ophthalmic diseases.

Evri’pvus, a space, in ancient architec-
ture, which separated the seats of the cir-
cus from the arena.

Evritru'imy. In architecture, &e.
Evritumy.

Ev’aitumy, evesfjea, from gy, good, and
¢Gues, harmony; that agreeable har-
mony between the breadth, length, and
‘height of the rooms of a fabric, which sud-
denly, where it is, taketh every beholder,
‘by the secret power of proportion. The
word is used also,in painting and sculp-
ture to imply ease, dignity, and elegance
combined, and arising from just propor-
tions in the composition.

Evroc’typon, from suges, wind, and
zAvdwy, a wave; a tempestuous wind
which drove ashore, on Malta, the ship in
which Paul was sailing to Italy, Acts xxvii.

Evstra/cH1an. In anatomy, an epithet
for the tube which forms a communica-
tion between the posterior nares and the
ear, discovered by Eustachius.

Evsta’THIANS, a sect of heretics of the
fourth century.

Ev'styte, from ey, beautiful, and
@vvAos, column; an intercolumniation of
24 diameters, which is one of the most
beautiful arrangements that can be given
‘to a row of columns.

Evrer’pe, ey and reero, 1 delight. In
mythology, the muse which presided over
wind instruments.

Evrycu’tans, an ancient sect, who sup-
posed the human nature of Christ to be
merged in the divine.

Evan’tes, priests of Bacchus.

Evapora’rion, from e and vapour; con-
version of any liquid into vapour. As an
artificial operation, it is usually per-
formed by applying heat to the substance,
but it differs from distillation in its ob-
ject, which chiefly consists in preserving
the more fixed matters, while the vola-
tile parts are dissipated and lost. The ves-
‘sels accordingly differ also; evaporation
being commonly performed in shallow
vessels, and distillation in apparatus
nearly closed from the external air. Eva-
poration, as a natural process, is of vast
importance in the economy of nature.
‘When a liquid is exposed to a free atmo-
sphere, vapour rises continually from it,
and the liquid at length disappears ; and
as very considerable portions of the
earth’s surface are covered with water,
vast quantities of it are perpetually being
conve: into vapour, which, being

See

lighter than atmospheric air, ascends, an?
afterwards, by partial condensation

forms clouds, to be subsequently preci

pitated in rain, &c.

Evarorom’eteER, from evaporo and ereov,
a hygroscope (q. v.).

Ev’ates. Strabo divides the British
and Gaulish philosophers into three sects,
Bards, Evates, and Druids. The bards
were the poets and musicians, the evates
the priests and naturalists, and the Druids
were moralists as well as naturalists.

Evec’rT1on, from eveho, to carry away,
a term in astronomy for one of the most
considerable lunar irregularities caused
by the action of the sun upon the moon.

E’ven Kez, a ship is said to be on an
even keel when she draws the same abaft
as forward.

Ev’otute, from evolvo, a particular
species of curve first proposed by Huy-

gens. Thus, if

re. a d
Pies oes are wound round
E $.., 2nleny eh eel qithe curve ABC,
fixing one end

at C, and car-
rying the other
B roundto A ;and
if this thread be
now unwound,
keeping it tight
upon the con-
D A vexity of the
curve, its end
A will describe another curve, ADE,
passing further and further from the
former curve, ABC, as the thread un-
winds, till it reaches the point C, where
it is supposed to be fixed. If carried fur-
ther to F, the are EF will be part of
a circle. The primary curve round which
the thread was wound is the evolute, and
the secondary curved formed by unwind-
ing the thread is termed an tnvolute. The
term evolvent is by some used for involute,
as being the curve evolved by the opening
of the evolute. :
Evotv’tion, from evolvo. 1. In mili-
tary tactics, the motion made by a body
of men in changing their position or form
of drawing up.——2. In geometry, the
equable evolution of the periphery of a
circle, or other curve, is such a gradual
approach of the circumference to recti-
tude, as that all its parts do meet to-
gether, and equally evolve or unbend.
—3. In algebra, &c., the extraction of
roots, being thus opposed to involution. ——
4. In natural history, the theory of evolu-
tion supposes that the germs of all plants
and animals were really all formed within
the first of their respective kinds, and
are not evolved by the process of genera-
tion: opposed to Epigenesis.
E’vovz. In music, the vowels used with
the ending notes of the ecclesiastical tones,

OE

EXC 217

EXC

w’ry, from Sax. hwer,an officer of the
myal household, who has charge of the
table-linen, &c.

Exacersa’tion, from exacerbo, to irri-
tate ; a nosological term for any increase
in the intensity of the symptoms of a dis-
ease recurring at intervals; synonymous
with paroxysm.

Exz’resis, from eZaseew, to remove;
that branch of surgery which comprises
all operations for the removal of what-
ever is injurious or superfluous to the
body, as tumours, foreign bodies, &c.

Exatta’pos. In Spanish history, the
name of the party attached to the liberal
system of politics.

Exatta’tion. In astrology, the dignity
which a planet acquires in certain signs
of the zodiac, which dignity was sup-

to give it a peculiar influence.

Exan’cy, | from eZ and ayyesoy, a ves-

Exan’e14,Jsel; a generic name for
those diseases which consist in enlarge-
ment, breach, or other morbid perforation
of a large blood-vessel without external
opening, as aneurism, varix, and cyania.

EXAN’THEMA, \ehaeioaa, fom savor,

ExanruisMA, } to effloresce; a term in
nosology for an eruption or rash which is
accompanied with fever, and which has
its regular periods of efflorescence and
d

e.

Exan’tHEsis, eZavOycis, from eZavbew,
to effloresce ; properly, the breaking out
of an efflorescence on the skin, but ap-
plied also to the efflorescence itself.

Ex’arcu, from agyos, a chief. 1. A
prefect under the ancient Eastern empe-
rors.——2. A legate of the Greek church.

Ex CarHepra, a Latin phrase, applied
to every decision pronounced by one in
the exercise of his peculiar authority; a
professor in his lecture-room, a judge
from the bench.

Ex’cettency, Lat. excellentia,a title of
honour, formerly given to kings and em-
perors, but now given to governors, am-
bassadors, &c., who are elevated by virtue
of particular offices. It is in no case he-
reditary or transferable, but belongs to
the office.

Excer’rion, from ex and capio, to take;
a term in law implying a denial of what
is alleged, and considered as valid by the
other party, either in point of law or in
pleading. It is a stay or stop to an ac-
tion, and is either dilatory or peremptory.

Excerr’ra (Latin), things picked out;
selections.

Excess, excessus. In mathematics, the
difference between two unequal numbers
or quantities.

Excua’ncz. In commerce, a term ge-
nerally used to designate that species of
mercantile transactions by which the
debts of individuals residing at a distance

from their creditors are cancelled wittr-
out the transmission of money. For in-
stance, A in London owes B of Hamburgh:
a certain sum, and C of Hamburgh owes
D of London a like sum; A then, instead
of remitting the sum due to B, buys a bill
upon Hamburgh, that is, he buys an order
from D of London addressed to his debtor
C of Hamburgh, and having indorsed it,
transmits it to B of Hamburgh, who re-
ceives the money from C. Thus A of Lon-
don pays D of ditto, and C of Hamburgh
pays B of ditto, and yet no money is re-
mitted. Bills of this nature are called
bills of exchange, and these are foreign
when drawn by the merchants of one
country upon another, and inland when
drawn in one part of a country upon
another part. The par of exchange is the
equivalency of a certain amount of the
currency of one country in the currency
of another country, supposing the cur-
rencies of both to be precisely of the
weight and purity fixed by their mints.
The course of exchange, that is, the varia-
tions above and below par, depends on the
same causes that regulate the price of
commodities generally, the quantity in
the market. Thus-if Hamburgh be pro-
portionally little indebted to London,
then are bills upon Hamburgh scarce,
and the London merchant, who wants
them to remit to Hamburgh, pays dearly
for them, and complains that the ex-
change is above par; whereas the Ham-
burgh merchant can procure bills upon
London below par, because they are pro-
portionally plentiful. In London, bills of
exchange are bought and sold by brokers.
These meet for the purpose of transact-
ing business in the exchange. The arith-
metical rule by which we find how much
money of one-place is equivalent to a
given sum of another, according to a cer-
tain course of exchange, is called simply
exchange ; but that by which we calcu-
late the exchanges of different places
with a view to ascertain the most advan-
tageous mode of liquidating a foreign
debt, is called arbitration of exchange.
This is simple when the exchanges of
three places are considered, and compound
when four or more are concerned.

ExcHeEQ’vER, an ancient court of record,
intended principally to collect and super-
intend the revenues and debts of the
crown, and so called from scaccharium,
denoting a chequered cloth which covers
the table. It consists of two divisions:
the receipt of the exchequer, which ma-
nages the revenue, and judicial, which is
subdivided into a court of equity anda
court of common law.

Excuequer-sitts are bills or tickets is -
sued by the Exchequer, payable out of the
produce of a particuiar tax, or generally
out of the supplies granted for the year.

EXE 328

EXO

Excr’sr, the name given to the taxes or
duties levied on commodities consumed
at home; distinct from customs, which
are duties levied on imports and exports.

Exciragivity, from excito. The con-
dition of living bodies, wherein they can
be made to exhibit the functions and
scperdeoe a which distinguish them from

animate matter.

Exceacca’/n1a, a genus of trees. Dicwcia
—Triandria. Two species, of which the
aloes-wood (Agallocha) is one. The heart
of this tree is the tambac or galombac, so
much valued in India.

Excommunica’Tion, an ecclesiastical
penalty or censure, whereby such persons
as are guilty of any notorious crime or
offence are separated from the communion
of the church.

Excnre’tion, from excerno, to separate.
The expulsion, by the various outlets of
the body, of such matters as would prove
injurious if they remained ; also, the mat-
ters excreted.

Ex’crerory, from excerno, to separate.
A term in physiology, applied to those
ducts which convey the secreted fluids
t.om the glands, some of which have se-
veral excretory ducts.

Excur’RENT, a botanical term, descrip-
tive of the ramification of a body whose
axis continues always in the centre.

Ex’eat, an ecclesiastical term for the
permission granted by a bishop to a priest
to go out of his diocese.

Execv’rion, from ex and sequor. In law,
a judicial writ grounded on the judgment
of the court whence it issues, and is sup-
posed to be granted by the court at the
request of the party at whose suit it is
issued, to give him satisfaction on the
judgment which he hath obtained. In
Jine aris, the mode of performing a work
ofart, and the dexterity with which it is
accomplished.

Exec’utive. In politics, that branch of
the government which executes the
functions of the state. The word is used
in distinction from legislative and judicial.

Ex’epra. 1. A small conversation-room,
equivalent to the modern boudoir. 2.A
building separate from a church, but with-
in the limits of the consecrated ground.

Exemptirica’rion (of letters patent), a
duplicate of them, made from the rd
ed thereof, and sealed with the great
se

ExEqua’TurR (Lat. ), .an official recog-
nition ofa person in the character of con-
sul, or commission agent, authorising him
to exercise his powers in the country.

Exercur’, from ¢Z, and teyvov, work.
A term used by medallists to denote the
little space around and without the work
or figures of 2 medal, for an inscription,
device, date, &.

Exroxia’tion, from ex, and folium, a
leaf. A term, in surgery, for the scaling
of a bone ; the separation of a dead piece
of bone from the living portion.

Exnavs’tions. Ing ; the method
of exhaustions is a way of proving the
equality of two magnitudes by a reductio
ad absurdum, showing that if one be sup-
posed greater or less than the other, there
will arise a contradiction. It was of fre-
quent use among the old mathematicians.

Ex’HEDRA, ¢£, out of, and eden, a chair.
In ancient architecture, a small room in
public buildings for conversation.

ExHEREDA’TION, from ex, and heres, an
heir. A father’s excluding a child from
inheriting any part of his estate.

‘Exuie’1r from ex and habeo. In law,a
term used where a writing, being pro-
duced in a chancery suit, the commis-
sioner certifies on the back thereof, that
the same was shown to the witness at the
time of his examination, and by him
sworn to: the paper so certified is called
an exhibit.

Exursr't1on, from exhibeo,a benefaction
settled for the benefit of students in a
university.

Ex’icent, from exigo. In law, a writ
which lies where the defendant cannot
be found, nor any effects of his within the
county, by which he may be attached
or distrained in a personal action. The
exigent, or exigi facias, requires the de-
fendant to be proclaimed in five counties
to render himself, and if he does not, he
is then outlawed.

Ex Mero Mort, a phrase used in char-
ters and letters- Roe to signify that
they are granted by the sovereign of his
own free will and motion, i.e. without
petition.

Ex’ovE, e&edioy, the concluding part of
a Greek drama.

Ex’opium, the end or denouement of
the play, in ‘Greek tragedy.

Ex’opus, EZode¢, from ee, and 6d0¢, way.
The second book of the Pentateuch, so
called because it describes the journey of
the Israelites from Egypt.

Ex-orrFr’cio (Lat.), by virtue of office,
and without especial authority. Ex officio
informations may be filed by the attorney-
general in virtue of his office, without
applying toany court, and without giving

e defendant notice.

Ex’ocen, an exogenous plant, which
adds to its wood by successive external
additions.

Exo’crnovs, from ¢fw, without, and
pEvvceay, togrow. A term applied to plants
which increase by additions to the out-
side of their wood, in cc¢ntradistinction
to endogens (q. v.).

Ex’orTHALMY,

Ex’orTHaiMiA. § my, in which the buie

A species of ophthal--

d
4
&

EXP

319

EXT

of the eye protrudes to such a degree,
that the eyelid cannot cover it.

Exopuyt/tovus, s€, and @vAdoy, leaf.
Applied to the young leaves of exogens.

Exor’ritzs, eZ, and wrsAos, feather. A
term for dicotyledonous plants.

Ex’osmose, Gr. from sf, and arog,
impulsion. The passage outward from
within, of gases, &c., through porous
membranes.

Exosro’sis, from s¢. and oertoy, a bone.
A term in surgery and botany for any osse-
ous or knotty excrescence. .

Exorr’ric, from ¢fareeos, exterior.
External, opposed to esoteric, internal.
‘The exoteric doctrines of the ancient phi-
losophers were openly professed and
taught ;" the esoteric were secret, and
taught only to a few.

Expan’ston, from m. The in-
erease of bulk which a body undergoes by
the recession of its particles from one
another, so that it oceupies a greater
space, while its weight remains the same.
Ex on is one of the most general ef-
fects of heat, being common to all bodies
whatever, whether solid, liquid, or ga-

seous.

Expan’stve En’ctnez, a steam engine in
which the expansive power of steam is
taken advantage of and employed, instead
of being dismissed at full power into the
air orcondenser. The steam is cut off be-
fore the end of the stroke, which is finished
by the expansion of the steam which was
let into the cylinder. There are also’en-
gines in which there are two steam cylin-
ders employed, both connected to the same
beam: in one the steam works at full
force, and is afterwards discharged into
the other, which is of a larger size, where
it acts a second time by its expansive
force.

Ex-rar’te (Lat. for partly). A term
used in the Court of Chancery, when a
commission is taken out and executed by
one side or party only, upon the other
parties refusing or neglecting to join in
the same.

Expectant, looking for. An expectant
estate is one which is suspended till the
determination of some particular estate.
Estates of this kind are remainders and

reversions.
Expercra’tion, from erpecto. 1. In the
doctrine of chances, the value of any pro-

spect or prize depending upon the hap-
of some uncertain event..——2. In

the doctrine of life annuities, the particular
number of years which a life of a given
age has an equal chance of enjoying, or
the term which a person of a given age
may justly expect to live.
EXPERIMEN TAL PuitosopHy, those
branches of science, the deductions of
which are founded on experiment or trial,

as contrasted with the moral, mathema-
tical, and reflective branches.

ExpERIMEN’tUM Crucis (Latin), a lead-
ing or decisive experiment.

Exprora’rion, from exploro. Aterm in
medicine for the investigation of the phy-
sical signs of a disease, as opposed to the
diagnosis derived from symptoms. Ex-
ploration is used chiefly in diseases of the
thorax and abdomen.

Expo’NEnT, from . In algebra, the
exponent or index of a power is the num-~-
ber which expresses the degree of power,
or which shows how often a given power
may be divided by its root before it be-
comes unity. Thus 2 is the exponent of

a’, and 4 of 2° = xxxz.

ExpoNnEN’TIAL, from exponent. In ma-
thematics, exponential curves are such as
partake both of the nature of algebraic
and transcendental ones. They consist
of afinite number of indeterminate terms,
but cannot be algebraically constructed.
The exponential theorem is - expansion

x

# Az
f =1+4 Az ——— +....
« . a = 12 - 1:23 +
where A=1+ {a-1-3 (a—1)*+3 (a—1)”
—&e. bat &e.

Ex Post Facto, a Latin phrase, used
in ‘aw to denote something done after
another thing that was committed before,
and after the time it should have been
done. An ex post facto law is one which
operates upon a subject not liable to it
at the time the law was made.

Exprets’sep Orn, an oil obtained by
pressing it out of the substance contain-
ing it, as olive oil from the olive, almond
oil from the almond, &c.

Expression, from expremo. 1. A me-
chanical operation by which the juices
of plants and various fixed oils are ob-
tained.——2. The indication of the state
of the feelings, passions, and sensations,
presented by the countenance, attitude,
and gesture.——3. That manner and tone
of voice in singing which gives life and
reality to ideas and sentiments; the mo-
dulation of voice suited to any particular
subject.

Exsert’eD, Lat. exsertus, protruding;
oat in botany in opposition to en-

osed.

Exstir’utate, from ex and stipula. A
botanical term applied to plants desti-
tute of stipules.

. Exten’ston, from extend. A term in

a muscle
which serves to extend any part; the
name is opposed to flexor.

XTENT. In law, a writ of execution

EXT

320

F

or extendi facias, commanding a sheriff to
value the Jands of a debtor. Sometimes
the term is taken as the act of the sheriff
or other commissioner in making the ya-
luation upon the writ.

Exrer’miInation. In algebra, surds,
fractions, and unknown quantities, are
exterminated, eradicated, or extirpated by
the rules for reducing equations.

Extinc’rion, the trituration of Mer-
cury with some other substance till the
globules disappear, is sometimes called
the extinction of the mercury, but the
word killing is more commonly used.

ExtTin’GuIsHMENT. In law, extinction;
consolidation of an estate with another.

Extir’vtaTe, Lat. extipulatus, without
stipule ; applied to stems of plants.

Extract’, from ex and traho, to draw.
1. In literature, a piece selected from a
book, &c.——2. In law, acopy or draught
of a writing.——3. In chemistry, the so-
luble matter obtained from vegetables by
decoction, reduced by careful evapora-
tion of the menstruum to a pasty or solid
consistence. Fourcroy made many re-
searches upon vegetable extracts, and was
ied to the conclusion that they all hada
common basis, which he called the ez-
tractive principle; but Chevreul and
others have since proved that this pre-
tended principle is a heterogeneous and
very variable compound. The subject,
however, still requires further exami-
nation.

Exrrac’tion, from extract. In arith-
metic and algebra, the extraction of roots
is the operation of finding the root of a
given number or quantity; also the rule
by which the operation is performed.

Exrra’pos, the outside of an arch of a
bridge, vault, &c., in contradistinction to
intrados.

Exrraro.tra’crovs, Lat. ertrafoliaceous,
underneath the leaf; applied to stipule
which are below the footstalk, and exter-
nal with respect to the leaf.

Exrtrav’acants. In ecclesiastical his-
tory, certain decretal epistles which were
published after the Clementines, and not
at first arranged and digested with the
other papal constitutions.

ExTRAVAGAN’zA. In music, the Italian
word for any wild and incoherent com-
position. The term is used also for a spe-
cies of irregular dramatic compositions,
generally of the burlesque kind.

Extreme, Lat. extremus, last. 1. In
iogic, the extremes of a syllogism are the
predicate and subject.——2. In ma
tics, the extremes of a proportion are the
first and last terms.——3. In music, em-

ployed in describing those intervals in
which the diatonic distances are increased
or diminished by a chromatic semitone.
4. Extreme unction, is one of the seyen
sacraments of the Romish Church,

Extre’MITyY, Lat. ertremitas, the utmost
point; the extremities of the body, im
painting and sculpture, are the head,
hands, and feet, but in anatomy the term
is applied to the limbs, as distinguishing
them from the head and trunk

Exv’v1z, Lat. from eruo, to strip off.
The cast off skins of those animals which
change their skin by a natural process,
as the sloughs of serpents. The term has
also been extended to shells, &c., and in
geological e to all remains
found in a petrified state in the earth;
fossils.

Ex Vo'ro (Latin), a votive gift, such as
a picture dedicated to a temple.

Eye, the organ of sight, from Sax. e or
ey, water, an island. The word has
many trivial applications derived from
the form, uses, &c. of the eye. Thus we
speak of the eye of a peacock’s feather,
the eye of a needle, of hooks and eyes =
eyes being the catches for the hooks), axd
we apply the word eye in a very similar
sense to certain loops in block and tackle
apparatus. The eyes of a ship are the
parts which are near the hawse-holes,
particularly in the lower apartments.
The eyes of a plant are the buds from
which shoots proceed. The eyes of @ po-
tato, are those points at which the new
sprouts issue, but the eye of an apple, &c.,
is the depression opposite the stalk; and
the bud or shoot inserted into a tree by
way of graft, is an eye. The eye of an
anchor is the hole wherein the ring of the
anchor is put into the shank. The eye of

a block strop is the place by which Lhe
taatened or suspended to any particul
place upon the sails; and that part of a a
stay which is formed into a collar to go
round the mast-head, is termed the eye
of the stay. In architecture, any round
window made in a pediment, an attic, the
reins of a yault, &c., is called an eye; and
an aperture at the top of a dome, usually
covered by a lantern, is termed the eye
of the dome. Similarly the centre of a vo-
lute is called the eye.

Eyr’-zour. In ships, a bar or bolt of
iron with an eye in one end of it, formed
to be driven into the deck or sides for the
purpose of hooking tackle to.

Evxe’sTonE, a small calcareous stone
used for taking substances from between
the lid and ball of the eye.

Eye’tootu, the two upper cuspidati,.
thus called because the fangs extend up
to near the orbit.

Eyre, Lat. ites, journey. In law, signi-
fies the court of justices itinerant.

F,

F, the sixth letter of the alphabet, asa
numeral denotes 40, and with a dash over

it, thus, F, it stands for 40,000. In muete-

FAC 3

2

1 FAC

it stands for the bass-clef, and frequently
tur forte, as ff does for forte forte. F is
also the nominal of the fourth note in the
natural diatonic scale of C. In medical
prescription, F. or ft stands for fiat or fiant,
let it, or them, be made.

Fa. In music, one of the syllables in-
yented by Guido Aretine to mark the
fourth note of the modern scale, which
rises thus, ut, re, mi, fa. It is either flat
or sharp, the flat marked thus —, the
sharp thus jf, and the natural thus, j], and
called biquadro.

Fa’pa, the bean. The Falisci, a people
cere called it Naba, whence Latin
faba.

Faza’cix, Faba the type; an extensive
natural order of plants.

Fa’BIAn, an epithet signifying that line
of military tactics which declines the
risking of a battle in the open field, but
seeks every opportunity of harassing the
enemy by counter-marches, ambuscades,
&c., as was practised by Q. Fabius
Maximus, a Roman general, opposed to
Hannibal.

Fap’traux. In French literature, the
metrical tales of the Trouvéres or early
poets of the north of France.

Fasra’Rum A’qua, the pharmaceutical
name for forge-water, a mild chalybeate
formed by quenching red-hot iron in
water.

Fas’utovs Act, that period in the his-
tory of every nationin which supernatural
events are represented as having hap-
pened: sometimes called the heroic age.

Faga’pe, a French term for front, used
to denote the whole exterior side of a
building that can be seen at one view.

Face, the visage, Lat. facies, whence
the epithet facial. The edge of a cutting
instrument is vulgarly called the face;
and when one side of an object is flat and
the others not, the smooth or flat side is
called the face. ‘‘ Stones are faced in the
opposite direction of their splitting grain.”
A cube has six faces, and a polyhedron
has many faces. Small faces are facets.

Face Mourn, the name given by work-
men to the pattern for making the plank
or board out of which ornamental hand-
railings for stairs or other works are to
be cut. «

Fa’cer, Fr. facette, the face. A little face
or small plane, as the facets of a brilliant
or rose diamond. The facets of a column
are the flat projections between the flut-
i ultiplying glasses haye many
JSacets.

Fa’crat, appertaining to the face, as the
Jacial artery, otherwise called the labial
or angularartery. The facial angle is that
contained between two lines, one drawn
from the most prominent part of the
forehead to the alveolar edge of the upper

jaw, opposite to the incisor teeth, and the
other from the external auditory foramen
to the same point.

Fa’‘cies Hiprocratica, that state of the
countenance which immediately precedes
death ; so called from particular attention
being directed to it by Hippocrates in his
prognostics.

Fa’cinc. In hydraulic earth-work, a
layer of common materials or soil, laid
over the lining or puddle, and upon the
bottom and sloping sides of a canal, reser-
voir, &c.—In carpentry, facings are the
wooden coverings of the sides of windows
and door-places in the insides of rooms.—
In architecture, that part of the work seen
by a spectator, but usually a better sort
of work which masks the inferior one in-
ternally.

Fac Srm‘1rz (Lat.), an exact copy.

Fac’rion (Lat.), anciently, an appella-
tion given to the different troops or com-
panies of combatants in the games of the
circus. At present the term faction is
bandied about by the three great parties
of the country, the Whigs, Tories, and
Radicals, and applied to one another.

Fac’ror, Lat. from facio. 1. In com-
merce, an agent employed by merchants
at a distance (usually in some other coun-
try), to transact business on their account.
He is usually paid a per centage on the
goods he sells or buys, and if he acts under
what is termed a del credere commission,
i.e. if he guarantee the price of the goods
sold on account of his principal, he re-
ceives an additional per centage, to in-
demnify him for his additional responsi-
bility. ——2. In arithmetic, the numbers
employed in forming a product or factum
are called factors. Thus 7 and 3 are the
factors of 21.

Fac’rorace, the allowance, per centage,
or commission, given to factors by the mer-
chants, &c., whoemploy them. See Facror.

Fac’rory, a place where factors meet to
transact business for theiremployer. The
English merchants have factories in China,
Turkey, Portugal, Hamburg, Russia, &c.
The word factory is now also used fora
building or collection of buildings appro-
priated to the manufacture of goods ; but
in this sense it is a contraction of manu-
factory.

Fac’rum (Lat.), something made. In
arithmetic, a product.—In law, a man’s
own act.

Fac’utz, Lat. dim. plu. of fax, a torch ;
bright spot generally : used to denote cer-
tain liquid spots on the sun’s disc, brighter
than the rest of the body.

Fac’utry, Lat. facultas, ability. 1. In
logic, the power of the mind, imagination,
reason, and memory.——2. In physiology,
& power or ability to perform any action,
natural, vital, or animal,——3. In schonis,
one of the departments of a universizy.

Y

FAI 322

FAL

In most universities there are four facul-
ties, viz., arts, including languages and
philosophy, theology, physic, and civil law.
~—4. The faculty of advocates is a body of
lawyers, who plead in all actions before
the Court of Session in Scotland, and their
elective president is called the Dean of
Faculty. Similarly there are faculties of
physicians and surgeons, of civil-engi-
neers, &c., some of which have peculiar
privileges granted by charter, others are
merely professional associations.

F2'css, Lat. pl. of fer; the alvine ex-
cretions. The fossil feces of certain fishes
are called coprolites; the excrement of
dogs and wolves, album greacum; of mice,
album negrum.

Fa Fen’to. In music, a feigned F, ora
feint upon that note.

Fa’corro, the same as Bassoon, which

see. -

Fa’aus, the beech-tree; a genug of four
species. Monecia—Polyandria. Name from
gaya, to eat, its nut being one of the first
fruits used by man. Britain, North Ame-
rica, &c.

Faut’erz, gray copper-ore, called also
panabase, from the many oxides it con-
tains.

Faut’vunite, a name for automolite or
octahedral corundum, found at Fahlun,
in Sweden.

Fa’/tEnce, é fine sort of pottery glazed

Fa’yence. and painted, named after
Faénza, in Italy.

Farntine. See Syncope.

Farnts, the impure spirit which comes
over first and last in the distillation of
whiskey. The first sort is called strong,
And the latter weak faints. This impure
spirit is strongly impregnated with a
fetid essential oil.

Fairy, Fr. fée, a fay, or imaginary spi-
rit, whence feer, to enchant, and feerie, a
fairy-land. The native land of the fairy
mythology is Arabia, whence it was
brought to Europe by the Troubadours,
but the radix of the word is doubtful.
Fairies were much in favour at one time,
but they are now consigned to nurseries
and to mines. The fairy of the English
miners answers to the cobalt of the Ger-
man mines.

Farry Rive, \ A phenomenon fre-

Farry Circie. } quently seen in lea
fields. There are two species: one con-
sists of a round and apparently beaten
path, with grass in the middle; the other
is a circular patch, of which the grass
appears destroyed. Both of these were
formerly ascribed to the dances of the
fairies (believed at present in some parts
of the country). Some have supposed
them to be the effect of lightning, but
they are now generally believed to be
produced by an unknown species of fun-
gus which grows in a circle from the

centre outwards, destroying the grass aa
it extends.

Faxer’er, ) A name common in the East

Faxor’. J Indies for a Mohammedan
mendicant or devotee. The word in Ara-
bic means a poor man, and in Ethiopia
an interpreter.

Fatca’pe, from falz, a sickle. In the
menage, a horse is said to make a falcade
when he throws himself on his haunches,
two or three times, as in very quick cur-
vets.

Fat’cate, Lat. falcatus, sickle-shaped,
from falz, a sickle. The moon is said to
be falcate when it appears horned: hence
also a figure formed by two curves bend-
ing the same way and meeting in a point
at the apex, the base terminating in @
straight line is called a falcate.

Fau'co, a falcon. The genus Falco, Lin.,
is subdivided into two great sections.
The first comprises the noble birds of prey,
the falcons, properly so called. To this
belongs the common falcon (F. communis,
Gm.),and the gerfalcon (Hierofalco, Cuy.).
The second section comprises the ignoble
birds of prey, or those of the genus which
cannot be employed in falconry. To this
belongs the eagle (Aquila, Bris.), the
goshawk (Astur, Bech.), the sparrow-
hawk (Nisus, Cuv.), the kite (Milvus,
Bech.),the honey-buzzard (Pernis, Cuv.),
the buzzard (Buteo, Bech.), the harriers
(Circus, Bech.), and the snake-eater or
secretary (Serpentarius, Cuy.). Order Ac-
cipitres, family Diurne. See Fatcon.

Fat‘con, a bird of prey, the Falco com-
munis, Gm., capable of being trained to
sport, and which has given name to that
kind of hunting in which birds of prey
are used. It inhabits the whole of the
northern regions, and builds in the most
inaccessible cliffs. The female is gene-
rally one third larger than the male,
which on this account is by sportsmen
termed a tarsel, or tercelet, the name fal-
con being reserved to the female. The
name falcon is also used to designate a
particular size of ordnance. The bore is
v4 inches, and the weight of the shot 2$

s.

Fat’conet, a little falcon. A piece of
ordnance whose bore is 4} inches, and
shot 141b.

Fat'conry, the art of taking birds by
means of falcons and other birds of prey
(see Fatcon). The sport is ancient, and
was of such high repute in England, that
some of the nobility hold their estates on
condition of providing the sovereign with
hawks.

Fat'pace, from Wel. fald, afold. A
privilege, which anciently several loris
reserved to themselves, of setting up folis
of sheep in any fields within their manors,
the better to manure them.

Fatt. 1. Descending from a higher te

ie dee

~~

—

FAM 323

FAS

a lower place by the force of gravity.——
2. Descent of water, as the falls of Clyde.
—3. Diminution, as the fall of prices.
—4. Extent of descent, as the river has
a fall of two feet per mile. —5. The loose
end ofa tackle.——6. A Scotch superficial
measure, 1 fall = 36 ells. 7. A Scotch
long measure, 1 fall = 223°2 imp. inches.
—8. The loss of their first estate by our
first parents, Adam and Eve.

Fatiinc-Home Applied to the timbers
or upper parts of the sides of a ship, when
they curve inwards.

FAatuine-stvice, a certain description of
flood-gate, in connection with mill-dams,
rivers, canals, &c., which are self-acting,
or contrived to fall down of itself in the
event of a flood, whereby the water-way
is enlarged.

Fatto’pran. In anatomy, an epithet ap-
plied to two tubes, canals, or ducts, of a
tortuous figure, arising from the womb,
and joined to the fundus, one on each
side. Their use in the process of concep-
tion was first pointed out by Gabriel Fal-
lopius, an Italian anatomist of the six-
teenth century. The term fallopian is
also sometimes applied to Poupart’s liga-
ment.

Fatse, Lat. falsus, not true. Appli-
cable to subjects physical and moral. In
music, those chords which do not contain
the intervals appertaining to them in
their perfect state are termed false, and
the same term is applied to those intona-
tions of the voice which do not truly ex-
press the intended intervals, and, indeed,
to all ill-adjusted combinations. A false
cadence is one wherein the bass rises a
tone or semitone, instead of rising a
fourth, or falling a fifth. In law, the epi-
thet is applied to something illegal, as
false-imprisonment. A false flower is one
which does not seem to produce fruit. A
Jalse gem is a counterfeit one, a paste. A

. False roof is the part of a house between

the roof and the covering. There are also

> false attacks, false weights,
Jalse coin , false foundations, &c. False jire
isa species of blue signal fire.

Fatsre Keer. The timber added to the
main keel of a ship, both to serve as a
defence, and also, by deepening the ver-
tical surface, to give the ship a better
hold of the wind.

Fatserro. In music, an Italian term
for a feigned voice, an octave above its
natural pitch.

Fa’‘tun, a provincial name given to
some shelly strata in the neighbourhood
of the Loire, and which resemble in their

ters what we term crag.

Fami1’1ar Srrirs, demons supposed to
be perpetually within call, and at the
service of their masters.

Fam'tty. In natural history, a collection
of a number of genera, which are nearly

allied to each other by characters derived
from their organisation : the term is some-
times loosely applied. In mathematics, a
family of curves is a congeries of several
kinds of curves, all of which are defined
by the same equation, but in a different
manner, according to their different
orders.

Fan, Sax. fann, Fr. van, Lat. vannus.
1. A well-known hand ornament used by
ladies.——2. An apparatus for winnowing
grain: it consists of a series of boards,
arranged edgewise round an axle, which
is made to revolve with the necessary ye-
locity ; called in Scotland fanners.

Fanaw’. In architecture,a French name
for a pharos or light-house, or, more par-
ticularly, the lantern placed in it.

Fanpan’co, anold Spanish dance, which
proceeds gradually from a slow and uni-
form to the most lively motion. It is
seldom danced except at the theatre.

Fan’rare, a French name for a short-
warlike piece of music, epeaporen for
trumpets, kettle drums,

Fan’NER. In mechanics, ‘a contrivance
of vanes or flat discs, revolving about 2
centre, for the purpose of creating 2a
draught by producing a current of air.
Used in windows, &c. to ventilate apart-
ments.

Fanra’sta. In music, an Italian name
for an instrumental ion
to be struck off in the heat of imagina-
tion, and in which the composer is allowed
to give free scope to his ideas, unconfined
by the rules of science. The fantasia dif-
fers from the capricio in this, that when
it is finished it no longer exists.

Fantocer'ni It., fantoccio, puppet.
Dramatic representations, in which pup-
pets are substituted in the scene for
human performers.

Far’cin, } In farriery, a disease of

Far’cy. § horses, which appears to be
a peculiar inflammatory affection of the
absorbent vessels below the skin. It is of
the nature of scabies or mange.

Farina, Lat., from far, corn. Meal or
flour of any species of corn, or starchy
root, as potato, arrow-root, &c. The fa-
rina feecundans of botanists is the fecun-
dating dust or pollen contained in the an-
thers of plants. Farina fossilis is a name
for mineral agaric.

FarrnoszE. In entomology, having the
surface covered with dust resembling
flour (farina), which the slightest touch
removes. Most of the Lepidoptera are
Sarinose.

Far’riery, from ferrarius, of ferrum,
iron. Originally the art of shoeing horses,
In the modern acceptation of the term,
it includes the whole veterinary art, as it
relates to the management of horses,
cows, &c.,and their diseases.

F.AS., ‘an abbreviation of Fraternitatis

y 2

FAT 324

FAV

Antiouariorium Socius, Fellow of the An-
tiquarian Socie

Fas‘ces (Lat.), bundles of rods and axes
carried before the Roman consuls, as a
badge of their office.

Fas’cets. In glass-making, the irons
thrust into the ouths of bottles to con-
vey them to the annealing tower.

Fas’cra (Lat.), a band or fillet. In ar-
chitecture, a broad fillet or band, particu-
larly used in architraves and pedestals.
In anatomy, a tendinous expansion of a
muscle, inclosing others like a band,

binding them to their places. In astro-
nomy, the belts seen on the discs of the
superior planets, Mars, Jupiter, and Sa-
turn, are called fascia.

Fas’crcre, ) Lat. fasciculus, from fascis,

Fas’cicutez, § a bundle, a little bundle.
A term in botany for a manner of flower-
ing, in which there are several flowers on
little stalks, variously inserted and sub-
divided, e. g. sweet-william.

Fascic’utar, Lat. fascicularis, bundled.
Applied to roots which are sessile at their
base, and consist of bundles of finger-like
processes, &c.

Fascic’utatTe, Lat. fasciculatus,bundled
or clustered. Applied to nerves, stems of
plants, leaves, and flowers.

Fascina’tion, from fascino. A species
of witchcraft or enchantment by the in-
fluence of the eye. The notion of an evil
eye, not yet entirely forgotten among the
ignorant, is a vestige of this superstition.

Fas’crnzs, bundles, from fascis, a bun-
dle. The term is used, in fortification, for
those bundles of rods, bound at both ends
and in the middle, used for raising batte-
ries, filling ditches, strengthening ram-
parts, making parapets, &c.

Fasn’ton-Pieces. In ships, the hinder-
most timbers, which terminate the
. breadth. and form the shape of the stern.

Fas’t1, the Roman calendar, wherein
Were expressed the several days of the
year, with their feasts, games, and other
ceremonies.

Fastio’1aTE, Lat. fastigiatus, flat-topped.
Applied to umbelliferous flowers, &c.

Fastie’1um, the Latin name for the
Greek ZEtos, the apex, summit, or ridge
of a house or pediment.

Fart, the oily concrete substance depo-
sited in the cells of the adipose or cellular
membrane of animal bodies. The fats
differ in different animals, but they are
all chiefly composed of stearine, mar-
garine, and oleine, with a little colouring
and odorous matter. The fat of the goat
yields hircine, that of the dolphin phoce-
nine, and butter yields butyrine. They
saponify with alkalies, and generate the
stearic, margaric, and oleic acids.

Fa’ta Morca na, the fairy Morgana. A
singular optical deception which fre-
quently occurs in the Straits of Messina,

between Sicily and the coast of Calabria,
and sometimes, though rarely, on other
coasts. It consists in the objects ashore
being delineated on the surface of the sea
in magnificent and fantastic fashions, and
is the effect of atmospheric refraction.
Fa’tatist. In ethics, one who main-
tains that all things happen by invincible
pm or fate. This doctrine constitutes

7m.

Fa’tHer. An adoptive father is he who
adopts the children of another. A natural
Sather is the father of illegitimate children.
A putative father is a reputed or supposed
father. Fathers of the Church were the
early christian writers, whose works have
thrown light upon the primitive history
of Christianity.

Fa’/tHERLASH’ER, a fish, the Cottus bubu-
lus, Cuy. Called in Scotland the Lucky
Proach. It is at once recognised by its
well-armed head, and long spines.

Faru’om, Sax. faethem. A measure of
length, equal to six feet, employed in ma-
rine and mining operations, in measuring
vertical distances.

Fav’css, pluralof faux. 1. Inanatomy,
the gorge or opening of the pharynx.——
2. In botany, see Faux.

Favtr. In mining, &c., a break of
strata, with displacement, which inter-
rupt the miner’s operations, and put him
at fault, by an apparently abrupt termina-
tion of the vein or bed. Faults consist of
fissures, which often traverse the strata
for miles, and are generally accompanied
by depression on one side of the line, and
elevation on the other. They are nume-
rous in coalfields. »

Fav’na, Lat. fauni. The animals pecu-
liar to a country constitute its fauna, as
the plants constitute its flora.

Favuns, Lat. fauni. Rural deities amon
the Romans, inhabiting the woods Pa
forests, represented with horns, sharp-

pointed ears, and bodies like goats. They ~

are also termed sylvans, or sylvan deities.
Favsse’srareE. In fortification, a

mound ofearth, four fathoms wide, erected

on Sa level round the foot of the ram-

part.

Favx, plural fauces,a mouth. In botany,
the opening of the tube of a monopetalous
plant. In conchology, the first chamber
of a shell, seen by looking in by the
aperture.

Favx Jour (French), false light. Used
in the jine arts, to signify that a picture:
is placed so that the light falls upon it
from a different side from that which the
painter has represented it in the painting.

Fa’vose, Lat. favosus, honeycomb-like.
1. Applied to some cutaneous diseases.
—2. To parts of plants.

Fa’vus (Lat.),a honeycomb. The name

ven to a pustule larger than the achor,

atter, and not acuminated.

i

paw an

YEE 325

=

FEL

F.D. abbreviation of Fidei Defensor,
Defender of the Faith: a title conferred
by the Pope on Henry YIIL., for writing
a book against Luther.

Feat’ty, Fr. feal, trusty, from Lat.

is. A term, in feudal law, for the oath
taken by the tenant, to be true to the lord
of whom he held his land, and to defend
him against his enemies. This obligation
was called his jidelity or fealty. The
terant was called a liege man, the landa
liege fee, and the superior a liege lord.
Feasts, \ In church rituals, are anni-
Fes’rivats. j versaries of joy and thanks-
giving, on stated days, in commemoration
of some great event. They are called
immoveable, when they occur always on
the same day of the year, as Christmas-
day; and moveable, when they depend on
astronomical calculations, and do net re-
turn on the same days of the year, as
Easter, which fixes all the others.

FEeatH’ER-EDGED, a term referring to
any wrought substance, in which the
work is considerably reduced in thickness

towards the edge.
Fearn’sery, plumose. Applied to plants
furnished with lateral hairs.

Fes’riFrvuce, Lat. febrifugus, from febris,
fever, and fugo, to drive away; a medi-
cine which alleviates or removes fever.

Fee’xvary, Lat. Februarius. In the old

man v this was the last month
of the year, until the decemvir ordered
that it should rank as the second. It
takes its name from februa, a festival held
in behalf of the manes of the deceased,
and this from februs, to purify by sacri-
fice. It means, therefore, the month of
purification. In common years it has 28
days ; in leap years, 29.

Fecia’.es, a college of priests, instituted
at Rome by Numa. They were the arbi-
trators in all matters of war and peace,
and the guardians of .the public faith.
Hence our epithet fecial.

Fr’crr,a Latin word inscribed by artists
on their works, to indicate the designer.

Feco’vra, Lat. fecula. Any substance
aerivyed by spontaneous subsidence from
aliquid. The term is now commonly
applied to the pulverulent matter ex-
tracted from vegetables by grinding them
‘in water, and allowing the fluid to settle;
the fecula subsides. Starch is an ex-
ample.

Fep’erat, from feedus. Relating to a
league or international contract. A fede-
ral government is one formed by the union
of several sovereign states, each surren-
dering a portion of its power to the cen-
tral authority.

Fee, primarily, a loan of land. An es-
tate in trust, granted by a prince or lord,
to be held by the grantee on condition of

rsonal service, or other condition, and

the grantee failed to perform the con-

ditions, the land reverted to the lord or
donor, called the land-lord or lend-lord, the
lord of the loan. A fee, then, is any land
or tenement held of a superior on certain
conditions. It is synonimous with jief
and feud. All the land in England, except
the crown lands, is of this kind. Fees are
absolute or limited: an absolute fee, or
fee-simple, is land which a man holds to
himself and his heirs for ever, who are
called tenants in fee-simple. Hence, in
modern times, the term fee or fee-simple
denotes an estate of inheritance: and in
America, where lands are not generally
held of a superior, a fee or fee-simple is an
estate in which the owner has the whole
property, without any condition annexed
to the tenure. A limited fee is an estate
limited or clogged with certain condi-
tions: as a qualified, or base fee, which
ceases with the existence of certain con-
ditions: and a conditional fee, which is
limited to particular heirs.

FEEDER, a carriage or catch drain: a
small canal, cut, or channel, by which a
stream or supply of water is conveyed for
the use of a canal, &c.

FErrED’-PIPE oF a STEAM-ENGINE, the pipe
employed for conveying the water to the
boiler.

Ferep’-pump, the force-pump employed
in supplying the boilers of steam-engines
with water, |

Fret’ers, a name for the horns or an-
tenne of insects, usually two in number,
but sometimes four.

Fre Talib, a conditional fee. See Frr.

Fe'tis, a cat. A genus of carnivorous
mammalia of the digitigrade tribe, the
essential character of which consists in
having four teeth, the intermediate ones
equal, grinders three on each side, the
tongue beset with bristles backwards, and
the claws retractile. At the head of the
genus stands the lion (F. leo, Lin.), next
the tiger F tigris, Buff.), the jaguar (F.
onca, Lin.), the panther (F. pardus, Lin.),
the leopard (F. leopardus, Lin.), the cou-

uar or puma (F. discolor , Lin.), the lynxes
oa Lynx), and the domestic cat (F. catus,
Lin.). Epithet feline.

Fer’tors or Fetures. In mechanics, the
covered pieces of wood forming the cir-
cumference of a carriage-wheel, into
which the spokes are inserted.

Fe’'to-pe-sE. In law,one who commits
felony by suicide, or being of the years of
discretion and in his right senses, wilfully
destroys his own life.

Fet/on. 1. In law,a person who com-
mits felony. 2. In surgery, a whitloe
sae between the periosteum and the

ne.

Fev’ony. In law, any crime which in-
curs the forfeiture of lands or goods, ex-
cept treason, which is a crime suit generts.

all crimes punishabie by deatn are

FEN ' 326

FER

pure the true import of the word is in

easure lost, or at least so mixed up
with the idea of hanging, that both law and
usage now conspire to lit the term of
Jelony to capital crimes.

Fec’spar. In mineralogy, one of the
three ingredients of granite: quartz, and
mica, being the others. Next to quartz
it forms the chief ingredient of many
rocks. It is nearly opaque, harder than
glass, and of a lamellar structure. Prof.
Jameson divides it into five species: 1.
Rhombohedral felspar or Nepheline ; 2.
Prismatic felspar, comprehending com-
mon felspar, ice-spar, adularia, clink-
stone, amazon stone, porcelain earth,
&c.; 3. Tetarto-prismatic felspar or al-
bite: 4. Polychromatic or Labrador fel-
spar, a beautiful mineral first discovered
on the coast of Labrador, as a constituent
of syenite ; 5. Pyramidal felspar, compre-
hending scapolite, weionite, parathine,
wernerite, dipyre, and elaolite. The con-
stituents are silica, 66, alumina, 18, pot-
ash, 12, lime, 3, and some oxide of iron,
but the proportions vary in the species
and yarieties. The name is altered from
the German, feldspath, from feld, a field,
and spath or spar, a shining substance.
Epithet felspathic.

Fett, a fabric of hair, wool, &c., inter-
laced and pressed into a firm texture.

Fexuvc’ca, Sp. feluca, a little vessel with
6 oars and lateen sails, used in the Medi-
terranean. It is capable of going either
stem or stern foremost.

Fr’MALE-FLOWER, a flower which is fur-
nished with pistils and not with stamens.

Fr/MALE-scREW, a screw, the spiral
thread of which is cut in the cavity of the
cylinder.

Feme, Femme (French), a woman. A
feme-covert is a married woman who is
under covert of her husband, and cannot
sue or be sued. A feme-sole,an unmar-
ried woman. A feme-sole merchant, a
woman who carries on trade alone with-
out her husband.

Fr’mur, the thigh; also the os femoris
or bone of the thigh. In architecture, the
intersticial between the channels in the
triglyph of the Doric order. These femora
are sometimes called the legs of the
trigly ph. 4 F

Fen’pers. 1. Timbers placed in front
of a quay-wall or other work, to protect
it from injury by vessels, &c.; these are
also called fender piles——2. Pieces of old
rope, &c., made up into bundles and hung
over the sides of vessels to protect them
from contact with others, with the sides
of docks,

Fen’p orr, to push off a boat or any
heavy body, to break the shock or avoid
contact.

Feress‘TRA (Latin), a window ; the name
@iven ‘vy una:omists to two foramina in

the ear, the one oval and the other round;
the first situated between the cavity of
the tympan and the vestibule, and the
other leading from the tympan to the
cochlea of the ear.

Fenets’trate, Lat. fenestra, window. In
entomology, the naked hyaline transpa-
rent spots on the wings of butterflies.

Feop, low latin, feodum. A feudal law
term for the right which the vassal had
in the land, to use the same, and take the
profits thereof, rendering unto the lord
the proper fees.

‘ Fro’pat. In law, held of another. See

EOD.

Feorr’MEnT, law Lat. feoffamentum. The
grant of a fee or corporeal hereditament:
a grant in fee-simple.

Fe’nrz. In zoology, the third class of
mammalia in the arrangement of Lin-
nzeus, distinguished by having six sharp-
ish fore-teeth in the upper jaw, and tusks
solitary. They are nearly all beasts of
prey. Epithet ferine.

Fe’rz Natv’r2. In law, beasts and
oa that are wild, as foxes, wild ducks,

¢c

Fera’sia, a festival observed among the
Romans on the 2ist of February, in ho-
nour of the manes of deceased relations.

Fer De Fourcuerte. In heraldry, a
cross having at each end a forked iron,
like that formerly used by soldiers to rest
their muskets upon.

Ferenrta’ria, a sort of light armed sol-
diers in the Roman army.

Fer’ria, a holiday, as the ferie of the
Romish breviary. The ferie of the Ro-
mans answered in some measure to the
sabbaths of the Jews, but the name was
also given to holidays in general.

Fe’r1o, In logic, a mode in the first
figure, of syllogisms consisting of a uni-
versal negative, a particular affirmative,
and a particular negative.

Fer’tson. In logic, a mode in the third
figure of syllogisms, closely allied to the
Jerio of the first figure.

Fer’MENT, yeast or barm, quasi fervi-
mentum, from ferveo,to be hot. This is
the scum which collects on beer &c.,
while fermenting. It has the property
of exciting fermentation in various other
substances in which water is present, and
seems to be the result of a chemical al-
teration which vegetable albumen and
gluten undergo, with contact of air
amidst a fermenting mass.

FermeEnta’rion, from ferment. The re-
action which takes place among the
proximate principles of some vegetable
substances, (as sugar, starch, gluten, &c.),
when under the influence of water, air,
and warmth, so that their ultimate prin-
ciples (earbon, oxygen, and hydrogen,)
eombine in new proportions, and form
new compounds. Of this process there are

ae

——

FES 327

FEV

five species: (1). The saccharine fermen-
tation, in which starch and gum are
changed into sugar; (2.) The vinous fer-
mentation, in which sugar is converted
into alcohol; (3.) The mucilaginous fer-
mentation, in which sugar is converted
into slime ; (4.) The acetous fermentation,
in which alcohol and other substances
are converted into vinegar; (5). The pu-
trid fermentation, or putrefaction, which
produces ammonia.

_Fer‘rer. 1. An African animal of the
weasel tribe (see Musreta) used to hunt
rabbits, rats, &c., as it is slender and can
enter their holes.——2. In glass making,
the iron used to make tbe rings at the
mouths of bottles.

FeRRI-cau’ciTe, aspecies of calcareous
earth combined with iron (ferrwm).

Fer’ro-cuy’azic Actp, an acid obtained
by adding to a solution of ferro-cyanite
of baryta just enough of sulphuric acid
to precipitate the baryta,and thus named
from ferrum and chyazic acid (q.v.). It is
of a yellow colour, and is decomposed by
a gentle heat or strong light, when hy-
drocyanic acid is formed, and a white
hydrocyanite of iron is precipitated,
which becomes blue by exposure.

FERRO-C¥’/ANATE, a Salt formed by the
union of the ferro-cyanic acid with a
base: more correctly, ferro-cyanide.

Fer‘ro-cy’anic Acip, | The ferruretted

Fer’ro-prous’sic Acip. § chyazic acid of
Mr. Porrett. A lemon-coloured compound
of cyanogen, protoxide of iron, and water.

Ferro-cy’antpE, ) A compound of the

FERRO-CYAN’ODIDE, \ protocyanide ot

Ferro-prvs’siarte. ) iron witha cyanide
of potassium, sodium, barium, &c. The
double cyanide of iron and potassium is
the important salt called prussiate of pot-
ash, or technically ferrocyanodide of pot-
assium. Prussian blue is a ferrocyanodide
of iron.

Fer’ry, Ger. and Sax. fahren, to pass
over. In law,a grant to havea boat to
carry men and horses across a river, and
to levy a reasonable toll.

Fr’sapo, an arbitrary name for one of
the modes of the fourth figure of syllo-
gisms.

Pers’cENNINE Verses (so called, from
Fescennia, in Etruria, where they origin-
ated), were pieces of poe recited by
the youths at rustic festivals. They con-
sisted principally of raillery and playful
abuse.

Fesse. In heraldry, one of the honour-
able ordinaries, which occupies the third
part of the middle of the field. The term
is Lat. fascia,a band. Any charge within
the breadth of the fesse is borne en fesse ;
the centre of the escutcheon is the fesse
point ; anything borne ina rank across the
middle of the shield is borne in fesse or
fesse-ways ; a parting across the middle of

the shield, from side to side, through. the
fesse point, is parte per fesse, &c.
Fes’rino. An arbitrary term in !ogie for
a mood of syllogisms in the second figure:
the first proposition is a universal nega-
tive, the second a particular affirmative,

and the third a particular negative.

Festo’on, Fr. feston ; a term in architec-
ture for an ornament of carved wetk, in
the form of a wreath, or garland of flowers
or leaves twisted together.

Festv’ca, the stalk or shoot of an her-
baceous plant; also the Fescue-grass~ a
genus of herbaceous and mostly perennial
plants. Triandria—Digynia. There are
28 species, 15 of which are British.

Fer’ icuisM, } The worship of idols

Fer‘icism. famong the negroes of
Africa. Fetich is their name for an idol,
or more generally fetich is the name which
they give to any object of worship. Every
family has a fetich to watch, reward, and
punish the members of the household as
they deserve.

Fer’tock, feet and lock. A tuft of hair
that grows behind the pastern joint of
horses.

Fer’rrrep. In zoology, applied to the
feet of animals when they are stretched
backwards and appear unfit for walking.

Fev, Lat. feodum, fief. In Scotch law, is
used in contradistinction to ward-holding,
or military tenure, to signify that the
vassal makes a return in grain or money,
in lieu of military service. The feu-con-
tract is that which regulates the giving
out of lands, the rent paid being called
Seu-duty.

Fevup. 1. Sax. fehw,a quarrel between
families or parties of a state: originally
applied to a combination of kindred to
avenge the murder of a kinsman on the
offender and his race.——2. From Norm.
fei, faith, and had, state; a fief, fee, or
right to lands or hereditaments held in
trust or on the terms of performing cer-
tain conditions. See Fer and Frop.

Fev’pat System. A form of government
anciently subsisting in Europe, and which
forms the basis of our modern forms and
customs. It was this:—When the Goths,
Vandals, Franks, Hunns, and Lombards
overran Europe, on the declension of the
Roman empire in the fifth century, they
made it a principle that all conquered
land should be divided among the chief
officers. These again divided their shares
among the officers of a second rank, who
divided in like manner to the third rank,
&c. These stipends of land were called
Siefs, feods, or feuds, and the condition of
tenure was that the tenants in fief should
serve the owner of the fee-simple, at
home and abroad, in all wars animilitary
expeditions. To this they bound them.
selves by an oath of feaity, se tha. a reci-
procal tie linked the highest chief with

FIC

FIF

the humblest of his followers, who could
not only enjoy but dispose of their ter-
ritory as they pleased, the possessor being,
his occupancy, bound for military ser-

, as was his predecessor. According

to the Doomsday-book, England was
divided by William the Conqueror into
60,215 military fiefs, some of which he
kept to himself, and divided the rest
among his Norman followers, on condi-
tion of their appearing in the field when he
should raise his standard of war. See Fer.

Fev’patory. In law, one who holds in
chief, but by some conditional tenure.

Fev’pury. In ts law, the annual
duty which a vassal, by the tenor of his
right, becomes bound to pay to his supe-
rior: hence the tenure of feu-holding.

Fe'ver, a general name for diseases in
which the temperature of the surface of
the body is preternaturally high, and the
pulse quick: it is sometimes continued
and sometimes intermittent. There are
many species, but typhus is most feared.

Friars, pron. feears; the price of grain,
as fixed, in the counties of Scotland, by
the respective sheriffs and a jury.

Frat, a Latin word meaning “‘let it be
done.” In law, a short order or warrant
signed by a judge for making out and
allowing certain processes.—In medicine
(see F).—In bankruptcy, a commission sued
out by creditors, when a trader fails.

Fie’rit, Lat. fibrilla, dim. of fibra; a
small fibre; applied to the little roots of
plants which are given off.

Fi’prtne£, a solid, white, flexible, slightly
elastic, insipid, and i inodorous substance,
denser than water, but containing 4-5ths
of its weight of it; it constitutes the prin-
cipal part of animal muscle: it exists in
the chyle, the blood, and may be regarded
as the most abundant constituent of ani-
mal bodies. It may be obtained pure by
agitating newly drawn blood with a bun-
dle of twigs, and washing in cold water
the long reddish filaments which adhere
to them: the fibrine is thus washed from
the colouring matter of the blood, and
may be freed from any adhering grease
by digestion in alcohol.

Fis’vxa (Lat.), a clasp or brace; a long
bone of the leg, so named on account of
its connecting and giving firmness to
the other parts. It is situated on the
outerside of the tibia, and its lower end
forms the lower ankle.

Fic’rion. In law, a supposition that a
thing is true, without inquiring whether

tis or not, so that it may have the effect
of truth, as far as isconsistent with equity.

Fie’ror (Lat.),a potter or modeller who
fabricates images, &c., with terra cotta,
clay, and similar substances.

Fio’us, the jig-tree; a genus of many
species. Polygamia—Triecia. Warm cli-
mates.

Fripp. In navigation (1.) a pin tapering
and sharp at one end, used to splice ropes;
(2.) the pin in the heel of the top -mast.

Fiv’er Commis’sum. In n law, &
species of testamentary disposition, re-
cognised by the Roman law, by which a
testator charged his heir to deliver over
to a specified person the whole or part
of the goods which he inherited.

Five Jus‘sor. In law, one who engages
to pay the debt of another in case of fail-
ure; called in England a guaranter.

Frer. See Fevpat System.

Fietp. In heraldry, the whole surface
of the shield: the ground on which the
colour, bearings, metals, &c., are repre-
sented.—In agriculture, a portion of land
inclosed by a fence. The jield of view in
a telescope or microscope, is the space
within which the objects are visible when
the instrument is adjusted.

Fietp’z0ox. In surveying, the book in
which the angles, distances, stations, &c.,
aresetdown. ~~

Fretp’cotours, small flags, carried along
with the quartermaster-general, in mark-
ing out the ground for the squadrons and
battalions.

FreLy’/MARSHAL, the highest military
officer in England.

Fievp’orricer, a military officer above
the rank of a captain, as a major or
colonel.

Fie.p’rieces, small cannons, from 3 to
12 pounders, carried along with an army.

FIELp’sTaFF, a weapon, carried by the
gunners, about the length of a halbert,
with a spear at the end, and having on
each side ears screwed on, like the cock of
a matchlock, into which bombardiers
screw lighted matches when they are
upon command ; the field-staff is then said
to be armed.

Fierp'-works, in fortification, are those
thrown up by an army in besieging a for-
tress, or, by the besieged, to defend the
place; or by an army, to strengthen a
position.

Frert Fa’cras, a judicial writ for him
who has recovered in an action of debt or
damages, to the sheriff, commanding him
to levy the same.

FIrTreENTH, an ancient tribute or tax
laid upon cities, boroughs, &c. through
all England, and so termed because it
amounted to a fifteenth part of what each
city or town had been valued at; or it
was a fifteenth of every man’s personal
estate. In music, an interval of two oc-
taves; also a stop on an organ, a double
octave above the diapason.

Firtx. In music, a distance comprising
four diatonic intervals, i.e. three tones
and a half.

FirrH-mMOn’/ARCHY-MEN, a fanatical sect,
who formed a principal support or Crom-
well during the protectwrate.

FIL

329

FIN

Firrs SHarp. In music, an interval
comprising eight semitones.

Fias, the fruit of the fig-tree, Ficus ca-
rica, a native of Asia, but now natural-
ised in the milder countries of Europe,
Turkey, Greece, Spain, Italy, &c.

Fie’vrAL or Fic’uratz NuMBERS, are
such as do or may represent some geome-
trical figure, in relation to which they are
always considered as triangular numbers,
pentagonal numbers, &c.

Ficu’rats. In music, that counterpoint
wherein there is a mixture of discords
with concords is called jigurate; anda
descant is jigurate when the discords are
less concerned than the concords.

Fic’ure, Lat. figura, from jigo, to set ;
the form of anything as expressed by the
termi lines; form or shape. In geo-
metry, there are rectilinear, curvilinear,
and mixed figures, justas the extremities
are bounded by straight lines, curved
lines, or both. A rhetorical figure is a com-
bination of words deflected from their
ordinary meaning, to express a passion, or
an idea, with more force and beauty than
by the ordinary way. Ina painting, the
Jigures are the animals, more particularly
the human personages, represented in it.
An astrological figure is a description of
the disposition of the heavens at a certain
hour, when the places of the planets and
other stars are marked in a jigure of
twelve triangles or houses. The arith-
metical figures are the nine digits and
cipher. In optics, the apparent figure is
the figure under which an object presents
itself to our view.

Fic’ure-Heap, the figure, statue, or
ae on the projecting part of a ship’s

ead.

Fic’vrE-sToneE, agalmatolite, a variety
of tale-mica, of many colours. The best
is brought from China, where it is exten-
sively used for carvings, toys, &c.

Fiv’acer, Lat. filazarius. An officer in
the Common Pleas, so called from his filing
the writs on which he makes out pro-

cesses.

Fir’sert, the fruit of the hazel. See
CoryYLvs.

Fire. In mechanics, an instrument of
forged steel, having teeth made by fur-
rowing the surface with a chisel ; used for
cutting and abrading metals, ivory, wood,
&c. When the teeth are a series of sharp
edges, raised by the flat chisel, and ap-
pearing in parallel furrows, the tool is
said to be single-cut ; but when these teeth
are crossed by a second series of similar
teeth, the file is dowble-eut. When the
teeth are made by a sharp-pointed tool, in
the form of a triangular pyramid, the file
is called a rasp.

Firices (Lat. pl. of filix), ferns. The
first of Cryptogamia ; the first tribe of
acotyledonous plants. They bear their

flowers and fruit on the back of the leaf
or stalk, which is called frons.

Fru'trorm, from jfilum, a thread, and
forma, form; thread-like. Applied, in
botany, (1.) To peduncles when very fine.
(2.) To the tube of monopetalous flowers,
when of a thread-like form. (3.) To
aments.

Fit, the sea term for bracing a yard
which had been laid aback, so that the
wind may act on the after side of the sail.

Fitt’acree, | from jilum, a thread, and

Fit’/aGRANE, J granum, grain. A termin
the arts for a sort of enrichment on gold
and silver, wrought delicately in the
manner of little threads or grains, or both
intermixed. The fillagree-work of Su-
matra has been most esteemed, but it has
of late been cheaply imitated with co-
loured and gilt paper.

Fitter. 1. In architecture, &c. a little
member that appears in ornaments and
mouldings, otherwise called a listel.——2.
In heraldry, a bordure or orle, one-third
part of the breadth of the common bor-
dure.——3. In the manége, the loins of a
horse are called the fillets.

Fit’rsec, a dress reaching only to the
sense worn by the Highlanders of Scot-

nd.

FILLING-IN-PIECEs are short pieces of
timber, affixed to hips of roofs, groins,
and other frame-work.

Fito, a thin skin or pellicle. In botany,
the thin skin which divides the seeds in

pods.

Fiv’ost, Lat. filum. In geology, when a
part ends in a thread-like process.

Fiv’ter, Fr. jiltre. A strainer through
which any liquor is passed, to separate
the gross particles, and render it limpid.
The root of the term is felt, this substance
being formerly used for straining liquors.

Fit’rerInG-sasins, stones, &c. for fil-
tering water, are either natural or arti-
ficial. Insoluble, porous material, of any
sort, serves the purpose.

Fit/TeRr-PaPEr, a sort of thick bibulous
paper, without size, used for filtering
liquids.

Fim’sria, a fringe. Applied, in ana-
tomy, to any fringe-like body; and in bo-
tany, to dentated rings of the operculum
of mosses. Epithet jimbriate, fringed.

Finat Cause. In ethics, the end for
which anything is done. It is the first
object in the intention of a person who
does a thing, and the last in the execution.

Fina‘tz. 1. The last note of a musical
composition.——2. The last piece of an
opera, &c.

Finance’, primarily, revenue arising
from fines. The term is now used in the
plural, finances, for the revenue accruing
to the public treasury. The word is
Norman.

Fincu, a bird. The word is generally

FIR 330

FI@

weed in composition, as goldfinch, chaf-
fn:k, &. See Frineitta.

Frve. In law, a pecuniary punishment;
a sum of money paid as compensation for
an offence; amulct. The term seems to
be the Lat. finis, and the application of it
to pecuniary compensation seems to have
proceeded from its feudal use in the trans-
fer of lands, in which a final agreement
between a lord and his vassal. It was
made the basis of the word finance.

Fine Arts, Fr. jin, whence finesse.
Those arts which depend chiefly on men-
tal labour and the imagination, combined
with manual dexterity: called also polite
arts, Poetry, music, paintitig,and sculp-
ture are fine arts.

Fine or Lanps. In law, a species of
conveyance or record, for the settling or
rah ed lands and tenements, now abo-

Fi'nenrs (of gold and silver) are those
who separate those metals from their
coarser ores.

Fr’nery. In metallurgy, the name of a
furnace at which cast iron is converted
into maileable iron.

Fine Sturr. In architecture, plaister
used in common ceilings or walls, for the
reception of paper or colour; composed
of finely-sifted lime, mixed with hair and
fine sand. Coarse stuff isa mixture of lime
and hair, used in the first coat.

Fin’tan. In Gothic architecture, the
figure of a lily, trefoil, endive, acorn, or
the like, made to terminate canopies, pin-
nacles, high-pointed pediments, and other
parts of buildings.

Fin’Foorep, } Palmipedous : having feet

Fin’Toep. with membranes between
the toes connecting, them with each
other.

Fin’GER-BOARD, the board at the neck
of a violin, guitar, &c., where the fingers
act on the strings.

Fin’cerine. In music, the manner of
touching an instrument, so as to give
passages with articulation, accent, and
expression. It is on dexterity of finger-
ing that graceful execution depends.

Finisu. In the jine arts, the last
touching up of any object, so as to com-
plete it.

Frvisuine-coar. In architecture, the
— coat of stucco, when three coats are
used.

Finite. In mathematics, an epithet
for a series, line, &e., which is limited in
extent, duration, &c., in distinction from
infinite.

Finto (Italian), a feint. A term in
wiusic. See Pa FINTO.

Fir, Fin-TREE, a name common to all
the species of the genus Pinus. The
Scotch fir (P. sylvestris), Spruce fir (P.
nbz and abies), and Larch (P.lariz), are
wes koown svecies.

FiR-IN-BOND, & hame given to lintels,
bond-timbers, pane meee and indeed ail
timbers built in wal

Fire, the evolution of light and heat
which attends combustion. Fire was for
a long time regarded as a constituent of
bodies, which required only a concurrence
of favourable circumstances for its deye-
lopment; hence the ancients regarded it
as one of their four elements. No theory
respecting fire is as yet fully established,
though many have been proposed.

Fire, Greek; this fire was employed
in the wars between the Christians and
Saracens in the middle ages; naphtha
was its principal ingredient.

Fire-arms. Under this name is com-
prised all sorts of guns, fowling-pieces,
blunderbusses, and pistols. All gun-
barrels are to be proved in a public proof-
house, under a penalty of 201.

Fire-arrow, an iron or steel dart
armed with combustible matter, used by
privateers and pirates, to set fire to the

of ships. ;

Fire-zatts. 1. In meteorology, globu-
lar masses of luminous matter, occasion-
ally seen moving through the atmosphere.
—2. In military operations, masses of
combustible matter to be thrown from
mortars or howitzers upon the enemy’s
works, houses, &c.

Frre-sarrets, hollow cylinders filled
with reeds and fire-brand composition ;
as sulphur, pitch, tallow, &c., used in
fire-ships to convey the flame to the
shrouds.

Fire-siast. In agriculture, sometimes
applied to plants suffering from the mil-
dew fungi, or from minute ts; also
used when the delicate parts of plants are

too suddenly exposed to a brilliant sun, -

whereby they are shrivelled up.

Fire-zore. In old customs, fire-wood
allowed to tenants out of the landlord’s
grounds.

Fire-ENnGINE, the name generally given
to a machine by which water is thrown
upon fires in order to extinguish them.

FIRE-ESCAPE, a machine for removing
persons from upper stories of houses when
on fire. There are many sorts, but all
partake of the nature of ladder work.

Fir£-FLAIRE, a fish. The sting ray or
common trygon (Trygon Pastinaca, Yarr.,
Cuv.; Raia Pastinaca, Penn. Jeu. Don.)

FIRE-FLIES, &2 hame common to two
species of American flies which emit a
beautiful phosphorescent light. See Lam-
PYRIS.

Fine-suip, a vessel filled with combus-
tible materials and fitted with grappling-
irons, which, with the advantage of a
favourable wind, hook on to the enemy’s
ships and set them on fire.

Fire-sTtonE, an old name for pyrites.
The fire-stone of the geologists is an are-

a

TF

FIs

%61

FIX

naceo-argillaceous deposit, of a greyish-
green colour, composed of marl and grains
of silicate of iron. In some places it isin
the state of sand, in others it forms a
stone sufficiently hard for building.

Fire-worxs. This name comprises
squibs, rockets, serpents, &c.,all of which
are declared to be a common nuisance by
9 & 10 Will. IIJ., and the makers or
sellers of the same are liable to a fine of
57,, and any one casting or firing a squib,
&c., is subject to a penalty of 11.

Frrine. In farriery, cautery ; the ap-
plication to the skin of a hot iron, called
a jiring-iron.

Frr’xk1n, an old measure of capacity
containing the fourth of the barrel.

Frr’tor, a Scotch measure of capacity.
The barley firlot contains 31 standard
pints ; the wheat firlot, 2211 cubic
inches.

Fir’MaAMENT, Latin jirmamentum, from
firmus; a term which has been used with
great latitude as well by astronomers as
by poets. Some old astronomers re-
garded the orb of the fixed stars as the
firmament, but in scripture and common
language it is used for the middle regions
or expanse, appearing like an immense
concaye hemisphere. Many have consi-
dered the firmament a fluid matter, but
those whe first used the term must have
considered it a solid. In astrology, the
firmament is the eighth heaven.

Firman’, Ar. firmaun; an order, man-
date, permit, passport, &c., in India.

First Coat. In architecture, the laying
the plaster on the laths, or the rendering
on brick when only two coats are used.
When three coats are used, it is called
respectively pricking up and roughing in.

First Froirs. In church government,
the primitie; the profits of every spiri-
tual living for one year, given anciently
to the pope and afterwards to the sove-
reign.

, Fisc, Lat. fiscus, a basket; the treasury
of a prince, state, &c., or that to which
all things due to the public do fall.

Fiscat (see Fisc). 1. Revenue-——2.
An officer who has charge of the fise.——
3. In Scotland, a public officer appointed
to prosecute in petty criminal cases.

1. (See IcurHyoLtocy).——2. A
machine to hoist and draw up the flukes
of a ship’s anchor.——3. A long piece of
timber concave on the one side and con-
vex on the other, used to strengthen
masts, &c., when sprung or damaged.

FisHED-BEAM, & beam bellying on the
underside.

Fisuery, a place where fish are caught
plentifully, as salmon among the lochs of
Scotland, Aerrings among the Hebrides,
piichards on the coast of Cornwall, coé on
the banks of Newfoundland, and whales
on the coasts of Greenland.

Fisx Gte, an instrument used to strike
fish at sea. It is similar to an eel-spear,

FisH-room, a space between the after-
hold and spirit-room of a ship.

Fis‘sttity, from jissus ; that property of
some bodies, as minerals, which renders
them divisible in the direction of the
grain or natural joints. Bodies of this
nature are called fissile.

Fissr’para, Lat. jfindo, I divide, and
pario, I engender; applied to those ani-
mals which propagate by spontaneous fis-
sion, or the detachment of a portion of
the body, having an inherent power of
growth.

Fis’strep, from jissus and pes ; ananimal
whose toes are not connected by a mem-
brane.

Fisstros’rrEs, from jissus and rostrum ;
a family of passerine birds of which the
beak is short, broad, slightly hooked, un-
emarginated, and with an extended com-
missure,so that the opening of the mouth
is very large. The family comprises the
swallows and goat-suckers.

Fis‘svus, cleft, cloven; applied to leaves
and pods which are divided into segments

Fis’t1c-nut, the pistachio-nut, the fruit

of a large tree, the Pistacia vera. It re-
sembles a filbert.
Fis’ruta (Latin), a pipe. A wind in

strument originally a reed (a whistle). In
surgery, a long and sinuous ulcer that has
a narrow opening, and is callous within.

Fistuta’Na, a genus of molluscs: order
Acephala testacea ; family Inclusa. Brought
recently only from the Indian Ocean; but
form a fossil throughout Europe. The
tube resembles a bottle.

Fistuta’rIa, a genus of Acanthoptery-
gious fishes, the name of which is derived
in particular from the tube (jistula) com-
mon to the whole family of fistularide.

FistuLar’ip#, a family of Acanthopte-
rygious fishes, characterised by a long
Jistula or tube in the fore-part of the
cranium. ;

Fis’rutirorm, from jistula and forma,
In round hollow columns.

Five Points. The principal points of
controversy between the Calvinists and
Arminians, brought to a decision by the
Synod of Dort. They were predestina-
tion, satisfaction, regeneration, grace,
and final perseverance.

Frxep Arr, the old name for carbonic
acid, because found fixed in limestone.

Fixep ALKaties. Potash and soda, in
contradistinction to ammonia, the volatile
alkali.

Frxep Bopy, a body which bears a high
- without evaporation or yolatilisa-

on.

Fixep Eneine. On railzoays, a station-
ary engine.

Fixep O:ts, oils not r2adi:y volatilssed ;
in distinction from rolatse and essentras 04

FLA 332

FLE

Fixep Signs. An arbitrary denomina-
tion which some astronomers have given
to the signs Taurus, Leo, Scorpio, and
Aquarius, the seasons being considered
most fixed when the sun is in these signs.

Fixep Srars, are those which con-
stantly main the same relative posi-
tion with regard to each other, in con-
tradistinction to planet and comets, which
are constantly changing their positions.

Fixiry, the property by which bodies
resist the action of heat, so as not to rise
in vapour.

Fixrvres. In law, a term generally
applied to all articles of a personal nature
aifixed to land.

FLavet’LirogM, Lat. flabelliformis, fan-
shaped. Applied to plants.

Frac. 1. In botany, several aquatic
plants, which have long sword-like leaves,
are called tlags (see Acorns and Inis.)——
2. In naval and military affairs, a general
name for colours, standards, banners, en-
signs, &c. The first fiag in Great Britain
is the royal standard; the second is the
*‘ anchor of hope,” the third is the union-
flag,

Fracet’tants, a fanatical sect who
arose in Italy, a.p. 1260, who maintained
that flagellation was of equal virtue with
baptism and thesacrament. They accord-
ingly walked in procession with bare
shoulders, and lashed themselves till the
blood flowed down their bodies.

Fracer’tum, Lat. dim. of flagrum, a
whip; a small whip. A runner or twig
which runs out long and slender, as that
of the strawberry.

Frac’zoLer (Fr.), a wooden musical
wind instrument, played with a mouth-
piece, and furnished with holes and keys
for fingering.

Fiac-orricers, those who command the
several squadrons of a fleet, as admirals,
vice-admirals, and rear-admirals.

Fuac-suip, a ship commanded by a
flag-officer, who has a right to carry a
tiag, in contradistinction to the secondary
ships under his command.

FLAKE-wHITE, properly a subnitrate of
bismuth (pearl-white), but the name is
frequently given to pure white lead.

Fra’‘ky, Sw. flake, a layer. Having
scales or lamine.

Frame, Fr. and Germ. flamme, Lat. flam-
ma, the combustion of a mixture of an
inflammable gas, as hydrogen with air,
maturally ascending in a stream from
burning bodies, being specifically lighter
than common air.

Fra’mEn (Lat.),a priest among the Ro-
mans. There were three so called: the
Flamen Dialis, consecrated to Jupiter;
the Flamen Martialis, sacred to Mars, and
the Flamen Quirinalis, who superintended
the rites of Quirinus or Romulus.

Fuamin’co corrup. from Sp. and Port.

Slamenco, from flamma, flame. Phenicop-
terus ruber, Lin., found in all parts of the
eastern continent below 40° ; and an Ame-
rican species, the Phenicopterus ruber ot
Temminck. They take their name from
the purple-red of the back, and rose-
coloured wings. They feed on shell-fish.

FLANCHE, > projecting piece, forming

France. jpart of an iron girder or
framework. The flanges of castings are
commonly placed flat against one another,
and holes are drilled through each, for the
passage of bolts to secure them together.

Fuanx. 1. In military tactics, a term
synonymous with the side, as distinguished
from the front or rear of an army.——2
fortification, that part of a bastion which
reaches from the curtain to the face: it is
aline drawn from the extremity of the
face towards the inside of the works.——
3. In architecture, the last side of a pa-
vilion, by which it is joined to the main
building. The flank-walis ofa bridge, &c.,
are the wing or return walls.

FrasHeE, a description of sluice upon
navigable rivers, erected for the purpose
of raising the water over shoals, &c.,
while vessels are passing.

FrasuH'1nes. In architecture, pieces of
lead or other metal, let into the joints of
a wall, so as to lap over the gutters or
other conduit pieces, and prevent the
a of rain injuring the interior
works.

Frat. In music, a character 0, of which
the effect is to lower the note to which it
is affixed a semitone minor.—In architec-
ture, that part in the covering of a house,
of lead or other metal, which is laid hori-
zontal; also synonymous with storey, in
speaking of the number of fioors or storeys
of a house.

Fuar’ren a Sait, to extend it fore and
aft, whereby its effect is lateral only.

Fiartine. In gilding, the giving of
the work a light touch in places not fur-
nished with size, in which there is some-
times a very little vermilion.——2.
house-painting, the mode of finishing
without leaving a gloss on the surface, by
using a greater proportion of turpentine
and unboiled oil.

Fra’vous, Lat. flavus, yellow. Of a
yellow colour.

Frax, Sax. fleax. The inner bark or
bast of the Linum usitatissimum, which is
spun into yarn for weaving linen webs ;
also the plant which produces it. The
New Zealand fiax (from the Phormium
tenazx), issaid to exceed that cultivated in
Europe in strength and whiteness of fibre.

Fream (Wel. fem). In farriery, an in-

a
strument used for bleeding horses and

gore sun

ee ae

——

333

FLO

FLO
cows. The cutting edge a is placed upon
a yein,and driven in with a small wooden

mallet.

F.ierct, ORDER OF THE GOLDEN, one of
the most distinguished among European
orders of knighthood.

Frecue. In /fortification,a simpleredan,
usually constructed at the foot of a glacis.

Preer, Sax. flota, fliet. A squadron of
ships, more particularly ships of war.
Also, a sea term used for shortening or
taking up anything, after it has been
stretched out.

Frr’misx Scxoot. In painting, the works
of this school are distinguished by the
most perfect knowledge of chiaro-scuro,
high finishing, an admirable union of
colours, and by a flowing, luxurious
pencil.

FLEsH-BRUSsH, a brush for rubbing the
surface of the body, to excite the cuta-
neous circulation.

FLevR-DE-LIs, tee heraldry, a bear-

FLevR-pE-LEvCcE. J ing representing the
lily, called the queen of flowers. The
arms of France are the fleur-de-lis or, in
a field of azure.

Frexisi'iry, Lat. fecto,I bend. That
property of bodies, in virtue of which,
when a sufficient force is applied to them,
they change their form and are bent: op-
posed to stiffness and to brittleness.

Frex’or. In anatomy,a name common
to those muscles, the office of which is to
bend the joints: the jlezors are the anta-
gonists of the extensors.

Friex’vovs, Lat. fleruosus, full of turn-
ings: applied to stems of plants, &c.,
which form angles alternately from right
to left, or are zigzag.

Fiex’crA. In mammology, the joint
between the antibrachium and carpus,
usually called the fore-knee in the horse,
corresponding to the wrist in man.

Frex’vre, Lat. ferura, a bending. A
term used to signify that a curve is both
concave and convex with respect to a
given right line. The point of bending is
called the point of flexure.

Firm, Sax. flint. Siliceous earth nearly
pure. (Silex 98, lime 0°5, alumina 0°25,
oxide of iron 0°25, water 1). It occurs
plentifully in the upper chalk, dispersed
in parallel beds, but as yet no plausible
theory has been advanced for its presence.
—Flint glass or crystal is a species of glass,
in the manufacture of which flint was
formerly employed.

Fuin’ty Stare. This differs from the
common slate in containing more siliceous
earth. When it ceases to have the slaty
fracture it becomes hornstone, or the
petrosilex of the French mineralogists.

Froat. 1. A raft.——2. The water-
gauge of asteam-boiler. This is usually
a piece of whinstone partially suspended
and partly floating upon the surface of

the water. Its use is to regulate the sup-
ply of water in the boiler, by operating
upon the valve at the top of the feed-pipe.

FLoat-soarps, the boards fixed to un-
dershoot water wheels, to receive the im-
pulse of the falling stream, and to paddle-
wheels, being the means whereby they
act.

Froatep LATH AND PuatsTER. In ar-
chitecture, plastering of three coats, of
which the first is termed pricking up (see
First Coat) ; the second floating or floated
work, and the last fine stuff.

Froar’ine. Among plasterers, the spread-
ing of stucco or plaster on the surface of
walls, called also rendering and setting, by
means of a straight edge, called a float.

FruoarT Ine Briver. The miiitary float-
ing bridge is a sort of double bridge, the
upper one projecting beyond the lower
one, and capable of being moved forward
by pulleys; used for transferring troops
across moats. The civil floating bridge is
a description of steam vessel, employed
for ferrying passengers and goods across
rivers, &c. It is a flat-bottomed vessel,
with drawbridges at each end, by which
carriages may be run on board by the
horses. The leaves are slightly raised
during the passage, and the bridge is
guided by chains laid across the bottom
of the river, and secured at each end by
counterbalancing weights.

Frioar’1ne CLouen, a moveable machine
for scouring out channels or inlets. It is
constructed of timber, and upon being
floated to the required spot is sunk, and
the flaps connected with it, and which
have scrapers attached, are then let down
upon the banks. The force of the tide
pushes it along, when it clears away all
obstructions in its course. The re-action
of the tide brings it back again.

Frioat’Ine CoLiim’aTor, jee instru-

Froat’ine Intersec’ror. J) ment intends
ed to supply the place of alevel or plumb-
line, in making astronomical observa-
tions aboard of ships. It consists of a
rectangular box containing mercury, on
which a mass of cast-iron is floated, and
furnished with a small telescope having
cross-Wwires.

Froarine Licut, a hollow vessel of
tinned-iron plate, made in the form ofa
boat, with a reflector and lanthorn, which
is lighted, and the apparatus lowered to
the rescue of any one happening to fall
overboard during the night.

Froatr’nc Scups. In architecture, strips
of plaster arranged and nicely adjusted
for guiding the floating rule. See FLoarep

ORK.

Froar’1Ine Meapows, meadow lands, the
surface of which is flat, adjoining a river
or other source of water, with which they
can be flooded at pleasure.

FLoaT’sTOoNE, &@ name common to the

FLO S24

FLU

white and grey porous varieties of rhom-

e quartz, which, in consequence
of their porosity, float on the surface of
water.

Froc’c1. In botany, the woolly filaments
found mixed with the sporules of many
Gastromyci. Applied also to the external
filaments of Byssacee.

Froccixa‘tion, from floccus ; picking of
the bed-clothes. A symptom of great
danger in acute diseases.

Froc’cvus. In mammology, the tuft of long
fiaccid hairs which terminate the tail.

Frorrz, Germ. flstz. A name given by
Werner to certain rocks, because they are
fiat, horizontal, and parallel to each other.
The floetz formations lie immediately
over the transition rocks, and contain
fossils. The term is not now technical.

FLoop-Gate or Stuice. A gate or sluice
that may be opened or shut for the admis-
sion or exclusion of water: used in rivers,
canals, docks, and reservoirs.

Froop-mMark. The mark which the sea
makes on the shore at high tide: the
high-water mark.

Frooxins. In mining, a shifting of a
lode by a cross vein.

Fook, folded or folding. In architec-
ture, one in which the floor-boards are so
laid that their joints do not appear conti-
nuous throughout the length of the floor,
but in bays or folds of three, four, or more
boards each. Straight joint Jioor, on the
contrary, its seams continuous
throughout.

Froor-ctotx. A useful substitute for
carpet, consisting of canvas saturated
with seven coats of oil, and painted with
a great variety of patterns.

Froor-rimzerrs (of a ship), are those
timbers placed immediately across the
keel, and upon which the bottom of the
ship is framed.

Fio’na, Lat. from jflos, a flower. The
plants peculiar to a country constitute its

Jlora, as the animals do its fauna.

Frora’tis, a festival observed by the
Romans, in honour of Flora, the goddess
of flowers.

Fron’'tp, Lat. floridus, from jfloreo, to
flower, embellished with flowers. The

Jorid Gothicis an elaborate kind of Gothic
architecture, filled with points, ramifica-
tions, mullions, &c. The term jorid is
also applied to a composition, either lite-
rary or musical, when too much embel-
lished with figures and flowers of the
literary and musical sorts.

Fior’mn, a coin originally made in Flo-
rence. The name is given to different
coins of gold or silver, and of different va-
lues in different countries. It is also used

as amoney of wre oe
Froe’cubar, t. flosculosus, having
littie tlorets. A fioscu-

Fins'cvious,:
Fos cuioas. ) ivse aided is one com-

posed of florets, with funnel-shapcé
petals, as in burdock, thistle, and arti-
choke. Linnzus applies the word tu-
bulose.

Fros’cute, Lat. flosculus,a floret. One
of the flowers of a compound or floscular
flower.

Fos Fer’ns (Lat. ), flower of iron. A
mineral
which occurs in little cylinders, some-
times branched like coral. It has a silky
lustre, fibrous structure, and is often very
white. It takes its name from being often
found in cavities of veins of sparry iron
ore, but contains no iron.

Foss, Lat. flos,a flower. 1. A downy
substance, found in the husks of certain
plants.——2. A fiuid glass floating upon
the iron of a puddling furnace, resul
from the vitrification of the oxides and
earths which are present.

Foss S1ix, the ravelled silk broken off
in the filature of the cocoons. It is carded
like cotton or wool, and spun into a soft
coarse yarn or thread, for making bands,
shawls, sotks, &c

Fror’sam. In aye a term for goods lost
by shipwreck, but which are floating in
the sea. See JeTsam and Lacan.

Fiovur'tsH. In music,a prelude played
with bold and irregular notes, without
attention to rule.

Fiow’er, Lat. flos, floris. The flower
comprehends all the organs of a plant
which are preparatory and necessary to
the ero and perfection of the
fruit and seed. These organs are the
poi ape corolla, nectary, stamen, and pistil ;
but the essential parts are the anther and
stigma, which are sufficient to form a
tiower, either together, in hermaphrodite
flowers, or separate, in male and female
flowers.

Fiow’ers, an appellation given by the
old chemists to substances obtained in a
minutely crystalline form by aubilichitian.
Thus there were flowers of benzoin, of
sulphur, &c.

¥. L.8., abbreviation of Fraternitatis
Linnene Socius, Fellow of the Linnzan
Society.

Frv’can, a name chiefly used by the
Cornish miners for 2 fault or dam.

Fuv’ent. In fluxions, the flowing quan,
tity, or that which is continually increas:
ing or decreas

Fiv’1p, Lat. fluidus, from jluo, to flow. A
term applied, 1. adjectively, to express that
state of matter in which its particles are
freely moveable in all directions with re-
spect to each other, as opposed to the
solid state, in which the particles more
firmly cohere, and require more or less
aay to separate them.——2. substantively,

designate a body in the fluid state.
Fluids are divided into liquids, the par-
ticles of which, though rs Laan on each

—— =

FLU

335

FLY

other and easily separated, are held to-
gether by a feeble cohesion; and elastic
Siuids, gases, or aériform fluids, between
the particles of which there is a certain
degree of repulsion, and which, when
unconfined, tend to diffuse themselves
through space. The property of fluid bo-
dies, by which they yield to any force
impressed, is called fluidity.

Five, from Germ. pflug,a plough. 1. The
broad part of an anchor, which takes hold
of the ground.——2. A fish, the plaice.

Fuivogor’ic Acip, a gaseous acid ob-
tained by heating in a retort 12 sulphuric
acid with a mixture of 1 fused boracic
acid and 2 fluor spar.

“Frv’oric Acip. The substance described
by Gay-Lussac, Margraff, and others,
under this name, is now considered acom-
pound of hydrogen and fluorine, and
hence is called hydrofluoric acid (q. v.).

F.iv’orIDE, a compound of fluorine and
a metal, as fluor spar, which is a fluoride
of calcium.

Fiv’ortneE, an elementary body, which
has not hitherto been obtained in sufficient
quantity, in an insulated state, for exa-
mination. It forms the basis of hydro-
fluoric acid, and exists in nature as a com-
ponentofa few minerals, of which fluor
spar is the most common.

Frv’or Span,a native fluoride of cal-
cium, thus named from fluo, to flow,

use used as a flux for metals. The
coloured specimens are popularly known
under the name of Derbyshire spar. It
crystallises in the cubic system, with re-
gular octahedral and tetrahedral cleava-
ges. Sp. gr. 3°198.

Fuvositic'Ic Actp, a binary compound
of silicon and fluorine. It is a colourless
gas; 100 cubic inches weigh 112 grs.

Fivusu. 1. A term ina game at cards,
where they are all of a suit.——2. A join-
er’s term to denote the continuity of two
or more parts to the same surface.

FrusH anp Beap. See Beap anp FiLusuH.

FiusH Deck, a deck without a half-
deck or forecastle.

Fuus’rra, the sea-mat. A genus of z00-
ot beg resembling the millepores, the cells

ing inhabited by polypi. The fiustre
are observable in patches of white calca-
reous matter on every sea-weed and shell,
appearing like delicate lace, and when
taken fresh from the water present the
appearance of fine net-work.

Frvure. 1. A musical wind instrument,
consisting of a tube about eighteen inches
in length, furnished with lateral holes at
the side, for the purpose of fingering.
This is the English flute; but the German
fiute is formed of several joints or pieces
screwed into each other, with holes, and
several keys, to modify the tones to the
various sharps and flats. In this sense
the term is from fio, fiatus, to blow.——2.

In architecture, see FLutincs.——~3. In na-
vigation, a small vessel or boat wiia fiat
ribs, to carry provisions for fleets or squa-
drons. In this sense the term is a different
orthography of. float or flota, Germ. fléte.

Fivurep, grooved, channelled, furrowed.

Fuiv’tines, )In architecture, longitu-

FLures. dinal cavities or channels
cut in the shaft of a column or pilaster.
Fluting is employed chiefly in the Ionic
order, sometimes in the Composite and
Corinthian, rarely in the Doric and Tus-
can. Fluted columns are sometimes
termed reeded.

Frvx, Lat. fluaus,a flowing. Any flow
or issue of matter. In nosology,a general
name for diarrhoea, dysentery, and cho-
lera. In chemistry, a name for any admix-
ture to promote the fusion of earths or
metallic ores by heat. White flux is the
residuum of the defiagration of two parts
nitre, and one part cream of tartar: it is
a carbonate of potash. Black flux is ob-
tained by deflagrating equal parts of nitre
and tartar.

Frvx’ton, Lat. fluzio,a flowing. A term
used by the old chemists synonymously
with fusion. In mathematics, the term
JSluxion denotes the fluents,or flowing quan-
tities, increase or decrease ; and jfluxions
denotes that branch of analysis wherein
magnitudes of every kind are supposed to
be generated by motion ; aline by the mo-
tion ofa point, a surface by the motion of a
line, and a solid by the motion of a surface.
The increments are also sometimes called
JSluxions, but more commonly fluents.

Fry or Fiy-wnHeext. In mechanics, a
heavy wheel employed for equalising the
motion and increasing the effect of ma-
chines, revolving upon an axle, after the
same principle as a counterbalancing
weight. The general object is to conduct
the motion over the dead points, or those
parts where the crank has least effect, as
in stationary steam engines.—The fly of
the mariner’s compass is that part on which
the 32 points are described.

Fry-zoat. 1. A large flat-bottomed
Dutch-built vessel: burden from 400 to
600 tons: named also jlight——2. A long
narrow boat used on canals, called other-
wise a swift-boat.

Fry’ers. In architectwre, stairs that do
not wind, but go straight forward, the .
steps being all parallel.

Fiy'Inc-surrress. In Gothic architec-
ture, a buttress built as an arch, springing
from a solid mass of masonry, and abut-
ting against the springing of another
arch. Its office is to act as a counterpoise
against the vaulting of the nave.

Fiy'Ine-risu, the Exocetus volitans,Lin.,
which is able by the vibration of its large
pectoral fins to rise above the water when
pursued, and to maintain itself in the air
for a few seconds.

FOI 336

FOO

Fiy’tna-pin’ton, that part of a clock
having a fly or fan, by which it beats the
air, and thereby checks the velocity of
the descent of the weight in the striking
department. ~

Fry-or’cuis, a plant, the orchis muci-
Sera, supposed to bear some resemblance
to a fly.

Focitz. In anatomy, the ulna and the
radius haye been denominated by the
barbarous appellations of focile majus and
minus ; the tibia and fibula have also been
so called.

Fo'cus, Lat. focus, a fireplace or hearth.
A point in which light, and consequently
heat, is concentrated. In optics, the focus
is a point where several rays are collected
together in consequence of reflection or
refraction. The focus of a glass is the
point of convergence where the rays cross
the axis after their refraction by the glass.
The focus of a parabola is a point in the
axis within the figure, and distant from
the vertex by a fourth part of the para-
meter or latus rectum. The foci of an
ellipse are two points, one towards each
end of the longer axis, whence two right
lines being drawn to any point in the
circumference, shall be together equal to
that of the longer axis. The focus of a
Ayperbola is a point in the principal axis
(within the opposite hyperbola), - from
which, if any two lines are drawn, meet-
ing in the curve of either of the opposite
hyperbolas, the difference of these lines
will be equal to the shortest transverse
diameter.

Fop’pErR or Forner. 1. The name of a
weight by which lead and some other me-
tals are sold: it varies from 20 to 23 cwts.
in different parts of the kingdom.——2. A
name for dry food for cattle, horses, and
sheep, as hay, straw, &c.; newly cut grass,
&e., go by the name of green fodder ; straw
and dry hay go by the name of-dry fodder.

_ Foe, Ital. sfogo, an exhalation. A dense
watery vapour, exhaled from the earth,
rivers, lakes, &c., floating in the atmo-
sphere, usually close on the surface of the
earth. It appears to differ from mist,
which is the condensed moisture of the at-
mosphere forming rain in very small drops.

Foc-Bank, an appearance, in hazy wea-
ther, which frequently resembles land at
a distance, but which vanishes as you
approach it.

For. 1. Fr. fewille,a leaf of metal, as
tin foil. Among jewellers, a thin leaf of
metal, as gold, silver, tin, &c., placed
under bits of glass cut like gems, to give
them the appearance of particular stones.

e same artifice is employed to improve
the appearance of inferior gems.——2.
Wel. fwyl, an elastic piece of steel, or a
small sword, without a point, or with a
preee or piece of cork on the point, used

in fencing for exercise.

Foup. In agriculture, a temporary en-
closure for keeping cattle qr other ani-
mals together.—In painting, the lapping
of one piece of drapery over another.

Fo’trace. In architecture, a group of
leaves of plants, so arranged as to form
an appropriate ornament, as in friezes,
panels, and the Corinthian order.

Fo'LiaTE, the name of a curve, whose
equation is z* + y° = axy, having some
resemblance to a leaf.

Fo’tto. 1. In account books, a paue, oF or
rather both the right and left-hand
tiene being expressed by the same

A folio book is one in which the
leaves are formed by once doubling a
sheet of paper, the sheet making thereby
two leaves.

Fo’tioLz, Lat. foliolum, from folium, a
leaf. A leafiet or little leaf.

Fotx’tanp, copyhold land, or land held
by the commonalty at the will of the lord.

Fot’Kmore, Sax. folegemote, conventus
populi. A term used before the Norman
conquest, to denote the annual assembly
of the people, answering in some measure
to the modern parliament.

Fotxstone Mart, a stiff marl, better
known by the provincial term Galt,

For’ticte, Lat. folliculus, a little bag.
In anatomy, a simple gland.In botany, a
one-yalved pericarp or seed-vessel.

Fo’matHavt. In astronomy, a star of
the first magnitude, in the constellation
Aquarius.

Fo’'mes (Lat.), fuel. A term in medical
language for any porous substance capa-
ble of absorbing and retaining contagious
effluvia. Wool and woollen cloth are
among the most active fomites.

Font or Fount, a complete assortment
of printing types of one size, including a
due proportion of all the letters of the
alphabet, large and small, points, accents,
and whatever else is necessary for print-
ing with letter.

Fontanett’, Fr. fontanelle. An interstice

in the infant cranium, between the frontal

and parietal bones, is commonly called
the mould, and scientifically the anterior
fontanel; and a lesser vacancy, between
the occipital and parietal bones, is termed
the posterior fontanel. These interstices
are subsequently filled up with osseous
deposit.

Foots, Feast or. A festival anciently
celebrated in every church and monastery
in France, on New-Year’s-Day, in which
every absurdity and indecency was prac-
tised. It was equivalent to the Sa
of the Romans.

Foot, the lower extremity of the leg.
Animals are distinguished with respec*
to the number of their feet, as Meets, Ene
drupeds, and multipeds.—Foot is also ert
name of a measure of neh consisting of
12 inches, supposed to have been taken

—_-

FOR

337

FOR

the length ofaman’s foot. Asquare

is the same measure both in length
and breadth; a cubic foot is the same
measure in all the three dimensions,
length, breadth,and thickness. In poetry,
a foot is a certain number of syllables con-
stituting part of a verse, as an iambus,
dactyl or spondee. In military language,
soldiers who serye on foot are called foot
or infantry, as distinguished from cavalry.

FoorinG-BEAM, a name given to the
tie-beam of a roof in some parts of the
country.

Foortne (of a wall) ; a projecting course
of stone or brick, at the base of a wall or
building, intended to give greater stability
and support.

Foortnc Dormant. Incarpentry, aname
for the tie-beam of a roof.

Foor-Pace, a flat part in a stair or hand-
railing, between the first step and the
landing place.

Foorstatx. In botany, a partial stem
supporting a leaf: a petiole. :

Foorwatine (of a ship), the ceiling or
planking lining the inside of the ship
below. i

Fora’Men (Lat.), a little opening, from
foro, to pierce. A name in anatomy for
various perforations in several parts of
the body. In botany, the opening that
exists in the integuments ofevery ovulum.

Force. In mechanics, is that which
causes or tends to cause a change in the
state of a body as to motion or rest. This
is sometimes termed active force, in con-
tradistinction to what merely resists or
retards the motion of another, but is it-
self apparently inactive. The degree of
resistance to any motion is measured by
the active force required to overcome that
resistance, and h«nce writers on me-
chanics make use of the terms resisting
forces and retarding forces. -

Force-pump or LORCING-PUMP, a pump
differing from the
lifting or sucking
pump in having its
piston solid or with-
outa valve,andalso
in having a side-
pipe through which
the water is forced, |
instead of rising in
a perpendicular di-
rection, as in the
others. See Pump.

Forcer. 1. The
solid piston of a
force-pump. — 2. A
force-pump.

Forcistt Entry
and Deratner. In
law, an offence com- a
mitted by violently taking possession of
lands and tenements with force, and
without legal authority.

For’cinc. In horticulture, a method of
producing fruits, &c., before their mature
time or season.

Fore, a nautical term for near the
stem, as “‘ fore and aft,” i.e. from stem to
stern.

Forr’castit, a short deck in the fore-
part of a ship above the upper deck,
usually terminated in ships of war with
a breast-work.

Fore-ctose. In law, to exclude or bar
the equity of redemption on mortgages,
and thereby to cut off the power of the
mortgager to redeem the mortgaged
property. "

Fo’rE-Froot, a piece of timber at the
fore extremity of the keel.

Forr’HAnD. In the manége, the part of
a horse which is before the rider.

Fore’mast, the mast of a ship or other
vessel which is placed in the forecastle,
and carries the foresail and foretop-sail
yards.

Forr’suore, that sloping part of a shore
comprehended between the high and low-
water marks.

ForeEsHORT’ENING. In painting, the art
of conveying to the mind the impression
of the entire length of an object when it
is represented as viewed in an oblique or
receding position, in which case the ac-
tual vision of it is in line on the receding
side.

Fore-staFF, a rude instrument formerly
used at sea for taking altitudes.

ForestTat’Lina, the buying or contract-
ing for any cattle, provision, or merchan-
dise on the way to market, or dissuading
persons from buying their goods there, or
persuading them to raise the price, or
spreading any false rumour with intent
to enhance the value of an article.

Fore’stay. Ina ship’s rigging, a large
strong rope reaching from the foremast
head towards the bowsprit end, to sup-
port the mast.

Foreracktz (ofaship). The tackle on
the foremast.

Fore’ror (of a ship). The platform
erected at the head of the foremast.

Forerop-mast, the mast erected at the
head of the foremast, and at the head of
which stands the foretop-gallant-mast.

For’FreitukE, Lat. forfisfactura, expul-
sion. The punishment of an illegal act,
according to which the owner of property
is deprived of all interest therein, and the
property delivered to the injured party
by way of recompense.

Force (Eng. and Fr.). Thename either
of the furnace where wrought iron is
hammered and fashioned with the aid of
heat, or the great work-shop where iron
is made malleable. The former is a smith’s
forge, the latter a shingling mill.

ForGET-ME-NOT, a small herbaceous
plant, the Myosotis palustris, which bears

“A

FOR 338

FOU

a beautiful blue flower, the emblem of
fidelity in matters of love. It holds a
conspicuous place in bouquets.

Fortorn’-Hore. In military affairs, a
detachment of men (volunteers) ap-
pointed to lead in an assault, or to per-
form any service attended with imminent
peril, thus named from the small hope
they have of surviving.

Form. 1. In physiology, the essential
and distinguishing modification of the
matter of which a body is composed. This
is essential form.——2. In general physics,
the exterior appearance or surface of a
body, or the disposition of its parts as to
length, breadth, and thickness.——3. In
printing, pages or columns of type pro-
perly arranged, enclosed and locked inan
iron frame called a chase, ready to be put
to press; there are two forms for each
sheet.—4. In ethics, the manner of being
or doing a thing according to certainrules,
thus we have a form of government.——
5. In law, the rules requisite to be ob-
served in legal proceedings are called
forms.

For’ma Pav’renis. In law, when a per-
son has just cause of a suit, and swears
that he is not worth five pounds sterling,
he is allowed te plead in formé pauperis,
i.e., without paying any fee, counsel and
attorneys being assigned to him.

Forma’rions. In geology, regular alter-
nations of strata over each other. The
term is designed to convey the idea, that
the strata, composing the earth’s crust,
have been formed at different and dis-
tant periods ; hence those strata, supposed
to have been formed during one geologi-
cal period, constitute a formation. Thus
the strata of shale, sand-stone, and iron-
stone, which accompany coal-beds, are
called the coal formation.

For’mepon. In law, a writ of right
which lies for him who has right to lands
or tenements by virtue of an entail.

Form’‘ica,the ant. An extensive genus
of hymenopterous insects of the hetero-
gynous family.

For’mic Acip, a peculiar acid, thus
named from its having been first found
in the red ant (formica rufa). It is now
formed artificially by distilling a mix-
ture of 10 tartaric acid, 14 black oxide of
manganese, and 15 concentrate sulphuric
acid, with 20 or 30 of water: the colour-
less liquid which comes over is formic
acid. It consists of 2 vols. carb. oxide,
and 1 vol. vapour of water.

For’muta, Lat. dim. of forma. A pre-
scribed form.——1. In theology, a profes-
sion of faith——2. In pharmacy, a pre-
scription for the preparation of medicines.
—3. In algebra, a theorem or general
rule.—4. Chemical formule are symbols
representing the different substances,
@imple and compound.

For’n1x (Latin), an arch or yault. The
Jorniz of the brain is the part beneath the
corpus callosum. It is so calied, from its
somewhat resembling the arches of an-
cient vaults. The fornix of a shell is the
excavated part under the umbo.

For’te. In music, an Italian term,
being a direction to sing with strength of
voice.

Forte Piano. In music,an Italian com-
pound, signifying the art of enforcing or
enfeebling sounds in imitative melody, as
is done in speech, which it imitates.

Fortirica’tion, from fort. That species
of architecture called military, used for
defence against the attack of an enemy,
showing how to fortify a place with ram-
parts, parapets, moats, and other bul-
warks.

Forrtis‘stmo, the Italian superlative of
forte (q. v.), implying *‘ very loud.”

d For’tRetT or For’rin, a sconce or small
ort. 3

Fo’num. In Roman antiquity, any pab-
lic place, as a market, court of law, or
place where causes were judicially tried,
and orations delivered to the people,

Foss, | Lat. fossa. A ditch, applied in

Foss, § fortification to the moat lying
between the scarp and counterscarp, and
in anatomy to any little furrow or sinus.

Fos’sa (Lat.). In geology, depressions on
the external surface. Fossa ovalis, a de-
pression in the right auricle of the heart.

Fos’stz, Lat. fossilis, from fodio, to dig;
dug out of the earth. The term is now
commonly used substantively to express
the remains of animal or vegetable sub-
stances found buried in the strata of the
earth’s crust.

Fos’stt-Co’pat, Highgate resin ; a resi-
nous substance found in perforating the
bed of blue clay at Highgate, near London.
It appears to be a true vegetable resin.

Fosso’rss (diggers). A family of hymen-
opterous insects armed with a sting, and
in which the individuals of both sexes
are furnished with wings and live soli-
tarily ; and in which the legs are adapted
for walking, and in some for digging
They compose the genus Spher, Lin.

Fosso’r1at, Lat. fodio, to dig. In z90-
logy, animals which dig their retreats and
seek their food in the earth. :

Foru’sr. 1. A weight of lead, &c., con-
taining 8 pigs (see Fopper.)——2. Among
seamen, to fother is to endeavour to stop
a leak in the bottom of a vessel while
afloat, by letting down a sail by the cor-
ners, and putting chopped yarn, oakum,
wool, &c., between it and the ship’s sides,
in order that these substances may be
sucked into the cracks, and the leak
stopped. This is fothering.

Fov’capE, a French term for a little
mine under some work or fortification,
to destroy it by explosion.

FOU 339

FRA

Fov’aass, Lat. focata. In fortification,a
amali mine six or eight feet under ground.

Founp. In architecture, the trench or
excavation madé to receive the founda-
tion stones of a wall.

Foun‘pER. In farriery, a painful spe-
cies of lameness occasioned by infiamma-
tion within the horse’s hoof; hence called
also foot-founder.

Foun’pry, the place or works where
founding of metals is carried on. (

Foun’rain, from font. Properly a spring
or stream of water rising up through the
superficial strata of the earth. The word
accords in sense with well, but that term
is now restricted to an artificial pit dug
to receive and contain water either by
drainage of the surface, or from the inte-
rior strata. There are also artificial foun-
tains of various forms, but all acting on
the principle of a pressure either from a
head of water or arising from the elasti-
city of the air. When fountains are
formed by the pressure of a head of
water, or any other fluid of the same
kind, with the fountain or jet, then will
this spout up nearly to the same height
as that head, allowing a little for the re-
sistance of the air, with that of the adju-
tage or tube, &c., in the fluid rushing
through; but when the fountain is pro-
duced by any other force than the pres-
sure of a column of the same fluid as it-
self, it will rise nearly to the altitude of
the fluid, whose pressure is equal to the
given force that produces the fountain.

FourteentH. In music, the octave or
replicate of the seventh; a distance com-

* prehending thirteen diatonic intervals.

FourtH. In music, a distance compre-
hending three diatonic intervals, or two
tones and a half.

Four-war Cock, } a description of

Four-way VALVE, J valve much used in
steam-engines for passing the steam to
the cylinder. A is the communication with

the steam-pipe, B the passage to the
upper end of the cylinder, C to the lower
end, and D the passage to the condenser,
By turning the centre a quarter of a revo-

Jution the action is reversed, and the

steam, instead of entering by the cylinder
at the upper end, will enter at the lower
end through C.

Fox, a name common to several species
of the genus Canis, Lin. The common fox,
found from Sweden to Egypt, is the C.
vulpes, Lin.; the tri-coloured fox of
America is the OC. cinereo-argenteus,
Schreb. ; the little fox of the prairies of
North America is the C. velox, Harl.; the
silver and black fox of North America is ©
the @. argentatus, Cuvy. The African
foxes are the Megalotis of Illiger. These
are remarkable for the size of their ears.
Fox is also applied to a particular kind of
strand made of rope-yarn.

Foxtain WEpeIne. In carpentry, a pe-
culiar mode of mortising, in which the
end of the tenon is notched beyond the
mortise, and is split, and a wedge in-
serted, which being driven forcibly in,
enlarges the tenon, and renders the joint
firm and immovable.

Frac’rion, from frango, to break. A
part of a whole: appropriately, a part of
an integer, as 4. Here the figure below
the line, called the denominator, shows
the number of parts into which the inte-
ger is divided, and the figure above the

ine, called the mnwmerator, shows the
number of these parts taken. Fractions
are called vulgar or common when the
denominator is written, and decimal, when
the denominator is 10, or a multiple
thereof, and not expressed (see Drcimat).
A fraction is moreover called simple when.
it is expressed by a single numerator and
denominator, as §, and compound when
two fractions are connected by the word
of, as $ of % When the numerator is less
than the denominator, the fraction is
proper, but itis said to be improper when
the numerator is the greater of the two
terms. Thus jisa proper fraction; but §
is an improper one. 7

Frac’rure, Lat. fractura. A breach in
any body, especially when caused by vio-
lence. Surgeons call the disruption of a
bone a fracture, and term it simple when
the bone only is divided, and compound
when the bone is broken with laceration
of the integuments. Mineralogists under-
stand by fracture the manner in which a
mineral breaks, and by which its texture
is displayed. They, therefore, speak of.
compact, fibrous, foliated, striated, con-
choidal, &c., fractures. Fracture is one
of the specific characters of minerals.

Frz'num (Latin), a bridle. A name
given by anatomists to several ligaments,
from their office in retaining and curbing
the motions of the parts they are fitted to.

FracMeEn’tary, composed of fragments ;
applied to rocks.

Fraise or Frieze. In fortification, a
kind of palisade or stake, placed horizon-
tally in the exterior face of such ram-

z 2

FRA

340

FRE

rts as have only half revetments, for
the purpose of preventing the assailants
from ascending.

FramBesa, Lat. frambesia, from Fr.
framboise,a raspberry. The yaws, a dis-
ease endemial to the Antilles and some
parts of Africa. It appears with excres-
cences like mulberries growing out of the
skin, which discharge an ichorous fiuid.

Frame. In carpentry, &c.,a name given
to the woodwork of windows enclosing
glass, and the outward work of doors or
window shutters enclosing panels , to the
timber work supporting floors, roofs, cei-
lings; to the intersecting pieces of tim-
ber forming partitions, &c. In ship-build-
ing, the frames consist of pairs of timbers,
composed of pieces of different lengths,
joining the floor timbers and carried up-
wards, those frames whose planes are per-
pendicular to the keel, are called square
frames; at the head and stern these
frames are inclined towards the extremi-
ties, and are called cant frames. The di-
visions of the ship in which are the
square and cant frames are called the
square and cant bodies.

Franc, an ancient coin of France. The
value of the gold franc was something
more than that of the gold crown, and the
silver franc was one third of its value.
The present franc is a silver Lyin worth
9°69 pence sterling, or 93d. nearly.

Francu'tse, from Fr. franc, free. A
particular privilege or right granted by a
sovereign to an individual, or number of
individuals. A franchise is: any particular
political privilege, giving a power to do
something, and may be vested either in
bodies politic, in borough towns, or in in-
dividuals, as the electoral franchise.

Franciscans, a name of the Grey-
friars. A religious order of St. Francis,
4 3 whom they were founded, about a.p.

200.

Fran’ctste, from frango, to break. A
term relating to the degree of force neces-
sary to separate one part of a body from
another by percussion: applied to mi-
nerals.
Frank Arzv. In law, an absolute right
to real estate. In Lower Canada, and also
in Guernsey and Jersey, acknowledging
no superior, and consequently not a
tenure.

FPRANK-ALMoIenz, free alms (Norm. al-
moignes, alms). A tenure by which a re-
ligious ‘corporation holds lands to them
and their successors for ever, oncondition
of praying for the soul of the deceased.

FRANK-CHASE, a liberty of free chase, or
of keeping royal game therein, protected
even from the owner of the land himself,
and with liberty of hunting them thereon.

FRANK-FEE, in law, is the same as hold-
img lands, &c. in fee-simple.

RANK-FERM, anciently signified lands

changed in the nature of the fee by feoff-
ment, and out of the knight’s service for
other certain yearly services.

FRANK-FOLD, is where the lord has the
liberty of folding his tenant’s sheep with-
in his manor.

FRANKFORT Brack, asubstance procured
by calcining vine-branches and other re-
fuse lees of the vinegar-vats of Germany,
previously well washed

FRANK-FREE, Germ. biirge, pledge.

Faaxn-riaven, | An ancient usage of

FREEBORG. o kinds. 1. That by
which every lord was made responsible
for the appearance of his own men or de-
pendants, when accused before justice.
2, Public frank-pledge is of obscure
origin. The inferior class of freemen were
enrolled in bodies called tythings, under
the superintendence of a tything-man: the
tything thus organised was bound for the
appearance of any one of its members.

FRANK’INCENSE, a name common to two
resinous juices. 1. That called thus, ob-
tained from the pinus abies, or spruce-
fir. 2. That obtained from the juniperus
lycia, a species of juniper-tree common in
Turkey and the East Indies. This last is
more commonly called frankincense. Itis
used as a perfume.

Frank’tne, a term used by the makers
of window sashes, and applied to the mode
of forming the joint, where the cross-
pieces of the frame intersect each other.

Franks. A general appellation, von-
ferred by the Turks and other Asiatics on
the inhabitants of Europe.

Fra’/trace, from frater,a brother. In
law, (1.) A partition among co-heirs com-
ing to thesame inheritance. (2.) The part
of an inheritance which comes to the
youngest brothers. i

Fraxi’nus, the ash-tree. A genus of
about forty species. Polygamia—Diecia.
Name from , On account, as some
say, of the noise which its seeds make
when the tree is shaken by the wind.
Temperate climates.

FReE-BENCH. In law, a widow’s dower
in a copyhold estate.

Freesooters, Germ. freibeuters. A set
of adventurers of all nations, who dis-
played great courage in executing the
most difficult plundering enterprises.
The term is applied to any one who re-
gards the universe as his property, and
appropriates, either furtively or forcibly,
the possessions of others.

Free-cHaseE. See FRaNK-CHASE.

Free’Hotp, lands or tenements held in
fee-simple, fee-tail, or for life. Freehold
in deed is real possession. Freehold in law
is the right of a person to lands, &e., but
does not imply possession. The term Free-
hold is sometimes taken in opposition to
villenage.

Free’“an. Inold law, one free from sere

cies lied

FRI 341

FRI

vitude. as distingaished from ritiain or

Yondsman. The name is now used to de-
_ Signate one who enjoys the freedom of a

city or borough town. :

Freemasonry. A well-known institu-
tion, the origin of which has given rise
to much needless speculation.

Free’THINKER. A term applied to those
who reject the ordinary modes of think-
ing in matters of religion. :

Freez’1nc Mixture, a mixture which,
by absorption of heat in liquefying, pro-
duces great cold, as a mixture of snow
and salt, which in the proportion of two
snow, and one salt, sinks the thermometer
to 5°.

*'Prencx Cuatx, tale in a completely
indurated form. It isa magnesian mineral,
much employed to remove greasy stains.

FRENCH-HORN, a musical wind instru-
ment, made of copper, and possessing a
range of three octaves. It is bent two or
three times round, and becomes gradually
wider towards the end, which in some
horns is ten inches over.

Fres‘co (Italian), shade, coolness.
Painting in fresco is done by drawing with
:olours diluted with water, on a wall
newly plastered, with the plaster of
which they are so incorporated, as to
perish only with the stucco itself. It is
called in fresco, by the Italians, because it
is frequently done on walls, alcoves, &c.
in the open air, or because of the coolness
or duskiness of the colours.

Fret. 1. In music, the stop of an instru-
ment, which regulates the vibration of
the strings, e.g. the short piece of wire
fixed on the finger-board of a guitar.——
2. In heraldry, a bearing composed of bars
crossed and interlaced. 3. In architec-
ture, a kind of ornamental work, formed
by rectangular channelled work, used on
fiat members.

Fric’rion, from frico, to rub. A general
mame for the attrition of bodies. The
term is applied, in mechanics, to denote
the resistance offered by the rubbing of
the parts of a machine or engine against
each other, upon the application of the
force necessary to put the same into action.
By reason of friction, a great part of the
effective power of machinery is lost, and
the several parts worn, and rendered de-
fective. It arises from roughness, or im-

rfection of the opposing surfaces, the

terposition of dust, moisture, &c. be-
tween them ; from the conjoint action of
gravity and cohesion, &c. It is modified
by the amount of rubbing surfaces in
contact. ‘

Friction Rotier, a description of
wheel much used in connection with in-
clined planes and fixed engines, to receive
the rope, and thereby to reduce the fric-
tion. See Surave.

Fsrzn’piy Socizrizs. Voluntary asso-

clatucns of subsvribers, for the purpose of
forming a fund for the assistance of mem-
bers in sickness, or on other occasions of
distress.

Frizze, Fr. from friser, to curl. Pro-
perly the nap on woollen cloth; hence a
kind of coarse woollen cloth or stuff with
a nap on one side.: The term frieze is
applied in architecture to denote a large
flat member of the entablature, comprised
between the architrave and the cornice,
supposed to have originated from the
projecting ends of the transverse beams,
resting on and fixed to the architrave.

FRIEZE’-PAN’EL, the upper panel of a
door of six panels.

Frieze Ratt, the rail next to the toprail
of a door of six panels.

Fries or Freya. See Onin.

Frie’ate, Fr. frégate, Span. and Port.
fragata. A ship of war larger than a sloop
or brig, and less than a ship of the line,
usually having two decks, and carrying
from 30 to 44 guns.

Frie’ate Bixps. They constitute the
genus Tachypetes, Vieillot. They differ
from the cormorants in their forked tail
and short feet, the membranes of which
are deeply emarginated. The species is
well known, the Pelicanus aguilas, Lin.
Its wings when expanded measure from
10 to 12 feet.

FRIGATE-BUILT, haying a quarterdeck
and forecastle raised above the main deck.

Fricatro’on, a Venetian vessel with 2
square stern, without a foremast, haying
only a main and mizenmast.

Frietp Zones. In geography, the two
zones comprehended between the poles
and the polar circles. They are the north
frigid zone at the north pole, and the
south frigid zone at the south pole.

Frieiva’x1um, Lat. frigidus, cold. In
ancient architecture, the apartment in
which the cold bath stood.

Frince (of mosses), a simple or double
row of separate or connected teeth, which
border the orifice of the capsule in almost
all the genera of mosses, and are origin-
ally covered by the lid and veil.

Frineiv'ta, a finch. A genus of pas-
serine birds. Family Conirostres. This
genus according to Linnzeus comprises
the weavers (Ploceus), the sparrows (Pyr-
gita), the finches (Fringilla), the gold-
finches (Carduelis), the linnets (Linaria),
the whidahs (Vidua), the grosbeaks (Coc-
cothraustes), the bullfinches (Pyrrhula),
and the Pitylus, according to the arrange-
ment of Cuvier.

Frit, fol materials of glass after

Fritt. J undergoing calcination, but
before fusion.

Friru or Firtn, an arm of the sea, the
opening of a river into the sea, Lat. fre-
tum, a narrow passable channel.

FUG

342

FUL

Feirueitp. In archeology, a guildhall,
also a company or fraternity.

Frirusoxen. In law, a liberty of hay-
ing frankpledge or surety of defence.

Froe. 1. In zoology (see Rana and
Hyta.)——2. In farriery, the hard frog-
like protuberance in the middle of the
lower part ofa horse's hoof, pointed to-
wards the forepart, and expanded towards
the heel like a wedge.

Fronp, Lat. frons, the leaf or bough of a
tree; now applied by botanists to the
cryptogamic plants only, to signify that
the stem, root, and leaf, are all in one, as
in the ferns, fuci, &c.

Fronves’cENcE, from Wanieees A term
in botany for the precise time of the year
and month in which a plant flowers.

Fron’rate, from frons,-dis. Anepithet
for leaves which continually become
broader, and at last perhaps terminate
in a right line: opposed to cuspate.

Fronr'is, Os, the frontal bone, or bone
forming the forehead.

Fron’tisprecs. 1. In architecture, the
ornamental front of a building.——2. An
ornamental engraving fronting the title-
page of a book.

Fron’ton. In architecture, a French
term used to denote an ornament over a
door or pediment.

F.R.S.,an abbrev. of Fraternitatis Re-
gi@ Socius, Fellow of the Royal Society.

Frus’‘tum. In geometry, a Latin word
for a part of a regularsolid next the base,
left by cutting off the top or segment by
a plane parallel to the base, as the frus-
tum of a cone, of a pyramid, of a conoid,
&c. The frustum of a sphere is any part
comprised between two parallel sections.

Foucn’s1a, a genus of arborescent plants.
Octandria—Monogynia. Warm climates,
as Chili and Mexico.

Fou’cus, the name of an extensive genus
of cryptogamic plants. Order Alg@. The
gulph weed, red dulce, sea girdle, and
hangers, daber locks, corsican worm-
weed, sea lentil, dulce or dills, sea oak or
sea wrack, &c., are all species, as indeed
are most of those plants called sea-weed,
some of which are eaten raw, as a salad,
others are used medicinally, some afford
soda, others contain iodine, and one spe-
cies when burned affords the vegetable
ZEthiops of the shops. Name fucus, from
Ux95; means simply a sea-weed, but the
term was also applied by the Romans to
certain dyes, &c.

Fur’ros. The term by which in Spain
the peculiar privileges of certain pro-
vinces are distinguished.

Fu’ea, 1) In music, a movement in

Fu’eve. j which the leading part or
first treble is followed by the second, the
second treble by the tenor, the tenor by
the bass, in close succession.

Fu’cLEeman or Fiucetman, Germ. fiigel,
wing. An officer who takes his place in
front of a regiment, as a guide to the sol-
diers in the movement of the drill.

Fuv’ora, Lat. plu. of fulerum, a prop;
props or supports. A term used by Lin-
nzus to denote not only those organs of
vegetation properly called props, but also
various appendages to the herbage, none
of which are universal or essential, and
no plant is furnished with them all. The
greater fulcra are the roots, trunk, and
branches ; the lesser are the petioles, ten-
+ suckers and runners. The fulcra of

@ flower are the peduncle, scape and re-
ceptacle.

Fourcrum (Lat.),a support; a term in
eS ga for the prop which supports a

ever.

For’corire, Lat. fulguritus, anything
struck by lightning. A term used to de-
signate a mineral with marks of fusion,
oe to be from the action of light-

ng

Fuievr’ation, from fulgeo, to shine. A
term used by assayers to denote the sud-
den brightening of the melted gold or
silver in the cupel, when the last film of
vitreous lead and copper leayes their
surface.

Fu’tica. 1. The lantern-carriers or fire-
Jlies, a genus of hemipterous insects.——
2. The coots, a genus of birds. Order
Grallatorie, family Macrodactyli, Cuv.
The genus according to Linnzus compre-
hends the Gallinula, Briss. and Lath., the
Porphyrio, Briss., and the Fulica, Briss.,
which comprises the true coots, of which
there is only one species in Europe, the
F. aira, Germ., found wherever there is
a@ pond.

Fot’Ler’s Eartu. A clay of a greenish
and somewhat spotted colour, very soft,
and feels unctuous to the touch. Thus
named from its being used by fullers to
take the grease out of cloth before apply-
ing soap. It contains 63 silex, 25 alumina,
and 12 water.

Fut’tine, the business of scouring,
cleansing, and pressing woollen cloths,
&c., to render them closer and stronger ;
called also milling, because these cloths
are in point of fact scoured by a water-
mill.

Four'mrnates, fulminating powders. There
are several species, such as fulminating
gold, silver, mercury, &c., but the only
kind at all interesting is the fulminate of
mercury,now extensively used as priming
to the caps of percussion locks.

Futmrnic Acip, the explosive consti-
tuent of the fulminates. It has exactly
the same constitution as cyanic acid, yet
the compounds of the latter do not deto-
nate and afford in their decomposition by
an oxygen acid, ammonia with carbonie
acid: While those of the former afford

.

oe

=

y)

—

FUR

345

FUS

ammonia and prussic acid. All attempts
to insulate the fulminic acid have hitherto
proved ineffectual.

Fou’mine. The fuming liquor of Boyle is
hydro-sulphuret of ammonia; that of
Cadet is chloride of arsenic: and, that of
TAbavins is bichloride of tin.

Func’rion. In mathematics, a quantity
is said to be afunction of another quan-
tity, when its value depends on that
quantity and known quantities only. In
physiology, a function is any action by
which vital phenomena are produced,
as the action of the heart, the digestion
of aliment, or the sense of touch.

FuNnDAMENTAL BAss. In music, the low-
est note or root ofa chord. }

Fonps, stock or capital, lat. fundus,
foundation. The term is taken in the
sense of asum of money appropriated as
the foundation of some undertaking with
a view to profit, and by means of which
expenses and credit are supported. The
money lent to government and known ex-
perimentally as the National debt, is col-
lectively called funds, as constituting the
stock of that debtor, as being a public
funded debt due by government: hence
called the public funds ; and the funds are
said to rise or fall when a given amount
of that debt sells for more or less in the
market. The sinking fund is a sum of
money appropriated to the purchase of
the public stocks by government, with a
view to pay off the National debt.

Fun’e1, Lat.-pl. of fungus ; mushrooms,
toadstools, &c.; an order of the class
Cryptogamia.

Fun’cus (Latin), a mushroom. In sur-
gery, any morbid excrescence of a softer
texture than that which is natural to the
part where it grows.

Funic’uLaAR MACHINE, Lat. funis, rope.
In mechanics, if a body fixed to two or
more ropes is sustained by powers which
act by means of those ropes, the whole
system is termed the funicular machine.

FunneEt, Lat. infundibulum. In archi-
tecture, the upper part of a chimney.

UNNEL-SHAPED. In botany, applied to
the general form of a calyx or other part.

Four, the short, fine soft hair of certain
animals, growing thick on the skin and
distinguished from hair, which is longer
and coarser. In commerce, the skins of
animals with fur are called furs, the
inner side being converted into a soft
Jeather by a peculiar process called peltry.

Fur’care, Lat. furcatus, forked, or fork-
like: applied to parts of plants.

Feesinc, in nautical language, the
wrapping up and binding of any sail close
to the yard.

Frr’tonc, a measure of length, the
eighth part ofa mile, or forty poles.

Fur’nace, Lat. fornar, a vessel or
building ‘according to size) for the pur-

pose of containing combustible and fasible
matters, whether of coal, wood or metal;
and so constructed that great heat may
be produced and concentrated. Furnaces
are as various in their construction as are
the forms of operation to which they are
subservient, but they may all be reduced
to three sorts, evaporating furnaces, for
the reduction of substances to vapour by
means of heat; *reverberatory furnaces,
where the flame is prevented from rising ;
and forge furnaces, in which the current
of air is determined by bellows. :
Fur'nitvre. In printing, the materials
used to extend pages of type to their
proper length, and to set them ata just
distance from each other when imposed,
so as to print off properly on the sheet.
In architecture (Fr. fournir, to furnish),
the brass-work of locks, doors, shutters,

&e.

Fu’ro, the ferret, a species of mustela
or weasel.

Fur’rine, Fr. fourrer, to thrust in. The
small slips nailed to joists, &e,, to bring
their surfaces to one plane, and thus to
render the braiding nailed upon them
regular,

Fusar’ote,) In architecture, a small

Fusvur’oLe, ) member in the form of a
collar, with somewhat long beads under
the echinus or quarter-round, of pillars
of the Doric, Ionic and Composite orders.

Fusr’s, (Fr. from Lat. fusus, a spindle).
1. In clockwork, the conicai part round
which is wound the chain or cord of a
watch or clock, thus constructed to equa-
lise the power of the main-spring.——2.
In gunnery, the tube fixed into a bomb or
grenade-shell. It is usually a wooden
pipe filled with combustible matter to fire
the contents of the shell.——3. A descrip-
tion of small neat musket was till re-
cently called a fusee, but the word fusil is
now adopted.

Fusisie Merat, a compound of 8 parts
of bismuth, 5 parts of lead, and 3 parts of
tin. It melts at 212° F. Rose's fusible

.| metal is 2 parts bismuth, 1 of tin, and 1

of zinc. It melts at 200° F
Fou’sirorm, ‘Lat. fusiformis, spindle-
shaped. Applied to parts of plants, as

. 1, A description of musket. See
Fusez, No. 3.——2. In heraldry, is a bear-
ing of a rhomboidal figure.

Fvsitir’rs, are now termed light infan-
try. They were formerly armed with
fusils, but their muskets are not now dif-
ferent from those of other soldiers.

Fusr, Fur. In architecture, the shaft
of a column; also the trunk of a pilaster.

Fvus’r1an, Fr. Futaine, a description of
cotton stuff ribbed on one side. In criti-
cism, applied to compositions possessing
a forced elevation of style ww wm exag-
gerated use of metaphor.

GATI 344

GAL

Fus‘ric, Ger. fustick. The wood of a
species of mulberry (morus tinctoria), a
large tree which grows in most parts of
South America, West Indies, &c. It is
the old fustic of the English dyer, as the
rhus cotinus, a small European shrub,
their young fustic. This last is also called
fustic and zante.

For’rocxs. In ship-building, a term
corrupted from foot-hooks, meaning the
lower timbers raised over the keel that
hold the ship together.

For’tocx Priares. Flat iron bars, con-
necting the lower dead-eye of the top-
mast rigging at one end, with the futtock
shroud at the other.

Fur’rocx-surovups, foot-hook shrouds.
The small shrouds in a ship’s rigging,
passing from the mainmast, foremast, and
mizenmast shrouds, to those of the top-
masts.

G.

G, the seventh letter of the English al-
phabet, as a numeral, formerly denoted
400, and with a dash over it, 40,000; asa
mark in music, it designates the treble
cieff; and from its being placed at the
head, or marking the first second in Gui-
do’s scale, the whole scale took the name
of gamut.

Garett’, Fr. Gabelle. A term which when
formerly mentioned absolutely signified
a French tax on salt, but afterwards it
came to signify any impost or duty. In
old records it means rent,custom, or duty
due to the lord.

Ga’ztons. In fortification, wicker bas-
kets which are filled with earth to form
temporary defences, &c.

Ga’sie, Scot. Gaval. The upright tri-
angular end of a house from the cornice
or eaves to the top of the house.

Gap. Among miners, a small punch of
iron with a wooden handle, used to break
up ore.

Garr. In ships, a sort of boom or spar,
used to extend the upper edge of the
mizzen.

Gace (Fr. and Eng.), a name given to a
variety of instruments used to measure
the degree of rarefaction in the receiver
of an air-pump; quantity of rain which
falls in a given time; force of steam ina
steam-boiler, height of tides, force of
wind, &c. &c. In plastering, the word
signifies the quantity of Paris plaster used
with the common plaster to accelerate
its setting. In architecture, it is applied
to the length of a tile or slate below
the lap.

Gar’LtarvE (It.),a lively dance pecu-
liar to Italy.

Gain. In carpentry, the bevelled shoul-
der of a binding joist.

GaLAc'TIN, a vegetable substance ob-
tained from the sap of the galacto-dendron
utile, or cow-tree of South America, where
it is used as a substitute for cream.

Gatac’TILE, milk-stone; yar, milk,
and Asfos, stone. A mineral which re-
sembles steatite ; but which when tritu-
rated in water gives a milk-like solution.

Gavactom’ETER, from yeAa, milk, and
Mérgoy, measure. An instrument for as-
certaining the quality of milk b Apes quan-
tity of cream it produces. It is merely a
long graduated glass tube standing upon
asole. The hydrometer is, however, the
most convenient galactometer. See Mitx.

GavactopH’orus, the milk-bearer;
yera, milk, and
strument used to facilitate lactation when
the nipple is not sufficiently developed.

Gata’co, the name given by Geoffroy to
a sub-genus of the Lemur tribe of mam-
malia. The species are all from Africa.
Their regimen is insectivorous and their
habits nocturnal.

Gatan’cat. In botany, the smaller ga-
langal is the Maranta galanga. The Eng-
lish galangal is the Cyperus longus. The
greater galangal is the Kempferia galanga.
—2.In pharmacy, the roots of the
greater and smaller galangal, brought
from China and the East Indies.

Gav’axy. In astronomy, the milky-
way ; yeAu, milk ; the via lactea, of the
Latins. A long luminous tract forming
nearly a great circle of the celestial
sphere, inclined to the ecliptic at an angle
of 60°. The ancients had many singular
ideas as to the cause of this phenomenon,
but the telescope proves that it is caused
by a vast assemblage of stars, too distant
to be distinguished by the naked eye.

Gat’sanum, Heb. Chalbanah. A gum-
resin which exudes from incisions made
in the stem of the Bubon galbanuwm, an
umbelliferous plant which grows abun-
dantly in Africa and some parts of Asia.

Gat’suLta, the Jacamars, a genus of
birds. Order Scansorie, Cuv. These
birds are closely allied to the king-fishers.
They live solitarily in wet forests, feed on
insects, and build on low branches.

Gat’ga, a helmet, from yady, a cat, be-
cause helmets were originall iy made of
cats’ skins! Applied to, 1. In botany, the
upper arched lip of a ringent and perso-
nate corol. 2. In anatomy, the amnion.
—3. In surgery,a bandage for the head.
—4. In pathology, headache extending
all over the head. ——5. In geology, a
genus of echini found fossil ; they are dis-
tinguished by a large base from which the
shell rises in a vaulted, helmet-like form.

Gaveras’, Fr. galeasse. A description of
heavy, lovy-built vessel worked with both
tails and oars.

eae |

GAL

345

GAL

Gatr’na, from yaAgy, to shine. A na-
tive sulphuret of lead, called also lead-
glance. Itscolour is bluish-grey ; it occurs
regularly crystallised, frequently in cubes
and cubo-octahedrons.

Gavena-Pseupo, false galena. A dark-
coloured yariety of sulphuret of zinc.

Ga‘tenists. In ecclesiastical history, a
sub-division of the sect of Waterlandians

_ in the 17th century. In medicine, the fol-

lowers of Galen.

Ga.eopirn’ecus, a genus of Cheiropte-
rous mammalia: order Carnaria, Cuyv.
One species only is well ascertained, the
Flying Lemur of the Molucca islands,
Straits of Sunda, &c.

Gavervu’ca, a genus of Coleopterous in-
sects: family Cyclica. This genus is di-
vided by Cuvier into two sections ; those
which have the power of leaping he
places in the section Anisopoda, and those
which are destitute of this power, form
the section Isopoda.

Gat'Iror, a name of a white, semi-

‘solid, resinous substance, found on fir-

trees, especially the maritime pine. It
incrusts the wounds of fir-trees during
winter.

Ga’tivum, an extensive genus of small
plants. Tetrandria—Monogynia. Name

mM yaeAe, milk; because one species,
the G. verum, or cheese-rennet, has the
property of coagulating milk. There are
12 British species besides the cheese-ren-
net; and all the exotic species inhabit
temperate climates.

Gatt. 1. In physiology, see Bite and
Ox-Gatt.— 2. In the Chemical arts. See
Gatt-Nours and Grass-Ga.t.

Gatt’ates, salts formed by the combi-
nation of gallie acid with salifiable bases.
The principai is the gallate of iron, which
constitutes the basis of black dye, ink, &c.

GALL-BLADDER, an oblong membran-
ous receptacle, situated under the liver.
Its use is to retain the bile or gall.

Gax’Lron, a description of man-of-war
ship formerly used by the Spaniards and
Yortuguese. More recently the name was
used to designate those large vessels em-
ployed by the Spaniards in their commerce
with South America. The galleons were
usually four deckers.

Gat'Lery,Fr. galerie. 1, Inarchitecture,
a long narrow room commonly in the
wings of a building, and used as an am-
bulatory. Palladio gives the proper length
of a gallery at from eight to ten times its
breadth. In modern palaces and man-
sions, the gallery, like the portico of the
ancients, is appropriated to the reception
of pictures and sculptures. The name
gallery is also given to long porticoes
With ranges of columns on one side.——
2. In fortification, a covered walk across
a ditch in a besieged town, made of strong
planks and covered with earth. It was

formerly used for carrying a mine to the
foot of a rampart.——3. In mining, a nar-
row passage or branch of the mine, car-
ried on underground to a work designed
to be blown up.—4. In a ship, a balcony
projecting from the stern of a ship of war
or of a large merchantman. At the stern,
it is called the stern-gallery, at the quar-
ters, the quarter-gallery.

Gav’Ley. 1. A low fiat-built vessel with
one deck, and navigated with sails and
oars: used in the Mediterranean.—2, An
open boat used on the Thames by custom-
house officers, &c.——3. The cock-room
or kitchen of a ship of war; answering to
the caboose of a merchantman.——4. An
oblong reverberatory furnace, with a row
of retorts whose necks protrude through
lateral openings.——5. In printing, a frame
into which the compositor empties his
stick as often as it is filled——6. Galley-
slave, a person condemned to work at the
oar on board of a galley, being chained to
the deck. In France, the galleys resemble
the hulks of Great Britain.

Gatt-Friy, the insect which punctures
the oak-leaves, and occasions the gali-
nuts. See Crnips.

Gaw'tic Acip, a peculiar acid obtained
from gall-nuts and other astringent vege-
table substances: it is well known as an
ingredient of black dye and ink.

Gav’.Licism. In grammar, this word de-
notes a mode of speech or phrase in
English formed after the French idiom.

Gattina’cEx, an order of birds in the
arrangement of Cuvier. Name from ga-
lina, a hen, gallus, a cock; the hoccos,
peacocks, turkeys, guinea-fowls, plca-
sants, &c., being species.

Gatun, an order of birds, which in
the arrangement of Linnzus answers to
the Gallinacee of Cuvier.

Gav’Lior, a Dutch vessel, carrying
main and mizen-mast, and a large gaff-
main-sail. It is a sort of brigantine.

GALLIPULI OIL, an inferior de-@ristion of
olive oil, imported from the sea-port so
named, in the province of Otranto, Italy,

GALLIUM, a new elementary metal re-
sembling zinc, giving a bright violet ray in
the spectrum, discovered by M, Lecocq in
1875 ina blende from the Mine of Pierre-
fitte, France.

GALL'NUTS or GALLS, excrescenses found
upon the leaves and leaf-stalks of a species
of oak, the Quercus infectoria, which grows
in the Levant. (thers of inferior quality
are found upon the Quercus cerris, common
in the South of Europe, and the common
oak, the Q robur. They are produced by
the puncture of the female of the gall-fly
(\Cynips galle tinctorie), made in order to
deposit her eggs, round which the juice of the
tree exudes and dries in concentric portions,
When the insect gets fully formed, it eats
through the nut and flies off. Besides a yel-

7

GAL 346

GAM

low extractive matter, galls contain tan-
nin or tannic acid, and gallic acid. Those
from Aleppo are the best.

Gat’ton, a measure of capacity, both
for liquid and dry articles, containing
4 quarts or 8 pints. The imperial gallon
is the standard measure of capacity, and
should contain 10 Ibs. avoir. of distilled
water, weighed in air at 62° Fah., the
barometer being at30inches. It is there-
fore equal to 277.274 cubic inches. The
old English wine gallon contained 231
eubic inches, and the ale gallon 282 cubic
inches. The gallon of dry measure con-
tained 268.8 cubic inches.

GaLwo’on, anarrow kind of lace used to
edge or border cloths: formerly made of
gold, silver. or silk.

Gattopa’pE. In the manége, a sort of
curvettiug gallop. Itis the name also ofa
sprightly kind of dance.

Gat’'torek. In artillery, a carriage which
bears a gun of a pound and a half ball.

Gat’Lows Bits (of a ship), a frame of
timber, forming a support for the spare
topmasts, yards, and booms.

Gatw’stonE, a name common to all cal-
¢careous concretions found in the gall-
bladder.

Gaur or Gavutt, a provincial name fora
etiii marl, varying in colour from a light
grey to a dark blue: sometimes called the
Folkstone marl. It is a member of the
<retaceous group of strata, and is rich in
fossil.

Gatvan’ic TrovucyH, } An apparatus em-

Gatvan’ic Batrery. j ployed in accu-
rouleting galvanism. It consists of a
nmamber of pairs of metallic plates, usually
sited into a trough made to contain the
exciting fluid. There are two wires sol-

dered to the extreme plates, one of which
is copper and the other zinc, called the
poles of the battery. Sometimes several
single troughs are connected together,
when a very powerful apparatus is re-
quired.

Gat’/vANIsED Inon, a fantastic name

lately given in France to iron tinned by |

a peculiar patent process, whereby it is
rendered less liable to be acted upon by
moisture.

Gal/vanisM, a modern and highly in-
teresting branch of science, thus named
after Prof. Galvani, of Bologna, who first
called attention to some of its pheno-
mena. Making some electrical experi-
ments, while near the machine were some

frogs that had been flayed, he observed
that the limbs became convulsed every

time a spark was drawn from the appara-

tus. He-ascribed these movements to an
electric fluid or power innate in the living
frame, or capable of being evolved by it,
and which he denominated animal elec-
tricity. The power of the electric eel fur-
nished plausible analogies. But Voltaad-
vanced some powerful arguments against
the hypothesis of Galvani, and showed
that the muscular commotions, and many
other phenomena afterwards noticed,
were ascribed to arrangements not pre-
viously thought of by the scientific
world. He found that when two pieces
of different metals were placed in contact
with different parts of an animal, and

were brought into connexion by means —

of a metallic arc, convulsions ensued every
time, and that this effect was strongest,
when the metals were silver and zinc.
This gave the idea of the pile battery, and
to which the epithets galvanic and voltaic
are indifferently applied: and indeed so
decided were the experiments and rea-
sonings of Volta, that the name of the
science itself was nearly being changed
from galvanism to voltaism. The name
current electricity isnow sometimes used,
on the hypothesis that galvanism is elec-
tricity developed by chemical affinity!
ALVANOM’ETER, an apparatu trived
to measure the force of a galvanic current.
It consists usually of a magnetic needle
freely supported upon a point, wituin the

{?
2

uth

rectangle of a copper wire, placed in con-
nexion with the poles of a galyanic cir-
cuit by the mercury cups at the extremi-
ties: the needle is deflected from the
magnetic meridian, and forms an angle
with it, proportioned to the strength of
the current. Dr Ritchie’s torsion gal-
vanometer is much more delicate
this, but the principle is the same.
Gamno’cE, a concrete vegetable juice,
or gum-resin, which exudes from several
trees, but especially the Garcinia Cambo-
giodes, a forest tree which grows upon
the banks of the river Kamboja in Siam.
It is used extensively as a yellow pigment,
and also in medicine in doses from 2 to 6

ns.

Gam’etion, the eighth month of the
Athenian year, containing 29 days, and
answering to the latter part of our Ja-
nuary and beginning of February.

EE ae

GAR 347

GAS

Gam’MONING. Among seamen, seven or
eight turns of a rope, passing over the
bowsprit and through a large hole in the
stem or knee of the head alternately, and
serving to bind the inner quarter and
bowsprit close down to the ship’s stern,
in order the better to enable it to support
the stays of the foremast.

Gam’ur or Gamm-vr, the table or scale
of musical notes laid down by Guido,
named thus from the Greek T, gamma,
which marked the note at the top of the
scale, and the monosyllable ut.

Gane. In tical language, a. select
number of a ship’s crew appointed on
some particular service.

Gane-Boarp, a plank or board with a
number of cleats or steps nailed to it for
the convenience of stepping into or out of
boats, &c., at shore.

GANG-LADDER, a name used in canal-
making, &c., for the same purpose as a
horse-block.

GANG’LION, yeyyAsoy, a knot. In phy-
siology, a knot-like enlargement in the
course of a nerve.—In surgery, an encysted
tumour formed in the sheath ofa tendon,
and containing a fluid resembling white
of egg.

Gancve, Germ. gang,a vein. The mi-
neral substance which either incloses or
usually accompanies any metallic ore in
the vein. It is otherwise called the ma-
trix of the ore.

Gano’-way, a temporary stair of planks
with cleats nailed upon them. The gang-
way of a ship is, (1.) The part of the side
by which passengers enter and depart.
(2.) A narrow passage in the hold of a
laden ship, left vacant to enter by to
inspect the cargo, to examine leaks,
&c. &e.

Gant'Ler, es gantelet, from gant, a

Gavunr'tet,} glove. Alargeiron glove
with fingers formed of small plates, for-
merly worn by cavaliers armed at all
points. To throw the gantlet means to
challenge; and to take up the gantlet
means acceptance of the challenge.

Gant’LopE, ) Teut. gang, a passage,

Gaunrtopg, J loopen, torun. A sort of
punishment, sometimes inflicted upon sol-
diers and seamen, for some crime which
renders the individual particularly ob-
noxious to the men. It is executed thus:
the men are arranged two rows, face
to face, each armed with a switch or
piece of twisted and knotted cord called
a knatile ; between the rows the offender,
stripped to the waist, is compelled to
pass a certain number of times, every
man giving him a stroke as he passes.
This is called running the gantlet, the word
gantlet being put for gantope.

Gan’soarp-sTREAK, the first streak or
range of planks laid upon a ship’s bot

tom next the keel, throughout the whole
length of the floor.

Garcin‘IA, a genus of trees. Dodecan-
dria—Monogynia. Named in honour of
Dr. Garcin. The Mangosteen-tree of Java
and the Molucca islands is a species.
Its fruit is reckoned the most delicious
and salubrious of oriental fruits. It is
about the size of the orange, but fleshy
and almost transparent. It is also a spe-
cies of this genus which yields the tree
gamboge. ;

Gar’pant or Guarpanr. In heraldry,
applied to a beast when represented full-
faced, or looking at the spectator. Re-
gardant, looking backwards.

Gar’tanp. In ships,a sort of net used
by sailors instead of a locker or cupboard ;
also a collar of rope wound aboxt the
head of a mainmast to keep the shrouds
from galling.

Gar’tic. In botany, a name common
to the species of Allium, but especiaily
applied to the A. sativum, much employed
for culinary and medicinal purposes.

Gar'ner. 1. A mineral genusof eleven
species, all crystals more or less regular
in their forms. The precious garnet, or
garnet properly so called, occurs in dode-
eahedrons, in mica-slates, among the pri-
mary rocks in various parts of the world.
It is of a beautiful red colour, like the
seed of the pomegranate: whence the
name. This appears to have been the
carbuncle of the ancients. Common gar-
nets sometimes possess all the forms of the
precious garnet, except that brown and
green are the usual colours. The garnez
consists of silica, 40; alumina, 20; oxide
of iron, 38; oxide of manganese, 2.——2.
In ships, a description of tackle fixed to
the mainstay, and used to hoist in and
out cargo.

Gar’nisu. In law books, to give notice,
to warn. The term is Norm., garnisher,
to summon.

Gar‘NIsHEE. In law, one in whose
hands money or. property is attached, so
called because he is served with a gar-
nishment or warning not to pay the money,
but to appear and answer to the plaintitf
creditor’s suit.

Gar’/NISHMENT. In law, warning given
to a person for his appearance, &c.

Garrotrtr’, the ; a mode of capital pun-
ishment by strangling, practised in Spain.

Gar’rer. The highest order of knight-
hood in these realms, called the Most
Noble Order of the Garter. It was insti-
tuted by Edward III. The knights are
32 in number, and rank in personal dig-
nity after the peerage. The Garter king
at arms is the chief of the three kings at
arms.

Gas, Sax. gast, Ger. geist, Dut. geest,
air or spirit. A name adopted in modern
chemistry to denote al permanent aeri-

GAU 348

GAZ

form fluids, except common air, which is
composed of two gases. Gas retains its
elasticity at all temperatures, and in this
it is distinguished from vapour. See Evas-
vic Fcurps.

Gas’ sunners, are either simple beaks
perforated with a small hole (vommon jet),
or a circle with a series of holes (argand),
or two holes drilled obliquely to make
the flame-cross (swallow-tail), or with a
slit constituting a sheet of flame (bat’s-
wing.)

Gas’-HOLDER, } a vessel for containing

Gaso’metEeR, § and preserving gas. The
gas-holder of the chemist assumes va-
rious forms. That used at gas-works is a
large reservoir (sometimes so large as to
contain 60,000 cubic feet of gas), made of
iron-plate, suspended in water, and coun-
terbalanced by weights, and is mostly
provided with some contrivance for mea-
suring the quantity of gas it contains.

Gas'keT, a plaited cord fastened to the
sail-yard of a ship, and used to furl or tie
the sail to the yard.

Gas’TEROPODA, } a class of molluses,

Gas’reRopops, )named from yaorye,
the belly, and zous, a foot, because they
have a foot or organ of locomotion, situ-
ated on the abdominal surface. Cuvier
‘enumerates nine orders of Gasteropods,
some of which are entirely naked, as, for
example, the slug ; others have an interior
shell; but most of them are furnished
with one that is large enough to receive
and shelter them.

Gas’rric, appertaining to the gaster or
stomach, as the gastric juice, a fluid se-
creted by the stomach; it is the principal
agent in the process of digestion. It is,
when healthy, of asaltish taste, inodorous,
andlimpid like water. The foodis changed
by it into a uniform soft paste.

GASTROCNE’M1US, yaorne and yasvw,
to gape. The calf of the leg.

Gas’rroco.ic, from gaster and colon. An
epithet for the great omentum, because it
passes from the gaster or stomach to the
arch of the colon.

GASTRO-ENTERITIS, from yarrne, the
stomach, and evrecoy, the intestine. In-
tiammation of the stomach and intestines.

Gas'tRomancy, Gr., from yarrye, and
peuvetia, prophecy. Divination by means
of words emitted from the belly.

Gastror’omy, from yaorre, the belly,
and ¢euyw, to cut. The operation of cut-
ting into the abdomen of the living
subject.

Gas’-waTER, water through which the
common illuminating gas has passed; it
contains hydro-sulphuret and hydro-bi-
sulphuret of lime.

GavGr’-cocks, two cocks, usually con-
nected with steam-boilers, for the purpose

of ascertaining the height of the water

The pipe from the one reaches a little be-
yond the water-line, and that from the
other stands as
much above it.
On opening the
cocks, if the wa-
ter be at the pro

per height, wa-
ter should flow
out at A, and
steam at B;
should steam is-
sue at both, the
water is toolow,and if both give water,
the boiler contains too much water.

GavexE-or-way. On railways, the width
in the clear between the top flanges of
the rails.

GavGE-Pornt. In gauging, the diameter
of a cylinder of one inch of height, and
of which the content is equal to a unit
of a given measure.

Gavcinc The measuring of the capa-
cities of vessels, chiefly casks, vats, and
the like; and determining the amount of
liquid contained in them.

GAvUGING-ROD, Or DIAGONAL-ROD, an in-
strument used in gauging.

Gavt, a term used in India to denote a
passage or road through a chain of hills,
from the coast to the upland country. —

Gauze, a very thin transparent textile
manufacture, sometimes woven with silk,
and sometimes only of thread, either plain
or figured. A fabric of fine wire, forsieves
and safety-lamps, is called wire-gauze.

Gave’'LET, an ancient and special cessa-
vit in Kent, in England, where the custom
of gavel-kind continues, by which the
tenant, if he withdraws his rent and ser-
vices due to his lord, forfeits his lands and
tenements.

Ga’vEL-KIND, a tenure, in England, by
which land descends from the father to all
his sons in equal portions, and the land of
a brother, dying without issue, descends
equally to his brothers. This species of
tenure prevailed in England before the
Norman conquest, perhaps generally, but
particularly in Kent, where it still exists.

Ga’VIAL, a subdivision of the genus Cro-
codilus. Teeth of fossil gavials have been
found in the Tilgate strata.

Gavor, Fr. gavotte. A sort of dance, the
air of which has two brisk and lively
strains in common time.

Gax-Lvs’s1rE, a white mineral, of a vi-
treous fracture, crystallised in oblique
rhomboidal prisms. Named in honour of
Gay-Lussac. It is a hydrated soda-carbo-
nate of lime, in atomic proportions.

Gazet’, Fr. gazelle, from the Arabic. An
animal of the antelope genus, found in
Africa and India. Itis peculiarly remark-
able for the beauty and brilliancy of its
eyes.

GEM

349

GEN

Gazette’, a kind of official newspaper.
The term gazetta is said to have been the
name of a Venetian coin, in value some-
what less than the English halfpenny, oes
first price of a newspaper. The first
zette in England was published at Oxted;
in 1665 On the removal of the Court to
London, the title was changed to London
Gazette. It is now the official newspaper,
and published on Tuesdays and Fridays.

Ga’zons. In fortification, sods or pieces
of fresh earth, covered with grass, about
a foot long, and half as broad, cut in the
form of a wedge, to line the parapet. The
term gazon is French for sod.

Gea’rinc, from Sax. gearwian, to pre-
pare. In mechanics, a series of toothed
wheels for conducting motions in machi-
nery generally. ere are two sorts in
common use: spur-gear,and bevelled-gear.
The former consists of teeth arranged
round either the concave or convex sur-
face of the rim of a wheel, in the direction
of radii from the centre: in the bevelled
gear, the teeth are placed upon the exte-
rior periphery of a conical wheel, and

ually diminish in the direction of the
apex of the cone.

Gec’xo, the name given by Daudin to
the tes of Cuvier. The geckos are
saurians, but are flattened, and are not so
long and graceful as the true saurians.
They are disseminated throughout the
warm portions of both continents, and are
everywhere objects of hatred. Gecko is
the name given to a species in India, in
imitation of its cry, just as another is
termed Tockail at Siam,and a third Geitje
at the Cape ; avxaiaCwerys, is the Greek
name of the Geckottes.

Gecxor’ipa or Gecxorir, a family of
reptiles, composed of nocturnal fizards,
which are so similar that they may be
left in one genus, the Gecko. The Geck-
ottes are now, however, divided accord-
ing to the arrangement of the toes into
Platydactyli, Hemidactyli, Thecadactyli
and Ptyodactyli.

. Genen’na, a scriptural term signifying
ell.

Ger’atinE, Lat. gelatina, gelly or jelly.
An animal product, soluble in water, but
not in alcohol; capable of assuming a
well-known elastic or tremulous consist-
ence on cooling; and liquifiablé again by
raising its temperature. In this it is dis.
tinguished from albumen. It may be ex-
tracted from most parts of animals by
boiling, and it is found in some vege-
tables, as ripe currants and other berries,
mixed with an acid. Glue and isinglass,
freed from all impurities, are examples.

Ge'per-Rocz, a name common to two
plants, the one a species of Viburnum,
and the other a species of Spirea.

Gem, Lat. gemma, a bud. This is the

common name for all precious stones:
sought after as objects of decoration:
They form the chief part of the Crown
jewels of kings, not only for their beauty,
but because they are scarce, and there-
fore comprise great value in little bulk!
The diamond ruby, sapphire, emerald,.
topaz, hyacinth, and chrysoberyl, are
reckoned first class gems; crystalline
quartz, amethyst, blood-stone, lapis la-
zuli, jasper, agate, sardonyx, &c., belong
to the second class. The superior varie-
ties of precious stones are termed orientat
by jewellers, and the inferior occidental.
imitations are called artificial gems or
pastes. These consist simply of glass co-
loured by metallic oxides, capable of pro-
ducing the colour of the true gem.
Fashion makes the difference of value.

Gem’ara, the second part of the Tal-
mud or commentary on the Jewish laws.

GeM-ENGRAVING is called Lithoglyptics.

Gem’'1nI, Lat. pl. of geminus, double.
Twins. This is the name of the third
sign of the zodiac, representing Castor
and Pollux, and marked Jf. The sun
enters Gemini on the 21st of May.

Gem’ma, the Latin word for Gem; used
in botany to designate a bud on the stem
of a plant. Buds are various in their
forms, but, in general, consist of scales
closely enveloping each other and enfold-
ing the embryo plant or branch. Shrubs
in general, and trees of hot climates, have
no gemme.

Gemmua’crous, Lat. gemmaceus, from
gemma, abud. A term applied by bota-
nists to a flower-stalk which grows out
of a leaf-bud, as is seen in the Berberis
vulgaris.

Gemmir’arovs, from gemma, a bud or
shoot, and pario, to bring forth. An epi-
thet applied to plants and animals which
can be propagated by shoots. The water
polypi are mostly gemmiparous.

Gem’ore. In old law, the curixe cen-
turie or court of the hundre

Gznpar’mEs or Gens D’ARMEs, an ap-
pellation given in France to a select body
of troops destined to watch over the in-
terior public safety. This body was
broken up at the Revolution, and the
name was transferred to a band employed
in the protection of the streets.

Gen’peEr, Fr. genre, from Lat. genus. In
grammar, a difference in words to express
distinction of sex. Words expressing
males are said to be of the masculine gen-
der ; those expressing females, of the fe-
minine gender, and in some languages, as
English, words expressing things having
no sex are said to be of the neuter gender.

GENEALOG’IcAL TREE, the genealogy or
lineage of a family drawn out under the
form of a tree, with its roots, stem.
and branches.

GEN

309

Gen’ernat. In military affairs, (1.) The
rank of general is of several degrees, as
major-general, lieutenant-general , and gene-
ral, according to seniority, when promo-
tions are made; and the commander-in-
chief of an army is called, by way of
eminence, the general; (2.) The term ge-
meral is also used for a particular beat of
the drum: it is the first which gives no-
tice 39 the infantry to be in readiness to
mare

Gen’eRAL Issuz. In law, that plea
which denies at once the whole declara-
tion or indictment, without offering any
Special matter by which to evade it. This
is the ordinary plea in criminal cases.

GENERALIZATION. In logic, the act of
comprehending under a common name
several objects agreeing in some abstract
poin

t.

Gen’ERANT, a2 term used by mathema-
ticians for that which is generated, or
supposed to be generated, by the motion
of a point, line, or surface. See Fivxtons.

Gen’ERATING LInE or Ficure. In ma-
thematics, that line or figure, by the mo-
tion of which another figure or solid is
supposed to be described or generated. See
F.ivxions.

Generation. In mathematics, denotes
the formation or description of any geo-
metrical figure or magnitude, by the mo-
tion of another magnitude or quantity of
a dimension one degree less. See GENE-
RANT and GENERATING.

Generator. In music, the principal
sound or sounds by which others are pro-
duced. Thus the lowest C for the treble
of the piano-forte, besides its octave,
strikes an attentive ear with its twelfth
above, or G in alt., and with its seven-
teenth above, or E in alt. Hence C is
«ealled their generator, the G and E its
products or harmonies.

GeENER’IC Segatgheareirm to a genus. The

gzmeric names of animals and plants are
xohowed by other names usually de-
noting some peculiar quality or cireum-
‘stance ; these appended names are called
specific.

Gen’esis. Tevecss, generation. 1, In
svipture, thename given to the first book
of Moses, containing the history of the
creation, &c. In the original Hebrew it
teas no title——2. In mathematics, the
formation of a line, plane, or solid, by
the flux of a point, line, or surface, called
the

Guxtr’ts, the Genets. A sub-genus of
Carnarian m The common genet
is found from the south of France to the
Cape cf Good Hope. Its skin forms an
important article of trade. The name
genet is aiso used to designate a small-
ized Spanish horse.

Gesnez’va, a corruption of Fr. genidere, a

GEO
juniper b Gin: a spirit obtained by _
distillation grain, rectified, with the

addition of juniper berries. The pest is
made in Holland, and may be bought in
bond for 2s. 3d. to 2s. 6d. the imperial gal-
lon, upon which there is a duty of 22s. 6d.!

Genic’uLaTE, Lat. geni knee
jointed: applied to culms bent like the
knee, and to peduncles bent at the joints.

Gent, a race of beings created from
fire, between man and angels, and hay-
ing a body, which they can metamorphose.
at pleasure.

Genis‘ta, the Broom. A genus of per-
manent plants. Diadelphia — Decandria.
Name from genu, the knee, in allusion to
the angular inflections of itstwigs. There
are about 45 species, four of which are
common in Britain.

Gen'iTIve, Lat. genitivus. An epithet
in grammar for a case in the declension
of nouns, expressing primarily the thing
from which something also proceeds. The
genitive case is the second of the Latin
and Greek nouns, and answers to the pos-
sessive of the English.

Gens. In ancient histery,a subdivision
of the Roman people next to the curia or
tribe.

Gen’t1an. In pharmacy, the rodts of
the Gentiana lutea, a perennial plant com-
mon on the Alps and Pyrenees, named
also felwort. Named from Gentius, king
of Iilyria, who first used it.

Gen’TIANINE, an alkaline principle dis-
covered in gentian (root of G. lutea), and
supposed to be the active part of the root.

Gen’TILE, Lat. gens, nation. <A gene. al
term applied by the Jews and Christians
to all heathen nations.

Gen’TLEMAN. In law, any man above
the rank of a yeoman, or more strictly a
man who without a title bears a coat of
arms.

GENTLEMEN PeEnsIONERS. In England.
a band of forty gentlemen, named es
quires, whose office is to attend the king

to and from the chapel royal.

Gentoo’, a word omnerrs by beams -f

ans the East Indies designate th
language, and people of that country. L
is a corruption of the Portuguese worc
gentio, which signifies gentile in the scrip
tural sense, but is not known -0 tht
natives. -

Gr’xus, (Lat.) from yevos,a family, race
or stock. 1. In logic, a universal which
is predicated of many things as the ma
terial or common part of their essence
—2. In natural history, a subdivision 0:
any class or order of natural beings, whe
ther of the animal, vegetable, or mineras

ingdoms, all agreeing in certair com
mon characters: a collection of species.
See Crass. In music, any scale of music.

Geocen’tric, from yy, the earth, an?

GEO 351

GER

wévtecy, & centre: applied in astronomy
to anorbit having the earth forits centre;
having the same centre as the earth. The
geocentric latitude of a planet is its distance
from the ecliptic as seen from the earth ;
and its geocentric place is that wherein it
appears to us from the earth. See Hett-
,OCENTRIC.

Gr‘opz, from y«édns, earthy. A round-
ish piece of mineral matter, sometimes
only an incrustation, generally more or
less hollow; usually lined with crystals,
but in some cases loose earthy matter.
The geodes found in the green sand-
stone, near Sidmouth, are composed of
opaque chert on the outside, and contain
within mammillated coneretions of beau-
tiful chalcedony, and occasionally perfect

~ though minute crystals of quartz.

Geop’resy, from yta, the earth, and
daiw, to divide. That part of geometry
which relates to the mensuration of sur-

ees.

Geoe’nosy, from yy, the earth, and
yracis, knowledge. A knowledge of the
structure of the earth. Some have argued
that this term ought to be substituted for
the more common term geology (q. v.).

Gerve’Raruy, from 47, the earth, and
yexn, description. The science which
describes the surface of the earth, its
kingdoms, states,and empires, rivers, &c.
That branch which describes the natural
divisions and physical characteristics of
countries, is called physical geography ;
that which describes the political bound-
aries of kingdoms and their subdivisions,
the social and political state of the people,
the nature of their government, laws, and
institutions, is called political geography.

Geou‘ocy, from yy, the earth, and Aoyos,
discourse. That branch of natural his-
tory which investigates the disposition
of the materials composing the earth’s
crust, the relative situation of the differ-
ent orders of rocks, and their connexion
with each other, the changes they are
undergoing and have undergone, and ex-
amines into the relations which existed
between organised beings whose remains
are buried in the earth, and the physical

circumstances under which they lived,.

and finally, which explains, or endeavours
to explain, the proximate causes which
have operated the various changes in the
organic and inorganic kingdoms of nature.

Gr’oMancy, yy, earth, wayrtia, pro-
phecy. Divination by points or circles
miade on the earth.

Grom’etTR2, a tribe of Lepidoptera,
eomprising those of the nocturnal family,
in which the body is unusually slender,
and the probocis small and membranous.
Their peculiar mode of progression has
tavsed them to be styled geometr@ or mea-

‘plier.

surers. When about to advance they first
chang with their anterior or squamous
feet, then elevate their body so as to form
aring,in order to approximate the pos-
terior extremity to the anterior, or that
which is fixed; they then cling with the
last feet, disengage the first, and move
the body forwards, when they recommence
the same operation.

Gromer’Ricat, something relating to
geometry. Geometrical construction is the
representation of a proposition by geome-
trical lines.— Geometrical curves are such
as may have their relations expressed by
a finite algebraic equation.— Geometrical
locus is the line traced by a point, which
varies its position according to a given
law.— Geometrical progression is when the
terms increase or decrease by equal ratios ;
or it is a series of quantities which are
continually proportional, every successive
term resulting from that which imme-
diately precedes it by a constant multi-
Thus 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, &c., is a
SecunatEeS progression in which the
ratio is 2; and 16,8, 4, 2,1,4, 4, &c., is one.
in which the ratio is i.

Geom'erry, from yy, the earth, and
éreoy, Measure. Originally and properly
the art of measuring the earth, that is,
portions of its surface; but according to
the present acceptation of the term, it
may be defined the science of extension
or of magnitudes considered simply, gene-
rally, and abstractly. It is called elemen-
tary when it treats of the properties an¢
proportions of right lines and right lined
figures. It is theoretical when its object
is the demonstration of certain geome-
trical propositions ; and practical when it
relates to the performance of certain geo-
metrical operations, such as the construc-
tion of figures.

Grora’ma, from yy, the earth, and
6ea ze, View; an apparatus which exhibits
a very complete view of the earth. Itis
a hollow sphere, say 40 feet diameter,
formed by 36 bars of iron representing
the parallels and meridians, and covered
with cloth of a bluish colour to represent
water. The mountains, forests, &c., are
painted on paper and pasted on this cover.
It is a Parisian invention.

Gxor’cium Sripvus. In astronomy (see
URanvs).

Grosav’rus, a fossil saurine of the
oolite and lias formations.

Grrants’cEx, geranium, or the crane’s-
bill, is the type. A natural order of her-
baceous or shrubby Exogens.

Ger’ratcon. In ornithology, the Falco
candicans, Lin., a species most highly
prized by falconers.

Germ or Germen, the rudiment of the
young fruit and seed of vegetables, found.
at the bottom of the pistil, also the swol-

GIB

2 GIN

Ten base of the pistil which contains the
germ, and becomes the seed-vessel.

Ger’mMAn ScHoot. In painting, this
school set a particular value on high
finish, rather than on good arrangement,
their colouring is better than their draw-
ing, but their draperies are usually in
bad taste.

German Sitver, or white copper. An
alloy of nickel, zine, and copper, and
sometimes lead.

Germina’rion, from germino, to sprout.
The vital development of a seed when it
first begins to grow.

Geroc’omia, } from yegas, Old age, and

Geroc’omy, / zouew, to care for. That
department of hygeine which relates to
the proper regime and treatment of old

age.

Ge’runpD, Lat. gerundium. A kind of
verbal noun, in Latin, which governs cases
like a verb.

GER’USIA, yésouria, assembly of elders.
In ancient history, the Senate of Sparta.

Gey’ser, the name given to certain
boiling springs or fountains in Iceland.
The water of the geyser holds a consider-
able quantity of silex in solution; it is
thrown up in jets, and at the same time
subterranean noises are heard like the
firing of distant cannon, and the earth is
slightly shaken. After playing for some
time like an artificial fountain, throwing
the water sometimes to the height of 100
feet, giving off clouds of vapour, there
issues forth from the pipe a column of
steam with amazing force and a thunder-
ing noise, which terminates the eruption.
These intermittent hot springs occur in
the south-western division of Iceland,
where nearly a hundred of them are said
to break out within a circle of two miles.

Guavrt, properly a pass through a moun-
tain, but in the East Indies used to denote
any extensive chain of hills.

Guer, Sanscrit, ghi. A liquid butter
made in the East Indies, chiefly from the
milk of buffaloes. It is sold by measure.

Gursettines. In Italian history, a
party which maintained the supremacy
of the German Emperors over the Italian
States.

Guost, Hoty, Orper or, the principal
military order of France.

GIALLoLI'No, Naples yellow. A porous
heavy mineral substance, of an earthy
nature, and a pale yellow colour. It is
used for painting in oil.

Grao’vur (Turk.), a dog. An epithet con-
ferred by the Turks on Christians.

GissetT or Jis. The slant beam of a
crane on which the weight is supported,
and on the end of which the chain pulley
is fixed.

Gip’sors, ) Lat. gibbus, bulged ; swelled:

Giz’s_sz, f applied, 1. In astronomy, to

the enlightened part of the moon in her
passage from full to new, when the illu-
minated part appears convex.—2. In
botany, to leaves, petals, &c., when irre-
Pym 4 swelled on one side or beth.——

- To inequalities on the body, as a hunch
> the back.

Gieso’stty, from gibbose, crookedness.

Gigs. In mechanics, the pieces of iron
employed to clasp together the pieces of
wood or iron of a framing which 2 to be

Pipe previous to e keys
See Key.
Girt. In law, a conveyance which
passes either land or goods

Gic Macui'NeEs, rotatory drums mounted
with thistles or wire teeth for teazling
cloth.

Gie’a or Jie (It.) In music, an air for
dancing in triple time.

Grit. 1. The respiratory organ of fishes,
from Scot. gil or gul, a fissure. The gills
are technically styled branchi@ (q. v.).—
2. A measure of capacity equal to the
fourth part of a pint, from low Lat. gilla,
gillo, or gello, a drinking-glass.——3. A
pair of wheels and a frame on which
timber is conveyed (local).——4. The plant
ground-ivy.

Gim’BaL, the brass ring by which a sea-
compass is:suspended in its box.

Gim’sLet or GIMLET, an instrument
used by carpenters, &c., for boring small
holes. To gimblet the anchor is a nautical
phrase, signifying to turn over the anchor
by the stock, a motion resembling the
turning of a gimblet in boring. The word
gimblet is probably from the northern
word gwiber, a serpent.

Grup, silk twist, interlaced with a me-
tallic wire.

Giy. 1. A distilled spirit: name con-
tracted from Geneva (q.v.).—2. A name
common to many machines: contracted
from engine. The pile engine is sometimes
called a gin ; there are also gins for raising
weights, drawing water, and separa’ ,
the seeds from cotton: this last is com-
monly called a cotton-gin. There was also
an old engine of torture called a gin.

Gin’crtr, the roots of a plant, the Zin-
giber officinale, a native of the East
and China, but long since transferred
the West Indies. The best roots, Pini
of their radicles and sordes, and dried
the sun, are called white ginger ; the in-
ferior roots scalded in boiling water before
being dried, are termed black ginger.

Gtn’GER-BEER, is made by ——
ginger, cream of tartar, and sugar, wi

yeast.

ye’ ‘cInc. In mining, the lining of q
shaft with stones or bricks for its support;
called also steining or staining, from
stan, a stone.

Gin’etyMolD, from yiyyAvjuss,a hinge,

.

GLA

353

GLA

and g/3e¢, like; resembling a hinge. Ap-
plied to that species of hinge-like joint
which admits of flexion and extension.

Giy’etyuvs, from yiyyAvpds, a hinge.
Articulation admitting flexion and exten-
sion.

Gin‘’niNnG, the operation by which the
filaments of cotton are separated from the
seeds by means of an apparatus called a
cotton-gin.

Gin’sene, the root of a small plant
(Panax quinquefolium), common in China
and several parts of North America. It
is highly valued in China for its medicinal
virtues, but is little used in Europe.

Girar’re, the specific name of the
camelopard (C. girafa, F. Cuy.), found in
the deserts of Africa. See CaMELOPARDALIS.

Grrasot’ or GrRASsOLE, a mineral of a

milk-white colour, named from gyro, to
turn, and sol, the sun, in allusion to a
remarkable property of reflecting a red
colour when turned towards the sun or
any bright hight. It is a variety of opal.
The finest specimens resemble translucid
jelly.
: Grrap’er, the name given to both tim-
ber and iron beams, when resting upon
walls or piers at each end, and employed
for the purpose of supporting a super-
structure, or any superincumbent weight,
asa floor, wall, or the roadway of a bridge,
&c. When a girder is employed to carry
the superincumbent part of an external
wall, it is styled a bressummer (brestsum-
mer).

Gir’pte. In architecture, the circular
band ofacolumn. Also,a band of leather
or other material, used in girding up the
loins.

Giron’pDE, a republican party in the
time of the French Revolution, termed
Girondists, from the department whence
the representatives were sent to the legis-
lative assembly.

Grirt-Linz, a rope to lift the rigging to
the mast-head in rigging a ship.

Given. In mathematics,a termsynony-
mous with known. If a magnitude is
known, it is called a given magnitude,
quantity, &c.

Gra’srovs, Lat. glaber, smooth. Ap-
plied to parts of plants, and opposed to
hirsute, hairy, or pubescent.

Gra’‘crer, Fr. from glace, ice. A field or
immense mass of ice formed in deep but
elevated valleys, or on the sides of the
Alps and other mountains. The ice of
glaciers is not transparent, being com-
posed for the most part of snow, which,
previous to freezing, had been imper-
fectly dissolved. They are little affected
by the heat of summer, and are so nu-
merous in Tyrol, Switzerland, Piedmont,
are Savoy,as to form collectively a super-
ficial extent of about 1500 square miles.

Gracis (Fr.), a sloping bank. Used in
fortification for the mass of earth which
serves as a parapet to the covered way,
oe easily towards the champaign o.

eld.

Gra’p1aTE, from gladius,a sword ; sword-
shaped. Applied to parts of plants, &c.

Grapia’tor, from gladius, a sword; a
sword-player; a prize-fighter. The gla-
diators of Rome were at first prisoners of
war, slaves, or condemned criminals, who
were made to fight in the arena for the
entertainment of the people; but after-
wards fought in the arena either for hire
or from choice.

Grance, Ger. glanz, splendour. A word
attached to the name of certain minerals
which have a metallic or pseudo-metallic
lustre, as glance-coal, lead-glance, anti-
mony-glance, &c.

GLanp, Lat. glans,anut. 1. In anatomy,
an organ composed of blood-vessels,
nerves, and absorbents, and destined for
the secretion or alteration of some parti-
cular fluid; according to the nature of
which, glands are mucous, sebaceous,
lymphatic, salivary, or lachrymal.—2,
In botany, a small transparent vesicle,
discharging a fluid, and situated on va-
rious parts of plants, as the stalk, calyx,
leaves, &c.——3. In mechanics (see Cotuar).

Gran’pers, from gland. A disease of
horses, evinced by the running of corrupt,
slimy matter from the nose.

Guan’puLaR ) Lat. glandulosus. Havy-

Guan’puLovs, Jing the appearance,
structure, or function of a gland. Applied
also to leaves of plants having little glan-
diform elevations.

Guass is formed by the fusion of sili-
ceous and alkaline matter. The glasses
may be thus chemically distributed: (1.)
Soluble glass, silicate of potash or soda.
(2.) Crown glass, silicate of potash and
lime. (3.) Common window glass, silicate
of soda andlime. (4.) Bottle glass, silicate
of soda, lime, alumina, and iron. (5.)
Flint glass, silicate of potash and lead.

Guass’-BLoWER. Glass while hot being
perfectly ductile and plastic, it is blown
into shapes by the breath of the work-
man (hence called a glass-blower), through
an iron tube about three feet long, as-
sisted by a very few trifling tools.

Gvass’-GALL, the neutral salt skimmed
off the surface of melted crown glass:
called also sandiver.

Grass Paintinc. The method of stain-
ing glass in such a way as to represent
all the subjects of which the art is capable.

Gtass’-wort, the Salsola kali, a plant
which affords soda used in the manufac-
ture of glass. The name is equally appli
cable to other species of the Salsola.

Guav’BER-saLts, Glauber’s salt. An old
name for sulphate of soda, from the dis-
coverer.

°

A

GLO 354

GLU

Guiavc’oma, | from yAayxos, glaucous.

Gravc’osis,/ A disease of the eye, in
which the vitreous humour becomes
opaque, and of a blue or sea-green colour.

his name has also been given to cataract.

Gtav’‘covs, Lat. glaucus, of a gray bluish
green colour: applied to leaves, &c., of
plants, which are covered with a fine sea-
green mealiness that easily rubs off, as is
seen on the back of the cabbage leaf.

Gtaze. In potteries, the vitreous in-
crustation on the surface of earthen-ware.

Guese, Lat. gleba,a clod. 1. The land
belonging to a parish church.—2. A
species of earth in which is contained
some mineral ore.

Gurze. In music, a short composition
sung in parts: originally used for conyi-
vial purposes.

GLEE-MAN, an itinerant minstrel was so
called by the Saxons.

GLENE, yAyvy- 1. The cavity or socket
of the eye.——2. The cavity of a bone
which receives another bone into it.

Gua’pinz, from yiiw, glue. The name
given by Taddey, an Italian chemist, to
one of the constituents of gluten (q. v.).

Gurm’mer, Germ. glimmern, to gleam.
A general name given sometimes to mica-
ceous minerals.

Gt1’res, plural of glis,a dormouse. The
fourth order of mammalia in the Lin-
nan system, including such animals as
have two fore teeth, a cutting one in each
jaw, no tusks, and feet with claws; com-
prehending guinea pigs, rabbits, hares,
squirrels, mice, beavers, &c.

Goze, a body whose surface is every
where equidistant from the centre. This
is the name usually given to an artificial
sphere of metal, paper, or other matter,
on whose convex surface is drawn a map
of the earth or heavens with their several
circles. That on which the parts of the
earth are delineated is called a terrestrial
globe ; and that having the constellations,
&c., marked on its surface is called a celes-
tial globe.

Gtoxo’st, Lat. globosus, round; applied
to roots which are round, and give off
radicles in every direction.

Grop’urar Cuarr. A delineation of
the terrestrial surface, or any part of it,
on a plane, according to globular projec-
tion.

Gto’sus Hyster’icus. The air ascend-
ing in the w@sophagus, and prevented by
spasm from reaching the mouth, is so
called because it mostly attends hysteria,
and gives the sensation of a ball ascending
inthe throat. It is a very common an-
noyance to persons of a nervous tem-
perament.

Gto’merR. In anatomy, a conglomerate
gland. Lat. gloma, a clue of thread.

Gtom’erRareE, Lat. glomeratus. Gathered
into a mass ofa globular form.

Giom’ERIS, a myriapod, resembling a
wood-louse, thus named because whep
saan it rolls itself up into a spherival’
ball.

Gtom’ERULE, Lat. glomerulus. A. term
in botany, for a small tuft, mostly in the
axilla of the peduncle. .

Gto’ry, Lat. gloria. In painting, acircle,
plain or radiated, surrounding the heads
of saints, &c., especially of our Saviour.

Gtos’so-PHARYN’GEAL NERVES, the ninth
pair of nerves, arising from the processes
of the cerebellum, and terminating, by
numerous branches, in the muscles of the
tongue and pharynx.

Gtorris, from yAwrre, the tongue.
The superior opening of the larynx at the
bottom of the tongue.

GLow-wormM, a name common in some
measure to several species of Lampyrides,
but especially applied to the female of the
Lampyris noctiluca, Lin., which emits a
very vivid phosphorescent light. The lu-
minous matter occupies the inferior part
of the last two or three annuli, which
differ in colour from the rest, and are
usually yellowish or whitish.

Guvci’Na, } from yAvzus, sweet. One

Guucr’nE, J of the primitive earths, first

discovered by Vauquelin, inthe beryland |

emerald, and thus named because it forms
sweetish salts with the acids.

GuvE, Fr. glu, inspissated animal glu-
ten. A tenacious viscid matter, which is
much employed as a cement for wood, &c.
It is made from parings of hides, and
other offals, by boiling them in water to
a jelly.

Guiuma’creovs, glumose.

GtiumeE, Lat. gluma, husk. The peculiar
calyx of grasses and grass-like plants of a
chaffy nature, formed of little concave
leaflets called valves. >

Guv’tEN, Lat., from gelo, to congeal. The
most nutritious part of wheaten flour. It
exists also in most other kinds of grain, but
in‘smaller quantity; it resembles animal
more than vegetable substances, as it con-
tains nitrogen, besides carbon, oxygen and
hydrogen. It is astiff and tenacious solid,
possessing ductility and elasticity, so that
it can be spread into a thin membranous
sheet. It is readily procured by making
wheaten flour into a paste, and removing
the starch and saccharine matter, by
washing it with water. It may be re-
solved, by means of alcohol, into two
principles, gliadine and zymome; some
name a third, mucine.

Guv’revs, from yAovros, the name of
some muscles, arteries, &c. of the buttocks

Guvr’ton. In zoology, a name common
to all the species of the genus Gulo, Storr.,
but especially applied to the Ursus gwlo,

GNO 355

GOL

Lin., an animal about the size of a
badger, which inhabits the coldest re-
gions of the north. It is both ferocious
and voracious. /

Guy’cerineE, from yAvzus, sweet, the
sweet principle of oils. It isa transparent
liquid, without colour or smell; of a sy-
rupy consistence, and very sweet to the
taste. Sp. gr. 1°27.

Gtyc’onIAN, } A kind of verse in Greek

Gtyc’onic. and Latin poetry, con-
sisting of three feet, a spondee, a cho-
riamb, and a pyrrhic. :

Gtycyr’ruiza, the Liquorice. A genus
of perennial plants. Diadelphia—Decan-
dria. Name from yavzus, sweet, and esSee,
root. Temperate climates.

Grycyr‘ruizing, the saccharine juice of
the Liquorice.

Guiypx, from yavgis. A term in sculp-
ture and architecture for any canal or ca-
vity. See Dietyrx and TricLyPuH.

Giyr’ric (yAvgw), in sculpture, denotes
the art of carving on stone.

Guxr’ropon, from yAvgw, I carve, and
edovs,a tooth. Anextinct gigantic race
of quadrupeds, of the family of armadillos.

Gixp’rorHeca, from yAvgw,and Oyx4,
a deposit. A place for the preservation of
sculptured works.

Gwapua’tium, the Everlasting, or Cud-
weed. An extensive genus of plants.
Syngenesia— Polysuperfiua. Name from

y, soft down or wool, in allusion
to its downy surface. The Cotton-weed,
Goldilocks, &c. arespecies. All warm and
temperate parts of the world.

Gyatuip'1a, from yrefos, a jaw. In
ornithology, the lateral parts of the lower
jaw, united to the posterior cranium, and
meeting in an angle in front.

Gneiss, the name given by the German
mineralogists to aschistose, primary rock,
fundamentally the same as granite, but
abounding in mica, to which it owes its
slaty structure. It belongs to the meta-
morphic group, and is the most metalli-
ferous of all the rocks. See GRANITE.

Gno’me, yrwuy- An imaginary being,
supposed by the cabalists to inhabit the
interior parts of the earth, and to whose
care mines, quarries, &e.were committed.

Gno'mic Ports, yyw, sentence. Greek
poets, whose works eonsist of short pre-
cepts and reflections.

Gxo'Mon, yyawy, an index. 1. The
style of a dial——2. A style erected per-
pendicular to the horizon, to find the sun’s
altitude by.——. The index of the hour-
circle of a globe.——4. A geometrical
tigure, formed by the two complements
with either of the parallelograms about
the diameter.

Gnomon’Ic Prosection. The represen-
tation ofa hemisphere on a plane, touch-

ing it at the vertex, the eye being at the
centre of the sphere.

Gnos’tics, from yrwostzos, knowledge.
Aname given to an old sect of Christians,
from their pretensions to be more enlight-
ened than others.

Gnu, a species of antelope, common in
Southern Africa. It is a lively and ca-
pricious animal.

Gox’pine. In mining, the refuse of the
coal in coal-mines.

Gop’BoLp’s Batsam, a nostrum consist-
ing chiefly of simple oxymel.

Gop‘rrey’s CorpIAL, a quack medicine
made by infusing sassafras, seeds of carra-
way, coriander, and anise in water, and
adding treacle and tincture of opium.

Gop’FrEY’s SmELtine Sats are pre-
pared by re-subliming carbonate of
ammonia with potash and some strong
alcohol.

Gopow’n, a name used in the East In-
dies for a warehouse. It is a corruption
of the Malay word jadong.

Goproo’n (French), a kind of inverted
fluting or beading.

Gocetes, a clumsy mechanical contri-
vance for the cure of squinting. The
goggles are two cylindrical tubes, with
thin plates of ivory, or the like, placed
on the ends, perforated for the transmis-
sion of light.

Goa anp Macoc. . The names of two
warriors mentioned in Scripture. Applied
also to the pagan nations: also, the name
of the huge warlike figures that adorn the
Guildhall of London.

Gop, the heaviest metal except plati-
num, sp. gr. 19°3. It is found in beds of
quartz, sandstone, &c., and also in the
beds of many rivers, particularly in Peru,
in minute and irregular grains, which
are known by the name of gold-dust. It
is soluble in aqua regia and chlorine-
water. Alloyed with one-twelfth of copper
it forms mint-gold (gold of coins),and with
one-fourth of copper it forms jeweller’s-
gold. Inmalleability, pure goldsurpasses
all other metals,

Gotp’sEatERs. In entomology, coleop-
terous insects remarkable for their beau-
tiful golden green and cupreous colours.

ey form the genus Cetonia of Fabricius.

Gotp’sEatTERS’ Sxrn, the intestinum
rectum of an ox, which goldbeaters place
between the leaves of the metal while
they beat it, whereby the membrane is
rendered very thin, and made fit to be
applied to cuts and small wounds.

GotpEn Numser. In chronology,a num-
ber showing what year of the metonic or
lunar cycle any year is. It is the re-
mainder arising from the division of the
number of the given year increased byl.
When it happens that 0 remains, then
19 is the golden number,

s 9

~~ «* <

GON 356

GOR

Gotpzn Rote. In arithmetic, a name
for proportion, or-the rule of three.

Gotprisu, an elegant fish, the Cyprinus
auratus, of the size of a pilchard, and thus
named from its goldencolour. It is a na-
tive of China, but is now kept throughout

pe in ponds, glass globes, and other
vessels, by way of ornament.

Gotpiear, or Learcotp, gold beaten
into a thin film or leaf, varying in thick-
ness and fineness, according to the pur-
poses for which it is intended. The metal
is first beaten on a block of marble, with
hammers of polished iron, to the thinness
of paper ; it is then cutinto pieces ofabout
an inch square, placed between skins,
and beaten thinner; divided again into
squares, and again beaten until it has
acquired the necessary degree of thinness.
The finished leaves are put up into books
made of single leaves of soft paper, rubbed
over with a little chalk, to prevent adhe-
sion, when it is ready for the gilder.

Goxtp THREAD, or Spun Gotp,is a flat-
tened silver gilt wire, wrapped or laid
over a thread of yellow silk, by twisting
with a wheel and iron bobbins.

Gory. A game with a ball and clubs,
almost peculiar to Scotland.

Gotan, the name given by Lambert to
a genus of coleopterous insects remark-
able for their size and beauty. Some of
the species inhabit Africa and the East
Indies, and others the tropical parts of
America.

Gom’arires. In ecclesiastical history,
the Calvinistic divines of the Church of
Holland, in the 17th century: so called
after Gomar of Leyden.

GompnHo'sIs, yougwois, from youges,
anail. A species of immoveable connec-
tion of bones, in which one is fixed into
another, like a nail in a board; e.g. the
teeth in the alveoli of the jaws.

Gomvu’tl, a species of palm, Borassus go-
mutus, growing in the Indian islands:
ecalled also ejoo. It is remarkable for a
product which it yields resembling black
horse hair, found at the insertion of the
branches into the trunk, in a matted
form. It is manufactured into cordage.

Gon’pota, a large barge, curiously or-
namented, and navigated on the Venetian
canals. It is usually rowed by two men,
hence called gondoliers.

Gon’Fanon, | In heraldry, the banner

Gon’raton. fof the Roman Catholic
Church, carried in the pope’s army.

Gone-cone, the tam-tam of the Chi-
nese, a kind of cymbal made of a copper
alloy (four copper and one tin).

Gontom’eTER, from yovic, an angle, and
éreov, measure. An instrument to mea-
gure angles, especially of crystals. The
simplest goniometer consists of a gra-
duated brass semicircle AA, and a pair of

proportional compasses BBBB, moye-
able on the centre, and capable of being
lengthened or shortened. The faces of
the crystal are embraced by the exterior
legs of the compasses, and the yalue of

the angle comprised between them mex
be read off upon the semicircle by the knife
edge of the leg BCB. Dr. Wollaston’s
reflecting goniometer is, however, much
more accurate and elegant than this, but
is much more complex.

Gooctnes, hecho clamps of iron

Gooprnes, J bolted on the stern-post of
a ship, whereon to hang the rudder.

Goosr’sERxtzs, the fruit of the goose-
berry-bush (q. yv.). f

Goosr’BERRY-BUSH, 2 name common to
the Ribes grossularia, which produces the
rough gooseberry; and the Ribes Uva-
crispa, which produces the smooth goose-
be

GoosE-nEck. Ina ship, a piece of iron
fixed on one end of the tiller, in which
the lanniard of the whip-staff or wheel-
rope comes, for steering the ship; also an
iron hook on the inner end of a boom.

Goosz-wines (of a sail), the clues or
lower corners of the main or fore-sail,

when the middle part is furled. A sail .

set on a boom on the lee side of a ship is
also called a goosewing.

Gor’p1an Knot. In history, was a knot
made by Gordius, king of Phrygia, in the
harness of his chariot, so intricate as to
baffle every effort to untie it.

Gor‘pivs, the hair-worm. A genus of
annelides of the abranchian order. The
body resembles a thread; and the hair-tail
worm (G. aquaticus, Lin.), found in stag-
nant marshes, &c., is several inches in
length, and almost as fine as a hair.

Gore. 1. In heraldry, an abatement
consisting of two arched lines, meeting in

an acute angle in the middle of the fess
point: it denotes a coward.—2. A piece
of cloth or the like approaching to%a tri-
angle, but having the oblique angles
rounded off, and forming or intended to
form a part.

Goreez (Fr.), the throat. In erchitec-
ture, another name for the moulding

;
;

GOU 357

GRA

termed cyma-recta.—In fortification, the
entrance of a bastion, ravelin, or other
eutwork.:

GoreEep. In heraldry, bearing of a
crown, coronet, &c., about the gorge or
neck.

Gor’cEt, Fr. gorgette, from gorge. 1. A
piece of armour for defending the throat
vor neck.—-2. An instrument, or rather
tio instruments, used in the operation of
lithotomy: the cutting gorget is a sort of
knife, and the blunt gorget is merely a
sort of large directory for guiding the for-
ceps in the operation.

Gorcone'ta (Gr.). In architecture, carv-
ings of masks imitating the Gorgon’s head.

Goreo’Nra, a genus of coralliferous
polypi, characterised by having its axis
enveloped by a bark so penetrated by cal-
careous granules as to dry upon the axis,
and retain its colours, which are often
very vivid and beautiful. The species
live upon living animalcules.

Gos’sameEr, from gossypium. A fine filmy
substance, like cobwebs, floating in the
air in calm weather, especially in autumn.
It is frequently seen on furze, and is
supposed to be formed by a species of
spider.

GossyP’Ium, the Cotton-plant; a genus
of seven, or according to Willdenow,
ten, species. Monadelphia—Polyandria.
Name gossypium is the Latin word for
cotton, the root of which is the oriental
name gootin. Some of the species, as the
American, are herbaceous, others are

' shrubby; and one is called a tree, but it

hhardly deserves the name, except that it
grows upon asingle stem. It is a native
of India, China, Egypt, and the western
coast of Africa. See Corron.

Gorn‘ic. In architecture, this term is

“used to denote the pointed style, supposed

to have been invented by the Goths.
Some, however, refer the origin of this
style to India and Persia; and certainly
there are instances of the occurrence of
pointed arches in very ancient Mahom-
Imedan structures. The pointed arch was
introduced into England towards the close
of the reign of Henry I., but the intro-
duction of the Gothic style as a whole
was very gradual; and accordingly in-
stances are found where pointed arches
are mixed in the same building with those
of the Saxon and Norman. The true com-
mencement of the English Gothic is re-
ferred to the reign of Richard I.

Gover (Fr.}, a round hollow chisel, used
to cut holes, channels, or grooves,in wood
or stone.

Gov’Larp’s CeRATE, the compound ce-
rate of lead.

Gov’Larp’s Exrract, a saturated solu-
tion of acetate of lead.

Gour,Fr.goute. A disease characterised
‘y pain in the joints, especially of the

feet and hands, and, more particularly
still, of the great toe.

Goury Concrerions, called also chalk-
stones from their appearance, are com-
posed of uric acid combined with am-
monia.

GowLanDp’s Lorton, an extract of bitter
almonds, with admixture of corrosive
sublimate, sugar, and alcohol.

Gov’ERNMENT. In politics, (1.) The body
of the laws of a state, whether monarchi-
cal, aristocratical, ordemocratic. (2.) The
body of men who conduct the executive in
any country.

Gov’eRNoR. In mechanics, a contrivance
connected with some machines for regu-
lating their motion. It consists of an

upright spindle, set in motion by the ma.
chine. The twe balls, suspended by rods,
partake of the motion, and fly out by
means of the centrifugal force, in propor-
tion as the motion is rapid. In consequence
of this the upper portion of the contriv-
ance is elevated or depressed by every
change in the speed of the engine; and in
the steam-engine this motion is trans-
ferred to the throttle-valve by means of a
lever, and thus regulates the supply of
steam to the cylinders. Thus, if the engine
is going too fast, the governor shuts the
throttle-valve in part, and if too slow, it
falls down and allows more steam to pass.

Gov’/ERNOR-GENERAL OF InpIA. He ex-
ercises some of the most important rights
of sovereignty, as declaring war, making
peace, framing treaties, and to a certain
extent, making laws.

Grace. 1. In music, consists in giving
due place to the decorative additions, and
that easy, smooth, and natural expression
of the passages which best conveys the
beauties of the composition.——2. In the
Jine arts, equality arising from elegance
of form and attitude combined.——3. At
meals, the saying of a grace is a Jewish
practice, and was sanctioned also by Jesus
Christ.—4. Days of grace. In commerce,

GRA 358

GRA

are certain days allowed by merchants to
the time set for the presentment of a bill.

Gra’‘ces, Lat. grati@. In mythology, the
three sister goddesses, Euphrosyne, Ag-
laia, and Thalia; attendants on Venus.—
In music, ornamental notes attached to
the principal ones, as appogiaturas.

Grapa’tTion, Lat. gradus, a step. In
painting, the blending of tints.—In music,
a diatonic succession of chords.

Grav’atory, Lat. gradus. In mammal-
ogy, applied to the extremities of a qua-
druped which are equal, or nearly so, and
adapted for progression on land.In orni-

, the pedes gradiarii are those in
which the whole tibia is covered with
feathers.

Gra’DIENT, a term indicative of the
proportional ascent or descent of the se-
veral planes upon a railway. Thus an
inclined plane 4 miles long, with a total
fall of 36 feet, is described as having a
gradient of 9 feet per mile. The term is
also used to designate an inclined plane
having a small inclination.

Grap’vaTeE, ascholar who has taken his
degrees in a university.

Grav’vateD. In ornithology, when the
quill feathers of the tail regularly increase
in length.

Grapva’TIon. In astronomy, the division
of circular arcs into degrees, minutes, &c.

Grapva’tor. 1. An instrument for di-
viding any line, right or curved, into
equal parts.——2. An apparatus invented
in Germany for quickening the acid fer-
mentation in the process of vinegar mak-
ing. It is an oak tub about 6 feet high,
and 3 feet wide
at bottom, and

ished with
a perforated
inner cover,
through which
the vinous li-
quor descends
in drops into
the interior,

over which the

liquor becomes diffused before it finally
descends to the bottom to be run off. By this
means a vastly large surface of the liquor
is exposed to the action of the atmosphere,
and the process of vinegar making much
facilitated.

Grarrine. In horticulture, the process
of inserting a shoot or scion of one tree
into the bark of another, called the stock,
so as to make it yield fruit of the same
nature with that of the tree from which
the graft was taken. By this means dif-
ferent kinds of fruits, pears, apples, &c.,
are multiplied.

Grain, Lat. granum. A term denoting,

‘

1. All seeds of grasses, but especially re-
stricted to corn, as wheat, rye, barley,
oats, &c.——2. A weight, the 24th part of
a pennyweight troy.——3. The term grain
is used in describing the grain-like uppear-
ance of the surface of solids, as stones,
metals, &c., and also the fibrous texture
of wood, &c. Hence close-grained, cross-
grained, &t.——4. Grains is a name for
the husks of malt after brewing, or of any
grain after distillation——5. Grains of
Paradise (the amomum grana Paradisi),
a species of Mellagatta pepper, imported
from the coast of Guinea.

Gratn’er, the lixivium obtained by in-
fusing pigeon’s dung in water, used for
giving flexibility to skins in the process
rs)

GraLtatTo’R1z, ) The waders. An order

Grat’Lz, Lin. § of aquatic birds, known
by the nudity of the lower parts of the
legs, and most generally by the height of
their tarsi; two circumstances which en-
able them to enter the water to a certain.
depth without wetting their feathers, to
wade through it, and seize fish by means
of their neck and bill, the length of which
is usually proportioned to that of their
legs. The ostrich, cassowary, bustard,
heron, stork, wood-pelican, spoonbill,
water-hen, and jacana are examples.
Epithet grallic.

Gra’mMEn, the Latin word for grass. The
gramina form the fourth order in Lin-
nzus’s system, and comprehend nearly a
twentieth of the vegetable kingdom.

GraMINIVoRovs, from gramen and voro,
to devour. Anepithet applied to animals
which subsist wholly on vegetable food,
to distinguish them from carnivorous ani-
mals, which subsist on flesh.

Gram’MAR, yeanuarizn rexvn, from
yeuucn,a letter. Asystem of general
principles and particular rules for speak-
ing or writing alanguage. Also a book,
containing these principles and rules.

GramMa’RIANS, a term used by the
classic ancients, to distinguish those who
were learned in any art or faculty.

Grammer’, a French weight, equal to
15°444 grains troy.

Grampus, Fr. grampoise, a contraction
of grand-poisson, a fish. The Delphinus
orca, Lin., which grows to the length of
25 feet, and is remarkable for its voracity.

Granp,Fr. In fine arts, applied to the
highest degree of majesty and dignity in
a work of art.

Granpe’E, Span. grande. The highest
title of Spanish nobility. *

Granp Jury. In law, the jury which
finds bills of indictment against offenders.
These, when a true bill is found, are after-
wards tried before a petty jury.

Granp Seicnor. The title of the
Turkish sultan.

ere »

a

GRA

359

GRA

Granoe, Lat. granium. In law, a farm
faving the necessary barns, stables, and
other house accommodation.

Gran‘Ire, Fr. granit or granite. <A pri-
mary rock, composed of felspar, quartz,
and mica, each crystallised and cohering,
but without any base or cement. Thus
named from its granular appearance. The
colours of the felspar are white, red, grey,
and green. The quartz is light grey,and
the mica dark. Granite is a plutonic or
igneous rock, and forms the basis of the
stratified rocks.

GRAn‘ITEL, | In mineralogy, a name

Gran‘ITEtt. J given by Kirwan to a
binary aggregate of any two of the fol-
lowing minerals: felspar, mica, shorl,
quartz, garnet, steatite, hornblende, jade.

Granir’ic, composed of grains or crys-
tals united without cement, as in granite
and some sandstones. A granitic aggre-
gate is a granular compound, consisting of
two, three, or four simple minerals, among
which only one of the essential ingredients
of granite is present.

GRAN’ITINE, a granitic aggregate of
three mineral constituents, one or more
of which differ from those which compose
granite.

Gran‘iTITE, ) Prismatoidal garnet, the

Gren‘iTITe. ) staurotide of Haily. A
reddish-brown mineral, occurring in pri-
mitive rocks. Its form and infusibility
distinguish it from the garnet.

Graniv’orovus. Animals which feed on
grain.

Grant. In law, a gift in writing, of
such a thing as cannot be passed orally.
The person to whom the grant is made is
called the grantee, and he by whom it is
made is the grantor.

Gran’cLtar. In mineralogy, an epithet
for minerals composed of crystalline
grains, irregularly but intimately joined
together without any agglutinating ce-
ment, asin granite and granular lime-

stone. :

Gran’vutaTeD. 1. Having a structure
resembling grains. ——2. Formed into
small grains, as granulated tin.——. Bead-
ed; having small roundish elevations
placed in rows. Applied to roots of plants.

Granvta’tion. 1. Inchemistry, &c. the
method of dividing metallic substances
into grains or small particles, to facilitate
their combination with other substances,
&c. Thus tin, &c. is granulated by dropping
it, while in a melted state, into water:
hence called also dropped tin.——2. In
surgery, the little grain-like fleshy bodies
which form on the surfaces of ulcers and
suppurating wounds, and serve both for
filling up cavities, and bringing nearer
together and uniting their sides, are called
granulations.

Grape’sHot, a quantity of small shot
eonfined in a bag, forming a sort of

cylinder, whose diameter is equa] to that
of the ball adapted to the piece of ord-
nance from which the bag is to be fired.

Grapu'ic Granites, a variety of granite
composed of felspar and quartz, so ar-
ranged as to produce an imperfect laminar
structure. When cut at right angles to
the alternations of the constituent mine-
rals, broken lines, like Hebrew charac-
ters, present themselves: whence its
name, from yeag¢w, to write.

Grapw'ITE, from ycagw, to write. A sub-
stance better known by the names of black
leadand plumbago. It isa carburet ofiron
(carbon 92, iron 8,) of a steel-gray colour,
or nearly iron-black. Sp. gr. about 2.

Grapuom’ETER, from yeagw, to describe,
and mereoy, measure. A mathematical
instrument called alsoa semi-circle. Its use
is to observe any angle, whose vertex isat
the centre of the instrument in any plane,
and to find how many degrees it contains.

GraP’NEL, \ a small anchor, fitted with

Grapr’tinc,!four or five flukes or
claws, used to hold boats or small vessels.
A grappling-iron used to seize and hold
one vessel to another in an engagement,
and particularly requisite in fire-ships,
is called a fire-grappling.

Grav’wackE,) The name given to a

Gnav’waces, | group of rocks forming

Grey’wacke,) the lowest members of
the secondary strata, from Germ. grau,
grey, and wacke (q.v.). Grauwacke is a
coarse slaty rock, containing granular
fragments of otherrocks. When these are
very minute, the grauwacke passes into
common slate ; when they are numerous,
and somewhat larger, it becomes sand-
stone or gritstone; when they are large,
and rounded, it may be called ancient
conglomerate: old redstone is a grau-
wacke coloured by accidental admixture
of oxide of iron. The grauwacke system
of rocks is highly metalliferous.

Gra’vEL, Fr. gravelle, gravier. 1. In ge-
ology, &c. a mass of small water-worn
stones, larger than particles of sand, but
often intermixed with them.——2. In
medicine, small calculous concretions
found in the kidneys and bladder.

Gra’ver, or Burin, a tool used in en-
graving.

GRavim’ETER, a name given by Guyton
to an instrument for measuring specific
gravities. He adopts this name in pre-
ference to hydrometer and areometer, be-
cause these terms are grounded upon the
supposition that the liquid is always the
thing weighed.

Gravine. In nautieal language, see
BreamineG and Dock.

Gravita’TIon. The name given in pry-
sics to the action which one body exer-
cises on another by the power of gravity,
See ATTRACTION.

GRE 360

GRO

Grav'iry. A term used in physics to de-
note the cause by which all bodies move
towards each other, unless prevented by
some other force ; and which operates di-
rectly as the mass, and inyersely as the
square of the distance. Weight is the
measure of gravity. ific gravity of a
body is the ratio of its euight to that of
an equal volume of water assumed as a
standard.

Grazioso (It.), in music, signifies ele-
gantly and gracefully.

' Greasze. In farriery, an inflammation
and swelling of the heels of a horse, with
secretion of an oily matter.

Greave, Fr. gréve. A piece of armour
defending the shins.

Greaves,)} The sediment of melted

Graves. § tallow.

Greek Fire, a formidable combustible
composition, employed by the Constanti-
nopolitan Greeks of the middle ages
against the Mahometans. Its composition
was kept a secret, and is not now cer-
tainly known, but it is supposed to have
been a compound of asphaltum, sulphur,
and nitre.

Greex Cucrcn. It comprises the great
bulk of the Christian population of Russia,
Greece, Moldavia, and Wallachia, all ac-
knowledging the patriarch of Constanti-
nople as their head.

Grerek OrnpveErs. In architecture, these
are the Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian, in
contradistinction to the two Latin orders,
the Tuscan and Composite.

GREEN-CLOTH, a court of justice, held in
the counting-house of the Queen’s house-
hold, composed of the lord steward and the
officers under him. It has jurisdiction of
the court-royal, which extends every
way 200 yards from the gate of the palace.
It takes its name from the green cloth
spread over the board at which it is held.

GREEN-EARTH, a variety of tale of a
pleasant green colour, which occurs in
vesicular cavities in amygdaloid, in Eng-
land and Scotland. It is the mountain
green ofartists in water colours, and when
ground with oil, is employed as a paint.

Green Paints or Piements. “These are
prepared by admixture of blues and yel-
lows. Brunswick green is a mixture of
carbonate of copper with chalk, lime, &c.
Frise green is an ammono-sulphate of cop-
per. Mittisgreenisanarseniate of copper.
Mountain green is a hydrated carbonate
of copper. Sap green is the inspissated
“nice of Pca Aa berries. Scheele’s green
is arsenite of copper. Verona green is a
variety of green earth.

Green Room. In theatres, the actors’
retiring room, so called from being painted
or decorated in green.

- GREEN Virriot, crystallised sulphate of
fron ; the crystals of which are green.

GreGo'rn1an TeLescors, the first and

most common form of reflecting telescope,
invented by Professor James Gregory.

Greco’rian Year, the Julian year cor
rected by the abatement of three bissex-
tiles every 400 years, as allowance for the
11 minutes which the Julian year exceeds
the solar year. This reformation was ef-
fected by Pope Gregory XIII., a.p. 1582,
when 10 days were taken out of October
to make the equinox fall on the 2lst of
March, as it did at the time of the ge-
neral Council of Nice, a.p. 325. The Gre-
gorian year still requires correction to the
extent of 80 minutes every 400 years.

GrenwpE. In war, a small bomb or
shell of metal about 24 inches diameter,
filled with fine powder, and furnished
with a fusee, which being lighted, the
shell is thrown by the hand among the
enemy : hence called most commonly hand-
grenade, hence grenadier.

Grey’wEaTHERS. In _ geology, lar
boulders of siliceous sandstone, found. in
various localities.

Grir’Fin, | Lat. grups, gryphus. An

Grir’Fron, /imaginary animal, said to
have been generated between an eagle
and alion. It is represented on ancient
medals with four legs, wings, anda beak,
and is still borne in coat-armour.

Grit’LacE,a term applied to the sleepers
and cross-beams supporting a platform,
upon which some erections are carried
up, as piers, in marshy soils, whereby an
equal bearing is given to the foundation.

Grire. In nautical language, 1. The
piece of timber called otherwise the fore-

foot, faced against the lower piece of the ©

stern from the foremost end of the keel,
and joining with the knee of the head:
used to defend the lower part from in-
jury.—2. The compass of a ship’s stern
under water.——3. To gripe is to run to
windward.—4. Gripes are an assemblage
of dead-eyes, ropes, and hooks, fastened to
ringbolts in the deck to secure the boats.

Grit or GRitTsToneE, a coarse siliceous
sandstone, sometimes called mill-stone
grit, from the circumstance of some quar-
ries of it being worked for mill-stones.
It affords also good building stones.

Groat, a silver coin struck in the reign
of Edward III., and so named from its
being four times greater than the silver
penny, the only silver coin previously in
use. The term means money in amount
equal to 4d.

Groats, decorticated oats.

Groe, some spirituous liquor, as rum or
whisky, diluted with water.

Groin. 1. In architecture (see Grotxep
Arcu).—2. In engineering, a framework,
usually of wood, constructed across a
beach between high and low water-mark,
for the purpose of retaining the shingle
already accumulated, or to obtain more
from the sea.

GRO

361

GUA

Groinep Arcu,an arch formed by the
intersection of two semi-cylinders or
arches: the point of juncture is called a
It is the most stable of all the

GroInep Crritnec, a ceiling formed of
three or more curved surfaces, so that
every two may form a groin, and all the
_groins terminating at one extremity ina
common point.

Grom'mst, a ring or small wreath
formed by laying a strand of a rope three
or four times round 5p ext to fasten the
upper of a sail to its stay.

corinne tiahetng In ecclesiastical history,
a subdivision of Anabaptists.

Groove. In architecture, a sunken rec-
tangular channel.

Gros, a French weight of 59°07 troy

Gross. 1. The number of 12 dozen.——
2. Gross-weight is the whole weight of
goods, with the packing bags, boxes, &c.,
for which allowance of tare and tret is
made.— 3. In gross is a law term, signi-
fying absolute or independent. Thus an
advowson in gross is one separate from the
manor.

Gross’erak, a bird, the Loria entcleator,
Lin. (see Gunvawos, which closely re-
sembles the crossbill in its habits. It is
found in the north of both continents, and
takes its name from its peculiar beak. In
North America it is called popularly the
Virginia nightingale.

Gros‘SULARE, an asparagus- green variety
of dodecahedral garnet found in Siberia,
embedded in a pale greenish claystone
along with Vesuyian.

Grorro, Fr. grotte ; an artificial cavern
or caye. The term is sometimes also used
for a natural cave of small size.

Grovunp. 1. In painting, the surface
upon which the figures and other objects
are represented, and which retains the
original colour.——2. In etching, the com-
position spread upon the surface of the
plate to be etched, to prevent the acid
from attacking any parts. except where
the ground is opened by the etching-
needle.

Grounp-sornts. In carpentry, joints
supporting the floor immediately above
the ground.

Grovunpbs, a name given by joiners to
narrow pieces of wood built into the foun-
dations of walls, at the surbases of rooms.
to secure architraves and support the
walls over apertures.

Gro’unDsILL, the lowest horizontal tim-
ber of a wall.

Grovunpd Tacxte. In nautical language,
a general name for all ropes and furniture
belonging to anchors.

Grovr. 1. In painting and sculpture, is
an assemblage of figures of men, beasts,
fruits, or the like, which have some ap-

parent relation to each other.—2. Im
music, One of the diminutions of long
notes, which in working form a sort of
group, knot, or bush.

Grovrep CoLumns, are when three,
four, or more columns are put together
on the same pedestal: when two are
placed together, they are coupled.

Grov’rinc. In painting and sculpture,
the art of composing or combining the
objects of a picture or piece of sculpture.

Grovr,a mortar used in brick and stone
work, called also grouting. It is composed
of quick lime and fine sand, and is em-
ployed so thin as to be poured into the
upper beds and internal joints of the work.

Grow1ne. In nautical language, implies
the direction of the cable from the ship
towards the anchors.

Gruina‘tzs, from grus,a crane. A na-
tural order of plants, of which the gera-
nium or crane’s-bill is the type.

Grus, the crane. A genus of birds.
Order Graliatorie: family Cultrirostres.
The cranes are distinguished from the
herons and storks by their straight but
slightly cleft beak. The trumpeters of
South America and the crowned cranes
of Africa belong to the genus.

Gryrytto-Tatra, the mole-cricket (Gryl-
lus vulgaris, Lin.), separated from the
genus Gryllus, Lin., by Latreille. This
insect is very well known to gardeners,
&c., for the mischief it effects upon the
roots of plants.

Grrt’tus. The name given by Lin-
nus to anextensive genus of saltatorian
orthoptera, comprising the various in-
sects commonly termed grasshoppers,
crickets, katy-dids, &c., but now vari-
ously subdivided

Gvar’ac,a resin which exudes from the -
trunk of the tiacum officinale, a tree
common in the West India islands and
the warmer parts of America.

Guar’acum, a genus of trees of two spe-
cies. Decandria— Monogynia. Name
from Span. Guayaco, which is formed
from the Indian Hoaxacum. This genus
affords the resinous substance called
guaiac, and the wood called lignum vite.
Jamaica, Hayti, New Spain, &c.

Gua’no, a substance found upon the
coasts of Peru, in the islands of Chineni,
&¢c., forming deposits of 50 or 60 feet
thick, and of considerable extent. It ap-
pears to be accumulations of the excre-
ments of innumerable flocks of birds, es-
pecially herons, and is found an exvellent
manure for Indian corn, &c.

Guar’pant. In heraldry, having the
face turned towards the spectator.

Guar’p1an. In law, one appointed by
will or otherwise to take charge of the
estate and education of a minor, or other
person not of sufficient discretion to ma-
nage his own concerns, and who is called

GUL 36

2

=

GUN

the ward. In ecclesiastics, guardian of spi-
vitualities.—The trustee of the spiritual
administration of a see during a vacancy.
Guardian of the temporalities, the trustee
of the goods and profits of the same.

Gup’czon. 1. In mechanics, the extre-
muty of a horizontal shaft or axle when
_ it turns in a collar.——2. In ichthyology,
as fish.——3. Gudgeons ina ship, are
the eyes driven into the stern-post to
hang the rudder on.

Gvepres, infidels. The sectaries of the
Persian religion who worship fire.

Gvuetr, order of. An Hanoverian order
of knighthood.

Guetrs and Guis’etuines. In Italian
history,two political parties in the middle
ages, whose feuds long distracted Italy.

Gueritia, Span. little war. The plan
of harassing the French armies by the
constant attacks of independent bands.

Guipe. In music, the leading part in a
canon or fugue.

Gulp, Sax. geld, gield, gild or gyld. A
society or company associated for some
purpose, particularly for carrying on
commerce. The merchant-guilds of our
Saxon ancestors answer to our modern
corporations. They were licensed by the
king and governed by their own laws.

GUILD-HALL, the great court of judica-
ture in London.

Guittocue (Fr). In architecture, an
ornament composed of continuous curved
fillets.

GuILiotTine’, a machine for heheading,
introduced into France during the Revo-
lution. Itis similar to the maiden, for-
merly used in Scotland, and the mannara,
used in Italy for beheading criminals of
noble birth. It was proposed (not in-
vented) by Guillotin to the French Con-
‘vention, as being a less barbarous mode
of decapitation than the axe previously
used: hence the name.

Guin’ga, an English gold coin first
struck in the reign of Charles II., and
current till lately for ll. 1s. It took its
mame from being made of the gold
brought from Guinea on the coast of

Gut1n’Es-worm, the Filaria medinensis,
Gm., which is very common in hot coun-
tries, and often insinuates itself under the
skin of man, causing intense pain. It is
often of great length, but is seldom
thicker than the barrel of a pigeon’s
quill.

Gurrar’, Span. guitarra. A musical
stringed instrument larger than a violin,
and played with the fingers.

Gutes. In heraldry, a corruption of
the French word guewles, which in this
sense means It is marked in en-
graving by vertical straight lines.

GuLulgs, a term sometimes applied to
iron tram-plates or rails.

Gu’to. In zoology, the generic name of
the gluttons, placed by Linnzeus among
the bears. The ferrets of South America
and the Wolverine of North America are
placed along with the common glutton
(Urso gulo, Lin.) by Cuvier, as are also the

grison and taira.

Gum, Lat. gummi. The mucilage of
vegetables, usually transparent when dry,
tasteless and adhesive ; soluble in water,
and insoluble in alcohol and oil; coagu-
lates by the action of weak acids, and in
watery solution capable of acid fermenta-
tion. The common gums are those of
the plum, the peach, and cherry trees.
Gum-arabic flows m the acacia of
Egypt, Arabia, &c. Gum-renegal is a va-
riety of gum-arabic. Gum-tragacanth or
adragant is produced by a species of as-
tragalus common in oriental countries.
The name gum was formerly applied in-
differently to all concrete vegetable
juices, hence the names gum-copal, gum-
sandarach, and other gums designated ge-
nerally by the name of gum-resins,
Caoutchoue also has been named gum-
elastic and elastic gum.

Guwm’-Rrsin, a vegetable juice consist-
ing of gum and resin combin Gum-
resins rarely flow spontaneously from
plants, but are mostly extracted by
sion. They are mostly opaque and
brittle, and partly soluble in water, and
partly in aleohol. The principal gum-
resins are aloes, gum-ammoniac,
tida, bdellium, euphorbium, galbanum,
gamboge, guaiac, myrrh, olibanum, opo-
ponax, sarcocolla, scammony,and

Gun’BOAT, a boat or small vessel fitted
to carry one or two guns at the bow.

Gun’-mMEraL, an alloy of copper and tin.

Guwn’nER, the first of the three warrant
Officers in a king’s ship. He has charge
of the ordnance and ammunition.

Gun’NERY, a military art denoting the
management of guns and mortars.

Gun’ny, Bengalese, giant. A strong coarse
sackcloth made in Bengal from the fibre *
two species of plants. Also a weight: of
cinnamon, 84 Ibs.; of saltpetre, 140 Ibs.

GunrowpERr, is’ a mixture of nitre, sul-
phur, and charcoal.

GunpowpeEr-pLor. The celebrated con-
spiracy of certain disappointed Roman
Catholics to blow up king James I. and
parliament by gunpowder, detected on
the 4th Nov. 1605.

Gun’-Room, an apartment in a ship oc-
cupied by the gunner, &c. as a mess-
room.

GunTEr’s Cuartn, the chain in common
use for measuring land, so called from
E. Gunter, itsinventor. The length is 66
feet, divided into 100 links of 7°92 inches
each, so that 1000 square chains make an

re.
Gun’?ER’s Line, a logarithmic line,

tJ
°

GYM

363

GYR

usually graduated upon scales, sectors,
&c., also called the line of numbers, and
line of lines.

GuUNTER’s QUADRANT, an instrument
used to find the hour of the day, the sun’s
azimuth, &c. itis a sort of stereogra-
phic projection on the plane of the equi-
noctial, the eye being supposed one of
the poles, so that the tropic, ecliptic, and
horizon, form the arcs of circles.

GunTeErR’s Scatz, a large plane scale
haying various lines upon it, both logar-
ithmiec and natural, relating to trigono-
metry, navigation, &c. Itis chiefly used by
seamen, and called by them the Gunter.

Gun’wate, the uppermost wale of a
ship, or that piece of timber which reaches
on either side of the ship from the half-
deck to the forecastle, being the upper-
most bevel which finishes the upper works
of the hull.

Gur’ry, a native fortification in India,
generally consisting of a wall flanked
with towers.

Gus’to Gran’pdo. In painting, an Italian
phrase equivalent to the beau ideal of the
French, and the great style of the English.

Gur’ra (Lat.), adrop. The gutta rosa-
cea is a red or pimpled face. The gutta
serena is a disease of the eyes, otherwise
called Amaurosis (q. v.). The drops of a
Doric frieze are called gutte.

GvuTTER-LEDGER, a cross bar laid along
the middle of a large hatchway, to sup-
port the covers.

Guy, Sp. guia, a guide. A rope used
to keep a heavy body steady while hoist-
ing or lowering.

Gy’sine. In navigation, the shifting of
a boom-sail from one side of the mast to
the other.

Grmy‘astuM, yuuvacioy, from yurvos,
naked. A name first given by the Spar-
tans to the public building where the
young men exercised themselves, naked,
in running, leaping, wrestling, throwing
the discus, &c. Gymnasia were after-
wards very common in Greece, and were
imitated and improved at Rome. Since
that time athletic exercise has assumed
the form of a science, under the name of
gymnastics. e€ gymnasiarch was the
officer who provided the oil and other
necessaries for the gymnasium.

Gymne'rRus, a genus of fish of the
Tenioid family. The Arctic ocean produces
two species, called in Norway the king of
the herrings, one of which, about 10 feet
long, being usually found preceding or
accompanying shoals of that fish.

Gyrmwnocar’r!, from yuuyos, and HULKOE,
Fungi of fleshy texture, bearing their
seeds in an open receptacle.

Gymnopon’tes, a family of fishes: order
Plectognathi. Name from yuyos, naked,
and odevs, a tooth, the jaws, instead of

teeth, being furnished with an ivory sub-
stance internally divided into laminew,
whose ensemble resembles the beak of the
parrot, and which in fact consists of two
teeth united. The Diodon, Triodon, and
Tetraodon are genera.

Grunos/opHist, from yuuyos, naked,
and gogicrys, 2 philosopher ; a naked
philosopher. The gymnosophists are a
class of Indian devotees, thus denominated
from their going barefooted and with
little clothing. They affect to place the
chief happiness of man in a contempt of
the pleasures of sense.

GymnosPER’MIA, from yupevos, naked,
and ortgua, seed. An order of plants of
the class Didynamia, embracing such as
have added to the didynamial character
four naked seeds.

Gymno’rus, the electrical eel (q. v.). A
genus of anguilliform fish. The name
gymnotus is a contraction of gymnonotus
(bare-back), applied by Artidi to these
fishes.

Gynz’crum (Gr.). In ancient architec-
ture, the portion of a Grecian house set
apart for the female part. of the family.

Grnzco’cRAcy, yuyy, and zeartw, to
govern. A state in which women are
allowed to govern.

Gynan’pria, from yoyy, a female, and
cyye,amale. The name of the 20th class
of plants in the sexual system of Linnzus,
comprehending those which produce her-
maphrodite flowers, the stamina of which
grow upon the pistil so that the male
and female organs are united, and do not
stand apart as in other hermaphrodite
flowers. Epithet gynandrian.

Gy’NOPHERE, yuyy, and geew, to bear.
In botany, the stalk upon which some
ovaria are seated.

Gyp’stzs, corrupted from “ Egyptians.”
A nation of vagrants, whose principal
occupations are fortune-telling and
thievery.

Gyp’sinum Mertattrm, the lapis specu-
laris, used by the ancients for windows,
as glass is in modern times.

Gyp’sum, from yurfos, lime. A native
sulphate of lime, from which plaster of
Paris is obtained by calcination and slak-
ing with water. It contains 21 per cent.
of water. See ALABASTER, SELENITE, and
ANHYDRITE.

Grri, yueos, circle. In mammalogy, the
annular series of scales in the tails of cer-
tain quadrupeds.

Gyrrnvs, the whirler or water-flea. A
genus of coleopterous insects belonging
to the hydrocantharous tribe. Name from
yveow, to turnround, which characterises
the motion of the insect on the surface of
the water.

Gyrocar’pus, a genus of plants which

HAC 364

HAI

produce a winged fruit, which when
thrown into the air, whirls round ‘in a
peculiar manner: whence the name from

ow, to turn round, and HUCTOS fruit.

yROG’ONITE, from yueos, Curvus, and
ytvos, genus. Fossil seed-vessels of the
Chara hispida, found in fresh-water de-
posits, and at one time regarded as mi-
croscopie shells

Gy'romancy, divination by drawing a

circle and walking round it.

H.

H, the eighth letter of the English al-
phabet, formerly stood as a numeral for
200,and with a dash over it for 200,000.—
In music, his the seventh degree in the
diatonic scale and the twelfth in the chro-
matic.

Haam,ameasure. Se¢é Asm

Haar’xtes (Ger.), capillary pyrites in
very delicate acicular, crystal S.

Ha’seas Corpus (Lat.),** have the body.”
A writ of various uses, and of different
importance; but the most celebrated is
the habeas corpus ad subjiciendum, which
aman who is, or supposes himself to be,
aggrieved by unjust imprisonment, may
haye out of the Queen’s Bench, directed
to the person detaining him, and com-
manding him to produce the prisoner,
and bring the prosecution to open trial,
instead of prolonging his imprisonment.
This writ is founded upon common law,
and not only protects the citizen from
unlawful imprisonment at the suggestion
of the civil officers of the crown, but also
against groundless arrests at the suit of
individuals. It is secured by many sta-
tutes, particularly that of 31 Charles II.,
which is by distinction called the Habeas
Corpus

Hiswne Fa’ctas PossEssionEeM. In law,
a writ, which lies where one has recovered
a term of years, in action of ejectment,
to put him into possession.— Habere facias
seisinam, a writ to give seisin of a free-
hold estate recovered by ejectment or
other action.

Haszer’ceon, Ger. hals, the neck, and
bergen, to defend. An ancient piece of
defensive armour, descending from the
neck to the middle, and formed of little
iron rings or meshes linked together.

Haz'irar, contr. of habitation. A term
used by naturalists to denote the natural
abode or locality of an animal, or the na-
ture of the situation in which a plant
grows.

Hacx’inc. In building,an objectionable
mode practised by workmen when stones
of a proper size are scarce, of completing
a course of a wall. It consists of dividing
the course into two, and buildinz with
stones of half size.

Hacx’.e, an instrument for combing
flax or hemp, to separate the broken parts
of stalks from the fibre.

Have. In mining, the dip or deviation
from the vertical, of any mineral vein;
also the steep descent of a shaft.

Haps (Arab.), the Mahommedan pil-
grimage to Mecca and Medina; whence
a“ a pilgrim, and Hedjaz, ‘the holy

a aTiTEs, from aie, blood. <A spe-
cies of iron ore, called bloodstone from its
colour, or perhaps from its being used as
a medicine in cases of hzemorrhages,
fluxes, &c.

Hemaroce’tz, from wive, blood, and
zxyiy,a tumour. A swelling of the scro-
tum or spermatic cord, proceeding from
or caused by blood.

He»y’atorp, from aiua, blood, and
tides, like. An epithet of a peculiar form
of malignant tumour.

Hz»aror/ocy, from aize, blood, and

Aoyos, discourse. The doctrine of the
blood.

Hzmato’stnz, from aize, blood. The

colouring matter of the blood.

Hzmatoxy’LinE, the colouring prin-
ciple of logwood (hematozrylon).

HzMATOXY’LON, } the logwood-tree. A

HzmMatoxy’Lum, genus, Decandria—
Monogynia. Name from aie, blood, and
ZvAov, wood, on account of its red colour.
One species, South America.

Hzmorp’ror, |from aie, blood, and

Hzxor’rysis, J egyy, to spit. A spit-
ting of blood with cough.

H2zw’orrwace, from gine, blood, and
eyjocw, to break out. A flux of blood by
rupture of some vessel.

Hem’orruoips, from aj, blood, and

tw, to flow. A peculiar disease, the
bloody piles.

Hzresima'cuz, from digecig, and
eaxouns, I fight. Persons who have
written against heresy.

Haaioe’rarwa, from &y10s, holy, and
vyexGw, to write; sacred writings. The
Jews divided = books of the scriptures
into three : (1.) The Law, contained
in the five ain of Moses ; (2). The Pro-
phets, or Nevim; (8). The Cetuvim or
writings, by way of eminence, and called
by the Greeks Hagiographa, now adopted
into the English. This class comprehends

the Psalms, Proverbs, &c.
Hatz, } Sax. hegel. . Irregular
HarxsTones, ) masses of frozen vapour

more concentrated than snow, descend

ing from the atmosphere like frozen rain.
Hail is supposed to be formed in the
higher regions, where the cold is greatest,
but become larger in descending throvek

ee

HAL

365

HAWN

the humid layers of the air, whose va-
pour is suddenly condensed by the con-
tact of a frozen body, and clusters round
the spherules, forming masses often of
very large size and weight.

Harprn’seErire, a mineral sulphuret of
antimony, iron, and zine.

Harr PeEncits, are small brushes used
in painting. The name is restricted to
those made of the fine hairs of the mine-
ver, marten, badger, polecat, &c., and
mounted in quills or white iron tubes.

Hatr’sBREADTH, a measure of length;
the forty-eighth part of an inch.

Haxe,a fish. The Merlucius vulgaris,
Cuy., Yarr., or Gadus merlucius, Penn.,
‘very common on the west coast of Eng-
land, and in the Bay of Galway.

Hat’serpD, } a military weapon. Itisa

Hat’sert, J sort of spear with a cross
piece of steel having a cutting edge at
one extremity, and a sharp bent point at
the other, with a shaft about 6 feet long,
formerly carried by sergeants of foot and
artillery.

Hat’'cyon Days. A name anciently
given to the seven days that precede and
follow the winter solstice, when the wea-
ther was verycalm. The expression now
signifies. days of peace and tranquillity.

Haxr-Breaprx Puan. In naval archi-
tecture, the horizontal or floor plane of a
ship. The base is the section made by
the horizontal surface of the water and
the outside surface of the ship, called the
upper or load-water line.

Hat¥r-mark, a noble, or 6s 8d.

Hatr-moon. In fortification, an out-
work having two faces, and a gorge in the
form of a half-moon.

Hatr-pixe. Among seamen, the board-
ing-pike, thus named from its shortness.

Hatr-trpz Dock, a basin connecting
two or more docks, and communicating
with the entrance basin.

Har'isvr, a fish; the Hippoglossus vul-
garis, Cuy. Yarr., a native of the south
seas, where specimens weighing 500 Ibs.
have been taken. It is frequently met
with on the east coast of Scotland, and, in
July and August, specimens are caught in
the Forth of 18 inches long, and are sold
under the name of halibut turbot, and
often under the name of turbot.

Haticore, the maid of the sea, called
also siren, sea-cow, &c. A genus of her-
biyorous cetacea of one species, the H.
dugong, Ill. It inhabits the Indian Ocean.

Hatrortis, the sea-ear. A genus of uni-
valve sea-shell inhabited by a limax.
Name from &A¢, the sea, and ove, an ear.
(order, Scutibranchiata), on account of its
shape being flat, having asmall spire anda
large aperture. Fossilspecimens are rare.

Hatirue’a,a genus of Articulata: or-
der Dorsibranchiata ; separated from the
genus Aphrodita, Lin., by M. Savigny. A

species found on the coasts of France, the
A. aculate, Lin., is, in respect of colours,
one of the most splendid of all animals.

Hatt, Sax. heal. In architecture, a large
room for the transaction of public bu-
siness; the entrance of a dwelling-house ;
an unendowed college. Also, among dis-
senters in Scotland, the annual courses
of lectures for the instruction of students
in divinity.

Hav’'tiarps, from hale or haul, and
yards. Ropes or tackle usually employed
in hoisting and lowering sails on their
respective masts.

Hatuverna’tion, from hallucinor, to err.
A depraved imagination amounting toa
disease.

Hato, (Lat.) from gAwe, a circle. A
circle appearing about the body of the
sun, moon, or other heavenly body, called
also covona or crown. Halos are caused
by vapour in the air.

Hatocr’ne, from gAs, sea-salt, and
ytvyaw, to generate. A term employed
by Berzelius to denote substances which
form saline compounds with metals; it
comprehends chlorine, bromine, iodine,
fluorine and cyanogen.

Ha’torp, from &A¢, sea-salt, and idee,
like. A compound of asaline nature, con-
sisting of a metal and a halogenous body.
The haloids or haloid-salts comprehend
the whole series of metallic chlorides,
iodides, bromides, fluorides, and cyanu-
rets, which are all analogous in consti-
tution to sea-salt (chloride of sodium).

HALTERES, eArrneES- The poisers or
balancers of insects, so named from their
supposed use in adjusting the centre of
gravity when the insect is flying. Hal-
teres are only found in dipterous insects ;
they are cylindrical filaments, two in
number, one on each side of the thorax,
answering to the second pair of wings in
insects which have four wings.

Hamavpry’aves, certain fabulous deities
of antiquity, feigned to live and die with
the trees to which they were attached ;
hence the name from @w, together, and
devs, a tree.

Hamer, Sax. ham, a small village. In
law, a portion of a village or parish.

Hammer Beam,a beam in a gothic roof,
not extending to the opposite side.

Ham’mock, a sailor’s bed.

Ha’mose, ) Lat. hamosus, hooked: ap-

Ha’movs, J plied to seeds, &c., of plants.

Ham’vtez, Lat. hamulus, a little hook:
applied in anatomy to any hook-like
process.

Han’arrer, Norm. hanap, a hamper. An
office in Chancery, under the direction of
a master, whose clerk receives the fees
due to the crown for charters, patents,
commissions, and writs. The hanaper
was used in ancient days by the kings

HAR | 366

HAR

of England for holding and carrying with
them their money, as they travelled from
place to place. It was a kind of basket
or fiscus,and hence came to be considered
the king’s treasury.

Hancn’es. In architecture, the ends of
elliptical arches, which are arcs of smaller
circles than the scheme or middle part of
the arch.

Hanpv, a measure of four inches, used
in taking the height of horses.

HAND’/BREADTH, a measure of three
inches; a palm.

Hanp’ currs, an instrument for pre-
venting a malefactor from using his
hands. It consists of iron rings for the
wrists, with a connecting chain, or simply
a short iron bar.

Han’puinc. In painting, management
-of the pencil by touch.

Hanp’sPIKE, a wooden bar used by the
hand as a lever for various purposes, as
im raising weights, turning a wind-
lass, &c.

HANG’/ING-STILE (of a door), that on
which the hinges are fixed.

Hanx. In spinning, two or moreskeins
of yarn, silk, or cotton, tied together.

Hanks, wooden rings fixed upon the
stays to confine the staysails thereto at
different distances.

Hanseatic Leacur, from hansa, an old
gothic word signifying a society or an
association. An association of the prin-
cipal cities of the north of y for
the mutual safety and the better carry-
ing on of their traffic from one kingdom
to another. The cities of the League
were called Hanse Towns, a name not yet
forgotten, though the league is.

Harp, a term used to signify a ford or
passable place in a river or fen, consisting
of a hard bottom of gravel.

HanpD-a-LeEF, an order on ship-board
to put the helm close to the lee side of the
ship, to tack her head to the wind.

Harp-a-Port, an order on board a ship
to put the helm close to the
side.

HARD-A-STARBOARD, an order on board
a ship to put the helm close to the star-
board side of a ship

HARD-A-WEATHER, an order on board a
ship to put the helm close to the weather
or windward side of a ship.

Harv’ness. In physics, that quality of
bodies by which they resist the action of
external force, tending to alter the rela-
tive positions of their particles. The re-
lative hardness of bodies (as minerals), is
measured by the power they possess of
cutting or scratching other substances

Harp’ware, a term which includes
every kind of goods manufactured from
metals, comprising iron, steel, brass, and
copper articles of all descriptions.

Harp Wa’'ters, such as hold earthy

salts in solution, which decompose com-
mon soap, and form with it insoluble
earthy soaps.

Harer’-rip, a peculiar malformation of
the lip, consisting in a longitudinal fissure
like the upper lip of ahare. Children are
frequently born with this malformation.

Ha’rem, Arabic, hérama, to seclude. The
seraglio or place ‘where oriental princes,
&c., confine their women.

Histor, Fr. from egazos. A kind oi
ragout of meat and roots.

Har’tot, ) In law; a due belonging to a

Her’tor. § lord at the death of his ten-
ant, consisting of the best beast, &c., in
his possession at the time of his demise.

Har’tequin (Fr.), a buffoon dressed in
party-coloured clothes, and forming the
principal character in the English panto-
mime. The character was originally in-
troduced into Italian comedy.

Harmar’ran, a prevailing and peculiarly
diy wind, on the coast of Africa, between
Cape Verd and Cape Lopez. It blows from
the interior, and is particularly destruc-
tive of vegetation, but is not pestilential.

Harmon’tca, a musical instrument, in
which the sounds are produced from
glasses blown as nearly as possible in the
form of hemispheres, but all of different
diameters.

Harmon’tcau. In mathematics (see Mean
and Proportion).

Harmon‘ics. 1. Thescience of musical
sounds.——2. the derivative sounds,
which, on the principle of resonance, ac-
company every single sound and render
it perceptible, are termed ics. The
shorter vibrations produce acute sounds,
and are called acute harmonics; the low
sounds which accompany every perfect
consonance of two sounds are termed
grave harmonics. In this manner all the
aliquot parts ofa string produce harmony.

Har’monites, a sect of enthusiasts,
founded by Rapp in Wurtemburg, about
1780, who were forced afterwards to emi-
grate to erica.

Han’wonr, Lat. harmonia, from &epovice,
from agw, to adapt. 1. In music, the
agreeable result or union of several sounds
heard at the same time.—Natural har-
mony consists of the harmonic triad or
common chord.—Artijficial harmony is a
mixture of concords and discords.—Fi-
gured harmony is when one or more of re
parts move during the continuance
chord, through certain notes which do hes
form any of the constituent parts of that
chord.—Perfect harmony implies the use
of untempered concords only. Tempered
harmony is when the notes are varied by
temperament.—— 2. In designs, plans,
paintings, &c., harmony denotes a just
and agreeable relation among the parts in
their distribution and prorortions.

.

HAR

367

HAY

Harmo'sres (Gr.). In ancient history, a
Spartan magistrate appointed to super-
intend a conquered state.

Har’mvs, eemos. In ancient architecture,
A tile for covering a joint made by other

les.

Harp, Sax. harpa. A musical instru-
ment of the stringed kind, of a triangular
form, held upright when played, and
touched with the fingers.

Han’pa, a genus of Gasteropods: order
Pectinibranchiata, family Buccinoida, Cuy.
This beautiful genus of shells is named
from the regular longitudinal ribs, which
mark the external surface in some mea-
sure like aharp. The species are marine,
and are found both fossil and recent.

Har’pres, certain rapacious and filthy
animals of the bird kind, mentioned by
the ancient poets. The gerims were three
in number, the Aello, Ocypete, and Celeno,
sent by Juno to plunder the table of Phi-
neus.

Harp’ines. In ships, the foreparts of
the wales which encompass the bow, and
are fastened to the stem. ‘Their use is to
strengthen the ship where she sustains
the greatest stress in plunging into the
sea. The cat-harpings are the ropes which
serve to brace the shrouds of the lower
masts behind their respective masts.

Harpo’on or Harpine-tRon, an iron in-
strument formed at one end like a barbed
arrow, and having a rope attached to
the other, for the purpose of spearing
whales.

Harp’sicHorpD, a musical stringed in-
strumént, consisting of a case framed of
mahogany or the like, and having a
sounding-board over which the wires are
distended, supported by four bridges. It
is played by the fingers, by means of keys
disposed in front, and having on their
inclosed extremities little upright oblong
slips of wood called jacks, furnished with
crowquill plectrums, which rise when the
key is pressed and strike the wires.

Han’rrer. 1. Inornithology (see Circus).
-——2. A small hound with a nice sense of
smell, used in hunting hares.

Har’row, an instrument of agriculture
formed of pieces of timber crossing each
other, and set with iron teeth. It is
dragged over ploughed land to break it,
and cover seed when sown.

Harts’Horn, an old name for liquid
ammonia, because formerly obtained by
distilling the horns of male deer: called
also spirit of hartshorn.

Har’vest Moon, a remarkable pheno-
menon relating to the rising of the moon
in the harvest season. It consists in her
rising for several nights in succession
immediately after sunset, with little per-
ceptible difference as to time, and is owing
to the oblique ascension of the signs (Pisces

and Aries), through which the moon is
then passing.

Has’rare, Lat. hastatus, spear or hal-
bert-shaped. Applied to a triangular leaf
hollowed out at the base and sides, but
with spreading lobes.

Hasta’ri (Lat.). A division of the Ro-
man infantry, which was armed with
spears.

Harcu, from Sax. heca,a railing, gate,
&e. The frame of cross-bars laid over the
opening of a ship’s deck is termed a hatch
or hatch-bars. The same name is also
given to the opening in a ship’s deck, or
the passage from one deck to another,
but this is more properly the hatchway.
Cornish miners call the openings to mines
hatches, and the same name is given to
flood or lock-gates on rivers and canals.

Hartcn’eL, a machine for dressing flax.
See HackeE.

Hatcw’ETtne, a variety of bitumen,
known also as mineral adipocere, found
in the iron ore of Merthyr Tydfil in South
Wales. Colour yellowish white, texture
flaky, hardness of soft tallow.

Hatcu’mMEeNT, corrupted from achieve-
ment. An armorial escutcheon placed
over a door, &c., at a funeral.

Hartcn’way, the name given to the pas-
sage from one deck of a ship to another,
through the hatches. The name is gene-
rally applied to the passage through any
trap or falling door.

Har’remists, an ecclesiastical sect in
Holland: so denominated after Van Hat-
tem, a minister of Zealand.

Hav’serk, It. usbersgo.
mour of the 12th century.

Havr’soy, Fr. hautbois, from haut, high,
and bois, wood. A wind instrument some-
what resembling a fiute, but widening
towards the bottom, and sounded through
areed. It is the natural treble to the
bassoon.

Haitiyne, dodecahedral zeolite or lapis
lazuli, named thus after Haity.

Hawke. Among plasterers, the board
with a handle on its underside, used by
the workmen to hold the plaster.

Hawse. In nautical language, denotes
the situation of the cables before the
ship’s stern, when she is moored with two
anchors from the starboard and larboard
bows. The ship is said to have a foul
hawse when the cables cross each other.
Disengaging the cables is clearing hawse.
Veering out a little cable to expose a new
surface to the friction in the hawse-hole,
is termed freshening hawse. Athwart hawse
implies across the bows of a vessel at
anchor.

Haw’setr, a large rope or small cable.

Hay'sore, for hedge-bote. An allow-
ance of wood, &c., to a tenant for repair-
ing fences.

Hay’warp, Fr. haie, hedge. An officer

A piece of ar-

:
TEA

368

HEE

formerly appointed to take care of the
cattie of a manor, and preserve the
hedges from them.

Heap. The head of a ship is an orna-
mental figure, erected on a continuation
or the stem, and is emblematic of the
ship’sname. A head of water is a regular
height of water intended for the supply
of mills, fountains, and the %ke.

Heav’soroveH. Sax. borg, pledge. The
chief of the ten pledges in frank-pledge.

Heapvers. In building, stones extend-
ing over the thickness of a wall, or bricks
laid lengthways across the thickness.

Heapinea. 1. In mining, &c. See Drirt.
—2. In building, a course consisting of
headers or stones, bricks or the like, laid
lengthways across the thickness of the
wall, called Aeading-courses.

HEADING-STONE. See Keystone.

HeEApDtanpd. In geography, nearly syno-
nymous with cape or promontory. In
agriculture,a border at the sides of a field,
to afford space for turning the plough.

Heav’way, a name for the clear
height of an arch, &c.

Heav’work, a name for ornaments on
the keystones of arches.

Heatps, the harness for guiding the
warp threads in a loom ; more commonly

les.

Heart, Germ. herz. The human heart
isa hollow muscular organ, of a coniform
shape; the bread part is the base, the
smaller end is the apex.

Hearr-zounp. In building, is where
two stones forming the breadth of the
wall, have one stone of the same breadth
placed over them.

Heart WHEEL, 2 mechanical contriy-
ance, common in cotton mills, for con-
verting a circular motion into an alter-
nate rectilinear motion.

Heart Woop. In botany, duramen, the
central part of the trunk ofa tree.

Heat, as a sensation, is the effect pro-
duced on the sentient organs of animals
by the passage of caloric; as a cause of
sensation, it is regarded as a subtle fluid
contained in greater or less degree in all
bodies (see Catoric.) Heat is latent when
combined with matter so as not to be
perceptible and sensible, or free when it is
evolved and perceptible.

Heatn’er,a name in Scotland for heath.

Heave. In navigation, to employ a
force to move great weights ; as to heave

_wp the anchor by the capstan; to heave
acon the ship, or pull her over on one
side to get at a leak; to heave taught, or
turn the capstan till the rope becomes
tight ; to heave to or bring the ship’s head
to the wind.

Heav’en, the expanse which appears to
surround the earth like an immense vault,
and in which the sun, moon, and stars
are geen, and called

heavenly |

bodies. The ancient astronomers enume-
rated as many heavens as they observed
motions. Thus each planet had its heaven,
and an eighth heaven was laid out for
the fixed stars.

Heav’y Spar, a name for sulphate of
ba or baro-selenite, of which there
are several varieties, as compact and
fibrous heavy spar; straight and curved
lamellar heavy spar; earthy, hepatic and
prismatic heavy spar. It takes its name
from its high specific gravity, which
ranges from 4°3 to 4°5. It occurs in veins
plentifully throughout Europe.

Hecatom’prrepon, from izeroy, a hun-
dred, and zovs, a foot. A temple of a
hundred feet in height.

Hecaton’sryton, from izeroy, a hun-
dred, and ¢rvAes, a column. A temple
having a hundred columns. The name
was chiefly applied to a celebrated gallery
at Rome.

Hecx’LEz, an instrument for dissevering
the filaments of flax. See Hack.z.

Hec’rar#, a French land measure con-
taining a hundred ares: whence the name.

Heoc’ric, Lat. hecticus, habitual, from
zis, habit. The term is used to denote a
slow continual fever, marked by preterna-
tural, though remitting heat, often symp-
tomatic of phthisis. Hectic fever is one
of the many diseases which the art of
medicine has hitherto laboured in vain to
strike at by a direct mode of cure. The
real cause of it is commonly involved in
impenetrable obscurity.

Hec’rocraM, a French weight equal to
100 grams.

Hec’rouirre, a French measure of ca-
pacity for liquids, equal to 100 litres.

Hectom’eTRE, a French measure equal
to 100 m@res.

Hep’erA, the ivy. A genus of perma-
nent plants. Pentandria — Mi ia.
Name from hereo to stick, on account of
its adhering to walls, &c. Three species.
Europe.

Hepera’cex, a natural order of plants,
consisting of the ivy (hedera), and a few
allied genera.

Hepct-Hoc. 1. In zoology. See Ertna-
cEus.—2. The name given toa machine
for removing mud, silt, &c., from rivers
and streams. It consists of a roller with
spikes on its circumference, and being
dragged along acts upon the bottom.

Hepys’aARuM, a very extensive genus
of papilionaceous plants. Diadelphia—
Decandria. Name from 7dus, sweet. The
manna plant (H. alkadi) being a species.
All parts of the world. The cock’s-head
is the only British type.

Hes (of arafter), the end or foot whick
rests upon the wall-plate. Also the aff
end of aship’s keel. To heei over, to im-
cline to one side.

HEL

369

.
HEL

He’eira, Arab. from hajara, to flee. The
epoch or account of time used by Mo-
hammedans, who begin from the day that
Mahomed escaped from Mecca, 16th July,
a.D. 622. The years of the hegira are lu.
nar ones of 354 days: to reduce them,
therefore, to our calendar, we must mul-
tiply the year of the hegira by 354, divide
the product by 365°25, and add 622; the
result is the Julian year.

Heicur (of an arch) is measured by a
line drawn from the middle of the chord
or span line to the intrados.

Heteuten. In painting, to make pro-
minent by means of touches of light on
brilliant colours.

Herr, Norm. heir, from Lat. heres. The
person who succeeds another by descent
in lands, tenements, and hereditaments.
An heir-apparent is one who, on the death
of his ancestor, is heir-at-law. An heir-
presumptive is he who, if his ancestor
should die immediately, would, under
present circumstances, be heir, but whose
right ‘may be defeated by some nearer
heir being born.

Heir-Looms. In law, such personal
chattels as descend by special custom to
the heir along with the inheritance of his
ancestors. They are generally such as
can be taken away without dismembering
the freehold, as household furniture, &e.

Het’amys, the jumping-rat (iA0s; and
jeus), called more commonly the jumping
hare ;a genus Rodentia, of one species (H.
caffer, F. Cuv.), an animal resembling a
hare in size and colour, but having a long
tail, and inhabiting deep burrows. Cape
Good Hope.

Hetr’acat, from 4As0¢, the sun. An epi-
‘thet applied to stars to express their
emerging out of, or their immerging into,
the lustre of the sun’s rays. Thus a star
or planet is said to rise heliacally when,
after it has been in conjunction with the
sun, and consequently invisible, it gets to
such a distance from him as to be seen in
the morning before the sun’s rising. A
star sets heliacally when it goes down in
the sun’s rays, and is thus invisible.

Hevicat, spiral; from £,s, a wreath.
Appertaining to the helix of the ear.

Hewiz’a (Gr.). ancient history, the
chief of the ten courts, among which the
6000 Athenian 1 jurymen were distributed.

He’ticoip, ue, aspiral. In geometry,
a curve line generated by supposing the
axis of a parabola bent into the circum-
ference of a circle, and that the curve is
bent correspondingly, every point in it
preserving its ordinate distance from the
bent axis. The bent curve thus formed is
a helicoid.

He’LIOCAM'INUS, HAsog, SUN, ANd woepesvos
furnace. In ancient architecture, an arched
@partment heated by the sun.

Hetiocen’tric, from 7Asog, thesun, and
MEVTLOYs the centre, relating to the centre
of the sun. The heliocentric place of a
planet is the place of the ecliptic in which
the planet would appear to a spectator at
the centre of the sun. The heliocentric
latitude of a planet is the inclination ofa
line drawn, between the centre of the
sun and the centre ofa planet, to the plane
of the ecliptic.

Hettom’eter, from 7Ajos, the sun, and
/éreoy, measure. An instrument called
also an astrometer, invented by Bouguer,
for measuring, with great accuracy, the
diameter of the sun, moon, and planets.
It is merely a sort of telescope, furnished .
with two object-glasses of equal focal dis-
tance, placed so that the same eye-glass
serves for both: hence two images of an
object are formed in the focus of the eye-
glass, the distance of which depending up-
on that of the two object-glasses from one
another, may be measured, by means of a
micrometer, with the utmost accuracy.

He'tioscore, from 7Asog, the sun, and
ozortw,to view. A sort of telescope fitted
for viewing the sun without pain or injury
to the eyes; as when made with coloured
glasses.

He tos’tate, from 7uos, the sun, and
orarog, settled. An instrument for di-
recting the sunbeam steadily to one spot.

He'tiorrorg, from 4Asog, the sun, and
veera,toturn. 1. The name of an old in-
strument or machine for showing egy
the sun arrived at the tropics.——2.
name of a sub-species of chombeidal
quartz ;ofa deep-green colour, variegated
with biood-red and yellowish spots : hence
a blood-stone.——3. A plant, the turn-
sole.

Hettorro’pium, the turnsole. A genus
of plants, Pentandria—Monogynia. Name
from %Asog, the sun, and resrw, to turn,
because its leaves constantly present them-
selves to the sun. Temperate and warm
climates.

HEcIsPHER'IcAL, spiral; from €asZ, and
sphere. The helispherical line is the rhomt
line in navigation, so called, because on
the globe it winds round the pole spirally,
always approaching it, but never termi-
nating in it-

Hew’x, a spiral line; from @asd, a
wreath. Something that is spiral, as the
little volute under the flowers of the Co-
rinthian capital. The name is applied in
anatomy to the whole extent of the auricle
or externa] border of the ear; and in con-
chology, to the snail-shell inhabited by a

imax.

Het’tesorvs, the hellebore. A genus
of hardy perennial plants. Polyandria—
Polygynia. Name éAacGogos, from dsgta,

2B

HEM 370

HEP

to kill, and Boga, food, because it is poi-
sonous. The Christmas-rose and Bear‘s-
foot arespecies; the last, called also stink-
ing hellebore, is indigenous i in Britain.

Hetten’ic. Applied to the common
Greek dialect that prevailed after the time
of Alexander.

Hetwenis‘ric, ‘EAAnwerns, a Grecian
Jew. The Hellenistic language was the
Greek spoken by the Jews who lived in
Egypt, and other countries where the
Greek language prevailed.

Hevm, Sax. helma. The instrument by
which a-ship is steered, consisting of a
rudder, a tiller, and, in large vessels, a
wheel.

Het’met, a piece of defensive armour
for the head, a morion. The modern hel-
met is worn by horsemen, to defend the
head against the broadsword.

HeELmintTHOL’ocy, from éAsesyg, 2 Worm,
and Acyes, a discourse. That branch of
zoology which treats of worms.

Het’msman, the man who steers. A
good helmsman keeps the ship to her
course by timely corrections when re-
quired ; a bad helmsman keeps her perpe-
tually yawing from side to side.

Heto’sis, an eyersion of the eyelids,
from £;Aw, to turn.

He’tors, tiAwras. In ancient history,
thesiaves of the Spartans.

Hetver. In miniag, the handle of a
tool.

Hem. In architecture, the spiral pro-
jecting part of the Ionic capital.

Hem’acrymes (Gr.), from give, blood,
and ZOULLOS cold. Animals with cold
blood.

Hem’atueErms, from give, and Sseum,
heat. Animals with warm blood.

Hemeravo’ria,from Tysdeee, the day, and
on), the eye. A defect in the sight,
which consists in being able to see in
broad daylight, but not in the evening,
arising from a torpid state of the retina.

Hem’eronar’rists, yega, day, Barrita,
to baptise.* An ancient sect among the
Jews, who washed themselves every day.

Hemerocat'tis, the day-lily. A genus
of perennial plants. Hexandria—Mono-
gynia. Name from Typetece, — a day, and
xadoz, beautiful, because the flowers open
in the day, and shut at night. Temperate
climates.

Hemicra’nta, from guscvs, half, and
zxeayioy, the head. A pain which affects
one side of the head only.

Hew'icycte, a half-cycle, from 4x 7v:,
half, and zuzdos, a circle. See Semi-
CIRCLE

Hemic’ ‘amons, from 7 Hyesoug, 20d yarns,
marriage. A term employed in botany,

when of two florets on the same spikelet
one is neuter, and the other unisexual.

Hemi’/LyTRA, qysous, half, and tAureon,
sheath. The superior wings of tetrap‘e-
rous insects.

“Hemiotoc’amous, from Guicvs, oAos,
entire, and YHnas- When, in grasses,
one of two florets is neuter, and the other
hermaphrodite.

He'miopy, from yysovs, half, and
oxroues, to see. A defect of vision,
wherein a person sees only half an object.

He’miptecy, from 7sovs, half, and
xarnoow,tostrike. A species of paralysis,in
which only one side of the body is affected.

Hemrir’Tera, | from HjLsoUs half, and

HeEmip’TERs, J xrEgoy, a wing. An or-
der of insects comprising the Geocorisze
and Hydrocorise, and so named because
their wing-covers are half membrana-
ceous, and half coriaceous. The cock-
roach, locust, lantern-fly, and grasshopper
are examples.

Hem'isPHERE, from jusovs, half, and
oGasesov,asphere. The half of a sphere
or globe, when it is supposed to be cut
through its centre, in the plane of one of
its great circles. Thus the equator di-
vides the earth into the northern and
southern hemispheres; and the equinoctial
line divides the celestial sphere in a simi-
lar manner. The horizon also divides the
earth into two parts, the upper and lower
hemispheres.

HeEm'1ToNE. Zuitoyos- A half-tone, now
called a semitone.

Hem'irrore, from guusovs, half, and
vetxw, to turn, half-turned. A hemitrope
crystal has one segment turned through
half the circumference of a circle.

Hemr. 1. In manufactures, the fibrous
rind of the Cannabis sativa, which is spun
into yarn, for making ropes, canvass, &c.
It is stronger, and coarser in the fibre
than flax ——2. In botany, see CanNnazis
and EvparoRium.

Hen pEc’acon, from iydexa, eleven, and
yuwvia,acorner. <A figure having eleven
equal sides and as many equal angles.

HeEn’DECASYL’LaBIC, a verse of eleven
syllables.

Hennric’rans, the followers of an Italian
monk, named Henry, who preached zea-
lously against the corruptions of the Ro-
mish Church.

He’rar, 7reg, the liver. This term was
used by the old chemists to denote a com-
pound of sulphur with a metal, which
had a liver-brown colour. Thus ‘the sul-
phuret of potassium was termed liver of
sulphur.

Hep’aratcy, from Hae. the liver, and

a@Ayos, pain. Pain in the liver.

Ee

é

HER 371

HER

Herar'ic, from jae, belonging to the
liver. Applied to designate the liver colour,
and also as an anatomical epithet for
parts connected with the liver. Sulphur-
etted hydrogen gas has also been termed
hepatic air, from its being given off when
some sulphurets are thrown into water.

Heparisa’tion, from 7jrae, the liver,
the conversion of any texture into a sub-
stance resembling liver. ‘The term is
generally applied to the lungs.

Her‘arite, from 7rae, fetid heavy
spar. A variety of sulphate of barytes,
which when rubbed emits a sulphurous
smell, resembling that of sulphuretted
hydrogen (hepatic air).

Hepatitis, from jee. An inflamma-
tion of the liver. F

Hepra Caprsutar, from &*7T@, seven, and
eapsula, a cell; seven-celled. A term in
botany.

Hep’racnorp, from érra, seven and
chord; a system of seven sounds. The
term is applied in ancient poetry to verses
sung or played on seven chords, or dif-
ferent notes, as on the harp when it had
but seven strings. The harp also has been
called a heptachord by poets.

Her’racon, from frra, seven, and

yevia,anangle. <A figure haying seven
equal sides, and as many equal angles.

Heprac’oNaL NuMBERS, polygonal num-
bers, wherein the difference of the terms
of the corresponding arithmetical pro-
gression is five.

Hep/TaHEXAHE’DRAL, from é¢re, seven,
and hexahedral. Presenting seven ranges
of faces, one above another, each range
consisting of six faces.

Herran’pria, from ivre, seven, and
aye, 2 Man. A class of plants character-
ised in the sexual system of Linnzeus by
hermaphrodite flowers, with seven dis-
tinct stamens.

Her’rarcuy, from irra, seven, and
@exn, Tule. A sevenfold government; also
a country divided into seven governments,
as the Sazon Heptarchy, which compre-
hended the whole of England when sub-
ject to seven independent princes. These
kingdoms were Kent, the South Saxons
(Sussex), West Saxons, East Saxons (Es-
sex), the East Angles, Mercia and Nor-
thumberland.

HEeERAC’LEONITES, an early sect ofheretics
who rejected all the ancient prophecies,
and regarded themselves as superior to
the Apostles: so called from Heracleon.

Hrer’atp, Ger. herold. An officer at
arms, whose business it is to denounce
war, to proclaim peace, or be otherwise
employed by the sovereign in martial
miessages or other business. The heralds,
six in number, are the judges and ex-
aminers of coats of arms, and the pre-

servers of genealogies, and they marshai
all solemnities and ceremonies at corona-
tions, royal marriages, installations,
funeral processions, &c. Their names are
Richmond, Lancaster, Chester, Windsor,
Somerset and York, and they are all equal
in degree, and have precedence only ac-
cording to the seniority of their creation.

HeEr’atpry, the art, practice, or science
of recording genealogies, blazoning and
explaining in proper terms all that be-
longs to arms; of marshalling or disposing
with regularity divers arms on an es-
cutcheon or field. It also teaches what-
ever relates to the marshalling of solemn
processions, and other public ceremonies
at coronations, installation of knights,
creations of peers, nuptials, christenings
of princes, funerals, &c.

Hers, Lat. herba. That sort of plant
which rises with stalks and leaves from
the root, and bears its fruit only once,
and then with its root wholly perishes.
There are two kinds: annuals which per-
ish the same year, and biennials which
have their leaves the first year, and their
flowers and fruits the second, and then
die away. Perennial plants which have
a new stem springing up every year, are
also termed herbaceous, and indeed the
term is extended to that part of any plant
which arises from the root, and is ter-
minated by the fructification.

Herpa’crous, Lat. herbaceus. An epithet
for all plants which have succulent stems
and die down to the root every year. See
HERB.

Hersx, herbs. The fourth tribe into
which Linnzus divides the vegetable
kingdom.

Hersa’rivm, an herbary. <A collection
of dried specimens of plants: hortus siccus,
or dry garden.

Her’cures. 1. A fabulous hero of anti-
quity, the son of Amphitryon and Alc-
mena, whose exploits are celebrated by
the poets. ——2. The name of a constella-
tion of the northern hemisphere, known
also by the names of Cerberus and the
Apple Branch. It contains 113 stars, of
which the most brilliant is Ras Algothi, of
the third magnitude.——3. The name ofa
stamping-machine used in the dockyards,
similar to the pile engine.

Herepir’amMents. In law, such things
as are immoveable, and which a man may
leave to his heirs by way of inheritance,
or which not being otherwise devised,
naturally descend.

Herep’irary. 1. Inlaw,an appellation
given to whatever belongs to a family by
right of succession.——2. Diseases which
are propagated from parents to their
offspring, as scrofula, gout, mania, &c.,
are termed hereditary diseases, as belong-
ing to the family.

Her’esx, Lat. heresis. An opinion of

282

HER 372

HET

private men, different from that of the
orthodox church. In primitive usage the
term meant merely sect or party, and was
used as we now do denomination or per-
suasion, without implying reproach.

' He’retroc, )the name given by our
_- He’rerocn, § Saxon ancestors to a mili-
» tary commander, elected by the people in

folkmote. The root is togen, to lead.

“ Hep’ior, from Sax. here, army, and gear,
tribute. In law, a fine paid to the lord of
the fee at the death of his tenant, origin-
ally consisting of military furniture, as
horses, arms, &c., but latterly of goods
and chattels.

HeEr’1son, } Fr. for hedgehog, from

Her’tsson, | herisser, to bristle. A beam
revolving or. a pivot, and armed with
projecting spikes, fixed before a gate or
passage to prevent the entrance of sus-
pected or improper persons.

Her’itaste Ricuts. In Scottish law,
rights to land, and property connected
with land, which pass to the heir.

Hermary’ropite, from ‘Egums, Mer-
eury, and Agesdity, Venus. 1. A term
loosely applied to a lusus nature, partak-
ing of the nature of both sexes.——2. Her-
maphrodite plants are such as have both
stamens and pistils on the same flower.

Hermenev’rics, from igzemyevg, an in-
terpreter, from ‘Egs7s,Mercury. The art
of expounding an author’s words. The
term is chiefly used with reference to
theological subjects.

Hermer'ic, appertaining to chemistry,
of which Hermes Trismegistus is the re-
puted inventor. The hermetic philosophy
pretends to explain all the phenomena of
nature from the three chemical principles,
salt, sulphur, and mercury; and the her-
metic medicine explained the causes of
diseases, and the operations of medicine
on the system of an alkali and acid.—
Hermetic seal. This term denotes the per-
fect stoppage of the orifice of a glass
vessel or tube while in a state of fusion.
Thus thermometers, &c., are hermeti-
cally sealed; and the process is often
necessary in chemical operations.

Hermits, or Ex’emires, from yeenos,
desert. Persons who secluded themselves
for devotional purposes in desert places.

Hermopac’ryit. A root much cele-
brated among the ancients for the cure of
gout; supposed to have been that of a
species of colchicum, and to take its name
from the river Hermus, upon whose banks
it grows, and dJazsrvAos, a date. which it
resembles.

Her’nta (Lat.), from ggvos,a branch, a
rupture. Surgeons understand by the
term hernia, a tumour formed by the pro-
trusion of some of the viscera of the abdo-
menout of that cavity into a sort of sac,
composed of a portion of peritoneum,

which is pushed before them ; but there are
cases which will not be comprehended in
this definition, either because the parts
are not protruded, or have no hernial sac.

Hernia’rtA, the ee ntertsdas A genus
of perennial plants. Pentandria—Digynia.
Name from ia, which it is supposed
tocure. Britain, &c.

Her’res, igrys, from germ, to creep.
Tetter, a cutaneous disease, characterised
by tendency to spread or creep in assem-
blages of little vesicles, itching very
much, from one part to another. There
are several species, as shingles, ringworm,
&c. Epithet herpetic.

Herrerorocy, from igrsrog, a reptile,
and Aoyos, discourse. That branch of
natural history which treats of reptiles,
their habits, structure, &c.

Her’rina. In icthyology, the Clipea ha~
rengus, Lin. Named thus from Sax. here,
or hure, an army, because always found in
vast shoals, -

Her’rnuvt, Ger. herr, lord, hut, pro-
tection. An establishment in Upper Lu-
satia, comprising 120 houses (1841) and
1500 inhabitants, founded by a few Mora-
vians in 1722.

Her’scuet. In astronomy, a name fre-
quently given to the planet Uranus, dis-
covered by Sir William Herschel, in 1781.

Hersz, Fr. herse. In fortification, a
harrow or portcullis, fastened to a mou-
linet, and suspended by acord, and ren-
dered formidable to assailants by project-
ing iron spikes. It is let down to
the passage of the gateway on an enemy’s
approach.

Her’tHa. In German mythology, the
chief divinity of the ancient German and
Scandinavian nations. ’

Hes’PER, Lat. Hesperus, the evening
star. An appellation given to Venus
when it follows or sets after the sun.

Hesrer’ipz. The name given by Lin-
nzeus to a natural order of plants, mostly
having rigid evergreen leaves, and odo-
rous and polyandrous flowers, as the myr-
tle and clove, which may be supposed the
types of such plants as grew in the fabled
gardens of the Hesperides.

HespPerip’‘ium. In botany, a many-
celled, few-seeded, superior, indehiscent
fruit, covered by a spongy rind.

Hes’ycuasts, fanatics who lived in the
fifteeenth century, upon Mount Athos.

Herz’ria, éraseos, acompanion. Ap-
plied by classic writers to signify an asso-
ciation of any kind.

Here’rnocepn’atovus (Gr.), various headed,
i.e. when, in the same individual, the
heads of some flowers are male, and others
female.

Here’RocHRo’Movs, variously coloured.
When, in a flower-head, the colours of the
florets are different.

HET

373

HIB

HETEROCLI'TAL, from eregos, different,
and zAsyw, to incline, reversed. Applied
to shells whose spires turn in a contrary
direction to the usual way: sinistral.

Her’erocrire, from irtgos , different, and
wdsros, inclined, something anomalous.
The term is used by grammarians, &c. to
designate words which deviate from the
ordinary forms of inflection, particularly
nouns which are irregular in declen
sion.

Her’eRopox, from éregos, different, and
def, Opinion, different from the esta
blished opinion. Not orthodox, but con
trary to the faith and doctrines of the Es
tablished Church.

Hereroe’amous (Gr.), unequally mar
ried. In grasses, when the arrange-
ment of the sexes is different in different
spikelets from the same root. In compo
site plants, when the florets are of differ
ent sexes in the head.

Herenoce’nEovs, from értgos, different,
and yeyos, kind. Dissimilar in nature, not
homogeneous. Thus, heterogeneous nowns
have different genders in the singular and
plural: eneous words are such as
have different radical signs, &c. .

Hereroe’rna, from é¢teo¢, different, and
yvvy,; afemale. The name of a family of
hymenopterous insects, comprising those
of which the females differ from the
males, the one sex being winged, and the
other apterous, or of which the males and
females are winged, and the neuters apte-
rous, &c. See Formica.

Hererom’erovus (Gr.), unequal legged,
i.e. when one leg has a different structure
from another.

Herenor’atuy, from érégos, different,
and zebos, affection. That mode of treat-
ing diseases, in which a morbid state of a
part is removed by inducing a different
morbid state.

Hereror’opa, from éreeos, different, and
qrovs, afoot. An order of Mollusca, dis-
*inguished by their foot, which, instead of
forming a horizontal disc, is compressed
into a vertical muscular lamina, which
they use as a fin. Forskahl comprises
them all in his genus Pterotrachea.

Herenos‘ci1, pe Erégos, different,

HETEROS'CIANS, ) and g¢zia, shadow. A
geographical designation for those inha-
bitants of the earth whose shadows at
noon project always the same way with
regard to themselves, or always contrary
ways with respect to each other. Such
are all who live within the tropics and
the polar circles. The shadows of those
who live north of the tropic of Cancer fall
morth ward ; those of the inhabitants south
of the tropic of Capricorn fall southward:
whereas the shadows of those who dwell

between the tropics, fall'sometimes to the
north and sometimes to the south.

Herenor‘rorat,Gr. from é¢sgos, differ -
ent, and¢eerw, I turn. When the former
embryo of a seed lies across the latter,
neither pointing to its base nor apex.

Hex’acnorp, from £, six, and yogdn,
a chord. 1. A term, in ancient music, for an
imperfect chord, or a sixth.—2. Also an
instrument of six chorus.

HeEXxAvr’DRON, eam éZ, six, and idea,

HEXAHE'DRON, )abase. A solid figure
of six equal sides: a cube.

Hex’acon, from ££, six, and ywyie, an
angle. A geometrical figure of six equal
sides, and as many equal angles.

Hexacyn’ta, from {2, six, and yuyz,
a female. An order of plants in the
sexual system of Linneus, having six
pistils.

Hexaw’Eter, from é£, six, and Mereov,
measure A poetic verse having six feet.

Hexan’pria, from £2, six, and avne,
amale. A class of plants in the Linnezan
sexual system, having hermaphrodite
flowers furnished with six stamens of
equal length.

Hexan’GuLAR, six-angled. Having six
equal angles.

HeEx’aPep, \ from ¢2, six, and srovs,a

Hex’arop,) foot. An animal with six
feet.

Hexaper’atous, Lat. herapetalus, six-
petalled A corolla consisting of six
petals. :

Hexapuyt'tous, Lat. hexaphyllus, six-
leaved.

Hex’arta, &, six, and exrAom, I open.
The combination of six versions of the
Old Testament, by Origen,

Hex’asryz, from é%, six, and ervros,
acolumn. <A building with six columns
in front.

Hiaret’kFa, a genus of Mollusca, family
Inclusa, order Acephala testacea, Cuy. The
name is a diminutive of hiatus, an aper-
ture; the shell having an aperture near
the middle of its edges, to allow the pas-
sage of the foot. The species are found in
sand, among zoophytes, &c.

Hia’rus (Latin), an aperture, chasm, or
gap. Applied to verses where one wordends
with a vowel, and the next word begins
with one, and thereby occasions the mouth
to be more opened, and the sound to be
harsh. The term is also used in speaking
of MSS., to denote their defects, or parts
which have been defaced.

Hiper’nacre, Lat. hibernacula, winter-
quarters. The bulb or bud of a plant, in
which the embryo is inclosed by a scaly
covering, and protected from injury dur-
ing the winter, is called the Aibernacle Os
the plant. The term is also used to de-
signate the winter-lodge of a wild animal.

HIE 3

4 HIP r

Hic’cur or Hic’coven, a spasmodic af-
fection of the stomach, csophagus, and
muscles subseryient to deglutition ; sin-
gultus.

Hivat’co, a Spanish nobleman of the
lower class.

Hive. 1. In old law, a certain portion
of land. The quantity is not exactly
known. Some suppose it to have been
as much as could be tilled by one plough ;
others as much as was necessary to sup-
port a family; others again make the
hide 60, and some as much as 100 acres.
—2. The skin of an animal, either raw
or dressed; generally applied to the un-
dressed skins of the larger domestic
animals.

Hipr’zounp, a disease common to ani-
mals and vegetables. Cattle are hide-
bound when the skin becomes dried, and
adheres firmly to the subjacent tissue,
and trees are hidebound when the bark
becomes so tight as to impede the growth.

Hrera-ric’ra, holy-bitter; jegog, holy,
and zizeos, bitter. A pharmaceutical
powder, containing socotorine aloes and
white canella.

Hr'eraxcuy, from jegos, holy, and weyn,
ruler. Holy government, rank, or sub-
ordination among holy beings. The term
is chiefly used to designate the govern-
ment established in a national church, de-
termining the rank, offices, &c., of the
clergy.

Hirrorat’co, the generic name of the
gerfalcon (Falco candicans, Lin.). A bird
belonging to the accipitrine order and
diurnal family. It is one fourth larger
than the common falcon, and is the most
highly esteemed by falconers (see Fatco.)
Name from jegos, sacred, and falco, which
originated in the superstitious notions of
the Egyptians respecting certain birds of
prey. The English name gerfaicon is a
corruption of hierofalco.

HreRoGtyen’ics, from iegos, sacred, and
yaAvgo,to carve. 1. Mystical characters or
symbols in use among the ancient Egyp-
tians, both in their writings and inscrip-
» tions, as signs of sacred and supernatural
things. The hieroglyphics were figures
of animals, parts of the human body, me-
chanical instruments, &c., which con-
tained a meaning known only to the ini-
tiated.——2. Pictures intended to express
historical facts.

Hizrocram’maric, from jegos, sacred,
and yea, aletter. Anepithet for that
species of writing practised by the priest-
hood, particularly of ancient Egypt.

HiERoMNE’MON, from jegos, sacred, and
fexjuov, Memory. A magistrate in an-
cient Greece who presided over the sacred
rites and solemnities.

HieRo’nyrMires or JERO’NyMITES, a reli-

=
gious order in Spain, named after its pa-
tron, St. Jerome.

HiznoPuan’tes, jegogayrys. Priests
whose duty it was to teach the mysteries
and duties of religion.

HiexopH’¥Lax, jego¢udeg. An officer in
the Greek Church, who was guardian or
keeper of the holy utensils, vestments,
&c. The hierophylax answers to our yes-
try-keeper.

Hicu Cuvurcs. Applied to the opinions
of parties who seek to exalt the ecclesias-
tical power.

Hicu Presstre. See Stream and Stream
ENGINE.

Hicu Priest, the head of the Jewish
priesthood. Moses conferred this dignity
on his brother Aaron, in whose family it
descended without interruption.

Hitary Term, the term of Courts, &c.,
which begins on 23rd January.

Hitum (Latin.) The eye of a seed;
the pile, point, or scar by which the seed
is attached to its seed-vessel.

Himan’rorvus, a sub-genus of birds. Or-
der Grallatorie ; family Longirostres; ge-
nus Scolopaz, Lin. Name from juas, a
string, and zovs, a foot, in allusion to the
extreme length and tenuity of the legs.

Hin, a Hebrew measure of capacity,
equal to one gallon, two pints, English
measure.

Hince. The hinges of a door or gate are
the iron or brass ligaments on which it
turns. The hinge of a shell is the point by
which bivalve shells are united. It is
formed by the teeth of the one valve in-
serting themselves between those of the
other, or by the teeth of one valve fitting
into the cavities or sockets of the oppo-
site valve. It is on the peculiar construc-
tion of the hinge that the generic charac-
ter of bivalve shells is mainly founded,
in connection with the general form of
the shell.

Hiv. 1. The articulation of the thigh
with the pelvis.——2. The ripe fruit of
the dog-rose tree (Rosa canina.)——3. A
piece of timber at the corner of a roof.
Hips are much longer than rafters in con-
sequence of their slanting position, and
have commonly five planes. Workmen
call them corners, or principal rafters, or
sleepers, but sleepers are distinguished as

lying in the valleys, and join at top with

the hips. See Hir-roor.

Hipr-movutps, a term in carpentry for
the back of the hip or corner of a roof
also for the pattern by which the hip ox
a roof is set out.

Hip-roor. When a roof of a building
is formed by equally inclined planes, ris-
ing from each side, it is called a hipped-
roof, and the ridges rising from the angles
of the walls are called hips, whereas if
the ridge runs out straight with the face

HIR

375

HOD.

of the end walls, it is described as a
gable-end.

Hrprocen’raur, a fabulous monster of
antiquity supposed to be half man and
half horse, from jzzog, a horse, and cen-
taur (q.v.).

Hrir’pocras, Fr. quasi, wine of Hippo-
erates. An aromatie wine, formerly in
high repute in England as a cordial drink.

Hrrpoc’rates SLEEVE, a sort of bag
made by uniting the opposite corners of
a square piece of flannel, used for strain-
ing syrups and decoctions.

Hirrocraric Facr. Pale, sunken, and
contracted features, considered a bad
symptom in diseases.

Hirrocre’Ne, jevog, and xeyyn, foun-
tain. A celebrated fountain at the footof
Mount Helicon.

Hir’poprome, from jyzos, a horse, and
deopeos, acourse. A list or course among
the ancients wherein chariot and horse
races were performed, and horses exer-
cised.

Hir’pocrirr, from jros, a horse, and
grifin A fabulous animal half horse
and half griffin. The winged horse ima-
gined by Ariosto.

Hip’poMANE, the manchineel tree. A ge-
nus of one species. Monecia— Mona-
delphia. Name hippomane, from ixzos,
a horse, and wavia, madness. A love po-
tion; because the tree yields a white
milky juice which appears to have some
of the qualities of the ancient philter.
West Indies.

Hirrorot’amus, the river-horse; from
iewos, a horse, and zorwuos,ariver. A
genus of mammalia of the Pachyderma-
tous order. There is only one species,
the H. amphibius, an animal with a mas-
sive and naked body, very short legs,
enormous head, terminated by a large in-
flated muzzle, small tail, ears, and eyes.
It is now confined to the rivers of the
middle and south of Africa, lives upon
roots, &c., and exhibits much ferocity
and stupidity. Fossil remains of the hip-
popotamus are found plentifully in many
parts of Europe in alluvial deposits.

HiprorHe’RIvUM, an extinct animal al-
lied to the horse: whence the name from
izroc, ahorse, and Oygror, a wild beast.
The remains belong to the Miocene period.

Hip’purires, a genus of fossil bivalve
shells of a conicalshape. Specimens have
been found in the chalk.

Hir’pvs, Lat. from jes, a horse. An
affection of the cyes, whereby the eyes
continually dilate and contract, as is usual
with those who ride on horseback. It
arises from a spasmodic affection of the
iris.

Hir’cine, from hircus. The name given
by Chevreul to a liquid fatty substance

which is mixed with the oleine of mutton
suet. It is soluble in alcohcl, ard yields
hircie acid by saponification.

Hirsute, Lat. Airsutus, bristly. In
zoology, when long stiffish hairs upon an
animal are thickly set.

Hirvwn’po, a genus of passerine birds,
the swallows: family Fissirostres. The
genus comprehends the swifts and martins
of English authors.

His’pPip, Lat. hispidus, bristly. Applied
to stems, seeds, &c., of plants, and surfaces
of animals.

His’TerR, a genus of pentamerous cole-
optera: family Clavicornes. This genus is
now divided into hister proper, hololepta,
abreus, &c. The species feed on cadaver-
ous matters, and decomposing vegetable
substances, as old mushrooms, &c.

HistEr’BIDEs, a tribe of pentamerous
coleoptera, comprehending the genus
hister, Lin.

His’rory, from lorogew, to inquire. A
narrative of facts and events, particularly
such as respect nations: distinct from an-
nals. The term history is also used to
signify a description of things, as well as
an account of facts. Thus, natural history
comprehends a description of the works
of nature, especially animals, vegetables,
and minerals. Zoology is the history of
animals, botany of plants, and mineralogy
of minerals.

Hisrrion’tc, relating to the drama, from
histrio, an actor, strictly a comedian, es-
pecially in pantomime.

Hircu. Among seamen, a knot or noose
in a rope, for fastening it to a ring or
other object: distinguished according to
the sort of knot, by the names half-hitch,
rolling-hitch, clove hitch, &c.

Hitue, a Saxon word for a port or
small harbour where goods are shipped
or landed: Queenhithe, on the Thames,
for example.

Hive, the box, chest, or other habita-
tion of a swarm of bees; also the swarm
of bees inhabiting a hive. Bees are alsc
said to hive or cast when they send off
their young colonies.

Hives, a popular name of that variety
of varicella, in which the vesicles are
very large and globular.

.M.S., an abbreviation for His or Her
Majesty’s ship or service.

Hoarp’inc, the name given to the
wooden boarding inclosing any building
operations.

Ho’ary, a whiteness on the surface,
arising from a covering of thick spread
short hairs.

Hock, from Hockheim, in Germany, a
light Rhenish wine: called sometimes
hockamore.

Hop, Fr. hotte. A small box at-the end
of a long staff, for carrying bricks and
mortar in.

HOL 376

HOM

Hox, Ger. haue. A gardener’s imple-
ment for cutting up weeds and loosening
the earth about the roots of plants. It is
in shape like an addice, the head being a
oe of iron with an eye to receive a

andle, which forms an acute angle with
the plate. Operations with this and sim-
ilar instruments are termed hoeing.

Hos. 1. In zoology (see Svs).——2. A-
mong seamen, a sort of scrubbing broom
for scraping a ship’s bottom under water.
—3. In England, a castrated sheep of a
year old.

Hoe’c1ncG. In ship-building, the convex
appearance, like the back of a hog, some-
times assumed by ships after being
launched, by the dropping of the two ex-
tremities, on account of their being less
water-borne than the middle. Hogging
when of great amount is a serious fault,
as the timbers of the vessel are thereby
proportionally strained. Formerly, a three-
decker drooped at once, on being launched,
9 inches at each end, and this increased
with her Jength of service. At present
such a ship is calculated to droop only 34
inches, and this, when the timbers are
once set, suffers very little increase.

Hoes’HEAD, a measure of capacity con-
taining 524 imperial gallons. A hogshead
is 4 a pipe.

Hoxe Day, the Tuesday after Easter
week, celebrated annually in commemo-
ration of the expulsion of the Danes.

Hor’cvs, the Indian Millet: a genus of
gramineous plants. Polygamia—Monecia.
Temperate climates.

Horp (of a ship), the whole interior
m0 between the floor and the lower

eck.

Hotera’cex, pot herbs. The twelfth
natural order in Linnzus’ system, com-
prehending trees, shrubs, perennial and
annual herbs, as rhubarb, beet, &c.

Ho’tine. In architecture, piercing the
plates to receive the nails. In mining,
undermining coal-beds.

Hottanp, a fine sort of linen, so named
from its having been: first manufactured
in Holland.

Hot’'tow Quorn (in lock-
gates), the recess made in
the walls of locks at each
end to receive the gates, YY
which are properly hol-
lowed out to receive the
quoin posts.

Hoc» (Sax.),an island or
marshy place surrounded
by water.

Hox‘ocaust, 5A0s, the whole, and zai,
Iburn. The burnt-offering of Scripture;
an ancient sacrifice where the whole of
the body of the victim was consumed.

Hotocen’rrum, the name given, by

, to a beautiful genus of acantho-

pterygious fishes of the percoid family.
The species are found in the hot parts of
both oceans.

Horocrarn, from 6Aos, all, and yeaga,
to write. Something wholly written by
the person who signs it.

Hoto’merek, from oAos, all, and jergoy,
measure. A mathematical instrument,
serving universally for taking all measures
both terrestrial and celestial.

Hotoruv’ria, the sea-slug or sea-cucum-
ber: a genus of Radiata. Class Echinoder-
mata, order Pedicellata,Cuv. The species
have an oblong coriaceous body, open at
each end, and complicated tentacula, sus-
ceptible of being retracted.

Hott, Ger. holz, wood. The termination
of many names of places in England, be-
ing near a wood.

Hoty Atur’ance. In politics, an alliance
formed after the fall of Napoleon by the
European sovereigns, “‘in accordance
with the precepts of the gospel of Jesus
Christ, and for the happiness and religious
welfare of all subjects” (!) It was vir-
tually an alliance for the better securing
crowned heads against the encroachments
of their subjects, and for mutual support,
should their stability be threatened by
any outburst of popular opinion.

Ho’ty-roop Day, a festival observed by
Roman Catholics, in commemoration of
the exaltation of the Saviour’s cross.

Ho’ty Srone, a stone used to scour the
deck of a ship by hand, with the addition
of sand.

Ho’ty Tuurspay, a festival in comme-
moration of Christ’s ascension, observed
ten days before Whitsuntide.

Ho’ty Week, the week before Easter,
in which the passion of the Saviour is
commemorated. ad

Homzxor’aruy, from dois, similar, and
xaos, feeling. A particular mode of
curing diseases. See Hommopatuy.

How’acer, from homo,a man. The oath
of submission and loyalty, which the ten-
ant under the feudal system used to take
to his superior, when first admitted to the
land which he held of him in fee.,

Hom’sere’s PuospHorvs, ignited chlor-
ide of calcium, which has the property of
shining in the dark, a fact first noticed
by Homberg.

Hom’sEerc’s Prropnorvs, alum calcined
with an equal weight: of brown sugar or
flour. It is spontaneously inflammable.

Hom’sera’s Sart, boracic acid, first ob-
tained in a separate state by Homberg.

Home. In naral language, applied to
anything in its place; as the sheets of the
sails, and the charge of a gun.

Hom‘icipe, from homo, a man, and cedo,
to kill; the killing of one man or human
being by another. Homicide is justifiadle
when it proceeds from unavoidable neces-

a

,

HON

377

Hope

sity, without an intention to kill, and
without negligence ; excusable when it
proceeds from misadventure, or in self-
defence; felonious when it proceeds from
malice, or is done in the prosecution of
some unlawful act. Killing premeditated
is murder, and suicide is felonious homi-
cide. Homicide comprehends murder and
manslaughter.

Hom'ILeric, pertaining to familiar dis-
course, from dusAnrizos, conversable.
Homiletic theology is that branch of prac-
tical theology which teaches the manner
of adopting discourses to the capacities of
hearers, and the best methods of instruct-

. ing congregations: called also pastoral

theology.

Hom'tty, from éusAse, familiar dis-
eourse. A familiar discourse on some sub-
ject of religion, such as an instructor
would deliver to his pupils.

Hom’tne Repvee’tanpo. In law, a writ
to bail a man out of prison.

Ho’mo, man. A genus of Mammalia,
order Bimana. One species, but three
very distinct varieties: the Caucasian, or
white ; the Mongolian, or yellow; andthe
Ethiopian, or negro.

Homocro’movs, doy, together, and
ewe, colour. When the florets in the
same flower-head are of the same colour.

Homeor’atrny, from b20808, similar,
and gaflos, affection. A new medical
doctrine, promulgated some years since
by Dr. Samuel Hahnemann, of Leipsig.
It proceeds on the principle that two dis-
eased actions cannot goon simultaneously
in the same part, and if a medicine be ad-
ministered to a person labouring under
that disease which the medicine has a na-
tural tendency to produce, the effect will
be to resolve the disease. The medicine
is, Sowee: administered in infinitesimal
doses, as the millionth or quadrillionth
part of a grain!

Homoe’amous, doy, like, and yesos,
marriage. In grasses when all the florets
of the spikelets of an individual are her-
maphrodite. In composite plants, when
all the florets of a fiower-head are her-
maphrodite.

HomoeGr’nea, an order of infusorial ani-
mals, thus named from there being no

appearance of viscera, or other complica- |

tion in the body, frequently not even the
appearance of a mouth.

Homo’nyMs, doy, and oye, name.
‘Words of the same sound, but of different
signification.

Homorn’onovs, go, and guyz, tone, In
music, of the same pitch.

Homo’rHony, 64205, and gwyew, I speak.
Words of the same sound but differently

spelt.
Hone, Hone’stone, whet-slate. <A va-

riety of talcy slate, named novacuiate 09
Kirwan.

Hon’rsty. In botany, see Lunartia.

Hown’ey, Sax. hunig. The sweet viscid
liquor elaborated by bees from the sweet
juices of the nectars of flowers, and depo-
sited by them in the cells of their combs.

Hon’ex-coms. 1. The waxen cells in
which bees deposit their honey, &¢.——
2. Among founders, a flaw in a casting,
the metal appearing porous or spongy.

Hon’Ey-DEW, a saccharine substance
found on the leaves of some trees, andsaid
to be deposited by a species of aphis,
called the vine-fretier.

Hon’ex-GuipeE. In ornithology, the Cu-
cullus indicator, Lin., found in Africa, and
celebrated on account of its conducting
persons to hives of wild honey.

Hone. The Chinese name for the large
factories at Canton, where each nation has
a separate hong: hence the term of Hong
merchants.

Honora’r1um, Lat. honos, honour.
Nearly synonymous with fee. Applied ta
the fees of professors and professional gen-
tlemen.

Hon’ovraBte, a title of quality attribu-
ted to the younger children of earls, to
persons enjoying places of trust and
honour, and collectively to the House of
Commons and the East India Company.

Hoop. In’ships, 1. A low wooden porch
over the ladder which leads to the steer-
age of a merchant-ship.— 2. The upper
part of a galley-chimney, which being in
the shape of the letter S reversed, is trim-
med or turned round according to the
various directions of the wind, that the
smoke may always fly to leeward.—3. A
short semicylindrical frame of wood, serv-
ing to cover the upper wheel ofa chain-
pump.——4. The same with Wuoop (q.v.).

Hook. 1. In husbandry, a sickle.——2.
In nautical language, a crooked piece of
iron, of which there are several kinds, of
different shapes and sizes, as boat-hooks,
breast-hooks, can-hooks, cat-hooks, &c.
Foot-hooks are termed futtocks (q. v.).
Loof-hooks is the name given to a tackle
with two hooks, one to hitch into a crin-
gle ofa fore or main-sail in the bolt-rope,
and the other to hitch into a strap which
is spliced to the chess-tree. Their use is
to pull down the sail, and succour the
tackle of a large sail.

Hook anp Burr. The scarfing or lay-
ing of two ends of planks over each other.

Hoox-pins, bolts made with @ shoulder
at one end, and used by carpenters in
framing.

Hop. 1. In botany, see Humvrivus.——2.
The floral leaf of the Humulus lupulus, a
climbing perennial plant, said to have
been introduced into England from the
Netherlands, in the sixteenth century. Its
fruit is a sort of cone, composed of niem-

nor 3

8 HOR

braneous scales, each of which envelopes
a single seed. These cones are the objects
for which the plant is cultivated, and their
principal use is to communicate to beer
its strengthening quality, to prevent it
from turning sour, and to impart to it an
agreeable aromatic bitter.

Hop’tires, 6rAirys- The heavy-armed
infantry of Grecian antiquity.

Hor-oast, a particular kind of kiln for
drying hops.

Hopr’rer. 1. A basket wherein seed-
corn is carried at the time of sowing.——
2. The wooden trough ina millinto which
the corn is put to be ground.

Hopr’rte, a mode of se the legs of
animals turned out to

Hor’ary, Lat. horarius. Relating toan
hour. The horary circle of a globe is a
small brazen circle, fixed upon the brazen
meridian, divided into 24 hours, having
an index moveable round the axis of the
globe, and used to show the hour or time
of day in other countries. The horary
lines or circles of a dial are those lines and
circles which mark the hours upon it.
The horary motion of the earth is the arc
described by it in the space ofan hour: it
is 15° on an average.

Horpe. A name applied to those mi-
gratory nations who subsist by rapine and
plunder.

Hor’perne. The name given by Proust
to the peculiar starchy matter of barley
(hordeum).

Horpve’otvum, Lat. dim. of hordeum,
barley. A little tumour on the eyelids,
resembling a barley-corn; vernacularly
a stye.

Hore’HownD. In botany, see MARRUBIUM.

Horr'zon, d¢:Zay, from desgw, to bound.
In geography, the line which terminates
the view when extended to the surface of
the earth, dividing the globe into two
hemispheres. It is sensible and rational ;
the sensible, visible, or apparent horizon
is a lesser circle of the sphere, which di-
vides the visible part of the sphere from
the invisible. The rational, true, real, or
astronomical horizon is a great circle,
whose plane passes through the centre of
the earth, and whose poles are the zenith
and nadir. These horizons would coincide
if the eye could take in the whole hemi-
sphere.

Horizon’rat, parallel to the horizon.
Thus, a horizontal dial ig one drawn upon
a plane parallel to the horizon, anda Aori-
zontal line and plane are terms in perspec-
tive for a line and plane parallel to the
horizon, and passing through theeye. The
horizontal range of a piece of ordnance is the
distance at which the ball falls on a hori-
zontal plane, whatever be the angle of
elevation of the piece. The horizontal spe-
eulum is a well-polished metal speculum of

three or four inches diameter, inclosed
within a brass ring, and so fitted that the
centre of gravity of the whole shall fall
near the point on which it turns.

Horn. 1. In natural history, the hard
pointed bodies growing on the heads ot
some gramimivorous animals, serving
either for defence or ornament, are termed
horns ; and the same name is used verna-
cularly for the antennz of insects.——2.
In chemistry, the substance composing the
horns of graminivorous animals, consist-
ing of coagulated albumen, with a little
gelatine and phosphate of lime: it is ex~
tensively used in the arts.——3. In music,
a wind-instrument, originally made of
horn, but now of prass.—4. In botany,
aspur. See Catcar.

HorNBLENDE, a mineral. The amphi-
bole of Haiiy, of a green, or blackish green
colour, produced by the oxides of chro-
mium and iron. It enters largely into
the composition of several of the trap
rocks. It is sometimes found regularly
crystallised, but more commonly the erys-
tallization is confused, and it appears
in masses composed of lamine, acicular
crystals, and fibres variously aggregated,
It occurs under many forms. Thus carin-
thine, actinolite, tremolite, calamite,
amianthus, &c. are varieties ; but horn-
blende itself is a sub-species of straight-
edged augite.

Horn’stenDe Scuist, a metamorphic
rock, composed principally of hornblende,
with a variable portion of felspar, and
sometimes grains of quartz. It appears
to be merely clay altered by heat and
pressure.

Hor’nep Owt. The common owl, or
Strix otus, Lin.. is thus named from its
having two tufts of feathers on the fore-
head, which it can erect at pleasure.

Hor’net, a large species of wasp, the
Vespa crabro, Lin. ; common in Europe.

Hor’ninG, Letters or. In Scottish law,
a species of process against a debtor.

Horn’pirz. 1. A Welsh instrument of
music, consisting of a wooden pipe with
horns at the ends—one to collect the wind
from the mouth, the other to carry off the
sounds.—2. An air or tune of triple
time, with six crotchets in a bar.——3. An
animated dance.

Horn Sit’ver,a native chloride of silver
crystallised in the cubic system, and sectile
like horn. It is rare in European mines,
but common in the mines of Peru and
Mexico.

Horn’stonz, a variety of rhomboidal
quartz It is called Chert in Derbyshire,
where it abounds. It is valuable for
forming the grinding-blocks of flint-mills
in the pottery manufacture. The name
hornstone is often confounded with horn-
blende. - ;
Honoc’naper, from wea, an hour, and

HOS 379

HOW

yeegu, I write. The art of constructing

Horo/MEtRY, Hew and peroy, measure.
The art of measuring hours.

Horor’rer, from wee and orrsyzes. In
optics, a right line drawn through the
point where the two optic axes meet, pa-
rallel to that which joins the two pupils.

Hor’oscore, from wea and czortw. In
astrology, a scheme or figure of the
twelve houses or signs of the zodiac, in
which is marked the disposition of the
heavens at a given time.——2. The degree
of the ascendant or star which rises above
the eastern horizon at any time when a
prediction is to be made.

Horse. 1. In zoology, the Equus caballus,
Lin.——2. In navigation, a rope reaching
from the middle of a yard to itsextremity,
on which the sailors stand when they are
loosing or reefing the sails; also a thick
rope fixed fore or aft a mast, for the pur-
pose of hoisting some yard.

Horst-poweEr, the power or force which
a horse generally exerts. It is com-
pounded of his weight and muscular
strength, and decreases’ with his speed.
It is generally reckoned in mechanical
calculations, equal to 33,000lbs. raised
1 foot high per minute ; and if continued
throughout the day of 8 hours, amounts to
150 Ibs. conveyed a distance of 20 miles, at
a speed of 24 miles per hour.

Horse’ run. In earthwork,acontrivance
for drawing up loaded wheelbarrows from
the bottom of deep cuttings for railways,
docks, &c., by the assistance of a horse,
which walks to and fro instead of round
as in the horse-gin.

Horse’suos. In fortification, a work of
a round or oval form.

Hor'tus Sic'cus, dry garden. <A collec-
tion of dried plants kept in paper or

ks.

Hosan’na. In the Jewish rituals, a term
signifying Save now. Hosanna became
latterly the name of a prayer, rehearsed
on the several days of the feast of taberna-
cles, and in which the word was often
repeated.

Hose. 1. A term synonymous with
stockings.——2. The name of the leathern
pipe used with fire-engines, for conveying
the water.——3. The leathern pipe used
in ships for conveying water from the
main decks into the casks.——4. The
hollow part of a spade, or other tool of a
similar kind, which receives the end of
the shaft or handle.

Hos’pitat GANn’GRENE, & peculiar form
of gangrene which sometimes prevails in
hospitals.

Hosriratt’srs, an order of religious
knights, known now by the title of
Knights of Malta. They took the name
of Hospitallers from their building an

hospital, at Jerusalem, for the reception
of pilgrims.

Hospi’tium, a Latin word for an inn:
used, in old law books, for an Inn of Court,
and sometimes for a monastery, or common
inn for the accommodation of travellers.

Hos’‘popar, a title borne by the princes
of Walachia and Moldavia, who receive
their invyestitures from the Grand Seignior.

Host, from hostia,a victim. The name
given, in the Romish rituals, to the ele-
ments of the Eucharist, or rather to the
consecrated wafer.

Hor’sep. <A bed of earth with horse-
dung or other manure, and covered with
glass, for raising early plants, or such as
will not thrive in cold soil.

Hortcn’rot. In law, a mixing of land
given in marriage with lands in fee falling
by descent.

Hor’-FLvE, an apartment heated by
stoves or steam-pipes, in which padded
or printed*calicoes are dried hard.

Hor’xovse. A building heated by flues,
for rearing exotic plants, which require
a@ warm atmosphere and soil.

Hor’watt. A wall for the growth of
fruit-trees, built with flues for being
heated in severe weather.

Howunp. In zoology, the Canis venaticus,
Lin. The hound, the pointer, and the
terrier differ between themselves only in
size and the proportions of the limbs. The
greyhound is longer and more lank.

Hounps. In tical language, the pro-
jecting parts of the head of a ship.
oe a nymph of Mahommed’s para-

ise.

Hovse, Sax. hus. In astrology, the si-
tuation of a planet in the heavens, also
the twelfth part of the zodiac.

Hovse’sore. In law, asutticient allow-
ance of wood to repair the houses of the
tenant and supply fuel.

Hovsr’BREAKING. The breaking into a
house by daylight with intent to commit
a felony: the same by night is burglary.

Hovse’tine, or Hovus’inc. Among sea-
men, a small line formed of thin strands,
smaller than ropeyarn, used for seizings,
&e.

Hovs’tnc. In the manége, a piece of
cloth fastened to the hinder part of a
saddle, and covering the horse’s croup:
called also boot-housing. Also a cloth laid
over a saddle.——2. The same as house-
line (q. V.).——8. In architecture, the space
taken out of one solid to admit of the in-
sertion of another.

How'’1tzer, Germ. haubiize. A kind of
mortar or short gun, mounted on a field-
carriage, and used for throwing shells, &c.
It differs from a mortar in having the
trunnions in the middle.

How’xer. A two-masted Dutch vessel:
also a fishing-boat, with one mast, used
on the coast of Ireland.

HUM , 380

HUS

Hoy, a small vessel usually rigged as a
sloop, and employed for conveying pas-
sengers and goods from place to place on
the sea-coast, or to or from a shipin a
road or bay.

Ho’sert, Orper or St. The highest
Bavarian order of knighthood, instituted

Hue anp Cry. In law, the common
process of pursuing a felon.

Hoven, or Horr, the Icelandic name of
certain fountains of boiling water in Ice-
land, otherwise called Geysers.

Hov’cvenors. A name formerly given
to the Protestants tn France. The name
is supposed to be a corruption of the
German word LFidgenossen, which means
sworn-fellows.

Hor‘ssiers, Civil officers in France,
whose attendance is necessary in every
judicial tribunal, from that of a justice of
the peace to the Court of Cassation.

Hout’rston (Ger.). In musit, the se-
condary note of a shake.

Hux, Dut. hulk; the body of a ship.
The word is applied only to the body of
an old ship, which is laid by as unfit for
use. The old vessels employed in raising
sand, ballast, &c., in the river Thames,
and wherein a certain class of convicts
are kept at hard labour, are by way of
eminence styled the hulks.

Hutt. 1. The outer covering ofa nut,
grain, &c.——2. The body of a ship, ex-
elusive of her masts, yards, and rigging.
Hull down expresses that the hull of a
ship is concealed by the convexity of the
sea.

Houtorne’ism, from say, matter, and
&o¢, God. The doctrine that matter is
God, or that there is no God but matter
and the universe.

Human’iries. In Scotch colleges, the
litere humaniores, or grammar, rhetoric,
and belles lettres, including the study of
the ancient classics, in distinction from
philosophy and science. The student in
humanities is called a humanist.

Hvm’zo.pire, a rare mineral which oc-
curs in small and nearly colourless crys-
tals, irregularly aggregated, and which
seems to contain the same elements as
datolite. Named in honour of Humboldt.

Ho’mervs, Lat. from wus¢. In ana-
tomy, (1.) The arm from the shoulder to
the forearm. (2.) The shoulder.

Hvum’mock, an eminence of land resem-
bling a smooth rounded cone, as seen from
the deck of a vessel at sea.

Hovu’mor, Lat. from humus, the ground,
whence moisture arises. A general name
for any fiuid of the body except the blood.

Hv’morat Patuotocy, that pathology
which attributes all diseases to disordered
ftates of the fluids or humours, without
taking solids into consideration.

Hvu’mours (of the eye). The aqueous
humour is the transparent fluid occupying
the space between the crystalline lens
and cornea, both before and behind the
pupil. The crystalline humour or lens is a
small transparent solid body, occupying
a middle position in the eye between the
aqueous and vitreous humours. It is the
principal instrument in refracting the rays
of light, so as to form an image on the
retina. The vitreous humour is a fluid
contained in the minute cells of a trans-
parent membrane, occupying the greater
part of the cavity of the eye, and all the
space between the crystalline and retina.

Hov’mvtin, the narcotic principle of the
hop (Aumulus).

Hov’mutus, the hop: a genus of perennial
climbing plants. Diecia — Pentandria,
Named from humus, the ground. One
species (H. lupulus) cultivated in Britain.
See Hor.

Hun’prep, a division or part of a county
in England, supposed to have originally
contained 100 families, 100 able men for
the king’s wars, or 100 manors; but as the
word means literally a circuit, it is proba-
ble that Alfred’s divisions had no refer-
ence to number.

Hunea’/R1an Macuine, a hydraulic en-
gine on the principle of Hero’s fountain,
so called from its haying been first em-
ployed in draining a mine at Chemnitz,
in Hungary. The action is produced by
the condensation of a confined portion of
air, produced by the descent of a high
column of water contained in a pipe, and
therefore acts with a force proportionate
to the weight of such column. It is a
machine highly deserving of attention.

Hun’cary Water, water distilled from
tops of rosemary flowers with some spirit
of wine. Thus named from its having
been first prepared for a queen of Hun-

gary.

Hour’ptz. 1. A crate of osiers, twigs,
or sticks of various forms.——2. In forti-
Jication, twigs interwoven close together,
sustained by long stakes, and usually
covered with earth.—3. In husbandry, a
frame of split timber or hazel rods wattled
together, used for gates, sheep-folds, &e.

Hur’py-Gurpy, a musical instrument,
thelyra mendicorum of Kircher, called also
the vielle (q. v.).

Hurricane, Span. huracan. A violent
storrs, generally accompanied by light-
ning, and distinguished by the violence
of the wind, and the sudden changes in
direction to which it is subject.

Hurst, Sax. a wood. The ternrination
of the names of some places in England.

Hvrr’s1cktez, the centaurea cyanus, thus
named because it is troublesome to cut
down, and sometimes notches the sickle.

Hvus’sanpry, the business of a farmer,
comprehending agriculture, the raising

_

a

HY

381

HYD

and managing of cattle and other domes-
tic animals, the management of the dairy,
and whatever the land produces. This
term has the same root as husband, viz.,
Sax. husbonda, from hus, a house, and
buend, a cultivator or inhabitant.

Husk. In botany, the glume or that part
dut of which a flower grows. The husks
of corn and grasses are formed of valves,
and embrace the seed. The husks of smali
grains constitute chaff.

Hussar’, a mounted soldier. The term
is of Hungarian origin, from husz, twenty,
and ar, pay, every twenty houses being
obliged by order of Mathias I. (1458), to
furnish and support one horseman.

Hous’sires, the adherents of John Huss,
the Bohemian reformer.

Huvs’t1nes, from Sax. hustinge, the house
of trials. A court held in the guildhalls
of several English cities, by the principal
officers of their respective corporations.—
The platform erected in the open air to
accommodate the speakers, &c., at public
meetings, especially political meetings.

Hurcn, a name at some coal works for
a box in which the coal is drawn up out
of the pit, also the quantity of coal which
such box can contain. Six hutches make
a cart (about 14 ewt.).

Horro’n1an Tueory. In geology, the
Piutonie theory, first advanced by Dr.
Hutton.

Hy’actnrn (see Hyactnruus). 1. A
gem much prized by jewellers. It is a
subspecies of pyramidal zircon, of a deep
gold or amber colour. Its constituents
are zirconia 70, silica 25, and oxide of
iron 0°5. It occurs embedded in gneiss
and syenite, in basalt and lava.——2. In
botany (see ions ia tea

HYACIn’THINE. 1. an adjective, of
the colour of hyacinth. vec As a substan-
tive, the name of a mineral which usually
occurs in rectangular eight-sided prisms.
It is brownish, transparent, and causes
double refraction.

Hyactn’tuvs, the hyacinth : A genus of
perennial plants. H
Named geeztvOog, from the friend of . Apol-
lo, who was turned, according to the
poets, into this flower. The Hare-bell

H. non-scriptus), the only British type of
this genus, is by some placedin the genus
Seilt

ol.

Hy’aves, from dades, a watery constel-
lation. In astronomy, the seven e¢gars in
the bull’s head, the principal of which is
Aldebaran.—In mythology, the daughter of
Atlas and Pleione.

Hy 2’na, a genus of ferocious nocturnal
animals, somewhat allied to the dog. Or-
der Carnaria, family Carnivora, division
Digitigrada, There are three species, the
grey, the brown, and spotted hyzenas.
They are found from India to Abyssinia,

and Senegal. Name ¢aive, was anciently
applied to any cunning animal.

HYBERBO’REANS, urte, beyond, and Bogtas,
north wind. The name given by the
ancients to the unknown inhabitants of
most of the northern regions of the globe.

Hysernac’utum, (Lat.), a wintering
place. A term in botany for that part of
a plant which protects the embryo herb
from external injury. It is an organic
body, which sprouts from the surface of
different parts of a plant, inclosing the
rudiments of the new shoot, and which is
capable of evolving a new individual per-
fectly similar to the parent.

Hyz’opont, from g@o¢, and dens. A
sub-family of sharks (fossil), according to
the arrangement of M. Agassiz. They
seem to have begun with the coal forma-
tion, and to have ceased at the beginning
of the chalk formation.

Hye’opus, a genus of fossil fishes pecu-
liar to the oolitic formations.

Hyx’rip, from bBeis, an injury; mon-
grel: applied to the offspring both of ani-
mals and plants when of different species.
Neither hybrid animals nor plants propa-
gate their species.

Hyvar’rurvs, from gdeg, water, and
agbeoy,a joint. The disease called ver-—
nacularly white swelling, which systema-
tic writers usually distinguish into two
kinds, rheumatic and scrofulous.

Hyparips. 1. A genus of Entozoa, of
the Tznioid family. Name from idwe,
water; being characterised by their being
formed of a membrane containing a
water-like fluid. They form the genus
Cysticercus, Rud.——2. Little transparent
vesicles of a water-like fluid, found espe-
cially in dropsical patients.

Hyp’nvm, the truffle or tuber. A genus
of plants. - Cryptogamia—Fungi. Some
species of the genus of mushrooms are
eaten on the continent, but many are poi-
sonous. The hedgehog mushroom and
paulet, are examples.

Hy’pra, from i3we, water. 1. A fabu-
lous monster with many heads, said to
have infested the lake of Lerna, and was
killed by Hercules.——2. The female snake
or water-serpent, an immense constella-
tion of the southern hemisphere, extend-
ing for about 100°, from the west to east,
beneath the Crab, the Lion, and the Vir-
gin: it represents the water-serpent
killed by Hercules.——3. The fresh-water
polypus, a genus of gelatinous polypi
which may be regarded as an animated
stomach, provided with tentacula for
catching its food. Their most wonderful
property is that of being constantly re-
produced by the indefinite excision of
their parts, so that they can be multd

:

HYD

382

HYD

plied at will by division. Their natural
increase is by shoots.

Hypran’cea, a genus of arborescent
and shrubby plants. Decandria—Digynia.
Name from Ydwe, water, and ayyos,a
vessel. Temperate climates. Some of the
species are cultivated in our gardens, as
the Chinese guelder-rose,

Hy’prant, from vde LIYO), to irrigate. A
pipe with the seach valves, &¢., by
which water is raised and discharged
from the main conduit of an aqueduct.

* Hyprarcy’Ris, ydwe, and agyueos, sil-
ver. An eruptive disorder occasioned by
the use of mercury,

Hyprar’GyRrum, Ddgéevveos, from ddwe,
water, and agyweos, Silver. Mercury or
quicksilver.

Hy’pxate, from due, water. A com-
pound not crystallised, in which water is
chemically combined with some other
substance in atomic proportion, as in
slaked lime, which in chemical language
is a hydrate of lime, or lime hydrated, that
is, combined with water. The water so-
lidified in the process of crystalline bodies,
is termed water of crystallization.

Hyprav’tic, from gdwe, water, and
@vaos,a pipe. Relating to the convey-
ance of water through pipes.

Hyprav’ticon, the water organ. An
ancient musical instrument, acted upon
by water. Its construction is now un-
certain.

Hyprav'tics, the science which relates
to the motion of non-elastic fluids, as
water, and the construction of all kinds
of instruments and machines by which
the force of such fluids is applied to prac-
tical purposes. See HypRopYNAMICs.

Hr‘priopaTe, a compound of the hydri-
odic acid with a salifiable base.

Hypriop’ic Acip, an acid formed by
the combination of hydrogen with iodine
in equal volumes. It occurs in the gas-
eous state, but combines readily with
water, like the hydrochloric acid.

Hyprvusprom’ic Acip, an acid composed
of equal volumes of hydrogen and bromine.

Hyprocar’Bon, a combination of hy-
drogen with carbon; e.g., etherine.

Hy’pro-car’BuRETS, compounds of car-
bon and hydrogen, all of which are highly
combustible.

Hyprocery’atvs, Lat. from d3we, water,
and zs@aAy, the head. Dropsy of the
brain or head; a disease of which there
are two sorts, the acute and chronic. The
first is particularly fatal among children
from two to seven years of age; in its
first stage it is simply inflammation of the

brain. The second is often a congenital
disease, and is connected with cachexy
end debility: it is always dangerous.

Hyprocuto’rare, a salt formed by the

hydrochloric acid with a base. Accord-
ing to some chemists, hydrochlorates exist
only when water is present; when the
water is withdrawn the salt passes to 2
chloride. Thus, erystallised culinary salt
is a chloride of sodium, but in solution it
is a hydrochlorate of

Hyprocuto’ric Acip, an acid formed by
equal volumes of hydrogen and chlorine :
muriatic acid, or spirit of salt, or marine
acid. When pure it occurs in the gaseous
state, but combines readily with water ;
its solution is extensively employed in
the arts.

HypRocHLo’r1pE, a compound of hydro-
gen, chlorine, and carbon, in atomic pro-
portions.

Hyvprocy’anate, a salt formed by the
union of the hydrocyanic acid with a
salifiable base.

Hyprocya’nic Actp, an acid consisting
of equal volumes of hydrogen and cyano-
gen. It is called also prussic acid, be-
cause it was first obtained from Prussian
blue. It is a transparent colourless
liquid at ordinary temperatures, but is
very volatile. Diluted with 8} times its
weight of water, it forms medicinal prus-
sic acid. Itis a deadly poison. One drop
of the pure acid introduced into the
fauces of the strongest dog produces death
after one or two convulsive respirations.

Hypropyna’mics, from owe, water, and
dvvauss, force. The branch of natural
philosophy which treats of the mechani-
cal effects of non-elastic fluids, whether
at rest or in motion. It comprehends both
hydrostatics and hydraulics, (q. v.).

Hy'pro-FER’RO-cy’anic Acrp, an acid
obtained in solution from the ferrocya-
nite of potash by the action of sulphuric
acid on a solution of that salt. Its colour
is lemon-yellow; and by the action of
strong light or a gentle heat it is decom-
posed, and hy: yanic acid and white
prussiate of iron are formed.

Hy’pro-Fiv’ares, salts formed by the
hydrofluoric acid with bases, called fluates
by some, and fluorides by other che-
mists.

Hyprorivo’ric Acrp. When fluor-spar
(fluoride of calcium) is distilled with twice
its weight of sulphuric acid, a highly vo-
latile and corrosive liquid, which is hy-
dro acid, is obtained. Its constitu-
tion is as yet imperfectly understood, as
its basis fluorine (q.v.), has not yet been
obtained in an insulated form. Analogy,
however, leads to the inference that it is
a compound of equal volumes of hydrogen
and fluorine. It acts powerfully on glass,
and must therefore be prepared and kept
in silver or lead vessels, on which it does
not act. Diluted, with about six times
its weight of water, it is employed for
etching on glass.

;

.
’

HYD 383

HYD

Hy’pDRO-FLUOSIL’ICATES, Salts formed by
the hydro-fiuosilicic acid with bases.

Hy'pDRo-FLvosiLic’ic Acip, a compound
acid consisting of, 1, hydrofiuoric acid, and
2, fluosilicic acid (in simple mixture, ac-
cording to Berzelius.)

Hy'procen, from vdwe, water, and
ytvyvaw,to produce. An inflammable, co-
lourless, and aériform fluid, the lightest
ofall known substances, and the basis of
water (q.v.). Itisplentifully distributed
in nature. It is one of the ingredients of
bitumens, oils, fats, alcohol, and in fact
of all animal and vegetable bodies. It is
speedily fatal to animal life when taken
into the lungs; it does not support com-
bustion, but uniting with oxygen much
light and heat are evolved. Being the
lightest ponderable substance known, it
is usually assumed as unity in describ-
ing the sp. gr. of gases.

Hy’DROGENATED, combined with hy-
drogen.

Hy'procrarxy, from jdwe, water, and
yeaow, to describe. Description of the
watery part of the terraqueous globe, as
seas, lakes, &c. It gives an account of
tides, soundings, bays, gulfs, creeks,
sands, shoals, &c.; the distances and
bearings of objects from one another, and
whatever is remarkable, either at sea or
on the coast. It also comprehends the
construction of maps and charts for the
use of navigators, ce.

Hyproc’urets, compounds of hydrogen
with a simple inflammable body, as car-
bon, phosphorus, or sulphur, or with me-
tals; e. g., carburetted hydrogen is a hy-
droguret of carbon,

Hy’promancy, ddwe, and pwayrese, pro-
phecy. Among the ancients a method of
divination by water.

Hyrprom’erer, from dwg, water, and
pereov, measure. An ; =
instrument in com-
mon use for finding
the specific gravity of ¢

non-elastic fluids. It
consists of a hollow
ball of glass or metal

with a weight below
it, and a slender stem
above, divided into a
certain number of de-
grees by marks. In
pure water it is ad-
justed to float at a
particular mark, but
when immersed in a
lighter or heavier li-
quid it floats higher
or sinks lower. Sometimes the instru-
ment is adjusted to different fluids by
moveahle weights, while the gradua-
tions of the scule are made to express

the specific gravities by the degree to
which it sinks. The figure represents
Silk’s hydrometer, where A is a brass
ball loaded with a weight B, and sur-
mounted by a slender stem D, graduated
into eleven equal parts. It is provided
with eight weights C, in which a slit is
cut so as to admit the slender part of the
stem B into the hole in the centre. The
use of these weights is to adjust the in-
strument to fluids heavier than water,
and in which it would not otherwise sink
to the level of the lowest division on the
stem D. This is the instrument ordered
by Act of Parliament for collecting the
revenue on ardent spirits.

Hy’pR0-ox’ipE, a hydrated oxide.

HyYDROPERSULPHU’RIc AciID, or BiIsut-
PHURET oF Hyprocen. A compound of
2 of sulphur, and 1 of hydrogen.

Hypropn’ane, from gdwe, water, and
gaivw, toshow. A variety of opal, which
is opaque when dry, but by immersion in
water becomes transparent.

Hypropu’iLus, a genus of aquatic in-
sects, ddwe and gsAos. The hydrophilii,
form the first tribe of the palpicorne fa-
mily of pentamerous coleoptera in Cuvier’s
arrangement, but in the arrangement of
Linnzus they form a division of his genus
Dytiscus. They are variously subdivided.

Hypropuo’sia, from ddwe, water, and
gofew, to fear. Canine madness, which is
always accompanied with a preternatural
dread of water. Pathologists usually
regard the disease as the consequence of a
morbid poison, introduced into the system
by the bite of a rabid animal.

HyproPuTHat’mia, from Ydwe, water,
and ogfarmos, the eye. A morbid en-
largement of the eye, arising from a pre-
ternatural increase of the vitreous or
aqueous humours. The same name is also
given to a mere cedematous swelling of
the eyelid.

Hypropnu’yrz, water-plants, gdwe,
water, and guroy,a plant. The number of
hydrophytesis very considerable, and their
situations are more various than could
have been anticipated. Some are covered
and uncovered daily by the tide; others
live in abysses of the ocean, at the extra-
ordinary depth of 1000 feet; and although,
in such situations, there must reign dark-
ness more profound than night, many of
these vegetables are highly coloured.

HypropneumMaric TrovucH. A name
which has been given to the apparatus
more commonly called the pneumatic
trough.

Hy'props, dropsy, ddeanp, from ddwe,
water. A preternatural hydropoid col-
lection in the cellular substance, or differ-
ent cavities of the body. Anasareca, hy-
drocephalus, hydrothorax, ascites, hydro-

HYD 384

HYG

metra, and hydrocele are some of the
species of the disease.

Hy'proscore, from vdwe, water, and
oxorew, toview. A kind of water-clock
anciently in use. Time was marked by
the rise of water, which was allowed to
flow slowly into a graduated tube.

Hyprosetr’nic Acip, seleniuretted hy-
drogen. A highly deleterious gas, readily
prepared by treating seleniuret of potas-
sium with liquid hydrochloric acid.

Hyprostrarica. In natural history, an
order of Acalepha, characterised by having
buoyant air-vessels, by which they sus-
pend themselves in their liquid element.

Hyprostrar'ic Batance. A delicate ba-
lance employed in finding specific gra-
vities.

Hyprostratic Bettows. An apparatus
for illustrating the upward pressure of
fluids, and the hydrostatic paradox. It
consists of two circular boards connected
by leather, to rise and fall like the com-
mon bellows, but without valves, and
having a pipe three or four feet long,
communicating with the interior through
the lower board. Water being poured
into this tube, the upper board of the bel-
lows is raised with a force equal to the
difference between its area and the area
of the tube. This is the property applied
by Mr. Bramah in the construction of his
hydraulic press.

Hyprosrar’ic Inpex. Anapparatus for
demonstrating the truth of Pascal’s hy-
drostatic paradox.

Hyprosraric Parapox. The principle,
in hydrostatics, that a portion of fluid,
however small, may be made to counter-
poise a portion of fluid, however great.
Thus, if to a wide vessel A, asmall tube
B, be attached, com-
municating with the
vessel, and if water
be poured into either
of them, it will stand
at the same height
in both ; consequent-
ly there is an equili-
brium between ; and
this holds, whatever
the shape and size of the vessels may be.
This illustrates the principle, that the
pressure of fluids is as their height, with-
outany regard to their quantity.

Hyprostaric Press. See Braman’s
PRESS.

Hyprostar‘ics; from gdwe, water, and
crarizos, Static. That branch of hydro-
dynamics which treats of the weight,
pressure, and equilibrium of non-elastic
fluids atrest. It comprehends the doctrine
of flotation, methods of finding specific
gravities, &c.

HyprosvL’pHates. Compounds of hy-
drosulphuric acid.

Hyprosvr’pnorets. Chemical com-
pounds of bases with sulphuretted hydro-
gen.

Hyprosuntruv’ric Acrp. The name
giveri by Gay L to a solution of
sulphuretted hydrogen in water. It has
also been called hydrotheionic acid, from
6zs0v, Sulphur.

Hypro-svt’pHvrovs Acip. When three
vols. of sulphuretted hydrogen gas, and
two of sulphurous acid gas are mixed to-
gether, over mercury, they are condensed
into a solid orange-yellow body, to which
Dr. Thomson has applied the name of
hydro-sulphurous acid. :

Hyprorxo’rax, from dwg, water, and
Goce, the chest, dropsy of the chest.

Hyproxan’tHIc Acrp. An acid disco-
vered by Zeise, of Copenhagen, and since
considered as an oxy-acid, and described
under the name of xanthic acid (q.v.). It
is the carbo-sulphuric acid of some che-
mists, being a compound of two volumes
of bisulphuret of carbon, and one yolume
of sulphuric ether.

Hy’pRoxvureE, a hydrate.

Hyp’rvureEtT, a compound of hydrogen
with a metal. See Hyprocuret.

HycGe'inism, the science of health,
Syitie, health. The right application of
medical science to the preservation or re
storation of health. The term has been
extensively abused.

Hycrom’eter, from syeos, moisture,
and wsreoy, measure. An instrument for
determining the quantity of vapour in the
atmosphere. Various instruments have
been contrived for this purpose, some of
them founded upon the property which
certain substances have of imbibing va-
pours, and having their dimensions there-
by altered ; others on the principle that
the moisture of the atmosphere will depo-
sit itself in dew-drops upon the surface of
a colder body-in contact withit. It is
upon this principle that Daniel’s hygro-
meter isconstructed. This consists of two
small glass bulbs, connected together by a
glass tube, bent at right angles, as shown
in the figure. A very delicate thermo-
meter is inclosed in one bulb, which also
contains some ether, and the other bulb is
covered with a piece of fine muslin. When
an observation is to be made, the covered
bulb is moistened with ether, which by
evaporation produces intense cold, and
thereby condenses the etherous vapour
within. Evaporation from the further
bulb is consequently promoted, and the
temperature of its exterior surface falls :
a slight ring of dew, coinciding with the
surface of the liquid within, forms on the
glass. The thermometer within is to be
observed during the operation, and the
temperature indicated by it at the instant
when the dew appears on {or disappears

»
a

et le

OT

oo

HYP 385

uY?

trom) the glass, is called the dew-ponint,
and will be found several degrees below

the temperature indicated by the thermo-
meter in the stem of the instrumerit. The
dew-point being found, the hygrometric
state of the atmosphere is known.

Hyeromet ric, applied to substances
which readily become moist and dry with
the changes in the atmosphere.

Hy1L0zo’1sMm, 5A, matter, and gaz, life. In
philosophy, the doctrine that matter lives.

Hymenz’a, the locust-tree: a genus.
Decandria—Monogynia. Name from Hy-
men. Southern parts of America and the
West Indies. The H. courbaril affords the
resin called gum animé.

HyMenopuyt’Lam, the marriage-leaf: a
genns of perennial ferns. Britain and
‘West Indies.

Hymenor’rerA, from guyy,amembrane,
and tees, a wing; membrane-winged.
An order of insects characterised by hav-
ing four membranous and naked wings, of
which the superior are the largest. The
mouth is composed of mandibles, maxille,
and two lips: the abdomen of the females
is terminated by an ovipositor or sting:
the wasp and bee are examples.

Hyos’craMIneE, a new crystalline vege-
table principle obtained from henbane,
(Hyoscyamus niger). It is alkaline, and
highly poisonous. It is the hyosciamia of
M. Brandes.

Hyoscy’amvs, the Henbane: a genus of
herbaceous plants. Pentandria—Mono-
gynia. Name from gs, a hog, and zuauos,
abean. The H. niger or black henbane is
common in Britain: it ishighly poisonous,
but also highly useful in medicine.

Hype’rwraL, from gro, above, and

asOyg, the air; open above. Applied’ to
certain ancient temples which had ten
columns on each fagade, were surroundea
by double porticoes, and had celle en-
tirely exposed to the air, having no roof.

HyPa/iaGE, braddkayy, change. A
grammatical figure consisting of a mutual
change of cases. Thus Virgil writes dare
classibus austros, for dare classes austris.
See HyPERBATON.

HyrantTHo’pium, a form of inflorescence
when the receptacle is fleshy, but not in-
elosed in an involucrum.

Hy’rER, dveg, over and above. A term
used in composition to denote some excess.

HyPer’Baton, dreebaroy, transposition.
a grammatical figure which consists in
the inversion of the proper order of words
and sentences. The species are the anas-
trophe, the hypallage, the synchysis, the
tmesis, the parenthesis, and the true
hyperbaton, which consists in a long re-
tention of the verb which completes the
sentence.

Hyper’sora, from vsecGody, an excess.
A section of a cone made by a plane, so
that the plane makes a greater angle with
the base of the cone than that formed by
the base and side of the cone, and if the
plane be produced so as to cut the oppo-
site cone, another hyperbola will be
formed, which is called the opposite hy-
perbola to the former.

HyYPER'BOLE, UreeBoAn, excess. A rhe-
torical figure which expresses more than
the truth, or which represents things
much greater or smaller, better or worse,
than they really are.

“ He was so gaunt, the case of a flageolet was
a mansion for him.”—Shakspeare.

Hypersou'ic CyLInpDRoIp, 2 solid gene-
rated by the revolution of a hyperbola
about its conjugate axis.

Hyver’zotic Co’norp, a conoid formed
by the revolution of a hyperbola about
its axis.

Hyper’sororp, from hyperbola, and esd0¢,
like. A hyperbolic conoid.

Hyperso’REAN, from d-reg, beyond, and
Cegeas, the north; most northern. The
ancients applied this epithet to all people
and places to the north of the Scythians,
and which they considered to enjoy a
delightful climate, being beyond the do-
main of Boreas, or the north wind! They
were, however, the Laplanders, the Sa-
roctree. and the Russians about the White

ea.

Hypercaraec’tic, from orte, beyond,
and zaraAyiic, termination. An epithet
for a verse which has one or more sylla-
bles beyond the regular measure. Wher
it contains only one syllable in excess, it
is usually called a hypermeter.

Cc

HYP

386

HY?

' Wyper’icro, the St. John’s-wort: a very
extensive genus of plants. Polyadelphia—
Polyandria. Name from deg, over, and
tizoy, a spectre, because it was believed
to have the power of driving away evil
spirits. About 60 species, of which 11 are
indigenous in Britain.

YP’EROCHE, Gr. pre-eminence. In mu-
sic, an interval of nearly one comma and
a half.

Hyrenstue’Ne, | from ree, above, and

Hy’renstene, ) cfeyoe, strength. Pris-
matoidal or Labrador schiller-spar: a
mineral of a greenish black colour, but
nearly copper-red on the cleavage. It
consists of silica 54°25, magnesia 14, alu-
mina 2°25, lime 1°5, oxide of iron 24°5,
water l. It is often cut for brooch-stones,
&c., and has then a beautiful copper-red
colour.

Hyrertuy’ruM, date, and Oyea,a door.
In architecture, the lintel of a doorway.

Hiyrerrro’ruy, from orte, above, and
vecgy,, nutrition. A morbid increase in
any organ, without change in the nature
oi its substances.

Iis’pHEN, dgey, under one. A note of
conjunction between compound words, as
in five-leaved.

Hy’ro, do, under. A Greek prefix, op-
posed to hyper.

Hypox‘oz, from dro, under,and Barrw,
to throw. A rhetorical figure in which
several things are enumerated which
seem in favour of the opposite argument,
and each of them is refuted in order.

Hypocav’stum, ovo, and zaiw,I burn.
In ancient architecture, a vaulted chamber
containing apparatus for heating apart-
ments by means of earthen tubes.

Hyvocuon’pria, from bo, under, and
xovdeos, a cartilage. The spaces in the
abdomen immediately under the false ribs
on each side of the epigastrium ; in the one
is the liver, and in the other the spleen.

Hypocuon’pRiasis, eee or low-

Hypocuonpri’acism, {ness of spirits,
often accompanied by weariness cf life,
misanthropy, or spleen. The corporeal
symptoms are commonly flatulency in
the stomach and bowels, acrid eructations,
costiveness, copious discharge of pale
urine, spasmodic pains in the head, and
other parts of the body, giddiness, palpi-
tations, general sleeplessness, dimness of
sight, languor, &c.

Hyrocz'ovus, dro, and yy, earth. In
botany, applied to all the parts of plants
beneath the surface of the ground.

Hypocas’rrium, Lat. from y<o, under,
and yarrye, the stomach. The,lower
anterior region of the abdomen, from a
littte below the umbilicus to the pubes:
eailed the hypogastric region.

Hypoo’ene, from dro, under, and yivopcect
to produce; nether-formed. Applied to
rocks which have assumed their forms
and structure at a depth from the surface.

Hyreo’ayNovus, b7o, and yuyy, a female.
In botany, applied to anything growing
from below the base of the ovarium.

Hyronr'trovus Acip. An acid contain-
ing one volume of oxygen less than the
nitrous acid. It is a greenish liquid,
formed by subjecting a mixture of 2 vols.
of nitrogen and 3 of oxygen to intense
cold. It combines with bases, and forms
hy ponitrites.

Hy’porHospHoric Acip, a liquid mix-
ture of 2 phosphoric acid with 1 phos-
phorous acid. Dulong gave it the name
of phosphatic acid.

HypopHos’pHorvs Acip, an acid which
is probably a compound of 4 atoms phos-
phorus, and 3 atoms oxygen. It is ob-
tained in solution. .

Hyposce’Nivm, dro, and czyvy,ascene.
In ancient architecture, the front wall of a
theatre, facing the orchestra from the
stage.

Hypos’rasis, Lat. for ivocracis (from
bzo, under, and igryus, to stand); pro-
perly subsistence or substance: hence
used by divines in the sense of persou or
being. Thus the Holy Trinity consists of
three hypostases or persons.

HyposuLpuv’ric AciD, an acid procured ~
in solution by passing sulphurous acid gas
through black oxide of manganese sus
pended in water. It consists of 2 yols. of
sulphur, and 5 vols. oxygen. i

Hyposvur’puvurovs Acip, an acid which
has not yet been insulated. It is regairaed
as a compound of equal volumes of sul-
phur and oxygen.

Hyvorue’ca, probyxn, a pledge. A term
in civil law for the obligation whereby
the effects of a debtor are made over to
his creditor, to secure the debt.

Hyporneca’rion, from hypotheca. The
pledging of a ship or goods for the repay-
ment of money borrowed to carry on 4
voyage: otherwise called bottomry.

Hypo'rHENtsE, bo and ¢tiyw, I stretch.
In geometry, the longest side of a right-
angled triangle, or the side opposite the
right angle.

HyrorracHe’Lium, pro and TCAYNAOS y
neck. In architecture, that part of the
shaft immediately below the neck of the
capital of a column.

Hyporypo'sis, dro and ¢urog, type. In
rhetoric, an animated description of a
scene or event, in language enriched with
rhetorical figures.

Hypsiprym’nvus, the kangaroo-rat or
potoroo of New Holland. A genus of Mar-
supialia, named from dapieguuvos.
behind, in allusion to the great leng*h of

; IBE

387 ICE

the hind legs compared with the fore-
ones. There is but one species known;
size of a small rabbit and of a mouse grey.

Hy’rax, a genus of Pachydermous
mammaiia; the damans, long placed
among the Rodentia on account of their
small size. They are rhinoceroses in mi-
niature, the horn excepted.

Hy’son, a species of green tea, of which
there are three varieties, hyson, young

- hyson, and hyson skin. These, with impe-

rial, constitute the second and third spring
crops of the tea plant.

Hysrer’ta, pe dorten, the womb.

Hysten'ics, ) A disease of women, cha-
racterised by spasmodic affections of the
nervous system, and which was formerly
supposed to proceed from the womb.

Hixs'TERoN Pnrot’Eron, deregoy, last,
Teoregoy, first. A rhetorical figure, in
which that word which should follow is
put first: vulgarly, the cart before the
horse.

HysrExor’omy, from dortex, the womb,
and rt», to cut. The Cesarian operation.

Hysrricr‘asis, from vereryZ, a porcu-
pine. A singular disease of the hairs, in
which they stand erect like porcupines’
quills.

Hys’rrix, voreryé, a porcupine. A ge-
nus of mammiferous animals. Order Ro-
dentia. The porcupines are readily known
by the stiff and sharp spines or quills with
which they are armed, like the hedge-
hog. They live in burrows, and have
many of the habits of the rabbit. To
their grunting voice, and thick truncated
muzzle, they are indebted for being com.

ed to the pig, and for their correspond-

g French appellation, porc-epic (whence
porcupine). The true or common porcu-
pine (H. cristata, Lin.) inhabits the south
of Europe, and is also found in Barbary.
From this are separated the Atherurus,
Cuv., the Eretison, F. Cuy., and the Syne-
theres, F. Cuy.

IL

I, the ninth letter and the third vowel
of the English alphabet. Asa numeral it
stands for one, whether alone or com-
bined with other numeral letters. Placed
before V or X it subtracts itself, and the
numerals denote one less than the V or
the X, but when it is placed after V or
X, it denotes the addition of a unit.

Iam’zic ( Pay for Fr. —- A po-

Iam’sus (Lat.), for Gr. sapebos. J etical
foot consisting of two syllables, the first
short and the last long, as adore. Hence
verses composed of short and long syila-
bies alternately are termed iambics.

I’eex, a species of goat which inhabits
the most elevated situations of the east-
erneontinent. The Capra ibex Lin

Y’z1s, a genus of grallaceous birds of the
longirostrine family,‘ found only in warm
climates. The sacred ibis (J. religiosa,
Cuy.) was reared in the temples of ancient
Egypt, with adegree of respect bordering
on adoration, for some reason not well
known. It is found throughout Africa.
The red ibis inhabits the hot parts of
America, and is remarkable for its bright
red colour.

Ic. In chemistry, a particle used asa
termination of the names of those acids

. which contain, in combination, the high-

est known quantity of the acidify:ng
principle. It is used also when there is
only one known acid combination of the
elements, as carbonic acid. See Acip.

Icz, a solid, transparent, brittle body
formed by the congelation of a fluid by
abstraction of its heat of fluidity. The
term is applied only to water and analo-
gous fluids when frozen, and which are
liquid at all temperatures above 32° F.

Icr’zerG, from ice, and Ger. berg, a hill.
A large mass or hill of ice floating upon
the sea. Icebergs are common in the po-
lar seas, and are often of enormous size,
sometimes 300 or 400 feet above water,
and consequently 2400 or 3200 feet below
water (the relative specific gravities of
the ice and water being such that every
foot of ice above the surface of the water
corresponds to eight feet below.) Wher
floating ice is extended beyond the reach
of sight itis called jield-ice ; when smaller,
but still of very large dimensions, it is
called a floe; when a floe is broken up.
its fragments form a pack when they keep
closely together; but drift-ice if they are
scattered. A portion of ice above the
common level forms a hummock; a de-
tached and lofty mass is an iceberg.

Icr’BLiINK, a2 name given by seamen to
a bright appearance in the horizon, occs-
sioned by the light being reflected by fields
of ice obliquely into the atmosphere, and
seen before the ice itself is visible.

Icr’soat, a boat employed on canals,
&¢c., to break the ice in frosty weather ;
it is usually heavy laden and protected by
iron bows and keel. The improved ice-
boat breaks the ice upwards instead of
downwards, as in those of the common
construction. The ice-boat is called a
boar or bore in Scotland, perhaps in allu-
sion to its mode of action.

Ice’HovsE, a subterranean apartment
for the preservation of ice during sum-
mer. The ice should be closely packed,
and surrounded with substances of low
conducting power, as straw, wool, &c.

Icr’Lanp-Mmoss, a species of liver-wort,
the Cetaria Icelandica.

Ick’/EDAND sPAR, calcareous spar in its
purest form. It is used to exhibit the op-
tical phenomenon of doubie refraction.
See Catcareous Spar.

Sc2

Ico 388

IDE

Icr’PLant, the Mesembryanthemum crys-
tallinum, a plant remarkable for the little
icy and pellucid vesicles which cover its
surface.

Ich Dien, Germ. for I serve. The motto
of the Prince of Wales. It was first used
by John, King of Bohemia, slain at the
battle of Cressy, when it was adopted by
Edward the Black Prince, as a mark of
subjection to his father Edward ITI.

IcnneEv’mon. 1. In zoology, the man-
gouste of Egypt, an animal larger than our
cat, and slender as amarten. It takesits
name (iyvevuwy, from sxvevm, to follow)
from its hunting for the eggs of the croco-
dile. It is domesticated and kept for
destroying rats and mice. The Euro-
peans at Cairo call it Pharaoh’s rat; the
natives nenis. See Mancoustr.——2. In en-
tomology, a genus of hymenopterous
insects of the family Pupivora, Cuv.,
thus named from the circumstance of its
preying upon the posterity of the Lepi-
doptera under the form of caterpillars,
just as the quadruped so named destroys
the crocodile, by breaking its eggs. There
are 1200 species.

Icunoe’rarHy, from syyos, a footstep,
and yeagw, to describe. 1. In perspective,
the view of anything cut off by a plane,
parallel to the horizon just at the base of
the object.——2. In architecture, the plan
of a building exhibited by a transverse
section.——3. The term is sometimes used
to designate a description ofancient works
of art, as statuary, paintings. &c.

IcutHyor’ocy, from sds, a fish, and
Aoyes, discourse. That branch of zoology
which treats of the structure, classifica-
tion, and habitudes of fishes.

Icutuyosav’rvs, from yf, a fish, and
saveos,alizard, the jish-lizard. An ex-
tinct genus of marine-lizard or reptile,
approaching to the characters of a fish in
its organization. Several species have
been ascertained, some of which are of
enormous size.

IcutHy’osis, the fish-skin disease, from
1x Bbs5 a fish. It is characterised by a
thickened, hard, rough, and in some cases
almost horny texture of the integuments
of the body, with some tendency to scali-
ness, like the skin of a fish.

Icon’octasts, image-breakers, from
tizmy, an image, and zAwrrns, a breaker.
A name which Catholics give to those who
reject the use of images in their religious
worship.

Iconoc’RAPHY, from gizwy, an image,
and yeagw, to describe. The description
of ancient statues, busts, paintings in
fresco, mosaic work, &c.

TcosaHE’DRon, from eizsos. twenty, and |

"Bea, a basis. A regular solid, consisting

of twenty triangular pyramids, which
have their heights and bases equal, and
whose vertices therefore meet in the cen-
tre of the circumscribing sphere.

Icosan’pDr1a, from gsxoo4, twenty, and
av7g,aman. The twelfth class of plants
in Linnzus’s sexual system, consisting of
such as have hermaphrodite flowers, fur-
nished with twenty or more stamens in-
serted into the calyx. Epithet icosandrian.

Ive. In chemistry, a termination for
certain compounds which are not acid; as
oxides, chlorides, bromides, and iodides.

Ipe’a, Lat. for sdea, from dew, to see.
In popular language, idea signifies the
same thing as conception, apprehension,
notion. To have an idea of anything is
toconceiveit. In philosophical use,it does
not signify that act of the mind which
we Cail thought or conception, but some
object of thought.— Reid. Whatever the
mind perceives in itself, or is the imme-
diate object of perception, thought, or
understanding, that I call an idea—Locke.
The word ,3¢@, as used by Pindar, Aris-
tophanes, and St. Matthew, represented
“the visual abstraction of a distant ob
ject, when we see the whole without dis
tinguishing its parts.” Plato adopted itas
a technical term, and as an antithesis to
eiowAa, OF sensuous images, and transient
and perishable emblems or mental words
of ideas. Des Cartes introduced into his
philosophy the fanciful hypothesis of ma-
terial ideas, or certain configurations of
the brain, which were so many moulds to
the influxes of the external world. Mr.
Locke adopted the term, but extended its.
signification to whatever is the immediate
object of the mind’s attention or consci-
ousness. Mr. Hume, distinguishing those
representations which are accompanied
witha sense ofa present object from those
reproduced by the mind itself, designated
the former by impressions, and confined
the word idea to the latter.—S. 7. Cole-
ridge.

Inr’at. An imaginary model of perfec-
tion, considering ideas as im or forms.
in the mind. Thus we speak of the ideal
of beauty, the ideal of virtue, &c.

Ive’atism. That system or theory that
makes everything to consist in ideas, and
denies the existence of material bodies.—
Walsh. Materialism is a circumference
without a centre; idealism is a centre
without a circumference. — Guesses at
Truth.

Ipen’TITY, Personat. The sameness of
the conscious subject, J, throughout all
the various states of which it is the sub-

ject.

IprocRrapu’rc CHARACTERS, from sex. one
venga, 1 write. In xhilology. charac

: which express figures or notions.

a oe “>

oe

IGN 389

IMA

E0u OGY, from ;3e~,an idea,and poyos,
discourse. The doctrine of ideas.

Ives, Lat. pl. of idus. Eight days of
each month in the Roman Calendar, the
first day of which fell on the 13th of Janu-
ary, February, April, June, August, Sep-
tember, November, and December; and

_ ™ the 15th of March, May, July, and

Yetober

Ip1otEc’rRic, electric per se, from 4ds05,
and ¢Aexreizos-

IpropatH’ic, from 4ds05, peculiar, and
xabos, affection. An epithet applied to
diseases which are primary, and not con-
secutive upon any other disease. The
term is opposed to symptomatic and sym-
pathetic.

Ipiosyn’cracy, from ,ds0s, peculiar, cvy,
with, and xeacis, a temperament. A
peculiarity of constitution, in which a
person is affected by certain agents, which
produce no effect on the generality of
persons.

Iv‘1or. In law, one born without un-
derstanding, or who has lost it by dis-
ease, so as to have no lucidintervals ; the
lunatic is one who has lucid intervals.

Ipio’r1con. A dictionary of words in
one dialect, or of one tract of a country.

T’pocrase, a mineral. The vesuvian of
Werner, found in lava, and formerly mis-
taken for the hyacinth. Named from
4dsee, form, and zeao1s, mixture, in allu-
sion to its occurring both in a massive and
crystallised form. Its primitive form is
a four-sided prism, with square bases.

I.E., a contraction of id est, that is to

y.
Ic’nEovus Rocks. Rocks produced by
the action of fire; igneus, fiery.

Icnes’cenT, Lat. ignescens. Giving out -

sparks of fire when struck with steel, &c.
Flint is an ignescent mineral.

Ie’n1s Far’vuvus, a meteor of light which
appears in the night over marshy grounds,
occasioned by the liberation and ascent of
phosphuretted hydrogen gas. Itis popu-
larly known as Will-o’-the- Wisp, and Jack-
o’-Lantern.

Ienrrion, from ignis, fire. A body
heated to redness is said to be in a state
of ignition. Gold, silver, copper,iron,and
platinum may be igneted without melting ;
but lead, tin, bismuth, zinc,and antimony

melt before they become ignited.

Icno’sie. Those birds of prey which
cannot be easily employed in falconry are
termed ignobles: they are much more nu-

merous than the nobles. The Eagles, Gos-
hawks, Sparrowhawks, and Kites are
‘gnobles ; the Common Falcon and Ger-
falcon are nobles. cs

Icnora’mus. In law,a Latin word sig-
nifying we do not know, and used by the
grand jury, as the term of indorsation,

when they ignore, or throw out a bill of
indictment for want of sufficient evidence.

Ievan’tpa, a family of Saurians, pos-
sessing the general form, long tail, and
free and unequal toes of the Lacertians ;
their eye, ear, &c. are all similar, but their
tongue is fleshy, thick, and non-exten-
sible, and only emarginated at the tip.
They are divided into two sections, the
Agamians and the Iguanians proper. In
the first, there are no palatine teeth ;
in the second, there are teeth in the
palate.

Icvan’opon, an extinct fossil, herbivo-
rous reptile, of great size (70 feetor soin .
length), discovered in the strata of the
Tilgate Forest, by Dr. Mantell, and thus
named from iguana, and gdous, a tooth,on
account of the resemblance of its teeth to
those of the iguana.

Ir’ero, Lat. from ¢sAew, to turn about.
The last portion of the small intestines,
thus named from its conyolutions.

I’Lex, the holly. A genus of evergreen
shrubby trees. Tetrandria—Tetragynia.
There are fourteen species enumerated by
Don, of which the I. aquifolium is the
British type. Ten or eleven varieties of
this species are, however, established.

Ir’1a. In anatomy, the small intestines ;
also that part of the abdomen in which
they are inclosed.

Ir/1ac, an epithet for parts connected
with, or situated near, the ilia. The iliac
region is that part of the abdomen between
the ribs and the loins.

In’1ac Passion, a disease consisting of
severe griping pains and vomiting, accom-
panied by spasm of the muscles of the
abdomen. Thus named from the ileum
being regarded as its seat.

Inta’tive Conversion. In logic, that
in which the truth of the converse follows
from the truth of the given proposition.

Intv’/minatit. 1 Among early Chris-
tians, persons who had received baptism.
—2. Certain associations of men in mo-
dern Europe, who combined to overthrow
the existing religious institutions, and to
substitute for them the law of reason.
—3. Graduates are styled illuminati of
their particular universities.

Intu’MinatinG. The art of illustrating
and adorning books and manuscripts with
miniature painting: This was anciently
a profession, practised by illuminators:
the writers of the books first finished
their part, and the illuminators filled up
the blanks left with appropriate dllumina-
tions, often with great skill and taste, and
always with excellent colours.

Im’acr, Lat. imago. 1. In optics, the
figure of any object made by rays of light
proceeding from the several points of it.
——2. In rhetoric, a lively description cf
anything in discourse.—-3. In retsgson, &

IMP 300

IMP

representation of some object of religious
worship or yeneration.

Imac’tnaky. In algebra,a term applied,
in common with impossible, to certain ex-
pressions which arise in various algebrai-
eal and trigonometrical operations, to
which no value either rational or irra-
tional can be assigned; yet being sub-
stituted in the equations whence they are
deduced, are found to answer the con-
ditions of the question. Thus, —2 is
an imaginary quantity, as its value can-
not be assigned, there being no quantity
the square of which is — 2.

Imacina’tTIon, from image. A power or
faculty of the mind, by which it conceives
and forms ideas of things communicated
toit by the organsofsense. ‘‘ The business
of conception is to present us with an
exact transcript of what we have felt or
perceived. But we have also a power of
modifying our conceptions, by combining
the parts of different ones, so as to form
new wholes of our own creation. I shall
employ the word imagination to express
this power. I apprehend this to be the
proper sense of the word, if imagination
be the power which gives birth to the
productions of the poet and painter.”—
Stewart.

I’mam, or I’man. A minister of the
Mohammedan Church, answering to a
parish priest with us; but the term is
nearly synonymous with our word prelate.

Im’BRICATE, Lat. imbricatus, tiled. Ar-
ranged like tiles on a house: applied to
leaves.

Imspro’ctio (Ital.), a confounding or
mixing together.

Im’1TATIVE. In music, a term applicable
to music which is composed in imitation
of the effects of some of the operations of
nature, art, or human passion.

Inmemo’RIAL, from tn and memor ; be-
yond memory. Ina legal sense, a thing is
said to be of time immemorial that was
before the time of king Edward II.

Immer’sion, from in and mergo. A term
in astronomy for the disappearance of a
planet, comet, &c., in consequence of their
near approach to conjunction with the
sun. Immersion also denotes the begin-
ning of an eclipse, or occultation, when
the body begins to disappear in the shadow
of the obscuring body.

Immota’tion, from mola, a salt cake. A
seremony in Roman sacrifices, which con-
sisted in throwing upon the head of the
victim some corn and frankincense, to-
gether with the mola (or salt cake) and
wine.

In'Pact, Lat. impactus. A term,in me-
chanics, for the simple act of one body upon
anothet to put it in motion. The point
were che body acts istermed the point of
smpact.

Impa’ces (Lat.).
rails of a doer,

Impate’MEN?, fromin and palus, a stake.
1. An enclosure by palisades.——2. The
barbarous mode of torture used by the
Turks, as a punishment for Christians.
who say anything against the law of the:
Prophet, who intrigue with Mohammedan
women, enter a mosque, &c. : it consisting
in driving a stake vertically through the:
body, and leaving the victim to perish in
lingering torment.——3. Conjunction of
two coats of arms pale-ways, as is the
case with those of a husband and wife.

Impana’TIon. In theology, the substan-
tial of the body and blood of Christ with
the elements of the Eucharist, without a
change in their nature.

ImpPan’NELING. In law, the writing down
of the names of a jury, summoned by the
sheriff, on a piece of parchment called a
pannel.

Impar’LANncE. In Jaw, license to a de-
fendant granted, on motion, to have delay
of trial to consider of his answer to the
plaintiffs action. Hence also the con-
tinuation of a cause till another day is
termed an tmparlance. The root of the
term is Norm. emparler, to hold mutual
converse ; and the origin of the license of
imparlance was to allow the litigants
time to discuss their cause of action to-
Sanaa and to settle it amicably if pos-
sible.

Impatiens, the Balsam. A genus of
annual plants (Pentundria—Monogynia) :
thus named because the seed vessels
burst instantly, on contact with any ex-
traneous body, as if impatient of the
touch. The Touch-me-not (Yellow Bal-
sam) is the only British type. i

IMPEACH MENT. In Jaw, an accusation
or charge brought against a public officer
for maladministration in his office: from
Fr. empécher, to stop or hinder. Itis the
right of the House of Commons to im-
peach, and the right of the House of Lords
to determine impeachments.

Impep’ImMENTs. In law, such hindrances
as prevent a person from suing for his
rights. Non-age, idiocy, imprisonment,
&c., are impediments.

IMPENETRABIL ITY. In physics, that pro-
perty of matter which prevents two bodies.
from being in the same space at the same
time: a truth derived from experiment.

ImPeEn’NATES, Lat. in and penna, a wing.
Swimming birds having short wings, as-
the penguin. .

Imrer’rect, not perfect, deficient. Ap-
plied: 1. In grammar, to a tense which:
expresses time indefinitely. 2. In bo-
tany, to flowers wanting anthers or pistils,
or both.——3. In music, to incomplete
chords and intervals.

Impe’riat (Fr.). In architecture, a spe-
cies of pointed dome.

In architecture, the

——

IMP

391

INC

Inperra’tion, from impetro. A term in
lew for the obtaining of anything by re-
quest or prayer. In old statutes, it signi-
fies the pre-obtaining of benefices, from
the Court of Rome, which belonged to
the King or other lay-patron ofthe realm.

Im’petus. In mechanics, the force with
which one body in motion strikes another ;
also the force with which any body moves
towards any point.

Imexica’tion, Lat. implico, I involve.
In aw, an inference necessarily arising
from something declared.

Impiu’vium (Lat.). In ancient archi-
tecture, the outer part of the court of a
house, exposed to the weather.

Impo’sE, from impono. 1. In printing,
to impose a form, is to put it on the im-
posing-stone, fit on the’ chase, and thus
prepare it for the press. 2. Legislators
impose taxes, duties, and other burdens
on the country, many of which are vexa-
tions, and yield no return to the revenue.

Imposi’TION oF Hanps, Lat. impono, I
place upon. In ecclesiastics, the sign and
seal of Confirmation and Ordination to
the Ministry and to Deaconship.

Inpos’sisLtE. In algebra, the same as
imaginary (q.V.),

Im’post. 1. A duty imposed on goods
imported.—2. The layer of stone which
crowns a door-post, pier, or the like, and
which generally projects and is orna-
mented with mouldings.

Impreona’TION. 1. The act of fecun-
dating: applied to plants and animals.——
2. In pharmacy, the communication of the
virtues of some particular substance to a
médicine, whether by mixture, coction,
or digestion.

Imupress’InG, jis a compulsory and

ImMpREsS’MENT, J iniquitous mode of ob-
taining seamen fer the Navy. All sea-
faring men are liable to be impressed,
unless specially protected by custom or

statute.
1. A copy obtained in

Impres’sIon.
some plastic substance. Thus we take
impressions of meda]s in wax; and im-
pressions of organic bodies are abundant
in the strata of the earth’s crust.—— 2. An
edition of a book, print, or the like, is
called an impression, the mechanical part
only being considered.

Imprima’tuR (Lat.), let it be printed.
The term applied to the privilege, which
in some countries must be granted by a
functionary, of printing and publishing a

Im’print, Fr. imprimer. The names of
the place where, and by whom, and the
time when a book is published, always
eet at the bottom of the title-page.

e COLOPHON.

Impro’rer Frac’rion. In arithmetic, a
fraction whose numerator is equal to or
greater than the denominator.

IMPROPRIA’TION, from in and proprius.
The putting of an ecclesiastical benetice
into the hands of a layman, thence called
an impropriator ; also, the benefice so im-
propriated.

ImprRovisato’R1 (Ital.), persons who
compose and recite verses extempora-
neously. Improvisatori are common in
Italy and Spain; and although their
verses are generally within the range of
mediocrity, the readiness with which
they are produced never fails tc excite
astonishment in people of less flexible
intellect and colder fancy.

Im’putsz, from impulsus. Communi-
eated force; the effect of one body im-
pinging against another.

Inarcy’inc. In gardening, a method of
grafting, usually called grafting by ap-
proach.

Inaveur’aTIon, Lat. inaugurare, to take
omens. Synonymous with the consecra-
tion of a prelate, or the coronation of a
king. It means also an introduction to
any office with certain ceremonies.

In Autre Droit, (Fr., for“ in another’s
right’’), is where executors or administra-
tors sue for debt or duty, &c., of the tes-
tator or intestate.

In’ca, the title given by the natives of
Peru to their kings and princes of the
blood, before the conquest of that country
by the Spaniards.

Incantation, Lat. in and canto, I sing.
A form of words combined with certain
ceremonies and mixtures of heterogeneous
substances, anciently used for supersti-
tious purposes.

Incarna’tion, from in and caro. A
term in surgery for the healing up of
wounds, and filling the part with new
flesh.—In theology, the union of the God-
head with the manhood in Jesus Christ.

Incep’rivz, Lat. inceptivus, from incipio,
An epithet in grammar for verbs which
express a proceeding by degrees in an
action ; also in mathematics for moments,
which, though of no magnitude them-
selves, are yet capable of producing such.
Thus a point is inceptive of a line, and
a line is inceptive of a surface.

Incertum Opus. In ancient architec-
ture, a species of walling composed of
stones built in without any regularity of
appearance.

Incu, Sax. ince. 1. A lineal measure,
the 12th part of a foot, and equal to three
barleycorns.——2. Used as a prefix to
certain small Scottish islands, as Inch-
Keith, being derived from the Gaelic tnis,
an island.

In‘ciDENCE, Lat incidens, from incido.
The direction in which one body falls on
or strikes on another. The angle which
the direction of the falling or moving
body makes with the plane struck, is
called the angle of incidence, and is equa]

INC 392

IND

to the “— m8 ng yr Thus ACE =

BCF and ECG=FCG. Here alsoGC

is the axis, EC the line, and C the point,
G

£ :

A: c B
of incidence; sometimes termed the in-
cident axis. line, or point.

Incr’sor, Lat. from incido, to cut; a cut-
ting tooth. The four front teeth of both
jaws are called incisors.

Inciina’rion, from in and clino, to lean.
A term employed by mathematicians to
denote the mutual approach, tendency,
or leaning of two lines, planes or sur-
faces, towards each other, so as to make
an angle at the point of their contact of
greater or less magnitude. The angle of
tnclination is otherwise called the angle
of incidence (see IncipeNcE). The inclin-
ation of the earth’s axis is the angle which
it makes with the plane of the ecliptic.
The inclination of a planet is the angle
comprehended between the ecliptic and
the plane of the planet in its orbit. For
inclination of magnetic needle (see DIPPING
NEEDLE).

IncLtr’NED PLaneE. In mechanics, a plane
wk*cb forms witha horizontal plane some

. angle less than a right angle. It is one of
the simple mechanical powers, andits pro-
portion is—Power: Weight : mart of
plane : Length, of plane, or, P: W::H-L

Whence P = BW ana w = 2

Inctr’NeERs. a name for inclined or in-
clining dials, or such as are drawn on
planes not perpendicular to the horizon.

Inctvu’sa, a family of Mollusca: order
Acephata Testacea. The mantle is open at
the anterior extremity, or near the mid-
dle only, for the passage of the foot, and
extended from the other end into a double
tube which projects from the shell. Nearly
all of them live buried in sand, stones,
ooze, or wood.

Inciv’st or Reciv’st, Lat. shut up. A
class of religious persons who lived in
cells, under the obligation of not leaving
them except in cases of extreme necessity.

IncomBvUs’TIBLE, not combustible. Ap-
ylced in chemistry to bodies neither capa-
é.c ct supporting combustion nor of un-

dergoing combustion. Only cne suck
substance is at present known, namely,
nitrogen. Cotton and linen fabrics are
said to be incombustible when they are
rendered incapable of taking fire, or of
burning with flame, by being imbued
with some preparation, as alum, sal-
ammoniac, &c.; and incombustible cloth
and paper have been manufactured from
the fibrous mineral called amianthus. —

INCOMMEN’SURABLE, not
I. lines are such as have no common mea-
sure. Thus the diagonal and side of a
square are incommensurable, being to
each other as r/ 2 to 1.—I. numbers are
such as are prime to each other, or have
no integral common measure greater
than 1.

Incompa’TIBLEs. In chemistry, such sub-
stances as cannot exist together in solu-
tion without mutual decomposition.

INCOMPLETE, Lat. tneompletus, not com-
plete. Applied to flowers which want
either the cup or blossom.

In’cREMENT, Lat. incr
Used in fluxions to designate the finite
increase of a variable quantity. Dr. Brook
Taylor, to whom we are indebted for the
Doctrine of Increments or Firite Differ-
ences, denoted his increments by a dot
under the variable quantity: thus the
increment of # was denoted by #; others
have employed an accent, thus 2’ or 2.
M. Nicole employed another letter, as *
but Euler who seems to have given a per-
manent form to this branch of analysis,
employs the character 4; thus A x = in-
crement of r.—In rhetoric, a species of
climax rising from the lowest to the
highest.

Incrusta’TIon (Fr.). In architecture and
sculpture, work fixed with cement into
notches made to receive it.

IncunaB’uxa, Lat.@ cradle. A term ap-
plied to books printed before the year 1500.

In’cus, Lat. anrtl. The largest bone of
the tympanum of the ear, thus named
from its shape.

INDECLI’NABLE, not declimable. Applied
te words (nouns), uot varied by termina-
tions.

InpDEFea’sIBLE. In law, that cannot be
defeated.

Inver’ iniTE. In logic, an indefinite pro-
position is one which has for its subject a
common term, without any indication
whether it is distributed or not.—In bo-
tany, when stamens are above twenty in
number, or in other cases when their
number cannot be readily counted.

INDEHIS’CENT, Lat. in and dehisco, to gape.
Applied to a fruit, of which the pericar-
pium continues closed when the fruit is
ri

4 -

pe.
INDEN’TURE, a writing containing a
contract, as of apprexticeship. Inden-

se

IND

293

IND

tures were formerly duplicates laid toge-
ther and indented, so that the two papers
or parchments corresponded to each other.
But the indenting is now rarely done,
though the writings or counterparts re-
tain the name of indentures.

INDEPENDENTS, a sect of Protestant dis-
senters, who maintain that every con-
gregation of Christians is a complete
Church, subject to no superior authority,
and competent to perform every act of
government in ecclesiastical affairs.

INDETER’MINATE, not determined. An
indeterminate quantity is one whose value
is not determined. An indeterminate pro-
blem is one which admits of many solu-
tions, and that branch of algebra which
investigates the nature and properties of
such problems, constitutes indeterminate
analysis.—In botany, when a stem is never
terminated by a flower, or any other or-
ganic cause of stopping its growth.

In’pDex, a pointer. 1. In anatomy, the
pokiners 7 — 2. In algebra, the same as
exponent (q.v.).——3. In literature, an
alphabetical table of the contents of a
book.——4. In music, a direct.——5. The
index of a globe is the little style or gnomon
fitted on ihe north pole, which, by turn-
ing with the globe, serves to point to
certain divisions of the hour circle.

InpEx ExpvurGaro’Rivs, a catalogue,
published annually at Rome, of works
which the Church of Rome condemns as
heretical.

Inpex oF Rerrac’tion. In optics, is the
constant ratio which exists between the
sines of the angles of incidence and re-
fraction.

Inpian Ink, a substance composed of
lampblack and glue, and used for water
colour.

Inpian Oak, the Teak-wood (TZectona
grandis), an East Indian tree.

Inpian Rep, a variety of ochre. It is
a fine purple earth of compact texture
and great specitic gravity.

Inp1an Rvusser, a name for caoutchouc
(q. v.), because used for rubbing out pencil
marks, &c. The Jndsan rubber tree is the
Jicus elastica, a tree common in the East
Indies.

InpIAN Wueat, the Zea mayz, or Indian
corn. See Maize.

Inpica’tor, from index. An extensor
muscle of the forefinger In ornithology,
a genus of birds of the cuckoo tribe.

Invic’ative, from indico. The name in
grammar for the first mood of a verb by
which we simply affirm, deny, or indi-
cate something.

Inpica’vit (Lat.), he has shown. In law,
a species of the writ of prohibition.

Inpic’rion, from indico. A term in chro-
nology for a cycle of fifteen years, insti-
tuted by Constantine the Great, originally
a period of taxation. The origin is thus

stated :—Constantine having reduced the
time which the Romans were obliged to
serve in the army to fifteen years, im-
posed a tax or tribute at the end of that
term to pay the troops discharged. The
practice introduced the keeping of ac-
counts by this period ; and ultimately the
Council of Nice ordained that accounts of
years should no longer be kept by olym-
piads but by indictions, and fixed a.p. 313
as the commencement. At the reforma-
tion of the calendar, the year 1582 was
reckoned the 10th year of the indiction,
and ag 1582 divided by 15, gives a remain-
der.7, which is 3 less than the indiction,
the same must hold in all subsequent
years. Hence to find the indiction for
any year, divide the date by 15, and
the remainder increased by 3 is the in-
diction. Thus for the year 1842 we have

1842 — 19912; therefore 12 + 3 =15 is
the indiction.
Inpict’MEentT, from indico. A written

accusation or formal charge of a crime or
misdemeanor, preferred by a grand jury,
under oath to a court; also the paper or
parchment containing the charge.

In’p1G0, the drug which yields the beau-
tiful blue dye known also by the name of
indigo. It is obtained by maceration in
water of certain tropical plants; but the
indigo of commerce is almost entirely ob-
tained from leguminous plants of the
genus Indigofera: that cultivated in In-
dia being the J. tinctoria, and that in
America, the I. anil. Some species of the
Isatis, Nerium, and Polygonum, also afford
indigo in smal! quantity.

Inpicor’ERA, indigo-bearing plants. An
extensive genus. Diadelphia—Decandria.
Many of the species are cultivated for the
manufacture of indigo.

In’pDiGoGEN, reduced or deoxidised in-
digo. Itisa white substance soluble in
alcohol and alkalis, but not in water or
acids.

Inpvicom’etry, the method of finding
the colouring power of indigo. This is
effected by finding the amount of chlo-
rine necessary to discolour a given quan-
tity of the indigo.

Inpivip’vau. In fine arts, what is pro-
per or peculiar to a single object.

Inpivis' 1BLes. In geometry, those small
elements or principles into which any
body or figure may be resolved. Accord-
ing to the method of indivisibles, a line
is said to consist of contiguous points, a
surface of contiguous lines, and a solid of
contiguous surfaces, all of which are re-
garded as indivisible elements.

Inporse’ from in and dorsum, the back.
To write on the back of a deed or other
written instrument ; hence also to assign
by writing an order on the back of a note
or bill. He who writes the indorsement

INE

304

INF

is the tndorser, and in cases of promissory
notes, &c., makes himself liable to pay
the full amount of the note to the indorsee,
or person to whom the note is indorsed.

Inpv’cement. In law, a statement of
facts alleged by way of introduction to
other material facts.

Ixpvc‘tion, from induco. 1. The intro-
duction of a person into office by the
usual forms and ceremonies, chiefly ap-
plied to the introduction of clergymen to
benefices, &c. 2. In logic, the drawing
of a general inference from a number of
facts; opposed to deduction wherein the
inference is drawn from a single fact.
Hence that kind of philosophical reason-
ing which ascends from particular facts
to general principles, and illustrates those
principles by particular applications, is
termed inductive reasoning, and the sci-
ence founded upon it constitutes inductive
philosophy.

Invur’cence. In the Romish church,
remission of the punishment due to sins,
granted by the pope or church, and sup-
posed to save the sinner from purgatory.
The theory of indulgences is this: all the
good works of the saints, over and above
those which were necessary for their own
salvation, are deposited, together with
the infinite merits of Jesus Christ, in one
inexhaustible treasury, the keys of which
were as a matter of course intrusted to
St. Peter and his successors the popes,
who may open it at pleasure, and by
transferring a portion of this superabun-
dant merit to any particular person for a
sum of money, may convey to him either
the pardon of his own sins or release
from the pains of purgatory for any one
in whom he is interested. We owe the
scheme to Fope Urban II., who issued
letters of indulgence to such as went in
person upon the glorious enterprize of
conquering the Holy Land.

Inpv‘sivm, Lat.indus. A cup surround-
ing the stigma of Goodeniaceous and
other plants. Also the membrane cover-
ing the thece in dorsiferous ferns.

Inequat'ity. In astronomy, any devi-
ation of a planet from its mean motion.

IN ZQUILAT’ERAL,) Not equilateral.

INEQUILAT’ERAL. Having unequal
sides. Applied to geometrical figures, &c.

INEQ’UIVALVE, ) Not equivalvular.

InEquivat’vutar. § Having unequal
valves. Applied to bivalve shells where
one valve is more convex than the other.

IneR’movs, Lat. inermis, unarmed. Op-

to spinous in describing leaves.

Iner’t1A, Lat. from iners. The passive
property of bodies, by which they persist
in a state of rest or motion, and receive
motion in proportion® to the force im-
pressed on them, and resist as much as
they are resisted ; called also in the lan-
guage of philosophy, vis inertia.

Inescurcn’ton. In heraldry, a small
escutcheon borne within a shield.

In Es’‘sz (Latin), in actual being or ex
isting. Distinguished from in posse, which
denotes that a thing may be,a law phrase.

In’Famy. In law, the loss of character.
The term comprehends ail d of pub-
lic disgrace by which a person isrendered
incapable of being a witness or juror.

In’rant. In law, a person under the
age of 21 years.

Inran’Ta, ) A title in Spain and Portugal

Inran’Te. } forall princes and princesses
of the blood royal, except the eldest
when heir apparent to the crown. The
dignity of the title consists in styling them
the children, by way of eminence. In
other parts of Europe, the eldest son and
daughter have also been so titled by way
of eminence over the other children.

In’rantry, the whole bedy of foot-
soldiers of anarmy. The name originated
from one of the Spanish infantas, who,
finding that the Moors had defeated the
army under the king, her father, assem-
bled a body of foot soldiers, with which
she totally routed the enemy. In memory
of this, and to distinguish the foot soldiers,
who were not before much esteemed, they
received the name of tnfanteria, whence
infantry.

Inrec’r:on, from inficio; the commauni-
cation oi the poison of disease to a healthy

y- The words contagion and infection
are frequently confounded. The first is
properly the virus or effluvium generated
in a diseased body, and capable of pro-
ducing the specific disease in a healthy
body, by contact or otherwise. Infection,
on the other hand, is anything that taints
or corrupts; hence it includes contagion,
and any other noxious matter which ex-
cites disease in a healthy body.

Inre’riorn. In botany, when the calyx
is distinct from the ovarium.

INFER’NAL MACHINE, a name which has
been given to a clumsy apparatus for the
purposes of assassination. The most me-
morable is that constructed by Fieschi,
of a number of gun barrels arrangedina
frame, so as to be fired off at once. It
was used on the 28th of July, 1835, against
Louis Philippe and his suite, while re-
viewing the national guards. The kingand
his sons escaped, but sixteen of his suite
were killed, and many wounded. Fieschi,
who was immediately apprehended and
subsequently executed, was himse
wounded by the bursting of some of the
barrels.

InFittra‘tion, from jilter. The diffu
sion of fluids through the interstices or
pores of a body.

In’ FINITE, Lat. infinitus, without limits.
Applied to quantities which are greater
or less than any assignable quantities. The
term is also used in the sense of indefinite,

-

_

eth ae a:

——————— eC

INF 395

INH

to denote a line or quantity to which no
certzin limits can be prescribed.

INFLNITES'IMAL, an wfinitely small quan-
tity, or one which is so small as to be in-
comparable with any finite quantity
whatever.

InFLam’MABLE., I. air isan old name for
hydrogen gas; and heavy inflammable air,
for carburetted hydrogen gas.

InFLAMMa’TION, from inflamma. 1. The
act of inflaming.——2. A state ofa part of
an animal body in which the blood is ob-
structed, so as to accumulate in greater
quantity into that particular part, causing
there a higher degree of colour and heat
than usual. A vast number of diseases
resolve themselves into cases of local in-
flammation, either external or internal,
and which often arise in the human body
from causes wholly unknown. The most
common excitants are cold, morbid poison,
mechanical and chemical irritants, acri-
mony of the blood andh
and metastasis.

InFua’TED, Lat. inflatus, distended with
air. In botany, applied to parts of plants
which are distended like a blown bladder.

InFiec’rep, Lat. iiflexus. bent inwards.
In botany, applied to leaves, petals, &c.

InFLEc’t10n, from inflecto, a bending
inwards. In grammar, the variation or
change which a word undergoes in its
termination to express case, number,
gender, tense, &c.—In optics, inflection
has thesame meaning as diffraction, deflec-
tion, viz.,a property of light by which,
when it comes within a certain distance
ef any body, it is either bent from or to-
wards it. It is, therefore, a kind of im-

rfect reflection or refraction.—In the

igher geometry, that point where a curve
begins to bend a contrary way, is called
the point of inflection.
‘Thus acurve line ADC
is partly concave and
partly convex towards
a tight line AB, or to-
wards a fixed point D,
which divides the con-
cave from the convex
part, and is conse-
guently at the begin- A
ning of the one and the
end of the other; this =
point D is then the
point of inflection, as
long as the curve con- D
tinued towards D
keeps its course, but at
the pvint C, the curve Cc
begins to reflect back B'

ain towards the line

its origin: this point
is therefore called the point of retrogression,

LNFLORES’CENCE, Lat. inflorentia, from
i~doresco, to flower. A botanical term
istroduced by Linnzus to denote the

? 5

mannerin which flowers are situated upon
a plant: denominated by preceding writers
modus florendi, or manner of flowering. It
is pedunculate when furnished with a stalk,
sessile when adhering to the plant without
a flower-stalk, cawline when on the stem,
rameal when on a branch, terminal when
on the apex of a stem or branch, azillary
in the axilla, foliar on the surface of a
leaf, radical on the root, and latitant when
concealed ina fleshy receptacle. It has
alsomany names, as whorl, raceme, spike,
corymb, fascicle, tuft, umbel, cyme, pan-
icle, bunch, &c

INFLUEN’za, an Italian word for infiu-
ence. Used to denote epidemic catarrh,
which in old times was supposed to be pro-
duced by a peculiar influence of the stars.

In Fo’ro Conscien’tiz (Lat.), in the
court of the conscience.

In For’ma Pav’peris. In law (see For-
MA PAUPERIS).

Inror’mMEs Sret’tm (Lat.), unformed
stars. Those stars which have vot yet
been reduced into constellations: other-
wise called sporades.

INFRALAPSA‘/RIANS, & general name for
those predestinarians who think the de-
erees of God, in regard to the salvation
and damnation of mankind, were formed
in consequence of Adam’s fall.

INFRASCAP’ULAR, subscapular; situated
beneath the scapula.

INFRASPI'NATE, Situated beneath the
spine. Applied to a muscle of the humerus.
situated below the spine of the scapula.

InFv’sion, from infundo, the name given
in pharmacy to any preparation made by
pouring water of any temperature on such
substances as have a loose texture, as thin
bark, wood in shavings or small pieces,
leaves, flowers, &c., and suffering it to

‘| stand for a certain time. The term infu-

sion is applied both to the liquor and pro-
cess of preparing it.

InFuso’ria. Infusory animals, a class of
the animal kingdom, comprehending those
animalcules which are found in infusions
of organic substances. They are divided
into two orders, the Kotifera and Homo-
genea.

In’cort, Fr. lingot. A mass of uncoined
gold or silver cast in a mould.

Inerarr’ine. In gardening (see GRart-
ING).

In’cress. In astronomy, a term applied
to the entrance of the moon into the
earth’s shadow in eclipses, and to the
sun’s entrance into a sign, especially Aries.

Incres’su. In law, a writ of entry:
termed also precipe quod reddat.

IncreEs’sus. In /aw,a duty paid by the
heir to the lord of the fee on entering
upon lands.

INHERITANCE, from heres, an heir. A
perpetual right in lands invested in a per-
son and his heirs.

INL

396

INO

Inuizi’Tion. In law, prohibition: a
writ to forbid a judge from further pro-
ceedings in a cause depending before him.
In Scots law, a writ of diligence obtained
by a creditor against his debtor, prohibit-
ing him from selling or contracting debts
upon his estate to the creditor’s prejudice.

In’1s, an Irish word denoting an island ;
as Iniskilling, &c.

Inr’viatIve, Lat. initium, a beginning.
In politics, that branch of the legislature
which has the right to propose measures.
Thus, in England, all bills for taxing the
subject, must originate with the Com-
mons; some private bills, by custom, have
the initiative with the Lords; and one,
viz., that for a general pardon, begins, in
the first instance, with the Crown.

Insec’rion, from in and jacio. 1. Ame-
dicated liquor, to be thrown into a natural
or preternatural cavity of the body, by
means of asyringe.——2. A liquid thrown
into the vessels of the dead body, to dis-
play them more distinctly ——3. The cold
Water thrown into the condenser of a
steam-engine, to condense the steam, is
called injection-water, and those steam-
engines in which the steam is condensed
in this way are called injection-engines.
Most condensing engines at present in use
are of this kind.

Ingunc’rTion, from injungo, a command.
In law, a prohibitory writ, restraining
some act that appears against equity:
mostly issued by Chancery.

Isx, any liquor or pigment used for
writing and printing on paper, &c. There
are various sorts; as (1.) Indian or China
tink, composed of lamp-black and size.
(2.) Printer’s ink, composed of burned lin-
seed oil and lampblack (or some coloured
pigment, if a coloured ink be wanted).
(3.) Common writing ink is (partly) a gall-
ate of iron, formed by adding an infusion
or decoction of gall-nuts to sulphate of
iron in solution. (4.)- Red ink is made by
infusing Brazil-wood in weak vinegar for
some days. (5.) Gold and silver inks are
made by grinding gold or silver leaf with
white honey till they be reduced to the
finest possible division. (6.) Sympathetic
ink. The best is hydrochlorate of cobalt.

Inx’-BAG, a bladder-shaped sac found in
some species of cephalopods, containing a
black and viscid fluid, resembling ink, by
ejecting which, in cases of danger from
enemies, they are able to render the sur-
rounding water opaque, and thus to con-
ceal themselves. Examples of this con-
trivance may be seen in the Sessia vul-
garis, and Loligo of our seas.

Inx’Le, a sort of broad linen tape, prin-
cipally manufactured at Manchester.

In’LayinG, the operation of ornament-
ing work with thin pieces of differently
coloured material, by inserting them into
@ prepared ground. Articles of cabinet

moe hit often inlaid, and mosaic work
together a of inlaying.

In am’ INE (atin), at the threshold;
before anything is said or done.

In’x, . inn. 1. A house of entertain-
ment for travellers. — 2. A college of
municipal or common law professors and
students; formerly the town-house of a
nobleman, bishop, or other distinguished
personage, in which he resided when he
attended the court. Inns of Court. There
are four principal colleges of this name;
viz., the Inner Temple and Middle Temple,
anciently the habitation of the Knights
Templars; Gray's Inn, anciently the ma-
nor-house of baron Gray, in the reign of
Edward III. ; and Lineoln’s Inn, originally
the dwelling-house of Henry Lacy, earl of _
Lincoln. The Inns of Chancery are eight.
(1.) Barnard’s Inn, which once belonged to
Dr. Mackworth, dean of Lincoln, and in
the possession of one Lionel Barnard. (2.)
Clement’s Inn, once a messuage bere
to the parish of St. Clement Danes. (3
Clifford’s Inn, the dwelling-house of the
Cliffords, earls of Cumberland. (4.) Furni-
val’s Inn, once the’ mansion-house of Sir
Richard Furnival. (5.) Iyon’s Inn, once a
private house known by the name of the
Black Lion. (6.) New Inn, once the dwell-
ing-house of Sir J. Tyncaulx. (7.) Staples’
Inn, which formerly belonged to the mer-
chants of the Staple. (8.) Thavie’s Inn,
anciently the dwelling-house of John
Thavy, armourer of London. These are
subordinate to the inns of court, from
which alone students can be called to the
bar.-

In’NATE Ipe¥’as. In metaphysics, ideas or
principles supposed to exist in the mind
from the first moment of its existence,
and to be developed along with it. Locke
has taken much pains to refute this doc-
trine of innate ideas.

Innomina’tuM, Os, a large irregular
bone, situated at the side of the pelvis of
the adult. It is so called, as being formed
of three bones to which names are given
in the young subject, but which growing
together, form one complete bone, to
which none of the names are applicable,
and which is therefore left innominate or
nameless.

InnveEn’po, Lat. from innuo,to nod. An
oblique hint, or distant reference. The
term is used in declarations and law-
pleadings, to ascertain or point out
the precise person when otherwise left
doubtful.

Ixvoc’vLaTion, from inoculo, to bud, from
oculus, an eye. 1. In surgery, the practice
of transplanting the small-pox, by infu-
sion of the matter, from ripened pustules,
into the veins of an uninfected person,
with a view to producing a milder case
of the disease than when taken naturally.
After the discovery of the preventive

—

INS 397

INS

power of the cowpox, smallpox inoeula-
tion gradually fell into disuse, and it is
now felony for any medical practitioner
to perform the operation.—2. In garden-
tng, see BupDING.

Inor’pDINATE, Lat. inordinatus, irregular.
E. g. inordinate proportion is where there
are three magnitudes in one rank, and
three others proportional to them in ano-
ther, and they are compared in a different
order. Thus, suppose the numbers are
2, 3, 9, and 8, 24, 36, and they are com-
pared, 2:3:: 24:36; and 3:9::8: 24:
then, rejecting the mean terms, we have
2:9::8: 36.

InorGan’Ic, not organic. Inorganic
bodies are such as have no organs of vita-
lity, as the various minerals, and the
chemical examination of these is called
inorganic chemistry.

Inos’cutation, from in and osculum, a
little mouth. Anastomosis, or the union
of the extremities of the vessels of organic
bodies.

In Pxo’prra Perso’na (Latin). In one’s
own person or character.

In’quest, from in and quero, to seek.
Judicial inquiry. An inquest of office is
an inquiry made by the queen’s officer,
his sheriff, coroner, or escheator, concern-
ing matters which entitle the Crown to
possession of lands, tenements, &c. It is
made by a jury of no determinate number.

Inavurry. A writ of inquiry is one is-
sued to the sheriff, to summon a jury, to
inquire what damages are due to a plain-
tiff in an action upon a case, where judg-
ment goes by default.

Inqvisi’TIion, from inguiro. 1. An offi-
cial examination; an inquest.—2. A
court established in some Catholic coun-
tries, for the examination and punishment
of heretics. This court was established
in the twelfth century, by Father Domi-
nic, who was charged by Pope Innocent
III. with orders to incite the Catholic
princes and people to extirpate heretics.

InROL’mMENT, (In law, the registering,

INROLL’MENT. lescanding. or entering
upon the rolls of Chancery, Queen’s
Bench, Common Pleas, or Exchequer, or
by the Clerk of the Peace in the Records
of the Quarter Sessions, any lawful act,
as a deedof bargain and sale of lands, &c.

Insan‘1Ty, Lat. insanitas, from in and
sanus, sound; derangement of intellect.
The word is applicable to any degree of
mental derangement, from slight deli-
rium, to distraction, or madness; it is,
however, rarely used to express the tem-
porary delirium occasioned by fever or
accident.

Inseri'st, from inscribo. 1. To drawa
figure within another, so that all the an-
gles of the figure inscribed track the
angles, sides, or planes of the cirewm-
scribing figure.——2. An inscribed hyperbola

is one which lies wholly within the an-
gles of its asymptotes, as does the common
or conical hyperbola.

In’stct, Lat. insecta, from in and seco,to
cut. A class of articulated animals with
articulated legs, breathing by lateral tra-
chee extending parallel to each other,
throughout the whole length of the body,
and furnished with two antenne anda
distinct head. The name seems first to
have been given to bees, and analogous
insects, whose bodies appear as if almost
divided or insected ; but Linnzeus extended
the name to crustaceans and arachnides.
Cuvier distributes the insects into twelve
orders: (1.) Myriopoda. (2.) Thysanoura.
(3.) Parasita. (4.) Suctoria. (5.) Coleop-
tera. (6.) Orthoptera. (7.) Hemiptera.
(8.) Neuroptera. (9.) Hymenoptera. (10.)
Lepidoptera. (11.) Rhipiptera. (12.}
Diptera. Most insects pass through three
stages of metamorphoses; the larva, the
chrysalis, and perfect insect. See Ento-
MOLOGY.

Insectiv’orRA, a family of carnarian
mammalia. They lead a nocturnal or
subterraneous life, and live chiefly on in-
sects: whence the name from insect and
voro, to eat. The hedgehog, teneric,
shrew, desman, and mole, are examples.
Epithet insectivorous.

Inser’TeED CoLumn. In architecture, a
column standing, or apparently standing,
partly in a wall.

Insist’, from insisto, to stand on. In
geometry, an angle is said to insist upon
the are of the circle intercepted hetween
the two lines which contain the angie.

In Sirv (Lat.), remaining in the orginal
position.

Insota’tion, from in and sol, the sun ;
exposing to the action of the sun's rays.
Chemical action is often promoted by in-
solation.

Insor’vent Law, or act of insolvency, a
law which liberates a debtor from impri-
sonment, or exempts him from liability to
arrest and imprisonment on account of
any debt previously contracted.—These
terms may be regarded as generic, com-
prehending all bankrupt laws which pro-
tect a man’s future acquisitions from his
creditors; but in a limited sense, as the
words are now generally used, an insol-
vent law extends only to protect the
person of the debtor from imprisonment,
on account of debts previously contracted.

InsTatia’rion, from Ital. installare, to
place. The putting in possession of an
office, rank, or order, with the customary
ceremonies. To install a clergyman, is to
place over a particular church one who
has been already ordained.

InstaL’MENT. In commerce, a part of a
sum of money to be paid at a particular
time. In constituting a capital stoek by
subscriptions of individuals, it is custem-

INS

398

INT

ary to afford facilities to subscribers by
dividing the sum subscribed into instal-
ments, or portions, payable at distinct
periods. In large contracts also, it is usual
to agree that the money shall be paid by
instalments, and a bankrupt who has ob-
tained a settlement with his creditors,
pays his composition by instalments.

In’stance Court, a branch of the Court
of Admiralty.

InsTAnvT, contracted inst., is used in cor-

respondence, &c., for the current month.
_The distinction between inst. and curt. is
this: inst. denotes that the day of the
. month named is past, and curt. that it is
not yet arrived: e.g. 1 received your let-
ter of the 3rd inst., and shall transmit the
draft on the 12th curt.

Instan’TER, a Latin word for instantly.
A term in law for signifying that some-
thing is to be done at the present time or
without delay.

In Sta’tvu Tas (Lat.), in the state in
which it was.

Instaura’ta Ter’ea (Lat.), land ready
stocked.

Instav’rum Eccte’s1z (Lat.), utensils

_ of a church.

In’stitTvuTe, Lat. insiitutum. 1. Amaxim,
precept, principle, or established law. In
this sense the term is used in the plural,
as the title of a book containing the ele-
ments or principles of the Roman law.——
2. In Scots law, when a number of persons
in succession hold an estate in tail, the
first is called the institute, and the others
substitutes——3. Societies established ac-
cording to certain laws or regulations for
‘the furtherance of some particular object,
such as colleges, or seminaries for the
cultivation of the sciences, are termed
institutes, sometimes institutions. Thus
we have Mechanics’ Institutes, Literary
Institutes, &c.

In’suxatr, from insula, an isle. 1. To
free from all combination. Some acids,
as the fulminic, have not been insulated.
—2. To detach from connexion with sur-
rounding objects. A column which stands
alone, and a body which is surrounded by
non-conductors of electricity, are said to
be insulated.

InsuLa’rion, a term applied chiefly in
electrical experiments to denote the state
of a body surrounded by non-conductors.
Hee common insulators are glass, lac, silk,

ce

Insv’RANCE, Or Assv’RANCE, a contract
by which one or more persons called in-
surers or assurers, for astipulated premium,
engage to make good any loss which an-
other may sustain by fire, shipwreck, or
other cause, specified in the policy of in-
surance. When the insurance is made
against risk at sea, it is distinguished by
the name of Marine Insurance, and the
insurer is called an waderwriter. Policies

‘which covers, from inteyo

for lives constitute another description of
insurance, whereby a person, for a certain
annuity, insures to his heirs a certain sum
payable at his decease. Insurances of this
kind are often made for a specified num-
ber of years, and instead of an annual
premium, a single sum may be paid, de-
pending in amount upon the age of the
party upon whose life the ce is
made,

INTAGL'10, Ital. from intagliare,to carve ;
anything with figures in relief onit. An-
tique gems are frequently engraved in
intaglio, and are hence called intaglios.

In’TEGER (Lat.), the whole of anything.
In arithmetic, whole numbers are called
integers, in contradistinction to fractions.

In’rEGRAL Catcutts. See Catcutus.

In’TEGRANT, Making part of an integer
or whole. The integrant parti of a
body are those into which it is reducible
by mechanical division or solution: dis-
tinct from elementary particles.

InTEG’UMENT, Lat. integumentum, that
; to cover.
Chiefly used in anatomy for any covering
which invests a body or parti part.
The skins of seeds are also termed integu-
ments, as are also the coats of the eye, &c.

InTENDANT, Fr. from Lat. intendo. One
who has charge or management of some
public business. IJntendant has the samo
signification in France, that superinien-
dent has in England.

INTEND/MENT, Fr. intendement, intenticr
or true meaning. In the application «7
statutes, &c., the intendment of the samu
is to be ascertained, i.e. the true inten-
tion of the legislator.

InTER'cALARY, Lat. tntercalarius, some-
thing inserted, from inter and calo, to call
or proclaim. The 29th day of February
in leap year is an intercalary day, and it
was common in adjusting the old calen-
dars to make intercalary lunations. These
intercalations were declared and ordered
by proclamation.

InTeRcer’TED Axes. In conic sections (see
Axscissa).

INTERCEL’LULAR Passaces. In botany,
the spaces between the cells, tubes, or
vessels, of which the tissue consists.

InNTERCOLUMNIA’TION, from inter and
column. The space between two columns,
measured from the place where they are of
equal thickness. Vitruvius enumerates five
different properties of intercolumniation,
by the names of Pycnostyle, Systyle, Div-
style, Areostyle, and Eustyle.

Int’erpict, from inter and dice, to
speak. A prohibition forbidding the per-
formance of some act, originally a sort of
ecclesiastical censure, by which the Pore
forbade the performance of divine sev-
vice in a kingdom, province, town, &c.
England was placed under interdics b¥
Pope Alexander LIL.

a aie

INT 399

INT

In’tEREST. In commerce, the allowance
meade for the loan or forbearance of a
sum of money which is lent for, or be-
comes due, at a certain time. It is always
in regular transactions so much per cent.,
and is either simple or compound. It is
simple when it arises upon the principal
only for the whole time of the loan, and
compound when the interestasit becomes
due remains unpaid and is perpetually ac-
cumulating, as stock bearing interest like
the original principal. In arithmetic, the
rule by which interest is computed.

INTERFER’ENCE. In optics, a term em-
ployed by Dr. Young to express certain
phenomena resulting from the mutual
action of the rays of light.

In’TERIM (Latin), in the mean time.

IntErtoc’uror, Lat. interloguor. In
Scottish law, a judgment of a court on
some intermediate question, before the
tinal judgment is passed. In /iterature, a
person who takes part in a dialogue.

In’TERLUDE, from inter and ludus, play.
An entertainment exhibited on the stage
between the acts of a play, or between
the play and the afterpiece, to amuse the
audience while the actors tak breath,
shift their dresses, &c.

InTERLU’NARY, from inter and luna, the
moon. An epithet for the time when the
moon about its change isinvisible ; called
tnterluniwm by the old astronomers.

INTERME’DE Or INTERMEZZO. Nearly the
same as interlude. A short musical piece,
generally burlesque.

INTERME’DIATE. In chats: a sub-
stance which is the intermediuwm or means
of chemical affinity, as an alkali, which
renders oil combinable with water.

INTERMODIL’LION, the space in architec-
ture between two modillions.

InreRNUN’cIO, from inter and nuncius, a
messenger. A messenger between parties.

InTEROs’sEOUs Muscies, small muscles
between the bones of the hand and foot,
for moving the fingers and toes.

InTERPILAS’TER. In architecture, the
space between two pilasters.

INTERPLEA’DER. In law, a bill of inter-
pleader in chancery is where a person
owes a debt or rent to one of the parties
in suit, but till the determination of it he
knows not to which, and he desires that
they may interplead or settle their claims
between themselves, that he may be safe
in the payment.

Inrerpota’tion, from inter and polio,
Something put into the original matter.
The term is used in mathematical analy-
sis for the methods by which any inter-

mediate term in a series may be found,
its place from the first term being given.

IntTERREG’NUM, Lat. from inter and reg-
num, reign. The time during which a
throne is vacant between the death or
abdication of a sovereign and the acces-

sion of his successor. In strictness an
interregnum can only happen in govern-
ments where the sovereign is elective ;
for in hereditary kingdoms, the reign of
vhe successor commences at the moment
of his predecessor’s death. The term has,
however, been used somewhat loosely.

In’TER-REX, & person appointed to dis-
charge the royal functions during a va-
cancy of the throne.

INTERRUPTED, Lat. interruptus, divided.
Applied to compound leaves when the
princip< | leaflets are divided by intervals
of smaller ones; also to spikes of flowers
where the larger spikes are divided by a
series of smaller ones. A stem is some-
times interrupted by the intervention of
leaves or smaller sets of flowers.

INTERSCEN’DENT, Lat. inter and scando,1
climb. In algebra, quantities, the expo-
nents of whose powers are irrational.
They are a mean as it were between al-
gebraic and transcendental quantities,
whence the name.

In’rER-TI1Es, Short pieces of timber used
in roofing, to bind upright posts together in
roof partitions, in lath and plaster work,
and in walls with timber frame- work.

INTERTRANSVERSA’LES. In anatemy, four
small bundles of muscular fibres which
fill up the spaces between the transverse
processes of the vertebrie of the loins,
and serve to draw them towards each
other.

In’TERVAL, from inter and vallum, 2
wall; a void space between two objects.
The term is technically applied in music
to the difference between the number of
vibrations produced by one sonorous body
ofa certain texture and magnitude, and
of those produced by another of a differ-
ent texture and magnitude in the same
time. The ancients divided the intervals
into simple or uncomposite, which they
called diastems, and composite intervals,
which they called systems. Modern mu-
sicians consider the semitone as a simple
interval, and only call those composite
which consist of two or more semitones.

INTERVER’TEBRAL, Situated between the
vertebre. Thus the intervertebral muscles
hold the vertebre together.

InTEs'TINE, Lat. intestinus, from intus,
within. Internal. The intestines are the
convoluted canal or tube extending from
the right orifice of the stomach to the
anus. The whole length of this tube in
the human subject is about six times that
of the body. The small intestine com-
prises the upper four-fifths of the tube,
and the large intestine the remaining fifth,
The parts in their order downwards, are
the duodenum, the jejunum, the ileum, the
cecum, the colon, and the rectum.

Intonation, from i and tono, to sound.
A term in music for the action .of sound-
ing the notes of the scale with the voice,

INU

400

“INV

or any other given order of musical tones.
—2. The manner of sounding the notes
of a musical scale. In this sense the word
is always accompanied by an epithet, as
sharp, flat, &c.

Inrrarouia’crovus, Lat. intrafoliaceus,
without the leaves. Applied to stipule
which are above the footstalk of plants,
and internal with respect to the leaf.

Invra‘pDos (Italian). The internal curve
of the arch of a bridge.

InTRAN’SITIVE, Lat. intransitivus, from
in and transeo, to pass over. An epithet
in grammar for a verb that expresses ac-
tion that does not pass over to the object,
but is limited to the agent.

In Tran’sitvu (Latin).
passing or of transition.

INTRENCH’MENT, properly a trench only ;
but as the earth thrown out of a trench
forms a part, and often the most neces-
sary and useful part of a fortification, the
term is generally used to signify a ditch
and parapet, and frequently fascines co-
vered with earth, gabions, bags filled
with earth and other materials collected
to cover men from an enemy’s fire.

IntrRosuscer’Tion, from intro, within,
and suscipio, to recetve. The slipping of
one portion of intestine within another.
This accident gives rise to tliac passion.

In’rroit, Lat. introitus, entry. In ec-
clesiastical history, the verses chanted at
the entry of the congregation into the
ehurch.

Intuition, from intuitus, immediate
‘xnowledge. Knowledge not obtained by
deductive reasoning ; also the act whereby
the mind perceives the agreement or dis-
agreement of two ideas immediately by
themselves without the intervention of
any other, in which case the mind per-
ceives the truth as the eye does the light,
only by being directed towards it.

Intvs-suscer’Tion, from intus, within,
and suscipio, to receive. 1. Introsuscep-
tion (q. v-).——2. Nutrition, the intersti-
tial deposition of particles, by which the
existence of living bodies is sustained,
and their waste supplied.

In’vLa, a genus of syngenesious plants,
mostly hardy perennials. Order Poly-
gamia superfiua. Name contracted from
helenium (ZAtvsoy), fabled to have sprung
from the tears of Helen. The elecampane,
flea-bane, and golden samphire, are Bri-
tish types. There are 26 exotic species
known.

In’ULINE, a substance first extracted
from the root of the Inula helenium, or
elecampane. It is white and pulverulent
like starch, and differs from this sub-
stance chiefly because its solution, when
it cools, lets faJl the inuline unchanged, in

wader, whereas starch remains dissolved

the cold as a jelly or paste.

In the act of

In Vacvo, ina vacuum, a void or cmpty
space. See Vacuum.

Inverse’, Lat. inversus, inverted: op-
posed to direct. Inverse proportion or ratio
is when the effect or result of any opera-
tion is Jess in proportion as the cause is
greater, or greater in proportion as the
cause is Jess. Thus the time in which a
quantity of work can be performed, will
be less in proportion as the number of
workmen is greater, and vice versd. ;
in the case of light and heat flowing from
a luminous body, the light and heat are
less in proportion as the distance is great:
the intensities are inversely as the square
of the distance. The inverse method of
JStuzions is the method of finding the fluents
of given fluxional expressions. It is the
same as the integral calculus.

InVER’s1on, from in and verto, to turn;
change of order, so that the first comes
last and the last first. Thus by inversion
the antecedents of a proportion become
the consequents and the consequents the
antecedents; e.g., ifa: b::c:d, then by
inversion b:a::d:c. In music,a change
of position, either of a subject or of a
chord, constitutes an inversion; and in
grammar, the same term is used to denote
any change in the natural order of the
words of a sentence.

InvER’TEBRAL ANimALS. Animals desti-
tute of a skull and vertebral column, for
the protection of the brain and the spinal
marrow.

Invert’eD Arc#, an arch having its in-
trados below the centre, axis, or spring
line. Inverted arches are much employed
in the foundations of buildings, and are
turned between piers, &c., to connect the
whole together.

Inves’riture, from invest. A term in
law for the open delivery of seisin or pos-
session, anciently accompanied with a
great variety of ceremonies.

InvotvuceL’tum, Lat. In botany, the
secondary inyolucrum surrounding one of
the umbellules of an umbelliferous plant,
or the florets of a capitulum. .

Invotvu’crum (Lat.),a wrapper. 1. In
botany, a leafy calyx or row of small leaves
remote from the flower: applied chiefly
to umbelliferous plants. It is universal,
when at the base of the whole umbel, and
partial when at the base of each partial
stalk of the umbel.——2. In anatomy, a
membrane which covers any part; also a
name of the pericardium.

In’votuTe. In geometry, a curve conceived
to be described by the extremity of a
string unwinding itself from another
curve about which it is lapped.

Invotv’tion, from in and voluo, to roll ;
the infolding of parts. 1. In algebra, the
raising of a quantity from its root to any
given power. Powers are found from
roots by involution, and roots from power#

aid Mii tel Meee

ION 401

LRO

by evolution.——2. In grammar, the in-
sertion of one or more clauses or members
of a sentence between the agent or sub-
ject and the ¥erb.

Top’tc Acip, an acid formed by the oxy-
genation of fodine. It is white and semi-
transparent, ofa strong acid and astringent
taste, and destitute of smell. Its combi-
nations are termed iodates.

Yoptne, from s@dys, violet-coloured A
simple body accidentally discovered in
1812, by De Courtois, a manufacturer of
saltpetre at Paris, in the mother-waters
of that salt. Its affinities for other sub-
stances are so powerful as to prevent it
from ‘existing in an insulated state. It
occurs, combined with potassium and
sodium, in many mineral waters, and
strongly saline springs. This combination
exists sparingly in sea-water, abundantly
in many species of fucus or sea-weed, and
in kelp made from them; in springs, in
several marine molluscz,such as the doris
and oyster; in several polyparies and sea-
plants ; cularly in the mother-waters
of the salt-works upon the Mediterranean
sea, and it has been found in combination
with silver in some ores brought from the
neighbourhood of Mexico. It is econo-
mically procured from the mother-water
of kelp, as furnished by those manufac-
turers of soap who employ this crude
alkali. By pouring an excess of sulphuric
acid upon that liquid, and exposing the
mixture to heat in a retort, iodine rises
in violet vapours, and condenses in the
receiver into black, brilliant, soft, scaly
seg resembling graphite or plum-

go.

TYopo-nitric AciD, When sul-

TV/opo-PHosPHOR’Ic AcID, 7 phuric acid is

Vono-sutpuv’ric Acip. J) dropped into
a concentrated and hot aqueous solution
of iodic acid, there immediately results a
precipitate of iodosulphuric acid, possessed
of peculiar properties. Analogous acids
are produced by the action of the nitric
and phosphoric acid on iodine. These
acids act powerfully on the metals, and
dissolve gold and platina.

Yovovs Acrp, an acid readily obtained
oy distilling equal parts of chlorate of
potash and iodine. It contains less oxygen
than the iodie acid.

Ion’1c OrnpER. In architecture, an order
invented by the Ionians as a medium be-
tween the masculine strength of the
Doric and the feminine slenderness of the
Corinthian. The capital has two spirals
peculiar to this order, in imitation of
ringlets of hair, and the cymation indi-
cates locks hanging over the forehead,
and the mouldings of the base represent
the turn and shape of shoes worn by fe-
males when the order was invented. The
body of the column is usually channelled

with 24 gutters, and its length, with the
capital and bases, is 29 modules.

' Ipecacuan’HA, Ipecacuan. According
to Decandolle, the term ipecacuanha im-
plies in South America vomiting root ; and
therefore it is applied to the roots of. very
different species of plants. The genera
which chiefly afford it are Viola, Cyna-
chum, Asclepias, Euphorbia, Dorstenia,
and Ruellia. The medicinal virtues of
ipecacuanha depend on the quantity of
hematine it contains.

Ir’sz Drx’rr (Lat.), he himself says.

Ir’so Fac’ro (Lat.), by the deed itself.

IRIDES’CENCE, exhibition of colours like
those of the rainbow (iris).

In1D’Ium, a new metal procured from
crude platinum, along with osmium, and
thus named from iris, a rainbow, on ac-
count of the variety of colours which its
solutions exhibit. Iridium is the most
refractory of all the metals, and appears
as a grey metallic powder.

Iron, Sax. iren, Scot. irne. The most
useful and the most plentiful of all the
metals. Its tenacity exceeds that of any
other metal known, and it is the hardest
of those which are malleable and ductile.
Its ores are found in all parts of the world,
in every mineral formation, and in every
soil. Mineralogists enumerate 19 species
or varieties, of which 10 are worked
either for the sake of the iron which they
contain, for use in a native state, or for
extracting some principles from them
useful in arts and manufactures ; such are
arsenical iron,sulphate of iron, sulphuret
of iron, and chromate of iron. Ironina
state of earburet forms plumbago, cast-
iron, and steel. It is reduced from its ores
by the process of smelting, and run out of
the furnace into sand-moulds of the pat-
tern required, or simply into furrows made
in sand: the large mass in the main fur-
row is termed by the workmen a sow, and.
the less masses pigs, and hence the ge-
neral name of pig for crudeiron. Wroughé
iron is again prepared from the pig-iron,
by remelting and hammering, and this
heated in contact with a cement of ground
charcoal and common salt, forms ste.
The common iron ores of this countrv are
carbonates of iron, principally found in
the coal measures in connection with coal
and limestone, both of which are neces-
sary in the process of smelting.

Tron-ciay, a basaltic mineral usually
vesicular and of a reddish-brown colour.

Tron-FLINT, a Silicate of iron found both
massive and crystallised in six-sided
prisms.

Iron Liavor, acetate of iron used as
mordant by dyers, &c.

Irnon-woov. In botany, a name com-
mon to all the species of the genus Sider-
oxylon (q.v.) The wood is of a reddish
colour, and remarkable for its great spe-

2D

.

Ist.

402

Iso

cific gravity and hardness, in both of
which it exceeds ebony. The species ge-
nerally inhabit the southern parts of
Africa: one occurs in New Holland.

Irra’piation. In physics and astronomy,
the apparent enlargement of an object
strongly illuminated.

Irnra’tionat. In algebra and arithmetic
applied to numbers or qualities, the roots
of which are incommensurable with
unity, and therefore cannot be accurately
extracted. Thus ,/2 is irrational, as it
cannot be expressed by a finite number.

IrREGULAR CapENcE. In music, one
which does not end upon the essential
chord of the mode in which a piece is
composed.

Iragirasi'tity, from irrito, to provoke.
A property peculiar to muscles, by which
oo. contract upon the application of cer-

tain stimuli, without a consciousness of
action. Even when the body is dead, and
the nervous sensibility gone, the irrita-
bility of the muscles remains till the or-
ganisation begins to be dissolyed. This
muscular irritability descends eyen to
the vegetable kingdom, and gives a pe-
culiarity to what are called sensitive
plants. The muscular parts of the body
have all the irritability of the system,
with but little feeling, and that little
owing to the nerves which enter into
their substance, while nerves have all the
sensibility of the system with no motion.

Is’acon, from sgog, equal, and yawn,

an angle. A figure whose angles are
ual.
Is‘atis. 1. In botany, a genus of herba-

ceous plants. Tetradynamia —Siliculosa.
The I. tinctoria, an indigenous biennial,
affords the dye-stuff called woad, now well
nigh being superseded by indigo.—2. In
ag the arctic fox or Cants lagopus,

Ispran’Ik1. In ecclesiastical history, a
name of the Russian sect of Raskolniks.

Iscnia‘cra, Lat. from serqiov, the
haunch, and ayea, a seizure. A name
for hip-gout, and also for neuralgia of the
sacro-sciatic nerve.

Is’cHIAS, MOK IAS» from seyioy, the hip.
A rheumatic affection of the hip-joint;
the hip-gout.

Is’cu1um, Lat. from seyis, the loin. A
bone of the pelvis of the foetus, and a
part of the os innominatum of the adult.
See InNoMINATUM, Os.

Iscu’urRyY, from soya, to retain, and
oveoy; the urine. A retention of the urine;
distinct from dysury.

I’stncuass, for ice-glass, fish-glue. A
manufacture almost peculiar to Russia.
It is gelatine, nerly pure. Prepared
from the air-bladders, or sounds of stur-
geons, especially the great sturgeo? (Ac-

cipenser puso, Lin.) fished on the shores
of the Caspian Sea, and in the rivers which
flow into it, almost entirely for the sake
of its swim-bladder. The best is that
made into little ringlets, &c. ; the second
is laid together like the leaves of a book;
the third put up without care.

Is’Lamis, ) A term used by Mohamme-

Is‘Lamism. J dans to signify the true
faith: Mohammedanism.

Ismar’L1ANns, a Mohammedan sect, from
whom the famous assassins sprung in the
10th century.

Isocner’Mat, from soos, equal, and
xeime, winter. Of the same winter tem-

.perature. Isocheimal lines are those drawn

through places having the same winter
temperature.
IsocHRoma’TIC, sos, and yewum, CO-

lour. Having the same colours.
Isocn’RonaL, ) from sos, equal, and
IsocH’RoNovs, xeoves, time. Equal

time, performed in equal times. The vi-
brations ofa ag 8 are tsochronal.

Tsop’omuM, s7og and doen, structure.
In ancient architecture, a species of wall-
ing, in which all the courses were of the
same height.

IsocroTHER’MAL, from sees, equal, 77,
the earth, and #:guos, warmth. Of equa!
terrestrial temperature. Isogeothermal
lines are those divisions in the earth’s
crust which have an equal degree of mean
annual temperature.

Is’oLaTED, ) from Ital. isola, an isle.

In’suLaTeD, J An isolated harbour, is one
of refuge built independently of the coast,
and connected to it by a bridge, under
which the shingle is allowed to pass.

Isom’ERISM, soos, equal, and wegos, part.
The condition of compounds which contain
the same elements in the same propor-
tion, and yet possess distinct chemical
qualities. They are said to be isomeric.

Isomor’PHIsm, from jos, like, and
foegn, form. That quality of certain bo-
dies, by which they are capable of re-
placing each otherin compounds, without
change of the primitive form.

IsopERIM’eTRY, from scog, equal, Teel,
about, and seregov, measure. A branch
of the higher geometry, which treats of
the properties of isoperimetrical figures,
i.e. surfaces contained under equal peri-
meters or boundaries.

Isop’opa, tsopods. An order of Crusta-
ceans characterised by having uniformly
fourteen equal feet (sco, equal, and zous,
a foot), unguiculated, and without any
vesicular appendage at their base. Most

isopods are aquatic, and those which are
terrestrial require a certain degree of hu-
midity to enable them to breathe. Linnzus
comprises them all in his genus Onmiscus

a ee

‘

{TA 403 d
lsos’cELEs, scorxsdns, equal-legged;| TIrat/1c Scnoot or Pittrosorny. The
from ios, equal, and cxztdAos,aleg. An Pythagorean and Eleatic systems.
‘ trian- Irz. In chemistry, acids whose names
gle is one B terminate in ous, produce salts different
which has two from those whose names end in ic ; and te
equal sides; fy indicate that a saline compound is formed
such is the tri- by an acid ending ous, the termination ite
angle ABC. P4 is used ; whereas ate is used when the acid
The angles at terminates withic. Thus the sulphites are
the base ofsuch formed by sulphurous acids with bases,
a triangle are and the sulphates by the sulphuric acid
equal, and if ¢ with the same bases. See Acip.
y A / Irrmas’as. The two great heroic poems

the legs be pro- ~ Fa
duced, the an- , \

giles under the

base are also equal.

Isorn’erat, from ios, equal, and
Hegos, summer. Having the same sum-
mer temperature. Isotheral lines are those
drawn on a map through places having
the same summer temperature.

IsorHER’mMaL, from soos, equal, and
O:eua, heat. Having equal temperature.
Isothermal lines are those drawn on a map
through places having the same annual
mean temperature. Isothermal zones. To
avoid the confusion arising from the mul-
tiplicity of isothermal lines, geographers
haye grouped them into zones or bands.
Thus the northern hemisphere is divided
into six isothermal zones by Humboldt.

Isoron’ic, from soog, equal, and royes,
tone. Having equal tones. In music, the
isotonic system consists of intervals in
whieh each concord is alike tempered,
and in which there are twelve equal
semitones.

Istu’/m1an Games, one of the four great
national festivals of Greece, so called
from being celebrated on the Isthmus of
Corinth

Is’suanT, an epithet in heraldry for any
beast issuing out of the bottom line of
any chief or fess.

Is‘sux, Fr. issue, Ital. uscio, a door. A
term extensively applied both as a sub-
stantive and verb. Thus bankers issue
paper-money, and regulate the amount
of their issues by the circumstances of

e. A cause issues to the court, and
finally issues in demurrer. Profits of land
or other property, the legitimate off-
spring of parents, the point of matter
depending in suit, &c., are all isswes in
legal phraseology. Surgical issues are
little ulcers made designedly in various
parts of the body, and kept open by the
patient for some specific object.

Irat‘tcs, letters or characters first used
in Italy, and which stand inclined, as
those in which this clause is printed. They
are often used, by way of distinction from
Roman letter, to mark emphasis, antithe-
sis, &c. To italicise, is to write or printin
Italic characters.

of the Hindoos, the Ramayana and Maha
Bharata: they are of great antiquity.

I’rts. This termination, added to the
Greek name of an organ, implies inflam-
mation of that organ; thus, gastritis, in-
flammation of the stomach.

Ir’rNERITE. A rare mineral, which oc-
curs massive, and in rhombic dodeca-
hedrons, of a gray or bluish tint. It
consists principally of silica, alumina,
soda, and hydrosulphuret.

I’va, a genus of plants. Syngenesia—
Poly. necessaria. The I. frutescens affords
the Mexican quinquina, much celebrated
in its native country as a febrifuge. This
is a shrubby plant, but all the other spe-
cies are annuals. Warm parts of America.

Ivory, Fr. ivoire. The name given to
the tusks of the elephant and the walrus,
and to the horn of the narwhal. It isan
intermediate substance between bone and
horn, containing about twenty-four per
cent of gelatine. The hardest, toughest,
and most translucent ivory is reckoned
the best. It is readily distinguished from
bone by its peculiar rhombohedral net-
work, shown when the ivory is cut trans-
versely.

I’vory Brack, an animal charcoal, pre-
pared by the calcination of ivory dust,
used as the basis of the finer black pig-
ments, ink for copperplate printing, &c.

Ivy-cuM, a resinous juice which exudes
from the stem of the ivy-tree, Hedera he-
liz, in warm climates. It is imported
from the East Indies, in compact reddish-
brown masses.

Ix’opes, the name given by Latreille to
a sub-genus ofacari found in thickets, and
fastening on dogs, oxen, horses, and other
quadrupeds, from which they can only be
detached by tearing out the part to which
they adhere by their suckers, which they
bury completely in the flesh. They are
vernacularly named ticks, and are exceed-
ingly plentiful in warm and dry seasons.

J.

J. A letter added to the English alpha-
bet in modern days, and ranked as the
tenth, being written in words where I
was formerly used, and before vowels

2p2

JAC 404

JAC

when g soft is required, as in jet, to dis-
tinguitsh from get.
JAC’ANAS, Ag genus of birds. Order
ig. Distinguished by having four
very long ‘toes, separated down to their
root, the nails of which are extremely
long and pointed, 4 circumstance which
has procured for them the vernacular
name of surgeons. They are noisy and
quarrelsome birds, and inhabit marshes
in hot climates, where they walk with
great facility, by means of their long
toes ~ :

Jaca-TREE, a name Of the bread-fruit-
tree of the East Indies.
See ARTOCARPUS.
Ja‘CINTH, prea’
JACIN’THUS. ) ACINTH
and HyacintTxvs. "
Jack. 1. In mecha-
nics, an instrument in a
common use for raising
great weights, being a
powerful combination
of teeth and pinions,
and the whole inclosed
in a box. The power
is applied by a winch
orhandle. The figure
represents the machine
without the frame.—
The kitchen-jack is a
machine in which the JACK.
descent of a weight is
made to turn a spit. The common
worm-jack is shown in the figure. The

KITCHEN-JACK.

smoke-jack is another contrivance for the
same purpose as the common worm or
kitchen-jack, but acting, not by a weight,
but. by means of the smoke passing up
the chimney, which striking againsta set
of oblique vanes, fixed toa vertical spindle,
causes it to revolve with great rapidity.
This motion is conveyed to the spit by
means of a smali wheel. which works into
another small wheel placed on the end of

a horizontal spindle, having a pulley at
the other end, over which passes the chain

eS
AE CD IE OS Re! KS | ‘:
a is Cone Gen) SB BO Kas a | Da

SMOKE-JACK.

which works the spit. The name jack is
very commoniy applied to vibrating levers
in various kinds of machinery, as in stock-
ing-frames, &c.——2. In navigation, asort
of flag or colours displayed from the bow-
sprit. In the navy the jack is asmall union
fiag, but in merchant ships the union is
bordered with red.—3. Tn ichthyology, the
young pike, Esox lucius.——4. In botany,
the Isjaca, a species of bread-fruit-tree.

Jacx’aL, corrupted from chacal, a canine
animal, the Canis aureus, Lin., found in
the Indies, and the environs of the Cas-
pian Sea, and as far as in Guinea.

Jacx Arcn, an arch of the thickness of
only one brick.

Jacx’-pack, the largest jack of* the
brewer.

Jacx’BLock, a block attached to the top-
gallant-tie of a ship, to swing up or to
strike the sail.

Jacx’paw. In ornithology, the Corvus mo-
nedula, Lin.,is the jackdaw,a well-known
bird; and the Gracula gui. is named,
from its colour, the purple jackdaw.

Jack’rrac, a flag hoisted at the sprit-
sail top-mast-head.

JaCK-IN-THE-BOX, 1. Alarge wooden solid
screw, turning in a hollow one, which
forms the upper part of a strong wooden
box, shaped like the frustrum of a pyra-
mid. It is wrought by means of levers
passing through holes in it, as a press in
packing, &e. 2. The popular name of
a@ genus of arborescent plants.

Jack-or-HitTon, a vulgar name for an
eolipyle.

JAG

-

405

JAN

Jack-or-THE-CLOCK-HOUSE, a figure of a
Nttle man, which strikes the quarters in
some clocks.

JACK-OF-THE-LANTERN ,Will-of-the-Wisp.
Vulgar names for the ignis fatuus.

JAcK-PLANE, a plane of about 18 inches
long, to prepare wood for the trying-plane.

Jack’RAFTERS. In joinery, the jack-
timbers which are fastened to the high
rafters and the wall-plates.

Jacx’riss. In joinery,the jack-timbers
which are fastened to the angle-ribs, and
rest upon the wall-plates in groined or
domed ceilings. F

Jacks. Wooden wedges used in coal-
mines.

Jacx’stnxErs. Parts ofastocking-frame.

Jack’/TIMBER. In joinery, a short tim-
ber fastened at the ends of two timbers
which are not parallel, or to two timbers
which actually meet in a point, as to the
wall-plate and hip-rafter of a roof, the
wall-plate and hip of a groin, &c.

Jac/ontns. In French history, a political
club, which bore a well-known part in
the first Revolution. In ecclesiastical his-
tory, the French appellation of the reli-
gious order of St. Dominic. .

Jac/onires. 1. In English history, the
adherents of James II., after his abdica-
‘tion.——2. In church history, certain Sy-
rian Christians, who hold that Christ had
but one nature, and practise both circum-
cision and baptism.

Ja‘con’s Lapper. In naval affairs, a rope-
ladder with wooden spokes.

Ja’con’s Srarr, a mathematical instru-
ment for taking heights and distances. A
‘kind of astrolabe, or cross-staff, much
‘used in the middle ages.

Jaco’sus, Lat. for James. A gold eoin
of the reign of James I.; value 25s.

Jac’onET, a muslin fabric finer’ than
causey, and coarser than lawn.

Jacauarp Loom, a peculiar and most
ingenious mechanism, invented by M.
Jacquart, of Lyons, in 1800, to be adapted
‘to a silk or muslin loom, to supersede the
use of drawboys in weaving figured goods.
It has of late been extensively applied in
the weaving of carpets.

Pr ac’querie. In French history, the name
ven to a revolt of the peasantry against
the nobility, in 1356. nai iui

Jacrita’tion, from jactito. A term, in
canon law, for a false pretension to mar-
riage.

Jape, a hard magnesian mineral, called
also nephrite, nephritic stone, and axe-
stone. See Axestone. In consequence of
its tenacity it has been wrought into
chains and other delicate works, The name

has been supposed to originate from igida,
the Indian name of the stone.

Jacu’ry. In commerce, a Bengalese name
for a species of coarse sugar in an impure

Jacuire’,an East Indian word, denot-
ing an assignment of the government
share of the produce of a portion of land
to an individual, either personal, or for
the support of a public establishment,
particularly of a military nature. The
holder of a jaghire is styled a jaghire dar.

Jacuar’. In zoology, the tiger of the
Brazils. It is about the size of a wolf,
very fierce and destructive among the
ere quadrupeds, as oxen, horses, sheep,

Jar’ap or Jatop, the root of the Convol-
vulus jalapa, an herbaceous twining vine ;
so named from Xalapa, in Mexico, from
which it is chiefly imported. The root is
only used in medicine.

JAL’APINE or JALAppin, resin of jalap.
The active principle of jalap, obtained by
digesting that root in alcohol. Herberger
considers it an alkaloid, but its alkaline
properties are not well established.

Jamaci/NA, a vegeto-alkaline principle
discovered in 1824 by M. Hiittenschmidt
in the bark of the Geoffroya jamaicensis
or cabbage-bark tree. It crystallise
from its aqueous solutions.

Jamai’ca Barx, the bark of the Cin-
chona Caribea, or Caribean bark-tree,
which grows in Jamaica, where it is
called the sea-side beech.

Jamar’ca Pep’pER, the fruit of the Myr-
tus pimenta, or allspice tree. See PimENTO.

Jams, Fr. jambe,aleg. 1. Among min-
ers, a thick bed of stone which hinders
them in pursuing a vein.——2. In archi-
tecture, a supporter. Door-posts, upright
posts at the ends of window-frames, the
upright sides of a fire-place from the
hearth to the mantle-piece, are all termed
jambs ; the uprights on the sides of door-
ways are more particularly called jamb-
posts,and the side- work attached is termed
jamb-lining.——3. A sea term; to squeeze
tight.

JAMES, ORDER OF THE Sworp oF SAINT,
an ancient military order in Spain and
Portugal.

James’s Prras, pills made of equal parts
of James’s powder, ammoniacum, and the
aloes and myrrh pill, beat up with tinc-
ture of castor.

JameEs’s PowDER, an antimonial medi-
cine invented by Dr. James, and termed
by him fever powder, being used by him
extensively in fever cases. It still retains
much of its reputation.

Jan1ToR (Lat.). 1. A door or gate-
keeper, from janua, a gate.——-2. In ana-
tomy, the pylorus, situated at the entrance
of the intestine.

Jane. 1. A coinofGenoa.——2. A sort
of fustian.

Jan‘1zaRrEs, corrupted from the Turkish
Yeniskeri, new troops. A name for the
Turkish infantry ; reputed the Grand
Seignor’s guards. Now abolished.

JAU

406

JET

Jan’sEnists, a sect of Christians who
followed the opinions of Jansenius, bishop
of Ypres, in Flanders, in regard to free
will and grace.

Jan’vary, Lat. Januarius. The first
month of the year according to the pre-
sent computation. The name is supposed
to be taken from Janus, whom the Ro-
mans believed to preside over the begin-
ning of all business.

JAPAXN-ALLSPICE, a shrubby plant; the
Chimonanthus fragrans of Japan, the ‘fruit
of which resembles that of the allspice
tree.

J. = pupae Terra Japonica. Catechu

aed
ae ‘sinc, a kind of varnishing or
lacquering learned of the Japanese, and
practised chiefly on white iron and papier
maché, but all articles, the substance of
which is firm, may bejapanned. Japanned
articles are often richly ornamented with
figures in gold and various colours.

JAPAN-VARNISH, varnish used in japan-
ning. The base is seed-lac dissolved in
spirit of wine. To this is added the co-
lour required.

Jan’con, a mineral, the mock-diamond,
a variety of Zircon.

JaRx, a Scandinavian term signifying
noble.

Jas’MiInuM, the Jasmine or Jessamine:
an extensive genus of permanent plants.
Diandria—Monogynia. The species are
valued chiefly for their beautiful flowers.
Temperate and warm climates. Thename
is Arabic, jasmen.

Jas’PER, a subspecies of rhombohedral
quartz, usually occurring massive, but
sometimes crystallised. Prof. Jameson
enumerates five varieties. Jaspers owe
their colours to oxides.of iron. They all
admit of a good polish, and are used for
various ornamental purposes.

Jas’ponyx, the purest horn-coloured
onyx: it has beautiful green zones. It
is simply striped, or ribbon jasper.

Jar’ROPHA, the physic-nut: a genus of
<i pigresd plants. Moneecia—Monadelphia.

ame from sxouas, to heal, and ¢gegw,
to nourish. The species inhabit South
America and the West Indies. The seeds
of the J. curcas afford an oil resembling
castor-oil, and used for the same purpose ;
those of the J. multifida are the physic or
purging nuts; the juice of the J. elastica
is an elastic gum; the J. manihot, Willd.,
is the Manihot Cannabina, Donn. See
Manrnor.

Jaun’vIceE, Fr. jaunisse, from jaune, yel-
low. A disease characterised by yellow-
ness of the skin and eyes, the proximate
cause of which is bile in the blood. When
the colour is very intense, and the dis-
ease long protracted, it becomes green
jaundice, when still more concentrated,

black jaundice. Chlorosis has also been
named white jaundice. Physicians dis-
tinguish many species of the disease.

Jav’eLIn (Fr.). A species of missile,
anciently used by the soldiery. It wasa
rod five feet long, with a barbed head of.
iron.

J.D. Anabbreviation of Jurum Doctor,
doctor of laws. f
Jeet. An E. Indian term for a shallow

lake or morass.

Jeers. Asea word. Strong tackle for
swaying up the lower yards,

Jesu’num, Lat. from jejunus, empty.
The second portion of the small intestines,
generally found empty in the dead body.

JeL’ty. Vegetable jelly of unripe cur-
rants and other berries is a compound of
mucilage and acid, which loses its gelati-
nising power by long boiling. For Ani-
mal jelly, see GELATINE, GLUE, and Istn-
GLASS.

Jem’rpar. A black officer in the E.I.
Company’s Service, haying the same rank
as a lieutenant.

JER’KIN-HEAD. A term used to express
a peculiar feature in roofs, when the
gable is carried higher than the side walls.

Jes’ses. In falconry, straps with which
bells are attached to the legs of pase
represented in heraldry usually of a dif-
ferent tincture.

Jes’vates, of Saint Jerome. A religious
order, founded in i363, of very ascetic
habits,

Jesuits. A religious order of Romish
clergy, forming the Society of Jesus, found-
ed by Ignatius Loyola, a Spanish soldier,
about 1534. Unlike other communities
of monks, the duties of this were to be
performed in active life, the object being
universal empire.

Jesuits’ Bark. A name of Peruvian
bark, introduced into Europe by Cardinal
de Lugo, a Jesuit.

Jes‘vu1ts’ Drops. A nostrum composed
of guaiac, Peruvian balsam, and sarsa-
parilla.

Jer. 1. In mineralogy, black amber; a
species of pitch coal, or glance-coal, ofa
beautiful compact texture, and susceptible
of a fine polish, in consequence of which
it was formerly manufactured into a vast
variety of ornamental articles, as buttons,
rosaries, crosses, nec es, e
bracelets, &c. It is still sometimes ma-
nufactured into snuff-boxes, and the
like ; but the greater portion of the arti-
cles which used to be manufactured of
it are now made of black glass, which is
harder, and therefore not so apt to lose its
polish. The name is, Fr. jaiet.——2. In
hydraulics, a spout. Bee Jer p’Eav.

Jer p’Eav. AFrench name fora foun-
tain, which throws up water to some
height in the air; (jeter to throw, and
eau water). See Fountain.

JOG err i JO!r

JET’sAM,

JET’SON, See FLorsaM.

JET'TISON.

Jerre’. The border made round the
stilts under a pier in certain old Dridges,
being the saine with starling, consisting
of a strong framing of timber, filled with
stones, &c., to preserve the foundations
of the piers from injury.

JErry-HEAD. A name given in the
royal dockyards to that part of a wharf
which projects beyond the rest ; but more
particularly the front of a wharf, whose
side forms one of the cheeks of a dock.

Jew’eL-sLocks. In a ship, two small
blocks which are suspended at the ex-
tremity of the main and fore-top-sail
yards, to retain the top-mast studding
sails beyond the sheets of the top-sails.

Jew’s-HarP. A musical instrument of
& very imperfect kind; by some called
the jaw’s harp, because held between the
teeth when played. It consists of an
elastic steel spring, riveted at one end to
a frame of brass or iron, and having the
other bent and free to be struck by the
finger in playing. It is also called the
Jew’s-trump, and often simply a trump.

Je’z1ps, or Davasin. A religious sect,
long settled near Mosul, the followers
of Yezid Ben Anisa, a Mohammedan
doctor.

dis. 1. The foremost sail of a ship. It
is a large staysail extended from the
outer end of the bowsprit, prolonged by
the jib-boom towards the fore-topmast
head.——-2. The projecting frame of a
crane from which the weight or goods
are suspended.

J1p-Boom. In a ship, a continuation of
the bowsprit forward, being runout from
its extremity in a similar manner to a
top-mast on a lower mast. There is also
the flying jib-boom, which extends still
beyond the jib-boom.

Jis-poor. Inarchitecture,a door which
stands flush with the wall outside, so as
to appear as part of the wall.

Jic’ctx. In a ship, a machine, consist-
ing of a piece of rope about five feet long,
with a block at one end and a sheave at
the other, used to hold on the cable;when
it is heaved into the ship by the revolu-
tion of the windlass.

Jie’GER-TACKLE. In shéps,asmall light
tackle, consisting of a double and single
block, used on many occasions.

Jozs’seR. A person who undertakes
jobs or small pieces of work; also one
who buys and sells for others: equivalent
to broker. Hence jobbing, the business of
a jobber. Stock-jobbing denotes the prac-
tice of trafficking in the public funds, or
the buying and selling of stock, with a
view to its rise or fall.

Joo’ete. Aterm applied to a particular

description of joint; thus to the joint

connecting two stones or other bodies in
such a man-
ner that they
cannot = slip
away with-
out tearing

> the joint or
joggle asunder. The separate part se-
curing the joint is more commonly called
the joggle.

Joe’GtE-post. In carpentry, a strut
post for fixing the lower ends of the
struts.

Joun Butt. The well-known collec-
tive name of the English nation, first used
3 Arbuthnot’s Satire, the History of John

ull.

Joun Dory, afish, the Dory (Zeus Faber,
Cuy., Yarr.)common in the Mediterranean.
Among the superstitious, the Dory dis-
putes with the Haddock the honour of
having been the fish out of whose mouth
St. Peter took the tribute money, on
which occasion he is said to have left the
mark of his finger and thumb on their
sides. Both fishes are similarly marked ;
but, according to another legend, the
marks upon the Dory, are those of the
finger and thumb of St. Christopher, who
on occasion waded through an arm of the
sea,and caught a Dory during his pas-
sage! Quin, the actor, and prince of
epicures, established the edible reputa-
tion of the Dory, and gave it the national
name of John, as a mark of high dis-
tinction.

Jorn’ER. | The joiner’s occupation is to

Join’ERY. ) construct things by joining
pieces of wood. The finer wood-work in
the finishing of buildings is done by
joiners, as the ponderous parts are done
by carpenters. The art in the one case
is joinery, and in the other carpentry, but
the distinction is not always observed.

Joint, from join. 1. In anatomy, an
articulation.——2. In botany, a knot or
internode.——3. In joinery, &c., the junc-
ture of two pieces of wood, &c.—4. A
limb of an animal cut up by the butcher.

. In stone-work, the name joint is
applied to the vertical joinings, those
situated horizontally being called beds.

Jomnt-cHatR. On railways, a chair
which secures the jointure of two bars.

Jon’TER, jointing-plane. The name
given by joiners to their largest plane.
Bricklayers give the name jointer to a
piece of iron bent in two opposite direc-
tions, sometimes used in securing the
joints of a wall when much strength is
required.

Jointine Rete, a rule used by brick-
layers to secure a straight face to their
work.

Jornt Lives,a phrase in insurance and
annuities, when the calculation is founded
on the contingency of one life dropping

JUB

408

JUL

before another. Thus assurances are made
for the benefit of survivors, by paying an
annual premium d g the continuance
of two joint lives, the sum insured to be

d to the surviving party when either
of the lives shall drop.

Joint Srock,a seek or fund formed by
the union of several shares from different
persons. In this way Joint Stock Compa-
nies are formed for commercial purposes.
Banking in Scotland is mainly carried on
by such companies.

JoIntT-TENANCY, a tenure of estate by
unity ofinterest, title, time and possession.

JoIn’TURE, a. settlement on a woman in
consideration of marriage, and which she
is to enjoy after her husband’s death.

Joist, Scot. jeist. One of the cross or
secondary timbers on which the boards of
the floor of a house rest. Joists are
placed with their edges uppermost, and
are framed into the girders and summers.
If cross pieces are fixed to the beams un-
derneath, to sustain the lath and Bye weg
these are called ceéling joists.
ing joists are those to which the boards
are nailed ; the binding-joists are those into
which the bridging-joists are mortised.

Jotty-zoat. The same as Yaw, which

Jonauit’. In botany, a species of nar-
cissus or daffodil, the N. jonguilla of
Spain. The N. calathinus, is called the
great jonquil. The name is Fr. jonquille,
from Lat. juncus, a rush ; hence the plant
eeeneamee called the rush-headed daf-

Jour’nat (French). A sort of diary, from
Lat. diurnum, through the Ital. giornale,
from giorno, a day. Journals are made
up of accounts of daily transactions. Na-
vigators give the name journal to their
register of the ship’s course and distance,
the winds, weather, &c., and merchants
use the same term as the title of a book
wherein their transactions are entered
from the waste-book or blotter. Some
daily newspapers are also appropriately
called journals ; and we have various jour-
nals published at stated intervals, contain-
ing accounts of inventions, discoveries,
andimproyements in the artsand sciences.
—2. In mechanics, the name journal
is given to that portion of a shaft which
revolves on a support situated between
the power applied and the resistance.

JoURNEYMAN, Strictly, a man employed
to work by the day (jowrnée, aday or day’s
work); but now applied to any mecha-
nic who is hired to work for another,
whether by the month, year, or other
term. The term is restricted to mecha-
nics in their own trades.

Ju‘sItex, Fr. jubilé, from Lat. jubilum,
trom jubilo, to shout for joy. A term of
public and solemn festivity. The jubilee
of the ancient Hebrews occurred every

fiftieth year, and began with the autum-
nal equinox. At this time all slaves were
liberated, all debts annihilated, an
lands, &c., however alienated, were re-
stored to their first owners. All agricul-
ture for the whole year was also sus-
pended, and the poor had the benefit of
the harvest, vintage, and other produc-
tions of the earth. In imitation of the
Jewish jubilee, Pope Boniface VIII. in-
stituted jubilees at Rome, during which,
plenary indulgence was ted to sin-
ners, or to as many as should visit the
churches of St. Peter and St. Paul at
Rome.

Jupcee, from juder, compounded of jus
and dico. A civil officer, who is invested
with authority to hear and determine
causes, civil or criminal, between parties
aecording to his commission. In British
polity, the title judge is retained where
that of president would more truly ex-
press the functions of the officer who
bears it. In Chancery, in the ecclesiasti-
cal courts, and in the Court of Admiralty,
the judge really judges, but in the courts
of law, civil and criminal, the jurors are
the actual judges. There the business of
the judge, as he is denominated, is to
put the evidence and pleadings in a com-
pendious point of view, but he submits
the question of judgment to the jury.

Jupe’MENT. 1. In metaphysics, a fa-
culty or rather act of the mind whereby
it compares ideas, and perceives their
agreement and eement.——2.
law, the sentence pronounced by a court
upon any cause civil or criminal. Judg-
ments are either interlocutory or ‘final.
—3. In the jine arts, the faculty of mak-
ing the most suitable selection.

JupcmeEnt oF Gop. Formerly this term
was applied to extraordinary trials of
secret crimes, as by arms and single com-
bat, ordeal, red-hot ploughshares, &c., it
being unders at would work
miracles to vindicate innocence. _

Jvu’cERUM, a Roman acre, being to the
English acre as 10,000 to 16,097.

Ju’ctans, the walnut-iree. A genus of
four species. Monecia—Polyandria. Name
quasi Jovis glans, Jupiter’s nut, from the
excellence of the fruit. Temperate
climates.

Jvu’cucar, belonging to the jugulum or
throat, as the jugular veins which run
from the head down the sides of the neck.

Jv’suBE, a plant, the Rhamnus zizyphus ;
also the fruit of this plant, which nearly
resembles asmall plum. In the southern
parts of Europe jujubes are a common ar-
ticle of food in their recent state; they
are brought into this country as a half-
dried fruit, and were formerly much used
in pectoral decoctions. The name is

Arabic, jujubak.
Juctan CaLenDaR. The civil calendar

JUN 409

JUR

introduced at Rome by Julins Cesar, and
used by all the Christian countries of
Europe till 1582, when it was reformed
by Pope Gregory XIII.

Jutian Erocu. The commencement of
the Julian Calendar, on the lst of Janu-
ary of the 46th year before Christ, and
708th of Rome.

JuLiaNn Periop, a cycle of 7980 years,
being the product of the three cycles ; viz.,
that of the sun 28, that of the moon 19,
and that of the indiction 15; and thus
named after Julius Cesar Scaliger, the
inyentor of it. This period, though but
feigned, is of great use as the standard and
receptacle of all other epochas, as that
every year within the period is distin-
guishable by a certain peculiar character ;
for the sun, moon, and indiction will not
be the same again until the whole 7980
years be revolved. When the Christian
era commenced, 4713 years of the Julian
Period were run, consequently, to find the
year of the period answering to any given
i it a only necessary to add 4713

JuLIAN Year, the year of 365 days,
6 hours, instituted by Julius Cesar, who
caused the Roman Calendar to be re-
formed. See Year.

Juuvs, Lat. from sovdes. 1. In botany,
a catkin or inflorescence consisting of
chaffy scales, arranged along a stalk.——
2. In entomology, a genus ef apterous in-
sects of many species.

Ju’ty, the seventh month of the year,
named from Julius Cesar, who was born
in this month. Before that time, this
month was called Quintilis, or the fifth
month, March being the first.

dump. In mining,cne of the numerous
appellations which the dislocations of the
strata have received from the practical
miners of different districts.

Jum’rPER. In mining, a long iron tool,
with a steel chisel-like point, used for
drilling holes for the lodgment of powder
in rocks which are to be blasted; called
also a borer.

Jum’pers, a Christian sect, well known
in Wales, and remarkable for their eccen-
tricities.

Jun’cus, therush. An extensive genus
of perennial plants. Hexandria—Mono-

nia. Name juncus, from jungo, to join,
the rush being used anciently as cordage
is at present. There are nineteen British
species, and twenty-four in all, according
to Donn.

Jun’Gtze,a Persian word, used in the
East Indies to denote land covered with
forest-trees, thick impenetrable brush-
wood, creeping plants, and coarse rank
vegetation.

Ju’NIPER, juniper-tree. The Juniperus
communis, a shrub which yields the con-
evete resin called aum-iuniper, and whose

fruitis the juniper-berries,so much yalued,
both in medicine and the manufacture of
gin.

Juniperus, the juniper. A genus of
cruciferous plants of many species. Diae-~
cia—Monadelphia. Name from juvenis,
young, and pario, to bring forth, because
it produces its young berries while the old
ones are ripening. The common juniper
and sayin-trees are the most important
species.

Junk. 1. From Juncus, a bulrush, o
which ropes were made in early ages
Old pieces of cable, cordage, &c. used for
making points, gaskets, mats, &c.; and
when untwisted and picked to pieces, it
forms oakum for filling the seams of ships.
—2. An oriental name of a sort of small
ship, common among the Chinese, in the
East Indies, &c., about the size of a fly-
boat. The sails are frequently made of
mats, and the anchors of wood.

Jvu’no. 1. In mythology, the wife of Ju-
piter, and goddess ofall power and empire,
represented sitting on a throne, with a
diadem on her head, and a peacock by her
side.——2. In astronomy, the name of a
small planet or asteroid, discovered in
1804, by Mr. Harding of Lilienthal. It
has the appearance of a star of the eighth
magnitude, and is situated between the
orbits of Mars and Jupiter. It revolves
round the sun in 4 years and 128 days.

Jun’to, \ A select council in Spain and

Jun’ra. ) Portugal, for taking cogni-
zance of important matters in politics,
commerce, &c.

Ju’PITER, Jovis pater. In mythology, the
son of Saturn and Ops, and chief of the
gods. His usual attributes are the eagle
and thunderbolts, and sometimes a figure
of victory, and a spear.——2. In astro-
nomy, one of the superior planets. Its
diameter is 89,170 miles, which is more
than eleven times that of our earth, yet
revolves about its axis in 9h. 55m. 37s.,
and performs its circuit about the sun in
1l years and 318 days. Next to Venus,
itis the most brilliant of the planets, has
four satellites, and its surface is marked
by zones or belts of various shades, con-
cerning which there are various opinions.
Distance from the sun 493,000,000 miles.
Its polar and equatorial diameters are to
each other as i2 to 13.

Jv’Rats, jurati. Magistrates, in the na-
ture of aldermen, for the government of
several corporations, as Jersey, Maid-
stone, Rye, &c.

Ju’kE Divi/no (Lat.). By divine right.
JURISCON’SULT, juris consultus. A per
son learned in jurisprudence, and fit to
be consulted on the interpretation of the

laws.

Ju‘ny, Fr. juré, sworn. A number of
persons, selected in the manner prescribed
by law, empannelled and sworn to inquire

JUXx 410

KAM

into and try any manner of fact, and to
declare the truth on the evidence given
them in the case. Juries are of several
kinds; as grand and petty juries in crimi-
nal cases, and common and special juries
in civil cases. The grand jury tries matters
alleged in indictments; the petty jury
tries the matters of fact in cases where a
true bill is found by the grand jury. Spe-
cial juries consist of individuals fitted by
their kind of knowledge to try particular
cases.

Ju’rymast, the name given by seamen
to whatever they set up in the room ofa
mast lost in a battle or storm, from Fr.
jour, a day, quasi jouré, temporary, or
from Lat. juvare.

Jus t.), law. Jus civile, civil law.
Jus corone, the right of the crown. Jus
gentium, the law of nations. Jus gladii,
the right of the sword. Jus scriptum, the
written law.

Jous’t1cz, Lat. justitia, from justus, just.
1. Equity and the application of equity.
—2. Low Lat. justiciarius. Onedeputed
by the sovereign to do right by way of
judgment among the subjects. The Jus-
tice of the Queen’s Bench isa lord by his
office, and chief of the rest: his business
is to determine all pleas of the crown.—
The Justice of the Common Pleas determines
all causes at common law, that is, all
causes between common persons.—The
Justices of Assize are such as were wont to
be sent, by special commission, into vari-
ous counties to take assizes.—The Justices
in Eyre were in ancient times sent into
divers counties, to hear pleas of the crown
for the ease of the subjects, who must
else have gone to the king’s bench.—The
Justices of Gaol delivery are such as are
sent to determine all causes, pertaining
to such as for any offence are cast into
gaol.—The Justices of Nisi Prius are now
the same as the justices of assize.—The
Justices of the peace are appointed by com-
mission to attend to the peace of the
county where they dwell.

Justic’1ary, Court of Justiciary. In
Scotland, a court of supreme jurisdiction
in all criminal cases.

Justic'ies. In law, a special writ em-
powering the sheriff of a county to hold
plea of an action in his court.

Justirica’tion. In law, the shewing
good reason in acourt for doing something
for which he is called to answer. From
justus, just, and facio, to make.—In the-
ology, men are justified when accounted

righteous in the sight of God.

jJ UxTAPO’sITION, from juxta and position,
apposition. The term is used in physi-
ology to denote that species of growth
which is performed by the apposition
of nesvy matter to the surface or out-
side of the old in opposition to intus-po-
sition.

K.

K, the eleventh letter of the English
alphabet, borrowed from the Greek kappa,
As a numeral it stands for 250, and with

a stroke over it, thus K, for 250,000.

Kav’ano (Ger.), a lay fraternity insti-
tuted in Germany in the 13th century, for
- purpose of doing honour to deceased

riends.

Ka.er’poscorz, from xaos, beautiful,
tsdos, form, and ¢zorew, to see. An op-
tical instrument, which presents to the
eye symmetrical and beautiful combina-
tions of images, by a particular arrange-
ment of mirrors adjusted ina tube. This
instrument, the invention of Sir D. Brew-
ster, consists in its most simple form ofa
tin tube containing two reflecting sur-
faces, inclined to each other at any angle
which is an aliquot part of 360°. The re-
flecting surfaces may be two slips of glass
silverized on the exterior sides, and from
five to ten inches in length; one end of
the tube is fitted with another short tube,
in which are adjusted two circular discs
of glass, between which are the little
objects (bits of coloured glass, &c.,) which
are to form the images. The instrument
being thus prepared, and the eye placed
at the open end, a brilliant circle of light
will be observed divided into as many
sectors as the number of times that the
angle of the reflectors is contained in
360°, and showing some symmetrical and
pleasing figure which may be changed
into something else by simply turning
round the tube. This instrument may be
constructed with three or more reflecting
planes, and then may be arranged in
various ways.

Kacenvers (Arab.), wandering dervises.

Ka’t1, the name given by the Arabians
to an annual plant, the salsola soda, which
grows near the sea shore, and from the
ashes of which they obtained their alkali
for making soap. The Germans use the
name kali to denote caustic potash, and
kalium to denote its metallic basis.

KaLiiIrTHor’Gan, a musical instrument,
played as a piano, and producing an effect
equivalent to a violin, tenor, violoncello,
and double bass, in concert.

Kat’mtia, a genus of beautiful shrubby
plants. Decandria —Monogynia, North
America. Some of the species, as the
laurel, ivy-bush, calico-bush, &c., are
much ia request in our gardens, from the
beauty of their flowers and foliage.

Ka’m1, certain spirits, the beliefin which
is the foundation of the Japanese religion,

Kam’stn, a hot and dry southerly wind,
whieh prevails in Egypt at certain sea-
sons eos the year: named also simoom and
samiel.

eho

KEE 411

KER

KanGar’oo, \ An animal peculiar to

Kanour’oo. ! New Holland. The kan-
garoos form the genus Macropus, Shaw,
and Halmaturus, Illiger. The M. major,
Shaw, sometimes six feet in height, is the
largest of the New Holland animals. It
was discovered in 1779 by Cooke, and is
now bred in Europe.

Kancaro’o Rar, the potoroo of New-

Holland.

Ka’outn, the porcelain earth of the
Chinese, analogous t9 the clay produced
from the felspar of decomposed granite.
Besides kaolin, the Chinese use petunse in
the manufacture of their porcelain.—
Kaolin is essentially composed of silex
and alumine ; the proportions are variable,
but the silex usually predominates. When
pure kaolin is employed in the manufac-
ture of porcelain, some ingredient must
be added as a flux, as when pure it is in-
fusible. There is satisfactory evidence
that kaolin has in most cases, if not in all,
originated from the decomposition of rocks
abounding in felspar, more particularly
from graphic granite, which consists al-
most entirely of quartz and felspar.

Kara, a Tartar word, signifying black:
frequently used as a prefix to geographi-
cal names.

Karm’aTHIANs or KarMaTIANs, a Mo-
hammedan sect, which arose in Irak
during the 9th century a.p.

Ka’va, the name given among oriental
tribes to the juice of a root of the pepper
family (the Piper methysticum), diluted
with water. The juice is extracted by
chewing.

Kep’tan, the name given by Moham-
medans to that point of the compass
where the temple of Mecca stands. See
CaaBA.

Kecx’tinc. Among seamen, the opera-
tion of twining small ropes about a cable
or bolt rope, to preserve its surface from
being fretted by friction against a rocky
bottom, ice, &e.

Kepner, | Among seamen, a small an-

Kepeer. JS chor, used to keep a ship
steady when riding in a river, &c., and
particularly at the turn of the tide to keep
her clear of her bower anchor; also to re-
move her from one part of a harbour to
another, being carried out in a boat and
let go, a process called kedging. The term
is also used when a vessel is brought up
or down a narrow river (stern foremost,
and dragging the anchor), by the force of
the tide, although the wind be contrary.

Kee, Sax. cele, Germ. and Dut. kiel.
1. The principal timber ofa ship, extending
from stem to stern at the bottom, and
supporting the whole frame. Sometimes
a false-keel is put under the first or main
keel, and bolted to it to preserve it from
injury. Keel is also the name of a de-
acription of small vessel, used for carrying

coal on the river Tyne, from Newcastle,
for loading the colliers.——2. In botany,
the lower petals of a papillonaceous corol,
inclosing the stamens and pistil.

KeEeEtHa‘vt, to haul under the keel ofa
ship. Keelhauling is a punishment in-
flicted in the Dutch navy for certain of-
fences. The offender is suspended by a
rope from one yard-arm with weights to
his legs, and a rope fastened to him, lead-
ing under the ship’s bottom to the oppo-
site yard-arm, and being let fall into the
water, he is drawn under the ship’s bot~-
tom and raised on the other side.

KeEEt’son, \ a piece of timber forming

Kexzson, } the interior or counterpart
of the keel of a ship, being laid upon the
middle of the floor timbers, immediately
over the keel, fastened with long bolts
and clinched, and thus serving to bind
the floor timbers upon the keel.

Keep. In old castles, a strong tower into
which the besieged retreated in cases of
extremity.

Keer’er. The keeper of the great seal is
a lord by his office, and a member of the
privy council. He is constituted lord-
keeper by the delivery of the great seal.
The keeper of the privy seal is also a lord
by his office, and a member of the privy
council.

Keepine. In painting, a term denoting
the representation of objects in the same
manner that they appear to the eye, at
different distances fromit. For this the
painter hag secourse to the rules of per-
spective.

Kersu. In metallurgy, a name for the
flakes of carburet of iron which sometimes
cover the surface of the bars of pig-iron.

Ketp, the crude alkaline matter pro-
duced by incinerating various species of
fuci or sea-weed. It yields about five per
cent. of soda.

Ke'tson (of a ship), see KeELson.

Kent’LEDGE, the name sometimes given
to the iron pigs cast in a particular form
for ballasting ships, and employed for that
purpose.

Kep’ter’s Laws, certain analogies be-
tween the distances of the planetary bodies.
and their times of periodic revolution ; as
also between the rate of motion of any
revolving body, whether primary or se-
condary,andits distance from the central
body about which it revolves: first dis-
cussed by John Kepler of Wirtemberg,
the celebrated astronomer and mathema-
tician.

Kep’Ler’s Prozuem, the determining of
the true from the mean anomaly of a
planet, or the determining its place in
the elliptic orbit, answering to any given
time, first proposed by Kepler.

Keri-cueris (Heb.), what is read and
written. In philology, the various read-
ings in the Hebrew “ible.

KEY 412 a

KIN

Ker’mues Insect, the Coccus ilicis, Lin.,
found upon the leaves of a species of oak,
the Quercus iler, which grows in the south
of Europe. This insect is of the same
species as the true Mexican cochineal,
and before the discovery of America was
the most esteemed drug for dyeing scarlet.
The name is a corruption of the Arabic
kirmiran.

Ker’mes MINERAL, a hydro-sulphur-
etted oxide of antimony, so named from
its resemblance in colour to the insect of
that name.

Kercu, a description of vessel equipped
with two masts, rigged with sails, like
the main and mizen mast of a ship.
Ketches are generally used as yachts, or
as bomb-vessels; hence the latter are
called bomb-ketches.

Kercn’vp. In cookery, a sauce obtained
by sprinkling mushrooms with salt, and
letting them stand until great part is re-
solved into a brown liquor, which is then
boiled up with spices.

Ker’rL_e-proumM, an instrument of mar-
tial music composed of two basins of brass
or copper round at the bottom, and coy-
ered with vellum or goat’s-s

Ksv’er. In ships,a piece or "frame of
timber serving to belay the sheets or
great ropes by which the bottoms of the
main-sail and fore-sail are extended.

Kev’et-HEAps. In ships, the ends of the
top timbers which, rising above the
gunwale, serve to belay the ropes or take
a round turn to hold on.

Key, in a general sense, a fastener ; as,
1. In ‘mechanics, a wedge-shaped piece
of iron or wood,
driven firmly into
@ mortise, to tight-
en together the
ee of any fram-

as AB. Also
an instrument by
which the bolt of a
lock is pushed,and
by which a nut
is screwed home
upon its bolt, &c.
—2. In music, the key or keynote is the
fundamental note or tone, to which the
whole piece is accommodated, and with
which it usually begins and ends. There
are two keys, one of the major and one of
the minor mode. Key also sometimes de-
notes a scale or system of intervals, and
the same name is used to designate the
little levers or pieces in the forepart of
an organ or harpischord, by which the
instrument is fingered, which together
are termed the key-board. The small
spring levers attached to flutes, &c., are
also called keys———3. In hydrography, a
ledge or lay of sunken rock. The name
is more especially applied to certain rocks
in the West Indies, the tops of which

rise nearly to the surface of the water;

these are collectively called the Keys.——

Ke A s bape , more commonly written quay
v.).

Key’stone (ofanarch). The last stone
placed on the top thereof, and which being
wedge-shaped, locks all the rest together.

Kuan, an Asiatic governor. In Persia
the word denotes the governor of a pro-
vince ; among the Tartars it is equiva-
lent to king or prince. The word has
been erroneously written Cham, Kan, &c.

Kuetav’r, the robe of honour with
which Asiatic princes confer dignity.

Kuoor’sa. In Mohammedan rituals, the
particular part of the mosque service in
which the sovereign of the country is
prayed for.

Kuou, Pers. bald. A prefix to many
geographical terms.

Kip’ners. In anatomy, these are two
in number, one on each side, the right
under the liver, the left under the spleen.
Their use is to separate the urine from
the blood.

Kir’rexit, a species of clay found in a
large fissure in grey calcareous earth,
near Koniah, in Natolia, and chiefly used
in forming the bowls of Turkish tobacco-
pipes. It is of a yellowish colour, and
when first dug it is of the consistency of
wax. Oonstituents, 50°50 silica, 50 lime,
17°25 magnesia, 5 carbonic acid, and 25
water.

K1KEKUNEM’ALO, a pure resin similar to
copal, but of a more beautiful whiteness
and transparency ; brought from America.
It forms the most beautiful of all var-
nishes.

Kir/perxin, an old liquid measure
equal to 18 gallons beer, and 16 gallons
ale, measure.

Kit’kenny MARBLE, a species of black
marble, full of shells and coralloid bodies

Kir’tapar. In the East Indies, the go-
vernor of a castle.

Ku1’tas, a provincial name, adopted by
geologists, for an argillaceous schist or
slate. The best designation of the killas
rock in this situation (Cornwall) is that
of a minutely grained and highly indu-
rated gneiss that has lost its schistous
character.

Kiv’ocramMe, from ysAsos, 1000, and
gramme. A French weight equivalent
to 2 lbs. 3 oz. 5 dr. 13 gr. avoirdupois, or
1000 grams.

Kitom’erer, from yidsos, 1000, and
metre. A French measure of length
equal to 1000 metres.

Kiva, kina; Cinchona (q. v.)

Kino, in technical Soroaie: answers
to genus.

Kine, a sovereign; Sax. cyng,
kinig, Dut. koning, Dan. konge, Wel, cum
Kings are absolute monarchs when they

4

tlt a ll

KIR 413

EK NI

possess the powers of government with-
out control; limited monarchs when their
power is restricted by fixed laws. They
are hereditary sovereigns when they hold
the government by right of birth, and
elective when raised to the throne by the
choice of the people-——A card having
the picture of a king on it; also the chief
piece in the game of chess.——The sacred
books of the Chinese.

Krine-at-Arms, an officer in England
of great antiquity, and formerly of great
authority, whose business is to direct the
heralds, preside at their chapters, and
have the jurisdiction of armoury. There
are three kings-at-arms, viz., garter, cla-
rencieux and norroy.

Kine-post, the middle post of a truss
frame, for suspending the tie-beam at the
middle and lower ends of the struts.

Kineston, the angel-fish. Squatina
angelus.

Kincs’-Evit, a scrofulous disease in
which the glands are ulcerated. The gift
of curing this disease was formerly attri-
buted to the kings and queens of England,
and had its origin in the time of Edward
the Confessor.

Kine’s YEL’Low, a yellow pigment com-
posed chiefly of orpiment.

Kin’tc Acip, a peculiar vegetable acid
found in all the species of the genus Cin-
chona, and therefore called cinchonic acid,
and kinic acid from kina, a name for cin-
chona. The acid is obtained from the
cinchona bark. It forms salts called
kinates, but they are hardly known.

Kink, a spontaneous twist of a rope,
&¢.; when hard twisted it endeavours to
untwist itself. This is also the vernacu-
lar name in Scotland for the paroxysm in
chin-cough.

Kino, an Indian word. An extractive
matter obtained from various trees, which
grow in the East and West Indies, Africa,
Botany Bay, &c. The kino now found in
the shops is brought from the East In-
dies, and is obtained from a shrubby
plant, the Nauclea gamba, by simply
bruising and boiling the branches and
twigs in water, and evaporating the de-
coction till it acquires the consistence of
ap extract, which is kino.

Kiosk, a Turkish word. A kind of
summer-house with a tent-shaped roof
supported on pillars, introduced from
Persia and Turkey into European gar-
dens, &c

Krpr’per, a term applied to salmon when
unfit to be taken, and to the time when
salmon are so considered.

Kircuwas’ser. 1, An alcoholic liquor
distilled in Germany and Switzerland,
from the Machaleb — called kirchen
or kirschen in Germ

Kirx. In Sete ie 9 wi) A church. (2.)
The Church of Scotland, as distinguished

from dissenting churches. The word is
the Sax. circ or ciric, related to xugiaxy,
from zvgsog, lord.

Kirx-sEssion. A church court, corm-
posed of the minister of the parish and the
elders. 1t examines cases of scandal,
poor’s funds, &c.

Kir-xat, the denomination of a club in
London, to which Addison and Steele be-
longed, and so named from Christopher
Kat, the cook who served the club with
mutton-pies! The word has now become
a common name for a portrait three-
fourths less than half-length, a portrait of
this size having been placed in the club-
room.

Kire. 1. Anignoble bird of prey, ries
Falco milvus, Lin. See Mirvus.—2. A
artificial bird, consisting of a slight
wooden frame covered with paper, used
chiefly as a juvenile plaything by boys.
It has of late been applied to some useful
purposes.

Kyeck, the twisting of a rope or cable
as it is veered 9ut.

Knee. 1. In anatomy, the articulation
of the thigh and leg bones.——2. In car-
pentry, a piece of timber somewhat in the
shape of the human knee when bent,
having two branches or arms, and used to
connect the beams of a ship, for instance,
with her sides or timbers.

Knieut, originaliy a young man after
he was admitted to the privilege of bear-
ing arms. This privilege was conferred
on youths of family and fortune, and
hence sprung the honourable title of
knight in modern usage, which ranks next
to baronet, and entitles the person on
whom it is conferred to be styled Sir, and
his wife Lady. The knight of a shireisa
representative of a county in parliament,
originally a knight, but now any gentle-
man having an estate in land of 6001. a
year is qualified.

KNIGHT-ERRANT, & Wwandering-knight.
One, who in the enthusiasm of chivalry,
set out attended by his esquire or shield-
bearer, with the design of exposing his
life wherever wrong was to be redressed.
Knight-errants were, however, not ex-
actly the amiable creatures which poetry
represents them.

Knicut-HEAps. In ships, bollard-tim-
bers; two timbers rising just without the
stem, one on each side of the bowsprit, to
secure its inner end; also two strong
frames of timber which inclose and sup-
port the ends of the windlas.

Knicuruoop,a military order, honour,
or degree of ancient nobility, conferred as
a reward of valour or merit. It isof four
kinds; military, regular, honorary, or
social.

KNIGHT-MAR’sHAL, an officer of the
royal houséhold, who has cognizance ot

KYA

ale

.

LAB

offences committed within the same, and
of xi] contracts made therein.

Knieur’s Fer. Formerly, a portion of
land held by custom, sufficient to main-
tain a knight, to do service for the king.

Kwicut-sEr’vice, a tenure of lands, ori-
ginally consisting in investiture of lands,
upon express condition that the person so
invested shall serve in the wars of his
lord.

Knot. 1. In nautical language, a division
of the log-line, which answers to half-a-
minute, as a mile does to an hour.——2.
In ornithology, a fen bird, a species of
Tringa.

Knovurt, a punishment in Russia, in-
flicted with a whip.

Knox’s Powver consists of eight parts
of common salt, and three of chloride of

e.

Ko’zotp, Germ., spirit. Corresponding

to the English goblin. Supposed, in Ger-

many, to preside over all domestic opera-

tions. From this word the name of the
metal cobalt is derived.

Kor’tyrirTe, a variety of very pure clay
(silica 14, alumina 45, water 42). It be-
comes transparent in water, and falls to
pieces.

Ko’ran, the Mohammedan book of
faith. See Avcoran.

Ko’r1n, a species of antelope remark-
able for its slender horns.

Kos, a Jewish measure of capacity, con-
taining about 4 cubic inches. The kos
was the cup of blessing, out of which
they drank when they gave thanks after
solemn meals.

Korn, a name given by the Spaniards
to an earthy slimy substance ejected
from the volcanoes of South America.

Kov’miss, the name of a liquor which
the Tartars make by fermenting mare’s
milk, and from which they distil their
favourite intoxicating spirit calied rack.

Kraat, a name among the Hottentots
for a village or collection of huts

/KEN, an immense sea-serpent, said
to be seen occasionally on the coasts of
Norway, and of late years on the North
American coasts. The accounts of these
monsters are so grossly overcharged, and
their dimensions so exaggerated, that it
is common to treat the whole as fable;
yet some of the more recent accounts
seem to claim the attention of naturalists.

Ku’ric Lerrers, the ancient letters of
the Arabic, thus denominated from Kufa

. on the Euphrates.

Kur’FERNICKEL. False copper. <A sul-
phuret of nickel, and the most common
ore of that metal.

Ky’an’s Parent PREPARATION, a process
for preserving timber from the dry rot,
recently invented by Mr. Kyan, consist-
ing of a solution of corrosive sublimate
(perchloride of mercury) in which the tim-

ber is immersed, whereby the pri
element of fermentation is neutralised,
and the fibre of the wood rendered inde-
structible.

Kyr'1eg, the first word of every mass in
music, implying “O Lord,” and joined
with eleison signifies ‘‘ O Lord have mercy
on us.”

L.

L, the twelfth letter of the English
alphabet, is employed as a numeral to
denote 50, and with a dash over it, 50,000.

In music, the syllable by which
Guido denotes the last sound of each
hexachord. When it begins in C, it
answers to one A: when in G, to E: and
when in F, to D.

Lap’apists, a heretical sect, founded by
Jean de Labadie, who held that God can
and does deceive men, that the obser-
vance of the Sabbath is not required, &c.

Laparra’Que’s DisInFEcTING Liquip. A
solution of carbonate of sodaimpregnated
with chlorine.

Las’arum, the imperial standard, upon
which Constantine, after his conversion,
blazoned the monogram of Christ. The
Roman: labarum was arich purple stream-
er supported on a spear, and always borne
before the emperors.

Las’DanuM, or Lapanum, an unctuous
resin, found besmearing the twigs and
leaves of the cystus creticus,a shrub which
grows in the Grecian Islands, and in
Syria: used chiefly in surgery for making
plasters. The best is in dark-coloured mas-
ses, almost black ; but the impurities of the
best kinds amount to abcut of the whole.

La’sex, from Wel. lUWab,a strip. 1. A nar-
row strip or slip of paper or parchment,
con ing a name or title, and affixed to
anything, as an apothecary’s bottle, a
deed in writing, &e:.——2. A long brass
rule, with a small sight at one end of it,
and a centre hole at the other, commonly
used with a tangent line on the edge of
a circumferentor to take altitudes, &c.
——3. In heraldry, a fillet with pendants
or points, usually three in number. It
is commonly an addition to the arms of
a second brother, and is esteemed the
most honourable of differences.

Laxszt’Lum (Lat.), alittle lip. A term
in botany for one of the three pieces
forming the coroHa in orchideous plants.
It differs in size and form from the other
two, and is often spurred.

La‘sta, the lips: plural of labium, a
lip.——2. Corollas of plants are often dis-
tinguished by their labia.

La’B1Ats, lip-letters. A name for such
letters as are pronounced chiefiy by
means of the lips (/abia.)

Lasia’Tz, a natural order of plants

me eee

3 LAC 415

Lac

which have labiete corolle, as mint,
thyme, rosemary, &c.

La’stare, Lat. labsatus, lipped. Applied
to the corols of plants, as those of mint,
sage, &c., which resemble the lips of an

anim:
ea BIUM (Lat.), a lip (See Eabia). 1.In
; the lower lip of insects, the
wiper being the labrum.—2. In concho-
logy, the inner lip of the shell, the outer
lip being the labrum.

La’sour. At sea, when the action ofa
ship in a heavy sea is wneasy, or jerks.

La’sourEeD. In the jine arts, the ap-
pearance of constraint in execution, op-
posed to easy or free.

Las’rapor Fev’spar, ) A mineral, form-

Las’rapor Srone, erly called La-

Lap’RADORITE. brador Horn-
blende. Itis found on the coast of Labra-
dor, particularly on the island of St.
Paul; also in some parts of Europe. It
is a Variety of opaline felspar, distin-
guished by its reflecting very beautiful
colours when the light falls upon it in
certain directions.

Lap’yrintH, Lat. labyrinthus, from
Aabuesvbos. 1, Among the ancients, an
edifice or place formed with winding

es which rendered it difficult to
find the way from the interior to the en-
trance. The most remarkable of these
were the Egyptian and Cretan labyrinths.
—2. In anatomy, that part of the exter-
nal ear which is behind the cavity of the
tympanum, consisting of the cochlea ves-
tibulum and semicircular canal.——3. In
metallurgy, a series of canals distributed in
a stamping-mill, through which water is
transmitted for suspending, carrying off,
and os prerged at different distances, the
ground ores.

Lac (Latin). 1. Milk——2. A peculiar
substance produced by the puncture of an
insect (the female of the Coccus lacca or

ficus,) upon the branches of several trees,

as the bihar-tree (Croton lacciferum), the
pepel (Butea frondosa}, sacred fig (Ficus
Foliviossy, jujube (Rhamnus jujuba), bott-
tree, coosim-tree, &c. It yields a fine red
dye, which is said to be more permanent,
though not so bright, as the Mexican co-
chineal, and a resinous part, used in the
manufacture of sealing-wax and hats, and
asa varnish. The twigs encrusted with
the lac constitute the stick-ilac of com-
merce: and the lac-dye, lac-lake, or cake-
lac consists of the colouring matter ex-
tracted from the stick-lac. When the
colouring matter is extracted by the dyer
from the stick-lac, as far as can be conye-
niently done by water, there remains a
resinous yellow powder, which is seed-lac.
This liquefied by heat forms lump-lac,
when the whole mass is allowed to cool,
but the part which passes through a cotton
bag, and is allowed to cool in thin sheets

or plates of an amber colour, is know. by
the name of shellac or shell-lac.

Lac’cic Acrp, a peculiar acid of a w. ne-
yellow colour, obtained from stick-lac.
See Lac

Lac’ctne, that portion of shell-lac
which is insoluble in boiling alcohol.

Lace, a delicate and beautiful net- work,
tastefully composed of many threads of

gold, silver, silk, flax, or cotton. The
name is said to be a contraction of Lat.
lacinia, the fringe of a garment. There
are many varieties of this beautiful fabric.

Lacer’na (Lat.), an ancient Roman
military cloak, so made that either side
might be worn out.

LacerTIn’1pa, lacertians. A family of
reptiles, distinguished by the tonguc,
which is thin, extensible, and terminates
in two threads, like that of the coluber
and viper. Cuvier divides them into two
great genera, Monitor and Lacerta. They
are Oviparous, and provided with feet.

La’cues. In law, slackness or negli-
gence. The term is Norm. lachesse, from
lache, from Lat. larus, lax.

LacuH’/RYMA, Adxzevpc, a tear. The
lachrymal apparatus are those parts which
secrete and conduct the tears. The l«-
chrymal gland is a glomerate gland, situ-
ated above the external angle of the orbit,
in a depression of the frontal bone. Its
use is to secrete the tears. The lachryma
duct isthe excretory duct of the lachryma'
gland. A branch of the ophthalmic nerve
is also sometimes called the lachrymal
nerve.

Lacn’RyMaATory, a vessel found in an-
cient sepulchres, in which it has been
supposed that the tears (lachryme) of a de-
ceased person’s friends were collected and
preserved with the ashes and urn. It was
a small glass vessel or phial, with a very
long neck.

Lacr’nia, a fringe; laciniate, fringe-
like. Applied to leaves, petals, &c., when
jagged or torn, as it were, on the edges.

Lack, Sanscrit lacsha. An East Indian
word signifying 100,000; as a lack of
rupees.

Lacr’rr, } A solution of lac in alcohol,

Lac’quer. ) used as a varnish for tin,
brass, &c. It is commonly tinged with
saffron, anotto, or some other colouring
matter.——2. Among potters, a mixture of
soft soap and tallow, made by boiling in
water over a clear fire, and used for coat-
ing the surface of moulds to prevent ad-
hesion.

Lacrimo’so. In music, an Italian term,
implying a plaintive movement, as if
weeping.

Lac’rates, salts formed by the combi-
nation of the lactic acid with bases.

Lac’rgeats, from lac, milk. Numerous
minute tubes, commencing by open an¢
very minute orifices from the inner sur-

LAG 416

LAM

face of the intestines, and uniting succes-
sively into larger vessels, till they form
trunks of considerable magnitude. Their
office is to take up the chyle, and transmit
it to the heart; and this substance, in the
higher order of animals, often containing
a multitude of globules, which give it a
milky appearance, gives name to the ves-
sels which contain it.

Lac’rea Via. The milky-way.

Lac’ric Acrp, acid of milk. It existsin
large quantity in butter-milk, and also in
fresh milk in small quantity. Scheele

. first obtained the acid from thesour whey
of clotted milk.

Lactom’ster, from lac, milk, and se-
Tov, measure. An instrument for esti-
mating the quality of milk; called also a
galactometer. The most convenient form
isa graduated glass tube, into which the
milk is poured, and the cream allowed to
separate.

Lacrv’ca, the lettuce. A genusof her-
baceous plants. Syngenesia— Poly. equalis.
Name from lac, milk, in allusion to the
milky juice which exudes from it when it
is wounded. The garden lettuce, L. sativa,
is a native of India. There are, however,
three indigenous species.

Lacu’n# (Lat.), defects. 1. In anatomy,
small cavities in some of the mucous
membranes, in which a secretion of mucus
is carried on.—2. In botany, the opening
of a glandiform body.

Lacunars. In ft AT RS panels or
coffers on the ceilings of apartments, and
sometimes in the soffits of the corona of
the Ionic, Corinthian, and» Composite
orders.

Lacuno’st, Lat. lacunosus, dotted or
pitied. Applied to leaves having the
surface marked with furrows, pits, or de-
pressions

Lapy. " Applied to the daughters of all
peers above the rank of a viscount, and
extended by courtesy to the wives of
knights.

Lavy Cuaret, thename given toasmall
chapel, generally found in ancient cathe-
drals, behind the screen of the high altar.
It is usually dedicated to the Virgin
Mary, by Catholics called Our Lady.

Lapy-pay, the 25th of wae so called
because it is the day of the Annunciation
of the Virgin Mary.

Lzmopir’opa, from Acs pos, the throat,
and ove, a foot; an order of throat-footed
malacostracians with sessile eyes. They
are the only crustaceans in which the
anterior feet, that correspond to the
second foot-jaws, form part of the head.
The leameodipods are all comprehended in
the genus Cyamus, Latreille, and are all
marine.

Lacoon’, } Ital. laguna. A salt-water

Lacuné, ) lake, fen, or marsh.

Lac’orpHTHALMY, from Aayos, a hare,
and ogfaAmos, an eye; the hare’s-eye. A
disease in which the eye cannot be shut,
but remains open like that of the hare,
even when the individual is asleep.

Lac’oTHRIx, the name given by Geoffrey
toa subgenus of Quadrumana, from ayes,
a hare, and OesE, hair. The Caparo, the
Grison, the Sajeu, the Capuchin, the
Horned-sajou, &c., from South America
are species. They are named weeping-

s, from their soft uisintive voice.
They are said to be remarkable gluttons.

Lairp, from Sax. Alaford, lord. In Scot-
land, the proprietor of a manor.

Lake, 1. Lat. lacus. An extensive col-
lection of inland water, having no direct
communication with the ocean.——2. Fr.
lac. A name which comprehends all those
colours which consist of vegetable dye
combined by. precipitation with a white
earthy basis, usually alumina. Thus ifa
solution of alum be added to a solution of
madder, a precipitate falls, consisting of
alumina and the colouring matter of the
madder. The precipitation is assisted by
an alkali. In this way the yellow lakes
are obtained from Persian or French ber-
ries, the red lakes (of which the finest.is
carmine), from cochineal, kermes, &c., the
blue lakes from indigo. Prussian blue,
cobalt blue, and ultramarine, serve all the
purposes of the blue lakes, and green lakes
are made by mixing the yellow lakes with
the blue pigments. Lakes are much used
in painting in water colours. —

Latta’tion, that species of vicious pro-
nunciation in which the letter J is substi-
tuted for r.

La’ma. There are two species of this
animal, the Camelus Wacma, Lin., and _
Camelus vicunna, Lin. The first is th
Lama, or Llama, properly so called, onl
was the only beast of burden in Peru at
the time of the conquest; the second is
called the Paco, and affords a fine wool,
extremely soft, and highly valued for
manufacturing in fine fabrics——2. A
title bestowed upon Mongolian priests of
every degree; and among the Calmucks
rit ea to the higher classes of priests
only.

_ Lamspor’pat, from Awweda and tides,

an epithet for one of the sutures of the

cranium, from its supposed resemblance
in form to the Greek letter A.

Lam’evza (Lat.), a thin plate or scale:
used generally in the plural lamella.
Hence lamellated, composed of thin plates,
layers, or scales ; and lamellar, foliated

LaMELLICOR’NEs, the sixth family ‘of
Pentamerous Coleoptera, distinguished by
their foliated or lamellar horns (cornu, a
horn). Cuvier divides these insects into
two tribes; the Scarabeides and the
Incanides.

eh Ata al el

LAN -

417

LAN

AMELLIF’EROUS, from lamella, a scale,

a@ fero, to bear; bearing scales.——2.
Having a foliated structure.

LAMELLIROS'TRES, the fourth family of
Palmipedes in the arrangement of Cuvier,
so named because the edges of the bill
(rostrum) which is usually thick, are fur-
nished with lameile, arranged like teeth
placed transversely. The goose, swan,
merganser, &c., are examples.

Lamia‘R1#, a tribe of Tetramerous Co-
leoptera, belonging to the family of Lon-
gicornes, and distinguished by their ver-
tical head and filiform palpi. The Cayenne
Harlequin is an example.

Lam‘ina (Lat.),a thin plate, scale, layer
or stratum : used commonly in the plural
lamine. Hence also laminated, disposed
in layers, scales or plates ; and lamination,
arrangement in layers.

La’MtIvum, the Nettle, a genus of herba-
ceous plants; D 5 mia ’
named from a mountain in Ionia. There
are four indigenous species.

Lam’mas-pay, the first day of August.
A festival in memory of St. Peter’s im-
prisonment.

Lammas’men. When the Salmon-trout
{Salmo trutta, Yarr.) is returning to the
sea in the months of January and Febru-
ary, numbers of it are taken in the Forth
and Tay, and sent to the Edinburgh mar-
ket under this name.

Lampapopnuo’ria, Gr. carrying torches.
A torch race, exhibited at certain Athe-
nian festivals.

Lamp’-BLAck, a fine soot formed by the
condensation of the smoke of burning
pitch, or other resinous substance.

Lam’pic Acip. When the cotton wick
of a spirit of wine lamp is surmounted by
a spiral coil of platinum wire; and when,
ha been some time lighted, the
fiame is blown out, the coil still continues
ignited, and a current of hot vapour con-
tinues to rise as long as the spirit lasts.
This vapour is lampic acid, and may be
condensed into a liquid by cold, It is
probably a mixture of the formic and the
acetic acid, in which the carbon and hy-
drogen are not fully oxidated.

Lampy’rives, a tribe of Pentamerous
Coleoptera, of which the genus Lampyris
is the type. The insects of this tribe are
distinguished by being phosphorescent,
whence they are termed glow-worms, fire-
Jiies,&c. The species are very numerous.

Lam’pyris, the Fire-fly, a genus of
Pentamerous Coleoptera, placed among

the Serricornes by Cuvier. See Lampy-
RIDES.
Lana Putitosorpn’onum, Philosophers’

Wool: Lana Puttosopy’ica, Philosophical
Wool, old names for flowers of zinc: the
snowy flakes of oxide which result from
the combustion of zinc.

La’nats, Lat. lanatus, woolly Applied

to the stems, leaves, &c. of plants when
covered with woolly matter.

Lan’ceouatsZ, Lat. lanceolatus, lance ot
spear-shaped. Applied to leaves, petals,
seeds, &c., of a narrow oblong form, taper-
ing towards each end. Applied also simi-
larly in entomology and conchology.

Lan’‘cIFoRM, lanceolate or spear-
shaped.

Lanp. In nautical language this word
makes part of several compound terms,
viz. 1. To lay the land, is to lose sight of
land by sailing away from it.——2. To
make the land, is to discover land from sea
as the ship approaches it.——3. To set the
land, is to see by the compass how it
bears from the ship.—4. A land-fall, is
the first land discovered after a sea-
voyage, and is good or bad according as
it is near to or distant from the place to
which the course was directed.

Lan’/DAMMAN, the president of the Hel-
vetic republic.

Lanpav’, a sort of coach or carriage,
the top of which parts and may be thrown
back, so as to form an open carriage; sc
called from a town in Germany, where ii
was first used.

Lanv’-BREEZE, a current of air which,
in many parts within the tropics, particu-
larly in the West Indies, regularly sets
from the land towards the sea during the
night, and this even on opposite points of
the coast. It depends on the relative
temperatures of the land and water.

Lanv’crave (Ger. landgraf from graf,
an earl), a title in Germany correspond-
ing to earl in England, and count in
France. It is now a title of certain
princes who possess estates or territories
called landgraviates.

LANDREEVE, an assistant to the steward
of an estate.

Lanv’LocxeD, is said of a harbour
which is environed by land on all sides,
so as to exclude the prospect of the sea,
unless over some intervening land.

Lanv’ Remains, those remains of ter-
restrial animals and vegetables found
everywhere on digging in the earth,
mostly interchanged with strata con-
taining marine remains. See Fossit.

Lanv’ Orrice, an office in most colo-
nies in which the sales of new lands are
registered, and warrants issued for the
location of land, and where other busi-
Does Pemecting unsettled land is trans-

‘ted.

Lanp’siip, a portion of land which has
been separated from the main dy,
usually on the side of a hill, in conse-
quence of long continued rains, or other
cause, and has slipped to a lower situation.
Landslips are often attended, like the
fall of avalanches, with fatal effects.

Lanp Sprines, sources of water which
are in action only after heavy rains, dis-

25

LAN

418

LAR

tinguished from constant springs, which
flow throughout the year.

Lanp Srewarp, one who superintends
a landed estate.

Lanv’ Walrrer, an officer of the Custom-
house, whose duty is, upon the landing
of any merchandise, to examine the
same, and take due account thereof.

Lan’DweEur, Ger. land-guard, the mili-
tia of Prussia and Austria.

Lan’Gret, Lan’crace, a particular
kind of shot, used at sea for tearing sails
and destroying rigging. It is formed of
bolts, nails, and other pieces of iron tied
together, and is seldom used except by
privateers and merchantmen.

Lan’ecuep. In heraldry, an epithet for
an animal whose tongue projects from its
mouth, and is represented in coat armour
of a different tincture from the rest of the
body.
Lancvuer'ntE (It.) In music, signifies to
be performed softly or languishingly.

Lancuetre’, a French name for the
tongue of a jack in a harpsichord or
spinet. The valve which opens or shuts
the windchest in an organ, to let the air
into the pipes when a key is pressed
down.

Lan’IARD, a short piece of rope or line
fastened to several things in a ship, to
secure them in their places or to manage
them more corveniently, as the laniards
of the gun-ports, of the buoy, of the cat-
hook, &c. The name is, however, given
more especially to those used to extend
the shrouds and stays of the masts by
their communication with the dead-
eyes, &c.

La’nivs, the shrike or butcher-bird
(q.v.). A genus of passerine birds be-
longing to the family Dentirostres, Cuv.
Name from lanio, to tear in pieces. The
genus is variously subdivided.

Lan’savenets. The German infantry
raised by Maximilian to oppose the Swiss,
in the 15th century.

Lantern, Fr. lanterne. A well-known
machine, of which there are many used
aboard ships, as poop-lanterns, top-lan-
terns, signal-lanterns, store-room lan-
terns, powder-room lanterns, &c.——1. In
architecture, a little dome or turret raised
on the roof of a building to give light and
serve as acrowning. The term is also
used for a square cage of carpentry placed
over the ridge of a corridor or gallery,
between two rows of shops, to illumine
them, as in the Royal Exchange, London.
—2. A dark lantern is one with only a
single opening, which may also be shut
up when the light is wished to be en-
tirely hidden.

Lan’TERN-FLY, an insect common in
South America. It is a species of Ful-

gora, and emits a strong phosphorescent
light from the head or lantern.

Lanv’etnosz, | Lat. lanuginosus, having

epee S sont wocl or down, la-
nugo: applied in natural history

Lanv’co (Latin), ¢ down or soft ‘wool, as
that which grows on some leaves, fruits,

Lan’ yarD. In a ship, certain lashings
whether fixed or temporary.

Larr'pary, from lapis,a stone. One who
polishes and engraves gems. The lapidary
style signifies the style proper for monu-
mental and other inscriptions.

Laripirica’rion, from lapis, stone and

Jio, to become. The conversion into stone

of some other substance.

Lap’sana, the ripple-wort. A genus of
herbaceous plants Syngenesia — Poly.
@qualis. Temperate climates. There are
two British species, called also dock-
cresses.

Lapse. In ecclesiastical law, the omission
of a patron to present to a benefice
within six months.

Lap-sIDED, the state of a ship when
built in such a manner as to have one of
the sides heavier than the other; and by
consequence to retain a constant heel or
inclination to the heavier side.

Lap’wine. In orni , the lapwings
form the genus Vanellus, Bechstein, and
the genus Tringa, Linneweus. The common
lapwing is the Tringa vanellus, Lin. The
lapwing plovers constitute the genus
Squatarola, Cuy. These birds are com-
mon in Europe.

Lar’arnium. In ancient architecture, the
apartment in which the household gods
were deposited.

Lar’soarp (of a ship). The left-hand
side when the face is turned to the stem
or head: opposite the starboard (q.v.).
Larboard tack is when the ship is close-
hauled with the wind blowing on her
larboard-side. Larboard-watch is the di-
vision of a ship’s company on duty when
the other is relieved from it.

Lar’BOWLINES, a Cant term used by the
boatswain’s mates, implying the lar-
board-watch.

Lar’ceny, Norm. larcim ; Celtic lladron,
thieves. Petty theft. The stealing of any-
thing below the value of 12d.is petty lar-
ceny, above that value, grand larceny.

Larcu. In botany, a name corrupted

m larix. The common larch is the
pinus lariz of Europe; the black larch is
the pinus pendula of North America; the
red larch is the pinus microcarpa of North
America.

La’res, the household gods of the Ro-
mans.

Larce. 1. In nautical language, a term
applied to a wind when it crosses the
line of a ship’s course in a favourable di-
rection, particularly on the beam or quar-
ter.—2. In music, the greatest measure
equal t© two longs.

ng as

LAS 419

LAT

Larceer’ro (It.) In -music, a little
quicker than largo.

Lar’eo. In music, an Italian term for
a slow movement, one degree quicker
than adagio.

Larx’spur. In botany. See Detrui-
wium. The Brifish species is the L. con-
solida, an annual.

Lar’MiEr, a French term, used in archi-
tecture synonymously with corona, the
upper member of a cornice. In the Go-
thic architecture it is a sort of plinth, the
upper surface of which is inclined, and
the inferior part hollowed in a round
canal, to throw the water from the wall.

La’rus, the gull. A genus of birds.
Order Palmipedes; Family Longipennes,
Cuy. The gulls are voracious and cow-
ardly birds; they swarm about the sea-
shore and feed on fish, dead bodies, &c.
They have been divided into goelands,
which embrace the great black gull, L.
marinus and L. glaucus, and mavuves or
mouettes, which embrace the smaller spe-
cies. The common gull is the L. cyano-
rhyncus, Meyer. It feeds on shell-fish.

Lar’va, Lat. larva, a mask.- An insect
in the caterpillar state. The adjective
tarval is applied to a larva, and also toa
disease of the skin, a svecies of porrigo.

Lar’vatE, Lat. larvavus, masked; ap-
plied in entomology.

Larvir’ara, Lat. larva and pario, I
bring forth. Those insects are so called
which bring forth larve instead of eggs.

LarynN’GEAL, appertaining to the la-
rynx,as the laryngeal nerves and arteries.

LARYNGIS’‘MUS, a genus of disease
formed by Dr. M. Good to include the af-
fection commonly called spasmodic croup,
which he,in connection with most others,
regards as depending on spasm of the
muscles which close the larynx.

Larxner't1s, inflammation ofthe larynx,
a dangerous disease.

Laryncorn’ony, from larynz,and gayy,
the voice. The sound of the voice as
heard through the stethoscope applied
over the larynx.

Laryn’‘cotomy, from larynx, and renyw,
to cut. The same as bronchotomy (q. v.).

La’RxNnx, Aaevyg. A cartilaginous ca-
vity, situated behind the tongue, in the
anterior part of the fauces. It is the
organ of voice.

Las’car, in the East Indies, a camp-fol-
lower. The term is employed by Euro-
peans to designate native seamen.

Laserri’rium, a genus of perennial
plants. Pentandria—Digynia. Hereules’-
all-heal, or wound-wort, heart-wort, or
sermountain, the white gentian, &c., are
species, and by some the popular name
juser-wort is applied to all the species.

}-arope.
Lasr, a load; hence a certain weight or

measure. The last, however, varies with
respect to different articles. Thus a last
of codfish, white herrings, meal and ashes,
is 12 barrels, a last of corn is 10 quarters,
of gunpowder, 24 barrels, of red herrings,
20 cades, of hides, 12 dozen, of leather, 20
dickers, of pitch and tar, 14 barrels,
of wool, 12 sacks of flax, and feathers,
1700 Ibs.

Later’n. A lateen sail is a triangular
sail, extended by a lateen yard, which is
slung about a quarter the distance from
the lower end, which is brought down at
the tack while the other end is elevated
at an angle of 45°: used in zebecs, pol-
acres, and setees, in the Mediterranean.

La’TENT, Lat. latens, hidden. When any
body is in equilibrium with the bodies
which surround it with respect to its heat,
that quantity which it contains is not
perceptible by any external sign, and is
therefore termed combined caloric or
latent heat. See Hvar and Catoric.

Larerat Operation. A surgical term
applied to one of the methods of cutting
for the stone.

La’TERAN CouNcILs, those councils held
in the basilica of the Latin Church at
Rome.

Lav’erRE. A legate 4 latere is a pope’s
legate or envoy: so called, because sent
from his side from among his assistants
and counsellors.

Lareriro’Liovs, from latus, a side, and
folium, a leaf. An epithet for flowers
hierar grow on the side of a leaf at the

ase.

LatH. 1. From Celtic, llath,arod. A
thin narrow slip of wood nailed to the
rafters of a roof, &c., to receive the plaster.
Runners used to support tiles are also
called laths. Sap and deal laths are used
for the former purpose, heart-of-oak laths
for the latter.——2. From Sax. lew, from '
lewian, to call together ; a part or division
of a country. According to the laws of
Edward the Confessor, the lath in some
countries, answered to the ¢rithing or third
part in others.

Laru-sricxs, a peculiar sort of bricks
made in some parts of England of 22 inches
in length and 6 inches in breadth. They
are used in place of laths or spars, sup-
ported by pillars in oasts, for the drying
of malt, and are vastly superior to wood.

Larue, a very useful engine or machine
for the turning of wood, ivory, iron, &c.

LATH-FLOATED AND Set-FaiR. In archi-
tecture, three-coat plaster work. The first
is called pricking up, the second, floating,
the third or finishing is done with fine
stuff.

LaTH-tarp anp Set, two-coat plaster
work. The first coat is called laying.

LATH-PLASTERED, SET, AND COLOURED.
The same as lath-iaid, set, and coloured.

Laru-prickep Up, FLOATED, AND SET

282

LaT 420

LAU

ror Parzn. The same as lath-floated and
sez fair.

Larx’yrvs, the vetch; an extensive ge-
nus of herbaceous plants. Diadelphia=—De-
candria. Name adopted from Theophras-
tus, whose Acwbuecs appears like curs to
be something of the pea or vetch kind.
There are seven indigenous species.

Lar‘ictave, Lat. laticlavium. The orna-
ment of dress worn by the Roman sena-
tors: from latus, broad, and clarus, a stud.
It is supposed to have been a broad stripe
of purple on the forepart of the tunic, set
‘with knobs or studs.

Latir’oLiaTE, | from latus, broad, and

Lartir’ouiovs, | folium, a leaf. Broad-
leaved: applied to plants.

Latis’simus Dorst. A broad muscle of
the back which acts upon the os humeri.

Larirat. In law, a writ which pre-
supposes that the defendant lurks (latitat),
and cannot be found in the county of
Middlesex, but is gone to some other
county to the sheriff whereof the writ is

ted.

Lar’irup£, breadth, from Jaius, broad.
1. In geography, the distance of any place
on the globe north or south of the equa-
tor; a particular degree reckoned from
the equator either north or south. The
small circles parallel to the equator are
hence called parallels of latitude, and show
the latitude of places by their intersections
with the meridians. The difference of lati-
tude is anarc of the meridian, or the near-
est distance between the parallels of lati-
tude of two places.——2. In astronomy,
the latitude ofa star is its distance from
the ecliptic, being an arc of latitude ofa
circle of the same, reckoned from the
ecliptic towards the poles, either north or
south. The circle of latitude is a great
circle passing through the poles of the
ecliptic, and consequently perpendicular
toit. Latitude of the moon: this is called
north ascending when she proceeds from
the ascending node towards her northern
limit or greatest elongation; and north
descending when she returns from her
northern limits towards the descending
node. It is similarly called south descend-
ing when she proceeds from her descend-
ing node towards her southern limit; and
south ascending when she returns from
her southern limit towards her ascending

node. The same is applicable to the
planets. The heliocentric latitude of a
planet is its distance from the ecliptic,
such as it would appear from the sun, in
contradistinction to its geocentric latitude,
which is its latitude as seen from the earth.

Latitrvpina’Rians. In ecclesiastical his-
tory, a sect of divines in the time of
Charles II., opposed equally to high
churchmen and dissenters. It is now ap-
plied to those who doe not adopt the more

rigid pees of Scripture, or merely
as a party te

Lar’Ria. joe Catholics, the higher
worship, or that paid to ee as distin-
a, from dulia, which is paid to

Lar’tren, Fr. leton, or laiton. A name
sometimes given to tin-plates, that is, thin
plates of iron tinned over. See Trn.

Lar’ren-Brass, plates of milled brass,
reduced to different thicknesses, acco:

to the uses they are intended for.

Lat’rer-matH. In agriculture, the
second math or mowing.

La’tus Rectum. In conic sections, the
parameter. Latus traversum, the trans-
verse axis.

Lavup‘anum, Lat., from laudare, to
praise. A pharmaceutical preparation,
thus named on account of its valuable pro-
perties. It is simply a spirituous tincture
of opium.

Lavps, Lat. laudes, praise. In Roman
Catholicism, the prayers formerly used at
day-break. They are now confounded
with matins.

Lavunce. In ichthyoloyy, a name com-
mon to two species of ammodytes,or sand-
eels. (1.) The A. lancea, Yarr., called also
the riggle, or small-mouthed launce. (2.)
The A. tobianus. Yarr., called horner,
or wide-mouthed launce. These inhabit
the British coasts, in sandy localities.
eee are much valued by fishermen for

ait.

Lavuncx. 1. A particular kind of long-

t.——2. The movement by which a
ship or boat descends from the stocks into
the water: hence to launch.

Lavuncu Ho, the order to let go the top-
rope when the top-mast is fidded.

LaunDER, a name given in metal-
lurgy to along shallow trough, which re-
ceives the powdered ore after it comes out
of the stamping-mill.

Lav’ReEATE, Lat. laureatus, laurelled.
The poet-laureate was formerly an officer
of the royal household, whose business
was to compose a birth-day ode for the
monarch, and another for the new-year ;
but these obligations are now
with. The title was conferred by Ed-
ward IV.

Lavrza’tion, the act of taking a degree
in a university. The symbol used to be a
wreath of laurel, and the grand distinc-
tion, excellence in writing verse!

Lav’RIn, a peculiar acrid and bitter ve-
getable principle, obtained from the ber-
ries of the Zaurus nobilis, a beautiful
evergreen shrub, a native of Italy, but
much cultivated in the shrubberies of this

country. Laurin is insoluble in water,

and but slightly soluble in alcohol. It
crystallises in needles resembling asbestos.

Laurus, the laurel or bay tree. Agenus
of trees of about twenty species. Enne-

LAW 421

LAX

andria—Monogynia. Name from laus,
praise, it being the custom to crown the
heads of eminent men with wreaths of
laurel. The logwood of Jamaica, the ben-
jamin-tree of Virginia, the sassafras-tree
of North America, the alligator-pear of
the West Indies. and the sweet-bay of
Europe, are the most interesting species.
The cinnamon and camphor trees are now
referred to the genus Cinnamonum (q.v.).

Lav’RusTINE, a fine evergreen shrub,
the Viburnus tinus, anative of the South
of Europe.

La’va, the matter which flows in a
melted state from a volcano. Kirwan de-
rives the word from Gothic lopa, but it
seems more probably to be an Italian
word from Lat. lavo, to purge, or wash
away. Felspar usually composes half the
mass of modern lavas, and when this is in
great excess they are said to be trachytic.
On the other hand, when augite pre-
vails, they are basaltic. Lava is distin-
guished, according to the circumstances

‘which accompany its consolidation, itito

compact, cellular, and cavernous lava. In
issuing from the crater, it has commonly
the consistence of honey, butit is some-
times so liquid as to penetrate the fibre of
wood. Itis a bad conductor of heat, and
therefore retains its heat, when in masses,
for an astonishing length of time.

Lavan’DULA, } Lavender, a genus of

Laven’Dvta. J plants, Didynamia —
Gymnospermia. Name from lavo,to wash,
because, on account of its fragrance, it
was wont to be used in baths. The com-
mon lavender, L. spica, cultivated in our
gardens, is a native of the South of Eu-
rope. The essential oil, called lavender,
is obtained from its flowers by distilla-
tion, and possesses all their fragrance.

Lav’ENDER. 1. In botany, see LAVANDULA.
—2. An essential oil, obtained from the
flowers of the Lavandula spica. The alco-
holic solution of this oil is sold under the
name of lavender-water.

La’ver, Fr. lavoir, from laver, to wash.
1. In antiquity,a basin placed in the court
of the Jeyish tabernacle, where the offi-
ciating priests washed their hands, and
the entrails of victims.——2. In botany,
the brook-lime, Veronica beccabunga ; also
a species of ulva, eaten as a delicacy.

La’VERBREAD, a sort of food made of a
marine Y emt: otherwise called oyster-
green and sea-liverwort.

Law, Sax. laga or lak, fromlecgan, Goth.
laggan, to lay, set, or fix. 1. An esta-
blished rule, prescribed by the supreme
power of a state to its subjects, for regu-
lating their actions, particularly their
social actions. Laws are of four kinds—
declaratory or permissive, when they simply
declare what may be done without incur-
ringa penalty ; prcehibitory or pena}, when
they forbid certain things to be done or

omitted ; tmperative or mandatory, when
they command what is to be done; and
remedial, when their object is to redress
some injury done, or remove some incon-
veniency. Municipal or civil laws are
rules of conduct established by decrees,
edicts, or ordinances enacted by the su-
preme power of the state; natural law
comprehends those rules of conduct aris-
ing out of the natural relations of human
beings, established by the Creator, and
existing prior to, and independent of, any
positive precept. The laws of nations re-
gulate the mutual intercourse of nations,
and depend on natural law, or the prin-
ciples of justice, which spring from the
social state. Written law is that promul-
gated and recorded in statutes, &c. Com-
mon law is that established by use and
wont, but which can be traced to no posi-
tive statute. Ecclesiastical law has for its
object the government of a church, other-
wise called canon law. The code of laws
prescribed by Moses to the Jews is deno-
minated the Mosaic law, and that part of
the Mosaic institutions which prescribes
the ceremonies to be observed, is termed
the ceremonial law. There are also martial
iaws for the government of an army ;
marine laws for the regulation of the
commercial intercourse of nations; moral
laws prescribing to men their religious
and social duties.——2. ysical laws,
or laws of nature. The invariable ten-
dency or determination of any species
of matter to a particular form, with de-
finite properties, and the determination
of a body to certain motions, changes, and
relations, which uniformly take place in
the same circumstances, is called a physi-
cal law. These tendencies or determina-
tions, whether called laws or affections of
matter, have been established by the Cre-
ator, not by enumerating all individuab
contingencies, and laying down particular
laws, but by enduing the elements of the
material universe with certain fixed qua-
lities and powers, of which all their sub-
sequent relations shall be inevitable con-
sequences.

Law Lanevaceg, the language used in
legal writings, particularly the Norman
dialect, or old French, which was used in
England in judicial proceedings, from the
days of William the Conqueror to the
36th year of Edward III.

wn, Fr. and Ger. linon, from lin, flax.
In Celtic, lan. A sort of clear or open
linen fabric, formerly only manufactured
in France and Flanders, but now exten-
sively manufactured in Scotland and the
north of Ireland. The name is also given
to an imitation fabric of cotton.——2. In
gardening, a surface of turf in pleasure
grounds kept smoothly mown.

Laxa’tor, from lazo, to loosen. Aname
applied to muscles, &c., tbe office of which

LEA 422

LEA

is to relax parts into which they are in-
serted.

Lay, an epithet in ecclesiastical law for
whatever relates to the laity or people.
In agriculture, see Lwa.

Lay-BroTHERs. Persons received into
convents of monks under the three vows,
but not in holy orders.

Lay-cLeRK, a vocal officiate in a ca-
thedral.

Lay Exvpers. In Presbyterian churches,
persons who assist the pastor of each con-
gregation, but not ordamed as clergymen.

Layer. 1. A stratum.—2. In horti-
culture, a twig or shoot of a plant bent
down and covered with mould for growth
or propagation.

Lay’tnc. In architecture, the first coat
on lath of plasterers’ two-coat work.

Lay’MAN, Aagizos. 1. The appellation
by which the people are distinguished
from the clergy.——2. In painting, a
small statue (called also lay figure), with
flexible joints, to be put into any attitude
for the purpose of adjusting the drapery.

Lazarer’r0, Ital. from Lazarus. A pest-
house or establishment to facilitate the
performance of quarantine, and particu-
larly the purification of goods.

Laz’arists. In ecclesiastical history, a
body of missionaries founded by St. Vin-
cent de Paul, in 1632, named after their
head-quarters in the priory of St. Lazarus,
at Paris.

Laz’aRvs, ORDER OF Saint. A military
order of religious persons for the purpose
of maintaining lepers, &c. in hospitals.

Laz’uLirz, a mineral of a light blue
colour, supposed to be a sub-species of
lapis lazuli. The name is used by some
mineralogists for the lapis lazuli itself.

Lazzaro’n!, the poorer classes at Naples,
named after the hospital of St. Lazarus,
where Lazars went for refuge.

Lza, arable land which has remained
for two or more years out of crop or in
sagged The word is Saxon, and signi-

es a field.

Leap, Sax. laed. A well-known metal
of a bluish grey colour, with considerable
lustre, but soon tarnished by exposure to
the atmosphere. Sp. gr. 11°35; fuses at
612° F. It is found in considerable quan-
tities in many parts of the earth, in dif-
ferent states, but rarely in the metallic
state. It is found in that of oxide, red
lead ore, mixed with iron and some earths;
in the state of carbonate forming sparry
lead ore, and lastly mineralised with sul-
phur forming galena, which is by far the
most abundant ore. Its protoxide preci-
pitated by potash, when simply dried, is
massicot, but when somewhat vitrified it
constitutes litharge, and combined with
carbonic acid, ceruse, or white lead. Mas-
sicot exposed for about 48 hours to the
flame of a reverberatory furnace becomes

red lead or minium. The te eg and salts
of lead are poisonous.——2. hyrogra-
phy, the lead is an i for discover-
ing the depth of water. It consists of a
large piece of lead attached to a long line
called the /ead-line, which is marked off
into fathoms. The deep-sea lead differs in
nothing except its size and the greater
length of its line from the common lead.

Leapvinc Nore. In music, the sharp
seventh of the scale.

Lea’pInc Winp, a free or fair wind, in
distinction to a scant wind.

Leaps, or Space Lives. In composing,
pieces of type metal employed to fill up
the blank spaces in a page of type. -

LxEarF-BRIDGE. Hoist Bridge. A descrip-
tion of draw-bridge consisting of two
opening leaves, now little

LeaGve, a measure of length contain-
ing more or fewer geometrical paces ac-
cording to the usages of different coun-
tries. A league at sea is 2000 geometrital
paces =3 English miles.

league varies from 3000 to 3500 paces ; the

mean or common league consists of 2400
paces, and the little league of 2000 paces ;
17 Spanish leagues make a degree. The
Dutch and German ieagues are the same,
and measure four geographical miles. The
term is of Celtic origin, and primarily
meant a stone erected on the publicroads
in the manner of the modern mile-stones.
——2. In politics, from ligo, to bind; a
confederacy between states for their mu-
tual aid and defence: a national contract
or compact. A league may be offensive,
as when the parties unite in attacking a
common enemy, or defensive, as when the
parties agree to defend each other against
a common enemy ; or it may be both.

Leax’aGe, the quantity which runs out
of a cask through a leak.——2. An allow-
ance in the customs granted to importers
of wines, &c., for the waste and damage
supposed to be incurred by keeping.

Lean-to. In architecture, a small build-
ing whose side-walls and roof project
from the wall of a larger building.

Lear-yEar. Bisseztile. Every fourth
year is so called, from its leaping a day
more than in common years. In leap-year
February has 29 days instead of 28.
BIssEXTILE.

Lease, from Fr. laisser. A demise or
letting of lands, tenements, or heredita-
ments, to another for life, for a term of
years or at will, for a rent or compensa-
tion reserved; also the contract for such
letting. The party letting the lands, &c.
is called the lessor, and the party to whom
they are let, the lessee.

LEAS’ING-MAKING. In Scottish law,ver-
bal sedition : the uttering of words tend-
ing to excite discord between the sove~
reign and the people.

Lear, Sax. laet. An artificial channel

i

ae ee

LEE

423

LEG

for conducting water for the working of
waterwheels and other purposes.

Leatn’&r, Ger. and Dut. leder. The skin
of animals,so modified by chemical means
as to remain unaltered in circumstances
where it would be decomposed if in its
natural state. The chemical process em-
ployed is tanning; and tanning consists
im bringing tannin to act upon the gela-
tinous substance of the skin with which
it forms really a compound, and in some
measure a new substance, and this sub-
stance is leather.

Lzc’tionary, from lectio,a reading ; the
Romish service-book.

LecrisrEer’N1UM, Lat. lectus, a couch, and
sternere, to prepare. A religious cere-
mony among the ancient Romans, cele-
brated in times of public calamity.

Lzc’ror. In the early church,one who
read the Bible and other religious wri-
tings to the people.

Leper, Leper MENT, a longitudinal pro-
jection from a plane.——2. A smali piece
of timber placed athwart ships under the
deck between the beams.——3. A ridge
of rocks near the surface of the sea.

Leperr. 1. From leger (q.v.), the prin-
cipal book of accounts kept by merchants
and tradesmen, wherein each person’s ac-
count is placed by itself, from the journal.
—2. In architecture, &c., the horizontal
pieces fastened to the standard poles or
timbers of scaffolding, raised around
buildings during their erection, are
termed, ledgers ; and those which rest
upon the ledgers are called putlogs; and

on these the boards for working upon are '

laid.——3. In music, ledger-lines, (from
the Dutch, /egger, to lie,) are short lines
placed above or below the staff, to indi-
cate the higher and lower notes.

_, LE'DUM; a genus of shrubby plants.

tea (L. latifolium) is a species; and the
marsh ledum (LZ. palustre) is extensively
used in Prussia to tan the skins of goats,
calves, and sheep, into a reddish leather
of an agreeable smell; also in the pre-
paration of the oil of birch, for making
Russia leather. The species are all hardy.

Ler. In nautical language, the side op-
posite tothewind. The lee-shore is that
on which the windblows. A lee-tide runs
in the same direction that the wind
blows.

Ler-Boarp, a frame of timber fixed to
the side of a flat-bottomed vessel, to pre-
vent it from: falling to leeward when
close hauled.

Leet. Court Leet. A court of record
ordained for punishing offences against
the Crown, and said to be the oldest in
the land.

Ler’warp, in the direction towards
which the wind blows.

Lex’ war, the lateral movement ofa ship

The Labrador |

to the leeward of her course, or the angle
which the line of her way makes with
her keel.

Lee’acy (Lat. legatum, from lego, to be-
queath); a bequest or gift by will. The
person bequeathing is the ¢estator ; and
he to whom the effects are bequeathed is
the legatee. When no time is specified,
legacies are payable one year after the
death of the testator.

Leea’Lis Ho’mo (Lat.), a lawful man, or
one who stands rectus in curia, not out-
lawed, excommunicated, or infamous.

Lee’ate (Lat. legatus, from lego, to
send); a kind of spiritual ambassador
from the pope.

Leca’tion (Lat. legatio, from lego, to
send) ; an embassy or deputation.

Leea’to. In music, an Italian word,
used in an opposite sense to staccato, and
implying that. the notes of a movement
or passage, to which it is affixed, are to be
performed in a close, smooth, and gliding
manner. :

Le’cenp (Lat. legenda), primarily, a
chronicle or register of the lives of saints,
formerly read at matins and at the re-
fectories of religious houses. Hence any
extravagant story or unauthentic narra-
tive.-——2. In numismatics, &c., that which
is written round the field of a medal, the
inscription being written across. }

Le’cer (Dut. legger); anything that
lies ina place. Thus leger ambassador is
aresident one. A leger-line in music is a
line added to the staff of five lines, when
more are wanted to designate notes either
ascending or descending. A leger-book is
now usually called a ledger (q.v.).
| Lxe’crers, men employed in conveying
_ a barge through a canal tunnel, by means
i of pushing with their legs against the

side walls. ‘
Lzcciapro. In music, an Italian term
' signifying lively, gaily, &c.
| Lecion or Honour. An order institu-
; ted for merit, both civil and military, by
Napoleon, when first consul of France.

Le’cton. nm antiquity,a body
of infantry, consisting of different num-
bers of men at different periods, from 3000
to 5000. Each legion consisted of 10
cohorts, each cohort of 3 maniples, and
each maniple of 2 centuries.

Lzeaista’TuRE, the supreme power ofa
state. The legislature of Great Britain
consists of the Lords and House of Com-
mons, with the Sovereign, whose sanction
is necessary to every bill before it be-
comes a law.

Lee’umE, (Lat. leyumen, from lego, to
gather) ; seeds not reaped but gathered by
the hand: in general all large seeds. The
term is used by botanists to denote a
peculiar solitary kind of fructification,
formed by two oblong valves, without
any longitudinal partition. and bearing

LEM

424

LEO

the seeds along one of its margins only.

It is the pod proper to the pea or papilic-

naceous tribe of plants, thence named

leguminous, and constitutes a natural order
minos@ (q.¥.).

Leo’umIne, a principle extracted from
dry peas, somewhat like starch, but dif-
fering in being insoluble in boiling water.

LeoumMino’sz. Leguminous plants. See
LEGuME.

Lew’ma. Ayjwua. A proposition pre-
viously assumed.—2. In geometry, a
previous proposition demonstrated for
the purpose of being employed in the
demonstration of some other proposition.

Lem’minc. In zoology, the popular name
of a genus of gnawers, the Georychus,
Illiger. The Lemming, properly so called
(G.lemmus,) is a northern species as
large as a rat, with black and yellow fur,
celebrated for its occasional migrations
in innumerable bodies. At these periods
they are said to march in a straight line,
regardless of rivers and mountains; and
while no obstacle can impede theircourse,
they devastate the country through which
they pass. Their usual residence appears
to be the shores of the Arctic Ocean. The
Lemming of Hudson’s Bay (G. Hudsonius
or Mus Hudsonius, Gm.) is of a light
pearly ash colour, without tail or exter-
nal ears, of the size of a rat, and lives
under ground, in North America.

Lem’n1an Eartu. Sphragide. A mi-
neral found in the island of Lemnos, in
the Egean Sea. Colour reddish yellow;
fracture fine, earthy, adheres slightly to
the tongue, and has a soapy feel. Consti-
tuents, 66 silica; 14°5 alumina; 3°5 soda;
6 oxide of iron; 8°5 water, with slight
portions of lime and magnesia.

Lem’on, the fruit of the lemon-tree
(Citrus medica). A native of Persia, &c.,
but now cultivated in Europe. mons
are brought into this country from Spain,
Portugal, and the Azores, packed in
chests, each lemon being separately rolled
in paper.

Lemona’DE, water to which a little
lemon-juice and sugar are added. It is
much improved by being charged with
carbonic acid.

Lem’ons, Essentiat Sart or. The bin-
oxalate of potash is frequently sold un-
der this name. Its use is toremove mould
and stains from linen.

Le’mvr. In zoology, a genus of the order

rumana. The L. makis are active
animals, which from their pointed heads
have been called fox-nosed monkeys. Their
food is fruit. Their species are very nu-
merous, but only met with in the island
of Madagascar, where they replace the
monkeys, none of which it is said are to
be found there.

Lem’vunss. In antiquity, restless ghosts
of departed persons, who returned to ter-

rify and torment the living; the same
with the larve.

Lens, Lat. lens, a lentil. A piece of
glass or other transparent substance, hav-
ing its two surfaces so formed that the
rays of light, in passing through it, have
their direction ; and made to con-
verge or diverge. mses receive parti-
cular denominations according to their
form. Thus A is a plano-conver lens, one

A ae Soe ore
side being plane and the other convex;
B is a convexo-conver lens, or double convex
lens, both sides being convex; C is a

plano-concave lens, one side being plane

and the other concave, and D is concavo-
concave, both sides being concave. When
one side is concave and the other convex,
as E, the lens is called a iscus.——2.
In anatomy, an important part of the eye.
See Exe.

Lentic’orar, shaped like a lens: ap-
plied in botany, conchology, anatomy,
&c., to round bodies, having the opposite
sides convex and meeting in asharp edge.

Len’tisk, the mastic-tree (Pistacia len-
tiscus), common in the south of Europe,
Named from lentesco, to become sticky, in
allusion to the gumminess of its juice.

Len’ro. In music, an Italian word
meaning “‘slow,” and used to denote a
movement between largo and grave.

Lxo, the Lion. In astronomy, the fifth
sign in the order of the zodiac, and the
second of the summer signs, marked Q.
The chief star is Regulus, situated on the
ecliptic, and sometimes called Cor leonis,
the lion’s heart. In the tail of the lion
is Denebola, also a star of the first mag-
nitude. Leo minor, or the little lion, is
said to owe its place in the heavens to
the fable of Hercules killing the Nemzan
lion. The constellation is composed of
the stelle informes of the ancients.

Lz’ontnE VeERsE, a sort of Latin verse
consisting of hexameters and pentame-
ters, of which the final and middle syl-
lables rhyme, as—

“Gloria factoum, temer conceditur horum.”

Some attribute the irvention to Pope
Leo I., and others to Leonius, a poet of
the 12th century.

Leron’topon, the dandelion. A genus
of perennial plants. Syngenesia—Poly.
@qualis. Name from Agwy, the lion, and
odovs, a tooth, from its supposed resem-
blance. The pissabed (LZ. tararacum) and
the marsh dandelion (ZL. lividus) are Bri-
tish species. All the species are hardy.

aren al

’

LEP 425

LET

Leor’arp. In zoology, the Felis leopar-
dus, Lin., from Africa. Similar to the
panther, but has ten rows of smaller
spots. It is also smaller than the pan-
ther, but larger than the ounce.

Ler’apiris, the goose-barnacle; sub-
genus of Cirripedes, the species of which
are distinguished by a tendinous and ccn-
tractile tube, fixed by its base to some
solid marine substance, supporting a com-
pressed shell, consisting of valves united
to each other by membrane.

Le’pas, a genus of multivalve marine
shells, inhabited by a triton, known po-
pulariy by the name of barnacles. Name
Atras,alimpet. The genus is subdivided
into balanites, or acorn-barnacles, and
Lepadites or goose barnacles. Thirty-two
species are described.

Lepip‘1um, the Dittander or Pepperwort:
a genus of herbaceous plants. Tetrady-
namia—Siliculosa. Name from Asis, a
scale, in allusion to its supposed usefulness
in cleansing the skin from scales and im-
purities. Most of the species are hardy.

Lerrp’orps, a family of extinct fishes
found in the oolitie series, remarkable for
their large rhomboidal bony scales, which
were of great thickness, and covered with
enamel: hence the name from Agesis, a
scale, and ¢;d0¢, like. Thescales appear to
have been fitted together like roofing tiles.

Leripop’rera, from Aeris, a scale, and
#ree0y, 2 wing ; scaly-winged insects. The
tenth order of insects in Cuvier’s arrange-
ment, comprising butterflies, moths, and
sphinxes. The scales are attached so
slightly to the wings, that they are re-
moved by the slightest touch of the finger,
to which they adhere like farinaceous
dust. Epithet Lepidopterous.

PIs’MA, &@ genus of apterous insects of
the order Thysanoura, Cuv., and the type
ofthe family Lepismene, Latr. Subgenera,
Machilis, Lat.,and Lepisma, Lin. Several
of the species conceal themselves in cracks
and in the framework of windows, ward-
robes, &c. Name from Aézis, a scale,
the body being covered with small shin-
ing scales.

Ler’rosy, from Aergos, scaly. This name
has been given to several diseases, but is
now restricted to a common form of cu-
taneous disease, characterised by scaly
patches, generally of a circular form.

LeproceruHali’p#, Leptocephalus the
type. A family of fishes remarkable for
the smallness of the head.

Lerrocern’atus,a genus of anguilliform
fishes, the L. morisii, Gm., inhabits the
coast of France and England, but all the
other known species inhabit the seas of
hot climates, and are all thin as paper
and transpareut as glass, so that even the
skeleton isnot visible. Name from Agro,

slender, and zegedos, head, the head be-
ing in particular remarkably small.

Le’pvus, the hare. 1. In zoology, a genus
of Mammalia ; order Rodentia. The genus
comprehends’ the hares and rabbits.——~
2. In astronomy, a constellation of the
southern hemisphere.

L’Ermite (Oiskav), a constellation
formed by M. Monnier under the southern
scale of the celestial balance.

LE RGI LE vEvT, Fr. the sovereign as-
sents. The form of royal assent to the
passing of bills in parliament, pronounced
by the clerk

Le’se-masesty. Any crime committed
against the sovereign power in a state.

Les’rris,a genus of birds separated from
the gulls of Illiger, and named from
Anorys, &@ robber, because they pursue
the small gulls with singular ferocity to
rob them of their food. See Larus.

Le’rHeE, Avby, oblivion ; a mythological
name of one of the rivers of hell. Its
waters, according to the fictions of the
poets, make those who drink it entirely
forget whatever is past.

Ler’tEr, Lat. litera. 1. Amark or cha-
racter written, printed, or engraved;
used as the representative of a sound or
articulation of the human organs of
speech. Hence a letter is the first ele-
ment of written language, as a simple
sound is the first element of spoken lan-
guage. Sounds are addressed to the ear,
letters to the eye. 2. A written com-
munication from one person to another
at a distance: the medium of epistolary
correspondence.——3. A type, or collec-
tively, types.

Lerrer or ATTORNEY, a document or
writing, whereby a person constitutes
another to do a lawful act in his stead, as
to receive debts, &c.

Lerrer or Crepir, a letter written by
a merchant or banker to his correspondent
abroad, requesting him to credit the
bearer to a certain specified amount.

Lerrer or LicENcE, an instrument or
writing granted by a person’s creditors,
allowing him a certain time for the pay-
ment of his debts, by which means he is
enabled to prosecute his business without
legal molestation.

Letter oF Marque, an extraordinary
commission granted to commanders of
merchant-ships, or so commissioned, is
called a letter of marque.

Lerrer Missive, a letter sent out of
Chancery in a process of law against a peer.

Lerrers-PaTENT (overt or open), writings
sealed with the Great Seal of England,
and so called because they are open with
the great seal affixed to them. Letters-
patent are granted to authorize a man to
do some act or enjoy some right. See
PATENT

LEV

426

LEV

Lzv’caDENnpRON, the silver-tree. A ge-
nus of trees. Diwcia—Pentandria. Name
from Atueoss white, and Sevdeov, a tree,
in allusion to the silvery foliage of some
species.

Leve’zruiop, from Aevzos, white, and
aifsor), black. An albino, or white man
of a black race.

Lev’ce, from Agwxos, White A disease
characterised by white patches on the
skin, on which the hairs turn white and
silky. It is peculiar to warm climates, as
the East Indies.

Lev’cite, from Atvzos, White. A mine-
ral of a white colour, found in volcanic
rocks. It is a silicate of ammonia and
potash, and occurs regularly crystallised
in granular concretions, and in roundish
grains.

Levco’ma (Lat.), from Atvzor, white.
A white opacity of the cornea of the eye;
often synonymous with albugo.

Levcore’rrians. In ecclesiastical history,
asect of fanatics who sprung up in the
twelfth century, and spent their whole
time in prayer.

Levcoruteema’sta (Lat.), from Aeuzus,
white, and gatyuca, phlegm. A state of
the body in which there isa redundancy of
serum in the blood, symptomatic of
dropsy.

phen diad ba mineral of a grayish

Levr’rritz. ) white colour, tinged in
places with an ochreous brown; thus
named from its being found at Leuthra or
Leuttra in Saxony. It is a recomposed
rock.

Levan’t1nE. 1. An epithet for things
pertaining to the Levant.——2. The name
of a particular kind of silk manufacture.

Leva’Tor, Lat., from levo, to liftup. A
term common to several muscles, the of-
fice of which is to elevate the parts into
which they are inserted.

Leva’rt Fa’cias. In law, a writ directed
to the sheriff, to levy money upon the
estate of a person who has forfeited his
recognizance.

Lev’te (Fr.), from lever, to raise. 1. A
bank, especially along a river, to prevent
inundation.——2. A concourse of gentle-
men, paying their respects to some great
personage in the morning. A similar
visit of ladies, or ladies and gentlemen, is
called a drawing-room.

Le&v’fE-EN-MASSE, a military expression
for the patriotic rising of a whole people
tooppose an enemy: called in Germany
the landsturm, in distinction from the
iandwehr, or militia.

Lev’et. The term level is applied pri-
marily to designate a horizontal plane or
line, and hence a canal, or any particular
portion of one, a tract of low marshy land
or morass, a gallery in a coal-mine, &c.

are, by analogy, termed /evels. There are
also various instruments called levels, for
finding a horizontal line. A spirit level con-
sists essentially of
a glass tube, her-
seal

at both ends, and
nearly full of some liquid, as spirit of wine ;
it contains a bubble of air, which, when
the tube is exactly horizontal, re’ at
the middle of the tube, but, under all other
circumstances, is found at the higher end.
This is fitted into a stock, adjusted with
great care, and the instrument is then
complete for the purposes of the mechanic.
But for the purposes of the surveyor itis
—_ to a telescope, with micrometer

screws to adjust it, and the whole instru-
ment, so fitted up, is termed a level. The
Y level is the oldest instrument of this
sort ; Troughton’s improved is the same
somewhat improved ; and Gravatt’s level,
the favourite instrument among civil en-
gineers, has some advantages over the
others. The plumb-level is used by mia-

—— boas A

sons, &c., and shows the horizontal line,
by means sof another line perpendicular to
that described by a plummet. The prin-
ciple is, that, as all bodies gravitate
towards the centre of the earth, the
plumb-line being a truly vertical line, any
line perpendicular to it must be a truly
horizontal line. These lines are, in fact,
the radii of a sphere.

Lev’ELLING, the finding ofa line parallel
to the horizon, at oneor mcre sta to
determine the height or depth of one

LEY

427

L1B

Place with respect to another; usually
performed by means of an instrument
called a level, with levelling-staffs, &c.
The line parallel with the horizon is called
datum line, and is generally on a level with
the high-water spring tides, low-water
spring tides, or same other fixed mark.

LEVEL’LING-sTAFF, & graduated rod or
staff, advanced alternately with the spirit-
level, denoting the gradations bisected by
the latter, the rise or fall between any
two points.

Lever. In mechanics, a bar of metal,
wood, or other inflexible substance, turn-
ing on a fulcrum, or prop, and usually re-
garded as one of the simple mechanical

wers. The lever is of three kinds: (1.)

en the fulcrum is between the weight
and the power, as the crowbar. (2.) When
the weight is between the power and the
fulcrum, as nut-crackers. (3.) When the
power is between the weight and the ful-
crum. The forearm is a lever of this kind,
as, indeed, are all the limbs of animals.

Levica’tion, from levigo, to make
smooth. The reduction of a hard sub-
stance, by trituration, to an impalpable

Le'vires. In scripture, the tribe of Levi,
the hereditary priests of the Jews.

Levir‘icus, the third book of the Pen-
tateuch ; so called from its containing the
laws and regulations relating to the
priests, Levites, and sacrifices. These
duties and ceremonies constitute what is
termed the Levitical law.

Lew’ts,a sort of shears used in cropping
woollen cloth.

Lex, the Latin word for Jaw. Hence
lex mercatoria, commercial law ; lex non
scripta, the common or unwritten law;
lex scripta, the written law ; lex talionis,
the law of like for like; lex terre,the law
of the land, or common law, as distin-
guished from civil law.

Lexicot’ocy, from
Ackizoyv, a lexicon, and
Aoyos, discourse. The
science of words, their
meaning and just ap-
plication.

Lex’icon. Atkizov.
A Dictionary. <A very
useful tool when well
made.

Ley, Lat. lixivium,
the liquor in which
saline and soluble par-
ticles of the residues of
distillanon and com-
bustion are dissolved.
The solution made by

levigating ashes which
sontain alkali. LEYDEN JAR.
DEN JaR, )A glass jar or phial,

Ley’pen Putt. § employed in electri-

cal experiments. It is coated inside and
outside, usually with tin-foil, to within
one third of the top, so that it may be
readily charged and discharged by
means of a metallic rod, which is in eon-
nection with the interior coating. It
is the invention of M. Vankleigh of
Leyden.

Lt, an itinerary measure of China, equal
to 1897 English feet.

Vas, a provincial name, adopted by
geologists, to designate a bluish coloured
clayey limestone, which, with its associ-
ate beds, forms a group of the secondary
series. When the lias beds, (says Bake-
well,) are fully developed with their as-
sociate beds of clay, they form a mass of
stratified limestone and clay, several hun-
dred feet in thickness, which rests upon
the red marl.

Lrsa’yrvs, (liquor of ;) the bichloride of
tin, prepared by dissolving that metal in
aqua regia, with the aid of heat. This
preparation is used in calico-printing ;
but the proper fuming liquor of Libavius
is prepared by mixing four parts of cor-
rosive sublimate with one part of tin,
previously amalgamated with just so
much mercury as renders it pulverisable,
and distilling with a gentle heat whena
colourless liquid comes over.

Lr’sex (Lat. libellus, a little book.) A
defamatory writing, libellus famosus, and,
the epithet being omitted, libel expresses
the same thing. Any book, pamphlet,
writing, or picture, containing represen-
tations, maliciously made or published,
tending to bring a person into contempt,
or expose him to public hatred and deri-
sion. It is immaterial, with respect to
the essence of a libel, whether the matter
of it be true or false, since the provocation
and not the falsity is the thing to be pub-
lished criminally. But in a civil action, a
libel must appear to be false as well as
scandalous.——2. In civil law,a charge in
writing, exhibited in court, particularly
in a court of admiralty, against a ship or
goods for violation of laws of trade or of
revenue.

Lizer’iuta, the Dragon-fily. A genus of
neuropterous insects, characterised by
their light and graceful figure, beautiful
and variegated colours, large wings resem-
bling lustrous gauze, and the velocity
with which they pursue the flies, &.,
which constitute their food. Cuvier pla-
ces them among the subulicornes.

Lrs’erAt Arts. Such asare fit for gen-
tlemen and scholars. The liberal arts are
distinguished from the mechanical arts ;
the first being more especially depending
on exertion of the mind; the latter de-
pending on manual dexterity. Grammar,
rhetoric, painting, sculpture, architec-
ture, music, &c., are liberal arts.

Li’zer, a Latin word. 1. The inner

Lic

428

LIF

bark of a tree.——2. A book, originally
made of bark.——3. In mythology, a sur-
name of Bacchus.

Lin’er!, Lizer’r1. In law, the liberi
were freemen born; the liberti such as
were made free by manumission.

Lis’erty, Lat. libertas, freedom. Na-
tural liberty consists in the power of act-
ing as one thinks fit. Civil liberty is that
which exempts a man from the arbitrary
will of others, which exemption is secured
by established Jaws. Hence the restraints
of law are necessary to civil liberty. Po-
litical liberty designates the liberty of a
nation, as civil liberty does that of an in-
dividual, and is secured by the laws of
nations. Religious liberty is the freedom
of adopting and enjoying opinions on re-
ligious subjects without external control.
The liberty of the press consists in the free
power of publishing what one pleases,
subject, however, to punishment for pub-
lishing what is mischievous to the public
morals, or injurious to individuals. The
cap of liberty is used in England as a sym-
bol of the constitutional liberty of the
nation. It is blue with a white border,
and is sometimes borne by Britannia on
the point of a spear.

Lisertines. In ecclesiastical history,
the early anabaptists in England, in the
16th century.

Lrsra (Lat.), the balance. In astro-
nomy, the seventh sign of the zodiac;
thus named because when the sun is in
this sign, at the autumnal equinox, the

days and nights are equal. Symbol =

—2. The Roman pound, equal to 5040
troy grains; also a Roman gold coin,
equal to 20 denarii.

Lisra’tion, from libra, a balance; a
state of equipoise. The libration of the
earth is that motion whereby the earth is
so retained within its orbit as that its
axis continues constantly parallel to the
axis of the world. The libration of the
moon is an apparent irregular libratory
motion of that body about its own axis,
whereby we see a little more than one-
half of the lunar disc; or, rather, it is in
consequence of our seeing a little more
than one-half of the disc that the moon
appears to have such a motion.

Lr'censz, | Fr. from Lat. licentia; per-

Lr’cencez. J mission. A license may be
verbal or written; when written, the pa-
per containing the authority is calleda
license. A license cannot be transferred.

Licen’riatTe, from licentia, a license.
One who has a license to practise any art
or faculty.

Licn’en, Assyyy, aroughness of the skin.
1. In pathology, the lichen, a disease
characterised by an extensive eruption
of papule affecting adults, connected with
internal disorder, usually terminating in

scurf. It is not contagious.-——2. In bo-
tany, an extensive genus of cryptogamic
plants; order alge. The name was applied
by the Romans to a plant, supposed by
them to cure the lichen or tetter. The
Iceland moss or liverwort, the tree liver-
wort, the tree lung-wort, oak-lungs, or
hazel croteles, the cup-moss and canary
or herb archil, are species. This last ee
archil and litmus.

Licks, the name of sandy tracts in North
America, on which common salt efflores-
ces, which is licked by graminivorous

Lic’rors, officers among the Romans,
who carried the fasces before the chief
magistrates when they appeared in public.
The lictors were also the public execu-
tioners in beheading, scourging, &c.

Lir’cE, Lat. legius. 1. In law, a vassal
bound by feudal tenure. By liege homage
a vassal was bound to serve his iord
against all, not excepting his sovereign.

| ——2. The word has been falsely used in

the sense of superior, probably by trans-
ferring the word from the vassal to the
lord, the lord of liege men being thereby
termed liege lord.

Lien, Fr. lien, bond. In law, the right
of a creditor to retain the property ofa
debtor until the debt be paid.

LYENTERY, from Assos, soft, and evTEgoy,
the intestine ; diarrheea.

LievTen’ant, Fr. from lieu, place, and
tenant. An officer who supplies the place
ofa superior in his absence. Officers of this
kind are civil, as the lord-lieutenant of a
county, and military, as a lieutenant-
colonel.——2. In the navy and army, the
officer next in rank to the ca

Lire, a term used to denote (1.) The
ag: te phenomena resulting from the
activities of an organised body. (2.) The
cause of these activities; the vital prin-
ciple or unknown cause of life. Many
theories of life have been advanced by
physiologists, but none of a satisfactory
nature.

Lire ANNUITIES, are such periodical
payments as depend on the continuance |
of some particular life or lives. See An-
NUITY.

Lirz-zoat, a boat constructed expressly
to save shipwrecked persons. There are
various contrivances of this kind, usually
of the form of a boat, rendered highly
buoyant by means of cork-wood, air-tight
tubes, &c.

Lire-Buoy, a buoy, with a mast, to ren-
der it conspicuous, thrown into the sea
upon a man’s falling overboard.

Lire-EsTaTEs, are suchas are not in in-
heritance, but continue only during the
lives of the possessors.

Lire-.ine. Ina ship, any rope stretched
along for the safety of the men in bad
weather.

LIG

429

LIL

Lire-PResERvVER. Scheffer’s life-pre-
server is a hollow cylindrical ring formed
without a seam, and perfectly air-tight.
It is distended with air, and is therefore
well adapted to the place which it occu-
pies, being placed under the arms.

Lire-rent. In Scottish law, the right
of enjoyment of an heritage or sum of
money for life.

Lirts. Ina ship, certain ropes at the
yard-arms, used to make the yards hang
higher or lower as wanted.

Lirt-wa.tt, the cross-wall of a lock
chamber.

Lie’amentT. In anatomy,astrong elastic
and compact substance, serving to join
two moveable bones together: hence the
term Kgamentum, from ligo, to bind. The
ligaments are harder than membrane, and
softer than cartilage.

Lie’ature, a thread, ligatura, from ligo,
to bind; anything which binds. In music,
a line connecting notes. In printing, a
double character = type consisting of two
letters, as fl, fi, &

Lieut, Sax. leoht, that which renders
bodies perceptible to our sense of seeing.
Some regard light as a substance, or fluid

se; others consider it merely as a
principle, and attribute it to a sort of
undulation or vibration, propagated from
the luminous body through a subtle ethe-
real medium. The great source of light
is the sun, from which it radiates with a
velocity of 164,000 miles in a second of
time.——2. In painting, those parts of a
piece which are illuminated, or that lie
open to the luminary by which the picture
is supposed to be enlightened, and which
for this reason are painted in bright co-
lours, are termed lights. In this sense the
term is opposed to shadow.

Licur’er, a large and flat-bottomed
boat, used in loading and unloading ships.
A covered or close lighter is one furnished
with a deck. A ballast lighter is a vessel
fitted up to heave ballastfrom the bottom
of a river or harbour, and carry it to and
from ships.

Licut-HovsE,acertain erection, usually
in the form of a tower, built upon or ad-
jacent to dangerous rocks, for the purpose
of warning ships of their situation; or
along the sea-coast as landmarks, lights
of various descriptions being introduced
upon the top at night. There are also
fioating lights, or lights placed on board
vessels moored in certain situations, and
intended for the same purposes as those
on shore. Harbour lights are such as are
placed at the extremity of one of the arms
forming the entrance to a harbour, for
the purpose of Epiding vessels in and out
during the night, &c.

LrcutneEss, Teut. leicht. In the jine
arts, a quality indicating freedom from
weight or clumsiness.

Licur’NInG, a sudden discharge of elec-
tricity from a cloud to the earth, or vice
versa, or from one cloud to another, pro-
ducing a vivid flash of light, and fre-
quently the report called thunder.

Licnr’Room. Ina ship of war,a small
apartment having double glass windows
towards the magazine, and containing
lights by which the gunner fills car-
tridges, &e.

Lienirica’rion, from lignum, wood, and
facio, to make. The process of being con-
verted into wood.

Lie’N1n, the name given by chemists to
the fibrous portion of wood freed by diges-
tion in water, alcohol, ether, hydrochloric
acid, alkaline ley, and chlorine, from
everything which these reagents are capa-
ble of taking up. Lignin constitutes the
skeleton of the trunk and branches of trees.
Dressed fiax is nearly pure lignin. Con-
stituents, carbon 50, oxygen 44°45, hydro-
gen 5°55.

Lie’niTE, from lignum, wood; wood-
coal. One of the most recent geological
formations, being the carbonised remains
of forest trees, &c. The lignites mostly
burn with flame, but they neither cake
nor smell like coal.

Lic’/nuM-vi'Tx, wood of life. The guai-
acum or pockwood (seeTuuya). The com-
mon lignum-vite tree is a native of the
warm latitudes of America. It is a large
tree, and the wood is hard, ponderots,
very resinous, of a blackish-yellow colour
in the middle,and of a hot aromatic taste.

Lie’uLa, a strap. The name given by
Bloch to a genus of Entozoa. Order Pa-
renchymata: family Cestoide@. The body
resembles a long ribbon, and no external
organ whatever is perceptible. The spe-
cies inhabit certain birds and fresh water
fishes, enveloping and constricting the in-
testines to such a degree, as to cause
death.

Lie’vriT£, a mineral of an apple green
eolour which occurs in oblique rhombic
prisms. It ranks as a gem. It takes its
name from Liguria in Italy.

Licus’rrum, the privet. A genus of
permanent plants. Diandria—Monogynia.
Name from ligo, to bind, on account of
its use in making bands. There are two
species, Europe and China.

Litta’cex, a natural order of plants
consisting of such as have liliaceous co-
rolle.

Litra‘ceovs, Lat. liliaceus, from lilium,
a lily. Resembling the lily ; an epithet
for plants of the lily tribe.

Li’tivum, the lily. A genus of peren-
nial plants. Hexandria—Monogynia, There
are 21 species, mostly hardy.

Lity En’crinite. The encrinites moni-
liformis, so called because the arms when
folded resemble the head of a lily. Itis
one of the most beautiful of the fossil

LIM

430

LIN

_crinnoidea. Its position is the muschel-
kalk of the new red sand-stone group.

Limaer’na, a genus of mollusca sepa-
rated from the Clio, Lin., by Cuvier. The
animal uses its shell as a boat, and its

as oars whenever it wishes to na-
vigate the surface of the deep arctic seas.

Limax, the slug. A genusof terrestrial
pulmonea, haying no apparent shell.
This genus in the system of Linneus com-

rises the Limax, Arion, Lima, Vaginu-
us, Testacella, and Parmacella of Cuvier.
Name limax, a snail, so called from its
sliminess.

Luz, Lat. limbus. An edge or border,
as the sun’s limb. ——2. The graduated
edge of a quadrant, astrolabe, &c.——3.
The upper spreading part of a monopeta-
lous corolla——4. An extremity of the
body, as an arm or leg.

Lr’zat, a cooling periodical wind in
the island of Cyprus, which blows from
the north-west from 8 o’clock a.m. till
noon.

Lim’sers. Limber holes are square holes
cut through the lower part of a ship’s
fioor timbers, very near the keel, form-
ing a channel for water, and communi-
cating with the pump-well through the
wane length of the floor. Limber boards,
short pieces of plank which form a part
of the lining of a ship’s floor close to the

eelson and immediately above the tim-
bers, for the convenience of keeping a
clear passzge to the well. Limber rope, a
long rope frequently retained in the lim -
ber holes of a ship, in order to clear them
by pulling the rope backwards and for-
wards. Limber carriage, a sort of ad-
vanced train joined to the carriage of a
eannon while on march, having boxes for
ammunition.

Lim’so, Lat. limbus, a hem or edge. The
purgatory of the Romanists, supposed to
lie on the edge or neighbourhood of hell.

Limsvs, that portion of petals of flowers
which is supported by the unguis.

imME. 1. In mineralogy, the oxide of
calcium, one of the primitive earths,
much used in building and for other pur-
, being the most essential ingre-
dient’ in all cements. It is never found
native or in a state of purity, but is al-
ways combined with acids, particularly
in the state of carbonate, as marble, lime-
stone, and chalk, from which it may be
obtained nearly pure by simple calcina-
tion. When any carbonate of lime is
properly calcined, the result is quick lime
and this slacked with water forms hydrate
of lime or slack lime. Lime is also found
combined with sulphuric acid, forming
gypsum and anhydrite, and with the fino-
rine forming Derbyshire spar. It likewise
combines with phosphoric acid, and forms
bones and shells.——2. In botany, a fruit
hike a small lemon, that of the Citrus ii-

metta, which grows abundantly in the
West India Islands, and in other warm
climates. ;

Lime’stone. Calcareous stone. A genus
of mineral, comprehending, according to
Jameson, four species :—(1). Rhomb-spar ;
(2). Dolomite ; (3). Arragonite ; @).3 Lime-
stone. The same mineralogist divides
this last into 12 sub-species:— (1). Fo
liated limestone, comprehending calcare-
ous spar and marbles ; ‘2). Compact lime-
stone, comprehending the common com-
pact limestone (usually burned to produce
lime), blue Vesuvian limestone and roe-
stone; (3). Chalk; (4). Agaric mineral or
rockmilk ; (5). Fibrous limestone, com-
prehending satin-spar and calc-spar;
(6). Cale-tuff; (7). Pea-stone ; (8). Slate-
spar, (9). Aphrite ; (10). Lucullite, com-
prehending the Nero antico of the Italians,
slinkstone or swinstone, and madreporite ;
(11). Marl; (12). Bituminous marl-slate.

LimeE-TREE, the Tilia europea, called
also the linden-tree. See Tir1a. The lime-
tree of the West Indies is the Citrus ame-
ricana,

Limr’-waTER, an aqueous solution of

lime. Lime is very slightly soluble in
water, and less so in hot than in cold
water. ‘
» Luow'rr, from lames, border. In mathe-
matics, a determinate quantity, to which
a variable one continually approaches.
Thus a circle is the limit of all its in-
scribed and circumscribed polygons.

Limnz’vs, a genus of Molluscs, inhabit-
ing stagnant water in great numbers ;
placed by Cuvier, order Pulmonea, and
class Gastropoda; and by Lamarck in the
family Limnacea. The shell is a turreted
univalve, with an oblong spire, and of a
light amber colour. It abounds asa fi
in calcareous strata.

Limo’sa, the godwit. A genus of birds.
Order Grallatorie, family Longirostres.
Their form is more slender, and their legs
are longer, than those of the snipes; they
frequent salt-marshes and the sea-shore.

Limo’sts, a genus of diseases character-
ised by depraved, excessive, or defective
appetite.

Lim’ctvus, the Molucea crab. A genus
of Crustaceans. Order Pecilopoda, family
Xyphosura. The limuli are sometimes
found two feet in length; they inhabit the
seas of hot climates, and most frequently
their shores. The L. cyclops is found in
France, and is commonly called casse-
role, from itsshape. It is the king-crab or
horse-shoe of our fishermen.

Lina’ria. 1. In botany, the toad-fiax,
from linwm, flax, so named from the re-
semblance of its leaves to fhose of flax.
—2. In ornithology, a sub-genus of the
sparrow-tribe of birds. comprehending the
linnets and canary-bird.

Lincu-Pin, the small pin which is put

LIN

431

LIN

at che end of the axle-tree of carts, &c. to
toniine the wheels on them. Linch is the
éax. lynis, an axle-tree.

Lin‘DEN-TREE, the European lime-tree,
filia Europea.

Ling, Lat. linea. 1. In geometry, a
,aantity extended in length without
dreadth or thickness, and is either curved
wz straight——2. A measure of length,
he twelfth part of an inch.—3. In for-

fication, whatever is drawn upon the
sround of the field, as a trench.—4. In
geography, another name for the equator.
—5. In military affairs, regular troops,
in contradistinction to militia, volunteers,
yeomanry, &c.——6. A ship of the line is
any vessel of war large enough to be
drawn up in the line of battle-——7. Line
of battle, the disposition of an army in
battle.——8. In geology, &c., strata almost
always formsome angle with the horizon,
declining at one point, and rising towards
the opposite point: aline drawn through
these points is called the line of dip, and
their longitudinal direction is called their
line of bearing.——9. In ships, a general
name for small ropes. The concluding
line is a small rope, which is hitched to
the middle of every step of a stern ladder.
The knave-line is a rope fastened to the
cross-trees, under the main-foretop,
brought down to the ship’s side, and then
hauled up taut to the rails. The naval-
line is a rope depending from the heads of
the main and fore masts, and fastened to
the middle of the truss. The spilling-lines
are ropes occasionally fixed to the square-
sails, for convenience in reefing and furl-
ing them. A white line is one which has
not been tarred. A mar-line is composed
of two strands very little twisted. There
are also deep-sea-lines and hand-lines,
marked at different distances, for taking
soundings. There are also hauling-lines,
fishing-lines, and life-lines, extended in
Situations for persons to lay hold of, to

revent their falling.——10. The term

ine is also used figuratively, as a line of
ancestors, a line of business. Printers and
poets make lines, and receive lines by the

post.

Lrn’kcar, Lat. linearis, strap-shaped. 1.
In botany, &c. narrow and of equal
breadth throughout the length, as a linear
leaf.——2. In conchology, &c. for lineate

(q. v-).

Lin’zaR Egqvations, in the integral cal-
culus, are those in which the unknown
quantity is only of the first degree.

Livear Perspective is that which re-
gards only the positions, magnitudes, and
forms of objects.

Lry’eaTeE, Lat. lineatus, streaked.

Lry’En, from linum, flax. A species of
cloth made of thread, flax,or hemp. Fos-
sil-linen, an old name for amianthus.

Lanys oy Growrn). Those concentric

lines or markings in a shell, trimk of a
tree, &c., which mark the growth of the
individual, are thus named.

Lins. 1. In ichthyology, the Gadus
molva, Lin., the Lota molva, Yarr., a fish
which is common on the English, Irish,
and Scottish coasts, and, like the cod and
hake, forms a considerable article of com-
merce.—2. In botany, a species of bent-
grass.

Lin’cua Fran’ca, the mixed dialect. A
species of corrupt Italian, spoken chiefly
along the coasts of the Mediterranean.

Lin’evat, from lingua, the tongue.
Appertaining to the tongue, as the lingual
arteries, veins, muscles, &c.

Lin’eurrorm, from lingua, the tongue,
and forma, form, tongue-shaped.

Lin’cutaTe, Lat. lingulatus, tongue-
shaped, from lingua, the tongue.

Lin’ImMent, from lin, to anoint. A
medicament of a mediate consistence be-
tween an ointment and an oil, used to
rub upon diseased parts.

Li’n1nc. In architecture, any covering
of an interior surface.

Liyk, a certain portion ofa chain ; e.g.
Gunter’s chain consists of 100 links, each
measuring 72°92 inches.

Lin‘NeET, a small singing-bird of the
finch tribe, the Fringilla linota, Lin. Ac-
cording to Cuvier’s arrangement, the
linnets, including the canary-bird, make
the sub-genus Linaria.

Liy’seEp, lint-seed. The seed of the
common flax, Linum usitatissimum. It
yields linseed-oil by expression. The cake
which remains after expression of the
oil is called oil-cake. The seeds are also
ground into linseed-meal. Much used in
medicine

Lin’sEx-woor’sEy, cloth made of lint
and wool; the warp being lint, and the
weft wool.

Lin’stocx. Lint-stock. A staff of wood,
with a fork at one end, to hold a lighted
match. Used by gunners in firing cannon.

Lint. 1. In botgny, another name for
flax ; but sometimes applied especially to
dressed flax.——~—2. In surgery, linen
scraped into a soft woolly substance, fit
for applying to wounds.

Lin’tEt, the horizontal or head-piece
which covers the opening of a door or
window: the part of the frame which
lies on the side pieces. The, term is
Spanish lintel for dentel.

Linum. The Flax. A genus of herba-
ceous plants. Pentandria —Pentagynia.
Name, Asyoy, anciently applied generally
to all stuffs fit to be woven. The ZL. usi-
tatissimum is the species commonly cul-
tivated in this country; but there are
other indigenous species, among which is
the purging flax, or mill-mountain (LZ.
catharticum.) See Fuax.

Liny’ru1a. The name given by La-

LIQ 432

LIT

treille to a sub-genus of Arachnides, cha-
racterised by the disposition of their eyes ;
four in the middle form a trapezium.
See ARANEA.

Lion. The Felisleo, Lin. Reckoned
the strongest and most courageous of all
the beasts of prey. The lion is now con-
fined to Africa, and the neighbouring
parts of Asia.

Lion oF Enetanp. A lion passant re-
gardant, being the bearing of England,
is frequently so termed in heraldry.

Lion-ant. In entomology, the Formica
leo, or Myrmeleon.

Lioncet. In heraldry, a small lion;
the name by which lions are emblazoned
when there are several to one escutcheon.

Lip, the border or edge of the mouth of
anything, as a shell.

Lip’ocram, from Agra, to leave, and
yeaa, aletter. A writing (poem, &c.)
in which some particular letter is entirely
omitted.

Liaqva’tion, from liguo, to melt; the
process of melting.——2. The process of

weating out, by a regular heat, an easily
fusible metal from the interstices of a
metal of difficult fusion, with which it
had been previously melted.

Liaverac’rion, from liquidus, liquid,
and facto, to make. Conversion of a solid
into a liquid. The word is sometimes
synonymous With fusion, sometimes with
deliquescence,and frequently with solution.
The first is the common signification.

Liqueur, the French name for any
liquor. Applied most commonly to me-
dicated and aromatised liquors.

Lig’uip, a non-elastic fluid, as water.
See Frvurp.—2. In grammar, a letter
which has a smooth flowing sound, or
which flows smoothly after a mute, asl
in Ala, and r in bra. x

Li’avipam’sar, the liguid-amber, or
sweet-gum. A genus of trees. Monecia
—Polyandria. Name from liquidum, fluid,
and ambar, a fragrant substance, alluding
to the liquid gum which distils from the
L. styraciflua, by wounding the bark.
This tree grows in the warm parts of
North America; but the L. imberbe isa
hative of the Levant.

Liquip-amBer. 1. The juice of the LZ.
styraciflua,an American tree. It is trans-
parent, of an amber colour, an agreeable
and powerful smell, and an aromatic
taste. It contains benzoic acid, which
effloresces when the liquid amber hardens
by keeping.——. In botany. See Liquip-
AMBAR.

Lia’vorice (Ital. liguirizia.) 1. Roots
of the Glycirrhiza glabra, a perennial
plant, common in the south of Europe.
A name common to all the plants
of the genus Glycirrhiza, (q.v-)

Liq’vorice Juices, popularly black-sugar.
The inspissated juice of the liquorice-root.

Li’avor Sit'icum. The liquor of flints.
A solution of silica in alkaline lixtvae,

Lixioven’pron. The Tulip-tree. A genus
of coadunate plants. Polyandria—Poly-
gynia. The species, North America. Name
from Asigioy, a lily, and devdeoy, a tree.
The tree often attains a great height.

List (Sax. list.}, a border, as the selvage
of cloth, the line inclosing a field of com-
bat.——2. A catalogue of names, articles,
&c. The civil list comprehends the names
of the civil officers of government, as
judges, ambassadors, secretaries, a
Hence the term civil list is used for the
appropriations of public money for the
payment of the civil officers.

List, Lis’‘ret. In architecture, a little
square moulding, serving to crown or ac-
company a larger one; also termed a

Jillet.

Listinc. In joinery, the cutting the
sapwood out from both edges of a board.

Lit’any, Picrwves Pr li ion. A form
of supplicatory prayer in the church
rituals.

Litexa’t1. Among the ancients, indi-
viduals branded with certain letters by
way of ignominy.——2. In 2 usage,
men of learning.

Lirera’res. In church matters, indi-
viduals admitted to ordination by the
bishop without having taken a university
degree.

Lair’eratvure (Lat. literatura, from litera,
a letter); the whole amount of written
knowledge of some specified period or
country, or of some particular science.
Thus we speak of the literature of the
middle ages, of British literature, of me-
dical literature, &c.

Lity’acocve, from Asfog, a stone, and
aya,to drive away. Having the power
to expel calculi from the kidneys or blad-
der, formerly applied to many medicines.

Litn’anTHRAX, pit-coal, in distinction
sire aylanthrax or wood-coal, as bovey-
coal.

Litn’arcE, an oxide of lead in an im-
perfect state of vitrification, named from
jubos, stone, and aeyueos, silver; be-
cause when silver is refined by cupelle
tion with lead, this latter metal is scori-
fied, and causes the scorification of the
other imperfect metals alloyed with the
silver. Litharge is more or less white or
red, according to the metals with which
the silver is alloyed: the white is called
litharge of sitver, the red, litharge of gold.

Lirn’1a, from Asfos, stone. An alkali
discovered in 1818 by Arfwedson in the
mineral called petalite. Like a and
potash itis a metallic oxide: base, lithium,

Lirur‘asis, from Asfos, a stone. A dis-

ease of the eyelids in which their mar
gins are beset with small hard tumours.

~~

LIT

433

LIT

—2. In pathology, the formation of stone
or gravel.

Lirg’ic Acip. A peculiar acid, which
constitutes great part of ail human cal-
culi, and is likewise present in urine,
— it has obtained the name of uric
ai

Liguocnromar'ics,* from Asfog, stone,
and yeaue, colour. The art of painting
in oil upon stone, and taking impressions
on canyas: the invention of a French
artist.

LirHopen’pron from AsOo¢, stone, and
Bevdeov, a tree. Coral, from its resem-
blance to petrified wood.

Liruoper’mis. The name given by Cu-
vier to a genus of zoophytes, from Asfos,
stone, and desea, the skin; because the
surface has the appearance of being co-
vered with a layer of stony granules,
which form an extremely indurated crust.
Class Echinodermata: order Apoda.

Lirxop‘omvs, a cylindrical marine equi-
valve shell fixed by byssus to rocks,
which it ultimately penetrates, and re-
mains always after in the cavity; hence
the name from Asfos, stone, and duos,
a house. The lithodomi are littoral mol-
luses found to depths of ten fathoms.

Lirsoe’tyPxire, from Asfos, stone, and
yAvga, to engrave. A fossil which pre-
sents the appearance of being engraved
or shaped by art.

Lirnoe’rapxy, from AjsOos, stone, and
yexgw, to write. The art of taking im-
pressions upon paper, from stone, of writ-
ing and figures previously traced upon
the stone. The stone used for this pro-
cess is a fine-grained and hard limestone ;
<the best are obtained from the quarry
of Solenhofen, near Munich). The ink
with which the lines are traced on the
stone is essentially composed of some
fatty matter, usually wax, tallow-soap,
lac and lamp-black. It firmly adheres
to the smoothly-polished surface of the
stone, and attracts the printing-ink from
the inking roller, as it is passed with
some force over the surface of the stone.
The stone during the operation of print-
ing is constantly kept in a damp or moist
state, which prevents the adhesion of the
ink to those parts of the surface of the
stone which are not impregnated with
the encaustic ink.

Lirn’omancy, from AsOos, and waves,
prophecy. Divination by stones—a fool-
ery practised by the ancients,

Lirn’omarce, from Asog, stone, and
marga, marl. Stone-marrow: a variety of
tale. It has an unctuous feel, adheres to
the tongue, and in water falls to a pow-
der, but does not form a paste.

Liraontarr’ric, from Ashes, a stone, and

reiba, to wear away. A term formerly
applied to various medicines, supposed to
have the power of dissolving calculi; but
as it is now thought that there is no such
medicine, the term has been transferred
to such as have a power of obviating the’
calculous diathesis. ;

Lirnontrir’tor, Asfoc, and beurrw,
to break. An instrument for breaking
calculi in the bladder,so as to allow them
to pass with the urine.

Lituo’puaai, from sfos, a stone, and
Goya, to eat. Molluscs which eat holes
into stones and rocks, formed into a fa-

mily by Lamarck, under the name of
Lithophagide.
LirnorH’ita. A genus of plants, thus

named from As6os, a stone, and ¢gsAew, to
love, because they grow in barren stony
places.

Litnor’omy, from sos, a stone, and
rvtuya, tocut. The operation of cutting
into the bladder, in order to extract a
stone; a most delicate operation in sur-
gery.

Lirnor’rity, from Jufes, a stone, and
tero,to break The operation of break-
ing and comminuting a vesical calculus,
so that its fragments may be discharged
by the urine.

Litmus. A blue colouring matter, ob-
tained from the Lichen roccella, or canary
archil. The plant, gathered in quanti-
ties, is thoroughly ground between stones,
so as to bruise, but not to grind it to
powder; it is then moistened with strong
spirit of urine (urine mixed with quick-
lime): in a few days it acquires a purplish
red, and at length a blue colour; in the
first state it is called archil, and in the
latter lacmus or litmus. Litmus is not
affected by alkalies, but is immediately
converted to a beautiful red by acids:
hence chemists use it as one of their most
delicate tests for the presence of free acid.
It has with much impropriety been called
tincture of turnsole.

Lir’ores, Asrorys. In rhetoric, a figure
in which an affirmation is expressed by
the negative of the contrary.

Lirre. A French measure of capacity,
equal to 1 thirty-fifth ofan English bushel.

Lir’rie, Sax. litel. In the jine arts,a
condemnatory word implying that a work
is void of qualities that tend to raise the
feelings of a spectator.

Lir’vrex, from Agros, public, and eeyov,
work. In a general sense, all public ce-
remonies that belong to divine service ;
heice, in a restricted sense, among the
Romanists the mass, and among Protes-
tants the common prayer, or the for-
mulary of public prayers.

Lit’vvs. 1. A military musical instru.
ment of the Romans; also a crooked staff

FF

LOA 434

LOC

made use of by augurs in quartering the

heavens.——2. A genus of chambered |

shells, supposed to resemble the ancient
lituus in form.——3. In geometry, the name
of a spiral, in which the squares of any
two radii vectores are reciprocally as the
angles which they make with a certain
Straight line (an asymptote), given in
position.

Liv’er, Sax. lifer. In anatomy, a large
abdominal viscus, of a deep red colour,
situated under the diaphragm, in the right
hypochondrium: its use is to secrete the
bile. Epithet, hepatic.

Liv’erstoneE. A native sulphuret of ba-
rium,so named from its similarity to liver
of sulphur.

Liver or Sutruvr. Sulphuret of potash,
or other alkaline sulphuret.

Liv’ERYMEN (of London). A number of

men chosen from among the freemen of |

each company. Out of this body the
common council, sheriff, and other supe-
rior officers, are elected.

Livery or SE1sin. In law, a delivery of
possessions to one that has a right to
them.

Lixrv14’t10n, from lix. The process em-
ployed for dissolving, by means of warm
water, the saline and soluble particles of
cinders, the residues of combustion and
dry distillation, coals, ores, and earths:
salts thus obtained are termed lizivial
salts.

Lixiv’1um. A ley, from -iz, wood-ash;
the liquor obtained by lixiviation.

Liz’arp, corrupted from Lacerta (q. v.).

LL. D., Legum Doctor. Doctor of laws.

Luorn’s. Lloyd’s List is a London perio-
dical,in which the shipping news received
at Lloyd’s Coffee- , London, are regu-
larly published. At this coffee-house there
is a subscription room, under the manage-
ment of a committee, for the convenience
of underwriters and other subscribers in-
terested in shipping. Agents, commonly
styled Lloyd’s agents, are appointed to all
the principal ports of the world, who for-
ward regularly to Lloyd’s, accounts of the
departures from and arrivals at their
ports, as well as of losses and other casual-
ties, and ail such information as may be
supposed of importance towards guiding
the judgments of the underwriters.

Loacu. Beardie. A small river fish, the
Cobitis barbatula, Yarr., Lin., occasionally
prepared in the same manner as Ancho-
vies, and considered superior in flayour
and richness.

Loaps’man. In marine affairs, a person
who conducts yessels into or out of port:
a pilot.

Loap’stonE, corruption of lode-stone (see
Lope), magnetic iron-stone. An ore of
iron containing protoxide and peroxide
ofiron inastateofcombination. Accord-
ing to Hatty, the ores in which the iron is

combined with the least oxygen, with-
out being engaged in other combinations,
form natural magnets. These he terms
oxidulated iron, and they are found in
considerable masses in most countries of
the Old World. Their colour is gray, with
a metallic lustre ; primitive form, the re-
gular octahedron ; insoluble in nitric acid,
attract iron, and have all the other pro-
perties of the artificial magnet in small
degree.

Loam, Sax. lam. A natural mixture of
clay, quartz-sand, and iron ochre, usually
with some carbonate of lime; when this
last preponderates, the mixture is usually
termed marl. Any soil, which does not
cohere so strongly as clay, but more
strongly than chalk, is designated loam: a
mixture of sand and clay.

ea Lat. lobatus. Having lobes;

Losep, §/ fromlobus,alobe. Applied to
leaves, &c., when the margins of the seg-
ments are rounded.

Lox’sy, Germ, laube. 1. An open space
before a room, or surrounding a range of
chambers, or seats in a theatre; also a
small hall or waiting-room.——2. A con-
fined place, for cattle formed by hedges or
other fencing, near the yard of a farm.

Lose, Lat. lobus, from Actos. 1. A
rounded portion of certain bodies, as the
lobes of the brain, the lungs, the liver, a
leaf, &c.——2. The cotyledon of a seed.
Epithet, lobed or lobate.

Loze’tia. The cardinal’s-flower: an ex-
tensive genus of herbaceous (mostly)
plants. Pentandria—Monogynia. Named
in honour of Lobel, a celebrated botanist.
The species are found in almost all parts
of the world: the water-gladiole is the
British type. Some of the species are
highly poisonous.

Lox’stER. A crustaceous fish, the cancer
gammarus, Lin., found on the recky
coasts of England, and considered a deli-
cate article of food. The animal is said
to change its shell annually, and only to
increase in size while in a soft state.

Lo’cat, Lat. localis. Relating to a limited
portion, and not the whole, as a local dis-
ease, custom, &c. colours are such
as are natural and proper for particular
portions of a picture. icines are
designed to act on particular parts. Local
actions must be brought in a particular
county, where the cause arises. Local
militia are exercised within prescribed
limits of the country. Local problems ad-
mit of innumerable solutions.

Locx. The Scotch name for lake.

Locx, Sax. loc. 1. Ina primary sense,
anything that fastens, but now appro-
priated to the well-known instrument con-
sisting of a spring, wards, and a bolt of
iron, used to fasten doors, chests, &c., and
by analogy to that part of a musket, &c.,
by which fire is produced for the discharge

Es

LOC

435 “a

LOG

of the piece ——2. The barrier or works
ofa canal, which confine the water where
a change of level takes place, and for
fassing the boats from one level to an-
other. Canal locks are provided with
gates at each end, and are made suffi-
ciently large to receive the largest boats
navigating the canal upon which they
are constructed. The upper portion of
the canal is generally termed the upper
pond, and the other the lower pond; the
difference between the levels is the lift of
the lock; the portion of the lock inclosed
by the gates is the lock-chamber ; the re-
cesses into which the leaves of the gates
turn are termed gate-chambers ; the gate-
post hung in the hollow quoin is called
the quoin or heel-post, and the other the
mitre-post ; the bottom framings against
which the gates shut are termed mitre-
sills, and are either upper or lower; the
days are the portions of a lock at each ex-
tremity of the lock-chamber: they are
either fore or tail bays accordingly.

Locx’rr. A kind of strong-box or chest
made along the side of a ship, to stow
anything in.

Locx-eares. The framed gates employed
on rivers and canals, for penning back the
water and forming locks. They consist
commonly of two leaves, and are opened
either by means of balance-beams, situ-
ated on the top of the gates, or by boat-
hooks ; a large gate, running upon wheels,
is opened by means of a windlass and
chain. They are termed wpper and lower
gates, according to their situation.

Locx-pappLe. A small sluice, by which
an empty lock is filled.

Lock-sirz. An angular piece of timber
at the bottom of a lock, against which the
gates shut. See Lock.

Lock-wetr, paddle-weir. 1, An overfall
behind the upper lock-gates, by which the
waste water of the upper pond is let
down through the paddle-holes into the
lock-chamber.——2. A weir furnished
with a lock.

Lo’coro’cos. The designation of the
ultra-democratical party in America,
since 1834.

Locomo’rIvE ENcInEe. A motive steam-
engine, usually constructed on the high-
pressure principle, employed in land-
carriage, chiefly of railways.

Locomo’tive Power is any power ap-
plied directly to the transport of goods, in
distinction from stationary power.

Loc’utamENnT, Lat. loculamentum. A
,odgment. A term, in botany, for the cell
of a pericarp in which the seed is lodged.

Loccur’cipat. In botany, a particular
kind of dehiscence. Some fruits open by
the dividing of each carpellum at its mid-
rib, so that the dissepiments stick together,
aud to two halves of contiguous carpella :
this is called locwicidai dehiscence

~

Lo’cum Tr’NENs. One who hAotis the
place of another; a deputy.

Lo’cus, a place. Locus in quo, th2 place
where anything is alleged to be done in
legal pleadings, &c. Locus partibus, a di-
vision made between two counties, &c. to
make trial where the place in question
lies.

Lo’cust. 1. In botany, a name applied
to the spikelet of grasses ——2. In ento-
mology, see Cicapa and AcRYDIUM.

, Lo’cust-Tree. The pseud-acacia, or
common robinia,a tree of North America.

Lope. In mining, a vein of ore, from
Sax. ledan, to lead. The term is used to
signify a regular vein or course, whether
metallic or not; but most commonly it is
applied to a metallic vein. The lodes are
said to be alive when the ores are good,
and dead, when the gangue is the only
material found.

Loner, Fr. logis. In architecture,a small
house in a park or domain, subordinate to
the mansion ; also, the cottage at the gate
of the avenue.

Lovcep. In heraldry, a term for a buck,
hart, &c., when lying on the ground; an-
swering to couchant, which is applied to
beasts of prey, as a lion. :

Lopve’mMent. In fortification, a work
raised with earth, gabions, fascines, &c.,
to cover the besiegers from the enemy’s
fire, and enable them the better to hold
a position which they have taken.

Lorss. A German word, used by geolo-
gists to designate an alluvial tertiary de-
posit, consisting of calcareous loam. It
is exemplified between Cologne and Basle.

Loc. A machine for measuring the rate
of a ship’s velocity through the water.
The common log is a piece of board, form-
ing the quadrant of a circle, about six
inches radius, balanced by a small plate
of lead, nailed on the circular part, so as
to swim perpendicularly in the water,
with the greater part immersed. To this
is attached a log-line, which, when the log
is ‘“‘ heaved,” is unwound from its reel by
the log, which remains stationary in the
water, while the ship moves away: the
number of ‘‘ knots” run off in half-a-
minute, denotes the number of miles
which the ship is making per hour. The
observations are marked on the log-board.
The log-board consists of two boards,
shutting together like a book, and is di-
vided into columns, containing the hours
of the day and night, the directions of the
winds, the courses of the ship, and what
ever material occurrenees happen during
the twenty-four hours. The contents of
the log-board, being written with chalk,
are wiped out at noon, having been first
transcribed into the log-book, which is
duly signed by the commanding- officer.

Loo’anirux, from Aoyos, ratio, ané
oeesf 20g, number. 009 of numbers. Lo-

F

LOG 436

LON

garithms are a series of numbers in arith-
metical progression, answering to another
series of numbers in geometrical progres-
sion ; or, more strictly, they are the indices
of the powers of a certain radix, which,
when involved by the power denoted by
the index, is equal to the given number.
Thus, if rz = a, ry, = 6, r=, =c, then is x
the logarithm of a, y of b, z of c, and r is
the radix of the system, and may be any
number except 1.

Locarirn’mic or Locisr’ic Curve. In
geometry, a curve line, of which the ab-
sciss@ are proportional to the logarithms
of the corresponding ordinates.

LocaritxH’mic or Locisr’ic Sprrat. In
geometry, a spiral curve, such that the ra-
diants, or distances from the centre of
points in the curve, which make equal
angles with each other, are continual
proportions,

Loe’cars, kittle-pins. A game prohi-
bited by Stat. 33 Henry VIII.

Logic, Lat. logica, from Aoyizy, from
Acyw,tospeak. The art of thinking and
reasoning justly.

Logistic Sprrat. Logarithmic spiral.
A curve constructed thus: divide the
quadrant of a circle into any number of
equal parts in the points A, B, C, D, &e.,

and from the radii CA,CB,CC,CD, &e., cut
off Ca, Cb, Cc, Cd, &c., continually pro-
portional ; then the curve passing through
the points a, b, c, d, &c. will be the log-
arithmic spiral. The several areas are
as the logarithms of the ordinates.

G’oGRapHyY, from Asyos, a word, and
yeadw, to write. A method of printing,
in which a type represents a word, in-
stead of forming a letter.

Locomer’ric, from Aovyos, ratio, and
wtreoy, measure, ratio of equivalents.
‘Wollaston’s scale of chemical equivalents
has been termed a logometric scale.

Loe’ woop. The wood of the Hematory-
lon Campechianum, a native tree of cen-
tral America, but grown in Jamaica since
the beginning of the last century. Itaf-
fords a valuable tincture by decoction,
extensively used in dyeing and calico-
printing.

Lotium. The Darnel-grass. A genus.
Triandria—Digynia. The L. perenne, a
perennial, of which there are no less than
14 varieties, is the usually known
among farmers by the name of Rye-grass.
The other species are annuals, and con-
sidered weeds.

Lot’tarps. A sect of early reformers in
England and Germany; -. followers of
Wickliffe.

Lom’sarpvs. The old name for bankers,
because the people of Lombardy first fol-
lowed that branch of trade. Hence also
the name Lombard Street, long famous for
its banking-houses.

Lo’mMENT, Lat. lomentum. 1. The meal
ot beans.——2. Bean-meal bread.——3,
The name of a pigment now. forgotten.
—4t. In botany, an elongated bivalve
pericarp, divided into cells by very small
partitions, never lateral like those of the
legume.

Lomenta’cex. The name of the 33rd
natural order of plants in Linnzeus’ Frag-
ments, consisting of plants furnished with
loments, as the cassia, ceretonia, mimosa,

-» and not papilionaceous’ corols.
Epithet Lomentaceous.

Lonpon Cray. A bluish or blackish clay,
lying immediately over the plastic clay and
sand ; varying from 1 to more than 500 feet
in thickness. It belongs to the eocene
period, and abounds with fossil remains,
especially of testaceans, reptiles and fish.
It is the calcaire grossier of the French.

Lone. A musical character, equal to
four semibreves.

Loneicor’nes, from longus, long, and
ernu,ahorn. A family of coleopterous
insects in Cuvier’s arrangement, so named
from the length of their antenne, which
are filiform or setaceous, and most com-
monly at least as long as the body.

Lonoiren’neEs, from longus, long, and
penna, a wing. A family of birds in
Cuvier’s arrangement, including those
palmipedes of the high seas, which, from
their immense length of wing, are to be
met within every latitude ; as the petrels,
puffins, albatross, gulls, noddies and
skimmers.

Lonerros’tres, from longus, long and
rostrum, a bill. A family of birds of the
order Grallatorie, Cuy., composed of a
multitude of waders, characterised by a
long, slender, and feeble bill, the use of
which is restricted to searching in the
mud for worms and insects; as the ibis,
curlews, snipes, &c.

Loneis’stuvs Dorsr, a muscle of the
back, which assists others in keeping the
spine erect.

Low’eitupE, Lat. longitudo, from longus,
long; properly, length. The longitude of
a tial is its angular distance from
the vernal equinoctial point; that is, ifa@
great circle pass through a star perpen

LOP 43

7 LOR

dicular to the ecliptic, the arc of the
ecliptic intercepted between the inter-
section of it with this circle and the vernal
equinoctial point will be the longitude of
the star. In geography and navigation,
» ongitude is the measure of the angle in-
cluded between the meridian of any place,
the longitude of whick is required, anda
certain fixed meridian, from which the
longitude is reckoned: or it is the num-
ber of degrees, minutes, &c., intercepted
between a certain fixed point of the equa-
tor and the intersection of the meridian
of the place with the same circle: thus
degrees of longitude vary with the paral-
leis of latitude, being everywhere as the
cosine of the latitude.

Lon’ctrupe Stars. Those fixed stars
which have been selected for the purpose
of finding the longitude by lunar observa-
tions, as q@ Arietis, Aldebaran, @ Pegasi, &c.

Lone-primer. The name of a printing
type of a size between bourgeois and

small-pica.
Lon’cus Cor’t1. A pair of muscles of
the neck
; Lonic’eRA. The Honeysuckle, or Wood-
tne,

Toor. The after part ofa ship’s bow. This
term is also sometimes used for luff (q.v.)

Loot. A vessel used to receive the
washings of metallic ores.

Loom. A frame of wood or metal, by
which the process of weaving is per-
formed.——2. To loom is to appear larger
than the real dimensions, and jidistinctly.
Thus, the ship 7ooms large, and the land
looms high, are phrases applicable to
similar phenomena to what is otherwise
called mirage.

Loom-cate. A gentle gale of wind, in
which a ship can carry her topsails a-trip.

Loow'tna. The indistinct, magnified ap-
pearance of objects seen in particular
states of the atmosphere.

Loop. A noose through which a lace or
cord may be run for fastening.——2. In
tron-works, the part of a row or block of
cast-iron, melted off for the forge or
hammer. Looping is also used to express
the running together of the matter of an
ore in the roasting.

Loor-notrs, Certain small apertures
formed in the bulk-heads and other parts
of a merchant-ship, through which small
arms may be fired on an enemy who
boards her.

Lorurovon. A fossil genus of animals
allied to the tapir, rhinoceros and hippo-
potamus, and closely connected with the
paleotherium; named from Asgia and
odovs, in allusion to certain points or
eminences on the teeth. Fifteen species
have been discovered, mixed with the re-
mains of the anoplotyerium and palxo-
therium.

Lo’pivs. A genus of Acanthopterygious
fishes, comprehending the sea-devils or
fishing frogs, pig-fish, toad-fish,&e. The
L. piscaiorius, Cuvy., Yarr., is a common
fish all round the British coasts; it is
sometimes taken of the length of five feet,
ard is remarkable for its voracity.

Lornopran’cuit. An order of fishes in
Cuvier’s arrangement, thus named from
Aogos, a tuft, and Beayyos, a gill, being
eminently distinguished by the gills,
which, instead of resembling as usual the
teeth of a comb, are divided into small
round tufts, arranged in pairs along the
bronchial arches. They are generally
small, and almost without flesh. The
whole are comprehended in the single
genus Syngnathus, Lin.

Lorp. A title of courtesy given to ail
British and Irish noblemen, from the
baron upward to all sons of marquesses
and dukes, and to tue eldest sons of
earls; and, as an honorary title to cer-
tain official characters, as the lord mayor
of London, the lord chief justice, the lord
chancellor, &c. Archbishops and bishops,
as members of the House of Lords, are
lords of parliament: thus we speak of
lords temporal and spiritual. The title is
from Sax. hleford, usually derived from
hlaf, loaf, and ford, or afford, to give; and
hence lord is interpreted a bread-giver. A
lord in law is one who possesses a fee or
manor, and it was in right of their fiefs
that lords came to sit in parliament. In
scripture language Lord is a name forthe
Supreme Being ; and in the old testament,
when printed in capital letters, it is a
translation of the name JEHOVAH.

Lorps, Hovss or. One of the three es-
tates of parliament, and composed of the
lords spiritual and temporal.

Lore, Lat. lorum, strap. In ornithology,
the space between the bill and the eye.

Lorrca (Lat.). A coat of mail.——2.
A lute of clay, &c., for coating retorts
and other chemical vessels which are to
be subjected to a high heat: hence lors-
cation, the application of such lute or
lorica to vessels.

Lorica’r1a. A genus of fishes; order
Abdominales. Name from lorica, a coat
of mail, the body being covered by plates
of mail.

Lor’imer. An old name for a bridle-
maker: one who mude such articles as
were required for the furniture of war-
horses. The term is Fr. lormier, from Lat.
lorum a thong.

Lo’ris. A subgenus of Lemurs, compre-
hending the slow loris or sloth of Bengal
(Lemur tardigradus, Lin.) and the slender
loris (Lemur gracilis, Cuy.). also from

dia

Lo’ry. A bird of the parrot tribe, the |
Psittacus Lorius, Lin.

LOX

438

LUC

Lore Trer. In Hindoo mythology, the
eymbol of creation.

Lor’tery, from “t,a share. A game of
hazard at which sm:allsums are advanced
in the hope of gaining alarger. The state
lotteries were abolished in 1826.

Lo’rvs. The bird's foot trefoil. 1. An ex-
tensive genus of plants. Diadelphia—
Decandria. There are three British spe-
cies, all perennials; but several of the
exotic species are shrubby, some bien-
nial, others annual. The name lotus,
Awros, has been variously applied to a

small herb, a species of trefoil. ——2_

Some species of aquatic plants of the
water-lily tribe, as the sacred lotus of the
Egyptians, known at present in India
under the name of Tamara.——3. To se-
‘veral trees or rather shrubs, as that at
present known by the vernacular name

of jujube, and some tree, the fruitof which’

was said to be so delicious as to make
those who tasted it forsake all other de-
sires, hence the proverb, Awroy egayov,
lotum gustavi, I have tasted lotus. This
name is also said to be from the nymph
Lotis, who was changed into this tree.

LovGu. eer first is the Irish, and the

Locx. Jsecond the Scotch, term for
lake.

Lovts-p’Or. A French gold coin, first
struck under Louis XIII. It was reck-
oned worth 24 livres, or lJ. sterling, by
which, however, it was under-rated in
respect to silver. The new Louis is worth
20 francs.

Lovis (Knights of St.). The name of a
military order instituted in France by
Louis XIV. in 1693.

Love’-aprte. In botany, a species of
nightshade, the Solanum lycopersicum, an
annual plant of South America.——2. The
fruit of this plant.

Love, Famity or. A sect of fanatics in
the 16th century, resembling the early

anabaptists.
Love Feasts. A religious festival held
quarterly by the Methodists.

Love’-LIEs-BLEEDING. - In botany, a spe-
cies of amaranth, the Amaranthus cauda-
tus, an annual plant. East Indies.

Low’er and vr’per. In geology, the chalk
formation or series is generally divided
into six members, named the lower green
sand; the gault ; the chalk without flints,
called the lower chalk; the chalk with
flints, called the upper chalk; and the
Maestricht beds.

Low PressurE ENGINE, condensing en-
gine. A steam-engine, in the cylinder of
which a vacuum is formed whereby the
pistons are worked, being forced to de-
scend by the pressure of the atmosphere.

Low Sunpay. The Sunday next after
Easter.

Loxov’romy, from Aoges, oblique, and
tzoues course. A “oxodromic curve or

Spiral, or a line wi ich a ship makes in
sailing on the same point of the compass,
thereby cutting all the meridians at the
same angle.

Loz’encE, Fr. losange. A figure with
four equal sides, haying two acute and
two obtuse angles. In geometry this
figure is usually called a rhomb, and a si-
milar figure, haying the sides unequal, is
a rhomboid.——2. In heraldry, a lozenge is
a figure resembling a pane of glass in old
casements. All single ladies must place
theirarms on lozenges.——3. In pharmacy
and confectionary, a small preparatior ori-
ginally in the form of a lozenge: he
figure is now departed from.

Loz’ener’e. In heraldry, divided lozeng-
wise.

Lvz’BER’s-HOLE.
space between the head of the lower mast
and the edge of the top: itis so named
from a supposition, that a lubber or lands-
man, not caring to trust himself up the
futtock shrouds, will prefer that way of
getting into the top.

Luca’nvus. A genus of pentamerous col-
eoptera, placed among the La icornes
by Cuvier. The stag-beetle (ZL. cervus,
Lin.) is perhaps the best known species.
The larva, which inhabits the interior of
the oak for several years previous to its
final metamorphosis, is considered as the
cossus of the Romans. regarded by them as
a delicious article of food.

Lv’ceres (Lat.). In Roman antiquity, a
body of horse composed of Roman knights,

Lucerna’ria. The name given by Muller
to a genus of polypi; order Carnosi. They
fix themselves to fuci, and other marine
bodies, by a slender pedicle, and their
superior portion dilates like a parasol, in
the centre of which is the mouth.

Lv’cerne. Aspecies of moon-trefoil, the
Medicago sativa, a perennial cultivated
like ciover. It is the medica of the an-
cients, and supposed originally frora
Media.

Lv’cirer, from luz, light, and fero, to
bring. A name of the planet Venus, so
called from its brightness ; or more strict-
ly, when she appears in the morning be-
fore sunrise: called, when she appears as
an evening star, Hi .—2. Satan,
“the prince of darkness.”——3. Matches
tipped with a mixture of chlorate of pot-
ash and sulphuret of antimony: inflamed
by friction on emery paper.

Lucire’aians. Areligious sect, the fol-
lowers of Lucifer, bishop of Cagliari, in
the 4th century. The sect held the carnal
nature of the soul, and that there is no
place of repentance for those who fall.

Lvcim’erer, from luz, light, and MeEreoy,
measure. An apparatus for mere
the intensity of light proceeding from dif-
ferent bodies.

Lvcvur'tire. A subspecies of rhomboidal

In a ship, the vacant

i rl ll Pa

LUM 439

LUN

limestone, named after the consul Lu-
cullus, who admired the compact variety
of it so much as to honour it with his
name. ‘There are three varieties, the
compact, prismatic, and foliated. The
compact again is divided into the common
or black marble and stinkstone.

Lv’ss. A plague or poison, from Avw, to
dissolve, because it produces dissolution.

Lvurr. 1. In nautical language, a luff
(Arm. loff), a weather-gage cr part to-
wards the wind.—2. To luff (Arm. lof),
to turn the head of the ship towards the
wind. Hence, in the imperative luff is
the order of the helmsman to put the tiller
towards the lee-side of the ship, in order
to make the ship sail nearer the wind.
Luff round, or luff a-lee, is the extreme of
the movement intended to throw theship’s
head into the wind. A ship springs her
iugf when she yielda to the helm by sail-
ing nearer the wind.

Lvr’Fer Boarpine, Fr. louvre. In archi-
tecture, a series of inclined boards for
filling an aperture ina wall, which ad-
mit air, while they exclude rain.

Lurr-racxte. A large tackle, not des-
tined for any particular place in a ship,
but is moveable at pleasure. -

Lus’cer, Dut. loger. A vessel carrying

three masts, with a running bowsprit and
long sails.

Lvwu’-sarL. A small square sail, bent upon
a yard that hangs obliquely to the mast
at one third its length.

Lumacuev’, Ital. lwmachella, shell-mar-
ble. A variety of common compact lime-
stone, which abounds in the sandstone
and coal formations in England and Scot-
land, and in Ireland, wherever clayslate
and sandstone occur. Great part of it is
made up of shells and corals conglutin
ated; its predominant coloured delinea-
tions are red ; whence itis also called jire
marble.

Lumsa’co, from lumbt, the loins A

troublesome fixed pain about the loins
and ligaments of the back.

Lum’sar. Appertaining to the loins
(lumbi), as the lumbar-region: the loins.

Lum’sricat, Lat. lumbricalis, resem-
bling the earth-worm (lwmbricus) . an
epithet of certain muscles, as the small
flexors of the fingers and toes.

Lum’sricus. A genus of worms, com-
prising the common earth-worms (L. ter-
restris, Lin.). Class Articulata; order
Abranchiata, Cuy. Named lubricate, from
its slipperiness.

Lump’ers. Labourers employed to load
and unload merchant ships when in har-
bour.

Lump’risH, Lumpsucker. A fish, the
Cyclopterus Lumpus, Yarr., called also sea-
owl. The male fish, called cock-padie, is
much smaller than the female or hen-padle.

Luv’na. In astronomy, the moon. In
alchemy, silver.

Lu’na Cor’nza, horn-silver. Chlorideof
silver.

Lvu’nar, from luna (q.v.). 1. Relating
to the moon, as the lunar orbit.——2. Re-
lating to silver, as lunar caustic, or nitrate
of silver.——3. Lunar bone, one of the
wrist bones. ——4. Lunar cycle, the period
of time after which the new moons re-
turn on the same days of the year.——
5. Lunar distance is the distance of the
moon from the sun, or from a fixed star
or planet, employed at sea in finding the
longitude of a ship: this is called the
lunar method.—6. A lunar month is the
time in which the moon revolves about
the earth.——7. A lunar year is 12 lunar
months, or 354 days, 8 hours, 48 min., 34
sec.

Luna/rE, Os. One of the bones-of the
carpus ; so named from its shape.

Lu’nareE, Lat. lunatus, crescent-shaped.
Formed like a half-moon.

Lv’natic. 1. In law, a person who is
sometimes of a sound mind, and at other
times is net: these paroxysms being sup-
posed to be regulated by the moon (luna).
—2. Applied adjectively:to any disease
supposed to be regulated by the changes
of the moon.

Louna’‘tion, from luna, the moon. The
space of time between one new moon and
another, named also the synodical month
- consists of 29 days, 12 hours, 44 min.,

sec.

Lenerre’, Fr. from lune, the moon. 1.
In fortification, an enveloped counter-
guard, dr elevation of earth, made beyond
the second ditch, opposite to the place
of arms. Lunettes consist of two faces,
forming an angle inwards, and differ
from a ravelin only in their situation.
——2. In optics, a description of glasses or
spectacles are called /unettes.——~3. In
architecture, an aperture for the admis.
sion of light in a concave ceiling

LUS 440

LYC

Lunes. The organs of respiration in
warm-blooded anim There are two
of these organs, each of which occupies
its cavity in the thorax. Their substance
is of four kinds — vesicular, vascular,
bronchial, and parenchymatous. The vesi-
cular substance is composed of air-cells.
The vascular invests those cells like a
net-work. The bronchial is formed by
the ramifications of the bronchia through-
out the lungs, having the air-cells at the
extremities: and the spongy substance
which connects those parts is termed the
parenchyma.

Luniso’Lar, from luna, the moon, and
solaris, from sol, the sun ; compounded of
the revolutions of the sun and moon.
Thus, the lunisolar year is equal to 532
common years, found by multiplying the
cycle of the sun by that of the moon.

Lv’nistice, from dune, the moon, and
sto,to stand. The furthest point of the
moon’s northing and southing in its
monthly revolutions.

Lv’nutar, Lat. lunularis, { Crescent-

Lvu’NvLateE, Lat. lunulatus. shaped,
or half-moon-like. Applied, in botany, to
leaves, pods, &c.

Lvu’ria. A genus of diseases, including
encysted tumours, the contents of which
are of a pultaceous-like consistency: from
Ausew, to molest.

Lv’pinose, lupin-like. An epithet for
a cutaneous disease, a species of porrigo.

Lupinus, the lupine. A genus of legu-
minous plants of many species. Diadel-
phia—Decandria. Name, according to
Martin, from lupus, a wolf, because plants
of this genus ravage the ground by over-
running it. Lupines are cultivated in
this country chiefly as a manure.

Lv’putine. The bitter principle of the
hop (Humulus lupulus, Lin.), is thus
named by Dr. Ives. It is an impalpable
yellow powder, obtained by beating and
sifting the hops used in brewing.

Lu’putvs. An old name for the hop-
plant, from Avzy, on account of its bitter-
ness. See Humvutus.

Lvupvs. 1. In zoology, the wolf, a species
of the genus Canis.——2. In astronomy,
the wolf, a southern constellation.——3.
In nosology, a disease of the face, other-
wise called noli-me-tangere, touch-me-not.

Lvurcn’er. A poacher; a dog more used
by poachers than sportsmen. The body
is slender, the legs strong, tail straight,
and the hair long and rough.

Lv’rivz, from luridus, livid, ghastly.
A natural order of plants, the twenty-
eighth in the natural method of Linneus,
consisting of suchas are highly poisonous,
as the datura, atropa, &c.

Lustra’tion, from lustro, to purify, a
purifying. The lustration was a ceremony
ef purification, which the Romans per-

formed on their cities, fields, armies, and
people, on various occasions, but espe-
cially after the numbering of the people by
the censors, every fifth year. See Luerrus.

Lus’trE. In méineralogy, lustre is of five
kinds. (1.) Splendent, when the lustre can
be seen at a great distance. (2.) Shining,
when the reflected light is weak. (3.)
Glistening, when observed only at a short
distance. (4.) Glimmering, when the sur-
face presents only luminous points. (5.)
Dull, when the surface has no Iustre.

Lus’rraum, Lat. from lustro, to purify.
A term, among the Romans, for the space
of five years, at the end of which the
people paid the census or tribute, and
were sprinkled and purified from all prior
defilements. See LusTration.

Lure. In music, a stringed instrument,
containing at first only five rows of
strings, to which were afterwards added
six more, with nine or ten stops.

Lure, from lutum, clay. A compo-

Lutina, § sition of clay, or other tena-
cious matter, for stopping the junctures of
chemical apparatus, to prevent the escape
or entrance of gas or air.

Lurroxtne. The yellow colouring matter
of weld (/uteola). When sublimed it crys-
tallises in needles.

Lu’rHERAN. In architecture, a kind of
window over the cornice, in the roof of
a building, to admit light into the upper
story.

Lu’TtHERANISM. The doctrines of Martin
Luther, an Augustine friar, who sepa-
rated from the church of Rome about
1515, and took the lead in what is now
called the Reformation.

Lv’tra. A genus of carnivorous animals
of the digitigrade tribe, comprising the
otters, of which there are many species.
The European, American, and sea otters
are the best known. Name from Lat.
lutra or lytra, probably derived from
lutum, mud. °

Lycan’trHRoPYs, Gr., from Avzos, a wolf,
and avfgwres,a man. 1. A superstitious
belief that men were sometimes changed
into wolves.——2. A species of madness
so called,

Lycr’um, Avzesov. A celebrated school
at Athens, where Aristotle taught.

Lycu’n1s. A genus of hardy perennial
plants. Decandria—Pentagynia. Europe.
The Ragged Robin is a British species.
The Greek name Avyyos, a torch, was
common to several plants. .

LycuH’NITES, Avyyvog- An ancient name
of marble, its quarries being worked by
lamp-light.

Lycoper’pon, the puff-ball. A genus
of fungi of many species, as the mollipuf,
deerball, truffie,&c. Name from )uzxo
a wolf, and #tg3w, pedo.

=

LYN

441

MAC

Lycopopra’cea. The club-mosses. A
natural tribe of cryptogamic plants, of
which the genus lycopodium is the type.

Lycoro’pium. Theclubmoss. A genus
of cryptogamic plants. Order, Musci.
Name from Avzos, a wolf,and zoys, 2 foot,
in allusion to the shape of one of the
species. The L.clavatum, or wolf's claw,
the seed of which is remarkable for its
combustibility, &c., is used in theatres to
imitate lightning.

Lyco’sa. The name given by Latreille to
a genus of arachnides. The lycose are
extremely voracious. A species of this
genus, the Zarentula, so called from Ta-
rentum, a city of Italy, in the environs of
which it is common, is highly celebrated.
The poisonous nature of its bite is thought
to produce the most serious consequences,
being frequently followed by death or
tarentism, results which can only be
avoided by tne aid of muzie and dancing.

_Lyp1an Srone. The Lydius Lapis. A
flint-slate, used by the Greeks and Ro-
mans for the trial of gold and silver.

Lytne Panets. In architecture, those
in which the grain of the wood runs
horizontally.

Lyine-ro. In navigation, the situation
of a ship when she is retarded in her
course, by arranging the sails in such a
manner as to counteract each other with
nearly equal effect.

Lymrx. The liquid contained in the
lymphatic vessels of the body. It is trans-
parent and colourless.

Ly’puaric. 1. Of the nature of lymph.
—2. The name of an absorbent vessel,
which carries the lymph into the thoracic
duct, where it mixes with the chyle.
The lymphatics of the body are small and
transparent, originate from all the cavi-
ties of the body, and form with the lacte-
als of the intestines the absorbent system.

Lyncu-taw. The irregular andrevenge-
ful species of justice which was adminis-
tered by the populace in some parts of
the United States, owing to the difficulty
of enforcing regular law. It is named
after a Virginian farmer, of the name of
Lynch, who took the law into his own
hands in flogging a thief.

Lynx. A sub-genus of felis, of which
there are four or five species, or rather
varieties, known in commerce by the
qualities and colours of their fur. The
most beautiful is the F. cervaria, emm
as large as a wolf, and which is found in

: the fur is reddish-grey, finely
spotted with black. ‘Those of Canada and
Sweden (F. borealis, Temm.)} are ash-
coloured grey with few spots. The Bay
Lynx (F. ruffa, Giild.) of North America
is reddish fawn, mottled with brown.
The Caracal (F. caracal, Lin.) from Persia,
Turkey, &c., is the true }ynx of the
ancients.

Lyra The harp. A constellation of the
northern hemisphere, which owes its name
to the lyre which Apollo gave to Orpheus.

Ly’rare, from lyra; lyre-shaped.’ Ap-
plied to leaves divided transversely into
several segments, the segments gradually
increasing in size towards the extremity
of the leaf.

Lysrua‘cuta. The loose-strife. A genus
of herbaceous plants. Pentandria—Mono-
gynia. Temperate and cold climates.
Named after Lysimachus. There are
four British species, among which is the
common loose-strife, and money-wort,
both perennials, the latter very common
in our ditches.

Lystmua’cu1z. A natural family of plants,
of which the genus Lysimachia is the ty pe.

Lys’sa, Avoca. Hydrophobia.

M.

M, the thirteenth letter of the alphabet,
as a numeral stands for 1000, and with a
dash over it, M, it stands for a thousand
times a thousand, or 1,000,000. In astro-
nomical tables, &c., M stands for meridio-
nal, meridian, mid-day, &c. In law,M is
the brand or stigma of a person convicted
of manslaughter and admitted to benefit
ofclergy. In medical prescriptions, it is
used to denote a handful (manipulus), as
of herbs, flowers, &c.; and sometimes it
is a contraction of misce: thus m. f.
haust. mix and let a draught be made.
M is also an abbreviation of many Roman
names, as Marcus, Martius, &c. M.A
Magister Artiwm, Master of Arts.

' Mac,) A Scotch prefix to surnames

Mc. J signifying son, as McDonald, for
Donaldson ; synonymous with the Eng-
lish Fitz, and the Irish O.

Maca’cus, 1 genus of mammiferous

Maca’augs. fanimals. Order Quadru-
mana. The maned Macaque (Simia
Silenus and Conina, Lin.) from Ceylon, and
the Pig-tailed Baboon (1. rhesus), from
Bengal, are species. The Inui of Cuvier
are also macaques without tails.

Macap’amizinc. A-method of making
roads, first publicly introduced by Mr.
Macadam. It consists in breaking the
stones small, that they may bind with
the earthy and pulverised matters of a
common road into a firm and smooth
mass.

Macanpov’. The name given by the na
tives to a tree of Malacca, the fruit of
which is roasted and eaten as a cure for
dysenteries, cholera morbus, and other
similar complaints.

Macaroni, ) A kind of biscuit made of

Maccaro’nr. | flour, eggs, sugar and
almonds, highly prized as an article of
luxury by the Italians. [n commerce, it
is known by the name of Genoese paste

MAC 402

MAC

and 1s usually made up in long tubes of
the thickness of a goose-quill.

Macaron‘ic, | An epithet for a bur-

Macaro’n1an. J lesque species of poetry,
made up of a jumble of Latin modernized,
or of native words with Latin termina-
tions.

Macas’sar Poison, Ippo. The gum ofa
tree which grows in the isle of Celebes,
in the Indian ocean, with which the Ma-
layans anoint their arrows to make the
wound fatal.

Macaw. A name common to those par-
rots which have a long cuneiform tail.
See Psirracvs.

Mace, Lat. macis, a spice; the middle
bark of the nutmeg. 1. A thick, tough,
reticulated, unctuous membrane, of a
lively reddish yellow colour, which en-
velopes the shell of the nutmeg. 2. Fr.
masse, a club. An ensign of authority
borne before some official persons by a
mace-bearer. Originally the mace wasa
club or instrument of war, made of iron,
and used by cavalry.

Macepo’nians. In ecelesiastical history,
a sect of Christians who sprung up in the
4th century, denominated after a bishop
uf Constantinople, who denied the exist-
ence of the Holy Ghost.

Macrera’tion, from macer, thin. The
process of soaking bodies in water or
other fluid, in order to extract their vir-
tues. It differs little from digestion

Macue’rss. The Ruffs, a genus of birds ;
order Grallatorie, family Lingirostres,
Cny. One species only is known, the
Tringa pugnsx, Lin., somewhat smaller
than a snipe.

Macu’iavetism. The principles inculca-
ted by Machfavelli, an Italian writer, se-
cretary, and historiographer to the repub-
lic of Florence. Political cunning and arti-
fice intended to favour arbitrary power.
Hence Machiavelian, one who adopts the
principles of Machiayel, This word is
also used adjectively.

Macuic’otatTep. In ancient architecture,
a building whose parapets project beyond
the faces of the walls, and are supported
by arches springing from large corbels.

Macuine’, Lat. machina. Aninstrument
employed te regulate motion, or to in-
crease either its velocity or its force. The
term is therefore more particularly signi-
ficant of the contrivance interposed be-
tween the natural force and that employed
in fulfilling the end desired, as to a water-
wheel, which is situated between the
water and the apparatus for grinding
corn or pumping water, as the case may
be. The tackle connected with most con-
trivances are also known by the general
name of machinery.—Machines are classed
ander different denominations, according
to the agents by which they are put in
motion, the purposes they are intended

to effect, or the art in which they are
employed, as hydraulic, pneumatic, mag-
netic, carding, spinning machines, &c
They are simple or complex, according to
the number of their parts.

Macuin’ery. A general term for com-
binations of mechanical elements. The
word conveys a more extended idea than
machine, which is a particular piece of
machinery, applied to a special purpose.

Mack’ere., | Dut. mackreel, Ger. mack-

Macxare., } rele, Ir. mackreil, Wel.
macrell. A fish, the Scomber Scomber,
Yarr., S. vulgaris, Flem., very common on
the English coasts, at various periods of
the year. The mackerel is easily taken
by a variety of baits, particularly so dur-
ing a gentle breeze of wind, hence termed
a mackerel-breeze or mackerel-gale. The
fish is highly esteemed as an article of
food. When alive, it possesses great sym-
metry of form, and much brilliancy of
eclours.

Ma’‘cie. In mineralogy, the hohl spath
of Werner, and hollow spar of Jameson.
Macle occurs only in crystals, the form of
which isa four-sided prism. Itis opaque,
sometimes translucent; colours white or
gray, often shaded with yellow, green,
red, &c. Sp. gr. 2°94. Found in black
argillaceous slate.

Macmir’tanires. A religious sect in
Scotland, descended from the Covenanters
in the 17th century. They are more gen-
erally known as Cameronians, from their
founder, Richard Cameron. The name
of Macmillanites they derived from the
first preacher of their doctrinein the west
of Scotkand, whose name was Macmillan:
it is confined to Glasgow and its vicinity.

Ma’crocosm, from psaxeos, great, and
xg zt, the world. The universe or visi-
ble system, in distinction to microcosm, or
world of man.

Macropac’rytz. A family of birds ; order
Grallatorie, Cuy. Name from pwaxeos,
long, and dexzrvioes, a finger, the family
being furnished with very long toes fitted
for walking on the grass of marshes, and
even for swimming. The jacanas, rails,
coots, sheath-bills and flamingos, are ex-
amples.

Macrom’eter, from wazegos, great, and
MéTvoy, Measure. A mathematical instru-
ment contrived to measure inaccessible
objects, by means of two reflectors on a
common sextant.

Mac‘ropus. The name given by Shaw to
a genus of Marsupialia, comprehending
the kangaroos, from pazgos, long, and
gous, a foot.

Macroscet'rpes. An insectivorous mam-
mal, which inhabits the rocky mountains
of the western part of the district of Al-
giers, recently observed by M. Wagner.

—

a eS
- <4

M ZN 443

MAG

Mac’cta (Lat.),aspot; hence maculated,
spotted; marked with small spots. Ma-
eul@. 1. In nosology, a detached effiores-
cence of the skin, or discoloured patches.
—2. In astronomy, spots in the luminous
faces of the sun and moon.

Map Aprie. The fruit of the Solanum
melongena, of an oblong egg-shape. It is
boiled in soups and sauces in countries
where it grows, and is accounted very
nutritive.

Mav’per. The root of the Rubia tincto-
rum, extensively used in dyeing red. The
colour which it imparts is less bright than
that from cochineal, but it has the advan-
tage of being cheaper and more durable.
The plant is a native of the south of Eu-
rope, Asia Minor, and India, but it is now
extensively cultivated in Holland, Alsace,
Provence, &c.

Mapon’na, Ital. for my lady. An Italian
term applied to the Virgin Mary. Pictures
representing the Virgin are called Ma-
donnas.

Map’repores, from Fr. madré, spotted,
and pore, asmall cavity. Stony polypi with
concentric lamine resembling stars. Ina
fiving state, the stony matter is covered
with a skin of living gelatinous matter,
fringed with little bunches of tentacula;
these are the polypi. Madrepores are
sometimes united and sometimes de-
tached ; where the lamine take aserpen-
tine direction, they are called meandrina
or brain-stones.

Maprer’orire. A variety of limestone,
30 called because it is composed of nume-
rous small prismatic concretions, resem-
bling the stars of madrepores. It con-
tains 13 silex, 10 alumina, and oxide of
iron, 16.

Ma’prizr. 1. A flat beam of wood
placed at the bottom of a moat, to sup-
port a wall.—2. A thick plank used for
the platform of batteries, and to support
the earth in the galleries and chambers
of mines, &c.——3. A plank of wood, co-
vered with some incombustible material,
as a defence against fire.

Map’ricat. A sort of short amorous
poem, containing a certain number of free
unequal verses, not confined to the scru-
pulous exactness of a sonnet, or the sub-
tilty of the epigram, but containing some
delicate and simple thought, suitably ex-
pressed. The term is common to the
French, Spanish, Portuguese, and Italian

Languages, but its origin is not ascer-:

tained

Manv’ra. The name given by Shaw to
a genus of passerine birds, placed by Cu-
vier among the Dentirostres. The M.
lyra, distinguished by the great tail of the
male, inhabits the rocky districts of New
Holland. It is somewhat less than a
pheasant.

Mage’sto, \ An Italian word signifying

Magsto’so. ! majestic, and used in music
as a direction to play the part with force
and grandeur.

Mags’tricut Beps. In geology, the
name given to the uppermost member of
the cretaceous group, from Maestricht, a
town of the Netherlands. These beds are
marine and calcareous, with masses of
chert and calecedony, with ammonites
and other allied shells.

Mace‘azint, from Arab. grazana, to store.
A store of srms, ammunition, provisions,
&c., also the building or place so appro-
priated.——2. A periodical publication,
containing miscellaneous papers or com-
positions, the first of which in England
was the Gentleman’s Magazine, com-
menced in i731, under the name of Sylva-
nus Urban, by Edward Cave. It still
exists. :

MaceEt’tanic Crovups., In astronomy,
three permanent whitish appearances,
like clouds, seen among the southern con-
stellations,and having the same apparent
motion as the stars, first described by
Magelhaens, the circumnavigator.

Maeero’re. An Italian epithet used in
music, and signifying greater.

Ma‘ar, | Wise men or philosophers of

Ma’cians. ) the East, whose skill was
magic. The magi of Persia and neigh-
bouring countries maintained the exist-
ence of a good and eyil principle, abomi-
nated the adoration of images, worshipped
God only by fire, which they looked upon
as the sole appropriate symbol of deity.
This was the religion which Zoroaster
reformed. e magicians were the de-
positories of all the learning of their age,
and were hence able to produce effects so
astonishing to the ignorant as to be
thought supernatural. Hence magic
came, in process of time, to signify skill
acquired by intercourse with demons,
and astrology (in its later sense) ,enchant-
ments, and witchcraft, sprung up as
branches of this fanciful science. Now,
magic and jugglery mean the same thing,
and instead of being the most accom-
plished intellects of the age, magi are the
most contemptible and opprobrious mem-
bers of the quack tribe. The sect of magi
still exists in Persia under the name of
gaurs.

M,v‘erc. Originally signified a knowledge
of the more sublime parts of philosophy,
but latterly a diabolical kind of science,
acquired by the assistance of the devil
and departed souls. See Maat.

Ma‘orc Savare. A square divided into
cells, in which the natural numbers, from
1 to the proposed square, are so posited
that the sum of each row, whether taken
horizontally, vertically, or diagonally, is
equal to a given number. Thus the sum
in the following square is 175.

MAG 444

MAG

22 | 47116: 41! 10) 35| 4

5 | 23} 48 17 | 42 | 11 | 29

30 | 6| 24 | 49 { 18 | 36 | 12

13 | 31| 7 | 254 43| 19 | 37

38 | 14 | 32] 1 | 26 | 44 | 20

21/39} 8| 33} 2 | 27 | 45

46/15; 40] 9} 34) 3; 28

The magic square of squares, invented by
Dr. Franklin, is an extension of the above,
and the magic circle of circles is founded on
the same principle. The latter consists
of eight concentric circles, with eight
radii, in the circumferences of which all
the natural numbers, from 12 to 75, are
so posited, that the sum of the numbers
in each circumference, together with the
central number 12, is equal to 360; and
the numbers in each radius, including
always the central number, is also equal
to 360.

Ma’eic Lan’teRN. An optical machine,
whereby little painted images are repre-
sented so much magnified as to be re-
garded as magical by those unacquainted
with optical science. It consists of a com-
mon lantern, with a lamp and reflector in
it; opposite the lamp and reflector are
two lenses, fitted into a tube: one lens
throws the light upon the object, and the
outer one magnifies the image which is
received upon a transparent screen.

Maaei'tr. A gelatinous substance used
by painters for conveying thin colours,
consisting of a mixture of linseed oil and
mastic varnish.

Ma’citvs. A genus of molluscs: order
Tubulibranchiata. The shell is spiral at
first, and then extends itself in a tube
more or less straight. The animal is not
known.

Macister, the Latin word for master:
used in law to denote a person who has
attained to a degree in science. Doctors
were formerly called magistri. A Magister
Equitum was an officer among the Ro-
mans, subordinate to the Dictator.

Ma/cistERY, Lat. magisterium. The
term used by old chemists to denote what
is now called a precipitate-——2. Used
also to denote a peculiar and secret me-
thod of making some chemical prepara-
tion, as it were by a masterly process.

Mae’ma, from wacom, to blend. 1. A
thick ointment.——2. The feces of any-
thing when the thinner parts are poured
off.——«2, A confection——1. Any crude

mixture of mineral or organic matters in
a thin pasty state.

Mae’na CuHar’ta. The Great Charter
of Liberties, obtained by the English
Barons from King John in 1215. It has
been rectified by various su uent kings,

Macnan‘ier. The name given, in the
Southern Departments of France to the
proprietor or manager of a nursery in
which silk-worms are reared upon a great

‘scale. The term is formed from magnans,
a vernacular name for silk-worms.

Mac’xates. In Hungary, thetitle of the
noble estate in the national representation.

Maene’sia. A country in Lydia. The old
chemists gaye this name to such substances
as they conceived to have the power of at-
tracting something from the air, or which
became heavier by exposure to the air ; but
in the language of modern chemistry, the
name is restricted to one of the primitive
earths, proved by Sir H. Davy to be an
oxide of magnesium. It is a fine white
powder, without taste or smell, very
slightly soluble in water. It changes the
purple infusion of red cabbage to a bright
green. It is readily obtained, by pre-
cipitation with soda or potash, from its
sulphate (Epsom salts), but is usually pro-
cured by calcining the artificial or natural
carbonate. It is rarely found native.

Macne’sian Lime’stone. A mineral

‘which crystallises in the rhombohedral

system. It consists of 1 prime equivalent
of carbonate of lime = 50, associated with
1 of carbonate of magnesia= 42. The
massive magnesian limestone is a marine
deposit, found in England in vast masses.
It is an excellent building stone, but is
not reckoned good as a manure, except
for some particular soils. It belongs to
the new red sandstone group. It is
usually of a yellow or yellowish brown
colour, and is distinctly stratified.

MacGne’stum. The metallic basis of mag-
nesia. This earth consists of 61°21 mag-
nesium and 38°79 oxygen.

Maq@’xer. The native magnet, or load-
stone, is a mineral consisting of protoxide
and peroxide of iron in equivalent pro-
portions. It possesses the peculiar’ pro-
perty of attracting metallic iron; of as-
suming a determinate position with regard
to the axis of the earth, when freely sus-
pended; and of communicating these
properties to iron by eontact. A bar of
steel to which these properties have been
communicated is a permanent artificial
magnet; the position which it assumes
with regard to the axis of the earth, when
suspended freely, is the magnetic meridian ,
and an apparatus fitted at all times to
show this meridian constitutes a compass,
the principal part of which is the magnetic
needle. The term magnet is said to be

derived from Mayvys, Mayyyrns, the

| name of a Greek shepherd, who first ob-

—— a

Se er

MAG 445

MAI

served, on Mount Ida, the attractive
power which the loadstone exercised upon
his iron crook. The most probable sup-
position, however, is that it took its name
from Magnesia, a country of Lydia, where
it was first discovered; and this con-
jecture is confirmed by the fact, that the
magnet was often called by the ancients
Lapis Heracleus, from Heraclea, the capital
of Magnesia.

Macner‘tc Com’pensator, A contrivance
by Mr. Barlow, for eliminating the in-
fluence of a ship’s guns and other iron-
work, in deranging the bearings of the

compass.

Macneric Nesepte. A slender piece
ofsteel, suspended on its centre, and
magnetised, which is free to turn, and
always settles in the magnetic meridian.

Macyeric Pyritres. Native black
sulphate ofiron. It attracts the needle.

Macnetism. The power of the magnet.
——-2. That branch of physics which has
for its object the investigation of all mag-
netic phenomena (whether natural, like
the loadstone, or artificial, like bars of
steel to which magnetism has been per-
manently communicated), of their re-
ciprocal action upon each other, of the
laws of the forces which they develope,
of the methods of making artificial
magnets, and other magnetic phenomena
exhibited by the globe which we inhabit.
For Animat MaGnetism, see MESMERISM.
For Terrestriat MaGNeETisM, see TER-
RESTRIAL MAGNETISM.

Mac’neETO-ELEcTRIC ITY. Electricity pro-
duced by magnetism. The phenomena of
electro-magnetism are produced by elec-
tricity in motion: accumulated electricity,
when not in motion, exerts no magnetic
effects. Dr. Faraday early felt convinced
that as every electric current is accom-
panied by a corresponding intensity of
magnetic action at right angles to the
current, good conductors of electricity,
when placed within the sphere of this
action, should have a current induced
through them, or some sensible effect pro-
duced, equivalent in force to such a cur-
rent. These considerations, with their
consequence, the hope of obtaining elec-
tricity from ordinary magnetism, stimu-
lated him to investigate the subject ex-
San sae and he was rewarded by

tive answer to the question
setae, Dr. Faraday not only suc-
ceeded in obtaining galvanometrical in-
dications of an electric current, but by a
modified apparatus, in which the electric
current was induced by an electro-magnet,
he actually succeeded in obtaining the
electric spark. ‘The electric spark was
afterwards obtained from a common
magnet, by Nobili and Antinori, and in
this country by Professor Forbes.

Macnerox’erER. An instrument for

measuring the intensity of vcrrectria}
magnetism.

Macneromo’ror. A term. applied te a
yoltaic series, which, producing a great
quantity of electricity of low tension,
beautifully exhibits the phenomena cf
electro-magnetism.

Maenir’'ico. The title given by courtesy
to a nobleman of Venice.

MaG’NIFIER, A convyexo-conyex

Mae’niryine-Grass.Jlens, which in-
creases the apparent size or magnitude of
any body seen through it, by increasing
the angle under which it is seen. Magns-
Sying power is the amount of apparent
enlargement of an object, by means of
such magnifier, or other optical instru-
ment, as the microscope. Jlagnify, from
magnus, great, and facio, to make.

Mace’NirupE denotes the extension of
anything--whether it be in one direction,
as a line ; in two directions, as a surface ;
or in three directions, which constitute a
solid. Geometrical magnitudes may be
conceived to be generated by motion, asa
line by the motion of a point; a surface,
by the motion of a line; and a solid, by
the motion of a surface~-—2. Apparent
magnitude is the angular space under
which a body appears when viewed from
a distance. The term is used chiefly in
astronomy and optics.

Maeno’tia. The laurel-leaved tulip-tree,
a magnificent genus of trees and shrubs.
Polyandria—Polygynia. There are 17 spe-
cies; but the MM. grandifolia of the warm
parts of N. America is that most prized.
It is remarkable for its large evergreen
leaves and splendid white flowers. Se-
veral of the other species are also culti-
vated for ornament: as the UM. glauca, or
beaver-wood of America; the M. macro-
phylla, also of America; and the M. con- -
spicua, or youlan, a greenhouse shrub from
China.

Maua’parata. One of the great Indian
epic poems.

Ma’Haves. (1.) A species of cherry cul-
tivated in our gardens. (2.) The fruit of
this shrub affords a violet dye, as well as
a fermented liquor like kirschwasser.

Manoo’any. The wood of the Swietenia
mahogani, alarge tree which grows in the

“West Indies and Central America. The

principal importations of mahogany into
Great Britaif are made from Honduras
and Campeachy.
Manom’erans, see MOHAMMEDANS.
Marpen. An instrument formerly used
in Scotland for beheading criminals. It
beta the prototype of the French guillo-
e.

Maipen Assizz. In law, an assize in
which no person is condemned to die.

MAIpENHAIR-TREE. The Gingko biloba, a
tree of China and Japan. Its fruit, about
the size of a damask plum, contains a

MAI »-

446

MAL

kernel resembling that of our apricot,
much used as a dessert at all public feasts.
It is said to promote digestion.

Mai’HEm, | Maim. In law, a wound by

May’nem. § which a person loses the use
of some member that might have been a
defence to him. The term is from Norm.
mahemer, or mahaigner, to maim.

Matt, Fr. maille. A coat of steel net-
work, formerly worn for defending the
body against swords, poniards, &c. It was
of two kinds, chain and plate mail: the
former consisting of iron rings, each havy-
ing four others inserted into it ; the latter
consisting of small laminz of metal, laid
over one another, like the scales of a fish,
and sewed down to a strong linen or
leathern jacket.——2. In ships, a square
machine, composed of rings interwoven
like net-work ; used for rubbing off the
loose hemp from lines and white cordage.

Maitep. 1. In heraldry, speckled, as the
feathers of hawks, partridges, &c.——2.
In natural history, protected by hard and
strong scales.

Maits, } In Scottish law, the rents of

Marts. an estate.

Marn‘or, from Norm. meinoevre, from
Lat. @ manu, in the work. An old law-
term, denoting the being taken with the
thing stolen in possession.

Marn’PeRNoR, from Norm. main, and
pernon, pernez, for prenon, prenez. A
surety fora prisoner’s appearance in court
ataday. Mainpernors differ from bail in
that a man’s bail may imprison or sur-
render him before the stipulated day of
appearance; mainpernors can do neither.
They are bound to produce the prisoner to
answer all charges whatsoever.

Marn’prize, from Norm. main, and pris.
A writ directed to the sheriff, command-
ing him to take sureties for the prisoner’s
appearance; these sureties are called
mainpernors.

Main-sHEET. The sheet that extends
and fastens the main-sail.

Matn’renance. In law, an officious in-
termeddling in a suit in which the person
has no interest, by assisting either party
with money or means to prosecute or de-
fend it.——2. A cap of maintenance is a
cap of dignity, formerly belonging to the
rank of a duke; also the name of the
lord-mayor’s fur-cap.

Marn-'ror’. The top of the main-mast of
ship or brig.

Main-yarp’. That on which the main-
sail is extended.

Maizr, Indian corn. One of the cereal
grasses, the Zea mays, the only species of
corn cultivated in America previous to its
discovery. There are numerous varieties,
put the ear in general consists of about
600 grains set closely together in rows, to
the number of eight,ten, or twelve. The
graim, as a bread-corn, is liked by some;

it contains much mucilage but little glu-
ten, and is therefore inferior to wheat,
and even rye. In the Lettish and Livonic
languages, mayseis bread; in Irish maise
is the word for food.

Majys’esry. A title ofemperors; kings, and
queens; Lat. majestas, from the root of
magis, major, more, greater. The title
was substituted for highness, in the reign
of Henry VIII.

Ma‘sor, Lat. for greater. In music, an
epithet for the modes, in which the third
is four semitones above the key-note, and
to intervals consisting of four semitones.
Major and minor are terms which apply to
concords which differ from each other by
a semitone. The difference between the
fifth and fourth is a major tone ; the differ-
ence between the major fourth and third
is a major semitone. The major tone sur-
passes the minor by a comma.——2. In
military affairs, an officer next in rank
above a captain, and below a lieutenant-
colonel; the lowest field-officer. The
drum-major i is the first drummer in a regi-
ment. A serjeant-major is a non-commis-
sioned officer subordinate to the adjutant.
For major-general and brigade-major, see
GENERAL and Bricape.——3. In logic, the
first proposition of a regular syllogism,
containing the principal term.——4. In
law, a person of full age to manage his
own affairs. A man is year at 21,
and a woman at 18, years of

Masorar’. In law, the right “of succes-
sion to property according to age.

Ma’‘sor Do’mo. An Italian term used to
rec a steward, or master of the house-

ts)

Ma’sor Term. In logic, is, in a sylle-
gism, the predicate of the conclusion.
The major premise is that which contains
the major term. In hypothetical] syllo-
gisms, the hypothetical premise is called
the major.

Masvs‘cutz or Capirates Lirerz. In
diplomatics, capital letters.

MAkING-up. With distillers, the reduc-
ing of spirits to a standard of strength,
usually called proof.

Ma’ts. In law, evils ; Mala inse, evils in
themselves. A phrase denoting unlawful
acts, as theft, murder, &c.; as distin-
guished from mala prohibita, evils prohi-
bited by positive written law.

Mar’asar Proum. In botany, the Eu-
genia jambos, also its fruit. The tree
grows plentifully on the coast of Malabar,
and the fruit is much esteemed.

Macapatu’rum, Indian leaf. The leaf
of the Laurus cassia, so named from
Malabar, in India, whence it is brought,
and betre, a leaf.

Matac’ca Brean. The fruit of the Ana-
cardium Indicum or Orientale. It very
closely resembles the cashew nut.

Macac’ca Root. The root of the Sagitta

MAL 447

MAL

ria aleripharmaca, or Arundo Indica, cul-
tivated with great care in the West In-
dies for that part of the plant, which is
considered an antidote to several poisons.

Mar’acuite, from peraexn, mountain-
green. A native green carbonate of cop-
per, thus named from its colour. It
occurs in veins, and in beds of gneiss,
mica-slate, red sandstone, &c.

MALacor‘ocy, waravia, and doyog, dis-
course. The science of the molluscs.

Macacoprery’Git, from pweraxzos, soft,
and wreevk, a fin ; soft-finned fishes. These
form the second division of common
fishes in the system of Cuvier, and are
divided into three orders, characterised
by the position of the ventrals, or by their
absence. 1. The M. abdominales; form
an order in which the ventrals are sus-
pended to the under part of the abdomen
and behind the pectorals. This order
comprehends most of the fresh-water
fishes.——2. The M. subranchiati, form an
order characterised by the ventrals being
inserted under the pectorals——3. The
MM. apodes form but a single natural fam-
ily, that of the Anguilliformes. Epithet,
malacopterygious.

Macacos’rron, from werexos, soft,and
ooreov, 2 bone; a softness of the bones.
A rare disease of the bones, wherein they
can be bent without fracturing them.
The causes are not known, and all the
cases on record have proved fatal.

Matacos’romt, from “waAczos, soft, and
groua, 4 mouth. An order of fishes
destitute of teeth in the jaws, vulgarly
called leather-mouthed. The carp and
bream are examples.

Macacostrac’a, from waraxzos, soft, and
orrexxov, a shell; soft-shelled-insects.
In the system of Cuvier the malacostra-
cans form the first section of the crusta-
ceans. They are distinguished by having
sessile eyes, solid teguments of a calca-
reous nature, and ten to fourteen feet,
generally unguiculated. They are divided
into five orders: the Decapoda, Stoma-
poda, Lemodipoda, Amphipoda, and the
Tsopoda. The first four embrace the
genus Cancer, Lin., and the last, the
genus Oniscus, Lin.

Mac’anpers, from Fr. mal, ill, and
andare, to go. A disease to which horses
are liable, consisting of ulcerous chaps on
the inside of the fore-legs, which void a
red acrid matter.

Matarrerv’rvs. The name given by
Lacépede to a genus of abdominal mala-
copterygii, of which only one species is
known, the M. electricus, the Rasch or
Thunder of the Arabs, celebrated like the
Torpedo and Gymnotus for its faculty of
communicating an electric shock. Name
from uaraxes, Soft, rrsgoy, @ fin, and

oven, a tail. The fish being distinguished
from the Silurus by the radiated fin on
the back being replaced by a small adi-
pose one on the tail, and the softness of
the pectoral rays. From the Nile and
the Senegal.

Mat’coua. The name given by Vaillant
to a genus of climbing birds (Scansorie,
Cuv.) of Ceylon. There are several species,
said to live chiefly on fruit. '

Matco’m1a, the Sea-rocket. A genus of
herbaceous plants. Tetradynamia—Sili-
quosa. Temperate climates.

Mate. 1. In botany, a male flower is
one which bears stamens only. Male
fern, a name of the Aspidium filix mas, or
polypody. Male orchis, a species of orchis
called also satyrion and dog’s-stone.
Male speedwell, a name of the Veronica
officinalis. ——2. In mechanics, a screw
which has the thread on the outside of
a cylinder is called a male screw ; that
which has the thread in the inside ofa
hollow cylinder being termed a female -
screw.

Maric Acip. An acid which may be
procured from the juice of many unripe
fruits, but named thus from its having
been first obtained from that of the apple
(malus). Itis often associated with the
citric, tartaric, and oxalic acid in green
fruits. It crystallises, and by distillation
affords pyromalic acid.

MaA.urasziviry. A property belonging to
certain metals of being extended into
thin plates by hammering (malleus, a
hammer). Gold-leaf is the best example
of this property. Malleability is directly
opposed to brittleness, and differs from
ductility (q.v.’.

Macrea’rion, from malleus, a hammer.
Aform of chorea in which the person af-
fected has a convulsed action of one or
both hands, and strikes the knees as if
with a hammer.

Matte’otus. In anatomy, dim. of mal
zeus, a hammer. The termination of the
tibia at the ankle is called malleolus inter-
nus; and the corresponding part of the
fibula malleolus externus.

Mat'tevs. A hammer. 1. A boneof the
ear is thus named from its shape.——2.
The name given by Lamarck to a genus
ofirregular and inequivalve shells, placed
among the ostracea by Cuvier. The
ostrea malleus, Lin., is the best known
species. It ranks among the rare shells.
It has two ends of the hinge extended,
forming something like the head of a
hammer, of which the valves, elongated
in a transverse direction, represent the
handle. From the archipelago of India.

Mat’tum. The public assembiy of the
people according to the usage of the old
Teutonic nations.

Matt, Sax. mealt. Grain (chiefly bar-
ley) which has become sweet by the con-

MAM 448

MAN

version of its starch into sugar, by an
incipient growth or germination artifici-
ally induced, called malting. The grain
is tirst steeped in water until it germi-
nates to a certain extent, when it is
stopped by the application of heat in a
malt-kiln. The quantity of grain malted
in Great Britain and Ireland is about 43
million quarters yearly.

Mat’rHa. Mineral pitch. A soft glu-
tinous substance, which smells like pitch,
and dissolves in alcohol. It seems to be
inspissated petroleum.

Ma’Lvs, doy, the apple-tree. See Pyrvs.

Mat’va. The Mallow, An extensive genus
of plants. Monadelphia—Polyandria. There
are three or four herbaceous species na-
tives of Britain; but many of the exotic
species are permanent plants. Malraisa
Latin corruption of malache, the narayy
of Pliny, from uaraxos, soft, in allusion
to the softness of the leaf.

Matva’cex. A natural order of plants,
consisting of mallows, hollyhock, &c.,
equivalent to the columnifere of Lin-
neus. Type, the malva.

Mam’atvuxes, | The former military force

Mam’etvuxKes. Sof Egypt. The Mama-
lukes were originally Turkish and Cir-
eassian slaves, but afterwards masters of
thecountry. Theirpower was annihilated
by Mehemet Ali, in 1811, by destroying
the Beys.

Mam’maria,) A great division of the

Mam'mats. J animal kingdom,compris-
ing animals which have mamme@ and
suckle their young. Epithets mammalian
and mammiferous. The mammalia are
placed at the head of the animal kingdom,
not only because it is the class to which
Man himself belongs, but also because it
is that which enjoys the most numerous
faculties, the most delicate sensations,
the most varied powers of motion, and
in which all the different qualities seem
combined in order to produce a more per-
fect degree of intelligence—the one most
fertile in resources, most susceptible of
perception, and least the slave of instinct.

Mam™at’ocy, mamma, teat, and Aoyos,
discourse. The science of Mammals.

Mam’mary. Pertaining to the mamme,
as the mammary glands, &c.

Mam’mea. The mammee-tree: a genus.
Polyandria—Monogynia. One species, a
tree of Jamaica which affords a delicious
fruit, also called mammea. It is named
from its vernacular appellation in the
‘West Indies, mamei, retained by Linneus,
because of the resemblance of the fruit in
shape to mamme. It is sometimes called
the West Indian apricot.

Mam’mirer, from mamma, a breast, and
fero,to bear. An animal having breasts
and which suckles its young. The mam-
mifers form the class mammalia (q. V.).

Mam’MILLATED. Having little protuber-
ances like mamme. Thus flint containing
chalcedony is generally mammillated, and
Shells are said to be mammillated when
the apex is rounded like a teat.

Mam’moru. An extinct genus of animals
allied to the elephant. See Mastropon.—
The origin of the word mammoth is not
agreed upon. Some state it to be a Rus-
sian word, mamant; others that it is a
Siberian word, signifying “ animal of the
earth.’ It is also derived from Behemoth,
an Arabic word for elephant.

Mana’Tl, Hee genus of herbivorous ce-

Mana’rus. tacea, the Lamantins, which
from their manner of living are termed
sea-cows, mermaids, &c. The manati are
found near the mouths of rivers in the
hottest parts of the Atlantic ocean, and
grow to the length of 15 feet. Those of
the American rivers differ specifically
from those of the African. They employ
their fins with great dexterity in carrying
their young and in creeping: hence the
comparison of these organs with hands,
and the name manatus (handed) applied
to the animal, of which lamantin is a
corruption. ;

MANCHIN®’EL. Hippomane. A tree of
the West Indies, which grows to the size
of a large oak. The fruit is poisonous,
and the sap corrosive, but the wood is
much valued by cabinet-makers.

Man’cipie, Lat. manceps, a clerk of the
kitchen, or caterer. The steward of the
Inner Temple was formerly so called, and
the name and office are still retained
colleges in some universities.

Manpva’mvus. In law,a writ issued by
the Court of Queen’s Bench, commanding
the performance of something; and so
named from the initial word of the writ.

Manparins’. Magistrates and governors
of provinces in China. They are chosen
out of the most learned men, and their
government is always at a great distance
from the place of their birth.

Man‘pistz, from mandibulum, a jaw. The
instrument of manducation. The upper
jaws of insects are called mandibles, and
the under jaws mazillg; but both the
upper and under parts of the bill of a bird
are termed mandibles. The mandibles of
insects are two strong corneous hooks,
which move horizontally, and cut objects
by crossing their edges like the blades of
a pair of scissors.

Manore’urata. A grand section of in
sects, including all those which preserve
their organs of mastication in their last
stage of metamorphosis.

Man’pioc. The American name of cas-
sava, which is extensively cultivated in
America for the sake of the nutritive fe-
cula in its stems.

Man’po.ineE. A musical instrument re~
sembling the lute and guitar; round Jike

LF LOOT ir

MAN 449

MAN

the first, but smaller than either, and held
in the left hand.

Man’pore. A sort of lute, usually with
four strings.

Man’prake. A plant, the Atropa Man-
dragora, the root of which is said to bear
aresemblance to the human form. The
fruit is a globose berry, called by the an-
cients the apple of love, and they named
Venus after it, Mandragoritis. It had
aumerous absurd properties ascribed to it.

Man’prev. An instrument for confining
in a lathe the article to be turned. There
are fiat mandrels for turning flat boards
on; pin mandrels which have a long shank
to fit into a round hole made in the work
to be turned; hollow mandrels which are
hollow of themselves, sad are used for
turning hollow work ; screw mandrels for
turning screws, &c.

Man’priLt. The Simia maimon and mor-
mon, Lin. The mandrills, of all the mon-
keys, have the longest muzzle (30°) ; their
tail is very short, and they are brutal and
ferocious. Itis difficult to imaginea more
hideous or extraordinary animal than the
mandrill of Guinea. It attains to the size
of a man, and is the terror of the negrves.

Mane’ce. A school for teaching horse-
manship and for training horses. The
term is from the French manége, Italian
maneggio, according to some @ manu
agendo, acting with the hand.

MANGANE'SE, A grayish white metal,

Mancane’stum. } very hard and brittie,
and of a fine grained fracture, with con-
siderable lustre. By exposure to the air
it speedily oxidises and falls into powder.
Sp. gr. 8, melting point 160° Wedgewood.
It is susceptible of five degrees of oxygen-
ation. The protovide, is a pale green pow-
der, prepared artificially ; the deutoride
exists native in the mineral called brau-
nite, and as a hydrate in manganite; the
peroxide exists abundantly in nature. As
a hydrate it constitutes dlack wadd. The
other combinations of the metal with oxy-
gen are the manganesic and permanganesic
acids. The ores of manganese are com-
mon in Devonshire, Somersetshire, Der-
byshire, &c. The black oxide is the mag-
nesia nigra of the ancients. Epithet
manganesian.

Manoanezs'tc Acip. The manganic acid
of Meetscherlich. An acid consisting of
three equivalents of oxygen to one of
manganese, and therefore isomorphons
with sulphuric and selenic acid. It forms
green coloured salts, but has not yet been
insulated from its bases. The permangu-
nesic acid forms red-coloured salts. The
change of the manganesic acid into the
permanganesic, is the cause of the change
of.colour from green to red of solutions
of chameleon mineral.

Man’/Get Wve ‘ze. Field beet. A variety

of beet, between the red and white, much

cultivated on the continent, partly as food
for cattle, and partly to be used in dieril-
lation, and in the extraction of sugar. 44
has as yet been only partially cultivates
in Britain.

Man’cer. 1. In a ship of war,a small
space extending athwart the deck, imm:-
diately within the hawse-holes, and sepa-
rated on the after-part from the other
part of the deck by the manger-loard, x
strong bulk-head built as high, and serv-
ing to stop the water which sometimes
rushes in at the hawse-holes, and would
otherwise run aft on the deck.——2. The
trough which holds the corn or other
short food given to live stock, especially
horses.

Man’ate. A valuable domestic machine,
employed for the purpose of smoothing
such linen as cannot be conveniently
ironed. It is simp!ty a calender upon a
small seale. ‘

Man’aso. The fruit of the mangifere in-
dica or mango-tree, cultivated all over
Asia. Mangoes, when ripe, are juicy, of a
good flavour, and so fragrant as to per-
fume the air to a considerable distance.
When unripe they are pickled in the
soured milk of the cocoa-nut, with salt,
capsicum, and garlick. From the ex-
pressed juice of the ripe mango is pre-
pared a sort of wine, and the remainder
of the kernel can be reduced to a fine
bread-fiour.

Man’ou-Fisu (of the Ganges). The poly-
nemus paradiseus, so named because it
comes in season about the same time
with the mangoes. It rarely exceeds fif-
teen inches in length, and in point of de-
licacy and flavour excels every other fish.

Mancoster’n. A tree, the Garcinia man-
gostana, of the East Indies. It produces
a highly valued fruit, about the size of a
small orange.

May’cousts. A carnivorous animal, of
which there are several species, or rather
varieties. The most celebrated is the
mangouste of Egypt, or ichnewmon of the
ancients,

May’crove. In dotany, see RuizopHoRA.

Masicuer’s. A sect of Christian here-
tics of the third century, the followers of
Manes, who taught that there are two co-
eternal and independent principles, one
of good and one of evil.

Man'irest. An inventory of the whole
cargo of a merchant-ship.

Manires‘to. A public declaration made
by a prince orsovereign, of his intentions,
opinions, or motives, as a manifesto, de-
claring the necessity of a war, the rea-
sons for its being undertaken, and the
motives by which he is induced to it.

Man‘’tnot,) A genus of permanent

Man’ioc. J plants. Monecia— Mona-
delphia. Don enumerates nine species
all natives of hot climates. The word

2a

MAN 450

MAk

manioc is the Indian name of the nutri-
tious matter of the Manihot cannabina,
Lin., or Jatropha manihot, Willd., of
South America, &c., and from the root of
which cassava and tapioca are procured.
The juice of the plant is highly poisonous.

Maniu'Les. Large brass rings, formed
like bracelets, exchanged by the Euro-
peans with the negroes on the coasts of
Africa for slaves. They are worn on the
small of the leg, and on the arm above
the elbow.

Man’rPcLe, Lat. manipulus, a handful.
See M.

Manip’civs, Lat. manus, hand. In Ro-
man antiquities, a subdivision of the co-
hort, so called from the handful of grass
or straw which formed its standard.

Ma’‘nis. The pangolin or scaly lizard or
ant-eater. A genus of mammiferous ani-
mals, ranked by Cuvier among the ordi-
nary Edentata. They live on ants and
termites ; their tongue is very extensile,
and their body, limbs, and tail, are co-
vered with large trenchant scales, ar-
ranged like tiles, but which they elevate
in rolling themselves into a ball, when
they wish to defend themselves from an
enemy. They are confined to the eastern
continent.

Man’irrunk. In entomology, a term
applied to the anterior sexment of the
trunk on which the head turns.

. Many’na. 1.A substance with which the
children of Israel were fed in the wilder-
ness, and which appears to have been a
kind of honey-dew. The term is Hebrew
mahn, allied to the Arabic manna, to
provide.——2, A peculiar sacchariue mat-
ter, which exudes from many plants—but
especially the concrete juice of a species
of ash, the fraxinus ornus, which grows
in the southern parts of Europe. It has
@ sweet but not agreeable taste, a slight
peculiar odour, and a pale yellow colour.
From Sicily and Calabria.

Man’nen. In painting, the particular
habit of a painter in managing colours,
lights and shades. The best painter is
he who has no manner.

Man-or-wan. 1. The albatross (diome-
dea exulans).——2. A ship-of-war.

Manom’eTer, from jcayos, rare, and
pereoy, Measure. An instrument intend-
ed to measure the rarefaction or altera-
tions of density of elastic fluids, whether
caused by variations of temperature, or
mechanical compression, or vice versd.

Ma’nor, Norm. manoir, a habitation.
A district of ground held by a lord or
nobleman in his own possession, for the
direct use of his family; his other lands
being distributed among his tenants. It
has been suggested that the term origin-
ally meant the jurisdiction and royalty
incorporeal, rather than the land or site.
If so, this meaning is long since forgotten.

Mansarp Roor; so named after the
inventor. In architecture, the same as
curb roof, which see.

Man’revets. Moveable parapets, made
of planks, nailed over one another. two
the height of six feet, and driven before
the pioneers as blinds to shelter them.

Man’ris. The Soothsayer. A genus of
orthopterous insects placed in the famil
Cursoria by Cuvier. The species inhabit
warm climates, and some are held in
high veneration in their particular locali-
ties. Name sayris, a prophet, from the
position of the arms, which resembles
that of supplication.

Mantis’sa. The decimal part of a loga-
rithm ; the integral part being named
the characteristic.

Man’TLez. A termin architecture,

Man’tLe-Tree. ) for the lower part of
the chimney, which sustains the compart-
ments of the chimney -piece.

Man’TLe. A term in heraldry for

May‘tiina. J that appearance of fold-
ing of cloth, flourishing, or drapery,
which in any achievement is drawn
about a coat of arms.

Man’uracturse, from manus, the hand,
and facio, tomake. 1. The operation of
reducing raw materials of any kind into
a form suitabie for use, either by the
hands or machinery.—2. Any commodity
made from the natural produce of a
country, as cloths from wool, and cotton
and silk goods from cotton and silk, iron
from ores, leather from hides, &c. Places
where goods are manufactured are called
manufactories, (in some cases factories),
and those whose business it is to manu-
facture articles, cr who employ workmen
and machinery for t purpose, are
manufacturers.

Manvmis’s:on, from manus, the hand,
and mitto, to send. A solemn ceremony
among the Romans, by which a slave
was emancipated or liberated from per-
sonal bondage.

Man‘cscrirt, Lat. manuscriptum. A
book or paper wriften with the hand
(manus and scriptur) as opposed to one
printed: contracted MS., and plural MSS.

Map. A delineation of the earth’s sur-
face, or of a portion of it. A map is pro-
perly a representation of land, as dis-
tinguished from a chart, which represents
sea and sea-coasts, position of islands,
rocks, &c.

Manana’rua (Syr.). A form of anathe-
matising among the Jews, signifying
“the Lord will come,” i.e. to take
vengeance.

Maran’ra. A genus of perennial plants.
Mi dria—Monogyni The starch call-
ed arrow-root is extracted from the roots
of the M. arundinacea, which is cultivated
in gardens and provision grounds of the
West indies; and the rvots of the &.

a eat oe

vr

ail '

MAR 451

MAR

galanga constitute the smaller galangal
of the pharmacopeeias. All the species
are natives of hot climates.

Man’BLe, Lat. marmor, from pooguceoy,
a shining stone. A name common to all
limestones of a compact texture, and
possessing sufficient hardness to take a
polish. The varieties are numerous, and
greatly diversified in colour, from pure
white to jet black. Marble effervesces
with acids ; affords quick-lime by calcina-
tion; has a conchoidal scaly fracture ; is
translucent only on the very edges; is
easily scratched by the knife; has a sp.
gr. of 2°7; admits of being sawn into
slabs; and receives a brilliant polish.
These qualities occur united in only three
principal varieties of limestone ; (1.) In the
saccharoid limestone, so called from its
fine granular texture, resembling that of
loaf sugar, and which constitutes modern
statuary marble, like that of Carrara: (2.)
In the foliated limestone, consisting of
a multitude of small facets, formed of
little plates applied to one another in
every possible direction, constituting the
eacient statuary marble, like that of
Haros ; (3.) In many of the transition, or
carboniferous, or encrinitic limestones

subordinate to the coal formation.

Man’stinc. The method of preparing
aud colouring the marble paper. There
are several kinds of marble paper; but
the method of managing the process is
the same for all the sorts. It consists in
dipping the paper into a solution of gum
dragon (gum tragacanth), over which
the colours, previously prepared with
ox-gall and spirit of wine, are first spread
and dispersed, by means of a sort of comb,
into the kind of figures wanted. The
paper is afterwards polished.

Man’casire. A name of Arabic origin,
which, without any definite meaning,
has been applied to all sorts of crude
metallic substances. It is now restricted
to a variety of iron pyrites.

Marcu. 1. The third month of the year
according to the modern calendar, but the
first according to the ancient Roman com-
putation ; namedin honour of Mars, the
god of war, and father of Romulus.——
2. In music, a military air, to regulate the
steps of the soldiers.——3. In military lan-
guage, the motion of a body of troops from
one place to another. It has three mea-
sures: Gy Ordinary time; (2.) Quick
time; (3.) The quickest or wheeling time.

Marcuers. Lord Marchers. Noblemen
who formerly dwelt near the borders of
Wales and Scotland, and protected the
marches or borders. March, in this sense,
is radically the same word as mark.

Mar’‘cionires. The followers of Marcion,
a heretic of the second century.

Maxc’ostans. A sect of Christian he-
retics, the followers of Marcus, who

taught, in the second century, that the
Deity consists of a quaternity: the In-
effable, Silence, the Father, and Truth.

Ma’recANITE. A variety of obsidian, in
the form of little grains like peas, pearly-
white, consisting of very thin concentric
layers, found Marckan, in the Gulf of

chatka.

Mar’caric Acip. A fat acid, obtained
by saponifying tallow with an alkali,
and decomposing the soap with a dilute
acid. It is thus named from its appearing
in pearly-looking scales (margarita, a
pearl), and is more fusible than the ste-
aric acid, melting at 140° F.

Mar’cartneE. The name given by Che-
vreul to the substance afterwards called
margaric acid.

Mar’caritic Actip. One of the fatty

acids which result from saponification.
’ Mar’cin, Fr. marge. 1. In printing,
the border of white paper round the page
of a book.——2. In architecture, the mar-
gin of a course, that part of the upper
side of a course of slates, uncovered by
the next superior course.

Manrciner’ta. A univalve shell, with a
short spire, found recent in sand and
sandy mud, and fossil in the calcaire
grossier.

Manr’crave, Ger. markgraf, from mark,
amarch or border, and graff, a count or
earl. Originally a keeper of the marches,
now a title of nobility in Germany, &c.
The jurisdiction of a margrave is termed
a margraviate.

Marr's THERE’sA, ORDER OF. A military
order of Austria, founded in 1757.

Mar‘tcotp. In dbotany,a name common
to all the species of the genus Calendula.
The marsh-marigold is the Caltha palustris.
The African marigold belongs to the ge-
nus Tagetes. The corn marigold to the ge-
nus Chrysan' um. Fig marigold to the
genus Mesembryanthemum. The name is
often written marygold.

Manrne’. Belonging to the sea (marinus,
from mare, the sea), as marine shells.
Marine acid is an old name for the
muriatic or hydrochloric acid. Marine
salé is the salt obtained by the evapora-
tion of sea-water, as distinct from rock-
salt. The word marine, used substan-
tively, is a general name for the navy of
a kingdom or state, and the whole eco-
nomy of naval affa

Marine Cuarr. A machine inventedfor
viewing steadily the satellites of Jupiter
at sea,

Marine Surveyor. A machine con-
trived for measuring the way of a ship
at sea,and for registering the same on a
sort of dial-plate.

Martne’s. A body of forces employed in
the sea-service, under the directiun of the
lords of the Admiralty.

Manklorre’s ar In pneumatics, & Ze

9)

=a GS

MAR

452

MAR

A.

neral property of elastic fluids, discovered
by Mariotte, that the pressure is directly
proportional to the density.

Mar'Itime. Pertaining to the sea or
ocean (maritimus, from mare, the sea), as
a maritime town. Maritime laws are
those which relate to harbours, ships,and
seamen. Though maritime and marine
are radically the same words, they are
used distinctly. Thus, there are maritime
powers, but no maritime officers, leagues,
engagements, or productions.

Mar’soram. In botany, see ORIGANUM.
The Spanish marjoram belongs to the
genus Urtica.

Mark, Fr. mare. A weight used in
several parts of Europe for various com-
modities, especially gold and silver. In
France and Holland the mark equalled
eight ounces. ——2. Mark is sometimes

with us for a money of account, and
in some other countries for a coin. The
English mark is 13s. 4d. sterling. The
Scotch mark is two-thirds of a pound
Scotch. The mark Lubs. or Lubeck mark
is a money of account at Hamburgh,
equal to 143d. sterling.

Mark, OnpeR OF SAINT.
order of knighthood.

Mar’kinc Ink. An indelible ink for
marking linen. A good marking ink is
prepared by dissolving a drachm of fused
nitrate of silver in half an ounce of dis-

tilled water, and colouring it by sap-
’ green. A previous application of liquid

A Venetian

pounce is necessary, which is made by
dissolving two drachms of carbonate of ;
soda, and ten of gum arabic, in fow !
ounces of water.

Mar’kine Nut. In botany, the seed of ,
the Semicarpus anacardium, a tropical : :
tree, so called from its juice having the :
property of staining linen.

Mart (Welsh). A mixed earthy sub-
stance, consisting of calcareous earth,
clay, and siliceous sand, in very variable
proportions. According to the prepon-
derance of the one or other of the three
principal ingredients, marls are calca-
reous, clayey, or sandy. Epithet marly,
or marlaceous.

Mar’tine, Sp. marlin. A small line,
composed of two strands little twisted,
and either tarred or white. Used for
winding round ropes and cables, to pre-
vent their being fretted.

Mar’tine-spike. A small iron, like a
large spike, used to open the bolt-rope,
when the sail is to be sewed to it.

Marine. Winding of marline round
a rope or cable, to prevent its being
galled. See Martine.

Mar’mo (Italian), marble. 1. Verde-
antico, or Greek antique marble, is a sort
of breccia, whose paste is a mixture of
talc and limestone, the best specimens of
which are grass-green with very dark

* horn, coloured woods, &c. are used

green or black spots of noble serpentine.
Some fine specimens are preserved at
Parma. The Marmo-Greco,or the Greek
white marble, was obtained from several
islands of the Archipelago. The Marmo
Verde-Pagliocco is a variety of antique
marble, ms yellowish green colour, found
in the ruins of ancient Rome. The Marmo
Statuario, or the statuary marble of the
Italians, closely resembles the Parian
marble.

Marmora’tum. In architecture, a ce-
ment formed of pounded marble and lime
well beaten together.

Marmot. A name common to all the
animals of the genus Arctomys, Gm. See
ARCTOMYS.

Mar’onites. The followers of Maro, in
Syria, who adopted the opinions of the
Monothelites, in the seventh century.

Maroo’ns. The name given to revolted
negroes in the West Indies, and in some -
parts of South America.

Marave’ (Lerrers or). A power, li-
cense, or extraordinary commission,
granted by a state to its subjects, to make
reprisals on the subjects of another, for
damages sustained at sea. Marque is a
French word, said to be from the same
root as march, a limit, literally denoting a
license to pass the limits of a jurisdiction
on land, for the purpose of obtaining sa-
tisfaction for theft, by seizing the pro-
perty of the subjects of a foreign nation.
——2. The ship commissioned for making
reprisals is also called a letter of marque.

Mar’quetry, Fr. marqueterie, from mar-
queter,to spot. Inlaid work. A peculiar
sort of cabinet work, in which the surface
is variegated with inlaid pieces of various
forms and colours. Gold, silver, copper,
tortoise-shell, mother-of-pearl, ivory,

by the
marqueteur for his work.

Mar’avis, ) A title of honour in Great

Mar’avess. J) Britain, next in dignity to
that of duke; first conferred on the war-
dens of the marches. The title was not
known in England, till Richard II., in
1337, created his favourite, Robert de
Vere, then Earl of Oxford, Marquis of
Dublin. The eldest son of a marquis is by
courtesy called earl or lord of ——; but
the younger sons are simply lord John,
lord Robert, &c. The wife is a mar-
chioness.

Mar’row. The animal fat found in the
cavities of long bones. The spinal cord
is sometimes termed the spinal marrow.

Marrv’sIuM. Horehound. A genus
of plants. Did
Name from marob, a bitter juice. The
common horehound, M. vulgare, isanative
of Britain.

Mars. 1. The mythological god of war,
and hence applied by the alchemists as a
hame for iron, because warlike instru-

mid.

MAR

453

MAS

ments were made of it.——2. In astro-
nomy, a planet of our system, the fourth
in order from the sun, and consequently
the next above our earth; thus named
from its red (fierce) colour. Its symbol is
& , intended to represent a man holding
aspear. Meandiameter4398 miles; mean
distance from the sun 142,000,000 miles ;
period of revolution round the sun 686d.
23h. 30’ 39”, or 1°881 years; period of ro-
tation, ld. oh. 39/21”5."

MARSEILLAISE Hymn. The popular
name, erroneously applied, of the national
anthem of France.

Mar’sHat. Originally one who had
charge of horses, from Teutonic, mare,
a horse, and sealk or schalk, a servant.
The word is now a title of certain officers
who have very different employments ;
as the Earl Marshal (q.v.) of England, &c.;
the Marshal of the Queen’s Bench, who has
the keeping of the Queen’s Bench prison
in Southwark; the Marshal of the Ex-
chequer, to whom the court commits the
queen’s debtors. In some countries of Eu-
rope, a marshal is a military officer of the
highest rank. In America, marshals are
appointed by the President and Senate of
the United States, and answer to our
sheriffs of counties.

Mar‘sHALtinG. 1. In heraldry, the dis-
posing of several coats of arms, belonging
to distinct families, in the same escutcheon.
—2. The disposing of persons at public
solemnities in their proper places, accord-
ing to their ranks, &c.

Mar’sHatsea. A prison in Southwark,
belonging to the marshal of the queen’s
household. The Marshalsea Court was
originally instituted to hear and determine
causes between the servants of the royal
household and others within the verge of
the court, which extends twelve miles
round Whitehall. It sits every week, and
the judges are the steward of the house-
hold and knight-marshal for the time
being.

Marsu Mras’ma. Infectious vapours
—* from certain marshes and marshy
soils.

Marsv’Piat, Lat. marsuptalis, purse-
shaped. Applied, 1. To animals of the
order Marsupialia.—2. To parts,as mus-
cles, for their shape.

Marsvria’tia. An order of mammi-
ferous animals, having external abdomi-
nal pouches for their young (marsupium,
a pouch). The opossums, phalangers,
potoroos, and kangaroos are examples.
Epithet marsupial. A distinguishing pe-
culiarity of the Marsupialia is the pre-
mature production of their young, whose
state of development at birth is extremely
small. Incapable of motion, and hardly
exhibiting the germs of limbs and other
extertal organs, these diminutive beings

attach themselves to the mamme of the
mother, and there remain fixed until they
have acquired a degree of development
similar to that in which other animals are
born. The skin of the abdomen is almost
always so arranged about the mamme2 as
to form a pouch, in which these imperfect
little animals are preserved as in asecond
uterus, and to which, long after they can
walk, they always flee for shelter.

Mar’scpire, from marsupium, a purse.
The name given by Dr. Mantell toa genus
of Crenoidea fvund in the chalk of Sussex,
Wiltshire, and Yorkshire, and bearing
some resemblancein shape to a purse. The
individuals are called clusterstones by the
quarrymen of Sussex, which, in fact, con
veys a pretty correct idea of their genera]
appearance.

Marrev’to Towers. Circular buildings
of masonry erected along the British
coast, intended as a defence against the
meditated invasion of Napoleon.

Mar’rEN. A name common to several
animals of the weasel tribe, but espe-
cially applied to the mustela martes, Lin.
There are seyeral martens common in
North America, and distinguished by the
names Pekan, Vision, Mink, &c.

Mar’tin, ) The house swallow (Hir-

Marr’.er. § undo urbica, Lin.), called in
France martinet, and in Spain martinete.
The Germans callit mauer-schwalbe, wall-
swallow.

Mar’tinets. 1. In shzps, small lines
fastened to the leech of a sail to bring it
close to the yard when the sail is furled.
—2. A cant phrase for severe military
disciplinarians, derived from a Colonel
Martinet in the French army, who devised
a peculiar whip for military punishment.

Mar’rIncat, Fr. martingale. 1. Astrap
of leather fastened to the girth under a
horse’s belly, and at the other end to the
musroll, passing between the forelegs.
—2. In ships, a rope extending from
the jib-boom, to the end of a bumpkin
under the cap of the bowsprit.

Marr’Let. A martin (q.v.). Martlets
in heraldry are little birds without feet,
used to make a distinction in the escut-
cheons of younger brothers.

Mas’cte. In heraldry, a bearing in the
form of a perforated lozenge.

Masu, Ger. meischen,tomix. 1 Tomash
is to beat into a confused mass. With
brewers, to mix malt and water together
in a mash-tub preparatory to brewing and
distillation. This process is called mash-
ing.——2. A mash is a sort of warm drink
for a horse, made by pouring hot water
on malt.

Ma’son, Fr. magon. A person employed
under the direction of an architect in the
raising of a stone building. The free and
accepted masons form a very ancient so-
ciety, so called because the founders of

MAS 454

MAbs

the fraternity were persons of that craft
or occupation, being incorporated by the
pope, and endowed with certain import-
ant privileges. The society professes to be
founded on the practice of social and
moral yirtue, and inculcates ‘‘ brotherly
iove, relief, and truth;’’ but it has long
been nothing more than a wreck of the
original institution.

Ma’sonry. A term comprehending all
works built with stone, and is of three
sorts: (1.) Cut masonry, or plane ashlar,
consisting of fair cut stones, as in the
faces of the superior kinds of build-
ings. (2.) Hammer-dressed masonry, in
which the stones are squared and picked
by the hammer. (3.) Rubble masonry,
composed of stones merely axed on the
face, and placed according to circum-
stan

ces.

Mas’ora. A Jewish book containing
critiques upon the Hebrew text of the
Bible.

Masorites. Hebrew rabbins, who in-
terpreted the Scriptures by tradition, and
invented the Hebrew points to fix the
true reading and pronunciation. Hence
these points are often termed Masoretic
points; and the expository work of the
Masorites is termed the Masora.

Masave, French for mask. 1. A gover
for the face.——2. A sort of theatrical
drama, or rather histrionic spectacle,
much patronised during the 16th and 17th
centuries, and in which the actors (ori-
ginally) appeared with masks.——3. In
architecture, a grotesque piece of sculpture
serving to fill up some vacant space.

Mass, Sax. maesse. 1. The service of the
Romish Church in the celebration of the
eucharist. 2. The quantity of matter of
which any body is composed.—3. In
the jine arts,a large quantity of matter of
light or shade.

Mas'serer, from peccacuas, to chew.
A short thick muscle of the lower jaw,
situated on the side of the face, and which
assists in masticating, by raising the jaw.

Mas’‘stcot (Fr.). The yellow oxide of
lead, used as a pigment. It is easily pre-
pared by calcination of white lead; by
further calcination it becomes red lead or
minium.

Mas’sivz. In mineralogy; in mass: not
having a regular form.

Mast, Sax. »aest, the mast of a ship.
l. Masts are of several kinds, as the main-
mast, fore-mast, mizen-mast, lower-mast,
top-mast, top-gallant-mast, top-gallant-
royal-mast. The main-mast is the princi-
pal mast of the ship; the fore-mast is that
which stands near the stem, and is next
in size to the main-mast; the mizen-mast
is the smaliest mast, and stands half way
between the main mast and the stern; a
tower-masit is the lower part of a mast,

which is composed of more than one piece ;
a top-mast is raised on the head or top of
a lower mast; the top gallant-mast is again
raised on the top of the top-mast, and the
royal top-gallant-mast surmounts the top-
gallant-mast ; a pole-mast is one formed of
one piece of timber; a made-mast consists
of several pieces. ——2. Sax. maeste, acorns.
The fruit of the oak and beech.

Mas’rer. A word found in all European
languages with slight modifications of
abcmm ies 1 and signifying a chief di-

asters in Chancery are assistants
to the Lord Chancellor and Master of the
Rolls. Master of the Faculties is an officer
under the Archbishop of Canterbury, who
grants licenses and dispensations. Jlaster
of the Horse is an officer of the crown,
who has charge of the royal stud. The
Master of the Armoury has charge of the
royal armour, and the Master of the Ward-
robe has the care of the royal robes under
the Lord Chamberlain. Master of the Rolls,
a patent officer for life, who has custody
of the rolls of Parliament, and patents
which pass under the Great Seal, and ot
the records of Chancery, commissionr,
deeds, &c., and who, in absence of the
Lord Chancellor, sits as judge in the Court
of Chancery. Master of a ship, the same
as eaptain in a merchantman, but in a
man-of-war he is an officer who takes
rank immediately after the lieutenants,
and navigates the ship under the direc-
tion of the captain. Master at Arms, an
officer in a ship of war who has charge
of the small arms, exercises the petty
officers, and observes the directions of
the lieutenant at arms, Master of
Arts,an academical degree—the second at
Oxford and Cambridge, but the first at
the foreign universities, and for the most
in those of Scotland.

Mas’rersin’cers. A Class of poets who
flourished in Germany in the 15th and
16th centuries.

Mastic, }1.Aresin obtained by making

Mastic. § incisions in the Pistacia len-
tiseus, a tree cultivated in the Levant,
and chiefly in the island of Chios. Itis
yellowish, brittle, and transparent; has
a bitterish taste, and aromaticsmell. It
consists of two resins, one soluble in
dilute alcohol, and both in strong alcohol.
In this country mastic is used in the
composition of the tougher kinds of var-
nishes: on the continent, it constitutes
an ingredient in plasters: and in Turkey,
it is used in great quantities by the ladies
as a masticatory—from which circum-
stance it is said to take its name.——2. In
botany. See MasticH-HEKB.

Mas’ticH-HERB. Herb-mastich. The
Thymus mastichina, a low shrubby plant,
a native of Spain. It has astrong agree-
able smell like mastic.

Mastic-woc >. T) e woed of the mastic-

bain st tines

— Y=

eS

————

iw eee

MAT

tree (the Pistacia lentiseus), a tincture
from which is used in medicine.

Mas‘Tic1nE. When mastic is digested
in dilute alcohol, it does not dissolve
completely: a soft elastic substance
separates during the solution. This
amounts to about a fifth of the mastic
employed, and has, while moist, all the
eharacters of caoutchouc, but becomes
brittle when dried. It therefore appears
to be a peculiar principle, and has ac-
cordingly been named masticine.

Mas’rirF, Lat. mastivus. The bull-dog.
A variety of the canis familiaris, Lin.,
distinguished by its large head, pendent
lips and ears, strength and courage. The
English mastiffs were, in old times, held
in such high estimation at Rome, that
an officer was appointed to breed and
train them for the sports of the amphi-
theatre.

Mas’‘ropon, from és, the breast,
and Z3eb;, a tooth. The name given by
Cuvier to an extinct genus of mammi-
ferous animals, in allusion to certain re-
markable mamillary processes on the
teeth: order Pachydermata: family Pro-
boscidiana. Two species have been found.
The Great Mastodon (M. giganteum) or
Mammoth is the most celebrated species.
It equalled the elephant in size; but
with still heavier proportions. Its re-
mains are found in a high degree of
preservation, and in great abundance,
throughout all parts of North America.
The WM. angustidens was a third less than
the Great Mastodon, and much lower on
its iegs. Its remains are found in Europe
and South America. Not only the bones,
but portions of the flesh and skin, and
even whole carcases, of the Great Mas-
todon have been found in icebergs and
frozen gravel, especially in Siberia. To-
wards the end of the last century, an
entire carcase, perfectly fresh, Was ex-
posed, and at length fell to the ground,
from a cliff of ice and gravel on the banks
of the river Lena.

Mas’ro1p, from zacrds, the breast, and
tides, likeness; nipple-shaped. Applied
in anatomy to parts from their shape, as
the mastoid process of the temporal bone,
mastoid foramen, &c.

Mar, Eng. Dut. Wel. Russ. matt: Ger.
matte: Lat. Sp. Ir. matia. <A texture of
sedge, rushes, straw, rope-yarn, or other
coarse material, used for covering floors,
for packing fruits, and other purposes.
Mats are principally manufactured in
Russia, partly from flags, but chiefly from
the inner bark of the lime or linden tree.
These latter are known in this country
as bast mats.

Marcu, Fr. méche. 1.8ome combustible
substance used for catching fire from a
spark, as hemp, flax, cotton, &c.——-2. A

sort of hempen rope, composed of three
strands, slightly twisted together, and
again covered with tow, and boiled in
the lees of old wine,so that when lighted,
it retains the fire, but burns slowly till
wholly consumed. It is used in firing
artillery, mines, fireworks, &c.——3. See
Marcuina.

Marcn’1nc or WinE Casks. A method
of preparing casks for wines, &c., to pre-
serve the hquor from becoming vapid.
It is done thus:—Slips of coarse linen
cloth, &c. are dipped into melted sulphur
to form matches; one of these matches is
set on fire and immediately plunged in
the bung-hole of the cask; the cask is
thereby filled with sulphurous acid fumes,
which are allowed to remain some hours
with the bung tightly driven home, and
the cask is then matched, and is ready to

filled.

Mare. Ina ship, a deputy of the mas-
ter in a man-of-war, selected from the
midshipmen. The boatswain, gunner,
carpenter, &c., have also each their mates,
taken from the crew. In merchantmen
the mate is second in command; but the
law does not recognise him otherwise
than asamariner. In large ships there
are often two or more mates. _

Mater’. The Paraguay name for the
Ilex paraguensis, used in that country as
tea is here.

Ma’rEr, Lat. for mother. Two mem-
branes of the brain are thus named, from
an old notion, that all the other mem-
branes of the body were derived from
them, or from their protecting the brain.

MarTe’RIALIsM, from materia, matter.
The doctrine of materialists : the opinion
of those who maintain that the soul
of man is not a spiritual substance, dis-
tinct from matter, but that it is the re-
sult or effect of the organisation of matter
in the body. The materialist holds that
the phenomenon of thought is a function
of the brain, just as the secretion of bile
is a function of the liver; and denies the
distinct existence of the incorporeal
being called the sowl.

Marte’rta Mep’ica. A term including
all those substances selected from the
animal, vegetable, and mineral king-
doms, which are used in the cure of
diseases: a catalogue of remedies.

Maruemar’ics, Lat. mathematica, from
bMatnuarixn. The science of quantity,
or that science which considers magni-
tudes as measurable and computable.
This science is divided into pwre or specu-
lative, which considers quantity abstract-
ly, without relation to matter; and mired,
which treats of magnitude as subsisting
in material bodies, and is consequently
interwoven with physical considerations.
Arithmetic, Geometry, Algebra, Trigono-
metry, and Conic Sections, are branches

MAU

456

MEA

oy mathematics, all necessary for the pur-
poses of astronomy, optics, hydrostatics,
mechanics, naviga on, fortification, &c.

Mar'tns. In the Romish Church, the
first part of the daily service. Fr. matin,
morning.

Mar’rass, Fr. matras. A chemical ves-
sel, having an oval-shaped body and a
long neck, much used for digestions.

Marrica’ria. A genus of herbaceous
plants. Syngenesia—Poly. superfiua. Name
from matrix, the womb, because of its
uses in diseases of the womb. The com-
mon wild corn or dog's chamomile, is a
British species. The fever-few ( ‘impro-
perly featherfew), is also a species (M. par-
thenium.)

Marrictta’tion, from matricula, a re-
' gister. Registration of a name in admis-
sion tomembership, as in the universities.
Members are hence said to be matriculated.

Ma’trix, Lat. for womb, from mater,
mother. A place where anything is ge-
nerated or formed. The matrix ofa mineral
or metallic ore is the substance in which
it is immediately imbedded, or through
which it is disseminated.

Marross’. In the artillery, a soldier
next in degree to a gunner, whom he as-
sists in loading, &c.

Mar’re. A crude black copper, reduced
but not refined, from suiphur and other
extraneous matters.

Mar’rer, Lat. Sp. and Ital. materia,
that which is produced. The substance
of which bodies are composed, usually
divided by philosophical writers into four
kinds, solid, liquid, aeriform, and impon-
derable. Solid substances are those whose
parts firmly cohere and resist impression ;
liguids yield readily to impression ; aeri-
form bodies are elastic fluids, comprehend-
ing vapours and gases; imponderables are
destitute of weight, as light, caloric, elec-
tricity, and magnetism.

fatrurota. Stock. A genus of plants,
mostly herbaceous. Tetradynamia—Sili-
quosa. The gillyflower (UM. incana) is a
native of England.

Mavunp. A weight used in the East In-
dies. It varies in different provinces, but
the factory maund is about 80 lbs. avoir.

Mav’norit. In coal mines, a pick with
two shanks.

Mavn’py-tuvurspar. Mandate-Thurs-
day.’ The Thursday before Good Friday ;
the day of command on which the Sa-
viour gave his great mandate, that we
should love one another.

Macr, ConcGrecation or Satnt. A
learned religious body of the Benedictine
order, named after the place of their resi-
dence, and established in 1618

Mavresare’. In architecture, the style
ct building peculiar to the Moors and
Arabs.

Macsoiz’'cm. A Latin term, from Mau-

solus, king of Caria, to whom Artemisia,
his widow, erected a stately monument,
one of the wonders of the world, and
hence used to denote any very sumptuous
sepulchral monument.

Maw’-woxm. The Ascaris rermicularis,
a species of entozoa found in the stomach.

Maxit’Lsa. 1. The jaw, both upper and
under, from casuni, to chew. The
lower jaw’ is called the maxilla inferior ; 3
and the upperjaw the mazilla superior.
2. The lower jaws only of insects are called
marille: they are placed behind the man-
dibles, and are principally employed in
holding the substance on which the grind
ing apparatus of the mandible is exerted.

Max’ trary, Lat. mazillaris. Appertain-
ing to the jaw (mazilla).

Max’ima Et Min’ima. In analysis and
geometry, the greatest and least values of
a variable quantity. The method of find-
ing these values is termed Methodus de
maximis et minimis.

Max’imum. 1. In mathematics, the great-
est quantity attainable in a given case.
——2. The greatest extreme as distin-
guished from minimum.

May. The fifth month of the year,
reckoning from January. Named from
Maia, the mother of Mercury, to whom
sacrifices were offered by the Romans on
the first day of this month.

May’or. The chief magistrate of a city:
in London and York he is called lord-
mayor. The title is of doubtful origin. We
have Fr. maire, Norm. maéur, mair, meyre ;
Wel. maér, one who guards ; maér y biswal,
a land-steward; maéron, a dairy farmer ;
maéres, a female who superintends the
dairy-women ; maéroni, superintendency,
a keeper. A mayor, then, seems to have
been originally an overseer, and among
country gentlemen a steward or kind or
domestic bailiff, rendered in the writings
of the middle ages, villicus.

Mayoraz’co (Span). The right of the
eldest born,in noble families, to inherit
certain property on condition of trans-
mitting it entire to those possessed of the
i right on his decease.

M.D. Medicine Doctor. Doctor of me-
dicine.

Meap. Metheglin. A liquor made by
boiling with water the honey-combs from
which the honey has been drained out,
and fermenting: it was long the favourite
drink of the northern nations, but is now
little used. It takes its name from the
northern word for honey.

Meat, Ger. mehil, Dutch meel. The
edible partof grain and pulse, ground into
a species of coarse flour. The varieties are
characterised by pretixing the name of the
grain ; as oat-meai, barley-meal, &.

Mezan. The middle between two ex-
tremes. An arithmetical mean is half the
sum of the twu eatremes. Thus {f the

a —_ ——

—— ee.

q
J
q
J

~

5

MEC

457

MEC

extremes are 2 and 6, the arithmetical
mean is = 4. A geometrical mean

is the square root of the product of the
two extremes. Thus, the extremes being
2 and 8, the geometrical mean is rn/ 2x8
= 4. A harmonical mean is the reciprocal
of the arithmetical mean between the re-
ciprocals of the given extremes.

Meanpari‘na. Brain-stone, brain-coral.
Madrepores, in which the laminz assume
a meandering direction. These are large
hemispherical corals, having their surface
covered with serpentine ridges and de-
pressions, resembling the convolutions of
the brain, from which circumstance they
have been called brain-stone.

Mease. The quantity of 500.

Mea’stes, rubeola, A disease known
by inflammatory fever, hoarseness, dry
cough, sneezing, drowsiness, during the
first three days, when an eruption of small
red spots, discernible by the touch, ap-
pears, and ends in mealy desquamation.

Meas’ure. That by which extent or di-
mension is known. 1. The standard mea-
sure of length isa yard, and of liquids a
gallon.—2. Any quantity assumed, as
one or unity,and by which the quantities
of other similar things are expressed.
Thus the measure of a line is some other
assumed line, as an inch, a foot,a yard,
&c. In music, the interval or space of
time between the rising and falling of the
hand or foot of him who beats time, is
termed measure, as it regulates the time
of dwelling on each note. In pvetry, the
manner of combining the quantities, or
the long and short syllables, is termed
measure, and is of different kinds; as hex-
ameter, pentameter, iambics, &c. In yeo-
logy, Synonymous with beds or strata; as
coai measures.

Mea’tts, Lat., from meo, to flow. A
passage, as that leading to the ear, called
the meatus auditorius, and is either exter-
nal or internal.

Mecuan’icat. 1. Relating to mechanics.
Thus, the force produced by any machine,
for the accomplishment of any particular
purpose, is called mechanical power ; and
those simple agents employed in produc-
ing mechanical power, and of which ali
machines are essentially composed, are
termed mechanical powers, and their appli-
cation constitutes the science of mechanics.
The mechanical powers are usually divided
into six classes; the lever, the wheel and
axle, the pulley, the inclined plane, the
wedge, and the screw ; but all these are re-
ducible to two, the lever and the inclined
plane. Some, however, regard the pulley
as a distinct mechanical power.——2. Me-

h philosophy is that which explains
the phenomena of nature, and the opera-
tions of corpcreal) things on the principles

soa)

of mechanics ; viz. motion, gravity, ar-
rangement, disposition, magnitude of the
parts which compose bodies; called by
some corpuscular philosophy.——3. In ma-
thematics, the term mechanical is employed
to denote a construction of a problem by
the assistance of instruments, as the du-
plication of the cube and quadrature of
the circle. A mechanical solution is a so-
lution of a problem, effected either by re-
peated trials, or by using lines in the
solution which are not truly geome-
trical, or by organical construction A
mechanical curve is one which, according
to Descartes, cannot be defined by any
algebraical equation. Leibnitz and others
call these curves transcendental,

Mecuan‘ics, from zyxyavy, 2 machine-
A branch of practical mathematics whickr
treats of motion and moving powers, thei.
nature and laws, and their effects in ma-
chines. The term is equally applied to the
doctrine of equilibrium of powers, more
properly called statics ; and to that science
which treats of the generation and commu-
nication of motions, which constitutes
dynamics, or mechanics strictly so called.
The science is further divided into prac-
tical mechanics, which treats of the me-
chanical powers; and rational mechanics,
which treats of the theory of motion.

Mecuan’ics’ Institutes. The name
given to the means by which instruc-
tion is communicated to tradesmen
and mechanics, in large towns ; originally
put in operation by Dr. Birkbeck, in
1800.

Mecw’anism. 1. Construction of parts
depending on each other in any compli-
eated machine designed for a purpose.
—2. Action of a machine according to
the laws of mechanics.

Mecu’anists. Those philosophers who
refer all the changes in the universe to the
operation of mechanical forces.

Mecuto’re Acip. An acid formed by
passing a current of chlorine over meco-
nine in fusion.

Mecuo’acan. White Jalap. The rootof
the Convolvulus mechoacanna, brought
from Mechoacan in Mexico. Itis a slow
purgative, but safe.

Mecon’tc Acip. An acid obtained from
opium (meconium), Itcrystallises in white
transparent scales, yields pyromeconic
acid by distillation, and is converted into
oxalic acid by dilute nitric acid.

Mec’ontne. A peculiar principle con-

stituting about Pn y of opium (meco-
nium). It is soluble in water, alcohol, and
ether, and crystallises, from its solutions,
in six-sided prisms, with dihedral sum-
mits. It was called by M. Couerbe, whe
discovered it, hyponitromeconic acid.
Meco’nium. 1. Opium. The inspissateé

MED

405

MEG

juice of the poppy, uyxwy.—?. The
feeces of an infant. us

Mep’at, Fr. médaille. A piece of metal
usually in the form ofa coin, and impressed
with some particular stamp, intended to
commemorate some particular person,
action, or event.

Mepat’tion, Fr. from medal. 1. In m-
mismatics, a large antique stamp or medal.
——2. In architecture, any circular tablet
on which are embossed figures or busts.

Me'piavaL. Relating to the middle

ages.

Me’pDIAL, ytdas, middle. The three
letters 5, g, and d, in the Greek alphabet
are so called, as being between their
tenues p, c, t, and aspirates ph, ch, th.

Me’pIAn, Lat. medianus. An epithet
applied by anatomists to parts, from their
situation between other parts.

Me’prant, from medius. A name in
music for the third above the key-note,
because it divides the interval between
the tonic and dominant into two-thirds.

Meptas’TINcM. In anatomy, the mem-
braneous septum formed by the duplica-
ture of the pleura, that divides the cavity
of the chest into two parts: quasi in
medio stans as being in the middle.

Mepiatisa’rion. The annexation of the
smaller German sovereignties to larger
states, which took place in 1806.

MeEp’‘icInE, Lat. medicina, from medico,
toheal. The science and art which re-
late to the preservation of health, and
the alleviation or cure of disease. Medi-
cine admits of numerous divisions, of
which the most general are Physi-
ology, which teaches the healthy func-
tions of the body; Pathology, which
teaches its morbid conditions ; Semiotics,
which teaches the symptoms of disease ;
Hygiene, which teaches how to preserve
health ; Therapeutics, which teactfes how
to treat diseases, and includes physic, sur-
gery, and obstetrics ; and Pharmacy, which
teaches the nature and virtues of drugs,
and the mode of preparing and adminis-
tering them.

Mepietas Lry’ctz. In law, a jury,
one half of which are natives; and the
other half foreigners, impanelled in cases
where the party to be tried is a foreigner.

Me’pium. The Latin word for middle.
Anything intervening. In physic, that
space or region through which a body in
motion passes to any point; thus, air is
the medium through which bodies move
near the surface of the earth; water is
the medium through which fishes move ;
glass is a medium through which light
passes, and we speak of resisting media,
refracting media, &c. In logic, the mid-
die term of a syllogism is called the media,
being the argument or reason why the
greater extreme is affirmed or denied of
the less. Mediwm also denotes the means

or instrument by which anything is ac-
complished. Thus, money is our medium
of commerce; and news are communi-
cated through the medium of the press.

Mepvuv'ta. 1. The marrow; quasi in
medio ossis.——2. The pith or pulp of
vegetables.——3. The white substauce of
the brain, of which the medulla spinalis
or spinal marrow is a continuation.

Mepvr’tary SHEATH. In botany, a
thin layer of vessels, surrounding the
pulp of exogenous plants.

Mepvvr'tin. The pith of the sun-flower
(Helianthus annuus) which, on distilla-
tion, affords ammonia, leaving a char-
coal of a metallic appearance, and a
colour similar to that of bronze. Medul-
lin is found in a few other vegetabies.

Menvv’sz, from ptdovem. 1. A genus of
Zoophytes, furnished superiorly with a
disk more or less convex, resembling the
head of a mushroom, called the u a,
the alternate contractions and dilatations
of which assist the locomotion of the
animal: order Simplicia, Cuy. The Me-
dusz approach nearly to the fluid state,
appearing like a soft and transparent
jelly, which, by spontaneous decompo-

sition after death, or by the application -

of heat, is resolved into an almost limpid
watery fluid——2. In mythology, the
chief of the Gorgons.

Mer’rscuaum, Germ. for Sea-froth. A
white mineral, of an earthy appearance,
always soft, but dry to the touch. It
consists, according to Klaproth, of silica
41°5; magnesia 18°25; water and carbo-
nic acid 39. When first dug it is soft and

greasy, and lathers like soap, on which

account the Tartars use it for washing
linen. The Turkey tobacco-pipes are
made of it.

Mecate’sian GameEs, from ui yas, great,
A magnificent Roman exhibition of the
circus, in honour of Cybele.

Mecato’nyx, from piyas, great, and
ove, aclaw. A huge fossil mammiferous
animal, so named from the great size of
its claw bones: order Edentata, Cuv.
It has been found in the floor of a cavern
in the limestone of Virginia, in America.

Meca.osav’Rvs, from wives, great, and
cTaveos, alizard. A genus of fossil am-
phibious animals, of great size, belong-
ing to the Saurian tribe. According to
Cuvier the Megalosaurus must have mea-
sured from 50 to 70 feet in length; and
its structure partook of the crocodile and
monitor. Its remains have been found
in the oolite and the wealden. —

Mecanyc’TERANS, from éyas, and
yuxTeeis, great bats. The first division
of the order Cheiroptera. They inhabit
the tropical of Asia, Africa, and
Polynesia ; but are not found in America

esl

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|
4
;
A

MEL 459

MEL

Meca’rian ScHoot oF PHILOSOPHY.

Founded at Megara by the disciples of

Socrates.

MEG’ASCOPE, wives, and cxorew, 1 view.
An optical instrument for the examina-
tion of bodies of considerable dimen-
sions.

Mecarue’rium, from éves, great, and
Ougiov, a wild beast. An extinct mam-
miferous animal, of great size, belonging
to the order Edentata, Cuv. Fossil re-
mains of this huge animal have been dis-
covered in the alluvial deposits of the
Pampas of South America. It appears
to have lived on roots, and to have been
covered with a bony coat of armour, to
defend it against the claws of beasts of
prey. Its length appears to have been
about 12 feet, and its height between 7
and 8 feet.

Mer’criu. A species of cephalalgia or
head-ache, arising from the state of the
stomach. The term is synonymous with
hemicrania, from which it is probably
derived through the medium of the
French migraine.

Meracev’ca. An extensive genus of
plants, mostly shrubs—Polyadelphia—Ico-
sandria. Named from wtras, dlack, and
Asuxos, White, by Linnzus, for some rea-
son not known, unless it be a mistransla-
tion of the Malay name of the then only
known species, the Caju-puti (white-tree),
and that which is said to afford the caje-
put oil. All the species except this LM.
leucadendron) are natives of New Hol-
land.

Metampo’pIcm. “A genus of annual
plants. Syngenesia—Poly. necessaria. Hot
climates. Melampodium is also the old
name of the black hellebore, from Melam-
pus, the shepherd who first used it.

MeEL’ancuoty, from as, black, and
xan, vile. A well-known form of insa-
nity, thus named from its having been
anciently supposed to proceed frum re-
dundance of black bile. ;

Mera’sta. The name given by La-
marck to a genus of molluscs. Order
Pectinibranchiata: family Trochoida, Cuv.
The melania inhabit rivers; the shell is
thick and spiral, and the animal is fur-
nished with long tentacula. _

Mev’anire, from uwtras, black. The
black garnet; a mineral of the gem order,
found in the basalt of Bohemia, and ina
rock at Frescati, near Rome. Its colour
is velvety black.

Metano’sis, from wtAas, black. A spe-
cies of morbid deposit of black matter,
chiefly attacking the cellular and adipose
textures of the body, giving rise to black
cancer, a malignant and incurable disease.
It more commonly attacks horses than
men, and especially white horses.

~ ona seen eAas. Native sulphate

Me'tas, wtAas. A disease endemial in
Arabia ; it consists in the formation of
dark spots on the skin.

Me'tasm, from peruse, black. A disease,
which sometimes appears upon the tibia
of aged persons, in the form of a livid
black spot, but which speedily degene-
rates into a foul ulcer.

Me as‘oma. A family of unmixed black
or cinerous-coloured coleopterous insects,
whence the name from das, black.
They are mostly apterous; their antenne
entirely or partly granose. The man-
dibles are bifid, and the eyes oblong and
prominent. They generally live in the
ground, either in sand or under stones,
and frequently in cellars and other dark
places.

Metas’srs, from pesrus, black. The
sirup which drains from Muscovado
sugar: treacle.

ME ccHIsEDeE’c1ans. In ecclesiastical his-
tory, a name applied to several sects of
early heretics, from their peculiar opi-
nions concerning Melchisedec.

Merra’cris. A genus of gallinaceous
birds, of which the common turkey (J/.
gallopavo, Lin.), introduced into Europe
from America, was for a long time the
only species known; but asecond species,
the M. ocellata, Cuv., from the Bay of
Honduras, has lately been described: it
is almost equal to the peacock in the bril-
liancy of its colours, particularly in the
sapphire-coloured spots, surrounded with
circles of gold and ruby, which decorate
the tail. Meleagris is the Greek name of
the Guinea-hen, erroneously applied by
Linnus to the turkey.

Me’tes. A genus of carnivorous mam-
malia: the badgers, placed by Linnwus
with the raccoons in the genus Ursus.
There are two species, the European
badger and the American badger.

Mece’r1ans. In ecclesiastical history, the
partisans of Meletius, bishop of Lycopo-
lis, in Egypt, who was charged with sa-
crificing to idols.

Mevica The melic-grass: a genus of
perennials. TZriandria— Digynia. The
name was aneiently given to a species of
millet. Ail the species are hardy, and
two are indigenous to Britain.

Metito’rvs,) An extensive genus of

Metir’or. J) herbaceous plants. Dia-
delphia — Decandria. Name from mel,
honey, and lotus (q.v.). All the species
are hardy, and one is indigenous to
Britain.

Metis’sa. Balm. A genus of plants
mostly perennials. Didynamia—Gymno-
spermia. Name from wtaicon, & bee, be-
cause bees gather honey from-it. The
greater and lesser calamint are the only

MEL 460

MEN

British species. The officinal balm is a
native of the south of Europe, but is now
common in our gardens. »

Me ite’a. In zoology, a genus of beau-
tiful corals; also a genus of butterflies.

MELLIPH’aGAns, from and Gaza,
leat. Birds which feed on the nectar of
flowers.

Metre. Honey-stone. A mineral of
a yellowish colour like honey (mel), and
resinous aspect, found at Artern in Thu-
ringia. It is a mellate of alumina.

Mettrr‘ic Acip. An acid which is found
associated with alumina in the mineral
called mellite. It crystallises in small
colourless needles; has no smell, but a
strong acid taste; is permanent in the
air, and soluble in water and alcohol. It
is, according to Liebig and Pelouze. C404
H, but is not resolvable into C403+
OH, without decomposition.

MeEL’ton. A new compound of carbon
and nitrogen, discovered by Liebig, by
heating bi-sulphocyanide of mercury.
The mellon remains at the bottom of the
retort in the form of a yellow powder.

MEL’oDRAME, from pesdos, Sung and

Mevopra’ma,$ drama (q.v.). A dra-
matic performance in which music is in-
termixed. It differs from the opera in
this, that the actors do not sing but
declaim, the musi¢e oniy filling up the
pauses with strains suitable to the sub-
ject. Melodramas are commonly romantic.

MELODY, weAwdie, 2 Song. A succession
of sounds so modulated as to please the
ear. Itis the effect of a single voice or
instrument, in which respect it differs
from harmony.

Mev’oz. The name of a genus of hetero-
merous Coleoptera, belonging to Cuvier’s
family of Trachelides and tribe of Can-
tharide. In some districts of Spain,
meloes are employed in place of cantha-
rides, or are mixed with them. They are
also employed by farriers, and they were
formerly regarded as a specific in hydro-
phobia. They answer to the Buprestes of
the ancients ; insects which were believed
to kill such cattle as swallowed them
while grazing. The oil-beetle is the best
known species of meloes, properly so
called; but the genus meloe, Lin., com-
prehends also the genus Cantharis, Geoff,
or Lytta, Fab.

Me oton’tHa. A division of the genus
Scarabzeus, or beetle.

Mev'on, from seAoy, an apple. Aname
of certain plants and their fruit. The
melon, properly so called (Cucumis mele),
is an annuul, of which several varieties
are cultivated. It is a native of warm
climates. The water-melon (Cucurbita
citrullus), is also an annual, a native of
the South of Europe, &c. The, musk-
melon (Cucurbita moschata), is likewise

an annual, a native of the West Indies.
These plants are much valued for their
fruit, which is sweet and delicious, but
only matured by exposure to a hot sun.
The melon-thistle is a species of cactus.
Mexo’ruria. A genus of plants. Tri-
andria—Monogynia. Name borrowed from
the ~wtrwheov Of Dioscorides. The best
known speciesis the American Bryony (2.
pendula), the berries of which are pickled
and used as capers in the West Indies, &c.
MELPO'MENE, wsArouos, I sing. The
muse who presides over tragedy.
Mempra’Na Tymp’ani. The drum ofthe

‘| ear.

Memerana‘ceovs, Lat. membranaceus, of
the nature of membrane. Applied in ana-
tomy and botany to ligaments, tunics,
&c.; and to leaves, pods, &c., of a thin
and pliable texture.

Mem’BRaNE, Lat. membrana. A thin
and expanded substance, composed of cel-
lular texture, the elastic fibres of which
are so arranged and woven together as to
allow of great pliability. The membranes
of animals consist of concrete gelatine,
and, like skin, are convertible into leather
by tanning. The term is also extended
by analogy to parts of vegetables of a
membranaceous texture.

MemBranov’ocy, from membrana and
doves, discourse. A hybrid term, used to
designate that branch of anatomy which
treats of the membranes of the body.

Mem’oir, from Fr. memoire, memory.
1. A species of history describing trans-
actions and events, in which some parti-
cular person had a principal share. written
either by the person himself, or by a dif-

‘ferent person.——2. The recorded pro-

ceedings of a scientific society.
Memo’x1at. In diplomacy, a species of
informal state paper, much used in nego-
tiations.
Memo’r1a Tecu’nica. Technical or arté-
Jicial memory. A name for any contri-
vance for assisting the memory.
Mewm’ory, Lat. memini, I remember.
The power of haying what was once per-
ceived recalled to the mind, accompanied
by a consciousness of past existence.
Menacw’anite. An ore of titanium,
found in the bed of a rivulet, which flows
into the valley of Menacan, in Cornwall.
It occurs in very flat angular grains of a
greyish black colour, and a semi-metallic
lustre. Sp. gr. 4°4. It contains 51 oxide
of iron, and 45°5 of oxide of titanium, as-
sociated with 3°5 of silica. It tinges bo-
rax of a greenish colour.
Men’picants. Beggars. Several orders
of monks, who live on alms, areso named.
Me’ne. A Chaldean word, signifying
* he has numbered,” or ** he has counted.”
Men’rpes, a family of Acanthopterygious
fishes, distinguished by the extreme ex-

MEN

461

MER

er and retractility of their upper

Mentn’cEat. Relating to the meninges
or membranes of the brain. See MeniInx.

Mentn’ciris. Inflammation of the men-
inges, or membranes of the brain or spinal
cord.

Me’NINX, umyviy§. A name formerly
eommon to ali the membranes of the body,
but now appropriated to those of the
brain. Plural, meninges.

Menis’cus, Lat. from senvioxos, a little
moon. A lens convex on one side, and
concave on the other. See Lens.

MENISPER’MIc Acip. An acid obtained
from the berries of the Menispermum coc-
eculus, a shrub which grows in the East
Indies. It is an insipid crystalline sub-
stance, little soluble in water, and forms
with the alkalies and some other bases
erystallizable compounds or menisper-
mates. Little is known of this acid, or of
the salts which it forms,

MENISPER’MUM. Moon-seed. A genus
of shrubby plants. Diawcia—Dodecandria.
Named from yyy, the moon, and erteua,
seed, in allusion to the crescent form of
the seeds. The berries of the M. cocculus
are highly poisonous and inebriating, and
are supposed to impart that power to
most of the London porter.

Mey’tver. A small white animal of
Russia ; alsoits fur, which is much valued.

Mennonites. A title of the Anabap-
tists of Holland, derived from their leader,
Menno.

Menosran’cuvus. The name given by
Harlan to a genus of Batrachians, closely
allied to the Tritons or Aquatic Sala-
manders.. The species most known is the

M. lateralis, Harl., or Triton lateralis, Say. -

It inhabits the great lakes of North Ame-
Tica, and attains a length of between two
and three feet.

Menoss’oma. The name given by Harlan
to a genus of Batrachians, closely allied
to the Salamanders. The Hellbender
(Salamandra gigantea, Barton), is the best
known species. It inhabits the lakes and
rivers of the interior of North America.
The reptile is about 18 inches long, and
of a blackish blue colour.

Men’struvum. Solvent. All liquids are
so called, which are used as dissolvents,
infusions, decoctions, &c. The most com-
mon is water. The term menstruum is
derived from mensis, a month, and its use
is supposed to have originated in some
notion of the old chemists, about the in-
fluence of the moon in the preparation of
dissolyents.

Mensvra’rion, from mensura, measure.
A branch of mathematics which treats of
the measurement of the extensions, ca-
pacities, solidities, &c. of bodies.——2.
The result of measuring.

Mey’tHA. Mint. An extensive genus of
perennial plants. Didynamia — Gymno-
spermia. Name from Minthe, who was
changed into this herb. Of 41 species,
23 are natives of Britain. Among these
are the spear-mint, the marsh-mint, the
pepper-mint, the bergamot, the water,
corn, field, meadow, fen, and brook-mint,
and the penny-royal or pudding-grass.

Men’tum (Lat.), chin In mammology,
the anterior and "inferior margin of the
lower jaw.

Menv’, Institutes or. The most cele-
brated code of Indian law, civil and reli-
gious; so termed from its author Menu,
Menou, or M.

MENYAN’THES. Buckbean or water-tre-
foil. A genus of one species. Pentandria
—Monogynia. Named from yey, a month,
and avfes, a flower, because it keeps in
flower about a month. Europe.

MENY’/NGES, uyyiy, Membrane.
membranes which cover the brain.

Mepuit'ic, from mephitis, an ill smell.
Offensive to the smell; noxious. For-
merly carbonic acid was termed mephitic
acid and nitrogen, mephitie air.

Mepur’tis, a genus of carnivorous
mammalia of the digitigrade tribe—the
Skunks, remarkable for their horrible
fetid exhalations: whence the name me-
phitis, an ill smell. The most common
species is the American skunk (MM. puto-
rius) somewhat resembling the badger.

Mercator’s CHart. A chart in which
the parallels of latitude and the meri-
dians are represented by straight lines,
invented by Gerard Mercator.

Mercuria‘tis. Mercury. A genus of
plants. Diecia— Enneandria. Named
after Mercurius, the discoverer of it.
There are five species, natives of Eu-
rope ; two are British.

Mer’cury, Lat. Mercurius. 1. The god of
eloquence and commerce; his name is
said to be formed from merces or mercor.
—2. Quicksilver: a metal which re-
mains fluid at ordinary temperatures, but
becomes solid, ductile, and malleable
when its temperature is reduced 40 de-
grees below zero of Fahrenheit’s thermo-
meter. It boils at 656° F., and distils off
in an elastic vapour, which, being con-
densed by cold, forms- purified mercury,
sp. gr. 13°6, at 60°. Its colour is that of
pure silver; it has no taste or smell, com-
bines readily with certain metals, as
gold, silver, zinc, tin, and bismuth, form-
ing mercurial alloys or amalgams. It is
this property which makes it so exten-
sively useful in the extraction of gold and
silver from their ores, in gilding, plating,
silvering looking-glasses, &c. It occurs,
(1.) Native, adhering in small globules to
the surface of cinnabar; (2.) In union
with silver in the navive amsigam of ail-

The

MER

462

. MES

ver, which occurs in Hungary, Sweden,
Spain, and some other places; (3.) In
combination with sulphur fo: cin-
nabar; (4.) Combined with chlorine,
forming horn-mercury. It is obtained
from its ores by distillation. Mercury
is used in barometers and thermometers,
and very extensively in medicine, in the
forms of blue pill, calomel, and corrosive
sublimate. It is also used as a pigment in
vermilion.——3. In astronomy, the small-
est of the primary planets, and the near-
est to the sun, for which reason, though
it emits a bright light, it is seldom seen.
Diameter 3180 miles; distance from the
sun, 36,841,468 miles; sidereal revolution,
** days, 23 hours, 15’, 44”; rotation on its
axis, 1d. Oh. 5’, 28°3”. Light compared
with that at the earth about 7 times.
Character § - Named from its appa-
rent quick motions, after Mercury, the
messenger of the gods.——4. In botany.
See MERCURIALIS.

Mer‘cy-Seat. In scripture antiquities,
the propitiatory: a covering of the ark
of the covenant. It was of gold, and its
ends were fixed to two cherubim, whose
wings extended forward, and formed a
kind of throne for the Almighty.

Mex’cen, from mergo, to merge. A
term in law for the merging or drown-
ing of a less estate in a greater

Mer’cus,adiver. The Latin name of
some aquatic bird: applied by Linnzus
as the generic name of the goosander, and
by Brisson as the generic name of the
diver, of which Llliger forms the genus
Endytes (q.v.}. The genus Mergus, Lin.,
comprehends all those palmipedes of the
Lamellirostrine family, in which the bill
is thinner and more cylindrical than that
of the ducks; armed along its edges with
small pointed teeth, like those of a saw,
and having the upper mandible hooked.
'rhey live on lakes and ponds, where they
ure very destructive to fish. The goosan-
der (2. merganser, Lin.), is well known.

Merip’1an, from meridies for medidies,
mid-day; noon.——2. In astronomy and
geography, a great circle supposed to pass
through the poles, zenith, and nadir, of
any given place, intersecting the equi-
noctial and equator at right angles.
Every place has its meridian, and when
the sun arrives at this circle, it is noon or
mid-day, whence the name. The /jirst
meridian is that from which longitudes
are reckoned. The choice is entirely ar-
bitrary. In British works the longitude
is reckoned from Greenwich.——3. The
meridian of a yicbe is the brazen circle in
which it turns, and by which it is sup-
ported The magnetic meridian is a great
circle passitg through the magnetic poles.
The meridian altitude of a heavenly body,
is its altitude wuen on the meridian. The

meridian line, (1.)'On a dial, is the same
as the 12 o’clock hour line; (2.) On Gun-
ter's scale a line divided unequally
towards 87°, corresponding to the meri-
dian in Mercator’s chart.

Merip’ionat. In navigation. (1.) By
meridional distance is meant the distance
between the meridians of two places:
otherwise called departure (q.v.). (2.)
Meridional parts, are the parts of the
increased meridians, according to Mer-
cator’s chart, which increase in propor-
tion to the cosines of the latitudes to
radius, or simply as the secants, the ra-
dius being constant.

Merr'no. The Spanish sheep: a va-
riety remarkable fur the tineness of their
fleece.

Merroves. A genus of rodent mamma-
lia, separated from the Gerbils by F. Cu-
vier. The most known species is the
jumping mouse (Mus canadensis, Penn.)
of North America. It much resembles
our mouse, but its colour is lighter, and
it is more active in summer, and spends
the winter in a state of lethargy, shut up
in its burrow.

Mer’tin (French). <A species of hawk.
It is the smallest bird of the hawk-tribe.

Mer‘ton (French). That part ofa pa-
rapet which lies between two embra-
sures.

Mer’marp. Maid of the Sea. A fabu-
lous creature, described as having the
head and body of a woman with the tail
of a fish. Some doubted the existence of
mermen, Who thoroughly believed in the
existence of mermaids! The prototype
of the fables about mermaids is the Du-
gong (q. V.)-

Mer’rors. The name given by Linnzeus
to a genus of passerine birds—the Bee-
eaters, of the Tenuirostrine family. Their
flight is similar to that of the swallows;
and they pursue insects in great flocks,
but especially bees and wasps ; by which
they are neyer stung. Name Meco,
from pseiSm and or) ?

Me’ros (Gr.). In architecture, the plane
face between the channels in the tri-
glyphs of the Doric order.

MESEMBRYAN'THEMUM. Fig-marigold.
A genus of plants, of which 228 species
are enumerated by Don: class Icosandria:
order Pentagynia. Name from egos,
middle, exGevo, embryo, and aybes, a
flower. The species are all natives of
warm climates, and mostly of the C. G.
Hope.

Mes‘ENTERY, from mwecos, middle, and
evrteoy. an intestine. A membrane placed
in the middle of the intestines, and to
which they are attached, to prevent them
from becoming entangled with each other
by convolutions. It is formed by a du-

et Je Cr ue

ee ore,

ae

oe

MET 463

MET

plicature of the peritoneum.
mesenteric and meseraic.

Mezs'tix, from Fr. mesler, méler, to
mix. A mixture of various sorts of
grain : especially a mixture of wheat-and
rye.

tata. An old French term (pron.
meen), and signifying middle or interven-
ing, as a mesne lord, that is, a lord who
holds land of a superior, but grants it to
another person.

MesNneE Process is that part of the pro-
ceedings of suit which intervenes be-
tween the original process or writ and
the final issue, and which issues, pend-
ing the suit, on the collateral matter.

Mes‘ocoton. That part of the mesen-
tery to which the colon is attached.

Mers‘otane, from pecos, and Aaubave,
Itake. An instrument for finding two
mean proportionals between two given
lines, required in the duplication of the
cube.

MEsOPHY’LLUM, peeros and gudAoy, leaf.
The tissue forming the fleshy part of a
leaf, between the upper-and lower integu-
ments.

Mesorne’nar, from seecos, middle, and
Stvee, the palm. The muscular mass
forming the palm of the hand, consisting
of the abductor and part of the short
fiexor of the thumb.

MEsorHo’rax, neces and Sweak, chest,
The posterior segment of the alitrunk of
raga bearing the posterior wings and
egs.

Mes‘oryrr, from pecos, middle, and
sures, furm; prismatic zeolite. A simple
mineral, which occurs regularly crystal-
lised in drusy cavities, or in veins in
secondary trap-rocks. Colours white,
red, yellow, and brown... Sp. gr. 2°3.

Mes’sENGER. One who executes a mes-
sage. 2. In Scotland, a bailiff——3. In
a ship, a small cable of 60 fathoms in
length, wound round the capstan, and
having its two ends lashed together. It
is used in weighing anchor.

Mes’svace. In law, a dwelling-house
and adjoining land, appropriated to the
use of the household. The term is from
the old French meson, mesonage, a house
or house-room. The French now write
maison.

Mesrtin’s. In Spanish America, the
child of a Spaniard, or creole, and a
native Indian.

Meracar’pvs, from ssrx, beyond, and
xaeros, the wrist. That part of the hand
which is between the wrist and the
fingers.

Meraso’tians. Insects which undergo
a metamorphosis, and which are usually
fitted with wings in their final state:

Epithets

from wtraSarAa, to change.

Meracn’ronisu, from tra, beyond,
and ygoves, time. An error in chronology
by placing an event after its real time.

Mer’at (Dan. and Fr. metal; Germ.
and Sw. metall; Lat. metalluwn; Gr.
MercehAoy)« Metals are distinguished by
the following general characters:—‘1.)
They possess a peculiar lustre, which
continues in the streak and in their
smallest fragments ; (2.) They are fusible
by heat,and in fusion retain their lustre
and opacity; (3.) They are all, except
selenium, excellent conductors of elec-
tricity and caloric; (4.) Many of them
may be extended under the hammer, and
are called malleable; or under the roll-
ing press, and are called laminable; or
drawn into wire, and are called ductile ;
(5.) When exposed to the action ‘of oxy-
gen, chlorine, or iodine, at an elevated
temperature, they generally take fire,
and combining with one or other of these
three elementary dissolvents in definite
proportion, are converted into earthy-
looking bodies, devoid of metallic lustre,
called oxides, chlorides, and iodides ; (6.)
They are capable of combining in their
melted state with each other, in almost
every proportion, constituting the im-
portant order of metallic alloys, in which
the characteristic lustre and tenacity are
preserved.—From a consideration of these
properties metals may be divided into
many Classes ; but the most modern classi-
tication is formed from a consideration of
their chemical properties. Thus, seven
form with oxygen bodies possessed of al-
kaline properties ; viz., potassium, sodi-
um, lithium, barium, strontium, calcium,
and magnesium. Other five with oxygen
form the earths proper; viz., aluminun,
zirconium, yttrium, glucinum, thorinum.
The others may de named in alphabetical
order: antimony, arsenic, bismuth, cad-
mium, cerium, chromium, cobalt, copper,
gold, iridium, iron, lead, manganese,
mercury, molybdenum, nickel, osmium,
palladium, platinum, rhodium, silver,
tantalum (columbium), tellurium, tin,
titanium, tungsten, vanadium, uranium,
zine. The only metals known to the
ancients were gold, silver, mercury, cop-
per, lead, tin, and iron. In the annexed
table, arranged according to the date of
their discovery, with the names of the
chemists by whom they were discovered,
their specific gravities, melting points,
equivalent weights, and abbreviated sym-
bols, a more satisfactory information,
may, however, be obtained.

Meratep’sis. Meraay~lis, participa -
tion. In rhetoric, a continuation: of &
trope in one word through a succession
of significations, or the union of two oF
more tropes of different kinds in ore
ward.

MET

464

MET

TABLE OF METALS.

Names.

their Discovery.

1, Gold . . ©)
2. Silver.

7. Tin . .

8. Antimesy .
9. Bismnath .
20) ZADG sis ce
ll. Arsenic . .

Ss es eee

ls Nickel “th.
15, Manganese.
16. Tu Se
17. Tellurium .
18. Molybdenum.
19 Uranium .
20. Titanium. .
21. Chromium .
22. Columbium ,
23. Pailadium .
24. Rhodium. .
Tridum, .
Osm'um ..,!

t
§
E

ESBS
g
Bp se
g

=
ob
&
5B

Strontium .
Calolum ..
Cadmium .
Lithium .
Silicium .
Zirconium
Aluminum.
Glucinum .
Yttrium,
Thorium . .
Magnesium.
Vanadium ,
Lanthanum
Didymium_ .,
Ruthenium.
Rubidium
Cesium. .
Thallium. .
Gallium

BSSSESSESSSESSSE RSS

4).

Known to the ancients,
and represented by the
preceding planetary
> symbols, with which

they were supposed to
have a mysterivus con-
nexion,

Basil Valentine . 1490
Agri “sr 1530

gricola ° 5:
Paracelsus? . . 1530
Brandt .. . 1733

$F. - 45-0 ”>

ood. . » 1741
Cronyedt . . . 1751
Gadi: os...) Naeae
D’E£ihuiart. . . 1781
Miller » 1782
Hielm .. . » 1782
Kiaproth . > 1789
Gregor . . + » 1791
Vauquelin . . 1797
Hatchett . . . 1802
Wollaston . . 1803

” e t4 2" aA
Tennant. . . 1803
Hisinger . . . 1804

” Oe
Davy.) 3s” 5 1807

i ae Shs ”

” ”
Stromeyer . . 1°18
Arfwedson . . . 1818
Berzelius. . . 1824

” Ld e ° »”»>
Berzelius.. . 1899
Busy...» 1889

Mosander ..

Bunsen & Kirchoff 1860

Crookes. . . . 1861
Lecocq . Dec., 185

| Authors, and Datesof | Specific

jGray ty.

19°25

10°47
778

Or om
aSsoSs

*

- ond
J &n DAI BNI op ©
Sssersss

ree
aAoew

+ + QoObMW. Co. Brome. srr
. SS. 8a. &

be
oe 0 OMe

Pv, ie
s

be
we Lod .
ropes . ve
© Oo -

Paal- | ay
Melting Points. valent | D>,
3 Weights S7mbois,
Fahr.
2016 197 Au.
1873 108 Ag.
2800 ? s. f.* 56 Fe.
196 63 Cu.
30 200 Hg.
612 207 Pb.
442 118 Sn.
cits. i122 Sb.
497 210 Bi.
773 65 Zn,
Te 75 As.
2-10? 59 Co.
oh. bp.t 197 Pt,
28510 59 Ni.
s. f. 55 Man.
Wy 184 w.
620 ? 32 Tel.
ch. bp. 48 Mol,
oh bp. 120 Uv.
oh, bp. 24 Ti.
ch. bp. 52 Cr.
sme 185 Col.
was 53 Pal.
oh. bp, 52
o8. bp. 98 Ir.
oh. bp, 99 Os,
awe 46 Ce.
136 39 Po,
190 23 So.
$e ce 137 Bs.
pny 87 Sr.
oats 40 Ca,
442 112 Ca,
bree 7 Li.
<P ie. 8 Si.
wi 6 30 Zir.
ees 27 Al,
othe t's 7 Gl.
AGS 8 32 Ye.
a Tama 6) Th,
baying ie 24 Mg.
i ace 63 Va.
. . . 92 La,
* . * 96 dD.
i 52 Ru.
. 28 85 Rb.
se 6 133 Cs.
rue fe 204 Ti.
oe yt . Ga.

*

m
METALLING.

METAL’LIc, Resembling or pertaining to
etal

A term applied to the
covering of roads zenerally, and to the filling
in material above, below, and between the

Smith’s forge.

several stone blocks and sleepers upon rail-

ways, &c.

METAL’LOID. A name formerly given to
the metallic bases of the alkalies and earths.

t Oxyhydrogen blowpipe.
METALLURGY comprehends the whole art

of woring metals from the ore to the
utensil; but, technically, only the opera-
tions followed in separating
their ores.

metals from

METAMORPHIC, from MeTaHoppow,
1. Transformed.—2. An epithet

to alter.
for such rocks as are altered by stratifica-

{
‘

Ce ee

~

MET 465

MET

tion. The primary stratified rocks are all
metamorphic.

METAMOR’PHOSIS, argon aah 1.
Transformation.——2. term for the
change which some nasal undergo pre-
viously to their arriving at their state of
perfection.

Mevr’arnHor, from Méragegw, to transfer.
A short similitude expressed by a single
word, without comparison; as when a
hero is called a lion, a shrewd individual
a fox, &e.

MetTApH’RAsSIS, werageacis. <A literal
translation out of one language into
another.

Meraruys’ics, from “ere, beyond and
gurixn; physics.. The science of mind:
thus named, the science of natural bodies
or physics being regarded as the first in
the order of studies; and the science of
mind, or intelligence, to be the second.
Metaphysics comprehends ontology, or the
science which treats of the nature, es-
sence, and qualities or attributes of being ;

, the science of the world, which
treate of the nature and laws of matter
and motion ; anthroposophy, which treats
of man and the motions by which life is
produced ; psychology, which treats of the
intellectual soul; pneumatology, the sci-
ence of spirits. Metaphysical theology treats
of the existence of God, his essence, and
attributes ; called by Leibnitz and others

ese divisions of metaphysics
are now little regarded. The natural di-
vision of things that exist is into body
and mind, things material and imma-
terial: the former belong to physics, the
latter to metaphysics. -

MET’APLASM, uerardacmos. Trans-
formation. A term in grammar for any
change made in a word, by transposing
or retrenching a syllable or letter.

Mevras’rasis, weveoracis. Translation.
Transition of a disease from one part of
the body to another.

Merarar’svs, from ger, beyond, and
raecos, the tarsus. That part of the foot
between the tarsus and the toes.

Mer’atoms, from era, change, and
teuvw, I cut. A space, in architecture,
between one dentil and the next.

Mera’yer. In Franceand Italy,a farmer
holding land on condition of yielding
half the produce to the proprietor, who
furnishes tools and stock.

METEMPSYCHO'sIS, Merterluxacis.
Transmigration. The passing of the soul
of man, after death, into some other ani-
mal; a doctrine which still prevails in
some parts of Asia.

METEMPTO'sIS, erturracis, from
tro, after, and sirrw, to fall. A term
in chronology for the equation necessary

to prevent the new moon from happening
a day too late, or the suppression of the
bissextile once in 134 years. The opposite
is the proemptosis, or the addition of one
day every 300 years, and another every
2400 years.

Me’reor, from Meréagos, sublime. A
term used by some to comprehend all the
visible phenomena of meteorology ; but
commonly restricted to such luminous
bodies as appear suddenly at uncertain
times, and with more or less motion in
the atmosphere. These are reducible to
three classes ; (1.) Igneous or fiery meteors,
including fire-balls, falling stars, &c. (2.)
Iuminous meteors, 2s the aurora borealis,
zodiacal light, parhelia, &c. (3.) Aqueous
meteors.

Me’reortc Sronss. Aérolites. Peculiar
solid compounds of earthy and metallic
matters, of singular aspect and compo-
sition, which occasionally descend from
the atmosphere, usually from a luminous
meteor. Aérolites are of various sizes
from a few ounces to severalcwts. Their
composition is remarkably uniform, con-
sisting of oxide of iron, metallic iron, py-
rites, chromium, nickel, magnesia, and
silex ; and they are uniformly covered
with a deep black crust, without gloss,
and roughened with small asperities. The
origin of these stones is not ascertained.

Mer’rrorouires. Meteoric stones, from
meteor,and Asfos,astone. See METEORIC
STonEs.

Merrorov’ocy, from Méréweove, & me-
teor, and Aoyos, science. ‘The science
which treats of the atmosphere, and its
phenomena, particularly in its relation to
heat and moisture, and its changes with
respect to weight and electricity, giving
rise to winds, rains, snow, hail, dew, and
variation of season, thunder, &c.

Me’rroroMANCY, from pereweove, Me-
teor, and “ayrese, divination. Divination
by meteors, especially by thunder and
lightning : held in high estimation by the
Romans.

Mereoros’copy, from pertweos, lofty,
and ¢zortw, to view. That part of astro-
nomy which treats of the distance of the
fixed stars, &c.

Merue’ciin, Welch meddyglyn. Adrink
prepared from honey by fermentation.

Meru’op, from weru, beyond, and dde¢,
a way; literally a path from one object to
another. The first idea of method is a
progressive transition from one step in any
course to another; and, when the word
method is used with reference to many
such transitions in continuity, it necessa-
rily implies a principle of unity with pro-
gression.——2. Arrangement of natural
bodies according to their common charac-
teristics. In natural arrangements, a

2H

MET 466

MIA

distinction is sometimes made between
method and system. This last is an ar-
rangement, founded throughout all its
parts on some one principle; whereas
method is an arrangement less fixed and
determined, and founded on more general
relations.

Mernopists. Sects of Christians founded
by John and Charles Wesley, and the Rev.
George Whitfield: hence called Whit-
fieldean and Wesleyan Methodists. The
former are Calvinists ; the latter, so far as
regards free-will, are Arminians. They
were named Methodists from the exact
regularity of their lives, and the strict-
ness of their principles and rules; or ra-
ther, because they pretended to reduce
religion to exact rules and axioms, in
which they were compared to the me-
thodical physicians at Rome, of which
Themison was the head. These endea-
voured to reduce medicine to strict rules,
and supposed that all diseases arose from
rigidity of the fibres of the body. There
were also a sect of polemical doctors of
the 17th century called Methodists. They
distinguished themselves by their zealand
dexterity in defending the Romish Church
against the attacks of the Protestants.

Me’rocue. In architecture, the space
between two dentils.

Mere’ct, werosxos. The residentaliens
in Athens.

Meron’tc Crete. The period of nine-
teen years, in which the lunations return
to the same days of the month. Disco-
vered by, and named after, Meton, a cele-
brated mathematician at’ Athens, who
flourished about 430 years before Christ.

Mer’onyMy, peerwvuyie, from pera,
beyond, and oyoua, name. A rhetorical
trope, in which one word is put for an-
other. Thus we say a man has a clear

» where the word head is put by
metonymy for understanding or intellect.

Mer‘ore, wéerorn, from utra and ory,
an aperture. A name in architecture for
the space between the triglyphs of the
Doric frieze, which used to be painted or
adorned with carved work.

Me'rre, Fr. from eregoy, measure. 1. In
French measures, the metre is the ten-
millionth part of a quadrant of the meri-
dian, which is adopted as the unit of
length. It is equal to 36°9413 Fr. inches,
or 39°3702 Eng. inches.——2. In poetry,
a system of feet of justlength. The dif-
ferent metres are the different manners
of ordering and combining the quantities,
or the long and short syllables. é Mza-
surE.——3. Metre is a general name for
a description of machine fitted with clock-
work, so adjusted as to indicate the
guantity of fluid which passes through
it: The gas-metre is the best known of
these machines.

Msrroma’nia, from metre and mania.
1. A disease, by no means uncommon, in
which the patient is seized with a desire
for composing verses.——2. A term syn-
onymous with nymphomania, in which
case it is derived from metra, the womb.
and mania, madness.

MEr?’RONOME, eergov and ysu05, law
An instrument for measuring time in
music.

Merrosrpe’ros. A genus of trees. Icos-
andria—Monogynia. Warm climates. The
Botany Bay willow, and the ironwood of
India, are the best known species.

Me’um and Tu’um. Mine and thine.
Latin words used in law for the proper
guides of right.

Mezr’rreon. Thespurge olive or widow-
wail (Daphne mezereum) ; also the root of
that plant used in medicine.

Mez’zanine, from Ital. mezzo, half. A
low window, less in height than in
breadth.

Mez’zo. In music, an Italian word, sig-
nifying half. Thus mezzo-forte, mezzo-
piano, mezzo-voce, imply a middle degree
of piano, or soft. By mezzo soprano is
understood a pitch of voice between the
soprano and treble, and counter-tenor. «

Mezzorin’10, Ital. from mezzo, half,and
tinto, Lat. tinctus, painted. A particular
manner of engraving in imitation of paint-
ing in Indian Ink. It is done by furrow-
ing the surface of the plate all over with
an instrument for the purpose; till the
whole is of a regular roughness, so that
were an impression to be taken from the
plate at this stage, it would be black all
over. The design is then drawn, and
where deepest shades are, the plate is left
untouched ; but where the shades are
lighter, the rough surface is scraped down
in proportion to the highness of the shade
required ; so that when the paper is to be
left perfectly white, the plate is thorough-
ly burnished. By disposing the different
parts of a figure on different plates, mez-
zotintos are printed in colours, so as in
a measure to represent actual paint-

gs.

Mi'asm, | pace, from pesesy, to in-

Mias’ma,? fect. A Greek word, import-
ing pollution or corruption, and used to
designate any effluvium, which by its
application to the human system is capa-
ble of exciting disease. Miasmata are
principally regarded as excitants of inter-
mittent, remittent, and yellow fevers,
dysentery and typhus. That of the last
is commonly considered to be generated
in the human body, and is sometimes
called the typhoid fomes. The other mias-
mata are produced from moist vegetable
or animal matter, in some unknown state
of decomposition, and are conveyed
through the medium of the atmosphere.
Little is known of the chemical nature 4

NE ig Mah bi ee

MIC

46

7 MID

these effluvia, but itis generally admitted
that their base is hydrogen; whence the
use of chlorine in fumigation.

Mr’ca, from mico, to glisten. A mineral
which appears to be always the result of
erystallisation, though rarely found in
regular well-defined crystals, but in their
flexible laminw, having a high polish
and a shining surface. ‘‘ These lamine,”
says Mr. Humble, “‘ have sometimes an
extent of many square inches, and from
this gradually diminish till they become
mere spangles, discoverable indeed by
their lustre, but otherwise scarcely per-
ceptible to the naked eye. Its colours
vary from silver white to black. Sp. gr.
2°5 to 2°9. Fuses before the blowpipe into
a grey or black enamel. It is one of the
component parts of granite, gneiss, and
mica-slate ; it occurs also in syenite por-
phyry and other primitive rocks.” The
large sheets of mica used instead of glass
in stoves, lanterns, &c., are brought from
Siberia, where this mineral serves all the
purposes of glass in windows, &c. Jameson
enumerates ten subspecies, viz.: mica,
pinite, lepidolite, chlorite, green-earth,
talc, nacrite, potstone, steatite, and figure-
stone.

Mica’ceousIron-ore. A variety of iron-
ore which occurs in amorphous masses,
composed of six-sided laminz, like black
mica. Its lustre is metallic and opaque.
Feel, greasy. Sp. gr. 4°5 to 5‘7. Yields
nearly 70 per cent. of iron.

Mr’ca Scuist,) A metamorphic rock

Mr’ca Stare. {composed of mica and
quartz. Its texture is slaty, and it passes
by insensible gradations into clay slate.

Mic’HaEL, Saint. A French order of
knighthood, instituted in 1469.

Microcos’mic Satr. A triple salt, a
phosphate of soda and ammonia, obtained
originally from urine, and so named be-
cause man was regarded by the alchemists
as a miniature of the world. It is now

B

consists of a common microscope con-
nected with a reflector AB, and condenser
CD, the first being used to throw the
sun’s light on the latter, by which it is
eondensed upon the object placed in its
focus. This object is also situated in the
fecus of a microscopic lens on the other

prepared by mixing equal parts of the
phosphate of soda and phosphate of am-
monia together in solution, and then crys-
tallising. It is much used in assays by
the blowpipe.

Mr’crocosm, the little world; from
fizeos, little, and zoruos, the world.
The term is used of man, supposed to be
an epitome of the universe or great world.

Microm’etrer, from pszeos, small, and
Méreoy, measure. 1. Any instrument fot
measuring small spaces is a micrometer.
—2. An instrument, by the help of
which, the apparent magnitude of objects
viewed through the telescope is measured
with great exactness. There are various
forms of the instrument, but the principle
of operation is the same. It moves a fine
wire parallel to itself in the plane of the
picture of the object, formed in the focus
of the telescope, and with such accuracy
as to measure with great precision its
perpendicular distance from a fixed wire
in the same plane, by which means the
apparent diameters of the planets and
other smallangles are exactly determined.
The micrometer (especially that of mi-
croscopes), is sometimes simply an ac-
curately and finely divided object-glass.

MicrorHo’Nics, from peszeos, small, and
gwyy, sound. The science of magnifying
small sounds: whence microphone, an in-
strument for magnifying small sounds.

Mr'croscore, from fizeos, small, and
oxortw, to view. An optical instrument
contrived to give to the eye an enlarged
image of objects which are too minute to
be examined without such aid. There
are several sorts of microscopes, as single,
compound, refiecting, and solar. The
single or simple microscope consists of a
single lens. Double or compound micro-
scopes have at least two, but generally
three or more lenses. The solar microscope

E

side, which transmits a magnified image
upon a screen or wall, in a dark room.
The lucernal microscope differs from the
solar microscope only in this, that it is
illuminated by a lamp instead of the sun.
Mippte Acrs. The period from the 8th
to the 15th century of the Christian era,

2.8 2

MIL

468

MIL

Mip’DLE Latirupe. Half the sum of
two given latitudes of the same hemi-
sphere, or half their difference when they
are in different hemispheres. In the latter
case it is always of the same name as the
greater.

Mip’pre Ratz. In architectwre, the rail
of a door level with the hand, on which
the lock is usually fixed.

Min’pte Term (of a syllogism). That
with which the extremes of the conclu-

ion are compared.

Mip’sHipman. A naval cadet, whose
business is to second the orders of the
superior officers, and assist in the neces-
sary business of the ship, particularly in
managing the sails, that he may be trained
to a knowledge of the machinery, disci-
‘pline, and operations of ships of war, and
qualified for naval service.

Mip’su1prs, properly amidships. In the
middle of a ship.

MicnonetteY’ (Fr.). An annual flower-
ing plant, the Reseda odorata. Egypt.

Mit’pew; Sax. mildeaw, honey dew,
from Lat. mel,honey. 1. Athick,clammy,
sweet juice found on the leaves of plants.
It is said to injure the plants by impe-
ding their respiration.——2. Spots on pa-
per, cloth, &c., caused by moisture.

Mire. A measure of length, 1760 yards.
From Lat. mille passus, a thousand paces,
passus being dropped in common usage.
The Roman mile was 1000 geometrical
paces. ‘The Scottish and Irish mile =
2200 yards, exactly double a Russian mile,
the half of a Polish mile, and the quarter
ofa Hungarian mile. The Italian mile is
1467 yards, the Spanish, 5028 yards, that
of Sweden and Denmark is 7233 yards,
and the German is 5866 yards.-

Miuia’r1a. Miliary fever. An eruptive
disease, characterised by intermittent fe-
yer, and so named from the small vesicles
upon the skin resembling miflet-seed
(milium, millet). :

Mir'to.4. A genus of microscopié mul-
tilocular univalve shells, many specimens
of which are obtained from fuci, taken
up near the island of Corsica: named from
their minute size, miliolwm, dim. of mi-
luaum, millet-seed.—— 2. Little tumours
which grow on the eyelids. .

Miv‘totrres. Fossil miliola, which form
the principal part of the masses of stone
in some of the quarries near Paris.

Mitr’r1a, Lat. from miles, a soldier. A
body of soldiers regularly enrolled and
trdined, though not in constant service in
time of peace, and thereby distinguishéd
from regular troops.

Mit'1um. Millet-grass. A genus of per-
ennial grasses. Triandria—Digynia. There
are several species, all hardy ; the common
(M. effusum) is a native of Britain. Name
from mille, a thousand, in allusion to the
great number of its seeds ——2. Millet,

the seed of the Panicum miliaceum. It ig
used for puddings, &c.

Mix’, Sax. melce. The white fluid se-
creted by peculiar glands in female ani-
mals, of the class mammalia, for the nou-
rishment of their young. It differs greatly
in different animals, but it has in all the
property of separating spontaneously into
cream, cheese, and serum. When dis-
tilled to dryness it gives outinsipid water,
and leaves a whitish brown substance
called extract of milk, which, being dis-
solved in water, makes a milk of less
value, When fresh milk is strongly agi-
tated for some time in a warm place, it
by degrees goes into vinous fermentation,
so that alcohol may be drawn off by dis-
tillation, which is*named spirit of milk.

Micx’-rever. A febrile state sometimes
induced when the milk begins to be
secreted.

Mix’ Teer. So called from its trunk
yielding a milky fluid when wounded.

Mitx’ Vessers. In plants, the anasto-
mosing tubes lying in the bark, in which
a white fluid is secreted.

MiLx’y-way. See GALaxy.

Mitt’. A machine employed in pulveri-
sing any substance, as grain, whereby it
is formed into flour, which is effected by
rubbing it between two hard substances,
consisting generally of stone, and termed

_milistones. These are driven by means of
machinery. The original purpose of mills
was to comminute grain for food; but the
term mill is now extended to many other
engines and machines moved by water,
wind, or steam, for carrying on very
different operations; thus we have saw-
mills, cotton-mills, flax-mills, silk-mills,
flint-mills, oil-mills, slitting-mills, full-
ing-mills, bark-mills, coffee-mills, cider-
mills, &c.; and now a mill for grain is
very often denominated a grist-mill. All
sorts of wheel-work, larger than clock-
work, are moreover known by the gene-
ral name of mill-work.

MILLEN’NIvumM, Lat. from mille, a thou-
sand, and annus, a year. thousand
years. The word is now used to denote
the thousand years mentioned in Revela-
tions XX., during which Satan shall be
bound, and Christ shall reign on earth
with his saints. Those who maintain
that literal sense of millennium here
given, are denominated Millenarians.

Mir’LePEDE. A name common toseveral
insects from the great number of their
feet: mille, a thousand, and pes, a foot.
These are: (1.) The Porcellio scaber, or
sclater; (2.) The Armadillo vulgaris or of
ficinalis ; (3) The Oniscus asellus,or com-
mon wood-louse. These insects were
formerly used in medicine.

Mit’LerorgE, from miille,a thousand, and
porus,a pore. A genus of Lithophytes of

various forms, having the surface per-

%

|

—*

MIM

‘

469

MIN

forated with numerous small pores; often,
however, so small as not to be visible to
the naked eye. The millepores do not
exhibit any, star-like radiations like the
repores, and their cells are more
minute.
Mit’teportires. Fossil millepores.
Mit’'ter, Fr. millet-or mil; Sax. mil ;
Lat. milium. The Panicum miliaceum, an
annual plant of India, and also the seed
considered as grain, and sometimes em-
ployed to feed poultry, and as a substi-
tute for rice.
‘*Miv'ticramme. A French measure of
weight, the thousandth part of agramme:
mille, a thousand, and gramme (q. v.).
Mit’.icirre. <A French measure of ca-
pacity, containing the thousandth part of
a litre: mille, a thousand, and litre (q. v.).
Mitti’metre. A French measure of
length, equal to the thousandth part of a
metre: mille,a thousand, and metre (q. v.).
Mit’tinc. 1. The process otherwise
called fulling, performed by means of the
fulling-mill.——2. A process in coining,
which consists in stamping the coin by
the help of a machine called a mill, in
lieu of making the stamp by the blows of
a hammer, which was formerly the mode.
By aid of the coining apparatus of Messrs.
Boulton and Wat, about 20,000 pieces of
money can be struck in an hour; the
machine acting at the same time as a re-
gister, keeping an unerring account of
the number of pieces- which have been
struck. The work is done by eight
presses. The term milling had originally
reference only to the dressing of the
edges of the coins; but, as they are now
stamped and milled at the same instant,
the term milling is taken to signify the
whole process.
Mitv’stonr. A stone used for grinding
grain (see Mitt).—2. In mineralogy,

. burrhstone (q. v.), of great use for mak-

ing into millstones. Millstone grit is a
siliceous conglomerate, composed of the
detritus of primary rocks, and forming a
bed of considerable thickness (300 or 400
feet) in some situations. It is thus named
from sume of the strata having been
worked for millstones.

Micres’. A coin of Portugal equal to
1000 rees (mille, a thousand). The miiree
valued in gold = 5s. 74d. sterling, and in
silver = 5s.

Mime’, from mimus, an actor. One who
acted in the ancient comedy by mere ges-
ture, and hence denominated pantomime

Mimosa. A genus of Lomentaceous
plants. Polygamia — Monecia. Name
from mimus, an actor, in allusion to the
motions of the plant, which mimic the
sensibility of animal life, There are about
30 species, but the sensitive plant (4.
sensitiva) of Brazil, and the Humbie-
plant (Mf. pudica) of the West Indies, are

those best known. All the species inha-
bit hot climates.

Mi’na, wive. A money of account in
ancient Greece, equal to 100 drachms,
about 2/. 17s. There was also a lesser
mina, valued at seventy-five drachmas.—
The Hebrew mina, min, or maneh, which
is mentioned in the Old Testament, was
valued at sixty shekels, above £54 in
gold,and in silver nearly £7. In old Eng-
lish lato, mina was a corn measure, the
quantity of which varied with the dif-
ferent things measured by it. The toll
or duty paid for selling corn by this mea-
sure was called minage.

Mry’aret. A circular turret in Sara-
cenic architecture, rising by different
stages or divisions, each of which has a
balcony. Minarets are commonly erected
over the mosques in Mohammedan coun-
tries. ‘The word is said to be Turkish.

Mino, Lat. mens. from geevos. A term
which, like Zi, is usea in two accepta-
tions. In the one it signities the pheno-
mena arising from the exercise of the
power of thinking; in the other it sig-
nifies the thinking power or principle it-
self. See MaTeRIALisom.

Mine, Fr. mine,a mine or ore. A gene-
ral name for excavations, when made for
the purpose of obtaining metallic ores
and other minerals. There are lead-
mines, copper-mines, gold-mines, coal-
mines, &e. In fortification, achamber for
containing materials for blowing up any
place.

MIn’ERAL, from mine. A body destitute
of organization, and which naturally ex-
ists in the earth, and may be extracted
by mining: distinct from fossils, which
are mineralised organic matters, asshells,
wood, bones, The study of minerals
constitutes mineralogy. Theterm mineral
is also used adjectively, as in (1.) Mineral
adipocire, a fatty bituminous substance,
which occurs in the argillaceous ivyon ore
of Merthyr,in Wales. It fuses at 160° F.
(2.) Mineral caoutchouc, a variety of bitu-
men which much resembles Indian rubber
in softness and elasticity, and like that
removes pencil traces from paper. Found
near Castleton in Derbyshire. (3.) Mine-
ral charcoal, a fibrous variety of non-bitu-
minous mineral coal. (4.) Mineral waters,
waters impregnated with mineral sub-
stances. (5.) Mineral kingdom. That de-
partment of nature which includes mine-
rals or inorganic bodies, and of which
mineralogy is the science. (6.) Mineral
acids. The sulphuric, nitric, and hydro-
chloric acids have been so called, but the
name would be more appropriately ap-
plied to chromic, tungstic, molybdic, &c.
acids, which are really peculiar to the
mineral kingdom. (7.) Mineral salts.
Salts found native, being formed by the

MIN 470

MIN

mineral acids with bases. (8.) Mineral
yreen, carbonate of copper. (9.) Mineral
yellow, a compound of oxide and chloride
of lead, obtained by digesting powdered
litharge in a solution of common salt.
(10.) Mineral pitch, bitumen. (11.) Mine-
ral oil, petroleum. (12.) Mineral chame-
leon, see CHAMELEON MINERAL.
Minerati’zer. That which converts a
substance into a mineral. Thus oxygen,
sulphur, &c. combine with metals, and
form with them the mineral compounds,
called ores: in this state the metals are
said to be mineralized, and the oxygen or
sulphur is termed the mineralizer. The
process is further termed mineralization.
MineErav’ocy, from mineral, and roves,
science. The science which treats of mi-
nerals, or which teaches to recognise,
describe, and classify all inorganic sub-
stances found in the earth, or on its sur-
face, which treats of their properties as
objects of philosophical inquiry, and their
application to the useful arts, and the
embellishments of life: distinct from
geology, which treats of the mineral masses
of which the earth is composed, and their
relations in position to one another. Dr.
Thomas Thomson, one of the latest au-
thors on this subject, has adopted an
arrangement founded upon the chemical
composition of minerals, observing very
justly, “‘ that, if mineralogy were to be
confined to mere crystallised bodies, it
would be divested of the greatest part of
its utility ; for a very great proportion of
these minerals that are of the greatest
utility to man, and which, therefore, it
is peculiarly important to be able to dis-
tinguish from others, are seldom found in
the state of regular crystals. How often
do the ores of copper, tin, lead, and iron,
occur in an amorphous state! And were
a mineralogist incapable of distinguish-
ing them from each other, andfrom other
minerals, except in the rare cases when
they assume a regularly crystallised form,
his knowledge would be useless, as far as
the important arts of mining and metal-
lurgy are concerned.” He divides mine-
rals, therefore, into three classes, Acid,
‘Alkaline, and Neutral ; thus—
Crass I.—Acid Bases, or those Bodies which
become Acids when combined with Oxygen.
Genus I. Carson, 11 species.—II. Bo-
RON, l.—III. Siricon,7.—IV. PuosPxorvs,
2.—V. Svutpnur, 1.—VI. Sevenivum, 1.
VII. Tectturivum, 1.—VIII. Arsenic, 5.—
IX. Antimony, 5—X. CuHromicm, l.—
XI. MotyspenvuM, 1.— XII. TuncosteEn, 1.
—XIII. Cotumpium.—XIV. Tiranivum.—
XV. VaNnavium.

Crass Il.—Alkaline Bases.

Genus I. Ammonia, 2 species.II. Pot-
as6s(tM,1—III. Sopics,7.—IV. Liruicm.

—vV. Barivum, 5—VI. Strontium, 6—
VII. Catcium, 30.—VIII. Macnesium, 37.
—IX. Atuminum. (1.) Pure, orcombined
with bases, 7: (2.) Simple salts, 24: (3.)
Double anhydrous salts, 39: (4.) Double
hydrous salts soluble in water, 3
Double, insoluble in water, and phos-
phates,4: (6.) Double hydrous aluminous
silicates, or zeolites, 39: (7.) Treble alumi-
nous salts, 15: (8.) Quadruple aluminous
salts, 12.—X. Giucinum,4.—XI. Yrriom,
6.—XII. Cerium,8.—XIII. Zrrconivum, 5.
—XIV. Tuortum,1.—XV. Inon. (1.) Un-
combined, or united to a simple sub-
stance, 13: (2.) Oxygen salts of iron, 22
Double do. 19; Triple do. 6: (3.) Sulphur
salts of iron, 2.—XVI. ManGanese. (1.)
Combined with are bodies, 11: (2.)
Simple oxygen salts, 5: (3.) Double oxy-
gen salts, 5: (4.) Triple oxygen salts, 1.—
XVII. Nicxet. (1.) Combined with sim-
ple bodies, 5: (2.) Oxygen salts,1: (3.)
Sulphur salts, 2.—X VIII. Cosatr. (1.)
Combined with simple bodies, 5: (2.) Oxy-
gen salts, 2: (3.) Sulphur salts, 1.—XIX.
Zixc. (1.} United to simple bodies, 4:
(2.) Oxygen salts, 6: (3.) Sulphur salts, 1.
—XX. Leap. (1) Native, or united to
simple bodies, 7: (2.) Oxygen salts of
lead, 7; a, Simple, 10; b, Double, 2; c,
Triple,5: (3.) Sulphursaits,2.—X XI. Tin,
2.—XXII. Bismutu. (1.) Native, or com-
bined with simple bodies, 6: (2.) Oxygen
salts, 2: (3.) Sulphur salts, 1—XXIII.
Corprer. (1.) Native, or combined with
simple bodies, 6: (2.) Oxygen salts, 19:
(3.) Chlorine salts,1: (4.) Sulphur salts, 5:
(5.) Selenium salts,1.—X XIV. Mercury,
5.—XXYV. Sitver. (1.) Native, or com-
bined with simple bodies, 10: (2.) Oxygen
salts, 1: (3.) Sulphur salts, 6.—XXVI.
Unan um, 5.—XXVII. Patiapium ae
Crass I]1.—Neutral Bodies.

Genus I. Gotp, 3.—II. Piatinum, l.—
III. Irrprvm, 1.

The above may suffice as a specimen of
a chemical mineralogical arrangement ;
and, in order still farther to facilitate the
study of this science, it has been thought
proper to give a tabular view of the dis-
tinct constituents of the various species,
from the work of the late Mr. William
Phillips, edited by Mr. Robert Allan, and
published at London, in 1837, to which
simple but eminently useful treatise the
student is referred for fartherinformation.

The order of arrangement is therefore
as follows:—Earthy Minerals, Alkaline
Earthy Minerals, Acids, Acidiferous
Earthy Minerals, Acidiferous Alkaline
Minerals, Acidiferous Alkalino-earthy
Minerals, Native Metals and Metalliferous
Minerals, Combustibles

In the following tables, the proportions
are indicated by figures: whén doubtful,
they are marked thus —

471

EARTHY MINERALS.

Sitica. Silica. | Alumina.| Lime. | Water. Iron.
Yeuarte . + « + © e'} 400 ° ° e *
2 ee aCe —_ A
MIG) 66 a, ee 98 2 = ; -

| Calcedony . . «! . «o's 84 16 . r ‘.

y BOSD <a - 6 “ear eos — _ 4 " A
Hornstone. .-. + «>» 74 16 ‘ ‘ 10
DRGHtCs,, «. 6/08) db. = 75 22 F ¢ . ae
Marpholite . <i se 37 29 = 11 3 20
Alumo-ealeite . ... 86 3 7 4 é
Garnet. . alaae 43 16 20 - 1
Cinnamon-stone ... 40 23 32 ° 5
SM0CTaSG: wb os oe de 40 33 22 ‘ 5

-Gehlenite. ..... 29 24 35 5 7
Pramnite «os be “es 44 28 20 5 3
id Ne See es 58 17 9 16 é
Heulandite ..... 59 15 12 14 p
Dipyre. i «1. es 6 62 25 11 2 ‘

MVYNO S'S oe s,s ee 45 34 13 8 ‘
Laumonite ..... 22 12 16 .
co? a a a 43 31 22 : 4
Epidote . . « « « « 40 28 15 . 17

; Bxinite. . . ss @6 50 16 17 : 9 8
SROPFTO! «4 we aie 48 14 16 ‘ 22
ENGIANITG sis 8 8 wd 43 38 15 < 4
OMUNItO.. 5. 5. 4 <6) 35 14 38 ‘ 13
Macrnesia

' Anthophyllite. . . .| 63 14 4 2 13 4
Amphodelite. .. .. 36 10 2 1 5
Smaragdite. .... 50 21 13 , 13 3
Anorthite. ..... 45 34 15 : 1 5
EG eo. 6 eee ahs 75 10 5 : 3 2
WEAPOURNG. oss eee Mae 39 13 ° 31 2 V7
SVFODRYMICG’ «6. 5, . 3 60 30 é 5 1 4
By 00) | rs 48 29 ° 13 5 5
Chiastolite ..... 67 30 . = ; 3
Oe ar le ae ae 50 34 . . 5 11
Sordawalite. ... . 50 15 . 5 19 ll

¥ Bar. and
Strontia.
Harmotome. .... 47 18 20 15
Brewsterite ..... 54 17 15 13 1
Lithia.
OURLG ee are oe « 78 17 5 ‘ i
Spodumene..... 66 25 8 . 1
ime. . Mangan.
Jeffersonite. ... . 58 2 16 § 10 14
Tabular Spar. .... 52 . 46 =
Okenite 6 5s. ie aw 57 ‘ 27 16 ;
Titan, Magnesia,
MRCOG we eS Shs 40 3 20 14 19
) Gismondine . .... 43 3 48 é 4 2
} RUBICO dS cy Re 53 - 22 17 8
Diopside .... . 58 . 17 6 19
Babingtonite ....
Bucklandite .....
: Hornblende. . ... 59 : 14 ‘ 7 20
) Arfwedonite. . . ..
Hypersthene ..:. 56 3 1 26 l¢
: Water.
Schiller Spar. . ... 43 ‘ 1 13 14 es]
* be he Se ae er 60 ; ae : g 4a
Twi... oles 5 8 8 47 ar ) 23 . I

472

EARTHY MINERALS—continuea,

ALUMINA,
Corundum ....
Diaspore .... -»
canoer at co. e Ae
Calai 3
Hydrate ‘of "Alumina y
Allophane. ... .
Searbroite ....
“Halloysite. . . « «
Worthite.. . .. -.
EOPOUIE ne) so ahs

J Sillimanite . ...

Kyanite. ... .. «

} Staurolite ....

| Antomalite... .
Fluellite ....
Topaz . «+ + 2 «
Chrysoberyl . . =. .
BMnel 66 4 (ele hs
Sapphirine ....
Pleonaste. ... .

Turnerite

MAGNESIA,

Hydrate of er sane ‘
Chrysolite ...

OU vine de once". 08. ee
PAOLO 4. 5 Sis ce
Forsterite. .. . «
Condrodite ....
EMOTES Ske eA he 8
RAMEOIGE 0 ele Le
Serpentine ....
Soapstone ....

POUIONG: 56 ses.
BCs
Nemalite. ....
Marmolite. ... .
Pierouite:. 4-4 «
Picrosmine ....

ZIRcoNIA,
GLucINa.

Euclase ..-. «© «
Emerald “3s \s..8 2

Yrrria.
Gadoiinite ....

THORINA.

| PROTIte ode eae

tek te ee et ee ee

Btestites 6.4. Gs ae

S OG. .46_o ete

Zirconia.
69

Glucina.
22

15

Y¥ttria.
38

Thorina.
58

Water.

Glucina.
5

Lime.
3

Silica,

29

44
68

25

20

_
NORM AAW Wr &

=O

16

Iron, &c.
9

Alumina,

Cerium.

ee

Ox.0f Zine,

Lime

ee

—- - = wT

—EE— ee or

se

Oe ee en

Porasu.
Mis. 26. of

Rubellane ... +
Margarite. . .. .
Leucite * . . * *
Herschellite ....
Andalusite ... -
Bucholzite. . ...

MMMOOUTS oF oa oe
Agalmatalite. ....

OEE esa oe he. 6s
Killinite

Couzeranite. ... -
Glaucolite. .....

Lepidolite ....

Sona.
Mesotype. .. s+ + -
Thomsonite .....
RON Se oe. a) 30! Secs
Needlestone . ....
RROVIOIE. 6 se ss
Gmelinite. .....
Comptonite. ....

Ledererite ....
Hypostilbite .

Epistilbite .....
Spherostilbite . ...

Erlamite. ..
Humboldatilite
Lapis-lazuli. ...
Nepheline. . ...

Tetmerite 9.5. of ‘es
Elaolite. . Pig or’
Nuttalite. ....

Boalite . 2 «'s @
Cancrin:te. . * . we,

_

~
Co eo AN NAT POONRD

29

lumina,

Phos. A.
3

aw oc

474

— en
ALKALINO-EARTHY MINERALS—continued.
Sopa—continued. Soda. Silica, | Alumina.| Sulph.A.| Lime. | Iron, &c.
Spinellane .....{| | 18 41 29 5 2 5
bog ol Ne ey 10 70 20 ‘ Fs
Labradorite. .... 4 56 27 . ll
SERRE civ bee bl en's sis ll 70 ig ;
Water,
ADRIGIME 6 < «ws is 14 55 23 8 é
BATCDULe, 0k ee SPs . e * ' é
Pitenetone =.» «a ts 3 73 12 s 1 3
ROG 6 o's Oe ihe 3 77 18 é ° 2
Oieidiat .-....« 6s 2 fs 10 75 12 : ; 3
Spherulite. . .... 4 79 12 2 . 3
Magnesia.
Saussurite ..... 6 49 24 3 10 8
Water.
Scapolite. . . ... 1 45 35 2 17
Ekebergite ..... 5 47 29 3 14 2
Pectolite. . « s «.- 10 51 1 4 34
Chabasite. . o/s ‘i 2 51 18 19 10
TLVYNG §. oe ie [5 5 : ° é °
Bor. A. | Magnesia.
Tourmaline. .... 3 36 35 6 16
Lime.
Meionite® <4 3% 3.43 aos 2 40 32 A 24 2
Edingtonite ..... 3 54 14 = 21 8
Water. | Magnesia.
Krokydolite. . . 8 51 . os 3 34
ACHIAIRON oF ee +! are 11 56 e ° Py 33
Cummingtonite .. . 9 59 : 2 « 30
Zirconia. Lime.
Eudyalite '. ... 14 54 ll 8 10 8
ACIDS.
Sulphur, | Oxygen.
Sulphuric Acid . . .. 40 60
rax.
Boracic Acid ... 26 74
‘ ACIDIFEROUS EARTHY MINERALS.
ALUMINA. Sulph, A. | Alumina.| Water. Silica. Iron.
Subsulphate of Alum. . 24 30 46
Sulphate of Alumina . 36 16 48
Phos. A
Wavellite .... 35 37 28
Kakoxene. .... 18 10 26
Amblygonite ... . 54 39 *
Childrenife ...... — _ =
ASUS Cries 41-4. co's c 43 35 6
Luz. Carb. A. | Lime.
Carbonate of Lime . . 44 56 ° “
Strontia.
arragonite . . . .- 44 54 1 ° 1
esia.
Bitter Spar... . .| 50 34 2 ; Le
Ankerite «9s 2 ...: 35 50 3 < 3 12

475

ey

ACIDIFEROUS EARTHY MINERALS—continued,

Limnr—continued.

Plumbo-calcite . . ..
Apatite... 6.5 «

Herderite .
Fluor Spar ... .~

Anhydrite ....

Gypeum |e Fale

Nitrate of Lime . .

Datholite;< <6 6 ss

Pharmacolite .
Waidingerite. . .

Tungstate of Lime .
MAGNESIA.

Carbonate of eaapcienk:
Breunnerite. . .
Conite. . 2. « «
Sulphate of Magnesia
Nitrate of Magnesia .
Wagnerite ....
Boracite .....
Hydro-boracite .
Baryta.

Witherite ..
Baryto-calcite
SrrontTia.
Strontites. ...
Barystrontianite . .
Celestine. ....

Yrrria.
Phosphate of Yttria .

Lime.

56

Strontia.
70
48
56

Yttria.
63

pied
Water. Silica. Iron.
|
5 37 r
24
14 * e
Water. Tron.
2 :
. 9
. 3
51 °
° 4
26 .
Sulph. A.| Baryta.
¥ : Lime.
9 18 3
Iron,
° 2

ae

Fluor A
7

Lime,

13

18

ACIDIFEROUS ALKALINE MINERALS.

PorasnH.
Nitrate of Potash .

Sulphate of Potash .

Nit. Acid.
° 54

Sulph. A.
46

Potash,
46

54

Water.

oo

476

ACIDIFEROUS ALKALINE MINERALS—vontinued.

Sopa.
Carbonate of Soda .
Tr

Ona «+ + >
Sulphate of Soda
Nitrate of Soda
Borate of Soda .

Muriate of Soda

AmMonia.

.

Sulphate of Ammonia

Muriate of Ammonia .

Carb. A. | Potash. —
35 50
39 38
Sulph. A.
45 35
Nitric A.
63 37
Boracie A.
ri 15
Muriat.A
47 53
Sulph. A. |A i
53 23
Muriat. A-
51 32

48

ACIDIFEROUS ALKALINO-EARTHY MINERALS.

Magnesia. |

PorasuH. Sulph. A.| Potash. | Alumina.} Lime. Water.
nr ee ae od 34 10 » il . 45
Alum-stone ... .. 36 10 40 a 14
Polyhallite .... -. 53 15 19 “i 7
Sopa. Fluor A Soda.
Cryolite.. 2s \s) «at tk 32 24 Fs -
Sulph. A.
Glauberite ..... 57 22 21 t
Mur.Acid.
Reussite 2. « 6 6 o« 57 29 ~ 2
Water.
Soda-alum . . . . . 38 8 12 *- 42
Carb. A.
Gaylussite. « ». « «. 29 20 1 18 32
Iron, &e.
Native Carbonate of :
Lime and Soda . yl 37 9 89 10 .
AMMONIA. _
Sulphate of pene | “or am or Y 45 i
and Ammonia. . . 4 <
METALLIFEROUS MINERALS
Iron. Iron, | Sulphur.| Water, Silica. Lime. Nickel,
NativeIron. .... 97 5 ; > s 3
Iron Pyrites . . =... 47 53 : . :
White Iron Pyrites. . 46 54 . r ‘
Magnetic Iron Pyrites . 61 39 ‘ F .
Arsenic,
ArsenicalIron. .. . 36 21 F 5
in.
Oxydulated Iron. . . 72 ong ; ‘
Specular Iron a ee 69 31 ‘ :
Red Hematite. ... 65 29 3 2 1

Pe ee eres

ad

477

METALLIFEROUS MINERALS—continued.

|

Iron tinued.
Franklinit te.
Boos Oxide of Tron «
Goethi oe
Brown ‘Hematite’ eas
Stiepnosiderite. .
Cronstedtite. . ..

Pinguite
Anhydrous Silicate of ‘
Tro ate

Chloropal .
Chamoisite . .
Siderochisolite .

gerite
Yenite . .
Pitehy Iron Ore
Pyrosmalite .....
Spathose Iron. .
Phosphate of Iron .

Hétéposite . ae
Karphosiderite ae

lowe ofIron. .
tryagene . . at
SRE ee

Arseniate ofIron .
Oxalate ofIron ...
Tungstate ofIron . ..

MANGANESE.
Hausmannite ....
samen she se are

G Oxide i Ma
rey 20) nganese
omelane. ..

Wad . . . . * . ‘*e
Cupreous Manganese .
Helyine . . « + «6's
Siliciferous Oxide of
Manganese. ...
Hydrosilicate of Mangan.
Knebelite . . . . ..

Bustamite .....
Sulphuret of Manganese

Water.

Silica.

2

48

38
Oxalic A.
46

Tung. A.
71

Iron.

Mangan,
9

Glucina.

‘478

METALLIFEROUS MINERALS—vontinued.

Manoanesp—continued.
Carbonate of PRapernene
Pelokonite ... .
Huraulite. .
Phosphate of Manganese

MOo.LysveEna.

Sulphuret of Molybdena

Oxide of Molybdena .
Tin.

Oxide of Tin» .

Sulphuret of Tin

TUNGSTEN.
Oxide of Tungsten

TiTANIUM.

Crichtonite .. |...
Boro | ane ee ee
Mohsite .

Sphene. ...
Pyrochlore ..
Wachynite ... . « %

Polymignite .

Cerium.
Se ee ee
Silicate of Cerium .
DX EN a es
Torrelite ....
Orthite eae
Pyrortate: £2 st as
Carbonate of Cerium . .

Yttro-cerite. . °
f Fluate of Cerium .

URanIvuM.
Pitchblende. . ..
Uranise.\-.° waees Ss. s

Mangan.
39

24
25

Tungsten.
86

Titanium.

45

59

33
Titan. A.
63

56
53

14

Sulphur.
40

Oxygen.
15

Water.

16

Copper.

Silica.
5

Lime, &c.
7

Sulphur,
1

.

tina
2

S ag: BF

Wangan.

473

METALLIFEROUS MINERALS—continued.

Urani0x—contin sy
Chalkolite .. =

Carbonate of Uranium .

Johannite. . ...

TANTALUM.
Tantalite. . a

Yttro-tantalite .. ..

Fergusonite. .. .-

CHROME.

Oxide of Chrome ...

Chromate of Iron. .

Bismoru.
Native Bismuth. .

Sulphuret of Bismuth :
Cupreous Bismuth. ..

Needle Ore . . .
Oxide of Bismuth. .

Bismuth-blende. . ..

Telluric Bismuth. .

ARSENIC.
Native Arsenic . .
Oxide of Arsenic . .

Sulphuret of Arsenic . .

Arsenical Pyrites. .

Copatt.

Bright-white Cobalt ..

Tin-white Cobalt. .

Bismuth-cobalt Ore ..

Sulphuret of Cobalt .
Earthy Cobalt . .
Cobalt Bloom . .
Roselite. . ..
Sulphate of Cobalt .
Nicxet.

Sulphuret of Nickel
Antimonial Nickel

Uran.
55

Arsenic.
96
76
70

30
28

Sulphur.

Sulphur.
35
16

Lime, &c.

28

Sulphur,
20

Sulph. A.
30

Copper.
6

Tellur.

Water.

Water.

Water. | Pho« A.
15 16
Yttria. Lime
37 4
Zircon.
42 3
Alumina.
e 7
; Phos. A.
Sulph. & :
Iph.
Belen. Silver,
: re
' Nickel,
‘ 2
Iron. {
2
3
Bismuth
5 4
Copper
4 13
Sieias Magnesia,
Alumina.

480

>

METALLIFEROUS MINERALS—continued. ¢
+ Nickst—continued. Nieke]. | Sulphur. | Arsenic. | Water. | Alumina.
Arsenical Nickel. . . 44 1 55 : ‘
Oxygen. | Arsen. A,

Nickel Ochre. .... 30 8 37 25 -

Silica. . Lime, &e.

WeAMNOUCe ose) oe tpt. =e 13 3 35 38 6 5

SILver. Silver. | Sulphur. |Antimony Tron. Copper.

Native Silver. . . ..j 100 ‘ A ; ‘

Antimonial Silver . .| ° 84 16 * :

Tellur.

Telluric Silver . . .. 63 ” 37 ” ‘ |

Sulphuret of Silver . . 87 13 . . .

Flexible Sulph. of Silver - _ 3 — °

Sternbergite 33 33° ° 34 ")

Brittle Sulphate of Sil- Antimony. .
ver—Sulphate of Sil- 68 16 14 2
verand Antimony . Artenie,

Polybasite .... .| 65 17 5 ° 9 4 “7

Red Silver. . . . .{ = W S } ei

ae ete a: 5 37 22 40 F 1

Sulphate o yer an }

Copper. . 5... J a3 48 < _ 31 ,
Bismuth. Lead.
Bismuthic Silver. - . 15 17 28 6 . 34
Selenium.
Seleniuret of Silver .. 69 26 a . . 5
ye

Seleniuret of Silverand Hg :
Copper. .. . } = 28 4 . 24 . d

lodine.

Iodic Silver . .... wae — ° ° rey.

Antimony Carb. A

Carbonate of Silver. . 73 ; 15 . ‘ 12

Mur.Acid
Muriate of Silver . .. 72 F = 6 > 22
Arsen. A

Gansekothig-erz . . . _ ; . _ —

}
CoprER. Sulphur.} Iron. | Arsenic

Native Copper .... 00 # 3 °

Sulphuret of Copper. . 78 19 3 ° :

Kupferindig . > 65 33 2 = §

Bi-sulphate of Copper . 67 33 5 :

Purple Copper . ... 62 23 15 x

Gray Copper .... 48 13 25 14

Copper Pyrites.... 33 ge i. 31 .

Selenium.

Seleniuret of Copper. . 60 e . 40

Carb. A.| Water.

Red Oxide of Copper. . 89 11 ° ° >

Black Copper . . 80 20 . - .

Blue Carbonate of Copper 55 14 . 26 5

Green Carbon. of Copper} 57 15 ° 19 9

Silica.

Chrysocolla .. » o- 35 9 . 20 26

Dioptase .°. se « « 38 11 A ° 14 aT

Sulph. A. q
Sulphate of Copper... 25 7 “ 32 36 |

481

peer
METALLIFEROUS MINERALS—continued.
Coprmi—continued. Copper. | Sulphur.| Iron. | Sulph.A.| Water. | Tin, &c.
Brothantite. ... . 53 15 ; 17 12 eS
Zine.
Kupfersammt-erz . .. _— _ — = oni ata
Mur. Acid.
Muriate of Copper . . 57 15 < ll 17
Phos. A.
ramen - re SAG ; 51 14 ‘ 28 7
ydrous Phosphate o
Musee 6 nk 50 13 ; 22 15
Arsen. A,
Arseniate of COREE as 29 8 Py 28 35
Euchroite .. ° 38 10 j 33 19
E Carb. of
Oxygen. Lime.
Kupferschaum . . .. 37 9 ° 26 18 10
Alumina.
2 Ce ee ee eee 47 12 . 34 5 2
Tron.
Skorodite...... 18 10 21 32 19
Gotp. Gold.
Native Gold. . ... 100
Pratina. Platina.
Native Platina. ... 100
P PALLapiIvum. Pallad.
of Native Palladium. ..} 100
Inipivum. Iridium.
Native Iridium ... 00 é
f Osmium. | Rhod. Tron,
i Iridium and Osmium..| 47 49 3 1
>
TELLURIUM. Tellur. Gold. Silver.
Native Tellurium. . . 92 1 < 7
Lead,
Graphic Tellurium. .. 58 28 12 2
Yellow Tellurium. . . 45 27 8 20
Sulpnur, | Antimony
Black Tellurium. . .. 16 6 * 63 il 4
ANTIMONY. Antimony.| Sulphur, Tron.
Native Antimony . .]| 100 x F
Berthierite .. 53 31 16
Ae Sulphuret of Antimony 74 26 ‘ 3
Jamesonite . é “ 35 23 2 40
Plagionite . . - s « 38 22 A 40
ZinMenite os) a. ¢-"e-< 45 23 3 32
Oxygen
Red Antimony. ... 7 20 : . 5
Oxide of Antimony... 84 . é 16
t Watoz,
Antimonial Ochre. . Als me ) Py | ‘ | > _
j ‘

Antimonphyllite sel ae ee br. j

483

Todic Mercury ...-

prnteteracaend eats lone
METALLIFEROUS MINERALS—continued.
Leap. Lead. | Sulphur. | Water. Antimony.
Native Lead. .
Sulphuret of Lead . 84 16 P “
pourmonite:. . . . = 41 20 5 26 13
Arsen. &c.
Prism. Pe Aer ge arail ‘ 33 10 . 18 19 20
Native Minium. . ‘ ¥ Fi ° °
Selenium. b alt.
Seleniuret of Lead . 70 28 é 2 F
Oxygen. Alumina.
Plombgomme..... 40. 3 19 38 Carb. A.
Carbonate of Lead . . 74 10 . x 16 Sulph, A;
Sulphato-carbon. of Lead 82 = ° = a 14
Sulphato-tri-carbonate 88 5 7
ofLead. .. : a pe:
Cupreous Sulphato- 72 é a ee 6 15
carbonate of Lead Mur. Acid.
Murfate of Lead... _ ° : 4 _ _-
Cotunnite . . 75 F . - . 25
Murio- carbonate of Lead) 80 6 ; ° 6 8
Phosphate of Lead . . 76 6 : ‘ 16 2
Macnesia
Polysphirite. . ... _ _ _ —_ -
Arsen. A. Mur.Acid
Arseniate of Lead . 72 6 4 13 7 2
Sulph. A
Sulphate ofLead ... 65 7 2 * 26
Copper.
Cupreous Sulph. of Lead; 456 4 5 15 20 ‘
Molybd.
Molybdate of Lead. .. 57 i ° o 39
Chrom.
Chromate of Lead. . . 63 5- ; r 32
Melanochroite .... 71 6 + F 23
Vauquelinite .... 57 6 4 9 28
Tung. A.
Tungstate of Lead. .. 44 4 b ‘ 52
Vanad. A.' Mur. Acid.
Vanadiate of Lead . _ ° > A _— — ba
Zinc. Zine. Sulphur. Iron. Silica. Water.
Sulphuret of Zinc . .. 63 33 4 : -
Oxygen.
Red Oxide of Zinc . . 74 18 8
Siliceous Oxide of Zinc. 54 13 : 25 8
Carbonate of Zinc. . . _ —_— _ 3 =
Carb. A.
MVANOUIDG. io. 5 9 52 13 ° 35
Sulph. A. a
Sulphate of Zinc . . 22 6 s 30 42
NUCNEO sake sts. 6s — A ry ? ~-
MeEnrcvry. Mercury. | Silver.
Native Quicksilver . .| 100 3 ° ‘ .
Native Amalgam ... 85 15 Py ms °
Chlorine.
Muriate of Mercury. . 85 15
Todine.

MIN 483 » MIO

COMBUSTIBLE MINERALS.

Sulphur.| Iron. Sili a. ;
Sulphur - - - + = - 100 . .

Carbon. .
Diamond - - - - = 100 ° ’
Plumbago - - = = - 92 8

thracite - - - = 72 4 24
Alydrogen| Oxygen. | Azote.

Naphtha- - - - = - 88 12 A °
Bitumen - - - - = 53 7 40 ‘
Goal = - - = = 7 = 75 6 5 14
Drysodile - - - - - — —
Amber - - - - > = 8t 12 7
Hatchetine - - - - a 7s:
Schererite - - - - - 76 24
Ozokerite - - - - - re —

Mel. A. |Alumina Water.
Mellite- - = = - - 41 15 44

} orr.—For further particulars as to minerals, see under the several names and others

throughout the work and Supplement.

Mrn’tm, from minimum, least. 1. Anote
in music equal to half a semibreve.——2.
The one-sixtieth of a fluid drachm, an-
swering to the old drop, taking water as
the standard.

Min’ima. In mathematics, see Maxima
eT MINIMA.

Min’tms. An order of Franciscans at
Minimi, founded by St. Francis de Paula.

Min’tmuvum. 1. The least, as distinguished
from maximum, the greatest.—2. In
pharmacy, 2 minim.

Mry‘ion. A small description of print-
ing type, a size larger than nonpareil.
The term is from French menu, small, not
mignon, a favourite.

Mry‘ister (Latin). Persons to whom
the sovereign intrusts the administration
of government are termed ministers of
state, and the chief is the prime minister.

ale Red oxide of lead, or red-

Minx. An amphibious quadruped, the
Mustelea luteola, Pall., much esteemed for
its fur. It frequents the banks of rivers,
&c. in the north and east of Europe, from
the Arctic Ocean to the Black Sea, and
lives on frogs and crabs. It is also found
in America.

MinneEnO’rE (Germ.). Courts of love;
the German name of the cours d’amour,
so famous in the history of chivalry.

MINNESINGERS. The ‘most ancient
school of German poets, whose name is
derived from the word minne, love.

Minority. Used in opposition to ma-
jority. From minor, less, smaller. Used
chiefly of persons of an assembly (as in
parliament) yoting upon some question.
Also, the period during which the sove-
reign is incapable of exercising his autho-
tity, being under age. In Jaw, it is simi-

larly the state of an individual of either
sex, who is under the age at which civil
righte can be exercised.

Minor Term, oF A Syttocism, is the
subject of the conclusion; the minor pre-
mise contains the minor term. In hypo-
thetical syllogisms, the categorical pre-
mise is called the minor.

Min’streEts, Germ. minne, love. A class
of men, in the middle ages, who subsisted
by the arts of poetry and music.

Mint, Sax. mynet, stamped coin. The
place where money is coined by public
authority. Formerly there were several
mints in Great Britain; butcoining being
now regarded as a royal prerogative, the
whole business has been transferred to
an establishment on lower Hill, where
there are eight coining presses, capable
of striking about 20,000 pieces an hour,
almost constantly at work See MIL.ine.

Minvet’, Fr. from menu, small. 1. A
slow graceful dance, consisting of a cou-
pee, 2 high step, and a balance. 2.The
tune or air played to regulate the move-
ments in the minuet.

Min’ote, Lat. minutum. A small por-
tion (1.) of time, the sixtieth part of an
hour, and comprehends sixty seconds. (2.)
Of an arc, the sixtieth part of a degree,
mark ’, and comprehending sixty seconds.
3. In architecture, the sixtieth part of the
diameter of a column.

Mrn’/ure Guns. At sea, guns fired every
minute as a signal of distress from a
vessel. Also, in mourning for great
persons.

Minx. A name of the Mustela leuteo-
cephala, Harl. A North American animal,
known to furriers by the name of white
vision.

Miocene, from jews, less, and xa.veg,

212

MIS 484

MIT

recent. The name given by Lyell to a
subdivision of the tertiary. See Eocene.

Mia’vecets. A species of partisan troops
raised in the north of Spain.

Mirra. Asingular star in the neck of
Cetus: it appears and disappears periodi-
cally seven times in six years, whence
the name. At its greatest brilliancy it is
a star of the third magnitude.

Mira’ce. The name given by the
French to an optical deception produced
by refraction, and in which a distant
ship appears as if transferred to the sky,
7 a village in the desert as if built in a

e.

Mir’ror. A looking-glass, from Lat.
méror, to admire. Any polished body im-
pervious to the rays of light, and which
reflects them equally, is a mirror. Mir-
rors were anciently made of metal, but
at present they are generally smooth
plates of glass, tinned or silvered on the
back ; and are either plane, convex, or
concaye. The first sort reflect the rays
in a direction similar to that by which
they fall upon it, and therefore represent
bodies of their natural size; but the con-
vex ones make the rays diverge, and
therefore diminish the images of those
objects which they exhibit; while again
the concave ones, by collecting the rays
into a focus, not only magnify the ob-
jects which they show, but serve the
same purposes as burning-glasses do
when exposed to the rays of the sun, and
the body to be ignited is placed in their
foci; hence they are commonly known
oy the name of burning-mirrors.

Mirza. The common style of honour
in Persia, when it precedes the surname
of an individual; when appended it sig-
nifies a prince.

Miscn’Na. os part of the Jewish Tal-

MisH’na. § mud, being a digest of tra-
ditions and explanations of scripture.

Mispemea’nor. Inlaw,an offence which
does not amount toacrime. Crimes and
misdemeanors are synonymous terms,
though in common usage the word crime
is made to denote such offences as are of
a more atrocious kind, while smaller
faults, and omissions of less consequence,
are comprised under the gentler name of
misdemeanors.

Mise. A Norman-French term, used in
law books in various senses. (1.) An
issue to be tried at the grand assize. (2.)
Expense; in this sense commonly used
inentering judgments in actions personal.
(3.) In Wales, an honorary gift by the
people-to a new prince of Wales. (4.) A
tribute paid in the county palatine of
Chester, at the charge of the owner of the
earldoms.

Misericor’p1a. In law, an arbitrary
fine imposed for an offence; so called be-
cause the amercement ought to be less

than that required by Magna Charta.

When a person 4s outrageously amerced

in a court that is not of record, the writ
called moderata misericordia lies for mo-
derating the amercement, according to
the nature of the fault.

Misrea’sance. In law,a trespass; from
nai mes, wrong, and faisance, from faire,
to do.

Mis’tLetor, Sax. mistlelta. A parasiti-
cal plant, the Viscwm album, which al-
ways grows on trees, and was held
sacred by the Druids, especially when
found on the oak, their sacred tree. It
is the 4g of the Greeks, and was by them
thought to possess many medicinal yir-
tues. See Viscum. .

Misno’mer. 1. In law, a misnaming or
mistaking of a person’s name.——2. An
indictment or other act vacated by a
wrong name. From old Fr. mes, wrong,
and nommer, to name.

Mispris‘ton. In law, any high offence
under the degree of capital, but approach-
ing thereto; from Fr. mépris ; from mes,
wrong, and prendre, to take. Misprisions
are negative and positive: they are nega-
tive when they consist in the conceal-
ment of something which ought to have
been revealed, and positive when they
consist in the commission of something
which ought not to have been done. .

Mis’sat. The mass-book of the Ro-
mish Church ; from mass (q. v.

Mist, Sax. mist. Water in minute but
solid drops, descending from the atmo-
sphere. See Foc. :

Mircn’et. Purbeck stones of 15 inches
by two feet, when squared for building,
are thus named by the workmen.

Mire, Sax. mite. 1. In entomology. See
Acarvs.—2. A small coin, formerly cur-
rent, equal to about the third of a far-
thing. Also a small weight, used by
moneyers,-equal to about the twentieth
part of a grain, and divided into 24 doits.

Mirn’ras. The grand Deity of the
Persians.

Miru’ripate. A pharmaceutical pre-
paration named after Mithridates, king
of Pontus and Bithynia, who took a dose
of it every morning to protect himagainst
poison. In those days it consisted of rue,
walnuts, figs, and salt; but its ingredi-
ents were afterwards increased in num-
ber to 61. At present it is simply an
aromatic opiate, and is little used.

Mr’rrat Vatve. The valve of the ori-
fice of the left ventricle of the heart; so
named from its resemblance to a mitre.

Mi'rre, Fr. from Lat. mitra,a cap worn
by the Roman ladies: 1. A sacerdotal
ornament worn on the head by bishops
and some other ecclesiastics on solemm
occasions; being a sort of cap pointed
and cleft at the top——2. A diagonal
juncture of two pieces of wood, stone,

oo

ee

Ma

MOD 485

MOH

&c., by the formation of an indenture in
each, corresponding to one another, so
that the two surfaces coincide when
brought together. This mode is some-
times employed to hide a dovetail, and is
called lap-and-mitre joint.

Mrrre-sox. A block or frame for cut-
ting mitres.

Mr’rre-pratns. Cross mitre drains. The
drains laid within the metalling of roads,
to convey the water to the side drains.

Mir’timus. In law,a precept or com-
mand in writing, under the name and
seal of a justice of the peace, or other
proper officer, directed to the gaoler or
keeper of a prison for the safe keeping of
an offender until he be delivered by due
course of law. The term is Latin for
we send.

Miz'zen, from Ital. mezzo, half. The
foremost of the fixed sails of a ship, ex-
tended sometimes by a gaff, and some-
times by a yard, which crosses the mast
obliquely. ‘The mizzen-mast supports the
after sails, and stands nearest to the stern.

AST.

Myemoy’ics, from psywowxes, from
fevanopeces, tO remember; the art of
memory. Precepts and rules intended
to teach the method of assisting the
memory. ;

Mo’cua Stone. Translucent calcedony,
«ontaining dark outlines of arborisation,
like vegetable filaments, so named from
Mocha in Arabia, where it is chiefly
found.

Mocx’tne-pirp. The Turdus polyglottus,
Lin., of North America, celebrated for
the astonishing facility with which it
imitates the notes of other birds, and
even all kinds of sounds.

Mope, Lat. modus. Manner of existing
or being. In logic, a proper disposition
of the several parts of a syllogism in re-
Spect to quantity and quality: called also
syllogistic mood. In grammar, a particular
manner of conjugating verbs, to express
manner of action or being, as aflirma-
tion, command, condition, and the like:
often written mood. In music, a regular
disposition of the air and accompani-
ments, relative to certain principal
sounds, on which the piece is formed,
and which are called the essential sounds
of the mode. In metaphysics, a mode is
that which cannot subsist in and of itself,
but is esteemed as belonging to and sub-
‘sisting by the help of some substance,
which, for that reason, is called its sub-
ject. (Watts). Those modes are simple
which are only combinations of the same
idea, as a dozen, which consists of so many
units added together; and those are
mized which are compounded of simple
ddeas of several kinds, as beauty, which is
compounded of colour and form.

Mop’et, from modulus, dim. of modus, .
mode. I. A formin miniature of some-
thing to be made ona larger scale, asa
model of a building.——2. An imitation
in miniature of something already made
on a large scale, as a model of a moun-
tain, showing its geological structure, &c.

Mop‘etuine. In the fine arts, the art
of making a mould, from-which works
in plaster are to be cast.—Also, forming
in clay the design itself. °

Mopgra’ro: An Italian word, mean-
ing moderately, implying in music a time
neither quick nor slow; rather quicker
than andante.

Mopera’tor. A person who presides
ata public assembly, to propose questions,
preserve order, regulate the proceedings
and declare votes. From modus, a limit.

Mopit’tion, Fr. modillon, from Lat.
modiolus. . 1. An ornament in the cornice
under the corona in the Ionic, Corinthian,
and Composite orders of architecture, re-
sembling a bracket, supporting the pro-
jecture of the larmier or drip. Cantilever
is sometimes used synonymously with
modillion. 2, The trochite or singie
joints of the rays of a fossil star-fish are
sometimes termed modioli.

Mopr'otus, Lat. dim. of modius. A mea-
sure. In anatomy, the central pillar of
the cochlea of the ear.

Mo’pivus. An ancient Roman measure
for dry grain, nearly equal to an imperial
peck. ‘

Mo’po er For’ma. In manner and form.
A phrase frequently used in legal plead-
ings.

Mopvta’tion. In music, the manner of
ascertaining and managing the modes,
or generally the art of conducting har-
mony.

Mop’tLe, Fr. from Lat. modulus. A
term in architecture, for a certain mea-
sure taken at pleasure for regulating the
proportion of columns, and the disposi-
tion and symmetry of the whole building.
The module of a column is usually its

‘semidiameter at the base, equal to 30

minutes,

Mop’vtvs. In analysis, the constant
multiplier in a function of a variable
quantity, by means of which the func-
tion is accommodated to a particular
system.

Mo’pvs. A compensation for tithes: a
moderate equivalent in money, given by
the owner of land in lieu of tithes. The
whole phrase is modus decimandi, but
modus alone is commonly used.

Mo‘pus Opreran’p1. Modeof operating.

Mocra’sians. Formerly a species of
Turkish infantry, composed of the pea-
sants of the north of Africa.

Mo’cut, Great. The chief of the em-
pire of Mogul. The empire is now extinct.

Mouain’ Ger. mohr. “The hair of #

MOL 486

MOM

variety of the common goat, peculiar to
the vicinity of Angora, in Asia Minor.
It is manufactured into camlets and other
expensive stuffs.

Monarr’-sHett. A species of voluta,
resembling stuff of mohair on the surface.

Monam’mepAns. Followers of the re-
ligion of Mohammed, the founder of
Mohammedanism, the doctrines and pre-
cepts of which are contained in the
Koran.

Mo1po’re. A Portuguese coin worth
twenty-seven shillings sterling.

Morn’kau (Fr.). A small fiat bastion,
. raised in front of an intended fortifica-
tion, to defend it from the approaches by
means of small arms.

Morre’s Merar'tiave. Crystallised tin-
plate: a variegated appearance produced
upon the surface of tin-plate, by wetting
its surface, when in a heated state, with
nitro-hydrochloric acid (aqua regia),
washing it with water, and finally coat-
ing it with lacquer. The figures vary,
according to the strength of the acid em-
ployed and the degree of heat to which
the plate is raised.

Mo’rar-TEETH. Molares Dentes. The
grinding teeth. From molaris, a grind-
stone.

Mo’tar-eranps. Molares Glandule.
Two salivary glands situated on each
side of the mouth, the excretory ducts of
which open near the last dens molaris.

Mo tas’sz, from mollis, soft. A soft sand-
stone of the tertiary strata, employed by
the Swiss under this name, for building.

Mote. 1. Lat. moles,a mound. A mas-
sive work of large stones erected for the
purposes of protecting the entrances to
harbours. See BreakwaTER.——2. Sax.
mel, a mark. A small permanent pro-
tuberance on the human body, from which
usually issue one or more hairs.——3. Lat.
mola. A general name with some authors
for all those fieshy substances otherwise
called polypi, and with others for every
coagulum of blood which continues so
long in the uterus as to assume somewhat
of an organised form.——4. Dut. mol. A
well-known subterranean animal. See
Tapa.

Mo’Lecu ez, Lat. molecula, dim. of moles,
amass, a particle. Molecules are the
smallest particles into which a mass can
be conceived to be divided. They are
distinguished into integrant and consti-
tuent. Integrant molecules are the smallest
particles into which a simple body can
be conceived to be divided, or the smaliest
particles into which a compound body
ean be conceived to be divided, without
being resolved into its elements. Consti-
tuent molecules are the molecules of each
element which form an integrant mole-
cule of a compound.

Motsenpina’ceous, from mola, a mill;

resembling the sails of a windmill. Ar-
plied to seeds which have many wings.

Mor’tan. The title of the hivher ofdez
of judges in Turkey.

Mor’'te (It.). In music, a sound that is
flat as compared to another a semitone
higher.

Mor’tit1es, softness; Lat. from mollis,
soft. Applied to bones, nails, &c., when
preternaturally so

Mottvs’‘ca. Molluscs. A great division
of invertebrated
according to Cuvier, six classes, viz. :—
Cephalopoda, Pteropoda, Gasteropoda,
Acephala, Brachiopoda, and Cirrhopoda.
in all of which, as the name imports
(mollusca, a soft nut, or nut with a soft
shell), the body is of a soft consistence,
inclosed in a muscular envelope, called
the mantle. The pulmonary circulation
is double; the blood is white or rather
bluish; the skin is very sensible, and as
no particular organ of smell has been de-
tected in them, although they enjoy that
sense, it has been conjectured to reside in
the whole skin. Those in which the
mantle is simply membranous or fleshy,
are termed naked mollusca, but most fre-
quently the animal is provided with a
calcareous covering called a shell, and the
animal is then said to be testaceous, See
SHELL.

Mo’tocw. The chief God of the Pheeni-
cians.

Motyspe’na. The ore of molybdenum. It
is a sulphuret of that metal, and is very
similar in its properties to plumbago :
whence the name poAvedaive, plumbago.

Motxnpe’num. The metal obtained
from the substance called molybdena. It
has not yet been reduced to masses of
much size, but is readily obtained in small
separate globules, by exposing its acid
mixed with charcoal to an intense heat.

Motye’pic Acip. An acid obtained in
fine white scales (which become yellow
on melting and yo earer them), by roast-
ing molybdena, dissolving it in water of
ammonia, and adding nitric acid to the
solution. :

Mocys’pous Acip. Deutoxide of molyb-
denum. It is of a blue colour, and pos-
sesses acid properties.

Mo’ment. 1. An indefinitely small por-
tion of time, having the same relation to
duration that a point has to a line.——2.
In mathematical analysis, the same as in-
Jinitesimal, increment, or decrement (q. V.).

Momen’trum. The quantity of motion in
a moving body. The term is Latin, con-
tracted from motamentum. The momentum
of a body is the product of its mass into
its velocity.

Mo’miers, Fr. momery,

mumme

A.
name applied to certain religionists of the ‘

so-called Evangelical party
Momor’pica. A genus of herbaceous

‘er
Eee

MON 487

MON

plants. Monecia—Syngenesia. Name from
mordeo, to bite, in allusion to the sharp
taste of the fruit. The squirting cucum-
per of the South of Europe, and the bal-
sam apple of the East Indies, are species.
The dried juice of the fruit of the first is
the elaterium of the shops, and from which
elatine is obtained.

Mon’acHISM, } Movos, alone. The monk-

MonkeEryY. ish system was estab-
lished in the middle of the third century,
by which many persons were brought
together, and bound by vows to the per-
formance of religious duties, and abstin-
ence from worldly enjoyments.

Mon’ave. 1. An indivisible thing: from
jsovas, unity.——2. An individual of the
genus Monas (q. v.).

Monavev’puia, from poyos, one, and
e>eAgia, a brotherhood. The name of
the 16th class of plants in the sexual
system of Linnzus, consisting of plants
with hermaphrodite flowers, in which
all the stamina are united below into a

. eylindrical body, through which the pistil

passes. It consists for the most part of
plants belonging to the natural orders
Malvacez and Geraniacee, as the cotton-
tree, geranium, passion-flower, &c.

Monan’pria; from jeoyos, one, and ayye,
male. The name of the first class of plants
in the sexual system of Linnzus, consist-
ing of plants with hermaphrodite flowers,
which have only one stamen. It contains
only two orders, Monogynia and Digynia.

Mon’arcuy, from (Loves, one, and wexos,
achief. A government in which the su-
preme power is vested in a single person.
Tt is absolute when the “ sovereign is ac-
countable to none but God,” and limited
when the supreme power is virtually in
the laws.

Mo’nas, from goveg, unity. A genus of
animalcules of the class Infusoria, re-
siding in water, and usually considered
the ultimate term ofanimality, as neither
mouth nor vessels can be perceivedin the
individuals ; yet they perform their loco-
motive evolutions with considerable ra-
pidity. The recent observations of Prof.
Ehrenberg have brought to light the ex-
istence of monades, which are not larger
than the 24,000th of an inch, and are so
thickly crowded in the fluid as to leave
intervals not greater than their own
diameter. Hence, he concludes, that a
single drop may contain 500,000,000 of
these monades.

Monorrem’ata. The name given by
Geoffroy to a tribe of Edentata found only
in New Holland. Two genera are known,
the Echidna,Cuv., and the Ornithorynchus,
Blum., or Platypus, Shaw.

Mon’sr, Sax. mynet. Whatever is made
the medium of trade for determining tre

value of commodities in buying and seli-
ing, whether it be stamped metals, called
coin and specie, or promissory notes com-
prehending bank paper, bills of exchange,
and all other tangible promises to pay.
There are also moneys of account, which
are merely imaginary names, as the Eng-
lish pound, before sovereigns were coined.
Paper money is styled paper currency, to
distinguish it from specie or metallic
currency or cash. The word has been
derived from moneta, the Latin name for
money, because the Romans kept their
silver money in the temple of Juno
Moneta.

Mon’eyrers. Officers of the mint.

Mon’1ror. 1. One who gives warning,
from monitio, warning.——2. A genus of
lizards, containing those species which
are of the largest size; have two teeth
in both jaws, but none in the palate, and
a laterally compressed tail, which ren-
ders them more aquatic. They frequent
the waters like the crocodiles and alliga-
tors, and are said to give notice by whist-
ling of the approach of those dangerous
animals. Species are found in most warm
and temperate parts of the world, and
some of large size are found fossil

Mon’xtey. The monkeys, so called, be-
long to the eastern continent. They have
the same number of grinders as Man; but
otherwise differ from each other by cha-
racters which have caused them to be
denominated Ourang-Outangs, Gibbons,
Macaques, Baboons, and Mandrills. The
American monkeys are divided into
Sapajous, Sagouins, and Lemurs.

Monocar’Pous, joys, single, and
xeseros, fruit. In botany, a term applied
to plants which perish as soon as they
have once borne fruit.

Monocen’rris. The name given by
Schneider to a singular genus of acan-
thopterygious fishes found in the sea of
Japan, from seoyes, one, and ZEYTCOY,
centre. The body is short (six inches),
thick, and completely mailed with enor-
mous angular, rough, and carinated
scales, of a silvery white. One species.

Monoc’ernos. The Unicorn, from peovos,
one, and zeeas, a horn. 1. The unicorn
of the ancients is commonly regarded as
a fabulous animal; but the name mono-
ceros has been appropriated by Linnzus
to the narwhal, which has a single horn
or tusk, of ten feet in length, implanted
in the intermaxillary bone, and pointed
in the direction of the axis of the body.
It has indeed the rudiments of two tusks,
bat both are never developed.——2. A
constellation of the northern hemisphere,
formed by Hevelius out of the stelle in-
formes of the ancients; 36 stars.

Mon’ocaerp, from os, one, ar
xee37, chord. A musical instrument of

MON 488

MON

one string with which to try the variety
and proportion of musical sounds: in-
vented by Pythagoras.

Monocuromar'ic, from seoyos, one, and
xewee, colour. Consisting of one colour.

Mon’ocHRome, peoyos, and yeaa, colour.
A painting executed in a single colour.

Monocoryt’spon, from joyos, one, and
cotyledon. A plant with only one cotyle-
don or seed-lobe. The grasses are all
regarded as monocotyledonous plants.

Monocorytep/onres. One of the three
great tribes, and the most important of
the three, into which the vegetable king-
dom is divided, according to the natural
system of botany. The Acotyledones
and Dicotyledones are the other tribes.
Grasses, lilies, palms, aloes, &c. are ex-
amples of the acotyledonous tribe.

Monoc’utus. A genus of apterous in-
sects, which mostly frequent stagnant
waters: named from xzoyos, and oculus ;
but they have often two eyes, though
these are placed very close to each other.

Mon‘ovetpus, from peovos, and deAgus,
@ womb. Animals having no external
marsupium ; antithetical to Didelphs.

Mon’opon. A generic name of the
Narwhal, (M. monoceros, Lin.), from
feoves, One, and gdovs, a tooth, being
characterised and distinguished from all
the rest of the cetacea by a single tusk of
ten feetorsoinlength. See Monocexros,

Monaq’cia, from seovos, one, and oizia,
ahouse. The name of the 21st class of
plants in the sexual system of Linnzus,
consisting of such as have male and fe-
male organs in separate flowers, but
growing on the same plant. The orders
depend on the circumstances of the male
flowers.

Mon’ocram, from joyos, one, and
yeaupou, aletter A character composed
of one, two, three, or more letters, inter-
woven, being an abbreviation of a name,
&c., anciently much used on seals, arms,
monuments, &c.

Mon’ocrary, from eovyos, one, and
yvexow, to describe. A treatise on a single
subject ; asa monograph of an Egyptian
mummy.

Monoern’ta, from pzovos, one, and yyy,
afemale. The name of an order of plants
in the sexual system of Linnzeus, com-
prehending such as, besides their agree-
ment in the classic character, have only
one style.

Mono.itwH’Ic, from joves, one, and
Af$ozs, a stone; consisting of a single
stone.

Monoma’nta, from oyos, one, and
mania. A form of mania in which the
aan of the patient is absorbed by one

ea

Mono’mtat, from seoves one, and ovopec,
aname. An algebraic quantity consist-
ing of only one term, as ax’, distinct from
a binomial, trinomial, &c.

Monoper’atovus, from yos, one, and
straAoy, a petal. One-petalled; applied
to flowers which have only one petal, or
which have the corolla formed of one
piece.

Monoruyt’tovs, from oyos, alone, and
Guadaoy, a leaf. Having only one leaf:
applied to calices consisting of not more
than a single leaf.

Monopn’ysires, from joves, one, and
gucis, nature. A sect of Christians who
maintain that Jesus Christ had only one
nature.

Monor’oty, from jzoves, alone, and
whew, to sell. An exclusive privilege,
secured to one or a few persons, to carry
on some branch of trade or manufacture,
by royal grant. Such grants were very
common in England previous to the ac-
cession of the House of Stuart, and were
only abolished in 1624 (by 21 Jac. 1. c. 3),
to avoid the total ruin of the industry of
the country. Patentees are justly mono-
polists during the period of their patents.

Monoro’LtyLocve, Moves, One, soAus,
many,and Aoyos, discourse. An entertain-
ment in which a single actor sustains
many characters.

Monop’rERAL, eovos and TTECOV, wing.
In architecture, a circular enclosure otf
columns without a cell.

Mon’oRHYME, wovos, and evfuos, mea-
sure. A composition in verse. in which
all the lines end with the same rhyme.

Monosrer’movs, from ovos, One, and
orteua, seed. One-seeded: applied to
seed-vessels. :

Monoruatamovus, from Moves, single,
and GudAwpos, a chamber. One-cham-
bered: applied to shells when the cham-
ber is not divided by partitions.

MonoruHe’ism, from oves, and QOzoc,
God. ioe eran * belief of the exist-
ence of one God only, opposed to :
theism or plurality of Pe a 7

Monortony, oon foves, one, and

Mon’0TNE, } ¢oyoe, sound. 1. Sameness
of sound: want of inflectioris of voice in
speaking or reading.——2. Repetition of
the same sound in music.

Monorrie’LyPH. The space of one tri-
glyph (monos and triglyph), and two me-
topes between two Doric columns.

Mons Men’sz. The table mountain. A
modern asterism, situated between the
south pole of the world and the ecliptic.

Monsoo’ns. Periodical winds in the
Indian seas, which blow one half of the
year from the same quarter or point of

————— Oe

eh
—

="

MOO 489

MOR

the compass, and the other half from the
opposite point. The change of these
winds is .ermed the breaking up of the
monsoons, and is accompanied with hur-
ricanes. Those winds which blow through-
out the year from the same point are
termed trade winds, but sometimes this
name is also given to the regular mon-
soons.

Mon’tanists. A sect of heretics, the
followers of Montanus, a Phrygian, who
pretended to be inspired by the Holy
Spirit, to giye instruction on points not
revealed to the apostles. The sect sprung
up in the second century.

Mon’te“. A singular celebration,
which takes place at Eton on Whit-
Tuesday every third year. The scholars
march in procession to Salt-hill, where
their captain (the best scholar) recites a
passage from some anvient author. The
young gentlemen, called salt-bearers, who
are arrayed in fancy dresses, then dis-
perse in various directions to collect
money from all passengers. The money
collected is given to the captain, toenable
him to take up his residence at one of the
universities.

Monreor' rier. A name sometimes

yen to those balloons which derive
their buoyancy from the burning of com-
bustible materials, being thus denomi-
nated from their inventor, and to distin-
guish them from inflammable air-balloons.

Montu, Sax. moneth, from mona, the
moon. A space of time constituting a
division of the year. The name originally
signified the time of one revolution of the
moon: alunation. This is the periodical
month, or as we generally now term it,
the lunar month: it is 27 days, 7h., 43m.,
8”. e synodical month is the time be-
tween two conjunctions of the moon
with the sun: 29d., 12h., 44m., 3s., 11”.
The time which the sun takes to pass
through the twelfth partof the zodiac we
ealla solar month: it is 30d., 10h., 29m.,
5”. Inthe year there are 12 solar, and
i3 lunar, months. In popular language
4 weeks make a month, and in the calen-
dar the months consist alternately of 30
and 31 days, except February and July.

Moov. A word often written for
mode (q.v.) Mood, temper of mind, is a
different word; it is from Goth. mod,
anger, or Sax. mod, mind, whereas mood
for mode, is Latin modus. Mood, in gram-
mar, applies to the various forms of a
verb corresponding to our conceptions of
facts and events. In logic, mood is the
designation of the three propositions of a
syllogism, in the order in which they
stand.

Moon. The earth's satellite. Mean
Sidereal revolution 27d., 7h., 43m., 11”,
30”. Mean synodical revolution 29d., 12h.,
d4m., 2°8”. Mean distance from the earth,

237,000 miles. Subtends a mean angle of
31’,8”. Diameter 2180 miles. The moon
has been worshippe” %y various nations.
and under many natnes. Our Saxon an-
cestors worshipped it under the name of
Mona, and dedicated Monday to it,as they
did Sunday to the sun.

Moon’stoneE. A variety of adularia,
worked by lapidaries. It exhibits a beau-
tiful pearly light, and when held in cer-
tain positions, its surface is iridescent.
It occurs massive, and also in crystals, in
fissures of granite, gneiss, &c.

Moor. 1. Sax. mor. A tract of land
overrun with heath. —— 2. Ger. mohr,
from feacueos, dark, a native of the coast
of Africa, called by the Romans, from the
coicur of the people, Mauritania, or the
country of the dark-complexioned people.

Moor-Frowt. The pinnate grouse (Te-
trao cupido, Gm.), protected by game-laws
for the benefit of sportsmen.

Moor’ines. The anchors, chains, &e.
laid athwart the bottom of ariver or har-
bour, to confine a ship. :

Moor’stonz. A variety of coarse gra-
nite, found in Cornwall and some other
parts of England, and in immense masses
in some parts of Ireland.

Moose. The American elk, the largest
animal of the deer kind, sometimes
weighing 1200 lbs. The name is Indian.

Moor-casE, law, a point, case, or

Moor-pornt. ) question, to be mooted or
debated: adisputable case. Mootis Sax.
motian, to debate; Goth. motyan, to
come on.

Mora'tne. The stony detritus found at
the bases of glaciers in Switzerland.

Mor’at, Lat. moralis, from mos, moris,
manner. Relating to the practice, man-
ner, or conduct of men towards each
other as social beings, and with reference
to rightand wrong. The morai law is that
which prescribes the moral or social du-
ties: the moral sense is that by which we
perceive with distinctness the maxims of
themoral law. Moral philosophy treats of
the nature and condition of manasa social
being, of the duties which result from his
social relations, and the reasons on which
they are founded. It is called the science
of morals.

Morac'itizs. A sortof allegorical plays
in vogue during the latter part of the
middle ages. They consisted of moral dis-
courses, in praise of virtue, and condem-
nation of vice. They were exhibited so
late as the reign of Henry VIII., but gra-
dually assumed the form of the masque,
which became the favourite entertainment
at the court of Elizabeth.

Morass’-ore. A name of the bog iron
ore.

Mora’vrans. A denomination of Chris-
tians, which sprung up in Moravia and
Bohemia, at the dawn of the Reformation,

MOR

40

MOR

and are otherwise called United Brethren,
and on the continent, Hernhutters, from
their settlement, Hernhutter, watch-of-
the-Lord. They generally adhere to the
Augsburgh Confession. They celebrate

agapz, and cast lots to discover the will
of the Lord.

Morsipez’za. An Italian term in the
arts denoting refinedly delicate; pliant
and soft to the eye and touch.

Mor’pant. 1. In dyeing, and calico-
printing, denotes a body which, having a
twofold attraction for organic fibres and
colouring particles, serves as a bond of
union between them, and thus gives
fixity to dyes; or it signifies a substance
which, by combining with colouring par-
ticles in the pores of textile filaments,
renders them insoluble in hot, soapy, and
weak alkaline solutions. The mordant is
the substance previously applied to the
goods, in order that they may afterwards
take and retain any particular colour or
dye. Sulphate of iron and acetate of alu-
mina are much used as mordants.——2.
In gilding, any adhesive matter by which
gold-leaf is made to adhere to the surface
of metal, wood, or other material.

Morpen’re (It.). In music, a grace
which is effected by turning upon a note,
without using the note below.

Moret. The Morchella esculenta, used,
like truffles, for gravies. It is in perfection
in May and June.

Moresaue’, Moresk. After the man-

Mavresave, Moorish. ner of the
Moors. Applied to a style of painting and
carving, consisting of grotesque pieces
and compartments promiscuously inter-
spersed. Also to the peculiarities of the
Arabian style of architecture.

Moreanaric or LEerr-HANDED Mar-
grace. Amarriage between a man of su-
perior, and a woman of inferior, rank ;
in which it is stipulated, that the latter
and her children shall not enjoy the rank,
nor inherit the possessions of the former.

Morcve (Fr.). The place, in many
towns in France, where unclaimed dead
bodies are exposed, in order to be recog-
nised by friends.

Mo’ria, from pewges, foolish. A variety
of monomania, in which the illusion is of
a happy nature, as where the patient
fancies himself a hero, great genius, &c.

Mo’rton. The smoky Topaz. A variety
of rock crystal.

Mor’nino-star. The planet Venus,
when it precedes the sun in rising, and
shines in the morning. Thence called
Phosphorus by the Greeks, and Lucifer by
the Romans.

Moroc'co, Fr. Maroquin, Sp. Marrogui.
A fine sort of leather, prepared of the
skins of goats, imported from the Levant,
Barbary, Spain, &c., and so named from
its having been firstimported from Mo-

rocco. The skins are first tanned, and
then dyed on the side of the grain. Sheep-
skin treated in the same way is often sub-
stituted for morocco.

Morox’ytic-acip. An acid discovered
omson in combination with

alba), in the botanic garden
of Palermo, in Sicily. It dissolves readily
in water and alcohol.

Mor’PHeEw, from Lat. morphea. An old
name for various cutaneous diseases of
the face.

Mor’puea. )A vegetable alkali ex-

Morrui’na. p tracted from opium, of

Mor’rxutne. ) which it is the narcotic
principle. It is copiously precipitated, in
a very pure state, by adding water of
ammonia to a strong solution of opium.
It is a colourless substance, of a bitter
taste, and crystallises in quadran
prisms; it is difficultly soluble in water,
even when boiling, but dissolves freely in
boiling alcohol, and deposits crystals on
cooling.

Morruotocy, from peoegn, form, and
Aoyos, description. That division of bo-
tanical science which treats of the meta-
morphosis of organs.

Mor’ris-pancze. A peculiar kind of
dance practised in the middle ages.

Morse. The Trichecus rosmarus, Lin.
This animal inhabits the Arctic seas, sur-
passes the largest ox in size, attains the
length of 20 feet, and is covered with a
short yellowish hair. It is sought for on
account of its oil and tusks. It is also
called walrus, sea-horse, and sea-cow.

MorrTaviry (Bitts oF). Registers of the
number of deaths or burials in any parish
or district.

Morrav'ity (Law or). A mathematical
relation subsisting among the number of
persons living at the different ages of life.

Mor’tar, Lat. mortarium. 1. A bell-
shaped vessel, used by druggists, &c., to
pound substances in with a pestle; also a
short piece of ordnance, thick and wide,
used for throwing bombs, carcasses, &c.
—2. A cement, used for building pur-
poses, composed of lime, sharp sand, and
hair of cattle, thoroughly mixed and in-
corporated with a small portion of water:
thus named from beating and mixing as
in a mortar.

Mort p’AnceEstreE (Fr. for death of the
ancestor). The name of a writ of assize,
by which a demandant recovers possession
of an estate from which he has been
ousted on the death of his ancestor.

Morv’cacet, from Fr. mort, dead, and
gage,a pledge. A dead pledge. Land or
other property pledged toa creditor asa
security for money borrowed.

Mortirica’tTion, from mors, death, and
fio, to become. 1. The putrefaction and

J

il GP a Og Pg

MOS 491

MOT

consequent death of one part of an animal
body, while the rest is alive, caused by
inflammation, injury, or debility of the
part.—2. In Scottish law, nearly syno-
nymous with mortmain.

Mor’tIsE AND TeNon. A description of
joint in wood-work. The extremity of
one piece of timber is let into the face of
another piece, a tongue being formed at
the end of the piece to be let in, which is
called a tenon, and the hole cut in the
face of the other is termed a mortise.

Morr’Main, Fr. mort, dead, and main,
hand. Possession of lands or tenements
in dead hands, i.e. hands that cannot
alienate. See ALIENATION.

Mor’rvary. In law,a fee paid to the
incumbent of a parish, by custom peculiar
to some places, on the death of a parish-
ioner.

Mo’rus. The Mulberry-tree. A genus
of permanent plants. Monecia—Tetran-
dria. Name from aaveos, black, the
colour of the fruit when ripe.

Mosa’tc, Fr. mosaique, | Sager work

Musa‘tc, Lat. musivum. ) is composed of
small cubes of glass, stone, wood, &c. of
various colours, and cemented on a ground
of stucco, in such a manner as to imitate
the colours and gradations of painting.
Roman floors were often of mosaic work.

Mosa’‘Ic Gotp. The Aurum musivum of
the old chemists is a bisulphuret of tin,
prepared artificially : but the or-moulu, or
mosaic gold, at present employed in the
arts, is a species of brass, formed by melt-
ing together equal quantities of copper
and zinc, at the lowest temperature that
copper will fuse.

Mosasav’Rus, \ A gigantic fossil marine

Mososav’rus. § reptile, most nearly al-
lied to the monitors, long known by the
name of the Great Animal of Maégstricht,
a head of it having been found near that
city, in calcareous freestone.

Mos‘cuvs. The Musk. A genus of ru-
minant animals. Name Latin, of Arab
moscht. The most celebrated species is
the M. moschiferus, Lin.; size of a goat,
has scarcely any tail, and is covered with
hairs, so coarse and brittle that they might
be termed spines. The animal is remark-
ably light and elegant.

Mose. MussvLMaAn.

Mosque. A Mohammedan temple or
place of worship. The word is French,
from Arabic masjidon, from sajada, to
adore.

Mosaver‘ors. <A genus of dipterous in-
sects. See CuLex. Mosqueté isthe Spanish
name of this troublesome insect, from
mosca,a fly ; Latin museca.

Moss. 1. The English name for the musci,
a natural order of small plants, with leafy
stems, and narrow simple leaves. The
term moss is also applied to many other
small plants, particularly lichens, species

of which are called tree-moss, rock-moss,
coral-moss, &c. The fir-moss and club-
moss belong to the genus Lycopodium.
—2. A bog where peat is found; called
often a peat-moss.

Moss-trooprer. In Border history, those
inhabitants who formed themselves into
clans and lived by rapine.

Moracr’tia. A genus of passerine birds.
The Warblers ; comprehending the night-
ingale (Currtica), wheat-ear (Sazicola},
tees Lird (Sylvia), wren (Troglodytes),
wagtails (Motacilla), meadow-larks (An-
thus). These are regarded as sub-genera
by Cuvier.

Mote. Gemote. An old Saxon word
for an assembly, ee or court; as
ward-mote, burgh-mote,

Morer (French). A mated compo-
sition of a sacred kind, as a hymn.

Morn. The English name (Sax. motha)
of an extensive genus of lepidopterous
insects. See PHALHNA.

Morn’rer, Sax. moder. 1. A female pa-
rent.—2. A term formerly applied to
many chemical preparations and plants,
for various whimsical reasons.

Moruer Carey’s Cuickens. A name
given by sailors to the storm petrels.

Moruer-or-Pearu. The shining inter-
nal part of those shells which produce
pearls. The genus of shell-fish called
Pentadine furnishes the finest pearls, as
well as mother-of-pearl: it is found in
the greatest perfection round the coasts of
Ceylon.

Moruer-water. A name for the liquid
which remains after all the regularly
erystallisable salts have been extracted, by
evaporation and cooling, from any saline
solution, as sea-water

Mo’rron. 1. Change of local position,
from moveo, to move: opposed to rest.
Motion is the effect of impulse; action
proceeding from any cause, internal or
external. In the growth of plants and
animals there must be a motion of the
component parts, thoughinvisible. Che-
mical affinity produces often sensible
motion of the parts of bodies. The mind
produces muscular motion, but there are
animal motions which are independent of
the mind, as the peristaltic motion of the
intestines, and the motions of the heart
during life. Mechanical motion is effected
by one body acting mechanically on ano-
ther. No perpetual motion has yet been
obtained.—2. Proposals made in an as-
sembly or meeting are termed motions. A
bill is introduced into parliament after
motion from some honourable member,
and the same honourable member may
make a motion to adjourn ——3. In paint-
ing and sculptwre, the change of place or
position which, from certain attitudes, a
figure seems tO be making in a picture.
—4. Im music, the manner of beating

MOU

492

MUC

the measure, so as to hasten or retard
the pronunciation of the words or notes.

Mo’tivE Power. In mechanics, the
whole power or force acting upon a body.

Mo’ror. A mover, from moveo, to move.
Applied to muscles, &c.

Mor’ro (Italian). A word. By motto
is now generally understood a phrase
prefixed to something, as an essay, &c. ;
or added to a device, as ona seal.

Movip. 1. The matrix in which any-
thing is cast.——2. In carpentry, a thin
tlexible piece of wood, whereby to form
the different curves of the timbers.——3.
In paper-making,a little frame, the size of
the sheet of paper to be made, composed
of several wires fastened together by
wire still finer, and having a little ledg-
ing of wood, into which the wires are
fastened used to cast the sheets of paper.
—4. Among gold beaters, a certain num-
ber of leaves of vellum, of a certain size,
and laid over one another with leaves of
gold or silver, to be beaten, placed between
them.——5. In anatomy, the anterior fon-
tanel or interstice between the parietal
bones and the frontal of achild’s head.——
6. In agriculture, loose earth everywhere
obvious on the surface of ground: the
upper soil.——7. The white down or la-
nugo which grows on the surface of bo-
dies when undergoing humid decay in air.
This appears, on examination with a mi-
croscope, to be a luxuriant vegetation.
—8. In architecture. See Movu.pines.

Movtp’tnes. In architecture, the small
projecting ornaments of columns, &c., so
called because their forms and dimensions
are regulated by the workmen by means
of the caliber or mould, an instrument of
iron or hardwood, which serves as a
gauge in all carved work. The regular
mouldings are the fillet, listel or annulet;
the astragal or bead ; the torus; the sco-
lia or trochilus; the echinus, ovolo, or
quarter-round; the cyma reversa, in-
verted cyma or ogee; the cyma recta;
the cavetto or hollow (q. v.).

Movtp-Lorr. A large room in a dock-
yard, in which the parts of the ships are
drawn out full size.

Movtp’warp, | The mole, which throws

Mo.’pywartr.j/up the mould of the
earth.

Mov’ttne, ) In mechanics, the roller of

Mov’tinet, § acapstan, crane, &c.

Moutr’inc. The fall of the plumage of
birds.

Movn’ratn. A term formed from the
Latin adjective montanus, from mons, an
elevation, and applied to the largest class
of elevations on the earth’s surface ; but
marking no definite altitude except that
it is greater than a hill.

OUN’TAIN-LIMESTONE. A name com-
mon to a series of marine limestone strata,
whose geological) position is immediately

below the coal-measures, and above the
old red sand-stone. It exists in vast
quantity in England and Wales, yields
all the common limestone used in the
country for building, and some varieties
of marble, &c.

Movun’ratn-soap. A mineral of a green-
ish-black colour. It has a greasy feel,
adheres to the tongue, and soils paper. It
is a hydrated silicate of alumina and iron,
and occurs in secondary rocks of the trap
formation.

Movun’tarn-tTattow A mineral found
originally in Sweden, but since also in
Scotland. It melts at 118° F., boils at
290° F.; is soluble in alcohol, but does
not form soap with alkalies.

Movnts or Piery. In Italy, establish-
ments of the nature of pawnbrokers’
shops, where money is lent out to the
poor on moderate interest and security.

Mousra’cue. The beard of the upper
lip, the cultivation of which affords harm-
less employment to many whose time
would not be otherwise more usefully oc-

cupied.

Mourn. In architecture, the same as
cavetto, which see.

Mo’vement. 1. The train of wheel-

work in a clock or watch.—2. In poli-
tics, the movement party are those who
are perpetually agitating for popular
rights.

Moxa. In surgery, a Japanese word
denoting a soft lanuginous substance, pre-
pared from the young leaves of a species
of mugwort (Artemisia chinensis or Moxa
japonica), and employed by surgeons on
the Continent asa means of forming an
eschar, which in England is usually done
with caustic.

M.S. On monuments, an abbreviation
of memorie sacrum, sacred to the memory.
MS. is an abbreviation of ‘* manuscript,”
and MSS. of *‘ manuscripts.”

Mo’cic Acip. An acid originally called
saccholactic and saclactic acid by the
French chemists, because it was first ob-
tained by Scheele from sugar of milk ; but
as all the gums afford it, and as the chief
acid of milk is the oxalic, itis now gene-
rally called mucic acid. It is readily ob-
tained by treating gum-arabie with dilute
nitric acid, and applying heat, when a
white powder precipitates, which is
mucic acid. It is soluble in boiling water,
and combines with alkalies, earths, and
metallic oxides, forming a class of salts
called mucates.

Mo’citace, Fr. from Lat. mucus, the
slimy discharge from the nose. Vegetable
mucus: one of the proximate elements
of vegetables. The same substance is
gum when solid, and mucilage wher in
solution. Perhaps the purest specimen of
mucilage is gum-arabic, which, when
distilled per se, affords pyromucic «cid,

i eee =

MUF 493

MUL

and when treated with dilute nitric acid
affords mucic acid.

Mvcx, Runnino a. Figuratively, an
indiscriminate attack upon friends and
enemies ; such as is made by the Malays,
when intoxicated with opium or bangue.

Mv’cor. Mouldiness. An old Latin
word, retained by botanists to denote that
genus of minute and evanescent fungi
found on decaying bread and other yege-
table matters.

Mvcovus Granps. Glands of the body
which secrete mucus.

Mv’cous MremeraneE. The membra-
nous lining of the canals and cavities of
the body, which are exposed to the con-
tact of air and other inorganic substances.

Mv’cro Cor’pis. The lower pointed end
of the heart: mucro, a sharp point.

Mv’cus, Lat. from svg, the mucus of
the nose. A name common to two sub-
stances: (1.) Animal mucus: one of the
primary fluids of the animal body, gene-
rally combined with gelatine and albu-
men, but distinct from these substances,
It forms a layer of greater or less thick-
ness on the surface of the mucous mem-
branes, and is renewed with more or less
rapidity. itis not soluble in water, nor
eapable of mixing oil and water, which
mucilage is, and it is soluble in the mine-

’ val acids, which vegetable mucus is not.

(2.) Vegetable mucus. See Muctvace.
Mvp-Sitt. A sill of a bridge, &c.,
which is placed at the bottom of a river.
Mvez’z1n. In Mohammedan countries,
the officer who proclaims the summons
to prayer at the regular periods.
Mor’rie. 1. Germ. muffeln, to mask.
To muffle the oars of a boat is to put
some matting, &c. round that part which
lies on the edge of the gunwale of the boat,
to prevent its making a noise against the
tholes.—— 2. Sp. mufla. A chemical
vessel, in the shape of an oblong arch or
vault, closed behind by a semicircular
plane, and having a rectangular flat
bottom, on which small vessels of any
kind may be set to protect them from the
actual contact of the ‘uel of the furnace

in which the muffle is placed. The
muffle is entirely open at one end, and
has sometimes smail slits to allow free
access of the hot air. It is used in cupel-
lation.
Mor’t1, }) Ahigh priest of the Moham-
Birer’ri. ) mecan religion.

MuGerero’n1ans. <A sect of fanatics,
which arose in England, in 1657 ; so de-
nominated from ther leader Ludowic
Muggleton, a tailor, who, with his asso-
ciate Reeves, asserted that they were
the two last witnesses of God mentioned
in the Revelations.

Mv’ait. The name given by Linneus
to a genus of acanthopterygious fishes,
forming the type of the family Mugiloides,
Cav. The common mullet (M. cephalus,
Cuy.) isthe best known of several species
which the European seas produce. This
fish is gregarious, and resorts in vast
troops to the mouths of rivers. The
fiesh is much esteemed.

Mveitor’pes. <A family of acantho-
pterygious fishes: type Mugil, Lin. The
other genera are the Tetragonurus and
Atherina (the Aphyes of the ancients).—
Cuvier.

Mo.ar’to. The offspring of a white
woman by a negro, and vice versé. The
mixed descendants of Europeans and Indi-
ans are called Mestinos. The term mu-
latto is Spanish, from mulo, a mule: Lat.
mulus.

Mut’serry. The Morus nigra is the
common mulberry-tree, and its fruit is
termed the Mulberry; but the name
mulberry is common to all the species of
the genus morus, of which there are
nine.

Motcu. A name (local) for dung for
manure.

Mute, Sax. mal, from Lat. mulus. 1. An
animal of mongrel breed: usually applied
to denote the offspring of a mare by an
ass, and vice versa. 2. The offspring of
two plants of different species.

Mute, or Mvutze-Jennx. A machine
employed in cotton-spinning, invented
by Samuel Crompton, a weaver, of re-
spectable character, and moderate cir-
cumstances, near Bolten ; so named from
its combining the principles of Ark-
wright’s water-frame, and Hargreave’s
jenny. Like the former it has a system
of rollers to reduce the roving; and like
the latter it has spindles without bobbins
to give the twist, and the thread is
stretched and spun at the same time by
spindles, after the rollers have ceased to
give out the rove. The distinguishing
feature of the mule is, that the spindles,
instead of being stationary, as in both
the other machines, are placed in a move-
able carriage, which is wheeled out to
the distance of 54 or 56 inches from the
roller-beam, to stretch and twist the
thread, and wheeled in again to wind it
on the spindles. By this arrangement,
comprising the advantages both of the
rollers and spindles, the thread is stretched
more gently and equably, and a much
finer quality of yarn can therefore be
produced.

MUL

494 MUM

Mo’tier. 1.In law, a married woman.
yy Lawful female issue born in wed-

oc

Mutt. In Scotland, a term almost sy-
nonymous with cape.

Moutuiaciraw’ny. In cookery, a Coro-
mandel dish; from the Tamul words mu-
lagar, pepper, and tanee, water; as there
is no meat whatever in the dish, being
merely a kind of decoction of pepper

Mor'tas. The priests of Tartary.

Mcv’‘ter, from mola,amill-stone. 1. A
stone with (sometimes without) a handle,
used for grinding colours and other mat-
ters on a large flat stone.——2. Aninstru-
ment used by glass-grinders, being a
piece of wood with the piece of glass to
be ground cemented to one end, either
convex in a basin, or concave in a sphere
or bowl.

Mov'ter. 1. In ichthyology. See Muett.
—2. In heraldry, a figure, in addition to
the family arms, made by the junior
branches of a family,as the mark of their
cadence.

Mot'tion, or Man’non. Inarchitecture,
the upright post dividing two lights in a
window.

Motriarti’cutate, Lat. multus, and
articulus, joint. In zoology, applied to
the antennz of insects, &c. composed of
a number of joints.

Mo tricar’sutar, Lat. multicapsularis.
Having many capsules: from multus,
many, and capsula, a capsule.

MULTICARIN’ATE, Lat. multus, and ca-
rina, keel. Applied to a shell traversed
‘by many keel-like ridges.

Mu’TIDENTATE, Lat. multus, and dens,
tooth. Applied to a part armed with
many tooth-like processes.

Mot'tirip, Lat. multifidus, many-cleft:
from multus, many, and jfindo, to divide.

Mu ttiIFto’rovs, Lat. multiflorus, many-
flowered: from multus, many, and jlos,
flower.

MuLTILo’cuLar,
many-celled :
doculus, a cell.

MUcLTINo’MIAL, Lat. multus, and nomen,
name. In algebra, an expression con-
sisting of several terms connected by the
signs + or —. Called also polynomial or
polynome.

Motripar’t1TE, Lat. multipartitus. Havy-
ing many and deep divisions: from mul-
tus, many, and partitus, divided. Ap-
plied to leaves, &c.

Mvr’ripepe, Lat. multipes, an animal
having more than four feet: from multus,
many, and pes, a foot.

Mut'tiere. 1. Lat. multipler, many-
foid: from mulfus, many, and plico, to
fold.—2. In arithmetic, a multiple is
a number which contains another num-

Lat. multilocularis,
from multus, many, and

ber a certain number of times: thus, 20 |
is a multiple of 2 or 5; itis also a common |

multiple of 2and 5; but the least common
multiple of 2 and 5 is 10.

Muv'tiece Points. In analytical geome-
try, when a curve intersects itself, the
cutting point is called a multiple point.

Mout’tipte Vatvurs. In algebra, sym-
bols which fulfil the algebraic conditions
of a problem when several different
values are given them.

Mov ’TiPricann, Lat. wultipticondas, )

Mottietica’tion, Lat. multiplicatio,

Mcttierica’tor, Lat. multiplicator,
from multus, many, and plico, to fold.
Multiplicator is an arithmetical operation
by which any given number, called the
multiplicand, is repeated any number of
times or parts ofa time, according as the
multiplicator is a whole number or a
fraction: thus, 12 multiplied by 3 is 36:
the number 12 is the multiplicand, 3 is
the multiplicator or multiplier, and 36 is
the product arising from the multiplication
of12 by 3. Multiplication is called simple
when the terms are abstract numbers,
and compound when the multiplicand isa
concrete number.

Mov’tietyine Grass. A glass whereby
objects appear to be increased in num-
ber: otherwise called a polyhedron, being
ground into several. planes that make
angles with each other.

Mottisit/iauz. The 26th natural order
of plants according to Linnzeus, from mul-
tus, many, and siligua,a pod. The helle-
bores are examples.

Motrtispi’rat. Applied to univalve
shells exhibiting numerous narrow coils.

Mottistrrate, multus; stria, streak.
Marked with many streaks.

Mut’tTivatve, from multus, many, and
valve, valves. Multivalyular: having
many valves: applied to mollusca which
have,in addition to the two principal
valves, small supplementary pieces of
shell.——2. A multivalvular shell.

Mvctro’ca. The Turkish code of laws.

Motrun’cutate, multus ; ungula, hoof.
The hoof of animals which is divided
into more than two parts.

Mcv'tore, Lat. multura,a grin . An
emolument given in Scotland to the les-
see of a mill for grinding corn.

Mum. A sort of ale brewed from
wheaten malt: much used in Germany,
where it is called mumme. It is chiefly
brewed at Brunswick.

Mvu’m1a. A variety of mineral pitch,
soft and tough like shoemaker’s wax
when warm, but brittle in cold weather.
Found in Persia.

Mocm’my. An embalmed body: Lat.
mumia, from Arab. mum, wax. Bodies
dried in the sun, such as are found in the
sands of Libya, are also called mummies,
although the name appears to be properly
applicable to those embalmed bodies
taken from the catacombs of Egypt.

Datta

MUR 495

MUS

tian mummy was highly esteemed
for its medicinal virtues by the Arabian
physicians, and subsequently a perfect
rage for mummy prevailed in Europe.
This induced the Jews to prepare all the
dead bodies they couid get, in such a
manner as to resemble the ancient mum-
mies, which they did by filling the cra-
nium with asphaltum, pouring the same
substance into incisions made in the
limbs, and binding them up, and lastly
exposing the bodies to the heat of the sun.
This fictitious mummy was sold for the
real, the Jews realised immense sums of
money, and mummy retained its efficacy,
till, unfortunately, towards the latter end
of the 16th century, the slave of a Jew at
Damietta, who carried on a great traffic
in mummies, having been ill-used by his
master, disclosed the mystery of the mum-
mies to the pasha. ‘This was the signal
for a universal demand upon the coffers
of Jewish manufacturers, and the traftic
consequently ceased. The doctors found
that they had been outwitted, and
mummy went out of fashion.

Mcumps. A popular name of that sort
of quinsy which is accompanied by in-
flammation and swelling of the parotid
glands. Technical name Parotitis.

Men’‘pic. Avariety of marcasite found
chiefly in tin mines, and so named from
its shining appearance.

Monicre'ium. In Roman antiquity, a
corporation, borough, or enfranchised
city, where the inhabitants enjoyed their
own laws and the privileges of Roman
citizens (but some with and some with-
out the votive suffrage). Hence our epi-
thet mtinicipal as applied to the laws, &c.
of eny particular city. The root is muni-
ceps (from munus, office, and capio, to
take), a free citizen.

Mon’seer (Indian). Aspecies of Rubia
tinctorum or madder, produced in various
distriets in India. It is used for the same
purposes as the European madder, but is
reckoned inferior.

Mo’nimeyts. In law, all manner of
writings, as charters, feoffments, releases,
&c., relating to a person’s estate or inhe-
ritance; a university, cathedral, &c.

Murzna. The eel. A genus of apo-
dal fishes. This genus, according to Lin-
nzeus, has been successively divided into
five or six genera: the principal are the
Anguilla, Cuy. (eels proper) ; the Conger,
Cuy. (conger eels); the Murena, Thun-
berg. The last comprises the Murenze
properly so called, which have no vestige
of pectorals ; but have their branchi open
on each side by a small hole. These are
common in the Mediterranean. Name
peugaiver, from feugw, to flow.

Mve'rat. Appertaining to a wall; from
wurus.5 wail. A mural arch is an arched
We placed exactly in the plans of the

meridian for fixing alarge quadrant, sex-
tant, or other instrument, to observe the
meridian altitude, &c. of the heavenly
bodies.

Mv’rat Crown. A crown given, as a
mark of distinction, among the Romans,
to him who first scaled the walls of a be-
sieged city, and there planted a standard.

Mv’rex. A genus of univalvular, spi-
ral shells: animal a limax; inhabits the
ocean, and has been held in high esteem
from the earliest ages, on account of the
dye which some of the species yield.
Name murez, “‘ the shell-fish of the liquor
whereof purple colour is made: the purple
colour itself.’”” This genus, according to
Linnzeus, comprises al! those shells of the
order Pectirtbranchiata, in which there
is a salient and stringent canal, but the
Murex of Brugueir includes only those
whicb in addition to this character have
varices across the whorls. The other sub-
genera are the Ranella, Lam., the Fusus,
Brug., and the Turbinella, Lam.

Mov’riare. A salt formed by the union
of the muriatic (hydrochloric) acid with
a salitiable base. Those saline substances
called muriates are in reality chlorides
when dry, and hydrochlorates when in so-
lution.

Moriaric. Pertaining to sea-salt (mu-
ria), as muriatic acid, called also marine
acid and spirit of salt ; its correct name is
hydrochloric acid (q. v.). Chlorine was also
formerly called oxygenated muriatic acid,
being regarded as a compound of the mu-
riatic acid with an equivalent of oxygen.

Moer’ratin. An infectious and fatal dis-
ease among cattle, which particularly
prevails in hot and dry seasons. Origin
of the term is not well ascertained. The
Spanish word morrina, and the Portu-
guese morrinha are synonymous.

ea REY Or SANGUINE. In heraldry, dark
red

Mur’ RHINE, Lat. murrhinus, from pevp-
pives. An epithet for a description of
delicate ware brought from the east:
Pliny says from Carmania, now Kerman,
in Fersia. The nature of the substance
of which the vasa murrhina were com-
posed is still doubtful, but the description
seems to denote fluor spar

Mvr’zas. The narediGary nobility of
the Tartars.

Mus. A genus of mammiferous quadru-
peds: order Rodentia. The common mouse
(M. musculus, Lin.), the black rat (M. rat-
tus, Lin.), the Norway or brown rat (M.
decumanus, Pall.),are well known species.
The two large species appear to be na-
tives of the East. The black rat found its
way into Europe in the 10th century ;
the brown rat in the 18th century. This
last belongs to Persia, where it lives in
furrows. The mouse is known every where,
Name mus, from nus, from uw, to hide,

MUS

496

MUS

Mvu’szx. A genus of plants. Polygamia
—Monecia. Name from povcw, “ the
moss tree, whose leaves are so large that
a child may-be wrapped in them.” The

lantain tree and Banana tree are well
known tropical species. According to
some, the name musa is a corruption of
mauz, the Egyptian name of the Plantain
tree; according to others, this plant was
named musa,in honour of Antonius Musa,
the physician of Augustus. Some again
consider the origin of the name to have
some connexion with musa, a song.

Mus‘capDINE VINE. Vitis apiana.
cies of vine, thus named from the Viability
of its grapes to be attacked by bees and
flies (musce). It yields the rich muscadine
wine of Languedoc and Roussillon.

Mvus’cz Vouiran’res. <A disease or af-
fection of the eyes, in which dark spots
and small serpentine figures appear to
float before the person. The muscz voli-
tantes are commonly not observed when
the person is young and in good health,
but they exist in all eyes, however healthy,
and may be observed by looking ata clear
sky through a very small aperture, such
as a pin-hole made in acard. The musce
always appear to rise, their real motion
of course being downwards

MuscHet Katx (Ger.). ‘se shell-lime-
stone formation.

Mus‘cr. Mosses. The 56th natural order
of nts in Linneus’ system, and the
2nd order of the class Cryptogamia. See
Moscvs.

Muscic’apa. The fly-catcher. A genus
of passerine birds of passage. The species
are numerous, and form such subgenera
as Tyrannus, Muscipeta, Muscicapa, Gym-
nocephalus, &c. The true muscicapa live
on.fiies, whence the name from musca, a
fly, and capio, to catch.

Muscte, Lat. musculus, dim. of mus, a

“mouse (being supposed to resemble a
flayed mouse). 1. The muscles are the
organs of motion in animal bodies, consist-
ing of fibres susceptible of contraction
and relaxation; one set according ‘to the
will (when in a healthy state), and there-
fore called voluntary muscles; another set
perform their functions independently of
the will, as the heart, stomach, intestines,
&c., these are termed inroluntary muscles.
The muscles of respiration being in some
measure under the control of the will
are said to have a mized motion. When
the fibres of a muscle are placed parallel
to each other, in a straight direction, itis
ealled a rectilinear muscle; if the fibres
cross and intersect each other, they con-
stitute a compound muscle ; when the fibres
are disposed in the manner of rays, they
form a radiated muscle, when they are
placed obliquely, like the plume’of a pen,
it isa perniform muscle. When muscles

actin oppesitien te exh cthar, they are

termed antagonists, and every extensor has
a flexor for its antagonist, and vice versd.
Almost every muscle is composed of fleshy
and tendinous tibres, occasionally inter-
mixed, but the fleshy fibres generally pre-
vailing in the belly or middle part ort the
muscle, and the tendinous ones at the
extremities. See Muscutar.—2. A bi-
valvular shell. See Myritvs.

Mus’cte Banv. A substratum of im-
perfect ironstone and indurated shells
(mostly resembling fresh-water muscles),
found in the Derbyshire and Yorkshire
coal fields

Muscova’ po. Unrefined sugar: the raw
material from which loaf sugar is pro-
cured by refining. See SuGar.

Mvs’‘covy Duck. The Anas Moscata, Lin.,
called also Sheldrake, and now placed in
a subgenus under the name Zadorna. It
is a native of South America, where it
perches on trees.

Mous‘cutar. Pertaining to a muscle.
Muscular fibre: the fibres which compose
the body of a muscle are disposed in bun-
dles, which are probably subdivisible ad
infinitum. These muscles are essentially
composed of fibrine and ozmazome. Mus-
cular motions: these are of three kinds,
viz., voluntary, involuntary, and mixed.
See Muscte.

Mvescvus. A moss: from os, tender,
in allusion to its tender and delicate con-
sistence. Plural, musci (q. v )

Mv’sts. Poetical deities which preside
over the various branches of polite learn-
ing: said to be the daughters of Jove and
Mnemosyné, and companions of Apollo
upon Parnassus. All the functions of the
Muses are sometimes united in Mnemé,
Acede, and Meleté; i.e. Memory, Song,
and Meditation; but it is more usual te
reckon nine, viz., Clio, to whom is as-
cribed the invention of history, Melpo-
mene, of tragedy, Thalia, of comedy,
Euterpe, of the use of the flute, Terpsi-
chore, of the harp, Erato, of the lyre and
lute ; Calliope, of heroic verse, Urania, of
astronomy, and Polyhymnia, of rhetoric.

Musr’cM, wovctsev. Originally the name
of a palace in Alexandria, and now used
as a denomination for any apartment or
building set apart as a repository for such
things as have an immediate relation to
the arts and sciences: a cabinet of curi-
osities.

Mvsn’room. The common name of nu-
merous species of cryptogamic plants of
the natural order Fungi, some of which
are edible, and others poisonous. Name
corrupted from French, mousseron, from
mousse, moss. See Funct, PHatevus, and
AGARICUS.

Mo'stc. 1. The science which treats of
the proverties, dependencies, and re+stions
of nekdious sounds.——2. The artof pre-

)
3
1

MUS 497

MYO

ducizg melody and harmony by the due
tombination and arrangement of sounds.
According to Hermes, ovcixy, compre-
hends the general knowledge of order,
and this was also the doctrine of Plato,
who taught that everything in the uni-
verse is music. Hence among the an-
cients, music had a much wider significa-
tion than we are inclined to give it.

Mvstcat Grasses. A musical instru-
ment, consisting of a number of glass
goblets, tuned by pouring more or less
water into them, and played upon with
the end of a finger damped.

Musk. 1. In zoology, see Moscuvus.——
2. An odoriferous substance, obtained
from the Moschus moschiferus, or Thibet
musk, which inhabits the Alpine moun-
tains of the east of Asia. The musk is
found in a little bag under the belly. Itis
jmported from China.——3. The substance
called artificial musk, is a tincture, pre-
pared by the action of nitric acid on rec-
tified oil of amber, and dissolving the pro-
duct in alcohol.

Mus’‘Ker. Fr. mousquet. A description
of handgun used in war, originally tired
by means of a match-lock, but now by a
spring-lock fitted with a flint and steel.

MuskeEtoo’'N, Fr. mousqueton. A short
thick musket, carrying 7$0z. of lead: the
shortest description of blunderbuss.

Musx-ox. A bovine quadruped of
North America, the Bos moschatus, Gm.
Considerably smaller than the common
vx. The legs are very short and thick,
gad the hair is very long and matted.

Musk-roszE. A species of rose, from
which an odorous oil is extracted at
Tunis

Muvs’t1xn. A fine thin cotton fabric,
originally imported from the East, but
now manufactured in Britain in vast
quantity. The name is Indian, mousein,
Anglicised.

Musopn’aca. The Plantain-eater. A
genus of birds. Order Scansorie. Name
from musa, the plantain-tree,and gayw, to
eat ; because its principal food is the fruit
of the plantain and banana. One species
is known,the M.violacea, Viell. Guinea
and Senegal.

Mvus’sutman- A Mahommedan. The
term signifies “resigned to God,” and is
the dual number of Moslem.

Mous’rarp. In botany, a name common
to all the plants of the genus Sinapis, of
which Don enumerates twenty-seven
species ; of which four are indigenous in
Britain.——2. The ground seeds of the
black-seeded (M. nigra), or white-seeded
(M. alba), which are indigenous, and
much cultivated in England, both for
medicinal and culinary purposes. The
black mustard is the most pungent.

Mvusre’ta. The name given by Linnezus

toa genus of carnivorous mammalia, of
the digitigrade tribe, now subdivided into
four subgenera; the polecats (Pectorius,
Cuy.), the true weasel (Mustela, Cuv.), the
skunks (Mephitis, Cuy.), and the white-
tailed skunk (Mydace, F. Cuv.). The Mus-
tela, Cuy., comprehends the marten (UM.
martes, Lin.), the sable (M. zibellina,
Pall.), so highly valued for its fur, and
several North American martens,: indi-
cated by travellers under the indefinite
names of Pekan, Vision, Mink, &c. See
MARrTEN.

More. 1. In grammar, a letter which
represents no sound: k, p,and ¢ are mutes.
—2. In music, a little utensil of wood or
brass, used on a violin, todeaden or soften
the sounds.—3. Among undertakers,
mutes are persons employed to stand at
the door of the deceased until the body is
carried out.—4. Inlaw, itis said ofa per-
son who refuses to plead to an indictment
for felony, &c.

Mo’ruxrs. In architecture, a projecting
ornament of the Doric cornice, which oc-
cupies the place of the modillion in the
other orders, and supposed te represent
the ends of rafters.

Muz’srazs. Christians under the Moor-
ish government in Spain.

Mvz’zLe-LasH’1ng. The act of securing
the muzzle of a gun, on boardaship, to the
upper part of the port.

My’a. The Gaper. The name given by
Linnzus toa genus of Mollusca ; family
Inclusa, Cuy. The shell is bivalvularand
oblong, but the hinge varies, which cir-
cumstance has caused the genus to be
variously subdivided. Name pve, fe.
jevs, Plin. ix. 35.

Myz’atze. A genus of aquatic insecti-
vorous mammalia; the Desmans, of which
the Russian musk-rat is the best known
species. [t is nearly as large as a shrew,
jnhabits the banks of rivers and lakes of
Southern Russia, where it lives on worms,
larva of insects, &c.

Mvroe’napry, from “us, a muscle, and
yeaéy, description. Description of the
muscles of the body.

Myovocy, from sus, a muscle, and
Aoyes, discourse. The doctrine of the
muscles.

My’orsy. from nua, a fly, and ois,
vision. That state of vision in which
musc@ volitantes are seen before the eyes;
clumsily written sometimes myodesopsy.

Myorn’era. The Ant-catcher. A genus
of passerine’ birds of the dentirostrine
family. The species live on insects, chiefly
on ants,and are found in both continents,
ae pow is about the size of a E lps ox

ame from “via, an insect, and ¢yesoy,
a beast. eae ; .

Myor’omy, from svg, a muscle and

EK

MYR

498

MYR

rt » to cut. The anatomy of the
muscles of the human subject.

Myox’us. The Dormouse. A genus of
mammals of the order Rodentia, Cuv.
Name from “us, a mouse, and egus, sharp,
(the sharp-nosed mouse, or rat). The
dormice pass the winter in lethargy like
the marmots. The Common Dormouse
(M. avellanerius, Lin.) constructs its nest
of grass in the hollows of trees. The
Garden Dormouse (M. nitelea, Gm.) shel-
ters itself in holes of the walls. The Fat
Dormouse (M. glis, Lin.) of the South of
Europe is as large as the Norway rat,and
nestles in the hollows of trees and fissures
of rocks. This is probably the rat fat-
tened by the ancients, among whom it
was considered a delicacy of the highest
description. There are some other less
known species.

Myriacram'mE, from pugs, 10,000, and
gramme (q.v.). A French weight equal
to 10,000 grammes, or 26°795 lbs. troy.

Myeiati’rre, from vee, 10,900, and
litre (q. v.). A French measure of capa-
city equai to 10,000 litres, or 353717146
cub. feet.

Myniame’rre, from pvesx, 10,000, and
metre {/q.v.). A French measure of length
= 10,000 metres, or 10,936°389 Eng. yards.

Myrriap’opa. An order of insects, com-
monly called Centipedes: from seveios,
innumerable, and zeus, a foot. They are
the only insects which have more than
six feet in their perfect state, and whose
abdomen is not distinct from the trunk.
Cuvier divides them into two families,
Chilognatha and Chilopoda.

Myr‘1are, from pevese, 10,000, and are
(q.v.). A French superficial measure of
10.000 acres.

Myri‘ca. The Candle-berry Myrtle. A
genus of trees. Diecia—Tetrandria. The
Gale or Sweet Willow is the British type
of the genus. The other species mostly
belong to warm climates. One species,
the M. cerifera of North America, yields
a green wax, from which candles are
made. Name borrowed from the Greek
“Mvgszz, which however appears to be
the Zamarix Gallica.

Myrici’ne. The ingredient of wax
which remains after digestion in alcohol.
Dr. John, who first described it, gave it
this name, because it is very abundant
in the green wax of the Myrica cerifera.
See Myrica.

Myrx‘tctn. That portion of wax which
is insoluble in water.
Myriopuyi’tum. Water milfoil. A

genus of indigenous perennial plants,
Monecia—Polyandria. Name from peveios,
innumerabie, and gyAAcy, a leaf, on ac-
count of its number of leaves. Two
species.

Myatora’Ma, from nugios, inn rable,
and oeaux, a picture. A moveable pic-
ture, capable of forming an aimvost end-
less variety of picturesque scenes, being
painted on cards, which may be placed
together in numberless combinations.

Myris’Tica. The Nutmeg-tree. A genus
of three species. Diawcia—Monadelphia.
The true nutmeg and mace tree (WM. mos-
chata) is a native of the East Indies. The
other species, of Santa Fé and Surinam,
produce nutmegs of very inferior quality.

Myrmecorn’aca. The Ant-eater. A
genus of many animals, with a long muz-
zle, terminated by a smooth ‘toothless
mouth, from which it protrudes a fili-
form tongue, which it insinuates into
ant-hills and the nests of ‘Termites,
whence these insects are drawn by being
entangled in the viscid saliva which
covers it. The Ant-eaters inhabit the
western continent, and are placed by
Cuvier among the ordinary Edentata,
Name from “ugung, an ant, and gazw,
to eat.

Myrme’tron. The Lion-ant. A genus
of neuropterous insects: family Plani-
pennes,Cuv. Name from wegu7g, an ant,
and Asay, a lion, in allusion to the num-
ber of ants destroyed by the larva of the
common European species, the Dl. for-
micarium, Lin.

MyRMILLO'NES.
gladiator.

Myrop’atan. Dried fruit of the plum
kind, brought from the East Indies; se
named from svgoy, an unguent, anc
Baruyos, a nut, because it was formerly
used in ointments, though now expunged
from the pharmacopo@ias. There are five
species of myrobalans, varying from the
size of olives to that of gall-nuts. They
are all bitterish, and unpleasant to the

te. ;

Myrox’yton. The Balsam-tree of Peru.
A genus. Diandria—Mi ia. Name
from yeveov, ointment, and gyAoy, wood.
This tree, the M. peruiferum, affords the
Peruvian balsam,and grows.in the warm-
est parts of South America. There are
three sorts of the balsam, that of incision.
the dry balsam, and the balsam of lotion.

Myrru. Muppa. 1. A drug obtained by
incision from a tree (not known botani-
cally) which grows on the eastern coast
of Arabia Felix, and that part of Abys-
sinia situated near the Red Sea, and
called by Bruce, Troglodyte.——2. In
botany, a species of Stork’s-bill, the Pelur-
gonium myrrhifolium, a tree of the Cape
of Good Hope.

Myr’rcte. 1. In botany. See Myrtrs.
2. Dutch Myrile is a name of the
Myrica Gale or Sweet Willow.-——2 Myr-
tleberry, another name for the Bleaberry.

A species of Roman

N 433 NAN

——4. Candleberry-myrtle, the Myrica ceri-
fera, the North Ameriean plant which
affords the myrtle-wax. See Myrica.

Myr’tus. Myrtle. A genus of trees. Jco-
sandria—Monogynia. Name from “uuppa,
myrrh, because of its smell, or Myrrha, a
virgin fabled to have been turned into
this tree. The species are natives of
warm climates: only one is found in
Europe, and that in the warmest parts.
The tree which affords the clove-bark,
and that which bears the Jamaica pep-
per, (the allspice or pimenta), are re-
ferred to the genus by some. See Cary-
OPHYLLIs and PimMENTA.

Mys‘rrerizs. <A kind of dramatic spec-
tacles in vogue during the early part of
the middle ages ; so called because they
taught the mysterious doctrines of Chris-
tianity, and represented the miracies
attributed to saints and martyrs. They
preceded the Moralities.

Mys’tics. A religious sect, professing
to have direct intercourse with the Spirit
of -

Mys’rictsm. In religion, applied to en-
thusiastic ideas of more direct communica-
tion with God thanis given in revelation.

Mrruovocy, from vies, a fable, and
Asyos, discourse. A system of fables re-
specting the deities which heathen nations
have supposed to preside over the world
and its affairs.

Myr‘itus. A genus of bivalve shell:
animal, ap ascidia. The true Mytili, or
Sza Muscles, have aclose shell, with equal,
convex, and trian valves: the an-
terior and longest side of the shell allow-
ing passage to the byssus. The muscle is
a littoral shell, moored to rocks, stones,
crustaceans, &c.; and the MW. edulis, Lin.,
or common muscle, is very common on
most European shores.

Myx’tne. The Hag. A genus of chon-
dropterygeous fishes, placed among the

clostomt by Dumeril. The body is cy-
lindrical, and the animal has no vestige
of eyes ; the tongue acts like a piston, and
the spine of the back is in the form of a
cord. Name from uwvéx, mucus, in allu-
sion to the vast supply of mucus which
the animal pours out through the pores
of its lateral line, to such an extent
that the water of the vases in which they
are kept seems to be converted into a jelly.
‘they attack and pierce other fishes, like
the lampreys.

N.

N, the fourteenth letter of the English
alphabet, was used by the ancients as a
numeral signifying 900, and, with a dash
over it, for 9000. In medical prescrip-
tions, N stands for numero, in number ; as
N. xij, twelve in number.

Na’sozs. A title in India, which in ite
origin signified a deputy, and was first
assumed by subordinate officers, who ruled
over districts under the soubah. In the
declension of the power of the Mogul,
many of the Nabobs obtained independent
sovereignty.

Na‘carat. A fine linen fabric, dyed fu-
gitively of a pale red colour, which ladies -
rub upon their face to give them a delicate
roseate hue. From Spanish nacar, the
lustre of mother-of-pearl.

Na’cre (French). 1. Mother-of-pearl,
orany substance resembling it. 2. Ofa
pearly lustre.

Na’creovus: applied to a surface which
reflects iridescent light.

Na‘pas. The high-priest of the Persians,
whose office and dignity are very similar
to that of the mufti of Turkey.

Na’pir. The point of the heaven im-
mediately opposite to the zenith. The
term is Arabic.

Na2’n1a. In Roman antiquities,a funeral
dirge sung to the music of fiutes.

Nz'vus. A natural mark upon children
at birth.

Na’taps. Nasedes- Water nymphs: my-
thological deities, who presided over
brooks and fountains.

Na’1ant, swimming, from yaw, to swim.
An epithet applied to fishes borne across
the escutcheon as if swimming.

Natit. A word originally applied to a
claw or talon (Sax. naegel or negl, from a
root signifying tocatch). 1. The fingers
and toes of man are provided with nails ;
but the nails on the feet of birds and in-
ferior animals are usually termed claws.——
2. Injoinery, &c., the small spikes of iron,
&c. used to fasten parts together are cailed
nails. These are of various kinds: as
buck nails, with flat shanks; clasp nails,
or brads, with flat heads; clench nails,
used by boat-builders ; dog nails, used to
fasten hinges; rose nails, with square
shanks; seupper nails, for nailing canvass,
&c. to wood ; square nails, for hard wood;
tacks, for fixing paper, &c. on wood. There
are also deck nails, port nails, &c., used by
ship-builders ; clout nails, with flat heads,
for fixing iron work, clouts to axles, &c.
—3. Nail is also the name of a measure
of ae equal to the l-sixteenth of a

ard.

Na‘tvetr’, Fr. naiveté. Native sim-
plicity ; unaffected ingenuousness

Na’Kep, not covered. Naked flowers are
such as are furnished with a corolla, but
have no calyx. Naked seeds are seeds not
inclosed in any pod or case. Naked floor-
ing, the framing of one or more rows of
equidistant beams of timber (joists) for
supporting the boarding.

NANKEE’N, OF NaNKIN. A species of
cotton cloth, manufactured chieily in the

te

NAR

500

NAT

province of Kyang nan, in China, the ca-
pital of which is Kyang-ning, corrupted
‘oy Enropeans into Nanking.

Napn’rHa, yagla. An inflammable
liquid mineral substance, of the bitumi-
nous kind, perfectly colourless when pure,
exhaling an agreeable bituminous smell,
and which occurs in considerable springs
in different parts of Persia, in Sicily, and
in Italy. It is used instead of oil, and
differs from petroleum, obtained by dis-
tilling coal, only by its greater purity and
lightness. It is composed of 8 carbon and
12 hydrogen by volume; sp. gr. °755.

NapuTHawic Acip. <A crystalline pro-
duct, resembling benzoic acid, obtained
from naphthaline.

Napu’THALINE. A greyish-white sub-
stance, found during the rectification of
the petroleum of the coal-gas works, in-
crusting the pipes ; and may be obtained
in thin white scales by re-sublimation in
glass vessels. It has a strong smell of
naphtha, is insoluble in water, but very
soluble in ether, and moderately so in al-
cohol and oils. It is a solid bicarburet of
hydrogen. Sp. gr. 1°048.

Na’piEer’s Rops, } A set of rods, made

Na’piser’s Bones. § of bone, ivory, horn,
or the like, contrived by Lord Napier for
facilitating the arithmetical operations of
multiplication and division. They form
essentially a moveable multiplication
table, and are valuable in cases of length-
ened and continuous processes of mul-
tiplication and division.

Na’pres Yet’tow. A fine yellow pig-
ment, called giallolinoin Italy, where it
has long been prepared by a secret pro-
cess. It is employed in oil-painting, and
also for porcelain and enamel, but is now,
in a great measure, superseded by chro-
mate of lead.

Narcer’tA, from yxexy, torpor. A vegeto-
alkaline base contained in opium.

Narcissus. Daffodi An extensive
genus of perennial plants. Hexandria—
Monogynia. Name borrowed from the
Greek Nagziooss. The species are all
hardy; five are British, of which the
common daffodil (N. pseudo-narcissus), is
the most known.

Narcoric, from yaexéw, to stupify.
A term applied, both substantively and
adjectively, to medicines which have the
power of diminishing the activity of the
nervous system. To the class of narcotics
belong opium, hemlock, henbane, bella-
donna, aconite, digitalis, tobacco, &c.

Nar’cotine. The active principle of
any narcotic, but chiefly applied to the
active principle of opium, obtained by

igesting that substance in ether. The
ethereal tincture, being filtered and eva-
porated to the necessary extent, deposits
cryatais of narcotine, called also, from its

discoverer, Salt of Derosne. It is distinct
from morphia.

Narp. Spikenard. The Lavendula spica,
an odoriferous shrub, called also Indian
nard (Spica Indica). It is used by the Ori-
entals asspice. Celtic nard, the Valeriana
wo a plant which is a native of the

Nan’ pus. 1. Mat- oo A genus. Tri-
andria—Monogynia. Name borrowed from
the Greek vaeoos; said to be of Oriental
origin. One species, N. stricta, a British
perennial. 2. The nardus of the an-
cients is believed to have been the Laven-
dula spica, See Narp.

Nar’wat, Germ. narhwal. The Sea-
Nar’wHat, J unicorn (M mono-
ceros, Lin.). See Monovon.

Na’sat, Lat. nasus, nose. A nasal pro-
nunciation is given to particular letters in
some languages, as in French to m and n,
in certain positions.

Nas’cent, Lat. nascens. Beginning to
exist, from nascor, to be born.

Nas‘cent Strate. The state of gaseous
Bodies at the moment of their evolution,

Nastt’um (Lat.). Freight. Anciently
the money put into the mouths of de-
ceased persons, to pay their fare across

the Styx.
Nastor’ ‘TIUM. A. genus of herbaceous
plants. Yetr Named,

quod nasum torqueat, because the seed
when bruised irritates the nose. The
species are hardy; four are natives of
Britain, of which the water-cress and
water-radish are examples.

Na’‘sva. The generic name given by
Storr to the Coati,a plantigrade nocturnal
animal of the warm parts of America. The
red coati (Viverra nusua, Lin.) is the type
of the genus. It has the dragging gait of
the racoon, and a singulariy long and
flexible snout, from which it takes its
name; asus, a nose.

Naso’ ta, Lat. nasus. In the
prolongation of the muzzle into the ‘form
of a nose.

Na’tionat Dest. Money borrowed by
the governmenton the security of the
taxes, which stand pledged to the lenders
for the payment of the interest. See
Funps.

Nartviry. The day of a person’s birth ,
from natus, born. The termis used in
speaking of the saints; as the nativity of
St. John: but The Nativity is under-
stood to mean that of Jesus Christ, or
Christmas-day.

Nar’rouite. A variety of prismatic
zoolite, found in small reniform, rounded,
or irregular masses, composed of minute
fibres ; so named from the large propor-
tion of soda or natron (24°5 per cent.)
which it contains. Its colour is commonly
yellowish brown, owing to about 1°75 of
oxide of iron which it contains.

NAU 601

NEA

Na’rron. Native sesqui-carbonate of
soda, which occurs in Egypt and other
hot countries, in the bottoms of salt lakes,
which are sometimes dried up by the heat
of the sun. In the province of Sukena,
in Northern Africa, it exists, under the
name of 7rona, crystallised along with
sulphate of soda: in Columbia it is dug
up in vast quantities under the name of
Urao. It is said to take its name from
the lake Natron in Judea. It is never
found pure.

Nar’urat. Appertaining to nature, as
1. Natural History, a description of the

‘natural productions of the earth, water,

and air ; such as beasts, fish, birds, insects,
worms, reptiles, plants, minerals, &c.
These are arranged sometimes in arti-
Jicial and sometimes in natural orders,
from their external habits and cha-
racters. The branches of natural history
are zoology, ichthyology, ornithology,
entomology, botany, mineralogy, and
meteorology. —— 2. Natural Philosophy,
the science which considers the properties
of natural bodies, and their mutual action
on one another, appropriately called phy-
sics (q. y.). It comprehends mechanics,
hydrostatics, hydraulics, optics, electri-
city, magnetism, galvanism, and, in its
widest sense, chemistry.——3. In music,
natural harmony is that produced by the
natural and essential chord of the mode.
A natural or a natural note isa note which,
according to the usual order of the scale,
is opposed to fiat and sharp notes,
which are called artificial.

Natvuraiza’tion. In law, the invest-
ing of an alien with the rights of a native-
born subject.

Nav’macuy. A representation of a sea-
fight: Lat. nauwmachia, from yeus, a ship,
and way, fight. The naumachia formed
an important part of the Circensian games
among the Romans. The nawmachiarii,
or those who fought in these exhibitions,
were gladiators, slaves, and criminals,
who were doomed to die unless saved by
the interposition of the people or of the
master of ceremonies.

Navs‘corr, from yevs, a ship, and
cxortm, to view. The art of ascertaining,
at a very great distance, the approach of
vessels ; or, being on a vessel, the approach
to land.

Nav’sea, Lat. from yavcia, from VOUS
aship. Originally and properly sea-sick-
ness, but now applied generally to sick-
ness at the stomach with inclination to
vomit.

Nav’ticat Inpica’tor; ig a somewhat
complicated machine invented by James
Hunter, M.P.s., Glasgow (1817), for find-
ing the latitude, longitude, and variation
of the compass without a meridian ob-
Servation. The same machine was after-

wards patented (1823) by Joseph Bord-
wine, Esq., Professor of Fortification at
the East India Company’s Military Coi-
lege at Addiscombe. The invention, how-
ever, is believed to be equally due to
both, as there is no proof that Mr. Bord-
wine knew anything of Mr. Hunter’s
machine.

Nav‘titus. A little sailor, from nauta,
asailor. A genus of univalve multilocu-
lar marine shells, inhabited by a cephalo-
poda. At present the nautilus is an in-
habitant of the tropical seas, but its fossil
remains are found in strata of every age,
from the mountain-limestone upwards,
and in every latitude. It takes its name
from it being possessed of a hydraulic
apparatus, by which it is enabled so to
modify its specific gravity as to float or
sink itself at will: onthe surface it navi-
gates its little skiff with great dexterity ;
at the bottom it creeps with the boat
uppermost.

Navat Crown. Navalis corona. Among
the Romans, a crown given to him who
first boarded an enemy’s ship. It wasa
circle of gold surmounted by nautical
emblems.

Nave, Sax. nafa, the middle. 1. The
middle part or body of a church, distinct
from the aisles or wings. 2. In mecha-
nics, the centre piece of a wheel, in which
the spokes are fixed, and through which
the axle passes.

Navic’utar, Lat. navicularis, boat-like ;
from navicula, a little boat. Applied, 1.
In anatomy, to two bones, one of the
wrist and the other of the ankle, from
their supposed resemblance to a boat.——
2. In botany, to parts of plants, from their
shape.

Navica’tion, from navis, a ship. The
art and science by which ships are guided
upon the ocean from one port or harbour
to another. The sailing of boats and
other craft on rivers, canals, &c., is
termed inland navigation : when vessels
are conducted along coasts, or from one
port to another on the same coast, it is
coasting.

Naviea’trors. 1. Sailors.——2. Men ac-
customed to work upon canals, rail-
ways, &c.

Navr're. An order of knighthood in-
stituted in France, in 1269, by St. Louis.

Naz’arENrEs. A name originally given
to all Christians, but afterwards appro-
priated to a sect who blended the Mosaic
law with the Gospel; from Nazareth.

Naz’aritres. Jews who professed great
purity of life, i.e., abstained from wine,
— did not shave or cut the hair of the

ead,

N.B. for Nota Bene, mark well.

Near. Decrescent, from Sax.hnipan, to
fall. Applied only to those tides which
happen when the moon is in the middle

NEC

502

NEM

of the second and fourth quarters. The
highest spring tide is three days after the
full or change; the lowest neap tide is
four days before the full or change.

Nearep. The situation ofa ship which
is left und on the height of thespring
tide, so that she cannot be floated off till
the next spring tide.

Neat, Ital. nette. 1. In commerce. See
Ner.——2. Sax. neat. Cattle of the bo-
vine genus, as bulls, oxen, and cows:
sometimes used tautologically, in neat
catile.

Negvra, Lat.. from vigor, vegeay, fog.
1. A dark spot, a film in the eye, or a
slight opacity of the cornea. 2. In me-
teorology, a cloudy appearance. 3. In
astronomy, a cluster of telescopic stars, or
of stars not distinguishable from each
other, but which exhibit a dim, hazy
light, appearing like a cloud when viewed
with the telescope. In a paper read be-
fore the Royal Society of London, Sir
John Herschel gives the places of 2500
nebule and elusters of stars, of which 500
were discovered from the time of-Sir
William Herschel. ——4. In heraldry, a
line drawn with undulations, resembling
the form of clouds; or a shield or charge
divided by several such lines drawn
across it.

Necessity, Doctrine or. That scheme
which represents all human actions and
feelings as being under the direction of
laws entirely similar to those which
govern the material universe.

Necx or a Capirau. In architecture, the
space between the annulet of the capital
above, and the astragal at the top of the
shaft below.

Nec’roniTE, from yexeos, dead. Fetid
felspar ; a mineral which, when rubbed or

unded,,emits a foetid odour like that of
putrid flesh. It occurs in small masses,
in limestone, near Baltimore.

Necro’sts, from yexeow, to destroy. 1.
Mortification of the bones.——2. The ab-
sorption which takes place when deer
shed their horns.

Nec’TarR, vexrue. 1. The drink of the
gods.——2. In pharmacy, a drink made of
wine and honey.——3. In botany, juices
secreted by glands placed on the organs of
fructification.

Nec’raRInE. 1. Sweet as nectar.——
2. The name of the produce of the Amyg-
dalus nucepersica, a fruit which differs from
the common peach, of which it is aspecies,
in having a smooth rind and firmer flesh.

Nec’rary, Lat. nectarium, the nectar or
honey cup. An accidental part of a flower,
which does not come under the descrip-
tion of any of its organs, but which may
be defined as that part of the corolla which
secretes the sweet juices or honey. It has
mun.erous forms.

Ner’ptez, Sax. nedl. 1. A small instru-
ment of steel pointed at one end, with an
cye at the other to receive a thread, used
in sewing. Mr. §. Cocker, of Sheffield, has
invented machinery by which needles
may be produced at a penny per 1000.——
2. The magnetic needle is a small piece of
magnetised steel, sustained on a pivot, in
the centre of a compass: its south pole
points always in the direction of the
magnetic north pole, by which means the
mariner is guided in crossing the ocean.

Ne Exeat Reano. A writ to restrain
a person from going ont of the kingdom
without the king’s license.

Neo’ative, Lat. negativus, from nego, to
deny. A term which applies denial; op-
posed to affirmative or positive. US,
“matter is not spirit,” is a negative pro-
position. In algebra, the negative sign is
that which denotes subtraction, and nega-
tive quantities are such as have the nega-
tive sign prefixed: opposed to positive
quantities and positive sign. Thus in the
expression a — ab + az, the term ab,
which has the negative sign — prefixed,
is a negative quantity, and the term az,
which has the positive sign + prefixed,
is positive. a is also a positive quantity,
the sign + being understood. Negative
electricity, according to the theory vf Dr.
Franklin, is that state of a body wherein
it has less electricity than its natural
share. At present it is termed the resin-
ous electricity, in contradistinction to the
vitreous. A negative pregnant is a nega-
tion of one thing implying the affirmation
of another.

Ne’crors. A variety of the human spe-
cies, deriving their name from one of
their most striking characteristics, the
black colour of their skin. Ital. and Sp.
negro, black, from Lat. niger. The females
are negresses. The negro country seems
to be the central portion of Africa, but
the peculiar negro formation is observable
in eastern and western portions of that
continent, and is most strongly developed
in Guinea.

Ne Insvs’tEe Vex’es. A writ of prohi-
bitiom to the lord, not to distrain or vex
his tenant needlessly.

Netvum’sium. The Sacred Bean: a genus
of perennial plants. Polyandria—Polygy-
nia. Name Latinized from the Nelumbo,
the Ceylonese name of the NV. speciosum of
India, which produces the sacred bean,
The species are natives of hot climates.

Nemz’asn Games. Games celebrated in
ancient Greece, deriving their name from
Nema, a. village between the cities
Cleon and Philus, where they were cele-
brated every third year.

Nem. Con. For Nemine contradicente (no
one opposing). A phrase chiefly used in
the House of Commons, when anything
is carried without oppesition. Nemins

:

i |

NEP 503

NER

@asentiente (no one dissenting), is simi-
larly applied in the House of Lords.

Nemesis. A Greek divinity, the god-
dess of Vengeance.

Neoc’orus. The guardians of the Gre-
cian temples.

Nerot'ocy, from yeos, new, and Aoyos, a
word; the introduction of new words into
alanguage. The progress of science re-
quires perpetual exercise of neology, but
unnecessary neologisms,especially in scien-
tific language, are at all times to be re-
prehended.

Neome’n1a, from yeos, and yy. A
monthly festival, in ancient mythology,
in honour of all the gods; but especially
Apollo, who was called Neoménos.

Ne’pa. The water-scorpion: a genus of
hemipterousinsects. Family Hydrocorise.
This genus was formed by Linneus, but
it is now variously divided. Named nepa,
a scorpion, from the species, which in-
habit stagnant waters, preying on the
smaller aquatic insects.

NEPEN’THES, yyrevGes. 1.“ Adrug which
banishes sorrow, allays wrath, and causes
oblivion of all evils.”” The preparation of
hemp, known in the East under the name
of bangue, is supposed to have been the
ynxtvles Which Homer tells us Helen cast
into the wine (Odyss. lib. iv. v. 220). In
that passage, however, the word is merely
an epithet of ¢gaeuaxcy.—2. The pre-
paration now called laudanum.——3. The
pitcher-plant: a genus. Diwcia—Monan-
dria. Ceylon and China.

Negpu’ELIne. A mineral, usually found
in voleanic productions, crystallised in
six-sided prisms, and named from ye¢eAx,
a cloud, in allusion to its yellowish-white
coiour. Ii is the Sommite of Jameson,
being found only in cavities of lava at
Mont Somma. It is composed of silex,
alumina, lime, and oxide of iron.

Nepue’tium. A genus of trees. Jfo-
necia—Pentandria. One species. East
Indies.

Nepn’ratcy, Lat. nephralgia, from
vEDeOs, the kidneys, and gAyes, pain.
Pain of the kidneys, not attended by
fever.

Ne’rurite,kidney-stone (vegesrns , from
videos, a kidney). A subspecies of jade,
formerly worn by persons from an absurd
notion that it relieved disease of the
kidneys. Its colours are green, gray,
and white; its constituents are silex,
lime, alumina, soda, potash, iron, man-
ganese, and water. It is chiefly found in
the East, and in some parts of Germany,
and is worked into handles for sabres,
daggers, knives, &c.

Nrruri'tis. Inflammation of the kid-
meys (videos.

NE pLus cttrrRA, no further beyond. The
utmost extreme of anything.

Nep’otism, from Lat. nepotes, nephews,
relations. A species of favour so called,
in the grant of the Roman pontiffs, to
which many of the Italian nobility owe
their high rank.

Neprvu’ntan, pertaining to the ocean,
the domain of Neptune. The Neptunian
theory of geology was that originated by
Werner, who attempted to show that all
the formations have been precipitated
from water, or from a chaotic fluid. This
theory, which received at first almost
unanimous assent, was successfully op-
posed by the Vulcanic theory of Dr. Hutton,
so beautifully expanded and illustrated
by Lyell and some other geologists of the
present day.

Ner’ztis. TheSea-nymph. A genus of
articulata: order Dorsibranchiata. The
Nereides are described by Cuvier as having
an even number of tentacula, attached to
the sides of the base of the head; and a
little further forwards, two others that
are biarticulate, behind which are two
simple ones. They have been called Sea-
centipedes.

Ner'tra. The Sea-snail. The name
given by Linnzusto a genus of mollusca,
which is now variously subdivided:
order Pectinibranchiata: family Trochoida,
Cuv. Name borrowed from the Greek
yneirys, described by Pliny. The Nerita
is a littoral univalve shell, semi-globose,
depressed beneath, and having no um-
bilicus.

Ne’rium. The Rose-bay. <A genus of
shrubby and arborescent plants. Pentan-
dria— Monogynia. Name from yyeos,
humid, because the species grow in moist
places. The Oleander is the best known
European species.

Ner’our. The name given by perfumers
to the essential oil of orange flowers, pro-
cured by distillation with water, in the
same way as the other volatile oils.

Nexve, Lat. nervus,from yevgoy. 1. “In
the anatomy of the ancients (says Dr. K.
Grant), the nerves and tendons were
confounded under this name, and this ac-
counts for the opposite meanings of the
word nervous, which sometimes signifies
strong, sinewy, and at others weak and
irritable. In the language of modern
anatomy, the nerves are those long white
cords which arise from the brain and
spinal cord, and are distributed in all
parts of the frame, endowing it with sen-
sation and voluntary motion. They are
distinguished into cerebral and spinal : the
cerebral nerves are generally reckoned as
nine pairs; the spinal are thirty pairs,
and are divided into twelve pairs of dorsal,
five pairs of lumbar, and five of sacral.”
——2. In botany, applied to a congeries of

NEU 504

NIC

vessels, running like a rib or cord in most
leaves.

Ner’vyovs. Appertaining to a nerve:
applied—1l. In medicine, to fevers and
aifections of the nerves, and to medicines
which act on the nervous system.——2.
In anatomy and physiology, to the struc-
ture and functions of parts.——3. In
botany, to leaves which have hard fibres,
cr nerve-like cords. The nervous system
of the more perfect vertebral animals
consists of the brain and its nerves, the
spinal cord and its nerves, and the gan-
guia of the Sympathetic and filaments
connecting them with each other. The
neryous system is the seat of sensation,
volition, and motion; but by what means
conveyed is yet a mystery. Much has
been written about a subtle nervous fluid,
ca which the nervous phenomena of the
enimal are said to depend; but theh ypo-
thesis is entirely gratuitous so far as our
present knowledge goes. Nor is the
hypothesis of the celebrated Hartley,
which ascribes sensation and voluntary
motion to vibration, in the nervous sub-
stance, less free from objection. The
theory of Dr. Wilson Philip, which infers
that the nervous and galvanic energies
are identical, perhaps approaches near
the truth, although his experiments do
not legitimately lead tosuch a conclusion.

Nervur’es. 1. In botany, the veins of
leaves. 2. In entomology, corneous tubes
for expanding the wing and keeping it
tense

Ness. A terminational syllable, in
several names of places, supposed to be
derived from the French mez, or the
German nase, nose, where there is a
Leadland or promontory,—as Inverness,
Durness, Sheerness.

Nests, Escurent. A species of nest, built
by swallows peculiar to the Indian Isles,
much esteemed in China as an edible.

Nesto’rrans. Followers of Nestorius,
a heretic of the fifth century, who taught
that Christ was divided into two persons.

Ner, Sax. net, from the same root as
knit. 1. An instrument formed with
twine or thread interwoven with meshes :
for catching fish, fowls, and wild beasts.
—2. Net, or nett, from Ital. netto, pure,
free, as the net profits of a transaction ;
also clear of all tare and tret, or free of
any deductions of weight.

Ner’ruinims. The servants of the Jew-
ish priests and the Levites.

Ner’tinc. A sort of fence formed of
net-work of ropes, common in ships.

NerTre-RasH. An eruption on the
skin, like the wheals caused by the sting
ofanettle. See Urricarta. ~

Nev’raeyr, Lat. newralgia, from véveoy,
& nerve, and aAyos, pain. Pain ina
nerve, of which tic-douloureux and scia-
fica are species.

Nevrror’ocy, from y+jzov, a nerve, and
Aoyos, discourse. The doctrine of the
nerves and nervous system.

Nevko'ma, yedgos. A tumour formed
upon a nervous trunk

Nevrop’rer, from yeteoy, a nerve, and

ov, a wing. An order of insects in
which the wings are finely reticulated,
generally naked and diaphanous. The
abdomen is destitute of a sting, and is
rarely furnished with an ovipositor.
Cuvier divides them into three families ;
the Subulicornes, the Planipennes, and the
Plicipennes. The Dragon-flies, the Ter-
mites, and the Lily-flies, are examples.

Nevroromy, from yedgoy, 2 nerve, and
tizr@, to cut. 1. Dissection of the nerves.
——2. The division ofa nerve.

Nev’teEr, Lat. comp. of ne and uter, not
either; helonging to neither gender: ap-
plied in grammar to nouns which are
neither masculine nor feminine. 1. A
neuter verb is one which expresses an
action or state limited to the subject, and
which is not followed by an object, as
I walk; but the term intransitive is
more appropriate.——2. An animal which
belongs to neither sex. The working
bees are neuters; and those individuals
among the Termites called soldiers are
neuters. Their business is to keep the
labourers at work.

Nev’rrat, from neuter. 1. In chemistry,
applied to salts formed by the combina-~
tion of an acid with an alkali, and which
possess neither alkaline nor acid proper-
ties——2. in botany, applied to such
flowers or florets as have neither stamens
nor pistils, and of course produce no seed.
—3. In polities, not engaged on either
side in a dispute between nations.

NEUTRALIZ’sTION. Inchemistry, the com-
bination of an acid and an alkali, in such
proportions that the compound evinces
none of the properties of the ingredients,
or does not affect the colour of litmus
or turmeric.

Nevva'tnes, Fr. neuf, nine. In the
Roman Catholic Church, prayers offered
for nine days to obtain the favour of
Heaven.

New’et. In architecture. the upright
cylinder or pillar around which winding
stairs turn, thence called newel stairs.

New Sryte. In chronology, the days
of the year, according to the Gregorian
Calendar, adopted in England a.p. 1753.

New’TonIaAN PuttosopHy. The doctrine
of the universe as propounded by Sir
Isaac Newton. -

New Zeatanp Frax. See PHorMIvM.

NIEBELUNGEN, Lay oF THE. The oldest
existing monument of German epic
poetry.

Nicarac’va on PEAcH Woop. The wood
of a tree of the same genus ‘Cesalpinea)

.

NIC

505

NIS

as the Brazil and Japan woods, and which
grows principally in the vicinity of the
lake of Nicaragua. It is used as a dye-
wood for the same purposes as Brazil
wood, but is much inferior. The best
brings, including duty, 20]. per ton in
London.

Nicene Creep. A particular creed,
drawn up by the ecclesiastics of the
Council of Nice, and since adopted by the
Church of England.

Nicx’er. A metal of a silver white
colour, very hard and difficultly fusi-
ble, but malleable, and may be drawn
into wire of + of an inch, and rolled into
plates sw of on inch thick. It is an in-
gredient in all meteoric iron, and is found
in Bohemia, associated with arsenic, in
the mineral termed Kupfernickel (base
copper); in the Hartz combined with co-
balt, iron, and copper, in arsenic-nickel ;
as asulphuret of nickel in Haarkies ; as
a sulphuretand arseniate in nickel-glance ; a
and with sulphur and antimony in nickle-
spiess. All the ores of nickel are coppery
coloured, generally covered more or less
with a greenish-grey efflorescence, and
all its solutions in acid are nearly grass-
green. It forms ductile alloys with sil-
yer and iron, and combines with copper
and zinc to form German silver. Sp. gr.
of nickel, 8°93.

Nicorar’rans. A sect in the ancient
Christian church, so named from Nico-
las, a deacon of the Church of Jerusa-
lem. The most distinguishing tenet was
that all married women should be iny
common, to prevent jealousy. Rev. ii.

Nicoria’na. Tobacco. An extensive
genus of herbaceous plants. Pentandria
—Monogynia. Named after Nicot, who
first brought it to Europe (1560). The WN.
tabacum, an annual plant, of which there
are seven or eight varieties, is that used
for smoking. Itis a native of Virginia,
in North America. It is narcotic, emetic,
purgative, diuretic, and sternutatory.
These properties depend on the nicotine
which it contains.

Nic’ottne. A peculiar principle ob-
tained from the leaves and seeds of the
tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum), by Vauque-
lin. It is colourless, has an acrimoni-
ous taste, a pungent smell; mixes in all
proportions with water and alcohol, and
is highly poisonous. It combines with
acids, and forms salts acrid and pungent
like itself.

Nic’riratinc Memprane (the) of birds
and fishes, is a thin membrane which
covers the eyes, and thereby protects
them from the injurious effects of too
intense light, particles of dust, &c., with-
Dut entirely obstructing the sight, being
so pellucid that it is «juite pervious to
light.

Nippin. A species of minor excommu-
nication among the Hebrews, which
lasted a month.

Niv’cep Asu’tar. Ashlar squared by
means of a cuvil or pointed hammer.

Niv‘crare, Lat. nidulans, from nidulor,
to place in a nest. An epithet for the
seeds of some fruits which nestle as it
were, or are embedded on their surface,
as in the strawberry.

Nie’tto (It.) A method of plate en-
graving.

Nicet’ta. Fennel-flower. A genus of
annual plants. Polyandria—Pentagynia.
Name Quasi nigrelia, in allusion to its
black seed. The love-in-a mist, and the
devil-in-a-bush are species.

NicuHT-Fire. . Ignis fatuus or will-o’-
the-wisp.

NicuTIncaLe. A bird; the Motacilla
luscinia, Lin., a well-known songster of
the night. It builds on trees, and does
not begin to sing till the young ones are
hatched. ;

Nicur’sHapE. In botany, the deadly
nightshade is a British perennial plant,
the <Atropa belladonna. The American
nightshade is a species of Phytolacca. The
woody nightshade is a species of Solanum,
the bitter-sweet. The Palestine night-
shade belongs to the same genus. The bas-
tard nightshade belongs to the genus Ri-
vina; the enchanter’s nightshade to the
genus Circ@a; the Malabar nightshade to
the genus Basella; and the three-leaved
nightshade to the genus Trillium.

Nruin At’sum. White nothing. Flowers
or oxide of zinc.

Nitom’ETER, } Acontrivance, among the

Nit’oscope. Jancient Egyptians, to
measure the height of the water in the
river Nile in its overflowings.

Nim’svs. 1. A circle representing lu-
minous rays, on certain ancient medals,
round the heads of emperors and demi-
gods, answering to the areole or circles
of light painted round the heads of saints.
—2. The rain-cloud, a shape asscmeGé
by a cloud previous to its ultimate reso-
lution and fall in rain.

Nistu. In music, one of the dissonant
intervals.
Niv’rers. 1. Small pincers.——2. The

fore-teeth of a horse.——3. In a ship, cer-
tain pieces of cordage used to fasten the
eable to the messenger or royal, when
the former is drawn into the ship by the
application of some mechanical contriy-
ance to the latter. Nipper men are those
employed to bind the nippers about the
cable and royal.

Nv'st Prar'vs. A judicial writ which
lies in a ease where the inquest is pa-
nelled, and returned before the justices
of the bench, one party making petition
to have this wfit for the ease of the coun-
try, that the case may be tried before the

NIT

506

NOB

justices of the same county. The purport
of the writ is this: the sheriff is com-
manded to b to Westminster the men
impanelled at a certain day, before the
Vaiaiee nisi prius justiciarti ad assisas ca-

iendas venerint, that is, unless the jus-
sites shall first come into the county to
take assizes, which they always do in the
vacation prececing each Easter and Mi-
ehaelmasterm. Hence courts directed to
try matters of fact in the several counties,
are called Nisi Prius or Nisi Prius Courts.

Nirip’uta. A genus of coleopterous
insects of the pentamerous division, of
which Colobicus, Thymalus, Ips, Cercus,
and Byturus, are subgenera.

Nr’rrE, yirgoy, Saltpetre. Nitrate of pot-
ash, found ready formed in the East In-
dies, in Spain, in the kingdom of Naples,
and some other places, in considerable
quantities. It is an important ingredient
in the manufacture of gunpowder, and
from it we obtain nitric acid.

Nit’ric Acip. . An acid composed of
nitrogen and oxygen, and obtained by the
action of sulphuric acid on nitrate of pot-
ash (nitre) with the aid of heat. Nitric
acid cannot be isolated. For the purposes
of the arts it is commonly used in a dilute
State, and generally contaminated with
sulphuric and muriatic acids, under the
name of aquafortis, of which there are
two kinds: double aquafortis, which is
about half the strength of nitric acid, and
single aquafortis, which is again about
half the ‘Strength of the double. A mix-
ture of nitric acid (2 pts.) with hydrochlo-
ric acid (1 pt.) forms aqua regia, the only
solvent of goldand platinum. Pure nitric
acid is perfectly colourless.

Nit’nic OxipEe. Deutoxide of nitrogen.

Nirrite. A salt formed by combination
of nitrous acid with @ salifiable base.

Nir’RoGEN, from VITpOV, nitre, and
"yevvam, togenerate. A gaseous principle,
called also azote, constituting four-fifths of
our atmosphere. It is neither combustible
nor a supporter of combustion; possesses
neither taste nor smell, and does not com-
bine directly with any known substance,
though indirectly it unites with oxygen (in
five proportions), hydrogen, and carbon, and
forms some of the most energetic compounds
we possess. Mixed with oxygen it consti-
tutes atmospheric air; wnited with oxygen
it forms aquafortis; wnited with hydrogen
it forms ammonia, and with hydrogen and
carbon it forms prussic acid. It enters
largely into the composition of animal
bodies. Sp. gr. 0°9722.

NITROGLYCERINE, TRINITRINE, or TRI-
NITRO-GLYCERINE. A violent and dangerous
explosive body produced by the action of
concentrated nitric acid on glycerine.

Three atoms of typical hydrogen are thereby |

replaced by N 03

Ni’rro-tev’cie Acip. When leucine is
dissolved in nitric acid, and the solution
evaporated to a certain point, it passes
into a crystalline mass, which, being
pressed between blotting paper and re-
dissolved in water, yields by concentration
fine, divergent, and nearly colourless nee-
dles of nitro-leucic acid. It unites with
bases, and forms salts which fuse on red-
hot coals.

Ni’TKO-MURIATIC AcID, } Aqua

Ni'TRO-HYDROCHLOR’ic AcID. regia.
When nitric acid (2 pts.) and muriatic
acid (1 pt.) are mixed together, they be-
come yellow, and acquire the power of
readily dissolving gold and platinum,
which neither of them possesses separate-
ly. The acids by mixture are partially
decomposed, and water, chlorine, and
nitrous acid gas, are produced, so that
aqua regia is really a mixture of chlorine,
nitrous acid, and water.

Ni’TRO-NAPH’THALASE. A compound ob-
tained from the action of nitric acid on
naphthaline.

Ni’tro-sutpHv’ric Acrp. An acid re-
sulting from the mixture of one of nitre
and eight or ten of sulphuric acid.

Nrrrevs Acip. An acid which is most
easily obtained by exposing nitrate of
lead to heat in a glass retort, when the

acid in question comes over in the form
of an orange-coloured liquid. Boils at
82°,

Nr'rrovs Gas. Nitric oxide; deutoxide
of nitrogen. A colourless, elastic, gaseous
body, which has no sensible taste, and is
neither alkaline nor acid. It is exceed-
ingly hurtful to animals, producing in-
stant suffocation whenever they attempt
to breathe it. It combines with oxygen,
and forms nitrous acid gas.

Nr’trovs Oxrve. Protoxide of nitrogen,
called also laughing-gas, from the peculiar
pleasurable excitement, often accom-
panied with laughter, which it produces
upon those who inhale it.’ It was dis-
covered by Dr. Priestley in 1772, but was
first accurately described by Sir H. Davy
in 1799. Itis readily obtained by heating
nitrate of ammonia in a glass retort by
means ofaspiritlamp. It has been called
gaseous oxide of nitrogen.

Nizam. The title of great officers of
state in the Asiatic governments.

Nrzamvur Apawcer. Acourt of criminal
justice in India.

N.L., for non liquet, it does not appear.
A form of verdict in ancient law, equi-
valent to the ignoramus of a modern grand

jury.
= Detvce. The deluge related
by Moses, and from which only Noah ane
his family were saved.
Noziv’iry. Rank conferred by express
authority of the governing power. The

| hereditary nobility of all European states

oo

NOD 50

7 ' NOM

is the offspring of military despotism:
that of England originated in the Norman
Conquest.

No’stz. 1. In nwmismatics,a gold coin,
value 6s. 8d. It was struck in the reign
of Edward III., with the emblem of a
ship, commemorative of a famous victory
gained by him over the French at Sluys
in 1340.—2. In ichthyology, a name of
the Aspidiphorus Europeus, Yarr. and
Cuv., called the armed bullhead, sea-
poacher, pogge, lyre, pluck, &c., &e.

Nocrnor’vs. The generic name given
A Fred. Cuvier to the Douroucouli, a
gu uadrumanous mammifer, which differs

m the Sagouins in its greater nocturnal
eyes, and the ears, which are for the most
part hidden under the hair. It isa na-
tive of South America.

Nooritv’ca, Lat. nox, night, and luceo,
to shine. A name anciently given to
phosphorus.

Nocrour’na. A family of Lepidopterous
insects formed by Cuvier, of the genus

Phalena, Lin., the species of which seldom
fly except at night or after sunset: hence
the name from nocturnus.

Noctur’nz. A family of Accipitrine
birds, comprehending the owls (Strix,
Lin.), which are to be found abroad only
after sun-set.

Nocrur‘nat, Lat. nocturnus, pertaining
tonight; fromnoz,night. 1. Inastronomy,
a nocturnal arc is that part of the orbit of
a heavenly body described during the
night. The nocturnal semi-are of the sun
is that portion of a circle which he passes
over, between the point of the horizon
wherein he sets, and the lower part of
one meridian.——2. A nocturnal or noctur-
labe is an instrument, chiefly used at sea,
to take the altitude or depression of some
stars about the pole, in order to find the
latitude and hour of the night. It con-
sists of two circles fitted to each other,
yet moveable together, with a moveable
index ; all three fixed together by a rivet,
which is pierced through the centre with
a small hole, through which the star is to
be viewed.

Nop’py. 1. A bird (the Sterna stolida,
Lin.) celebrated for the blundering man-
ner in which it throws itself on vessels at
sea——2. A description of carriage,
drawn usually by one horse.

Nope, from nodus,a knot. In botany,a
joint which has only a small elevation,
as observed in the stems of some grasses.
In surgery, a hard circumscribed tumour,
proceeding from a bone, and caused by a
swelling of the periosteum. In astronomy,
a point in the orbit of a planet which in-
tersects the ecliptic. There are two such
points in the orbit of every planet: that
where the planet ascends northward,
above the plane of the ecliptic, is called
the ascending node, or dragon’s head;

and that where a planet descends to
the gouth is called the descending node,
or dragon’s tail. The first is marked
QQ, and the latter 23. In dialling, a
small hole in the gnomon, which indi-
cates the hour by its light, as the gnomon
does by its shadow.

Nop’utar. In the form of a nodule or
smalllump. Nodular iron ore is a variety
of argillaceous oxide of iron, which occurs
in small masses, often spherical, oval, or
nearly reniform, but sometimes in little
parallelopipeds, with the angles rounded
off. These nodules have been called
e@tites and eagle-stones.

Nopvute. Lat. nodulus. A small knot
or lump, from nodus,a knot. A rounded
but irregular-shaped mineral mass of
small size.

Noe’r1ans. In ecclesiastical history, a
sect named from Noetus, an Ephesian,
who held that there was only one person
in the Deity.

Noo’ainc. In architecture, brick-work
carried up between upright pieces or
quarters. Nogging-pieces; the horizontal
timbers fitted between the quarters, to |
steady them.

No’tr Me Tan’cerz. Touch-me-not. 1.
A species of malignant herpes, or lupus,
which affects the skin and cartilages of
the nose, and sometimes destroys the
whole nose.——~2. An annual species of
the indigenous balsam-plant. See Impa-
TIENS.

Not’te Pro’srqut, in law, is wherea
plaintiff does not declare in a reasonable
time, which is regarded as a confession
that he has no real cause of action.

No’ma (Lat.) from yZuw, to eat. An
ulcer that attacks the skin, and often the
cheek or ulva, of young girls. It appears,
at first, in somewhat livid spots, andin a
few days becomes gangrenous.

Nom’apes. Tribes who lead a wander
ing and pastoral life. The term is from
the Greek youas, voedos, living on pas-
turage. Nomadic tribes are still to be
found in the northern parts of Asia; and
the Numidians, in Africa, are supposed
to have been so called from this practice.

No-MANn’s-LAND. Aspace in the middle of
a ship, when she is stowed upon the booms.

Nom pe Gue’rre (French). A fictitious
name, or a name assumed for the time.

Nom’srit. The centre of an escutcheon.

No’MENCLATURE. A systematic classifi-
cation of the terms of a science, as the
nomenclature of botany, from nomen, a
name, and calo, to call.

“Nom'ixaxists. A sect of school- -philo-
sophers of the fourteenth century, the
disciples of Ocham, or Occam, who main-
tained that names, ‘and not things, are the
object of dialectics. They founded the
university of Leipzig.

NON

508

NOR

firirdoresccibae from nomino, to name. 1.
gto the name which precedes
the yerb, or the first case of nouns.——2.
t case of nouns and adjectives:
the case which primarily designated the
name of anything.

Nomo’canon, youos; law, zavwy, canon.
In ecclesiastical law, a work in which
canons of the church and imperial laws
are collected and compared.

Nonx er Deciuz. The contributions
of tenants of the Church were anciently so
called; the none or ninth being the rent,
and the decime or tenth the tithe due to
the Church.

Nonaces'Imat, Lat. nonagesimus, nine-
tieth. Noting the 90th degree of the
ecliptic ; called the mid-heaven.

Non’acon, from nonus, nine, and yaya,
anangle. A figure of nine sides andnine
angles.

Non Assumpsit. In law, a general plea
ina personal action, by which a man de-
nies that he has made any promise.

Non Craim, in law,is where a person
fails to demand his claim within a reason-
able time, by which he is precluded from
enforcing it.

Non Com’pos MeEntis.
mind or judgment.

Non-conDENSING EncineE. A high-pres-
sure steam-engine is sometimes so called,
because it is not provided with the appa-
ratus for condensing the steam, so as to
form a vacuum in the steam cylinder.

Non-conpucror. A substance which is
not a conductor. Wool, fur, and water
are non-conductors of heat; glass, sealing-
Wax, and sulphur are non-conductors of
electricity. There is, however, perhaps,
no body in nature which is absolutely a
non-conductor of heat or electricity ; but
the term is nevertheless applied to such
substances as transmit the energies very
slowly.

Nonconror’mist. One who refuses to
conform to the rites and worship of the
established church. The name has been
particularly applied to those clergymen
who were ejected from their livings by
the Act of Uniformity, in 1662.

Nones, Lat. none. Ia the Roman calen-
dar, the ‘fifth day of January, February,
April, June, August, September, Novem-
ber, and December; and the seventh day
of March, May, J uly, and October. See
CALENDAR and IDEs.

Non Esr Factvum. In law, a plea where
an action is brought upon a bond, and the
defendant denies it to be his deed.

Non Est Inven’tva. He is not found.
The sheriff's return to a writ when the
defendant has not been found.

Nontt’tion, from nonus, nine, and mil-
tion. The number of nine million millions.

No’nivus. See VERNIER.

Not of sound

Non Liaver. It does not appear. A

berg given by a jury when a matter is
deferred till another day of trial, not

pane sufficiently clear. The Romans

the same phrase, marked N. L. (q.v.).
Non-naturats. Res non naturales.

Old physicians comprehended under this
name air, eating and drinking, sleeping
and watching, motion and rest, the reten-
tions and secretions, and the a#ections of
the mind, as not entering into the compo-
sition of bodies, yet as necessary to their.
existence.

Non-svurors. In hi. , adherents of
James II., who refused to take the oath of
allegiance tothe Hanoverian family atthe
revolution: m non, and juro, to swear.

on Ogstan’TE, Notwithstanding. A
clause in statutes and letters-patent, im-
porting that a thing may be done, “otf-
withstanding an act of Parliament to the
contrary.

Non Seo’citvr. It does not follow.
Nonsense. In law, “ something gram-
matically correct, but ‘unintelligible i in the

sense !”

Non’suir. Non prosequitur. The renun-
ciation of a suit by the plaintiff, com-
monly on the discovery of some error or
defect when the matter is ready for the
verdict of the jury.

Noon. Mid-day: called apparent, as
shown by the sun-dial, and mean, as
shown by a clock.

No’pat. The Mexican name of the
Cactus opuntia, a plant upon which the
cochineal insect feeds. It is termed in
English the prickly pear.

No‘nta. A hydraulic machine used in
Spain for raising water. It nearly re-
sembles the Persian wheel, but is infe-
rior in practice.

Nor’rotx Crac. An English tertiary
formation belonging to be older pliocene,
and consisting of irreg of ferrnu-
ginous sandy clay hee with marine
shells.

Nor’ma. Euclid’s Square. A small con-
stellation south of the Scorpion. It con-
tains 12 stars, all below the fourth mag-
nitude.

Nor’mat, Lat. normalis, according toa
square or rule (norma). 1. Perpendicular,
as a normal line which forms with another
line a right angle——2. Relating to the
rudiments, or elements, as a normai
school,in which boys are instructed in the
elementary branches of education.

Nor’man. 1. In nautical language, a
short wooden bar, thrust into a hole of
the windlass to fasten the cable to. It
is only used when there is little strain on
the cable.-——2. In geography, &c., per-
taining to Normandy.

Nor’kox, for north-roy. North-king.
The title of the third of the three kings
at arms, or provincial heralds.

NOT 509

NOV

Nor’rHERN Liauts are more commonly
termed Aurora Borealis.

Nor’tHERN Siens are Aries, Taurus,
Gemini, Cancer, Leo, and Virgo, which
are on the north side of the equinoctial.

<Nor'ruine. In navigation, the differ-
ence of latitude which a ship makes in
sailing towards the north.

Nortu Poce, is that point of the heaven
which is 90° every way distant from the
equinoctial. Its place is pointed out
within 23° by the North Pole Star, in the
tail of Ursa Minor.

Nor’way Spruce. Aspeciesof the Fir-
tree, the Pinus abies, which grows abund-
antly in Norway and other parts of the
north of Europe.

Nosines or Srarrs. The parts of the
tread boards of the steps which project
over the risers.

Nosoe’rapHy, from yooos, a disease,
and yeady, description. Description of
diseases.

Nosor’ocy, from yores, a disease, and
Aoyos, a discourse. A classification of
diseases, with names and definitions, ac-
cording to the distinctive character of
each class, order, genus, and species.
Cullen’s system of nosology is that gene-
rally adopted in this country.

Nos’rateyx, Lat. nostalgia, from yorros,
areturn, and wAyes, pain. A vehement
desire to return to one’s native country,
attended with melancholy, loss of appe-
tite, and want of sleep. Mountaineers
are peculiarly liable to this affection.

Nos’roc. A vegetable jelly of a greenish
colour, regarded by Linn. as a crypto-
gamic plant, and hence placed by him in
the genus Tremella. It is frequent, espe-
cially in sandy soils, and immediately
after rain in summer, and is vernacularly
termed witches’ butter, fallen stars, &c.
It is edible.

Nos’rrum. A Latin word which means
our own, and is applied to all quack
medicines, the composition of which is
kept secret.

No’rastes, In French history, the
deputies of the states under the old
régime, appointed and convyoked by the
king on certain occasions.

Nor’acantua. A family of dipterous
insects, so named from ywres, the back,
and ezavios, a spine, because the scutel-
lum is generally armed with teeth or
spines. The Notacantha are divided by
Latreille into three divisions, thé My-
dasii, the Decatoma, and the Stratiomydes.

Nora’‘rrtat Acts, are those acts in the
civil law which require to be done under
the seal of a notary, and are admitted as
evidence in foreign courts.

Nor’ary, Lat. notarius, from notus,
known. A legal officer, whose business

it is to attest deeds and writings, protest
bills, enter and’ extend a ship’s protests,
&e. He is usually styled a notary public.

Norta’tion, from noto, to mark. The
method of expressing, by means of ap-
propriate characters, any proposed quan-
tity: thus—1l. In arithmetic, we call the
method of expressing numbers by means
of the nine digits and cipher, notation ;
and we use the same term for the method
adopted in the higher analysis to express
an operation by means of appropriate
symbols.——2. In music, the method of
expressing or representing by characters
(notes), all the different sounds and modi-
fications of the same.

Norcu-zoarp. A board which is grooved
or notched’for the reception and support
of the ends of steps in a stair-case, &c.

Norcnu’tnes. Hollows cut in the faces
of a piece of timber, &c., usually of a
rectangular form, for the reception and
support of the tread-boards ofa stair, &c.

Norte, Lat. nota, from notus, known.
A mark, as, 1. In music, a character which
marks the pitch and time of a sound, as

a semibreve.——2. A minute, memoran-
dum, or short writing, intended to assist
the memory.——3. A short remark, or

passage of explanation, in the margin of
a book, or at the bottom ofa page.——4.
A written or printed paper, acknowledg-
ing a debt and promising payment, as a
promissory note, a bank note.——5. An
official paper sent by one diplomatist to
another.——6. A billet.

Notonec’ra. The Boat-fly. A genus of
Hemipterous insects established by Linn.,
but now divided into Coriza and Noto-
necta proper. They compose the tribe
Notonectides of the family Hydrocorise,
Cuy., and take their name from their
habit of swimming on the back.

Nortur’no. In music,a compositionin
which love and tenderness form the
theme.

o’tus. A Latin name of the south
wind.

Noun. Aterm altered from nomen, a
name: that sound, or combination of
sounds, by which a thing is called, whe-
ther material, as house, or immaterial, as
guile.

Novac’utitz. The hone-stone or Tur-
key-oil-stone. A variety of argillaceous
slate named from novacula, a razor.

Nova’t1ans. In ecclesiastical history, the
followers of Novatius, a heretic.

Nov‘et, Lat. novellus, dim. of novus,
new. 1. In civil law, the novel constitutions,
or simply the novels, are those decrees or
constitutions which are supplementary
to the code and posterior in time to the
other books. These contain new decrees
of successive emperors. 2.In common law,
the assize of novel disseizin is an action
in which the demandant recites a com-

NUD 510

NUM

plaint of the disseizin in terms of direct
averment, whereupon the sheriff is com-
manded to reseize the land and chattels
thereon, and keep the same custody
till the arrival of the justices of assize.
In literature, a novel is a fictitious tale, or
varrative in prose, generally intended to
exhibit the operations of the passions,
and particularly oflove. Historical novels
are usually termed romances. See Ro-
MANCE.

Novem’ser, from novem, nine. The
ninth month of the ancient Roman year,
which began with March; but now the
eleventh month ofthe year. Ithas 30 days.

Novenna’rta, Lat. nine, and year. Fes-
tivals in honour of the dead, held every
nine years.

No’vensitres. Anciently, the generic
name of deified heroes and demigods.

Nov‘ice, Fr. from Lat. novitius, from
norus,new. 1. A person not yet skilled
in an art or profession into which he has
entered.—2. In monasteries, one who
has not completed the novitiate.

Novi Hom’tnes. Among the Romans,
such persons as by their personal merit
alone had raised themselves to curule
dignities.

Novi'tT1ate. In monasteries, a year or
other prescribed time of probation for the
trial of a novice (novitius), to determine
whether he has the requisite qualities for
living up to the rules to which his yows
bind him.

Noy’aves, Fr. noyer. A peculiar pun-
ishment practised in the first French Re-
volution, which consisted in launching
the victims in a boat, out of the bottom
of which a plug could be withdrawn.

Noy’avu (Fr.). A delightful liqueur fla-
voured with bitter almonds, or the ker-
nels of peach stones, and containing
prussic acid.

Nvusercvute, Lat. nubecula, a little cloud.
A disease of the eye, in ‘Which objects
appear as through a mist.

Nvu‘ctevs, Lat. a kernel, a nuce, from the
nut. 1, Anything about which matter is
gathered or conglobated.——2. In astro-
momy, the solid part of a comet, as distin-
guished from its nebulosity. ,

Nupe Compact, |) Nudum pactum. A

Nvupe Contract. § promise made with-
out any consideration, and therefore not
valid.

Nov’piprancuiaTa. An order of Mol-
lusea, the second of the class Gasteropoda,
50 named from nudus, naked, and éran-
chie, their branchie being exposed on
some part of the back. The genera are
all marine, the individuals often swim-
ring in a reversed position with the foot
on the surface, concaye like a bateau,
and employing the margin of their mantle
and their tentacula as oars.

_ Noprrgpa’y1a Lat. nudus, and pes, foot.

An ancient religious rite, on account of
some public calamity, 2) which the vo-

canal or small branch of
a river.

Nvv’trporss, Lat. nullus, none, and po-
rus, a pore. Plants which have no visible
pores on their surface.

Not Trier Recorpv. The replication
which the plaintiff makes to the defend-
ant, when the latter pleads a matter of
record in bar of the action, and it is neces-
sary to deny the existence of such record.

Nvum’ser. 1. In its extended significa-
tion, it refers to every abstract quantity
that can be made the subject of arithme-
tical computation ; but in a more limited
sense, it means only several things of the
same kind, and may be defined a muiti-
tude of units. Numbers of this latter sort
are termed integral,and are distinguished

into various classes, as absolute, abstract,”

abundant, amicable, cardinal, circular,
composite, concrete, figurate, homoge-
neal, irrational, ordinal, perfect, poly-
gonal, prime, rational, &c., all of which
are distinguished from fractional numbers.
See Fraction. The number of direction is
one of the 35 numbers between the Easter
limits, or between the earliest and latest
days on which Easter can fall, viz., 22nd
March end 25th April; and is so called
because it serves as a direction for finding
Easter for any year, being the number
which expresses how many days after the
2lst March Easter-day falls. For golden
number, see GoLDEN Numzer and Cycie.
—2. In grammar, a modification (mark-
ing singwar and plural}, of nouns, verbs,
&c., to accommodate them to the variety
of their objects, considered with regard to
number.

Numsers. Poetical numbers are those
measures of order and quantity of sylla-
bles which constitute feet, as distinguished
from rhetorical numbers, where the har-
mony is measured only by the agreeable
effects produced upon the ear by the ca-
dence of the articulations.

Nume’NI4, yeoo and syy,month. Gre-
cian festivals celebrated monthly in
honour of all the gods of antiquity.

Nov’mERAL. Pertaining to number; ex-
pressing number; standing as a substi-
tute for figures, as—1. Numeral letters, the
Roman capital letters, as I. for 1, X. for
10, L, for 50, C. for 100, D. for 500, M. for
1000.——2. Numer acters, these are
1, 2,3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 0. They were
brought to Europe by the Arabians, whe
received them from India, beew ry arts to
some.——3. Numeral algebra is tha’ where-
in numbers are. employed, in contradis-
tinction to literal algebra, where the let-
ters of the alphabet only are employed ts
represent quantities.

—w

NUT 511

NYM

Numera’tion. The art of numbering,
from nwmero, to number. Numeration is
the art of reading, as numbers expressed
by figures; notation is the art of writing
such numbers. These terms are however
often used synonymously.

Noumera’ror. That which numbers.
See Fraction.

No’mipa. The Pintado or Guinea-fowl :
a@ genus of Gallinaceous birds, of which
there are two species, both natives of
Africa. In a wild state they live in flocks,
and prefer the vicinity of marshes. The
plumage is slate-coloured, everywhere
sprinkled with small white spots.

Numismatics. That branch of arche-
ology which treats of coins and medals:
from numisma, coin. The word numis-
matology has been used in the same sense.

WNom’mvuuires. Lenticular stones. A
genus of multilocular fossil shells. Order
Cep a. Name from yopueuess, coin,
and AsUes, stone, in ‘allusion to a supposed
resemblance to pieces of money. The
nummulites are the most widely diffused
of all fossils, forming entire chains of cal-
eareous hills, and immense bodies of
building-stone. The pyramids of Egypt
are built of them. ;

Non, Sax. nunne. 1. A woman devoted
to religion, under a vow of perpetual
chastity ——-2. In ornithology, the blue
titmouse.

Non‘cio. Nuntio. A kind of spiritual
ambassador from the Pope. Lat. nuncius,
@ messenger.

Non’cupative, from nuncupo, to de-
clare; existing only in name. <A nuncu-
pative will is one made by the verbal
declaration of the testator, and depends
merely on oral testimony for prvot.

Nun’pinz. Market days among the

mans: guasi novem-dine, every ninth
day. Hence also the term was applied to the
first eight letters of the alphabet, which
were repeated successively from the first
to the last day of the year, and of which
one always expressed the market days.

Nout. 1. The fruit of certain trees and
shrubs, consisting of a hard shell inclosing
akernel. Variouskinds are distinguished,
as walnuts, chesnuts, hazel-nuts, cocoa-nuts,
butter-nuts. See also Nux, Jatrova, and
Pistacta.—2. In mechanics, the small
hollow or interior screw upon the end of
a screwed-bolt or other male screw to
fasten it.

Nota’tion, from nuto, to nod. A term

2sed in astronomy for that kind of vibra-

tory motion of the axis of the earth, by
which its inclination to the ecliptic varies
a few seconds, and as often returns to its
former position, The period of these
variations is nine years.

Nur’catis. Excrescences formed on
the leaves of the oak by the puncture of
gminsect. See GaLu-nvts.

Nuv’mec. The fruit of the genuine nut-
meg-tree (Myristica moschata), a native of
the Moiuccas, but which has been trans-
planted to other congenial climates.

Nov’tria, or Nevrria. The commercia!
name of the skins of the Conia (Myopota-
mus coipus, Comaner), an animal which
lives in burrows along the banks of
rivers, through a great part of South
America. The skins are valuable for their
fur, which is largely used in the hat ma-
nufacture, and take their name from
some similarity of the animal which pro-
duces them to the otter, called by the
Spaniards nutria.

uTRI'Tion, from nutrio, to nourish.
The completion of the assimilating pro-
cesses in living bodies. The food, changed
by a series of decompositions, and ren-
dered similar to the being which it is de-
signed to nourish, applies itself to those
organs, the loss of which it is to supply,
or the growth of which it is to promote,
and this identification of nutritive mat-
ter to the living organs of the system con-
stitutes nutrition.

Nvux. The Latin word for nut (q. v.).
The nuz vomica is the fruit of a species of
Strychnos, which grows in various parts
of the East Indies. The fruit is about the
size of an orange, covered with a smooth
crustaceous yellow bark, and filled with
a fleshy pulp, in which are embedded
several round flat seeds, covered with a
kind of woolly matter, and internally
hard and tough like horn. The taste is
extremely bitter and acrid, but the sub-
stance has no remarkable smeti. It is
knownasa virulent poison. See StRyYcHNIA-

Nvz’zer. A term in India for a sort of
compulsory present made to a superior.

Nycravory, Lat. nyctalopia, from wé,
night, and anf, the eye. A defect of vi-
sion in which the person sees little dur-
ing bright day, but tolerably weil by the
dull light of evening, called also nyctalops.

Nyv’GHAv, et estar an The Persian

Nyv’cav. fname of a species of ante-
lope, the Antilopa pietu,Gm. It has two
small smooth horns bent forward, and the
upper and under parts of the neck maned
India.

Nympu, Lat. nympha, from yyugy. 1.
In muthology, a goddess of the mountains,
forests, meadows, rivers, and lakes, named
according to their places of residence,
places of dominion, &c., as the oceanides
or nymphs af the ocean, the nereides of
the sea, the naiads of the fountains, the

ads and hamudryads of the forests and
groyes.——2. In entomology, the second
state of an insect passing to its perfec:
form: another name for the pupa, chry-
salis, or awrelia (q. v.).

Nympxuz'a. The water-lily. A genus
of perennial plants. Polyandria—Muxe-

OBE

512

OBL

gynia. Named from ywuga, a water-
nymph, because it grows in watery
places. The white and yellow water-
lilies, the Egyptian and the Indian lotus,
and the Pontic or Egyptian bean, are
species.

Nystac’uvs, Lat. from yurraw, to nod
with sleep. A disease of the eyes, in
which there is an involuntary motion,
such as happens when a person is very
sleepy. It is also defined an involuntary
agitation of the oculary bulbs.

O

O is the fifteenth letter and the fourth
yowel of the English alphabet. As anu-
meral, O was sometimes used by the an-
cients for 11, and with a dash over it for
11,000. It was also used as a mark of
triple time, from the notion that the ter-
nary or number 3 is the most perfect
of numbers, and is properly expressed by
a circle, the most perfect figure. O withan
apostrophe after it is used in Irish names
to signify son, as O’Neil for son of Neil or
Neilson. It answers to the Celtic Mac.

Oax, Sax. ac, ec. 1. In botany,a name
common to the whole genus Quercus, of
which there are three British species, the
common oak (Q. robur), the long-pedun-
cled oak (Q. pedunculata), and the dur-
mast (Q. pubescens).——2. The wood of
the oak-tree (Q. robur), which, when cut
at the age of 60 or 70 years, is the best
wood known. It is also one of the most
picturesque trees, and is deservedly styled
the “‘ lord of the forest.”” The Jerusalem
oak is the opodium botrys ; the sea-oak
is the Fucus vesiculosus; the oak-leather is
ive Xylostroma giganteum ; the oak lungs
is the Lichen pulmonarius.

Oax’um, Sax. @cemba. The substance
into which old ropes are reduced when
they are untwisted, loosened, and drawn
asunder; principally used in caulking the
seams, tree-nails, and bends of ships.

Oan, Norm. ower. A long piece of tim-
ber, flat at one end, and round or square
at the other, for rowing boats. To boat
the oars is to cease rowing; to ship the
oars is to place them in the rowlocks.

Oast. A kiln for drying hops

Oat, Sax. ate. A plant of the genus
Avena, of which oats are the seeds. The
cultivated oat is the Avena sativa of bota-
nists, and to which the name corn is com-
monly applied in Scotland. This plant
is the hardiest of all the cereal grasses.
It thrives best in latitudes north of Paris,
to the south of which it is little known.
There are many varieties indigenous to
Britain.

Os ; signifies inversely or inverted, as
ob-conic, ob-cordate, &c.

Osr’aH. A species of witchcraft prac-
tised among the negroes, the apprehen-

sion of which, operating upun their su-
perstitious fears, is frequently attended
with the fatal consequences dreaded.

Os’eLisK, Gr. oGcdsexog, dim. of o€sros,
a spit. A truncated, quadrangular, and
slender pyramid, intended as an orna-
ment, and frequently enriched with in-
scriptions in bas-relief. Obelisks have
also been frequently raised in honour of
distinguished individuals, their achieve-
ments, &c.——2. In printing, a mark re-
ferring the reader to a note in the margin,
thus +.

O’sexvs. In diplomatics, a mark resemb-
ling a needle, thus ——.

Osrr’vaRy, from obitus, death. 1. A list
and account of persons deceased.——2. A
register of obitual anniversary days.

Ox’sect. In grammar, that which is
produced, influenced, or acted on by
something else; that which follows a
transitive verb.

Ox’sect-cLass. In optical instruments,
is that whichis placed towards the object,
the other extreme lens being called the
eye-glass.

Oxzsec’rIveE, Fr. objectif, belonging tothe
object. In perspective, the objective line is
that drawn on the geometrical plane, the
representation of which is sought in the
draught or picture. In grammar, the
objective case is that which follows a tran-
sitive verb or a preposition: that case in
which the object of the verb is placed when
affected by the act expressed by the verb.

Ox’LATE, Lat. oblatus, flattened: opposed
to prolate. The earth is an oblate sphe-
roid, having its polar axis shorter than
its equatorial diameter, in the propor-
tion of 331 to 332.——2. In ecclesiastical
history, a person who, on entering the
monastic life, made a donation of all his
goods to the community; also, one dedi-
cated by his parents from early life to a
religious order.

Oxs.ica’TION, Lat. obligatio, from ob and
ligo, to bind. In law, a bond with a con-
dition annexed, and a penalty for non-
fulfilment. The person to whom the
bond is given is called the obligee, and he
who signs it is styled the obligor.

Osuica’ro (It.) In music, a part writ-
ten for a particular instrument.

Oxstrauve, Lat. obliquus, aslant. In geo-
metry, something slant, or inclining from
the perpendicular, as oblique ascension,
oblique descension, oblique circle; oblique
planes in dialling, oblique sailing in navi-
gation. Oblique case in grammar, See
these terms. Oblique, in botany, some-
times means twisted. Oblique motion, in
music, when one part holds on a sound,
while the other rises and falls on any
other note.

Ostiq’viTy, Lat. obliquitas. See OBLIQUE.
Deviation from a direct line. In ethics,
deviation from moral rectitude. In ga-

OBS 513

OCE

_—

, metry, deviation from parallelism, or from

perpendicularity. The obliquity of the
ecliptic is the angle which the ecliptic
makes with the equator; it is 23°, 27’.

Oxn’tonc. In geometry, a rectangle
whose length is greater than its breadth.

Oxoe (It.) A musical wind instrument
sounded through a reed.

Ox’otvs, o6cres. A brass coin among
the ancient Greeks, worth about a penny
farthing sterling.

Ox’ovats. Ovate with the broader end
uppermost: ob and ovatus, ovate. Applied
to leaves.

Oxscu’rants. A nickname, applied in
Germany to those writers who sought to
obstruct the progress of enlightenment.

Ozser’vants. A branch of the Francis-
can order.

Oxzseava’tion, from observe. A term, in
astronomy and navigation, for the opera-
tion of measuring, with some proper in-
strument, the angular distance, altitude,

-, of a celestial body.

OxssER’vVATORY, Lat. observatorium. A
place fitted up with the proper instru-
ments and conveniences for observing
the heavenly bodies. Observatories are
usually built in the form of a tower, and
coyered with aterrace. Those of Green-
wich, Paris, Munich, and Palermo, are
the most celebrated ones of modern times.
That of Greenwich was built in 1676, by
order of Charles II., at the instance of
Sir Jonas Moore, surveyor-general of the
ordnance; a circumstance from which
the office of astronomer-royal has been
placed under that department.

Oxssip’1an. A volcanic production of a
greenish-black colour; the Obsidianuwm
vitrum of Pliny, and vernacularly termed
volcanic glass. It is a compound of silica,
alumina, potash, lime, soda, with slight
admixture of the oxides of iron and man-
ganese. The fracture is either vitreous
or pes Be hence the two varieties, vitre-
ous obsidian and pearl-stone.

Oxssip’Ian-stonzE. The Obsidianius lapis
of Pliny. Another name for the Chian
marble.

Oxstp’ionat Corns, are such as were
struck in a besieged place, to supply the
scarcity of other current money.

Oxzstp’Ionat Crown. A crown or gar-
land made of the grass, &c. which grew
in a besieged place, and given by the Ro-
mans to the general who delivered it
from the enemy.

Oxzstrva’tor. A stopper up; from ob-
struo, to stop up. The name of two
muscles of the thigh, which shut up the
aperture between the os pubis and the
hip-bone, and rotate the thigh.

Ox’stRUENT, Lat. obstruens, hindering,
from obstruo, to hinder. Obstruents are
medicines supposed to have the power of

closing the orifices of the ducts or vessels
of the body.

Ostem’PER, Lat. obtempero,Lobey. In
Scotch law, to comply with the judgment
of a court.

Oxsrura’ror Muscres, Lat. obturare, to
close up. Muscles which fill up openings
in the bones.

Oxzrv’sz, Lat. obtusus, blunt: opposed
to acute. An obtuse angle is one greater
than 90° or aright angle; an acute angle
is less than 90°. See ANGLE. :

Oxs’vERsE. 1. In numismatics, the side
of a medal or coin on which is the face or
head ; the other side is the reverse.——2.
An obverse leaf is one haying the base
narrower than the top.

OccIpEN’TAL, Lat. occidens, setting. Ap-
plied to precious stones of inferior hard-
ness and beauty.

Occrp’ITrau. Belonging to the occipur
or hind part of the head, as the occipituié
bone, which forms the posterior and infe-
rior part of the skull.

Oc’c1rpur. In anatomy, the hind part
of the head; the protuberance imme-
diately above the neck.

Occutr’, Lat. occultus, invisible, secret,
undiscoverable. An occult line in a
draught is a dry line not intended to be
seen when the plan is finished. The occult
sciences are the imaginary sciences of the
middle ages, such as alchemy and astro-
logy.

Occutta’tion, from occult. An astrono-
mical term, applied to the time that a
star is hid from our sight by the interpo-
sition of any other heavenly body, as the
moon, between it and the eye of the ob-
server.

Oc’cupancy, )}from ob and capio, to

Oc’cupantT, ?7seize. In law, the taking

Occupa’tion,) possession of things
which do not belong to any body is termed
occupancy, and is the foundation of pro-
perty. He who takes possession is termed
the occupant, and holds it by right of oc-
cupancy. Property so possessed is said to
be in the occupation of A.B.—2. Occu-
pation is also used in the sense of calling
ortrade. Thusagriculture, manufactures,
and commerce, furnish the most general
occupations of life.

O’cean, Lat. oceanus, Gr. dztavoo. A
name which seems to have for its origin
greatness or extent, used to designate the
great mass of salt water which covers
more than three-fifths of the surface of
the globe, and which for convenience is
usually spoken of as if divided into three
portions : the Atlantic ocean, which divides
Europe and Africa from America, the
Pacific ocean, or South Sea, which divides
America from Asia, and the Indian ocean,
which separates the East Indies from
Africa. These, however, are only parts
of the vast whole.

24

OCT

5id

ODO

Ockan’ipEs. Sea-nymphs. Sea-shells, as
distinguished from the Naiads or fresh
water shells.

Ocntoc’Racy, from 9%Aes, a multitude,
and zcartw, to govern. A term synony-
mous with democracy (q. V.)-

O’cureE, from wyzos, pale. An argilla-
ceous earth, coloured red, yellow, or
brown, by admixture of oxide of iron.
The red ochre is termed red chalk, and
ruddle or reddle in England, and contains
often so much iron that it may be reckoned
an ore of that metal. Yellow ochre may
be rendered red or reddish brown by cal-
cination in a reverbatory oven, which
peroxidizes the iron. Armenian bole is a
variety of ochre. Ochre when finely
ground is used as a pigment.

Oc’HREA, Lat. a boot. In botany, applied
to membranous stipules, that surround
the stem like a sheath.

Oc’REA. 1. In antiquity, a kind of mili-
tary shoe or short boot, made of tin, and
ornamented with gold and silver.——2. In
botany, the membrane which enfolds the
flower-stalks in Cyperus.

Uct’atprire. A pure oxide of titanium,
crystallized in acute, elongated octaé-
drons. Colours, blue, bluish-black, and
brown; lustre, spiendent; fracture, foli-
ated; easily broken, and scratches glass.
Sp. gr. 3°8. Found in veins in Dauphiny,
Norway, Spain, and some parts of South
America.

OctTa&’DRON, \ from 6z%Tw, eight, and

OcTaHE’DRON, J idea, a base. A geome-
trical solid, contained by eight equilateral
plane triangles: it consequently consists
of two equal square pyramids, joined to-
gether at their bases. It is one of the five
regular bodies. Epithet, octahedral or
octaédral.

OctzTe’RIs, 0*TW and €T0s, year. A
cycle or period of eight years, at the end
of which three lunar months were added.

Oc’racon, from ozrw, eight, and yaya,
an angle. 1. A geometrical figure having
eight angles and as many sides.——2. In
fortification, a place which has eight sides.

Ocran’pria, from ozrw, eight, and avye,
a male. The name of the 8th class of
plants in the sexual system of Linnzus,
consisting of such as produce hermaphro-
dite flowers with eight stamens. It con-
tains four orders, Monogynia, Digynia,
Trigynia, and Tetragynia.

Oc’rans Haptien vs. Hadley’s Quadrant.
The polar constellation in the southern

hemisphere.
Oc’tant, Lat. octans. 1. The eighth
part of acircle, or 45 degrees.——2. Octant

or octile is also aterm in ancient astro-
nomy for one of the aspects, viz., when
2 vo plants are distant from each other 45
cezrees.

i*tave, from octavus, eighth. In my,

sic, an eighth or harmonical interval con
sisting of seven degrees or twelve semi-
tones. It is the most perfect of th
chords, consisting of six full tones ant
two semitones major. It contains the
whole diatonic scale. See Cuonrn.

Ocra’vo. A book in which the sheets
are each folded into eight leaves. The
word is also used as an adjective, as an
octavo volume. The correct phrase is @
book or volume in octavo.

Ocro’zER, from octo, eight. The eighth
month of the ancient Roman year which
began in March, but the tenth month of
the year in the modern calendar.

OcTovEn’TATE, Lat. octodentatus, eight-
toothed. Having eight teeth.

Oc’rorin, from octo, eight, and fidus, cut,
separated into eight segments.

OctoLoc’uLaR, Lat. octolocularis, eight-
celled; octo and oculus,an eye. Having
eight cells for seeds: applied in botany.

OcToreT’aLtous. Having eight petals:
octo and petalum, a petal or flower-leaf.

OcrosPER’Movus. Eight-seeded: octo and
oxteuc, seed: applied in botany.

Oc’rostxyLze, from ozrw, eight, and
orvdes, a column. 1, A temple with eight
columns on its principal fagade.

Oc’rror. An old French term from
auctoritas, signifying a grant of some
commercial privilege to a person or com-
pany.—2. Tolls levied at the gate of
some French towns upon articles of food
brought to market.

Oc’ctt, plural of oculus,an eye. O. can-
crorum, crab’s eyes: stony concretions
found in the head of the Astacus fluviatilis.

Oc'utvus. The Latin word for eye. The
oculus beli is a semipellucid gem of a gray-
ish white colour, variegated with spots of
yellow, and having a black central nu-
cleus; the parts answering to the pupil
and iris of the eye. Oculus mundi (eye
of the world), is another name for hydro-
phane (q. v.). Oculus cati (cat’s eye), is a
beautiful variety of sapphire, otherwise
called asteria (q. y.) and bastard opal.

O’patisks, Turk. oda, chamber. Female
slaves employed about the seraglio.

Ope (Lat.) from wdz. A poetical com-
position, adapted to be set to music. The
ode consists of unequal verses, in stanzas
or strophes. The ancient odes had origi-
nally only one stanza, but afterwards
they were divided into three parts, the
strophe, the antistrophe and the epode.

Ope’on, wdtsoy. A sort of theatre among
the Greeks and Romans, devoted to po-
etical and musical contests.

Opom‘eTerR. An instrument for mea-
suring the distance passed over by a post-
chaise or other carriage. It is so attached
as to show, by means of an index and
dial, the number of revolutions made by
the wheel.

GEST 515

OFF

Opontat’aics. Medicines for the relief
of odontalgy, or toothache. The best is

creosote.

Opon’roip, from edevs, a tooth, and
€ides, like. Toothlike, dentate.

Opvonrot’ocy, from odovg, a tooth, and
Aoyos, discourse. The science of the
teeth ; their anatomy and functions.

O’pour, Lat. odor, smell. This, which
is the emanation of an odoriferous body,
is generally ascribed to a portion of the
body itself converted into vapour: but,
from some experiments of M. Robiquet,
it would seem probable, that in many
cases the odour is owing not to the sub-
stance itself, but to a gas or vapour re-
sulting from its combination with an
appropriate vehicle, capable of diffusion
in space.

C£con’omy, o:zos, house, ve~ww, I distri-
bute. In architecture, the proper laying
out of a building into separate apartments.

CEcuMEN’ICAL, oszovsetvixos. General,
as respects the whole inhabited world.

Gicus. In aneient architecture, an
apartment adjoining a dining-room.

GivrMa. from odew, to swell. A tu-
mour: restricted now toa minor degree
of anasarca.

CEpe’matorp, from dyn, edema, and
tides, like. Like to an edema.

drmosar’ca, from odyue, cedema,
and gaeé, flesh. A tumour of a nature
between the cedema and sarcoma.

CENAN’THE. Water Drop-wort. A genus
of perennial plants. Pentandria—Digynia.
Name from osvos, wine, and avbes,
a flower, because the flowers smell like
the vine. There are four British species
of this plant, of which the most known is
the hemlock dropwort, an actively poi-
sonous plant, which has often proved
fatal, being eaten by mistake instead of
water-parsnip. It is the most deleterious
of all the plants produced by this country.

CEn’omancy, from ovos, Wine, and
wouyrtia, prophecy. A Grecian mode of
divination, by pouring out wine in liba-
tion, and observing its colour, sound, &c.

CEsopHacor’omy, from oirogayos, the
gullet, and rezyw, to cut. The operation
of cutting into the gullet, to extract a
foreign body.

CEsorH’acus, oogayos. The gullet,
from oom, to carry, and gaya, to eat ; be-

’ cause it carries the food into the sto-

mach. It extends between the pharynx
and the upper orifice of the stomach.
rTrus. The Gad-bee. A genus of
dipterous insects, of the athericerous fa-
mily. The cstri resemble large and
densely pilose flies, and their hairs are
uently coloured in ands, like those

of the Bombi. They deposit their eggs
on the body of various herbivorous quad-
rupeds, each species being usually a pa-
rasite of one particular species of mam-
miferous animal. The ox, horse, ass,
rein-deer, stag, antelope, camel, sheep,
and hare, are all subject to be inhabited
by the larve of cestri, and all exhibit an
extraordinary dread of the insect, when
it is buzzing about them for the purpose
of depositing its eggs. The species are
named from the animals they infest.

Or’reRTORY, Lat. offertortum. Prima-
rily,an anthem chanted, or a voluntary
played on the organ, during the offering,
and a part of the mass in the Catholic
church: but since the reformation it de-
notes certain sentences in the communion-
office, read while the alms are being col-
lected.

Or’rice. 1. Some particular charge or
trust, or dignity attended with a public
function. Thus we speak of the office of
secretary of state, of treasurer, of ajudge,
of a sheriff, of a justice of the peace, &c.
We also describe offices as civil, judicial
ministerial, executive, legislative, politi-
cal, municipal, diplomatic, military, ec-
clesiastical, &c.——2. A place or apart-
ment appointed for the discharge of any
particular duty or employment. The term
is also used generally in the plural, offices,
for subordinate buildings belonging to a

Or’Fricer. A person authorized to per-
form some public duty. Officers are civil,
military, and ecclesiastical. The great
officers of state are the lord high steward,
the lord high chancellor, the lord high
treasurer, the lord president of the coun-
cil, the lord privy-seal, the lord chamber-
lain, the lord high constable, and the earl-
marshal, with numerous subordinate offi-
cers. In the army there are general officers ;
as generals, lieutenant-generals, major-
generals, and brigadiers. Staff-officers are
such as belong to the general staff, as quar-
ter-master-generals, adjutant-generals,
aides-de-camps. Commissioned-officers are
such as hold their appointments by a com-

ion from the OWN; non-commis-
sioned-officers are sergeant-majors, quarter-
master-sergeants, &c., down to fife-majors,
appointed by the superior officers of the
regiments. Brevet-officers are such as
hold a higher rank than they receive pay
for. Subaltern-officers are all below the
rank of captain. In the navy, the com-
missioned officers hold their commissions
from the lords of the admiralty. Flag-
officers are admirals, who hoist flags at the
mast-head. See ApMirax. The petty-officers
are appointed by the captains of ships.

Orri’ciat. 1. Relating to an office.——
2. An ecclesiastical judge appointed by
the bishop, chapter, archdeacon, &c.,
with charge of the spiritual jurisdiction.

242

OGY

516

OLE

Orric'tnat, Lat. officinalis. Relating
toa shop (officina) as officinal medicines,
which are directed by the colleges of
physicians to be kept in the shops.

Orrici’na Scutpr’oris. The Sculptor’s
Shop. A small constellation on the 8. of
Cetus. It contains 12 stars, none of
which exceeds the fifth magnitude. ~

rrinc. In nautical language, that
part of the sea which is ata considerable
tance from the shore, where there is
deep water, and no need of a pilot to con-
duct the ship.

Ore’set. 1. A shoot or sprout from
the roots of a plant.—2. In surveying,
a perpendicular measured on the side of
an irregular figure: thus ad’, bb’, &c. are

offsets drawn perpendicular to the base
line AB. These offsets are usually mea-
sured with an offset-staff, made of light
‘wood, ten links in length.——3. In ac-
counts, a sum set-off against another sum
or account as an equivalent.——4.
building, when the face of a wall is not
one entire or continued surface, but is
._formed by two or more continued sur-
faces, each rising from the horizontal
base which forms the top part of the wall
below; the line thus connecting the
two surfaces is called an offset; the
term however haying reference only to
the superior part of the wall, or that
part above the offset-line.
Ocer’. In architecture, a moulding the
same as the cyma reversa, or cymatium of

the ancients. It consists of two members,
the one concave, and the other convex,
somewhat like S.

O’cHam,|A peculiar kind of steno-

O’euM. } graphy, found on ancient
Irish monuments.

O’eive, (pron. ojive). An arch, or a
branch of a Gothic vault, which, instead
of being circular, passes diagonally from
one angle to another, forming a cross
with the otherarches. The centre where
the ogives cross is termed the key ; their
members or mouldings are called nerves,
reins, and branches, and the arches which
separate them, double arches. The key is
usually cut in form of a rose, or cul de
lamp.

Gewatis. Relating to Ogyges, one of

the most celebrated of the ancient mon-

archs of Greece, and during whose rei

a deluge happened which so inunda
the territories of Attica, that they re-
mained waste for nearly 200 years. This
is generally supposed to have occurred
1764 years before the Christian era, and
is spoken of as the Ogygian Deluge.

O1t, Sax. el, from @lan, to kindle. A
proper juice of a fat or unctuous nature,
either solid or fluid, indissoluble in water,
combustible with flame, and volatile in
so very different degrees as to give rise
to the denominations of volatile and fired
oils. The volatile oils, called also essential
oils, are often almost. as liquid as water
sometimes viscid, very coma
an acrid taste, and as
odour, are soluble in alcohol, and pene
fectly i in water, evaporate at a tempera-
ture not higher than 212°, and leave no
Stain on paper. These oils are almost all
obtained from vegetables, and they exist
in every part of plants, the root, the
bark, the wood, the leaves, the flower,
and even the fruit, but never in the sub-
stance of the cotyledons. The jized oils,
called also fat oils, are liquid, or easily
become so, when exposed to a gentle
heat; have an unctuous feel, and a mild
taste ; are very combustible, and insolu-
ble in water, and very slightly so in
alcohol. Their boiling point is never
under 600° F.,and they leave a greasy
stain on paper. These oils are numerous ;
some of them are obtained from animals,
and others from vegetables, by simple
expression.

O11-cas. An illuminating gas, obtained
by decomposition of a fat oil (usually
train oil), much in the same way that
coal gas is manufactured. It is somewhat
richer than the common coal gas.

Oit or Bricks. The sheep oy of distil-
lation of a brick svaked in oil.

Oit or Virrion. Sulphuric acid.

Ou'sers. A name sometimes given to
the planet Pallas, because discovered by
Dr. Olbers in 1802.

OLDENLAN’pIa. A genus of plants of
two species : Pentandria—Digynia. Named
in honour of Oldenland,a Danish bota-
nist. The root of one species, the 0.
umbellata, which grows wild on the coast
of Coromandel, affords the beautiful red
dye so mu¢h admired in the Madras
cottons.

OLD'ER-PLIOCENE. See PLIOCENE.

Oxp Rep SanpstoneE. The lowest mem-
ber of the carboniferous group of strata.
It consists of many varieties of siliceous
sandstones, and conglomerates of various
colours, but red predominates.

O’cea. The Olive-tree. A genus of nine
species: Diandria— Monogynia. Name
from sAqia, Oil, because the earliest and
best known species, the O. eurovea, is
that which affords the olive-oil. it is a

OLLI

517

OMB

native of the south of Europe. All the other
species are natives of warm climates.

Oxecra’Non, from wAéyy, the ulna, and

yoy, the head ; the elbow. The process
of the ulna upon which a person leans.

Otr’rianrt Gas. The name originally
given to bi-carburetted hydrogen, be-
cause, when it combines with chlorine
gas, it condenses into an oily-looking
fluid: olefiant, from olewm, oil, and facio,
to make, the oil-making gas.

Ov'geine. The thin oily part of fats,
naturally associated in them with gly-
cerine, margarine, and stearine.

O’LEo-REsIns. Native combinations
of resins with the essential oils, forming
balsamic and terebinthinate substances.

Otera’cEx, from olus,a pot-herb. The
name of a natural order of plants in Lin-
nus’ natural method, consisting of such
as have incomplete and inelegant flowers
heaped together in the calyces, as spi-
nage, mint, beet, &c.

O’teron Laws. Laws relating to ma-
ritime affairs, so called because sanc-
tioned by Richard I. at the Isle of Oleron,
in Aquitaine.

Otrac’rory Nerves. Nervi olfactorit. The
first pair of nerves are so termed because
they are the organs of smell (olfactws).

Otis’anum. A gum-resin, called also
thus and frankincense. It was formerly
much used in medicine, but is now chiefly
used as incense in Roman Catholic
churches. The gum has been supposed
to be a product of the Juniperus lycia,
but the plant which yields it is now ge-
nerally believed to be the Boswellia ser-
vata. The best is brought from Turkey.
The name olibanum is the Arabic /ubanon
with the prefix al, corrupted into ol; the
name therefore meaning the white-incense
or the Frank-incense. At present benzoin
is called lubahn, which is a general name
in Arabia for incense, and olibanum is
called condhur (whence the Greek name
Xwdeos.)

OLIGARCH’Y, oAryacyie. A form of go-
vernment which places the supreme power
in a few hands.

Onr’va. 1. A genus of gasteropods of the
order Pectinibranchiata, and family Bucci-
noida, Cuy., so named from the oblong
and elliptical shape of the shell (oliva, an
olive.) Recent species inhabit various
depths, but chiefiy a muddy bottom, and
fossil species are found in the London
clay.——2. The gum of the olive-tree.

O'tve. 1.Afruit, the produce of the
Olea or olive-tree. It is a smooth oval
plum, about three quarters of an inch in
length, of a deep violet colour when
ripe, whitish and fleshy within, bitter
andnauseous, but replete with a bland
oil, for which it is chiefly cultivated.
-——2. The olive-tree, the wood of which

is beautifully veined, and has an agree-
able smell. It takes a high polish.

O’tye-o1t. An insipid, inodorous, pale-
greenish-yellow-coloured, viscid fluid ;
unctuous to the feel, inflammable, and’
incapable of combining with water, ob-
tained from the fruit of several species of
the olive-tree, but especially from that
of the Olea europea. Olive-oil is the
lightest of the fixed oils, and is largely
used some parts of Europe as an
article of food and in the arts. The best
is that known in our markets by the
name of Florence oil, but by far the
largest portion of olive-oil brought to
England is from Gallipoli, and is hence
known commonly by the name of Gaili-
poli oii.

Ov’ivite. The name given by Pelle-
tier to the substance which remains after
gently evaporating the alcoholic solu-
tion of the gum which exudes from the
olive-tree. It is a white, brilliant, starchy
powder.

Ov'ivine. A mineral, usually of an
olive-green colour, which occurs in gra-
nular concretions, of a foliated structure
and conchoidal fracture, in .basalt. It is
a constituent of many lavas, sad is itself
composed of silex, magnesia, sme in
small quantity, and oxide of iron. Asa
gem, olivine is of inferior value.

Oxiv’IniteE. An ore of copper, of an
olive-green colour. It is a hydrated phos-
phate of copper, occurring with quartz
in micaceous clay-slate in drusy cavities.

Ou’t2. Roman sepulchral earthen
vessels, containing the ashes of inferiors.

Ov’ta Popriva (Span.) Putrid mix-
ture. A favourite dish in Spain, being a
mixture of meats and vegetables stewed ;
it sometimes turns putrid among the
poorer classes, as they serve up the same
dish so often, whence the name. In Eng-
land it is frequently applied to any in-
congruous mélange.

Oxxa’Ris Lapis, ) Potstone,found abun-

OLLITE. J dantly near the lake
of Como, in beds of primitive slate, and
og pikes into pots (lle) ; called also
ollite.

Otym’P1aAD. OdAvumins. <A period of
four years, by which the Greeks reck-
oned their time. The first olympiad cor-
responds to the 775th year before the
Christian era, and the 22nd before the
building of Rome. This computation
took its rise from the olympic games,
which were celebrated in every four
years, near the city Olympia, in Pelopon-
nesus. These games consisted of gym-
nastic exercises, horse-racing, chariot-
racing, &c.

Oma’cra, from wos, the shoulder,and
ayes, iscizure. Gout in the shoulder

On’'sre. A game at cards. (The Spe-

OMP

518

ONY

nish hombrz, man.) Usually played by
three persons:

Ow’sre ve Sot’e1t. Shadow of the sun.
A heraldic phrase when the sun is borne
in armoury, so that the eyes, nose, and
mouth, which at other times are repre-
sented, do not appear, and the colouring
is so slight that the field is seen through it.

Omprow’eTER, from o6gos, rain, and
peereov, measure. <A rain-gauge.

Om’eca. The name of the last letter of
the Greek alphabet, as Alpha is the first;
ae alpha and omega, the first and the

ast.

Omen’rum. Thecaul or epiploon. An
adipose membranous viscus of the abdo-
men, attached to the stomach, and lying
on the anterior surface of the intestines,
so named from omen; because the sooth-
sayers prognosticated from an inspection
of that part of the sacrifices.

m’nipus. The dative plural of the Lat.
word omnes, all,meaning therefore for all,
A well-known carriage for conveyance of
passengers. Omnibuses are of Parisian
origin. °

Om’n1um. The genitive plural of the
Latin word omnis, all, meaning therefore
of all, 1. A word in common use among
stock-brokers, to denote the aggregate of
certain portions of different stocks in the
public funds.——2. It also denotes the se-
curities which the subscribers to a loan
receive from government, and is there-
fore the subject of extensive speculations.

OmnivorEs, Lat. omnis, all, and voro,
I devour. An order of birds, which feed
on both animal and vegetable substances.

Omoc’oryte, from wus, the shoulder,
and worvaAy, a cavity. The cavity in the
extremity of the neck of the scapula, in
which the head of the humerus is articu-
lated.

O’mo-ny’o1p. An epithet for a muscle
situated between the hyoid bone and the
shoulder, and which pulls the hyoid bone
(os hyoides) obliquely downwards.

O’mopLare. A name of the scapula, from
oeog, the shoulder, and sAarus, broad.

Om’pHactne, from ougaxioy, the juice
of unripe grapes. An epithet for what-
ever pertains to, or is expressed from,
unripe fruit; as omphacine oil, which is
expressed from green olives. The juice
of unripe grapes, though properly named
omphacion, is sometimes termed verjuice ;
but this name is more commonly applied
to the juice of unripe wild apples or crabs.

Ompnatocer’Le, from ougasdos, thenavel,
and zéAy, a tumour. An umbilical
hernia.

OmPuHator’omy, from o6aAos,the navel,
and ¢euvw, to cut. The operation of
dividing the umbilical cord.

Om’PuALos. Ougadcs. The navel.

ONEIROCRIT'ICS, ovgigos and zesvm, I
judge. The science of interpreting dreams.

OnErRnop’rny, Lat. oneirodynia. Dis-
turbed imagination during sleep: from
oveigov, & dream, and gdvyy, anxiety.
Walking in sleep and nightmare are
species. .

Onei’roMANCY, from oygieoy, a dream,

and “evreia, divination. ivination by
dreams.
On’GteE. In heraldry, an appellation |

given to the talons or claws of wild beasts
or birds, when borne of a different colour
from that of the body of the animal.

On’ion. A well-known bulbous plant,
the Allium Cepa, cultivated for culinary
purposes all over Europe. The onion is
biennial, and a native of Spain and Por-
tugal. Seealso Scinua.

Onis’cus, Lat. from éyos, an ass. 1. The
stock-fish.——2. A genus of crustaceans
composing the order Isopoda, Cuy. This
genus, by Linné, is now divided into six
sections and numerous subgenera. Some
are aquatic, and others terrestrial. Among
the latter are the wood-louse, hog-louse,
church-bug, &c.

On’oMANCY, syoee, ame, and wayrsia,
prophecy. A species of divination from
the letters of a person’s name.

ONom’aTOPE, } Ovonerorosm. 1.A gram-

Onomar’oPy. ) matic figure, in which
words are formed to resemble the sound
made by the thing signified ——2. a word
whose sound corresponds to the sound of
the thing signified: from oyouze, name,
and ost», to make.

On’onts. Rest-harrow. An extensive
genus of plants, mostly herbaceous: class
Diadelphia: order Decandria. Name from
ovos, an ass, because it interrupts asses in
ploughing! :

Ontor’ocy, from oyrz, being, and Aoyos,
discourse. A part of the science of meta-
physics, which investigates and explains.
the nature and essence of all beings, their
qualities and attributes.

O’xus. Burden, from yes, an ass. By
onus probandi is meant the burden of
proving a fact, or the obligation of esta-
blishing it by evidence.

O’nxx. Oyvé. 1. A semipellucid gem of
little value. Thename is ap to any
stone of the gem-order exhibiting two or
more colours strongly contrasted, as
banded jasper, chalcedony, &c.; but more
particularly the chalcedony, when it is
marked with white, and stratified with
opaque and translucent lines. The name
onyx was originally given to any stone
presenting somewhat the appearance of
the human nail: oy, a finger nail——
2. In surgery, an abscess or collection of
pus between the lamella of the cornea:

~~) a a

OPA 519-

OPH

so called from its resemblance to the stone
called onyx, and wnguis, from its resem-
blance to the nail of the finger.

O’ourTE, from gédy, an egg, and Asboc,
stone ; eggstone. A species of limestone
composed of glebules clustered together,
commonly without gny visible cement ;
hence called also roestone, from its resem-
blance to the roe of afish. The oolite in
England forms a considerable formation,
commencing with the Portland
above, and terminating in the inferior
oolite resting upon the lias. These beds
comprehend sandstones, marls, and clays ;
and are exceedingly rich in fossil remains
of ammonites and belemnites. Many
limestones in other groups are oolite.

Oost, he stove in which the picked

Oast. ) hops are dried.

Ooz’e. 1. Soft mudor slime.——2. The
liquor of a tan-vat.

O6zo'A, doy, CSE, gwoy, animal. A pri-
mary division of the animal kingdom, in
which the neryous and sanguiferous sys-
tems are completely developed, corres-
ponding to the Acrita.

O’pat. An ornamental stone of mo-
derate value, a sub-species of indivisi-
ble quartz, of which there are several
varieties, found in different parts of
Europe and the East Indies. The princi-
pal of these are—(1.) The noble opal, a
milk-white or pearly-grey variety, with
a beautiful play of very various and rich
colours ; (2.) Fire opal, a variety which by
reflected light exhibits,as its position is
yaried, elegant and most beautiful irides-
cent colours, particularly emerald-green,
golden-yellow, flame and fire-red, violet
and purple, and celestial blue, beautifully
blended ; (3.) When the colour is arranged
in small spangles, it takes the name of
the Harlequin opal ; and (4.) When the
stone is a monochromatic yellow, it is
named Golden opal; (5.) The semé-opal is
a feebly translucent variety, of a white,
grey, or brown colour; (6.) Menilite isa
variety occurring in small irregular
roundish masses, often tuberose, often
bluish or striped, and generally translu-
eent. These varieties consist of silex in
various proportions, from to 95 per
cent., combined with oxide of iron and
water. The semi-opal contains a little
alumina. Prof. Ehrenberg states that
some specimens of semi-opal which he
has examined consist almost exclusively
of the shells of infusoria, some partially
dissolved, and others unaltered. He has
also found indications of animalcular
shells in the noble opal.

Orates’cence. A coloured shining
lustre, reflected from a single spot in a
mineral when held in some particular
position : iridescence.

Oravizep Woop. Wood petrified by
silica, resembling opal.

Or’rra (Lat., Ital., Sp.,Fr., Eng.). A
dramatic composition, set to music, and
sung on the stage, accompanied with
musical instruments, and enriched with
magnificent dresses, dancing, &c. Ac-
cording as the serious or the comic cha-
racter prevails, the opera is termed opera
seria or opera buffa (the opera comique of
the French). The grand opera is confined
to music and song.

Or’era-Gtass. An optical instrument,
so called from its use in theatres, and
sometimes termed a diagonal perspective,
from its construction. It consists of a
tube about four inches long, in each side
of which there is a hole, exactly against
the middle of a plane mirror, which re-
fiects the rays falling upon it to the con-
vex lens, through which they are re-
fracted to the concave eye-glass, whence:
they emerge parallel to the eye at the
hole in the tube. Theinstrument is not
intended to magnify objects more than
two or three times. The peculiar artifice
is, that a person at a small distance may
be observed without exciting suspicion,
for the instrument points to a different
object from that viewed, and as there isa
hole in each side of the tube, it is not
even known on which hand of the obser-
ver the object is situated.

OPERAM’ETER. Work-measurer. A ma-
chine consisting of a train of toothed
wheels, working in a box, having indexes
attached like the hand of a clock, anda
dial-plate, whereby the number of rota-
tions of a shaft projecting from the pos-
terior part of the box is shown. This shaft
is to be attached, in any convenient way,
to the working parts of rotatory machi-
nery, to show the revolutions, &c. made
ina given time. It is particularly useful
in the machinery for dressing cloths.

Orer’cuLtum (Latin) a cover. 1. The
lid or cover of the peristomium, or fringe
of mosses.——2. The flap which covers the
gill or organ of respiration in fishes.——3.
A lid by means of which many of the
mollusca close the aperture of their shells.
It is testaceous in some, and in others
horny or cartilaginous.

Orerer’rA, diminutive of opera. Ashort
musical drama of a light character. The
French vaudeville belongs to this species
of composition.

Orxr’asis, from ogsg, a serpent. A form
of porrigo which commences at the occi-
put, and winds toeach ear, and sometimes
to the forehead, with a sort of serpentine
course.

OrnicerH’atus. A genus of acantho-
pterygious fishes, resembling the Anabas,

v.,in most of its characters, and also
in the habit of creeping out of the water.
The Indian jugglers often exhibit it out
of the water ; and in the markets of China,
the larger species are cut up alive for

OPT

520

OPT

distribution. Name from ogs;, a serpent,
and xtgaAy, a head.

OPHICLEI'DE, ogis, serpent, zAgis, key.
The bass wind-instrument ina brass band.

Opuin’1a, from ogis, a serpent. The
third order of the class Reptilia, in Cu-
vier’s arrangement, comprising three
families, Anguina, Serpentia, and Nuda.
The ophidians are reptiles without feet,
thin, extremely elongated; the bod
moves by means of the folds it forms when
in contact with the ground.

Opnior/ocy, from ogis, a serpent, and

os, discourse. The branch of natural
history which treats of the serpent tribe
of reptiles.

O’rHiomancy, from ogss, and pavers,
prophecy. Divination from serpents.

Opuior’RuHIzA. Snake-root. A genus
of plants. Pentandria—Monogynia. Name
from ogis,a serpent, and pie, root, the
root of a species, the 0. mungos, being
regarded in Java, Sumatra, &c., as a spe-
cific for the bite of the naja, a venomous
serpent. It is also regarded as an antidote
to the poison of the bite of a mad dog.

O’PHITE, ofrys- The green porphyry or
serpentine. From ogis, a serpent.

Oruiv’cuus. A constellation of the
northern hemisphere, named also Serpen-
tarius and Serpens, and anciently Zscu-
lapius, from ogss, @ serpent.

O’rurys. The Twyblade. A genus of
perennial plants. Gynandria—Monandria.
Name oggus, from ogus, the eyebrow, be-
cause it was thought to promote the
growth of the hair of the eyebrows. Eu-
rope; five species British.

OruTHat’mia, from ogfados, the eye.
A term universally applied to an infiam-
mation of the membranes of the eye, or
of the whole bulb of the eye; but which,
according to the modern nomenclature of
diseases, should be called ophthalmitis.

OpnTHaLmopyn’'1A, from ogfaApos, the
eye, and odvyy, pain. A vehement pain in
the eye, with or without a little redness,
and not produced by inflammation.

OpxuTHAtmop’rosis, from ogfarpmos, the
eye, and grweis,afall. A protrusion of
the globe of the eye on the cheek, canthus,
or upwards, the globe itself being
scarcely altered in size.

OrxtHatmos’cory, from ogfaAmos, the
eye, and ¢zorew, to view. A branch of
physiognomy, which treats exclusively or
principally of the eyes.

OpistHoT’onic. Bent backwards ; from
oxicbey, backwards, and ¢esyw, to draw.
Applied to a form of tetanus in which the
body is bent backwards. ‘

Orium (Lat.) from ossoy, from eros,
jaice. The inspissated juice of the white

poppy, Papaver somniferum, a native of
some parts of Asia, but now naturalised
in various parts of Europe. Opium is
chiefly prepared in India, Turkey, and
Persia ; it has a peculiar, strong, heavy,
narcotic odour, and a bitter taste, and,
when good, has a redsiish-brown or fawn
colour. Itis little used in Europe except
as medicine, but is pretty extensively
used as a masticatory, and in smoking, in
Turkey and India; but the great con-
sumption of opium is in China, where its
importation is strictly prohibited by the
government.

O’popar’sam, from déreg, juice, and
Barcaoy, balm. The Balm or Balsam
of Gilead. Itis the produce of a tree, the
Amyris Gileadensis, indigenous to Arabia
and Abyssinia, and early transplanted to
Judea. It is obtained by ma! incisions
into the bark, by which the juice flows
out. It is now chiefly used by the Turk-
ish ladies as acosmetic, but was formerly
in high repute as a medicine. It is
rarely, ifever, brought to this country ;
what passes under the name is Canada
balsam, which is merely fine turpentine.

Orovet’poc. In medicine, a phorated
soap liniment. Steer’s opodeldoc is com-
posed of Castile soap, rectified spirit, cam-
ey set of hartshorn, and some essen-

oil.

Opor’anax,) A gum-resin, obtained

Opor’onax. § from a species of parsnip,
the Pastinaca opoponazx,a native of the
south of Europe and Asia Minor. Name
from omros, juice, and rayez, the panacea.
It is imported from Turkey, but is as yet
little used in medicine.

Oros’sum. A genus of quadrupeds.
Order Marsupialia: They belong to Ame-
rica. See DipEe.ruis.

Oprita’tion, from oppilo, to shut up.
The obstruction of the passages of the
body by redundant or peccant humours.

Oppositiro’LiaTE, Lat. oppositifolius,
being opposite to a leaf. Applied to a
flowerstalk when opposite to a leaf.

Opposi'TI0on, Lat. oppositio. 1. In astro-
nomy, the situation of two heavenly bo-
dies, when distant from each other 180°,
that is, diametrically opposite. 2. In
the jine arts, contrast.

OpsromeTER, ofis, sight, and wergov,
measure. An instrument for measuring
the limits of vision of a person. Same
as optometer. —

Or'TaTivE, Lat. optativus, expressing
desire, from opto, to wish. The optative

, in grammar, is that form of the
verb in which wish or desire is expressed.

Op’tics, or¢tizy. The science of the
nature and laws of vision; from orrouas,
tosee, from an), the eye. Optics is a
mixed mathematical science, including

— as”

GORA 521

ORA

catoptrics, dioptrics, and perspective;
and considers the nature, composition,
and motion of light; the whole doctrine
of colours, and all the circumstances of
vision ; the construction and management
of optical instruments, &c.

Optic, Relating to optics or to vi-

Or’ticat. sion. The optic nerves. are
the second pair springing from the crura
of the medulla oblongata, and passing
thence to the eye. The optic inequality of
a heavenly body is an apparent irregula-
rity which arises from the situation of
the eye of the observer, and not from any
real irregularity in the motion of the
moving body. The optic place of a star is
its place as seen by the eye.

Op’ricat Square. An instrument used
in surveying, for laying out perpendicular
lines. It is made of brass, in the shape of
a circular box, and containing two prin-
cipal glasses of the sextant, viz. the index
and horizontal glasses, fixed at an angle
of 45°,so that while viewing an object by

t vision, any other, forming a right
angle with it, will appear by reflection at
the spot where the observer is situated.

Or’timates. Grandees, from optimus,
best. A division of the Roman people,
opposed to populares, though it does not
certainly appear what were the charac-
teristic differences between these two

parties.
Opr’rmmz. A scholar of the first class of
mathematics at Cambridge.

Op’rimism, from optimus, best. The
philosophical and religious doctrine which
maintains that this world, notwithstand-
ing its apparent imperfections, is the best
or could have been devised ; and that the

order of things ‘the universe
is that adapted to produce most good.
' Op’rion. Atthe Stock Exchange,a per-
centage given for the option of putting
or calling, i.e. selling or buying, stock in

. time. bargains at a given price.

Oprom’etER, from orrixy, Vision, and
4éreov,measure. An instrument to mea-
sure the limits of distinct vision, and de-
termine with exactness the comparative
strength of the sight.

Orun’t1a. The Indian fig-tree. A
species of cactus which grows abundantly
in the south of Europe, and takes its name,

opunte, from the city Opus, near which
it flourished. De Candolle makes it the
type of an extensive genus.

Or. The French word for gold: used in

‘heraldry to express gold-colour or yellow,

represented in engraving by small dots.

O’ra. A Saxon coin, supposed to be
worth about one shilling and sixpence
sterling.

Or’acue. In botany, the Atriplex sativa,
used often as a substitute for spinach.
The wild orache belongs to the genus
Chenopodium.

Or’acte, Lat. oraculum. The reply or
answer of a god,from oro, to utter: also,
by metonymy, the god who gave oral
replies to the inquiries of men. The most
celebrated of the ancient oracles were
those of Apollo at Delphi, and Jupiter Am-
mon at Thebes. These were consulted,
through the medium of priests and priest-
esses, on all momentous occasions, and
never failed to give suitable responses,
many of which are famous for their am-
biguity. The superstition indeed was
mainly supported, and it was kept up for
many centuries, by the ambidexterous
nature of the oracular saying, for which-
ever way the event happened, the oracle
was certainly correct in the revelation.

Or’ance. The well-known fruit of the
orange-tree. The sweet orange is the
produce of the Citrus sinensis, or Citrus
nobilis, or Mandarin tree, and the bitter
or Seville orange is the produce of the
Citrus aurantium. The true orange is a
native of China, but was long since trans~
planted to other countries by the Portu-
guese. It now grows abundantly in the
south of Europe.

Or’ANGEMEN. The name given by the
Catholics of Ireland to their Protestant
countrymen, on account of their adher-
ence to King William, (of the house of
Orange), while the former party sup-
ported the cause of James II.

Orano’-ovTane’. The satyr or great
ape, the Simia satyrus, Lin., which of all
animals is considered as approaching
most nearly to man, in the form of his
head, height of forehead, and volume of
brain. The body is covered with coarse
red hair, the face bluish, and the hinder
thumbs very short, compared with the
toes. He inhabits only the most eastern
countries, such as Malabar, Cochin-China,
and particularly the great island of Bor-
neo, whence he has been occasionally
brought to Europe by the way of Java.
He is mild and gentle, easily rendered
tame and affectionate, but his intelligence
does not appear to be much superior to
that of the dog. The popular name orang-
outang, ( often written owrang-outang), is
composed of two Malay words: orang, a
reasonable being, and outang, wild, or of
the woods: hence, “ Wild Man of the
Woods.” The orang-outang is very ge-*+
nerally confounded with the chimpansé
(q. Vv.) ; and there is a monkey of Borneo,
known only by his skeleton, called the
Pongo, which is either of the species of, or
one closely allied to, the orang-outang.
He is the largest monkey known, and in
size is nearly equal to man.

Or’aror. In ancient Rome, the orators
were advocates for clients in the forum,
and before the senate and the people.
They were employed in causes of import-
ance, instead of the patrons. In modern

ORC 5

22 ORD

raf a public speaker; an eloquent pub-

lic speaker ; a person who can speak two
hours at a time without taking a drink of
water. In a petitioner.

Ornato’r10, Ital. from oratorium. 1. A
place of worship.—2. A sacred drama,
in imitation of theatrical pieces, but
always on sacred subjects, and accom-
panied by grave and solemn music, vocal
and instrumental.

Or’atory, Lat. oratoria, from orator.
1. The art of speaking, according to the
rules of rhetoric, in order to persuade.
it consists of four parts, invention, dis-
position, elocution, and pronunciation.
The speaker must be just and pertinent
to the subject ; must be methodical in all
the parts of his discourse ; and must em-
bellish it with the beauties of language,
and pronounce it with eloguence.——2.
Among Romanists, a close apartment near
a bed-chamber, furnished with an altar,
a crucifix, &c. for private devotions.

Orx’, Lat. orbis. A hollow sphere, or
space contained between two concentric
spherical surfaces. The ancient astrono-
mers conceived the heavens to consist of
several vast azure, transparent orbs or
spheres, inclosing one another, and in-
cluding the bodies of the planets.

Orz'tt, Lat. orbita, a track, from orbis,
a wheel. 1. In ast: ; the path of a
planet or comet; the curve line which a
planet describes in its periodical revolu-
tion round its central body. The orbits
of the planets are elliptical, having the
sun in one of the foci.——2. In anatomy,
the two cavities under the forehead, in
which the eyes are situated, are cailed
orbits,each of which is composed of seven
bones; the frontal, maxillary, jugal,
ee ethmoid, palatine and sphe-
noid.

Or’cHANET. 1. A plant, the Anchusa
tinctoria.——2. A bitter astringent sub-
Stance obtained from the Lithospermum
tinctorium.

Or’cuestRa. Ogyyorreax. The place
in the ancient theatres where the chorus
used to dance; in the modern theatres
the name is given to the place where the
musicians sit, From seytoues, to dance.

Or’cHIs. ao ve genus of peren-
nial plants. ndria — Monandria.
Named gexis, cage the testicular form of
the roots. There arenine indigenous and
fourteen exotic species.

Or’ctne. Thesubstance which furnishes
the colouring matter of archil or orchil.
Oreine is, however, itself colourless,
forming colourless crystals, which have
the shape of flat four-sided prisms, ter-
minated by a bihedral summit, and which
melt by heat into a transparent liquid.
it is soluble in water and alcohol; nitric
acid causes it to assume a blood-red

colour; and when exposed to the joint
action of air and ammonia it becomes a
deep violet colour.

Or’pEaL. In law, trial by fire or water,
now abolished in Europe. The term is
Sax. ordal, or ordael, which signifies com-
plete judgment; and the practice of
ordeal seems to have had its origin in the
belief that the substances used had each
its peculiar presiding deity, that had per-
fect control over it. The two forms of it
practised in England were the jire-ordeal
and the water-ordeal. e first was per-
formed by taking into the hand a bar of
red-hot iron, walking barefooted and
blindfolded over nine red-hot plough-
shares, laid lengthwise at unequal dis-
tances, &c.; and if the person escaped
unhurt, he was adjudged innocent, other-
wise he was condemned as guilty. The
water-ordeal was performed, either by
plunging the bare arm to the elbow in
boiling water, or by casting the person
suspected into a river or pond of cold
water, and if he floated without effort to
swim, it was an evidence of guilt; but if
he sunk (and was drowned) he was ac-

quitted. It is from these barbarous
paiiee that we have our proverbial
phrase, to go through fire and water.

On’pER, Lat. ordo. Regular disposition
or methodical arrangement of things; a
term of very extensive application, as—
1. In natural history, a subdivision of a
class which is itself further divided into
genera, as these are into species.——2. In
architecture, a system or arrangement of
the several members, ornaments, and
proportions of columns and entablatures,
from the diversity in which have sprung
the Five Orders, transmitted from anti-
quity: the Doric, the Ionic, the Corinth-
ian, the Tuscan, and the Composite (q.v.).
There is no standard of proportion com-
mon to the three Grecian orders: each
has its own peculiar symmetry; the
capitals are the distinguishing features.
—3. In geometry, a rank or division in
a series of curves, lines, &c.: thus, the
first order of curves are such as are ex-
pressed by a simple equation; those of
the second order by a quadratic equation,
&e.—4. In military and naval affairs,
the word order has various significations,
as order of batile, the disposition of troops
or ships for battle. There are orders from
the commander-in-chief: the general
issues orders ; so we have brigade orders,
general orders, and standing orders.

In society, we recognise orders of nobility,
orders of knighthood, military orders, and
higher and lower orders ; 3 We moreover
speak of clergymen being in orders, mean-
ing thereby that these individuals belong
to some one of the clerical orders, which
are three in number, namely, bishops,
priests, and deacons: these constitute

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523

ORG

the holy orders——6. Courts of law, as
Chancery, Queen’s Bench, &c., issue
orders regarding causes there depending;
and on particular occasions orders are
made by magistrates at the sessions.——
7. In the jine arts, order is the harmonious
disposition of the parts of a work.

Or’pERty. In military affairs, the
orderly books are those books in which the
*sergeants write the general and regi-
mental orders. Orderly sergeants are those
petty officers who attend on superiors.

Or’pInNARY. 1. In common and canon
law, one who has ordinary or immediate
jurisdiction in matters ecclesiastical. The
bishop is usually the ordinary of the dio-
cese, and the archbishop is the ordinary
of the whole province. The ordinary of
Newgate is a person who attends on con-
demned criminals, to prepare them for
death.——2. The establishment of persons
employed by government to take charge
of ships of war laid up in harbours.
Hence a ship im ordinary is one laid up,
under the direction of the master attend-
ant.—3. In heraldry, a portion of the
escutcheon comprised between straight
or other lines.

Or’pinate, Lat. ordinatus. Regular,
methodical. 1. An ordinate figure is one
whose sides and angles are equal.——?.
In the theory of curves, any right line
drawn from a point in the absciss to ter-
minate in the curve: if drawn perpen-
dicularly to the absciss, it is called a
right ordinate. The ordinates are bi-
sected by the right line called the axis.

Or’pinaTion. 1. Admission to holy
orders, or initiation of a person into the
priesthood. —— 2. In presbyterian and
congregational churches, the act of settling
or establishing (placing in Scotland) a
licensed preacher over a congregation
with pastoral charge and authority.

Orp’nance, from ordinance. A gene-
ral name for all sorts of great guns used
in war. The Board of Ordnance is the
board which provides guns, ammunition,
and arms of every description, for public
service.

Orvon’NANCE. In architecture, the same
as @conomy, which see.

Ore, Sax. ore, or ora. A native compound
of a metal and some mineralising sub-
stance: a metal in the mineral state.
The name is only applied to mineral
bodies which contain the metal in such
quantities as to be worth the labour of
extracting it; and they are styled rich
or poor ores according as they contain
more or less of the metal. The ores are
exceedingly numerous.

Or’rraiss, Fr. orfrois. Cloth embroi-
dered with gold.

Or’can. Ogyayoy. 1. A part of an ani-
mal or vegetable which has a dctermi-
nate ofice in its economy: thus the eye

is the organ of vision, the ear of hearing,
the muscles of motion, &c. <A catenation
of organs destined to one function is
ealled an apparatus ; thus, although the
lungs be the immediate organ of respira-
tion, the apparatus of respiration consists
of the lungs, air passages, muscles, nerves,

., of respiration, without which the
function could not be performed.——2. In
music, the largest and most harmonious ©
of the wind instruments. It is blown by
bellows, and consists of numerous pipes
of various sizes, and stops which are
touched by the fingers. The instrument
is sometimes constructed of immense size :
that of the Cathedral Church at Ulm, in
Germany, is 90 feet high, and 28 broad;
it is blown by 16 pair of bellows, and its
largest pipe is 13 inches in diameter.

Orea’nic. Pertaining to an organ or to
organs; consisting of organs, or contain-
ing them, as the organic structure of
living bodies. Organic bodies are such as
contain organs on the action of which
depend their growth and perfection : ani-
mals and plants belong to this division of
nature, and when these are found in the
earth in a mineral or fossil state, they
are styled organic remains, and their study
forms oryctology. There are also organie
diseases,in which there is a visible change
of the structure of the organ, as opposed
to diseases of function, in which the action
only of the organ is changed. The ex-
amination of the nature and composition
of organic matter constitutes organic che-
mistry. The organic description of curves
is the method of describing them on a
plane by means of instruments, as the
compasses and ruler. The organic laws of
astate are the laws directly concerning the
fundamental constitution of the state.

OrGanisa’TIon. 1. The construction of
the parts of an animal or vegetable body,
with reference to a determined function.
—2. The arrangement of the parts of a
complex body, in a suitable manner for
service. Governments, armies, &c., are
organised, and their organisation is good
or otherwise, according as their parts or
organs are duly adapted for the end pro-
posed, and to each other.

Or’GANON, og yoyoy. In philosophy, nearly
synonymous with method, and implying a
body of rules and canons for direction.

Or’canzineE. A description ofsilk usually
imported from Italy into this country. It
is washed, spun, and thrown in a parti-
cular manner, long kept secret.

Or’ctes, pl. Lat. orgia, from ogyie, from
ogyn, fury. Ancient revels, sacrifices, &c.,
in honour of Bacchus, held during the
night by the Bacche.

Or’curs. 1. In fortification, a French
term for long pieces of timber pointed
and shod with iron, and hanging over a

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524

ORP

gateway, to be let down in case of attack.
machine composed of several
musket barrels united, by means of which
several explosions are made at once to
defend breaches.

Or’icHatcHu, ) Lat. orichaleum, moun-

Onicuat’cum. )tain brass; ogos and
HXxAn0S ; or gold-brass, aurichaleum. The
brass of the ancients.

Ox’1EL, ) Old Fr. oriol, a sort of recess

Or'to. J or small apartment. The ortel
window isa projecting angular window,
commonly of a triagonal or pentagonal
form, and divided by mullions and tran-
soms into different bays and compart-
ments.

Ox’IFLaMB, Fr. oriflamme.
royal standard of France.

Onioe’anum. The Marjoram : a genus of
plants. Didy i Gy spermia. Name
ogtiyayvoy, from oges, 2 mountain, and
yayos, joy. The British type, the 0. vul-
garis, isa perennial plant, but some of the
exotic species are permanent.

Or’icenists. Followers of Origen of
Alexandria, a celebrated Christian father,
who held that the souls of men have a
pre-existing state; that they are holy
intelligences, and sin before they are
united to the body; and that Christ will
be crucified hereafter for the salvation of
devils, &c., &c.

Or1c’INAL, Lat. originalis. In law, where
the parts of an indenture are interchange-
ably executed between the parties, that
part executed by the grantor is called the
original, the others, counterparts. In the
Jine arts, a work not copied, but the ar-
tist’s own: acopy of hi8 own work is a
duplicate. In theology, original sin is the
corruption of nature derived to us from
our first parents.

Ortt’ton. In fortification, asmall round-
ing of earth, lined with a wall, raised on
the shoulders of such bastions as have
casemates to cover the cannon in the re-
tired flank.

Onion, Qeiwy. In astronomy, one of
the most extensive and brightest constel-
lations of the southern hemisphere: men-
tioned in the Book of Job, and in other
parts of the Bible. When it comes to the
meridian, there is then above the horizon
the most splendid view of the celestial
bodies which the starry firmament affords
to the eye of the beholder, and this is
visible to the whole inhabited world,
because the equinoctial passes nearly
through the middle of the constellation.
Orion contains 78 stars, of which two are
of the first magnitude, four of the second,
and four of the third.

OrtLz, a ourlet, Ital. orlo, a hem.

1. In architecture, a fillet or
band under the ovolo of the capital: by
some applied also to the plinth of the base

——m 2,

An ancient

of a column or pedestal. ——2. In heraldry,
an ordinary in the form ofa fillet round
the shield.

Or’top, Dut. overloop, a running over.
A platform of planks, laid over the beams
in the hold of a ship of war, whereon the
cables are usually coiled. It contains also
the sail-rooms, the purser’s, surgeon’s,
boatswain’s, and carpenter’s cabins, and
the several officers’ stove-rooms. In three-
decked ships, the second and lowest decks
are sometimes called orlops.

OxniItHIcH’NITES, from ogvig, a bird, and
O/yw,to touch. The name given by geo-
logists to certain footmarks of birds, ob-
served in the rocks of different formations.
The most remarkable are perhaps those
of the new red sand-stone of the valley of
Connecticut, described by Prof. Hitch-
cock, in the American Journal of Arts and
Sciences.

OrxnitrH’ouite, from Gevis, a bird, and
AsOog, stone. A fossil bird. The name is
also given to stones of various colours,
bearing the figure of birds.

OznitHor’ocy, from deus, a bird, and
Aoyos, discourse. The department of na-
tural history which treats of birds; de-
scribes their structure, teaches their eco-
nomy, and arranges them in classes,
orders, genera, and species.

OrnirH’omancy, from deve and pay-
tia, prophecy. Divination by birds.

OrniITHORHYN’cUs. The duck-bill. A
mammiferous animal peculiar to New
Holland, and thus generically named by
Blumenbach; from ogyss, a bird, and
poyxos, a beak, in allusion to the form of
the muzzle, which presents the closest _
external resemblance to the bill of a duck
orspoonbill. Cuvier places it in the order
Edentata,and division Monotremata. It is
aquatic, inhabiting the rivers and marshes
in the neighbourhood of Port Jackson.

Ornoe’rapuy, from ogog, @ mountain,
and yeagy, description. Description of
mountains, as to their heights, sce-
nery, &c.

Orot’ocy, from ogos, & mountain, and
Aovos, discourse. Description of moun-
tains as to their structure, geological re-
lations, &c. of

Oromas’pEs. In Persian mythology, the
principle of good.

On’PHEUS, \ 1. A fish, the oeGos of Pliny,

Orruvs. } caught in the Archipelago.’
It is a broad flat fish, said to weigh some-
times 20lbs.——2. A mythological per- _
sonage, a son of the Thracian river
JEagrus and the muse Calliope. The Or-
phean mysteries, the mysteries of which
Orpheus was the founder.

Or’Piment. Yellow sulphuret of arse-
nic: the golden pigment (auripigmentums)

ORS 525

CRT

of the Latins. It occurs in lamellar
masses, composed of indistinct crystalline
particles, for the most part in kidney and
other imitative forms; it volatilizes be-
fore the blow-pipe with a white smoke,
and with the odour of both sulphur and
arsenic. Sp. gr. 3°4 to 3°6. It is foundin
veins, in various metalliferous formations,
in various parts of the world, but the
finest comes from Persia, in brilliant yel-
low masses; this is commonly termed
golden orpiment. Orpiment is used as a
pigment, and is prepared also artificially
for this purpose.

Or’rery. A machine constructed for
the purpose of representing and illustrat-
ing the movements and phases of the
planetary system. This machine was in-
vented by George Graham, but it takes
its name from the circumstance of the
Earl of Orrery having procured a copy of
Graham’s maehine, oy means of a work-
man of the name of Rowley; it was
named after the Earl by Sir R. Steele,
on the supposition that his machine was
the first of the sort constructed. Orreries
convey only very rude and contracted no-
tions of the planetary movements and
proportions,

1 ‘| Me
I bis:
pre

Or’nts. The plant iris, of which orris
seems to be a corruption: fleur-de-lis or
flag-flower.

Or‘ris-rooT. The root of a white flow-
ering species of iris, the Iris florentina, a
native of the south of Europe. It is used
in the manufacture of hair powder and
some other articles, on account of its
grateful odour. See Ornris.

Orst’pew, | Manheim or Dutch Gold , an

Orsre’pue. Jinferior sort of gold-leaf
(rather, brass-leaf) prepared principally at
Manheim from a sort of fine brass.

OnrHocer’ata, jAn extinct genus of

OrtTHOcER’sTITE. § cephalopods, inha-
biting polythalmous straight shells:
hence the name from ogfos, straight, and:
xteas, a horn. The orthoceratite (says
Mr. Kemble) resembles an ammonite un-
rolled, having its chambers separated by
transverse septa, concave externally and
convex internally, the septa being pierced
by a siphuncle. There are many varie-
ties, some of which are upwards of two.
feetin length. Part of the pavement of
the palace of Hampton Court, and that of
the hall of University College, Oxford,
are composed of marble containing re-
mains of orthoceratites. Some species,
found in the carboniferous limestone of
Dumfries-shire, are nearly the size of a
man’s thigh.

Ortuov’romics, from oefos, straight,
and dgeues, course. The art of sailing in.
the are of a great circle, which is the
shortest distance between two points on
the surface of the globe.

Or’tHogon, from ogfos, straight, right,
and ywvie,anangle. A rectangular figuré,

OrtTHOGRAPH’ICc. 1. Relating to ortho-
graphy.——2. An orthographic projection
of the sphere is one in which the eye is-
supposed to be at an infinite distance: so
called because being made on a plane,
passing through the middle of the sphere,
and the eye placed vertically at an in-
finite distance, all the perpendiculars fall
in the common intersection of the sphere,
with the plane of the projection.

OrrHoe’Rapuy, from oebos, right, and
Y , Writing, description. In gram-
mar, that branch which teaches how -
words should be spelled. In geometry, the
art of delineating the foreright plan of
any object, and of expressing the heights.
or elevations of each part, so called be-
cause it determines things by perpendi-
cular lines falling on the geometrical
plane. In perspective, the foreright side
of any plane, that is, the side or plane
that lies parallel to a straight line, that
may be imagined to pass through the:
outward convex points of the eyes, con-
tinued to a convenient length. In archi-
tecture, the elevation of a building, show-
ing all the parts in their true proportions
In fortification, the profile or representa
tion of a fortress, or other work, in all its
parts, as they would appear if perpendi-
cularly cut from top to bottom.

OnrHopne’a, from ogfos, erect, and:
xvoy, breathing. 1. A disease of the
lungs, in which respiration can only be
performed in an upright posture. ——2. In-
ability of breathing in a recumbent pos-
ture.

Oxrnor’rera. An order of insects, the

Osc

526

OST

6th in Cuvier’s arrangement. Named
from ogfes, straight, and zrtgov, a wing,
being characterised by two straight wings,
covered with soft and flexible cases or
elytra. They compose the two families,
Cursoria, or runners, and Saltatoria, or
jumpers. The Cockroaches are examples
of the first, and the grasshoppers and
crickets of the second. All the orthoptera
are terrestrial; some are carnivorous,
some omnivorous, but the greater number
feed on living plants.

On’rive, Lat. ortivus, rising, or eastern.
The ortive amplitude of a heavenly body is
an arc of the horizon, intercepted between
the point where a star rises and the east
teen of the horizon, the point where the

orizon and equator intersect.

Or’roran. A bird, the Emberiza hor-
tulana, Lin., about the size of a lark;
builds ‘in hedges, is very fat, and common
in France, &c. in autumn. It is highly
celebrated in the annals of gastronomy,
and under the name of Miliaria was sold
at enormous prices to the epicures of

me.

Oxvie’ran. A medicine once celebrated
as an antidote to poisons. Named after
Orvietanus, a mountebank, who invented
it, or from Orvieto,a town in the Papal
territories.

Orycroe'Nosy, from geguzros, a mineral,
and yywcis, knowledge. 1. The name
given by Werner to what is otherwise
more generally named mineralogy (q.v.)
—2. That branch of mineralogy which
has for its object the classification of
minerals, and the determination of their
nomenclature.——3. Oryctology.

Onrycroe’RAPHY, } from oguztros, & fossil,

OrxcrTo.’ocy, and Aoyos, discourse.
1. That part of geology which treats of
fossils ——2. The same as oryctognosy.

Ory’za. Rice. A genus of annual plant.
Hexandria— Digynia. Name corrupted
from the Arabic orez. One species, the
O. sativa, which affords the rice, the chief
food of the inhabitants of all parts of the
east. It grows naturally in moist places,
and only comes to perfection in localities
where the ground is occasionally over-
flowed with water.

Oscuxoc’ELz, from ogyeoy, the scrotum,
and zyAy,a tumour. 1. Any tumour of
the scrotum.——2. A scrotal hernia.

Oscitia’TIon, Lat. oscillum, from cillo,
to move; vibration. The reciprocal ascent
and descent ofa pendulum. The avis of
oscillation is a right line, passing through
the point of suspension parallel to the
horizon. The centre of oscillation is that

int in an oscillating body into which,
fall the matter were collected, the vibra-
sions would be performed in the same
time

facio, to

OscILtaTor’ia. Minute organised be-
ings, having the power of making oscilla-

tory movements.
Os Coc’cyets. The tail-bone: the first
to kiss. A

bone of the tail of tailed animals.

Oscura’tion, from
term in geometry for the peed between
any given curve and its osculatory circle ;
i.e. acircle having the same curvature as
the given curve.

Os’cuLaTory (seeOscrtaTtion). 1. Anos-
culatory is a tablet or board with the pic-
ture of Christ, the Virgin, &c., kept in
Romish churches, to be kissed by the
priest, and then delivered to the people
for the same p ——2. For osculatory
circle (see OscuLATION).

Osian‘prians. In ecclesiastical history,
a = of the Lutherans, founded by Osi-
an

Os’mazome, from 07%, odour, and Caees,
juice. A peculiar animal principle, ob-
tained by digesting cold water for some
hours on slices of raw muscular fibre, eva-
porating the liquor to dryness, and treat-
ing the fixed remainder with alcohol, and
finally dissipating the alcohol by a gentle
heat. It has a brownish yellow colour,
and the taste and smell of soup.

Os’mius, from oem, smell. A metal
discovered by Tennant in crude platinum,
and thus named by him from the pungent
and peculiar smell of its oxide. It occurs
also associated with the ore of iridium.
Osmium has a dark grey colour, readily
combines with oxygen when heated in
the air, and is insoluble in acids, but
readily soluble in potassia.

Os’nasurc. A sort of coarse linen, first
imported from Osnaburg in Germany.

Oss’PRAY, } The sea-eagle or fish-hawk

Oss’prex. § (Falco ossifraga, Lin.) about
the size of a peacock. It feeds on fish,
which it takes by suddenly darting upon
them when near thesurface of the water.
The name is a corruption of the Latin
ossifraga, the bone-breaker (0s and frango).

Os‘sEans on Os’sEI. In ichthyology, dba xp
mary division of fishes, including such
have a bony skeleton.

OssiFica” ray from os, a bone, and
1. The formation of bone:
fare deatoaces In , the conver-
sion of membraneous or muscular sub-
stances into a bony substance.

Os’szous, Lat. osseus, bony. Osseous
breccia is a mass of fragments of the
bones of animals, cemented together by a
calcareous gangue, and commonly found
in fissures and caves.

OsTEn’sIVE, from ostendo, to show;
showing. An stration is one
which plainly and directly demonstrates
the truth of a proposition, in contradis-
tinction to an apogogical one, or one
bara depends upon a reductio ad absur-

um,

ll i Mi ie

OST 527

OUI

Osreocor’ta, from o¢réoy, a bone, and
xoAAaw, to glue. Glue-bone, stone, or
bone-binder. A peculiar carbonate of
lime, found in some parts of Germany, in
loose sandy grounds, spreading from very
near the surface to considerable depths,
ramifying like the roots of atree. Itis
of a whitish colour, soft whilst under the
earth, friable when dry, rough on the
surface, for the most part hollow within,
but always bearing evidence of its hav-
ing been deposited on some fibrous mat-
ters, as the roots of plants. It takes its
name from a ridiculous notion not yet
entirely vanished, that it promotes the
coalition of fractured bones, and the for-
mation of callus.

Os’TEO-SARCO’MA, } from oortov, a bone,

Os’rEo-sarco’sis,) and cuenupnae, a
fleshy tumour. A term that is very
vaguely applied to any tumour which
contains a mixture of bony and soft mat-
ter. Itis most commonly applied, how-
ever, to a tumour commencing in the
medullary structure of a bone, and after-
wards blended with osseous matter.

Os’trary. Lat. ostium. a mouth. The
gpenieg by which a river disembogues
tself.

Os’rracism. Ocreaxiouos, from orren-
zoy, a shell. 1. Banishment by the people
of Athens of a person whose merit \and
influence gave umbrage to them; so
named from the shell on which the name
or the note of acquittal or condemnation
was written. The shell, however, wasa
piece of baked earth called testa by the
Latins ——2. Banishment.

Ostracit’Es. Fossil oyster-shell: ostrea,
an oyster.

Os’rrEA. A genus of testaceous Ace-

hala, comprehending, according to

inné, all those which have but a small
ligament to the hinge, inserted into a
little depression on each side, and with-
out teeth or projecting plates. The ge-
nus is now divided into Ostrea proper or
true oysters, which are irregular, inequi-
valve, and lamellated ; shell inhabited by
a tethys: pectens, which are distinguished
from the true oysters, principally by two
angular productions called ears, which
widen the sides of the hinge; lime, which
differ from the pectens in the superior
length of their shell in a direction per-
pendicular to the hinge. There are, also,
certain fossils which belong to the ostrea
of Linné, as the hinnita, plagiostoma,
pachytes, dianchora, and podopsis. Name
ostrea, from orreuzoy, a shell.

Os’rricn. A bird of which there are
two species, constituting the genus Stru-
thio, Lin. The ostrich of the eastern
continent (the S. camelus, Lin., of the
sandy deserts of Arabia and Africa), has

been celebrated from the earliest ages. It
attains the: height of from 6 to 8 feet,
lives in great troops; lays eggs weighing
nearly 3lbs., feeds on grass, grain, &c.,
and runs with such speed that no animal
can overtake it in the race. The loose
flexible feathers of its wings are highly
valued for ornamental purposes of dress,
and the coarse part of the plumage, called
hair, to which it bears a resemblance, is
used in the manufacture of hats. The
American ostrich (S. rhea, Lin.) is about
one-half smaller than the oriental species.
When taken young it is easily tamed.

O’rary. In zoology, the Phoca jubata,
Gm., or sea-lion of Steller and others, of
which there appears to be three or four
species. The otaries are regarded as
seals with external ears, but they differ
from the seals also in the characters of
their teeth, feet, &c., so as in fact to
form a distinct genus.

O’t1s. A genus of birds. The bustards.
Order Grallatorie ; family Pressirostres.
Name borrowed from the Greek ages.
The most known species is the great bus-
tard (0. tarda, Lin.). It seldom flies, and
feeds indifferently on grain, herbs, worms,
and insects. It builds on the ground
among grain.

Or’omys. The name given by F. Cuvier
to a genus of animals nearly allied to the
Field Rats, from wess, an ear, and feouc,
arat, on account of the large size of the
ears.

Or’rar oF Roses. An essential aroma-
tic oil, obtained from the flower-leaves
of the rose. See ArTar.

Orrav’s Rim’a. Octuple rhyme. An
Italian form of versification, consisting of
stanzas of two alternate triplets and a
couplet at the end.

Or’rer. A mammiferous animal, of
which there are several species. See
Lurra.

Or’ro, Arab. ofr, essence. <A term sig-
nifying essence, and usually applied to
essential oils extracted from flowers, as
the otto of roses. See Arrar.

Ovr’roman, Turkish. Relating to Turkey
or the Turks. The term originated in
Othman, or Osman, the name of the first
Sultan, who assumed the government
about 1300 a.p.

O’rvs. In ornithology, a subgenus of
Strix, comprehending the horned owls,
or those owls which have tufts of feathers
on the forehead, (vulg. horns), which they
can erect at pleasure. The best known
species is the Strix otus, Lin., or commor,
owl. Name from dds, eared, in allusion
to the horns.

Ovcu. A socket in which a precious
stone is set.

Ovistr'r1s. A small genus of Quadrn-
mana, similar to the S- kis, and for a long

OUT 528 ox

time coufounded with them in the great
genus of monkeys. The common ouistitis,
the Simia jacchus, Lin., is found in Para-
guay, and nearly every part of South
America.

Ounce, Lat. uncia, the twelfth part of
anything. 1. A weight, the twelfth part of
a pound troy, and the sixteenth part ofa
pound avyoirdupois.——2. An animal of
the Lynx tribe

OvRANOG’RAPHY, ovgavos, heaven, and
yexgw.I describe. A description of the
heavens.

Ovror’ocrx, or Ouros’coPY, ovges, Atya,
I speak, and ezortw, I view. The judg-
ment of diseases from an examination of
the urine.

O’us. In chemistry, a termination for
those acids which contain of the acidify-
ing principle, as oxygen, one equivalent
less than the acid of the same elements,
whose name ends inic. Thus, sulphurous
acid is 09S, and sulphuric acid is OS.
See Actp. Wealso speak of nitrous and
nitric oxides: these follow the same
Jaw; but such terms are now being laid
aside.

Ovr’cror. A term used by miners and
geologists, to express the exposure at
the surface of a stratum, bed, or vein.

Ovr or Trim. The state of a ship when
she is not properly balanced for sailing

OvutTtaw’ry. The punishment ofa per-
son who, being called into law, and law-
fully sought, according to the usual forms,
contemptuously refuses to appear. All
the goods and chattels of the person so
outlawed are forfeited to the Crown, and
all profits of lands, solong as the outlawry
lasts. The man is moreover out of the
protection of the law.

Ovr’ticker. A small piece of timber,
made fast to the top of the poop ofa ship,
and standing outright astern.

Ovr’trer. 1. One not belonging to a
group, flock, or some specific collection of
individuals. ——2. Among agriculturists,
an animal which is not taken into the
fold at night with the others.——3. In
geology, a detached rock at some distance
from the principal mass.

Ovr’posr. In war, a body of men posted
beyond the main guard.

Ourre’ (Fr.). In the jine arts, exagge-
rated, overstrained.

OvrTrice’/cer. A strong beam fixed on
the side of a ship and projecting from it,
in order to secure the masts in the opera-
tion of careening, by counteracting the
strain it suffers from the effort of the
careening tackle ; also a boom, occasion-
ally used in the tops to thrust out the
breast backstays to windward, to increase
the angle of tension, and giye additional
security to the topmast.

Dy7’worx. The part of a fortification

most remote from the main fortress or
citadel: such are rayelins, or half-moons,
tenailles, hornworks, crownworks, &e.

O’va, plural of ovum, an egg. In
architecture, ornaments in the form of
eggs, carved on the contour of the ovolo,
or quarter-round, and separated from
each by anchors and arrowheads.

O’vary, Lat. ovarium. 1. That part of
the body where the ovaria are lodged.
In the mammiferous subject ovaria are
two flat oval suspended in the

broad ligaments a little below the Fallo-
pian tubes.——2. the lower part of the
pistil of a flower, containing the rudiments
of the future plants.

O’VERSHOT-WHEEL. See WATER-WHEEL.

O’vert Act, Fr. ouvert, open. In law,
a manifest act implying criminality.

Ov’ertuRE, Fr. ouverture, opening. In
music, the symphony in the theatres which
precedes the drawing up of the curtain.

Ova’tion. A Roman custom of

grant- .
ing an inferior kind of triumph to mili-

tary leaders.

Ovir’anovs, from ovum, an egg, and
pario, to produce. An epithet for animals
= lay eggs inclosed in a calcareous
she

O’vis. The sheep. A genus of well-
known ruminant mammiferous animals.
The Argali of Siberia (O. Ammon, Lin.)
inhabits the mountains of Asia, and at-
tains the size of the fallow-deer. The
Moufions of America, Africa, and Sar-
dinia, belong also to this genus. It is
from the Moufion or the Argali that we
are supposed to derive the innumerable
races of our woolly animals, which, next
to the dog, are most subject to variation.

Ovipos‘iror, Lat. ovum, and pono, IT
place. In insects, the instrument oes which
it deposits its eggs.

Ov’oto. In architecture, a round mould-
ing, whose profile and sweep, in the Ionic
and Composite capitals, is usually the
quadrant of a circle or ayers

O’vo-vivir’arous, from ovum, egg,
and viviparous (q.v.). A distinctive epi-
thet for those animals, as the salamander
and the viper, which never lay their
eggs, these being hatched within the
body of the parent, so that, although
originally contained in eggs, the offspring
are brought forth in a living state.

O’vum (Lat. Egg). In anatomy, the body
formed by the female in which, after im-
pregnation, the development of the foetus
— place. In architecture, the same as
ovolo.

Owt'tnc. The offence of transporting
wool or sheep out of England. contrary to
statute; so called because usually done
during night, when owls are awake!

Ox. A name common to all the animals ©

of the genus Bos, Lin., but especially 2
the B taurus, Lin., knows by iw Dat

ee ees

OXY

529

OYE

un enead, round horns, placed at the ex-
i eunities of the salient line or ridge which
separates the forehead from the occiput.
Dome have regarded it (Cuvier says er-
foneously) as a variety of the Aurochs
\B. urus, Gm.).

Oxaw'Ic Acip. An acid which takes
its name from its existing in considerable
quantity in the juice of the wood-sorrel
(oxalis acetosella). This juice is almost
pure bioxalate of potash, and in a crys-
tallised state forms an article of com-
merce, under the name of salt of sorrel,
or very erroneously, salt of lemons, and
was long supposed to be analogous to tar-
tar. The acid, however, is obtained most
readily and most economically from
sugar, by the action of nitric acid. It
crystallises from its solutions; the crys-
tals are quadrilateral prisms, the sides of
which are alternately broad and narrow,
and summits dihedral; they effloresce in
dry air, and deliquesce slightly in damp
air. The acid acts as a violent poison in
the quantity of two or three drachms.
The best antidote is lime in some conye-
nient form, as chalk.

Ox’atis. Wood-sorrel. A very exten-
sive genus of herbaceous plants. Decan-
dria—Pentagynia. Name from ozvs, acid,
on account of the acidity of its juice. Out
of 77 species enumerated, two are British,
of Which the 0. acetosella is the best
known, being, from its peculiar grateful
aeid taste, mucn used in salads. See
Oxatic Acip.

Ox’canc, Germ. ochs, and gang, walk.
Formerly used to signify as much land as
an ox could plough in a season.

Oxrpa’t1on. The process by which me-
tals and some other elemezits are con-
verted into oxides by combination with
oxygen. See Oxipez.

Ox'IpE. A substance combined with
Oxygen, without being in the state of an
acid. As many substances are suscep-
tible of seyeral degrees of oxidisement,
several terms have been used to distin-
guish them: thus we have the black and
red oxides of iron and of mercury, the
white oxide of zinc, and the black oxide
of manganese; but, in the new chemical
nomenclature, the terms protoxide, deu-
toxide (or binoxide), tritoxide, signifying
the first, second, and third stages of oxi-
disement, are substituted for the old spe-
cificnames. And if only two oxides of a
substance are known, the appellation
protoxide denotes that at the minimum,
and peroxide that at the maximum.

Oxycoo’cus. The cranberry. A genus of
permanent plants. Octandria— Monogy-
nia. Name from ogy;, acid, and zoxxos,
och There are two American and one
Bo species, the O. palustris.

Ox'razNn from efpc, acid, and yirvaw,

to generate. An elementary body which
exists sometimes in a solid, but whied
can be examined only in the gaseous
form: it is never distinctly perceptible
to the human senses except in its com-
binations. It forms 21 per cent. by vo-
lume of the atmosphere, being the con-
stituent essential to the support of animal
and vegetable life and combustion. In
combining with substances in the process
of combustion, it ferms oxides and acids,
from which latter circumstance it takes
its name of oxygen or acid generator (see
Acip). The act of combining with bodies
is called oxidisement or oxygenation. Oxy-
gen, when isolated, has all the mecha-
nical properties of air; it is void of
taste, colour, and smell. Sp. gr. 11026
compared to air,as1. It is procured by
the action of heat from chloride of pot-
ash, red oxide of mercury, and black
oxide of manganese. Nitrate of potash
and red oxide of lead also yield it.
Bleachers give the name oxygen to thin
aqueous solutions of chlorine ; and bleach-
ing by means of chlorine was long named
oxygen bleaching; these absurd names
originated in the same error which gave
rise to the following chemical names,

Ox’YGENATED-MURIATIC, | Names ori-

Ox’yMURIATIC. ginally given
by the French chemists to chlorine, from
a theoretical error regarding that ele-
ment, by them supposed to be muriatic
acid united with an equivalent of oxygen.
This mistake was rectified by Sir H.
Davy.

Oxycena’Tion. A term sometimes used
synonymously with oxidisation and oxi-
disement ; but, in its wider sense, it in-
cludes every case of union with oxygen,
whatever the product may be; whereas
the other terms are applied only when an
oxide is formed.

OxyuHyp’RoGEN Biowrirse. A blowpipe
in which one volume of oxygen with two
of hydrogen are burned while issuing
from a small aperture. They produce an
intense heat.

Oxxmo’ron. OZvuwesy. A rhetorical
figure, in whict. an epithet of a quite con-
trary signification is added to a word, as
cruel kindness.

Oxymvu’riates, An old name for those
compounds now called chlorides.

Oxy’ory, from ofvs, acute, and an), the
eye. The faculty of seeing more acutely
than is usual, froma preternatural sensibi-
lity of the retina.

Oxyprus’sic AciD.
the chlorocyanic acid.

An old name for

Oxysvut’pHuret. A sulphuret of a me-
tallic oxide.
Oxytar’TaRaTE. An old name for the

acetate of potash.
O’yER AND TERMINER’.

M

In law, & court

PAC 530

PAD

held by virtue of the Queen’s commission,
to hear and determine all treasons, felo-
nies, and misdemeanors. Norm. oyer, to
hear, and terminer, to determine.

O’ Yes, corrupted from the French oyez,
hear ye. Anexpression used by the crier
of a court,in order to enjoin silence when
any proclamation is made.

Oxs’rer. A name common to all the
molluscs of the genus Ostrea, but especi-
ally applied to the O. edulis, which is
nursed and fed on several parts of the
British coasts, and is deemed nourishing
and delicious food. There are about 200
vessels, with from 400 to 500 men and
boys attached to them, employed in
dredging for oysters. The English oysters
are the best procurable in Europe, and
were much sought after by the epicures
of ancient Rome.

Oxs’TER-BED. A bank where oysters are
planted, nursed, and fed.

Ovs’TER-caTcHER. A bird which is
provided with a beak somewhat longer
than the plovers or the lapwings; straight,
pointed, compressed into a wedge, and
sufficiently strong to enable it to force
open the bivalve shells of oysters, &c., on
which it feeds. See Hzmarorvs.

Ozz’na, from ofy,a stench. An ulcer
in the nose, discharging fetid purulent
matter, and sometimes accompanied with

caries of the bone. n

rs

P, the sixteenth letter of the English
alphabet, stands as an abbreviation—l.
Among astronomers, for post, after.——2.
Among physicians, for pugil, the eighth
part of a handful ; and sometimes for part
or parts, as P. 2E. for partes equales, equal
parts; and also for pulvis, powder.——3.
In music, for piano, softly; pp. for pit
piano, more softly ; and ppp. for pianissi-
m , very softly.——4. In numismatics, &c.
for Publius ; Pat. Dig. for Patricia digni-
tas; F. C. for Patres Conscripti ; P. M. for
Pontifex Maximus; P.P. for propositum
publice; P. R. for Populus Romanus ;
PR. 8. for Pretoris Sententia; PRS. P.
for Preses Provincie.

Pa’ca. A small American animal, of a
fawn colour, spotted with white; the
Cavia paca, Lin., placed in a new genus,
Ca@logenys, by Fred. Cuvier.

Pacs, from passus, astep. 1. The space
between the two feet in walking, usually
estimated at two and a half feet. But
the geometrical pace is five feet, or the
whole space passed over by the same foot’
from one step to another. 60,000 such
paces make one degree on the equator.
——2. In the manége, the pace is of three
kinds,—the walk, the trot, and the gallop.

Pa’cua,| The military governor of a

Pa’sua. J Turkish province. Pasha is
the proper spelling.

PacuHyDer’maTa, from rays, thick,
and dégua, skin. Thick-skinned animals;
the seventh order of the class Mammalia,
in Cuvier’s arrangement, divided into
three families : Proboscidea, comprehend-
ing the elephant and ith ; Pachyder-
mata Ordinaria, of which the hippopota-
mus and rhinoceros are examples; and
Solidungula, at the head of which is the
horse. Several genera of pachydermatous

are now extinct, and known only
by their fossil remains ; among these are
the mastodon, the anoplotherium, and the
lophiodon.

Pacir’ic Oczan. The ocean which lies
between America on the east, and Asia
and Australia on the west.

Pacx’ace. 1.A bundle or bale of goods.
——2. Used sometimessynonymously with
baillage, scavage and portage. See BaltLace.

Pacx’ronc. The Chinese name of the
alloy; now usually called white copper.
or German silver. It iscomposed of cop-
per, zinc, and nickel.

Pa’co, \s Peruvian word. 1. In zoo-

Pa’cos. J logysy a species of lama, the
Camelus vicunna, Lin., frequently named
the Peruvian sheep, but resembles the
camel in shape. It is smaller than the
true lama, the C. llama, Lin., but is
highly prized for its wool.——2. In mine-
ralogy, an earthy-looking ore, which con-
sists of brown oxide of iron, with imper-
ceptible particles of native silver dissemi-
nated through it. This ore is found in
Peru, and is named from its colour, which
resembles the peculiar blackish-brown
colour of the wool of the Paco.

Pav’pinc. In calico-printing, the pro
cess of imbuing a piece of cloth thoroughly
and uniformly witha mordant. This is
usually effected by a machine called the

ing machine.

Pap’ptz. 1.A short oar: batillusis a pad -
dle: zarradkes a pole. The name is now
applied to a sort of short oar, used in pro-
pelling canoes ; and been adopted in
natural history, to designate the swim-
ming apparatus of the chelonian reptiles
and marine saurians.——2, engineer-
ing, a paddle or clough is a panel, to fit the
openings leftin lock gates and sluices, for
the purpose of letting the water in or out
as may be desired. Paddle-holes or cleugh-
arches are small culverts or drains, con-
nected with canal work,as the small pas-
sages through which the water passes
from the upper pond of a canal into the
lock-chamber during the process of filling.
Paddle-wheels are those wheels employed
in the propulsion of steam-boats.

Panv’pock. 1. Sax. pad or pada, a frog.
—2. Sax. parruc, a small inclosure

Poy Ge fe

a am ee ee ee eee ee ed

PAG

531

under pasture, for turning in a sick
horse &c.

Pap’pocK-stoot. A species of mush-
room ; vulg. toadstool.

Pap’py. An East Indian name for rice
in the husk.

Pav’py Birp. A species of heron, the
Ardea torra, which frequents the paddy
or rice fields.

Papis‘na. A title of the Turkish sultan,
and of the Persian shah.

Pap’vasoy. A peculiar kind of silk
stuff, first manufactured at Padua in Italy.

P»’an, | 1. Among the ancients, a song

Pe’an. Jin honour of Apollo, chiefly
used on occasions of triumph, and so
named because the words Jo pean! fre-
quently occurred in it, in allusion to
Apollo’s contest with the serpent.——2.
Any song of triumph.——3. In ancient
poetry, a foot of four syllables; written
also y@on. Of this there are four sorts:
the first consisting of a trochee and pyr-
rhic, as ¢@mpdribiis; the second of an iam-
bus and pyrrhic, as poténtid; the third of
a pyrrhic and trochee, as dnimdtis; and
the fourth of a pyrrhic and iambus, as
céléritds, r

Pzcitor’opa, from zoixidos, various,
and sous, a foot. Various-footed animals.
The second order of the class Crustacea in
Cuvier’s arrangement, comprising two
families, Xyphosura and Sip toma.
The Molucca crab is an example of the
first, and the Fish-louse of the second.

Pzpopar’Tists, sais, child, and Baz.
<i€w, I baptize. Those who hold that
infants should be baptised in infancy.

Pzo’nisa. Peony. An extensive genus
of perennial plants. Polyandria—Digynia.
Natural family Ranunculacee. Named
from Peon, who cured Pluto with it
when wounded by Hercules. Temperate
climates.

Pa’can, Lat. paganus, a peasant, from
pagus, a village. A word originally ap-
plied to the inhabitants of the country,
who, on the first propagation of the Chris-
tian religion, adhered to the worship of
their ancient gods, or refused to receive
Christianity after it had been received by
the inhabitants of cities. Inlike manner,
heathen si es an inhabitant of the
heath or woods, and caffer (Arabic) is a
dweller in a hut, and one who does not
receive the religion of Mohammed. Pagan
is now used to designate one whois neither
a Christian nor Mohammedan, and the
religion which Pagans profess is paganism.
' Pacana’tia. Festivals held in Roman
villages, in honour of the local tutelary
divinities.

Pa’ceant, from pagma. Something car-
ried about in triumph, a pompous display
Without value. The Lord-Mayor’s coach
is a pageant.

PAI
Pa’GeTTING, | Rough plastering. aspa-
Par’GErrTine. J cially that in we

rior of chimney-fiues.

Paao’pa, Pers. pout ghoda or boot khoda,
Hind. boot khuda, abode of God. 1. A
temple in China and the East Indies. The
most remarkable pagodas of India are
those of Benares, Siam, Pegu, and parti-
cularly thatof Juggernaut, in Orissa. The
images in these temples are also called
pagodas. These are usually made of baked
earth, richly gilt, but without any par-
ticular expression.——2. A gold coin, for-
merly current in the south of India, value
eight shillings. This name was given to
it by the Europeans.

Pac’opire. The mineral of which the
Chinese make their pagodas, called also
lardite, koreite, and agalmatolite.

Pains AND Penattiss. In law, an act
of Parliament to inflict pains and penal-
ties beyond or contrary to the common
law, in the particular cases of great pub-
lic offenders.

PAaINTER’s Conic, ) A species of colic,

PiumBeER’s Coric. so named from its
victims, painters and plunibers ;.and from
its symptoms called the dry belly-ache. It
has also been called, from the place where
it is endemial, the Poitou, the Surinam,
the Devonshire colic. It is generally at-
tributed to the poison of lead, but early
cider and new rum are found also to pro-
duce it.

Paint. A colouring substance, or sub-
stance used in painting, as green, red,
blue, &c. paint.

Painter. 1. An artist who paints or
represents objects by means of colours, or
light and shade; as a portrait-painter.
——2. An artisan who lays colours on
wood, plaster, &c.; as a house-painter.
The company of painters in London was
incorporated by Queen Elizabeth, but
existed long previous.——3. From Irish,
painter, a snare; a rope used to fasten a
boat to a ship, wharf, &c.

PAaINTER-STAINER. A painter of coats
ofarms. The painter-stainers were in-
corporated with the painters.

PainTinc. An art coeval with civili-
sation, practised with success by the Etru-
rians, Greeks, and Romans, obscured for
several centuries, but revived in Italy in
the fifteenth century, whence sprung the
Roman, Venetian, and Tuscan schools.
Afterwards arose the German, Dutch,
Flemish, French, and Spanish schools:
and, latterly, the English school, founded
by Sir Joshua Reynolds ;—it is properly a
compound of the Italian and Flemish
schools. As regards the subjects, painting
is distinguished into historical, landscape,
portrait, &c. painting ; as regards the form
and materials, into painting in oil, water
colours, fresco, miniature, distemper, ia0-
saic, &c.——2. A picture.

2m 2

PAL 532

PAL

Parr’Inc. In parliament, when two
members of opposite opinions agree to
absent themselves from divisions of the
House during stated periods.

Pat’acg-court. The court which ad-
ministers Pree among the domestic
servants of the Crown. Its jurisdiction
extends twelve miles in circuit from the
royal palace.

Pavapin. An errant knight, whose
business was to praise his mistress, and
to fight anybody who refused to acknow-
ledge the truth of his panegyrics. The
** brave Orlando” is a specimen.

Pavzoc’rapuy, from raAcaiés, ancient,
and yeaga, to write. Description of an-
cient manuscripts, inscriptions, &e.

Parzov’oey, | From zaAaids, ancient,

Patzovocy. Jand Avyos, discourse.
The study of ancient things. —

Patzontoocy, from raArasos, ancient,
oyra, beings, and Aoyos, discourse. The
study of fossil remains of animal and ve-
getable life. ;

Patzosav’rvus, from sraAcsds, ancient,
and ¢atgos, a lizard. A genus of saurians,
found only fossil in the magnesian lime-
stone. :

PaLxorue’r1cum,from raAaids, ancient,
and O@ygsov, a wild beast. An extinct
genus of quadrupeds, belonging to the
order Pachydermata, The place of the
Paleotherium is intermediate between
the rhinoceros, the horse, and the tapir.
Some of the species appear to have been
as large as the rhinoceros; others were
from the size of a horse to that of a hog.

Patz’stra. A sortof educational esta-
blishment among the Greeks, consisting
both of a college and academy; the one
for exercises of the mind, and the other
for those of the body. :

Patanauin’, ) Hind. palkee, from San.

PaLankEr’N. J paluc, a couch. A sort
of litter or covered carriage used in India,
and borne on the shoulders of four por-
ters, called coolies; eight of whom are
always attached to one palanquin, and
relieve each other.

Pat’are, Lat. palatum. 1. The roof or up-
per part of the mouth.——2. In botany, an
eminence in the inner part of the mouth
of gaping blossoms which closes them.

Pav’aTINE, } Appertaining to the palate.

Par’atat. J The letters d,g, j,k, i, n,
and q, are called palatals

PatarinaTe. The name formerly given
to two states of Germany.

Pate, Sax. pal, from Lat. palus. 1. A
pointed stake usedin fencing or inclosing.
—2. In heraldry, one of the greater or-
dinaries, being a broad perpendicular
line, the representation of a pale or stake
placed upright.

Patea’crous, Lat. paleaceus, chaffy

(palea, chaff): applied to the receptacles
of some plants.

Paivocy, radsy, again, and Asya,
Ispeak. In rhetoric,the repetition of a
word or phrase for the sake of effect.

PALIN’ DROME. Tladsdeouse, from
weds, again, and deeuw, to run. A word,
verse, or sentence, as madam, and Roma
tibi subito motibus ibit amor.

Patincen’esy, from gery, again, and
yivvaw, to produce. Regeneration: a
term used by entomologists to designate
the transitions of insects from one state
to another.

Paw'tsaDE, Fr. palissade, from the root
of pale. A fence or fortification, consist-
ing of a row of pales or stakes (called
also sometimes palisades), set firmly in
the ground. In fortifications, the posts
are placed closely together, parallel to
the parapet in the covered way, to pre-
vent surprise. Palisades serve also to for-
tify the avenues of open forts, gorges,
half-moons, the bottom of ditches, &c.

Parimpsesi’, redsy, again, and «Law,
Irub. A sort of parchment, from which
writing might be erased, and which
might be written upon anew.

Patisse’. In heraldry, a bearing like a
range of palisades before a fortification,
represented on a fesse, rising up a consi-
derable height and pointed on the top,
with the field appearing between them.

Pati’, Sax. paelle, Lat. pallium. 1. A
mantle of state-——2. The mantle of an
archbishop. Also a hood of white lamb’s
woolewith four crosses upon it, forming
the arms of the see of Canterbury: some-
times called the episcopal pall.——3. The
covering thrown over a dead body at fu-
nerals. . In heraldry, a figure like Y,
representing the pallium or ornament of
an archbishop, sent from Rome to metro-
politans.

Pat’ta. In Latin, the long outer gar-
ments suitable for Roman females of re-
spectable rank.

Patta’pium. 1. A rare metal disco-
vered in i803 by Dr. Wollaston, in crude
platinum, and so named from the planet
Pallas, discovered the year before. Itis
a white metal much resembling platinum,
but has more of asilvery appearance, and
like silver is liable to tarnish in the air.
Sp. gr. 11°8 to 12'1. Melts from 150° to
160°. Wedgewood, and does not oxidise at
a white heat.——2. Primarily, a wooden
statue of the goddess Pallas, which repre-
sented her as sitting with a pike in her
right hand, and in her left a distaff and
spindle. On the preservation of this sta-
tue depended the safety of Troy; hence
the term has come to denote any effectual
defence, protection, or safety. Thus we
say the trial by jury is the palladium of
our civil rights.

a be it ite ot.

PAL 533

PAL

Pat'tas. 1. In mythology, another
name for Minerva.—2. One of the four
small planets, situated between the or-
bits of Mars and Jupiter, discovered by
Dr. Olbers of Bremen, in 1802. It appears
like a star of the eighth magnitude; its
mean distance from the sun is 266,000,000
miles, diameter uncertain, and its period
of revolution 4 years, 7 months, and 11
days.

Pat'Letr, Fr. palette, from Lat. pala, a
shovel. 1. A painter’s culour-board, i.e.
the little board on which the colours for
immediate use are placed and mixed in
working.——2. In gilding, an instrument
made of a squirrel’s tail, &c., to take up
the gold-leaf from the piliow, and to ap-
ply and extend the same.——3. In pot-
tery, &c., a small instrument, usually
wood, for forming the articles from the
plastic clay—t. A partition in the hold
of a ship.——5. In heraldry, a small pale,
being one-half the breadth of that ordi-
nary.—6. In a watch and clock, the pal-
lets are those parts, two small levers,
which give the beats, sometimes written
palettes and pallats.

Pat'ticm. The cloak worn by the
Greeks as the toga was by the Romans.
—2. A pontifical ornament worn by

popes, patriarchs, primates, and metro-
politans of the Romish church.

Patt’-Matv’, palle-maille. An old game,
in which a ball was driven through an
iron ring or arch. It was formerly prac-
tised in St. James’s Park, London, ‘and
gave its name to the street called Pall-
Mall (pron. pell-mell).

Pauts’. In ships, strong short pieces of
iron or wood, placed near the capstan or
Windlass, so as to prevent its recoiling.

Patm’. 1. In botany (see Patma.)——2.
The palms of an anchor are the broad parts
at the ends of the arms or flukes.——3. A
hand-breadth ; a linear measure equal to
8 inches, considered as the average
breadth of the palm or broad part of the
hand. This, when distinguished, is
termed the little palm; the great palm is
equal to 8} inches. pase ar little flat in-
strument, used instead of a thimble in
sewing canvas.

Paw™a Curis’t1. Christ’s palm. The
eastor-oil plant. Ricinus communis.

Pat’mz. The palm tribe of trees. A
most important and natural family of
piants. They have trunks similar to trees,
but come under the name of stipes, the
tops being frondescent, that is, sending
off leaves instead of branches. They are,
though commonly called trees, really per-
ennial herbaceous plants, having nothing
in common with the growth of trees in
general. They take their name from
palma, the hand, because the leaves are
extended from the top like the fingers
upon the hand when spread. The palm

is characteristic of tropical scenery. It
was adopted as an emblem of victory by
the ancients, it is said. because the ster

is so highly elastic as when pressed down,
to rise and recover its erect position. The
figure represents the date-tree, a species
of the palm.

Patm’er. A begging pilgrim returned
from the Holy Land, bearing a branch of
palm.

Pat/metro. The dwarf palm. A species
of Chamzrops or Fan-palm of America.

Paum’, Fruirrut. An order formed in
1617 in Germany, for the preservation
and culture of the language.

Pat/mic Acip. An acid substance, ob-
tained in silky acicular crystals, by sa-
ponifying palmine, and treating ar
aqueous solution of the soap with hydro-
chloric acid. It fuses at 122° Fah., and is
soluble in all proportions in alcohol and
ether.

Pat’mine. A white substance, about
the consistence of wax when first obtained,
but hardens with keeping, and assumes a
resinous appearance. It dissolves. in al-
cohol and ether, and saponifies with pot-
ash ley. It is readily obtained by treating
castor oil (oleum ricini), with about one-
twentieth of its weight of hyponitrous
acid, diluted with thrice its weight of
nitric acid.

Patmrr’epes, plur. of palmipes, a web-
footed animal. An order of birds having
the toes connected by a web or membrane,
and thus the feet fitted for swimming.
Cuvier divides them into four families.
Brachyptere, Longipennes, Totipaimate,
and Lamellirostres.

Patm’-ort. An unctuous substance,
about the consistence of butter, of a yel-
lowish colour, and no particular taste,
obtained from the fruit of several species
of palms, especially from that of the Eiais
guineensis, which grows abundantiy on

Pan 534

PAN :

tne west coast of Africa and in Brazil. It
is sumetimes imitated with hog’s lard
ecloured with turmeric, and scented with
F:orentine iris root. Palm-oil consists of
6% oleine and 31 stearine, melts at 84° F.,
and becomes rancid by exposure to the
air. It has hitherto been employedin the
manufacture of brown soap; but, as it can
now be economically bleached by the
action of chromic acid, it may be em-
ployed in the manufacture of white soap,
candles, &c.

Patm’ Scunpay. The sixth Sunday in
Lent, the next before Easter, commemor-
ative of the Saviour’s triumphant en-
tranceinto Jerusalem, when palm branch-
es were strewed in the way.

Patm’-wine. A juice obtained in the
East Indies (where it is named Toddy),
by the incision of a species of the palm.

Patm’-worm. An American insect about
12 inches long, covered with hair, and
extremely swift in its motions. It isa
species of centipede, and wounds severely,
but not fatally.

Patmy’ra. A genus of Annulata, estab-
lished in the order Dorsibranchiata, by
Savigny, to receive a beautiful animal of
one to two inches in length, found in the
Isle of France. It is recognised by its
superior fasciculi, the sete of which are
large, flattened, flabelliform, and glisten-
ing like highly polished gold.

Pat’ri. Feelers. These are articulated
appendages, attached to the jaws of in-
sects: they are the auxiliary organs of a
masticating mouth. Those upon the max-
ille are termed maxillary feelers (palpi
gaxillares) ; those placed laterally upon
the labium are the labial feelers (palpi
labiales).

Patpicorn’nes. Palpi-hornedinsects. The
fifth family of pentamerous Coleoptera in
Cuvier’s arrangement. The antenne
terminate in a club, usually perfoliaceous,
and consist of nine joints in all. They
are much longer than the maxillary palpi.

Pa’ty, A term in heraldry, when

Pate’wars. § the shield is divided into
four or more equal parts, by perpendicular
lines from top to bottom.

Pam’pas. A name for the vast plains of
South America and Africa. See Prairie.

Pam’Peros. Violent winds which come
from the west or southwest, and sweep
over the pampas in the southern parts of
Buenos Ayres.

Pam’pre (Fr.). An ornament in sculp-
ture, consisting of vine leaves and branches
of grapes.

Pa’nax. Agenus of plants. Polygamia
—Diecia. Name borrowed from the Greek
botanists, whose ravez OF ravaxys was
so denominated, from yay, all, and axes,
medicine, because of its universal virtues.
The name being unoccupied, Linné adopt-

ed it for the Chinese Ginseng (P. quingue-
folia), equally celebrated with the ancient
panax for its medicinal virtues. Besides
the Ginseng plant, there are seven other
species of panax, all natives of warm
climates.

Pancar’tes. In diplomatics, royal char-
ters, in which the enjoyment of his pos-
sessions is confirmed to a subject.

Pancra’ticum. 1. An athletic exercise
among the Greeks: from zay, all, and
xeartw, to conquer.———2. An extensive
genus of perennial plants. Hexandria—
Monogynia. Warm climates.

Pan’creas, from vay, all, and xesas,
flesh. A flat glandular viscus of the
abdomen, compared to the form of a dog’s
tongue, and situated in the epigastric
region under the stomach: named from
its fleshy consistence. The use of the
pancreas is to secrete the pancreatic
juice, a fluid in its nature similar to
Saliva, to be mixed with the chyle in the
duodenum.

Pan’pa. The Ailurus refulgens, Fred.
Cuv. An animal about the size of a cat,
having a fine close fur, above of the most
brilliant cinnamon red, behind more fawn
coloured, beneath of a deep black, found
in the north of India.

Pan’pects. <A digest of civil or Roman
law, made by order of Justinian. The
compilation consists of 50 books containing
534 decisions, to which the emperor gave
the force and authority of law.

Pan’pDiT,

Punser. Ja learned Brahmin.

Panvo’ra. The first woman, according
to the poets, made by Vulcan at the com-
mandofJupiter,and named réyrwy Saga,
because every god adorned her with some
gift. She presented her husband, Epime-
theus, with a box, the gift of Jupiter, and
on his opening it, there flew out all sorts
of evils over the earth, and filled it with
diseases and all sorts of calamities.

Pan’DoRE, | TovOovecs Pandura. A

Panpvo’ron, J musical instrument of the
lute kind: a bandore,

Panvo’rvus. Alight infantry raised from
the Turkish frontiers, in the Austrian
army.

Pan’eL. 1. A schedule or roll of such
jurors as the sheriff returns to pass upon
any trial. Impanelling a jury is returning
their names in such schedule of parch-
ment In Scottish (aw, the prisoner at the
bar is the panel.— 2. In joinery, a thin
board, having its edges inserted in the
groove of a surrounding frame, as the
panels of a door. Masons also give the
name panel to a face of a hewn stone.

Pan’smore. In mechanics, a globular
windmill, proposed to be erected in the
middle of a ship, for turning wheels and
paddles.

SS!) ee

stilts. min

‘ad

PAN 535

PAN

Pan’tc. 1. A sudden fright without real
cause: from Pan, a captain, who with a
few men routed a numerous army by the
noise which his soldiers raised in a rocky
valley, which refiected numerous echoes.
——2. A grain like millet: the seed of the
panic-grass,

Pan’IcLe, Lat. panicula, a cluster. A
species of compound inflorescence, in
which the flowers are scattered on pedun-
cles, without order, appearing like a
branched spike. This species of inflores-
cence occurs most commonly in grasses.

Pan’IcuM. Panic-grass. A genus of

rasses. Triandria — ia. Named

paniculis, the spike consisting of nume-
rous thick seeds disposed in many pani-
cles. Millet-seed is the produce of the
P. miliaceum, a hardy annual, a native of
India, but now cultivated pretty exten-
sively in the South of Europe. The P.
Italicum, or Italian millet, is believed to
have been the panicum of the ancients.

Pan’nace. The feeding of swine upon
mast in woods; also the money taken by
agistors for the mast of the crown-forests.

Pan’NEL, Fr. panneau. In architecture,
an area sunk from the general surface of
the work.

Panopuo’sra, from ray, all, and go6os,
fear. That kind of melancholy which is
chiefly characterised by groundless fears.

Panora’ma, from zy, all, and ogc Lect,
view ; entire view. A picture drawn upon
the interior of a large cylinder, repre-
senting the objects which can be seen
from one station, when the observer
directs his eye successively to every part
of the horizon. Invented by Mr. Robert
Barker in 1787

Panor’pa. The Scorpion-fly: a genus of
Neuropterous insects, family Planipennes.
See PanorpaTz.

Panon’parz. The name given by La-
treille to that tribe of insects which com-
pose the genus Panorpa, Lin. and Fab.
They have five joints to all the tarsi, and
the anterior of their head prolonged and
narrowed in the form of a rostrum or pro-
boscis. Palpi, four to six, and filiform.

PANSTER'EORA'MA, ray, orégtos, solid,
and ogee, Isee. A model of a town or
country in cork, wood, or any other ma-
terial.

Pan’TacRaPH, from gay, every, and
y2agw, I write. Improperly written pan-
tograph, which see.

PANTECKH’N1CON, ray and reyen, art. A
place where every kind of workmanship
is exposed for sale.

Pantue’s. In antiquity, single statues,
composed of figures of several different di-
vinities combined: zey, all, and 05, god.

Pan'tHEIsM, from ray, all, and Gos,
god. The system of theology in which

the doctrine is maintained that the uni-
verse is God.

PanTHE’on, tayvGesoy. A temple dedi-
cated to all the gods (rey, all, and Osos,
god). One of the most magnificent tem-
ples of ancient Rome, and the only one
which has been preserved entire. It is
now converted into a Christian church,
and is dedicated to the Virgin Mary and
all the martyrs. It is of the Corinthian
order; is round; has a spherical dome,
and its diameter within, and its height
from the pavement to the grand aper-
ture at the top, are each 144 feet. There
was also a theon at Athens; first
changed into a Christian church, and
afterwards into a Turkish mosque.

Pan’tHER. The pardalis of the ancients,
and Felis pardus, Lin. A ferocious ani-
mal, found throughout Africa, Southern
Asia, and the Indian Archipelago. It is
the size of a large dog; is very similar to
the leopard, but has only six or seven
rows of black spots.

PANTO-CHRONOM'ETER, Tay, yeovos, time,
éreoy, measure. An instrument which
combines the functions of tee pac sun-
dial, and universal time-di:

PAN’ToGRAPH, from wavere, all, and
yexgw, to describe. An instrument con-

trived for the purpose of copying draw-
ings, either on a larger or smaller scale.

PanrTor’oGia, ray and Aoyes. A work
of universal information ; a dictionary or
encyclopedia.

Pantom’erer, from sayra, all, and
érecy, @ Measure. An instrument for
measuring all sorts of elevations, angles,
and distances.

Pan’ToMIME, ravrousos- A general
mimic; from ray, all, and uwswos, a mimic,
The ancient pantomimes were persons
who could imitate all sorts of actions and
characters, and were first introduced upon

PAP

536

PAP

the stage to express by gesture and ex-
pression of countenance whatever the
chorus sung. They were subsequently
employed to divert the audience, after
the chorus and comedies, and finally,
their interludes became distinct enter-
tainments, and were separately exhibited,
and by metonymy, took the name of pan-
tomimes.

Pa’pat Crown. The Pope’s tiara or
crown, called also the triple crown, be-
cause it is a cap of silk environed with
three crowns of gold.

Papa’ver. The Poppy: agenus of plants.
Polyandria—Monogynia. Name from pap-
pa, pap, because nurses used to mix this
plant in children’s food to make them
sleep, relieve colic, &c. The heads of
most of the species afford a sort of nar-
cotic juice, but that cultivated for its
opium is the P. somniferum, which is
grown extensively in India, Turkey, and
Egypt, in fields, as corn is with us. It
has also been grown in England, but the
climate is too changeable to render it a
safe crop. See Opium.

Paraw’ Tree. A name common to all
the species of the genus Carica, but espe-
cially applied to that (C. papaya) which
grows in both Indies and the Guinea
Coast. It is a roundish fruit, has some-
what the flavour of a pompion, and is
boiled and eaten with meat as turnip is
with us.

Pa’rer—is chiefly manufactured of ve-
getable matter, as fragments of linen and
cotton reduced toapulp. There is a sort
made from rice for drawing upon, and
another from silk for bank-notes,
The name is derived from papyrus (q. v.),
and the works where paper is manufac-
tured are called paper-mills. The sorts
are numerous, but all are made up into
sheets, quires, and reams ; each quire con-
sisting of 24 sheets, and each ream of 20
quires. Chinese paper is made from the
inner bark of the paper-tree (Broussonetia
papyrifera), or Chinese mulberry, now
acclimated in France, and the India paper,
employed for engravings, is made of the
bamboo, by triturating, grinding, boiling,
and fermenting : it is mueh thinner than
the myrtle-tree paper.

Pa'Per Coat. A variety of bituminous
shale: so ealled from its divisibility into
extremely thin leaves.

Pa’PER-CUR‘'RENCY, \ Notes or bills is-

Pa’ PER-MO'NEY. J sued by authority,
and promising the payment of money,

and circulated as the representative of |

coin. The name is commonly applied to
notes or bills issued by a state, or by a
banking corporation; but some suppose
that the terms should be extended to all
promissory notes and bills of exchange.
Pa’PER-HANG'INGS. A general name for
all stained, painted or stencilled papers,

polised by the French, who were allowed
to exercise their genius in perfecting the
art, unchecked by taxation. ©

Pa’PEK-MUL’BERRY, | The Chinese mul-

Pa’PER-TREE. berry, Broussone-
tia papyrifera, from the inner bark of which
the Chinese make their paper. See Papen.

Pa'pier Li’nce. A sort of paper manu-
factured in France. It resembles damask
and other linen so completely, as to re-
quire narrow inspection to discover the
difference.

Pa’pien-macue’. The French name of
a composition now much employed in the
manufacture of tea-trays, snuff-boxes,
and numerous other light and elegant
articles. It consists of cuttings and other
waste of paper, boiled in water, and
beaten in a mortar to a sort of paste. It
is then boiled in a solution of size, Ww
it is ready to be fashioned in oiled moulds.
When the moulded articles are dry, they
are covered with a coating of size and
lamp-black, and afterwards varnished.
When an article is to be ornamented with
figures, these are painted before vyar-
nishing.

Parit1o. The Butterfiy. A genus of
diurnal Lepidoptera, of which there are
numerous species. The larve have always
sixteen feet; the chrysalides are always
naked, the perfect insect is always pro-
vided with a proboscis or trunk, flies only
during the day, and has the most splen-
didly decorated wings ‘of all the insect
tribes. The genus Papilio, Lin., is now
divided into 28 sub-genera.

Paritiona’cez. A natural order of
plants, the 32nd of Lin., comprehendirz
such as have flowers "resemb’ g the
wings of a butterfly (papilio), as the vetch,
pea, &c. é LEGUMINOS2,

Papritiona’creovus, Lat. papilionaceus.
Butterfly-like. Applied to the corolla of
plants when they are irregular and spread-
ing, and thus have some resemblance to
a butterfly. Such a flower usually con-
sists of five petals; verillum, the banner,
the large one at the back; ale, the two
side petals or wings; and the carina or
keel, consisting of two petals, generally
united by their lower edges, and embra-
cing and protecting the internal organs.

Papit’ta, Lat. from pappus, down. 1.
The nipple of the breast.——2. The termi-
nation of a nerve, &c., generally used in
the plural, papilli@g; as the nervous pa-
pill of the tongue, skin, &c. These are
minute projecting filaments, each contain-
ing, perhaps, a separate branch of the
nerves of touch

Pap’ILLoseE- Lat. papillosus, pimpled.
Applied to stems of plants with soft tu-

Da

;

PAR

537

PAR

bercles; also to leaves covered with
fleshy dots or points.

Par’pcs. Down, from warqes. 1. In
anatomy, the hair on the middle of the
chin. —— 2. In botany, the seed-down;
the feathery appendage which crowns
many seeds that have no pericarp, and
which originates in a partial calyx,
which crowns the summits of the seeds,
as of the dandelion, goat’s-beard, &c. By
some botanists the term is generally used
for the feathery crown of seeds furnished
with a capsule, and also for a similar ap-
pendage to the base of sume seeds and the
sides of others.

Par’ctose, Lat. papulosus. Pimpled.
Applied to leaves, &c., which are covered
with vesicular dots, or minute blisters.

Papyroe’Rapuy, from gasteos, paper,
and yeagw, to write. A method of taking
impressions from a sort of pasteboard,
covered with a calcareous substance, ex-
actly as from the stone in lithographic
printing. The prepared pasteboard is
also called lithographic paper.

Papy’Rus, rations. The paper-plant.
Agenus. Triandria—Monogynia. There
are two species: the P. odoratus, of the
West Indies ; and the renowned P. antt-
quorum of Egypt, a stately reed or rush,

the inner bark of which was used by the
ancients for writing upon; or rather for
making paper to write upon; and latterly,
indeed, for all the common purposes to
which paper is at present applied. Pliny,
in his Hist. Nat. lib. xiii., c. 11, 12,13, de-
scribes the process of making paper from
the papyrus, and enumerates the various
kinds that were composed, from the
coarsest, which was used like our brown
paper for packing, to the finest and most
expensive. The chief seat of the manu-
facture was at Alexandria. ";
Par. A Latin word for equal. Used
in commerce, to denote that two things

are of equal value ; and in money-affairs,
the equality of one kind of money or pro-
perty with another.

Pa’ra. A Turkish coin of copper and
silver, very small and thin, and worth the
fortieth part of a piastre.

Parapora. TlagaboAn, from regen,
against, and GaAAw, to throw. A coni¢
section, formed
by a cone being
cut by a plane,
which is paral-
lel to a tangent
plane, to the
curved surface
of the cone.
Thus V is the
vertex of the pa-
rabola mVo; the
right line Vn is
the avis, and
any line parallel
to it is called a
diameter: any
line parallel to
the base mno is called a double ordinate.

Parap’otic, In geometry, having the
form ofa parabola. A parabolic asymptote
is a parabolic line continually approach-
ing to a curve, but never meeting it. A
parabolic pyramidoid isa solid figure which
was thus named by Dr. Wallis. Parabolic
space, the area contained betweem the
curve of the parabola and a whole ordi-
nate. Parabolic spindle, a solid generated
by the rotation of a semi-parabola about
one of its ordinates. Parabolic spiral, o1
helicoid, a curve arising from the suppo-
sition of the axis of the common parabola
bent into the periphery of a circle, the
ordinates being portions of the radii next
the circumference.

Paras’ouism, from parabola. In algebra,
the division of the terms of an equation
by any known quantity that is involved
or multiplied in the first term.

Parap’o.oip, from parabola, and ede,
like. A paraboliform figure: a solid
formed by the revolution of a parabola
about its axis.

PaRacEn’rric, from raeu, beyond, and
xtyreoy, the centre. Deviating from cir
cularity. By the paracentric motion of a
planet is meant the quantity which it
approaches nearer to, or recedes further
from, the sun or centre of attraction, in
its orbit: the difference by which the
real orbit of the planet differs from a cir-
cular orbit of equal area.

Paracunon’ism, from saea, beyond
and xgovos, time. An error in chronology.
by which an event is related as having
happened later than its true date.

Paracuv’re, Fr. from raga, against,
and chute, a fall. An instrument some

PAR

PAR

what resembling an umbrella, annexed
to a balloon, or used separately, to pre-
vent, by its expansion and buoyant pro-
perties, the too rapid descent of a heavy
body. Aeronauts have descended from
great heights, without injury, by means
of parachutes. :

Paracros’tic. A poetical composition
in which the first verse contains in order
all the letters which commence the suc-
ceeding verses.

Par’aviem. Tlagederypa. Example
or instance of something done or said,
as an example of a verb conjugated in the
several moods, tenses, and persons.

Paravise’a. Birds of Paradise. A
genus of birds, natives of New Guinea,
and of the adjoining islands; said to live
on fruits, and to be particularly fond of
aromatics: order, Passerine: family,
Conirostres. The great bird of paradise,
the P. apoda, Lin., is of the size of a
thrush; head and neck yellow, circum-
ference of the throat and beak of an eme-
rald green; male distinguished by those
elegant long bundles of yellowish feathers
employed by the ladies as plumes.

Parapoxvu’rus. A genus established
in the order Carnaria and family Car-
nivora by Fred. Cuvier, to receive the
pougouné, a semi-digitigrade and semi-
palmate animal of India, agreeing in
most of its characters with the genets;
but particularly distinguished by the
spiral inclination of the tail, which is not
prehensile: whence the name from
tacadstie, a paradox, and ovge, a tail.

Parar Fine. A substance discovered
by M. Reichenbach of Blansko, in the tar
obtained by the distillation of various sub-
stances, both animal and vegetable, but
especially in the tar of the beech-tree.
If beech tar be distilled to dryness, the
receiver will be found to contain three

. liquids, a light oil swimming upon the
top; below it an aqueous liquid having
an acid taste ; and a heavy oil at the bot-
tom. This last being distilled a second
time, pyrélaine passes over, in which will
be observed numerous scales of paraffine.
These scales are separated and purified
by a laborious process, to obtain the
paraffine in a state of purity, which is
then a colourless crystalline mass, trans-
parent like glass, scarcely flexible, and
destitute of taste and smell, and with
nearly the feel of cetine. Melting point
110 F. Sp. gr. 0°87. It is a bicarburet of
hydrogen; and if any process shall be in-
vented for procuring it in a sufficient
quantity, and sufficiently cheap, it will
supersede all other substances for candles.
It takes its name from its little tendency
to combine with other bodies—parum
afinis. It is the same substance which
i'r Christison called petroline, having ob-

tained it from the petroleum of Rangoon
without any know e of M. Reichen-
bach’s discovery. Both discoveries were
made about the same time.

Para’cium, Lat. par,equal. In feudal
jurisprudence, the body of nobles was so
termed.

Paracran’pine. An invention to avert
hail-stones, which, on some parts of the
continent, are reckoned the most severe
scourge of the husbandman. The whole
machinery consists of numerous metallic
points and straw ropes, bound together
by hempen threads, and erected over the
fields to be protected.

Par’acuay Tra. The leaves of a species
of holly, the Ilex paraguaiensis, a tree
which grows in different parts of South
America, especially in Paraguay and the
interior of Brazil, where it is called yerva
maté, (It was named maté by the Abo-
rigines, and yerva or yerba by the Span-
iards.) Itrises to the height of an orange-
tree; the leaves are opposite, shining,
oblong, and serrated, and are used almost
universally in South America as tea is
with us. When the infusion of Paraguay
tea is taken in moderation, it acts as a
stimulant; but when taken in excess, it
occasions intoxication, and a kind of
delirium tremens.

Paratipom’ena (Gr.) Things left out;
a term applied to works of a supplemen-
tary character.

Paratiac’Tic. Pertaining to the paral-
lax of a heavenly body.

Par’aLiax. aArragis. Variation ;
an astronomical term for the are of the
heavens intercepted between the true
and apparent place of any heavenly body
as viewed from the earth,i.e. between its
place as viewed from the centre of the
earth, and from some point on its surface.
Thus the true place of a star being P or
Pp’, if viewed from the surface of the

Earth. '

earth will appear at p or p’, and the are
Pp or P’p’ is the parallax of such star.
When the star is on the horizon as atp,
the parallax is greatest, and continually
diminishes till it reaches the zenith P”,
when it is nothing, as appears from the
figure. The paraliaxes receive different
denominations according to the

PAR 539

PAR

apon which they are computed, and it is
by means of the parallactic angles that
the astronomer calculates the distances of
the heavenly bodies.
Par’atter. Tlagwaandos. Similarly
continued: from saew, opposite, and
“AAvyAwy,one another. 1. The term is ap-
plied, in geometry, to lines which are
everywhere equidistant from each other,
and which though ever so far produced
would never meet; and to such planes as
have all the perpendiculars drawn be-
twixt them equal to each other. Parallel
rulers have been contrived for the pur-
pose of drawing parallellines. These are

Act —j—B
Cc : D

of wood, brass, &c. AB and CD jointed
together by cross blades, ac and bd, so
adjusted as to allow the rulers to accede
and recede, and yet retain their parallel-
ism. Parallel coping is a name among
masons for such copings as have the
upper surface parallel to the bed of the
stone, as those upon gables. Parallel
motion is a term used by practical mecha-
nics to denote the rectilinear motion ofa
piston rod, &c., in the direction of its
length, and contrivances by which such
alternate rectilinear motions are con-
verted into rotatory ones, and vice versd
in pumps, saw mills, and especially in
double-acting steam-engines, when the
arrangement of parallel rods connected
with the piston-rod and the working
beam, to transfer the motion of. the for-
mer to the latter, is now by way of emi-
nence termed the parallel motion.——2.
In astronomy and geography, the parallels
of latitude are the circles of latitude (see
Latirupe). The parallels of altitude are
circles parallel to the horizon (see Atmvu-
CANTERS). The parallels of declination in
astronomy are the same as the parallels
of latitude in geography. A parallel
sphere is that situation of the sphere
wherein the equator coincides with the
horizon, and the poles with the zenith
and nadir. Parallel sailing isa name for
the sailing on a parallel latitude (see
Saltinc).——3. We also speak of parallel
rays in optics; of parallel lines or trenches
in fortification ; of historical parallels and
parallel passages of scripture, &c. Parallel
cut is a name sometimes used for a coun-
ter drain.

Psr’aLtetism. The state of being pa-
rallel. The parallelism of the earth’s axis
denotes the invariable position of the
earth's axis, by which it always points
to the same point in the heavens, ab-
etracting from it the slight effect of muta-

tion, &c. To this parallelism we owe the
vicissitudes of seasons, and the inenua.-
ity of day and night.

PARALLEL’oGRAM, from parallel and
yeauuca. A right-lined guadrilaterai
figure, whose opposite sides are parallel
and equal. It receives particular deno-
minations, according to the equality or
inequality of its sides and angles, as rec-
tangle, rhombts, rhomboid, and square
(q- ¥.); but in common usage the term is
applied to quadrilateral figures of more
length than breadth, as ABC D, of which

B A

D Cc

AD is a diagonal. Paralielogram of
Jorces is a term used to denote the com-
position of forces, or the finding of a
single force that will be equivalent to two
or more given forces when acting in
given directions. Thus if a body at A
be at the same instant acted upon by
two forces represented by AB and AC,
the compound force will be represented
by the diagonal line A D.

Par’aLLELopPir’eD, from parallel and

PaR’ALLELOPIP’EDON, J egs, on, and
wtdov, a plane. In geometry, a regular
solid comprehended under six parallelo-
grams (or faces), the opposite ones of
which are similar, parallel, and equal to
each other; or it is a prism whose base is
a parallelogram.

ParaL'ysis. [eeedvois. Palsy: from
saexAvw, to loosen. A disease known by
loss or diminution of the power of volun-
tary motion, affecting any part of the
body. Called also Catalysis.

Parama’Le:c Acip, called also fularic
and lichenic acid. An acid obtained by
keeping malic acid at a temperature of
302°, when a decomposition ensues, and
water and paramaleic acid are the result.
The paramaleic acid forms large striated
prisms, sometimes rhomboidal, and some-
times six-sided. It requires 200 water
for its solution, whereas the malic acid
dissolves in 100 water. Name raga, be
yond, and malic acid (q. v.)

Parameter, from zaea, through, and
Méreta, to measure. A constant right
line in each of the three conic seetions,
called also Latus rectum.

Para’mo. A mountainous exposed dis-
trict, covered with stunted trees, so
termed in South America.’ In the torrid

PAR

540

PAR

zone, these are commonly from 10,000 to

12,000 feet in height, wheré snow fre-

phasis falls, but lies only a very short
me.

Pax’amount, from per and mount, to
ascend. Superior: ing a highest
jurisdiction or tide. Thus the lord-para-
mount is the chief lord of the fee. In
England, the sovereign is the lord-para-
mount, of whom all land in the kingdom
is supposed to be held; but sometimes
the lord of several manors is called the
lord-paramount.

Paramu’cic Acip. An acid isomeric
with mucic acid, and corresponding with
it in most of its actions with other bodies,
but soluble in alcohol, and also much
more freely in water than the mucic
acid. Itis obtained by saturating water
with mucic acid, evaporating to dryness,
digesting the residual matter in alcohol,
and allowing this alcoholic solution to
evaporate spontaneously, when a crystal-
line mass of paramucic acid is obtained.
Ilage, beyond, and mucic acid (q. Vv.)

PARANAPH’THALINE. A substance ob-
tained by M. Dumas from coal-tar, and
thus named by him because it appears in
its composition to be identical with naph-
thaline: sage, beyond, and napthaline.
It crystallises in hard grains; and melts
at 356° (while naphthaline melts at 174°),
is insoluble in water, and hardly soluble
in alcohol even when boiling.

Paran’con. A variety of black marble,
which the ancients procured from Egypt
and Greece, and which they called also
basaltes.

Par’aPEGM, ROLUTHY [Lee A brazen table
on a pillar, on- which laws and proclama-
tions were anciently engraved. Also a
table, affixed in a public place, containing
an account of the rising and setting of the
stars, eclipses, seasons, &c.

Par’aru, raea and azrw,I touch. In
diplomatics, the figure formed by the
flourish of a pen at the end ofa signature.

PARAPHERNALIA, zacaGegva. Some-
thing in addition to a dower: sagem, be-
yond,and ¢eevy, dower. The goods which
a woman brings with her at her marriage,
or which she possesses beyond her dower,
and which remain at her disposal after
her husband’s death. Such are her wear-
ing apparel, and personal ornaments, over
which the executors have no control un-
less the husband has died insolvent.

Par’artecy, Lat. paraplegia, palsy of
the upper or lower half of the body: from
wae, beyond, and sayy, a stroke.

Par’asane. An ancient Persian mea-
sure, different at different times, and in
different places; being sometimes 30,
sometimes 40, and at other times 50 stadia
er furlongs.

Parasce’N1uM, from raga, beyond, and
scenium, a scene. A place beyend or
behind the scenes, in the ancient theatres,
where the actors withdrew to dress and
undress themselves. mans called
it more commonly postscenium.

PaRasELE’NE, from wage, near, and
ovanyy, the moon; a mock moon. A
luminous ring encompassing the moon, in
which are sometimes bright spots, bear-
ing some resemblance to the moon.

Parasi’ra. An order of insects, so
called from their parasitical habits. They
have only six legs, and are all apterous.
According to Linné, they form but one
genus, (Pediculus, Lin.), but the species
are dingly , being found on
man, beasts, and birds, of which almost -
every species has a peculiar species of
parasite to support and nourish.

Panasi’tm. The name of a natural
order of plants, comprehending such as
are parasitical, or are produced on the
branches, trunk, &c., of other plants.
The misletoe is an example.

Panr’asire. Among the Greeks, ministers
of the gods, whose business was to collect
the corn allotted for the public sacrifices -
hence the name zaga, by, and gsros, corn,
and zagecires, corn-keeper. The para-
sites also superintended the sacrifices, and
infested the tables of the wealthy.

Parasitic. Having the habits of a
parasite. Parasitic animals attach them-
selves to draw*their nourishment from
the bodies of others. Parasitic plants do
not take root in the earth, but send their
roots into other plants, and draw their
nourishment from them.

PaRaTARTAR Ic Acip. When tartaric
acid is exposed to a moderate temperature
it loses water, and is converted into a
liquid which concretes on cooling. This
constitutes a new acid, composed of three
atoms tartaric acid and two atoms water,
and was called paratartaric acid by Prof.
Erdmann, who regarded it as isomeric with
vartaricacid: raga and tartaric acid (q. V.).

PaRATONNER RE. A name given by the
French to a conductor of lightning: para,
against, and tonnerre, thunder.

Par’avalL, Nor. par, by, and availle,
profit. In feudal law, the tenant paravail
is the lowest tenant, holding under a
mediate lord, as distinguished from a
tenant in capite, who holds immediately
of the crown.

Pan’Buck te, for pair-buekle. A contri-
vance to haul up or lower a cask, &c.,
where there is no crane or other tackle.
It is formed by passing the middle of a
rope round a post or ring, the two
of the rope being then passed under the
two quarters of the cask, bringing the
two ends back again over it, so that these,
being hauled or slackened together, either

PAR h41

PAR

raise or lower the barrel as may be re-
quired.

Par’cELLInG. Among seamen, long nar-
row slips of canvas, daubed with tar, and
bound about a rope, like a bandage, be-
fore itissewed. Parcelling is also used to
raise a mouse on the stays, &c., and is
firmly fastened by marline from one end
to the other. Parcelling a seam is laying
aslip of canvas upon it, and daubing it
over with melted pitch.

Par’cet Makers. Two officers of the
exchequer, who make parcels of the
escheator’s accounts, and deliver the
same to the auditors of the court.

Par’cenEeR. Co-parcener. A co-heir:
one who holds lands by descent from an
ancestor in common with another, or
with others. Norm. parcenier, from par-
gonnier, a participator.

ParcH’/MENT. The skin of sheep or
goats, prepared in such a manner as to
render it proper for writing upon, cover-
ing books, &c.: different from vellum.
The name is said to derive, through the
medium of the continental languages,
from Pergamus, the city where it is said
to have been first manufactured. The
etymology is, however, very doubtful.

Parecor’ic, from wasceyoetw, to miti-
gate. Anodyne: P. elixir, is a name given
in England to the Tinctura Camphore
Composita: and in Scotland to the Tine-
tura opit ammoniata.

Parerrn’a Brav’a. The root of the Cis-
sampelos Pareira.

Parem’sote’. [laceueorn. Insertion:
a rhetorical figure,in which something
relating to the subject is inserted in the
middle of a period: it thus differs from a
parenthesis, which is foreign to the subject.
The parembole and parenthesis are, how-
ever, often confounded.

Parencuy’ma. [lageyyuuc. Suffusion:
from raegeyyuw, to strain through. 1.
The spongy and cellular substance, or
tissue, which connects parts together:
applied to the connecting medium of the
substance of the viscera. It takes its
name from the ancient notion, that the
blood was strained through it.——2. In
botany, the green juicy layer of the bark,
which lies immediately under the epider-
mis of trees.

Parencurm’ata. An order of Entozoa,
comprising those species in which the
body is filled with a cellular substance,
or even with a continuous parenchyma,
the only alimentary organ it contains
being ramified canals which distribute
nourishment to its different points, and
which, in most of them, originate from
suckers visible externally. Cuvier di-
vides the order into four families: Acan-
thocephala, Tremadotea, Tzenioidea, and
Cestoidea.

PakENCHYM’aTous. Consisting of par-
enchyma: spongy: porous.

Pa’REsE, | A large shield, used in the

Pan‘ris. J) warfare of the middle ages,
to cover assailants advancing to the
walls of a fortress.

Par’casite. A variety of actinolite, so
named from its being found in the Isle of
Pargas, in Finland.

Par’cet. 1. Plaster-stone, or gypsum.
— 2. To parget, is to plaster roughly.
See PaGETTING. 5

PaRHE'LION, from Teec, near, and 7As0s,
the sun. A mock sun, or meteor of a
bright colour, appearing on one side of
the sun, having somewhat the appearance
of the great luminary himself. Parhelia
are not, however, always round; some
are tinged externally with colours like the
rainbow, and many of them have a long
fiery tail opposite the sun, becoming paler
towards the extremity. Their cause is
not well ascertained, though it is gene-
rally believed that they are caused by the
reflection of the sun’s beams on a very
thin cloud, composed of minute eylin-
ders of ice: spherical particles produce
halos.

Pa’r1an. Pertaining to Paros, an island
of the Egean Sea, as the Parian marble.
which was found there. The Parian
Chronicle was a chronicle of the city of
Athens, engraven on marble, in capital
letters, in the isle of Paros. It contained
a chronological account of events from
Cecrops, B.C., 1582 years, to the archon-
ship of Diognetus, B.C., 264 years; but
the chronicle of the last 90 years is lost.
This marble was procured from Asia
Minor, in 1627, by the Earl of Arundel ;
and, being broken, the fragments are now
denominated the Arundelian Marbles.

Pa’rias. A degraded tribe of Hindts,
who live by themselves in the outskirts
of the towns, and in the country build
their houses apart from the villages, or
rather have villages of theirown. They
are precluded from all possibility of ad-
vancement, and are doomed to perform
all sorts of menial work.

Parie’ rat, Lat. parietalis. Appertain-
ing to a wall: applied in anatomy to two
arched and somewhat quadrangular
bones, situated one on each side of the
superior part of the cranium. In botany,
&c., any organ growing from the side of
another.

Panreta’r1a. Pellitory. A genus of
plants. Polygamia— Monecia. Name
from paries, a wall, because it grows
chiefly on old walls: this applies princi
pally to the P. officinalis, or wall-pellitory,
formerly in high estimation among phy-
sicians.

Par-impar. Among the Romans, the
game of even or odd.

Paat Passv. With equal step.

PAR

542

PAR

Paris. Herb-paris, called also True
love and One-berry. <A genus of peren-
nial plants. Octandria — Tetragynia.
Named after Paris, the youth who ad-
judged the golden apple to Venus.

Paxis Basin. In geology,a large area,
about 180 miles in length, from north-
east to south-west, and about 90 miles
wide, from east to west, in which Paris,
the capital of France, is situated. It is
remarkable from the succession of differ-
ent soils of which it is formed, and from
the vast quantity and variety of organic
remains which it contains. The whole
lies in a vast depression of the chalk.

Par’isH, Low Lat. parochia, from
wacoizia, & dwelling. The territorial
jurisdiction of a secular priest, of which
there are 9913 in England.

Park, Sax. parruc. A large piece of
ground, inclosed by licence under the
broad seal, for beasts of the chase. There
are also parks in reputation, though not
erected with lawful warrant. An artil-
lery park is a place, in the rear of both
lines of an army, for encamping the artil-
tery. A park of artillery implies the whole
iain of artillery belonging toa division of
troops. Provision-park, the place where
the sutlers pitch their tents and sell pro-
visions, and that where the bread wag-
gons are stationed. Park is also the name
of a sort of large net, used by fishermen :
it is fixed atthe brink of the sea, and is
left dry by the ebb of the tide.

PaR’LIAMENT, French parlement, from
parler,tospeak. A word which was in-
troduced into England under the Norman
kings, to designate the supreme council of
the nation, called under the Saxon kings
wittenagemote, the meeting of sages or
wise men. Parliament consists of the three
estates—the lords spiritual, lords tem-
poral, and the commons. Perhaps the
sovereign ought to be considered a consti-
tutional branch of parliament, though in
common language that functionary is
kept apart.

Par’LiaAMENT Heer. In nautical lan-
yuage, the causing a ship to incline so to
one side as to allow the upper part of the
bottom on the other side to be cleaned.

Par’tour, Fr. parloir, from parler, to
speak. Primarily an apartment in monas-
teries for conversation: hence a room in
a house which the family usually occupy,
when they have no company, as distin-
guished from a drawing-room, intended
for the reception of company.

Parme’nianists. In ecclesiastical history,
che sect of the Donatists, named after
their leader Parmenianus.

Parnas’sus. In mythology, a celebrated
mountain in ancient Greece.

Par’opy, weee dice. A kind of writing,
in which the words of an author are, by

some slight alterations, adapted to a dif-
ferent purpose, by way of burlesque.

Pa’roxe, Fr. from parler, to speak. A
term signifying anything done verbally,
or by “ word of mouth,” in contradistinc-
tion to what is written; as parole evi-
dence, parole pleadings, &e.——2. In mt-
litary affairs,a promise given by a pri-
soner of war, when suffered to be at
large, that he will not attempt to mein PY
that he will return at a certain time, &c.
Also the watch-word given out every day
in orders by a commanding-officer in camp
or garrison, that sentinels may be able .
thereby to distinguish friends from ene-
mies. :

PaRon’yMOUS, oyoua, name. In gram-
mar, words of similar derivation.

Par‘orip. Appertaining to the parotis ;
as the parotid gland, which is a large con-
glomerate and salival gland, situated un-
der the ear, between the mammillary pro-
cess of the temple-bone, and the angle of
the lower jaw.

Paro’ris. The parotid gland. From
Taea, near, and ous, the ear.

Par’quetry. See Marnquerry.

Parr. The young of the salmon.

Par’REL. An apparatus contrived to
fasten the sail-yards of aship to the mast,
in such a manner that they may be easily
hoisted and lowered thereon. Some par-
rels are made simply of ropes ; some others
have ribs and trucks.

Parro’quer. The French name for a
parrot, but now applied with us as a ge-
neral name for the smaller species of par-
rots. See Psirracvs.

Par’sEE, Pers. Parsi. The Persian re-
fugees (fireworshippers) who now inhabit
various parts of India.

Pars'1nc. In grammar, the resolving
of a sentence into its elements, by show-
ing the several parts (pars) of speech of
which it is composed, and their relation to
each other, according to the grammatical
rules of government and agreement.

Pars’Ley. A well-known garden herb,
the Apium petroselinum, a native of Sar-
dinia. The black mountain parsley is a
species of the genus Athamanta; the Ma-
cedonian parsley, of the genus. Bubon.
Stone parsley is a popular name for the
Amomum verum.

Pars’NIP, } A name common to all the

Pars‘’NEp. J plants of the genus Pasti-
naca, but especially applied to the P. sa-
tiva, an indigenous biennial, cultivated
for the sake of its esculent root

Part. In music, a name of each of the
melodies of any harmonic composition,
and which, when performed in union,
formitsharmony. There must beat least
four parts in every such composition.

Parrer’Re. A French term, employed
in gardening to denote a level division of
ground furnished with evergreens

PAR 543

PAS

flowers, and sometimes cut into shell and
scroll work, with alleys, walks, &c

Par’THENON. A famous temple to Mi-
nervya, at Athens. It was of the Doric
order, built of marble, and the roof was
also covered with marble, sculptured so
as to represent large tiles. It had resisted
all the ravages of time, and had been al-
ternately a Christian church anda Turkish
mosque, down to 1687, when the Venetians
besieging the citadel of Athens, a bomb
fell upon the Parthenon, and set fire toa
quantity of powder which was then kept
in it by the Turks: the explosion reduced
this splendid building almost to, ruins.

Participants. An order of knight-
hooa, founded, 1586, in honour of Our
Lady of Loretto.

Par’TiciPLe, Lat. participium, from
pars, part, and capio, to take. gram-
mar,a word partaking of the properties
of a noun and of a verb, as having, which
becomes a noun by prefixing the. Parti-
ciples sometimes lose the properties of a
verb and become adjectives, as a willing
heart.

Par’ticteE, Lat. particula, from pars,
part. 1.In grammar, a word not varied by
infiexion, asa preposition. 2. 1n physics, a
minute part of a body. The word is some-
times used in the same sense as atom, and
in this sense particles are the elements or
constituents of bodies.

Partic’utarists. In theology, those
who held the doctrine of partial election.

Partr’pas, Las Srere (Span.). An an-
cient Spanish code of laws.

‘Parrine. In metallurgy, any process
by which gold and silver are separated
in refining or assaying.

Parrite, Lat. partitus. Cut or di-
vided. A partite leaf is one separated
almost to the base. When aleafhas two
such incisions, it is said to be bipartite,
when three tripartite, &c.

Panrti’t1on. In architecture, the vertical
assemblage of materials which divides
one apartment from another. In music,
the arrangement of the parts of a compo-
sition under one another, commonly
called a score.

Partners. In naval affairs, pieces of
planks nailed round the several scuttles
or holes ina ship’s deck, wherein are
contained the masts and capstan.——2. A
mame sometimes given to the scuttles
themselves.

Pant’NERSsHIP. An association of two,
three, or more individuals, to carry on
some branch of business in common. The
term is usually applied to those smaller
associations in which the partners per-
sonally conduct their joint affairs: the
term company being applied to those
greater associations, conducted by direc-
tors and servants, appointed by the body
of the partners to act for them.

Parr’ripcE. A well known bird, the
Tetrao perdiz, Lin., esteemed a great de
licacy at the table. In America the name
partridge is applied to various species of
the genus Tetrao, and in different parts
to different birds. See Perprx.

Par’rrRipGE Woop. A fancy wood from
Martinique.

Party. In politics, a body of men united
under a leader, for carrying out some
common principle. In heraldry, used to
signify the division of a shield by lines.

Party Watts. . Partitions of brick be
tween buildings, in several occupations.

Pa’nus. The Titmouse: a genus of very
active little passerine birds, placed in the
family Conirostresby Cuvier The titmouse
seems to be omnivorous: it builds in the
holes of old trees, and lays more eggs than
any of the passerine. It takes its name
both English and Latin (@ parva mus), from
its continually flitting and climbing from
branch to branch, suspending itself in all
sorts of positions, and indeed from its ap-
pearance and general habits. Fourteen
species are enumerated.

Pasu’a. A viceroy or military governor
of a Turkish province: written also pacha
and bashaw. The Persian and correct
word is pasha.

Pasic’RaPHy, from tas, all, and yeedn,
writing. A system of universal writing,
which may be understood by all nations :
a thing still to be discovered.

Pas’quin. A mutilatedstatue at Rome,
in a corner of the palace of Ursini; so
called after a cobbler of that city, famous
for his sneers and gibes, and who diverted

lf with passing jokes on all the
people who went through the street in
which he lived. After the death of this
man, some workmen, who were digging
up the pavement before his shop, found a
statue of an ancient gladiator, well exe-
cuted, but maimed: this they set up in
the place where it was found, and by
common consent named it Pasquin. Since
that time all satirical papers in that city
are attributed to this figure, and either
put into its mouth or are pasted on its
body. Hence pasquinade, something in
the style of Pasquin: a lampoon.

, Pass, Wel. pds. 1. A narrow passage
into an open tract of country, or into a
country. 2. In mining, a frame of
boards, set sloping for the ore to slide
down pieared | In fencing (see Passape).

Passa’ ps 1. A push or thrust in fen-

Passa’po. Jcing. Of these there are
several sorts, as passades within, above,
beneath, to the right, left, &c.——2. In
the manége, a turn or course of a horse
backwards or forwards on the same
ground.

Pas’sace. 1. In music, every memberof
a strain or movement is a passage: Ital.
passo. 2.In navigation, the course pursued

PAS 544

PAS

at sea in passing from one country to an-
other; also the time occupied on such
passage. A north-east passage to India has
been sought by coasting along the north-
ern parts of Europe and Asia ; and a north-
west passage has been found to the same
place, by sailing round the northern
part of the American Continent. Birds of
passage are such as migrate, at certain
seasons, from one climate to another. The
swallow is an example.

Pas’sant. In heraldry, walking: Fr.
passant, a passenger.

Passar’ee. Ina ship,arope to confine the
tacks,when going at large ina light breeze.

Pas’seres. The sixth order of birds,
according to the arrangement of Linné.

PassERINZ.

Passeri’Nx. An order of birds formed
by Cuvier, on the basis of Linnzus’s
order passeres, of which the sparrow
(passer) is the type. This order is the
most numerous of the whole class. The
birds which compose it have neither the
violence of the birds of prey, nor the fixed
regimen of the Gallinacezw, nor of the
water-birds. Insects, fruits, and grain,
constitute their food, which consists the
more exclusively of grain in proportion to
the largeness of their beak, and of insects,
as the beak is the more slender. All the
singing birds are found among them.
They are divided into families according
to the form of the beak: these are Den-
tirostres, Fissirostres, Conirostres, and
Tenuirostres. Epithet Passerine.

PassiFLo’Ra. Passion-flower. A very
extensive genus of plants. Monadelphia—
Pentandria, and N. order Cucurbitacee.
Name altered by Linné from flos passionis,
the name given to this beautiful genus by
preceding botanists, because the instru-
ments of Christ’s passion were thought to
be represented in the parts of the fructi-
fication. The species are all natives of
warm climates.

Pas’stm. A word of reference in books,
signifying everywhere, in many different
places, here and there.

Pas’stnec Bett. The bell that rings at
the hour of death, to obtain prayers for
the passing soul, called vulgarly the soul-
bell, it being originally intended to drive
away any demon that might seek to take
possession of the soul.

Passtnc Notes. In music, graces where-
in two notes are connected by smaller in-
tervening notes.

Pas’ston, from patior, to suffer. 1. Thea
impression or effect of an external agent
upon a body: that which is suffered or
received._—2. Strong feeling or emotion
of the mind, impelling the individual to
act according to the general tenor of the
feeling which excites him. Man has pas-

ions in common with the inferior ani-

mais: these are animal passions, and con-

sist of animal wants become excessive ;
but he has likewise others which are dis-
played only in the social state, and which
are really social wants grown to excess.
The animal passions are essential to the
preservation of the individual and of the
species: to this class belong fear, anger,
desire, jealousy, love, hatred, &c. The
passions which belong to the social state
owe their development in part to the
circumstance of our civilisation, and to
the universal bent of mind to increase the
feeling of existence, as ambition, envy,
avarice, gaming, and indeed all active
virtues and vices. Some passions are al-
layed by gratification, others are irritated
by it: the first sort are therefore sources
of happiness, the latter often causes of
. Philanthropy and love are ex-
amples of the one class; avarice and am-
bition of the other. If our necessities
develope the intellect, the passions are
the principle or cause of everything great
which man performs, whether or bad.
Great poets and heroes,great crimi and
conquerors, are men of strong passions.

Pas’sioN-WEEK. The week immedi-
ately preceding Easter, named in comme-
moration of the Saviour’s crucifixion.

Pas’sivE, Lat. passivus, suffering. A
passive verb is one which expresses the
effect of an action ofsome agent, as, “she
is loved by her friends.’ Passive obedience,
as used by political writers, means not
only quiet, unresisting, submission to
power, but implies the denial of the right
of resistance ; or the recognition of the
duty to submit, in all cases, to the exist-
ing government. Passive commerce is
that species of trade in which the produc-
tions of a country are carried in foreign
bottoms.

Pass’over. The solemn festival of the
Jews, celebrated on the 14th day of the
month following the vernal equinox, and
instituted in commemoration of their pro-
vidential deliverance on the night before
their departure from Egypt, when God,
smiting the first-born of the Egyptians,
passed over the houses of the Israelites,
which were marked with the blood of the
paschal lamb.

Paste. 1. Any cement, as that which
holds together the fragments composing
conglomerate rock.—-2. A factitious
gem. The base of the pastes is a vitreous
body, called Strass (from the name of its
inventor, a German) composed of rock-
crystal (8), salt of tartar (24), white lead
(12), amd borax (12) fused together. To
this glass some metallic oxide or salt is
added, according to the gem to be imi-
tated, as oxide of antimony for oriental
topaz; chloride of silver or glass of anti-
mony for yellow diamond; oxide of co-
balt for sapphire; manganese, or preci-
pitate of cassius and peroxide of iron for

’

©AT

545

PAT

oriental ruby; slass of antimony and
oxide of cobalt for emerald; horn silver
and black oxide of iron, with some earthy
substance for common opal; oxides of

._ Manganese and cobalt for amethyst;

Rar

oxides of antimony, gold and manganese
for ancient carbuncle, &c.

Paste’BoarD. A sort of thick paper,
formed of several sheets of paper pasted
together, much used in binding books,
making pill-boxes, &c.

Pas’ret. A colouring matter obtained
from the leaves of the Isatis tinctoria. It
has a yellow or greenish-yellow colour,
and gives a green stain to paper, which
improves by keeping. In dye-works the
pastel vat is prepared with 4 of indigo,
50 of pastel, 2 of madder, and 2 of potash,
to which 1$ of lime is gradually added
to retain the brown matter of the indigo.
The name is Spanish.

Pas’rern. In farriery, the distance be-
tween the fetlock, or joint next the foot,
and the coronet of the hoof of a horse.
The pastern-joint is that immediately
above the pastern.

Pastic’c1o. An Italian word meaning
a pie, used in music to denote an opera
composed of detached airs, by different
composers, occasionally introduced.

Pas’TIL, Fr. pastille. 1. A roll of paste or
sort of paste, made by grinding together
different colours with gum-water, in
order to make crayons.——2. A small
cone made of gum benzoin, with powder
of cinnamon and other aromatics, to dif-
fuse a grateful odour when burned in an

rtment.——3. Aromatic sugared con-
fection, called tablette.

Pastin«’ca. The parsnip. A genus of
plants. Pentandria—Digynia. So named
because the root resembles the pastinum,
a forked instrument used by the Romans
for planting seeds. The P. sativa, or gar-
den parsnip, is the British type of the
genus.

Pastoru’orI. Priests of an inferior
order among the Egyptians, who carried
the statues of the gods in solemn proces-
sions: whence the name zacros, a couch,
and ¢geew, to bear. They are often found
sculptured or painted on Egyptian mo-
numents

Pasto Restn. A resinous substance
employed by the Indians at Pasto, in the
northernmost parts of Peru, for covering
wood, to render it impermeable to water.
Its solvent is potash, which forms with it
a kind of soap, soluble in water, and from
which it is precipitated by acetic acid in
a state fit to be applied to the wood. The
plant which yields it is not known.

Par’aca, A Spanish coin worth 4s.8d.

Paraco’on. § sterling.

Patacue (French). A tender or smali
esse] employed in conveying men, pro-

visions, and orders from one ship to
another.

Par’ans. A name in the East Indies,
applied to all the Affghan tribes.

Patavin’Iry. A term among classical
scholars to denote the peculiar style or
diction of Livy, the Roman historian, from
Patavium or Padua, the place of his na-
tivity. Authors are not, however, agreed
as to what this patavinity consists in.

Pate’. In fortification, a sort of plat-
form resembling what is styled a horse-
shoe, and usually erected in marshy
grounds to cover a gate of a town.

Pa’t'e’ ; \ In heraldry, a cross, small in

Pa’rre’s. § the centre, and widening to
the extremities, which are broad.

Paret’La, Lat. patella, a little deep
dish: dim. of patina, a dish.. 1. In ana-
tomy, a small flat bone of the leg, com-
monly known as the knee-pan.— 2. In
conchology, the limpet-shell: a subconic
univalve shell, shaped like a basin, with-
outa spire, and inhabited by a limax.
Order Cyclobranchiata, Cuv.

Paretiim’ani. A tribe of pentamer-
ous coleoptera, comprehending the ge-
nera Dolichus, Agonum, Chlenius, Dicelus,
&c. &c.. They frequent the shores of
rivers and other aquatic localities. The
patellimani are thus named from the
form of the two anterior tarsi: patella,a
little dish, and manus, a hand.

Pa’ten, Lat. patina. In_ ecclesiastie
usage, the saucer.on which the chalice
rests.

Pa’rENT, | Lat. patens, opening: ex-

Pat’ent. ) panding. 1. Applied to leaves
which form a moderately acute angle
with the stem or branch on which they
grow.——2. A privilege from the crown,
granted by letters-patent (q.v.), convey-
ing to the individual or individuals,
therein specified, the sole right to make,
use, or dispose of, some new invention
or discovery, for a certain specified time.
One to whom such privilege is conveyed
by patent is called a patentee. A patent
costs for the three kingdoms about 400/.,
for stamps, fees, &c.

Pa'TENT-YELLow. A pigment obtained
by fusing a mixture of oxide and chloride
of lead. ~

Par’era. A vessel used in the Roman
sacrifices, sometimes introduced as an
ornament in the Doric frieze.

Pa’TERNoS’TER, Lat. pater noster, our
father. 1. The Lord’s Prayer, thus named
from the two first words of it in Latin.
The term is now often used for a rosary
or string of beads used by Roman Catho-
lics in their devotions, and also for every
tenth bead of the same, which is large
and requires the repetition of the prayer,
whereas the other beads only require Ace

‘arias. ——2. In architecture, rows ef
beads carved on mouldings. ——S. Is

2N

PAT 5AG

PAY

lerildry, a paternoster cross is one re-
presented on the escutcheon as if formed
of beads.

Patrneric. Relating to the passions.
The pathetic muscle is the superior oblique
muscle of the eye, which is instrumental
in expressing certain passions. The
fourth pair of nerves are distributed to
it, and are hence termed pathetic nerves.

Parxocnomon’ic, from zafo:, disease,
and yiswrxw, to know. An epithet for
such symptoms as are peculiar to a dis-
ease, or for such as are properly charac-
teristic.

Patnoe’nomy, from zafos, passion, and
vom, Signification. Expression of the
human passions by proper signs; the
modes of action indicative of passion.

Paruot’ocy, from zafos, disease, and
Aoyes, discourse. The doctrine of dis-
eases; that branch of medicine which
treats of the nature of diseases.

Pa‘tina. 1. A name common to various
sorts of ancient Roman domestic vessels.
—2. In numismatics, the genuine rust
of antique medals.

Pa’rois, Lat. pater, father. The dialect
peculiar to lower classes.

Pa’rres Conscri'pti. Conscript Fathers.
A name for the Roman senators in gene-
ral, but originally applied only to the

created subsequent to the appoint-
ment of the 100 patres by Romulus, be-
cause they were written down or put upon
the list along with these.

Pa’rriarcy, from garie, a father, and
mexos, chief. 1. The father andruler of a
family. The title is usually applied to the

rogenitors of the Israelites, Abraham,

saac and Jacob, and to the heads of
families before the flood.—2. In the
Christian church, a dignitary superior to
the order of archbishops, as the patriarch
of Constantinople, Alexandria, &c., which
are styled patriarchates.

ParrrarcH’aL Cross. In heraldry, a
cross which has its shaft crossed twice.

Parrrcians. 1. The descendants of the
Roman senators (patres), created by Ro-
mulus, in contradistinction to the plebeians
or people. The dignity was subsequently
enjoyed by all who became senators by
other means than hereditary claims.——
2. In church history, the followers of
Patricius, who maintained that the sub-
stance of the flesh was the work of the
devil, and that it was therefore a virtue
to abuse or even destroy it!

Par’ricx, St., Onper or. An Irish
order of knighthood, instituted by George
I11. in 1783

Pa’trior. In the Latin of the middle
ages, patriota signified a native, in con-
tradistinction to peregrinus, a foreigner;
andas the native or citizen was considered

to be attached by his interests to the
Commonwealth, the word patriot gra-
dually acquired the meaning of a citizen
who ag his country

x araan tee from pater, father, and
passio, passion. ‘A religious sect who
held that God. ‘the Father suffered with

Parris‘t1c, Lat. pater. In theology; re-
lated to the fathers of the church, as
patristic theology.

Parrot’, Fr. patrouille, from patrouiller,
to paddle about. A guard of observation,
who patrol or march during the night, to
observe what passes, and secure the safety
of a certain station.

Pa’tron. 1. A patron among the Ro-
mans was a person who had freed his slave,
but retained some power over him after
his emancipation ; also a personin power,
under whose protection a few inferiors
(clients) put themselves, under certain
conditions of personal service——2. In
the canon and common law, a person who,
having the advowson of a Large
vicarage, or like spiritual promotion, be-
longing to his manor, has the gift and
disposition of the same, and may present
to it whenever it shall become vacant.
—3. In the Romish church, a guardian
saint, whose name is borne by the object
protected.

Pavut. A short bar of wood or iron,
fixed close to the capstan or windlass of
a ship, to prevent those engines from
rolling back when they are charged with
any great effort.

Pavt Bits. Pieces of timber placed
perpendicularly before the windlass of a
ship, and serving as supports to the pauls
which are pinned to them

Pavtranists. A heretical sect, founded
by Paulus of Samosata, in the third con-

ury.

Pavtr'crans. Christians of the seventh
century; a branch of the ancient Ma-
nichees, so called from their leader, one
Paulus, an Armenian. They endured
great persecution, but were at length
exterminated.

Pause, Lat. pausa, a stop. 1. A tem-
porary cessation in reading. The use of
punctuation is to mark the pauses in
writing. Besides the ordinary pauses,
which mark the sense, and which are the
same in prose and verse, there is in verse
a cesural pause, which divides the verse,
and a final pause, which closes it.——2. In
music, a mark consisting of a curve drawn
over a dot =, and signifying that the note
or rest over which it is placed is
continued beyond the regular time.

Pa’van. Peacock-dance. A grave
Spanish dance, in which the gentlemen
dance with cap and sword, princes in their
robes, and ladies with their long trains.
The name 1s from Lat. pave. a peacock.

to be’

a

~~ | ee

a

?

i tl eee
.

PAV 547

PEA

Pavep-way. <A certain description of
tramway, but formed of stone instead of
iron, and which may be described as a
medium between a road and a railway.

Pav'Ine, Paving is applied to the

Pave'MENT. $Scovering of stones laid
over roads. The flat paving laid down
on footpaths is termed pavement or flag-
ging, and the line of stone set on edge,
and which separates the road from the
footpath, is called the curb, as keeping
each sort of paving inits place. When
the paving-stones of a street are not
dressed, they form a rubble causeway:
when they are properly dressed and
pointed, they form an aisler causeway.
Brick has been used, and is still used in
Amsterdam, Venice, &e., as'a paving ma-
terial, and wood is at present under ex-
periment for that purpose ; but the com-
mon materials are granite and Purbeck-
stone, though basalt (whinstone) is very
much used in Scotland, and other loca-
lities where it is plentiful. In France,
gritstone (grés) is used. In the interior of
some edifices, the pavement is formed of
marble, often’ variegated and inlaid with
mosaic work. For flagging, the Arbroath
and Newcastle flags are perhaps the best;
but flagging is now beginning to besuper-
seded, in some of the large towns, by va-
rious bituminous preparations, as Robin-
son’s Parisian bitumen, Bastenne Ganjac
bitumen, Scottish asphaltum, &c., which
are employed to form the surface, the
foundation being any coarse material.

pavements have the stones laid
diagonally. Tessellated pavement is com-
of mosaic work, made of square

ieces of stone, &c., called tessere@, im-

ded in cement. This was the favour-
ite pavement of the Romans, and it was
eertainly an improvement on the painted
pavements of Greece.

Pavit’ton (Fr.), from Lat. papilio, a
butterfiy. 1. A tent, or covering in the
form of a tent.——2. In architecture, a
kind of turret or building, usually insu-
lated, and comprised beneath a single roof.
The name is also given to the projecting
part in front of a building, and which
sometimes flanks a corner, when it is
termed an angular pavilion.——3. Among
jewellers, the under 7 side and corner of
brilliants, lying between the girdle and
collet.

Pa’vo. The Peacock. A genus of gal-
linaceous fowls, characterised by a crest
on the head, and by the coverts of the tail
of the male being larger than its quills,
and capable of being erected,so as to form
a circle. The shining, lax, and silky barbs
of these feathers, and the ocellated spots
that decorate their extremities, are well
— in the common peacock, P. crista-

Lin., originally from the north of
india, and introduced into Europe by

Alexander. The magnificent plumage of
this superb bird is surpassed by that of the
wild ones.

Pa’vo et Inpus. The Peacock and
India. A constellation situated in the
Antarctic circle. It contains 26 stars, of
which one is of the second magnitude.

Pavo'nra, from pavo,a peacock. i.
coral with a deep and isolated cell, con-
taining a large depressed polypus, very
similar to the actinia; both as regards its
structure and appearance.——2. A genus
of plants. Monadelphia—Polyandria. Most
of the species are shrubs, and all inhabit
hot climates.

Pawn. A pledge lodged for the secu-
rity of the payment of a sum of money
borrowed. ‘The term is applied to goods,
and not to real estate. Those individuals
who lend money on pledges are termed
pawnbrokers, and the business they carry
on in this way is pawnbroking. Pawn-
brokers are required to take out a li-
cense, and are allowed to charge interest
at from 15 to 25 per cent., with other fees
for duplicates.

Pax. Among seamen, to pay is to daub
the surface of any body with some sub-
stance, as tar, to protect it from injury by
water, weather, &c. Paying-off is the
movement by which a ship’s head falls to
leeward. The same term is also used for
the discharge of the ship from actual ser-
vice. Paying-out or paying-away is the act
of slacking a cable or other rope, so as to
let it run out of the vessel.

Paye’z. The person named in a bill or
note, as he to whom the amount is pro-
mised or directed to be paid.

Pea. One of the most esteemed of the
pulse plants, introduced into Britain by
the Romans. There are several varieties,
but the common garden-pea (Pisum sati-
vum), and the common grey or field-pea
(Pisum arvense), are the most generally
cultivated.

Peacu, Fr. péche. The fruit of the
peach-tree, the Amygdalus persica, a na-
tive of Persia, hence called by the an-
cients Malus Persica, or Persian apple:
also the tree itself.

Pera’cocxr, pe Pavo. The name pea-

Pea’-Fow.t. ) cock properly belongs to
the male, but it is popularly applied to the
species in general, though the female is,
for distinction, called a peahen. The pre-
fix pea is from the French paon, con-
tracted from Lat. pavonis, from pavo, the
peacock.

Peax. In naval language, the name
given to the upper corner of those sails
which are extended by a gaff, or by a
yard crossing the mast obliquely.

Peart, Sax. pearl, Ir. pearla, Welch
verlyn, Ger. and Fr. perle, It. and Sp.
perla. Pearls are well-known globular
concretions, found in several species of

2n2

PEC 548

PEC

' shell-fish, but particularly the mother-of-
pearl oyster (Concha margaritifera, Lin.),
found in various parts of the world, par-
ticularly on the west coast of Ceylon,
on the coast of Coromandel, in the Gulf of
Persia, at the Sooloo Islands, off the coast
ef Algiers, the St. Margarita or Pearl
Islands, in the West Indies, &c. Much
difference of opinion has existed with re-
spect to the production of pearls in the
oyster, but it seems now to be generally
believed they are the result of disease,
whereby the ly secretion, instead of
being spread over the shell, is aceumu-
lated round foreign bodies accidentally
introduced into the shell.

Pear’ Suetts. Mother-of-pearl shells.
See MoTHER-OF-PEARL.

Pearw'stone. A variety of obsidian,
which has a pearly lustre, occurring in
globular and concentric lamellar concre-
tions. Sp. gr. from 2°2 to 2°55.

Peart Wuite. Subnitrate of bismuth, ob-
tained by po the nitrate of that metal
into a dilute solution of sea-salt, whereby
a beautiful light white powder is obtained:

Prat. An intermediate substance be-
tween simple vegetable matter and lignite;
the conversion of peat into lignite being
gradual,and brought about by the action
of water. It is composed of the remains
of many different plants, but probably a
great portion is derived from the Sphag-
num palustre. The process of its formation
is owing to the perpetual destruction of
the lower roots of the plants, while the
upper parts continually send off new roots,
thus furnishing a perpetual supply of de-
composing matter. Peats are the peat-
bog cut out into small rectangular pieces,
and dried for fuel. Peat-soil is peatina
state of decomposition, on which agricul-

produce may be grown.

Pes’strs. Siliceous stones larger than
gravel, the round form of which is owing
to their mutual attrition caused by the
action of water.

Pec’ary, | The Zajouca of South Ame-

Perc'cary. Jrica, a quadruped placed
among the hogs by Linné. it has shorter
legs than the hog, the bristles are stronger,
resembling the quills of the porcupine,
and the body is less bulky.

Pecn’stenp. The German name for
Pitchblend (q. v.).

Peck. A dry measure for grain, pulse,
&c., equal to 2 imperial gallons, or 554%
cubic inches.

Pr’cora. A name which has been used
to designate all mammiferous animals
which have no front teeth in the retype
jaw, as the ox, sheep, goat, camel,

Pec’rTEN, Lat. pecten, a comb. 1. “In
conchology, the scallop or comb shell. A
genus separated from the oysters by Bru-
gni@res. The pectens are all marine
bivalves belonging to the Ostracea, Cuv.,

and forming the type of the family Fec-
tenides, Lam.——2. In anatomy, the pubes.

Prc'ric Acip. The name given by Bra-
connot to an acid which he conceives to
be universally diffused through vege-
tables, and analogous to if not identical
with jelly: hence thename, from ryxz7is,
coagulum. It is most easily obtained from
the roots of carrots.

Pec’tine. A vegetable jelly, obtained
by mixing alcohol with the juice of ripe
currants (or any similar fruit), tiil a gela-
tinous precipitate falls, which is pectine :
anztis, jelly.

Pec’rinate, Lat. pectinatus, comb-like.
Applied to leaves, &c., when the segments
are extremely narrow and straight, like
the teeth of a comb.

PECTINIBRAN’CHIATA. An order of Mol-
lusca, comprising, beyond all com
the most numerous division, inasmuch
as it includes all the spiral univalves, and
several that are simply conical. The
branchie, composed of numerous lamellze
or stripes, laid el with each other
like the teeth of a comb (pecten), are at-
tached on one, two, or three lines, accord-
ing to the genus, to the ceiling of the
pulmonary cavity, which occupies the last
whorl of the shell, and which has a large
opening between the edge of the mantle

‘and the body. They are divided into

families, according to the form of the
shell, viz. Trochoida, Capuloida, and Buc-
cinoida.

Pec’roray. Appertaining to the breast:
pectus, the breast. Pectoral medicines are
those intended to relieve diseases of the
chest. The pectoral fins, or pectorals of a
fish, are those fins situated on the sides
immediately behind the gills.

Precrora’tes Pepicura’t1. A family
of fishes, consisting of certain Acantho-

pterygii,whose bones are elongated,
so as to form a sort of arm whichsupports
their pectorals.

Pecrorit’oavuy, from pectus, the breast,
and logquor, to speak. The iar sound

obtained in a stethoscopic exploration of

the chest, when the instrument is placed
over an excavation of the lungs. Under
these circumstances, the voice appears to
come direct through the tube of the in-
strument, from the chest of the patient to
the ear of the ausculator.

Pecu'tiar. In canon law, a parish or
church which has jurisdiction within it-
self, andis competent to grant probates of
wills and letters of administration, exempt
from the bishops’ courts. The Court of Pecu-
liars is a branch of the Court of Arches. It
has jurisdiction over all the parishes dis-
persed through the province of Canter-
bury, in the midst of other dioceses, which
are exempt from the ordinary jurisdiction,
and subject to the metropolitan only.

u
ul

Ses. ee SS ee eee

PED 549 PEG
Peco’tivum (Lat.). In Roman ifaw, the | or a claw ). The scorpions bdelony to
roperty which a slave might acquire, | the family.

pendent of the control of his master.

PeEpD’aGoGuE, xais, boy, and aywyos,
leader. Among the ancient Greeks, a
slave charged with the personal care of a
boy, from the earliest age after infancy,
until the 17th or 20th year.

Pep’at, Lat. pedalis. 1. Belonging to
the foot (pes, pedis)——2. A large pipe of
an organ, because played and stopped by
the foot.

Peparma’scut. A Turkish officer, who
looks after the interest of the Sultan in
cases of legacies.

Pep’are, Lat. pedatus, bird-foot-like.
Applied to ternate leaves, which have
their lateral leaflets compounded in their
forepart.

Pepar'1rip, Lat. pedatifidus, divided like
the toes ofa waterfowl. Applied to leaves
when their segments are not entirely se-

ted.

Pep’tcet, Lat. pedicellus. A partial
fiower-stalk, or subdivision of the general
peduncle.

Pepicer’tate, Lat. pedicellatus, having
a pedicel or partial flower-stalk : pedicellus,
a partial flower-stalk. Applied to flowers,
glands, nectaries, &c. when placed at the
top of a stalk.

Pepicetzta’tra. An order of radiated

animals or zoophytes, of the class Echino-

dermata, of which the star-fish (asterius)
may be taken as the type.

Pepicie, Lat. pediculus, a little foot.
i. Applied to the support of some species
of Lepas, by which they attach them-
selves to wood, &c.—2. In botany, the
term is used in the same sense as pedicel

Ve
A Morbis pedicularis. A
disease of the body in which lice are con-
‘tinually bred in the skin: pediculus, a
louse.

Pep’icutvs, a louse: from pes, a foot,
s0 named from its many feet. A genus
of parasitical insects, including the va-
rious species of lice found on man, beasts,
and birds.

Pepic’srovs. Having legs: pes, a foot,
and gero,to bear. The body of the my-
tiapod is divided into numerous pediger-
ous segments.

Pepima’n1, Lat. pes, and manus,a hand.
A family of marsupial animals.

Pep'tmEnt, from pes, a foot. An orna-
mient, generally of a low triangular form,
which crowns the ordonnances, finishes
the fronts of buildings, and is used asa
decoration of windows, doors, &c.; or
more properly the angular end of a build-
ing which surmounts a portico.

Pepirat’r1. A family of Arachnides,
the second of the Pulmonariz, in which
are observed very large palps, resembling
projecting arms terminated by a forceps

Pepom’erER, from pes, a foot, and
éreov, measure. 1, A mechanical instru-
ment in the form of a watch, and carried
in the pocket, to register the number of
steps or paces which the bearer makes in
travelling between one place and another.
The old pedometer has a string or chain
attached to the foot, but the improved
instrumert now in use consists of a lever
or pendulum, one end of whichis weighted
or inlaid, and the other supported by a
delicate spring, and so nicely adjusted
that each step of the wearer produces a
vibration, and moves a ratchet wheel one
tooth, and the latter being geared into a
train of wheels, moves indexes or hands
over the face of a dial-plate, on which
the number of vibrations, and conse-
quently of steps, is indicated.——2. The
name pedometer has also been used to de-
signate an instrument similar to a pera-
meter, attached to carriage-wheels, to
register the number of revolutions which
they make; and the perambulator is
sometimes also so called.

Pepun’cutate, Lat. pedunculatus, hay-
ing a peduncle. Growing on a fruit-stalk.

Pepun’cLte, Lat. pedunculus. 1. A
flower-stalk, or that which springs from
the stem, and bears the flowers and fruit
and not the leaves.——2. In conchology.
See PEDICLE.

Perk. In nautical language, a general
name for the upper corners of sails, ex-
tended by a gaff, or by a yard crossing
the mast obliquely, as the mizen-yard of
aship. To peek the mizen is to put the
mizen-yard perpendicular to the mast.
The peek-haliards are the ropes or tackles
by: which the outer end of the gaff is
hoisted.

PeEE’PUL-TREE. The Ficus religiosa or
sacred fig of the East Indies.

Peer. 1. An equal.—2. A nobleman,
as a peer of the realm. In England per-
sons belonging to the five degrees of no-
bility are all peers, for whatever forma-
lity of precedence may attach to the title
of duke, earl, marquis, viscount or baron,
it is a barony which conveys the right te
aseat in the house of peers, and confers
every privilege annexed. It is as barons,
not as dukes, bishops, &c. that peers take
their seats in parliament, and they take
their general name of peers from being
formerly regarded as the companions of
the sovereign.

Prc’asus. 1. The winged horse of the
poets, which according to the Greeks
sprung from the blood of the gorgon Me-
dusa, after Perseus had cut off her head.
—~—2. A constellation of the northern
hemisphere ; it contains 89 stars, of which
4 are of the second magnitude.——3. In
zovlogy,a genus of Lophobranchiate

PEL

550

PEL

Peo/maTITE. A name given by the
French mineralogists to a variety of gra-
nite composed of granular quartz and
felspar, called from its appearance gra-
phic stone.

Perram’erer, from sige to strain.

An instrument invented by John Mac-
neill, to indicate the amount of resist-
ance offered to the passing of wheeled

iages, &c., by the surfaces of roads
of different constructions.

Peta’cian. Belonging to the sea: pe-
lagus, the sea.
Peta’‘etans. A Christian sect, foilow-

ers of the doctrines of Pelagius, a monk
of Bangor, who denied original sin, as-
serted the doctrine of free will, the
merit of good works, &c.

Per’acus. A sub-genus of seal (Phoca,
Lin.). The monk (Phoca monachus, Gm.)
found among the Grecian and Adriatic
islands, is from 10 to 12 feet in length,
and is that best known to the ancients.
Name pelagus, the sea; it being found
only in Pelagian situations.

Perecan’1pz. Pelicanus, the type. A
family of swimming birds.

Peweca’noipes. The name given by
Lacepede to certain birds of the antarc-
tic seas, which have the bill and figure

~ of the petrel and the dilatable throat of
the cormorant. Sailors call them petrels.

Prreca’nNus. The pelican: a genus of
aquatic birds. Order Palmipedes ; family
Totipalmate.. There is only one species,
the Ponocrotalus, Lin., as large as a
swan, entirely white, bill of extreme
length, very broad, the lower mandible
sustaining a naked membrane attached
pa its flexible branches, susceptible of

ng dilated into a large sac, in which
it is seaid to transport both food and water.
It is found more or less disseminated
throughout the eastern continent, breeds
marshes, and lives entirely on live
fish. Linné included in the genus the
cormorants, frigate bird, and boobies.
Name pelicanus, from ztatxaw, to per-
forate.
Peu’Ecorp, } from weAszug, a hatchet,
PELECOI'DES, ) and ges, like. A ma-

thematical figure in the form of ahatehut,
contained an-

In ornithology.
SeePELEcAN os.

eS

PELECOID. long digestions
on a sand-bath, with a ccutniaanle for
constantly returning on the materials at
the bottom all the liquid of the menstruum,

PELICAN.

netian plains.
It commences with a red shining spot,
on the back of the hands, or some other
part of the body; this increases in size,

produces numerous small tubercles of’

different. colours, and assumes a very
malignant appearance; but usually dis-
appears during the winter, and the part
again becomes well. During this first
attack the health does not seem to suffer,
but nextseason the uffection returns with
increased vigour, the patient becomes
emaciated, enfeebled, and melancholy;
and as the disease advances, it assumes
various forms, the patient becomes truly
wretched, and suffers every extreme of
torture which is known to attack the
human being, before death puts an end
to his misery.. Before the disease breaks
up the constitution, the local affection
sometimes appears successively for several
summers, but often proves fatal after the
second or third. The disease is confined
to the agricultural population, and the
poorest classes, but the cause of it is not
own,

———

PEN bol

PEN

Per'LictE, Lat. pellicula, dim. of peilis,
a skin. 1. A film or thin skin, as that
which lines the shell of an egg, or which
covers the seeds and some other parts of
plants.——2. In chemistry, a thin crust
appearing on the surface of a solution of
salt evaporated to a certain degree, and
which consists of saline particles crys-
tallised.

Pev'titory. 1. In pharmacy, the root
of the Spanish chamomile (Anthemis py-
rethrum), 2 native of the Levant, Barbary,
and the south of Europe. It is used in
medicine as a stimulant.——2. In botany,
see PaniErTaria. The Bastard Pellitory
is aspecies of Achillea; Pellitory of Spain
is another name forthe Anthemis pyreth-
res which affords the pellitory of the

ops.

Petts. In England, the clerk of the pelis
is an officer of the exchequer, who enters
every teller’s bill on the parchment rolls,
the roll of receipts, and the roll of dis-
bursements; Lat. pellis, a

PELT, Pelt is properly the raw skin

Pest’rry. J) of an animal, with the hair
on it; and peltry is the collective term by
which such skins are denominated in
commerce. The terms are, however,
now restricted to the skins of those ani-
mals found in high latitudes, as the
beaver, bear, moosedeer, marten, minx,
sable, woolverin, &c. When the insides
of the skins are dressed, they are then
denominated furs; but in their raw state

they are peltry.
Pev’ra. 1. A small shield or buckler,
used by the ancients. 2. A fruit of an

oblong, flat, and obtuse form, observed
in the lichen tribe.

Pe.trastz. Light-armed infantry
among the Greeks were so called, as they
carried target.

Pet’tate, Lat. peltatus, target-shaped :
pelta,a target. Applied to leaves when
they have the stalk inserted into their
middle, like the arm of a man holding a
shield.

Pst'vis, from ztAve, a basin. The ca-
vity of the body below the belly, which
is shaped like the basin used in ancient
times.

Pem’puicvs, from geugiz, a vesicle. An
eruption, consisting of vesicles of various
sizes, and mostly attended by fever.

Pen. A well-known instrument for
writing, of which there are numerous
varieties. The first sort oF seas used ap-
pear to have been metallic styles, the
next reeds, the third quill-pens, and now
we have in some measure returned to the
use of metallic pens. Numerous forms
have been given to metallic pens, but
those which suit best are those which
enoresch the nearest to the common
gq.‘ pen Drawing-pens consist of de-

licately formed steel blades, drawn toge-
ther and adjusted according two the
breadth of the line wanted, by means of
a fine set-screw. Music pens are made
for ruling the five staves of music at
once, having as many points.

Prn’atry. Fine or forfeiture by way
of punishment: pena, punishment. The
law inflicts penalties, sometimes pecuniary
and sometimes personal, and the non-ful-
filment of a bond or other agreement
subjects the party to the penalties therein
expressed.

Pen’ancze, In the Romish church, one
of the seven sacraments, consisting in the
infliction of bodily suffering, as fasting,
flagellation, &c

Pena’tes. The domestic gods of the
Romans. They were properly the tute-
lar deities of the Trojans, adapted by the
Romans, and thus named from penitus,
because they were kept within the house.

Pen’cits ; are of two kinds: small hair
brushes employed by painters in oil and
water colours; and slender cylinders of
black lead, ‘either naked or inclosed in
wood, for drawing black lines upon paper.
The first sort are called for distinction
hair pencils, and are made of various ma-
terials, as the bristles of the boar, camel’s
hair, swan-down, &c.; the second, styled
black lead or lead pencils, are usually com-
posed of slender parallelopipeds of plum-
bago, inclosed in cases of cedar wood,
but of late years the plumbago has been
formed into little cylinders, and fitted to
a peculiar sort of pencil-case, provided
with an iron wire and screw, to protrude
a minute portion of the plumbago be-
yond the tubular metallic case: these are
denominated ever-pointed pencils.

Pencit oF Rays. In optics, a double
cone or pyramid of rays, diverging from

some luminous point, and which, after
falling upon and passing through a lens,
converges again on entering the eye.
Penpvant, from pendeo, to hang. 1. A
hanging ornament.——2. In nautical lan-
guage, a short piece of rope, fixed on each
side under the shrouds, on the heads of
the main and foremast, from which it de-
pends, as low as the cat-harpings, having
an iron thimble to receive the hooks of
the tackle. There are also many other
pendants of this sort, generally consisting
of single or double ropes, to whose ower
extremity is attached a bi «k or tackle.
Pendant is also the name of the jong nar-

PEN

PEN

row banner displayed from the mast-head
of a ship of war, and usually terminated
in two pone called the swallow’s tail:
written also pennant, and Fr. pennon.

Pen’DENT Bripee. A wooden bridge
with abutments only at the ends, and
supported by posts and pillars.

Penven’re Lite. During the dispute:
while the suit is undetermined.

Penvex’tive. In architecture, the
whole body of a vault suspended out of
the perpendicular of the walls. Penden-
tive bracketing, or cove bracketing,
springing from the rectangular walls of
an apartment upwards to the ceiling, and
forming the horizontal part of the ceil-
ing into a circle or ellipse. Pendentive
cradling is the timber-work for sustain-
ing the lath and plaster in vaulted
ceilings.

Pen’puLtvum. In mechanics, any heavy
body so suspended that it may vibrate
about some fixed point by the action of

gravity. The vibrations of a pendulum
are called its oscillations ; the time of each
being counted from the time of its descent
from the highest point on one side till it
attains the highest point on the opposite
side. The point A,about which the pen-
dulum moves, is called the point of suspen-
sion or centre of motion, and the line PQ,

z A D

B
PENDULUM.

parallel to the horizon, is the azis of oscil-
lation. Pendulums receive different de-
nominations, according to the materials
of which they are composed, or the pur-
poses they are intended to answer. A
single weight attached by a string, &c., is
called a simple pendulum ; but, in order to
counteract the effects of variations of
temperature upon the suspending me-
dium, several contrivances have been
adopted, under the name of compensation
pendulums; these again take particular
names, according to their form and ma-
terials, as the gridiron pendulum, the mer-

curial pendulum, the lever pendulum, &c.
The gridiron pendulum is eomposed of
any odd number of rods,so connected that
the expansion or contraction of the one
set of them is counteracted by that of the
other. The mercurial pendulum consists

of one rod with a vessel containing mer-
cury at the lower end, so adjusted in
quantity that whatever alterations take

>

Om

GRIDIRON MERCURIAL
PENDULUM. PENDULUM.
place in the length of the pendulum, the
centre of oscillation remains the same,
the mercury ascending when the rod de-
scends, and vice versé. Our clocks are
nothing more than pendulums, with
wheel work attached, to ter the
number of vibrations, and with a weight
or spring having force enough to coun-
teract the retarding effects of friction and
the resistance of the air; and when the

its length at London is thirty-nine and
one-eighth inches. This length varies with
the latitude, in consequence of the yaria-
tion of the force of gravity.

Pen’eTRateE. The most sacred part of
an ancient temple, which usually con-
tained an altar, dedicated to Jupiter Her-
cus,the supposed protector ofits sanctity.

Pen’ETRALIA. Small chapels in the in-
nermost part of Roman houses, dedicated
to the Penates, &c.,in which was deposited
whatever was deemed most valuable.

Pen’cuin. In ornithology, a name first
given by the Dutch to the Aptenodytes
of the south, to indicate the oily nature
of their fat. See ApTeNopDYTEs.

Penicit’/LaTe, Lat. pencillium, a pencil.
In zoology, when a part supports bundles
of diverging hair.

Penitentiary. 1. A presbyter in the
ancient Christian church, whose business
was to hear confessions, and award pri-
vate penance, in cases where it was un-
advisable to censure publicly.——2. An
office at the Court of Rome, in which are
examined and delivered out the secret
bulls, graces, and erates relating
to cases of conscience.——3. An officer in

EES ll

See | hl lL TC

ee

FEN 552

PEN

#ome cathedrals, vested with power from
the eres to absolve, in cases reserved to
him. house of correction, where
offenders are confined for punishment and
reformation, and compelled to labour.

PeEn’ITents. In Roman Catholic coun-
tries, certain religious fraternities, dis-
tinguished by their particoloured gar-
ments.

PENNAT’ULA. The sea-pen or feather: a
genus of zoophytes, distinguished by a
double set of branches, extending from a
calcareous axis, like the vanes ofa quill.
They float about in the waters of the
ocean, just as the wind and current may
direct them

PeEn’NIFORM, from penna, a feather, and
form ; having the form of a feather. Ap-
plied to muscles when the fibres pass
obliquely outwards on either side from a
tendinous axis.

Pen’non. In heraldry, a small pointed
flag, borne by agentleman. When knight-
hood was conferred upon him, the point
‘was cut off, and the square flag that re-
mained was a banner.

PeEn’nxy, plu. pence. An ancient English
silver coin, but now a copper coin: the
twelfth part of a shilling. The penny
was the first silver coin struck by our
Saxon ancestors: it weighed 224 grains
troy, being the 240th part of their pound.

PEN’NYWEIGHT. A troy weight, the
20th part of an ounce, and equal to 24
grains.

Pen’sIonER. Literally, one who re-
ceives an allowance. At Cambridge and
Dublin Universities, however, it is ap-
plied to students who live at their own
expense.

_Pen’stocrx. A sluice or floodgate, sery-
ing to retain or let go at pleasure the
water of a mill-pond, &c.

Penracar’sutar, from eye, five, and
pees acapsule. Having five capsules
or cells

Pen’TactorD, from sgéyre, five, and
ycogdm, chord, A musical instrument hay-
ing five strings.

Penracoc’cous, from eyes, five, and
coccus, a berry. Having five united cells,
with one seed in each: five-seeded.

Penracre’ntvs, from zeyre, five, and en-
crinus. A genus of acephalous zoophytes,
of which there are few known living
species, but vast quantities are found
fossil in the lower oolite formation, and
especially in the lias. The animal is so
named from the pentagonal formation of
its vertebral column.

Pentacros’tic, from eyes, tive, and
acrostic. A set of verses so disposed as to
have five acrostics of the same name in
five divisions of each verse.

Pentapac’ryt, from -eyre, five, and
3ax7v2.05, a finger; having five fingers.

1. Applied to leaves.——2. The five-fin-
gered fish, common in the East Indian
seas, and marked with five black streaks
aes each side, resembling the prints of five
rs.
PEN’ ‘TAGON, from eye, five, and yowc,

an angle. A geometrical figure naying
five sides and as many angles.

Pen’taGRapH, An absurd orthography
of Pantograph (q. v.).

Pentacyn’ra, from geyes, five, and yuvy,
afemale. An order of plants having five
pistils ina hermaphrodite flower.

PENTAHE DRON, , sTOM seyre, five, and

Penta®’DRon. Jee ow, a base. A figure
of five equal sides. Pentahedral, having
five equal sides.

PEN’TAHEXAHE’DRAL. Having five
(weyrs) ranges of faces, one above ano-
ther, each range consisting of six faces,
that is, hexahedral.

PENTAM’ETER, from geyre, five, and
Mérgoy, Measure. A sort of verse in an-
cient poetry, consisting of five feet. The
first two feet may be either dactyls or
spondees, the third always a spondee,
and the two last always anapests. A
pentameter verse subjoined to a hexa-
meter constitutes what is called elegiac.

PentTan’pRia, from geyre, five, and
avye, a male. The
name of a class of
plants in the sexual
system of Linnzus,
embracing those
which have herma-
phrodite flowers and
five stamens.

PENTAN’GULAR,
from ssyre, five,
d andangtiar. Five-

angled.
Pentarer’atovs, from zeyre, five, and
wétraroy, & petal: five-petalled.

Penrapuyt’tous, from eye, five, and
CvAAoy, a leaf: five-leafed.

PENTASPER’Movs, from wey¢s, five, and
ortea, seed: five-seeded. Applied tc
capsules.

Pen’rasTite, from geyvre, five and

PEP 554

PER

gevaes,acolumn. A building haying five
columns in front.

Pen’ratevcn, from -etyre, five, and
rivyec, a book. A name for the five books
of Moses.

Pen’taTHton, from -eyre, five, and
azbaos, exercise. The five exercises per-
formed at the Grecian games ; wrestling,
Bee: leaping, running, and playing at

scus.

Pen’tecost. ITevrexorrn, from seyrt-
zorros, fiftieth. 1. A solemn festival
among the Jews, so called because cele-
brated on the fiftieth day. after the six-
teenth of Nisan, which was the second
day of the passover. It was also called
the feast of weeks, because it was cele-
brated seven weeks after the passover.
--—2. Whitsuntide.

Pen’retic Marswe. A beautiful variety
of Parian and Carrara marble, named
trom Mount Pentelicus, near Athens,
where it was quarried.

Penr’-roor, Fr. pente, a slope. <A roof
formed like an inclined plane, the slope
ee all on one side. called also a shed-
roof.

PENULT’, Lat. pene ultima, almost

PENvUL'TIMA. Jlast. In grammar and
prosedy, the last syllable but one.

Penum’sra, pene umbra, almost a
shadow. A partial shade observed on the
margin of the perfect shadow in an
eclipse. It arises from the great rotative
magnitude of the sun.

Pron. In the East Indies, a footmanor
foot-soldier ; hence pawns at chess.

PEPERI’NO Marsxz. A calcareous stone
found in the environs of Rome, something
of the nature of Travertino. It is sup-
posed to be the ancient Sarum Albanum.

Pep’'Lum. An upper garment worn by
the females of Ancient Greece.

Pr’ro, from zerew, to ripen. In botany
{1.) the Gourd (Cucurbita pepo); (2.) a
fleshy succulent seed-vessel, the seeds of
ae are inserted into the sides of the

Pep’rer, Sax. peppor, Lat. piper. 1.In
botany, see PirER and Potyconum i
The berry or fruit of different plants, es-
pecially of the genera Piper and Capsicum,
having an aromatic, betas pungent taste.
Used for seasoning, &c. The common
sorts are (1.) black pepper, the fruit of the
Piper nigrum, a creeping plant, cultivated
in India, Siam, and the Eastern Islands.
(2.) White pepper, made by blanching the
finest grains of the black pepper. (3.)
Cayenne pepper is produced by several spe-
cies of Ca ; common to both Indies:
the best is the bird pepper, imported from
the West Indies. It itis th the mroauce of the
C. baccatum, an annual plant. The Guinea
peprer, the produce of the Capsicum an-

nuum, is aiso piety valued, What is
called Cayenne , in commerce, is,
however, an aa tndinieiabanee. mixture e
the powder of the dried pods of seven or
eight species of capsicum. (4.) Long pepper
is the produce of the Piper longum, a per-
ennial of Malabar and Bengal. (5.) Ja-
maica pepper is the produce of-the Myrtus
pimenta. See PimEnvro.

Pep’per Duce. The Fucus pinnatifidus,
often eaten as a salad, It tastes like
cresses.

Per’perMiIntT. The Mentha piperita, an
indigenous plant. It has a more pene-
trating smell than the other mints, and a
strong pungent taste, glowing like pepper ;
hence its name.

Per’perwater. A liquor prepared from
powdered black pepper.

Per. A Latin preposition, signifying
by. 1. Used in many phrases, as per
annum, per cent., &¢,—— 2. In
it is used asa prefix to oxide, to denote the
furthest degree of oxidation which does
not confer the property of acidity, as per-
oxide of mercury ; and to the names of
acids, where acids have been discovered
containing still more oxygen than those
whose names end in ic, perchloric acid. A
salt formed by the union of an acid witha
peroxide, is termed a per salt, as the per-
nitrate of mercury. We have also per-
iodides, per-chlorides, &c., on the same
principle.

Peracv’tE, Lat. peracutus. Very acute.
Applied to diseases when very severe.

PeramButa’tor. Surveying wheel.
An instrument for measuring roads, &c.,
where only visren
As the great wheel turns round it com-
municates motion to a set of toothed
wheels, which again move indexes or
hands upon a dial-plate, and thus register
the number of revolutions made by the
wheel of the instrument; and knowing
the circumference of this, the distance
passed over is consequently known. The
registering part of the machinery is
sometimes attached to the wheels of car-
riages let on hire, to show the distance

driven.
The term

Per’sEND, or THoROUGH.
applied to the heading-stones of a wall
when they are carried through the whole
thickness: if the stones only reach a part
a the way through, they are termed

‘Ss.

Per’ca. The Perch. A genus of acan-
thopterygious rage and the type of the
family Percoides, Cuy. The Species are
numerous. Name, wionn 4 meexis &
wegxvos, black; quia nigris maculis est
varius.

Percer’rion. In logic, the first act of
the mind, which consists in the reception
of ideas through the medium or
mentality of the senses.

suk is Deine _

PER

555

PER

Pencx. 1. In ichthyology, see Prerca.
—2. A measure of length equal to 54
yards: a rod or pole.

Percutor’ate. A salt formed’ by the
union of the perchloric acid with a base.

Percuior’ic Acip. Oxychloric Acid.
An acid consisting of 1 equivalent of chlo-
rine and 7 equivalents of oxygen, con-
densed into a colourless liquid of sp. gr.
16. It is obtained by distilling perchlor-
ate of potash with an equal weight of
sulphuric acid, diluted with a fourth of
water. By redistillation with concen-
trated sulphuric acid, the perchloric acid
may be obtained in a solid form, and
erystallised. The discovery of this acid
is due to Count Stadion.

Percvs’sion, from percutio, to strike.
The striking of one body against another.
The centre of percussion, in any body, or
system of bodies revolving about a point
or axis, is that point which, striking an
immoveable object, the whole mass is
brought to rest in equilibrio, without
acting upon the centre ofsuspension. In
a straight stick, of uniform thickness,
the centre of percussion is two-thirds
of the length of the stick from the axis
of motion. Percussion caps are little caps
containing minute portions of fulminating
powder, to be fixed on the nipple of a
percussion lock, to ignite the powder in the
barrel of the musket, when exploded by
the stroke of the hammer or dog-head.
Locks adapted to explode fire arms, &c.
by these caps are called percussion locks.

Pere La Cuatse. The name of a cele-
brated cemetery,in Paris, laid out in 1804.
It was formerly the chief seat of the
Jesuits’ establishment in France, and was
presided over by Pere La Chaise, Con-
fessor of Louis XIV.

PEREN’NIAL, Lat. perennis, from per, and
annus, a year. Lasting naturally more
than two years. Applied to plants, the
stems of which perish annually; but the
roots last more than two years. The term
is sometimes used in the sense of per-
petual, or never ceasing, as a perennial
stream, spring, &c.

Per’rect Numer, isa number equal to
the sum of all its divisors.

Perro’'Liate, Lat. perfoliatus, from per,
and folium, a leaf. Applied to plants, the
leaves of which surround the stem at
their base.

Per’roratex. One of Linnezus’ natural
orders of plants, comprehending such as
have their leaves perforated with small
holes.

Per’FORATE, Lat. perforatus, penetrated.
Applied to leaves through which the
stems pass, and also to those penetrated
with small holes.

PERGAME’NEOUS, Lat. pergamena, parch-
ment. In entomology, when a part resem-
bles parchment.

Percun’naH. In the East Indies, a
subdivision of a district answering tz
the English hundred.

Per’rt. In Persian mythology, the peris
are the descendants of fallen spirits, ex-
cluded from Paradise until their penance
is completed.

Per/IantH, Lat. perianthium. The
calyx properly and commonly so callie}
when it is contiguous to, and makes paré
of, a flower, from egs, about, and aybor,
a flower. It has many forms.

Perr’soLos, regs, and RarAdrw, I cast. in
architecture, an inclosure entirely round
a temple, surrounded by a wall.

Penicar’pium, from veges, around, and
xoaedie, the heart. The membranous bag
which surrounds the heart, and the arte-
rial and yenous trunks connected with
it. It contains a liquid which lubricates
the heart.

Per’icarP, Lat. pericarpium. The seed-
vessel ofa plant. From zegs, about, and
xaeros, seed.

Pericuz’tium, from eg, about, and
xoirn, @hair. Ascaly sheath investing
the fertile flower, and consequently the
base of the fruit-stalk, of some mosses.

Prricuon’privum, from regs, about, and
xovdeos, a cartilage. The membrane
that covers a cartilage.

Pericra’N1um, from segs, about, and
zeayioy, the cranium. A membrane
covering the outside of the cranium, and
corresponding to the periosteum of other
bones.

Per’rpRomeE, from veg;, around, and
deouos,a course. That part of a temple,
or other like edifice, between the perip-
tere and the wall, and which served
among the Greeks as a promenade.

Per'icze, from végs, near, and yy, the
earth. A termin the ancient astronomy,
opposed to apogee, and signifying the
nearest approach of the sun, or any of
the planets, to the earth. In rm
astronomy, the term perihelion is used,
because it is not the sun but the earth
which is in motion.

PERIGY’NIUM, reel, and yvovy, female.
The arceolate body formed in the genus
carex by two bractez.

Peric’ynovs, from egs, around, and
yuvy, a female. Applied to the stamens
of flowers, when they grow out of the
corolla, calyx, or perianth, or are not in
any way joined to the seed-vessel.

PeRIHE’LION, pp wees, near, and

Perine’tivm, J 4Asog, the sun. That
point of the orbit of a planet or comet
wherein it is nearest to the sun, being
the extreme of the transverse axis nearest

PER 556

PAR

the focus in which the sun is placed: op-
posed to aphelion.

Penim’Erer, from ¢egs, around, and
faves, to measure. The sum of the
boundary lines of any figure. In circular
Jigures, the terms circumference and
periphery are commonly used.

Per'iop. IIegsodng, from wees, about,
and 630s, a way. A circuit: hence—l.
In astronomy, the time in which a planet
or satellite makes one revolution in its
orbit.——2. In chronology, a series of
years by which time is reckoned; a re-
yolution of time, at the end of which
things comprised within the calculation
shall return to the state in which they
were at the beginning ; as the Calippic
period, the Dionysian period, the Julian
period.——3. In grammar, a complete
sentence; also the point which marks
the termination of a period, thus (.).——
4. Figures are sometimes marked off into
periods of three places for convenience of
reading large numbers, as £800,000,000 of
national debt.

Periop’icats. In literature, a general
name for all those publications which
appear at regular intervals, whether de-
voted to general information or to some
particular department of science. News-
papers, magazines, journals, and reviews,
are all periodicals.

Periopic'Iry. The disposition of cer-
tain phenomena to recur at stated times
or periods.

Peric’cl, } Tleg,01z08; from see,

Perie’cians. J about, and giz, a house.
Neighbours: inhabitants of the earth
who live in the same latitude, but in op-
posite longitudes. The term has been
extended to all who live in the same
latitude.

PeriopHTHAtMUM, from ees, about,
and o¢faames, the eye. A name for the
nictitating membrane of the eyes of birds
and fishes.

Penios'‘reuM, from eg, about, and
orgtov, &@ bone. The membrane which
invests the external surfaces of all the
bones, except the crowns of the teeth. It
is called pericranium on the cranium;
periorbita on the orbits; perichondrium
when it covers cartilage; and perides-
mium when it covers ligament.

Periparerics, from segirarew, to
walk. An ancient sect of philosophers,
followers of Aristotle, so named because
they disputed while walking up and
down the Lyceum at Athens.

Psriry’ery, from ees, about, and
fiew, to bear. The circumference or
bounding line of any curvilinear figure.

PxRirHoRAN’THIUM, from zeeigcew, to
encircle, and awyfos, a flower. <A kind of

inyolucre, in which the bracts are nume-

rous, closely packed, and parallel to one
another.
PeRipnEev’Mony, Lat. peripnewmonia,

from 4, and xysymwy, the lungs. In-
flammation of the lungs.

Per'irrere, from wtet, about, and
awrecov,a wing. A range of columns s.r-
rounding a temple, and distant from the
wall an intercolumniation. The vacant

temple having such periptere is denomi-
nated a peripteral.

PERIRHANTER ION (Gr.), from wtet~
pocivar, to sprinkle. Lustral vases placed
at the entrance of the ancient temples.

Peris‘cit. Tegsexsos- Periscians: in-
habitants of either frigid zone, where the
sun, when in the summer » moves
round about the horizon without oecuteee
and consequently their shadows in the
course of their day turn to every point of
the compass: gegs, around, and ozie,
a shadow.

Pr’risrerm, from gegs, around, and
orteum, seed. A thick, farinaceous,
fleshy, or horny part of the seeds of plants,
either entirely or only partially surround-
ing the embryo, and inclosed within the
investing membrane. It corresponds to
the albumen of Geertner.

Peristav’ric. TlegioraArixos. Spiral:
vermicular or worm-like, from weel~
ortAAw, to contract. Applied to the ver-
micular motion of the intestines, by which
they propel forward their contents.

Per'istome, from zég;, around, and
oroue,amouth. The fringe-like mem-
braneous in which in many mosses
borders the orifice of the capsule or theca.

PeER’IsTYLE, from seaj;, about, and gsu-
Aos,a column. A range of columns within
a court or building, as the internal co-
lonnade of an hypzthral temple.

Perisys’ Tote, from 4, about, and
cveroA%, contraction. The time between
the systole or contraction of the heart, and
its diastole or dilatation.

PERITO'NEUM; } Tleesrovecsoy, from rte,

PERITONZ2’UM. J about, and ovo, to eX-
tend. A strong simple membrane, by
which all the viscera of the abdomen are
surrounded, to prevent friction and re-
tain them in their proper position.

Perirro’cutum, from veg, around, and
Te0K 0s, a wheel. A wheel or circle con-
centric with the base of a cylinder, and
moveable together with it about an axis.
The axis, with the wheel and levers fixed
in it to move it, constitute that mecha-
nical power called axis in peritrochio. See
WHEEL AND AXLE.

Pzrr'IwinkLe. 1. In concholegy, the sea-

vs ©

SO

—_

=

a ee

— Te) OP

—

eg

ae a —

PEK 557

PER

snail, or Turbo littoreus, Lin.——2. In bo-
tany, a species of Vinca.

Permit, from permetto. A license or
instrument granted by the officers of ex-
cise, authorising the removal of goods
subject to excise duties. Permits are one
of the useless nuisances of our excise
laws.

Permeta’tion. In algebra, the arrange-
ment of any determined number of ob-
jects in all possible orders, after each
other.

Per’nis. A genus of birds of prey: the
honey-buzzards, separated by Cuvier from
the kites. Order <Accipitres, Lin., family
Diurne, Cuv.

Perora’tion, from per and oro, to pray.
The concluding part of an oration, where
the speaker recapitulates the principal
points of his argument, and urges them
with greater earnestness.

Prrox’ipe. See Per.

PreRPEenpDIc’utar, Lat. perpendicularis,
relating to a plumb-line (perpendiculum),
from per and pendeo, tohang. <A perpen-
dicular line, or a perpendicular, means in
common language any line falling at
right angles to the plane of the horizon,
that is, extending from some point ina
right line towards the centre of the earth
or centre of gravity.
In geometry, a per-
pendicular is any
line falling at right
angles on another
line, or making equal
angles with it on
either side. In gun-
nery, the name is given to a small instru-
ment for finding the centre line of a piere
of ordnance, in the operation of pointing
it at an object.

PERPENDIC’ULAR Lirr (on canals). A
contrivance for passing boats from one
level to another.

Prr’reTuat Mo’rion. Motion that gene-
rates a power of continuing itself indefi-
nitely. Every body in nature, when in
motion, would continue in that state, and
every motion once begun would be per-
petual, but for the operation of some ex-
ternal causes, as friction, gravity, &c.;
but since no absolute power can be gained
by any combination of machinery, to
counteract these causes, it follows that a
perpetual motion can never take place by
any purely mechanical contrivance; yet
this is a problem which has engaged the
attention of many ingenious, though ill-
educated men.

PerreTvuat Screw. <A screw which
acts against the teeth of a wheel, and
continues itsaction without end.

Perretv'itry. 1. In law, is where, if all
that have an interest join in the convey-
ance, yet they cannot bar the estates.
——2. In annuities, the number of years

in which the simple interest of any prin-
cipal sum will amount to the same as the
principal itself.

Prr’PYEN-WALLS. The name given to
two walls in Fotheringhay church,
which divide the body of the ¢hurch
from the aisles. The origin of the name
does not appear to be known.

Per’ron (French). A staircase lying
open or withoutside the building ; more
properly the steps in front of a building,
which lead into the first story, when this
is raised above the level of the ground.

Per Sattum. By aleap, at once.

Per Sze. 1. Of its ownnature; i.e. in
virtue of its own entity, as the sun gives
light per se-——2. By itself; as when a
body is distilled without the addition of
any other matter, it is said to be distilled
per se.

Per’sevs. 1. In mythology, a hero, the
son of Jupiter. —— 2. In astronomy, a
northern constellation.

Per’stian Berries. A yellow dye drug,
the fruit of a Persian variety of the
Rhamnus infectorius, which grows in
Persia. See Berries oF AVIGNON.

Per’sisan WHEEL. A wheel used for
the purposes of irrigation, and usually
equipped with floats on its circumference.
and turned by the stream in which it is
placed, but turned by animal power when
the water in which it is worked is stag-
nant. Upon its rim are buckets sus-
pended, which are filled with water at
the lowest point, and empty themselves
into a receiver at the highest point, from
which it isconveyed away in canals. This
is one of the cheapest and most efficient
modes of raising water to small eleva-
tions, and requires neither nicety in
construction, nor attention in working,
especially where a running stream
obtained. It is much used in the East.

Per’sians. In architecture, the same as
Caruatides (q. v.). According to some, the
male figures only are called Persians, and
the female figures Caryatides

PrErsis‘TENT, Lat. persistens. Perma-
nent. Applied to flower-cups which re-
main long after the flower. Also, in
opties, to the duration of the impression
of light upon the retina of the eye, after
the removal of the source of the light.

Per’son, Lat. persona. 1. A mask used
by actors on the stage, from per and sonus,
sound. The term is now used to denote a
human being.——2. In grammar, the agent
which performs, or the patient which
suffers, the action expressed by the verb,
and hence, also, we apply the word person
to the termination or modified form of the
yerb used in connection with the persons,
as the verb is in the first, second, or
third person. Such verbs are usually de-
nominated personal verbs.

Pexsona’ta. A natural order of plants

PET

558

PET

ix Linngus’s natural method, character-
ised by being fetid, poisonous, and aro-
matic, with personate corolle.

PeEr’sonatE, Lat. personatus, from per-

ona, amask. A term applied to mono-
petalous flowers of an irregular form, the
eorolla having an oval appearance, with
the labia closed.

Perspective, from perspicio, to see
through. 1.A term, in drawing and paint-
tng, for the science by which objects are
ranged upon a plane surface, as in a pic-
ture, according to their appearance in
their real situation. This embraces three
subjects: lines, which determine the out-
line; the chiaro-’scuro, which shows the
relief; and the color, which gives the
true ap ce. The lines form what
wecall the design, and the colouring, in
conjunction with the design, constitutes
the art of painting ; consequently we may
divide perspective into linear and aérial
The first is a branch of mathematics, and,
as such, is subject to principles which are
rigorously demonstrated: it shows how
lines which define figures appear to the
eye of the spectator, according to the
point on which the eye is fixed, and the
aistance of the objects. <Aérial perspective
is so named because it is the effect of the
‘yaporous air which is interposed between
the different objects, diminishing by its
colour the tones in proportion to its
greater or less quantity, and the distance
of the planes of the picture in relation to
the eye. Perspective, generally, divides
itself into projection, ichnography, ortho-
graphy, scenography, and _ stereography
(q. v.).——2. A terrestrial telescope.

Persriza’rTion, from perspiro, to breathe
through. The vapour secreted by the
extremities of the cutaneous arteries from
the external surface of the body. It is
called sensible when it becomes visible in
the form of very small drops (sweat) ad-
hering to the skin; and insensible, when
it passes off in the form of invisible
vapour.

PeRTURBA’TION. In astronomy, the de-
viation of a celestial body from its theo-
retical elliptical orbit, caused by the at-
traction of other bodies.

Perv’viaAn Batsam is the produce of the
Myroxylon Peruiferum, a tree of Peru, &
See BatsaM.

Perv’vian Bark. Cortex Peruvianus.
See Bank and CincHona.

Pr’sape. Fr. pessade. The motion of a
horse when he raises his fore quarters,
and keeps his hind feet on the ground,
without advancing.

Prs’sary, from zecorw, to soften. A sur-
gical instrument or application of many
forms, for introducing into the vagina, to
support the uterus.

Per’at, Lat. petalum, and Gr. rsgeAes,

from zeraw, to expand. The name of
each of the coloured leaflets of the corolla
of a flower. In monopetalous flowers the
corolla and petal are the same.
Perator'pevs, geraAoy and edocs. Any
organ like a petal in texture or colour
Per’arp (French). A warlike engine,
made of metal, and shaped like a sugar-
loaf. It is loaded with powder, and fixed
on a madrier or plank, and exploded

against gates, barricades, &c., to break
them open.
Perav’rvs. A genus of Marsu

pialia

established by Shaw, to receive the ‘flying
phalangers of New Holland. Name from
ztradoy, a leaf, and oven, a tail; the skin
of the flanks being more or less extended:
which enables them to sustain themselves
momentarily in the air, and make great
leaps, like the flying squirrels among the
Rodentia.

Perr’cnia. An Italian word, commonly
used in the Latin plural from ‘petechie, to
denote the purple spots which appear on
the skin in some malignant fevers,

Per’roiar, Lat. petiolaris. Fixed to the
petiole or leaf-stalk.

Perr’oLaTE, Lat. bergen Having pe-
tioles or leaf-stalks.

Pe’riotx, Lat. petiolus. The footstalk
or leafstalk of a plant.

Perr’tio Princrru. In , the tak-
ing of a thing for true, and jie me con-
clusions from it as such. This is what is
termed, in common parlance, “‘ begging
the question.”

Perret. A name for all those storm
birds forming the extensive genus Procel-
laria, Lin. See ProcEttaria and PEeLeca-

NOIDEs.
Perrirac’rions, Lat. petra, stone, and,
facio, I make. Otherwise called organ-

ised fossils, organic remains. The con-~-
version of vegetable and animal matter
into a stony substance.

Perrozro’sians. The followers of
Peter de Bruys, a heretic of the 12th
century.

Perrote’ne, from petra, stone, andoleum,
oil. An oily liquid, of a pale-yellow co-
lour, and Sp. gr. 0°891, obtained by distil-
ling about 15lbs. of the bitumen of Beche-
broun, in the department of Bas-Rhin,
with about 22 imperial gallons of water.
The bitumen itself is viscid, has a deep
brown colour, and is employed, around the
locality where it is found, as grease for
machinery, under the name of stone oil.

Perro’teum, from petra, rock, and
oleum, oil. A mineral oily substance,
which flows from the clefts of rocks, and
in different places at the surface of the
earth. It is usually, at the temperature
of this country, about the consistency of
tar, has a reddish-brown colour, but be-

— — ee

PS wn

YEU

55a

PHA

comes black by exposure to the air, and
fs then called mineral tar. In places
where it occurs plentifully, it is used as
o‘] for lamps, as in the Burman empire,
“here, in one locality, there are said to
le between 500 and 600 wells, yielding
zunually 400,000 hogsheads of petroleum.
I: is composed of several oils, a little
oleine and stearine, resin, with a brown
indifferent substance in solution. By dis-
tillation it yields naphtha, Sp. gr. ‘087.
Smell bituminous.

Per’rotine. A substance obtained from
the petroleum of Rangoon, by Professor
Christison. It is the same substance as
that previously discovered by M. Reichen-
bach, and named Paraffine (q. v.).

Petrom’yzon. The lamprey, a genus of
fishes. Order Chondropterygiit branchiis
ay Cuy. Family Cyclostomi, Dumeril.

ame from wergos, a stone, and utam,
to suck, as these fishes habitually fix
themselves by suction to stones and other
solid bodies; they attack the largest
fishes in the same way, and are finally
enabled to pierce and devour them.

Perrosr’LEx, chert or rock-flint: petra,
rock, and silez, flint. A fusible variety
of hornstone ; according to some authors,
the same as clinkstone; others again
make it compact felspar.

Per’ry. In law, formerly written petit,
French for small. <A petty constable is one
subordinate to the high constable. A
petty jury, in distinction to grand jury,
consists of 12 freemen empannelled to try
causes at the bar of a court. Petty ser-
jeanty is a tenure of lands of the crown,
by rendering annual service of some im-
plement of war, as a bow, arrow, sword,

Petty treason is the crime of killing
a person to whom the offender owes duty
or subjection.

Peruntzr’, } The Chinese name (pe-

Percentsr’. J tunt-ze) of the fusible
earthy matter of their porcelain, analo-
gous to our Cornish stone. It is a ya-
riety of felspar.

Per’wortnh Marste. Sussex marble. A

' limestone of various*shades of colour

occurring in the weald clay, and composed
of the remains of fresh-water univalves,
shells of the paludina, and crusts of the
Cypris faba, united into a compact marble
by a gangue of calcareous matter.

Pevcr’panum. Sulphur-wort or hog’s
fennel. A genus of perennial plants.
Pentandria—Digynia. Name from zévzy,
the pine-tree, on account of the shape of
its leaves. The officinal hog’s fennel 4
officinale) and the meadow saxifrage (P.
silaus) are indigenous species ; the others
belong to the continent and the other
European isles.

Pevrince’rR1an Map (Germ.) A map of
the roads of the ancient Roman world,

written on parchment, and supposed to
have been constructed about the year 226.

Pew’rer. A factitious metal, used
making plates, dishes, spoons, and se-
veral other domestic utensils. The alloy,
generally speaking, consists of tin ané
lead, with sometimes a little zinc, cop-
per, or antimony, according to the pur-
poses for which the metal is designed. Th?
sorts known incommerce are plate, triple,
and ley-pewter ; the first is the hardest,
and is used for plates and dishes; the
second is used for beer-pots ; and the third
for the larger wine measures. The name
is obtained from Norman, peautre.

Pezi’za, a genus of fungi. The name
was used among the Greeks to denote
such fungi as grow without any stalk or
apparent root.

Pu2xnoe’amovs, from Qaiyw, to show,
and yé&mos, Marriage. An epithet for
such plants as have the stamens and
ovarium distinctly visible.

Pua’eton. 1. In mythology, the son of
Phoebus and Clymene, who, having rashly
undertaken to drive the chariot of his
father for a day, set fire to the world, for
which Jupiter precipitated him into the
Po by a thunderbolt.——2. A light open
carriage on four wheels, and drawn by two
horses.——3. The tropical bird: a genus
known by two long and narrow feathers
which flow from their tail, and which
at a distance resemble so many straws.

PHAGEDEN’Ic, from Qayaw, to eat. An
epithet for any ulceration which spreads
rapidly ; also for escharotics.

Puatz’na. The Moths: a genus of noc-
turnal Lepidoptera. Name, Qdédraiva,
“* que noctu lucernis advolat.””

Puatan’Gers. In zoology (see PHALAN-
GISTA). :

Puaran’css, pl. of phalanx. The smal!
bones of the fingers, and the toes of ani
mals and birds are called phalanges.

PHALANGIS’TA. The Phalangers: a genus
of Marsupialia of many species, natives
chiefly of the Moluccas and New Holland.
The genus is now subdivided into Pha-
langista, Cuy., or Balantia, Illiger, or the
true Phalangers and Petaurus, Shaw, or
Phalangista, Illiger, or the Flying Pha-
langers.

Pua’Lanx, QxAay£,a battalion. 1. In
the ancient warfare, a huge square com-
pact mass of troops, of 8000, drawn up in
close order, with their shields joined and
pikes ranged across. The term is now
more loosely applied.——2. The plural of
the term, ahisanges, is used to denote the
small bones of the fingers and toes.

Puat’aris. Canary-grass: a genus. 7rt-
andria—Digynia. The P. canariensis, the
seed of which is the food of canary birds,
is the British type. Named from the
Paraeos of Dioscorides.

PHA 566

PHE

Puatar’ore. The name of several spe-
cies of aquatic fowls, inhabiting the
northern latitudes of Europe and America.
Their flesh is oily and unpalatable.

Puat'tus. A genus of fungi, named
after the QaAAos of the Greeks, which it
closely resembles. The Morel fungus and
stinkhorns are species.

PHANEROGAM'IC, from Qevegds, manifest,
and yémos, marriage. An epithet for
plants in which the stamens and ovarium
are distinctly visible: opposed to erypto-
gamic.

Puan’tasM, Gayvracpe, from Pavratw,
to appear. The imaginary perception of
some object which is not really present:
the result of disease of the eye or sen-
sorium.

PuHANTASMAGO’RIA. In optics, denotes
remarkable illusions or combinations of
phantasma, arising from the application
of the magic-lantern, exhibited sometimes
on a grand scale in the public halls of this
country and France.

Pus r’'isees, Heb. pharas, separated. A
sect among the Jews, who pretended to
peculiar holiness.

Puarmacop@’ia, from Caesnaxoy, a
medicine, and zostw, to make. The art
of preparing medicines; also a book of
directions for the composition of medi-
cines, approved of by medical practition-
ers, and published by authority.

Pua’ros. <A lighthouse, thus named
from a celebrated one on a small island
near the port of Alexandria in Egypt,
reckoned one of the seven wonders of the
world.

Puarynce’at. Belonging to or affect-
ing the pharynx.

Puaryno’ites. Inflammation of the
membrane which forms the pharynx.

Puaryncoromy, from QaguvygZ and
stuvw,tocut. The operation of cutting
into the pharynx.

Pua’/RxYNX, £. The muscular bag
at the back part of the mouth, the use of
which is to receive the masticated food,
and convey it into the cesophagus, where
it terminates.

Puascor/omys. A genus of Marsupialia
established by Geoffroy to receive the
Wombat found in King’s Island, on the
South of New Holland. Itis as large as
a badger, feeds on grass, lives in burrows,
and is much esteemed for its flesh. Name
from farzwdrov, a pouch, and sags, a rat.

Puasr’otus. The Kidney-bean: a genus
of papilionaceous Poa Diadelphia—
Decandria. Name from QaenAcs, a little
ehip, or galliot, which its pods somewhat
resemble.

Pua’ses (plural of phasis), Qaeis, from
@azvo, to shine; appearances. Applied,

in astronomy, to the various appearances
of the moon, Venus, Mercury, &c., at dif-

ferent times. The diagram exhibits th
phases of the moon. 2

PHASIANEL'LA. A genus of Mollusca
established by Lamarck in the order Pee-
tinibranchiata, family Trochoida, Cuvier.
The species inhabit the Indian ocean, and
are much sought after by collectors, on
account of the beauty of their colours.
Name dim. of phasianus, a pheasant.

Puasian’IDZ, Qactayos, pheasant. A
family of Gallinaceous birds.

Puasia’nus. A genus of Gallinaceous
birds, the pheasants, now divided into
various subgenera, such as Gallus (our
common cock and hen), of which several
wild species are known; pheasants, pro-
perly so called, as the common pheasant
of Europe, gold and silver pheasants of
China, &c.; Tragopon, &c., Cuyier. The
name Caciayos, Supposed to be from the
river Phasis, in Asia.

PHELLAN’DRIUM. A genas of herbaceous
plants. Pentandria—Digynia. Name from
DeAdos, the cork-tree, and eydesos, male ;
because it floats upon water like cork.
The water-fennel (P. aguaticum), a nar-
cotic and poisonous plant, is the British

pe.

PHELLOPLAS’TIcs, from @eAAos, cork-
wood, and zAwecw; to mould. The art os
modelling in cork.

Puen’icine. A. brownish-black sub-
stance (when dry) obtained from indigo
by the action of sulphuric acid, and thus
named by Mr. W. Crum, but called by
Berzelius purple of indigo. It dissolves
readily in water and alcohol, and beth

PHI 561

PH@

solutions are blue; but from these solu-
tions it is precipitated by any saline
substance.

PHENOMENON. Paivowtyoy, appearance ;
Coivoes, tO appear. Something ob-
served; something discovered to exist:
used most commonly in the plural, as the
phenomena of the heavenly bodies. The
term often denotes an unusual appearance.

Pue’on. In heraldry, the barbed iron
head of a dart.

PHILADEL’PHES : DiAew, Llove; adergos,
brother. A secret society said to have
existed in France during the government
of Napoleon.

Puitape.’puvs. The Syringa, or Mock
Orange. A genus of permanent plants.
Icosandria—Monogynia. Name from Qsrew,
tolove,and #d:ACos,a brother. Temperate

imates.

Puitan’tHRoPINIsM. A system of edu-
cation on natural principles, mainiy
founded on the notions of Locke and
Rousseau.

Puiuie'rtc. A discourse, or declama-
tion, full of acrimony. The mame was
originally given to an oratien of Demos-
thenes against Philip, king of Macedon.
and subsequently came to denote any such
orations, such as those of Cicero against
Mark Antony.

Purt’mor, from Fr. feuille morte, a dead

- leaf. Coloured like a dead leaf.

Partcr/ocy. Piroroyia ; Pirew, to love,
and Aeyos, a word. Primarily, a love of
words: a desire to understand the origin
and construction of language. It is now
used, in a more general sense, to denote
what the French call Belles Lettres, and
includes grammar, rhetoric, poetry, his-
tory, and criticism.

Purtos‘opHerR’s Stone. A wonderful
substance, the discovery of which was the
principal object of alchemy. It was sup-
posed to have the power of transforming
all the baser metals into gold, and of
curing all diseases. The appellation of
stone is of modern date: no mention is
made by any alchemist that the substance
sought was of a lapideous nature.

Puitosorny. PiAorodia, from Pirsw,
to love, and ¢otia, Wisdom. The love of
wisdom. The term is now used, generally,
to denote an explanation of the reason, or
an investigation of the causes, of all phe-
nomena both of mind and of matter.
When applied to any particular depart-
ment of knowledge, it denotes the collec-
tion of the general laws or principles
under which all the subordinate pheno-
mena or facts relating to that subject are
ranged. Thus, that branch which treats
of nature is called natural philosophy, or
physics; that which treats of man, as
a@ moral creature, is called moral philo-

sophy, or ethics ; that which treats of him
as an intellectual being is termed fnvel-
lectual philosophy, or metaphysics.
Putesr'ris, from QAe, a vein. Inflam-
mation of a vein.
Purrs’orracy, from cae, a vein, and
puyrores ,to break out. Arupture ofa vein.
Puircsa’sia, inflammation: from A¢-
y®,to burn. The disease popularly called
puerperal tuwmid leg has been named by
Dr. Hull, Phlegmasia Dolens. The term
Phiegmasi@ is also used by Dr. Cullen to
designate an order of diseases in the class
Errexiw.characterised by pyrexia, topical
pein, and inflammation ; the blood, after
yenesection, exhibiting a buffy coat.
Punzs'son, from Paty, to burn. An
inflammation of the sort called healthy in-

Aammainon.

Psein’cm. Cat’s-tail. A genus of gra.
mineous plants. Triandria—Digynia. Most
of the speeies are British, among which
are the Timothy-grasses, varieties of the
meadow- grass.

Putoeis’t:c. 1. Pertaining to phlo-
giston.——2. Inflammatory.

Putocisticatep Air. Nitrogen was so
called by the old chemists, because it was
found neither to be inflammable nor a
supporter of combustion.

PxHLoRIpD'zINE, from CAcios, bark, and
oe, root. A bitter-tasted principle,
which exists in the bark of the trunk and
roots of the apple, pear, cherry, and plum
trees. Composition C14H9 Og, It is the
Phloridzite of Dr. Koninck.

Pxo’cs. The Seals. A genus of Mam-
malia; order Carnaria; family Carni-
vora; division Amphibia. The Phoce
live on fish, always eat in the water, and,
when they dive. close their nostrils by a
sert of vaiye. The Common Seal (P. vi-
tulina, Lin.) is from three to five feet in
length, of a yellowish gray, spotted with
brown. Common on the coasts of Europe.

Psocen’rc. Appertaining tothe dolphin.
Procenie acid is obtained from phocenine
by saponification. Composition C20 H15 06,

Pxo’cenins. A peculiar fatty matter,
obtained from the oil of the porpoise
(Delph pi Lin.). It yields pho-
cenic acid by saponification.

Puenicor’rervs. The Flamingo. A
genus of birds. Order Grallatorie; family
Macrodactyii. Name Qovixorrtgos, red-
winged, @owxos, red, and wrégov, @
wing, the bird being well characterised by
its general red plumage. The species of
the eastern continent and that of America
seem to be different, although both are
named P. ruber by naturalists.

Pue’nix, Qowig. 1. A fabulous bird,
of which wonderful stories are told. It
was of fhe size of an eagle ; its head was
finely crested; the feathers of the neck

20

PHO 562

PHO

were brilliant like gold, and those of the

were purple and carnation down.
There could only be one such bird in the
world at a time. It lived 1000 years
according to some, and 500 according to
others ; after which it died, but sprung to
life again from its own ashes. ——2. The
Date Palm-tree, a genus of nine species.
Diecia—Triandria. All the species are
natives of warm climates; that which
affords the dates of commerce is the P.
dacty ifera.——3. In astronomy, one of the
southern constellations, so called after
the example of the Arabians, who were
acquainted with it, under the appellation
of the Griffin or Eagle, from the most re-
mote antiquity

Puorapa’ria. A family of marine bivalve
shells, in the arrangement of Lamarck, of
which the genus Pholas is the type.

Puo’tas. A genus of molluscs. Order
Acephala testacea; family Inclusa. The
shell is bivalvular, and convex towards
the mouth. Name Qwarus, from gwAtos,
a burrow, the pholades inhabiting
eanals which they excavate, some in
ooze and others in stone, like the Litho-
domi, Petricole, &c.,and hence popularly
called stone-borers. They have a pecu-
liarly agreeable flavour.

PHONE? Ic WRITING, Qwyy, sound. That
writing in which the signs represent
sounds. ;

Puon’rcs, from Qoyes, sound. The doc-
trine of sound; otherwise called acoustics.

Puon’ouite, from Qoyos, sound, and
asSos, stone. Another name for clinkstone.

Puonot’ocr, from Qoyos, sound, and
Aoyos, discourse. The doctrine of the
sounds and tones of the human voice.

Puor’mium. Flax- -lily, or New Zealand
Flax. Agenus. H
One species a perennial. New Zealand.

Puorono’MIa, } Gr. Qegw, to carry, and

Paorono’myY. youn, & law. A term
used to denote the science of motion, by
some of the older mathematicians; e.g.
Hermann’s work entitled Phoronomia,
seu de Viribus et Motibus Corporum Soli-
dorum et Liquidorum (Amster. 1716).

Puorono’mics. The English word for
Phoronomia (q.v.). The term being less
expressive than the word mechanics, now
in general use to denote the science of
moving bodies, has been laid aside by
modern writers.

Pxos’cENE, from Qws, light,and yevyew,
to produce. See CHLoRO-cARBONIC ACID.

‘Puos’PHaTEs. Salts formed by the union
of the phosphoric acid with the salifiable
bases.

Puos’ruire. A salt formed by the com-
bination of the phosphorous acid with a

base.
Puosrxores’cence. The luminous ap-

pearance presented by phosphorescent
bodies. The phosphorescence of sea-
water, occasionally observed, arises from
the presence of vast numbers of micro-
scopic meduse which float on its surface.

PuospHor’ic Acip. An acid formed by
the oxygenation of phosphorus. It exists
abundantly in the mineral, pst remy and
animal kingdoms. In the mineral king-
dom we meet with vag ape of lead,
iron, copper, manganese, &c. In the ani-
mal kingdom the basis of all bone is
phosphate of lime, and this substance
forms a large portion ‘of testaceous co-
verings. Phosphoric acid is always
formed when phosphorus is burned in at-
mospheric air or in oxygen.

Puos’pHorovus Acip. When phosphorus
and corrosive sublimate act on each other,
at an elevated Bp ie vce ates called

ot formed.
Water added ‘to this resolves tt into mu-
riaticand phosphorous acids: a moderate
heat expels the former, and the latter
remains associated with water.

Puos’pHorvs, from Qws, light, and
Qsgw, to bear. A substance regarded as
elementary, having never yet been de-
composed. It is yellow and translucent ;
melts at 90° F., and boils at 550°. In the
atmosphere, at common temperatures, it
emits white fumes, which in thé dark
appear luminous: it is acidulous, and
results from the slow oxygenation of the
phosphorus. When heated in the air to
about 148°, phosphorus inflames, and con-
tinues to burn, with much dense white
smoke, which is phosphoric acid. It is
obtained from bones by a chemical pro-
cess.

PuosrHovin’ic Acip. A crystallisable
acid, formed by the re-action of phos-
phoric acid and alcohol. Composition
Phe 05 + C4 H5 O.

Puos’puvureET. A compound formed by
a with a combustible or metallic
oxide.

Puos’PHURETTED Hyprocen. Hydro-
guretof phosphorus. A gas procured by
presenting phosphorus to nascent hydro-
gen, as by heating phosphorus in a solu-
tion of caustic potassa. Itinflames spon-
taneously in atmospheric air, chlorine,
and nitrous oxide.

-PuHotocen’ic Drawinc. The.
given by the discoverer, Mr. H. F. Tabor,
to a process of making pictures by the
action of the light of the sun: whence
the name, from ¢ws, light, and yeyyew,
to produce. The process is this: a slip of
paper is brushed over with a solution of
nitrate of silver, and dried in the dark ;
it is then placed in a camera- -obscura,
properly adjusted before the object (as a
building) whose image is to be taken. In
a few minutes, more or less (according td

_™

_—

PHR 063

EBR¥.

whe strength of the light), the picture is
made, and to fix it, it is only necessary to
immerse the paper in a solution of sul-.
phate of potash. A simpler picture may
be made (as of a leaf, feather, or the like),
by simply placing the object between the
prepared paper and the pane of a window
exposed to the sun. Chromate of potash,
also, may be used in the preparation of
the paper, instead of nitrate of silver, and
for botanical drawings it is preferable.

Puotom’eteR, from Qws, light, and
Mérecw, to measure. An instrument or
apparatus for measuring the intensity of
light. Instruments for this purpose have
been invented by Count Rumford, M. de
Saussure, Mr. Leslie, and others, but they
are all very defective. A very convenient
photometer, for solar light, may be made
by means of paper prepared as for pho-
togenic drawings, as by exposure to the
light for given times, slips of this paper
will readily afford a comparative measure
of the photic intensity of the rays which

upon it; and as mechanism may be
easily adapted to the constant shifting of
the paper, so that only a very small but
definite portion of it shall be exposed for
a known length of time, the shades upon
it may be reduced to a scale, and numeri-
cally estimated. The instrument will thus
be rendered self-registering, and attended
with few sources of error.

PuHoTom’ETRY, Qws, and pwereoy, mea-
sure. The science which treats of the
measurement of light. :

PuHororH’ogy, eran Qws, light, and

Puororuos’ta, J Qobew, to dread. In-
tolerance of light, arising from too great
sensibility of the retina of the eye.

Puo'rorsy, ) from gws, light, and ous,

Puortopr’sxa, } vision; lucid vision. An
affection of the eye in which the patient
perceives luminous rays, ignited lines,
coruscations, &c.

PHRASE, Qeacis, expression. In music,
a short melody, in which a complete
musical idea is not expressed.

Puratry. A subdivision of Athenian
citizens.

Puren’'ic. Peeyizos. Belonging to the
mind, or to the diaphragm. The term is
now only used in the latter sense.

Purenr'tis. geyitis. Phrensy. In-
flammation of the brain (regarded as the
seat of the mind, Qeyy, the mind).

Purenowocy, from deny, mince, and
Aoyvos, discourse; the doctrine of the
mind. The term is now restricted to that
particular view of the constitution first
promalgated by Drs. Galland Spurzheim ;
in which it is believed certain portions of
the brain called organs minister to dif-
ferent faculties, propensities, and senti-

ments of the individual. The intellec-
tual powers are assumed to reside in the
anterior parts of the brain, the senti-
ments in the middle, and the animal pro-
pensities in the posterior parts. That
the general principles and scope of phren-
ology are true, seems to be generally ad-
mitted ; but much doubt still exists with
regard to the details.

Puryrca’nea. A genus of neuropterous
insects belonging to the family Plicipennes,
and called papilionaceous flies by Reau-
mur. They frequent ponds, and their
nymphs are aquatic.

Pury’eians.. An early sect of heretics,
who abounded in Phrygia.

Puruis's. biicis, from ofiw, to con-
sume. Pulmonary consumption.

Puytac’rery. uraxeyeiv, from
Qviecow, to preserve. An amulet worn
about the person, to prevent disease.

PHy’L2, Quay, tribe. The tribes into
which Attica was anciently divided. A
superintending officer, named a phylarch,
was appointed to each tribe. :

Puyv'tape. The name given by the
French geologists to clay-slate, from
Qvaros, leafy.

Puxr/titz, from gvAdAoy, a leaf, and
AsGoc, stone, a petrified leaf.

Puy’ma, from Quw, to produce. 1. A
tubercle.-——2. A genus of cuticular dis-
eases, of which anthrax is a species.

PHYLLO'DIA, PuAAgy, leaf. The petioles
of certain leafless plants, which perform
all the functions of leaves.

_PHYLLO’DOcE. Asub-genus of Nereides,
distinguished by their broad leaf-like
branchie, from which they are named
QuAdoy, & leaf, and doxzic, trabicula.

PHYLLOSO'MA. A genus of Crustacea
belonging to the family Bipeltata (q. v.).
The species inhabit the Atlantic Ocean
and Oriental Seas.

Puysa’tra. A genus of hydrostatic
Acalepha resembling an extremely large
oblong bladder, whence the name from
Qvoaw, to inflate. The animal swims on
the surface of the sea in calm weather;
and its touch is said to sting and burn
like the sea-nettle.

Puys‘auirz. Pyrophysalite. A sub-
species of prismatic topaz,so named from
Gvcaw, to inflate, because it intumesces
with heat.

Puys‘cony, from guaxay, a big-bellied
fellow. Enlargement of the abdomen, of
which there are several species, denomi-
nated from the viscus in which the en-
largement takes place.

Puysr’rer. A genus of whale-fish, the
Cachalots, known by a very voluminous
head, the superior portion of which con-
sists almost entirely of large cavities,

202

PHY 564

PIC

filled with an oil, which becomes fixed as
it cools, and which is known in commerce
by the name of spermaceti. The substance
called ambergris is a concretion formed
tie the intestines, during certain states of

disease. The names physeter and physalus
signify blown, from Qucaw, to blow. See

CacHator.

Puys‘tcat. Pertaining to nature, or
natural productions. 1. Opposed to
mental and moral, as physical force, educa-
tion, &c.——2. Opposed to mathematical,
as a physical lever, that is, an actual and
real lever, having ‘thickness and weight,
which a mathematical lever is supposed
to want.——3. Opposed to chemical, as the
physical properties of a mineral push Op-
posed to metaphysical.

Puys’1co-Turot/ocy. Theology illus-
trated and enforced by physical science.

Puys‘ics. The doctrine of natural
bodies, their phenomena, causes, and
effects, with their various operations,
affections, &c., otherwise called Natural
Philosophy. See Puttosopxy.

Puysioe’Nomies. Indications in the
countenance which serve to indicate the
state and disposition of the mind and
body, and which being described and
treated in their causes and effects, give
rise to physiognomy (q. V.).

Puysioc’NoMyY, from Qve1s, nature, and
y»wpn, Opinion. The art (called a science
by some) of discerning the character of
individuals by their countenances, ges-
tures, and other external peculiarities.
It consists in the study of what is gene-
rally termed expression. The spurious
physiognomy of Lavater, however, con-
sists in attempting to establish, with
mathematical exactness, a correspondence
between the disposition of the individual
and the size and contour of particular parts
of the face and body, as the nose, lips, &c.
It is a mass of nonsense, with a particle
of truth.

Puysioe’Notyre. An apparatus for
taking an exact imprint of the face or
other part, lately invented at Paris. It
consists of a plate pierced with numerous
minute holes, through each of which a
wire passes freely, so that the whole has
much the appearance ofa brush. When
a figure is applied against the ends of the
wires, they yield, and their ends remain
imprinted on a very exact mould, which,
however, is not of much value.

Puysior’ocy, from gucis, nature, and
Aoyos. discourse. That branch of natural
* knowledge which relates to the laws of
life and the functions of living beings,
whetheranimalorvegetable. dycsoroysx
in its original meaning is synonymous
with natural philosophy, and in this sense
it was used by the Greeks.

Puyisv’ma. Rampion. A genus of pe-

rennial plants. Pentandria—Monogynia.
Name from Qureym, to sow, because of its
rapid increase. The horned rampion is
the British type.

Puyret’eruas. The Tagua plant: a
genus inhabiting America. Name from
Gurover, a plant, and ereDaess an elephant,
in allusion to the great size of its fruit,
the milk of which hardens into a sub.
stance like ivory.

Puytoc’RaPHy, from Quroy, a plant,
and yeapy, description. Description of
plants.

Puyrota’cex. A genus of plants. De-
candria—Decagynia. Name from Quroy,
a plant, and Aaxzea, gum-lac, of which
itis the colour. There are seven species,
but the Virginian poke, Pork-physic, red-
weed, or American nightshade, is the
best known.

Puytovire, from Quroy, a plant, and
AsBos, Stone. A fossilised plant.

Puyrtorocy, from guro, a plant, and
Aoyos, discourse. Another term for Bo-
tany.

Puyto’PHAGA, gyroy,a plant, and ayer,
I eat. A tribe of cetaceous
synonymous with Herbivora.

PuytorHa’Gous, Qusoy, and Payw, I eat.
Plant-eating.

Pia Ma’rer. A thin vascular membrane
which lies under the dura mater, embraces
the brain, and adheres to its surface.

Pia’no. In Italian music, signifies soft,
as contrasted with forte, rset hence

Pia’no-For’TE. A musical instrument,
resembling the harpsichord (of which it
is an improvement), in which the tone is
produced by hammers, instead of quills,
upon the strings. Of all the keyed in-
struments, the piano-forte seems to merit
the preference, on account of its superior
tone, sweetness, and variety, as all shades
of piano and forte may be produced upon
io without the harsh scratching of the
quills,so disagreeable in the oe

PY. ‘ARISTS. A religious order, founded
at Rome in the 17th century, aevoted to
the purpose of education.

Pras’rre. A Spanish silver coin, equal
to ent American dollar, and worth 4s. 33d.
nearly.

Piaz’za (Ital.). A portico, or continued
archway, meee by pillars.

Gael. piobaireachd, pipe -m.asic.

to the Highlands

formed on the bagpipe, and is adapted to

excite or assuage passion, and particu-

_ to rouse the martial spirit of the
ans.

Pica. 1. The , a small species of
corvus, prized for its toneunad plumage,
the greater part of which is black and
silky, reflecting purple, blue, and gold

—EEEE———EE—————

PIC

565

PIG

the belly is white, and there is a large
spot of the same on the wing. Its eternal
chattering has rendereé it notorious. In
Scotland it is named the pyet.——2. In
printing, a large species of type, probably
named from litera picata, a great black
letter at the beginning of some new order
in the Liturgy. The name pica, or pye,
was also formerly given to an ordinary,
table, or directory, for devotional pur-
poses, but for what reason does not ap-
pear. —— 3. Depraved appetite, with
strong desire for unnatural food,so named,
because the magpie was thought to be
subject to this disease !——-4. Pice formed
the second order of birds in the system of
Linnzus. ‘

Pic/amareE. A thick oil, one of the six
new principles discovered by M. Reichen-
bach in wood-tar. It has an insupport-
ably bitter taste, from which-it is named:
piceam amaram, the bitter principle of
pitch.

Picar’ps. A fanatic and immoral sect,
who sprung up in Bohemia, in the 15th

ury.
Pice. Small copper coins in the East

Pick’st, Fr. picquet. 1. In military af-
JSairs, a guard, consisting of a small num-
ber of men, who do duty at an outpost to
prevent surprises.——2. In fortification,
pickets are sharp stakes sometimes shod

th iron, used in laying out ground, or
for pinning the fascines of a battery.

Picrip’Ium.
plants. Syngenesia ; Poly. equalis. France
and Barbary.

Pic’nouire, from sixzeos, bitter, and
Asfos, stone. A green-coloured mineral,
chiefly composed of carbonate of magnesia,
and so named from its taste.

Picroticw’enite. The bitter principle
of the Variolaria amara,a lichen which
grows in great abundance on the bark of
the beech: aizeos, bitter, and lichen. It
is a neutral substance, insoluble in water,
but very soluble in alcohol: crystallises in
octahedrons with a rhomboidal base. Sp.
gr. 1°176.

Pic’nomet, from aixgos, bitter, and
f4tA, honey. The black bitter principle of
‘bile is so named by M. Thenard.

PIcRrorox’InzE, The substance to

Picrorox’i1c Acrp. § which the Cocculus

andicus, the fruit of the Menispermum coc-
culus owes its deleterious qualities: from
mizeos, bitter, and rofsxzov, poison. It
forms acicular crystals, dissolves in water
and alcohol, and does not combine with
acids, and hence is not an alkali, as
‘was supposed when it was named piro-
toxic. From the experiments of MM.
Pelletier and Couerbe, on the other hand,
it appears that picrotoxine is capable of
combining with alkalies, and therefore

A genus of herbaceous |

approaches nearer the character of an
acid than a base: it is sometimes in con-
sequence named picrotoxie acid, and the
compounds which it forms are accordingly
picrotoxates.

Picrs’ Watt. Adrian’s Wall. An an-
cient wall, begun by the emperor Adrian,
A.D. 123, on the northern boundary of
England, from Carlisle to Newcastle, to
prevent the incursions of the Picts and
Scots.

Picrvures’qve. All objects which afford
fit matter for the imitation of the painter.

Pie, ) 1. Among printers, types mixed

Pye. § or unsorted. 2. See Pica.

Precz. In commerce, a definite quantity
of cloth, according to its kind. The pieces
of some piece-goods are much longer than
others.

Prep’mont Trer’rre. In botany, the
Lycoperdon tuber or Trubs, a solid fungus
of a globular form, which grows under
the surface of the ground.

Preprorr (Fr.). In architecture, a pile
or square pillar partly inserted in a wall.

Preno (It.). In music, signifies that all
the instrum=nts are at that place per-
forming.

Pir/pow’pEeR (corrupted from Fr. pie-
poudre, from pied, foot, and poudre, dust,
or pied puldreaux, a pedilar). An ancient
court of record in England, incident to
every fair and market, of which the
steward of him who had the toll was the
judge. It had jurisdiction of all causes
arising in the fair or market.

Pier, Fr. pierre. A strong erection,
jutting into the sea, extending either in
a curved or straight line, constituting a
harbour for protecting shipping and other
craft. Piers are generally constructed ot
strong masonry, supported on the out-
side by large fender piles driven into the
ground, and strongly framed together by
several rows of cross pieces. e piers of
a bridge are the wall or masses from.
which the arches spring. In buildings,
generally a pier is a strong flat buttress,
projecting from the face of a wall; the
term is also applied to any wall inter-
posed between two windows or other
openings.

Prercev. In heraldry, when a charge
is represented as perforated.

Prerists. A sect of Protestants who
sprung up in Germany, in the latter part
of the 17th century, professing great piety
and strictness of life. They despised learn-
ing and cultivated mysticism.

Prezom’erer, from ziegw, to press, and
Méreoy, measure. An apparatus for as-
certaining the compressibility of water.
The best piezometer is that of Girsted,
described in Mosley’s Illustrations of Me-
chanics.

Pia (of lead). About 150 lis.

PIL

566

PIL

Prg-rrow. Crude Iron. The melted
from the smelting furnace is con-
ducted into moulds or furrows, made in
sand; the large mass which sets in the
main one is called by the workmen a

sow, and the lesser one are pigs, and these |_

are known in commerce as pig or crude
tron.

Pic’mENnT, Lat. pigmentum. 1. A paint
or colour, usually of a solid form.——2. In
anatomy, a mucous substance found in
the eye, as the pigment of the iris, which
covers the posterior surface of the iris, and
takes the name of uvea, from its resem-
blance in colour to the grape; and the
pigment of the choroid membrane, which
covers the anterior surface of that mem-
brane, and is generally named the pig-
mentum nigrum, or the black pigment.

Pie’nut. Earth-nut. The bulbous root
of the Bunium bulbocastanum, Lin., so
called because pigs are fond of it.

Pixe. 1. A military weapon consist-
ing of along wooden shaft, with a flat
steel head pointed. Its use among sol-
diers is now superseded by the bayonet.
—2. A fish, the Esox lucius, Cuy., Yarr.,
&c., found in almost all the fresh waters
of Europe. Its usual length is about two
feet, but they are frequently found weigh-

30 Ibs. in the lakes of the north of
England. It is one of the most vora-
cious and destructive fishes in existence,
but very palatable food. It takes its
name from its long snout.

Pixas’ter, Fr. pilastre. A square co-
lumn, sometimes insulated, but oftener
set in a wall, and showing only the fourth
or fifth part of its thickness.

Pir’cuarp. Gipsy herring. A fish, the
Clupea pilchardus,Cuv., Yarr., &c., which
closely resembles the herring, but is
shorter and thicker. It is rarely found
on the British shores, except on the coasts
of Cornwall and Devon, where are the
principal pilchard fisheries.

PILE. 1. Lat. pila, a heap, as a pile of
balls. The ancient architects gave the
name pile to those square blocks placed
upon the epistylia, for supporting the
timbers of the roof, and likewise to but-
tresses built against the walls of a mole.
—2. Lat. paius, a stake or beam of tim-
ber driven into the ground to form the
foundation of buildings, piers of bridges,
&c., when the ground iis soft or loose.

terdam and some other cities are
wholly built on piles. Piles, or, as they
are sometimes called, pile-timbers, are
driven by a machine called the pile-driv-
ing machine or pile-engine. It consists of
a frame of timber, 30 or 35 feet long,
placed in an upright position, and having
a slide between the timbers of the frame,
tor the ram (a heavy iron weight) to be
drawn up and run down. The ram is
raised by a rope or chain passing overa

pulley, fixed to the top of the framing. by
means of the mechanism of a common

crane, called a erab, and when it has ar-
rived at the highest point, it is disen-
gaged from the hook from which it is sus-
pended, by a contrivance called the

ey, and descends with great force
upon the head of the pile.-——3. Pile is also
a name given to the arms-side of a coin;
the head-side being called the cross.
Hence the phrase cross and pile. This
application is derived, by metonymy, from
the pile or puncheon used in stamping
figures on coins.——4. In heraldry, an or-
dinary represented wedge-sha:

Pite’wort. A plant: the Ranunculus.
Jiwaria, the root of which is reckoned a
specific for the piles.

Pir’tar. 1. An irregular and rude co-
lumn. The supporters in Saxon, Nor-
man, and Gothic architecture are pillars,
not columns; but in common language
the terms column and pillar are often used
synonymously.——2. In co , the
columella, or perpendicular centre, which
extends from the base to the apex in
most spiral shells.

Pit’tory. An instrument of punish-
ment, consisting of a frame of wood
erected on posts, made to confine the
head and hands of a criminal, in order to
expose him to public view, and render
him publicly infamous. This mode of
punishment was abolished in 1816, in all
cases except perjury, and it has now
fallen altogether into desuetude.

Pi’Lose, Lat. pilosusy oe Applied
very generally in natural history.

Pr'tor. A name applied either to a par-
ticular officer serving on board a ship
during the course of a voyage, and hay-
ing the charge of the helm and the ship’s
route; or toa person taken on_board at
any particular place, for the purpose of
conducting a ship through a river, road,

Eo

——

ee ee ee a oe
,

PIN 567

PIN

er channel, or from and into a port. It
is in the latter sense that the term pilot
is now usually applied.

Pr'Lor-Frsx. Pilot mackerel. A spe-
cies of the genus Centronotus, Lacep. The
name owes its origin to the fact that this
fish follows vessels to seize upon what
may fall from them, and, as a similar
habit is observed in the shark, it has
been said that the former acts as a guide
or pilot to the latter. The fish is not
above a foot long.

Pi’‘Lum. A missile weapon used by the
Roman soldiers. It was a sort of dart
thrown by the hand.

Pime’t1a. A genus (or rather tribe of
numerous genera) of coleopterous insects
belonging to the family Melasoma. The
species inhabit the countries situated
around the basin of the Mediterranean, to
western and southern Asia and Africa.

Pim’sevirz, from wiseeAy, fat. A variety
of steatite coloured by chrome, and so
named from its greasy feel.

Pimen’ta, from pimienta, the Spanish
for pepper. The generic name of the All-
spice or Pimento tree. Class Icosandria ;
order Monogynia. This beautiful tree isa
native of Jamaica. It is the Myrtus pi-
menta, Lin., and the Eugenia pimenta,
De Cand. ‘

Pimen’to. Allspice or Jamaica Pepper.
The fruit of the Pimenta officinalis. See
Prmenta. The berries are plucked when
green, dried in the sun, and sent to Eu-
rope in bags and hogsheads, where they
are sold at about fourpence to fivepence
per lb., exclusive of threepence duty. A
single tree will sometimes produce 100 Ibs.
of the dried berries.

Pim’PERNEL. In botany, the Anagallis
arvensis. The Water Pimpernel is a spe-
cies of Veronica pimpinella, Burnet Saxi-
frage. A genus of herbaceous plants.
Pentandria—Digynia. Name, quasi bipi-
nella, from the double pinnate order of its
leaves. Four species are indigenous: the
roots of the P. sarifraga are used in medi-
cine. The Anise plant (P. anisum,) is a
native of Egypt.

Pins. This is a small bit of wire, com-
monly brass, with a point at one end and
a spherical head at the other, requiring
for its completion no less than fourteen
distinct operations. (1.) straightening the
wire ; (2.) pointing; (3.) cutting the wire
into pin-lengths; (4.) twisting the wire
for the pin heads ; (5.) cutting the heads;
(6.) annealing the heads; (7.) stamping
or shaping the heads; (8.) yellowing or
cleaning the pins; (9.) whitening or
tinning; (10.) washing; (11.) polishing;
(12.) winnowing; (13.) pricking the pa-
per to receive the pins; (14.) fixing the
pins in the papers.——2. In Chinese diplo-
macy, @ petition from foreigners to the
emperor of China or any of his deputies.

PInacotue’ca, rive, a picture, and
ridyus, I place. In ancient architecture,
an apartment for the reception of pictures.

Pin anv Wes. Anold vernacular name
for an opacity of the cornea of the eye.

Pinan’a,\ The Malay name for the

Penan’a. } betel-nut (Areca catechu).

Pin’cers. A sort of tool used by arti-
ficers for drawing nails, &c. The upper

——

cut represents the shoemaker’s pincers;
the under, the joiner’s.

Pincnu’seck. A species of brass, in-
tended as an imitation of gold, and used
in the formation of watch-cases, and arti-
cles of a like description. Itis also named
tombac (Spanish), and sometimes similor
and petit-or (French).

Ping. 1. In botany, see Pinvs.—2.
The wood of the pine or fir-tree, of which
several kinds are known in commerce.
(1.) Scotch pine, the wood of the Pinus
sylvestris, a native of most of the northern
parts of Europe. It is the most durable
of all the pine woods, and is exported
from Norway and Sweden under the name
of redwood. Riga exports a considerable
quantity, under the name of masts and
spars ; the first sort being eighteen inches
and upwards in diameter, and seventy or
eighty feet in length; and the latter less
than eighteen inches in diameter. (2.)
Spruce pine, of which there are three spe-
cies—the Norway spruce (Pinus abies) ;
white spruce (Pinus alba); and black
spruce (Pinus nigra). These trees rise in
straight stems from 150 t6 200 feet, and
yield the timber known as white fir or
deal. The white and black spruce grow
in America. (3.) White or Weymouth
pine, the wood of the Pinus strobus, a tree
of North America, imported in large
logs. (4.) Yellow pine is the wood of the
Pinus picea, or silver fir-tree, a native of
Europe. (5.) Larch belongs to the same
family. ;

Pis’eat. Resembling the fruit of the
pine; asthe pineal gland, a small projec-
tion at the base of the brain, about the
size of a pea. It was whimsically ima-
gined by Descartes to be the seat of the
soul.

Pine-appte. Ananas, A tropical fruit,
now extensively cultivated in the hot-
houses of this country. It is the fruit of
the Bromelia ananas, and sometimes

Piw

56S

PiP

grows to several pounds weight. Pine-
apple-yarn is manufactured from the
leaves of the tree: it is simply the fibrous
part, and bids fair to rival flax. It has

= manufactured into very fine cam-
bric

Pivxeas’rer. A variety of the pine, a

‘ gonsiderably sized timber tree, which
throws out large spreading arms, but is
naked in winter. It is also named the
cluster pine, the morentum, and wild
pine, &c.

Pine-tuis’tLte. The Atractylis gummi-
fra, the root of which abounds with a
gummy matter, which exudes when it is
wounded. It grows in the south of Eu-
rope, where the fiower-stalks are dressed
with oil and used as food, and the gummy
matter is chewed to strengthen the gums.

Priy‘ton. In mechanics, a small toothed
wheel, which drives, or is driven by,
a larger one. The term primarily signifies
the top of a feather, and subsequently the
tooth of a wheel working into another
wheel ; latterly a toothed spindle or ar-
bor, into which the teeth of a wheel
work.

Pink, Wel. pine. Sprightly, gay. 1. In
botany, see Diantuus. The Indian-pink,
or Peruvian worm-grass, is a species of
Spigelia, used by the Indians of North
America as an anthelmintic.——2. For
Fr. pingue, picked. A ship with a long
narrow stern. Hence also gink-sterned.—
—3. Dutch-pink isa colour ofareddish hue.

Pin’na. A genus of marine bivalvular
shells, belonging to the family Mytalacea.
Named from pinna,a plume, in allusion
to the long silky byssus by which they are
moored, and which has been woven into
stockings, gloves, &c. The animal is a

Pin’nace. 1. A small vessel, navigated
with oars and sails, having generally two
masts, rigged like those of a schooner.
—2. One of the boats of a man-of-war,
for carrying the officers to and from the
shore.

Pin’nacre, Lat. pinna. In architecture,
a polygonal pillar, generally applied at
the angles of a building, terminating py-
ramidally, and embellished with foliage.

Pin’nate, Lat. pinnatus. Having pinne
or leaflets: winged. Applied to a leaf
which has several leafiets proceeding
laterally from one stalk.

PinnaTirip, Lat. pinnatifidus, feather-
cleft. Applied to leayes which are cut
transversely into several oblong parallel
segments.

PInnaTuLaTE, Lat. pinnatulatus, dim.
of pinnatus, pinnate. Applied to the leaf-
let of a pinnate leaf, when it is again
subdivided.

Pint. A measure for liquids chiefly.
The imperial pint contains 34°659 cubic
inches ; but there was formerly a pint for

wine, and another for beer and ale. The
word is Dutch, and signifies a little mea-
sure of wine.

PIonEER’, Fr. pionnier, contracted from
piochnier , from pioche,a pickaxe, or piocher
to dig. Pioneers are those whose busi-
ness it is to march with, or before, an
army, to repair the road, or clear it of ob-
structions, work at entrenchments, form
mines to destroy an enemy’s works, &c.

Pir. A disease among poultry, consist-
ing of a white thin skin, or ; growing
upon or under the tip of the tongue,
which hinders their feeding.

Pirr (Saxon). 1. A wind instrument
of music, consisting of a long tube of wood
or metal. Pipe is not now, however, the
technical name of any particular instru-
ment, but is mepticeble to any tubular
wind instrument, and it occurs in bagpipe.
—2. A long tube, as for conducting
water, gas, steam, &c. The large water
and gas pipes are cast-iron 3; the principal
ones are called mains, and the others
services. The smallest sorts of services
are generally made of some alloy, of
which lead is the base; but some are
made entirely of tin, others of lead only,
and a few of brass.——3. A measure of
wine, equal to 105 imp. gals. (nearly), or
126 wine gals. 2*pipes make 1 tun.
practice, however, the pipe varies accord-
ing to the sort of wine it contains: thus,
apipe contains 138 gals. of Port, 130 gals.
of Sherry, 140 gals. of Lisbon, 110 gals. of
Madeira, &c. As these are rarely accu-
rate, it is common to charge for the
quantity which the vessel actually con-
tains.

Pirt-ctay. A clay of which tobacco-
pipes are made. It is a species of clay,
abounding in Devonshire and other parts
of England, employed in the manufactory
of various sorts of e enware.

Pire-FrisH. A name common to all the
Fistularid@, on account of the long tube
on the fore part of the cranium, and to
all the Sygnathi, on account of their tubu-
lar snout.

Pi’rer. In botany, the pepper-genus
of plants. Diandria—Trigynia. Name
werées, from zerzw, to concoct, because
by its heat it assists digestion. The long
pepper, black pepper, clove pepper, and
cu , are all fruits of species of this
genus.

Pir’ertne. A crystalline principle,
extracted from black pepper, by means of
alcohol. It is colourless, insoluble in
water, has hardly any taste, and fuses
at 212° F.

Pir’ra. A genusof birds. The Mana-
kins. Order Passerine: family Dentiros-
tres. The rock manakins, or cocks of the
rock, are large birds, have a double ver-
tical crest on the head, formed of feathers
arranged like a fan, The adult males of

—_——

I i A da i Ol

PIS 569

sgt Be

the American species are of a most splen-
did orange colour. They live on fruit,
scratch the ground like the common hen,
and construct their nests in the depths of
rocky caverns.

Pr’Racy, Tteartio, an attempt. 1.In
law, acts of robbery upon the high seas,
equivalent to felony on land.——2. An
infringement in the law of copyright.

Prrocvr’, Sp. piragua. A canoe formed
out of the trunk ofa tree. The name in
America for a narrow ferry-boat carry-
ing two masts and a leeboard.

Prroverre’ (French). In dancing, a
rapid circumvolution upon one foot. In
riding, the sudden turn of a horse so as to
bring his head suddenly in the opposite
direction to where it was.

PIsaLPHAL’rumM. Mineral pitch.

Pis‘cary, from piscor, to fish. The
right or liberty of fishing in another pro-
prietor’s waters.

Pis’cres. The Fishes. In natural history,
the fourth class in the systems of Linnzeus
and Cuvier. The class is composed of
oviparous vertebrata, with a double cir-
culation, but in which the circulation is
altogether effected through the medium
of water. They form two distinct series,
that of Fishes, properly so called, and that
of the Chondropterygit, otherwise called
Cartilaginous fishes. In the first division
are the <Acanthopterygii, the Malaco-
pte-rgri, the Lophobranchi, and the Plecto-
onathi.—2. In astronomy, the last. of
the signs in the fixed zodiac, and conse-
quently the last of the southern and

winter signs: marked }€ on globes and

planispheres. The sun enters Pisces about
the 19th of February.

Pis’cis Ausrra’tis. The Southern
lea One of the old constellations. Its

t, Fomalhaut, is nearly on the
ee meridian with Markab in Pegasus.

Pis’cts vo'Lans. The Flying Fish. A
constellation on the antarctic circle, con-
sisting of 8 stars, all under the 4th mag-
nitude.

Pis‘1rorM, from pisum,a pea, and forma,
likeness ; pea-like. Granular iron-ore is
called pisiform iron-ore, from its con-
taining small rounded masses like peas in
size.

PissaPHAL’tuM, from gigca, pitch, and
aoleAres, asphaltum. A thick variety
of rock-oil. See PerroterM.

Pisra’cia. A genus of trees. Diwcia—
Pentandria. Name Ilierexix, supposed
to be of Syriac origin. The trees which
afford the mastic, Chian turpentine, and
pistachio nuts, are species.

Pistacu’ia, or Pistacu’1o Nets. The
fruit of the pistacia vera, alarge tree, which
grows in Arabia, Persia, and Syria; and
also in Sicily, whence the nuts are chiefly

brought. They are about the size and
shape of a filbert, including a kernel of
a pale greenish colour, pleasant, swectish,
and unctuous taste, resembling that of
sweet almonds. Those imported from
the east are the best.

Pis’rit, Lat. pistillum, a pistil. The
female organ of a flower, situated in the
centre, and forming the rudiments of the
fruit. Linné believed’ the pistil to origi-
nate from the pith, and the stamens from
the wood.

Pisritxirr’ERovs, from pistillum, a pistil,
and fero, to bear. Pistil-bearing. Applied
to flowers or florets which contain one or
more pistils, but no stamens.

Pisr’ote. The name of a gold coin of
several countries. The pistole of, Spain
(of 1801) is worth 15s. 113d. ; the quadruple
pistole (of the same year) is worth 63s. 95d.
The value of the pistole of Berne is
18s. 113d.; that of Brunswick is 18s. 83d. ;
of Geneva is 14s. 2d. (new), 16s. 4$d. (old) ;
of Parma, 16s.114d.; of Piedmont, 22s. 234.;
and of Switzerland, 18s. 9d.

Pisr’on. A thin body of metal, or other
solid substance, adapted to move within
a cylinder, so as to run freely up and
down, air or water-tight. In the lifting-
pump, the piston is sometimes (and per-
haps more correctly) termed the bucket,
being that part of the machine by which
the water is lifted in the cylinder. The
solid-piston of steam-engines and force-
pumps is that to which the name piston is
strictly applicable.

Pist’on-ropv. The rod connected with a
piston: that by which it is forced down
and drawn up.

Pi'sum. The Pea: a genus of herba-
ceous trailing plants. Diadelphia—Decan-
dria. Name ziosy, borrowed from the
Greeks. The Garden and Wild Peas are
cultivated in England; but the Sea Pea
(P. maritimum) is the only indigenous
species.

Pircx. 1. Inspissated tar.——2. In mu-
sic, the degree of acuteness or graveness
of a tone.——3. The pitch of a roof is the
inclination of the sloping sides to the
horizon.

Pitcn’stenpr. A compound of the
oxides of uranium and iron.

Pircu-stone. A vitreous lava which
occurs in veins and beds, and sometimes
forms whole mountains. It intumesces
and whitens before the blowpipe.

Pir-coat. The coal in common use
throughout the country, and thus named
because it is dug out of pits.

Pir’racatt. One of the six principles
detected in wood-tar by M Reichenbach.
It is a dark-blue solid substance, like
indigo, and (like that pigment) when
rubbed it assumes a copper-colour, pass-
ing ‘according to its degree of purity) inte
gold- or brass-yellow, so that all sub-

vr

PLA

570

PLA

stances spread over with it appear as if
gilded. From this circumstance, it has
been named: wirra, pitch, and zaAros,
beautiful ; hence pittacall, beautiful pitch.
Pittacall would be highly useful as a pig-
ment, could it be procured sufficiently
cheap.

Piryrrasis, from zirveov, bran. Dr.
Willan’s name for a genus of cutaneous dis-
eases, characterised by irregular patches
of small thin scales, which repeatedly
form and separate, but never collect into
crusts, nor are attended by redness or in-
flammation.

Pv. In music, an Italian word for “a
little more.” It is prefixed to other terms,
as piu allegro, a little brisker ; piu forte, a
little bolder, &c.

Prv’or (French). 1. The pin, or short
shaft, on which a body (as a wheel) turns
or revolves.——2. In military language,
that soldier upon whom the different
wheelings are made in the evolutions of
the drill.

Prx. 1. A Latin word for Pitch.—2.
For Latin pizvis. A little box in which
the consecrated Host is kept in Roman
Catholic churches.

Pizzica’ro. In music, an Italian word,
signifying that the strings of the violin
must be pinched with the fingers.

Pra’carp (Fr. and Eng.). 1. A written
or printed paper, posted in a public place.
It seems to have been formerly the name
of an edict, proclamation, or manifesto,
issued by authority——2. In architec-
ture, the decorations of achamber-door.

Puacen’ta, a cake. 1. In anatomy,a
spongy body, which forms the medium by
which the mother and child in the womb
are connected.——2. In botany, the recep-
tacle of the fructification of plants.——3.
In fossilology, the name given by Klein to
a section of Catocysti, because the shells
are flat.

Puacor’prans. One of the orders into
which fishes are divided by M. Agassiz.
The order comprises all the cartilaginous
fishes of Cuvier, except the sturgeons.
The distinguishing character is the irre-
gular covering of enamel plates upon the
skin: whenee the name, +A, a plate,
and ¢i3o¢, form. Epithet, Placoidian.

Pra’cat Mev’opies, from tAayios, Ob-
lique. In music, such as have their notes
between the fifth of the key and its octave
or twelfth.

Practo’stoma. A genus ofsub-equivalve,
inequilateral, oblique shells, found only in
a fossii state, and chiefly in the chalk.
Name from whayios, oblique, and croue,
mouth. Several species are known.

Praty Cuant. In music,an ancient term
signifying the chief melody.

Pratxn Cuarnr. A chart wherein the

meridians and parallels of latitude are
straight lines.

Puarn’-sartinc. The working of a
ship’s course on a plain chart, as if the
earth were an extended plain. This kind
of reckoning should never be attempted,
except within the tropics.

Pian. A draught or form: properly,
the representation of anything drawn on
a plane. In a geometrical plan, the parts
are represented in their natural propor-
tions ; a perspective plan is exhibited with
diminution according to the rules of that
science. The raised plan of a building is
the elevation. The plan of a ship, ma-
chine, &c., is a section thereof, unless
ground-plan is the term used. The plan of
a bastion answers to the face of the same.

Prana’r1a. The name of a genus of
intestinal worms.

Puan’cHet, Fr. planchette. A flat piece
of metal, as the planchets prepared for the
coining-press.

Prane, Lat. planus. 1. In geometry,a
surface which coincides everywhere with
a right line, answering to a plain in
popular language. In spective, geo-
metrical plane is a plane surface, parallel
to the horizon, placed lower than the eye,
wherein the visible objects are imagined
without any alteration, except as to size.

izontal plane is a planc parallel to the
horizon, which passes through the Fag
or has the eye supposed to Ke. placed ip it.

.| A vertical plane is a plane surface, Which

passes through the principal ray, and con-
sequently through the eye, and is per-
pendicular to the geometrical plane.——
2. In astronomy, an imaginary surface,
supposed to pass through any of the curves
described on the celestial sphere. Thus,
we speak of the plane of the ecliptic, the
plane of a planet’s orbit, &ec.——3. In
joinery, an edged tool, of which there are
great variety for different uses, and known
by different names. The same principle -
is, however, common to all the sorts: a —
broad chisel or steel cutter, called the

plane iron, is fixed intoa hole cut obliquely
through a piece of wocd (perfectly plane

on one side), called the plane stock, beyond
which the iron slightly projects, leaving
an aperture before it called the mouth of
the plane. The common use is to shave
wood smooth, and those adapted for this
purpose are planes pore’, so —
Their varieties are the jack plane, abou

17 inches op the long plane, about 28
inches; the shooting plane orjointer, aa0ut

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S80 inches; the smoothing plane, about 74
inches: these are called bench planes, being
always laid on the work-bench. Besides
these, there isa straight block, for straight-
ening short edges; the plough, a very
narrow plane, having an apparatus to
guide it in ploughing a groove at any
required distance from the edge of a
board; a dado, for similar purposes; a
toothing plane, with a toothed iron, for
roughening woods for veneering ; mould-
ing planes, with curved faces and cutting
edges, for forming various ornamental
mouldings, and known by the names of
snipes’-bills, beads, hollows, rounds, ovolos,
ogees, &c.; rebating planes, for cutting out
rebates, or semi-grooves, on the edges of
boards, and sometimes also for ornamental
mouldings, &c. . In crystallography,
the flat surfaces are called planes, or faces
of the crystal.— i. In botany, see Puata-
nus. The tree known by the name of
Plane in England, is the orca ps =
Great Maple (Acer pseudo-platanus).
wood is valuable, being close and ies
pact, easily wrought, and not liable to
splinter or warp. It takes a fine polish.

Prane Taste. A rectangular board
enclosed by a frame, graduated into de-
grees from the centre, for finding the
position and distance of points which are
situated in the same plane, taking angles,
and laying down the work of a survey.

Pran’er, from rAuvyry, Wandering. 1.
A wandering star, as distinguished from
the fixed stars, which always maintain
the same relative positions with relation
to each other. In this primary-sense of
the term, comets and satellites are in-
cluded; but modern astronomers restrict
the term to those bodies which revolve
about the sun, as a centre, with a mo-
derate degree of eccentricity, thus ex-
clading comets, the eccentricity of whose
orbits is great, and satellites which re-
volve about their primaries, as these
primaries do about the sun. The elements
of the planets are certain quantities, which
are necessary to be known in order to
determine the theory of their ecliptic
motions. These are seven:—(1.) The du-
zation of thesidereal revolution. (2:) The
semi-axis major. (3.) The eccentricity.
(4 and 5.) The mean longitude of the
planet at any given epoch, and the long-
itude of the perihelion at the same epoch.
(6 and 7.) The longitude of the nodes of
the orbit with the ecliptic at a given
epoch, and the inclination of the orbit to
this plane.

Pran’er Wueets. Wheels by whose
mautual connexion a variable angular
motion, such as that of the radius vector
of a planet in its orbit, may be exhibited.
The common contrivance now in use for
this purpose consists of two elliptical
wheels, connected by teeth running into

each other: these wheels revolve on theiz
foci, and, while the driving ellipses move
uniformly, the radius vector of the other
has the required motion.

PLANETA‘/RIUM. See ORRERY.

PLANETOIDS. See ASTRONOMY,

Pra’nt. A family of the order Malaco-
pterugit subrachiati, commonly called fiae
Jishes, comprising the great genus Pleu-~
ronectes, Lin.

PranivPer’atous, from planus, flat, and
stvadoy, a petal; flat-leaved. A flower is
planipetalous, or planifolious, when made
up of plain leaves set round the centre.

PLan’IspHERE, from planus, plain, and
sphere. 1. A projection of the sphere and
its circles upon a plane.——2. An astrono-
mical instrument used in observing’ the
motions of the heavenly bodies, being a
projection of the celestial sphere upon a
plane, representing the stars, constella-
tions, &c., in their proper situations, dis-
tances, &c., as the astrolabe, which is a
common name for all such projections.

Prank, Sax. plane, or plank. A name
given generally to all timber, except fir,
which is not more than four inches thick,
and thicker than a board, which is an
inch and a half downwards.

Pra’no. A prefix to several words, az
plano-concave, plane on one side and con-
eave on the other; plano-convex, plane on
one side and convex on the other (see
Lens) ; plano-horizontal, having a level
horizontal surface ; plano-sub , smooth
and awl-shaped.

Puan’tain. The herbaceous plantains
form the genus Plantago (q. v.); the water-
plantain is a species of Alisma; and the
Plantain-tree of South America, &c. be-
longs to the genus Musa. The fruit of this
perennial tree is highly valued by the
Indians as an article of subsistence.

Piant-cane. A name in the West In-
dies for sugar-canes of the first growth, in
distinction from the ratoons, or sprouts
from roots of canes which have been cut.

PLaANTIG’RADA. Plantigrade animals:
from planta, the sole of the foot, and gra-
dior, to walk. A tribe of Mammiferous
quadrupeds, in which the whole sole of
the foot is placed upon the ground in
walking; distinet from the Digitigrada
which walk on the extremities of | the toes.
The bear and badger are plantigrade ani-
mals ; the cat and dog belong to the Digi-
tigrade tribe.

Prasu’tInc. A mode of modifying a
hedge, by bending down some of the shoots
and twisting them among the stems.

Pras’MaA. A grass-green yariety of
rhombohedral quartz, occurring in beds
with common chalcedony. {t was for-
merly in repute for ornamental purposes.

Pras’rer. A composition of line, sand,
and water, for coating the walls of build-
ings. The composition stil] retains the

PLA

572

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name of plaster after it has become dry
and hard. In ,»acompound, gene-
rally oxide of lead and olive oil, for apply-
ing externally.

Pras’reER or Paris. A preparation of a
sub-species of gypsum, called plaster-stone,
dug near Montmartre, in the neighbour-
hood of Paris. When the stone is cal-
cined, and the powder made into a paste
with water, it quickly sets, and has its
bulk increased at the same instant, so
that, under the name of stucco, it has
been much yalued for modelling and like

urposes.

Pras’tic Cray. In geology, a name for
one of the beds of the eocene period, from
its being used in the manufacture of pot-
tery, tAacrszos, tit for the art of fashion-
ing. The plastic clay isa marine deposit
answering to the London clay of English
geologists.

Pras‘rron (French). 1. A sort of lea-
thern pad used by fencers to defend the
body against thrusts.——2. A name for
the een of reptiles.

Puaranvs. The plane-tree. A genus
of trees. Monacia— Polyandria. Name
from wAass, broad, in allusion to the
size of the leaves. The two principal
species are the oriental and occidental, the
one a native of the Levant, and the other
one of the largest trees of North Ame-
rica.——2. The tree which bears the
name of plane in England belongs to the
genus Acer. See PLANE.

Prare. The denomination usually
given to gold and silver wrought into
articles of household furniture. Gold
plate pays a duty of 17s., and silver plate
a duty of Is. 6d. per oz. Watch-cases,
chains, collars, &c., are exempt.

Puar’Band. In architectwre, any square
moulding with little projection, as the
fascize of an architrave, the list between
filutings, &c. The a window
or door is the lintel when it is made
square and not much arched.

Prarronp,) (French). he ceiling of

Pua’Fonp, . a room, the bottom of the
projection of the armier of the cornice ;
a soffit.

Priar’roru A row of beams which
support the,amber-work of a roof lying
at the top of a wall; also any erection of
atemporary kind having a floor of boards,
stone, &c., for some immediate purpose.
The term is properly applicable to any
elevated floor not wholly surrounded, as
the floor of a stage, hustings, scaffold. &c.
——2. In ships, the orlop (q. v.).

Prarina. The Spanish word for pla-
tinum (q.v.), from plata, silver, or the
river Plata, near whichit was first found.

Pura’tixe, oR Pratep MANUFACTURE.
The art of covering other metals with
silver so as to give the articles manufac-

*drochloric acid ; but, unlike gold

tured somewhat the appearance of silver
plate.

Prart’tnum, Sp. platina. A metal which
is found in flat grains, of a grayish-white
colour, like tarnished steel, and contain-
ing always some other metal, as palla-
dium, rhodium, osmium and iridium, in
alloy. The metal when pure resembles
polished steel,is harder than silver, about
double its density, ductile, malleable,
and unalterable in air or a and has
not its polish impaired by a white heat.
Like gold it is only soluble in nitro-hy-
it ¢an-
not be fused in any considerable portion
by the strongest heat of our furnaces,
may be welded like iron at a white heat.

t is found in South America, the Ural
mountains, and in minute quantity in
Spain and Bavaria. Itis about half the
value of gold.

Praton’tc Year. The great year. The
period of time determined by the revolu-
tion of the equinoxes, upon a supposition
of the precession going on uniformly till
they have made a complete revolution.

Puia’toon. 1. A small square body of
soldiers, drawn out of a battalion of foot,
when they form a hollow square, to
strengthen the angles.——2. A small body
acting together, but separate from the
main body.

Prats (of a ship): Fla vopes of rope-
yarn woven together and used for the
same purposes as marline.

Prar’tinc. In commerce, slips of bast,
cane, straw, &c., platted or plaited for
making hats, &c.

Prarypac’rytt, pl. of platydactylus, from
wAarus, broad anddexrvaros ,a finger, toe
A sub-genus of nocturnal lizards, Gecko-
tida, from the Mauritius. See Gecxo.

Prar’ypus. The name given by Shaw
to the Ornithorhynchus of Blumenbach,
from ¢Aarbs, broad, and 7 a foot.
ORNITHORHYNCHUS.

Prea, Norm. ple. 1. ata that which
is alleged by a party in support of his
demand; but, in a more limited and tech-
nical sense, the answer of the defendant
to the plaintiff's declaration. Pleas to the
action are an answer to the merits of the
complaint, which confesses or denies it.
—2. A cause in court.

Prieapines. In law, the mutual alter-
cations between a plaintiff and defendant,
or written statement of the parties in
support of their claims, comprehending
the declaration, count of narration of the
plaintiff, the plea of the defendant in
reply, the replication of the plaintiff to
the defendant’s plea, the defendant’s re-
joinder, the plaintiff's sur-rejoinder, the
defendant’s rebutter, &c., &c., the
question is brought to issue, that is; to
rest on a single point.

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Prrse'rans. . The free cit:zens of Rome
who were not in the class of patricians or
clients. <

Piectoo’NatH1. An order of fishes
comprising two families, the Gymnodon-
tes and the Sclerodermi, characterised by
haying the maxillary bone soldered to
the side of the intermaxillary, which
alone constitutes the jaw, and the con-
nexion of the palatine arch to the cra-
nium by asuture. Hence also the name
from sAezrw, to bind, and yyabos, a jaw.

Puirc’rrum. The small ivory instru-
ment with which the ancients struck the

e.

Prepe’et. In surgery, a compress or
small flat tent of lint, laid over a wound
to imbibe the matter discharged, and
keep it clean.

Pueraps, Lat. pleiades. A cluster of
seven stars in the neck of the constella-
tion Taurus: called by the Latins Ver-
gili@, because they rose about the vernal
equinox.

Puien’arty, Lat. plenus, full. In law,
the condition of an office, &c., when filled.

f1e’NumM (full). A term used in the
Cartesian philosophy to denote the com-
plete occupation of space by matter: op-
posed to vacuum. :

Prr’onasm, Lat. pleonasmus, Gr. rAsov-
aojzos, from Ages, full. In rhetoric, a
form of expression in which more words
are used than are necessary: a redun-
dancy of words used to express 2 thought,
as ‘I saw it myself with my own exes.”
where the words in itali uperi

Puierosav’rus. A fossi! saurian of the
lias and oolite. Name from mAnens, COM-
plete, and cavea. a lizard.

PLESIOMOR’PHISM, wAnsiog, Near, and
p#oedn, form. The state of crystallised
substances, of which the forms art neaaly
identical.

PiEsiosav’rvs. An extinct genus ofM
marine saurians, of which prodigious
numbers are found in the lias. Naztaee
from zAycioy, near, and cavew, a lizard.
Some individuals haye been found up-
wards of 20 feet long.

Prev’ra. TlAsvex. The Greek word
for a rib, or the side of the thorax formed
by the ribs; but now applied by anato-
mists to the membrane which lines the
internal surface of the thorax, and covers
its viscera. It forms a great process, the
mediastinum, which divides the thorax
into two cavities.

Prevropran’cuvus. A genus of gaste-
ropods established by Cuvier: order
Tectibranchiata. Name from zAtvea, the
side, and Beayyie, branchia. The bran-
chie being attached along the right side,
in the furrow between the mantle and
the foot. Various large and beautiful

species inhabit the Mediterranean and
Atlantic.

Precronzec’res. A genus of malaco-
pterygious Sshes, of which the Plaice,
Flounder, Sole, Turbot, Halibut. &c., are
species. Name from sAgvew, the side,
and yew, to swim, syxrns, aswimmer, be-
cause they swim on the side. They have
also both eyes on the side, which is up-
permost when they are swimming, and
the upper side is always deeply coloured ;
whereas the other side is white. They
are taken along the coasts of almost all
coumtries, and furnish a delicious article
of food. They form. the family Plani.
Cuvier.

Piexim’/ETER, from wAtkis, percussion,
and jeregov, measure. The name given
by M. Piorry to the ivory plate which he
uses in mediate percussion.

Puex’vs. The Latin word for net-work :
applied to blood-vessels, nerves, &c., when
many are near together, and the branches
cross and intertwine in the form of a net.

Pur'ca, Plaited hair: from plico, to
entangle. A disease of the hair, in which
it becomes long and coarse, and matted
and giued into inextricable tangles. It
is peculiar to Poland, Lithuania, and
Tartary : hence called Plica Polonica.

Puriostz, Lat. plicatus, plaited, folded.
Applied to leaves when the disc is acutely
folded up and down.

Puicrren’neEs, from plico, to fold, and
pernna,a Wing. A family of neuropterous
insects. in which the inferior wings are
usuatly wader than the others, and plaited
longitudinally.

Punts. from srAsv§os, a brick or tile.
1. A term im architecture, for a flat square
member in form of a brick, which serves
as the foundation of a column, being the
flat square table under the moulding of
the base and pedestal, at the bottom of
the order.——2. The plinth of a wall, is
two or three rows of bricks, which pro-
ject from it in form of a platband ; and
iz general, any flat high moulding which
serves,in a front wall, to make the floors,
sustain the eaves of a wall, or the lamier
of a chimney.

PLYoceng, from WAelwy, more, and

KQLVOS, recent, The name given by Sir C.
Lyell to two of his four divisions of the
tertiary strata; the eocene, miocene, older ~
pliocene, and newer pliocene or pliestocene,
as then characterised by the proportions of
recent fossils they were supposed to contain ;
the newer pliocene then showing from 90 to
95 per cent. ; the older pliocene from 30 to
85 per cent.; the miocene 18, and the eocene
34 per cent.

et ae surveying, a plan or horizon-

Piat,s tal section of any piece of land,
country, or works, Cn

PLO

574

Pror'tinc. The art of laying down on
paper the angles and lines of a survey, by
admeasurement from the field book.

Pror’rinc Taste. An improved de-
scription of plane table.

Prov’us. A genus of birds ; the Darters.
Order Palmipedes: family "Totipalmate.
The habits are similar to those of the

licans; the body is about the size ofa
duck, but the neck is long. Name plotus,
or plautus, flat-foot.

Proven. 1. An agricultural machine for
turning up the soil, preparatory to re-
ceiving the seed; and of which there are
numerous forms.——2. A bookbinder’s
machine, for cutting the edges of books.
—3. A description of plane used by
joiners. See Pxane.

Proveu’sHare. The part of a plough
which cuts the ground at the bottom of
the furrow, and raises the slice to the
mould-board, which turns it over.

Puiue. In architecture, a piece of wood
driven into a wall, to afford holding-sur-
face for fixtures.

Puivue anp FeatHer. Keyand Feather.
A mode of dividing hard stones, by means
ofa long wedge called the key, and weer
shaped pieces of iron called feather:

Proum. A fruit of several species,
especially that of the Prunus domestica,
said to have been introduced into Eng-
land in the 15th century, and now culti-
vated over all parts of the country. There
are, it is said, about 300 varieties of this
tree. There is also the Bullace Plum of
Britain, the Myrobalan Plum of the
United States of America, and the Black
Plum of Canada.

Pivum’s, A weight of lead, hung to

Privum’mert. ) a string, to sound depths ;
or on a level, to mark the perpendicular.
See PLUuMB-Linx.

Puivumsa’co. 1. Graphite or black lead:
“9 plumbum, lead. BiLack-LEAD.——

. Lead-wort. A genus of plants, mostly
saraee Pentandria—Monogynia. Warm
climates.

Puivume’sr Brock. In mechanics, a
carriage fastened on to any contrivance,
and adapted to support a shaft or axle.

Puioums-tine. An instrument chiefly
used by builders, consisting of a leaden
bob, suspended to the end of a line, used
to determine the perpendicularity of
their structures to the horizon. The
Plumb-rule is used for the same purpose;
but in this the bob is suspended to the
end of a straight board, with a line
marked down the middle, so that when
the edge of the board is placed against
the wall, or other object, the plumb-line
shall exactly coincide with the line
marked upon the board.

Puiums’erny. 1. The art of casting and
working lead. Such tradesmen are called
plumbers.——2. Works in lead.

PNE
Prome, Lat. plumula, dim. of plu-
Pivu’mvLe.$ma, a feather. A little -
feather.

The expanding embryo or —
of a plant, within the seed, resembling «
little feather, and which speedily becomes
a tuft of young leaves, with which the
young stem, if there be any, ascends.

Piume’-atum. A variety of asbestos.

Priomo’se, Lat. plumosus. Feathery,
downy.

Prium’met. See Prume and PLums-LinE.

Piune’er. A long solid cylinder, some-
times used in force-pumps, i of the
ordinary pistons or buckets.

Prvraviry. In law, the
holding of more than one Semnding

Pius. A Latin word signifying more.
Used in algelra as the name of the cha-
racter +, which denotes that the quantity
before which itis written is additive.

Ptiusx, Germ. pliisch, shag. A sort of
shaggy cloth or stuff, with a velvet nap
on one side, composed regularly of a woof
of a single thread and a double warp: the
one, wool of two threads twisted: the
other, of goat’s or camel’s
plushes are, however, made wholly of
worsted, others wholly of hair.

Prvron’tc. Relating to Pluto, the my-
thological king of the infernal’ regions.
The epithet is Be cma! by geologists, to
cer roc laborated in the deep re-
cesses of the pro The plutonic rocks
are those unstratified crystalline aa
tions, such as granites, greenstones, an
others of igneous origin, formed at great
depths, whereas the vol rocks are
solidified at or near the s ls

Puvviaw’eter, from pluvia, rain, and
(4sreov, measure. A rain-gauge; an ap-
paratus for ascertaining the quantity of
rain which falls at the place where the
observations are made.

Puy’ers. In fortification, a kind of ba-
lance or timber levers, for raising or
letting down a drawbridge.

Puiym’ourH Marste. A very fine variety
of marble, found in various parts of De-
vonshire, especially near Plymouth. The
ground is bluish- white, varied with veins
of pale red, with some of brown and yel-
low. It takes a fine polish.

Pyrevmaric. Appertaining air
or gas. IIvevue, wind. The Pt re-
quires a large quantity of pneumatic appa-
ratus in experimenting on gases.

Pyevmar'ics, from zyevuarizy, from
azvevue, Wind. The branch of science
which relates to the equilibrium and mo-
tions, and other mechanical conditions
and properties, of eriform fluids, as their
weight, density, compressibility, and elas-
ticity.

PNEUMATOL0GY, from rym, air, ana
Aoyos, discourse. 1. Pneumatics.——z,
The doctrine of spiritual existences.

PO! 575

POI

PNEUMATOM’ACHI, rvevuc, and waxy,
contest. In ecclesiastical history, a general
term of reproach bestowed, in early
times, upon those who impugned the
divinity of the Holy Ghost.

PNEUMATOM’ETER, from zyeyue, air, and
féreov, Measure. A gasometer.

PNEUMOBRAN’CHIATA, qTytuse, and
Beayxie, gills. Applied, by Hunter, to
Perennibranchiate reptiles; and by La-
marck, to an order of Gastropodous Mol-
luses.

Pyevmocas’rric, from yeuuwy, the
lung, and yasrrne, the belly. An epithet
for a nerve which arises from the lateral
part of the medulla oblongata, immedi-
ately below the glosso-pharyngeal nerve:
called also the par vagum.

PNEUMO'NIA, } From svyeuyzey, the

Pyev’monitis. lung. Inflammation of
the lungs. Called also peripnewmonia and
peripneumonia vera.

PNEUMOPLEURI'TIS, from gytvewy, the
lung, and 7Atvgw, the pleura. Inflam-
mation of the lungs and pleura.

Po’a. Meadow-grass. A genus. Tri-
andria— Digynia. “Nome ox, signifies
herbage in general, but more especially
grass. There are fifteen indigenous

species.

Poc’Ker (of wool). A bag containing
about 25 cwt.

Po’co (It.). In music, signifies less ; as
poco largo, a little slow.

Pov. In botany, this word has been
considered as synonymous with the Latin
word legumen or legume, as well as sili-
qua, but its meaning is now restricted to
this last.

Popes’ra. One of the chief magistrates
of Genoa and Venice.

Pop’tcers. The Grebes. A genus of
Deans separated from the Divers by La-

. Order Palmipedes; family Bra-
perdi The crested grebe, the best-
known species, is about the size of a
duck. See Cotymsus.

Po’p1ium. A balcony.

Pe’citz (Gr.). A celebrated gallery at
Athens where Zeno taught his doctrines.

Pecrir1'ic, from gosxiAos, Variegated.
A term applied to the new red sandstone
group of rocks, by-M. Brongniart ; and to
the entire group of strata between the
coal formation and the lias, by Mr. Cony-
beare.

Po’eT-LAv’REATE. A poet whose duty
it is to compose birth-day odes, and other
congratulatory poems, for the sovereign
in whose pay he is retained. The services
formerly required of this important func-
tionary are now dispensed with, so that
the office isa sinecure. See LAUREATE.

Pornp’tne. In Scottish law, that pro-
cess affecting moveable subjects, by

which their property is carried directly
to the creditor.

Point, in geometry, is defined that
which has neither length, breadth, nor
thickness: that which has position, but
no magnitude. A conjugate point is that
into which, in some curves, the conjugate
oval vanishes. There are also points of
reflection, of retrogradation, and of con-
trary flexure, &c.—2. In perspective, a
certain ‘position with regard to the per-
spective plane.——3. In astronomy, the di-
visions of the great circles of the horizon
and mariner’s compass are termed points.
The cardinal points are the east, west,
north, and south. On the space between
two of these points, making a quadrant
or quarter of a circle, the compass is
marked with subordinate divisions, the
whole being 32 points. The zenith and
nadir have the name of vertical points ;
and nodes are the points where the orbits
of planets intersect the plane of the eclip-
tic. We have also eqguinoctial and sol-
stitial points——4. Among sailors, points
are flat pieces of braided cordage, taper-
ing from the middle towards each end:
used in reefing the courses and topsails of
square-rigged vessels. Hence, to point a
sail is toaffix points through the eyelet-
holes of the reefs.——5. In manufactures,
point is a general name for all kinds
of lace workea by the needle; and some-
times the term is used for lace woven
with bobbins. Point-devise is used to de-
note fine needle-work.——6. In grammar,
see PuNcTUATION.—7. In artillery, point-
ing a gun is placing it so as to give the shot
a particular direction.——8. In heraldry,
a point is an ordinary resembling a pile.

Pornr’at. In botany, the pistil of a
flower. See Pistit.

Porint-BLANK. In gunnery, denotes that
the gun is levelled horizontally. Inshoot-
ing point-blank, the ball is supposed to
move directly to the object, without curve.
The point-blank range is the extent of the
apparent right line of a ball discharged.

Porint’ep Ar’cHITECTURE. The charac-
teristic style of architecture usually called
Gothic, in which all the arches are pointed
at the top.

Porn’tet. 1. Something fixed on a
point.——2. A kind of pencil or style.

Pornt’er. 1. A variety of the Canis fami-
liaris, Lin., trained by sportsmen to find
partridges, pheasants, and other feathered
game. The Pointer differs from the Setter
in this, that when he has approached suf-
ficiently near the game, he stands erect,
whereas the true-bred Setter lies close to
the ground.——2. In astronomy, the Point-
ers are twostars in Ursa Major, the hinder-
most of the Wain, so called because they
always point nearly in a direction towards
the North Pole-star.

Poinr'inc. Among masons, filling the

POL

576

POL

joints and crevices of a wali with mortar
or cement.

Pornt Net, or Lace. Lace worked with
the needle, now superseded by bobbin-
net. See Pornr.

Porson. Any substance which in a
particular manner deranges the vital
functions and produces a mortal effect, if
not counteracted. ‘ Substances of this
sort are generally deleterious in certain
doses; for, in small doses, the most active
form the most valuable medicines. There
are, however, some which are deleterious
in the smallest doses, as hydrophobic virus;
others are not deleterious when taken
into the stomach, which are highly so
when taken into the lungs, or applied to
an abraded surface, as sulphuretted hy-
drogen.

Por’tREtL, Fr. poitrail. A graving tool.

Potac’ca. A peculiar three-masted vessel.

Por’acre (Sp. and Fr.). A vessel with
three masts, each of one piece, s¢ that
they have neither tops, caps, nor cross-
trees to their upper yards: used in the
Mediterranean.

Potar'ity. The opposition of two
forces in bodies, or that quality of a body
by virtue of which peculiar properties
reside in certain points: usually, as in
magnetised and electrified bodies, pro-
perties of attraction and repulsion, or the
power of taking a particular direction
when freely suspended. Thus, we speak
of the polarity of the magnetic needle.
See MacneEr.

Poraniza’tion. The communication of

larity. By the polarization of light and

t is meant the change produced upon
their agencies by reflection or refraction
at certain angles, or by refraction in cer-
tain crystals, whereby they acquire the
property of exhibiting opposite effects in
planes at right angles to each other.
Thus, when a ray of light is passed
through a crystal of Iceland spar, it is
separated into two portions of equal in-
tensity ; but if each of these rays be fur-
ther acted upon by a second crystal, it is
found that each of them has suffered a
physical change, and is not affected by
the second crystal in all positions, as it
was by the first. The same applies to
other media besides Iceland spar, and to
heatas wellas light. The discovery of the
polarization of light is due to Huygens,
and that of heat to Prof. Forbes, of Edin-
burgh.

Potz. In physics, the extremities of the
axis about which a body revolves, or is
supposed to revolve: from +oA¢w, to turn.
Thus, the extremities of the axis of the
earth are called its poles, and the points
opposite are the poles of the world. Ina
sphere, the poles are 90° distant from the
plane of a circle passing h the cen-
tre pérpendicular to the axis. Thus, the

zenith and nadir are the poles of the
horizon.

Pove-axe. A description of hatchet,
with a handle about 15 inches iong, anda
point or claw bending downwards from
the back to its head. It is principally
used in actions at sea, to cut away the
rigging of the enemy attempting to board.
Sometimes it is thrust into the side of an
enemy’s ship in attempting to board, and
is therefore called the boarding-are.

Pote’cat. The Mustela putorius, Lin.,
the terror of poultry-yards and warrens.
Itis the most sanguinary ofall the weasel
tribe. See Purorivs.

Potrmo’nium, Greek Valerian. Agenus
of perennial plants. Pentandria—Mono-
gynia. Name from rodeos, War; because,
according to Pliny, kings had contended
for the honour of its discovery. Jacob’s-
Ladder (P. cwruleum) is the only British
species.

PotEem’oscoPpE: oAgues, War, and
czxortw, to view. A refiecting perspective
glass, invented by Hevelius, who com-
mended it as useful in sieges, &c., for dis-
covering what the enemy is doing, while
the spectator lies hidden behind an ob-
stacle. The opera-glass is the polemo-
scope somewhat improved.

Potzs or A Macnet. Pointsin a magnet
where the intensity of the magnetic force
is at amaximum: one of these attracts
and the other repels the same pole of an-
other magnet.

Potr’-srar. A starof the second magni-
tude, the last in the tail of Ursa Minor.
It is only 1° 41’ from the true pole, con-
sequently never sets, and is therefore of
great importance with navigators in the
northern hemisphere.

Por’tcy. In insurance, the instrument by
which a contract of indemnity is effected
between the insurer and the insured: the
writing containing the terms or conditiors
ofacontractof insurance. Policies are said
to be valued when the goods insured are
valued at prime cost, and open when the
goods are not valued. There are policies ~
of marine insurance, of life insurance, &c.

Poriricat AritH’metic. The art of
reasoning by figures on matters relating
to a nation, its revenues, value of lands
and effects, produce of lands, man
tures, population, &c. &c.

Poviricat Economy. The administra-
tion of the revenues of a nation, or the
management and regulation of its re-
sources and productive property and
labour. Political economy comprehends
ali the measures by which the property
and labour of a country are directed in
the best manner to the success’ of indivi-
dual industry and enterprise, and to the
public prosperity. It is mow considered
A science.

vr Se rr eS

POL 577

POL

‘\ Poxrrics; roaisizy, from srodss, a City.

The science of government; a branch of
ethics, which consists in the management
of the affairs of a nation or state for its
preservation, peace, and prosperity. Po-
litics has hitherto been a science of trial
and error.

Potincs. Small boards supporting the
earth during the formation of a tun-
nel, &c.

Pott. In politics, the register of those
who give their vote; also the place
where the votes are registered. The term
belongs to the Sclavonic, and signifies
head: hence a register of heads.

Pour’en. Fine flower. or dust. The
farina of flowers: the powder which ad-
heres to the anthers of the flowers of
plants, and which is contained in the an-
ther, and is thrown out chiefly in warm
dry weather when the coat of the latter
contracts and bursts.

Por’tux. 1. In astronomy, the name of
a star of the second magnitude in the
constellation Gemini.——2. See Castor.

Potonar’se. A robe or dress worn by
ladies, and adopted from the fashion of
the Poles.

Potono’IsE. In music, a movement of
three crotchets in a bar, with the ryth-
mical cesura on the last.

Poty, for soAvs, many. A prefix often
found in the composition of words de-
rived from the Greek.——2. In botany, a
popular name of some species of Ger-
mander.

Po’tyacov’stic, from poly and acoustic.
1. That multiplies sound.—2, in-
strument to multiply sounds.

PonyaDELPHIA, from soAvs, many, and
@deAdos, brother. The name of the 18th
¢lass of plants in the sexual system of
Linné, embracing all plants with herma-

~phrodite flowers, in which the stamens
are united by their filaments into thin
or more distinct bundles. Example, St.

John’s wort, Hypericum calycinum.
Poryan’priA, from woAvs, many, and
avyg, & male. The name of the 13th

class of plants in the sexual system of
€, consisting of plants with herma-

phrodite flowers, furnished with many
stamens inserted into the common recep-
tacle of the flower, by which circumstance
the class is distinguished from Icosandria,
where the stamens are situated on the
calyx.

Potyan’tHvus. 1. Aspecies of primrose
(primula), so named from its many-clus-
tered flowers: roaus, many, and aybo-,
a flower.——2. The name has also been
given to other flowering plants which pro-
duce clusters of flowers on the same
flower-stalks.

Pot/yaRcHY, rodus, and aeytiy, to go-
vern. The government of many, whether
aristocratic or democratic.

Por’xcureEst, from geAyg, Many, and
xencros, use. A medicine supposed to be
of use in many diseases.

Potrcn’roite, from soAvs, many, and
xeow, colour. The colouring matter of
saffron, so called because it is susceptible
of many changes of colour. The alcoho-
lic solution is yellow, sulphuric acid turns
it blue and then lilac; nitric acid makes
it green.

Porxnpir’sta, from zoAus, many, and
dinbz, thirst. Excessive thirst.

Potye’ara. Milk-wort. An extensive ge-
nus of plants. Diadelphia--Octandria. Name
from soAvg much, and yada, milk, in al-
lusion to the abundance of its milky
juice. The common milk-wort is indige-
nous. The root of the P. senega, called
rattlesnake-root, is employed in medicine.

Po’tyeatic Acip. An acid constituting
the peculiar principle of the rattlesnake-
root (root of the Polygala senega), disco-
vered by Gehlen, and described by him
under the name of senegin. Polygalic
acid isa white powder, dissolves in water,
and abundantly in boiling alcohol, but is
insoluble in ether and the fixed oils.

Potyea’mia, from voAus, many, and
yawos,Marriage. Polygamy. The name

of the 23rd class of plants in the sexual
system of Linné, consisting of polyga-
mous plants or plants having hermaphro-
dite flowers, and likewise male or female
flowers, or both. The orders of the class
are Monecia, Diecia, and Tricia.
Poryea’mia zaqua’tis. An order of the
class Syngenesia, of the sexual system of
plants. Plants with perfect florets, rack

2P

s

POL 578

POL

having pistiis and stamina, and producing
one seed.

Potyca’MIA FRUsTRA’NEA. An order of
the class Syngenesia, of the sexual system
of plants. Florets of the disk perfect;
those of the circumference with an abor-
tive pistil, or it is wanting altogether.

PotyGa’mMia NECESSARIA. An order of
the class Syngenesia, of the sexual system
of plants. Florets of the disk with stamens
only ; those of the radius with pistils only.

Potyca’MIA sEGREGA’TA. An order of
the class Syngenesia, in the sexual system
of plants. Plants with several flowers
either simple or compound, but with
united anthers and a proper calyx, all in-
cluded in one common calyx.

Potyea’MIA SUPERFLUA. An order of
the class Syngenesia, of the sexual system
of plants. Florets of the disk of the com-
pound flowers perfect: those of the cir-
cumference having pistils only ; but both
kinds producing perfect seed.

Potye’onum. Persicaria or Knot-grass,
An extensive genus of holoraceous plants,
Octandria—Trigynia. Name from zodus,
many, and yoyy, a joint. There are at
least ten indigenous species of polygonum,
among which are the Bistort, or Snake-
weed, Water-pepper, Common Knot-
grass, Buck- -wheat, and Black Bird-weed.

Pot’yeLorr, from woAvs, Many, and
yAwrra, tongue. 1. Having many lan-
guages.——2. A book, particularly the
Bible containing the Scriptures in several
languages. ?

Por’ycon, from -soAvs, many, and
yovia,anangle. 1. A geometrical figure
of many sides and angles.——2. In forti-
fication, an exterior polygen is the distance
of one point of a bastion from the point
ofanother, reckoning all round the works:
an interior polygon is the distance between
the centres of the bastions, reckoning
round as before.——3. In mechanics, when
a series of more than three forces act in
equilibrium upon one point, they may be
represented in direction and intensity by
a polygonal figure; this figure is termed
the polygon of those forces.

Potye’onat NumpBers. The successive
sums of a series of numbers in arith-
metical progression.

Potyeas’trica. An order of animal-
cules especially characterised by numer-
ous cavities or stomachs (sometimes up-
wards of 200): whence the name zoAus,
many,and yaerye, a stomach. Almost
all the known genera of polygastric ani-
malcules possess eyes: they are also
found to possess an acute sense of taste ;
distinguish, pursue, and seize their prey ;
and although so excessively minute that
600.000 have been calculated as being
ecutained in one drop of water, they

avoid infringing upon each other when
swimming. There is no proper skeleton,
nor any secretion of shell; yet there are
parts destined to give support. In the
majority there is an alimentary canal,
but no teeth for mastication. Notwith-
standing their extreme minuteness, they
appear to be the most numerous, the
most prolific, the most active, and the
most voracious of all living beings.

Pot’yGram, soAus and yea, line.
A figure consisting of many lines.

Pot’yerarH, from goaus, many, and
yeadw, to write. An instrument for
multiplying copies of a writing.

Potyerxn’ta, from soAvs, many, and
yuvn,afemale. An order of plants having
many pistils.

Poty’HALLITE, from goAvs, many,
aAs, salt, and AsHos, stone. A mineral
which occurs in masses of a fibrous tex-
ture at Ischel, in Austria, and is thus
named from its containing sulphates of
lime, magnesia, potash, and soda, coloured
red by peroxide of iron. Lustre pearly.

PotyHE’pRon, from goAus, many, and
idew,aside. 1. A solid contained under
many sides or faces.——2. A multiplying
glass: a lens cut into many facets, dis-
posed in a convex form.

Potymic’NITE, from sroAus, many, and
Msyvuyes, to mix. A recently discovered
mineral, so named in consequence of the
variety of its constituents: titanic acid,
zirconia, lime, yttria, oxides of iron, ceri-
um, and manganese, with minute por-
tions of magnesia, potash, silica, and
oxide of tin. It is of a black colour, and
metallic lustre; crystal in small
prisms. Sp. gr. 4°

Potym’nite. A stone, so named from
modus and szyog, because it is marked with
dendrites and biack lines, so disposed as
to represent rivers, marshes, and ponds.

Por’ymorpus, from goAvs, Many, and
een, form. Small and irregular shells
not referred to any known genera.

Potyno’m1aL, from goAvs, Many, and
ovoux, aname. An algebraical name for
any quantity consisting of several terms,
as, ax + ba? + ca3 — dzx*.

Por’yrparia. See Potyrt.

Por/yrz, } IloAvrovs, from -o us,

Poty’pus. ) many, and zeus, a foot. 1.
Something that has many feet or roots.
The name has been used to designate a
peculiar description of tumour whieh
grows in the nose, from the erroneous
idea that it has usually ete org roots or
feet.——2. The name Polype has
used to designate the individual tubes,
with their tentacula, of the Polypus, re-
serving this last as the name of the ag

i Mii

a et

POUL 579

PON

=e of the animal mass of polypes.
ee PoLyPl.

Potyrer’atovs, from goAus, many, and
wtvaAocy, a petal; many-petalled. A bota-
nical term applied to a corolla which has
the petals separate.

Por’zer1, pl. of polypus. See Potxre.
The fourth class of Radiata or Zoophytes,
s0 named because the tentacula which
surround their mouth give them a sup-
posed resemblance to an Octopus called
Polypus by the ancients. These animals
are commonly known as corals; and an
idea was formerly generally entertained,
that they were stony plants, (whence the
name zoophytes). Such is the enormous
accumulation of the stony envelopes
formed by them in certain seas, that
islands are produced, coasts extended,
and harbeurs blocked up, by them ; and
with such facility that M. de Lamarck has
hazarded the idea that the calcareous
strata of the globe may have been pro-
duced by them. The orders are Carnosi,
Gelatinosi, and Corallifera.

PoLyPireRa, i term applicable to

Potypipn’sra. J the habitations of po-
lypi, but applied to that class of anima!s
commonly known by the name of Zoo-
phytes. See Poryrt.

Potyro’pium. Polypody. A genus of
perennial ferns, most of which are found
in hot climates, but several inhabit
Britain. Name from goaus, many, and
gous, a foot, because it has many roots.
Some species are used medicinally.

Pot’yscore, zoAus, and cxzorew, I view.
In optics, a plano-convex lens, of which
the convex surface is subdivided into
several facets.

PotyseEr’aous, trom zoAus, Many, and
sepal (q.v.). Aterm applied to a calyx
which has its sepals separate from each
other.

PotysPer’movs, from zoAvs, Many, and
origua, seed; many-seeded.

Potys’roma (rather Hezastoma). A
genus of Entozoa belonging to the family

tea, Rud. Name from zodus,
many, and ¢rwua, mouth; the body
being depressed, smooth, and furnished
with six cups or orifices arranged in a
transverse line.

Pot’ystyLe, from soAus, many, and
orvdos,a column. A building surrounded
by so many columns that they cannot
readily be calculated at a first view.

PotysYNn’DETON, from zoAus, many, and
evvderos, connecting. A rhetorical figure
by which the copulative is often repeated,
as, “we have money and men and ships
and stores.”

Poxryrecn’nie, from goavs, Many, and
wiz, art. Denoting many arts, as the

Polytechnic School of France, which is de-
signed to supply education for the various
departments of active life, both civil and
military. This has been one of the most
justly celebrated schools of Europe.

Poty’rHrism, from soAus, Many, and
Osos, God. The doctrine of a plurality of.
gods.

Potyt’ricuum, from oAuvs, many, and
bag, hair. A genus of Cryptogamic plants
of the order Musci: so named either from
its resemblance to a woman’s hair, or be-
cause in ancient times women used to
dye the hair with it to prevent it from
shedding. The golden maidenhair is a
species.

Potyz’/0a, rodvs, and Gwoy, animal.
elass of compound animals, resembling
the Sertularia and the compound Asci-
dians.

Potyz’onat LENS, rodus, and gwyy, zone.

A burning lens composed of several zones
or rings.
Poma’cex. A natural order of plants,
consisting of such as have a pomaceous
fruit or fruit of an esculent, pulpy, apple,
berry, or cherry kind.

Poma’tum. Pomado. A name formerly
applied to a fragrant ointment made with
lard and apples, but now only to solid
greasy substances used in dressing the
hair.

PomEGRAN’ATE, from pomum, an apple,
and granatum, grained. The fruit of the
Pomegranate tree (Punica granatum),
cultivated in warm climates. The fruit
is a pulpy many-seeded berry, about the
size of the orange, with a reddish rind.

Pome’rivum, Lat. post, behind, murus,
awall. In Roman antiquities, a vacant
spuce of ground within and without the
walls of a city.

Pom’PHoLtyx, from zouQos, a bladder.
1. A small vesicle. ——2. A cutaneous
disease, described by Dr. Willan as an
eruption of bullae, appearing without in-
flammation around them and without
fever.

Pompion. In botany (see Cucurpira).

Po’mum. The Latin word for apple, but
applied in botany to any fleshy pericar-
pium or seed-vessel, containing a capsule
within it with several seeds.

Pons (Lat.). In law, a writ which lies
to remove actions of debt, detinue, nuis-
ances, &c., out of an inferior court into
the Common Pleas.

Pongo, 1, The name in Borneo, of a
monkey, closely resembling the orang-
outang in the proportions of all his parts,
but somewhat larger, being nearly equal
to man. He is the largest monkey known.
——2. The name has also been applied te
the Simia troglodytes, Lin., or Chimpansé
of Guinea and Congo, but not properly

2P2

POP

580

POR

Pons Var’ouur. An arched eminence of
the medulla oblongata.

Ponteer’. In glass-works, an iron instru-
ment used to stick the glass on at the bot-
tom, for the more convenient fashioning
of the neck of it.

Pon’tirr, Lat. pontifer, a high priest.
The Romans had a college of pontiffs (pon-
tifices); the Jews had their pontiffs, and
in modern times the Pope is denominated
the sovereign pontiff, and his reign a
pontificate.

Ponto’on, Fr. and Span. ponton. 1. A
floating bridge, formed of flat-bottomed
boats, anchored in two lines, with planks
laid across, for the passage of soldiers and
military stores. The boats themselves are
sometimes called pontoons, and the bridge
formed of them is accordingly a pontoon-

idge-——2. In naval affairs, a lighter: a
low flat vessel, resembling a barge, fur-
nished with cranes, capstans, and other
machinery; used in careening vessels
chiefly in the Mediterranean.

PonToo’N-caR’RIAGE. A carriage made
with two wheels only,and twoside pieces,
whose fore-ends are supported by timbers.

Pont-vorant. A flying-bridge. This is
a description of light bridge, used in
sieges, for surprising a post or outwork
which but a narrow moat. It is com-
posed of two small bridges, laid one over
the other, and so contrived that by the
aid of cords and pullies, the upper one
may be drawn forward till it reaches the
destined spot.

Poor. The highest and aftmost deck of
aship. The poop-royal is a short deck or
platform, placed over the aftmost part of
the poop, in the largest of'the French and
Spanish men of war, and serving as a
cabin for their masters and pilots. This
is usually’ called the top-gallant-poop by
our seamen. Zo have wind in the poop is to
have the wind behind or favourable.

Poor’inc. The shock of a heavy sea
upon the stern or quarter of a ship, when
-she scuds before the wind in a tempest.
The term is also used to denote the action
of one ship running her stem into an-
other’s stern.

Port, Papa, vara, father.
shop of Rome and head of the Catholic
Church.——2. A small fish, the ruff.

Por’tngay. 1. In ornithology, a parrot.
——2. The green woodpecker of Europe.

Por’tin. A stuff made of silk and
worsted.

Popiit’cat. Appertaining to the ham
(poples), or back part of the knee-joint, as

the popliteal artery.
Por’utts. Poplar tree. A genus of
about 20 known species. Dicecia—Octan-

dria. The most known species are the
Abele or great white poplar (P. alba), the
Black (P. nigra), the Aspen or trembling
poplar (P. tremula): the one indigenous.

1. The Bi-

All the species are of rapid growth; the:
wood is soft, but easily wrought, and not
apt to swell or shrink. e bardy
poplar (P. dilatata), is the finest species.
of the tree.

Por’cate, Lat. porca, ridge. When a
surface has several longitudinal ridges.

Por’cevain. A beautiful and semi-
transparent variety of earthenware, first
(and extensively yet) manufactured in
China and Japan. The Chinese call it
tse-ki, and the two chief ingredients which
they employ in the manufacture of it are
pé-tun-tsé, and kao-lin. The Portuguese
were the first importers of the article,
and bestowed upon it the name of porce-
lain, from porcella,a cup. The name is now
used to denote generally all earthenware
which has been semi-vitrified, and has
become somewhat translucent in the pro-
cess of firing; and the name china, or
china-ware, is again used, to denote the
finest variety of porcelain. See Porrery.

Porcet’LaNnitE. A siliceous mineral, of
various colours, which occurs in amor-
phous masses, or fragments often rifted.
Its fracture is imperfectly conchoidal,
more or less glistening, and often has the
aspect of certain porcelains. It melts be-
fore the blowpipe into black scorie, and
yields by analysis silex 61, alumina 27,
potash 3°6, magnesia 3, oxide of iron 2°4.
It is supposed to be an alteration of some
variety of argillaceous slate by pseudo-
volcanic heat. It occurs in large masses
near the pitch-lake of Trinidad, and often
in the vicinity of coal-mines.

Porcu. An arched yestibule at the
entrance of a building. See Portico.

Por’curine. 1. In zoology,see HystTRtx.

-hog, or spine-hog.

Por’cuPINE-FisH. A species of diodon
covered with spines.

Ports, from srogos, apassage. 1. The
small interstices between the solid parti-
cles of bodies——2. The animal body is
provided with pores for respiration.

Porir’erA, from porus and fero. An

PoripH’srA, from roeos and gegw. J or
der of Radiata, forming the various ge-
nera of sponge met with on every rocky
coast of the ocean.

Po’rism, from ogisuos, acquisition.
The ancient geometers gave this name
to two classes of propositions: (1.) to co-
rollaries ; and (2.) to propositions affirm-
ing the possibility of finding such con-
ditions as will render a certain problem
indeterminate, or capable of innumerable
solutions. The porism is not a theorem
nor a problem, or rather it includes both.
it asserts that a certain problem is inde-

POR

581

POS

terminate, and so far it partakes of the
mature of a theorem; and seeking to dis-
cover the conditions by which this may
be effected, it partakes of the nature of
a problem.

Porosity. A property of matter; its
molecules not being in absolute contact,

’ but separated by pores.

Por’purry, from roegien, purple. The
porphyrites of the Latins ; a form of com-

und rock, composed essentially of crys-
tals of felspar, disposed in a base of horn-
stone, which base in an Egyptian variety
of porphyry is of a beautiful red colour,
passing to a purple, and which, with its
snow-white crystals of felspar, forms one
of the most beautiful rocks in nature.
There are, however, several varieties, as
petrosiliceous porphyry, felspar porphyry,
¢clinkstone porphyry, &c. Porphyry is an
igneous rock, often forming masses of
enormous thickness, and sometimes dikes

-like basalt.

Por’PHYRY-SHELL. A species of murex.
The animal afforded the Tyrian purple.

Por’poise, from porcus-piscis, hog-fish.
‘The Delphinus phocena, Lin., so named
from its shape.

Por’rect, Lat. porrigo, Lextend. In
zoology, when a part extends forth hori-
zontally.

Port. 1. Lat. portus, a harbour, either
naturalor artificial, but usually applied to
‘such harbours as are much resorted to,
as the port of London; whereas harbour
dneludes all places of safety for ships.
Among seamen, the term is further applied
to designate the larboard or left side of a
ship, as a heel to port, meaning an inclina-
tion to the larboard side. Port the helm,
is an order to put the helm to larboard.
Also the opening in the ship’s side for a
gun.—2. A kind of wine made in Por-
tugal, and so named from Oporto.

Por’rat. 1. Fr. portail, from Lat. porta,
agate. The arch over a door or gate; the
frame-work of the gate; the lesser gate
when there are two of different dimen-
sions at an entrance.——2. A little square
corner of a room, separated from the rest
of the apartment by wainscoting.

Porr’cutuis, Fr. port, and coulisse, a
groove. <A strong grating of timber,
fenced with iron, and made to slide up
and down, in agroove of solid stone- work,
within the arch of the portal of old cas-
tles, to be let down in case of surprise, to
prevent the entrance of an enemy.

Porter. 1. Fr. porteur, from porter, to
earry. A person who conveys burdens
for hire.——2. Fr. portier, from Lat. porta,
agate ;agate-keeper.——3. A malt liquor,
which differs from ale in being made
with high-dried malt. It is so called from
its being at first regarded as a drink well
adapted for porters, and other labourers
about the metropolis.

Porte, Susie. The official title of
the government of the Ottoman empire.

Port-Frirze. A pyrotechnic composition
of 4 nitrate of potash, 1 sulphur, 2 mealed
powder, and | sulphuret of antimony, well
rubbed together. This composition is
sometimes moistened with linseed oil.

Por?’GRAVE, past port, and Sax. ge-

Porr’GREVE. J refa, a count or earl.
Formerly the chief magistrate of a port
or maritime town. This officer is now
called mayor or bailiff.

Port’-HOLESs. The embrasures in the side
of a ship of war, through which the guns

are pointed.

Por’rico (Ital.), from Lat. porticus, from
porta, a gate. A long covered place, com-
posed either of vaults supported by ar-
cades, or of flat roofs supported by pillars,
the sides being open. -

Port’tanD Beps. The name given by
geologists to a marine formation, occur-
ring in the island of Portland, and inWilt-
shire. The beds consist of coarse shelly
limestone, fine-grained white limestone,
and compact limestone (all having an
oolitic structure), and chert. ;

Port’Lanp STone, A marine

Port’tLAND LimEsTONE. J oolitic mem-
ber of the Portland Beds. It is soft when
quarried, but hardens by exposure to the
atmosphere. It was formerly highly va-
lued as a building material in London
and elsewhere, but it is not durable.

Porr’tanp Vase. A celebrated cine+
rary urn, presented by the Portland fa-
mily to the British Museum. It was
found in the tomb of the Emperor Alex-
ander Severus and his mother. It was
recently broken to pieces by an Irish-
man, but has been repaired in a masterly
manner, by Mr. Doubleday.

Port-situs (of a ship) are the upper
and lower edges of the ports.

Portuta’ca. Purslane. A genus of
herbaceous plants. Dodecandria—Mono-
gynia. Name from porto, to carry, and
lac, milk, because it (at least the garden-
purslane, P. oleracea) is said to increase
the flow of milk.

Pose. In heraldry, the attitude of a
lion, horse, or other beast, standing still,
with all his four feet on the ground.

Position, from positus. In arithmetic,
a rule called also the rule of false, and
trial and error, because in calculating on
several false numbers, taken at random,
as if they were the true one, and from the
difference found, the number sought is
determined. Position, both single and
double, affords only imperfect and tedious
processes for working some of the sim-
pler cases of algebraical equations.——2.
In geometry, when the direction ofa lineis
known, it is said to be given in position,
and to be given in magnitude, when its
length is known. The investigation of

POS 582

POS

the relations that have place between the
position of the different parts of a geo-
metrical figure with regard to each other,
has been named the geometry of position,
and was first treated of by Carnot.——3.
In painting, placing the model in the best
way to suit the view of the artist.

Pos‘irive, Lat. positivus. A term of re-
Jation, sometimes opposed to negative, as,
(1). Positive quantity, an algebraical quan-
tity affected by the sign +, being affirma-
tive or additive ; (2.) Positive p iden the
state of an adjective which denotes the
simple or absolute quality, without com-
parison or relation to increase or diminu-
tion ; (3.) Positive electricity, in the Frank-
linian theory all bodies supposed to
contain more than their natural quantity
of the electric agency are said to be
positively electrified, and those which
have been deprived of some part of their
electricity are said to be negatively elec-
trified. Bodies electrified in these two
different states attract each other, but
bodies positively electrified repel other
positively electrified bodies, and so of
negatively electrified bodies. As the
friction of glass and resin communicates
to these substances a state of activity
with regard to other bodies similar in the
two cases, but opposite in their nature,
the terms vitreous and resinous have been
used in the same senses as positive and
negative.

Pos’se comita’tus. The power of the
county, which the sheriff is empowered
to raise in case of riot, said to be all
knights and other men, above the age of
fifteen, able to travel within the county.

Possrs’sivE, Lat. possessivus. In Eng-
lish grammar, the genitive is termed the
possessive case, as denoting possession ; as,
John’s book.

Post. 1. Any piece of timber when
used in an upright position, as a king-

.—2. A military station. Detach-
ments placed in front of an army are
termed out-posts, and those on the wings
are posts of honour, as being most exposed.
—3. See Matt.

Post pissei’sin. In Jaw, a writ for him
who, having recovered by precipe quod
reddat, upon default of reddition, is again
disseised by the former disseisor.

Post Disse1’sor. A person who disseizes
another of lands which he had before re-
covered of the same person.

Pos’rea (Latin). The record or return
of the proceedings by nisi prius into the
Court of Common Pleas, after a verdict.

Post Entry. When goods are weighed
or measured, and the merchant has got
an account thereof at the Custom-House,
and finds his entry (already made) too
small, he must make a post or additional
entry for the surplusage, in the same
manner as the first was done.

Pos’rern (old French). 1. A small door
or gate at the back of a building.——2.
In forty , a small gate usually in the
angle of the flank of a bastion, or in that
of the curtain, or near the orillon, de-
scending into the ditch: called also the
sally-port.

Post-rac’ro Law. A law madeafter the
act is committed.

Post Fine. In English law, a fine due
to the woe 562 by prerogative, after a
licentia concordandi, given in fine of lands
and tenements: called also king’s silver.

Postr’Lum. In architecture, the portico
at the back of a temple.

Postiim’tny, from post, and limen, the
end. Postliminium was the term used by
the Romans tosignify the return of a per-
son to his own country, who had gone to
sojourn in a foreign country, or had beem
banished or taken by the enemy. In the
modern law of nations, the right of post-
liminy is that by virtue of which persons
and things taken by an enemy in war are
restored to their former state, when com-
ing again under the power of the nation
to which they belonged. The sovereign of
a country is bound to protect the persons
and property of his subjects, and a sub-
ject who has suffered the loss of his pro-
perty by the violence of war, on being
restored to his country can claim to be
re-established in all his rights, and to re-
cover his property. But this right does
not extend, in all cases, to personal effects
or moveables, on account of the difficulty
of ascertaining their identity.

Posr’master. An officer having the
direction and superintendence of a post-
office. The postmaster-general is the chief
officer of the post-office department, and
makes all contracts for the conveyance of
the public mails, receives and is account -
able for the moneys arising from the post-
age of letters, pays expenses, and super
intends the whole.

Post-note. A bank-note intended to
be transmitted by the public mail and
made payable to order.

Post-oxpit, Lat. after death. In law, a
bond for securing a sum of money on the
death of an individual.

Post-or’Ficze. An establishment for the
reception, conveyance, and delivery of
letters. The post-office is perhaps one
of the most beneficial institutions which
a country can possess, and the framers
and supporters of the Post Office Aet
(1839), which has transfused into that of’
this country both efficiency and economy,
deserve the lasting gratitude of the na-
tion for this one measure alone.

Postsce’nN1um. In architecture, the back
part of a theatre behind the scenes.

Pos’tunLaTtE, Lat. yr agyorn es from pos-
tulo, to demand. A mn assumed
without proof, or one which isc considere@

es

POT

583

POU

as self-evident. It differs from an axiom
in being put as a request or petition,
whereas an axiom is asserted.

Por’asu, Latinized potassa. The vege-
table alkali, so called because it is ob-
tained from the lixivium of the ash
which remains from the incineration of
certain vegetables by evaporation in iron
pots. Potash is strictly the protoxide of
potassium. In commerce, it is usually met
with in the form of black ashes, obtained
by evaporating the lixivium and fusing
the residue; and pearl-ash, prepared by
again lixiviating the black ashes to free
them from some of their impurities, and
evaporating to dryness. The ashes of
commerce rarely contain more than 60
per cent. of the alkali. The greater part
of the alkali of the black ash is in a caus-
tic state (that is,in the state of oxide),
but in the pearl-ash it is in the state of
carbonate.

Poras’sa. The Latinized name of pot-
ash, adopted by chemists.

Poras’sium. The metallic basis of pot-
ash. Its sp. gr. being 0°865, it is lighter
than water, and when thrown upon it
floats, and burns with ea beautiful rose-
coloured flame, evolving hydrogen, and
leaving the water a solucion of pure pot-
ash. At ordinary temperatures it is solid,
‘soft, and easily moulded by the fingers;
and when cut exhibits a beautiful metal-
lic lustre, closely resembling silver, which
speedily tarnishes by expusure to the air.
It conducts electricity like ordinary me-
tals. It must be preserved in pure naphtha.

Pora’to. The well-known root of the
Solanum tuberosum, a native of North
America, where it was called by the na-
tive Indians batatas, which Europeans
have altered to suit their particular lan-
guages. The potato, of which there are
now almost innumerable varieties, has
generally been regarded as a native of
South America; but this arises from con-
founding it with the sweet potato (Con-
volvulus batatas), which is a native of the
intertropical parts of America, and does
not succeed well even in the warmer
parts of Europe, and consequently is not
attempted to be grown in this country as
an article of food. It is often absurdly
called the Spanish potato.

Poren’TIAL. Having power (potentia)
to impress on us the ideas of certain qua-
lities, though the qualities are not inhe-
rent in the thing, as potential heat. A
potential cautery is any caustic application,
as nitrate of silver, distinct from an actual
cautery, or a red hot iron. The potential
mode of a verb is that form used to express
the power, possibility, liberty, or neces-
sity of an action, indicated by may or can.

Porentit’ta. Cinquefoil. A very exten-
sive genus of plants, mostly perennials.

7 Named from poten-

a.
ia—P.

tia, power, on account of its supposed
medicinal virtues. ‘There are 11 indi-
genous species, among which are the wild
tansy or silver-weed, the common cinque-
foil or five-leaved grass, the barren straw-
berry, the white, rock, shrubby, silvery,
golden, and spring cinquefoil.

Pore’rtum. Burnet. A genus of plants.
Moneecia—Polyandria. Name from zory-
giov. & Cup, in reference to the shape of
its flowers. The burnet-saxifrage, so
much used in the beverage called cool-
tankard, is the British type.

Pororoo’. The name given in New
Holland to the Kangaroo rat.

Por’srone. The Lapis Ollaris of Pliny ;
the Toftstein of Werner, the Talc ollaire of
Haiiy. <A variety of steatite, usually ofa
greenish colour, but of various shades,
and often spotted. Sp. gr. 3.

Por’reRN OnE. An ore, so named by
the miners, because it tends to vitrify
like the glazing of potters’ ware.

Por’rers’ Cray. A variety of clay
usually of a grey colour, but becomes red
when highly heated, and so named because
it is used in the manufacture of the coarse
red earthenware.

Por’rery. In reference to chemical
constitution there are only two genera of
baked stoneware; the first consists of a
fusible earthy mixture, along with an

ible, which when combined are sus-
ceptible of becoming semi-vitrified and
translucent in the kiln. This constitutes
porcelain or china-ware, which is either
hard and genuine, or tender and spurious,
according to the quality and quantity of
the fusible ingredient. The second kind
consists of an infusible mixture of earths,
which is refractory in the kiln, and con-
tinues opaque. This is pottery, properly
so called, but it comprehends several sub-
species, which graduate into each’ other
by imperceptible shades of difference. To
this head belong earthenware, stoneware,
flintware, fayence, delfware, iron-stone
china, &c.

Pounce. 1. Gum-sandarach pulverized
to a fine powder, and used to prevent ink
from spreading on paper.——2. Ground
charcoal, inclosed in some open stuff, as
muslin, to be passed over holes forming
the lines of a pattern, to mark the same
on the material on which the pattern is to
be embroidered, &c.——3. In falconry, the
talons of a bird of prey are called pounces,
perhaps from the same root as Sp. punzar,
and Ital. punzone.

Pounp, Sax. pund; a standard weight.
1. The imperial troy pound contains 5760
troy grains, and the imperial ayvoirdupois
pound contains 7680 avoirdupois grains,
or 7000 grains troy; hence 144 lbs. avoir-
dupois = 175 lbs. troy ——2. A money of
account = 2s.

POX

584

PRA

Povpart’s LIGAMENT,
muscle.

Pourpre’streE, Fr. pour, and pris, taken.
In law, a wrongful inclosing or en-
croaching on another’s property, high-

way, &c.

Pow’pER, Fr. poudre, contracted from
pouldre. A general name for all dry sub-
stances comminuted or triturated to fine
particles, but the term is applied techni-
cally to substanees reduced to fine par-
ticles for medicinal purposes. We have
also gunpowder (q. v-), and hair-powder,
which is pulverized starch.

Pow'pEexines. Devices of minor char-
acter, to fill up vacant spaces in carved

works, &c.
1. Ina philosophical sense, is

An abdominous

Pow’rr.
the faculty of doing or performing any-
thing: ability or strength. The exertion
of power proceeds from the will, and, in
strictness, no being destitute of will or
intelligence, can exert power.
power is active or speculative: active power
is that which moves the body ; speculative
power is that by which we see and judge,
‘or by which we think. Fower has also
been distinguished into active and passive;
the power of doing or moving, and the
power of receiving impressions and of suf-
fering. 2. In mechanics, that which
produces motion or force, or which may
be applied to produce it. Hence the term
mechanical powers (q.v.). The term also
comprehends momentum, asthe power of
the wind, and force and the power of steam.
We also call the aggregate capabilities of
@ machine its power, as a steam-engine of
200 horse-power (this power perhaps
made up of two others, the power of steam
and the power of the atmosphere).—
3. In arithmetic and algebra, that which
arises by the successive multiplication
of any quantity into itself; the degree of
the power being always denominated by
the number of equal factors that are em-
ployed. See Invoturion and Exponent.
. In law, the authority which one
man gives to another to act for him, and
it is sometimes a reservation which a
person makes, in a conveyance, for him-
self to do some acts, as to make leases and
the like. The deed or instrument by
which authority is conveyed is termed a
power of attorney.——5. In politics, &c.,
rule, sway, authority, actual government.
The powers of government, are legislative,
executive, judicial, and ministerial, The
ecclesiastical and military powers are sub-
ject to the civil, and that of the sovereign
is limited by law.
Pow’er-Loom. A loom worked by steam
or water.
Powt’pron. In heraldry, that part of
the armour which covers the shoulders.
Pox Sax. pocce, a pustule. Strictly,
eruptions >f any kind, but restricted to

In man:

small pox, chicken pox, the vaccine, and
the venereal diseases. When used with-
out any epithet, pox signifies the iuez

venerea,

Poy’ntne’s Law. An act of parliament,
made under Henry VII., whereby the law
of England was introduced into Ireland,
under the lieutenantship of Sir Edward
Poyning.

Pozzvor’ana. Volcanic ashes brought
from Pozzuoli, a town in the bay of
Naples, and used to mix with lime in
making Roman cement.

Practice. In arithmetic, a. rule by
which the operations of the general rules
are abridged in use.

Przcoe’nita (before known). Things
previously known in order to understand
something else. The knowledge of the
structure of the human body is one of the
precognita of the medical skill.

Przcor’pia, from pre, before, and cor,
the heart. The forepart of the region of
the thorax.

Przrec’rure. In antiquity, an appel-
lation given to certain towns in Italy
whose inhabitants had the name of Re-
man Citizens, but were governed by pre-
fects sent from Rome.

Premvu’nrrE. A Latin corruption of
premonere, to pre-admonish. 1. A writ, or
the offence for which itis granted. The
offence consists in introducing a foreign
authority into England, i.e., introauciag
and maintaining the papal power, cre-
ating imperium in imperio, and yielding
that obedience to the mandates of the
pope which constitutionally belongs to
the sovereign. Both the offence and the
writ are so denominated, from the words
used in the writ premunire facias—Cause
A.B. to be forewarned to appear before
us, to answer to the contempt wherewith
he stands charged.——2. The penalty in-
curred by infringing a statute.

Przno’mMen, from pre, before, and
nomen, a name. The name among the
Romans like our Christian name, serving
to distinguish brothers, &c. from each
other, as Caius, Julius, &c.

Praztex’ta. A long white robe, with
a purple border, worn by the children of
the higher classes of ancient Rome. .

Prz’tor. A chief magistrate among
the Romans, instituted for the adminis-
tration of justice in the absence of the
consuls engaged in war, &c. The hall or
court where the pretor administered
justice was called the pretorium.

Pracmar’ic Sanction. In civil law,a
rescript or answer of the sovereign, de-
livered by advice of his council or college,
order, or body of people, who consult
him in relation to the affairs of the com-
munity. The like answer given to a
particular person is called simply a re-
script. The term pragmatic is directi¥

PRE

PRE

from the Latin pragmaticus, from reay-

4m0s, and this from wenylc, some-
thing performed from zearcw, to do:
hence pragmatic meddling.

Prairrs. A French word, signifying
_meadow, and used throughout America as
a general name for those remarkable
natural meadows, or plains, which cha-
racterise the valley of the Missisippi, and
a great part of Texas, and are very com-
mon in other localities. Prairies are
divided into three classes: (1.) The
heathy or bushy, which are covered with
brush-wood, and abound with springs ;
(2.) The dry or rolling, which are desti-
tute of water, and of all vegetation ex-
cept grass; and (3.) The alluvial or wet
prairies.

Pram, Dut. praam. 1. A description of
flat-bottomed boat or lighter, used in
Holland for conveying goods to, or from,
a ship.——2. A similar boat, mounting
several cannon; used in covering the dis-
embarkation of troops.

Prasz. A leek-green (prasine) trans-
lucent variety of rhombohedral quartz:
.the prasem of Werner and the quartz
prase of Brongniart. Sp. gr. 2°5.

Pra’stnz, from zeacoy,aleek. A term
applied to designate the grass-green
colour of the purest kind.

Pra’rique (French). Intercourse : com-
munication between a ship and the port
in which she arrives. Hence a license
or permission to hold intercourse and
trade with the inhabitants of a place
after having performed quarantine, or
upon a certificate that the ship did not
come from an infected place. The term
is used chiefly in the South of Europe,
where vessels coming from countries
infected with contagious diseases are
subjected to quarantine.

Prax’eans. A sect of heretics, that
sprung up in Asia in the 2nd century,
founded by Praxeas, a heresiarch.

Psep’end, from prebeo, to allow. The
stipend or maintenance granted out of
the estate of a cathedral or collegiate
church. It is simple when restricted to
the revenue only, and dignitary when
jurisdiction is annexed.

Prep’enpARyY. The ecclesiastic who
enjoys a prebend. He differs from a
canon in this: he receives his prebend in
consideration of his officiating in the
church ; the canon merely in consequence
of being received into the cathedral.

Prece’DEnt, from pre, before, and cedo,
togo. 1. Going before in time.——2. In
law, a judicial decision which serves as a
rule for future determinations of the same

d.

Precen’ror, from pre, before, and
eanto,to sing. 1. The leader of the choir
fm a cathedral——2. The leader of the

congregation in the psalmody of Scottish
churches.

Pre’cert, from pre, before, and capio,
to take. 1. A commandment to be taken
as an authoritative rule of action.——2.
In law, a command or mandate in writing.

Preces’sion, from precedo, to go before.
A term in astronomy, to denote that slow
and imperceptible motion by which the
equinoxes change their places, receding
westwards; or contrary to the rest of the
signs, and which causes the sun’s equi-
noctial place to precede the usual calcu-
lation. The annual amount is about
503”, that is, if the celestial equator cuts
the ecliptic in a particular point on any
day of this year, it will, on the same day
of next year, cut in a point 503” west of
the point of its former intersection; and
the sun will come to the equinox 20’ 23”
before he has completed his revolution of
the heavens. Hence it appears that the
equinoctial points will make an entire
revolution in about 26,000 years.

PrepesTina’TIon. A termused in theo-
logy, to signify the preordination of men
by the Supreme Deity to everlasting hap-
piness or misery! One who believes in
this doctrine is a predestinarian.

Pre’piat, Lat. predium, farm. Belong-
ing to a farm: thus predial slaves, in op-
position to domestic.

Pre’picaBLe. In logic, a term which
can be affirmatively predicated of several
others.

PREDICAMENT, Lat. predicamentum, from
predico, to affirm. In logic, a category.

Prep‘tcaTe. In logic, something affirmed
or denied of the subject : predico, to m.

PrReE-EMP’TION, pre and emption, The
right of purchasing before others. Thus
the kings of England had formerly the
right of pre-emption, or of buying pro-
visions for their households in preference
to all others.

Pre’rix, pre and fix. A letter or syl-
lable put to the beginning of a word, to
affect itsmeaning. A prefix is united to
a word, as inseparable, and therefore
differs from a preposition.

PRECIPITANT, In chemistry, when to
PRECIPITATE, a solution of some
Precipita’rion. ) salt,as alum, another

solution, as of potash, is added, which
causes a decomposition of the salt, and the
base falls (is precipitated) to the bottom of
the vessel ina (usually) pulverulent form,
the phenomenon is usually termed prect-
pitation; the substance which sinks is
called the precipitate, and the substance
by means of which the precipitation is
effected, is denominated the precipitant.
See Decomposition. The following tables
contain a useful and simple scheme of
precipitants of the metals, and of the
acids in salts, originally constructed by
J. J. Griffin.

—-

586

cc

INDICATING PRECIPITANTS FOR METALS IN SALTS.

SoLvuTions
Sotvurions TO BE NEUTRAL. sone Ae
METALS INDICATED.
. Sulphuretted
Carbonate Red Prussiate
of Soda, | Ammonia.| Potash. 1" oF potash. | Hydrogen
None 1. Potassium
None 2. Sodium
None 3. Ammonium
None 4. Barium
None 5. Strontium
None 6. Calcium
\et .
White |‘22| Brown 7. Manganese
S-=
White 3 Fe Blue 8. Iron, Protosalts
White ¢ es None 9. Magnesium
White | Yellow | 10. Cadmium
ag
White | = 3 Black 11. Bismuth —
v< 4
White} = Z| Yellow-Red 12. Zine
White |2| White 13. Tin, Protosalts
White LS = None 14, Aluminum
o>
White as Black 15. Lead
White | #5 Yellow | 16. Tin, Persalts
WhiteJ < H Orange 17. Antimony
Black Red-Brown 18. Mercury, Proto-
salts
Blue Red-Brown 19. Cobalt
If boiled, Red
A Blue Yell.-Green \
If boiled, Black 20. Copent
Green Yell.-Green’ 21. Nickel
Green None 22. Chromium
Green Light-Blue 23. Iron, Persalts &
Protosalts mixed
Yellow , Yellow-Red 24. Mercury, Per-
None from the salts
Perchloride
Yellow None 25. Gold
Sometimes
slight and Black
Yellow Yellow 26. Platinum
Deep-Brown None 27. Iron, Persalts
Lt.-Brown Brown 28. Silver
!

baal hn

‘

a a

PRE 587

PRE

f -

INDICATING PRECIPITANTS FOR ACIDS IN SALTS.

White [Soluble in Acids
with effervescence}
bag [Insoluble in

Yellow

j Nitrate | Nitrate . * Sats
Nitrate of Baryta. | 6+ siwer.| of Lead. GMar sds of Calcium, INDICATED.
None None 1. Nitrates
None None 2. Chlorates
None White 3. Chlorides
None Yellow 4. Iodides
None White 5. Arsenites
None Black 6. Sulphurets
Whi None 7. Fluorides
White | an five soluble | Yellow 8. Phosphates
White ¢ in. Nitric Acid | Brown 9. Arseniates
White | vescence White [Soluble in Water] | 10. Borates

White [Insoluble in Water] | 11. Oxalates
12. Carbonates

13. Sulphates

14. Chromates

Preen. A forked instrument used by
cloth-dressers.

PREHEN’SILE, from prehendo, to seize.
Seizing, adapted to seize or lay hold of.
Thus the tail of some monkeys is prehen-
sile, and they use it to grasp the branches
of trees.

Pren’nite. A siliceous mineral, thus
named after Colonel Prehn, who brought
it from the Cape of Good Hope. It has
since been discovered in England, in the
amygdaloidal wacke of Gloucestershire,
and the basalt of Staffordshire. It occurs
crystallised, in granular and stellular fi-
brous concretions, massive and reniform.
It is of a green, grey, or white colour,
and internal pearly lustre: scratches
glass. Sp. gr. 2°6 to 2.9. It is allied to
stilbite, and is classed by the French
among the zoolites.

Pre’tupe, from pra, before, and ludo,to
play. A term in music, denoting a short
symphony or flight of fancy, which serves
as an introduction to a regular composi-
tion, as the overture of an opera.

Pre’MisEs, Lat. premissa. 1. In logic,
the two first propositions of a syllogism,
from which the conclusion is drawn.
Also propositions antecedently proposed
or proved.—2. In Jaw, lands, tenements,
&c., mentioned in the preamble of a lease
or deed,

Premium (Latin). Arewaftl. 1. A
prize offered for a specific discovery, &c.
—2. The recompense to underwriters
for insurance.——3. A sum per cent. on
loans, distinct from the fixed interest.

Premon’strants. An order of regular
canons (called also White Canons), or
Monks of Prémontré, in the Isle of France,
instituted in 1120. They were subse-
quently to be found in every part of
Europe.

Prepara’tion. In music, the adjust-
ment of two notes, by whose introduction
a note which would be discordant is heard
in the preceding harmony. r

Preposr’Tion, from pre, before, and
pono, to place. A word placed before an-
other, to express some relation or quality,
as, exercise is necessary to health. Pre-
positions govern cases of nouns, and are
sometimes, in colloquial language, placed
after the word governed, as, the horse
which he rode on, for the horse on which
he rode.

Preroe’ative, from pre, before, and
rogo, to demand. A peculiar privilege.
Thus the royal prerogative is the special
pre-eminence which the sovereign has
over all other persons, and out of the
course of the common law, in right of the
regal dignity: as the right of appointing
ambassadors, and of making peace an@

PRE

588

PRE

war. It is the prerogative of the House
of Peers to decide legal questions, after
the decisions of the courts of law have
been appealed against, &c., &c.

" Preroc’ative Court. In law, a court
established for the trial of testamentary
causes, when the deceased has left goods
within two different dioceses, in which
the probate of wills belongs, by special
prerogative, to the archbishop of the pro-
vince.

Pressy/oria, from zeerCvs, old, and
ew), the eye. A defect of sight common
to old men, by which objects near the
eyes are seen confusedly, but at remoter
distances distinctly.

PreEs'BYTEK, reecPurtcos , from xeecGus,
old, elder. An elder; a person in the
primitive church, somewhat advanced in
age, who had authority in the church,
and whose duty was to feed the flock over
which the Holy Spirit had made him
overseer.

PreEsByTYL’RIAN. 1. Relating to ecclesias-
tical government by presbyters. Thus
the government of the Church of Scot-
land is presbyterian.——2. One who be-
lieves in the validity by ordination and
government by presbyters.

Pres’sytery. An ecclesiastical judica-
tory, consisting of all the pastors of
churches within a certain district, and
one ruling elder (presbyter) from each
parish, commissioned to represent the

*parish in conjunction with the minister.
This body receives appeals from the kirk-
sessions, and appeals lie from it to the
synod.—2. In architecture, a portion of
the choir of a church, fitted with seats
for the dignitaries of the Establishment.

Prescription. In law, claim of title
authorized by immemorial usage: custom
continued till it has the force of law (in
Scotland 40 years). Title to lands, roads,
&c., may be obtained by prescription:
and aright may similarly be lost or pre-
scribed by neglecting to use it. The first
is positive, and the other negative, pre-
scription.

Pres’ent Tense. In grammar, that
form of a verb which expresses action or
being in the present time; as, I am
writing. See Tense.

Presenta’Tion. In ecclesiastical law,
the act of offering (presenting) a clerk to
the bishop or ordinary for institution in
a benefice. An adyowson is the right of
presentation, }

Present’MENT. In law, the notice
taken by a grand jury of any offence from
their own knowledge or observation,
without any bill of indictment laid before
them at the suit of the queen, and on
wkich the officer of the court must after-
wards frame an indictment before the
party presented can be put to answer it.

—. The official notice in court which
the jury gives of the surrender of a copy-
hold estate.——3. In a more general sense
presentment comprehends inquisitions of
office and indictments. ,

Presents. In law, is used for a deed of
conveyance, a lease or other written in-
strument, as in the phrase “Know all
men by these presents,” i.e., the writing
itself, per presentes. :

PreEsERVE’. 1. Fruit or other vegetable
seasoned and kept (preserved) in sugar or
sirup.——2. An inclosure on grounds for
the preservation of game,

Pre‘stpEnt, from presidens. An officer
elected to preside over a corporation or
company of men to keep order, manage
their affairs, or govern their proceedings.
Also an officer appointed or elected to go-
vern a province, or to administer the go-
vernment of a nation. In the United
States of America the president is the
chief executive magistrate. A vice-presi-
dent is one who is second in authority
to the president.

Press, Fr. presse. A machine by which
something is to be compressed, crushed, or
squeezed, as a packing-press for forcing
goods into a more compact form; a cane-
press (usually a cane-mill) for crushing
the sugar-canes to obtain the sugar-juice ;
a cider-press for squeezing the juice out of
apples, &c. The common sorts are
screw, lever, and hydrostatic presses ;
but as the combinations ofall the mechani-
cal agents (reducible indeed to inclined
plane and lever) are almost illimit-
able, there may be presses made of an
almost infinite variety of forms. In
printing various kinds of presses are used
(see PRINTING-PREss); and the art and
business of printing, and the publications
which are issued by means of printing,
are all comprehended in the unqualified
term ‘‘ The Press.” Hence we speak of
the liberty of the press, the licentiousness of
the press, &c. &c.

Press-cane, from press and gang. A
detachment of seamen under the com-
mand of an officer empowered to impress
men into the naval service.

Presstros’TEES, from pressus and ros-
trum, a bill. A family of birds of the or-
der Grallatoria, Cuv., Gralle, Lin., com-
prising genera with very long legs,
without a thumb, or in which the thumb
is too short to reach the ground, and a
moderate bill, strong enough to penetrate
the ground in search of worms. The bus-
tards, plovers,and lapwings are examples.

Press-work. In printing, the operd-
tion of taking impressions from the types.

Presta’TION-MONEY. A sum of money
paid yearly by archdeacons and other
dignitaries to their bishop, pro extericre
jurisdictione.

Pres‘rimony, from presto, to supply

PRE

589

PRI

A term in canon law denoting a fund for
the support of a priest, appropriated by
the founder, but not erected into any title
or benefice, and not subject to the pope
or ordinary. In Spain prestimonio is a
prebend for the support of poor clergy-
men, on condition of their saying prayers
at certain stated times.

Presto. An Italian word meaning
quick ; used in music as a direction for a
quick lively. movement or performance.

PRESUMPTION oF Law. The assumption
of the truth of a certain state of facts by
the ordinary custom of law.

Presumptive Evipence. In law, is
that which is derived from circumstances
which necessarily or usually attend a fact,
as distinct from direct evidence or posi-
tive proof.

PresuMPTIveE Herr. One who would
inherit an estate if the ancestor should
die with things in their present state, but
whose right of inheritance may be de-
feated by the birth of a nearer heir be-
fore the death of the ancestor; distinct
from heir-apparent, whose right is inde-
feasible, provided he outlives the ancestor.

Prererits, from preter, beyond. A
term in grammar applied to the tense
which expresses an action perfectly past
or finished, but with a specification of
time: called also the perfect tense.

PRETERIMPER' FECT. In grammar, a
term designating the tense which ex-
presses action or being, not perfectly
past. The term is awkward.

Preterrtion, from pretereo, to pass
by. A rhetorical figure, by which, in
pretending to pass over anything, we

ake a summary mention of it. Praise
and blame are often artfully bestowed by
preterition.

PrererPer’ rect, from preter, more
than, and perfect (q. v.). A term in gram-
mar equivalent to preterite, applied to the
tense of verbs which expresses action, or
being absolutely past.

PRETERPLUPER FECT, from preter, be-
yond, plus, more, and perfect (q.v.). A
term in grammar designating the tense
of verbs which expresses action or being
past, prior to another past event or time ;
better denominated the prior past tense ;
that is, past prior to another event.

Pre’ror, i judge among the ancient

Prz’ror. ) Romans, answering to the
modern chief justice or chancellor, or
both. In later times there were pretors
appointed to distribute justice in the pro-
‘vinces; such provinces being called pre-
fectures.

Prevanrica’tion. A shuffling; preva-
ricor, from pr@, before, and varicor, to
straddle. In civil law, the collusion of an
informant with the defendant, for the
purpose of making a sham prosecution.
In common law, a seeming to undertake a

thing falsely or deceitfully, for the pur-
pose of defeating it.

Preven’tive Service. A designation
for the duty performed by the armed po-
lice engaged in watching the coasts, for
the purpose of preventing smuggling and
other illegal acts.

Price. By the price of a commodity
is meant its value estimated in money, or
simply the quantity of money for which
it will exchange. By price current is
meant a list or enumeration of the va-
rious articles of merchandise, with theix
prices, the duties (if any) payable thereon
when imported or exported, with the
drawbacks occasionally allowed upon
their exportation.

Prickxine-up. In architecture, the first
coat of plaster in work of three coats.
upon lath.

Pricx-post. In architecture, a post, in
wooden buildings, between two princi-
pal posts.

Pricx-puncH. A piece of tempered
steel with a round point, to impress a
round mark on cold iron.

Priest, from Lat. prestes, a chief.
Among ans, priests were persons
whose appropriate business was to offer
sacrifices and perform other sacred riteg
of religion. In the modern churches, a priest
is a person who is set apart or consecrated
to the ministry of the religion of his
country. In England, the word is un-
derstood to be chiefly applicable to the
subordinate orders of the clergy, above a
deacon and below a bishop, but in the
United States of America, the word de-
notes any licensed minister of the gospel.

Prit’ton. A name, in Cornwall, for tin
extracted from the slag.

Prima Fa’ciz. ‘On the first view” of
anything. A term in logic.

Pri'mMz Vi'z. First passages. A term
in anatomy, employed to denote the sto-
mach and intestinal tube, because they
are the first passages for what is taken
into the stomach.

Pri’Mace. In commerce, a certain al-
lowance, paid by the shipper or consignee
of goods, to the marines and master of a
vessel for loading the same. It differs in
amount at different places, from a penny
to sixpence a pack, ball, &c.

Primary, Lat. primarius, from primus,
first; first in order, original; as—1l. In
pathology, applied to diseases, to their
symptoms, causes, &c., to denote priority,
in opposition to what follows, or what is
secondary. —— 2. In geology, applied to
rocks or strata, supposed, from the ab-
sence of fossil remains, to have been
formed before animals and vegetables ex-
isted: those in which organic remains
appear being termed secondary. Iti3 now
known, however, that some portions of
those so called primary rocks (gneiss

PRI

590

PRI

mica schist, argillaceous schist, &c.), are
newer than others which belong to the
secondary groups. To obviate this confu-
sion, Mr. Lyell has proposed the term
hypogene, which will ony: be adopted
by geologists instead of pri . In
astronomy, applied to Cisee pL planets which
revolve about the sun, in distinction from
the secondary planets, ge revolve about
the primarics.——4. In physics, the pri-
mary qualities of bodies are such as are
original and inseparable from them, as
extension, in distinction to those qualities
which are secondary, as softness, hard-
ness, &c.——5. In optics, the primary co-
tours are those into which a ray of solar
light may be separated.———6. Primary
quills, the largest feathers of the wings.

Primate, low Lat. primas. An arch-
bishop.
Primates. In zoology, the first order

of animals in the class Mammalia, in the
system of Linné, including four genera,
Homo, man, Lemur, the lemur, Simia,
the ape, and Vespertilio, the bat.

Paime,fromprimus. 1. A prime number
is one which cannot be divided without
remainder by any number except itself
and unity, as5,7,11. A prime figure is
a geometrical which cannot be divided
into any other figure more simple than
itself, as a triangle, a pyramid, &c.——
2. Primes are numbers adopted by che-
mists, in conformity with the doctrine
of definite proportions, to express the
ratios in which bodies enter into combina-
tion. Primes, duly arranged in a table,
constitute a scale of chemical equivalents.
They are supposed to express the ratios
of weights of atoms, according to the
atomic theory.——3. The prime vertical is
the vertical circle which passes through
the poles of the meridian, or the east and
west points of the horizon. Dials pro-
jected on the plane of this circle are called
prime vertical, or north and south dials.
Prime of the moon is the new moon, when
it first appears after the change.

Pri‘mer-Fine. In England, a fine due
to the crown on the writ or commence-
ment of a suit by fine.

PriMex-sEr'sin. In feudallaw, theright
of the king, when a tenant in capite died
seised of a knight’s fee, to receive from
the heir, if of full age, one year’s profit of
the land if in possession, and half a year’s
profit if the land was in reversion expect-
ant, on an estate for life: abolished 12
Charles Il.

PrimMine. In botany, the outermost
covering of an ovule.
Priming. 1. In painting, the first co-

iour laid on the canvass, on the walls of a
building, &c.——2. The powder laid in
the pan of a gun (with a flint-lock), to
receive the fire from the steel, and being
ignited to fire the powder of the charge.

—3. In steam-engines, the hot water
carried along with the steam from the
boiler into the cylinders, and which is
always an evil.

Priminc-wire. A pointed wire, used
to penetrate the vent of a musket, &c.,
for examining the powder of the charge,
or for piercing the cartridge.

Primitive, Lat. primitivus, from pri-
mus; original. 1. A term formerly used
in geology, in the same sense as primary
is at present.——2. In grammar, a primi-
tive isa word not derived from any other :
an original word.——3. In painting, pri-
mitive colours are red, yellow, and blue,
from which all other colours are com-
pounded.

ParMo, An Italian word, meaning first ;
used in music in that sense, as primo
canto, the first treble, alto primo, the first
counter tenor, &c.

PrRimoGen’ItuRE, from primus, first,and
genitus, begotten ; = by birth
among children. In law, the right which
belongs to the eldest son or daughter.

Primor’pDiat, Lat. pri ialis. 1. First
in order: primus, first, and ordo, order.
——2. First principle or element.

Prim’uta. Primrose. A genus of pe-
rennial flowering plants. Pentandria—
Monogynia. Name from primulus, very
early, because it flowers in the beginning
of the spring. The common primrose
(P. vulgaris), the cowslip or paigle (P.
veris), oxlip (P. elatior), the bird’s eye
(P. farinosa), and Scotch primrose (P.
scotica), are indigenous i in Britain. There
are also 25 exotic species, mostly hardy
plants.

Pri’mcum Mop'its. In the ancient as-
tronomy, this was the ninth or highest
sphere of the heavens, above those of the
planets and fixed stars, and including all
the others.

Prin’ceps Sena’tus. In ancient Rome,
the citizen whose name was written first
on the list of the Senate by the Censors.

Prin’ce’s Merat. Prince Rupert’s Metal.
One of the many modifications of brass.

Parin’crra, Lat. principalis, chief, from
princeps, sovereignty. 1. In law,a prin-

cipal challenge is where the cause assigned
carries with it prima facie eldest of
partiality, favour, or malice. A principal
is an actor or absolute perpetrator of a
erime.—2. In commerce, a capital sum
lent on interest, due as a debt, or used as
a fund, so called as distinct from interest
or profit. 3. In arch#tecture, a main
timber in an assemblage of carpentry.——
4. The head of a Scottish University. ——
5. In fine arts, the chief circumstance in
a work of art.

Parin’crpce, from principium, begi g-
1. In science, a truth admitted either
without proof, or considered as having
been proved. In the former sense jt is

PRI

591

PRI

synonymous with axiom, and in the latter

it is an established principle-——2. The

term is vaguely used in chemistry. “It

sometimes denotes a component part, as
_ the constituent principles of bodies. At
other times it means a substance, on the
presence of which certain qualities, com-
mon to a number of bodies, depend: thus
we say the acidifying principle. We have
also proximate principles of animal and
‘Vegetable bodies, meaning thereby sub-
stances peculiar to those bodies, which
result from peculiar modes of combina-
tion of ordinary matter.

Printing. The art of taking copies by
impression of type, engraved plates, and
blocks, or any design or work whatever,
in black ink, or pigments of various
colours ; but the word printing, without
any distinctive addition, is usually under-
stood to imply typography, or printing
from type, usually called letter-press print-
ing. The artis divided into two depart-
ments, composition, or the arrangement
of the types ; and press-work, or the taking
off impressions from the types so ar-
ranged: the workmen employed are
therefore distinguished into two classes—
compositors and pressmen.

Prin?’inc-1nx. A composition, accord-
ing to Mr. Savage’s recipe, of balsam of
eapivi (36), lamp-black (12), indigo and
Prussian-blue (together, p. zeq. 5), Indian-
red (3), turpentine soap (dry 3}. This
gives a superfine black ink: the pig-
ments for the coloured inks are carmine,
lakes, vermilion, red-lead, gall-stone,

man-ochre, yellow-ochre, verdigris,
blues and yellows mixed for greens, indi-
go, Prussian-blue, Antwerp-blue, lustre;
umbre, sepia, Venetian-red, &c.

PRINT ING-MACHINE. A general name
for all self-acting printing-presses. The
first machine of this sort was projected
by Mr. William Nicholson, (1790); but
the first operative machine of the sort
was contrived by, and constructed under
the direction of, Mr. T. Konig, a clock-
maker from Saxony, (1804). This formed
a basis for the admirable machine of
Messrs. Cowper and Applegarth, first
eonstructed for printing the Times news-
paper, and which is capable of throwing off
4200 copies per hour of that large paper.

PRINT’ING-PREsS.

The common ap-

paratus employed in taking impression

from types.
Prion’tes. A genus of passerine birds:
the Motmots. Family Tenwirostres. They

are beautiful birds, as large as the mag-
pie: fly badly, are solitary, build in holes,
and feed on insects.

Prior (Latin). 1. The first in the order
of time.——2. The superior of a convent.

Pri'sacE, Fr. prise, from priser, to
prize. See BurLerace.

Priscir’tianists. A Christian sect, so
denominated from Priscillian, bishop of
Avila, who practised magic, maintained
the errors of the Manichees, and held it
to be lawful to make false oaths in sup-
port of one’s cause and interest.

Prism, Gr. re:ope, from xeiw, to cut.
1. A solid, whose bases or ends are any
similar equal and parallel plane figures,
and whose sides are parallelograms. They
receive particular names from the figure
of their bases, as triangular, square,
pentagonal, hexagonal, &c.——2. In optics,
a triangular
prism of glass,
which sepa-
rates the rays
of light pass-
ing through it, in consequence of the dif-
ferent degrees of refrangibility that take
place in different parts of the same ray.

Prismaric Corours. The colours ma-
nifested by the decomposition of a ray of
light in passing through a glass prism.
These are violet, indigo, blue, greem,
yellow, orange, and red.

PRO

592 ~

PRO

Prismatic Square or Compass. An
instrument used in surveying, for mea-
suring horizontal angles only, and which
are taken from the magnetic meridian ;
a graduated float-card being attached to
the needle.

Pris‘morp, from rete, a prism, and
tidog, like. The frustrum of a wedge: a
solid which has two rectangular faces,
and the remaining faces trapezoids, ter-
minating with their parallel edges in the
same lines as the two parallel faces, which
are called ends, the greater being the base.

Pris’ons, MAMERTINE. Certain fearful
places of confinement in ancient Rome,
intended chiefly for state prisoners.

Private’er. A ship of war,owned and
equipped by a private man or men, at his
or their expense, to seize or plunder the
ships of an enemy in war. Such ship
must, however, be licensed or commis-
sioned by government, otherwise it is a
pirate.

Priv’ative, from privo, to bereave. 1.
That of which the essence is the absence
of something: darkness is a privative——
2. In grammar, a prefix toa word, which
changes its signification, and gives it a
contrary sense, as unin unwise. The pri-
vative is, however, sometimes a suffix,
as less.

Priv'ttece. A writ of privilege is one
to deliver a privileged person from cus-
tody, when arrested in a civil suit.

Priv’y, Fr. privie, private. In law, a
partaker: a person having a private
interest in any action.

Priv’y Cuams’er, Gentlemen of the.
Officers of the king’s household.

Priv’x-councit. An extensive body,
with whose advice and assistance the
crown administers the government. Privy
Counsellors are made by nomination of
the crown, without patent or grant.

Priv’y-sEaLt. <A seal affixed by the
sovereign, or the lord keeper of the privy
seal, called also Privy-Seal from his office,
to instruments which are afterwards to
pass the great seal.

Proand Con. Pro et contra. For and
against.

Pro’a. Flying Proa. A description of
vessel, used in the South Seas, with the
head and stern exactly alike, but with
the sides differently formed: that which
is intended for the lee side being flat, the
other rounded. It is fitted with an out-
rigger, on the windward side, to prevent
its upsetting.

Proav’Lion, eo and avAy, hall. In
architecture, the same as Vestibule, which
see.

Pros’anrnity. 1. In the doctrine of
ehances, the ratio of the number of chances
by whith the event may happen, to the
number by which it may both happen

and fail; so that if there be constituted
a fraction, of which the numerator is
the number of chances for the events
happening, and the denominator the
number for both happening and failing,
the fraction will properly express the
value of the probability of the events
happening. —— 2. Probabilities is used
synonymously with chances: we thus
speak of the science of probabilities, and
the doctrine of chances.

Prop’asitism. In theology, a theory
pps to which it is iawful to follow

probable opinion in doubtful points,

etn though others may appear to be
more probable.

Pro’sanc. A flexible piece of whale- :

bone, with an oval piece of ivory or piece
of sponge fixed to the end; used by sur-
geons to push down into the stomach
foreign bodies which stick in the ceso-
phagus.

Pro’sats, Lat. probatus, from probo, to
prove. 1. In law, the probate of a will is
the proving of its genuineness or validity,
or the exhibition of the will to the proper
officer, with the witnesses, if necessary,
and the process of determining its va-
lidity and the registry of it,and such other
proceedings as the laws prescribe as pre-
liminary to the execution of it by the
executor.—2. The right or jurisdiction
of proving wills, which in England belongs
to the spiritual courts.

Prose, Germ. probe, proof. A surgeon’s
instrument, of a long and slender form,
for examining the depth or other circum-
stances of a wound, ulcer, or cavity, or
the direction of a sinus, and the like,

Prose Scis’sors. Scissors used to open
wounds, the blade of which, to be thrust
into the orifice, has a button at the end.

Pros’trm. TIgoGanwe. A question
proposed. 1. In logic, a proposition that
appears neither absolutely true nor rte)
and consequently may be asserted eith
in the affirmative or negative; or, aaa
rally, any question involving doubt or un-
certainty, and requiring some operation,
experiment, or further evidence, for ri
solution.—2. In mathematics, a pro:
tion in which some operation is required,

Proposcipia’ NA. Proboscidians. A fa-
mily of , of the order
Pachydermata, characterised “by a cylin-
drical trunk or proboscis, composed of se-
veral thousands ofsmall muscles, variously
interlaced, extremely flexible, endowed
with the most exquisite sensibility, and
terminated by an appendage resembling
afinger. The elephant is the only living
type.

Prozos’cis. Tleoboexss, from xed, before,
and forxw, to feed. The lengthened tube,
snout, or trunk belonging to the Probosci-«
dians. See PRoBOSCIDIANA,

PRO

593

PRO

Procar’piom, from eo, before, and
x vedie, the orifice of the stomach. The
pit of the stomach.

Procerta’nia. A genus of birds: the
Petrels. Order, Palmipedes ; family, Longi-
pennes. Of all the Palmipedes, these
remain most distant from land; and
when a tempest intervenes, they are
forced to seek shelter on reefs and ships,
from which circumstance they derive the
name of storm-birds : that of Petrel (Little
Peter) has been given them on account of
their habit. of walking on the water,
which they effect by aid of their wings.
They chiefly inhabit the Antarctic Seas;
the Giant Petre] only is found in the South
Seas. It is the largest of all the species,
surpassing the goose in size, whereas the
common species is scarcely larger than a
lark.

Pro’cess. 1. Inlaw, the whole course of
proceedings in a cause, real or personal,
civil or criminal, from the original writ
to the end of the suit. Original process is
the means taken to compel the defendant
to appear in court. Mesne process is that
which issues, pending the suit, upon some
collateral or interlocutory matter.—2. In
anatomy, a production of any part, as the
projecting part of a bone.

Proce’s Ver’pat. In French law, an
authentic minute of an official act, or
statement of facts. :

Pro’curonism, from zgo, before, and
xeovos, time. An error in chronology,
when events are dated anterior to the
time at which they happened.

Pro Conress’so, in law, is applied to a
defendant in Chancery, who appears and
is afterwards jn contempt for not answer-
ing; wherefore the matter contained in
the bill shall be taken pro confesso (as
though it had been confessed).

Procon’sut. Originally, an officer in-
vested with the consular command with-
out the office.

Procrus’tes. In mythology, a famous
robber of Ancient Greece, who tortured
his victims by placing them on an iron
bed, and stretching or mutilating them to
suit its dimensions. Hence the expres-
sion—*‘ The bed of Procrustes.”

Proc’ror, ) from procuro, to care for.

Procura’tor, ) 1. One employed to ma-
nage the affairs of another; and, appro-
priately, a person employed to manage
another’s cause in a court of law.——2.
A magistrate of a university.——3. One
who undertakes the care of any legal pro-
ceeding for another.

Procum’Ben7, Lat. procumbens. Trailing
and a little bent upwards: applied to
stems of plants when lying upon the
ground without sending out roots.

Protcra’rion, from procuro. 1. In ec-
Messasiical affairs, a sum of money paid

to the bishop or archdeacon by incum-
bents on account of visitations, called aiso
proxy.——2. In law, the instrument by
which a person is empowered to transact
the affairs of another.

Procura’tor, \ The first of these terms

Proc’ror. is used commonly in the
general sense of manager, and the other
in alegalsense. See Procror.

Pro’cyon. 1. In astronomy, the Dog-
star: seo, before, and xywy,a dog. Pro-
cyon is a star of the second magnitude, in
the constellation Canis Minor.——2. In
zoology, the Racoon, a genus of plantigrade
animals. The P.lotor of North America
is about the size of a badger, is easily
tamed, and eats nothing it has not pre-
viously dipped in water.

Propvu’cinc. In geometry, the continu-
ing of a right line to any required length.

Pro’pwcr, Lat. productus, from produco.
In arithmetic and algebra, the quantity
arising from the multiplication of two or
more factors together.

Pro’piey. A surprising though natural
event: distinguished from miracle, which
is something out of the course of nature.

Proempto'sis, from eo, before, and
sixrw, to fall. The lunar equation, or
addition of a day, necessary to prevent
the new moon from happening a day too
socn according to the civil calculation.

Pro’rite, Fr. profil, from pro and fil.
1. Primarily, an outline or contour: hence,
in sculpture and painting, a head or por-
trait represented in aside view.——2. The
perpendicular section of a building; also
the contour of any member, as a cornice.

Pror‘ir (Fr.), from Lat. proficio, to ad-
yance. Gain made by the sale of produce
or manufacture, after deducting the
value of the labour, materials, and all
expenses, together with the interest ofthe
capital employed (whether land, ma
chinery, buildings, instruments, or mo-
ney). Net profit is the gain made by
selling goods at a price beyond all costs
and charges.

Procno’sis, from Te, before, and yi.
ywoxa@, to know. The foretelling the
event of diseases from their symptoms.

PRo’GRAMME, eee eo, before, and

Pro’cram, )yeagw,to write. A de-
tailed advertisement, or account, of some
public entertainment, previously issued.

Pro’cress. The state journeys of royal
personages.

Procres’sion. <A series of numbers, in
arithmetic, proceeding according toa cer-
tain order, termed arithmetical, geometrt-
cal, or harmonical.

Proutsi’tion. In law, a writ to forbid
any court from proceeding with a cause
then depending, on suggestion that the
cause of it does not properly belong to
that court.

2Q

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PRO 594

PRO

Prosec’rite. 1. Impelling, or impelled
f : as a projectile force, a projectile
motion : pro, before, andjacio, to throw.—
2. A body projected into the atmosphere:
as a stone thrown from a sling, a bullet
from a gun, &c. The laws of projectiles
are identical with those by which the
motions of bodies falling perpendicularly
in free space are governed. ‘Thus, a body
at A, if projected forward towards B, will

ce B
Wo

eet wea ahis cleee

\Jj-

- ’ wi
Ln <=:
“co

>

c D

arrive at D exactly in the same time that
it would descend to C, if simply left un-
supported at A. P

Prosec’T10on. 1. In mechanics, commu-
nication of projectile foree.——2. A
branch of perspective; the art of forming
the representation ofa body upon a plane,
by drawing straight lines through a given
point or parallel, from the contour, and
from the intermediate lines of the body,
if any, so as to cut the plane; then co-
louring the respective compartments
according to the degree of light, shade,
and hue of each surface. In the projec-
tion of the sphere there are three principal
points ; the stereographic, in which the
eye is supposed to be placed on the sur-
face of the sphere; the orthographic, in
which the eye is supposed to be at an in-
finite distance ; and the gnomic, in which
the eye is supposed to be placed in the
centre of the sphere.——3. Among the
alchemists, the casting ofa certain powder,
called the powder of projection, into a cru-
cible full of some prepared metal or other
matter, which was thereby to be trans-
muted into gold.

Prosec’rurE. In architecture, the jut-
ting out of mouldings.

Pro’sosoy. A peculiar vegetable pro-
duction, described by Mr. Mackay, of the
British Consulate at Maracaibo, in a
letter to the Zoological Society (read in
September, 1839). The plant somewhat
resembles the trefoil in its leaves and
branch, and at the extremities of the latter
there are buds, which contain neither
leaves nor flowers, but an insect (resem-
bling a wasp) which, as it grows, falls to
the ground, or remains on its parent plant,
feeding on the leaves till the plant is ex-
hausted, when the insectreturns to the
earth, disappears under the surface, and
dies. Soon after, the two head-legs begin

to sprout and vegetate, the shoot extend-
ing upwatds; and the plant in a short
time reaches the height of six inches, and
produces new viviparous buds, which
perform again the same functions._The
same or a similar production is also
known in North Carolina.

PROLAPSE, prolapsus. A protrusion or .

falling down of a part of some viscus of
the body, as the uterus, rectum, &c.

Prorare, Lat. prolatum. A spheroid is
said to be prolate when it is produced by
the revolution of a semi-ellipsis about its
long diameter; when revolved about its
short diameter, it produces an oblate
spheroid.

PRoLecom’Ena, Gr. reoreyoueva, from
weo, before, and Aryw, tuspeak. Prelimi-
nary observations or remarks prefixed to
a book, &c.

Pro’tecs. A name for what are other-
wise termed the spurious Jegs of insects.
They consist of fleshy and retractile
tubercles. :

Proter’sis, reorm Lis, from xgo, before,
and AauCavw, to take. Anticipation. 1. A
rhetorical figure by which objections are
anticipated or prevented. 2. An error
in chronology, wherein an event is
dated before the actual time: an ana-
chronism.

Protir’ic, } Lat. prolifer, from pro-

Prouirerovs, § les, offspring, and fero,
to bear. <A term applied in botany to
stems which shoot out new branches from
the summit of the former ones, as in the
Scotch fir; and to blossoms, when one
grows out of another, as happens in the
genus polyanthus.

Prome’tHeans, from Prometheus.
Small glass tubes, containing concen-
trated sulphuric acid, and surrounded
with an inflammable mixture, which they
ignite on being pressed.

Prom’isE, Lat. promissum. In law, a
declaration, verbal or written, made by
one person to another, for a good or va-
luable consideration, in the nature of a
covenant, by which the promiser binds
himself, and, as the case may be, his legal
representatives, to do or forbear some
act; and gives to the promisee a legal
right to demand and enforce a fulfilment.

Promontory, Lat. promontorium. A
headland, or high point of land, project-
ing into the sea beyond the line of the
ee It differs from a cape in being high
land, ’
Prona’tion. The act of turning the
palm of the hand downwards, which is
performed by means of the muscles called
pronators. Opposed to supination.

Prona’tor. In anatomy, a name com-
mon to two muscles of the hand, the pro-
nator radii quadratxs, and pronator radti
teres, the use of which is to perform the

a

PRO

505

PRO

epposite action to that of the supinators,
. pronation.

Pro’noun, Lat. pronomen. A word used
instead of a noun or name, to prevent the
repetition of it. Pronouns are per
when they simply denote the person, as
I, thou, he; possessive, when they also de-
note possession, as his, its; relative, when
they express a relation to something
going before, as which, what; interroga-
tive, when they serve to ask a question,
as whose, which ; demonstrative, when
they point out things precisely, as this,
that; indefinite, when they point out
things indefinitely, as any, some.

Proor. 1, In law and logic, that degree
of evidence which convinces the mind of
the certainty of truth or fact, and pro-
duces belief.——2. In printing and en-
graving, an impression taken for correc-
tion.——3. In general, trial or experiment
to ascertain a fact. The quality of spirit
is ascertained by proof (their specific
gravity) ; hence high proof, first proof,
second, third or fourth proof. What is
technically called proof-spirit consists of
equal parts of alcohol and water, and
the strength is numerically estimated
either higher or lower than this standard ;
as 11 over proof, 5 below proof. The term
proof is also used to designate impenetra-
bility, strength, &c. of bodies, as water-
proof, fire-proof, proof against shot, &c.

Prop. See Futcrum.

Proprzpev’rics, from geo, and res-
3ww, I instruct. German authors use
this term tosignify the preliminary learn-
ing connected with any art or science.

PropaGcan’pa. <A term used, during the
French revolution, to designate certain
secret societies, whose object was the
2) an cence of democratic principles, and

tterly any society for making political
proselytes. Members of such societies are
called propagandists,and their practice of
propagating their tenets is propagandism.

Propr’pes. Applied by Kirby to the
soft appendages of certain larve, behind
the true feet.

Pror’er, Lat. proprius. Belonging to
an individual thing; not common. In

' heraldry, any object represented of its na-
tural colour is so termed.

Pror’erty. 1. A peculiar quality of
anything, naturally essential to it: called
by logicians an essential mode.——2.
law, ownership: also the thing owned.

Propuytac’tic, from seodvAurcw,
to guard against. Any means used with
a view to guard against disease.

Prorr'viatory. Among the Jews, the
mercy-seat, or lid of the ark of the cove-
nant.

Pro’pouis, from sree, before, and rods,
the city. A thick, odorous substance, re-
sempling wax, used by bees to step up the

holes and crevices in their hives, to pre-
vent the entrance of cold air, &e.

Propor’tion, from pro and portio, a
share. 1. The comparative relation of
one thing to another.——2. In mathema-
tics, an equality of ratios; for :nstance, if
t=9 then are a, b, c,d in proportion,
which is denoted by placing the quanti-
tites thus,a:b::ce:dora:b =c:d,andis
read asa is to b soisctod. Proportion
is direct as, a:b::¢:d; inverse,as b:a::
d:c; alternate,as a:c::6:d. For arith-
metical, geometrical, and harmonical pro-
portion, see ARITHMETICAL, GEOMETRICAL,
and Harmonicat.——3. In arithmetic, a
rule by which, when three numbers are
given, to find a fourth, which bears the
same relation to the third as the second
does to the first, or, bearing the same re-
lation to the second as the first does to
the third. The former is direct, and the
latter inverse proportion.—4. Compass of
proportion, a name given by some authors
to a sector.——5. Definite proportions, the
limited proportions in which elementary
substances combine chemically to form
compound bodies.

Provor’tionat. 1. Relating to pro-
portion, as proportional compasses.——2.
One of the terms of a proportion, which
receives different names according tothe
place it holds in the proportion. Thusa
mean proportional is the middle term of
three continued geometrical propor-
tionals; a third, fourth, &c., proportional,
is the third, fourth, &c., term of a geo-
metrical proportion.

Proposition, from propono. 1. In logic,
one of the three parts of a regular argu-
ment, wherein some quality, either posi-
tive or negative, is attributed to a sub-
ject ——2. In mathematics, a statement in
terms of either a truth to be demonstrated
or an operation to be performed. It is
called a theorem when it is something to
be proved, and a problem when it is
something to be done.——3. In rhetoric,
something affirmed for discussion or illus-
tration.—4. In poetry, that part of a
poem in which the author states the sub
ject matter of it.

Proprz’tor. A Romanmagistrate wno
is related to a pretor, as a pro-consul is
toaconsul. See Pro-consvL.

Pro Ra’ta (Latin). In proportion. A
commercial and financial phrase.

Pro ne Na’ta (Latin). An idiomatic
phrase, signifying, as occasion may serve,
as circumstances may require, &c.; used
in law, medical prescriptions, &c.

ProroeGa’tion, from prorogo, to stretch
forward (primarily). In England, the
continuation of parliament from one ses-
sion to another, as an adjournment is 4
continuation of the session from one Gay
to another.

2Q2

PRO 566

PRO

Proscr’nium. Tgorxhviex- The place
or stage before the scene in the ancient
theatres, where the pulpitum stood, into
which the actors came from behind the
scenes to perform.

Pxoscrip’rion, proscriptio, among the
Romans, was the public offer of a reward
for the head of a political enemy. The
names of the proscripti, or persons pro-
scribed, which was posted up in tablets at
the forum.

Pros'ENCHYMA, zeestyxew, I pour still
more upon. Cellular tissue, the cellules
of which taper to each end.

PROSEN’NEAHE DRAL, GY. xeos, eyvex, and
dea. In erystalography, having nine faces
on two adjacent parts of the crystal.

Pros‘opy. Igerwdse, from seog, and
wey, an ode. That part of grammar which
treats of the quantity of syllables, of ac-
cent, and the laws of versification.

Pro’sopory, } Personification: sgoc-

PROSOPOPE’IA. wrov, a person, and
wom, to feign. A rhetorical figure, in
which things are spoken of as animate
beings, or where an absent person is in-
troduced as speaking. It is, therefore,
more extensive than personification,
which it, however, includes.

Prostate, Lat. prostatus, standing out;
jutting. Applied chiefly to a very large,
heart-like gland, situated between the
neck of the urinary bladder and the bul-
bous part of the urethra.

Pros'ruEsis, reo¢, and riBnus, I place.
In grammar, one or more letters prefixed
toa word. See Merarvasm.

Prostrate, Lat. prostratus, lying flat
upon the ground. Applied in botany to
stems spreading horizontally over the
ground.

Pro’stytez, from reo, before, and ¢rv-
Aos,acolumn; A temple or other build-
ing, with columns only in the front.
When there isalsoa portico at the opposite
tront, the temple is an amphiprostyle.

Prosyt’tocism. In logic, when two or
more syllogisms are so connected that the
conclusion of the former is the major or
minor of the following.

Prot. A prefix in chemical terms for
proto (q.v.).

Pro Tan’to (Latin). For so much.

Pror‘asis. IIgorasis. 1. A proposition.
—2. In the ancient drama, the first part
of a play, explaining the argument of the

iece.

r Protest’, from pro and testor, to affirm.
1. To protest a bill, is for a notary public,
at the request of the payee, to make a
formal declaration, under hand and seal,
against the drawer of the bill, on account
of non-acceptance or non-payment, for
exchange, cost, commissions, damages
and interest, of which act the indorser

must be notified within suca time as the
law prescribes. The instrument contain-
ing such declaration is termed a protest.
—2. A solemn declaration of opinion,
commonly against some act; appropri-
ately a formal and solemn declaration in
writing, of dissent from the proceedings
of a legislative body.—3. A writing at-
tested by a justice of the peace or consul,
drawn by the master of a vessel, stating
the severity of the voyage by which the
ship has suffered, and showing that the
damage sustained was not owing to the
neglect or misconduct of the master.

Pro’restants. The adherents of Lu-
ther at the Reformation, in 1529, who
protested, or made a solemn declaration of
dissent from a decree of the Emperor
Charles V. and the diet of Spires, and
appealed to a general Council. The same
name was subsequently given to the fol-
lowers of Calvin, and in present usage it
includes all belonging to the reformed
churches.

Proresta’tion. In law, a declaration
in pleading, by which the party inter-
poses an oblique allegation or denial of
some fact, protesting that it does or does
not exist.

Pro’revs. Ilgwreus. 1. A marine deity,
the son of Oceanus and Tethys, whose
distinguishing characteristic was the
faculty of assuming different shapes.——
2. The generic name of a Batrachian
reptile, about 12 inches long, the thickness
of the finger, with a vertically compressed
tail, and four small legs. Also the name
of a genus of infusoria, remarkable ror
the mutability of their forms, and sudden
transformations.

ProrHon’oTary, low Lat. protonotarius,

m rewros, Chief, and notarius, a notary.
1. Anciently, the title of the chief notaries
of the emperors of Constantinople. Hence,
2. In England, an officer in the Court of
Queen’s Bench and Common Pleas. The
prothonotary of the Queen’s Bench records
all civil actions; in the Common Pleas
the prothonotaries enrol all declarations,
pleadings, judgments, &e., make out ju-

dicial writs and exemplifications of re--

cords, &c.——3. The apostolic prothono-
taries are 12 persons in the Court of Rome,
constituting a college, who receive the
last wills of cardinals, and make informa-
tions and proceedings necessary for the
canonization of saints, &c.

PrRo’THYRUM, ze0 and Guece. In architec
ture,a porch before the outer door of a
house.

Pro’to, from rewros, first. A prefix,
‘expressing relation in priority. Also, in
chemistry, ~hen more than one oxide of a
substance 1s known, the first has the pre-
fix prot for proto, as protoxide of nitrogen.
See Oxipz.

a ae lee

——

eee ede ee

— ——— ee ee

PRO 597 PSA

Pao'svsd0L, low Lat. protocollum. A term
iu law and diplomacy, for the original
copy of any writing: the first minute,
draught, or summary. The term is from
xewros, first, and zoAAw, glue, probably
from the gluing together of the pieces of
daper on which the draught was first made.

Pro’rocenr. A variety of granite, in
which tale takes the place of mica, as in
that of Montblanc.

Pro’roprorg, from proto and pope. The
imperial confessor, an officer of the holy
directing synod, the supreme spiritual
court of the Greek Church of Russia.

Pro’ro Satts. Salts of which protoxides
are the bases, as a protosulphate, a proto-
nitrate.

Prorox'ipe. A first oxide. See Ox1DE
and Proto.

Provozo’a, wewros, and Twoy, animal.
The simplest class of animals, or those on
the first step of organisation.

Prorrac’ror, Lat. from pro and traho,
to draw. A mathematical instrument,
used for laying down on paper the angles
of asurvey or other figure. It is usually
a small semicircle of brass, having its
ends connected by a straight rule, the
outside of which constitutes the diameter,
and is itself divided into 180 parts, termed
degrees, with a small point in the diam-
eter, which marks the centre. Circular
protractors are, however, also used, hav-
ing divisions marked quite round from 0°
to 360, the same as the theodolite, which,
indeed, the protractor represents.

Pro’vencE Rose. A species of rose,
highly valued for its beauty and frag-
rance. ‘There are three varieties, the
white, blush, and dwarf.

Prov’Ince, Lat. provincia, from pro and
vinco,toconquer. 1. Among the Romans a
province was a country of considerable
extent, which being reduced under their
dominion was new-modelled, subjected to
the command of an annual governor sent
from Rome, and to such taxes and con-
tributions as the Senate thought fit to
impose. The provinces had also the ap-
pellations of consular and pretorian, ac-
cording as they were governed by consuls
or pretors. The term province is now
used for a country belonging to a king-
dom or state, situated at a distance from,
but more or less dependent uponit. Such
is Canada, in reference to Great Britain.
—2. In the ecclesiastical division of
England there are two provinces, viz.,
those of Canterbury and York, under the
jurisdiction of their respective arch-
bishops.

Provr'so, Lat. abbr. of provisus, it being
provided. An article or clause in any
statute, agreement, contract, grant, or
other writing, by which a condition is
@mtroduced; a conditional stipulation

whiel affects an agreement, contract,
law, srant,

Provi'sor. A person nominated to a
benefice before the death of the incumbent,
and to the prejudice of the rightful patron.

Prov’ost, Sax.profost. 1. The chiefma-
gistrate of a town, having the same func-
tions as the mayor of other cities ——2,
In a general sense, a person who is ap-
pointed to superintend or preside over
something; as the provost of a college,
answering to president ; provost of the mint,
a particular judge, appointed to appre-
hend and prosecute false coiners. The pro-
vost marshal in the army and navy is the
chief executioner. The provost of the royal
stables is an officer of the household, and
holds the Queen’s stirrup when she
mounts her horse.

Prow, Lat. prova. The head or fore-
part of a ship, in opposition to the poop
or stern.

Prox’/IMaTeE, nearest; prozimus, next. A
proximate cause is that which immediately
precedes and produces the effect, as dis-
tinguished from the remote, mediate, or
predisposing cause. Proximate principle.
See PRINCIPLE.

Prox’y, contracted from procuracy. A
person deputed to act for another. Peers
may vote in parliament by proxy.

Prunet'to. 1. The Brignole plum: a
variety of the common plum.——2. A sort
of stuff formerly used for clergymen’s
gowns.

_ Pro’ ‘NUS. A genus of pomaceous trees.
Name prunus, a
Fa -tree, prunum, a plum or prune. The
cherry trees, plum trees, apricot and sloe
are well known species. Don enumerates
36 species in all, mostly hard wooded trees.

Prouai’co, from prurio, to itch. A pa-
pulous eruption, of which six varieties
are described by Willan.

Pros’stan Brus. A compound ofa rich
blue colour, well known as a pigment.
In chemical nomenclature, it is a ferro-
cyanodide of iron, and is the precipitate
which falls when prussiate of potash is
poured into a solution ofa persalt of iron.

Prvs’stc Acip. An acid so called be-
cause it was first obtained from Prussian-
blue. See Hyprocyanic AcID.

-Psatre’rium, Lat. psalter. The third
cavity of the stomachs of ruminating
animals, so called, as it resembles the
leaves of a book.

Psav'rery. Woadrrnesoy. An instru-
ment of music, used by the Jews, but the
form of which is not now known. That
which now bears the name is a flat tri-
angular instrument. truncated at the top,
strung with thirteen chords of w
mounted on two bridges at the
which are struck with a plectrum, oF

erooked stick.

PSI 598

PTE

Psetzis’Mvs, from -LeArigw, tostammer
in speech. A defect of speech, in which
articulation is depraved.

PsEUDEPIG’RAPHY, »Pivdys, false, and
sziyeady; inscription. The ascription of
false names of authors to works.

Psev’po. Weydos. False: a prefix sig-
nifying false, counterfeit, or spurious.

Psevpoxter’sis, from ~Levdys, false, and
Pazlis, sight. False or depraved vision :
imaginary objects floating before the
sight, or real objects appearing with
imaginary qualities.

PsEvpopiP’TERAL, Levdys and dic, twice,
and rrtgoy, wing. In architecture, in a
building, when the distance from each
side of the cell to the columns on the
flanks is equal to two intercolumniations.

PsEUDO-ER’YTHINE. A substance of a
snow-white appearance, has the form of
scales or flat needles, is a little soluble in
water, but dissolves freely in alcohol. It
is obtained by digesting parmelia roc-
cellain boiling alcohol, and treating the
alcoholic solution exactly as if it were
intended to prepare erythine. It yields
no bitter principle.

Psevupo-mMETaL'Lic. An epithet for that
degree of lustre in minerals where it can
only be observed when the mineral is
held towards the light.

Psrvupomonr’pHovus. Not having the
true or natural form (pooeOn; form), but
having a form arising from some acci-
dental circumstance.

Psevpo-scor’piones. A family of Arach-
nides, of the order Trachearie. The ge-
nera are Galeodes, Oliv., and Chelifer,
Geof. They take their name from their
scorpion-shape. They are all terres-
trial, and have an oval body with eight

egs.
Psevpo'rHyRon,Levdzs, and Juge, door.
In architecture, a false door.

Psevupo-ri’NeA. All the caterpillars
whose habitations (sheaths) are fixed or
immoveable, are termed Pseudo-tinee by
Reaumur; those which construct port-
able ones, which they transport with
them, are true tinez.

*Psrr’racus. The Parrot. A genus of
birds: order Scansorie: name borrowed
from the Greek Lirraxos. The species
are well known for the facility with
which they learn to imitate the human
voice. They feed on all sorts of fruit,
climb among the branches of trees by aid
of their beak and claws, and build in
hollows of trees. Their voice is naturally
harsh and disagreeable, and they are
almost universally ornamented with the
brightest colours. They exist in both

continents, but hardly any of them are’

found beyond the torrid zone. The species
are exceedingly numerous.

Pso’z. Woo. 1. The loins ——2. The
name of two pair of muscles im the loins.

Psora’LEA. An extensive genus of
plants, many of them trees and shrubs.
Diadelphia — Decandria. Name from
Lagahtos, scabby, because the calyx and
other parts of the plant are more or less
besprinkled with glandular dots, causing
a scurfy roughness. Warm and temper-
ate climates.

Psoriasis, from Yaga, itch. A dis-
ease characterised by a rough scaly state
of the cuticle, sometimes continuous,
sometimes in separate patches, and for
the most part accompanied with rhagades
or fissures of the skin. Dr. Willan de-
scribes eight varieties of the disease.

Psycuov’oey, from Luyy, the soul, and —

Aoyos, adiscourse. The doctrine of the
soul or mind: mental philosophy.

Psy‘cuomancy, from Yuyy, and wave
vei, prophecy. Divination by the dead,
in which they were supposed to appear
as spirits.

Psycunom’etEr, from -Luyeos, cool, and
éreoy, Measure. instrument for
measuring the tension of the aqueous
vapour in the atmosphere.

Prar’mican. The white game, Tetrae
albus,Gm. See Lacorvs.

Pre’ris. Brake. A genus of ferns.
Name from TTteov, a wing, on account of
the resemblance of the leaves to w
There are 21 species, of which the com-
mon brake and stone-fern are the British

pes.

Prerocar’pus. Agenusoftrees. Dia-
delphia—Decandria. Name from TTEgOV,
a wing, and xaeros, fruit; in allusion
to the wing-like expansion of the legume.
Hot climates. The trees which afford
the red sandal-wood, the Andaman red
wood, one of the sorts of dragon’s blood,
and the African kino, are species.

Preropac’ryLtvus,| An extinct genus

Preropac’ry.£. jof winged saurian,
placed among the Agamians, in the family
Iguanida, by Cuvier. It is only to be
found among the fossils of the old Jura
limestone. Name from grégoy, a wing,
and daxzrvaoes, a finger ; its chief charac-
teristic being an excessive elongation of
the second toe of the fore-foot, which
was more than double the length of the
trunk, and most probably served to sup-
port some membrane, which enabled the:
animal to fly, like that upheld by the
ribs of the dragon.

Prer’omys. The flying squirrel. A
genus of mammiferous animals; order
Rodentia. Name from szegoy, a wing,
and wvs,a rat. The skin of the flank
extending between the fore and hind legs,
imparts the faculty of supporting them-—

ne

ee eg

— oT
Py '

—

a

PUD 509

PUL

selves for a moment in the air, and of
making great leaps. ‘There are several
species found in Poland, Russia, and Sibe-
ria, and also in America, and the Indian
Archipelago.

Preropy’orvus. A sub-genus of fissi-
pennate tine, having wings with fringed
edges like feathers. The caterpillars have
sixteen feet, live on leaves, but construct
no tube. Name from grees, a wing, and
Céew, to bear.

Preropr’opa. Pteropods. <A class of
molluses which swim in the ocean, but
being deprived of feet, can neither fix
themselves to other bodies, nor crawl.
The organs of locomotion consist of fins,
placed like wings on the two sides of the
mouth: whence the name, from zzegoy,
a wing, and gous,a foot. Four genera
only are known, and these abound in the
colder regions of the ocean.

Prer’opus. A sub-genus of the bat
tribe, found in the East Indies. It is the
largest bat known, and the flesh is eaten.
Name from ¢regov, and ous, a foot.

Protema‘ic. In astronomy, the Ptole-
maic system was that maintained by
Ptolemy, who supposed the earth to be
fixed in the centre of the universe, and
that the sun and stars revolved round it.
This theory was received for ages, but
was finally superseded by the Copernican
system.

Protema‘ires. A sect of ancient here-
tics among the Gnostics.

Pouses’cence, Lat. pubescentia, from
pubes. In botany, this term comprehends
all the various downy, woolly, or hairy
clothing of plants, which Linné reckoned
the seventh of their fulcra or appendages.

Pos’tican, Lat. licanus, from
licus. Amongst the Romans, publicans
were farmers of the taxes and public re-
venues, and the inferior officers of this
class were deemed oppressive.

Pu’crron. Thename ofa small insect,
frequently found on the young branches
of trees and plants, often in such clusters
as nearly to cover them, The name is
French, from puce, a fiea; but the insect
has no resemblance to the flea, and so far
from hopping, it rarely walks. See Aruis.

Puck. In ieval mythology, a domes-

* tic fairy, famous for nocturnal exploits.

Pvup'pine. In nautical language, a thick
wreath or circle of cordage, tapering from
the middle towards the ends, and fastened
about the mast below the trusses, to pre
vent the yards from falling down, should
the ropes sustaining them be shot away.

Pep’pinestone. A conglomerate, com-
posed of rounded stones imbedded in a
paste. The fragments composing breccia
are angular.

Pvn’prez (for engineering purposes). A

_ iaistare of good tempered clay and sand,

reduced to a semi-fluid state, and ren-
dered impervious to water by manual
ur.

PueEr’PERAL, Lat. puerperalis, relating
to child-bearing.

Purr’satu. In botany, see LycopeRDon.

Por’rin. Abird. 1. The Alca arctica,
liin., is the most common species. It is
about the size of a pigeon, sometimes
breeds on the English coast, and is very
common on those of France during the
winter. See Frarercuta.—2. The Pro-
cellaria puffinus, Gmelin, about the size of
a crow, and very common in almost every
sea. —— 3. The Procellaria anglorusis,
Temminck, about the sizeof a woodcock.
It breeds in immense numbers on the
northern coast of Scotland.

Pvue’einc. A coarse kind of mortar,
laid on the boards between joists.

Po’eit, Lat. pugillus, dim. of pugnus,
the fist. The eighth part of a handful.

Pue-pitinc. The same as Dovetail
Piling.

Puisns Jupeces, Fr. younger. The

judges and barons of the King’s Bench,

Common Pleas, and Exchequer, are so
named, excepting the chief judges and
aron.

Pu’tex. The Flea. A genus of apte-
rous insects, of the order (rather com-
posing the order) Suctoria, Cuv. There
are many species peculiar to quadrupeds
and birds. They also attack the human
subject, but are not natural to man.

Pu'tey. In mechanics, one of the sim-
ple machines or mechanical powers. The
term is strictly applicable to the small
wheel turning on a pin in a block, with a
furrow or groove, in which runs the rope
that turns it. The word is now, however,
used in the general sense of tackle, to de-
note all parts cf the machine for raising
weight, of which the pulley forms a
part. The first cut is an example of the

single pulley, the second of a systeai of
pulieys.

PUM ~ 600

PUN

Purmona’r1A. Lungwort. A genus of
perennial plants. Pentandria—Monogynia.
Named from pulmo, the lung, because of
its virtues in diseases of the lungs. The
species are all hardy plants.

Purmona’nim. The first order of
Arachnides, characterised by a well-
marked circulating system, and pulmo-
nary sacs, always placed under the abdo-
men: hence the name.

Putmo’nza. The first order of Gas-
teropods, distinguished from all the other
Mollusca by respiring elastic air, having
no branchie, but a net-work of pulmo-
nary vessels. Some of them are terres-
trial, as the slug (limaz), and snail (helix) :
others are aquatic.

Puts, Lat. pulsus, from pello, to drive.
1. In animals, the beating or throbbing of
the heart and arteries; more particularly
the sudden dilatation of an artery, caused
by the projectile force of the blood, It is
generally felt at the wrist, by pressing
the radial artery.——2. In botany, legu-
minous plants or their seeds, from their
being pulled(?) Beans, peas, vetches, lu-
pins, &c. are examples of pulse.

Potvit’t1, in insects, are the cushions of
soft hair closely set, with which their
feet are provided, by means of which
they are enabled to suspend themselves
against gravity.

Pot’vInatTeD, Lat. pulvinar, a pillow.
In architecture, expresses a swelling in
any portion of an order, as the frieze of
the Ionic order, for example.

Pu’ma. A name of the Couguar (Felis
discolor, Lin.), found in both Americas.

Pum’'Ice, A light, spongy, fib-

Pum’'IcE-sToneE. J rous lava, supposed to
be produced by the disengagement of
gases, while the lava is in a plastic state.
It melts before the blowpipe into a white
enamel or glass. Immense quantities are
often ejected by volcanoes.

Pomp, Fr. pompe,
Dut. pomp. A ma-
chine for raising wa-
ter or other fluid:
usually consisting of
a tube or tubes, in
which valves and
pistons or buckets
are made to operate.
Pumps are of two
kinds : (1.) Those up-
on the lifting princi-
ple, therefore called
lifting pumps, and ab-
surdly suction pumps.
(2). Those upon the
forcing __ principle,
termed force pumps.
The first sort are ap-
plied to wells when
the Leight does not exceed 33 feet. The
principle is shown in the first cut. The

force-pump acts by compression instead
of by exhaustion, and is mostly employed
for great depths, or for supplying boilers
against the force of steam. The principle

LIFT-AND-FORCE
PUMP.

FORCE-PUMP,.

will be understood fromthe second
figure. The lift-and-force pumps are, how-
ever, often combined, forming a machine
which gives a continuous and regular
supply. The principle is shown in the
third figure, it being understood that aa
is an air-chamber, the elasticity of the
air within it acting upon the surface of
the water and forcing it upward through
the delivering pipe. There are nume-
rous other forms of pumps; indeed there
is perhaps no machine of which there are
so many forms and modifications.

Puncx, Fr. poingon. 1. A com-

Puncue’on. mon name for all iron
tools used by stone-cutters, &c., for cut-
ting or chipping. the name of a
short stout piece of steel, or iron steeled,
used for stamping out pieces so as to make
perforations in iron plates and the like.
A die is also sometimes termed a punch.
—2. In carpentry, a piece. of timber
raised upright under the ridge of a build-
ing, and in which are joined the little
timbers, &c.——3. Puncheon is sometimes
applied as the name of a large cask con-
taining about 120 gallons. In this sense
the word is synonymous with hogshead.

Pounc’rate, Lat. punctatus, dotted. Ap-
plied to parts of plants, &c.

Poncrtva’tion, from punctum, a point.
The art of marking with points the divi-
sions of a discourse or other writing into
sentences and clauses. It is accomplished
by means of four points: the period (.) ;
the colon (:); the semicolon (;); and the
comma (,). The art is modern; the an-
cients wrote without any distinction of
members, periods, or words.

Pon’pir. A name in Hindoostan fora
learned Brahmin.

Pu’ntca. The pomegranate tree. A
genus of I iasMonogynia. The P.
granatum or Common pomegranate is &

= — —_— >

PUK GUL

PUT

native of the south of Europe; the P.
nana of the West Indies.

Punrceat, from puniceus. Of a fine
bright red colour, like the flowers of the
pomegranate (punica).

Punt. An oblong flat-bottomed boat,
with a square head and stern.

Pu‘pa 1. In entomology, the chrysalis.
2. In conchology, a genus of cylindri-

‘eal univalve land shells belonging to the

family Colimacea.
Puriv'orovs, from pupa and voro, to feed.
Feeding on the larvz or pupz of insects.
Pura‘na, Sanscrit,a poem. The sacred
books of India explanatory of the Shaster.

Pur’seck Beps or strata. The lowest

deposits of the Wealden group, consist-
ing of various kinds of limestones and
niarls.

Pounr’catory. A place appointed for the
satisfaction of temporal punishments,
which among Roman Catholics are dis-
tinguished from the eternal, the latter
alone being remitted by the death of
Christ.

Pore’tnc Frax. Mill mountain. A
plant, the Linum catharticum, a decoc-
tion of which is an effectual and safe ca-
thartic.

Pore'inc Nur. The seed of the Jatro-
pha curcas, which affords an oil which is
employed in some places as the castor oil
is in this country.

Po’rnim. Among the Jews, the Feast of
Lots, instituted to commemorate their
deliverance from the machinations of

aman.

Pu’ritans. The dissenters from the
Church of England were so called in
derision, because they professed to be
guided by the pure word of God, in oppo-
sition to all traditions and human insti-
tutions. ,

Pur'tins. Pieces of timber which are
laid across the inside of rafters, to keep
them from sinking in the middle.

Purrtz or Cassius. Gold purple. A
vitrifiable pigment, which stains glass
and porcelain of a beautiful purple hue.
It is obtained by adding to a neutral mu-
riate of gold a mxture of the protochlo-
ride and perchloride of tin, all in solu-
tion. A beautiful purple precipitate falls.

Pour’pura. 1. One of the four genera into
which Brugueir has divided the gastero-
pods, forming the genus Buccinum, Lin.
The species are numerous, and the ani-
mal secretes a purple liquor, which was
formerly used in dyeing wool, &c., and is
supposed to be the substance of the Ty-
rian dye, so highly prized in ancient
Rome for producing the imperial purple.
—2. A disease in whieh small distinct
purple specks appear on the skin.

Pour’pure. In heraldry, purple; repre-
sented in engraving by diagonal lines from
right to left.

Purpv’ric Acip. An acid obtained by
treating uric or lithic acid with dilute
nitric acid. It has a fine purple colour
when in solution, but in a dry state it is
a fine powder of a cream colour.

Pur’purine. A colouring principle
which exists in madder, and hence called
madder-purple.

Purs’er. In the navy, an officer who
has charge of the provisions of a ship of
war, and attends to their preservation
and distribution among the officers and
crew.

Pur’svivants. -In heraldry, the lowest
order of officers at arms. ‘They attend
the heralds when they marshal public
ceremonies. The term is French, pour-
suivant, a state messenger.

Purvey’ance. In English law, the
royal prerogative of pre-emption, abo-
lished by 12 Charles II., c. 24.

Pus, rvos, matter. Applied to designate
the whitish, bland, cream-like fiuid,
heavier than water, found in abscesses
and on the surface of sores.

Pus’tuxe, from pus, (q. v.). An eleva-
tion of the cuticle, sometimes globate,
sometimes conoidal in its form, and con-
taining pus or lymph, which is in general
discoloured.

Pura’men. A Latin name for the shell
of a nut: applied in botany as another
term for the endocarp, stone, or shell of
certain fruits.

Pouramin’eEx. The name of the 25th
natural order of plants according to Linné,
comprising such as have an outer shell
(putamen), over a hard fruit.

Pur’cuock. The root ofa plant which
grows abundantly in Scinde, and is ex-
ported in considerable quantities from the
north-west coast of India into China,
where it is burned as incense in the tem-
ples of the gods. It yields a fine smoke,
and diffuses a grateful odour in burning.

Prr’toes, | Pieces of timber, about

Pour'tocks. f seven feet long, used in
building scaffolds. }

Yuro’rtus. One of the four sub-genera
into which Cuvier has divided the genus
Mustela, Lin. This sub-genus comprises
the polecat, and mink or norek of the
north and east of Europe.

Perrerac’rion, from putrefacio, to make
rotten. 1. The spontaneous decomposi-
tion of anima! and vegetable matters, at-
tended with fetid exhalations: called
also putrid, or putrefactive fermentation.
In the process of putrefaction, the solid
and fluid matters are resolved into gaseous
compounds which escape, and earthy
matters which remain. The requisites of
the process are (l.) a certain degree of
humidity, (2.) a certain degree of heat,
and (3.) the presence of oxygen (a consti-
tuent of atmospheric air) All organic
bodies, when life is extinct, decay with

-

PYR 602

PYR

more or less rapidity (when the requisites
are present), according as they contain
more or less nitrogen.

Pur’ty, Sp. potea. 1. A cement com-
posed of whiting and linseed oil, beaten
or kneaded to the consistency of dough ;
used to fasten glass in sashes, stop cre-
vices, &c.——2. A white powder formed
by calcining an alloy composed of equal
parts of tinand lead. It forms the base
of most enamels, and is also used in po-
lishing metals, stones, and glass.

Pyc’noponts. Thick - toothed fishes:
axvxzvos, compact, and gdov;, a tooth, their
leading character consisting in a peculiar
armature of all parts of the mouth, with
a pavement of thick, round, and flat
teeth, the remains of which, under the
name of bufonites, occur most abundantly
throughout the oolite formation. The
pycnodonts are now extinct: five genera
have been recognised.

Pyc’nostyte, from zuxyos, close, and
ervacs, a column. A method of inter-
columniation which has only a diameter
and a half between each pair of columns.
Exemplified in the ruins of Palmyra.

Pyruo’rvus, from svAy, an entrance, and
@etw,to guard. The inferior aperture of
the stomach which opens into the intes-
tines.

Pyrra’cips. There are several vegetable
acids which, when distilled, undergo de-
composition, and new acids are generated
by the process: these new acids are dis-
‘tinguished by the name of pyracids from
ave, fire, and acid. Thus, tartaric acid
yields pyrotartaric acid ; mucic acid yields
pyromucic acid ; gallic acid yields pyrogallic
acid, &e.

Pyr’amip, tugemis. 1. A geometrical
solid, having one of its sides, called the
base, a plane figure, and the other sides
triangles, their points joining in one point
at the top, called the vertex. The edge of
the base and the vertex are called the
two directrices, and the straight line ex-
tending between them is called the gen-
eratrix. Pyramids are termed triangular,
square, &c., according to the number of
their sides ——2. A building of a pyra-
midal form. Those of Egypt are the
most celebrated structures of this sort,
and many attempts have been made to
ascertain their use. Some have supposed
them to have been erected for astronomi-
cal purposes ; others have taken thein for
religious edifices ; but it seems to be now
generally agreed that their principal, if
not their sole use, was to serve as sepul-
chres for the kings and other great men
of the land. There are a considerable
number of these pyramids between Cairo
and Meidan, on the west side of the Nile,
but the three of Memphis have attracted
particular attention from their size. These

have from time immemorial been regarded
as the most stupendous wonders of the
world. The dimensions of the largest
has been variously given as follows, in
French feet.

Width of one

Height. Of its sides.
Le Bruyn, 616 704
Prosper Alpinus, 625 750
Thevenot, 520 682
Niebuhr, 440 710
Greaves, 444 648

This pyramid, according to the least of
these dimensions, covers upwards of IL
acres (English), and may be ascended on
the outside by 208 steps.

Pyram’Ipat Numsers are formed by the

successive sums of polygonal numbers, in
the same manner as polygonal numbers
are formed from arithmetical progres-
sions, thus: Arithmetical Progression, 1, 2,
8, 4,5, &c.; Polygonal Numbers, 1,3,6,10,
15, &e.; Pyramidal Numbers, 1, 4, 10, 20,
35, &e.

Pyram’Ipoip, ) Parabolic spindle. A

Pyr’amorp. solid formed by the re-
volution of a parabola about its base or
greatest ordinate.

Pyre’rHroum. Feverfew. An extensive
genus of plants. Syngenesia ; Poly. super-
jlua. Name from sygeros, fever, being
regarded as a specific for some fevers.
Most of the species are hardy, many are
perennial, some shrubby, and a few an-
nual. The common, sea, and scentless
feverfew are British species.

Pyrreto’ocy, from zugeros, fever, and
Aoyos, discourse. The doctrine of fevers.

Pyrex'ta. Fever: from vg, fire. Fe-
brile disease, under the systematic name
Pyrexi@, constitute the first class in Cul-
len’s Nosology. Epithet, Pyrerial, febrile.

Pyrri'res, rueirns, fire-stone. A name
first given to the native sulphuret of iron,
because it emits sparks of fire when
struck against steel, and because, when
heated red hot, the sulphur which it con-
tains burns with a lambent blue flame.
The name is now used to designate three
native sulphurets, the ferruginous, the
cupreous, and the arsenical. The first is
bisulphuret of iron, the second of copper,
and the third of arsenic; and they have
all a general similarity in external ap-
pearance. Their colour varies from yel-
lowish-white to golden-yellow, with a
high degree of metallic lustre.

Py’ro-aceric Spirit, Fae Py-

Py’ro-aceric Eruer. }roxilic spirit.
A colourless limpid liquid, of a peculiar
penetrating odour, so called because it is
obtained along with acetic acid by the
dry distillation of the acetates. It is
highly inflammable, and is therefore often
used in lamps, instead of spirit of wine.
Boiling point 132° F., sp. gr. 0°792.

i

PYR

603

PYR

Py’ro-acrtps. The prefix pyro is attached
to the products obtained by subjecting
organic acids to heat, whieh gives rise to
distinct classes of acids.

Pyrocn’roa. A genus of heteromerous
Coleoptera of the Trachelide family. The
species are found in the spring in woods,
and their larve live under the bark of
trees.

Pyro-cir’ric Acip. A peculiar acid ob-
tained by subjecting citric acid to dry
distillation, saturating the acid liquor
which results with lime, and detomposing
the precipitate with oxalic acid. It is
therefore reckoned one of the pyracids.

Pyrro-cit’rR1c ErHer. A colourless and
transparent liquid, obtained by heat act-
ing on a mixture of citric acid, alcohol,
and sulphuric acids. Sp. gr. 1°04.

Pyrko-cat’tic Acip. An acid obtained
from gallic acid by heat. It sublimes in
crystalline plates, which are white and
brilliant, and contain no water. Soluble
in water.

Pyro-xrn’1c Acip. An acid obtained by
heat from kinic acid. It passes over ina
liquid state, but crystallises in tufts, when
the liquor is filtered and evaporated.

Prxotte’Novus Acip. Wood vinegar.
This acid liquid, which passes over during
the destructive distillation of wood, is
a mixture of various products, the most
abundant of which is acetic acid. This
liquor being rectified by a second distilla-
tion, the acetic acid passes over, conta-
minated witha minute portion ofa brown
empyreumatic oil. This, from its smell,
was regarded for some time as a distinct
acid, and was accordingly called pyrolig-
nous acid (from gue, fire, and lignum,
wood), and the salts which it formed were
in consequence termed pyrolignites.

Pyrrotie’novus Sprrir. See Pyroxiric
Spirir.

Pyro-titnH’1ce Acip, ) When uric or li-

Pyro-v’ric Acip. thie acid concre-
tions are subjected to dry distillation,
silvery white plates of pyrolithate of am-
monia sublime. A solution of these, poured
into that of subacetate of lead, gives a
precipitate of pyrolithate of lead. The
precipitate being washed, and diffused
through water, into which passes a stream
of sulphuretted hydrogen, the pyrolithate
of lead is decomposed ; and the liquid be-
comes a solution of pyro-lithic or pyro-
uric acid. Acicular crystals are obtained

by evaporation.

Pyro-mat'ic Actp,) The liquid acid

Pyro-sor’Bic Acip. ) which passes over
in subjecting malic or sorbic acid to dry
distillation, isso named. It affords crys-
tals by evaporation.

Prro’mancy, from » fire, and pay-
tia, prophecy. Divination by the fire of
tae ancient sacrifices.

Pyro-mecon’ic Acip. An ac.d obtained
when meconic or parameconie acid is dis-
tilled. It is soluble in water and alcohol,
and affords crystals when its solutions are
evaporated.

Prrom’ErER, from ug, fire, and pereoy,
measure. The name of an instrument for
measuring degrees of heat, higher than
the range of the mercurial thermometer,
as that of furnaces and the like. Wedge-
wood’s Pyrometer consists of a metallic
groove or gauge, the sides of which gra-
dually converge ; pieces of very pure clay
are made into small cylinders, having one
side flattened, and being heated to red-
ness, they are made to fit the larger ex-
tremity of the groove. Asit is a property
of clay to contract and become harder
by exposure to a high temperature (sup-
posed to be) in proportion to the heat to
which it is exposed, all that is necessary
to make an observation is, to subject one
of the cylinders of clay to the heat of the
furnace, and when it is again cooled, to
try how far it slides downwards in the
gauge. which is marked off into 240 parts
or degrees, each calculated to be equal to
130° of Fahrenheit’s scale. The zero is
red heat, supposed to be 1077° Fah.
Daniels’ Register Pyrometer con-
sists of two parts, the register
and scale. The registerisasolid
bar of black-lead earthenware
highly baked. In this a hole is
drilled, into which a bar of
platinum or malleable iron (6
inches long) is put, which rests
against the bottom of the ca-
vity. A cylindrical bar of por-
celain (called the index), is then
placed upon the top of the bar,
and confined in its situation by
a ring of platinum. This ar-
rangement being subjected to
an increase of temperature, the
metal rod expands and forces
the index to recede, and the
amount of displacement being
noted, the temperature is known by the
scale on the index.

Prro-mvu’cic Actip. An acid obtained
by distilling mucic acid ina retort. The
matter which comes over is mixed with
four times its weight of water, and then
evaporated, when the pyromucic acid is
deposited in crystals. It forms soluble
and crystallisable salts called pyromucates.

Pyrorn’anz, from svg, fire, and Cayos,
clear. A mineraf which in its natural
state is opaque, but is rendered transpa-
rent by heat.

Pyrroru’orvs, from rug, fire, and Pogog,
bearing. A generic name for any che-
mical preparation which becomes ignited
on exposure to the air. Several such
substances are prepared, mostly, however,

PYR 604

PYX

depending on the same ultimate principle.
Homberg’s pyrophorus, the best known, is
readily prepared by calcining together
3 parts alum and 1 part sugar, or flour,

a bottle of stone or other fitting material,
until no product appears to be given off;

the mouth of the bottle is then to be
stopped, and the whole set aside to cool:
the bottle will now be found to contain a
black powder, which will spontaneously
take fire when poured out.

Pyro-pHos’pHorRic Acip. The acid
formed when phosphoric acid, or any of
its salts, is subjected to a heat of 415° F.

PyKor'TuRITE, from zug; fire, and or-
thrite (q. v.). A mineral yesembling or-
thrite, but differing from it essentially.
Pyrorthrite burns like charcoal before
the blow-pipe, whereas orthrite melts.

Prr‘oscore, from gug, fire,and oxorta,
to view. An instrument for measuring
the intensity of heat radiated from a fire.

Pyro’sis, from zygow, to burn. A dis-
ease called in Scotland water-brash, and
in England black-water: known bya. sen-
sation of heat in the stomach, attended
with copious eructations, generally of a
watery insipid fluid.

Pyrroso’ma. A floating polypus, differ-
ing from the cora] in being locomotive,
and is so named from zyg, fire, and Calc,
body, because it emits a sort of phospho-
rescence which is considerably augmented
when the animal is irritated. The pyro-
some unite in vast numbers, and arrange
themselves in the form of a hollow cylin-
der, open at one end and shut at the
other, and in this form the body moves
about by the alternate dilatation and con-
traction of the individual animals,

Pyro-rartar’ic Acip. An acid ob-
tained by exposing tartaric acid to heat
ina retort. When the tartaric acid in
the retort is kept at a temperature of
374°, a liquid passes into the receiver,
which yields by evaporation crystals of
pure pyro-tartaric acid.

Pyr’OxXENeE, bag Tue, fire, and Zeyos,
a stranger. The name given by Haiiy and
Brongniart to augite, because it is not
altered by fire.

Pynox’itic Srrrit, ) Pyrolignous spi-

Pyrox’xtic Spirit.) rit. Pyro-acetic
spirit. <A liquid often improperly termed
naphtha. It is one of the products ob-
tained by subjecting wood to destructive
distillation. When the pyrolignous acid
is saturated with quick lime, and dis-
tilled, it yields 1 per cent. of this spirit.

e Pyro-aceric Spirit.

Pyrox’ILtine. Aname given by Dr. Ure
to pyroxanthine or eblanine, because
obtained from pyroxilic spirit. If pot-
ash be added to umrectified pyro-acetic
spirit, a precipitate of pyroxiline falls,
mixed with tarry matter. From this im-

purity it is freed by washing with a:co-
hol of sp. gr, 0°84. It has an orange red
colour closely resembling ferro-prussiate
of potash.

Prre'nic. IIdepsxsos, from uhixn,
an ancient military dance. A pvetical
foot consisting of two syllables.

Prrruoco’rax. A genus of passerine
birds belonging to the family Dentirostres,
Cuyv. Name a corruption of whens
the Tueoxee aZ of Pliny, from zug, fire a
and cae a crow, the feet and beak
being fiame-coloured, and their other
characters coinciding nearly with those
of the crows, to which they were for a
long time united.

Pyrrxo’nians, ) A sect of ancient phi-

Pyrr’Honists. J losophers, founded by
Pyrrho, a native of the Peloponnesus.
They were also called Sceptics, because
they professed to doubt everything, and
although they seemed always in search
of truth, they never acknowledged that
they had found it. Hence the terms
scepticism and pyrrhonism became syno-
nymous.

Pyr’vra. A genus of marine pyriform
univalve shells, belonging to the family
Canalifera, Lam. Pyrule occur both re-
cent and fossil; the former on muddy
bottoms, and the latter in the London
clay. —2. In ornithology, the bull-finch.

Py’rus. An extensive genus of trees of
the natural order Pomacez,and arranged
by Linné in the class Icosandria, and
order Pentagynia, of the sexual system.
Name pyrus, a pear; the pear-tree being
the type of the genus. The apple, quince,
whitebeam, mountain-ash, &c. trees are
also species.

Pxrna’corzans. <A sect of ancient
philosophers, so called from their being
followers of Pythagoras of Samos, who
lived in the reign of Tarquin, the last
king of Rome. Pythagoras first taught
that the sun was a moveable sphere,
situated in the centre of the universe,
and that the planets revolved about this
centre. This doctrine was revived by
Copernicus, and has in consequence been
named the Copernican system of astronomy.

PyrnH'ta, The priestess df Apollo,

Pytn’oness. § who delivered oracular
answers at Delphi in Greece.

PytH’1an Games. One of the four
national festivals of Greece, celebrated
every fifth year near Delphi, in honour of
Apoilo, who evercame the dragon Python.

Pyx, from zvzis,a box. The name of
the box in which the consecrated host is
kept by the Romish priesthood. The
trial of the pyx, or pix, at the Mint, is a
trial of the coins previous to their being
put into circulation, and is so called from
the box in which the coins te be tried
are kept.

al

QUA

605

QUA

PrxipD1uM, tugs, a small box. A fruit
which divides circularly into a lower and
upper half.

Prx'1s. TIveis, from avgos, the box-
tree. Properly a box; but, from its re-
semblance, the cayity of the hip-joint.
See ACETABULUM.

Q.

Q, the seventeenth letter of the English
alphabet, is an articulation, borrowed
from the oriental koph, or quoph. It never
ends an English word, and always
followed by u,in which it differs from x.
Q, as a numeral, stands for 500, and with
a dash over it Q, for 500,000. It is often
used as an abbreviation for question.

Q.E.D. Anabbreviation of quod erat
demonstrandum, which was to be demon-
strated.

Q.E.F. Anabbreviation of quod erat
faciendum, which was to be done.

.P. An abbreviation of quantum
placet, as much as you please.

.8. An abbreviation of quantum suf-
jiciat, as much as may suffice.

QvuapRAGEs’ImMA. Lent: guadragesimus,
fortieth, because it consists of forty days.

Qvav’RANGLE, Lat, quadratus angulus.
A quadrilateral figure: a surface having
four sides and four equal angles.

Qvanp’rant, from quadrans,a fourth.
1. In geometry, the fourth part of a circle,
or 90 degrees.——2. instrument for
taking the altitudes of the sun and stars,
of great use in astronomy and navigation.
Quadrants are variously made, but Had-
ley’s reflecting quadrant is most com-
monly used. It consists of an octant

yeighth part of a circle), an index, a

speculum, two horizontal glasses, two

acreens, and two sight vanes.
QvapRan’TAL TRIANGLE. In trigonome-

try, a spherical triangle, having one side
equal to a quarter of a circle.

Qvap’rat, from quadratus,sqnared. 1
In printing, a piece of metal cast xike the
letters, used for filling up the incomplete
lines at the ends of paragraphs.——2, A
mathematical instrument called also a line
of shadows, and a geometrical square. It is
frequently an additional member on the
face of the common and some other quad-
rants. It is made of four plane rules,
joined together at right angles, where &

is the centre, to which a plummet Is at-
tached. Each side is divided into 100 or
1000 equal parts: C and F are two sights.
fixed ontheside AD; and GH is an index,
joined to the centre A, in such a manner
as to move freely, yet to remain in any
given situation. On this there are also
two sights, K and L. The side DE is.
called the line of direct shadows; and ~
the side BE is termed the line of reversed
shadows.

Quvav’RATE, Lat. quadratus, square. 1
Having four equal and parallel sides.——
2. In astrology, the same as quartile.

Qvapraric Equations. Equations in
which the unknown quantity is of two-
dimensions, or of the second degree, or

red,

Qvap’rarTo (It.). In music, the note B
in the natural scale.

QvaAD/RATRIX. In geometry, a mechani-
cal line, by means of which right lines
may be found equal to the circumference
of circles and other curves, and other
parts.

Qvan’RATURE, from quadratus, squared
1. In geometry, the reducing of a figure
to asquare: the finding of asquare which
will be equal in area to the given figure:
thus, the quadrature of the circle has
been a mathematical problem since the
days of Euclid, and it is not yet solved.
—2. In astronomy, that position of the
moon, with relation to the sun, when she
is equally distant from the points of
conjunction and opposition.

QuvapreEL’, Ital. quadrello. <A sort of
artifivial stone, made of a dry chalky

QUA + 606

QUA

arts, and dried in the shade for two or
wore yeurs: used in some parts for build-
ing, and so named because it is square.

Quvavricap’sutar, from quadra and
capsula; haying four capsules to a
flower.

QvapRIDEN’TATE, from quadra and
dentatus, toothed: four-toothed. A bo-
tanical term.

Qvan’ririp, from quadra and fidus,
eut: four-cleft. A botanical term.

Quapri’ca, from quatuor, four, and
jugum, yoke. An ancient chariot drawn
by four horses abreast.

QuapRILaT’ERAL, from quatuor, four,
and latus, a side: four-sided.

QuvapRILl’e (French). 1.A game played
by four persons, with 40 cards, being the
remainder of the pack after the four tens,
nines and eights are thrown out.——2.
A dance, in which eight persons usually
join.

QvapRILo’BATE, from guatuor and loba-
tus, lobed: four-lobed.

QuvapRILo’cuLar, from quatuwor and lo-
cularis, celled: four-celled.

Quaprima’nI. A tribe of Carabici, so
named from the arrangement of the
joints of the tarsi, and the quadrate
shape of the thorax: quadra and manus,
ahand. There are many genera, as Aci-
nopus, Daptus, Harpalus, &c., all pre-
ferring sandy and hot localities.

QuapRIPHYL’Lous, from guatuor and
QuAdAoy, a leaf: four-leaved. A botanical
term.

QuvanpriP’LicaTE, from guatuor and plica,
a fold: having four folds or plaits. A term
in conchology.

QvuapDRIRE'ME, from quatuor and remus,
an oar. An ancient ship of war, furnished
with four rows of oars.

Quaprisut’caTa, from guatuor and sul-
cus, a furrow. Applied to ungulate
quadrupeds, whose hoofs are divided
into four digits.

QuapRIvAL'yuLaR, from quatuor and

valva, a valve: having four valves. A
term in botany.

peepee aay (Lat.). The four lesser
arts—arithmetic, music, geometry, and
astronomy.

Quapro’on, from quadra; quatuor,
four. A name in Mexico, &c. for the off-
spring of a Mulatto woman bya white
man: a person quarter-blooded.

Qua’pRuM. In music, the same as
natural,

Qvaprvu’mMaNnA, from quadra and manus,
ahand. The name of the second order
of mammalia, in Cuvier’s arrangement,
including all the monkey tribes, which
are very numerous.

QuapRuPE’DIA, guatuor, and pes, foot.
All vertebrate animals, fitted with four
extremities for progression, were for-

merly so termed; but the term is no
longer used as indicative of a particular
group of animals

Quzs'Tor. An officer among the Ro
mans, who had the management of the
public treasury.

Qual. A migratory bird, somewhat
smaller ‘than the partridge. It is the
least of all the gallinaceous birds. See
Corurnix.

Quva‘kers. A christian sect, otherwise
called Friends, which sprung up in Eng-
land during the protectorate of Crom-
well. They have few articles of faith,
insist chiefly on moral virtue, mutual
charity, the love of God, anda deep
attention to the feelings and emotions of
the mind, which they regard as the secret
workings of the Holy Spirit. Their wor-
ship is devoid of ceremonies, and they
uniformly profess great probity and up-
rightness in their dealings, and affect the
utmost frugality in their manner of liy-
ing, and singular plainness and simplicity
in their dress.

Quav'irative. Regarding the qualities
or properties of a body, without reference
to quantity.

Quatity, Lat. qualitas, from qualis,
such. Property. Qualities are natural and
accidental. Whiteness is a natural quality
of snow ; figure and dimension are natural
qualities of solids; but blue is an acci-
dental or adventitious quality of cloth ; and
all determinate figures, as cube, square,
sphere, &c. are of solids.
Essential qualities are such as are necessary
to constitute a thing what itis: sensible
qualities are such as are cognisable by the
senses, as colour, smell, taste, &c.

Quan’TITATIVE. Regarding quantities ;
as a quantitative analysis of any chemical

com)
quantitas, from guan-

pound.
Quan’tiTy, Lat.
tus, how much. In physics, that property
of anything which may be increased or
diminished. In mathematics, any portion,
definite or indefinite, known or unknown,
of any magnitude whatever, which can
be expressed by units. In algebra, quan-
tities are positive, when they have
the sign + prefixed, and negative when
the sign — is prefixed. All positive quan-
tities are greater than, and all negative
quantities are less than, 0. Quantities
are said to be given when they are known,
and unknown when they are not given.
Given or known quantities are denoted
by a, 6, c, &c.; and unknown quantities
by z, ¥, z,&c. In grammar, quantity de-
notes the measure and magnitude of syl-
lables, or that which determines them to
be called long or short; or it is the mea-
sure of time in pronouncing a syllable.

Qvuan’tum (Latin). The quantity. In
law, quantum meruit, an action on the
case, grounded on the necessity to pay @

QUA 607

QUA

man for doing some service, as much as it
merits or deserves. Quantum valebat, or
valebant, an action to recover of the de-
fendant for goods sold as much as they were
worth.

QuaA-QuA-VER’SAL, Lat. gquagua, on every
side, and versus, inclined. Inclined to
every side: facing all ways, as the guagua-
versal dip of coal-beds.

QuarRantI'NE, Ital. quarantina, forty.
Properly, the space of forty days; appro-
priately, the regulation by which a ship
arriving in port, and suspected of being
infected with plague, or other malignant
contagious disease, is obliged to forbear
all intercourse for the space of forty days.
See LazaRErro.

Qua’rE (Latin). Wherefore, for what
reason. A term in law, affixed to the
title of several writs.

Qua’re Impepir (Lat.). A writ lying
for one who has a right of advowson
against one who disturbs him by present-
ing a clerk when the church is vacant.

Quar’REL, Welch gwarel. 1. An arrow
with a square head.—2. A pane of glass,
asquare. See QuaRRyY.

Quar’ry, Fr. carré, for quarré. 1. The
same as quarrel (q.v.). 2. In falconry,
from Fr. querir (?), to fetch: the game
which a hawk pursues or has killed——
3. Fr. carriére, an artificial excavation,
formed in rocky ground, for the purpose
of obtaining marble, stone, slate, &c.

Quar’tan. Febris quartana. The fourth-
day ague; the exacerbations occurring
every fourth day.

Quarrta’Tion. Anoperation in assaying,
by which the quantity of one thing is
made equal to the quarter or fourth part
of the quantity of another thing. Thus,
in refining gold, it is alloyed with three
parts of silver, so that the gold may ‘con-
stitute only one quarter of the mass,
and thereby have its particles too far se-
parated to be able to protect the other
metals originally associated with it, such

as silver, copper, lead, tin, &c., from the’

action of the acids employed in the pro-
cesses of parting.

Quar’rER, Lat. quartus. The fourth
part. Thusthe fourth part of 112 1bs., or
28 lbs., is called a quarter; eight bushels
(fourth of a ton) is a quarter of grain; the
fourth part of the moon’s monthly revo-
lution is called a quarter, and is either
first, second, third, or last.

Qvar’rER-cLoTHS. In ships, long pieces
of painted canvas, extending on the out-
side of the quarter-netting, from the
upper part of the gallery to the gangway.

Quvuar’tER-payrs. In law, these are the
25th of March, or Lady-day; the 24th of
June, or Midsummer-day; the 29th of
September, or Michaelmas-day ; and the
25th of December, or Christmas-day.

Quvar’reR-pEcK ‘ofaship). The short

upper deck from the foremost end of the
main-chains to the stern.

QuarTeER'tnG. In heraldry, the dividing
of a coat of arms into quarters, by part-
ing, couping, &c. by perpendicular and
horizontal lines.

Quar’rER-Mas'TER. 1. An Officer in the
navy, who assists the mates in their du-
ties, in stowing the hold, coiling ropes,
keeping time by the watch-glasses, &c.
—2. An officer in the army, whose busi-
ness it is to attend to the quarters for the
soldiers, their provisions, fuel, forage, &c.
The quartermaster-general marks the
marches and encampments of the army,
the head-quarters, &c., &c.

Quar’TER-RAILING. Ina ship, narrow-
moulded planks, reaching from the top of
the stern to the gangway, serving asa
fence to the quarter-deck.

Quar’TER-ROUND. In architecture, the
same as ovolo(q.v.). *

Quarters. 1. A place of temporary
residence, as the winter-quarters of an
army.——2. In farriery, the quarters of a
horse’s foot are the sides of the coffin, be-
tween the toe and heel. False quarters
are acleft in the horn of the hoof, extend-
ing from the coronet to the shoe.——3. In
house-carpentry, slender pieces of timber
placed between the puncheons and the
posts, to nailthe laths to,in partitions. If
four-inch thick they are called double
quarters.——4. The stations of a ship’s
crew in time of action.

Quar’reR Sessions. In law,a general
court, held quarterly by the justices of
peace of each county, with jurisdiction to
try and determine felonies and trespasses.

QuaRTeET’TO, ) (Italian). A musical com-

QuarTEr rE. Jj position for four voices,
or for four instruments.

Quar’tiLe. In astrology, an aspect of
the planets when they are three signs or
90 degrees distant from each other:
quadrate.

Qvar’t1nE. The fourth envelope, from
the outside, of the vegetable ovulum.

Quvar’to, Lat. guartus. A book in which
every sheet being twice doubled makes
four leaves.

Qvarrz, Fr. for Germ. quarz. Rock
crystal. Silex in its purest form occurring
in 6-sided prisms, with pyramidal points :
primitive form a rhomboid. It is strictly
an oxide of silicium (silicon according to
some). It melts before the oxy-hydrogen
blow-pipe into a white glass, but cannot
be fused by the common blow-pipe, ex-
cept when mixed with alkalies. It is an
ingredient in every rock, and many of the
gems are simply quartz combined with
some oxide, which gives the colour, as
the amethyst, opal, and Bristol diamond.

Quartz Sin’ter. A mineral found in
the form of siliceous concretions.

Qvarr’zose Rock, A primary unstra

QUE

608

QuI

tified rock, consisting of quartz of a gra-
nular form, united sometimes to other
crystalline elements.

Qva’st Con’rract. In civil law, an act
which has not the strict form of a con-
tract, but has the force of one, as if (quasi)
the forms had been all complied with.

Qvasimo’po. In the Roman Catholic
calendar, the first Sunday after Easter.

Quvas. Quass. A fermented liquor drunk
by the peasantry of Russia, and made
by pouring warm water on rye or bar-
ley meal. It is reckoned an excellent
antiscorbutic.

Quvas’sia. A genusof trees. Decandria
Monogynia. Nat. order Gruinales. There
are two species, both natives of South
and North America and West Indies:
that which affords the bitter quassia of
the shops is a beautiful tree. The bitter
extract has been considered as a principle
But generis,and named quassine. The term
quassia is derived from quassi, the name
of a slave who first used it, with uncom-
mon success, as a secret remedy for the
malignant endemic fevers which fre-
quently preyail in Surinam.

Quas‘sINE, } The bitter extract of quas-

Quas‘siTz. J sia amara and excelsa. It
crystallises in very small white prisms.
Its solutions are colourless and intensely
bitter.

Quatre’rorn ‘French). Four-leaved
grass: a favourite bearing in coat armour.

Quav’ser, from quiver. 1. In music, a
measure of time equai to half a crotchet,
or the eighth part of a semi-breve.——2.
A shake performed by the voice or on an
instrument.

Quep’rapas (Spanish). The name given
by the Spaniards to the enormous per-
pendicular rents of the Andes. The word
has been adopted by geographers, &c.

QUEENS oR QuEEN Posts. In carpentry,
the name given to those coupled bearers,
G G, framed with one straining beam be-

G G

tween them, for supporting roofs of from
= to 40 feet span, instead of the single

ing-posts used in roofs of from 20 to 30
f t span.

QuvEEN’s-YELLow. An old name of Tur-
bith mineral (yeHow sub-sulphate of
mercury.)

Quer’cirrIn. The yellow colouring
matter of quercitron bark. It crystallises
in yellow spangles.

Quer’citron. A dye-stuff. The inner
bark of the Quercus tinctoria, a tree which
grows spontaneously in North America,

and has been introduced into France and
Bavaria. Its colouring matter is quer-

citrin.
Quer’cus. The oak. A genus of trees.
Monacia—Polyandria. Natural’ order

Amentacee@. There are about 60 species,
besides varieties. The ccmmon oak (Q.
robur), and durmast (Q. pubescens), are
natives of Britain; the evergreen, black,
white, Italian, and Turkey oaks, are na-
tives of the south of Europe, as is also
the cork-tree and kermes. America has
33 species, of which the live oak is per-
haps the most valuable for ship-building.

Ques‘rionist. A candidate for a bache-
lor’s degree at Cambridge.

Quest-mEN. In law, persons chosen to
inquire into abuses and misdemeanors,
especially such as relate to weights and
measures.

Ques’tus. In law, land which does not
descend by hereditary right, being ac-
quired by one’s own labour and industry.

QvIcK’-BEAM, } The wild sorb (Sorbus

QUICK’EN-TREE. ) aucuparia) or moun-
tain ash.

Quicx-tme. Lime in its most active
and caustic state, before it is slaked;
and prepared by exposing any carbonate
of lime, as common limestone, marble,
chalk, &c., to a full red-heat for some
time, whereby the carbonic acid and
water are expelled, and a simple oxide of
calcium left.

Qvuicx-matcH. A combustible prepara-
tion used by artillerymen. It is formed
of cotton strands dipped in a boiling com-
position of vinegar, saltpetre, and powder.

Quick’sET-HEDGE is a general name
for all living hedges, but, in a stricter
sense, the name is applied only to those
planted with hawthorn, or Crategus orya-
cantha, under which name these young
plants or sets are sold by the nursery-
gardeners.

QuvICK-sIL/VER, argentum vivum. A
name for mercury. See Mercury.

Qvick-work signifies all that part of
a ship which is under water when she is
laden. The term is also applied to that
part of the side which is above the sheer-

rail.
Quip’pity. In the school philosophy,
essence. That which is 2 proper answer

to the question quid est? The term is
now used to designate any trifling nicety
or cavil.

Quip Pro avo. A Latin phrase, used
to denote that one thing is made use of
to supply the defect of another. A
pro quo is a succedaneum

Qurrtists. A sect of mystics origi-
nated by Molino, a Spanish priest, ae
inanehined that religion consists in th
internal rest (quietus) of the mind, ae
ployed in contemplating God and sub-
mitting to his will.

)

.

QUI

609

Quo

Quie’tvs (Latin), rest. An exchequer
term, used for discharge or acquittance
t accountants. In law, a quietus est,
granted to a sheriff, discharges him of all
accounts due to the crown.

Quitt, Ir. cwille,a reed. Quills are the
hard and strong feathers of geese, &c.,
used in writing. They are divided into
firsts, seconds, thirds, and flags, according
to their order in the wing: the seconds
and thirds are the best. The Riga quills
are the finest, and the first quality of
these brings in London about £3 per

mille = 1200.
Quint, 1. A stuff made by putting
QviItr'ina. } wool, cotton, &c., between

pieces of cloth, and sewing them together.
—2. The act of making a quilt is also
named quilting.

Qui'natTe. 1. In chemistry, the same as
kinate, the quinic acid being the same as
the kinic.—2. In botany, from Lat. quin-
que, five, an epithet for a digitate leaf
having five leaflets on a petiole.

Quince. The fruit of the pyrus cydonia,
called the Cydonian apple (Cydonium ma-
Zum) by the ancients, from a town in
Crete, in the neighbourhood of which it
abounded.

Quin’cunx, Lat. corrup. of quingue and
uncia. In horticulture, the quincunx order
is a plantation of five trees, disposed one
at each corner, and the fifth in the mid-
dle + — and this order, repeated inde-
finitely, ‘forms a regular grove, which
viewed by an angle of the square or
parallelogram, presents equal or parallel
Jayers.

QuinveEc’acon, from. guinque, five, and

gon (q.¥.). Aplain geometrical figure,
with ff fifteen sides and as many angles.

QvINDECEM’yIRI. Roman magistrates,
to whose care was Sustuated the Sibylline
books.

Qurn’rna, ) An alkali obtained from

Quin’Inz. § the yellow Peruvian bark,
called quinquina by the French. The
sulphate, or rather disulphate of quinina
is much employed in medicine, and pos-
sesses all the virtues of the bark in a high
degree of concentration. Quinina when
pure is pearly white, and intensely bitter.
It crystallises ‘oe with much difficulty)
in silky floeculi

QuinquaGEs'Ima Sunpay. Shrove-Sun-
day, so called, being about the fiftieth
day before Easter (quinquagesima, fifty).

QuiInqQuan’GULAR, Lat. quingue and an-
gulus. Having five angles.

QuvuINQveEcar’suLAR, Lat. quinque and
capsula. Having five capsules.

QuUINQUEDEN’TATE, Lat. quinque and
dentatus. Five-toothed.

QzinqveErFo’LiaTE, Lat. quingue and fo-
liaius. Five-leaved.

QUINQUELO’BATE, Lat. quingue and loba-~
tus. Five-lobed

QuINQUELOC’ ULAR, Lat. guingue and
locularis. Five-celled.

QuINQUENA‘LIA. Anciently,
games celebrated every five years

QuINQUERF’MIS, quinque and remus, an
oar. A Roman war-ship having five banks
of oars.

QuInQuvuEvat’vuLaR, Lat. quingue and
valvularis. Having five valves.

Quin’rat (Fr.). A weight originally of
100 lbs., but now commonly of 112 lbs. It
however differs considerably in different
countries.

QvUIN’TESSENCE, Lat. quinta essentia, fifth
essence. 1. A term used by the alchemists
to signify the active principle of anything,
in which its properties and virtues reside,
separated by art from the inert matters
with which it is combined.—2. The
pure essential part of anything. The
term is now chiefly used by quack doc-
tors and perfumers.

Qurin’titz, from quintus, fifth. The
aspect of the planets, when distant from
each other the fifth part of the zodiac, or
72 degrees.

QurinTir1ans. A sect of ancient here-
tics, founded by Quintilia.

Quin’t1nE. The fifth envelope of the
vegetable ovulum.

Quin’tuPLE. In music, a species cf
time, containing five crotchets in a bar.

Qvin’zaInE. The fourteenth day after a
feast day, in chronology, or the fifteenth,
including the feast day.

Qur’pos. A name given,in Peru, to
knots and cords of various colours, which
imperfectly supply the place of writing.

Qui Pro Quo, Lat. one for another. A
verbal ambiguity.

QuirrrEs. The common people of an-
cient Rome, as opposed to the soldiery.

Quirk. In building, a piece taken out
of any regular ground plot or floor.

Quirx’ep Movutpine. In architecture,
one whose convexity is sudden, in the
form of a conic section.

Qur-Tam. In law, an information, when
the party informing prosecutes for the
king and himself.

Quit-cLaim. In law, a release of any
action that one person has against an-
other: a deed of release by which all
claims are relinquished to another with-
out warranty.

Quit-RENT, Lat. quietus redditus. In
law, a small rent reserved, payable in
token of subjection.

Quir’TER-BoNE. In farriery, a hard
round swelling on the coronet, between
the heel and the quarter, usually on the

inside of the foot.
Quo Animo (Lat.). With what mind:
with what intent, as animo furandi, wth

the intention of stealing.

QR

publie

RAB 610

RAC

Qvop Pexmir’ratr. In law, a writ for
the heir of him that is disseised of com-
mon of pasture, against the heirs of the
disseisor.

Quoin,Fr.coin,acorner. 1. Quoins are
stones, or other materials, put into the
corners of brick buildings, to strengthen
them. If the stones project before the
face of the wall, and have chamfered
edges, they are termed rustic gquoins.——
2. In artillery, a loose wedge of wood put
below the breech of a cannon to adjust
its elevation.

Quvorr, Dut. coite. A sort of annular
disc of metal, to be pitched at a fixed
object, in the game called quoits. A flat
stone is used in common practice.

port Jurz (Lat.). By what law, right,
or ti

“nase “My nus. In law, a writ which
issues from the Exchequer, to take the
body of the defendant, in the same man-
ner as the Cupias in the Common Pleas,
and the Latitat in the Queen’s Bench.

Quo’rum, Lat. gen. pl. of qui, who.
Such a number of persons as is competent,
by the law in the case, to transact busi-
ness. The term originates from the words
ofa justice-of- peace commission, ‘‘ quorum

iquem vestrum unum esse volumus.””

Quo’Tient, from quoties, how often.
The name, in arithmetic, for the number
which results from the division of one
number by another. See Division.

Quo Warran’to. In law, a writ which
lies against a person, or corporation, that
usurps any franchise or liberty against
the Crown.

Q.V. 1. An abbreviation of quantum
vis, as much as you will.——2. An abbre-
viation of quod vide, which see : frequently
used in this dictionary.

R

R is the eighteenth letter of the Eng-
lish alphabet, and an articulation sui
generis, having noresemblance in pronun-
ciation to any other letter. As a Roman
numeral it stands for 80, and with a dash
over it for 80,000. R, or R, placed at
the beginning of medical prescriptions, is
a contraction of Recipe, take. In ancient
times (says Dr. Paris), such was the sup-
posed importance of planetary influence,
that it was usual to prefix a symbol of
the planet under whose reign the ingre-
dients were to be cojlected, and it is not,
perhaps, generally known, that the cha-
racter which we at this day place at the
head of our prescriptions, and which is
understood and sup’ d to mean recipe,
is a relic of the astrological symbol of Ja-
piter, as may be seen in many of the older
works on pharmacy.

Ras’esr, Fr. raboter, to plane. A deep

groove or channel, cut longi

in a plank or piece of timber, to receive
the edge of another plank, which is to be
let into it. This is te a rabbet joint ;
and the plane with which the rabbet is
made, is denominated a rabbet-plane.

Ras’sr, {A — assumed by the ae,

Rasz’sin. doctors, signifying lord
or master.

Ras’sinists. Those among the Jews
who adhered to the Talmud and the tra-
ditions of the rabbins, in opposition to the

tes, who reject all traditions.

Ra’sies. A Latin term for madness.
Generally applied to the disease in dogs,
pe alg called hydrophobia (rabies ca-
nina.

Ra’ca (Syriac). Vanity or folly. Pro-
nounced by the Jews with gestures of in-
dignation.

Race, In engineering, the canal

Race-covurse. J along which the water
is conveyed to and from a water-wheel.

Race’me, Lat. racemus, a cluster or
bunch. In botany, a species of inflores-
cence, consisting of a cluster of flowers,
rather distant from each other, each on
its own proper stalk, and all connected
together by one common peduncle.

Racem’ic Actp. The name given by
M. Gay-Lussac to an acid ric with
tartaric acid, and obtained along with it
in decomposing tartrate of lime by
means of sulphuric acid. It has been
called vinic acid, which, on the Continent,
is also a name of tartaric acid (German,
weinsdure).

Racemovin’ic Actp. An acid formed by
the action of alcohol on racemic acid. It
erystallises, and differs from tartrovinic
acid in containing an atom more water.

Ra‘cuis, eayss. The vertebral column
of mammals in birds.

Rack, Sax. racan, -to stretch. 1. An
engine of torture, composed of pulley-
tackle, formerly too much used for extort-
ing Nee gth from suspected persons.
——2. In mechanics, a straight machine
which has teeth or cogs similar to those of
a toothed wheel.——3. In ships, a frame of
timber containing several sheaves, and
usually fixed to the opposite sides of the
bowsprit, to direct the sailors to the re-
spective ropes passing through it.——
4. In stables, a railed convenience above
the manger for the reception of hay.

Racx’er, Fr. raquette. The instrument

withwhich players at tennis strike the ball.

Racx’tne-pace (of ahorse). Anamble,
but with a shorter and quicker tread.

Racx’-rent. In law, the full yearly
value of the land.

Rac’ovians. In ecclesiastical history, the
Unitarians of Poland are so called, from
Racow, a city of that country, where the
Socinian Catechism was published.

—— a

Pe ae

RAD

611

RAT

Kapiant. In geometry, a straight line
pruceeaing from a given point or fixed
pole, about which it is conceived to re-
voive. In physics, radiant heat is that
which is thrown off atthe surface of hot
bvaies in all directions.

Rapia’ta. The name given to the fourth
gteat division of the animal kingdom, be-
cause the parts of the body of the animals
composing it are arranged round an axis,
and in one or several radii or lines, ex-
tending from pole to pole; whence the
name. The division comprises five classes ;
viz. Echi ma, Acalepha, Polypiphera,
Poriphera, and Polygastrica. The Radi-
ata have also been termed Zoophyta or
Zoophytes.

Ra’piate, Lat. radiatus, rayed. Di-
verging like rays from a common centre.
Applied to compound flowers, in which
the florets of the centre differ in form from
those of the circumference. Example, the

y-
Ra’pratep Iron Pynrites. A variety
of sulphuret of iron, which occurs regu-
= crystallised, in radiated, granular,
ellar concretions, in spherical,
anal also in cylindrical masses, with fibres
diverging from the centre or axis. Iron
46,sulphur 54.
_ Ra’‘piatine Pornt. In optics, any point
from which rays of light proceed.
Rap’icaL, from radix, a root. 1. In
chemistry, applied to that which is con-
sidered to constitute the distinguishing
part of an acid, by its union with the aci-
difying principle. Thus sulphur is the
radical of sulphuric acid, and nitrogen of
the nitric acid.—2. In botany, applied
to leaves which spring from the root, like
those of the cowslip.——3. In philology,
a radix, or simple underived, uncom-
pounded word.
Rap’icat Bass. In > the same as
fundamental bass (q. v.).
Rap‘tcat Quanritizs. In algebra, all
quantities under the radical sign (q. v.).
Rav‘'tcat Rerormers. In politics, a
party who desire the rooting out of abuses
which have crept into the government,
and the remodelling all our institutions.

Rap‘tcat Sicn. The si placed
before any quantity to denote that the
root of that quantity is to be extracted:

thus, rn/ a, and a+b.

- Rap‘tcant, Lat. radicans, rooting. Ap-
plied in botany to stems which cling to
other bodies for support, and strike root
by means of fibres, which do not imbibe
nourishment. ‘The ivy (hedera helix) is
an example.

Rapica’tion, from radicate, to root. In
bstany, the disposition of the root of a
plant with respect to the ascending and
@uzcencing caudex and the radicles.

Bav'icte, Lat. radicula, from radiz,a

root: arootlet. In botany, that part of
the embryo which grows downwards and
becomes the root.

Raviom’eter, from radius, rod, and
Méreov, Measure: the forestaff. An in-
strument for taking the altitudes of the
celestial bodies.

Rap'tsH. In botany, the common and
horse-radish belong to the genus Cochle-
aria; the garden-radish is the Raphanus
sativus. The water-radish is a species of
Sisymbrium.

Ra’pivs (Lat.), a ray. 1. In geometry,
a right line, drawn or extending from
the centre of a circle to the periphery ;
the semidiameter of a circle.——2. In
mechanics, the spoke of a wheel, &c.——
3. In anatomy, a bone of the forearm,
which accompanies the ulna from the
elbow to the wrist; so named from its
supposed resemblance to the spoke of a
wheel.——4. In botany, the marginal part
of the corolla of compound radiate
flowers. Also the radii of a peduncle of
a compound umbel are the common
stalks or spokes of that umbel, and the
pedicelli are the stalks of the florets.

Ra‘pius Vec’ror. In physics, a line
drawn from the centre of force of any
curve in which a body is supposed to
move by centripetal force, to that point
of the curve where the body is supposed
to be. Plural, Radii vectores.

Rar’rers. In carpentry, pieces of tim-
ber which stand in pairs on the railing-
piece, meet in an angle at the top, and
form as it were the ribs of the roof.

Rae’sotr. <An iron pin or bolt with
barbs on its shank to hold it in its
place.

Race, pe also Rowley Ragg,

Racs’TonE, Jand Dudley Basalt. A
fusible siliceous stone, of a dark grey
colour, with shining crystals, and a
granular texture; so named from its
rough fracture. Itis used as whetstone,
and is found near Dudley.

Rae’man’s Rott. A roll or register of
the value of benefices in Scotland, made
by Ragimund, a legate of the pope, and,
according to which the clergy were after-
wards taxed by the court of Rome:
hence the word rigmarole.

Rac‘utep. In heraldry, a cross raguled
may be best understood by calling it two
ragged staffs.

Rata. A genus of fishes, the Rays,
recognised by the horizontally flattened
body, which resembles a disk: order

ropterygiit, with fixed branchix:

family Selachii, Cuv. Raia, in Latin, and
vig and Barros, in Greek, are the
ancient names. The subdivisions are the
Sting-ray, Spotted Torpedo, Thornback

Skate, &c.
Rai. 1. In fences, the rails are the
2R2

RAT 612

RAM

pieces of timber which lie horizontally
from post to post. Similarly the upper
and lower part of the banister of a
*air-case are called hand-rail and foot-
rail.— 2. In framing, those pieces
which lie horizontally are called rails;
and those which are perpendicular are
stiles.——3. In ships, planks nailed for
ornament, or security, on the upper-
works ; also curved pieces of timber, ex-
tending from the bows to the continua-
tion of the stern, to support the knee of
the head.—4. In ornithology, rail is a
name of the Rallus crex, Lin., or corn-
crake ; called also the Quail-king, because
it arrives and departs with those birds, and
leads a solitary life on the same grounds.
. In engineering, &c., see RatLway.
Rali’Road, } An improved description
Rait’way. Jof roadway, t used
about 1680, under the name of tram-way
and tram-road; being formed of tram-
plates of wood. Cast-iron tram-plates
were next employed (1738) ; then wrought-
iron (1786) ; and, at length, wrought-iron
edge rails were adopted in the collieries
of the north of England, and are now
“everywhere used in the construction of
railways in this and other countries, The
steam-engine was applied to railways
about 1808, but only to drag the waggons
up ascents by a rope, the engine being
Stationary. Thirty miles an hour, in-
cluding stoppages, seems to be about the
average speed upon the public lines of
railway ; but the limit of velocity does
not appear to be yet known; but it is
somewhere beyond 60 miles an hour.
Ratrt’way, ArmMosPHERIC. A system of
locomotion on railways, in which atmo-
pheric pressure is employed as the
motive power.
Rait'way-tink. See DRaAw-.LInx.
Ral’ way-s_ive. A contrivance on rail-
ways, for shifting a carriage from one
line of rails to another. It consists of a
platform upon wheels, and having upon
it two or more pairs of rails of the same
gauge as those of the line, so that a car-
riage, being upon the platform, may be run
off conveniently upon the line of rails.
Ratn’sow. A circular image of the
sun, variously coloured. It is thus pro-
duced: the solar rays entering the drops
of falling rain are refracted to their
further surfaces, and thence, by one or
more refiections, transmitted to the eye.
At their emergence from the drop, the
rays are separated into their prismatic
colours, and are thus exhibited to an eye
properly placed to receive them. The
Lunar rainbow isa similar, but less usual,
phenomenon, caused by the refraction of
she moon’s rays.
Ratn’-cauce. An instrument contrived
to measure the quantity of rain which
falls on a given surface of a locality;

called also an ombrometer and pluviome-
ter (q. V-)

Rar’sers. Among joiners, the upright
boards of the front of the steps of a flight
of stairs.

Rarsinc. In carpentry, pieces meen
lie under the beams, over the
puncheons, by the side of the house.

Rarsins. The dried fruit of the vine.
Raisins are produced from various spe-
cies of the vine, and take names accord-
ingly, as muscatels, blooms, sultanas, &c.
They are also named from the place of
their growth, as Smyrnas, Valencias, &c.
The duties on raisins vary according to
the quality, from 30 per cent. on the best,
to 130 on the worst!

Ra’sau (Sanscrit). A title of dignity in
—- equivalent to king, prince, or

tain.

Raxe. 1. An instrument used in agri-
culture, containing a series of teeth or
prongs affixed at right angles to a cross-
head. The tool is made light, and all
wood when it is intended for collecting
hay, but the cross-head and teeth are
usually iron when designed for combing
seed-beds in gardens, &c. The harrow is
a rake upon a large scale-——2. The rake
of a ship is that part of the hull which
hangs over both ends of the keel.

Ra’xine. In pea | a term ap- ;

plied to mouldings whose are in-
clined to the horizon.
Ra’kine Tempte. In architecture, a

member hollowed in the square of a pe-

estal,

Ram. 1.In zoology, the male of the ovine
genus, called in some parts a tup.——2. In
astronomy, the English name of the sign
Aries.—3. An engine of war. See Bar-
TERING-RAM.——4. A hydraulic machine.
See WATER-RAM.

Ram’apan, ) The great fast or Lent of

Ruam’aDan. j the Mohammedans.

Ramaya’na. The oldest of the two
great Sanscrit epic poems, describing the
life and actions of Rama and his wife Sita.

Rawm’enT, Lat. ramentum. <A species of
pubescence of plants, consisting of hairs
in form of flat strap-like portions, resem-
bling shavings,seen on the leaves of some
species of begonia.

Ram’ists ok Ram’eans. The partisans
of Ramus, a professor of rhetoric and phi-
losophy at Paris, in the reign of Henry II.

RAMOLLIs’SEMENT, Fr. from ramollir, to
soften. A term applied in pathology to
any morbid softening of the texture of an
organ, as the brain in hydrocephalus.

Ramp. 1. A cavity on the upper side of
hand-rails, formed over risers, or over a
half or quarter space, made by the sudden
rise of the steps above.——2. In fi
tion, ramps are gentle slopes made forthe
cannon to be drawn up and down by and
to facilitate communication, raised either

hele ato

Sie

i

~a oer

RAWN 613

RAT

-on the side of an elevated work, or against
a salient angle on each side of an enter-
ing angle.

Ram’Pant, Fr. from ramper. In archi-
tecture, a term applied to an arch whose
abutments spring from an inclined plane.
In heraldry, a term applied almost exclu-
‘sively to the lion, when in the attitude of
attack, being reared on his hinder legs.

~ Ram’part, Fr. rampart. An elevation
of earth, &c., raised for the purpose of
covering a place from the direct fire of an
enemy. It is made of sufficient thickness
to resist cannon-shot, and is formed into
bastions, curtains, &c. The name is also
applied to the space left void between the
wall of a city and the houses next to it.

Rampuas’tos. In ornithology, the ge-
neric name of the Toucans, climbing birds
(Scansorie), easily distinguished ge all
other birds by their enormous beak, which
is almost as thick and long as their body:
hence the name from gapeQos, a beak, by
way of pre-eminence. The Toucans are
confined to the hot parts of America,
where they live in flocks, feeding on fruit,
dnsects, birds’ eggs, &c.

Ra’mvus. The Latin word for branch:
applied in botany to the primary division
of a stem into lateral stems.

Ra’na. The frog. 1. A genusof Batra-

chians, having four legs in their perfect
state but no tail, although the young (the
tadpole), is at first furnished with a long
fleshy. tail. Rana is the Latin name, @
sua voce dicta; Baurenyos, the Greek
mame. The tree-frogs and toads have
been separated from the genus as consti-
tuted by Linné. See Hyta and Buro.—
2. In anatomy, the name of an artery;
the second branch of the external carotid.

Ran’pom Suor. A shot discharged with
‘the axis of the gun above the point blank
direction.

Rance, Fr. rangée. 1. In gunnery, the
path of a ball, &c., or the line which it
describes from the mouth of the piece to
the point where it lodges. Also the dis-
tance to which such ball or bomb is
thrown.——2. In ships, the ranges are
two pieces of timber, that go across from
side to side: the one on the forecastle a
little abaft the foremast, and the other in
the beak-head before the mouldings of
the bowsprit.

Ran‘ny. In England, the shrew-mouse.
In India, the wife of a rajah.

Ran’ters. Primitive Methodists, which
originated in Staffordshire, 1807, under
Hugh Bourne, who also wrote their his-
tory. The praying people, in returning
home (from camp meetings) were accus-
‘tomed to sing through the streets of Bel-
per, and this circumstance procured them
the name of Ranters.

Ranvn’cutus. Crowfoot. A very ex-

tensive genus of herbaceous plants. Poly-
andria—Polygynia. Name from rana, a
frog, because foundin fenny places, where
frogs abound. The spearwort, least, small
and great, the pilewort, the golden locks,
with 12 other species, are indigenous in
Britain, and there are = 40 exotic
species.

Ranz DE Vacue. In musie, a favour-
ite national air among the Swiss shep-
herds, played upon the bag-pipes.

APE. 1. A division of a country, mean-
ing sometimes the same as hundred, and
at other times signifying a division con-
sisting of several hundreds.——2. A bien-
nial plant of the turnip kind, the Bras-
sica napus of botanists. It is indigenous,
and is cultivated partly for its seed, from
which an oil is expressed, and partly for
its leaves as food for sheep.——3. A violent
defloration of women.

Rare-cake. The adhering masses of
the husks of rape-seed, after the oil
has been expressed : commonly used for
manure.

Rarua’nta. The Cripple-disease, so
named from raphanus, the radish or chur-
lock, because it has been thought to be
brought on by eating the seeds of a species
of raphanus. It forms a genus in Cullen’s
Nosology: class Neurosis: order Spasmi.

Rapw’ ANUS. The Radish: a genus Nr

lants. Zetrad Nam
pweDavos, borrowed from the Greek. The
wild and sea-radish are indigenous; the
garden-radish is a native of China, &e.

Ra’puEe. Pedy. A suture. 1. Applied in
anatomy to parts which appear as if they
were sewed together.——2. In botany, the
vascular cord between the nucleus of an
ovule and the placenta, when their bases
are separated.

Rapro’riovs, from rapio, to snatch. An
epithet for animals which dart on their
prey, and also for certain parts of insects
adapted for seizing prey.

Rarerac’tion, from rare and facio, to
make. In physics, the diminution of the
density of a body, as of a gas by the
agency of heat, whereby it occupies more
space without accession of new matter.

Rasko’Ltniks, Russian, raskolo, divi-
sion. The largest body of dissenters
from’ the Greek church in Russia.

Rase. A description of file, on which
the cutting prominences are distinct,
being raised by punching with a point,
instead of cutting with a chisel. See Fixx.

Rat, Sax. raet. A small quadruped.
The rats of this country are the Black
Rat, (Mus rattus, Lin.), and the Norway,
or Brown Rat, (Mus decumanus, Pall.)
In other countries there are Musk Rats,
(see Finen’,and Field Rats. See Arvicota.

Rararra, ) A generic name,in France

Rartr’a. J and Spain, for liquors com-

RAT 614

RAY

pounded with alcohol, sugar, and the
odoriferous principles of vegetables, espe-
cially of the bruised seeds of cherries,
apricots, and peaches.

Ratcu. In mechanics,a bar contain-
ing angular teeth, into which a pall drops
to prevent machines from running back.

Rarcn’er (of a watch). A small tooth
at the bottom of the fusee, which stops
it in winding up.

RatcwH’et-wHeEEL. 1. Acircular ratch.
—2. The ratchet-wheel of a clock isa
sort of wheel which has twelve fangs,
that serve to lift the dents every hour,
and thereby cause the clock to strike.

Ratcw'it. Among miners, fragments
of stone. :

Rare. 1. A tax assessed for public
use, as parish rates.——2. In the navy,
the order or class of a ship according to
its magnitude or force. Ships of the first
rate mount 100 guns, or upwards; those
of the second rate carry from 90 to 98
guns ; those of the third rate from 64 to
80; those of the fourth rate from 50 to 60;
those of the fifth rate from 32 to 44; those
of the sixth rate from 20 to 30 guns.
Those of the latter rates are called frigates.

Rat’etus,) A subgenus of the class

Rar’EL. Mammalia: order Carna-
via: family Carnivora: tribe Plantigrada.
One species only is known, the Viverra
mellivora, Sparm., of the Cape of Good
Hope. It is about the size of the European
badger, and digs up the earth with its
long paws, in search of the honey-combs
of the wild-bees, on which it feeds.

Ra’tio, Lat. from ratus, reor, to con-

The relation which one quantity
bears to another in respect of magnitude ;
the comparison being made by consider-
ing how often the one magnitude con-
tains the other. Thus the ratio of 6 to3
is $ or 2, and theratio of 4 to 5 is 4, which
may be written 4:5. This is geometrical
ratio, and is that which is signified when
the term is used without any distinctive

-epithet; but arithmetical ratio is the dif-

ference between two quantities. Thus
the arithmetical ratio of 2 to 5 is 3. Ratio
respects magnitudes of the same kind
only. Thus one line has a certain ratio
to another line, but not to a surface.

Ra/tion, Fr. from ratio, a proportionate
quantity. A fixed allowance of provisions,
drink, and forage, assigned to each soldier
inany army for his daily subsistence, and
for the subsistence of horses.

Ra‘tionat. 1. In arithmetic and alge-
bra, an expression in finite terms.——2.
In geography, the rational horizon is a
plane passing through the centre of the
earth, parallel to the sensible horizon, at
the place of observation.

Ra’rionaLE (French). 1. A detail with
reasons assigned.——2. An account of a

solution of the principles of some opinion,
action, hypothesis, phenomenon, &c.

Ra’‘TIoNALIsts, from reason. Rational-
ists may id to comprehend those
latitudinarians who consider the super-
natural events of the Old and New Testa-
ments as events happening in the ordi-
nary course of nature, but described by
writers, without any real ground, as
supernatural, and who consider the mo-
rality of the Scriptures as subject to the
test of human reason.

Rar’tins, } Small lines traversing the

Rar’tines. J shrouds of a ship, making
the step of a ladder for ascending to the
mast head.

Rat Motz. In zoology,a name common
to two small quadrupeds, the Zanni,
Slepez, or Blind Rat-mole (Spalax typhus,
Gul den), which is rather larger than our
rat,and lives under ground like the mole ;
and the Maritine Rat-mole (Bathyergus
maritimus, Illiger), nearly the size of a
rabbit, and furnished with a short tail,
and visible eyes.

Raro’ox, Sp. ratovo. A sprout from
the root of the sugar-cane which has
been cut.

Rar’rans. Canes. The long slender
shoots of the Calamus rotang, a pri
bush, and one of the most useful plants of
the Malay peninsula, and Eastern islands.
Called by the Malays rotan, and by the
Javanese rottang. They are extensively
used for cane-work, and are a consider-
able article of trade. ¥

Rat-ratt. In farriery, an excrescence
growing upon the pastern to the middle
of the shank of a horse.

Ratreen’, Sp. ratina. A thick woollen -

stuff, quilted or twilled.

Rartiner’. A woollen stuff, somewhat
thinner and lighter than ratteen.

Rar’tyes. In pathology, a popular name
for the. rattle-like noisy breathing often
heard in persons who are in articulo mor-
tis, and which arises from the accumula-
tion of mucus in the air-passages. In
nosology, & popular name of croup, oF
cynanche trachealis.

Rar’r_tesNakeEs. A genusof venomous
snakes (Crotalus, Lin.), all distinguished
by the rattle which terminates the tail.
See Croratus.

Rar’tLEsNAKE-RooT. A plant; the Po-
lygala Senega, the root of which was for-
merly deemeda specific against the poison
of the rattlesnake. It is still used as an
antiphlogistic.

Rav’evin (French). In fortification, a
detached work, with two faces, which
make a salient angle without any flanks;
it is raised before the curtain of the
place. In this it differs from a half-moon,
which is placed before an angle.

Ra’ven. A bird (the Corrus coraz, Lin.),
noted for its entirely black plumage. It

ve ——

: REA 615

REB

is the largest of the Passerinze which in-
habit Europe. It is found in most parts
of the globe ; is easily tamed, and may be
taught to speak tolerably well.

Rav'tssant, in heraldry, expresses the
posture of a wolf half raised, as it were,
just springing forward on its prey.

Ray, Fr. raie. 1. A line of light, pro-
ceeding from a radiant point through a
translucent medium. Itissupposed to be
described by a particle of light. <A collec-
tion of parallel rays constitute a beam,
and a collection of divergiag rays form a
pencil. The mixed solar beam contains,
(1.) calorific rays, producing heat and ex-
pansion, but not vision or colour; (2.)
eolorific rays, producing vision and colour,
but not heat or expansion ; (3.) chemical
rays, producing certain effects on the
composition of bodies, but neither heat,
expansion, vision, or colour; (4.) mag-
netic rays, inducingmagnetism. This last
power seems to belong to the violet rays.

ichthyology, see Rata.

Ray’aus. The non-Mohammedan sub-
jects of Turkey.

Ray’onnan7T, in heraldry, signifies dart-
ing forth rays, as the sun does when it

es out.

Rays, Lat. radii. In botany, the spread-
ing marginal florets ofa compound radiate

wer.

Razr’e(Fr.). Applied to any vessel cut
down to an inferior class.

Ra’zor-Back. In ichthyology, one of the
largest species of the whale tribe, being
sometimes found above ninety feet long.

Ra’zor-B1Lu. Cut-water. 1. An aquatic
fowl, the Alca tarda, Lin.——2. The same
name has been given also to the Black
Skimmer, the Rhynchops nigra, Lin. from
the Antilles.

Re. In grammar, an inseparable parti-
cle, used by the Latins, and from them bor-
rowed by us, to denote iteration, or back-
ward action ; as in returx and reaction.

ReacwH. Among seamen, the distance
between two points on the banks of a
river, in which the current flows in a
straight course.

Reac’r1ion. In physics, the reciproca-
tion of any impulse or force impressed,
made. by the body on which impression is
made. Thus it is a law that action and
reaction are equal and contrary.

Rea'per. In ecclesiastical affairs, one of
the five inferior orders in the Romish
church. In the English church, a deacon
who conducts divine service in churches
and chapels, where no one has the cure.

Rea’cents, Tests. Aname,in chemis-
try, for those substances which are used to
discover the presence of other substances
in solution. Thus hydrochlorate of baryta
(solution of chloride of barium) is a re-
agent or test for the presence of sulphuric
acid in solutions. See Txsr.

—_—2 hy

ReacGrava’tion. In ecclesiastical law,
the last monitory, published after three
admonitions, and before the last excom-
munication.

Re‘at, Lat. realis, from res, thing. 1. In
law, pertaining to things fixed, perma-
nent, orimmoveable. Thus lands and te-
nements are called real estate, in contradis-
tinction to personal or moveable property.
A real action concerns real estate, and
real assets consist in real estate.——2. In
Spain, the name of a silver coin (real of
plate), varying in value from 64d. to 5d.,
and also of a money of account (a real
vellon) worth about 23d. to 3d.——3. The
doctrine of the real presence. See Tran-
SUBSTANTIATION.—4. Real property, in
law, consists in lands, tenements, and he-
reditaments.

Rear’car. Red orpiment. A native
sulphuret of arsenic (arsenic 70, sulphur
30), of a red colour, sometimes employed
as a pigment. It occurs in primitive
mountains,

Rer’‘auists. Scholastic philosophers, who
maintained that things, not words, were
the objects of dialectics: opposed to the
nominalists.

Ream (Saxon). A quantity of paper.
Theream of writing, &c., paper is 20
quires; but a printer’s ream is 214 quires
(516 sheets). Tworeams makea bundle.

REAP’ING-MACHINE. An implement of

Rea’son, Sax. raed, from raeswian. 1.
The power or faculty of the mind by
which man deduces one proposition
from another, or proceeds from premises
to consequences, and from facts to causes.
——2. Exercise of reason ; reasoning.

Resa’te. 1. In commerce, discount or
deduction from the stipulated price -——
2. In heraldry, an abatement of the bear-
ings in a coat of arms.—=3. In architee-
ture, a groove sunk on the edge of any
piece of material.

sieges Ital. ribeca. A three-stringed

e.

Reset’tion, from re, and bello, to war.
An open and avowed renunciation of
the authority of the government of
one’s own country ; differing from insur-
rection, which may be a rising in oppo-
sition to a particular law or acts, with-
out design to renounce wholly elf

REC

616

REC

subjection to the government. The term
was first used by the Romans, to denote
the open resistance to their government
of nations whom they bad conquered.

Re’svs, Lat. from res. 1. An enigmatical
representation of some name, &c., by a
picture——2 A coatof arms which bears
some allusion to the name of the person,
as three cups for Butler.

Resurrer. In law-pleadings, the an-
swer of the defendant to a plaintiff’s sur-
rejoinder.

Recap’rion. A retaking. <A writ of
recaption is a writ to recover property
taken by a second distress, pending a re-
plevin for a former distress, for the same
rent or service.

Recerver. A chemical vessel, adapted

to the neck or beak of a retort, alembic,.

or other distillatory vessel, to receive and
contain the product of distillation.

Re'cent. In geology, an epithet for
whatever is of a date posterior to the in-
troduction of man. The recent period com-
mences with the introduction of man, and
all formations within that period are
termed recent.

Recep’racie, Lat. receptaculum, a re-
eeiver. In botany, the common base or
point, upon which all the parts of the
fructification rest.

Recn’apires. A religious order among
the ancient Jews, who engaged among
other things to abstain from wine. Re-
cently, a branch of Tee-totallers has as-
sumed the name of Rechabites.

Recir’1ancie. An instrument, some-
what like the bevel, formerly used,

‘ ehiefly by French engineers, to take
angles in fortification, &c.

Recrr’rocat. In arithmetic, &c., the
reciprocal of a quantity is unity divided
by the quantity. Thus, 3 is the reciprocal
of 4.— iprocal ratio is that between the
reciprocals of two quantities; thus, the
reciprocal ratio of 5 to 9 ist to $.—Re-
ciprocal proportion is when in four num-
bers, the fourth number is so much less
than the second as the third is greater
than the first, and vice versé.—Reciprocal
figures, in geometry, are two figures of the
same kind, as triangles, such that two
sides of the one form the extremes of a
proportion, of which the homologous sides
of the other are the means.

Recir’rocaTine Sys’rem (on railways)
denotes the method of working railways
by means of stationary engines, instead
of locomotive ones. A succession of steam-
engines are placed along the line, at inter-
vals of 14miles or so apart, with ropes
for pulling the trains along the locality of
each. This is likely, for various con-
siderations, when the system is properly
developed, to be found the most economi-
eal method of working railways.

Recitative, Ital. recitativo. A term in
music for a tuneful kind of pronunciation,
more musical than common speech, and
less so than song: something between
recitation and singing.

Reck’onine. In navigation, the place
of a ship, calculated from the rate as de-
termined by the log, and the course as
determined by the compass, the original
starting-point being known,

Reciina’tTi0on. 1. In surgery, one of the
operations for the cure of cataract, in
which the lens is made to turn over into
the middle, and towards the bottom, of
the vitreous humour.——2. In dialling,
the angle which the plane of the dial
makes with a vertical intersected by it
in a horizontal line.

Recoe’nisance. In law, a bond of re-
cord, testifying the recognisor to owe to
the recognisee a certain sum of money ac-
knowledged in some court of record.

Recoeniser’. In law, he in whose fa-
vour a bond of recognisance is drawn.

Recoeni’sor. In law, he who gives a
bond of recognisance in favour of the

recognisee.

Re’cottets, ) Monks of the order of

Rer‘cottects. ) St. Francis under a re-
formed rule.

Reconnor’rreE (Fr.), from re and con
noitre, toknow. <A term, in military lan
guage, meaning to infcrm one’s self by
ocular inspection of the situation of an
enemy or of the nature of ground.

Re’corp. An authentic account of any
fact, in writing, contained in rolls of any
durable substance.

Recorpa’ri Fa’ctas Loque’tam. Inlaw,
a writ to remove proceedings out of an
inferior court to the King’s Bench or
Common Pleas.

Recor'Der. 1. In law, one whose busi-
ness is to record or register events.——2.
The keeper of the rolls of a city or cor
porate town.——3. A musical instrument
resembling the flageolet.

Recov’ery. In law, the recovering or
obtaining lands in fee-simple, by a ficti-
tious action, against the tenant of the
freehold, which recovery (usually called
common) binds all persons, and vests an
absolute fee-simple in the recoverer.

Rect’anGre, Lat. rectus us. In
geometry, a figure whose angles are all
right angles. Solids are also rectangular
with regard to situation, as a cylinder
when perpendicular to the plane of the
horizon.

Rectirica’tion, from rectus and facio, to
make. 1. In geometry, the finding of the
length of a curve line, or a right line
equal to a given curve.——2. In chemistry,
second distillation of alcoholic liquors, to
free them from impurities which pass
over in the first.

Rec’ror (Lat.), from rego, rectum, tc

: RED 617

RED

rule. 1. Aclergyman who has the charge
and cure of a parish, and has the tithes,
&c.: the parson of an unimpropriated
parish.—2. The chief elective officer in
some universities, and the head-master of
a principal school, in Scotland.

Rec’tum (Lat.). The last portion of
the large intestines, so named by the old
anatomists from an absurd notion that it
was straight.

Recur’rent, Lat. recurrens, returning.
A recurrent crystal is one whose facets
being counted, in annular ranges from
one extremity to the other, furnish two
different numbers, which succeed each

other several times, as 4, 8, 4, 8,

Recur‘rent Nerve. A branch of the
par vagum, given off on each side, in the
upper part of the thorax, is so called be-
cause reflected so as to run along the
trachea to the larynx.

Recor’k1nG Se’ries. In algebra, a se-
ries so constituted that each succeeding
term is connected with a certain number
ns terms preceding it, by some invariable

aw.

Recur’vare, Lat. recurvatus, or recurvus,
recurved. Bowed or turned backward:
applied to leaves, &c.

Recur’vinos’rra (Lat.), from recurvus,
and rustrum,a beak. A genus of birds:
the Avosets, which approximate closely to
the Snipes, but are strongly characterised,
from these and all other birds, by the
strong upward curvature of their beak.
Order, Grallatorie; family, Longirostres,
Cuv.

Re’cusant, from recusans, refusing. In
English history, the recusants are those
who refuse to acknowledge the supremacy
of the Crown in matters of religion.

Repan’. In fortification, a work in-
dented or formed with salient and re-
entering angles, so that one part may
flank and defend another: written some-
times redent and redens, from Lat. re-
cedens, receding.

Rep-Birpv. The name of several Ame-
rican birds, as the red summer bird, Zan-
agra estiva; the red tanager, Tanagra
rubra ; the Baltimore oriole or hang-nest.

Rep Book or rHE ExcHEQUER. An an-
cient English record, containing various
treaties relating to the times before the
Conquest.

Rep Cor’av. Corallium rubrum. A
branched zoophyte, somewhat resem-
bling, in miniature, a tree deprived of
its leaves and twigs. It consists of a

-bright red stony axis, invested with a

fleshy substance of a pale blue colour,
studded over with stellular polypi.

Rep’pite. Redchalk. A species of ar-
gillaceous iron ore, which occurs in
Opaque masses, having a compact tex-
ture and hardness similar to chalk. The
best comes from Germany.

Repeem’aste. Capable of redemption ;
that may be re-purchased. Annuities are
often, and debts are always redeemable.
Some annuities are self-redeeming.

Repemp’rion, from re and emo, to pur-
chase. Re- purchase. In law, a condi-
tional contract, whereby the equity of re-
entering lands, &c.. is retained, on repay-
ing the purchase-money and legal charges.

RepeEmpP’rionists. A religious order,
founded in Naples in 1732.

Rep-Leap.. Minium. A red oxide of
lead, generally regarded by chemists as a
sesquioxide. Itis prepared by exposing
massicot for about 48 hours to the flame
of a reverberatory furnace.

Rep-Liquor. A crude acetate of alu-
mina employed in calico-printing, and
prepared from pyrolignous acid.

Rep Mart. In geology, another name
for the new red sandstone.

Repovusr’. In fortification, a small fort,
mostly square, and defended only in front,
used in trenches, lines of circumvallation,
&c. Redoubts usually consist of two
parts, a rampart and parapet.

Rep Saun’pers. Santalumrubrum. A
wood capable of communicating a red
colour to spirituous liquors. The chief of
these woods (if not the only one), is that
of the Pterocarpus santalinus, which is
itself of a garnet-red colour and ex-
tremely hard. It grows on the Coro-
mandel coast and other parts of India,
especially Ceylon. The old wood only is
employed as a dye-stuff, and the colour-
ing matter which it yields is known to
chemists by the name of santaline.

Rep-snow. In botany, the uredo niva-
lis, a minute fun; of the arctic region
which gives.the colour to the red snow.

Repv’cine Scare. Surveying scale. A
broad thin slip of box or ivory, with
several lines and scales of equal parts
upon it; used by surveyors for turning
chains’ and links into roods and acres by
inspection, and also for reducing maps and
draughts from one dimension to another.

Repucr’. In building, a quirk or a
little piece taken out of a larger, to make
it more regular and uniform.

Repce’rio ap ABsuRDUM. See ABSURDUM.

Repvuc’rion. 1. A reducing: reduco, to
reduce. In arithmetic, the bringing of
numbers of different denominations into
one denomination, as the reduction of
71. 5s. 84d. to farthings. This is called
reduction descending: when the reverse
operation is performed, as bringing far-
things to pounds sterling, it is called re-
duction ascending.——2. In algebra, &c.,
the reduction of equations is the clearing
them of all superfluous quantities and
bringing them to their lowest terms. The
same applies to surds, fractions, &«.—-—
3. In metallurgy, the operation of bring-
ing metallic substances, which lieve bere

REE

618

REF

ehanged or divested of their metallic
form, into their original state of metals;
called also revivi ion.——4, In surgery,
the returning of a dislocated bone into its
proper place.——5. In practical geometry,
describing figures similar to given figures
on a different scale, usually smaller. The
pentagraph and the proportional com-
passes are the most expeditious and ac-
curate methods of effecting a reduction.

Repon’pDanT, superfluous. (1.) A redun-
dant chord is one which contains a greater
number of tones, semitones, and lesser
intervals, than it does inits natural state,
as from fa tosol,sharp. (2.) A redundant
hyperbola is a curve of the higher kind, so
called because it exceeds the conic sec-
tion of that name in the number of its
hyperbolic legs, it being a triple hyper-
bola with six hyperbolic legs.

Ree. A Portuguese coin or money of
account. The milree is a gold coin, value
3s. 24d., nearly.

EED, Sax. hreod, reod. 1. The common
name of many aquatic plants, most of
them large grasses with hollow jointed
stems, such as the common reeds of the
genus Arundo, the bamboo, &c. The bur-
reed isa species of Sparganium, the Indian
flowering reed of the genus Canna.——2.
A weaver’s implement, resembling a
comb, having the teeth inclosed at each
of their ends; used for separating the
threads of warp. It is so called from the
teeth, slips, dents, or splits being origi-
nally made of reed, though now made ge-
pene, at least in the finer sorts, of

mae, Ger. riff. 1. A range of rocks
lying generally near the surface of the
water. Also a reef, or coral reef, is a chain
of rocks occurring in various parts of the
ocean, lying near the surface.——2. Dut.
reef; a certain portion of a sail between
the top or bottom, and a row of eyelet
holes, which is folded or rolled up, to
contract the sail, when the violence of
the winds renders it necessary.

Reer-Banv. In nautical language, a
piece of canvas sewed across a sail, to
strengthen it in the part where the eye-
let-holes are form:

Reer’-tineE. In nautical language, a
small rope, formerly used to reef the
courses, by being passed through the
holes of the reef spirally.

Reer’-Tackte. A tackle on the deck
of a ship, communicating with its pen-
dant, and passing through a block at
the topmast-head, and through a hole in
the topsail-yard-arm, is attached to a
cringle below the lowest reef; used to
pull the skirts of the topsails close to the
extremities of the yards, to lighten the
labour of reefing.

Reet, Sax. rheol, reol. 1. A frame or cy-
tinder turning on an axis, on which lines,

thread or yarn, are wound into skeins, or
from skeins on spools and quilis. There
are several analogous applications of the
term; for instance, seamen wind their
log-line on a reel, and sportsmen have
reels for winding their fishing lines
on.——2. A rude sort of lively dance com-
mon in the lower circles, where scientific
dancing is little known.

Reem’inc. The opening of the seams
between the planks of vessels by caulking
irons, for the purpose of re-caulking them.

Re-en’TER. In engraving, passing the
graver over those parts which the aqua-
fortis has not bitten sufficiently.

Re-en’TERING An’GLE. In fortification,
the angle of a work pointing inwards.

Reeve (Sax.). 1. A monosyllable that
enters into the composition of some titles
still in use ; as sheriff, i.e. shire-reeve, the
governor of a shire; borough-reeve ; port-
reeve, &e.——2. The sea term for pulling
a rope through a hole.

Rerec’rory, Lat. refectorium. «In archi-
tecture, an eating- apartment.

Rer’erence. In law, the process of re-
ferring or assigning a cause depending in
a court, for a hearing and decision, to
persons appointed by the court: these
persons are referees.

Reri'ninc. In metallurgy, the separa-
tion of the metal from all other matters:
particularly applied to the separation of
gold and silver from metals with which
they are alloyed.

Rertec’t1on. A throwing back.
in the reflection of light, the law ist that
the angle of reflection is equal to the angle
of incidence.

Rervecr’1nc Crrcie. An astronomical
instrument for measuring angles. Itisa
modification of Hadley’s Quadrant; one
of the objects of the angle is measured
by direct vision, and the other by reflection
from plane mirrors.

Re Fwiex, Lat. reflerus. Directed back.
Applied in botany to parts ; and sometimes
to designate parts of a painting illumi-
nated by reflected light from another
part of the same picture.

ReErFriex’1on. In mechanics, the rebound
of one body from another with which it
comes into collision.

Rerorma’rion. In history, the name
applied by Protestants to designate the
change from the Roman Catholic to the
Protestant religion, begun in Germany
by Luther (1517), and in England by
Wickliffe, whose work was completed,
from less pure motives, by Henry VIII.,
who assumed the title of Head of the
Church (1531 and 1534).

Rerorm’ep Cuvurcu. In general, all
those bodies of Christians who have sepa-
rated from the Church of Rome since the
Reformation: more particularly, the Cal-
vinistic Churches on the Continent.

REG 619 REG

REFRACTION, a breaking : re, and
franyo, to break. The term is technically
applied to denote the deviation of bodies
in motion (especially rays of light) from
their original course, arising from dif-
ferent densities of the several parts of the
medium through which they pass. It is
in consequence of this, that rays from
objects, whether terrestrial or celestial,
proceed in curves, which are concave to-
wards the earth,—and that the eye never
sees in its true place a distant object,
except it be directly in the zenith, but

~!

always more elevated, viz., in the direc-
tion of the tangent to the curve of that
point. Refraction is therefore an element
of the utmost importance in astronomical
ealeulations. Double refraction is the se-
paration of aray of light into two parts,
by passing through certain transparent
media, as Iceland spar.

ReFRANGIBIL'ITY. In optics, the dis-
position of the rays of light to be refracted
in passing from one medium into another.

Rernric’eraTory, from refrigero, to cool.
A vessel filled with cold water, to con-
dense vapours into liquids in the process
of distilling. The common worm-tub is
an example.

Reearv’. In the forest laws, inspection.
The Court of Regard or Surv-y of Dogs, is
a court in England, held every third year,
for the lawing or expeditation of mastives,
i. e., for cutting off the claws and ball of
the fore feet, to prevent them from run-
ning after deer.

Recarpv’ant, 1. In law, a villein re-
gardant is one annexed to the manor or
land.——2. Inheraldry: a beast, as alion,
regardant is when placed in the attitude
of looking behind.

Recarv’er. In the forest laws, an offi-
cer of the royal forests, the chief judge of
the Court of Regard.

Rr’ctt, i astrqnomy, the name of a

Rrcev. § fixed star of the first magni-
tude in Orion’s left foot.

RecENERA’‘TION. In theology, the new
birth of man unto righteousness, having
been delivered from the original corrup-
tion of his nature.

Re’cent, a governor: rego, torule. 1.
One who governs a kingdom, in the mi-

nority, absence, or disability of the sove-
reign.—2. In colleges, a teacher of the
arts and sciences, inferior to the Pro-
fessors. This title is also given, in the
English universities, to Masters of Arts
under five years’ standing, and to Doctors
under two years’. In the United States
of America, the corporate bodies invested
with the superintendence of the educa-
tional establishments of their respective
States, are called regents. They have
power to grant acts of incorporation for
colleges, to visit those in operation, and
regulate their government.

Ree’IMeEn (Lat.), from rego, to govern.
1. In medicine, the regulation of diet with
a view to the preservation or restoration
of health.—2. In grammar, government.

Ree’/IMenT: Lat. rego, Irule. A body
of troops consisting (if infantry) of several
battalions, or (if cavalry) of several squa-
drons, under the command of a colonel.

Rea’tstEr. 1. Low Lat. registrum, from
regero, to write down. A written account

‘or entry of facts, for transmitting to future

times an exact knowledge of transactions ;
also, the book in which the register or
record is kept.——2. Low Lat. registrarius.
An officer appointed to keep a register,
particularly the acts and proceedings of
courts and public bodies ; as the Register
of the Court of Probate.——3. In the aris,
an aperture or valve placed in a chimney,
stove, or furnace, furnished with a turn-
ing or sliding door for regulating the
quantity of air to be admitted to the fire,
or to open and shut the communication
with the chimney.

Rec’istry. In commercial navigation,
the registration or enrolment of ships at
the Custom-house, so as to entitle them
to be classed among, and to enjoy the pri-
vileges of, British-built ships, first re-
quired by the Navigation Act of 12 Car. IT.
¢c..18

Re’cium Do’num (Lat.), royal gift. An
annual grant of public money in aid of the
Presbyterian clergy of Ireland.

Re’aivs, the Latin word for royal, from
rex, a king. In the universities, those
Professors whose Professorships were in-
stituted and endowed by the Crown are
called Regius Professors.

Reo’ter (Fr.), from régle, rule. 1. A
flat narrow moulding, used to separate
from each other the parts or members of
compartments and panels, and to form
knots, frets, &c.——2. A slip of metal
(originally a ledge of wood exactly planed)
used by printers to separate lines, and
make the work more open: slips of this
kind are now generally called leads ; 3
printing where they are used is
be leaded.

Reera’tinc: Fr. regratter, to scratch
again. 1. In old law, purchasing pro-
visions and selling them in the same

REI

620

REN

market, which used to be a punishable
offence, as it tended to raise the price.
It differed from engrossing, which signitied
the buying the whole of certain articles,
with a view to raising the price; and
from forestalling, which signified the pur-
chasing of the provisions before they
reached the market.——2. Among masons,
the process of taking off the outer surface
of an old hewn stone, for the purpose of
whitening it and making it look fresh
again.

ReEGREs‘sion : Lat. regressus, going back-
wards. In astronomy, the regression of the
moon's nodes is the motion of the line of
intersection of the orbit of the moon with
the ecliptic, which is retrograde.

Reeo’vrar, Lat. regularis, from regula, a
rule. 1. In geometry: a figure is said to be
regular when it is equilateral and equi-
angular; and a body is regular when it is
bounded by regular and equal planes, and
has all its solid angles equal. There are
five such regular bodies, viz., the Tetra-
edron, the Hexaedron or Cube, the Octa-
edron, the Dodecaedron, and the Icosa-
edron: called the Five Platonic Bodies.

ar curves are such as are the peri-
meters of the conic sections, which are
always curved after the same geometrical
way.——2Z. In the Roman Catholic Church,
those that profess and follow a certain
rule of life, and observe the three vows
of poverty, chastity, and obedience, are
called Regulars.

Recuta’tor, Fr. regulier. In mechanics,
that part of a machine (whatever is its
nature), which makes the motion equable.
In a watch it is a small spring; in a
steam-engine, windmill, &c. it is usually
named the governor. See GovERNoR.

Ree’uvs, Lat. dim. of rer,aking. 1.A
name given by the old chemists to metal-
lic matters, when separated from other
substances by fusion. It arose out of the
alchemical notion of finding gold, the king
of the metals, collected at the bottom of
the crucible after fusion. The term came
subsequently to be applied distinctively
in those cases where the metal and one of
its ores happened to be called by the same
name. Thus the sulphuret of antimony
was known by the name of antimony long
before it was suspected to contain a pecu-
liar metal; hence, when this discovery
was made, the metal was called regulus of
antimony, to distinguish it from the ore
from which it was procured.—2. In as-
tronomy, a star of the first magnitude in
the constellation Leo, named also, from its
situation, the lion’s heart (cor leonis).——
3. In ornithology, the wren.

RewaBivita’rion, in law, is the rein-
statement of a criminal in his personal
rights, lost by a judicial sentence.

Rein-peer. A quadruped; the Cervus
éarandus, Lin., of the northern regions.

It is about the size of the stag, but has
shorter and stouter legs. Rein-deer con-
stitute the wealth of the Laplanders, &c.

Reinro’rce. In artillery, that part of a
gun nearest the’breech, made stronger to
resist the explosive force of the powder.

Rels-EFFEN’DI. One of the principal
Turkish officers of state.

Resoin’DER. In law-pleadings, the de-
fendant’s answer to the plaintiff’s repli-
cation.

Rer‘tais. In fortification, a narrow
walk, four or five feet wide, left without
the ramparts.

Reta‘TION, InHARMONIC. In music,
when a dissonant sound is introduced,
which was not heard in the preceding
chord.

Recea’set. In law, an instrument in
writing, by which estates, rights, titles,
entries, actions, and other things, are ex-
tinguished and discharged.

Re Esser’, | In law, a relesseeisa person

Re tEs‘sor. J to whom a release is exe-
cuted ; a relessor is the person who exe-
cutes 2 release.

Retevancy. In Scotslaw, sufficiency

to infer the conclusion.

Retrer Synop. A body of Presbyterian
dissenters in Scotland, whose ground of
separation from the established church
was the violent exercise of lay-patronage.

RELIEV’ING-TACKLE. In mechanics, two
strong tackles, used to prevent a ship’s
overturning on the careen, and afterwards
to assist in uprighting her.

Rettr’vo (Italian), In sculpture, the

Reiser (Fr.& Eng.).§ projecture or
prominence of figures beyond or above
the plane or ground on which it is formed.
It is of three kinds, alto-relievo (high
relief ), basso-relievo (low-relief ), and demi-
relievo (half-relief )—(q.v.).

Re'tievary. A receptacle for the
relics venerated in Roman olic
churches

Rematn’DER. 1. In arithmetic, that

which arises by subtracting one quantity
from another.——2. In law, an estate
limited in lands, tenements, or rents, to
be enjoyed after the expiration of another
particular estate. A grants land to B for
20 years, remainder to C in fee.

Remem’sRanceErS. Officersof the Court
of Exchequer, whose chief function is to
remind the judges of things to be done for
the benefit ofthe king.

Remon’strants. In church history,
those Arminians who remonstrated
against the decisions of the Synod of
Dort, in 1618. :

Ren’pDERiNG. In building, see Pacer-
TING.

Ren’trorm. Kidney-shaped; ren, and _

forma, likeness.
RENI'TENCE,
REni'TENCY.

Lat. renitens. In mecha-
nics, that resistance in

REP 621 REQ

aolid bodies when they press upon, and are
impelled against, one another.

REnN’NET, } From rinnen, runnen, to co-

Ruon’ner. J agulate. 1. The gastric juice
and contents of the stomach of calves,
much employed, in preparing cheese, for
curdling the milk.——2. A variety ofapple.

Rent, Fr. rente, from vendre. At com-
mon law, rents are of three kinds: rent-
service, rent-charge, and rent-seck. The
vent-service is where some corporeal ser-
vice is incident to it, as by fealty anda
sum of money; rent-charge is when the
owner of the rent has no future interest
in the land, but the rent is reserved in
the deed, by a clause of distress for rent
in arrear ; rent-seck (dry-rent) is rent re-
served by deed, but without any clause of
distress. There are also rents of assize,
certain established rents of freeholders
and copyholders of manors, which cannot
be varied; called also quit-rents, and
when paid in silver, white-rents; but if in
baser coin, black-rents. A fee-farm rent is
arent-charge issuing out of an estate in
fee, of atleast one-fourth the value of the
lands at the time of reservation. Rack-
rent is the full value of the lands, &c

Renverse’. In heraldry, inverted. Con-
trary to the natural position.

Repeat’. In music, a character or mark
directing a part to be repeated in per-
formance.

Rerearine Crrcre. An invention, by
Borda, for diminishing the effects of er-
rors of graduation in astronomical instru-
ments.

Reper’Linc Power. In physics, that
power inherent in the minute particles
of matter, by which, under certain cir-
cumstances, they recede from one ano-
ther: the reverse of the attractive power.
See REPULSION.

Re’rent, Lat. repo, I creep, in geology,
is used to signify creeping, and is applied
to animals which move close to the
ground.

RererenD. In arithmetic, that part of
an indeterminate or infinite decimal
which is continually repeated ad infinitum.

Repre’vin, Low Lat. replegio. In law,
an action granted on a distress, by which
a person, whose cattle or goods are dis-
trained, has them returned to his own
possession, upon giving security to try
in a suit at law the right of taking; and
if that should be dete ed against him,
to return the cattle or goods into the
possession of the distrainor.

Reruica’tion. In law, the plaintiffs
answer to the defendant’s plea.

Report’. In commercial navigation, a
paper delivered by the masters of ships
arriving from ports beyond seas to the
Custom-house, and attested upon oath,
containing an account of the cargo on

» &.

Repo’se, Lat. repono, I lie down. In
the jine arts, the absence of that agitation
which is induced by the subdivision of
a work into too many unconnected
parts.

Reprr'sats, Fr. reprisailles. When the
people of one nation have unlawfully
seized and detained property belonging
to another state, the subjects of the latter
are authorised by the law of nations to
indemnify themselves, by seizing the
property of the subjects of the state ag-
gressing. This is termed making reprisals,
and commissions to this effect are issued
by the admiralty.

Repri‘ses. In law, deductions from
the value of lands, such as rent-charges.

Repropvuc’tion, Lat. reproduco. In
physiology, strictly, it signifies the power
possessed by an organised being of form-
ing anew parts of the body which have
been cut off. Vegetables are well known
to possess this faculty. Worms reproduce
many segments of the body : lobsters and.
spiders regain a claw or a leg ; and soon.

Repra’rion. A mode of progression by
successive advances of the trunk, as in
serpents; applied also to that of animals.
whose bodies touch the ground, their legs.
being very short.

Reptir1a. Reptiles, from Lat. rep-
tilis, from repo, to creep; a creeping
animal. The third class of vertebrated
animals, comprehending Chelonians,
(tortoises) ; Saurians (lizards) ; Ophidians.
(serpents) ; and Batrachians (frogs). All
reptiles are cold-blooded, (a comparative
term), owing to the disposition of the
heart, which transmits only a portion of
the blood to the lungs, (the remainder
returning to the other parts of the body,
without passing through the pulmonary
organs), and the consequent deficient
action of the oxygen upon the blood, and
diminished respiration. In temperate
and cold climates they almost all pass.
the winter in a state of torpor.

Repoue’tie, Lat. respublica. That form
of government in which the people exer-
cise the supreme power.

Repvv’sion, from repello. A term in
physics, for that property of bodies which
is opposed to attraction, and which, like
that force, appears, as far as has been
ascertained, to follow the same law, viz.,
increasing inversely as the square of the
distance. Consequently at the point of
contact it is infinite. It is as essential
as attraction itself to the constitution of
the material forms of created nature.

Reavest’, Court of. A Court of Equity,
in England, for the relief of such persons
as addressed the Crown by supplication:
abolished by Stat. 16 & 17 Car. L.

Re’auiem. In the Romish church, a
hymn or mass sing for the requiem ot
rest of the dead.

RES 622 RES

Re’scripr, Lat. rescriptum. The answer
of an emperor when consulted on some
difficult question: the rescript serves as
a decision of the question, and is there-
fore equivalent to an edict or decree.

Res‘cug, Norm. rescous, relieved. In
law, the forcible retaking of a lawful
distress from the distrainor, or from the
custody of the law; also the forcible
liberation of a defendant from the cus-
tody of the officer, in which cases the
remedy is a writ of rescue.

Reserva’rion, from reservo. In law, a
clause or part of an instrument, by which
something is reserved, not conceded or
granted ; also a proviso.

Reser’. In Scots law, the receiving of
stolen goods, harbouring an outlaw, &c.

Resip’vat. In mathematics, from resi-
duus, remainder. 1. Residual analysis,
the same with what is otherwise called
the method of exhaustions. All problems
to which residual analysis has been ap-
plied are more conveniently solved by
means of the doctrine of fluxions.——2. A
residual quantity is a binomial connected
by the residual sign, —,asa—x. A re-
mainder.

Resip’uum (Latin). 1. Residue.——
2. In law, what remains after payment of
debts, &c.

Re’stn, Fr. résine; Lat., Ital., Sp.,
resina, from ptw, to flow. The name
resin is given to a very important class
of vegetable substances, of which there
is a great variety of species, differing
from each other in consistence, colour,
smell, and in some degree, in chemical
composition; but have a common vege-
table origin, many of them exuding spon-
taneously, and others extracted by in-
cisions made in the bark of certain
resinous trees, and procurable from
almost all plants by chemical processes.
The chemical properties, which are
usually understood to characterise a
resin, are these: it is first softened, and
then melted by heat, and, when kindled,
it burns readily, with a strong and gene-
rally fragrant smell, with copious flame
and smoke, and leaves scarcely any resi-
due behind ; it is insoluble in water, but
is readily dissolved by alcohol; it is not
easily acted upon by acids, except the
nitric, by which it is converted into
artificial tar ; and it is readily saponified
by alkalies, when those are concentrated.
Most resins are translucent, and have
a brown (sometimes a red, or green,)
colour, and a vitreous fracture; being
often so brittle as to be readily pulverised
in the cold. There are some, however,
which are soft: these are usually termed
balsams (q.v.), and contain a certain por-
tion of volatile oil, (some benzoic acid).
The chief solid resins are amber, elemi,

é, benzoin, copal, rosin, mastich,

sandrich, dammora, lac, dragon’s blood,
guaiacum, Highgate resin, resin of Jalap,
labdanum, tacamahac,storax.

Resrin’cine. A light-coloured oil, des-
titute of taste and smell, obtained by dis-
tilling resin per se. Formula C20 H15 01.

Resrin’Eon. A product obtained from
resin by M. Fremy. It is less volatile than
resinone, and has a less burning taste.
Formula C23 His O01.

Res’inone. A product obtained by
M. Fremy from resin. It somewhat re-
sembles alcohol, and differs from oil of
turpentine in containing an additional
atom of water. Formula Clo H9 01,

Rr’stnous Etecrriciry. This is the
electricity eliminated by rubbing a cylin-
der of resin with a rubber of wool:
named also negative electricity. See Evec-
TRICITY.

Resist’ance. In mechanics, that power
which acts in opposition to another, so as
to diminish or destroy its effect: re,
against, and sisto, to stand.

Resouv’tion, from resolve. 1. In che-
mistry, analysis: the process of separat-
ing the component parts of bodies.——2.
In medicine, the disappearance of a local
inflammation with suppuration, mortifi-
cation, &c.——3. In music, the resolu-
tion of a dissonance is the carrying of it
according to rule into a consonance in the
subsequent chord.—4. In algebra, the
resolution of an equation implies the so-
lution of it.——5. In m mics, the reso-
lution of forces or motion is the act of
dividing any single force or motion into
two or more others, in different direc-
tions; or of finding the quantity of two
or more forces or motions, which taken
together shall produce the same quantity
of force or motion, with the given one in
the same direction. This is the reverse
of composition of forces or motion.

Res’onance. In music, prolonged and
refiected sound: resonans, resounding.

Respina’tion, from re and spiro, to
breathe. The act of breathing, which com-
prehends inspiration and expiration. Re-
spiration appears to be essential to the
life of all living bodies, plants as well as
animals; and moreover, the blood of ani-
mals is warm or cold according as they
respire more or less air.

Resrrra’tor. An instrument fitted to
cover the mouth, and retained by band-
ages; its object being to heat the inspired
air before entering the lungs, by retain-
ing that of the expired air, and giving it
off to the succeeding inspiration.

ReEsPonvDEN’TIA. In commercial naviga-
tion, a loan upon a cargo, differing from
bottomry, which is a loan upon the ship.

Response’. 1. In the Romish church, a
kind of anthem sung after the morning
lesson.——2. In music, a repetition of the
given subject by another part.

RET

623

REV

Ressauty (French). A term used to
denote the effect in a building of a body
which projects over or falls back from
the line or range of the other members.

Rest. In music, a pause or interval of
‘silence.

Restirv’TIon, Writ oF, in law, lies
where judgment has been reversed, to
restore to the defendant what he lost.

Resvutrant. In mechanics, a force
which is the combined effect of two or
more forces acting in different directions.

Resv/PINATE, Lat. resupinatus, reversed.
Applied to leaves when the upper surface
is turned downwards.

Rerain’eR. Among lawyers, a fee paid
to engage a lawyer or counsellor to
_ a cause, called also a retaining-

ee.
Reramn’iInc Watt. A wall built for
the support and maintenance of a body of
earth, where it is inexpedient to slope the
same gradually down. ‘

Re’te (Latin). A net. <A term very
often applied in anatomy and natural his-
tory to cellular membrane, nerves, ves-
sels, and other parts which have a reti-
form appearance. The rete mirabile isa
ngt-work of blood-vessels at the base of
the brain of quadrupeds. The rete mu-
cosum is a mucous substance, situated be-
tween the cuticle and true skin.

Reric’uLaRr, Lat. reticularis, Inter-

Reric’vLate, Lat. reticulatus.} Woven
like a web or net: rete, a net. Reticulated
work in architecture, is that in which the
* stones are square and laid lozenge-wise,
resembling the meshes of a net.

Rer‘icutz, from reticulum, a little net
or web. 1. A name given to the second
stomach of ruminant animals——2. Ina
telescope, a network of fine fibres dividing
the field into equal small squares.——3. A
little bag used by females as a pocket.

Re’trna, Lat. from rete,anet. The net-
like expansion of the optic nerve placed
at the back of the eye, and which has
been called the fourth membrane of the
eye. It is the true organ of vision.

RerTINAsPHAL’TUM, } Fossil copal. Pitch-

Rer'InIvTe. stone. A bitumi-
nous substance, found chiefly in Devon-
shire, accompanying the Bovey coal. It
consists of (55) resin (enrivn) and (41) as-
phaltum, with some earthy matter.

Re't1ravdeE, Fr. from retirer. In fortifi-
cation, a kind of retrenchment in the body
of the bastion or other work, which is to
be disputed with the enemy after the de-
fences are dismantled.

Retirep Frank. In fortification, a
flank having an are of a circle convex
towards the place.

Rerrac’ror. In anatomy, a muscle,
the office of which is to retract the part
into which it is inserted. :

Rerort, Lat. retortus. In chemistry, a

globular or pear-shaped vessel, with a
long neck, bent nearly at right angles

with the body: used in distilling, prepar-
ing gases, &c.

Rerrax'ir, Lat. retraho, retraxt. In
law, the open renunciation of a suit in
court, by which the plaintiff loses his
action.

RETRENCH’MENT, Fr. retranehement. In
fortification, any work raised to cover a
post and fortify it against an enemy.

Re’tro. A Latin prefix,meaning back-
wards.

Rerro-cGrava’TIion. In astronomy, an
apparent (not real) motion of the planets,
in which they seem to go backwards in
the ecliptic, and to move contrary (in an-
tecedentia) to the order and succession of
the signs.

Rer’ro (Italian). A term in music,
meaning straightforward.

Return. 1. In law, the rendering back
of a writ, precept, or execution, to the
proper officer of the court, or the certii-
cate of the officer executing it, indorsed.
—2. In architecture, the continuation of
a moulding, projection, &c., in the oppo-
site direction: a side or part which falls
away from the front or straight work.
—3. In fortification, the returns of a
trench are its several windings and
lines.

Rervurn’-BEaD. A bead appearing both
on the face and edge of a work.

Rervurn’-pay. In law, the day on which
the defendant is to appear in court, and
the sheriff is to return the writ of his
proceedings.

RetvuRN’ING-OFFICER. In law, an officer
whose duty is to make returns of writs,
precepts, &c.

Reve, Sax. gerefa. The bailiff of a fran-
chise or manor.

Rever'txe, Fr. from réveiller, to awake.
In military affairs, the beat of drum,
about day-break, to arouse the soldiers,
and to notify to the sentinels to cease
challenging.

Rey’ets, from revello. In architecture,
two vertical sides of an aperture between
the front of the wall and the window or
door-frame.

Reven’picaTion. In civil law, a claim
legally made to recover property, by one
claiming as owner.

Reven’ve, Fr. revenu, from revenir, to
return. The annual produce of taxes,

RHE

624

RHI

excise, customs, duties, rents, &c., which
a nation or state collects into the treasury
for public use.

Revzr’BeRATORY. A furnace or oven,
wherein the flame or current of heated
gases from the fuel is caused to reverbe-
rate, or be reflected down upon the sub-
stance under operation, before passing
into the chimney. Such reverberatories
are therefore usually made with dome-
tops, against which the flames, &c. first
impinge, and then curve downwards up-
on the bed of the furnace.

Reverse’, Fr. revers. In numismatics,
the side of a coin or medal on which the
head or principal figure is not stamped.

Rever’sion. In law, the residue of an
estate left in the grantor, to commence in
possession after the determination of some
particular estate granted by-him. In an-
nuities, a payment or benefit which is de-
ferred till the happening of some event,
as the death of a person now living.

Reve MENT, Fr. revétement, from revétir.
In fortification, a strong wall on the out-
side of a rampart, intended to support the
earth: a retaining-wall.

Revise’, from revisus. In printing, a
second proof of a sheet, taken after the
corrections in the first.

Evoca’TIon (PowER oF). In law, a
power by which the grantor of a volun-
tary deed of conveyance to uses, retains
the liberty of revoking these uses.

Rev‘otute, Lat. revolutus, rolled back.
In botany, applied to leaves, when the
margins are rolled backwards towards the
under surface.

RHABAR’BARINE. The bitter principle
of rhubarb, called also caphopicrite.

Ruwas'DoMANcy, ea Bdos, rod, and pwey-
#tim, prophecy. Divination by a wand.

Ruacnui’tis. English disease: the
rickets, so called from rachis, the spine;
because with the other deformities cha-
racteristic of this disease, the spine is
often distorted.

Ruam’nvus. The Buck Thorn. An ex-
tensive genus of trees and shrubs. Pen-
tandria — Monogynia. Name pays,
borrowed from the Greeks. The purging
buckthorn, and berry-bearing or black
alder, are the British types of the genus.
The jujube-tree is now separated from
the genus.

Ruapron’ticrne. A substance extracted
from rhubarb (the rootof the Rheum rha-
ponticum), otherwise called rjieine (q.v.).

Ruar’any. In pharmacy, the root
of a tree, the Krameria, imported from
Peru.

Rue'ine. A substance obtained from
rhubarb (rheum), by treating it with
ether: otherwise called rhaponticine.
It is obtained minute crystalline
grains, having an intense yellow colour,

but no taste or smell. Its ee in al-
cohol reddens litmus paper, an gear
behaves with bases like other sie
remarkable as a solvent of iron.

Rue'um. 1. Rhubarb. A genus of per-
ennial plants. Enneandria— Trigynia
Name said to be from Kha, a river in
Russia (the Wolga), on the banks of
which the species grows plentifully. The
roots of several species are used phar-
macy under the name of rhubarb, espe-
cially the roots of the Rh. palmatum and
the Rh. rhaponticum. Of the first there
also appears to be varieties; the Turkey
rhubarb, the Russian or Tartarian rhu-~
barb, and the Chinese or East Indian
rhubarb.——2. ‘Piyuw, Defluxion. A
thin watery matter, arising through the
glands, chiefly about the mouth.

RuHEV’MATISM, psymariopeos, from pev-
joeriga,to have defiuxion. A disease ;
an affection of the extremities and exter-
nal coverings of the human body, occu-
pying the muscular, tendinous, and fibrous
textures, and characterised by pain, stiff-
ness, and swelling of a Joint, with or
without fever.

Rurnoc’eros. A genus of large mam-
malia. Order Pachydermata ; family Or-
dinaria. Name from pay, a@ nose, and
zteas,a horn. There are several species
found in India, Java, Africa, and Suma-
tra; and fossil remains of the l are
found in several parts of Europe. The
Indian species has only one horn on the
snout, that of Africa has two. But it
would appear, from the account of
Burchell and Campbell, that the one-
horned rhinoceros is also found in Africa.

Rurnor’racus. A genusof coleopterous
insects, belonging to the tribe of Ceram-
bycini, characterised by the head being
narrow, and prolonged anteriorly, in the
manner of a snout: whence also the
name.

Rurpip’rerA. An order of insects, esta-
blished by Mr. Kirby, under the name of
Strepsiptera (twisted wings), on certain
species remarkable for their anomalous
form and irregular habits: called” Rhip-
iptera by Latreille, from pigee, a root, and
arteov, a Wing, on account of the pecu-
liarly radiating nervures which charac-
terise the wings.

RuIzan’THER, piGae, root, and apo,
flower. A class of plants which appear
to be intermediate between Endogens
and the lower orders of vegetation.

RHIZOPH’ORA. The Mangrove-tree: a
genus. Dod ia. Name
from pigee, a root, and Deen, to bear.
The juice of the root is applied in India
to the bite of serpen‘s.

Ruiz/opoves, from pila, a root, ane ries,
afoot. A name proposed by M. Dujar-

kW “25

RIC

din to a new class of animals of the lower
degree than the radiata, possessing a
power of locomotion by means of minute
tentacular filaments. This class would
comprise the animals which construct
the miliola and some microscopic fora-
miniferous shells.

Ruo’pium. A metal discovered by Dr.
Wollaston in crude platinum, and so
named from podoy, a rose, on account of
the rose colour of some of its compounds.

RHODODEN’DRON. Rose-bay: a genus
of permanent plants. Decandria—Mono-
gynia. Name from podoy, a rose, and
devdeoy, a tree. There are 20 species,
natives of temperate climates.

Ruoms, Lat. rhombus; Gr. poubes,
from peGw, to turn round. A quadri-
lateral plane figure, whose sides are equal
and parallel, two and two, and whose ad-
jacent angles are unequal. The opposite
angles are necessarily equal, and, taken
pair and pair, are greater and less than
two right angles. When all the angles
are equal, the figure becomes a square.

Ruom’so1n, from pox6ss, a rhomb, and
tides, likeness. A quadrilateral figure,

~ whose opposite sides only are equal ard

parailel. The adjacent sides and angles
are therefore unequal. The figure is
otherwise called a parallelogram ; and the
straight line which joins obliquely the
two opposite angles is named a diagonal.
When the adjacent angles are equal, and
therefore right angles, the figure is called
a rectangle, and popularly an oblong.

Ruoms-spar. A crystallised magnesian
carbonate of lime, so named from the
form of the crystal, of which the faces
are rhombs.

Ruon’cuvus. Poyyos. A rattling or
wheezing sound. The term is applied in
auscultation to any preternatural sound
accompanying respiration, occasioned
either by the passage of the air through
fluids obstructing the bronchia or air-
cells, or by the constriction of the
bronchial tubes. It is also called rattle,
and r le by the French writers.

Ruv’sars. See Rue’um.

Ruvms, from rhomd. In navigation, a
vertical circle of any given place, or the
intersection of a part of such circle with
the horizon: in this last sense rhumbs
coincide with the points of the compass,
ana are ramcd accordingly.

Ravs. Sumach. A genus cf treesand
shrubs of many species. Pentandria—
Trigynia. Name from pew, to flow, be-
cause it stops fluxes. All the species are
poisonous except the R. coriaria of the
south of Europe.

RuyncnopH’ora. A family of Coleo-
pterous insects, distinguished by the en-
tire prolongation of the head, which forms
a sort of proboscis: whence the name
from puyxzes, a beak, and geea, to carry”
The genera live chiefly on plants; several
of them exclusively within their fruits
and seeds, and do much injury.

Ruyncw’ors. A genus of birds; the
Skimmers: order Palmipedes: family
Longipennes. Name from pyyyxos, ros-
trum. One species only is known, the
Black Skimmer of the Antilles.

Ruyrn’m, Lat. rhythmus; Gr. pubes,
metre. In music, variety in the moyve-
ment, as to quickness or slowness, or
length and shortness, of the notes. In
poetry, it is the relative duration of the
moments employed in pronouncing the
syllables of a verse.

Ris (Saxon). 1. A bone of animal
bodies, forming a part of the frame of
the thorax.—2. In ship-building, 4
piece of timber, forming part of the
frame-work of the side of a ship. The
ribs of a parrel are short pieces, having
holes through which are reeved the two
parts of the parrei rope.——3. In archi-
tecture and enginee.ing, a term used gene-
rally to denote a girder, but more parti-
cularly an arched beam, sustaining the
superior work of a vault, bridge, &c.— -
4. In botany, the continuation of the
petiole along the middle of a leaf, and
from which the veins take their rise. _

Ris’set, dim. of rib. In architecture,
the recess of a wall to receive a door or
window-shutter, as it folds back when
opened.

Rrz’son, Elgar plese A fillet of silk.

Rusp’anp, J In navai architecture, a long,
narrow flexible piece of timber, nailed
upon the outside of the ribs, from stem
to stern, so as to encompass the ship
lengthwise: the principal] are the floor-
ribband and breadth-ribband.

Rrses. The trant tree. A very
extensive genus of arborescent shrubs.
Pentandria—Monogynia. The name ie
Arabic, and properly belongs to an acid-
leaved species of Rheum; but which
botanists, for 200 years past, have, by
mistake, applied to the currant and
gooseberry family, and with these it
now remains. The red, rock, algine,
black, and spiked currants, and the
rough and smooth gooseberry, are indi-
genc us species.

Rice, Fr. riz. The seed of the Oryza
sativas It is the principal food of vie

°

a 8

‘RIG

626

inhabitants of all parts of the East, where
it is boiled and eaten either alone or with
meat. It is the cheapest of all food, but
is rendered costly in this country by the
import duty upon it.

Rice Parer. An absurd name of a
description of paper, made in China and
India, for painting flowers, &c. upon,
from a membrane of the bread-fruit tree,
Artocarpus incisifolia.

Ricin‘ic Acip. A product obtained by
distilling castor oil at a high temperature.

Rici’xnus. The Palma Christi, or Castor-
oil Tree: a geuns of plants. Monacia—
Monadelphia, Said to be named from the
resemblance of its seeds to the tick, called
ricinus by the Latins. The R: communis,
the seeds of which yield the castor oil
(oleum ricini), is an annual plant, found
in both Indies. It is the Ksxs or Keoray
of Dioscorides, who ndsninistaian the
seeds as a cathartic. The plant is now
annually reared in gardens in the neigh-
bourhood of London.

Ricocuer’, Fr. for duck and drake. In
gunnery, a method of firing cannon, loaded
with. a small charge and elevated from
three to six degrees, so that the ball
may bound and roll along inside of the
enemy’s rampart: this is called ricochet-
Jiring, and the batteries are termed rico-
chet-batteries.

Rrper. In botany, a small leaf inserted
in or attached to other leaves. In gun-
nery, a piece of wood equal in length to
the body of the axle-tree of the gun-
carriage. In law, see RIDER-ROLL.

Ri'pEr-Rott. A small piece of parch-
meni, containing an additional clause of
a record, statute, &c., added to the prin-
cipal document: called also a rider.

Rrvpers. In ship-building, interior ribs,
to strengthen and bind the parts of a ship
together, being fayed upon the inner staff
and bolted through all.

Ruivee. In architecture, the upper hori-
zontal timber in a roof, against which the
raft rs pitch.

R./p1nc. In England, one of three por-
tions into which the county of York is
divided: anciently under the government
of areeve. The term is corrupted from
trithing, third.

Rivor’ro (It.). A favourite public
Italian entertainment, consisting of music
and dancing.

Rrrce, Sax. rifle, a groove: hence rei-
feln, to groove or rifle. A gun about the
same length and size as the musket, but
having the inside of the barrel rifled or cut
into a number of spiral channels, making
little more than one turn in the whole
length of the piece.

1a. The peculiar manner of fitting
the masts and rigging to a vessel.

Rie’cer. In mechanics, a cylindrical
pulley called alsc a drum.

RIX

Rio’Gine or s Surv. A term compre-
hending all ropes employed to support
the masts, and to extend or reduce the
sails or arrange them te the disposition cf
the wind. Rigging loft, tbe room in which
the rigging is prepared.

Ricur, Sax, riht (rectus). In geometry,
straight, as a rightline. Also opposed to
oblique, as a right angle, that is, an angle
neither obtuse not acute, but formed by
one line or surface meeting another per-
pendicularly.

Riciv'iry, Lat. rigiditas, from piyior,
stiff. In physics, a term which implies
the opposite qualities of flexibility, pli-
ability, ductility, malleability, &c., and
is usually defined to be the degree of
hardness which arises from the mutual
indentation of the component particle
within one another.

Ricote’, | Asort of musicalinstrument,

Rreats, consisting of several sticks
bound together and separated by beads.
It is struck with a ball at the end of a
stick, and makes tolerable harmony.

Rimo’se, Lat. rima, cleft. In zoology,
when any surface possesses numerous
minute narrow excavations, running into
each other.

Rinrorzan’po (It.), strengthening, in
music, denotes tnat the sound is to be
increased, which is symbolised by —=<—,

Rino’-zotr. A bolt of iron, with an eye,
in which a ring of iron is fitted

Rine’sone. In farriery, a hard callous
substance, growing in the hollow circle or
the little pastern of a horse: so named
from its sometimes growing quite round
like a ring.

Rine’-sart. ‘A small and light sail set
on a mast on the taffrail ; also, a studding-
sail set upon the gaff of a fore and aft sail.

Rine’trait, 1. In ornithology, the Faico
pygargus, Lin.——2. A small quadrangular
sail set on asmall mast on a ship’s taffrail.

Rror. In law, a riotous assembling cf
twelve persons or more, and who do no¢
disperse on proclamation. An Act pre-
hibiting such assemblies is known by the
name of the Riot Act, and being read by a
magistrate or peace officer to a mob, cor-
stitutes that mob rioters, if it does not
immediately disperse.

Rrera‘no. An Italian term, meaning
full, used in music in opposition to solv.

Rirornev’to (It.), from ritorno, return.
In music, a repeat played while the prir-
cipal voices pause.

Riv’er. A pin of iron, or other metal,
used for the purpose of joining two plates
of metal together; these being made to
overlap, and a hole drilled through both,
the pin is inserted and firmly clinched by
hammering, so thata head is now formed
on both ends, and it cannot be withdrawn.

Rrx’-potrar, Germ. retchsthaler, Duteb
ryks-daalder, Swed. riks-daler, the tobar

—————

ROC 627

ROE.

efthe realm. A silver coin of Germany,
Denmark, Sweden, &c., of different values
in different places. In Brunswick and
Baden, it is worth 4s. 2d.; and the rix-
dollar of the kingdom of Hungary is worth
a farthing more. In Denmark, it is worth
4s. 64d.; at Hamburgh, 4s. Thd. nearly,
and the constitutional rix-dollar of
Hanover is very nearly of the same-value
(4s. 7°9d.). In Hesse Cassel, it is worth
4s. 1}d. nearly; in Holland, about 4s. 5d.
(but the 50-stiver piece is worth only
4s. 34d.); at Lubec, 4s. 63d.; in Poland,
2s. 11$d.; in Prussia, currency 2s. 1134,
convention 4s. 2id.; in Saxony, the same
nearly ; in Sweden, 4s. 63d. (late coinage) ;
at Wurtemberg, 4s. 24d.

Roap’steap. A place where ships may
vide at anchor at some distance from the
shore.

Roan, Fr. rouan. <A bay, sorrel, or
black, with grey or white spots inter-
spersed very closely ; descriptive of the
colour of some horses.

Roasr’inc. In metallurgy, a process by
which the volatile parts of ores are sepa-
rated by the application of heat.

Rostn’ta. An | extensive genus of —
and shrubs. D ia.
Locust-tree, Rose ‘acacia, Pea-tree, galt.
tree, and Goat’s-horn, are the best known
species. Temperate and warm climates.

Rocer’iic Acrp. An acid discovered by
Dr. Heeren in the Rocella tinctoria. It is
a solid fatty-looking matter. When
heated, it melts and congeals again, at
251° F., into a crystalline mass.

Rocue’-atum. An alum brought from the
Levant in small pieces ofa pale rose colour:

called also rock-alum (Fr. roche, a rock).

RocHetie’ Sarr. Potassio-tartarate of
soda. A triple salt consisting of tartaric
acid, soda, and potash. It is administered
in medicine, in doses from one drachm to
an ounce, as a cathartic.

Rocu’et (French). 1. A surplice; the
white upper garment of an officiating
priest.——2. A fish, the roach.

Rock, Fr. roc or roche. In geology, a
term comprehending all the materials
forming the crust of the globe; clay,sand,
coal, and chalk, as well as limestone, gra-
nite, slate, and basalt,and other hard and
solid masses, to which the use of the term
in common language is generally re-
stricted. There are, (1.) Alluvial rocks,
formations of recent ‘date ; (2.) Secondary
rocks (sometimes named floetz rocks, be-
cause they are often disposed horizon-
taliy) ; these consist partly of chemical,
poor’ partly of mechanical deposits, rest-
ing upon the (3) Transition rocks. These
rest on the primary rocks, and contain
tne first indications of life, and mark the

transition of the world from an unin-
bebitabie to an inhabited condition ; (4.)
rocke (q. V.).

Rock-sur’teR. Native alum which
occurs in cavities and fissures of argilla-
ceous slate in soft masses, of a yellowish-
white colour. It is mingled with clay
and oxide of iron.

Rocx-cork. Mountain-cork. A grey-
ish-white variety of asbestos, found in
France and Germany.

Rocx-crys’tau. The most perfect va-
riety of quartz. It occurs crystallised in
chasms and clefts of the older rock in all
countries ; but is found in greatest per-
fection in Dauphiné, in the Alps, Mada-
gascar, &c. The name has been extended
to all crystallised and diaphanous va-
rieties.

Rock-risu. The gobius niger, Cuv. and
Yarr., is so named from its inhabiting
rocky situations, but it is more commonly
known as the black goby. British coasts.

Rockine-stones.: Immense masses of
rock, which appear to have been loosened
by some convulsion of nature, and, with
a slightly rounded base resting on a flat
surface of rock below, are easily moved
or rocked: called also loggan or laggan-
stones.

Rocx-rosy. A name sometimes given
to the garnet when it has a shade of blue.

Rocx-satt. Mineral salt = crys-
tallised chloride of sodium). In America,
the name is sometimes given to salt ob-
tained in large crystals. See Sarr.

Rocx-sam’ _— A plant, the sea-fen-

nel (Crith it ), used as a con-
diment when pickled with vinegar anc
spice.

Rock-sHELts. The common name of
certain univalves having their shells ter-
minated by long straight canals.

Rocx-woop. Ligniform asbestos. A
variety of asbestos which closely resem- _
bles fossil wood in appearance.

Rocx-work. 1. In architecture, ma-
sonry wrought in imitation of rough
stone, chiefly used in basements. ——2. In
gardening, a pile of stones, &c., forming a
nidus for the growth of Alpine plants.

Rop, perch, pole. A long measure of
163 feet; also a square measure of 272}
square feet.

Ropen’tra. An order of mammalia cha-
racterised by two large incisor teeth in
each jaw, separated from the molars by
an empty space ; they cannot seize living
prey nor tear flesh, nor even cut food, but
they serve to file, and by continued la-
bour to reduce it into separate particles—
in a word to gnaw it; hence the term ro-
dentia or gnawers, which is applied to
animals of this order. The squirrels,
marmots, dormice, rats, gerbils, hares,
rat-moles, beavers, porcupines, rat- ~hares,
guinea-pigs, mocos, agoutis, and pacas,
all belong to this order.

Roe, Ger. rogen. The spawn of fishea.
The soft roe or miit denotes the male:

282

ROM 628

ROO

the hard roe, or that to which the name
spawn is usually given, denotes the fe-
male.——2. Sax. raa, the female of the
hart.

Rox-stone. Oolite or Portland-stone.
See OouitTe.

Roca’tion, from rogo, to ask. The de-
mand by the Roman censuls, or tribunes,
of a law to be passed by the people.

RoGaTion-weex. The second week be-
fore Whit-Sunday ; thus called from the
three fasts observed therein; viz., Mon-
day, Tuesday, and Wednesday, called
rogation-days, because of the extraordi-
nary prayers then made for the fruits of
the earth, as a preparation for the deyo-
tion of the Holy Thursday.

Roeue’s Yarn. A yarn of different
twist and colour from the rest, and in-
serted in the royal cordage, to identify it
if stolen.

Rott. In antiquity,a volume: a book
consisting of leaf, bark, paper, skin, or
other material, on which the ancients
wrote, and which being kept rolled, was
called by the Latins volumen, from volvo,
to roll.

Rotters. The sea term for unusually
heavy waves.

Lis. 1. In gothic architecture, mould-
ings representing bent cylinders.——2.
Rolls of court, of parliament, or of any
other public body, are the parchments on
which are engrossed, by the proper offi-
cer, the acts and proceedings of that body,
and which being kept in rolls, constitute
the records of such public body.

Roitine-MILL. The name commonly
applied to the machinery by which metals
are laminated or compressed (while red
hot), by rollers or cylinders.

Rotiine-press. 1. A machine consist-
ing essentially of two cylinders, by which
cloth is calendered, waved, and tabbied.
Also a machine, of similar construction,
for taking impressions from copper-plates :
a copper-plate printing-press.——2. A
rolling-mill (q. v.).

Rowiine-Tackte. The object of this
tackle is to keep the yards constantly to
leewards when the ship rolls, thereby
doing away with friction.

Roman Caru’otics. A name for those
Christians who believe in the doctrines
and submit to the discipline of the Church
of Rome: called also Papists, from Papa,
Pope.

Roman Cement. An excellent water
cement, in very general use for building

urposes.

Romance’, Sp. romance, the vulgar
language of Spain. The Welsh has also
romance, rising nobly: hence romantic:
rhamanta, to soar, and rhamantu, to use
figurative language. A tale of extraor-
a@inary adventures, soaring beyond the
limits of fact and real life. The first

romances were a monstrous assemblage
of histories, in which truth and fiction
were blended without probability. They
were for the most part made up of amo-
rous adventures and the extravagant
nonsense of chivalry.

Roman Orver. Another name for the
composite order of architecture.

Romanesque. In painting, appertain-
ing to fable or romance. In literature, the
common dialect of Languedoc, and other
parts in the south of France. Romaic is
the language of modern Greece.

Roman ScHoot oF Paintinc. This
school, like the Florentine, addressed it-
self to the mind, and is formed upon an-
tique models. Its style was poetical; its
touch easy and graceful; its compositicn
elegant; its colouring negligent; and its
draperies eminently successful.

Roman Vautrine. A term applied by
some to a vault built in the following
manner; each vault being built exactly as
if it weresingle, the two vaults meet in
an edge or groin of a regular elliptical
form, lying diagonally across the com-
partment, and the lines running along the
top of each vault will be horizontal lines.

Rome’PENNY, | A tax of a penny foreach

Rome Scor. J house, formerly paid by
the people of England to the see of Rome,
at the feast of St. Peter ad vincula (ist of
August), granted, according to some, by
Offa ; according to others, by Ina, king of
the West Saxons, who being on a pil-
grimage, and at Rome, a.p. 725, gave it as
analms. It was much complained of by
the people, but was only finally abolished
by Queen Elizabeth.

Rom’per’. In heraldry, an ordinary
which is broken, or a chevron bend, or
the like, whose upper parts are cut off.

Ronpeav’, Fr. from rond, round. 1. A
kind of poetry, commonly consisting of
thirteen verses. of which eight have one
rhyme, and five another. It is divided
into three couplets, and at the beginning
of the second and third the beginning of
the rondeau is repeated in an equivocal
sense.——2. In music, the rondeau gene-
rally consists of three strains, the first of
which closes in the original key, while
each of the others is so constructed in mo-
dulation as to reconduct the ear easily
and naturally to the first strain——3. A
kind of jig or lively tune which ends with
the first strain repeated.

Roop. 1. A different orthography of rod,
The fourth part of an acre; forty square
rods.——2. Sax. vode, a cross.

Roop’torr, Sax. rode, a cross. A gal-
lery between the nave and choir in
churches, in front of which, towards the
nave, stood the rood or cross, and images
of saints; now generally occupied by
organs. -

Roop-TowER on STEEPLE. The building

ee

ROS 625

ROS

at the intersection of the nave and tran-
ry of a church, which covered the rood-
0)

Roor, Sax. wrof. The top covering of a
house or other building, in which sense it
comprises the timber-work, slate, tile,
lead, with whatever else is necessary to
form and complete the whole. The parts

are AA, the tie-beam; k, the king-post ;

CC, the principal rafters or principals ;
DD, the struts; EE, the purlines; and
without are the common rafters.

Rook. 1. Sax rhoc. Abird, the Corvus
frugilegus, Lin.—2. Ital. rocco, a bishop’s
staff; a common man at chess.

Roor. 1. Inarithmeticand algebra, a quan-
tity which being multiplied into itself a
certain number of times, produces ano-
ther quantity calleda power,and of which
power the original quantity is the root.
Thus 2ais the square root of daa, or 2 *a’;
the cube root of 8 aaa, pr? 2*a° ; the fourth
root of 16 aaaa, or 2 *a*, &c. ponies In bo-
tany, the descending fibres of a plant,
whose function is to attract liquid food
from the soil in which it is imbedded.

Rope, Sax. rap. Ropes are made of
hemp, hair, &c. spun into a thick yarn, of
which several strings are twisted together
by means of a wheel. Very small ropes
are termed cords, and very thick ones
cables. See CaBre.

Rope-rott. A hollow cylinder fixed on
an axle, around which either single or
endless ropes or bands are passed, for the
purpose of communicating motion to other
parts of the machine. See Drum.

Rorz-yarn. Yarn for ropes, consisting
of a single thread ; the threads are twisted
into strands, and th e strands into ropes.

Rosa. Rosz. A very extensive genus
of trees and shrubs. JIcosandria—Poly-
gynia. Rosais the Latin name, derived
from the Celtic rhés, allied to rhuz, red
Don enumerates 29 British species, and
about as many varieties of the rose, and
in al) 89 species, all of which, with a very
few exceptions, are natives of temperate
climates.

Rosa’ctc Actip. A peculiar acid depo-
sited from the urine of persons labouring
under gout and inflammatory fevers. It
isof a rose colour, and sometimes forms
reddish crystals.

Rosary, Lat. rosarium, a rose-bed. A

Roman Catholic devotional practice, con
sisting in reciting a number of times the
Lord’s Prayer and the Ave Maria. As the
computation is aided by means of beads,
the string of beads has acquired also the
name of a rosary. .

Rost-ENGINE. In mechanics, an appen-
dix to the turning-lathe, by which a sur-
face of wood or metal is engraved witha
variety of curve lines.

Rosr-noztr. An ancient English gold
coin, stamped with the figure of a rose:
first struck in the reign of Edward [III.,
and current at 6s. 8d. (according to John-
son l6s.).

Roses, Festivat or. An annual rural
festival of some parts of France, in
which the best-behaved maiden of the
town or village is crowned with roses
in the church, to which she is conducted
with great pomp by the villagers.

Roser’ra Stone. A celebrated stone,
found at Rosetta in Egypt, the subject of
much hieroglyphic research.

Rose-winpow. A circular window,
with compartments of mullions or tracery,
branching from a centre; sometimes
called a Catharine-wheel, or marigoid-
window.

Rosr-woop. A beautiful wood, pro-
duced in Brazil, the Canary Islands, Siam,
and some other places. It is the produce
of a large tree, not, however, well known
to botanists: Don calls it the Polysoca-
lymnia floribunda. It takes its name from
its irregular knotty grain, as if studded
over with small roses, together with its
fragrant smell, and purple red ground, It
is highly valued for cabinet work, in
which, from its great price, it can only
be used for veneering ; price in bond from
1201. to 1241. per ton; duty 10/. per ton
(formerly 20/.).

Rosicrv’ctans. A sect or cabal of her-
metical philosophers, (rather fanatics),
who sprung up in Germany, in the 14th
century, and made great pretensions to a
knowledge of science. Among other
things they pretended to be masters of
the secret of the philosopher’s stone. They
took their name from ros, dew, and cruz,
cross: dew being the most powerful dis-
solvent of gold, according to their notions,
and cross an emblem of light.

Ro’stn. This is the name given to the
resin which the different species of tur-.
pentines leave when they are deprived of
their volatile oil by distillation. After
this process it is melted with about $ of
its weight of galipot, placed upon a straw
filter, and a little water sprinkled on the
melted mass. Thus prepared, it is com-
mon rosin: when it has a golden-yellow
colour, it is called Burgundy-pitch. It
has a deep brownish-yellow colour, is
translucent and brittie, and is liquifieé
by a temperature of 2;5° F

ROT ; 636

ROY

Rosmarr’nvus. Rosemary. A genus of
permanent plants. Diandria—Monogynia.
Two species, one a native of the south of
Europe, the other of South America.

Roster’tum, Lat. rostrum. 1. An ele-
vated portion of the stigma of orchida-
ceous plants.——2. The word denotes the
mouth of the louse and other apterous
insects.——3. The uncinated proboscis of
the tape-worms.

Ros’rer. In military affairs, the plan
or table by which all military duty is
regulated.

Ros’TRATE, Lat. rostratus, beaked : from
rostrum, a beak. Applied to parts of
piants and to shells, &c., which have a
bLeak-like process.

Rosy-prop. Acne rosea. A disease,
which exhibits itself in suppurating
tubercles, especially about the nose and
cheeks, the surrounding skin being in-
flamed, and of a shining rosy redness;
often induced by intemperance.

Ror. In nosology, a disease incident to
sheep, and other domestic animals, in
which the liver and lungs are affected,
frequently accompanied by a tendency to
dropsy..

Rora’tion, from roto, to turn. Motion
round an axis, as distinguished from the
progressive motion of a body revolving
yound another body, or a distant point,
as a centre. Thus, the daily turning of
the earth on its axis is a rotation ; its an-
nual motion round the sunis a revolution.

Rora’tTion OF Crops. In agriculture,
the succession of crops which are sown
on the same soil, year by year. A variety
of crops is found to preserve the soil more
tertile thanif crops of the same kind were
tw be continually raised upon it.

Ro’rary, or Rorarory Enerne (called
also a Concentric engine, and a Steam-
wheel). An engine worked by the elastic
force of the steam acting upon pistons
fixed to an axis, whereby the latter is
put in motion, instead of being turned by
means of pistons worked in hollow cylin-
ders, and communicated by the crank
;notion. Such are Avery’s Rotary Engine,
the Patent Rotative Disc-engine, and
Bunnett and Corpe’s Concentric Engine.

Rora’tor, Lat. from roto, to turn. A
rouscle, the office of which is to turn
round the part upon which it acts.

Rortr’era, Lat. from rota,a wheel, and
jero,to bear. The name of an order of
infusory animals. The body is oval, and
gelatinous, and most commonly termi-
nates posteriorly in a tail that is variously
constructed, and anteriorly it bears a
singular organ variously lobate, and
denticulated edges, and of which the den-
ticulations vibrate successively in such a
manner as to give the organ itself the
appearance of one or more dentated and
revolving wheels.

Ror, or Ror’ren Stone. A name which
has been applied indiscriminately to alk
the species of Tripoli ; but ought, accord-
ing to some, to be “confined to those
varieties which are most light and fri~
able, and have a fine grain. It occurs in
Derbyshire.

Rortun’pDa, \ Ital. from Lat. rotundus,

Rotvun’po, /round. A round building,
as the Pantheon at Rome.

Rove’. In the beau monde, a person
devoted to alife of pleasureand sensuality.

Rovces (French). Red paint: applied
more especially to a cosmetic prepared
from the saffron flower or flower of the
Carthamus tinctorius, which: is also in
use for dyeing silk.

Roveu-castinc. In , the ordi-
nary mode of finishing the hte and
lath outside work of cottages and inferior
buildings. <A pricking-up coat of hair-
mortar is first put on, upon which, when
tolerably dry, a smooth coat of the same
mixture is laid, and a second workman
follows with a vessel full of thinner
mixture, which he throws over the work
as fast as it is finished: this last opera-
tion produces an uniformity of colour.

Roven Srvucco. Stucco floated and
brushed in a small degree with water.

Rovunvet. In heraldry, a circular spot.

Rovunp’HEADS. A name given to the
Puritans, in contempt for the practice
which prevailed among them of cropping
the hair round.

Rovnp’Hovuse. 1, A constable’s prison.
2. In ships,an apartment in theafter-
part of the quarter-deck, having the poop
for its roof: sometimes called the coach.

Rovunp Number. A number which ends
with a cipher.

Rovunp-roerin, Fr. rvond and ruban. A
written petition, memorial, or remon-
strance, signed by names in a circle, so
as not to shew who signed it first.

Rowunp Taste, Kyicuts oF THE. The
famous English order of knights in the
time of King Arthur.

Rove. A Scotticism for auction.

Row’et, Fr. rouelle, dim. of rouz. 1.In
horsemanship, the little wheel of a spur.
—2. In farriery, a roll of hair or silk
used as an issue on horses, answering to
2 seton in surgery.——3. A little flat ring
or wheel of plate or iron on a horse’s bit.

Row tock. The part of a boat’s gun-
wale on which the oars rest in rowing.

Row-rvext. A little square hole in the
side of small vessels of war, near the sur-
face of the water, for the use of an oar in
rowing in a galm.

Rov’at. A term which as an adjec-
tive means kingly ; as a noun (1.) Alarge
size of paper; (2.) In ships, a small sail
spread immediately above the top-gal-
lant-sail; sometimes termed ee then
gallant-royal ; (8.) In artillery,

RUB

631

RUL

mortar; (4.) A gold coin worth 10s., for-
merly current in England.

Rovat Vax. In astronomy, a constella-
tion in the southern hemisphere.

Rorat Srircu. An qld operation for
the cure of inguinal hernia, consisting in
putting a ligature round the neck of the
eac till adhesive inflammation is excited.

Royrats. A distinctive name given to
the first regiment of foot in the British
service.

Rownre, oR Rvuesre-stone. 1. The
name given by Kirwan to Greywacke.
—2. Water-worn stones.

Roxz’sie-worx. A rough description of
masonry, wnercin the stones are merely
axed on the face, and laid in as regular
courses as suits the convenience of the
mason.

Ruv’ris. » Madder. A genus of plants.
Tetrandviz — Monogynia. Name from
ruber, red. The dyer’s madder (R. tinc-
torum) is a native of the south of Eu-
rope; the wild madder (R. peregrina) is
a native of Byitain. There are four other
exotic species.

Rv’zican (colour of a horse) is a bay,
sorrel, or black, with a light grey or
white upon the flanks, but the white or
grey not predominant there.

Rvsin‘te Acip. An acid composed of
Cis H6 Oz. It is obtained only in com-
bination and by a laborious process upon
eatechuie acid. It is thus named from
the red Ar ee of its salts: rubinus from

Rv’‘ste. A silver coin of Russia, value
3s. 74d. when first struck by Peter; but
that of the coinage of 1805 is only worth
3s. 232. Name from rublyer, to cut, it
being the fourth part of the grivna.

Ro’zric, Lat. rubria, from ruber, red.
1. In the canon law, a title or article in
certain ancient law-books, so called be-
cause written in red letters.——2. Direc-
tions printed in prayer-books.

Ruv’sts. Pramble. A Aeveis extensive
genus of plants.
Name from ruber, red, in allusion ‘to the
colour of the fruit of some of the species.

The respberry, dewberry, and cloudberry,

with 13 other species, are natives of Bri-
tain, among the best known of which are
the common bramble. Don enumerates
56 species in ail.

Rv's, from ruder, red. A transparcnt
red variety of rhombohedral corundum,
found in the allaviai soil in C2ylen,
and some other ovicnta! couy.tries, espe-
cially Birmah. The name ruby has, no-v-
ever, almosz ceased to ve techricel, as
under it are soic minerals which differ
very essentiatly in their characters, ard
only agree in coiour se far as that is cha-
racteriscd By the uncuatified term red.
Thus the o-ental rrov is a variety of
sapphire genezaliy of ¢ cockin, al rd. out

passing to many other shades. When 10
carats and upwards it is highly valued,
and even under that weight, when fine,
it has been valued higher than diamonds
of equal weight. The spinelle and balais
are also regarded as rubies, and are
highly prized, but want the richness of
the oriental rubies. The ruby contains
about 90 per cent. of alumina. See Co-
RUNDUM.

Rup’pER, Ger. ruder, an oar. The in-
strument by which a ship is steered : that
part of the helm which enters the water,
and is attached to the stern-post by
hiages, on which it turns.

Rupper Coat. A covering of tarred
canvass put round the rudder-head, to
keep out the water by the rudder pole.

Rupper Penpvants. Strong pieces of
rope by which the rudder, if unshipped,
is held to the ship’s quarter.

Rupper Percu. A small fish said to
follow the rudders of ships in the warm
parts of the Atlantic.

Rupper SHocx. A piece of wood fit-
ting between the head of the rudder and
the rudder hole, to hold fast the rudder
in case of the tiller being removed.

Ru’DENTURE, from r ,»arope. The
figure of a rope or staff, carved or plain,
with which a third part of the fiutings of
columns is sometimes filled.

Rov’piment, Lat. rudimentum. 1. A first
principle or element: that which is to be
first learned of a science or art.——2. The
origin of anything in its first form.

Rupow’PHIne Tastes. A celebrated set
of astronomical tables, published by Kep-
ler, and thus entitled in honour of the
Emperor Rodolph.

Ruz. In botany,the common Rue is the
Ruta graveolens, a small shrubby plant,
common in gardens. The Goat’s-rue is a
species of Galega; and the Wall-rue be-
longs to the genus Asplenium.

Rurr. 1. Inornithogy, the Tringa pug-
naz, Lin., which forms the sub-genus
Machetes, Cuv. lt is sbout the size of a
snipe, and takes its popular name from
the neck being surrounded with a thick
collar or ruff of festhers, so variously ar-
ranged and coloured, and projecting in
such fantastic positions, that no two indi-
viduals can be found alike. It takes its
name from the pugnacious disposition of
the males, so highly manifested during

_vhe nuptial seascn that vast numbers of

‘hem sre destroyed in mutual combat.
The female is called reeve.——2. In ichthy-
logy, = species cf the Perch, described
hy Welton.

Ruee’sz, Lat. ruosue, wrinklee ; an-
slied co a leaf wnen the veins ar2 t' gntexr
shar the surfaces hetween them, 29 hag
“be ‘tte to swell inte ine .alities,

nvs., Csitic raed. L in isdewatees «6
1 ovim, equse, or precept, to be c_eei ved

RUN 632

RUS

in any art or science : a determinate mode
prescribed for performing an operation,
producing a certain result, &c. Every
science has its rules——2 An instrument
with lines, divisions,and numerals mark-
ed upon it, of the greatest utility in men-
suration. Of this instrument there are
numerous varieties, adapted to particular
objects. The most extensively used is
the carpenter’s rule, divided into feet and
inches, and various parts and scales of
proportion, for taking lineal measure-
ments. There are various sliding rules,
for performing computation ; others fur-
nished with tables adapted to the use of
various trades and manufactures, and
also for professional purposes.

Roum. A spirit distilled, in the West
Indies, from fermented refuse of the cane-
juice and skimmings of the sugar-caul-
drons. It derives its peculiar flavour and
taste from the essential oils carried over
during the distillation. The pine-apple rum
is simply common rum in which a few slices
of pine-apple have been macerated, to give
it the peculiar flavour of the pine-apple.

Rovu’men. In comparative anatomy, the
first stomach of such animals as chew the
cud, or which are endowed with the fa-
culty of rumination.

Rv’msx. Dock. An extensive genus of
herbaceous plants. Hexandria—Trigynia
So named because the leaves of some spe-
cies are somewhat shaped like a rumez or
spear. There are ten species natives of
Britain, among which are the Common
Sorrel, or Sour-dock, and the Sheep’s-
Sorrel. One species, found in the Canary
Islands, and another in Africa, are called
trees.

Rouminan’t14. Ruminants. Animals
which chew the cud: they form the eighth
order of the Mammalia (see Rumen and
RouminatTion). The Camels, Musks, Stags,
Giraffe, Antelopes, Goats, Sheep, and Ox,
are all ruminants.

Rumina’tion. A faculty characteristic
of an order of animals: the Ruminantia.
It consists in a power of laying past the
food for a time, in a receptacle adapted
for it, and afterwards bringing it back
into the mouth and masticating it asecond
time. It depends upon the structure of
the stomach, which is divided into four
compartments, the three first being so
disposed that the food may enter into
either of them.

Rov’ctnate, Lat. rucinatus, notched.
Applied to leaves which are cut into se-
veral acute transverse segments, pointing
backwards.

Runes, Germ. Runen. The ancient alpha-
betical letters peculiar to the northern
nations.

Rvu’nic. An epithet applied to the
letters and language of the ancient Goths:

runa, anything mysterious.

Run’‘NER. One of the stones of a
flour-mill——2. A sarment or shooting
twig.—3. A thick rope, used to increase
the mechanical power of a tackle.——4.
One of the timbers on which a sleigh
slides.

Run’‘NING-RIGGING denotes all that por-
tion of a ship’s rigging which passes
through the blocks, to dilate, contract, or
traverse the sails: in distinction from
standing-rigging.

Ruw’ninG Frusx or Torvse. An im-
posthume, or ulcer, that gathers on a
horse’s frog, and sometimes causes it to
fall off.

Ron’ntne Titte. In printing, the title
of a book continued from page to page, on
the upper margin

Rover’. A silver coin of the East
Indies, value from 2s. 4d. to 2s. 6d. ster
The name is the Sanscrit word for silver.

Rv’Pert’s Drops, Lachryme Batavice.
Glass drops, with long slender tails, which
burst to pieces on breaking off any part.
They are made by dropping glass while
in a state of fusion into cold water.

Roup’rure. In surgery, see HERNIA.

Rus’cus. Rutcher’s-Broom. A genus
of trees and shrubs. Diwcia—Monadelphia.
Name, @ russo colore, from the carnation-
colour of the berries. The Prickly But-
cher’s-Eroom (R. aculeatus) is the British
type. The Alexandrian Laurel is a native
of the Continent.

Ruvs‘sta AsHEs. Impure potash, im-
ported from Russia.

Rus‘sta Company. A regulated com-
pany for conducting the trade with
Russia, incorporated by charter of Philip
and Mary, and sanctioned by Act of Par-
liament in 1566.

Rus‘sta LeatHeR. The tanned hides of
oxen and other bovine animals, denomi-
nated youfts or juffs by the Russians, on
account of their being manufactured in
pairs. It is soft, has a strong prominent
grain, a great deal of lustre, and a pow-
erful and peculiar odour. Its colours are
red and black; the former is best, and
is largely used in this and other countries
for bookbinding, for which it is superior
to every other material.

Rust, Sax. rust. The orange-red coat-
ing of peroxide which forms on the sur-
face of iron, when exposed to air and
moisture. This is rust properly so called,
but the oxides of some other metals, as

copper, are occasionally denominated .

rusts.

Rus‘t1c. In architecture, a mode of
building in imitation of nature; the
stones being only smoothed on the sides
where they are intended to join, and
the outer surface left entirely rough. The
faces of the stones, in rustic work, are
now, however, generally hatched or
picked with the poirt of a hammer;

SS ho ae

SAB

633

SAC

building of this sort forms the rustic order.
When the margins of the stones are re-
duced toa plane parallel to the plane of
the wall, the intermediate parts being an
irregular surface, it is denominated
frosted rustic work; and when the inter-
mediate parts are so worked as to have
the appearance of being worm-eaten, it is
vermiculated rustic work. When the faces
of the stones are smoothed, and made pa-
rallel to the surface of the wall, and have
the margins cut away to an angle of 135°
with the face of the stone, it constitutes
rustic chamfered work.

Rv’TILe, A brownish or yellowish

Rotitrre. fred (sometimes nearly
black) ore of titanium. It occurs regu-
larly crystallised, massive, disseminated,
in grains, and in flakes, in Scotland, in the
granite of Cairngorum. Lustre often me-
tallic, scratches glass, and is infusible be-
fore the blowpipe. Sp. gr. 4°2 to 44. It
takes its name from its red colour.

Ry’ver. In law, for rider. A new
clause to be added to a bill on its third
reading. It is done by tacking a separate
piece of parchment on the Dill, which
piece is the ryder.

Kye. The bread-corn of Germany and
Russia, being more easily cultivated, and
@ more certain crop than wheat. The
common rye is the Secale cereale, and the
epurred rye, the Secale cornutum of botany.
Neither are much grown in England.

Rye-crass. The Loliwm perenne, of
which there are about fifteen varieties
cultivated in Britain, all of which are
perennial.

Ry’or. A peasantof Hindostan. The
ryots rent the land by a lease, which is
considered as perpetual, and at a rate
fixed by ancient surveys and valuations.

S.

8, the nineteenth letter of the English
@lphadet. It stands as an abbreviation
for societas, society, or socius, fellow, as in
¥.R.S., Fellow of the Royal Society ; and
for south, on compass cards, &c. In Ita-
lian music, § signifies solo. In medical
prescriptions, S. A. means secundum artem,
according to the rules of art; and s or ss
immediately following any quantity, im-
ports semis or half.

Saza‘oru (Heb.) signifies hosts or ar-
mies.

Sappara’rtans. A sect of Christians,
who maintain that the Jewish sabbath
was not abrogated, and ought to be ob-
served. :

Saxv’satH Day’s Journey. About two-
thirds of an English mile.

SaBBATIcAL YEAR was every seventh
year in the Jewish economy. Observed
with the same respect as the seventh day
or sabbath.

Saser’trans. Followers of Sabellius, a
philosopher of Egypt, in the third century.
who openly taught that there is one per-
son only in the Godhead, and that the
Word and Holy Spirit are merely virtues,
emanations, or functions of the Deity.

Sa’Bianism. That species of idolatry
which consists in worshipping the sun
and stars, called emphatically the hosts of
heaven: hence the term, from the Chal-
daic word for host or army. Sabianism is
the oldest idolatry on record, and it exists
to the present day in Persia (Chaldea),
whence it was imported into Europe.

Sa’sians. AChristian sect; called also
Christians of Saint John. .

Sa’sie. 1. An animal of the weasel
tribe, the mustella, or Viverra zibellina,
Lin., found in the northern latitudes of
America and Asia, and much hunted for
the sake of its fur. Its colour is usually
of a deep glossy brown, sometimes black,
rarely yellow, and more rarely white. It
resembles the martin, and burrows in the
ground.—2. In heraldry, the tincture
black, represented in engraving by per-
pendicular and horizontal lines crossing
each other.

Sa’srne. A species of juniper (the Ju-
niperus sabina), so named after the Sa-
bines, whose priests used it in their reli-
gious ceremonies. It yields the oil known
as oil of sabine.

Sac. In English law, the privilege en-
joyed by the lord of a manor, of holding
courts, trying causes, and imposing fines.

Sac’capE (French), a jerk. In horse-
manship, a sudden and violent check of a
horse, by drawing or twitching the reins
on a sudden, and with one pull; a correc-
tion when the horse bears heavy on the
hand.

Saccuar’tc Acip, Lat. saccharum, sugar.
An acid product formed during the action
of nitric acid on sugar.

Saccuar’orp, from Teno, sugar, and
elder, form; like sugar. A term applied
to rocks which have a texture resembling
that of loaf sugar.

Saccuarom’ETER, from caxyae, Sugar,
and fereov, Measure. An. instrument
used by the excise officers for ascertain-
ing the strength of wort, or the quantity
of sugar it contains.

Sac’cHanum, the Latin word for sugar.
Zaxnyoueov, the oriental name sakar, from
Arab. In botany, the sugar-cane: @
genus of perennial plants of five species.
Triandria—Digynia. Natural order Gra-
mina. The species from which sugar is ob-
tained is the S. officinarum: it is common
to the warm parts of America and Asia.

Saccuotactic Acip. A name formerly
given to the mucic acid (q. v.), from saccha-
rum, sugar, and lac, milk: acid obtained
from the sugar of milk.

SAD 634

SAF

Sac’copua’rynx. The generic name of
a fish, discovered by Mitchell, in the At-
lantie Ocean, floating on the surface, by
the dilatation of its throat: hence the
name from sacco, to strain, and pharynx
(q. V.).

Sa’cer Mor’svus (Lat). Sacred disease.
An old term for epilepsy and other dis-
orders.

Sack. 1. Sax. saec,sack. A large bag
made of coarse hempen cloth (sacking),
used for conveying corn, wool, hops, &c.,
in. A sack of wool in England is 308 Ibs. ;
in Scotland it is 384lbs. A sack (more
commonly a bag) of cotton, varies from
150 lbs. to 400 lbs.——2. Fr. sec, séche, dry.
The name of a wine used by our ances-
tors, called by Howell in his French and
English Dictionary (1650) Vin d’Espagne,
vin sec, and was probably the wine calliea
dry mountain. By some, however, it is
taken to be Khenish, and by others to be
Canary wine.——3. Wel. segan, a cloak of
a square form, worn by our ancestors. It
was originally made of skin, afterwards
of wool.

Sacx’sut. A musical instrument of the
wind kind. It is a sort of trumpet, which
is so contrived that it can be lengthened
or shortened according to the tone re-
quired; hence called schut/-trompet by the
Dutch. The name is compounded of
sacco, to strain, and buxus, a box.

Sa’cRaMENT. 1. The military oath
taken by Roman soldiers to obey their
commanders.——2. In theology, the name
of the distinctive ceremonies of the Chris-
tian faith, baptism, and the Lord’s supper.

SacRAMENTA’LIA. Certain sacramental
offerings formerly paid to the parish priest
at Easter, &c.

Sac’risty, Lat. sacer, sacred. In archi-
tecture, an apartment attached to the
church, in which the services, &c., are
deposited.

Sac’ro.
anatomy

Sa’crum, Lat., from sacer, sacred. In
anatomy, the os sacrumis that bone which
forms the basis of the vertebral column,
and derives its name from its being
offered in sacrifice by the ancients.

Sav’pa. A work in the Persian tongue,
being a summary of the Zendavesta or
sacred books.

Sap’pie, Sax. sadel. 1. The seat adapted
to a horse’s back.——2. In ships,a cleator
block of wood, nailed on the lower yard-
arms, to retain the studding-sail booms
in their place. The name is also given
to other circular pieces of wood.

Sap’DLE-sHAPED. In geology, an epithet
applied to strata when bent on each side
of a mountain, without being broken at
the top.

Sap’pucers. A sect of Deists among the
arcient Jews, who denied the resurrec-

A prefix for sacrum, used in

tion, a future state, and the existence of
angels.

Sare Conpuct. A special pass or war-
rant of security, under the Great Seal, to
protect a person in an enemy’s country,
or in a foreign country.

Sare’ry Lamp. The miner’s lamp, in-
vented by Sir H. Davy, to prevent the
fatal explosions which have
arisen from use of the com-
mon lamp in coal mines. It
transmits its light through a
cylinder of iron or copper
wire-gauze, the apertures of
which are about a thousand
in the square inch. Itis based
upon the fact, that carbu-

etted hydrogen is notignited
through wire-gauze ; but,ac-
cording to the old construe-
tion, the safety-lamp was no
protection against a mixture
of pure hydrogen and atmo-
spheric air. This has led to
certain improvements, as the
covering of the cage with
glass ; and Messrs. Upton and
Roberts’s new patent safety-
lamp is perhaps the most
@omplete of the kind. The figure shows the
original Davy-lamp, of which ali the others
are merely modifications. Its principal
parts area brass cistern containing the oil,
the rim on which the wire-gauze cover is
fixed, an aperture for supplying the oil,
a central aperture for the wick, and the
wire-gauze cylinder.

Sare’ty-vaLve. The valve usually em-
ployed in the boilers of steam-engines to
prevent explosions. It is constructed in

Oe 0

such a manner that the power of the
steam opens it, before it is of a higher
pressure than the boiler is calculated to
bear, whereby the surplus power escapes,
and the valve again closes.

Sar’Frowear. Bastard Saffron. Called
also Spanish Red, and China Lake. The
red fecula separated from the flowers
of the Carthamus tinctorius, an ann
plant, common in warm climates. Used
in dyeing, but is fugitive. The vege-
table rouge is extracted from safflower,
by dissolving it in carbonate of soda, and
precipitating the rouge by citric acid.

S.r’rron, Fr. and Ger. saffran. 1. A fila-
mentous cake,prepared from the stigmata,
with a portion of the style, of the flowers
of the Crocus sativus, a perennial bulbous
plant, cultivated in England, and other

parts of Europe. It has a rich, dee
orange-red colour, an agreeable rhe

|

4) bi eed it ain oe ~-

SS rg Sete A 4A inl

ry

SA

635

SAL

with a bitter pungent taste. It is used
by painters and dyers, and also in medi-
eime, and often to colour cheese and
butter.——2. In botany, see Crocus, Car-
THAMUS, and CoLcHICUM.

Sa’ea. The general name of the ac-
.counts of the ancient history and mytho-
logy of the northern European races.

Sacarr’num. A concrete gummi-resin-
ous juice, the produce of an unknown
umbelliferous plant, which grows in
Persia, where it is named Sugabenage.
Its virtues are similar to those of assa-
foetida, but weaker.

Sac’cer. A clay used in making the
pots in which earthenware is baked.

Sac’cine To Lerwarpv. When a ship
makes a considerable lee-way.

Saeir’raL, Lat. sagittalis. Arrow-
shaped: sagitta, an arrow. That. suture
which unites the two parietal bones is
named the sagitial suture.

Sacirra’sius. The Archer. In astro-
nomy, one of the signs of the zodiac, the
ninth in order, marked

Sacir’TaTE, Lat. sagittatus. Arrow-
shaped: applied to leaves, &c., which
are triangular, and hollowed out much at
the base.

Sa’co, Malay and Javanese, saju. A
species of meal or granulated paste, im-
ported from the Eastern Islands, where it
supplies the principal part of the farina-~
ceous food of the inhabitants. It is the
pith or medullary part of the Metrorylon
sagt, a tree which attains to a height of
30 feet, and from 18 to 22 inches diameter.

Sacov’ins, Monkeys of America, which
have slender tails, not prehensile, and of
which the teeth do not project. They
constitute the genus Callithrix, Geoff.
The masked monkey, C. personata, Geoff.,
is a well-known example.

Sa’cum. The. military dress of the
Roman magistrates and dignitaries: a
cloak fastened at the breast with a clasp.

Sa’cus. The Sago-palm. A genus of
palms of the East Indies, and Eastern
Islands. Monecia—Hexandria.

Sa’/ic. A Turkish or Grecian vessel,
very common in the Levant. Itis a sort of
ketch, which has no top-gallant-sail, nor
mizzen-topsail.

Sait. 1. A sheet of canvas extended on
a stay, yard, &c., for the purpose ofreceiv-
ing the pressure of the wind, and thereby
communicating the motion of the wind to
the vessel, machinery, &c., to which it is
attached. The sails of a ship derive par-
ticular names from the mast, yard, or
stay, upon which they are extended.——
2. Sail is also applied to a vessel seen at
a distance under sail, as a sail N.E., i.e.,
a ship on the N. E. point of the compass.

Sart’1nG, in navigation, is distinguished
¥y different names, according to the

principles upon which the computations
are founded, as plane sailing, middle lats
tude sailing, Mercator’s sailing, globular
sailing, &c.; the last named properly
comprehends parallel, Mercator, middle
latitude, and great circle sailing,

Sasous. Adivision of American mon-
keys, generally called the weeping mon-
keys, from the plaintiveness of their voice.
Their dispositions are gentle and mild ;
their motions quick and light; and they
are easily tamed.

Sat. The Latin word for salt, from
GAs; salt.

SatamMan’pRA. Salamanders. A genas
of Batrachians, divided into two sub-
genera ; the Salamandra, Laurent, com-
prehending the terrestrial salamanders ;
and the Zriton, Laurent, comprising the
aquatic salamanders. The salamandéess
have nearly the form of the lizard, and
were hence placed in the genus Lacerta
by Linné. The vulgar story of their
being able to endure fire was propagated
by Aristotle and Pliny; but there does
issue from the skin a quantity of milky
fluid, when the animal is irritated, and
it sometimes happens that this is suffi-
cient to extinguish a weak fire, and allow
the animal to escape. Skeletons of a
salamander, three feet in length, have
been discovered among the schist of
CEningen: one of them is the pretended
fossil man of Scheucher.

Sat Ammo’n1ac. Muriate of ammonia.
The Secret sal ammoniac is sulphate of
ammonia.

Sav’am-stonE. A variety of sapphire,
which consists of small transparent crys-
tals, generally six-sided prisms, of pale-
reddish and bluish colours. Salam is an
oriental word for peace or safety.

Sar’ep, said to be a Turkish word,
written also salop, saloop, and saleb. A
powder prepared from the dried roots of
the Orchis mascula, a plant which grows
in Persia, Asia Minor, &c., and is said to
thrive in England, but is not cultivated
to any extent. Salep is used as an article
of diet: it is light, bland, and nutritious,
but little known.

Sar’ictne. A bitter febrifuge substance,
obtained in white pearly crystals from
the bark of some species of the willow,
especially from the bark of the white
willow (Salix alba), and aspen tree (Saltz:
helix).

Sat’ic Law, Sax. salica. A fundamen-
tal law in France, by virtue of which
males only can inherit the throne. The
origin of the word salic is not ascertained.

Sa’/Lient, Lat. saliens. 1. Leaping:
moving by leaps.——2. In fortification,
&c., projecting. Thus, a salient angle
points outwards, and is opposed toa re-
entering, which points inward.——3. In
heraldry, an epithet applied to a beast of

SAL 626 SAL

prey, as a lion, when its fore-legs are
raised in a leaping posture.

Sav’1F1aBLe, from sal and facio, to make.
Capable of becoming a salt, or of com-
bining with an acid to form a salt.

Sa’tiut. The Roman fiamens.

Saviva. So called @ salino sapore from
its salt taste, or from cicAos. spittle. The
fluid which is secreted by the salivary
glands into the cavity of the mouth.

Sav’tvary GuLanps. Those glands which
secrete the saliva. They consist of three
rairs: the parotid glands, the submazillary
dands, and the sublingual glands.

Sa’Lix. The Willow: a genus of trees,
comprising about 200 species. Diecia=—
Diandria. Name from Hebrew, sala?
Don enumerates 73 British species. Al-
most all the species are hardy.

Sau’ty, Fr. saillie. In carpentry, the
end of a piece of timber, when cut across
the fibres with an interior angle formed
by two planes.

Sau’Ly-porr. 1. In fortification, a pos-
tern gate, or passage, under ground,
from the inner to the outer works, such
as from the higher flank to the lower, or
to the tenazilles, or to the communication
from the middle of the curtain to the
ravelin.—2. A large port on each quar-
ter of a fire-ship, for the escape of the
men into boats when the train is fired.

Sav’mo. Salmon. A genus of fish, com-
prehending the salmon and trout. Dr.
Parnel describes 11 species in his prize
essay on the Natural History of the Fishes
of the Firth of Forth. See Satmon.

Satm’on. A well-known and highly-
valued fish, the Salmo Salaz, Lin., Cuv.,
Yarr.,&c. It inhabits the seas around
Great Britain, and extends to the North
of Europe and Asia. It is said to w
sometimes to the weight of 80lbs., but
20lbs. appears to be nearly the average
weight.

Satmon’Ipz, )} A family of abdominal

Satmon’rpes. § fishes, of which the sal-
mon is the type.

Satm’on-Trout. The Salmo Trutta,
Yarr.; called also Salmon-bull trout, and
at Berwick it is occasionally named
Whitling.

Sato’on, It. salone, from sala,a hall. A
lofty spacious hall, usually vaulted above,
with two stages of windows. It is com-
mon in the palaces of Italy, whence it
came to France, and from France to
England.

SaLPpruNeEtLa. Fused nitrate of pot-
ash cast into cakes, balls, or cylinders.

Satso’ta. Saltwort. A genus of plants.
Pentandria—Digynia. Named from the
saline properties of some of the species,
as the S. kali, which affords the mineral
alkali soda; as do also the S. soda, the
&, sativa, and some others.

Satr, from sal. 1. In chemistry, a com-

pound, in definite proportions, of an acid
with an alkali, earth, or metallic oxide
When the proportions of the constituents
are so adjusted that the resulting sub-
stance does not affect the colour of in-
fusion of red cabbage, it is called a neutra. |
salt. When the predominance of acid ie”
evinced by the reddening ¢ the infusion
the salt is said to be , and the
prefix super or bi is used to indicate this
excess of acid. If, on the contrary, the
infusion be turned to green, the salt is
alkaline, and takes the prefix sub. The
discoveries of Sir H. Davy have, how-
ever, rendered it impossible to include
all salts under one category: there are a
vast number of salts, formed by the com-
bination of acids with salifiable bases,
but the chlorides, bromides, cyanides,
fluorides, iodides, carburets, phosphurets,
sulphurets, &c., compose a distinctly dif-
ferent order of salts, as containing nei-
ther an acid ner an alkali; e.g. crystal-
lised culinary salt is a chloride of sodium,
consisting of chlorine and the metal so-
dium. A solution of a chloride becomes,
however, a real salt in the old sense of
the term, namely, a hydrochlorate; a
portion of the water being decomposed,
the hydrogen unites with the chlorine,
forming hydrochloric acid, and the oxy-
gen unites with the base, forming an
oxide.——2. The name salt is applied par-
ticularly, and with qualitative names.
Culinary, Rock, or Sea salt is chloride of
sodium: Bitter, Purging, or Epsom salt is
sulphate of magnesia: Glauber’s salt is
sulphate of soda: Salt of hartshorn, or
sal volatile is carbonate of ammonia:
Sedative salt is boracic acid: Rochelle salt
is tartrate of potash and soda: Salt of
silvius is acetate of potash: Salt of sorrel
is oxalate of potash: Microcosmic salt is
a triple phosphate of soda and ammonia:
Spirit of salt is an old name for hydro-
chloric acid: Salt of tartar is carbonate
of potash: Salt of lemons is citric acid:

Salt of saturn is acetate of lead: Salt ef

amber is succinic acid : Salt of vitriol is
sulphate of zinc: Wonderful salt is sul-
phate of soda: Perlate salt is phosphate of
soda: Salt of wisdom is a triple muriate
of mercury and ammonia.

Sattato’r1a. A family of orthopterous
insects, remarkable for the largeness 0.
their thighs, and for their spinous tibie,
which are adapted. for saltation. The
family is composed of the genus Gryllus,
Lin., comprising Grasshoppers, Crickets,
Katy-dids, &c.

Sav’tier, Fr. sautoir, from satiter, to
leap. In heraldry, one of the eight great
ordinaries ; a St. Andrew’s cross.

Sattre’trRE. Nitre, or nitrate of pot-
ash: saltand zergos,astone. It is found
native in India, Spain, Naples, and other
parts.

9 Gee

aga

<.

- oe hha Ura are

SAT 637 SAN

Satv’re. In military affairs, a dis-
charge of fire-arms (great or small guns)
in honour of some person of distinction.
A salute is also sometimes given by lower-
ing the colours, beating drums, &c.

Sar’vace, Fr. from Lat. salvus. In
commerce, @ reward or recompense al-
lowed by law for the saving ofa ship,
goods, &c., from loss at sea by shipwreck,
enemies, pirates, &c.

Satvaret’La, Lat., from salus, health.
In anatomy, a vein which runs along the
little finger, unites upon the back of the
hand with the cephalic of the thumb, and
empties its blood into the external and
internal cubital veins.

Sav’via. Sage. A genus of plants com-
prising upwards of 100 species. Diandria—
Monogynia. The Meadow-sage and Ver-
vain are the only British types.

Sau VotatTite. Volatile salt. Sesqui-
carbonate of ammonia.

Sampv’cus. The Elder: a genus of trees.
Pentandria—Trigynia Name from Heb.
Sabuc’ca, a musical instrument formerly
made of elder-wood. The Dane-wort or
Dwarf Elder and the Black Elder (of
which last there are several varieties),
are the only British types. All the spe-
cies are hardy.

Sa’m1an Earru. A marl found in the
Isle of Samos, and formerly used in me-
dicine as an astringent.

Sa’m1an Stone. A sort of polishing-
stone, brought from the Isle of Samos.
Used by goldsmiths.

Sa’/mret, ) A hot and destructive wind,

Simoo’m. J peculiar to the deserts of
Arabia. It is common in the months of
July and August. The term is Arabic,
from a root signifying to poison, and has
now come to signify the destroyer.

Sam’putre. In botany, see CRITHMUM.

Sam’son’s Post. A strong pillar resting
on the keelson, and supporting a beam of
the deck over the hold.

San-BENniTo. 1. A sort of linen gown,
painted with hideous figures, and worn
by persons condemned by the Inquisition.
—2. A coat of sackcloth worn by peni-
tents on reconciliation to the church.

Sanctirica’tion. In theology, the state
of holiness of mind which succeeds jus-
tification.

Sanp (Saxon). The name given to flint
or quartz finely divided by the action of
water, but not reduced to powder: small
particles of siliceous matter not cohering
together.

San’pat or Rep Saun’pEers Woop, Fr.
santal. 1. The wood of the Pterocarpus san-
talinus,a tree which grows in Ceylon, and
on the coast of Coromandel. It is a dye-
wood, the colouring matter of which is
named santaline, and is of a resinous na-
ture.——2. A kind of slipper worn by the
ancients

San’patirorm. Sandal, or slipper-like.
Applied to the nectary of some plants.

San’paracu, Lat. sandaracha, from
Arab. saghad narak. 1. A resinous sub-
stance, the produce of the Thuja articu-
lata, a small tree which grows in the
northern part of Africa. Used as pounce-
powder for strewing over erasures in
writing, and in varnishes, &c.——2. A
name of realgar or sulphuret of arsenic.

~priicoatiart femal een The whitish

San’DIver. ) scum from the materials
of glass while in fusion. A similar sub-
stance is thrown out in eruptions of vol-
canoes.

SAND-PREY, eer mud-lamprey or

SanD-PRIDE. J pride, Ammocetes bran-
chialis, Cuy., Yarr. It rarely exceeds
three inches, and is considered peculiar
to the rivers of England and Scotland.

Sanv-sMELtT. A fish, the Atherina pres-
byter, Cuy. and Yarr.,called also atherine.

Sanp’srone. Free-stone. A name com-
mon to all stones composed of grains of
sand agglutinated together. The grains
are sometimes very fine, at other times
very coarse, forming conglomerates, pud-
ding-stones, breccias, &c.

San’ciac. A Turkish governor of a
province.

Saneuirica’tion, from sanguis, blood.
and facio. to make. The natural func-
tion of the body, by which the chyle is
changed into blood.

SanGUIN’ARINE. Analkaline substance
of a bitter taste, obtained from the root
of the Sanguinaria canadensis, or Cana-
dian blood- wort.

Sancuisor’sa. Great Burnet. A genus
of perennial plants. Tetrandria—Mono-
gynia. Named from the blood-red colour
of its fiowers. The Italian pimpinella is
the British type.

Saneuisv’ca. The leech (sanguis, blood,
and sugo, to suck). The common or me-
dicinal leech has been separated from the
genus Hirudo, Lin.,and thus generically
named by Savigny.

San’HEDRIM, L. Lat. synedrium, Gr. evys~
desov, from guy and Bde, a seat. The
great council of seventy elders among the
Jews. This council heard appeals from
inferior courts and had the power of life
and death.

Sa’/n1es (Latin). A thin unhealthy dis-
charge, with or without admixture of
blood: or pus, from fistule or ill-condi-
tioned sores.

San’scrit. The ancient language of
Hindostan, from which are formed all the
modern languages or dialects of the great
peninsula of India. It is from the same
stock as the ancient Persic, Greek, and
Latin, but is, like these,a dead language.
According to H. T. Colebrocke, Sanscr#s
signifies the polished dialect.

BAP 638

SAR

fLarvs-cuno’rres, Fr., from sans, without,
end culotte, breeches. The name given
in derision to the popular party, by the
aristocratical, in the beginning of the
French revolution of 1789. As the fierce
principles of democracy prevailed, the
name became honourable, and sans-culot-
tism became synonymous with genuine
republicanism.

Sant’aurne. The colouring matter of
the red Saunders-wood, discovered and
so named by Pelletier in 1814. See Sanpau.

Sanratum. The generic name of the
white and yellow Saunders: S. album of
the East Indies. Class Tetrandria: order
Monogynia. Name corrupted from the
Arabic zéndal. It is aromatic.

San’TONINE, ee crystallisable sub-

Santon‘ic Acip. § stance possessing acid
properties, discovered by K6hler and Alms
in the seeds of the Artemésia santonica, or
southern wood.

Sar. 1. Sax. saep. The sap of vege-
tabies is a watery mucilaginous liquid,
often strongly saccharine, so as even to
yield a large quantity of sugar, and to
furnish a very strong fermented liquor.
It varies considerably in its composition.
Also the alburnum of a tree.——2.
saper, to dig. In sieges, a trench for un-
dermining, or an approach made to a for-
tified place by digging, or under cover.
The single sap has only one parapet, the
double has one on each side, and the fly-
ing is made with gabions, &c. In all
saps traverses are left to cover the men.

Sapaso’, ) In zoology, the sapajous form

Sapasov’. !a division of Linnzus’ great
genus Simia, comprehending such of the
American monkeys as have prehensile
tails. They have the head and the pro-
jection of the muzzle very moderate.
Facial angle 60°.

Sapan’-woop. A dyewood obtained
from a species of the same tree which
yields the Brazil-wood (the Cesalpinia
sapan, Lin.). It is a native of Siam,
Pegu, the Philippine Islands, and some
other parts. The name is corrupted by
the French from Japan, whence they
procured the wood in old times (?)

Sar Green. The juice of the berries
of the buckthorn, used as a pigment by
water painters.

Sapue’NA, cxOy, Visible. The large vein
of the leg which ascends over the exter-
nal ancle.

Sapren’TIm Den’rEes. Wisdom teeth.
The two inmost of the dentes molares of the
upper jaw, one on each side: so named
because they do not appear till the indi-
vidual has attained the ‘“ years of dis-
cretion.”

Sapin’pus. The soap-berry nut, or
tree. A genus of trees and shrubs. Oc-
tandria—Trigynia, Name contracted from
Sapo Indus, Indian soap, the rind of the

fruit serving, instead of soap, to cleanse
linen, India and warm of America,

Sapona’r1a. The soapwort. A genus
of herbaceous plants. Decandria—Digy-
nia. Named from sapo, soap, because its
sap, like soap, cleans linen.
soap or bruisewort is a native of Britain.

Sar’onvtz, Lat. saponulus from sapo,
soap. A combination of a volatile or
essential oil with a base, as saponule of
ammonia, &c.

Sapprers anD MINERS, Roryat. The non-
commissioned officers and privates of the
body of Royal Engineers.

Sap’PHIRE, Lat. sapphirus, Gr. eénr-
Qssgos, from Arab. safara, to shine. A
precious stone, next in hardness to the
diamond, consisting of alumina coloured
with oxide of iron. Its colours are blue
and red, sometimes white, green, and yel-
low. It varies from transparent to trans-
lucent, and occurs in blunt-edged pieces,
in roundish pebbles, and crystallised.
Found in Bohemia, Saxony, France, &c. ;
but the red sapphire (called oriental ruby), P
is only found in quantity in Ava. It is
highly valued.

Sar Woop. The external part of the
wood of exogens.

Sar’aBanp, Fr. sarabande, Sp. zara-
banda. A dance and tune in vogue in
Spain, and said to be derived from the
Saracens.

Sar’cenet, from sarcen, silk. <A sort of
thin light silk fabric.

Sar’cocarp, from gagZ, flesh, and x
aos, fruit. The fleshy part of certa
fruits placed between the epicarp and
endocarp. The sarcocarp is that part
which is usually eaten.

Sancoce’.ez, from ouek » flesh, and zyAn,
atumour. A disease of the body of the
testicle, in which it is converted into a
fieshy-like substance. There are many
varieties.

Sarcocor’ta, from gaeg, flesh, and
zoAAa, glue. A sub-viscid, sweetish, and
somewhat nauseous gum-resin, the pro-
duce of the Pen@a mucronata, which
grows in Persia and Arabia.

Sarcor/ocy, from gagé, flesh,and Ayes,
discourse. The branch of anatomy which
relates to the softer parts of the body.

Sarco’ma, from gagxow, carneum reddo.
A fleshy tumour or excrescence.

SarcopnH’acus, from cag, flesh, and
Qayw,toeat. A tomb or coffin made of
one stone. According to Pliny, it was
originally the name ofa stone (a variety
of limestone), found in the Troad, and
which, from its powerful caustic qualities,
was selected for the construction of tombs.
It is said to have perfectly consumed the
flesh of human bodies, which were buried
in it, in the space of forty days. From ite

The common °

+ att Ot pee iede, «, ait pO

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RAS 63S

SAT

fzequent use for this purpose the name
became applied to the tomb itself.

Sarp, A mineral: a variety of car-
SarpeE, nelian which displays on its
Sarpo1n. ) surfacearich reddish brown,

but when held between the eye and the
light appears of a deep blood-red colour.
So named from its being found in Sar-
dinia.

Sar’pEL, )1. A precious stone, named

Sar’prne. J from Sardis in Asia Minor.
2. In ichthyology (see SaRDINE).

Sar’pins. A fish of the herring tribe,
but smaller. The French often cure sar-
dines with red brine, and then name them
anchovied sardines (anchovies).

Sarpon’ic Laven. A convulsive in-
voluntary laughter or grin, which gives
a peculiarly horrible aspect to the coun-
tenance. So named because it is said to
be produced by eating a species of ranun-
culus. which grew around certain foun-
tains of ia. It is chiefly observed
in cases of tetanus.

Sar’Donyx, cagdévvg. A variety of cal-
cedony differing from carnelian only in
its colour, which is reddish-yeliow ap-
proaching to orange. It was much used
by the ancients, for engraving upon, on
account of its combining hardness and
tenacity.

Sar’mMentT, Lat. sarmentum.
runner, or training stalk.

SarRMENTA’CEOvs, having sarments.
Used also synonymously with sarmentose.

Sarmen’TosE, Lat. sarmentosus, trailing.
Applied to creeping stems. See SARMENT.

Sar’prar. A sarplar of wool is a sack
containing 80 tods: a tod containing 2
stones of 14 lbs. each.

Sar’rasinE. In fortification, a sort of
portcullis, called also a herse. It is hung
by acord over the gate ofa town, fortress,

A twig,

* &e., and let down in case of surprise.

SARSAPARIL'LA. In pharmacy, the root
of the smilax sarsaparilla, a plant which
grows in South America, and some of the
West India Islands. The name is Spanish,
zarza,a briar, and parilla, a little vine:
ths thorny little vine.

Sarro’rtus, Lat. from sartor, a tailor.
In anatomy, the Tailor’s muscle: a flat,
slender muscle, which is situated imme-
diately under the teguments, and extends
obliquely from the upper and anterior
part of the thigh to the upper, anterior,
and inner part of the tibia. It is the
longest muscle of the human

Sas’sarras, A species of laurel, the
Laurus sassafras,so named from the river
Sassefras in America, on the banks of
which it grows abundantly. The wood,
root, and bark have an aromatic taste
and a fragrant odour. It is used only in
the materia medica.

Sas’seraninz. A vegetable principle
ehbtained from the root of the smilax sarsa-

parilia, or sarsaparilla of the apothecaries.
It is thus named by Thubeuf, but Batka
made some experiments upon it and gave
it the name of parillinic acid. Pallota
called it parigline, and Folchi named it
smilacine.

Sas’sorrne. Native boracic acid, so
named from its being found incrusted
near the warm spring of Sasso,in Tuscany.

Sas’tRa. A Hindoo book containing
sacred ordinances.

Sa’ran (Heb.). An enemy or adversary.
The equivalent termi Lr Greek is duaboros,
whence the word de

Sar’e.uite, Fr. er It., from Lat. sa-
telles. A secondary planet, or moon: a
small planet revolving about another.
Eighteen satellites have been discovered
in the solar system, of which the earth
has one (the moon), Jupiter four, Saturn
seven, and Uranus siz.

Sarin, from an oriental root. The
name of a silk stuff first imported from
China. It is woven with five-leaved
heddles, and a corresponding number of
treddles, and is distinguished by one side
of it having a fine glossy surface, four-
fifths of the warp being always shown on
that side.

Sar’in-spar. A fibrous variety of cal-
careous spar, which when polished has a
lustre resembling satin. Found in Cum-
berland.

Sa’rrap. The Greek name of the go-
vernors of provinces, under the Persian
kings, before the conquests of Alexander.

Sarura’tion, from satus, full. .A term
employed in chemistry to express that
state of a body when it has taken its full
dose, or chemical proportion, of any other
with which it cau combine. Thus water
is saturated with a salt when it has dis-
solved its full quantity; an acid is satu-
rated by an alkali in the state ofa neutral
salt.

Sarvur’era, ie Savory: a genus of

Satur’esa. J plants. Didynamia—Gym-
nospermia. Name from garvegos, the sa-
tyrs, because it is said to make those who
eat of it lascivious. The summer savory
is cultivated in our gardens for culinary
purposes.

Sa’turn. 1.In mythology, one of the
oldest and principal deities: the son of
Coelus and Terra (heaven and earth), and
the father of Jupiter. He answers to the
Greek Xeoyos, Time.——2. In astronomy,
the sixth, and, excepting Uranus, the
most distant primary planet. Diameter
79,042 miles; revolution on its axis 10
hours, 16 minutes, and round the sun
10,746 days ; diameter of orbit 900,000,000
miles. Saturn has 7 satellites, and is en-
compassed besides by an opaque ring.——
3. The old chemical name of lead.

Sarurna’uia. In antiquity, feasts ceie ©

EAV

640

SAA

brated by the Romans, in honour of
Saturn, during which solemnity the
slaves were reputed masters.

Sa’tuRN’s Rinc. In astronomy, a thin,
broad, opaque ring, 204,883 miles in
diameter, encompassing the body of the
planet Saturn, like the horizon of an
artificial globe. It appears double when
examined through a good telescope.

Sa’ryr. In mythology, a sylvan deity,
represented as half man and half goat,
with horns on his head, hairy body, and
the feet and tail of a goat. The Satyrs
(Zerven) were chiefly distinguished for
lasciviousness, raillery, and riot.

Saucis’sE, Fr. for sausage. In military
affairs, a long pipe made of cloth well
pitched, or of leather filled with powder,
and extending from the chamber of a
mine to the entrance of the gallery:
serving to communicate fire to mines,
caissons, bomb-chests, &c.

Savcis’son (French). In fortification,
saucissons are faggots made of thick
branches of trees, bound together, to
cover the men while ex d to the ene-
my’s fire, and also to repair breaches,
stop passages, make traverses over wet
ditches, &c.

Saun’pErs, see SAanTALUM and Preno-
CARPUS.

Sav’ria, from caveos, a lizard. The
second order of the class Reptilia, com-
prising the six families, Crocodilida,
Lacertinida, Iguanida, Geckotida, Cha-
meleonida, and Scincoidea.

Sav’r1an. An animal belonging to the
order Sauria. Many fossil skeletons of
Saurians have been found, some of enor-
mous length, the oldest in the lower
part of the secondary strata, but pecu-
liarly abundant between the eras of red
sandstones and green sands. Some of
these ancient saurians appear to have
been marine ; others amphibious ; others
terrestrial; and some were capable of
fiying.

Saur-kravt. Cabbage preserved in
brine: an article of food common in
Germany, like our pickled cabbage.

Sav’rorp, from gadecs, a lizard, and
sid0¢, likeness: lizard-like. An epithet
used to distinguish a group of fishes of
the carboniferous and secondary forma-
tions.

Savs’surite. A crystallised compound
of serpentine and jade or felspar, so
named after Saussure, who first described
it. Its usual colours are greyish white,
and green. It is sometimes included
under nephrite.

Savan’naus. Those vast plains watered
by the Missouri and the Mississippi.

Sa‘vinez, | In botany, the Juniperus sa-

Sa’vin. j bina, common in the south
of Europe The red cedar of America is

also sometimes cailed savin, from its
resemblance to the European plant.

Saw, Sax. saga. A cutting instrument.
The saws for cutting wood, ivory, &c.,
have one edge, formed into regular teeth,
which act on the principle of the wedge
in cutting; those for cutting marble are
of soft iron, not serrated. Saws are
made of a great variety of forms ana
sizes, to adapt them to the materials on
which they are designed to operate. The
most common are those used by carpen-
ters, who require in ordinary no lese
than 10 different saws: a cross-cut saw,
for cutting a log or other heavy piece of
timber transversely, by means of twe
workmen, one at each end; the pit-saw,
for ripping logs into planks and scant-
lings (now in a great measure superseded
by the sawmill) ; the frame-saw, a finer
kind of pit-saw ;
hand-saw with coarse teeth, used for
dividing boards coarsely and quickly ;
the hand-saw (properly so called), is a
convenient saw, of 26 inches or so of
blade, with angular teeth, of 5 to the
inch ; the pannel-saw, is the same as the
hand-saw, but the teeth are finer (7 or &
to the inch); the dovetail; sash, carcase,
and tenon-saws, have very fine teeth, aad
very thin blades, stiffened with stout
pieces of iron or brass, rivetted on the
back edge. There are also several very
narrow saws, indifferently called lock,
compass, key-hole, and turning-saws, for
cutting out small pieces, and rounded
work. The best saws are of highly tem-
pered steel.

Saw’mitt. A machine wherein severai
or many saws are actuated by a central
power, communicated by wind, water,
or steam, and now brought to such a de-
gree of perfection, that wood may be cut
to the thickness of writing paper. The
sawmills in present use are of two sorts:
the circular, cutting by acontinuous rota-
tory motion ; and the reciprocating, which
operate as the common pit or frame-saw.
Sawmills are as old as the beginning of
the 14th century.

Saw’rit. A place where wood is sawn
by means of the frame-saw, one of the
sawyers standing above and the other
below. It is so called because the grouna
is usually dug away two, three, or four
feet in depth.

SaxiF’raca,) A very extensive genus

Sax’rrraGce. J of perennial plants. De-
candria=~Digynia. Name from saxum,a
stone, and frango, to break, because it
was su to be good against the stone
in the bladder. There are 31 species,
natives of Britain, among which are the
London-pride, Geum, and Alpine-brook
Saxifrage.

Sax’on Biuz. The sulpho-indigotate
of alumina, precipitated from a solution

the ripping-saw is a

SCA 641

SCA

of indigo in sulphuric acid by a solution

of alum, has received the name of

blue, because the process was discovered

by Barth at Grossenhain in Saxony (1810).

The peculiar shade of this blue is also de-

scribed by the name of Saxon blue.
Sax’on Arcu. A semicircular arch,

characteristic of the Saxon style of archi-
tecture,

Scan. In surgery, a hard substance
covering superficial ulcerations, and
formed by concretion of the fluid dis-
charged from them.

Sca’sres, Lat., from scabo, to scratch.
The itch; a disease characterised by an
eruption of pustules, or of small vesicles
terminating in pustules, accompanied by
incessant itching. There are several ya-
rieties, all of which are contagious.

Scasro’sa, ) The name of an extensive

Sca’srous. J genus of plants. Tetran-
dria—Monogynia. Name from scaber,
rough, on account of its hairy surface.
There are three British species; the
devil’s-bit, the corn, and the fine-leaved
scabious.

Scap’rovs, Lat. scabrosus, rough. Ap-
plied in natural history very generally.

Scao’t1a. The Italian name for chalk,
used by geologists.

Scacir’ota (Italian). A species of
stucco or plaster, invented by Guido del
Conte in 1584. It is composed of calcined
selenite mixed with water into a paste.
The name is now applied to ornamental
plaster-work, produced by applying a
fine ground of stucco made up with Flan-
ders glue, and bestudding the surface,
while soft, with splinters (scagliola) of
marble, spar, and other matters, and lay-
ing in with the ochres various shades of
colour ; the whole when dry is polished,
and has a good effect, but is not durable.

Scate. 1. In natural history, the small
laminz which cover the surfaces of some
fish, serpents, &c., are called scales.——2.
A mathematical instrument consieting of

| various lines drawn on wood, ivory, brass,

&e., and variously divided, according to
the purposes they are intended to serve.
They are denominated according to their
kinds and uses, as the plain scale, diago-
nal scale, plotting scale, Gunter’s scale,
&e. Scales of equal parts are often marked
upon plans and drawings, to explain the
real dimensions of the objects delineated.
— 3. In music, a denomination given tu
the arrangement of the six syllables in-
vented by Guido Aretino, ut, re, mi, fa,
so, la: the same as gamut (q. v.).——4. In
arithmetic, scale signifies the order of
progression on which any system of no-
tation is founded, as the binary scale, the
decenary scale.

Scate’neE, from scalenus, unequal. 1. In
geometry, a triangle whose sides and
angles are all unequal——2. The name of
a muscle of the neck. There are two, one
on each side. When both act together
they bend the head forward; when only
one acts, it turns the head to that side.

ScaLE-sTONE, Ger. schaalstein. Tabular
spar. A mineral, usually of a pearly-
white colour, and composed of thin la-
mine collected into prismatic concretions.

Scat’Lion, Ital. scaliogna. An onion
which never forms a proper buib at the
root, but is usually green in spring: a
species of allium.

Scar'Lop. In conchology,a bivalve pec-
tinated shell, the Ostrea maxima, Lin.,in-
habited by a tethys. The scallop was
formerly worn on the hat or coat by pil-
grims, as a mark that they had crossed
the sea for the purpose of paying their
devotions in the Holy Land.

Scat’ors. A genus of insectivorous mam-
malia. The only species known {is the S.
aquaticus,Cuy., which inhabits the greater
part of North America. It closely re-
sembles the European mole, and supplies
its place in America.

Scat’PeL, Lat. scalpellum. A surgical
knife.

Scat’per. Scalping-iron. A surgical
instrument for cleaning bones when foul
and carioug, a raspatory.

Scam’mony, Lat. scammonium, cor-
rupted from Arab. chamozah. 1. In bo-
tany,a creeping species of bind-weed, the
Convolvulus scammonia, which grows
abundantly in Syria and the Levant.——
2. In pharmacy, a gum-resin, the inspis-
sated juice of the root of the scammony
plant, imported chiefly from Aleppo.

Scan’paLum Macna’tum. Great scan-
dal. In law, a defamatory speech,
writing, or false report, to the injury of
a peer or dignified person, for whicha
writ thus named is granted.

Scan’pEnt, Lat. scandens, climbing.
Applied to plants which climb either by
spiral tendrils, as the pea, or by adhesive
fibres, as the common bryony.

27

SCA 642

SCA

Scan’pix. The cicely or great chervil.
A genus of herbaceous plants. Pentan-
dria—Digynia. Name czavoiz, from a
Hebrew word meaning small and sharp,
according to Pliny, who used the term to
denote the S. cerefolium, or chervil of
Europe. There are three British, namely
the sweet-scented and the rough-seeded,
cicely and Venus’ comb.

Scan’ntnc. In grammar, from scando,
to climb, is the critical examination ofa
verse, by counting the feet and syllables,
to see that the quantities are right.

Scanso’r1z. Climbers. The name of
the third order of birds in the arrange-
ment of Cuvier, comprising such as have
the external toe directed back wards like
the thumb, by which conformation they
are better enabled to support the weight
of their bodies, and of which some of the
genera take advantage in clinging to and
climbing trees. The scansorie usually
nestle in the hollows of old trees, and
live chiefly on insects. The wood-peckers,
jacamars, barbets, and parrots, are
examples.

Scant. In naval language, applied to
the wind when barely fair.

Scantiine, Fr. échantillon, from Lat.
scandula, 1. A term used in reference to
timber, in the same sense as size, but
with respect to breadth and thickness
only: thus a piece of timber 12 inches
wide and 6 inches thick, is said to have a
scantling of 12” 6”.——2. The name of
a piece of timber when under 5 inches
square, or the rafter, purlin, or pole-plate
of a roof.——3. In masonry, scantling is
the dimensions of stone in length, breadth,
and thickness.

Scare. Lat. scapus, a column. In bo-
tany, an herbaceous stalk, bearing the
fructification, without leaves. The hya-
cinth and narcissus are examples.

Scare’MENT. In horology, a part of the
construction of a watch or clock, to regu-
late its motion by means of a balance or
pendulum. The generai contrivance by
which the pressure of the wheels, which
move always in one direction, and the
reciprocating motion of the pendulum or
balance, are so accommodated to one ano-
ther, that when a tooth of a wheel has
given the balance or pendulum a motion
in one direction, it must quit it that it
may get an impulsion in the opposite di-
rection ; and it is this escaping of the tooth
of the wheel from the balance or pendu-
lum, or of the latter from the former, that
has given rise to the term escapement, now
commonly written scapement.

Scapn’orp, from g¢zagos, a boat, and
£130¢, like. Boat-like. Applied, in natural
history, to denote form.

Scap’ura (Lat.) from Heb. schipha. The
shoulder-blade.

Scap’oLar, ae scapularis, apper-

Scap’utary, taining to the scapula.
1. In surgery, a bandage for the shoulder-
blade or scapula.——2. Lat. scapularia, a
scapulary.—3. In ornithology, a feather
which springs from the shoulder of the
wing, and lies along the side of the back.

Scapus (Lat.). A stalk. 1. The base, or
hollow part of a feather. —2. The shaft
of a column.

Scarapz’us. In entomology, a genus of
pentamerous coleoptera, belonging to the
family of Lamellicornes. Name czaeuCcs,
a beetle. The scarabacides are now va-
riously subdivided. Cuvier enumerates
the following tribes: Coprophagi, compre-
hending the genera Ateuchus, Sisyphus,
Coprobius, Oniticellus, Copris proper,
Aphodius, &c., &c.; the Xylophili, com-
prising Geotrupes, Phileurus, Rutela,
Oryctes, &c., &c.;
Phyllophagi ; "the Anthobii, comprising
Glaphyrus, ’amphicoma, Anthipna, &c. ;
the Melitophili, comprehending the genera
Trichius, Fab., Goliath, Lam.,and Cetonia,
Fab., which are again variously divided.

Scarrinc, from Sax. scearf, a piece.
The jointing and bolting of two pieces of
timber together transversely, so that the
two may appear as one, and serve the
same purpose. Scarfing is resorted to
when timber is required of longer lengths

can be procured in single pieces.

Scaririca’tion, from scar, and facio, to
make. In surgery, a superficial incision
made with a lancet, or other c cal
instrument (see ScarrricaTor), for the
purpose of taking away blood, letting out
fluids, &c.

Scaririca’tor. In surgery, an instru-
ment in formof a box, with ten or more
lancets fitted in it exactly in the same
plane. The lancets are all connected with
a spring, and being, as it were, cocked,
and the box applied to the part to be sca-
rified, they are discharged by means of a
trigger, and are all driven equally deep
into the part at the same instant.

Scarvatrna, from scarlatto, the Italian
word for deep red. The scarlet fever, a
disease characterised by contagious fever,
the face swelling, and a scarlet eruption
appearing on the skin in patches, which
after three or four days ends in desqua-
mation of the cuticle.

Scanter Oak. The Quercus coccifera,
or kermes oak, producing small granular
excrescences called kermes or scarlet grain.

Scarp, Fr. escarpe, aslope. 1. In fortifi-
cation, the inner talus, or slope of the
ditch, next to the place at the foot of the
rampart.——-2. In heraldry, the scarf
which military commanders wear for or-
nament, borne somewhat like a baton-
sinister, but broader, and continued tothe
edges of the field.

a’nvs. Scar. A genus of thoracic

SCH

‘a

SCI

fish. The S. labeus, Lin., was asserted by
the ancients to feed on herbs, and chew
the cud, and by Gessner to sleep.
Scetoty’RBe (Lat.), from gzsdos leg,
even, disturbance. 1. A disease described
by Galen as a species of atony, or para-
lysis. ——2. Sauvages makes scelotyrbe
an order of diseases, including chorea,
shaking palsy, and three other species.
Scene, Lat. scena, fromexyyy. In the
drama, a division of an act. A playis di-

vided into acts, and acts into scenes: the |.

scene including all that passes between the
same persons in the same place.

Scznoc’rarHy, from ¢xyyvy, ascene, and
yexPw, to describe. The art of painting
on several planes, so that all the different
surfaces shall only represent one design,
and haye the same effect on the eye as if
delineated upon’one plane.

Scer’rics, Gr. ezereizos, doubters. In
philosophy, another name for the Pyrrho-
nists. In theology, disbelievers in the
divine origin of Christianity ; doubters of
the truth of revelation.

ScuEp’uLE, Lat. schedula, from scheda, a
leaf of paper. In law, a scroll of paper or
parchment, containing some writing, as
an inventory of goods, &c., annexed toa
document, as a will, lease, or other deed,
and more especially to a statement of
bankrupts’ effects.

ScHEELE’s Green. Arsenite of copper,
used as a pigment, and applied by double
decomposition to cloth, &c. It is highly
poisonous.

ScHELLING, THE PHILosoPHy or, teaches
the identity or indifference of the ideal
and real.

ScueEnez, Lat. scheenos, Gr. cyov2s- An
Egyptian measure of length, equal to 60
stadia, or about 74 miles.

Scue’sts, Gr. from cyew, to hold. Habi-
tude: general state or disposition of the
body or mind, or of one thing with re-
gard to other things.

Scuit’ter-spar, Ger. schillern, glisten-
ing. A genus of spars comprising four
varieties: common schiller-spar, hemi-
prismatic schiller-spar (brownite), pris-
matoidal schiller-spar (hypersthene), and
prismatic schiller-spar (anthophyllite).
Lustre, metallic, pearly.

Scu'Nvs, exytvos, the Greek name of the
mastich tree (Pistacia lentiscus). A genus
of trees and shrubs. Diwcia—D. dria.
South America. The S. mulli yields the
Peruvian mastich, and a sort of wine is
made of its berries.

Scuis’ma, Gr. cyicua-. In music, an
interval equal to halfacomma. ~

‘Scuisr, Lat. schistus, from ryiZey, to
split. Slate: a rock of a fissile character.

Scuis’rose. Of the nature of schist:
slaty ; fissile.

Scuis’rosze Mica. Mica slate.

ScHNEIDE’R14N MEMBRANE. The lining
membrane of the nose, first described by
Schneider.

Scue@’nus. The Bog-rush: a genus of
perennial plants. Triandria—Monogynia.
Name from oyoyves,arush. The species
are peculiar to Europe: three are British
plants.

Scuo’tiasts. The old critics who wrote
annotations on the margin of the manu-
scripts of classical authors.

Scuo’tium (Lat.). In geometry, an ex-
planatory observation.

Scuoot, Lat. schola, from ryoim, leisure.
1. A place of education, as a university,
college, academy, &c.——2. A system of
doctrine taught by particular teachers.
Thus we say the Socratic school, the Pla-
tonic school, the Peripatetic or Ionic
school, &c., by which we understand all
those who adopt and adhere to a parti-
cular system of opinions. There are also
many schools of painting, meaning thereby
the styles practised by particular masters,
and imitated by succeeding painters.

Scuoo’nzerR, Ger. schoner. A vessel with
two masts, whose main-sail and fore-sail
are suspended by gaffs, like a sloop’s
main-sail, and stretched below the booms.

Scuort. A dark-coloured variety of
tourmaline, named from Schorlaw, a town
in Saxony, near which it was first found.
It occurs imbedded in granite, gneiss, &c.,
in Scotland and Cornwall. It is harder
than hornblende, but less hard than
quartz.

Scuor’tire. A mineral, the schorlous
beryll of Jameson. It is of a straw colour:
occurs in quartz and mica at Alenburg in
Saxony.

ScHWEIN’FURTH GREEN. A bDdeautiful
and velvety green pigment, which may be
procured (not however of the best qua-
lity), by digesting Scheele’s green in acetic
acid. It is poisonous, and takes its name
from its having been discovered, in 1814,
by MM. Rusz and Sattler, at Schwein-
furth.

Scizna. A genus of acanthopterygious
fishes, type of the family Scienides, Cuv.
The absence of palatine teeth distinguishes
the scien from the perches.

Sciac’Rapuy, from ¢xziaz, a shadow, and
yea, description. 1. In astronomy, the
art of finding the hour by the shadows of
objects caused by the sun or moon: the
art of dialling.——2. A section of a build-
ing, exhibiting its internal structure.

Sciatic. Appertaining to the ischium.

Sciar’ica. Two very different diseases
have been confounded under this name—
rheumatic gout of the hip-joint, and
neuralgia of the sacro-sciatic nerve.

Scr’encse, Lat. scientia, from scio, te
know. Knowledge reduced to system,

272

a&CI

6u4

SCL

Abstract science is the knowledge of rea- | Scrrr’uvs, } from cziegow, to harden,

sons and their conclusions; natural science
is the knowledge of causes and their ef-
fects, as regards the laws of nature. Ma-
thematics is pure science; chemistry is
experimental science.

Screno'rpes. A family of acanthoptery-
gious fishes, closely related to the Per-
coides. Type, the genus Sciena. The
king-fisher of the American seas is an
example.

Scir’ta. Squill. A genus of perennial
plants. Hexandria— Monogynia. Name
from ¢ziAAw, to dry, on account of its
property of drying up the humours of the
body when used medicinally. There are
two British species: the officinal squill (S.
maritima) is a native of the South of
Europe. It is of great use in the materia
medica: its active principle is a white
transparent acrid alkaline substance,
called scillitine or scillitite.

SctncorpEa. A family of Saurians,
founded on the genus scineus, Daudin.
The Scincoideans are known by their
short feet, non-extensible tongue, and
equal scales, which cover the body and
tail like tiles.

Scrn’cus. A genus of Saurians resem-
bling serpents, and forming the type of
the family Scincoidea, Cuy. Several spe-
cies are found in the French Antilles, in
the Moluccas, and in New Holland.

Scrntitta’tion, Lat. scintilla, a spark.
In astronomy, the twinkling or tremulous
motion of the light of the larger fixed
stars.

Scioe’RaAPHY, g¢zia, a Shadow, and
yeaxpw, I describe. In painting, &c., the
art of casting shadows with truth and
mathematical accuracy.

Sciot’ro, It. free. In music, a term ap-
plied to notes that are not tied tugether.

Scror’tic, from ¢zie, a shadow, and
vrrouas, to see. 1. Pertaining to the
camera-obscura, or the art of exhibiting
images through a hole in a darkened
chamber.——2. A sphere or globe with a
lens made to turn like the eye: used in
experiments with the camera- obscura.

Scr’re Fa’ctas (Lat.). In law, a judicial
writ, summoning a person to show cause
to the court why something should not
be done; as, to require sureties, to show
cause why the plaintiff should not have
execution against them for debt and da-
mages, or to require a third person to show
cause why goods in his hands by replevin,
should not be delivered to satisfy the exe-

cution, &c.

Scrroc’, er. In Italy, a south-
Scinoc’co, ) east wind, very hot and

suffocating, blowing from the burning

deserts of Africa. The name is also given

in the north-east of Italy to a cold bleak

wind from the Alps.

Scrrr’nosts,) These terms have been
applied to any very hard glandular tu-
mour, but they are now commonly restrict-
ed to the early or occult stage of cancer.

Scis’sEL. The clippings of various me-
tals produced in several mechanical ope-
rations.

Sciramin’ex. The name of an order of
plants in Linnzus’ Natural Method, con-
sisting of those which have an herbaceous
stalk, broad leaves, and the germen ob-
tusely angled under the irregular corolla,
as Amomum, Cauna, &c. Name from sci-
tamineus, dainty, cordial, aromatic, in
allusion to their seasoning qualities.

Scrvu’rus. The squirrel: a genus of
Mammalia: order Rodentia. Name from
ozia, a shadow, and ouge, & tail. There
are many species, all light and active
creatures, living on trees, and feeding on
fruits. The common squirrel (S. vulgaris,
Buff.), is of a lively red on the back, has
a white belly, and ears terminated by a
tuft of hair. Those of the north in winter
become of a beautiful ash colour, pro-
ducing the fur called minever, when taken
from the back, and vair by the French,
when it consists of the whole skin. The
cat squirrel (S. cinereus, Lin.), and the
grey squirrel (S. carolinensis, Lin.), appear
to be peculiar to America. The ground
squirrel (S. striatus, Lin.), is found
throughout all Asia and America, parti-
cularly in pine forests. The flying squir-
rels have been separated from the genus
Sciurus, Lin., by Cuvier. See Prexomys.

Scravo’n1an. Pertaining to the Sclavi,
a people who inhabited the country be-
tween the rivers Save and Drave, or to
their language. Hence the word came to
denote the language which is now spoken
o: Poland, Russia, Hungary, Bohemia,

Screrr‘asis, \ from ¢zAzeos, hard. A

Screro’sts, ’ hard tumour: a scirrhus.
Written also scleroma.

ScierRopEr’m1. A family of fishes of the
order Plectognathi, Cuy., easily d
by their pyramidal snout, prolonged from
the eyes and terminated by a small mouth.
Name from ¢xzAngos, hard, and Jeeua,
skin; the skin being usually rough, and
invested with hard scales. The Mediter-
ranean file-fish (Balistes cariscus, Lin.), is
an example.

Screr’orpHTHALMyY, from ¢zAngos, hard,
and o?farmes, the eye. A dry painful
state of the eyes and eyelids, accompanied
with swelling and hardness.

Screror‘ic, from ¢xzAngos, hard, from
czd>zvgow, to harden. Applied to a mem-
brane of the eye.

Scteror‘ic Coat. Tunica Sclerotica. Scle-
rotis. A membrane of the eye, situated

sco

645

sco

immediately under the conjunctiva. It
is thus named from its hardness.

Scor’/opax. A genus of birds. Order
Grallatorie, family Longirostres. Name
ozohorae, a snipe or a woodcock. These
are the only birds included by Cuvier in
the genus Scolopax, but, according to
Linné, the genus comprehends besides
the Ibis, the Curlews (Nuwmenius, Cuv.),
the Godwits (Limosa, Bech.), the Sand-
pipers (Calidris, Cuv.), the Sanderlings
(Arenaria, Bech.), the Ruffs (Machetes,
Cuy.), the Turn-stones (Strepsilas), and a
great number of birds foreign to Europe,
as Rhynchea, Cuv., Pelidna, Cuy., Eurin-
orhynchus, Nilson, Phalaropus, Brisson,
Himantopus, Brisson, and Totanus, Cuv.,
the species of which are found through-
out almost the whole globe.

ScoLopen’pRium. The hart’s-tongue or
spleenwort: a genus of ferns. Name from
oxohortvde, the earwig, which its leaves
resemble. One species found on most
shady banks, walls, &c. Britain.

Scom’srr. A genus of acanthoptery-
gious fishes, forming the type of the
family Scomberoides, Cuv. Name Yzou-
aos, common to the mackerel and tunny.
The Scomber, Lin., is now subdivided into

, Cuv., comprising the mackerels,
and Thynus, Cuv., which receives the
tunny.

Scom’seroies. A family of acanthop-
terygious fishes: type, the genus Scomber.
This family is composed of a multitude of
fishes with small scales, a smooth body,
and whose tail and caudal fin in particu-
lar are extremely powerful. The family
is of the greatest utility to man, on ac-
count of the size and flavour of its species,
and their inexhaustible reproduction,
which brings them periodically into the
same latitudes, where they constitute the
object of the most extensive fisheries.

Scon’ces. In fortification, an obsolete
name for small forts, for the defence of a
pass, &c.

Scoop-wHEEL. A certain description of
wheel, which is formed of cast-iron, and
employed in conveying a stream of water
from one pond to another situated above
it. Scoop-wheels are therefore employed
in a contrary way to water-wheels, since,
instead of being acted upon by the im-
pulse of the water, they operate upon it,
being turned by the aid of a steam-engine.

Sco’prrepEs, Lat. scopea, broom, and
pes, foot. A tribe of melliferous insects,
having the tarsi of the hind feet furnished
with a brush of hairs.

Scopus. In ornithology, the generic
name given by Brisson to the Umbre, an
African bird, about the size of our crow,
and of an umber-colour. Order Graila-
torie: family Cultrirostres. Name from
@xoros, a sentinel.

Scorsic’utate. Pitted: scorbiculus, a
depression or cavity. Applied in natural
history to denote that a surface is closely
marked with little depressions.

Score. In mimic, the original and
entire draught of a composition, or its
transcript.

Sco’nia, Lat. from g¢zwerm, rejected
matter. 1. Dross: the oxide formed on
the surface of metals, when kept for a
length of time ina state of fusion.——2.
Scorie, plural of scoria, is commonly used
to denote the cinders of volcanic erup-
tions, and the vitrified earthy materials,
which are produced in the smelting of
ores.

Scorpz’na. A genus of acanthoptergyi-
ous fishes, belonging to the family Bucce
Loricate, Cuy. Head mailed and rough-
ened, but compressed on the sides ; body
covered with scales; several rays'in the
branchiz, and but a single dorsal fin.

Scor’pio, )1. In entomology, a genus

Scorpion. / of arachnides: order Pul-
monari@g : family Pedipalpi. Body elon-
gated, and suddenly terminated by along
slender tail, formed of six joints, the last
of which terminates in an arcuated and
excessively acute point or sting, which
affords issue to a venomous fluid, con-
tained in an internal reservoir. The
scorpions inhabit the hot countries of
both hemispheres, live on the ground,
conceal themselves under stones and
other bodies, most commonly in ruins,
dark and cool places, and even in houses.
They use their tail for the purposes both
of attack and defence, and the wound
occasioned by the sting of some of the
species, the occitanus for instance, is not
without danger. The remedy employed
is the volatile alkali, used externally and
internally.——2. In astronomy, the eighth
sign of the zodiac, and the second of the
southern signs, containing 44 stars, of
which one, Antares, is of the first magni-

tude, marked NL 2

Scorzone’Ra. Viper’s-grass. A genus
of plants, mostly perennials. Syngenesia—
Poly. equalis. Name from scurzo, the old
Spanish word for viper, because it is said
to be a specific for the bite of all venom-
ous animals. Most of the species are
esculent.

Scot, Sax. sceat,a part. 1. In lawand
English history, a customary tax or tri-
bute, laid on subjects according to their
ability ; also a tax or custom paid for the
use of a sheriff or bailiff.——2. Scot and
lot are parish payments. When persons
were taxed unequally, they were said to
pay scot and lot.

Sco’r1a, Gr. from g¢zorios, Shady. In
architecture, the hollow moulding in the
bases of Ionic columns; also the groove

SCR

646

SCR

or channel cut in the prajecting angles
of the Doric corona. The Greeks called
the scotia of the base, trochilon(zgeysAov).

Sco’tists. An old scholastic sect, the
followers of Duns Scotus.

Scoropi’nz, Gr. ¢zorodivos, from ¢zores,
darkness, and dives, giddiness. Giddiness
with impaired sight: commonly sympto-
matic of disorder of the digestive organs.

Scower’inc Power. In engineering, the
stream of water employed to carry away
the shingle from the mouth of a harbour,
river, &c.

ScratcH’es. In farriery, a disease in
horses, consisting of dry chaps, rifts, or
scabs, generated between the heel and
pastern joint.

Scratcu-work. A kind of fresco, with
a black ground, covered with a coat of
white, which is afterwards scratched with
some pointed instrument, so that the
black appears through the scratches.

Screecu-owt. A name which has been
applied to several species of the owl
(strix), on account of the harsh, disagree-
able cry which these birds utter at night.

Screeps. A term used, in architecture,
for wooden rules used in running meould-

Screen, Fr. écran for escran. 1. In archi-
tecture, a partition, usually wrought with
rich tracery, &c., placed before small
chapels and tombs, or behind the high
altar. In old parish churches, oaken
screens, richly carved, often divide the
nave from the chancel.——2. An instru-
ment, consisting of three wooden ledges,

WY
(MMM,

joined in a rectangular frame at the bot-
_tom, the upper part of which is filled
with wire-work: used for sifting sand,
clearing corn of dust and dross-grain, &c.

Screw, Dan. skruve, skrue. A cylinder
with a spiral channel,cut in such a man-
ner that it is equally inclined to the base
of the cylinder throughout the whole
length. Thescrew is either male or fe-
male, according as the spiral channel is
cut apon the external surface of a solid
eylinder, or within a cylindrical hole.
The female screw is adapted to admit a
male screw. When a female screw is
very short, and made to screw upon a
male screw, it is called amut. The spiral
Projection appearing as if wound round

the cylinder is called the thread, and the
namber of revolutions which the thread

makes in agiven length determines the
fineness, and, in conjunction with the dia-
meter of the cylinder, the power of the
screw. The screw is usually regarded as
one of the simple or mechanical powers,
but it is inreality nothing more thana
beautiful modification of the inclined
plane. :

Screw-natts. The name given in
Scotland to what are in England termed

wood-screws. They are a
description of screws, used
by carpenters and other
mechanics, for fastening
wood, or wood and metal
together Immense quan-
tities of the smaller sorts
are made of wire.

Scri'ses. The copyists
and interpreters of the law,
in Jewish history.

Scri’sinc. In joinery, fit~
ting the edge of a board to
any surface,as of the skirt-
ing of a room to the floor;
Also the fitting of one piece
of wood to another, so that their fibres
may be perpendicular to each other, the
two edges being cut to the angle to join.

Scrip, Lat. scriptum, from scribo, to
write. A certificate in evidence of some
property or interest possessed, as in Bank-
stock. The termis much used in America.
Stockbrokers sell Bank-scrip, railway-
scrip, land-scrip, &c., &c., the scrip, duly
subscribea, being the evidence on which
the parties holding the scrip claim inte-
rest in the property.

Scriv’ENERS, Lat., from scribo, I write.
Anciently, a respectable class of men in
London, who acted as money-brokers.

Scror’uta. A disease named by the
Greeks moigas, of which Scrofula, a little
sow, is a Latin translation, implying
swine-evil, or swellings, from a notion that
pigs were liable to the disease. It is vul-

scU 647 &8cU

known in this country by the name
of King’s-evil, and crewels or cruels, and is
characterised by hard, scirrhous, and
often indolent, tumours in the glands of
the neck, under the chin, in the arm-pits,
&e., which after a time suppurate and
degenerate into ulcers from which, in-

, Stead of pus, a white crudled matter

like the coagulum of milk is discharged.
The disease is most common in climates
which are moist and coldish, and very
changeable, as England and Holland; in
warm and very cold countries, where the
air is dry, it is very rare. The word is
sometimes written scrophula.

Scroct, from the same root as roll. 1.
Aroll of paper or parchment.——2. In
heraldry, the ornament placed under the
escutcheon, containing a motto, or short
sentence, alluding to the bearings, the
bearer’s name, or some deed, saying,
&c., attributed to the bearer or ancestor.
—3. In architecture, see VoLUTE.

Scropuuta’ria. The Figwort. Anex-
tensive genus | of plants, mostly perennial.

mia. Name from
scrofula, the king’ s-evil, because of the
unequal tubercles upon its roots, like scro-
fulous tumours. The water figwort or
betony, common figwort, balm-leaved fig-
wort, and yellow figwort, are the British
types of the genus.

Scro’rat Hernia. Protrusion of any
of the contents of the abdomen into the
scrotum.

Scro’rum, Lat. quasi scroteum a leather
coat. Bursa testium, the bag containing
the testes.

Scrup’stonry A provincial name for a
species of calcareous sandstone, much
used in some parts for scrubbing the sur-
faces of hewn stones, flag-floors, flights
of steps leading to a front door, &c.

Scrvu’pie, Lat. scrupulus, dim. of scru-
pus, a draught man. An apothecary-
weight equal to the third part of adrachm.
Itis 20 grains Troy.

Scup. In meteorology, clouds of a black-
ish colour moving quickly through the
atmosphere; thus named by mariners.
To scud,is to keep directly before the wind
ina gale.

Scutzt. A short kind of oar, two of
which are used by on¢ rower, one on each
side of the boat.

Scutpr’rurgE, from sculpo, to carve. The
art of carving stone, wood, or other solid
substances, into statues and other orna-
mental designs. Figures so cut are called
sculptures, and casts taken from them are
named models,

Scur’rers, Channels made

Scur’rPER-HOLES. ) through the water-
ways and sides of a ship, close to the up-
per surface of the deck, to allow the water
to.run off. The leather pipe attached by
ecupper-nails to the mouth of the scuppers

of the lower deck, to prevent the water
from entering, is called the scupper hose,
and the mouths of the scuppers are ocea-
sionally stopped by sectpper-plugs. The
scupper-nails are simply broad-headed
nails, and cover a large part of the sur-
face of the hose.

Scurr (Saxon). Small dry exfoliations
of the cuticle, which form naturally on
the scalp, and often take place after an
eruption on the skin, a new cuticle being
formed beneath during the exfoliation.

Scur’vy, from seurf; scurvy for scurfy.
Scorbutus. A disease characterised by
extreme debility, complexion pale and
bloated, spongy gums, livid spots on the
skin, breath offensive, oedematous swell-
ings in thelegs, hemorrhages, foul ulcers,
foetid urine, and extremely offensive
stools. Scurvy is found to prevail most
commonly among sailors, and persons de-
prived of due exercise, nourishing food,
and excitement ; and exposed to a cold and
moist atmosphere. Whatever depresses
the nervous energy predisposes to scurvy.
Fruits containing a native acid, as
oranges, lemons, &c., are the best pre-
ventatives, after cleanliness, generous
bes g proper exercise of the body and

nd.

Scu’racE, Lat. scutagium, from scutum,
ashield. In English history, a contribu-
tion levied upon those who held lands by
knight-service. It was originally a com-
position for personal service, which the
tenant owed to his lord, but afterwards
had levied as an assessment.

Scu’tate, Lat. scutum, a shield. In
zoology, when a surface is protected by
large scales.

Scureta’ RIA. Wem at A genus of
plants. D spermia. Name
from scutella, a cap, “in allusion to the
little concave appendage which crowns
the calyx. Of 22 species all are peren-
nial except one, and all are hardy plants.
Two species are indigenous to Britain,
the small and the common scull-cap,
which last is very common in our hedges
and ditches, and is used in medicine -
against a species of ague.

ScurTiprancwH’tara. An order of mol-
lusca: class Gasteropoda. Name from
scutum and branchus; the shells being
open, without any operculum and most
of them without the slightest turbina-
tion, so that they cover the animal, and
particularly the branchie, in the manner
of a shield. There are two genera, Haly-
otis, Lin., and Fissurella, Lamouroux.

Scu’trrorm, Lat. scutiformis, shield-
like: scutwm, a shield, and forma, likeness,

Scur’rie. 1. Sax.’scutel, scuttel, a dish.
A broad shallow basket ; also areceptacle
for coals.——2. Sax. scyttel, a bolt or bar;
a small hatchway or opening in the deck
of a ship, large enough to admit a man,

SEA 648 SEA

end with a lid to cover it; also a like
hole in the side of a ship,and through the
coverings of her hatchways, &c.——3. To
scuttle a ship is to sink it by cutting
scuttles or holes in the bottom to admit
the water.

Scur’rLe-Burtt, } A butt or cask having

Scur’rLE-cask. § a square piece cut out
of its bilge, and lashed upon the deck of a
ship: its use is to hold fresh water.

Scu’rum Sopres’x1. Sobieski’s shield.
A constellation formed by Hevelius; 7
stars.

Scyt’ta. A rock opposite to the whirl-
pool is. It was reckoned very
formidable among the ancient mariners,
but has few terrors for modern sailors.

Scyrpu’1rorm, Lat. scyphiformis, goblet-
shaped. Applied to the fructification of
some lichens.

Scy’pHus, ezugos,acup. The cup ofa
narcissus; in lichens, a dilatation of the
podetium.

Scytue. In agriculture, an instrument
for mowing. It consists of a thin bent
steel blade, of about 34 feet in length,
joined nearly at right angles to a sned, 6
or 8 feet long, on which are two handles
by which the mower wields the in-
strument.

ScytopeEr’sic, Gr. rxurodepixos, from
oxvrode)iw, to tan; ezvrog,a hide, and
deLew, to soften. Appertaining to the
business of a tanner. S. principle, tan-
nin ; S. acid, gallic.acid.

Sra, Sax. se. 1. In geography, a large
body of water, nearly inclosed by land,
as the Mediterranean. Seas are properly
branches of the ocean,and upon the level
of the ocean; lakes are large bodies of
water inland, situated above the level of
the ocean ; (2.) The term sea in the plural,
seas, is often used as a general name for
the ocean, as “ on the high seas,” mean-
ing—in the open ocean, the highway of
nations ; (3.) Sea among seamen is often
employed to denote a billow, as, “ the
vessel shipped a sea,” and also the swell
of the ocean in a tempest, or the direc-
tion of the waves, as, ‘‘the ship was
logged with a strong sea a-head.”

Sea-Apper. A fish, the fifteen-spined
stickleback (Gasterosteus spinachia, Cuv.)

Sea-AnEm’ony. The animal flower.

Srea-petts. The sweet fucus (Fucus
saccharinus), which grows upon stones
and rocks by the sea-shore, is so called
from the resemblance of its leaves toa
belt or girdle.

Sea-noat. A term applied (with the
épithet good or bad) toa vessel, as respects
her qualities in bad weather.

Sea-BREAM. Red Gilthead. A fish; the
Ragellus centrodontus, Cuy. Yarr. Its
length about 15 inches. Found plentifully
in the Mediterranean.

Sra-capBace, | An indigenous peren-

Sxa-coLewort. } nial plant, the Crambe
maritima,

Sza-catr. The common seal. The Phoca
vitulina, Lin.

Sea-cHart. A marine map, on which
the line of the shore, isles, shoals, har-
bours, &c., are delineated. The term is
unnecessary, as we Bow use the word
chart for a representation of the sea-coast,
soundings, &c., and map for a represen-
tation of the land.

Sea-cow. 1. A mammiferous animal,
the Trichecus rosmarus, Lin., which in-
habits the Arctic seas and attains a
length of 20 feet. It is sought after for
its oil and tusks.——-2. A name common
to the dugong, called also siren, maid of
the sea, &c. ; and the manati (the laman-
tins of the French), called also mermaids,
tritons, &c. See Manarus and Haticore.

Sea-cor’MorRant. The great black-
backed gull: (Larus marinus, Lin.). The
name is also applied to the common gull
(Z. cyanorhynchus, Meyer), and the sea~-
crow (L. glaucus, Lin.).

Sxa-pEvit. Devil-fish or fishing-frog.
The Lophius piscatorius, Lin. Cuy. Yarr.,
called also toad fish, wide-gape, mirring,
and angler, by Pennant. This fish attains
a length of 5 feet, but it is rarely caught
of that size: average length 2% to 3 feet.
It bears a close resemblance to a frog in
the tadpole state ; and the long filaments
on the upper and anterior part of the
head, with which it seizes its prey, have
procured it some of the names which it
bears: while its ugliness and voracity
have procured it some others. It is found
in all the seas of Europe, and is particu-
larly common round the British coasts.
Its flesh is reckoned good.——2 The name
sea-devil is also given in the West Indies
to a colossal ray or skate, 15 feet in length
exclusive of the tail.

Sra-ret. The conger-eel.

Sxa-crass. An aquatic species of rup-
pia, which grows chiefly on the sea-
shores.

Srea-cutt. A name common to several
species of the gull. See Larus.

Srea-HareE. A name common to the
species of the gasteropods of the genus
Aplysia, Lin., but denotes particularly the
A. fasciata, Lin., and A. punctata, Cuy.,
common in the European seas. See Ap-
LYSIA.

Sea-Horse. 1. A fish, the Syngnathus
hippocampus, Lin.——2. A name some-
times given to the Hippopotamus, or
River-horse, and the Walrus, or Morse.

Seat. 1.In zoology, the common name,
or the species of the genus Phoca, Lin.,
all of wnich are amphibious animals.
The best known are the common Seal, or
Phoca vitulina, Lin., very common in
Europe ; the Monk, or Ph. monachus, Gin.

nS

OO ——

SEA 649

8EC

from 10 to 12 feet in length, found among
the Grecian and Adriatic Islands; the
Elephant Seal, or Ph. leonina, Lin., from
20 to 25 feet in length, common in the
southern latitudes of the Pacific Ocean,
where it constitutes an important object
of the fisheries; the Sea-lion, or Ph.
jubata, Gm., from 15 to 20 feet in length,
common also in the Pacific Ocean. There
are other species. See PHoca.——2. In
Gem sculpture, a stamp cut on stone, ca-
pable of impressing any soft substance.

Seatep Eartu. Sigillata terra. An
old name for medicinal earths, which
were made up into cakes, and stamped or
sealed.

SEaL'tnc-wax, Ger. siegellack. The wax
used to seal letters, ]egal documents, &c.
It is composed of gum-iac, and resin,
coloured with some pigment, as ver-
milion, verditer, ivory-black, &c.

Sea-tion. A name given by Steller,
Pernetty, and others, to a large species
of seal, the Phocajubata, Gm. See Seat
and Orrar.

Seams. The spaces between the edges
of planks. In geology, thin layers which
separate thicker strata.

Srea-marp. Another name of the Du-
gong. See Haticore.

Sea-moss. A name common to the
Conferva rupestris and the Corallina offici-
nalis.

Sea-nEEpD'LE. Another name of the
Gar-fish, or Gar. See Esox.

Sea-nerrire. Another name of the
Sea-anemone.

Sea-oax. The Fucus vesiculosus ; called
also Sea-wrack, and Bladder- wrack.
When burned in the air it yields the
black powder known as vegetable ethiops.

Sea-on’1on. The Scilla maritima.

Sea-or’rer. The Mustela lutris, Lin.,
a species of otter, nearly double the size
of the European species ; its blackish vel-
vet fur is highly valued, and, to obtain it,
the English and Russians hunt the animal
throughout the northern parts of the
Pacific Ocean.

Sea-percH. Another name of the
Bass (Labrax lupus, Cuy. and Yarr.), but
placed by Linné in the genus Perca.

Srea-Pike. Another name of the Gar-

h

Searcw Wanr’rant. In law, a grant
made by a justice of the peace to search
for stolen goods, on the oath of a credible
witness.

Sea-roc’Ker. In botany, a name com-
mon to the Cakile maritima, an indige-
nous annual plant, and the several
species of the genus malcomia (q. v.).

Sxa-satt. Chloride of sodium obtained
by evaporation of sea- water.

Sea-sER’PENT. An enormous marine
serpent, said to have been seen frequently
on the coasts of America. Its existence,

however, is at present doubtful; though
there is certainly no physical impossibility
standing in the way of that existence.

SEa-sICK’NEss. An intense nausea, with
violent retching, which varies in respect
to duration in different persons upon
their first going to sea, and which seems
to arise from a depressing effect upon the
brain, produced by the motion of the
vessel. The only remedy for it is to lie
perfectly still with the head low.

SEA-swaL’Low. A name common to
the Terns, (see Srerna), derived from
their long and pointed wings, and their
forked tail, which render their flight and
carriage analogous to those of the swal-
lows.

Sea-u’nicorn. The Narwhal.

Sea-ur’cuin. See Ecuinvs.

Sexsa’ceous, from sebum, suet; suety.
Applied to glands which secrete a suety
humour ; and also to the matter secreted.

Segac’ic Acip. Acid of suet (sebum)
obtained by distilling tallow, and agita-
ting the product in boiling water. It
crystallises, from its boiling aqueous solu-
tions, in white needles having a pearly
lustre. It is destitute of taste and smell.

Seca’/tE. Rye. A genus of gramineous
plants. Triandria— Digynia. Name ac-
cording to De Theis, from Celtic segal,
from sega, a sickle, whence seges, the
Latin appellation of all grain that is
reaped with sickles. There are two spe-
cies, the S. cereale, an annual, which af-
fords the rye-corn, so valuable as a bread-
corn in some parts; and the S. cornutum,
a biennial, which affords the medicinal
poison called ergot of rye.

Se’cant, Lat. secans, from seco, to cut.
In geometry, a term sometimes used to
denote a line which cuts any other what-
ever; in a more restricted sense, it may
be defined a right line cutting a curve,
but in its most common received sense, it
is a right line cutting a circle. In fri-
B gonometry, a se-

cant implies a
right line A B
A drawn from the
centre ofa circle,

which, cutting

the circumfer-

ence, proceeds till it meets another right
line, whichisa tangent to the same circle.

Sece’pers. In Scotland, a numerous
body of presbyterians, who seceded from
the established church, about 1733.

Sec’onp. The sixtieth part of a minute
of time or of a degree: an hour is divided
into 60 minutes, and each minute into 60
seconds; a degree is in like manner di-
vided into 60 minutes, and each minute
into 60 seconds. 2. In music, an inter-
val of a conjoint degree, being the differ-
ence between any sound and the nearest
sound, above or below it.

-

SEC 650

8 ED

Svyc’onpanr. 1. In geology, an epithet for
those strata, rocks, or formations, begin-
ning with the chalk, and ending with the
graywacke; at the former the tertiary
strata begin, and at the latter the pri-
mary formations terminate.——2. In as-
tronomy, the secondary circles or secondaries
are those circles which pass through the
poles of any of the great circles of the
sphere, perpendicular to the planes of
these circles.——3. Se. lary qualities of
bodies are those which are inseparable
from them, but which proceed from casual
circumstances, such as colour, taste,
odour, &c.—4. Secondary planets. See
Satettites. —— 5. Secondary quills, in
birds, are the large feathers of the wing,
which arise from the bones of the fore-
arm.

Sec’/rETary, Fr. sécretaire, from Lat.
secretus, secret. A person employed by a
public body, a company, or an individual,
to write orders, letters, dispatches, re-
cords, &c., &c. Thus legislative bodies
have secretaries, ambassadors have secre-
taries. The Secretary of State in Britain
is a high officer of the crown, who con-
ducts the affairs of a particular depart-
ment of the government. There are three
principal secretaries of state: the Secre-
tary for Home Affairs, the Secretary for
Foreign Affairs, and the Colonial Secre-

ry:

Srcre’tion, Lat. secretio, from secretus.
A function in a living body, arranged by
physiologists under the head of natural
actions. It is by this function that a part
of the blood escapes from the organs of
circulation, and diffuses itself without or
within; either preserving its chemical
properties or dispersing, after its elements
have undergone another order of combi-
nations.

Src’r1Lz, Lat. sectilis, that may be easily
cut. Aterm used in mineralogy, to de-
note a character standing midway be-
tween malleable and brittle: the mineral
being cut with a knife, the particles do
not fly off in splinters. Soapstone is a
sectile mineral.

Sec’t10on, Lat. sectio, from seco, to cut;
« part cut off. 1. Thus in writings and
books, a distinct part or portion, often
called a paragraph, or article-——2. In
geometry, a side or surface appearing, ofa
body or figure cut by ano‘tier; also the
place where lines or surfaces cut each
other.—3. A section of a building, ma-
chine, or ergine, is a view as if cut down
the middle, showing the construction or
disposition of the interior, This kind of
drawing is called sciagraphy.

Sec’t1o PLanoe’RaPHy. A method of
laying down the section of engineering
works upon the plan recently introduced
by Mr. Macneil, and required by the
stanaing orders of the House of Commons,

for all proposed railways, &c. It is
formed by using the line of direction laid
down on the plan as a datum-line, the
cuttings being plotted on the upper part,
and the embankments upon the lower
part of the line.

Sec’ror, Lat. from seco, to cut. 1. In

geometry, the space be-

A tween two radii and

the part of the cir-

cumference which

B they include: it is a

mixed triangle,formed

by two radii ace and

be, and an are ab, of

the circle of which

they are radii.——2.

A mathematical in-

strument so marked with lines of sines,

tangents, secants, chords, &c., as to fit all

radii and scales. It is used for finding

the proportions between quantities of the

same kind. It is founded on the fourth

proposition of the sixth book of Euclid,

which proves that similar triangles have

their homologous sides proportional.——

3. An instrument for determining the

zenith distances of stars passing within
a few degrees of the zenith.

Srec’utar Games were festivals cele-
brated at Rome, every hundredth year;
but frequently much oftener.

SecuLariza/Tron (Lat.). The appropria-
tion of church property to secular uses,

Szc’utaR Rerricera’Tion. The peri-
odical cooling and consequent consolida-
tion of the crust of the globe.

Secun’p1neE. 1. In botany, the outer-
most but one of the enclosing sacs of the
ovulum, immediately resting upon the
primine.——2. In zoology, the foetal mem-
branes are so called. . '

Srcun’pum Ar’rem. According to art,
or the rules of art. A term used in medi-
cal prescription, and denoted by the let-
ters 8.A., which are usually affixed when
the making up of the recipe req
great care or skill.

Securir’era, Lat. from securis,a hatch-
et, and fero, to bear. Hatchet-bearers: a
family of Hymenopterous insects com-
posed of two tribes, the Tenthredinee or
saw-flies, and the Urocerata, Lat., form of
the genus Sirer, Lin. They take the
family name from the females being pro-
vided with a peculiarly formed and ser-
rated ovipositor, which they use in pre-
paring a place to deposit their eggs in.

Srcvu’R1ForM, Lat. securiformis, hatchet-
shaped: securis, a hatchet, and forma.
Applied to leaves, &c.

Sep’ative, from sedo, to assuage. A~

term applied, adjectively and substan-
tively, to medicines or other means which
diminish the animal energy, without de-
stroying life.

Se Derenven’po. In defending himself.

SS

=

as

el oe a

SEG

651

SEL

The plea of a person charged with murder,
who alleges that he committed the act in
his own defence.

SrepcE. 1. An aquatic plant, the Iris
oseudacorus.——2. The sedge bird or reed
bunting (Sylvia phragmitis), a species of
warbler which builds its nest on the sedgy
banks of rivers.

SED’t1tz Pow’pEers. These consist of
two different kinds of powders, one of
which is wrapped in blue paper, and
the other in white, in order to distinguish
them: one consists of a mixture of tarta-
rate of soda 353i ,and bi-carbonate of soda,
vij; the other consists of tartaric acid,
XXXV ., these are dissolved in water,
the former in about a pint, and the latter
in a wine-glassful, and the solutions are
then mixed, and the draught taken dur-
ing effervescence. These powders take
their name from a supposed resemblance
of ingredients to the celebrated saline
mineral waters of Sedlitz, Seidlitz, or
Seydschutz, a village of Bohemia, in the
circle of Saatz. The Sedlitz water is,
however, a solution of sulphate of mag-
nesia (Epsom salt), sulphate of soda
(Glauber’s salt), and sulphate of lime,
with some carbonates of lime and mag-
nesia and resinous matter. This water is
reckoned highly medicinal.

Se’pum. Stone-crop. An extensive
genus of plants. Decandria—Pentagynia.
Name from sedo, to assuage, because it
allays inflammation. There are eleven
species indigenous to Britain, among
which are the wall-pepper, English stone-
crop, and common orpine. They are all
perennial plants.

SEEp, Sax. saed. The substance, ani-
mal or vegetable, which nature prepares
for the reproduction and conservation of
the species. The seeds of plants are a
deciduous part, containing the rudiments
of a new vegetable, and in some cases
constitute the fruit or valuable part of
the plant, as in the case of esculent
grain; sometimes also the seeds are in-
closed in the fruit, as in apples, melons,
&e. The seed-bud of a plant is called the
germen (q. V.) ; the seed-coats are the arilli
(see Antt, ARiILLUs); the seed-lobes are
cotyledons (see CorrLepon), and the seed-
vessels are termed pericarps (see PERICARP).

Ser’tinc, from Fr. sceller, to seal. In
falconry, the running of a thread through
the eyelids of a hawk, when first taken,
to prevent her seeing well, and thereby
to prepare her to endure the hood.

Sze’car (written also saggar). The cy-
lindrical case of fire-clay, in which fine
stone-ware is inclosed while being baked
in the kiln.

Szc’Ho.. A Hebrew vowel-point,
marke@ thus .* end indicating the sound
of ec in men

Sr@’MENT, Lat, segymentum, from seco, to
cut. 1. A part cnt off.——2. In geometry,
that part of a circle contained between a
chord AB and an arc ACB of the circle,

Pr or so much of the

: circle as is cut off

by the chord.——3.

B A. The segment ‘of a

sphere is a part of a

sphere, terminated

by a portion of its

surface, and a plane

which cuts it off,

passing somewhere out of the centre;

being more properly called the section of
a sphere.

Sscreca’ra, Lat. from segrego, to set
apart. 1. In malecology, the name of a
family of molluscs: order Acephala nuda,
The family comprises those genera in
which the individuals which compose
them are insulated, and without any mu-
tual organic connection (Cuvier).—— 2.

In botany, applied as an ad-
jective to the last order of
the class Syngenesia, order
Polygamia segregata,
which the flowers are
doubly compound, each fio-
ret or assemblage of florets
having a partial calyx.
There is no British type.

Srcus, It., it follows. In
music, prefixed to a move-
ment which is immediately
to follow the last note of the preceding
movement.

SEIc’NIoRAGE. 1. An old prerogative
by which the English kings claimed a
portion of the gold and silver brought in
the mass to the mint to be exchanged for
coin.——2. The term is sometimes used
to denote the right or authority of a
seigneur or lord of a manor, but this is
now usually written seigniory.

Srie’nN1ory. In Lower Canada, the right
of feudal superiority in real estate.

Srismom’ETER, Gr., from cticpos, an
earthquake, an instrument for measuring
the shock of earthquakes and other con-
cussions.

Ser’z1n, Fr. saisine. In law, possession.
This is of two sorts: seizin in fact imply-
ing actual possession, and seizin in law,
implying that something is done which
the law accounts possession or seizin, as
enrolment, or when the lands descend to
an heir, but he has not yet entered upon
them. In this case the law regards the
heir as seized of the estate, and should
any other take possession he is a disseisor.

Se’sant. In heraldry, applied to a
beast in a sitting posture. Sejant ram-
pant, sitting with the fore-feet lifted up.

Seten’ic Acip. An acid discovered in

1827 by Mitcherlich. It has not yet been
isolated. Its aqueous soiution may be

SEM

652

SEM

concentrated by evaporation till its tem-
perature reaches 436°, but if the process
be carried further, oxygen gas is evolved,
and the acid is changed to the selenious.
It forms seleniates with salifiable bases.

Serr’niet. A compound formed by the
union of selenium with a metallic base.
The best known is selenietted hydrogen, a
gaseous compound, which bears a strong
analogy to sulphuretted hydrogen, but it
acts with greater energy.

Seve’ntous Acip. A yolatile and erys-
tallisable acid, formed by burning sele-
nium in oxygen gas, or by heating it in
nitric or nitro-muriatic acid. It was for-
merly called selenic acid.

Setr’nio-cyan‘ocen. A compound of
selenium and cyanogen, discovered by
Rerzelius. It has not yet been obtained
in a separate state.

Sev’eniTe, Gr. ceavvirnys. 1. A sub-
species of sulphate of lime of two varie-
ties, massive and acicular.——2. A com-
pound of selenious acid with a base.

Sexe’nium, from ceAyvy, the moon. A
metalloid principle, obtained by Berze-
lius from the pyrites of Fahlun, and which
from its chemical properties he places be-
tween sulphur and tellurium. It has,
however, more properties in common
with the former than with the latter sub-
stance. Selenium, after being fused and
slowly cooled, is of a blueish- -grey colour,
witha glistening surface, butitis of a red-

-brown when quickly cooled,and has
a distinct metallic lustre. It is brittle,
but not hard, and has a tendency to as-
sume a crystalline form. Sp. gr. 4°3;
melting point, 225° F., but assumes a
pasty consistency at 212°.

Sevev’vipz. In chronology, the Syro-
Macedonian era: a computation of time
commencing from the establishment of
the Seleucide, a race of Grecian kings,
which reigned in Syria as successors of
Alexander the Great; the Jewish rab-
bins call if the era of contracts, and the
Arabs the era of two horns. It began
B.c. 310?

Setr-acriInc. A term applied to se-
veral automatic contrivances for super-
seding the manual labour which was pre-
viously necessary to manage a machine
of the same nature.

Setr’zer Water. A mineral water of
Neider Seltzer,a place in Germany, about
ten miles from Frankfort-on-the-Maine.
It contains muriate of soda,carbonates of
magnesia, soda, lime, andalarge quantity
of free carbonic acid.

Ser’vacE, ) Dutch, zelf-kant, self-bor-

Ser’vepce. der. In manufactures, the
edge of cloth where it is closed by com-
plicating the threads

Sr’MAPHORE, oyun, Sign, and ¢tew,
Ibear. A telegraph.

Ser’ (Fr.), sown. In heraldry, strewed
with figures, as stars and the like.

Semecar’pus. The Marking-nut tree.
Agenus. Pentandria—Trigynia. Name
from gépesmw, to mark, and AULTOS, &
fruit, on acconnt of the use that is made
of its nut in the East Indies, to mark
table-linen and articles of apparel. The
S. anacardium was supposed to be the tree
which affords the Malacca bean ; which,
however, is the produce of the ” Anacar-
dium Indicum.

Sremeror‘’ics, from ¢y“t/ov, asign. That
part of medicine which considers the
signs of disease. It comprehends diagnosis
and prognosis.

Semen ApjJow’sEnN. Adjowan seed.
A seed, the rh akg ee of the Ammi copticum,
imported from India. It isused in me-
dicine for its exciting and carminative
virtues.

Sem’r. A Latin prefix signifying half.
It answers to the Greek hemi, and French

ut.

Sem’r-arrans. In church history,a branch
of Arians who, in appearance, condemned
the errors of Arius, but acquiesced in some
of his principles, disguising them under
milder terms. Thus, they admit the Son
to be like the Father by a peculiar pri-
vilege.

Sem’rereve, from semi and breve. In
music, a note of half the duration or time
of the breve. It is equal to two minims,
or four crotchets, or eight legen

Sem’icoton, from semi an
grammar, a point marked thus (; , de-
noting a pause in reading greater than
the comma, and of less duration than the
colon, and of half the duration of the
period.

Semicvu’srcat Parasota. In analysis,
a curve of the second order, defined by the
equation y*=az". It is ‘the evolute of
the common parabola.

Semi-prapa’son, from semi and diapason.
In music, an imperfect octave.

SEmMI-DIAPEN’TE, from semi and diapente.
In music, an imperfect fifth

SEMI-DIATEs’SARON, from semi and dia-
tessaron. In music, an imperfect fourth.

Semi-pi’rone£, from semi, for hemi, and
ditone. In music, a lesser third, having
its terms as 6 to 5.

SEMI-FLOs’cULOSE, Lat. semiflosculosus.
In botany, a compound flower is so desig-
nated, when its florets have the limb of
the corolla produced in a ligulate shape
on the outer side only. The dandelion
and hawkweed are examples.

Semi-mer’at. An old name for such
metals as are not malleable ; e.g. bismuth,
arsenic, nickel, antimony, zine, cobalt,
manganese, tungsten, molybdenum, ura-
nium, &c.

Semimin’Ima. In music, a half-minim
or crotchet.

BEM

653

SEN

Sem'inat Leaves. The leaves of a
plant which first sprout forth from the
sown seeds,

Semi-o’pat. A variety of opal. Colours
white, grey, green, red, brown, blue,
rarely yellow.

Semi-or’pinaTE. In conic sections, a line
drawn at right angles to, and bisected by,
the axis, and reaching from one side of
the section to the other.

SemipaL'MATE, Lat. semi, half, and
paima,hand. In zoology, when the toes
are connected by a web extending only
half their length. .

Semi-peta’c1ans. In ecclesiastical his-
tory,a sect retaining some of the doctrines
of Pelagius.

Semi-pro’rotite. The name given by
Kirwan to minerals partaking of the na-
ture of primary and secondary rocks:
wewros, first, and Asfos, stone. It ought
to be hemiprotolite.

SEMI-QUAD’RATE, \ An aspect of the pla-

SemI-quaR’TILE. / nets, when distant
from each other half a quadrant.

Semi-qua’vER. In music, a note of half
the duration of the quaver. :

Semi-quin’T1LE. An aspect of the pla-
nets, when distant from each other half
of the quintile, or 36°.

Semi-sex’TILE. An aspect of the pla-
nets, when distant from each other the
twelfth part of a circle, or 30°.

Sem’tsosprro (It.). In music, a small
pause, equal to the eighth part of a bar
in common time.

Sem’1-tone. In music, half a tone; an
interval of sound, as between mi and fa
in the diatonic scale, which is only half
the distance of the interval between ut
and ve, or sol and la. It is the smallest
interval admitted in modern music.

Sem’I-vowEL. In grammar, a half-
vowel; an articulation which is accom-
panied with an imperfect sound, as 1, m,
n, which do not demand a total occlusion
of the mouth.

SemnopirHe’cus. The generic name
given by F. Cuvier to certain monkeys,
which differ from the long-tailed monkeys
(Cercopithecus, Erxl .), only by having an
additional small tubercle on the last of the
inferior molares. They inhabit eastern
countries. The best known is the Simia
nemeus, Lin., remarkable for its lively
and varied colouring. It inhabits Cochin
China. The S. nasica, Lin., of Borneo, is
remarkable for the extraordinary form of
its nose.

SEMPERVI'RENT, Lat. sempervirens, ever-
green. Applied to plants whose leaves are
permanent throughout one, two, or more
years.

Semrervi'vum. The House Leek. An
extensive genus of plants. Dodecandria—
Dodecagynia. Name from semper,always,
and vivo, green. The British type is the

common house-leek, or sengreen (S. tec-
torum),a perennial.

Semun’cia. A Roman coin, one twenty-
fourth of the Roman pound.

Sen’are, Lat. senatus, assembly of elders.
The deliberative assembly of the Roman
people. In many modern republics, the
upper house of the national assembly has
been so called.

SEN’ECA-ROOT, | The root of the rattle-

Sen’EGa-rRoor. / snake milk-wort (Poly-
gala Senega), formerly much esteemed as.
a specific against the poison of the rattle-

snake. It is used in decoction. See
SENEGA.
Sene’cro. Groundsel. An extensive

genus of plants., Syngenesia—Polygamia
superflua. Name from senesco, to grow
old, because it has a greyish down upon
it like the beard of an old man. There are
nine species natives of Britain, among
which are the common, wood, and
squalid groundsel, the common and the
marsh ragwort, or St. James’s-wort, and
the bird’s-tongue—all herbaceous plants.

Sen’Eca. A plant,a species of polygala,
so named because the Seneca or Sene-
gaw Indians use it against the bite of
the rattlesnake. See SENECA-RooT.

Sen’ecat Gum. See Acacia and Gum.

Sen’escuat. A French title, answer-
ing to that of high steward in England.

Sen’na. In the materia medica, the
leaves of the Cassia senna, an annual
plant, which grows plentifully, (and
best), in the valleys of Nubia, where it
is called Abyreyga. It grows also in
Arabia, and is imported thence into India,
under the name of Séna, and is imported
from Calcutta and Bombay under the
name of East India senna.

Sensa’t1on. When an impression made
on the extremity of a nerve is communi-
cated to the sensorium, so as to excite
the consciousness of the mind, it is called
a sensation. When the impression is made:
by the action of aforeign body on an ex-
ternal part, it is called an external sensa-
tion; when it proceeds from some change
taking place within the living system,
and arising from its own actions, it is an
internal sensation. There are, however,
sensations belonging to neither of these
classes. The vehicles of impressions.
giving rise to sensations, are the nerves:
the organs by which they are primarily
received, are termed the organs of the
senses. See Senses.

Sen’ses. The channels of communica-
tion by which the mind derives the ma-
terials of thought from the external
world, and the exercise of which depends.
on the property of sensibility, modified by
particular organs to especial ends. Man
is usually considered to be endowed with
five senses: sight, hearing, smell, taste,
and toueh, To these Dr. Thomas Browne,

SEP 654 SEP

late Professor of Moral Philosophy at
Edinburgh, has added a sixth, muscular
sense, by which the indivaual takes
cognizance of the action of ‘his own mus-
cles. This appears, however, to be re-
ferable to the sense of touch. Some
powers of the mind, as imagination, the
passions, &c., have been termed internal
senses.

Sensipiv'iry. That faculty of living
parts by which they are capable of re-
ceiving impressions, and increase, dimi-
nish, alter, and suspend their actions.
Sensibility is usually divided into animal
sensibility, which gives rise to sensations,
and organic sensibility, which calls into
action the organic coatractility.

Sen‘sitive Prant- The Mimosa sensi-
tive. A biennial plant of Brazil, &c. The
leaves shrink from the touch, and fall on
being slightly touched.

Senso’rium. The Brain. The common
centre at which ail the impressions of
the senses are received.

Sen’svatism. In philosophy, the theory
which resolves all our mental acts into
various modifications of mere sensation.

Sen’Tence, Lat. sententia, from sentio,
to think. In law, a judgment pronounced
by a court or judge upon a criminal.
Strictly, sentence is only used for the
declaration of judgment against one con-
victed of a crime. In civil cases, the
decision of the court is called a judg-
ment.

Sentico’sz. The name of an order of
plants in the Natural Method of Linné,
consisting of such as are thorny (senti-
cosus), or resemble the bramble, rose-
bush, &c.

Sen’tineEx. Sentry. Fr. sentinelle, from
Lat. sentio, to perceive. A soldier set out
to watch and guard a place against sur-
prise, by giving notice of approach of
danger.

Sen’za, (It.). In music, a prefix meaning
without; as senza stromenti, without
instruments.

Sr’pat. A word invented by botanists
to distinguish the parts of the calyx from
those of the corolla.

Ser’aratists. A religious sect which
originated in Dublin in 1803.

Srep’aratory, Lat. separatorium, from
separo. 1. A chemical vessel for sepa-
rating essential parts of liquids——2. A
surgical instrument for separating the
pericranium from the skull.

Sr’pia. 1. The Cuttle-fish. A genus of
cephalopodous molluscs, comprehending,
according to Linné, the Argonauta, Lin.,
and the Sepia, Lam. This last is the
cuttle-fish, properly so called. It is dis-
tinguished by two long arms, and a fleshy
fin, extending along the whole length of
each side of the sac. The shell is oval,
thick, convex, and composed of numerous

and parallcl calcareous lamingw, united
by thousands of little hollow columns

ing perpendicularly from one to the
other. This structure renders it friable,
and causes it to be employed for polishing
various sorts of work.—2. The ink of
the cuttle-fish. This is a black juice,
secreted by certain glands of the fish, and
is ejected to darken the waters when it
is pursued. One part of it is capable of
rendering 1000 parts of water nearly
opaque. It is used asa pigment.

Se’pium. The internal shell of the
cuttle-fish.

Srrr’ariz, Lat. from sepes, a hedge.
The name of an order of plants in Lin-
nus’s Natural Method, consisting of
woody plants, which have a hedge-like
appearance, with flowers, mostly thymus
or panicle.

Seroy’s. The name given in the East
Indies to the native infantry in the
British service. They are about 200,000
in number?

Serr. A clan: used of the races of
families in Ireland.

Ser’ra. In conchology, &c., plural of
septum (q. v.).

Sxepra’r1a, Lat. from septa, partitions.
Lenticular concretions of ferruginous
clay, anciently named Helmont’s quoits
(ludi Helmontii). They are intersected
by veins of calc-spar, and when calcined
and ground to powder form the excellent
hydraulic cement called Parker’s cement.

Seprem’srists. The name given to the
agents in the dreadful massacre, during
the French Revolution, that took place
in Paris on the 2nd September, 1792.

Sep’tic, Gr. cyrsixos, from eyxrw, to
putrefy. 1. Relating to putrefaction——
2. A substance having the power to pro-
mote or produce putrefaction in bodies.

Serrvuacesima, Lat. septuagesimus, se-
ventieth. The third Sunday before Lent,
or before Quadragesima Sunday, supposed
to be so called from its being about 70
days before Easter.

Ser’ruacint, Lat. septuaginta, seventy.
A Greek version of the Old Testament, so
called because it was the work of 70
(rather 72) translators. This translation
is supposed to have been made in the
reign and by the order of Ptolemy Phila-
delphus, king of Egypt, about 270 years
before Christ.

Szr’rum, Lat. a partition, from septo, to
separate. Applied in anatomy and natu-
ral history. 1. The S. auris is the drum
of the ear. The S. cerebelli is a process of
the dura mater, dividing the cerebellum
perpendicularly into two parts. The S.
cordis is a partition between the two ven-
tricles of the heart. The S. lucidum is the
thin and tender portion of the brain, di-
viding the lateral ventricles from each
other. The S. narium is the partition be-

SER

655

SER

tween the nostrils——2. The plates di-
viding the chambers of multilocular shells
are called septa.

Sz’quEnce, Lat. sequentia.
similar succession of chords.

Seavesrra’tion, from low Lat. seques-
tro, to sever. In law, the act of separating
a thing in controversy from the possession
of both parties, until the right be deter-
mined.

Szauin’ (sometimes written zechin and
chequin). A goldcoin. That of Genoa is
worth 9s. 54d., those of Milan and Pied-
mont are worth 9s. 43d., that of Naples is
worth 6s. 74d., that of Rome is worth 9s.
3d., that of Tuscany the same, and that of
Venice about a farthing more. In Turkey
the old sequin is worth 7s. 8d., whereas
the sequin fonducti is worth only 7s. 63d.

Seracwi’c. The palace of the Turkish
Sultan, in Constantinople.

Se’rar. A place of accommodation for
travellers in the East, thus named in
India and Tartary; but the Turks call
them Khans, and the Persians Caravan-
serais, which is the name commonly em-
ployed in Europe.

Ser’sapHine. A musical wind instru-
ment of the organ species, adapted to the
size of a chamber.

Ser’apus. In the celestial hierarchy, the
angels of the highest rank.

SerAs’Kier. A Turkish general, or com-
mander of land forces.

Srerena’pDe, Lat. serenus, clear. Origin-
ally music performed in the open airon a
serene evening; latterly, a nocturnal ex-
hibition by gallants under the window of
some favourite lady ; the custom was for-
merly common in Spain and Italy.

Serena’ta. A piece of music of a vocal
description.

Serce, Fr. serge, Sp. xerga, It. sergia.
A woollen quilted stuff of various kinds.
It is worked with four treddles.

Sen’cEeant, Fr. sergent,It. sergente. 1.A
lawyer of the highest rank, under a judge.
——2. Formerly this title was borne in
England by an officer answering to our
modern bailiff of the hundred; and also
by an officer whose business was to at-
tend on the king and the lord high stew-
ard in court, to arrest traitors and other
great offenders: the same is now called

In music, a

Sergeant-at-arms or mace.——8. At present,
several petty officers have the name of
sergeant.

Ser‘tceous, Lat. sericeus, silky; sericum,
silk. Applied, in botany, to the fine down
of some plants.

Sr’rnres (Lat.), sequels; order; course.
1. In chronology, &c., a continued succes-
sion of things of the same order, and
which have some relation or connection
with each other.—2. In analysis, a suc-
cession of terms, or progressive quantities,
connected together by the signs plus and

minus, and proceeding according to some
law or determinate relation. See Pro-
GRESSION.

Sz’ron, A buffalo’s hide, used for pack-
ing drugs, &c.
SEr’PEns.
constellation.

Ser’rent. 1. A venomous reptile. See
SERPENTIA and Opnipia.——2. A musical
brass wind instrument, bass to the horns
or cornets.

Serpenra’r1a. 1. Thename ofa genusof
plants now distributed among the genera
Arum, Aristolochia, and Scorzonera (q. v.).
—2. The plant called snake-root, a spe-
cies of Aristolochia.

SeRPeNrTa’RIvs, Lat. from serpens,a ser-
pent. 1. In ornithology, the snake-eater
or secretary, an African bird of prey. It
forms one of the divisions of the genus
Miivus, Bech.—2. In astronomy, a con-
stellation of the northern hemisphere,
named also Ophiuchus.

Serpren’tia. Serpents. A family of rep-
tiles of the order Ophidia. Name from
serpo, to creep. The true serpents com-
prise the genera without a sternum, and
in which there is no vestige of shoulder,
but where the ribs still surround a great
part of the circumference of the trunk,
and where the body of each vertebra is
still articulated by a convex surface to a
cavity in the succeeding one. They are
subdivided into two tribes, the Amphis-
benes, founded on the genus Amphisbena,
Lin., and the serpentes, or serpents properly
so called. These again are divided into
venomous and non-venomous: to the
former belong the boa, anaconda, python,
crotalus (rattlesnake), and viper. ‘

SER’PENTINE. A mineral of the mag-
nesian family: the ophites or serpent stone
of the ancients. It is usually ofa green
colour, with many tints (like a serpent’s
skin): sective, tough, and therefore easily
cut into ornamental forms. It sometimes
forms whole rocks, as at Lizard Point, in
Cornwall. It differs from hornblende in
containing more magnesia and less iron.
When intermixed with patches of marble
= constitutes the stone called verde-an-

In astronomy, a northern

Serpr’co. In surgery, the ringworm or
tetter, from serpo, to creep. See Herpes.

Ser’puxa, a genus of Articulata; order
Tubicola. , a terebella; shell a tu-
bular univalve, which twines round and
covers stones, shells, and other submarine
bodies. Species numerous. Their petrified
remains are called serpulites,

Srerra’nus. The name of a genus of
acanthopterygious fishes of the perch
family. The genus contains a vast number
of species, and isdivided into several sub-
genera.

Ser’rate, Lat. serratus, from serra, a
saw. Toothed like & saw.

SES 656

SEBx

Serrat’uta. The Saw-wort. A genus
of perennial plants. Syngenesia—Polyga-
mia equalis. Name from serra,a saw, on
account of its serrate leaves. There are
three British types ; the common and the
Alpine saw-wort, and the corn or way
thistle.

Srerricor’nes. A family of pentamerous
coleoptera. Name from serra, a saw, and
cornu,ahorn ; the antenne, with some ex-
ceptions, being dentated either like a saw
or a comb, or even like a fan, and in this
respect are most developed in the males.

Ser’Rvtate, Lat. serrulatus, from ser-
yula, alittle saw. Minutely serrate.

Sertvura’r1a. A genus of coralliferous
polypi belonging to the family Tubularia.
The sertularia have a corneous stem,
sometimes simple, but often ramous, on
the sides of which are cells, extremely
various in form, which are occupied by
the polypi, all connected witha gelatinous
stem, which traverses the axis, like the
medulla of a tree.

Se’nvum, Lat., from serus, late. 1. The
whey of milk——2. The yellowish and
somewhat greenish fluid which separates
from the blood when cold and at rest.

Ser’vat. An animal of Malabar, of the
feline tribe. Itresembles the lynx in form
and size, and the panther in spots.

Servitor, Lat., from servio, to serve.
In the University of Oxford, a student who
attends on another for his maintenance
and learning: called at Cambridge a sizer.

Ses’aME, } The Oily-grain. A genus

Srs’amum. J of plants. Didynamia—An-
giospermia, Name gyoaun, from an Egyp-
tian root. The species are natives of
India, &c. The S. orientale affords the™
seeds called oily-grain, which are much
esteemed as an article of food. It is cul-
tivated in South Carolina under the name
of bene.

Ses’amorp, from rycau7, sesamum, and
sido, likeness. Like the sesamum seed.
Applied, in anatomy, to several parts,
from their shape.

Ses‘qui. 1.A Latin prefix, signifying a
whole anda half. In the doctrine of defi-
nite proportions, it is used to designate
compounds in which an equivalent and a
half of one ingredient combines with ano-
ther; e. g. sesqui-oxide, sesqui-carbonate.
—2. In music, the term was used by the
old masters, to distinguish different kinds
of measure.

SesquiaL’TER, from sesqui, and alter,
other. 1. In music, an organ-stop imply-
ing a whole and a half.—2. In arith-
metic, a ratio where one quantity contains
another one time and half a time. Thus

4 = 1} is a sesquialteral ratio.

Ses’autronge. In music, a minor third:
aninteryal of three semitones.

Sessite, Lat. sessilis, sitting close. Ap-
plied, in botany, to parts of plants which
are not elevated on any kind of stalk.

Ses’ston, Court or. The supreme civil
court of Scotland, having jurisdiction in
all questions, of whatever nature.

Szs’sion oF Pantiament. The period
between its meeting and prorogation.

Ses’rerce, Lat. sestertius. A Roman
coin, or denomination of money, in value
the fourth of the denarius, and original]
containing two asses and a half (about 2d.).
The sestertium, i. e. sestertium pondus, was
two pounds and a half, or 250 denarii
o— 8l.). One qualification of the

man knight was the possession of an
estate worth 400,000 sesterces; of the se-
nator, 800,000 sesterces.

Sera’cEous, Lat. setaceus, bristly ; seta, a
bristle. Applied to parts of plants, &c.

Ser’irorm, Lat. setiformis, bristly ; seta,
a bristle, and form. Applied to parts of
plants.

Ser-orr, in Jaw, is where the defendant
acknowledges the justice of the plaintiff ’s
demand, but sets up ademandof hisown,
to counterbalance it in whole or in part.

Sr’ron, Lat. setacewm, from seta, a
bristle. In surgery, an artificial sinus
made under the skin by means of an in-
strument called the seton-needle, which
carries with it a portion of thread or silk.
The thread, which is of considerable
length, is allowed to remain, and a new
portion is drawn through daily, to keep
up aconstantirritation. In farriery, this
operation is called rowelling.

Se’rosz, Lat. setosus, bristly, from seta,
a bristle. Applied.to parts of plants.

Serte’z, from sit. 1. A sort of large
easy chair.—2. A description of vessel
used on the Mediterranean. It has two
masts, one deck, a very long and sharp
prow, and lateen sails.

Ser’rErR. Among sportsmen, a dog that
beats the field to start birds.

Sert-orr’. In architecture, the horizon-
tal projections left in carrying upa wall,
the thickness of which is diminished by
steps.

Sev’EnTH. In music, an interval.

Sexaces’Ima, Lat. sexagesimus, sixtieth.
The second Sunday before Lent, so called
as being about the sixtieth day before
Easter.

SexacGeEs'ImMau. Pertaining to the num-
ber 60. Sexagesimal notation is the method
of computing by sixties, as that which is
used in dividing degrees into minutes,
and these into seconds.

Sex’ranT, from sextans,a sixth. 1. An
instrument much used in surveying, for
measuring horizontal angles. Itis formed
like the quadrant, except that it is only
60°, or the sixth part of the circle.——2.
In astronomy, a constellation of the south-
ern hemisphere, containing 41 stars.

ie ee ee ee -

SHA

657

SHE

Sex’T11z, Lat. sertilis, from sex, six. A
term denoting the position of planets
when distant from each other 60° or two
signs: marked *.

Sxrx’ron, Lat. sacrista. A church officer,
the keeper of holy things belonging to
divine worship.

Sex’vat. Appertaining to the sexes.
The sexual system of plants is that method
of distinguishing plants, founded on the
parts of fructification, invented by Lin-
neeus.

Srorzaro. In music, an Italian term,
denoting that the note over which it is
placed must be struck with force.

Sruma’to, It., smoky. In painting, a
style wherein the tints are so blended
that the outline is scarcely perceptible.

Serarir’ro, It., scratched. In painting,
a style in which a white coat is laid upon
a dark ground of stucco, and the shadows
worked out.

SHas’rack. A military term, of Hun-
garian origin, used for the cloth furni-
ture of a cavalry officer’s troop-horse.

Sap. Twaite shad. A migratory fish,
the Alosa finta, Cuy. and Yarr. Ordinary
size about 12 or 14 inches long. Inhabits
the North Atlantic, the Mediterranean,
and the Caspian Seas; and enters the
rivers in spring to spawn.

Suap’pock. The fruit of the Citrus
decumana or shaddock-tree; so named
after the person who introduced it in the
West Indies from China.

Suarr. 1. In architecture, the shaft of a
chimney is the stone or brick turret above
the roof. The shaft of a king post is the
part between the goggles. The shaft of a
column is the part between the base and
the capital——2. In mining, a vertical
sinking or well, excavated or dry, for the
purpose of working and ventilating
mines. The principal shaft is usually
termed the engine-shaft. ——3. In ma-
chinery, the term shaft is applied to a
large axle.

SuHacree'n, Fr. chagrin, Ger. schagrin.
A description of grained leather, prepared
chiefly at Astracan in Russia, from the
skins of horses, wild asses, and camels.
It used formerly to be prepared from the
skin of a species of squalus or hound-fish
called shagree (?)

Suan. A Persian title equivalent to king.

SHake. 1. In music, atrill. A rapid
reiteration of two notes, comprehending
an interval not greater than one whole
tone, nor less than a semitone.——2. A
fissure in timber, caused by its being
dried too suddenly, or exposed to too
great heat. Any timber when naturally
full of clefts or slits is said to be shaky.

Sua’xers. In ecclesiastical history, a
sect who arose in 1747, in Lancashire,
being, it is said, a secession from the
qus.ccrs.

Suate, Germ. schale. 1. Slate clay. In-
durated slaty clay. Shale is almost al-
ways found among the coal measures.
—2. Kemmeridge coal is sometimes
called bituminous shale: it is a mixture
of clay, bitumen, and carbon.

SHattoon. In manufacture, a light
woollen stuff, said to be named from
Chalons, in France.

Suat'top, Fr. chaloupe, Ger. schaluppe.
1. A small light vessel, with a small
mainmast and foremast, with lug-sails.
——2. A description of large boat rigged
like a schooner.

SuHar’tor, Fr. échalotte. The Allium
ascalonicum ; a useful esculent root, pos-
sessing all the virtues of garlic, with less
pungency.

SHam’anism. A general name for the
religions of a number of barbarous tribes
of the Finnish race.

SuHammy. Chamois leather. A kind of
leather prepared from the skin of the
chamois goat. See CHAmois.

SHampoo’inc. A name in the East for
a mode of relieving pain in the joints by
friction.

Suam’rock. The name given in Ire-
land to the three-leaved grass, or trefoil.
The original shamrock, or rather shamroy,
appears from old authors to have been the
wood-sorrel, not the white clover which
now bears the name.

SHanx’tin Sanp. Lower greensand. A
marine deposit of siliceous sands and
sand-stones, of various shades of green,
red, brown, yellow, grey, and white, with
subor te beds of chert and siliceous
limestone. It forms the lowest member
of the cretaceous group, intervening be-
tween the gault above and the weald
clay below.

SHANK PAINTER. The rope or chain
which passes round the shank of an
anchor, and confines it to the ship’s bow.

Suarp. 1. In music, a note artificially
raised; a semitone, opposed to flat.——)
2. The mark denoting a sharp, ff.

Suas’TeR,; A sacred book among the
Hindoos, containing the
dogmas of their religion.

SuawmM, | Ger. schalmeie,

Suaum, )from schallen,
to sound. A hautbois or
cornet. This instrument
was used in the sacred
music of the Hebrews.

Suears differ from seis-
sors chiefly in being larger.
The name shears ought,
perhaps, to be confined to
such instrument as that
used for shearing sheep. in
which the blades are not
connected by a pin, as in the common
scissors, but by a spring (as in the ngure)
and to those instruments where one of

Zu

SHE 658

SHI

the blades is fixed and the other move-
able, used in cutting iron plate, &e.——2.

instrument for raising weights. See
SHEERs,

Surar’water. A name of two birds.
1. The Procellaria puffinus, Lin., found on
the coasts of Great Britain and Ireland.
——2. The Larus niger, Lin., or dDlack gull.

Surat. In botany, a name applied to
a petiole, embracing the branch from
which it springs, or to a rudimentary leaf
which wraps round the stem.

Sueatu'inc. In ship-building, a sort of
covering nailed all over the outside ofa
ship’s bottom, to protect the planks from
the ravages of worms. Formerly, this
sheathing consisted only of boards, tarred
and payed over, but now copper is re-
sorted to, not merely as a substitute, but
as an additional covering.

Sueave. 1. The wheel contained in
pulley-blocks. ——2. A name given on
railways worked by fixed engines to the
friction-rollers or pulleys on which the
rope is borne up.

Sueer. 1. In nautical language, the lon-
gitudinal curve or bend of a ship’s deck
or sides.——2. The position in which a
ship is sometimes kept at single anchor, to
keep her clear of it. To break sheer is to
deviate from that position and risk foul-
ing the anchor.

SHEEr-pRavcHt. In naval architecture,
the side view or projection on the plane
of the keel, on which are laid off the
heights and length of the parts of the
keel, the position and rake of the stem
and sternpost, the principal timbers of the
sides, the posts, decks, channels, place of
greatest breadth of midship frame, sta-
tions of masts,

SuHEER-HULK. In the navy, an old 74
cut down to the lower deck, and fitted
up with a pair of sheers for the purpose
of taking out the lower masts of ships
preparing for sea.

Sueers. A contrivance consisting in the
erection of
two long spars
or pieces of
timber, fas-
tened toge-
ther near the

other at their
upper ends,
and have their lower ends far apart: from
the upper end a tack depends for raising
weights. When sheers are employed on
land, three spars are usually set 9
Sueer. In a rope
fastened to one or both the lower corners
of a sail, to extend and retain it in its
proper situation.
Surer-an’cHor. The largest anchor of
3 ship.

Sueer’ine. A description of linen fit
for making bed sheets of.

Sueer-ri’'tinc. Piles are sometimes
driven in close rows, to form the faces of
wharfs, banks of rivers, piers for the sea,
to protect foundation walls from the
effects of water ; also in the construction
of coffer-dams, sluices, &c., this is called
sheet-piling, and when the piles consist of
planks, it is termed pile-planking. The
piles are sometimes mortised into each
other by dove-tail joints.

Suerx (Arab.) A title of dignity be-
longing to the chiefs of Arabian tribes.

Sue’ket. An ancient Jewish silver .

coin, equal to four Attic drachms, in value
about 2s.6d. A shekel of gold was worth
36s. 6d.

SHet’prake. An aquatic fowl, the
Anas tadorna, Lin., originally from South
America, where it perches on trees.

Sue tt. 1. The hard covering or external
skeleton of testaceous and crustaceous
animals, and of some insects. The shells
of the testaceous mollusca consist chiefly
of carbonate of lime and animal matter ;
those of the crustaceans of a mixture of
carbonate and phosphate of lime with
animal matter.—— 2. In gunnery, a hollow
cast-iron ball; it is filled with powder
and thrown out of mortars, &c.; a fusee
fixed firmly into a hole in the shell being
kindled by the discharge of the gun.
This fusee is made of such length, that it
will have burned to the powder by the
time the shell has reached its destination
and explode it, the fragments dealing
death and destruction around.

SHELL-Mart. A deposit of calcareous
earth and clay containing shells.

SHELTIE.
eae of the horse, produced in Shet-

Suemit’ic Lan’cuaces. The Chaldee,
Syriac, Hebrew, Samaritan, Ethiopic,
and old Pheenician—all sprung from the
same stock.

Suerar’p1a. The Field Madder: a
genus of annual plants. TZetrandria—
Monogynia. The corn-field madder is
common in Britain; the wall-field mad-
der is peculiar to the Italian Alps.

Suerzer’, Arab. shardba,to drink. A
cooling summer drink, prepared from the
juice of fruits and water, variously
sweetened and flavoured. Sherbets are
much used in India and other hot
countries.

Suer'irr, Sax. scir-gerefa, from scyre,
a shire, and gerefa, a reeve, count, stew-
ard, or bailiff, shire-reeve. An officer in
each county, to whom is entrusted the
execution of the Jaws.

Suer’ry, ) A species of wine, so called

Suer’nris. J from Xeres in Spain, where
it is made.

Suietp. In heraldry, the escutcheon,

Shetland Pony. A small

———

ae ee

ee

SHO 659

SHR

on which are placed the bearing. in coats
of arms.
Suirr. Achange. A term used with
reference to relays of workmen employed
in mines, on railways, or other work.
Su1r'tine, Sax. scilling; Ger. schilling.
An English silver coin, worth 12 pence,
or the 20th part of the sovereign. It con-
tains 80°727 gers. pure silver, or 87°27 grs.
of standard silver (11 oz. 2 dwts. silver +
18 dwts. alloy).
. Surn’ere, Ger. schindel, from scheiden,
to divide. 1. In house-building, shingles
are small oaken boards, used like slates,
for roofing, and sometimes for covering
the body of buildings——2. The loose
water-worn pebbles on the sea-shore.
' Sure. Strictly, a vessel having three
masts, each consisting of a lower mast, a
top-mast, and a top-gallant mast, with
their appropriate rigging ; but, in fami-
ar language, the name ship is employed
to designate any large vessel, however
rigged, and frequently as a general desig-
nation for all vessels navigated with
Suip-mon’Ey. In English history, an
imposition formerly charged on the ports,
towns, cities, boroughs, and counties of
England, for ‘providing and furnishing
certain ships for the king’s service.

_Abolished by Stat. 17 Car. II.

Surp’s-pa’pers. The papers or docu-
ments required for the manifestation of
the ship and cargo, &c. They are of two
sorts :—(1.) Those required by the law of
a particular country, as certificate of
registry, license, charter-party, bills of

, bill of health, &c. ; and (2.) Those
required by the law ‘of nations to be on
board neutral ships, to vindicate their
title to that character.

Sure, Sax. scyre, from sciran, to di-
vide. A division of territory: otherwise
calied a county. The shire was origin-
ally a division under the jurisdiction of
an earl or count, whose authority was
entrusted to the sheriff (shire-reeve), on
whom the government ultimately de-
volved. See County.

SurreE-cLerK. An officer who assists
the sheriff in keeping the county court.

Suire-more, Sax. scir-gemote, shire-
meeting. An ancient county-court in
England.

Suir’tm™m Woop. A sort of precious
wood, mentioned in Scripture. Not ascer-
tained.

Surv’er, Ger. schiefer, a splinter. 1. A
variety of clayey schist. ——2. Among
seamen, a sheave: the little wheel in
which the rope of a pulley runs.

SHoap. In mining, stones containing
ore mixed with rubbish in a loose soil,
and sometimes near the surface.

Sxoar, )} Sax. score. A prop of timber,

Saoars,) acting as a brace in the side

of a building; the upper end resting
against that part of the wall on which
the floor is supported. Timber plates are
usually placed at each end of the shoar,
and the junctions are tightened by
wedges. A dead shoar is an upright
piece, built up in a wall, which has been
cut or broken through for the purpose of
making some alteration in the building.

SHor. Among plumbers, the part of the
bottom ofa leaden pipe, or water-trunk,
which is intended to turn the course of
the water.

SxHoor’ine. Among joiners, planing the
edge of a board straight and out of wind-
ing.

Suoot’Inc Boarp. Two boards which
are joined together, with their sides lap-

d upon each other, so as to form a
rebate for making short joints.

Suor. Properly whatever is discharged
from fire-arms or cannon by the force of
gunpowder. The shot used in war is of
various kinds ; as rownd-shot or bail (the
larger sort for cannon made of cast-iron,
the small for muskets and pistols, of lead);
double-headed or bar-shot, consisting of a
bar with a ball on each end; chain-shot,
consisting of balls chained together in
pairs ; grape-shot, consisting of small balls
strongly corded in canvas on an iron
bottom, so as to form a sort of cylinder
adapted in diameter to the bore of the
gun; case or canister-shot, consisting of
a great number of small bullets in a cylin-
drical tin-box ; langrel or langrage, con-
sisting of pieces of iron of any shape.
Small-shot denotes musket and pistol
bullets. Besides these, there are other
sorts of more pernicious nature, used by
privateers, pirates, &c

SHor-wracks or SHot-tock’ers. In
ships, wooden frames, bolted to the cramp-
ings and head- ledges round the hatch-
ways on the decks, to contain the dif-
ferent shot.

SHovt’peER. 1. Among carpenters, the
plane transverse to the length of a piece
of timber from which a tenon projects.
—2. The shoulder of a bastion is the place
where the face and flank meet.

SHovr’DERING Pie’ces. In joinery, see
BRackEtTs.

SHRaP’NEL SHEtts, in gunnery, are
shells filled with a quantity of musket
balls, which, when the shells explode, are
projected 150 yards from them.

Surep'ines. In architecture, slight
short pieces fixed below the roof as
bearers in old buildings, and forming a
straight line with the upper part of the
rafters: called also furrings.

Surime. A crustacean, the cancer
crangon, Lin., reckoned delicious food.

SHRINE, Lat. scrinium, a cabinet. The
receptacle of the remains or relics of @

salnt.
2u 2

SiD

660

SIG

Surovps (ofa ship). A range of large
Tropes, extending from the head of a mast
to the right and left side of the ship, to
support the mast; as the main shrouds,
fore shrouds, mizen shrouds. There are
also futtock shrouds, bowsprit shrouds, &c.

Surove-Tive, t eationsion time ;

Surove-Tves’pay. ) ConfessionTuesday:
the Tuesday after Quinquagesima Sunday,
or the day immediately preceding the
first of Lent or Ash- Wednesday, on which
day Roman Catholics make confession of
their sins; after which they dine on pan-
eakes and fritters, during the ringing of
the pancake-bell. Much of the latter part
of the duties are still kept up in England.
The term shrove is the preterite of shrive,
to confess,

Survs. 1. In botany, a plant with a
permanent woody stem, but of a more
humble and slender growth than a tree.
—2. A liquor consisting of acid fruits,
sugar, and various substances to give
flavour, digested in rum or brandy.

Suwan Pan. The calculating instru-
ment of the Chinese.

Suurtie. In weaving, the instrument
with which the woof or weft is thrown
through the open lease or shot of the
warp before the reed. There are many
varieties of shuttles as to size, but only
two marked by different kinds: the hand-
shuttle which has no wheelsto run upon,
and is thrown directly by the hand, and
the fly-shuttle, which has two cylindrical

FLY-SHUTTLE,

wheels to run upon, and is thrown by
means of an apparatus attached to the
ends of the lathe. The figure shows the
under side of the fly-shuttle.

Sx. In music, the seventh sound.

Srp’sEns. Sivvens. A disease which is
endemic in some of the western counties
of Scotland. It strikingly resembles yaws
in many respects.

S1z’eR1TEe. Rubellite or red tourmaline.

S1z'yLu1nz Booxs. Documents supposed
to contain the fate of the Roman Empire.

S1n’yts. In antiquity, certain women
supposed to be endowed with the gift of
prophecy. They resided in various parts
of Persia, Greece, and Italy.

Sipr’Ltinc Grounp. A line of country
whose cross-section is inclined or sloping.

Sipz-rosts. In carpentry, a kind of
truss-posts placed in pairs, each disposed
at the same distance from the middle of
the true, for the purpose of supporting

the principal rafters, braces, crown, and
camber-beams, as well as for hanging the
tie-beam below.

Srpr’reat Day. The period in which
any fixed star apparently completes a re-
volution, and comes to the same point in
the heavens, which is 23 hours, 56 min.,
4°6 sec. Sideralis, from sidus, a star.

Siv’ertreE, Lat. siderites, from o1dygos,
iron. An old name for the loadstone.

Sip’Er1rEs. Iron- wort. A genus of
plants. Didy ia—Gy spermia. Name
from cidzgos, iron, being supposed effica-
cious in healing wounds made by iron
weapons. Warm and temperate ¢ tes.

SripEroe’r Puy, from gidyeos, iron, and
yveadw, to write. The art or practice of
engraving on steel.

S1p’eroscore, from gidzygos, iron, and
oxorew, to view. An apparatus proposed
by the French chemists, for detecting
iron in minute quantities in any substance.

S1pE-T1m’zErs, | Among builders, other

Sipze-wa’vers. § names for purlins.

Si’p1nc. Passing place or Turn-out. A
short length of additional tractway on
railroads, laid by the side of a line of rails,
and connected therewith at each extre-
mity by suitable curves; the rails being
constructed and disposed in such a man-
ner that the carriages can either proceed
along the main line or turn into the sid-
ing, as may be required.

SiEnITE, | A granular aggregated com-

Sy’eniTe. § pound rock, named from
Siena or Syene, a town Egypt, near
which it was extensively quarried by the
Romans for architectural purposes. It
consists essentially of felspar and horn-
blende, with sometimes quartz and mica
in small quantity. The colour of sienite
is usually gray, of different shades.

Srer’ra. A word meaning a saw, intro-
duced into geography by the Spaniards to
designate a ridge of mountains or craggy
rocks.

Sres’ra (Span.). In hot countries, the
practice of resting two or three hours in
the middle of the day.

Sicut. In the arts, an aperture, or
point, fixed to guide the eye in making
an observation ; as the sights of a qua-
drant, theodolite, cireumferentor, &c.

Sicitta’R1a. The name given by Bron-
gniart to certain large and extinct forms
of vegetation discovered in the coal mea-
sures, from sigillum, on account of the pe-
culiar impressions on the stems, like seals.
About fifty species are already described.

Sie’moip, from the Greek letter %,
sigma, and ¢des, likeness. Resembling
the Greek letter sigma. Applied, in ana-
tomy, to several parts on account of their
forms.

Sion. In astronomy, a constellation con-

SIL

661

4
SIL

taining the twelfth part of the zodiac, or
30°. The signs are reckoned from the
point of intersection of the ecliptic and
equator, at the vernal equinox, and are
named respectively, Aries, Taurus, Ge-
mini, Cancer, Leo, Virgo, Libra, Scorpio,
Sagittarius, Capricornus, Aquarius, Pis-
ces.— 2. In algebra, a character indi-
cating the relation of the quantities of an
expression, and the operations to be per-
formed upon them ; as + (plus), denoting
addition, and— (minus) , denoting subtrac-
tion. See Postrive and NeGcarive:* also
Quantity. There are also signs of Mul-
tiplication and Division, of Equality, of
Greater and Less (or Inequality), q.v-
Sie’Nats, Nava. A system of symbols
addressed to the eye, as flags, lights, &c.,
for communicating intelligence at dis-
tances too great for the human voice.
Srie’nature, from signo. 1. In printing, a
letter put at the bottom of the first page
of each sheet, as a direction to the binder
in folding, gathering, and collating.——2.
In music, the flats or sharps placed after
the clef, at the beginning of the staff.
Ste’ner. Aseal. The Clerk of the Sig-
net is an officer in attendance upon the
principal Secretary of State, and who has
the royal signet in his keeping, for the
signing of letters, grants,
SIGN-MAN’vAL, in law, is med to signify
pio ai signed by the sovereign’s own

Stte’ne. The Catchfly. A very exten-
sive genus of caryophyllous plants. De-
candria—Trigynia. There are twelve
British types, among which are the Blad-
der and the Moss Campions, English,
Dover, Nottingham, Spanish, Lobel’s, and
Nautical Catchfly. There are upwards of
100 species in all.

Sr‘Lex. The Latin word for fint. An
oxide of silicium or silicon, constituting
the greater part of all the rocks of which
the crust of the earth is composed. See
Srica.

Six’Hovertre. In the fine arts, the re-
presentation of an object in a black co-
lour, lightened to represent the prominent
features, and touched with gum to indi-
cate the shadows.

Srr‘tca, from silex. One of the primitive
earths (strictly an acid), constituting the
principal portion of the scintillating
stones and minerals, which compose the
crust of the globe, and occurring nearly
pure in flint, rock-crystal, quartz, agate,
calcedony, jasper, &c. The only acid that
‘dissolves silica is the hydrofluoric, but it
is soluble in alkaline solutions, and com-
bines with many of the metallic oxides:
hence it is regarded by chemists as an
acid, and called the silicic acid, It is ob-
tained perfectly pure, and in the finest
state of comminution, by passing silicated
diuoric acid gas through water ; the silica

is precipitated, and may be separated by
filtration. The silica thus obtained, being
well washed and ignited, is a white and
exceedingly light powder. It consists of
48°04 silicon, and 51°96 oxygen. It melts,
before the flame of the oxy-hydrogen
blowpipe, into a colourless glass.

Siv’/tcare. A compound of the silicic
acid (silica) and a base, such as alumina,
lime, magnesia, potash, soda, &c. The
silicates are abundant in nature. Thus
felspar and leucite are silicates of alumina
and potash ; albite and analcime are sili-
cates of alumina and soda; stilbite, preh-
nite, mesolite, labradorite, mica, &c., are
silicates of ammonia and. lime ; steatite
and serpentine are silicates of magnesia ‘
augite and hornblende are silicates of lime
and magnesia (Ure). The various kinds
and qualities of glass are all silicates.

Srui’crous. Flinty, containing silex.

Srtuicicat’ceE. The name given by
Brongniart to a mineral substance which
occurs in amorphous masses in thin beds,
under strata of compact limestone, in
Provence: it is a mixture of flint (silica)
and carbonate of lime.

Sruricitrica’rion. Conversion of a sub-
stance into stone, by the infiltration of
siliceous matter ; petrifaction.

Siuicium, } The basis of silica. By

Sir’/tcon. J passing the vapour of po-
tassium over silica in an ignited tube,
Sir H. Davy obtained a dark-coloured
powder, which he supposed to con
stlicjum, or the basis of theearth. This
has since been obtained in a pure state by
Berzelius, who places it among the sim-
ple non-metallic combustibles. It appears
to have a great analogy to boron. For
this reason it has been named silicon.

Sruic’una, } Lat. dim. of siliqua. In

Siz'tcue. J botany, a pouch or pod,
scarcely longer than it is broad.

Srricuto’sa. The name of the first order
of plants in the class Tetradynamia of the
Linnzan system, containing such as haye
a broad and short pod, or whose fruit are
silicule. Epithet siliculose.

Siv’teva, Lat., from silo, a snub nose.
A pod: a long, dry, membranaceous peri-
carp, or seed-vessel of two valves, sepa-
rated by a linear receptacle, along the
edges of which the seeds are arranged
alternately.

Striqavo’sa. The name of the second
order of plants in the class Tetradynamia
of the Linnzan system, containing such
as have long pods (siligue).

Si1rtqvo’sz. The name ofanatural order
of plants in the natural method of Linné,
consisting of such as have a siliqua or
silicula, with a tetradynamic and cruciate
flower.

Sicx. A fine glossy thread or filament,
spun by various species of caterpillars of
the genus Phalene, Lin., especially the

SIL 662

81L .

Ph. atlas, which produces it in largest
quantity ; and the Ph. bombyx, which is
the silkworm generally known in Europe.
The silkworm feeds on the leaves of the
mulberry, and spins an oval cocoon of a
close tissue, very fine, usually of a yellow
colour, and sometimes white. A variety
is now preferred, which yields the latter.
The bombyx which produces it was ori-
ginally from the northern provinces of
China. According to Latreille, the city
of Turfan, in Little Bucharia, was for
a long time the rendezvous of the western
caravans, and the chief entrepét of the
Chinese silks. It was the metropolis of
the Seres of Upper Asia, or of the Serica
of Ptolemy. Driven from their country
by the Huns, the Seres established them-
selves in Great Bucharia and in India. It
was from one of their colonies, Ser-hend
(Ser-indt), that the Greek missionaries, in
the reign of Justinian, carried the eggs of
the silkworm to Constantinople. At the
period of the first Crusades the cultivation
of silk was introduced into Naples from the
Morea, and, several centuries afterwards,
under the administration of Sully parti-
cularly, into France, to which it is now a
great source of wealth. Silk was formerly
sold for its weight in gold.

SILK’-THROWER, } One who throws

S1Lk’-THRowsTER. § silk. Thrown silk
is formed of two, three, or more singles,
according to the substance required, to
be twisted together in a contrary direc-
tion to that in which the singles of which
it is composed are twisted. The singles
are the reeled threads, twisted in order
to give strength and firmness; and the
process of throwing the singles is termed
organzining ; and the silk so twisted is
called organzine. The art of throwing
was long kept a secret in Italy ; and be-
coming known in this country, the silk-
throwsters were. reckoned a superior
class, and united (1562) into a fellowship.

SirK’worm. See S1ix.

Sirt. 1. Among builders, the timber or
stone at the bottom ofa door; one of the
bottom pieces supporting quarter and
truss partitions.——2. Among miners, a
name in Devonshire for a variety of shell,
found in some mines. It is used for
making a peculiar sort of fire-brick.

S1r’ton. In fortification, an elevation
of earth raised in the middle of a moat,
to defend it when it is too wide.

Srr’pHa. A genus of coleopterous in-
sects belonging to the family Clavicornes,
now divided into various subgenera,
known by the general name of Carrion-
beetles, from their habit of burying the
bodies of moles, mice, and other small
quadrupeds.

Sitt. Mud: the alluvial soil washed
down and deposited upon the bottoms and
sides of rivers by the action of the tides.

The term is also indicative of any soft
light description of soil.

Sitv’r1pz. A family of malacoptery-
gious abdominal fishes, foanded on the
genus Silurus, Lin. The family is dis-
tinguished from all others of the order
by the want of true scales, having merely
a naked skin or large osseous plates.

Strv’r1an. In geology, the name given
by Mr. Murchison to an upper subdivision.
of the sedimentary strata found below
the old red sandstone, on account of the
strata composing this group being best
developed in that portion of England and
Wales formerly included in the ancient
British kingdom of the Silures.

Sitv’rus. The name of a genus of
fishes. Order Malacopterygti abdominales :
family Siluride. Name from ¢étsa@, to
move or shake, and ove, a tail. The
species are numerous, and are easily re-
cognised by their nudity, by the mouth
being cleft in the extremity of the snout,
and by the strong spine which forms the
first ray of the pectoral. ‘They are pro-
perly named Cat-fish. The S. glanis, Lin.,
or Sly, is the largest fresh-water fish of
Europe, and the only one of the genus.
foundinit. It is found in the German

and Hungarian rivers, and in the lake of.

Haarlem. The S. electricus, Lin., is an
inhabitant of the rivers of Africa.

Sir’van. An old name for the metab
tellurium.

Sir’ver, Ger. silber ; Goth. silubr. One
of the precious metals, nearly white when
pure ; superior to gold in lustre, but in-
ferior to it in malleability, though it may
be beaten into leaves not exceeding the
100,000th of an inch in thickness. It is
highly ductile, and surpasses gold in
tenacity, but in this respect is inferior to
iron, copper, and platinum. Its hardness
is between gold and copper; it melts at
about 1000° F. ; has asp. gr. of 1047; and

is not oxidated by exposure to the atmo-’

sphere. Europe has some silver-mines ;
but the metal has hitherto been found in.
greatest abundance in South America.
Silver is hardened for domestic purposes,
and for coinage, by an alloy of copper:-
standard silver consists of 11 oz. 2 dwts. of
silver and 18 dwts. of copper. SeeSmitiine.

Sit’verine. 1. The art of covering the
surfaces of bodies with a thin film of
silver. The processes are nearly the
same as gilding.——2. The silvering upon
the back of the glass-plates of mirrors is,
however, an amalgam of tin.

Srt/ver-Lear. Silver beaten out into.
thin leaves for silvering, exactly in the
same manner as gold-leaf.

Sit’yic Acirp. That portion of resin
which remains undissolved when turpen-
tine, freed from its oil, is digested in
cold alcohol of 0°867, has been called

_——

SIN

663

SIN

siivse acid by Unverdorben, and resin beta
by Berzelius.

Simarnov’sa. The name of a genus of
plants. Decandria—Monogynia. The S.
officinalis, or mountain damson, is the tree
which yields the Simarouba bark. Itis
a native of Carolina, South America, and
the West Indies. Its bitter principle is
named Quassine.

Sm’ra. The Ape: a genus of quadru-
mana, comprising the monkeys, properly
so called; the ourangs (Simia, Erxl.—
Pitheeus, Geoff.) ; the gibbons (Hylobates,
Iilig.) ; the patras (Cercopithecus, Erxl.) ;
the kah-an (Semnopithecus, F. Cuv.) ; the
macaques (Macacus); the dog-headed
monkeys (Cynocephalus, Cuv.); the man-
drills, the howling monkeys, sapajous,
and the sajous (Lagothrix, Geoff.); the
saimiri, the yarkes, fox-tailed monkeys,
the sagouins, and the douroucouli.

Sr‘trrer (Lat.). In like manner. In
law, the form by which either party, in
pleading, accepts the issue tendered by
his opponent.

Simi'LirupE. In geometry, the relation
of figures similar to each other.

Sim’ttor. A golden-coloured variety
of brass.
Sr’mony. In law, the illegal buying

or selling ecclesiastical preferment, de-
nounced in Stat. 31 Elizabeth, ¢c. vi.,
where itis called a crime.

Simo’om. A hot suffocating wind, which
occasionally blows in Arabia and Africa ;
generated by the extreme heat of the
sandy deserts and parched plains.

Sim’pxe, Lat. simplex. 1. In botany, ap-
plied to roots, leaves, &c., when undi-
vided.——2. In chemistry, applied to unde-
composed substances, of which there are
55, called elementary substances or elements.
Of these the metals are examples.

Simptr‘cia. Fhe name of an order of
Acalephous zoophytes

that float and swim in ffBsrss
hw)

the ocean by the alter- (Ee y

nate contractions and di- pss

latations of their body, ‘a || i Wr
~ Be

which is gelatinous and
without apparent fibres.
The medusa is an ex-
ample of the simple acalepha.

Sin’apine. Asubstance extracted from
the seeds of the Sinapis alba and nigra,
(white and black mustard) ; at first called
sulphosinapisin. It is white, bulky, and
light; has a bitter taste, and dissolves
with a yellow colour in water and alcohol.

Srna’pis. Mustard. The name of a genus
of plants; mostly herbaceous. Tetradyna-
mia—Siliquosa. So called from gives wras,
it hurts the eyes. There are 27 species, all
hardy plants, except the shrubby mustard
of Madeira. The white and black mustard
plants are natives of Britain, where they
are much cultivated.

UM

Sin’apism. A mustard poultice: sina-
pis, mustard.

Sin’crpur (Latin). The part of the
head from the forehead to the coronal
suture.

Sinz, Lat. sinus. In trigonometry, the
right sine of an arc is a line, ts, drawn
from one end of the are ¢ A, perpendicu-
lar to the ra-
dius CA, drawn
through the
other end, being
always equal to
half the chord of
double the arc.
The versed-sine is
the line sA; the
cosine is the sine
of the complement of the arc, and the
coversed-sine is the cosine of that com-
plement.

Sinz pie (Latin). Without day. An
adjournment sine die is an adjournment
without fixing the time for resuming the
business. Whena defendant is suffered to
go sine die, he is dismissed the court.

Sine Pa’rr (Latin). Without fellow.
Applied to muscles, veins, &c., which are
without a fellow.

Sincte. Among builders, a term of fre-
quent use ; e.g. single frame and naked, is
applied to a floor which has ,only one
tier of joists; a single joist floor is one
that has no binding-joists single-hung:
when only one sash of a window is
moveable in the same vertical plane, the
sashes are said to be single-hung. Single-
joists are such joists as are employed singly
in a floor; single measure,a door which is
square on both sides; if it be moulded on
both sides it is double measure, and if
moulded on one side and square on the
other, it is said to be measure and half.

Sryn/etEs. In the silk manufactures. See
SILK-THROWER.

Srn’istEr (Latin).

Left: on the left

-| hand: opposed to dexter, applied in he-

raldry. A sinister aspect,in astrology, is the
appearance of two planets happening ac-
cording to the succession of the signs ; as
Saturn in Aries, and Mars in the same
degree of Gemini.

S1nx/inc Funp. In finance, a term ap-
propriately applied to a portion of the
public revenue, set apart to be applied to
the reduction of the national debt.

Sin’netr. In tical language, yarn
bound round ropes to prevent them from

galling.
Srn’orrr, ) Lat. sinopis, Gr. civwaris. A
ferruginous quartz, which

S1n/opie,
occurs crystallised and in masses that re-
seinble some varieties of jasper.

Srn’ter: A German name for the scale
which flies from iron when hammered :
applied in mineralogy, Calcareous sinter is
a variety of earbonate of lime, compueed

SIP

SIU

of a series of successive layers, concentric,
plane, or undulated, and nearly or quite
parallel. It appears under various forms,
stalactical, tuberose, reniform, globular,
cylindrical, &c. Pearl sinter isa quartzose
or siliceous mineral, brittle, porous, and
fibrous; when compact it is reckoned a
variety of opal.

Sin’vate, Lat. sinuatus, indented. Ap-
plied to leaves when they are deeply
scolloped, the lobes standing apart as if
part of the leaf were cut away.

Srx’vovus, Lat. sinwosus. In the fine
arts, of an undulating form.

Sinus (Latin). A bag; a cavity or de-
pression ; a groove; a bay of the sea. In
anatomy, the veins of the dura mater are
called sinuses, &c. In surgery, the name
sinus is given to a long, narrow, hollow
track, leading from some abscess, dis-
eased bone, &c.

Si’rHon. Lidey. A tube. In hydrau-
lics, a bent pipe used to draw off wine and
other liquors from vessels containing
them, without disturbing the sediment
which may be deposited, or where other
modes may not be applicable. The opera-
tion of the siphon is simple; being filled
with water and the shorter leg im-
mersed in the liquid to be run off (as
shown in the figure), the atmosphere,

through the siphon, provided the high-
est point does not exceed 34 feet in the
case of water, and proportional heights
for other fluids corresponding to their
specific gravities.

Srppona’r1a. A genus of gasteropods
of the order Pectinibranchiata ; and family
Capuloida. Named from the animal being
furnished with a siphuncle or hydraulic
apparatus.

SrtpHo’nra. 1. The generic name of the
elastic gum-tree (S. elastica), class Mo-
necia ; order Monadelphia. It yields the
gum-elastic.——2. A genus of sponge-like
fossil exhibiting a tubular structure.

SrpHonos' toma. The name of a family
of parasitical crustaceans of the order

Pecilopoda, now divided into two tribes,
the Calagides, comprising Argvia and
Caligus (fish-louse), and the Lerneiformes,
comprising Dichelestium and Nicothoe
(lobster-louse). Name from giQoy and
oroja,a siphon or sucker fulfilling the
functions of a mouth.

SrpH’unc.ez, dim. of siphon. A hydrau-
lic apparatus belonging to chambered
shells, passing through the several cham-

the specific gravity, so that the animal
may rise or descend at pleasure.

Siren. 1. In antiquity, a goddess who
enticed men into her power by the charms
of music, and devoured them. A mermaid.
—2. The name given by Linnzus to a
genus of Batrachians, of which the S.
lacertina, which inhabits the rice swamps
of Carolina, is the best known species. It
attains a length of three feet; has four
toes on each foot, and the tail comp:
into an obtuse fin. It lives in the mud,
feeds on lumbrici, insects, &c. There are
other two small species.——3. See Man-
ATUS.

Srrt’nE. In acoustics, an instrument
for determining the velocity of aerial
vibration, corresponding to the different
pitches of musical sounds.

Sinr’asis, Lat. from cigos, the cavity of
the fontanel. An inflammation of the
brain, said to be peculiar to children, and
attended with hollowness of the eyes and
depression of the fontanel.

Srr’1us, Desesos, the Dog-star. A very
brilliant star of the first magnitude, in the
mouth of the constellation Canis Major or
the Great Dog. This is the brightest and
probably by; aoecce of the fixed stars.

Srroc’co (Ital.).

S1roc’o (aah } See Sctnoc.

Sis’rruM, cestsy, to shake. A kind of
sinew; used at the Egyptian festivals of

sis.

Sisym’srium. The Cress: a genus of
herbaceous plants. Tetradynamia—Sili-
quosa. Name from gicuGos, fringed, be-
cause of its fringed roots. The common
and the broad-leaved sisymbrium, the
water-cress and the fixweed, or herb
sophia, are British types.

Srr’ra. The nuthatch: the name of a
genus of passerine birds, of the Tenuiros-
trine family. The beak is straight, pris-
matic, and pointed, and is employed in
perforating the bark of trees, in search of
larve.

Sr'um. The water-parsnip: a genus of
perennial plants. Pentandria—Diavniz.
Name from gesw, to move, on account of
its agitation in water. There are four
British species.

SKE

665

SLA

Srva. In Hindoo mythology, the Su
preme Being, in the character of destroyer

Sitxtu. In music, a hexachord: an in-
terval of two kinds; the minor sixth, con-
sisting of three tones and two semitones
Major; and the major sixth, composed of
four tones and a semitone.

Sr’zars. The lowest class of students at
Cambridge.

Size. A glutinous substance, prepared
from different materials, as shreds and
parings of leather, hides, parchment, vel-
lum, &c., used by painters, plasterers,
and others.

Sr’zev. In coining, the residue of bars
of silver, after the pieces for coins are
cut out.

Sxare. In ichthyology, a species of ray-
fish, the Raia batis, Lin., Yarr., common
on all parts of the British coast, and
known by various names, as blue-skate in
Scotland, grey-skate in England, and tin-
ker in Lyme Regis, on account of its dusky
colour.

SkKeIN, or Rap. A quantity of cotton-
yarn after it is taken off the reel. The
skein contains 80 threads of 54 inches,
and 7 skeins make a hank, 18 hanks a
spindle. ci

SKEL’Eron. >%¢Atrov. An assemblage of
the bones of an animal, cleaned, dried,
and preserved in their natural position.
When the bones are retained in their
proper positions by their natural liga-
ments, the skeleton is said to be natural ;
but when they are retained in their re-
spective situations by means of wires, the

The figure shows

skeleton is arti ;
the principal parts of the human skeleton:
a, the os frontis (frontal bone); b, the os
temporis (temporal bone; ¢, e, clavicle;

d, the cervical vertebre ; f, g, scapula; h-
humerus; i, the ribs; k, lumbar vertebra °
1, os innominatum; m, great trochanter;
n, ulna; o, radius; p, phalanges of the
fingers; r, femur; s, external condyle of
the femur ; ¢, tibia; w, fibula; 2, the ancle;
y, the tarsal bones.

Sxew Back, or As’keEw Back. The
course of masonry forming the abutments
of asegmental arch, or to the cast-iron
ribs employed in bridges.

Sxew Bripee. In engineering, a kind
of bridge introduced upon railroads, when
the line intersects any existing communi-
cation at right angles.

Sxim’mer. Black skimmer. A bird, the
Rhynchops nigra, Lin., so named from its
mode of feeding, which is by skimming
its aliment from the surface of the water
with the lower mandible, while on the
wing.

Sxrn. 1, In anatomy, the skin consists
of two substances, placed one above the
other, in the form of laminz or layers:
the inner is called the true skin; the
outer is named the cuticle, epidermis,
or scarf skin.——2. In commerce, the term
is used to denote the skins of those ani-
mals, as calves, deer, goats, sheep, &c.,
while the term hide is used to designate
the skins of the ox, horse, &c.

Sxrp. In music, a passage from one
sound to another by more than one de-
gree at a time.

Sxirrine. In architecture, the narrow
vertical board at the bottom of the wall
in an apartment.

Sxow’ezire. A mineral. Thomsonite,
thus named because, when placed in
the flame of the blowpipe, it twists like
a worm (¢zwAvz), becomes opaque, and
is converted into a blebby colourless glass.

Skor’avIrTE, | A native arseniate of iron,

Sxor’opire. fof a leek-green colour
(sometimes brown), so named because
before the blowpipe it fuses and gives out
a smell like that of garlick (¢zogodcy).

Skunk. An animal of the weasel-tribe,
pre-eminently remarkable for its horrible
and suffocating stench. There are several
species. See MEPHITIS,

Sxy-roc’ket. See Rocker.

Sxy-scra’pers. Small triangular sails,
sometimes set above the royals.

Strap, Wel. yslab, a thin stripe. 1. A
plane, or table of stone.——2. The out-
side plank cut off a tree, which is of un-
equal thickness.——3. Slabs of tin are the
lesser masses, into which the workers
cast the metal: these are run intomoulds
of stone.

Stas-tine. A small rope by which
seamen truss up the main or fore-sail.

Stack. Small coal under the size ofan

°
ao

g.
Stac, Dan. slagg. The vitreous mass

SLE 666 SLi

which covers the fused metals in the
smelting-hearths. The slag of iron- works
is usually called cinder, and is commonly
bi-silicate of lime and magnesia, with a
mixture of some metallic oxides. .

Stam. The name given in some parts
to the refuse of alum-works.

Star. Astretcher. See Stoar.

State, Fr. éclater; Ir. sglata. In
mineralogy, a genus of which the species
are—l. Mica-slate, a mountain rock, of
vast extent, and of schistose texture. It
is sometimes employed for covering
houses. 2. Clay-slate, a simple schis-
tose mass, of a bluish-grey or greyish-
black colour, of various shades, exten-
Sively distributed in Britain, and much
- used for covering houses; and hence
called roofing-slate. The finer straight
foliated varieties are employed as writing-
slates ; and the softer and more compact
varieties are made into slate-pencils. It
is closely connected with the mica-slate.
—-3. Whet or hone slate is a slaty rock,
containing a large proportion of quartz,
used as a whet-stone or hone. It occurs
in Saxony, Bohemia, and the Levant,
(whence it takes the name of Turkey-
hone), and also in the valley of Llanberris
in North Wales.—4. Polishing-slate is a
siliceous slaty mineral, found in Bohemia.
It is supposed by some to be formed of
microscopic shells.——5. Drawing-slate,
or black-chalk, is of a bluish-black colour,
occurs in mass, and the longitudinal
fracture is slaty and glimmering. It con-
tains about 11 per cent. of carbon, and is
used in crayon-drawing, and for writing
on paper and other materials. The best
comes from Italy, Spain, and France;
but it also occurs in the Island of Islay
of fair quality.——6. Adhesive-slate is of
a greenish-grey colour, and adheres to
the tongue.——7. Bitwminous-slate is a
soft species of sectile-slate clay, impreg-
nated with bitumen.——8. Slate-clay, or
shale, is a stratified member of the coal-
measures. It is simply indurated clay.
There are several varieties of these
species, as chlorite-slate, alum-slate,
grauwacke-slate, &c.

Star’er. 1. One whose business is to
cover the roofs of buildings with slates.
—2. In entomology, see MiLLErEeD and
Oniscvs.

Svtare-sys’tTEM. In geology, compre-
hends the Plynlymmon rocks, the Bala-
limestone, and the Snowdon rocks. In
the strata of this system are found the
most ancient organic remains.

SLED, A description of vehicle which

SLEDGE. ) moves on runners, much used
for conveying heavy weights, as timber,
stones, &c. over soft ground, or. where
there are no proper roads. In England
the name sledge is commonly used; in
the United States of America sled is the

term. The sleigh is somewhat different,
resembling the vehicle called in Scotland
a cay. The sled has psoperly no trams,
but is dragged like a harrow by means
of chains or the like; the sleigh or Scot-
tish car differs from a cart or waggon
only in being sligniter made and haying
no wheels.

Sceer’ers. 1. Among builders, timbers
laid upon dwarf walls for supporting the
ground-joists of floors.——2. Generally,
cross horizontal timbers for fixing plank -
ing or the like where it is necessary
to fill under, in order to make a secure
foundation. The sleepers upon some
railways are of stone; but wood is pre-
ferable as being more elastic.

Suieer. 1. In meteorology, a fall of rain
and hail or snow together.——2. In gun-
nery, the part of a mortar passing from
the chamber to the trunnions for strength-
ening that part.

S.teercu. The thick mud lying at the
bottom of rivers.

Suicu, | The ore of any metal, but par-

Siicx. J) ticularly gold, when it has
been pounded and prepared for further
working.

S.ick’Ensipes. In mineralogy, a pro-
vincial name of a variety of galena,
found in Derbyshire. It takes this name
from its peculiarly polished surface.

Stipe. In music, a grace used in
Germany, consisting of two small notes
moving by degrees.

S.ip’inc-rute. A mathematical in-
strument, having one or more slides or
parts, which slide into grooves in the
stock of the instrument. Itismuch used

in gauging, and other kinds of mensura-
tion, and is often very convenient, as ths
computations are performed by it with-
out the aid of compasses, merely by the
sliding of the parts of the instrument,
one by another, the lines and divisions of
which give the answer or amount by in-
spection. The instrument is variously
contrived and adapted to particular pur-
poses: for instance, Everard’s sliding-
rule is used in cask-gauging; and Cog-
geshall’s in measuring the superficies
and solidity of timber, masonry, brick-
work, &c.

SLIp'ING-KEEL, used in small boats. A
false keel let down through the bottom
to hold against the wind.

Suir. 1. Slipping of the earth of an
embankment, cut, &c., alising from want
of stability of the soil, badness of foun-
dation, &c.——2. A place having a gra-
dual descent on the bank of a river, har-
bour, &c., convenient for ship-building.
—3. Matter, such as that found in the

SMA

667

trough of grindstones after the grinding
of edged-tools ; any finely-ground mate-
rial of an insoluble kind, diffused in
water.—4. A twig separated from the
main stock for planting out as a set.

Stir Deav. Inch-and quarter deal, cut
into two boards.

Surr’tinc Mitt. A mill or machine
where iron-bars are slit into nail-rods, &c.

Stoam. Layers of clay between those
of coal.

Stoar. A narrow piece of timber which
stretches between and holds together
larger pieces, as the sloats of a cart, called
in some parts slat, as the slats of a chair.

Stoop, Dut. sloep, sloepschip, Dan. slup-
pe. Asmall one-masted vessel, the main-
sail of which is attached to a gaff above,
and to a long boom below. The name is
popularly applied to any small ship.

Storr. The name given to any inclina-
tion, but applied more particularly to
those of excavations and embankments ;
the term gradient being adopted for the
inclinations of the rails upon railways.

Stors. The name among seamen for
all species of wearing apparel, bedding,
&¢e., belonging to or supplied to a ship’s
crew.

Stover. 1. In natural history, the skin
which a serpent casts off at its periodical
renovation.—2. In surgery, the portion
that,separates from a foul sore.

Stvz. In naval usage, to slue is to turn
round a cylindrical piece of timber with-
out shifting it from its place.

Stvue. A popular name common to all
those gasteropods of the Pulmonean order,
which are not provided with any apparent
shell. They form the genus Limaz, Lin.

Stvice, Dut. sluys. A water-gate: called
tautologically a sluice-gate. The common
sluice is a description of sliding valve,
set in a frame of timber, stone, or other
matter, and is worked by a rack and pin-
ion. It is used in hydraulic works, either
to prevent the passage of water, or to
allow it to escape, as may be required.

Sturn. In music, a mark like the are of
a circle, drawn over two or more notes,
indicating that they are to be sung to the
same syllable, or made into one continued
breath of a wind instrument, or played
with one stroke of a stringed instrument.

Smack. A vessel with one mast. com-
monly rigged as a sloop; used in the
coasting trade.

Smatt-pox. Variola. An eruptive dis-
ease, characterised by acute fever. Red
pimples appear on the third day; these
contain pus on the eighth day, and sub-
sequently fall off in crusts. Before the
discovery of vaccination, small-pox was
one of the greatest scourges of Europe.

Ssart Wares. The name given to
textile articles, such as tapes of various
sorta, oraid, plaited sash cord, fringe, &c.

8NE
Smatr, ) Powder-blue. A vitreous sub-
Swat, stance obtained by melting
Smarts. ) together zaffre, potash, and

siliceous matter, and grinding the pro-
duct to a fine powder. It is of a deep and
beautiful blue colour, not affected by fire,
and is consequently much employed in
painting earthenware, &c. It is chiefly
manufactured in Germany and Norway.

Smarac’pingE. The colour of smaragd
or emerald: a pure green colour.

Smart Ticx’er. A certificate of a sea-
man’s having been disabled.

Smetr’inc. The operation by which
the ores of iron, copper, lead, &c., are
reduced to the metallic state.

Smrr’actne. An alkaline principle ob-
tained from the root of the Smilax sarsa-
parila, or sarsaparilla of the shops. See
SASSEPARINE.

Sui’Lax. Rough bindweed. An exten-
sive genus of plants. Diwcia—Hexandria.
Natural order Sarmentacee. Name ¢usraz,
from gsAsuw, to cut, on account of the
roughness of its leaves and stalk. The
China-root tree and the sarsaparilla plant
are species of this genus.

Smoke Sait. A small sail hoisted to
screen the quarter-deck from smoke.

Smor’zaro, Ital. extinguished. In music,
signifies that the violin bow is to be drawn
to its full extent, but gradually lighter
till the sound be nearly lost.

Smvur. In husbandry, a disease of corn,
in which a foul black substance forms on
the grains. Sometimes the whole ear is
blasted and converted into smut (foul
matter). The disease often attacks maize,
sometimes wheat, rarely oats.

Smyr’nium. Alexanders. A genus of
perennial plants. Pentandria— Digynia.
Name from ¢uveve, myrrh, the smell of
the seed resembling much that of myrrh.
Temperate climates.

Snake. 1. A popular name for the
smaller species ofuphidians.——2. Among
seamen, to snake a rope is to wind a small
rope round it spirally, the small rope
laying between the strands of the main
rope. This is also called worming.

Snake’roor. In botany, a name common
to two plants, the Aristolochia serpentaria,
and the Polygala senega. See SerPENTARIA
and SENECA.

Snake Stones. A popular name of those
fossils otherwise called Ammonites.

Snaxe’-woop. Colubrinum lignum. The
wood of the Strychnos colubrina, a tree
which grows on the Isle of Timor, and
some other parts. It is said to be a specific
for the bite of the hooded serpent.

Snatcu-siockx. A block having an
opening in one of its sides, wherein to
catch the bight of a — It is also named
a rouse- -block.

SNEEZE’wort. An fodigenous species of

soc

668

milfoil, the Achiliea ptarmica. It is so
called because the powder of the dried root
excites sneezing when applied to the nose.

Snipe. In ornithology, see ScoLtopax.

Snow, Sax. snaw, Goth. snaiws. 1.
Frozen vapour.——2. A vessel equipped
with two masts, resembling the main and
foremasts of a ship, and a third small
mast just abaft the main-mast, carrying
a try-sail.

Snurr. Pulverised tobacco, variously
prepared, scentéd, and distinguished by
numerous names.

Soars. Chemical compounds of fats and
oils with soda and potash, distinguished
into two sorts, hard and soft. The former
is made of soda and tallow or oil, and the
latter of similar oily matters and potash.
When prepared of soda and tallow only it
is white soap: when the tallow is mixed
with a large proportion of rosin, palm-
oil, &c.,it is yellow soap. A great many
fine varieties of soap are prepared for the
toilet; all these, however, differ from
each other, chiefly in the kind of perfume
and colouring matter which they con-
tain, and are generally inferior to good
white soap.

Soar’stone. Another and descriptive
name for steatite (q.v.).

So’ave, (It.). Sweet,sweetly. In

SoaveMENT’E. § music, denoting that the
music is to be played sweetly.

So’sriquet (Fr.). A burlesque appel-
lation or nickname. r

Soc, } Sax., from socan, to follow.

Soxe. §1. Properly the sequela, secta,
or suit, of the body of suitors; hence the
power or privilege of holding a court ina
district, as in a manor: jurisdiction of
causes, and the limits of that jurisdiction.
——2. Liberty or privilege of tenants ex-
cused from customary burdens.——3. An
exclusive privilege, claimed by millers, of
grinding all the corn growing within the
manor in which the mill stands, or of be-
ing paid for the same as ifactually ground.
The payment is claimable in kind.

Soc’ace, ) From soc. A tenure of lands

Soc’cace. J) and tenements by a certain
and determinate service, distinct from
knight-service. It is of two kinds: free
socage, where the services are certain and
honourable; and villein socage, where the
services, though certain, are of a baser
nature.

Socr’ery, Lat. socius,a companion. An
association formed for the promotion of
some object, literary, religious, benevo-
lent, political, or convivial. Societies
formed for commercial purposes are
termed companies.

Socin’1anism. The tenets or doctrines
of Socinus, who held that Christ was
merely a man inspired, denied the divi-
nity and atonement, and the doctrine of
original depravity.

SOF

Socx’er Cuis’eLr. A chisel used in mor-
tising. P
So’cte (French). A plinth. See Zocre.
So’pa (Arabic). The mineral alkali.
Pure soda is an oxide of sodium. See So-
piu. It isnot, however, found in nature
in this state, being always in combina-
tion. Like potash, it is procured in an
impure state, by lixiviating the ashes of
burned plants, but only from those which ~
grow upon the seashores, as the different
species of salsola and salicornia. See Ba-
RILLA and Ketp. It is now, however,
almost entirely ured by the decom-

ition of sea-salt (chloride of sodium).
The salt is first converted into sulphate of
soda (Glauber’s salt), which by a subse-
quent process is converted into a crude
carbonate of soda, which, by lixiviation,
&c. is converted into a dry white soda-
ash, or into crystallised carbonate of soda.
Soda is of great usein the arts,in the ma-
nufacture of glass, soap, &c., and has, to
a great extent, supe potash. Its
most common salts are the acetate, borate,
carbonate and bicarbonate, phosphate,
sulphate, tartrate, and common culinary
salt, which when dry is a chloride, and
when in solution is a hydrochlorate.

Sop’atite. A variety of lapis lazuli,
which contains about 25 per cent. of soda.
Itis found in Greenland, and at Vesuvius.

So’pa Pow’pers are sold as an extem-

raneous substitute for soda-water.
Like Seidlitz-powders, they are put upin
two papers, and managed in the same
way, but their solution is a tartrate of
soda, and although they form a saline and
refreshing draught, their frequent use is
not commendable.

So’pa Wa’ter. A refreshing drink,
formed by dissolving carbonate of soda in
water, and super-saturating the solution
with carbonic acid under pressure.

Sop-zuRN’Inc. Burning the turf of old
pasture lands for the sake of the ashes as
manure, &c.

So’ptum. The metallic basis of soda, dis-
eovered by Sir H. Davy in 1807,a few
days after the discovery of potassium. It
is procured exactly in the same way as
potassium ; and bears a great analogy to
that metal. It is white like silver, pos-
sesses great lustre, andis a good conductor
of electricity. It fuses at 200° F., and
when heated strongly in oxygen or chlo-
rine, it burns with great brilliancy.
When thrown upon water, it effervesces
strongly, but does not inflame, unless the
water be raised to the temperature of
120°, or so. Like potassium, it is best pre-
served under naphtha. Sp. gr. 0°972 at
59° F.

So’ra. An elegant long seat, usually
with a stuffed bottom, and mahogany or
rosewood frame of six feet in length. The
sofa of the Orientals, from whom we have

SOL

669

SOL

borrowed the name, is a sort of alcove,
raised half a foot above the floor, where
visitors of distinction are received. The
name is also given to a covered seat on
the side of a room.

Sor’rit, | The underside of an over-

Sor’rre. }) hanging erection, as the in-
trados of an arch, the underside of a cor-
nice, &c. The term is more particularly
applied, in architecture, to that part of
the corona or larmier which was called by
the ancients lacunaria, and which is
termed by the French plafond, and by us

the drip. The term is from the Italian
soffita.
So’r1. A Persian word signifying a

religious person, or dervish.

So’rism or Su’rism. The mystical doc-
trines of the Mohammedan Sofis.

Sorre’s (Fr.). Evening. An evening-
party of ladies and gentlemen, at which
refreshments are served up, occasional
addresses delivered on miscellaneous sub-
jects, and other means of entertainment
offered.

Sort, Lat. solum. The common name
for that accumulation of various sub-
stances which lies upon the surface of the
globe, and furnishes nutriment to plants,
or which is particularly adapted to the
purposes of agriculture.

Sorms. Among builders, a provincial
term for the principal rafters of a roof.

Sot. In music, the fifth note of the gamut.

Sona’NEx, A natural family of plants,

Sota’nacem. ) of which the genus sola-
num is the type. It includes the deadly
nightshade, henbane, belladonna, to-
bacco, &c.

So’Lan-Goosz. Gannet. The common
booby (Pelicanus bassanus, Lin.), an aqua-
tie fowl, nearly the size of the domestic
goose, found on the coast of Great Bri-
tain andelsewhere. See Boory.

Sor/antne. The narcotic principle of
the Solanum dulcamara, the woody night-
shade or bitter-sweet of the hedges. It
has also been found in seyeral other spe-
cies of solanum, as in the berries of the
S. nigrum, and in the fruit of the common
potato. It isa pearly-white powder, al-
kaline, acrid, and exceedingly poisonous.
It exists in the potato after germination.

Sota’num. Night-shade. The name of

a very extensive and important genus of
plants. Pentandria — Monogynia. Nat.
order Iuride. Name from solor, to com-
fort, because some of its preparations give
ease by their narcotic qualities. The bit-
ter-sweet or woody nightshade, a climb-
ing shrub, and the common or garden
nightshade, found in waste places, are the
native types of the genus; but the po-
tato plant (S. tuberosum), the love-apple
or tomata, mad-apple or egg-plant, the
winter cherry and some other species, are
now well known.

So’tar Cy’cte. A period of 28 years.

So’Lar Sys’tem. In astronomy, the oreer
and disposition of the several heavenly
bodies (planets, moons, and comets) that
revolve about the sun (Sol) as the centre
of motion.

Sotpaner’ta. The name of a genus of
perennial plants. Pentandria— Monogy-
nia. Name a solidando, on account of its
use in healing fresh wounds: soldanella,
a little conqueror, dim. of soldan, sultan.
The species are all hardy natives of
Europe.

Sor’per, ) from solidus. A metallic com-

Sop’ser, / position for soldering or join-
ing together other metals. As the metals
to be united vary, the solders must of
course vary likewise. Thus tin-plates,
zinc, and lead, are soldered with an alloy
of tin and lead; pewter is soldered with
an alloy of tin, lead, and bismuth: iron,
copper, and brass, are soldered with an al-
loy of zinc and copper ; silver sometimes.
with pure tin, but generally with an al-
loy of silver, copper, and zinc ; gold with
an alloy of silver and gold, or of copper
and goid. Platinum with pure gold.

Sotz,) In ichthyology, a well-known

Soat. J) marine fish, the Solea vulgaris,
found to inhabit the Baltic, the whole of
the British shores, and as far southwards
as the Mediterranean. It frequents sandy
ground.

So’tea. Thesole. The name of a ge-
nus of fishes, characterised by having the
eyes both on the right side: dorsal fin
commencing over the upper lip, and
reaching to the caudal. This genus was:
included by Linné in the genus Pleuro-
nectes. The name is Latin from solum.

So’teN. The razor-shell or spout-fish
of Scotland. A genus of molluscs. Order
Acephala testacea. Family Inclusa. Ani-
mal an ascidia. The shell is cylindrical,
the foot is conical, and enables the ani-
mal to bury itself in the sand, which it
excavates with considerable rapidity on
the approach of danger.

SoLr’NOID, cwAny and edo, appearance.
In electro-dynamics, a name given by Am-
pére to a species of small electric currents.

Son-ra’-inc. In music, the naming of
the intervals, wt, do, re, mi, fa, &c., in the
first lessons of singing. The Italians ex-
press this by the word solfeggiare.

Sotrara’ra. The name of an extinct
voleano, near Puzzuoli, which constantly
emits aqueous vapour, and sulphureous
and muriatic exhalations. Hence the
word is now applied to any volcanic yent
which emits similar exhalations.

Soric’1ror, from solicit. In law, one
who petitions for another; one who does
in Chancery the business that is done by
attorneys in other courts.

Sov’1p. In geometry, a body which has
length, breadth, and thickness. <A solid

SOL 670

Su K

angle is one formed by three or more plane
angles, which meet in a point; a solid pro-
blem,in geometry, is one which requires
the application of conic sections.——2.
In physics, a name for all bodies, the par-
ticles of which cohere so firmly as not to
be separated without some degree of
force; in contradistinction to juud.—3.
In anatomy, the solids are the bones, li-
gaments, membranes, muscles, nerves,
and vessels.

Sotipa’co. Golden rod. The name of
an extensive genus of perenntal plants.
Syngenesia— Poly. superfilua. Nat. order
Composite. Name from solido, to make
firm, in allusion to its uses in healing
wounds. The common golden rod (S. virg-
aurea), is a native of Britain.

Sotipun’cuLA, whole-hoofed: solidus,
solid, and wngula,a hoof. Applied to ani-
mals of the equine genus, which haye the
hoof undivided.

Sourrip’1ans. In theology, those who
maintain that faith alone is sufficient for
salvation: solus and jides, faith.

Sorr’pepes. A family of mammalia, of
the order Pachydermata, having only one
apparent toe and a single hoof on each
foot; solidus and pes, a foot. One genus
only is known, Equus, Lin.

Sor’/irary, Lat. solitarius, from solus,
alone. In natural history, applied to
parts and to individuals when they exist
singly. Thus peduncles are solitary when
there is only one on the same plant;
birds are solitary when they live alone.
Most of the ferocious animals are solitary.

Sotxi’ciro, It. afflicted, in music, sig-
nifies that the music is to be performed
in a mournful manner: also that it is to
be done carefully.

So’to, Ital. from Lat. solus, alone. A
tune, air, or strain to be played by a single
instrument, or sung by a single voice.

Sor/sticE, Lat, solstitium, from sol, the
sun, and sto, to stand. In astronomy, the
point of the ecliptie at which the sun
ceases to recede from the equator, either
north in summer, or south in winter.
There are, consequently, two such points:
the summer solstice, when the sun enters
Cancer, on the 2ist of June (the longest
day); and the winter solstice, when the
sun enters Capricorn, on the 22nd of De-
cember (the shortest day).

Sotsti’r1aL Potintrs—of the ecliptic.
Those at which the sun arrives at the
time of the solstices.

Soxtv’t10Nn, Lat. solutio, from solvo, to
melt. 1. A term applied to a very ex-
tensive class of phenomena. When a
solid disappears ina liquid, the compound
retaining perfect transparency, we have
an example of solution, and the word is
applied both to the act of combination
and to the result of the process. Solution
is the result of attraction or affinity be-

tween the fluid and the solid. ‘Lhis
affinity continues to operate to a certain
point, where it is overbalanced by the
cohesion of the solid; it then ceases ; the
fluid is said to be saturated; the point
where the operation ceases is called satu-
ration; and the result is a saturated solu-
tion. The dissolving fluid is called a
menstruum, or solvent.——2. In arithme-
tic, &c., the answer to a question.——3.
In surgery, the separation of connection,

ted sub or parts, is termed

solution of continuity.

Som’arist, from gwwarixzos, corporeal,
from cw, body. In theology, one who
admits the existence of corporeal or
material beings only.

Somatorocy, from cwue, body, and
Aoyos, discourse. The doctrine of mate-
rial substances.

Somnam’suLism, from somnus, sleep,
and ambulo, to walk. A term applied to
sleep-walking; and also to a particular
state induced by what is termed animal
magnetism.

Sona’ta. An [talian term meaning a
tune, but used to designate solos for
single instruments.

Son’neEt, Ital. sonnetto. A short poem,
consisting of 14 lines; two stanzas of 4
verses each, and two of three each, the
se ag being adjusted by a particular
rule.

Sonom’erer, from sonus, sound, and
éreoy, Measure. An instrument for
measuring sounds, or the interyals of
sounds.

Soor, Sax. sot. The pulverulent matter
condensed from smoke. It consists prin-
cipally of charcoal; that from wood is
pungent, nauseous, and bitter, and is
found to contain some sulphate and car-
bonate of ammonia, an empyreumatic
oil, a fixed alkali, and an insipid earth ;
and that from pit-coal contains besides
some bituminous matter.

Soru, from sophista. A title given in
universities to a student in his second
year.

Sopn’ist, from sophista, from goes,
wise. A name at first given to philoso-
phers, or men remarkable for their wis-
dom; next to rhetoricians; and subse-
quently to such as devoted their time to
verbal niceties and logical quibbles. In
this sense the term may be said to be in
some measure applicable to all the school-
men of the middle ages.

Sor’ra (It.). Above. In music,a term
of description, thus, nella parte di sopra.
in the upper part.

Sopra’no, in Italian music, means su-
preme, or the highest vocal part.

Sor’sic Actp. Another name for malic
acid (q. v.), because it may be obtained,
most readily and in greatest purity, trom

SOU

671

SPA

the berries of the mountain-ash or roan-
tree (Sorbus aucuparia).

. Sorgon’ne. A college,at Paris, for the
study of theology, named from the village
of Sorbonne, the birth-place of its founder.

Sor’sus. The service tree: a genus.
Icosandria—Trigynia. Name from sorbeo,
to dry up, because its fruit stops fluxes.

Sor’pEs (Latin). Foul matter. The
matter discharged from ulcers is thus
named when it is viscid, glutinous, and
of a brownish-red colour.

Sore’pia. In botany, heaps of powdery
bodies found in lichens lying upon any
part of the thallus.

So’rEx. In zoology, the generic name
of the Shrews: class Mammalia: order

rnaria: family Insectivora. The ani-
mal lives in holes, which it excavates in
the earth ; and feeds on worms and insects,
There are several species; the Saraneus,
Lin., is our common Field-mouse; and

‘the rat-tailed Shrew is celebrated as
being one of the enimals which the
pe Ua were in the habit of embalm-

gz.

So’RI, cweos, a heap. Small heaps of
reproductive granules growing upon the
fronds of polypodiaceous ferns.

Sonr'rEs. Dweesrns. A heap. In logic,
an agreement, where one proposition is
accumulated on another.

Sospr’ro (It.). A sigh. In music, the
same as rest (q. V.).

Sosrenv’ro. An Italian word for sus-
tained, used in music to denote the con-
tinuing of sounds, and uniting them to
each other, in opposition to spiccato, de-
tached.

Sorn’ic Year. The Egyptian year of
365 days ; so called from Sothis, the Dog-
star, at whose rising it was supposed to
commence.

Sor’to Vo'cr. In Italian music, implies
soft or piano voice.

Sovpaupar’. The viceroy or governor
of a proyince in India; also the title of a
native sepoy officer.

Soceu. A small drain, placed at the
top of an embankment, for the purpose
of conveying the surface-water to the
side-drain. The term is also applied to
an adit in some parts of the country.

Sounp. 1. In surgery, a probe: an in-
strument for feeling what is beyond the
reach of the fingers.——2. In geography,
a shallow sea, such as may be sounded or
fathomed.——3. In ichthyology, the air or
swimming-bladder of fish: the vesica na-
tantia of Willoughby.——4. In acoustics,
the sensation produced by the vibrations
of air or other medium upon the ear with
which it is in contact. A sound-board is
a thin board placed over the head of a
public speaker to strengthen the sound
of his v'

Sour, Porr’aste. A sort ofcake, formed
of concentrated broth, freed from fat,
and, by long continued-boiling, from all
the putrescent parts, and thereby reduced
to the consistence of glue, which, in
reality, it is.

SourH’erNwoop. A shrubby species of
wormwood, the Artemisia abrotanum, a
native of the South of Europe.

Sov’EREIGN. 1. In politics, a person or
body of persons in whom the legislative
authority rests in every state. 2. An
English coin of the value of 20s., and
weighing 123°374 troy grains.

Sow’ans. The very nutritious article
of food distinguished in Scotland by the
name of sowans, and in England called
Alummery, ‘‘ is made” (says Dr. Thomson),
“from the husk of oats, by a process not
unlike that by which common starch ié
made. The husk of the oat (called seeds),
is separated from oatmeal by the sieve.
It still retains a considerable portion of
farinaceous matter. It is mixed with
water, and allowed to remain for some
days, till the water has become sour. The
whole is then thrown upon a sieve. The
milky water passes through, but the husk
remains behind. The water thus obtained
is loaded with starchy matter, whichsoon
subsides to the bottom. The sour liquor
is decanted off, and about an equal quan-
tity of fresh water is added. This mix-
ture, when boiled, forms a very nourish-
ing article of food; and the portion of the
sour water which adheres to the starch
gives the whole a pleasantacidity.” The
popular opinion in Scotland, regarding
the nutritious qualities of sowans, is very
different from that of Dr. T. Thomson.

Soy. A kind of sauce prepared in China
and Japan, from a small bean, the fruit
of the Dolichos soja. It is eaten with fish,
cold meat,&c. The Japan soy is the best.

Spa. A general denomination for a
mineral spring: it is derived from a town
in the kingdom of Belgium, famous for
its mineral water.

Space, Fr. espace, Lat.spatium. 1. Space
in the abstract is mere extension; in re-
lation to bodies, it is the interval or dis-
tance between two or more objects——
2. In geometry, the area of a figure.——
3. Among printers, a slip of wood or me-

» to make a,space between words or
lines.——4. In music, the void between
the lines of a staff.

Sra’prx (Lat.). A term in botany for an
elongated receptacle, or flower-bearing
spike, which emerges mostly from a
spathe or sheath, and on which the ses+
sile flowers are very crowded. The in-
florescence of palms and some other plants,
is a branched spadix.

Spa’uts, or Srr’ants. A part of the Tur-
kish cavalry were so called.

Spa’tax. The generic name given by

SPA

672

SPE

Gulden to the Ratmoles. Class Mammaha,
order Rodentia. The S. typhus (Zanni,
Slepez, Blind rat mole), is the most
known. It is a singular shapeless animal,
lives under ground like the moles, subsists
on roots, has a large triangular head, short
legs, no apparent eye; is rather larger
than our rat; has smooth fur of an ash
colour approaching tored. It is the blind
mole of the ancients.

Span. 1. The space from one end of the
thumb to the end of the fingers when ex-
tended: as a measure 9 inches.——2. In
nautical language, a small line, the middle
of which is attached to a stay.——3. In
architecture, &c., the extent of an arch
between its piers or abutments.

Span’pDREL, It. spandere, to spread. In
architecture, the space above the haunches
of an arch.

Span’DREL Brackr’rT1ma.
placed between curves.

Span’prReL Watt. A wall built on the
back of an arch.

Span’IsH-wHitE. A white earth from
Spain used by painters.

Spank’er-Boom. A boom projecting
from the mizzen-mast beyond the taff-rail.

Spanx’eER, or Driv’er. The gaff-sail set
on the mizzen-mast of a ship.

Span’nER. A screw-key, an iron in-
strument for tightening up screw-nuts.

Span-piece. In building, the name given
in some places to a collar-beam.

Brackets

Span’ Roor. A common roof, formed |’

by two inclined planes.

Spar. 1, A small beam or rafter. This
name is usually given to the round pieces
of timber used for the yards and top-masts
of ships.——2. In mineralogy, spar is ap-
plied by the working miners of England
to all crystallised minerals that have a
shining lustre. The term has been adopted
by mineralogists, and applied synony-
mously with German spath to an order of
crystallised minerals, which easily break
into rhomboidal, cubical, or gther forms,
with polished surfaces, but without re-
gard to the nature of the constituents,
which renders a specific epithet necessary,
as calcareous spar, gypseous spar, &c.

Spar’rowHawk. The name of sparrow-
hawk (Nisus, Cuy.), is generally appro-
priated to those hawks whose tarsi are
high and scutellated. The common spar-
rowhawk (Falco nisus, Lin.), is coloured
like the goshawk, but its legs are longer,
and it is a third less in size. It is usedin
faleonry.

Spar’Ry-1r’on oRE. Steel-ore. A valu-
able iron-ore found in metalliferous and
common veins, in primary and secondary
rocks. It consists chiefly of carbonate of
protoxide of iron, and may with facility
be converted into excellent steel. Its
colours #re grey, yellow, brown, black,

Sparse, Lat. sparsus, dispersed: irre-
gularly scattered. Applied to leaves,
flowerstalks, glands, stars, &c., &e.

Spar’Tium. Broom. A genus. Diadel-
phia — Decandria. Name oractioy of
Dioscorides, from gragroy, a rope. Ac-
cording to Don, the Spanish broom is the
only species; but, according to others,
the common and white broom, with 17 or
18 species of genista, belong to the genus.

Spasm. Lracuos, from craw, 1 draw.
A violent, involuntary, and continued
contraction of the muscular fibres. Spasms
are distinguished into clonic and tonic
spasms: the clonic spasms are true con-
vulsions; the contractions and relaxa-
tions are alternate; but in tonic spasms
the member remains rigid.

Sparua’cez. A natural order of plants,
comprehending the narcissus and such as
have their flower protruding from a
spathe,

SpatHe, oraOy, spatha. A sheath or
covering of an immature flower, which
bursts longitudinally, and is more or less
remote from the flower. :

Spar’vta, Lat. dim. of spatha. An apo-
thecary’s instrument for spreading plas-
ters, &c.

Spar’utate, Lat. spatulatus, battledore-
Shaped. Applied to leaves, &c., of a
roundish figure, tapering into an oblong

ase.

Spa’vin. In farriery, a disease of horses,
a bony excrescence or crust that grows in
the inside of the hough. There is alsoa
blood-spavin.

Sreax’er (of the House of Commons),a
member of the house, elected by a ma-
jority of votes, to act as chairman or pre-
sident in putting questions, keeping or-
der, reading briefs of bills, &c. He
votes only when the house is equally
divided.

Srr’ctatty. In law, any instrument in
writing under seal.

Spe’cte. A term used for gold and sil-
ver coin, in contradistinction to paper
money.

Sre’cres, Lat. from specio, to see. Indi-
vidual animuls, plants, or minerals, agree-
ing in their appearances or their compo-
sition. Their similarity gives rise to the
establishment of species. Individuals or
species, differing in circumstances arising
from accident; in plants and animals,
from soil and climate; in diseases, from
constitution, &c. ; in nrinerals, from loca-
lity, are termed varieties. The circum-
stances which are common to one or
more species give rise to adivision, or the
formation of a genus. A species is a col-
lection of all the individuals which re-
semble each other more than they resem-
ble anything else ; which can, by mutual
fecundation, produce other individuals;

SPE

673

SPH

and which reproduce themselves, by ge-
neration, in such a manner that we may
from analogy suppose them all sprung
originally from one single individual.

Sbecrr’ic. 1. A medicine possessed of
cet bach efficacy in the cure of a parti-
cular disease.——2. An epithet applied to
a medicine which acts on some particular
organ more than on others.

“Sprecir’‘ic Grav'try. The relative
weight of equal portions (as to bulk) of
different kinds of matter. See Graviry.

Sprecir’ic Name; is now used for the
name which, appended to the name of
the genus, constitutes the distinctive
name of the species.

Srec’rres. A family of orthopterous
insécts, comprehending such as have an
attenuated body.

Srsee’trum, Lat. plural spectra, from
specto, to behold. 1. A visible form; an
image.——2. The image formed on any
white surface by a ray of solar light
passing through a small hole into a dark
chamber, when refracted by a triangular
glass prism. The ray is divided into
seven, exhibiting the seyen colours ob-
servable in the rainbow; the image is
called the spectrum, and, because it is
produced by means of a prism, it is fur-
ther termed the prismatic spectrum, and
the colours making up the spectrum are
the prismatic colours (q. V.).——3. An ocu-
lar spectrum is an image of a bright ob-
ject, such as the setting sun, which con-
tinues for some time visible after closing
and covering the eyes.

Sprrecutum, Lat. from specio, to view.
1. A mirror.——2. A metallic reflector,
made use of in catadioptric telescopes,
instead of the object-glass used in the
dioptric telescopes. The speculum metal
is an alloy of copper and tin.——3. A sur-

_gical instrument for opening or obtain-
ing a view of parts.

Sprriss, ) A compound ore of nickel and

Spzise. ! antimonv

Srett. A name Et that species of Tri-
ticum called otherwise German wheat.

Sret’reER. The commercial name of
zine (q. v.).

SperMACceE’TI, from orteLn, seed, and
zvyros, the whale. A product obtained
from the brain of the Physeter macroce-
phalus, or long-headed whale, which in-
habits the southern ocean. The brain
being dug out of the cavity of the head,
and the oil separated from it b 4 dripping,
the residue is crude spermaceti, which is
purified and used in the manufacture of
candles, in medicine, &c.

SpermorH'itus. The generic name
given by Fred. Cuvier to those marmots
that have cheek pouches. The superior
lightness of their structure has caused
them to be called ground squirrels. East-

ern Europe produces one species, the
souslik or zizel ; America produces several
of them.

Spxa’cet, from ¢Paxw, to destroy ; com-
plete mortification.

Spuacer/ism, from ¢gexoriw, to gan-

me. 1. A gangrene.——2. An inflam-
mation of the brain.

SpHae’novs. Mossy; containing peat-
moss.

Spuac’nuM Patvus’tre. A kind of moss,
the decayed roots of which constitute the
greater part of peat-moss.

SPHENE, from ¢fyy, a wedge. A min-
eral, a silicate of titanium and lime. Its
colours are commonly greyish, yellowish,
reddish, and blackish brown, with various
shades of green. It is found amorphous
and in crystals.

SpHENo'Ip, from ¢Oyy, a wedge, and
gsD0s, likeness. Wedge-like: applied toa
bone of the skull (sphenoides os), because
it-eis wedged in among the other bones of
the head.

SPHB’NO-MAX’ILLARY. Relating to the
sphenoid and maxillary bones.

SPHE’NO-PAL'ATINE. Relating to the
sphenoid and palate bones.

Spue’no-parretat. Relating to the
sphenoid and parietal bones.

SPHE’NO-TEM’PoRAL. Relating to the
sphenoid and temporal bones.

SprHeRE, Lat. sphera, Gr. ea. A
globe: asolid generated by the revolution
of a semicircle about its diameter, which
remains fixed. The centre of a sphere is
equidistant from every point of its sur-
face, and all its radii are equal.

SpuHe’ricat Excess is the sum by which
the three angles of a triangle, on the rr-
face of asphere or spheroid, exceeds .wo
right angles.

SrHeE’Rics. The doctrine of the sphere
and spheroid. The solid contents of a
sphere or spheroid is found by multiply-
ing the square of the equatorial diameter
by the axis of rotation and the product
by 5236.

Spue’rorp, from TPeiea, a sphere, and
tsd0g, like. A solid approaching the figure
of a sphere, formed by the revolution of
a semi-ellipsis about its axis. When itis
generated by the revolution of a semi-
ellipsis about its transverse or longest
diameter, it is an oblong spheroid; when
about its conjugate or shortest diameter,
it is a prolate spheroid. The fixed axis of
the ellipse is called the azis of rotation ;
the circle described by the semi-axis of
the ellipse is the equatorial circle.

SPHERO’METER, oGaien, and pereov,
measure. An instrument for measuring
the thickness of small bodies, the curva-
tare of optical glasses, &c..

Sruex. The solitary or savage wasp;

rhe 3

|

-

SPI

674

SPI

a genus of hymenopterous insects belong-
ing to the family Fissores, Cuv.

SPHIGMO'METER, ¢Diyjics, the pulse. An
instrument for counting the arterial pul-
sations.

Spurnc’ren, from ¢Piyyw, to contract.
The name given to certain muscles,
whose office is to contract the part in all
directions, drawing it together, as the
mouth of a purse is contracted by a string
passing round it.

Spuinx, Lat.fromcdiyz. 1. A fabulous
monster of Egypt, haying the body of a
lion, and the face of a young woman.——
2. In entomology, the hawk-moth: agenus
of lepidopterous insects. Family Cre-
puscularia. It is so named from the atti-
tude of several of the caterpillars, which
resembles that of the fabled monster.

SpuracGis’TICs, TPguyis, a seal. The
science of seals, their history, peculiari-
ties, and distinctions.

Spica Viroinis. A star of the first
magnitude in the constellation Virgo.

Spice, Fr. epice; A name which includes
all those vegetable productions which
are fragrant to the smell, and pungent to
the taste, as cloves, allspice, &c.

Spr’cate. 1. Eared like corn: spica, an
ear of corn.——2. Having spikes.

Spricca’ro, It. divided. In music, nearly
synonymous with staccato (q. v.).

Sric’ute. A spikelet or spiket; spicula,
dim. of spica, a spike. Applied to grasses
that have many florets on one calyx: such
florets ranged on a little stalk constitute
the spikelet.

Srice’Lt1a. Worm-grass. A genus of
plants. Pentandria—Monogynia. Named
by Linné, in commemoration of Adrian
Spigelius, who wrote Isagoge in Rem
Herbarium, in 1606. West Indies and
America.

Spike. Spica. 1. An ear of corn.——2.
A species of inflorescence in which ses-
sile flowers are alternate, on a common
simple peduncle, as in wheat and rye,
iavender, &c.—3. A long nail; also a
piece of pointed iron, like a long nail,
inserted with the point outwards, as on
the tops of walls, gates, &c., to prevent
people from passing over them.

Sprke’narpD. A plant, the Nardus indica.

Spr’na. A thorn originating from the
substance of the wood: aculei or prickles
are only affixed to the bark.

Srrna’cra. Spinage. A genus of one
species, an annual plant. Diawcia—Pent-
andria As an article of food it is similar
to cabbage and other oleraceous plants.

Spin’pie. In mechanics, a term sysiony-
mous with axes. When several axes occur
it is usual to denominate the subordinate
or smaller axes as spindles.

Spine. 1. In. botany, see Sprna.——2.
In anatomy, the spina dorsi, or bone of

the back, reaching from the head to the
os sacrum. It is a series of 24 vertebre
in the human subject.

Spinev’, Fr. spinelle. A sub-species of
corundum, which occurs in regular crys-
tals, and sometimes in rounded grains.
It is coloured red, black, blue, brown, &c
by oxide of chromium, chromic acid, ox-
ides of iron, &c.

Sprinet’tane. A variety of dodecahe-
dral zoolite which occurs on the banks of
the river Laach, near Andernach. Its
usual colour is blackish-brown, and its
form a six-sided prism, terminated by
three-sided summits, with alternate, but
different, faces. It is a silicate of alumina
and soda, with some oxide of iron.

Srin’et, Ital. spinetto. A musical in-
strument, thus named from spina, a
thorn or quill, the tone being produced
by a crow’s-quill, inserted in the tongue
of a little machine called a jack.

Spin’NeRS, or Spin’NERETS. Organs
with which insects spin their silk or
webs.

Spin’NING - GENIE, improperly spelt
jenny. A machine for spinning cotton,
&c., invented about 1767, by James Har-
greaves, a weaver, near Blackburn, in
Lancashire. It was long ago superseded
by the mule, a machine which, combining
the principles of the genie and water-
frame, has in a manner superseded both.

Sprn’ozism. The principles of Spinoza,
a native of Amsterdam, consisting of a
mixture of Atheism and Pantheism.

Srr’o. A genus of annulata: order
Dorsibranchiata. The species are smal;
worms, from the Arctic ocean, that in-
habit membranous tubes.

Srir’actez, Lat. spiraculum, a breathing
hole. The spiracles are the external
orifices of the air-tubes of insects: also
called stigmata.

Spr’nat. 1. Acurve, of a circular kind,
which in its progress recedes from its
centre. The common cork-screw is a
good example.——2. In botany, spiral
vessels are membranous tubes lined with
an elastic fibre, twisted spirally, for the
conveyance of air.

Spire, Gr. craigx, twisting. 1. In
geometry, a line drawn progressively
round the same axis with a distance be-
tween each circle: also a curved line;
anything wreathed or contorted. 2. In
architecture, a spire among the ancients
was the base of a column, and sometimes
the astragal or torus; but among the
moderns, it designates a steeple, which
diminishes as it ascends, either pyra-
midally or conically.

Spirit. 1. Spiritus. This name was
formerly given to all volatile substances
collected by distillation. Three principal
kinds were distinguished: inflammable
or ardent spirit ; acid spirits ; and alka-

SPL

675

SPO

ine spirits. The word spirit is now almost

exclusively confined to the various pre-
parations of alcohol and ether.——2. In
commercial language, the name of spirits
eomprehends all inflammable liquors ob-
tained by distillation; as brandy, rum,
geneva, whisky, &c. British spirits are
such as are manufactured in Britain, as
whisky and gin.

Sere’rr or Sart. An old name for mu-
riatic or hydrochloric acid.

Srin’it oF WinE. Esprit devin. Pure
spirit, so called because formerly obtained
only from wine. See ALCOHOL.

Serr'ir Lever. An instrument for
ascertaining the deviation of any surface
from the plane of the horizon. See LEvEL.

Srrriroso, } (It:). With spirit. In
Sprrito. music, denotes a spirited
manner of performing.

Sprritvatism. That system, opposed
to materialism, according to which all
that is real is spirit.

Srir’kertine. In ship-building, the
plank on the side between the water-
way and the port-sill.

Sprr’o1n. In chemistry, the supposed
base of the volatile oil extracted from the
fiowers of the spirea ulmaria. The oil
itself is a compound of C12 H5 04.

SrrrorLate. A compound formed by
the spiroilic acid with a base. All the
spiroilates fulminate when heated in the
air, and when mixed with a combustible
body and heated they detonate.

Sprroit/ic Acip. Anacid discovered by
M. Léwig, by treating the hydrospiroilic
acid (volatile oil of spirea ulmaria)
with nitric acid. The oil is changed
into a solid crystalline mass, which is
spiroilic acid. It has scarcely any smell,
is tasteless, but produces a violent feeling
of irritation in the pharynx, dissolves
readily in alcohol and ether, and shows
a tendency to crystallise.

Sprr’cuta. The name of a genus of
multilocular shells. Some of the species
still inhabit tropical seas, where they
float on the surface of the ocean ; others
are only found fossil.

SPLancHNow’ocy, from ¢rAayxvov, an
entrail, and Asyos, discourse. The doc-
trine of the viscera.

Sprayed. In architecture, signifies an
angle cut off.

Speen, Lat. splen, Gr. exAyy. Aspongy
viscus, of a livid colour, and so varied in
form, situation, and magnitude, that
nothing general can be determined re-
garding them. In its normal condition it
is always placed on the left side, in the
left hypochondrium, between the eleventh
and twelfth false ribs.

Spren’atcy, from ¢rAyy, the spleen,
and @Ayes, pain. A pain in the spleen or
its region.

—_

Sprenr'tis. Inflammation of thespleen,
from ¢zAyy, the spleen.

Serentus. A flat muscle at the back of
the neck.

SpLen’DENT, Lat. splendens, shining. A
term applied to minerals as regards their
degree of lustre. The smooth surface of
most of the metals are splendent.

Setrcinc. The process of joining the
ends of a rope together, or of uniting the
end of arope to any part thereof by in-
terweaving the strands in a regular man-
ner. There are several kinds of splicing,
according to the services for which it is
intended, all characterized by particular
epithets. The joining is called a splice.
To splice the main brace, is to have an
extra allowance of spirits in cases of cold
and wet.

Sprint. In surgery, a long piece of
wood, tin, strong pasteboard, or the like,
employed for preventing the ends of
broken bones from moving so as to inter-
rupt the process by which fractures unite.

Spuint-sonE. A name for the fibula.

Sriinr’ery. A term in mineralogy,
applied to a particular fracture of mine-
rals. The fracture is splintery when the
surface produced by breaking the mineral
is nearly even, but exhibits little splinters
or scales somewhat thicker at one extre-
mity than the other, and still adhering to
the surface by their thicker extremities.

SpLit-cLoTH. In surgery, a bandage
which consists of a central portion, and
_ or eight tails ; used principally for the

e

ad.

Spro’‘p1um. Srodscy. An old name for
many powders obtained by calcination ;
as ivory black, metallic calces, &c.

Spop’uMENE. In mineralogy, the name
given by Jameson to the Triphane of
Haiiy. It is a rare mineral, found in the
iron mine of Uton, in Sweden, and in
some primary rocks in Ireland. Name
from ¢:rod0w, to reduce to ashes: oradiov,
spodium, because before the blowpipe it
exfoliates into little yellowish or grayish
scales. It consists of silica, alumina,
lime, potash, and oxide of iron.

Sport. Spoil-bank. The surplus exca-
vation which is laid by the side of a line
of railway, canal, or other work, to save
the expense of removal, and which occurs
when the amount of cutting upon the line
exceeds that of the embankment.

Sproxe (of a wheel). The spokes are the
small bars which are inserted into the
nave, and which serve to support the
rim or felly.

Sroxe-suave. A sort of plane used in
dressing the spokes of wheels aud for
other curved work where the common
plane cannot be applied.

Srotta’tIon, Writ or, in English eccle-
siastical law, is obtained by one of the

x 3

SPO

676

SPU

parties to a suit suggesting that his ad-
versary has wasted the fruit of his benefice.

Sron’pEs, Lat. A poetic foot
of two .ong syllables, as 8mnés.

Spon’DYLE, Lat. spondylus. A joint of
the spine ; a vertebra.

Spon’pytis. The name given by Fa-
bricius to a genus of tetramerous coleop-
tera, belonging to the family Longicornes,
Named from its globular and spi-
nose thorax.

Sron’DyLus. The name of a genus of
marine shells found attached to rocks,
coral, &c., and remarkable for their spines
and rich colouring ; ; whence the name.

SponceE, | Lat. spongia, Gr. croyyia, A

SPunGE, ) marine production, very soft,
light, and porous, and highly compres-
sible; readily imbibing water and as rea-
dily giving it out again. It is found ad-
hering to rocks, particularly in the
Mediterranean Sea, about the islands of
the Archipelago, and in the Ked Sea. It
was formerly supposed to be a vegetable
production, but it is now classed among
the zoophytes, and when analysed affords
the same principles as animal substances
generaLy.

SpPoncE-TENTs are employed by sur-
geons to dilate fistulous cancers, &c.
These are prepared by dipping sponge
into some hot cerate, and pressing it be-
tween two iron plates ; when cold itmay
be cut into any desired forms.

Spron’cta. Sponge. A genus of zoo-
phytes. Order Coralliferi; family Corti-
catt. The species are numerous, and as-
sume innumerable shapes, as shrubs,
horns, tubes, vases, fans, globes, &c. &c.
The common sponge is the S. officinalis of
naturalists. See Sponce.

Sron’cirorm Quartz. A name of Float-
stone. It is light and porous like sponge.

Spon’ciote. In vegetable physiology, an
organ situated at the extremity of the
root, and thus named from its peculiar
texture. It is by the spongioles, thus
situated, that plants are enabled to ab-
sorb. They are constructed of common
cellular spongy tissue, and they imbibe
the fluids which are in contact with them
partly by capillary action, and partly by
a hygroscopic power.

Spon’sions, in international law, are
authorised engagements made on behalf
of states.

Spontoo’n. A military weapon borne
by officers of infantry: a sort of half pike.

Sproot, Ger. spule. A hollow cylinder
on which yarn is wound. It is larger
than the pirn on which the yarn is wound
for the shuttle.

Spoon’prirt. In nautical language, a
spray swept from the surface of the agi-
tated water during a tempest.

Sror’avic, from oxtigw, to sow. An

a
epithet applied to diseases which are not
epidemic, but occur here and there from
causes affecting only the individual.

Sror’vex, from groge, seed. The organ
of reproduction in cryptogamic plants.

S.P.Q.R. In antiquity,an abbreviation
of the words Senatus Populusque
the Senate and the Roman people.

Sprain. A subluxation; an excessive
strain of the ligaments of a joint, without
dislocation.

Sprat. Asmall fish, the Clupea sprattus,
Cuy. and Yarr., found to frequent the
whole of the British Coasts. The sprat
rarely reaches 6 inches in length. It feeds
on small crustaceous animals, and itself
forms an agreeable and cheap food.

Spray. Water driven from the top of
a wave, &c. by the wind: spray is only
occasional ; spoondrift is continuous.

Spring. 1. In mechanics, an elastic
body which, when distorted or compress-
ed, has the power to restore itself. Thus
the spring of a watch is a fine piece of
tempered steel, coiled up in a cylindrical
case; by stretching itself it puts the
wheels, &c. in motion———2. In naviga-
tion, a rope passing out of one extremity
of a ship, and attached to a cable from the
other, to bring her broadside to bear on
the object.——3. In astronomy, one of the
seasons: that commencing, in the north-
ern hemisphere, when the sun enters
Aries, about the 2lst of March. In com-
mon language, we reckon spring from the
1st February.——4. In Aydraulics, a foun-
tain of water rising out of the ground.

Sprinces. Nooses of horse-hair, &c, to
catch birds.

Sprin’cinc. In architecture, the lowest
part of an arch, or the point from which it
springs or rises.

Sprine-TipEs. The tides that follow
the new and full moon: in distinction to
neap-tides.

Sprit. A small boom, pole or spar,
which crosses the sail of a boat diagon-
ally, from the mast to the upper aftermost
corner, which it is used to extend and
elevate.

Sprit-sarn. 1. The sail extended by a
sprit. 2. A sail attached to a yard
which hangs under the bowsprit.

Spruce. 1. A species of fir, the Pinus
abies. —— 2. A fermented liquor called
spruce-beer, being made of treacle or mo-
lasses, and the “essenee (decoction) of
spruce.”

Spun-yarn. Among seamen, a line
formed of three rope yarns twis

Spur-royat. Spur-rial, or royal. A
gold coin first struck in the reign of Ed-
ward IV. It was worth lis. in the reign
of James I.

SpurR’LInG-LInE. Among seamen, the
line which forms the communication be-
tween the wheel and the tell-tale.

nus,

8QuU

677

STA

Saquav’ron. A body of cavalry, of from
100 to 200 men. Also, a detachment of
ships employed on an expedition.

Squat. The sea term for a gust of wind.

Sevatoip, from squalus,a shark. The
squaloid division of fossils are related to
the shark tribe. The species abound in
the tertiary strata.

Savatus. The name given by Linné to
the true shark. Order Chondropterygii
Branchiis fixis, family Selachi. There are
numerous species, several viviparous. The
most celebrated is the white shark (S.
earcharias, Lin.), which attains a length
of 25 feet. It inhabits every sea. See
Carcuarias. The basking shark (S.
maximus, Lin.), is the largest of all the
squali, but it has none of the characteristic
ferocity of the tribe. The blue shark,
angel fish, or monk, sea-fox, or long-tailed
shark, mer-headed shark, or balance-
fish, are species of less note.

SavaMIPEN’NES, from sqguama, a scale,
and penna, a wing or fin. The name
given to a family of acanthopterygious
fishes, because the soft and frequently the
spinous parts of their dorsal and anal fins
are covered with scales. The species are
abundant in the seas of hot climates, and
are adorned with the most beautiful co-
lours. They frequent rocky shores, and
are eaten. They form the genus Cheto-
don, Lin.

Savare. In geometry, a quadrilateral
figure, with right angles and equal sides.

Savare Measvunzes. The squares of the
lineal measures.

Savane Numper. The product of a
number multiplied by itself.

SQUARE-RIGGED. An epithet applied to
a ship that has long yards, at right an-
gles with the length of the deck, in con-
tradistinction to sails extended obliquely
by stays or lateen yards.

SavareE-rootr. In arithmetic, &c., the
second power of any number or the pro-
auct arising from the multiplication of a
number into itself. See Invoturion and
Evo.tvrion.

SQUARE-SAILS, are such as are extended
by a yard, distinguished from others, ex-
tended by booms, stays, lateens, and gafls.

SavaRING THE CrRcLeE is attempting to
make a square that shall be equal to a
given circle.

Savar’RosE, | Lat. squarrosus, rough,

Savar’novus. !scabby, scurfy, scaly,
from squarra, roughness of skin. Applied
chiefly in natural history, when the body is
invested with scales widely divaricating.

Sevirt. Sea Onion. A plant with a
large bulbous root, the Scilla maritima,
which grows spontaneously on the sandy
shores of Spain and the Levant. The root
is one of the most powerful and useful
remedies in the Materia Medica.

. Sauirrex. The several species of

squirrel form the genus Sciurus, Lin.
They are light, active creatures ; live on
trees, feed on fruits, and are particularly
marked by their long bushy tail. See Sci-
URUS.

Sracca’to (It.), separated. In music,
denoting that the notes to which it is af-
fixed are to be detached in a striking way
from each other.

Sracx. Corn in the sheaf piled upina
circular or rectangular figure, brought to
a point or ridge at top.

Srac’re. Stexzrz, from cragw, to distil.
1. That kind of myrrh which distils or
fallsin drops from the trees.——2. A very
liquid species of amber.

Srapium. Sradsoy. 1. Anancient Gre-
cian measure of length, containing 125
geometrical paces, or 625 Roman feet;
consequently it corresponded nearly to our
furlong.——2. Also a race-course for men
and horses, and the ground on which the
wrestlers and athletz exercised.

Starr, Fr. estafette, It. staffetta. An.
express, a courier. 1. In the army, an es.-
tablishment of officers, in various depart-
ments, attached to the commandant of an
army. It consists of a quarter-master-
general, adj utant-general, and majorof bri-
gade. The reg ists of the ad-
jutant, quarter-master, ;chaplain, surgeon,
&c.— 2. In surgery (Sax. staef,a stick,
a crook, prop, or support), a grooved steel
instrument, introduced through the ure-
thra into the bladder, to guide the knife
in the operation of lithotomy.——3. In
music, the five lines upon which the mu-
sic is written.——4. In architecture, a staff-
angle is a square rod of wood, standing
fiush with the wall on each of its sides, at
the external angles, to prevent their being
damaged.

Srac’cers. In farriery, a disease of
horses, cows, and sheep. It is said to be
a kind of apoplexy, in which the animal
reels or staggers. It appears rather to be a
species of hydrocephalus.

Srac’yrite. An appellation given to
Aristotle, from Stagira, a town of Mace-
donia, where he was born.

STaInED Grass. Glass on whieh pic-
tures have been painted with metallic
oxides, chlorides, &c., ground up with
proper fluxes, and fused into its surface
by the application of heat. The colours
are all transparent.

Srairu. The line of rails forming the
extremity of a railway, and generally oc-
curring. next rivers, being laid down
upon high platforms, for the purpose of
discharging coals, &c. into the holds of
the vessels, or receptacles prepared for
them.

Sravac’TITE, cradAexscis, from crenata,
to drop. A concretion of carbonate of
lime, pendent from the roof of a cayern,

STA 6

78 STA

and produced by the percolation and drip-
ping of water holding in solution, or su-
per-saturated with, carbonate of lime.
The mode of formation of a stalactite
resembles that of an icicle.

Srarac’MiTE, from cradayos, a drop-

ping. A concretion of carbonate of
lime, originating from the same cause as
stalactite, but formed upon the floor of
a cavern or grotto, by the dropping of the
lime-water from the roof, which, under
these circumstances, is usually covered
with stalactites. It sometimes happens,
that the stalactites increasing downwards,
and the stalagmites increasing upwards,
the two become united, and form a co-
lumn extending from the floor to the roof.
Some caverns have been completely filled
in this manner, and present a solid mass
of carbonate of lime, which in some in-
stances, as at Carrara, has been placed
among the finer marbles.——2. The name
ofa genus of plants. Polygamia—Mone-
cia. The species yield a sort of bastard
gamboge; whence the name from ¢¢e-
Aayos, distillation, the gum escaping as
if by distillation.

Sratx, stem, Lat. caulis and scapus.
1. That part of a plant rising immediately
from the root, and which nay! supports
the leaves, flowers, and The culm
is the stalk of grasses. biog In architec-
ture,an ornament resembling a stalk, in
the Corinthian capital, from which the
volutes spring.

Stax’tnc. A sporting-term, applied to
a kind of screen (which is sometimes a
horse), to hide the sportsman till he gets
within shot.

Sratv. In church rituals, the seat ofa
dignified clergyman in the choir.

Sratt/ace. A duty paid for being per-
mitted toset up astall, in a fair ormarket.

Sra’men. The male organ of plants,
found generally with the corolia near the
pistil, consisting of two parts, the fila-
ment and the anther. The plural is
stamens or stamina.

Sram’tmna. 1. A term applied in physi-

ology and pathology to the degree of
strength and vigour in the constitution.
—2. The simple original particles which
exist in the embryo or seed, by whose
augmentation the animal is subsequently
formed.
Stramini’Fenovs, Lat. staminiferus, sta-
men-bearing. Applied to flowers and
florets which contain one or more sta-
mens and no pistils.

Stamp. 1. Any instrument for making
impressions by pressure or mere force on
other bodies; also the impression so
made.——2. A kind of large pestle for
stamping or pounding or beating ores,
&c.—3. A paper or parthment, on which
a vax is paid.

Sramp’-putizs. A general name for
all those taxes which bear evidence of
the payment in the stamp impressed on
the paper, or parchment. Most legal
instruments are drawn on ip that is

paper or parchment which has paid a
certain amount of tax.
Stamp’inc Mitt. A machine in which

ores are pounded by means of a stamp.

Stan’cutons. The sea term for up-
right supports in general.

Stanp. A sea term, used variously.—
A sail stands well or ill; a ship stands on
her course ; and so on.

Sran’parp. 1. An ensign of war: a
staff with a flag or colours———2. That
which is established by a competent
power, as a rule or model, as standard
weights and measures.——3. In coinage,
the proportion of weight of pure metal
and of alloy established by authority.
Our standard for gold and silver coins
is |}. —4. In ship-building, an inverted
knee placed upon the deck, instead of
beneath it, with its inverted branch
turned upward from that which lies
horizontally.——5. In botany, the upper
petal of a papilionaceous corolla, called
also the banner.

Stan’naries. Tin-mines and works:
from stannum, tin. ;

Stan’nic Acip. A name which has
been given to the peroxide of tin (stan-
num), because it is soluble in aci

Stan’za (Italian). 1. In poetry, a num-
ber of lines or verses, connected with
each other, and ending in a full-point or
pause ; a part of a poem containing every
variation of measure or relation in that
poem.——2. In architecture,an apartment
or division in a building.

Starrs. A stirrup, in quo pes stat. The
name of a bone of the internal ear, and
somewhat like a stirrup.

rhgetetiatr ae. Soa from craQuan, &

Stapuyto’sis. ) gripe. A disease of the
eye-ball in which the cornea loses its
natural transparency, rises above the
level of the eye, and successively even
projects beyond the eye-lids in the form
of an elongated whitish tumour, which
is attended with a total loss of sight.

Stapn’ysine A solid substance, of an
alkaline nature, and an exceedingly acrid
taste, obtainéd from Delphinium staphy-
sagria or stavesacre, a biennial plant,
which grows plentifully in the south of
Europe.

Sta’pLe, Sax. stapel, stapul, a stake.
1. In commerce, a settled mart or mar-
ket; anemporium. Formerly the king’s
staple was established in certain ports or
towns; and certain goods could not be
exported without being first brought to
these ports to be rated, and charged with
the duties payable to the crowr. Hence

STA

679

STA

the words staple commodities came in
time to signify the principal commodities
produced by a country for exportation or
use.——2. The thread or pile of the textile
articles, cotton, wool, and flax. Thus,
Sea-island cotton is of a fine long staple.
—3. A loop of iron formed with two
points to be driven into wood, &c.

Srar. Stars are fixed or planetary.
1. The fixed stars are known by their
twinkling, and by their being always in
the same position in relation to each
other. The planets shine with a steady
light, and are constantly changing their
position with regard to the other heavenly
bodies. The pole star is a bright star in
the tail of the little Bear (Ursa minor),
and is so called from its being very near
the North pole.-——2. The figure of a star:
a radiated mark in writing or painting:
ealled also an asterisk, and marked thus *.
It is used as a mark of reference, or to
fill a blank where letters are omitted.

Srar’-ap’pte. The fruit of aspecies of
Chrysophyllum, which grows in the warm
_ climates of America, It is an olive-

shaped fleshy fruit, eaten by way of
dessert.

Star’poarD. In navigation, the right-
hand side of a ship, looking forward, as
larboard is on the left-hand side.

Srarcu. A white pulverulent substance,
consisting of microscopic spheroids, con-
taining amylaceous matter. It exists in
a great many plants. Potatoes yield it
in large quantity; it exists abundantly
in the stems of some monocotyledonous
plants, especially of the palm tribe; and
all the edible grains, as wheat, rye, rice,
&c.; and siliquose seeds, as beans and
peas, afford in it such quantity that the
preparation ofit from these is now anex-
tensive manufacture. Wheat is the grain
commonly employed for making starch.

Srar-cHam’BER. Formerly a court of
criminal jurisdiction in England. Itwas
abolished by Stat. 16 Charles I.

Srar’Fisn. Sea-star. A name common
to a genus of zoophytes, from the shape
of the animals. See AsTeRias.

Srar’-rorr. In fortification, a work
with several faces, and salient and re-
entering angles. A -star-redoubt is built
of the same form.

Srar’tinc. 1. In ornithology, see Stun-
wvus.——2. In engineering, see CUTWATER.

Srar’osts. Polish noblemen who pos-
sessed certain castles and domains, called
starosties,

Srar-snoor. The Tremella nostoc, an
indigenous greenish jelly, which is edible.

Srar-tTuis’rLte. 1. The Carlina acaulis.
—2. The Centaurea calcitrapa, an indi-
genous perennial. The Jersey Star-thistle
is another species of centaury found in
sersey.

Sra’rEx. An ancient Greek coin.

Sta’tice. The Sea Drift. A genus cf
plants. Pentandria—Pentagynia. Name
from grata, to stop, on account of its
supposed efficacy in restraining fluxes.
The marsh-rosemary of America, and the
sea-lavender or red behen, are examples.

Srar‘ics, from ¢reros, standing. 1. That
branch of mechanical science which
treats of the equilibrium, pressure,
weight, &c. of solid bodies when at rest.
—2. The science which considers the
weight of bodies.

Sra/tion. 1. In astronomy, a planet is
at its station, or is stationary, when its
motion in right ascension ceases,——2. In
surveying, the place of observation for
measuring angles.——3. In the Romish
Church, station is applied to churches in
which indulgences are granted on certain
days.—+4. In railway economy, halting-
places along the line, for taking-up and
setting-down passengers, the extremes
being named termini.

Sra’TionaRy. Fixed, not progressive
or regressive. The sun is stationary in
Cancer. The Court of England, which
was formerly itinerary, is now stationary.
Steam-engines which work permanently
at the same place are stationary, as dis-
tinct from locomotives. Some railways are
worked by stationary-engines.

Sra’TIONERY. Writing-paper and the
general contents of a stationer’s shop.

Sra’tion Poin’TER. In maritime sur-
veying, an instrument for laying down on
a chart the position of a place, from
which the angles subtended by three
known distant objects are measured.

Sratis‘tIcs, Lat. status,condition. The
science which determines the condition of
a country, in reference to its extent, po-
pulation, industry, wealth, power, and
the like.

Sta’/ruary. Theartof carving images,
or representations of life; also one who
practises or professes the art of making
statues. Statuary is a branch of sculpture.

Srar’vs, Lat. statua, from statuo, to set.
Statues are figures of men, and other ob-
jects, formed out of marble by the chisel.

Sra’/tus quo. In politics, a treaty be-
tween two or more belligerents, by which
each party is restored to the same state
as before the war, possessing the same
territories, fortresses, &c.

Srar’vre, Lat. statutum, from statuo, to
set. An act of the legislature of a state,
which extends as law to all the subjects
of that state ; as distinguished from an
act, which relates only to an individual or
company. Statutes are positive law, and
distingulshed from common law: the for-
mer owe their binding force to a positive
declaration of the supreme power ; the
latter owes its binding force to the prin-
ciples of justice, and long use and consent
of the people.

STE 680

STE

Stave. 1. A narrow piece of wood of
which casks, &c. are made.——2. In mu-
sic, the five horizontal and parallel lines
on which the notes of tunes are written
Sane written now more commonly
staff.

Stray. In the rigging of a ship,a long
strong rope, employed to support the
mast, by being extended from its upper
end to the stern of the ship. The /ure-
stay reaches from the foremast-head to-
wards the bowsprit-end; the main-stay
extends to the ship’s stem; the mizzen-
stay is stretched to a collar on the main-
mast, above the quarter-deck, &c. Stays,
in seamanship, also implies the operation
of going about, or changing the course of
a ship, with a shifting of the sails. Yobe
in stays, is to lie with the head to the
wind, and the sails so arranged as to check
her progress.

Sream. In a general sense, this word
is used to signify the visible "cloudiness
arising from the condensation of aqueous
vapour, expelled by heat; but ina stricter
sense, it is the aqueous vapour arising
from water when heated to 212° and up-
wards. To account for the force of steam,
it must be observed, that water is com-
posed, like other bodies, of particles or
atoms held together by the force of cohe-
sive attraction, which heat has the power
of decreasing ; or, rather, of imparting a
repulsive force, which ‘is intense in pro-
portion to the degree of heat applied.
Thus the pressure of steam from water at
212° is equal to a column of mercury of
30 inches; from water at 320°, it is

equal to a column of 135: the first is
If lbs. 11 oz., the latter 66 lbs. 1 oz.

Stream’ “BOAT, re vessel propelled by

Sream’-ves’sEL. ! the force of steam.
Perhaps the first vessel of this sort was
that of the Marquis de Jouffrey, upon the
Sa6éne, at Lyons, in 1782; the next was
that of Mr. Miller, upon the Forth and
Clyde canal, in 1789; but the first steam-
vessel which ran as a regular packet-
boat was that of Mr. Rob. Fulton, the
Vermont, launched at New York in 1807,
and plied between that and the city of
Albany, a distance of 150 miles.

Steam Borer. A vessel in which
water is converted into steam for the
supply of steam-engines or for other uses.

Sream Can’r1ace. A locomotive engine
adapted to run upon a common road.

Sream’-En’ctnz. An engine worked by
the power obtained from the expansion
and contraction of steam from boiling
water; that is, by the property which
water possesses of expanding to vapour
under the force of heat, and the sudden-
mess with which the expanded water
returns to its original bulk, on the appli-
cation of cold. These properties of water
were known to the ancients, but it was

not till the early part of the 17th century
that this power was made available for
the working of machines. A mining en-
gineer, named Savery, is said to lave
been the first who constructed and pub-
licly exhibited an engine, acting by the
expansive force and subsequent conden-
sation of steam, and which he applied to
the raising of water in 1699; but it is
certain that the Marquis of Worcester
preceded him in doing this. Dr. Papin
next introduced the safety-valve to an
engine of his contrivance in 1707, and
Mr. Newcomen, in the same year, ‘made
various improvements and modifications,
producing what are known by the name
of atmospheric engines, subsequently ren-
dered more efficient by Messrs. Breigh-
ton and Smeaton. Mr. James Watt fol-
lowed next, and introduced the

one vessel placed in another of cold water,
and exhausted of air and other fluids, and
connected with the steam cylinder by a
pipe through which the whole of the
steam from the cylinder escapes, and i.
thus speedily condensed. He introduced
various other improvements, and may be
said to have perfected this most perfect
and valuable of all engines. He found it

only the “ miner’s friend,’ he left it ap-

plicable to every kind of work and the
never-tiring friend of the human race.

Steam’-cauce. A contrivance con-
nected with the boilers of steam-engines,
and employed to indicate the pressure of
the steam. It usually consists of a bent
tube, with one end secured to the boiler,
and the other open to the atmosphere. It
contains a sufficient quantity of mercury
to counteract the pressure of the steam,
and the level of the mercury, varying as
the steam pressure, shows at all times the
elastic force upon the boiler.

Srram’-cun. A contrivance for project-
ing balls by means of steam. It bears
some analogy to the air-gun, but requires
too much extraneous apparatus ever to
be conveniently movable. It is barely
probable that it will at some future time
be rendered available aboard of ships, but
it seems to be highly available for forts
and other similar defensive works

Stream Navica’tion. The art of apply-
ing steam power to the propulsion of ves-
sels in general, whether in inland waters
or on the open sea.

Srream-prrpe. The pipe communicating
with the upper part of the boiler through
which the steam passes in its way to
the cylinders.

SreamM’-wHEEL. Another name for a
rotatory steam-engine.

Sream’-wHIs TLE. A device, attached to
locomotives, for giving warning to the
passengers and others when the engine is
starting. It consists of a pipe situated at
the top of the boiler, with a cock to the

a

~

STE 681

STE

same, and surmounted by a hollow cup.
The steam escapes at the top, and passing
round the thin edge of the cup, strikes
the same with considerable force, and
thereby produces a loud shrill whistle,
heard at a distance of many miles.
Sre’anic Acip (see STEARINE). The
solid constituent of fatty substances, as
of tallow and olive oil converted into a
stalline mass by saponification with
alkaline matters, and abstraction of the
alkali by an acid. By this process fats
are converted into three acids, the stea-
ric, margaric,and oleic: the first two are
solid, the last liquid.
Sre’arineE, ) from , fat, the sub-
Srez’anone, J stance of which factitious
Wax candles are now made. It consists
of the stearic and margaric acids com-
bined.

Sre‘atireE. Soapstone. A mineral of
the magnesian family, usually of a grey-
ish-white colour, often marked by den-
dritic delineations. It has a coarse, splin-
tery fracture, and a dull fatty lustre, and
feels like soap to the touch, whence the
name from ¢ » Soap. It is found in
contemporaneous veins, traversing ser-

tine, as at Portsoy, in Shetland; in
the limestone of Iculmkill; in the ser-
pentine of Cornwall; in Anglesey; in
Saxony, Bavaria, Hungary, &c. It is
used in the manufacture of porcelain; in
polishing marble, &c.; as the basis of
cosmetic powders, in the composition of
crayons, &c. When steatite occurs in
lamellar forms it is named talc.

Steato’me, from orsez, fat. An en-
eysted tumour, the contents of which are
of a fatty consistence.

STEEL, Sax. style. A carburet of iron:
the best, hardest, finest, and closest
grained iron, combined with carbon by
a particular process.

STeELt’yarD. Statera Romana. A de-
scription of balance consisting of a short
arm, from which a required weight is
suspended, and a long graduated arm, to
which an invariable movable weight is

attached. Equilibrium is attained when
the weights are reciprocally proportioned
to their distances from the point of sus-
pension.

Sree’mine or Srzam’Ine. The brick or
stone lining of a well. 7

STer’PLE-cHaseE. A huht, in which the
sportsmen agree to follow the fox directly ©
over the country, regardless of all ob-
structions, as hedges, ditches, rivers, &c.
Steeple-races are sometimes got up on the
same plan.

SreErR’ace. In a ship, an apartment
forward of the great cabin, from which it
is separated usually by a bulk-head. In
ships of war it serves as an anteroom to
the great cabin. In steam vessels, the
great cabin and steerage are separated
by the whole space occupied by the ma-

ery, &c.

SreEer’inc. In nautical language, di-
recting or governing a ship or other ves-
sel in her course. The steersman manages
the helm by means of the steering-wheel,
which is connected with the rudder.

Sreev’inec. In nautical language, the
angle of elevation which a ship’s bowsprit
forms with the horizon.

STEGANOGRAPHY, ortyavos, covered,
and yeaQw,I write. The art of writing
in cypher.

StevEcHiITE. The name given toa fine
variety of Storax,in larger pieces than
the calamite.

Srer’Late, Lat. stellatus, star-like. Ap-
plied to plants and parts of plants.

Srer’Lerus. The name of a genus of
herbivorous cetacea. Oné species only is
known, and it is confined to the north
part of the Pacific Ocean.

Srer’Lires. Fossil star-fish. See As-
TERITES.

Srer’Lirorm, Lat. stelliformis, star-like.
Radiated.

Srer’LuLaR. Having marks resembling
stell@ or stars. Applied in natural history.

Stem. 1. In botany (see Starx).——2. In
navigation, the prow or foretimber of the
th which comes bending up from the
keel.

Srem’mata. In entomology, three smooth
hemispheric dots, generally on the top of
the head ; chiefly observable in hymenop-
terous insects.

Sremmar’orus. The generic name given
by Fred. Cuvier to the hooded seal (Ph.
cristata, Gm.), from the Arctic Ocean:
ortwuc and ols, the animal being fur--
nished with a loose skin on the head,
which it can inflate at pleasure, and
which is drawn over the eyes on the ap-
proach of danger, the nostrils then being
inflated like bladders.——2. In music, the
upright line appended to the notes.

Srem’prLes. In mining, the cross-bars
of wood in the shaft of a mine.

Sren’ciu. A piece of thin leather, or
oil-cloth, used in painting on walls to

imitate paper. The pattern is cut out on
ithe leather, &c., which is then laid flat

STE ear STL

on the wall, and the colour brushed
over it.

Sren’cituinc. A method of painting on
walls with a stencil, so as to imitate the
figures of paper-hangings.

STENEsAU‘’Rts. A genus of fossil sau-
rians, thus named by M. Geoffroy St.
Hilaire, from g¢reves, narrow, and gaveos,
a saurian,

Srenoe’RapuHy, from creyos, short, and
yeetn, Writing. Short-hand writing.

Srerrrs. The name used in Russia to
designate very extensive flat uncultivated
plains.

Steps. 1. In ship-building, large pieces
of timber into which the heels of the
masts are fixed.——2 In architecture, the
degrees or gradients of a stair, composed
of two parts, the tread or horizontal part,
and the riser or vertical part. Stepsround
the circumference of a circle are called
winders, and when they proceed straight-
forward they are named flyers.

Srer’cutia. A genus of plants. Mon-
adelphia—Polyandria. Name from stercus,
dung, on account of the foetid odour of the
flowers.

Srereoc’RaPuy, from ¢regeos, solid,and
yvexQw, to describe. The art of drawing
solids upon plane surfaces.

STEREOG’RAPHIC PRrosEc’rIon, gregeos,
solid, yea¢y, description. The projection
of the sphere upon the plane of one of its
great circles, the point of view being at
the pole of that circle.

STEREOM’ETER, oreceos, and wereov, mea-
sure. An instrument for measuring the
specific gravity of liquids, porous bodies,
and powders, as well as of solids.

SrerEom’Etry, from oreetos, solid, and
fercew, to measure. The mensuration
of solids.

STER'EoTYPE, from oregtos, Solid, and
turTos,atype. Literally, a fixed metal-
type: hence one entire solid plate of
metallic type for book-printing, made by
taking an impression in stucco, of one or
more pages composed of movable types,
and casting a reverse from this impres-
sion, by pouring upon it, in a melted
state, a metallic composition, very nearly
approaching type-metal, in the propor-
tions of its ingredients. The process of
making such plates is called stereotype-
founding, or stereotyping; the plates so
cast are stereotype-work ; the art of print-
ing from them is stereotype-printing ; and
books so printed are said to be stereotyped.

Ster’tinc. 1. A term probably from
Easterling, used to distinguish English
money of account, as £10 sterling.——2.
English money.

Srexn (of a ship). The hinder part
where the rudder is placed: the steer-

placa or heln-place.

Srernav‘cta, from g¢régyoy, the sternum,
and awayos, pain. 1. Pain about the
sternum.—2. A name of the pectoral
angina (angina pectoris).

STERNoP’Tyx. A genus of small fishes,
with a very elevated and compressed
body,and havinga series of small fossule
along each side of the pelvic crest, which
has been considered as a festooned dupli-
cature of the sternum ; whence the name
sternoptyx. They frequent the warm
parts of the Atlantic ocean.

Srer’num. Pectoris os. The breast-
bone ; the oblong flat bone placed at the
fofre-part of the thorax.

Srern’oscore, from ¢r7zboc, the chest,
and ¢zortw, to explore. An instrument
invented by Laennec, to aid auscultation.
It is made of cedar- wood, of a cylindrical
form, about eleven inches long,and about
an inch and a half in diameter, and hasa
cylindrical perforation through its whole
length. It is a highly useful instrument.

Stew’arp, Sax. stiward, from sted, a
place, and ward,a keeper. 1. Aman em-
ployed in great families, to superintend
the household generally, to keep accounts,
collect rents, &c.——2. In law, a title of
several officers of distinction. Thus, the
greatest officer under the crown is the
lord high steward of England. The office
was anciently the inheritance of the earls
of Leicester, till forfeited by Simon de
Montfort. The office is now, in a mea-
sure, abolished: a lord high steward
being made only for particular occasions,
as a coronation, the arraignment of a
peer for high treason, &c. There is also
a lord steward of the royal household, who
is chief officer of the court, &c.——3. In
a ship of war, an officer appointed by the
purser, to distribute provisions to the
officers and crew. In common ships, aman
who supplies the table and superintends
the provisions.——4. In colleges, the per-
son who superintends the concerns of the
kitchen.

Srue’n1a, Lat. from gfe, strength.
In nosology, strength is opposed to asthe-
nia or debility.

Srts’Ium. The ancient name of anti-
mony.

Sricn’omancy, from ¢giyos, a line, and
eayriie, prophecy. Divination by lines
or passages in books taken at hazard.

Strick, Gotp. The colonels of the Life
Guards are so called.

Stie’ma. Siva, from erigw, to
mark. 1. In botany, that part of the
female organ of a plant which is placed
at the summit of the style. 2. In pa-
thology, a small red speck on the skin,
occasioning an elevation of the cuticle.
When stigmata assume a livid colour,
they are termed petechie and purpura,

OT

STI

683

STO

——8. An impression, such as that made
by branding with a hot iron.

Sric’marTa, plural of stigma. Spiracles
from which the trachez of insects com-
mence.

Sriz/srrz, from ¢riASw, to shine. A
mineral, the radiated zeolite of Jameson,
thus named from its shining lustre. It
occurs in the secondary trap-rocks of
Scotland, Norway, &c. It is commonly
white, but sometimes grey, yellow, &c.

Srite. In architecture, the vertical
piece in framing or panelling.

Srimu. The name of the principal ves-
sel in which distillation is conducted.
The liquid is vaporised by heat in the
part called the cucurbit, and the vapours
are condensed in another part called the
refrigeratory. Stills are of many forms,
the simplest of which consists of a retort
and receiver. The term is commonly
derived from Latin stillo, to drop, the
root of distill.

Stitt Birnp. The name of the Himan-
topus melanoptenis, having long slender
legs.

Srrm’cLant, from stimulo, to stir up.
Possessing the power of exciting the ani-
malenergy. Medical stimulants are ge-
neral when they affect the whole system,
as mercury ; and topical, when they affect
prottg @ part, as mustard applied to the

Stim’vxvs, (Lat.) from ¢rizjess. In pa-
thology, that which rouses the action or
energy ofa part. In botany,a sting. The
nettle is furnished with stimuli.

Srine. In entomology, an apparatus in
the form of a little barbed spear, furnished
by nature to some insects as a weapon of
defence. In most instances it is a tube
through which a poisonous liquid is pro-
jected, which influences the part stung,
and in some cases proves fatal to life.

Srinx’stonE. The name given to a va-
riety of limestone, which gives out 2
fetid odour when rubbed. The black
marble of Kilkenny is an example.

Srint. In coal mines, a measure of
work, two yards long by one broad, which
each miner clears before he removes to
another place.

Sripre, Lat. stipes, from 7Tvr0s. The
stem of a fungus, fern, or palm.
Srr’penD, Lat. stipendium. Originally

the pay of soldiers. In law, a salary or
allowance for work done. In Scotland,
the term is confined to denote the sala-

ries of clergymen.
Srip’iLaTe, Lat. stipilatus, standing on
a pillar or pedicle. See Stripe.

Srir’piinc. 1. A mode of engraving on
copper by means of dots, as contradistin-
guished from engraving in continuous
lines.——2. The term is likewise applied
to the mode adopted by some artists in
iawing, of putting in tints and shadows

of black lead or crayon, by means of the
end of a piece of coiled paper charged
with the pigment, with which it is
stippled or stamped on to the surface of
the paper. Good artists generally de-
spise this process.

Stre’uta, | In botany, a leafy appen-

Srip’ute. }dage to proper leaves or
their footstalk. The stipule often ap-
proximate closely to the appearance of
real leaves.

Stip’utate, Lat. stipulatus. Having
stipules; producing stipule.

Stir’Rup, Sax. stirge-rapa, step-rope ;
stigan, to step up. 1. A kind of ring, hori-
zontal on one side to receive the foot of
the rider, and attached to a strap which is
fastened to the saddle. The first stirrups
appear to have been ropes.——2. In ships,
stirrups are short ropes, having their
upper ends plaited and nailed round the
yards, and eyes made in their lower ends,
through which the horses are reeved, to
keep them parallel to the yards. A piece of
timber put under the keel, when some part
of it is lost, is also denominated a stirrup.

Sri'ver, } A Dutch coin about the va-

Srvur’ver. § lue of a halfpenny sterling.
It is also a money of account in Holland
and Fianders.

Stock. 1. In botany,see Marutota and
CHEIRANTHUS.—2. In agriculture, the
domestic animals, as horses, cows, sheep,
belonging to the owner of a farm.——3.
Living beasts shipped to a foreign coun-
try or distant market.——4. The capital
of a commercial insurance or banking
company, also the goods on hand of a
merchant or trading company. See
Srocxs. —— 5. A carpenter’s tool. See
Srock and Bir.

Srocx’apDeE, | Ital. stocco. In fortifica-

Sroccan’s, § tion, a sharp stake or post
set in the earth, more properly a line of
such posts set up as a fence or barrier.

Stock anp Bir. An instrument used
by carpenters. The stock A is a tool with

Wun.

| DIT

Si

a crank, so contrived as to rest with one
end against the breast of the workman,
while with the one hand he guides the
boring end B, and with the other turns

8TO 684

8TO

the crank. The steel borers are called
bits, and the whole instrument is com-
monly called a stock and bit, or centre-
bit.

Srocx-pro’xEer. A broker who daals in
the purchase and sale of stocks or shares
in the public funds.

Srocx-ExcHa’ncEe. The building where
the public stock is bought and sold
(see Stocks and Excuance.) The Stock-
Exchange, situated in Capel-court, was
opened in 1802. Formerly the place of
rendezvous for persons transacting busi-
ness in the stocks was Jonathan’s Coffee-
house, in Change-alley, Cornhill; and it
is from this circumstance that the term
alley is familiarly used for stock-exchange,
and that a petty speculator in the funds
is styled a “ dabbler in the alley.”

Srocx-pove. The wild pigeon of Eu-
rope, Columba nas, Lin., long regarded
as the stock of the domestic pigeon, but
now regarded as a distinct species.

Srock-FisH. Cod-fish dried hard with-
out salt.

Srocx’1ncs. The clothing of the legs
and feet, anciently made of cloth or
milled stuff, sewed together, but now in-
variably knitted. Stockings are made of
wool, cotton, and silk.

Srock’Inc-rRAME. An implement of the
hosier, for weaving or knitting stockings,
&ce. It is a somewhat complicated ma-
chine, invented by William Lee, A.M., of
St. John’s College, Cambridge, in 1589;
but receiving little encouragement, and
being in indigent circumstances, he went
to France, where, meeting with further
disappointment, he died of a buwoken heart,
like many other inventors before and
since his time. The machine has, during
the course of the lastcentury, been much
improved... +

TOCK-JoB’BING. Speculating in the
public funds ; a species of gambling.

Srocx-tock. Alock fitted into a wooden
ease. The larger locks for doors are gene-
rally of this sort.

Srocxs. 1. A frame erected on the shore
of a river, or of the sea, and the large es-
tablishments in the inside of docks, for
the purposes of ship-building. It gene-
rally consists of a number of solid wooden
blocks, ranged parallel to each other, at
convenient distances, upon a very firm
foundation, and with a gradual declivity
towards the water.——2. The public funds
of the nation, or government securities,
instituted for the purpose of paying the
interest upon loans. See Funps.——3.
A machine consisting of two pieces of
timber, with holes in which the legs of
offenders are confined.

Sro’1cs. Disciples of the philosopher
Zeno, who taught that men should be free
from passion, unmoved by grief or joy,
and submit without complaint to the un-

avoidable necessity by which all things
are governed. The name Srauzos is from
ovwa, & porch in Athens, where Zeno
lectured.

Sro’Lo (Latin), a sucker. A runner or
shoot from the root ofa plant, which takes
root in the earth. The stolos are said to
be supraterraneous when they run on the
surface of the ground, and subterraneous
when they run under the surface. .

Srotonir’ERovs, Lat. stoloniferus, put-
ting forth suckers ; stolo, asucker or scion,
and fero, to produce.

Srom’acu, Gr. cromeanos, from oroue, .

the mouth, and ew, to pour. A mem-
branous receptacle, the organ of digestion
in animal bodies. It prepares the food
fo. entering into the several parts of the
body, for its nourishment.

Sto’macu-pump, An instrument for
withdrawing poisons from the stomach,
and introducing cleansing or other liquids.
Itresembles the syringe, except that it
includes two, passages, the sucking and
forcing, and has two orifices near its ex-
tremity.

Sromaropa. Anorderof marine crus-
taceans, having the shell divided into two
portions, the anterior of which supports
the eyes and interm te antenne, or
composes the head without giving origin
to the foot-claws. These o S, as well
as the four anterior feet, are frequently
approximated to the mouth on two lines
that converge inferiorly, and hence the
denomination of stomapoda, crouse and
ous.

Sro’mata. Passages through the epi-
dermis of plants, universally regarded as
spiracles or breathing-pores.

Stone-Bo’rER. A molluscous animal,
inhabiting a bivalve shell, which mecha-
nically perforates or bores into rocks.

StonE-rruir. Fruit of which the seed
is covered with a hard shell, envelopedin
the pulp. See Drure. ‘

Srone-catt. The name given by work-
men to a roundish mass of clay, often oc-
curring in variegated sandstone. Stone-
galls lessen the value of stones for archi-
tectural pur .

Sroox. The root of a timber-tree which
throws up shoots. .

Stop-pranks. A certain description of
dam, employed on canals and other
hydraulic works. In order to prevent the
loss of water on canals, &c., it is usual to
contract the water-way at certain points,
and carry up wing-walls from below,
making vertical grooves in the face of the
masonry upon each side, corresponding
with each other, for the insertion of
hatches or stop-planks. Provision is made
for stop-planks in most hydraulic works ;
for instance, grooves are mame at each
end of a lock, on the outside of the cham-

pln

ST.

685

STR

ber, in order that the water may be kept
out during any repairs.

Sro’rax. The most fragrant of all the
resins. It is obtained from a tree, the
Styraz officinalis, which grows in the Le-
vant. The best is imported in red tears,
but the common sort in large cakes. This
last is the most fragrant, though very
impure.——2. The Peruvian balsam. is
sometimes called white storax. See, also,
Sryrax.

Stor’rHING. The parliament of Nor-
way.

Sto’ry. In architecture, a subdivision
of the height of a house, comprehended
by one flight of stairs.

Sto’ry-posts. Upright timbers used in
sheds, workshops, and old wooden houses,
to ares the floors or superincumbent
walls.

Sto’ry-rop. A rod equal in length to
the height of a story of a house, and di-
vided into as many p as there are
intended to be steps in the stair, for mea-
suring and laying them off with accuracy.

Stour. A basin for holy-water in a
niche at the entrance ofa Catholic church.

Bi se Sax. stofa. 1. A place in which

in dwelling-houses, churches, pub-
lie rooms, &c., is made, and so contrived
that it may heat the air of the apartment,
and lead the smoke up the chimney.
Stoves are of various constructions, and
numerous patents have been taken out
for inventions and improyements upon
them. Franklin’s stove, which is much
used in France, is one of the best. The
German stove, recently brought into no-
tice in this country by Dr. Arnott, has
the peculiar advantages of thoroughly
avoiding smoke and of burning little fuel.
When a stove allows the burning coals to
be seen, it is called a stove-grate-——2. In
horticulture, a structure in which plants
are cultivated that acquire a considerably
higher temperature than the open air.

Srra’sism, Lat. strabismus, from orem
€:2w, to squint. Squinting: an affection
of the eye, by which a person sees objects
in an oblique manner, from the axis of
vision being distorted.

Srraicut Arcu. In architecture, the
arch over an aperture, whose intrados is
straight.

Srraicur JornteD Froor. A floor in
which the joints are continued from one
end to the other, and the heading joints
are not in the same straight lines as fold-
ing floors.

Srratn’Ine Piece. Strutting piece. A
beam placed between two opposite beams,
to prevent their nearer approach, as raft-
ers, braces, struts, &.

Srrarr. In geography, a narrow pass
~ frith separating one country from an-
other.

Srranp (of a rope). One of the twists or
divisions of which the rope is composed.
When one (or more) of the strands of a
rope is broken, the rope is said to be
stranded.

Srranvp'tna. In navigation, the running
of a ship on shore, beach, or strand, by
which she is wrecked (in this case said to
be stranded).

Srran’cies. In farriery, a collection of
foul humours in the body of a colt; gene-
rally voided by the nostrils.

Srran’cury, Lat. stranguria, from
orenye, a drop, and ougoys urine. A dis-
ease in which there is pain in passing the
urine, which is excreted by drops.

Srrap. In carpentry, an iron plate, se-
curing the junction of two or more pieces.
of timber, into which it is bolted or keyea.

Srrappa’po, Ital. from strappare, to pull.
A military punishment formerly practised.
It consisted in drawing the offender to
the top of a beam, and letting him fall,
by which means a limb was sometimes
dislocated.

Srrass. The basis of factitious gems
or pastes. Sce Paste.

Srra’ra, Lat. pl. of stratuwm,a bed. In
geology, the thicker layers of mineral
matter, forming the crust of the globe:
the thin layers are commonly called beds.
The strata present very different charac-
ters when compared with each other, yet
they are composed of but comparatively
few primary elements, so concreted as to
produve considerable variety. Most of
them also contain foreign matters, frag-
ments of other rocks, shells, animals, and
plants. Rocks arranged in layers are said
to be stratified, and the order of their ar-
rangement is termed stratification.

Srratu. In Scotland, generally signifies.
a valley of considerable size.

Srra‘tum (Lat.). A layer or bed. See
Srrara.

Srra’tvus. Fall-cloud. A name applied
to fogs, mists, and other extensive sheets.
of clouds, that rest on the earth’s surface.

Srreak, Ger. striche. A term in min-
eralogy for that appearance of a mineral
which arises from its being scratched by
a hard sharp instrument. It is said to be
similar when the powder obtained by
scratching the mineral is of the same
colour as the mineral; and dissimilar when
the colours differ.

Srream-TiIn. Among miners, tin ore
found beneath the surface of alluvial
ground, and separated from the earthy
matters by passing a stream of water over
it.

Srretcu’iInc Course. In building, a
course consisting wholly of stretchers. that
is, bricks, stones, or the like, laid iengin-
ways in th? longitudinal direction of the
wall.

STE . 68¢ STR

Srrer’ro, It narrow. In music, signi-
fies that the measure is to be played short
and concise ; opposed to largo.

Srri2, Lat. pl. of stria, a streak. 1. In
conchology, fine thread-like lines in the ex-
terior surface of many shells, longitudinal,
transverse, or oblique.——2. In botany,
fine lines running in parallel directions.

Srri‘are, } Lat. striatus,scored,streak-

Strrarep,jed, channelled, fluted,
chamfered. Applied chiefly in natural

istory.

Srri’por Dentivm (Lat.). Grinding of
the teeth (in sleep). A symptom, in chil-
dren, of intestinal! irritation from worms,
and of irritation of the brain in adults
during fever.

Srri’eGa. 1. A species of pubescence on
plants, white, bristle-like with broad bases,
mestly decumbent.—2. In architecture,
the flutings of a column. Fasciola.

SrRING-BoaRD. In architecture,a board
placed next to the well-hole in ’ wooden
stairs, and terminating the ends of the
steps.

Srrinc-course. In architecture, a nar-
row moulding, or projecting course, con-
tinued along the side of a building.

Srrine’-piece. In architecture, a piece
of board placed under the fiying-steps of
a wooden stair for a support, and form-
ing, as it were, the soffit of the stair.

Srrix. The Owl. A genus of noctur-
nal birds of the accipitrine order, now
divided into various sub-genera, accord-
ing to their tufts, the size of their ears,
the extent of the circle of feathers which
surrounds their rb &c., as olus, syrnium,
bubo, scops, and noct

StRoN’ GYLUS. The name given by
Miller to a genus of intestinal worms:
order Nematoidea. One of the species is
said to be found in the human kidney.

Srron’T1a, |} Agreyish-white-coloured

Srron’TIan. ) alkaline earth, of a pun-
gent and acrid taste, first found in the
state of carbonate, in a lead-mine at
Strontian, in Argyleshire, Scotland. In
its chemical characters it closely resem-
bles baryta. The nitrate is much em-
ployed in fire-works, to communicate a
red colour to flame. Its base is strontium.

Srronti’/aniTE. Native carbonate of
strontia. When ignited with charcoal-
powder it affords the earth strontia. It
resembles carbonate of baryta, but is
said not to be poisonous, which that
mineral is.

Srron’t1um. The metallic basis of
strontia, first procured by Sir H. Davy,
in 1808. It is analogous to barium, but
has less lustre.

Strronti’tes. The name given to stron-
tia by Dr. Hope, who discovered that
earth in 1787. Klaproth modified the
name for the sake of uniformity of no-
menclature, which is always desiratle,

Srro'rHe. Zreopy, from wrespw, to
turn. In Greek poetry, a stanza: the
first member of a poem. The strophe is
succeeded by a Similar stanza, called
antistrophe.

StrorHrote. Strophiolum. A little
curved gland-like part near the scar or
base of some seeds, particularly of the
papilionaceous genus.

StropH’utus. A papulous eruption
peculiar to infants, and exhibiting a
variety of forms known popularly as red-
gum, white-gum, tooth-rash, &c.

Srrvc’rurE, Lat. structura. 1. A term
in mineralogy denoting the particular
arrangement of the integrant particles
or molecules of a mineral.——2. The
manner of organisation of animal and
vegetable bodies.——3. A building.

Srro’ma. 1. A glandular swelling.——
2. Bronchocele: an induration of the
thyroid gland. .Struma, according to Dr.
Good, is from orenpea, congestion, Or from
struo, to heap up, or @ struendo, because
strum grow insensibly.

Srruma’r1a. The name of a genus of
perennial ak Hexandria—Monogynia.
Cape of Good Hope.

Stru’mMovus. Having strume or swell-
ings of the glands: scrofulous.

Strut. In architecture, a brace or ob-~
lique stay.

Strov’trH1o. The Ostrich: a genus of
birds. Order Grallatorie : family Brevi-
pennes. There are two species. (1.) The
ostrich of the eastern continent (S. came-
lus), celebrated from the earliest ages.
It attains the height of 6 or 8 feet, lives
in great troops, lays eggs weighing nearly
3 Ibs., feeds on grass, grain, &c., and runs
faster than any other animal. (2.) The
American ostrich (S. rhea), is one-half
smaller than the oriental species ; its few
feathers are greyish. It is common in
South America, and is easily tamed when
taken young. The eggs are hatched by
the male.

Srrut-BEAM. In carpentry, an old name
for a collar-beam.

SrrourH’iota. A genus of trees and
shrubs. Tetrandria—Monogynia. Cape
of Good Hope.

SrruTHIon’Ipz. Struthio, the type
A family of terrestrial birds, with short
wings and strong legs; the brevipennes
of Cuvier.

Srrours. In carpentry, oblique framing
pieces, joined to the king-posts, or queen-
posts, and the principal rafters; some-
times called braces.

SrRurt’TING-PIECE, see STRAINING-PIECE-

Srrycu’nia, Femi alkaline base ex-

Srrycu’ninz. J tracted from the bean
of the strychnos nux vomica. It acts most

powerfully upon the animal system when
taken intothe stomach. The eighth ofa

STU

687

sTyY

in is a fatal dose for a strong dog.

ke most other poisons, it is reckoned a
valuable medicine.

Srrycu’nic Acrp. An acid obtained
like strychnia from the bean of the
strychnos nux vomica, and also from St.
Ignatius’s Bean ; called also Igasuric acid.

Srrycuw’nos. The name of a genus of
plants. Pentandria— Monogynia. Name
oreuxyos, used by the Greeks to designate
a species of nightshade. The species, of
which there are two, are natives uf India;
one, the 8. nux vomica, affords the poison-
nut, or nux vomica of the shops, one of
the most powerful of the vegetable poi-
sons; the other species, potatorum,
which affords the cleaning-nut, is less
known. Formerly the plants which
afford St. Ignatius’s bean, Jesuit’s bean,
and Upas ticuté, one of the strongest Java
poisons, were comprised in this genus.

Srvc’co. A name indefinitely applied
to the finer kinds of calcareous plasters.
We usually give this name to plaster of
Paris, which is calcined calcareous gyp-
sum, mixed with water to the consistence
of cream; but the common stucco, for
architectural and sculptural purposes, is
composed of pulverised white marble,
mixed with plaster of lime, the whole
sifted and worked up with marble. This
composition, in process of time, becomes
as hard as stone, and takes a fine polish.

Stup’pine-sait. A sail which is set be-
yond the skirts of the principal sails of a
ship. The studding-sails are only set dur-
ing light winds. They appear like wings
upon the yard-arms.

Srvupizs. 1. In painting, these signify
works which a painter undertakes in
order to acquire a practical knowledge
of his art, and facility of execution.——
2. The term is also applied to the parts
taken separately, which the artist after-
wards transfers to the picture.

Stups. In carpentry, a term applied to
posts or quarters which are placcdin par-
ti%ens, about a foot distant from each
other.

Srup’work. In building, a wall of
brick-work built between studs.

Srv’ra (Italian). A jet of steam issu-
ing from a fissure of the earth in volcanic
regions.

Sturr. Applied to various woollen
fabrics; especially to a light woollen
cloth, formerly much used for curtains
and bed-furniture.

Srurrine-Box. In mechanics, a piece
secured to the end of a cylinder-pipe or
other vessel through which a rod passes:
used in pumps,steam engines, &c., where
the viston-rod requires to move freely,
vet to be air-tight.

tum. Wine not yet fermented. Stum
48 Irequentiy added to vapid wines, to ex-
cite fermertation anew

Srur’py. In farriery, a disease of fre-
quent occurrence among sheep, attended
with stupor and blindness. It generally
proves fatal.

Srun’cron. A large, valuable, and
well-known fish, which ascends certain
of the European rivers, and is an object
of important fisheries. There are several
species. The sturgeon properly so called
(Accipenser sturio, Parneil) called the
sharp-nosed sturgeon, found in vast
abundance in some of the American
rivers, but rarely in those of Britain. It
attains a length of 5 or 6 feet; (2.) The
broad-nosed sturgeon (Accipenser latiros-
tres, Parneil), some specimens of which
have been taken in the rivers of Scot-
land, between 7 and 8 feet in length ; (3.)
The sterlet (Accipenser ruthenus, Lin.),a
delicious fish, rarely more than two feet
long. Its caviar is reserved for the Rus-
sian court, and there is reason to believe
thatitis the Elops and Accipenser, so highly
celebrated among the ancients; (4.) The
great sturgeon or beluga (Accipenser huso,
Lin.), which is frequently taken 15
feet in length, and weighing 1200 lbs.,
and one specimen was taken which
weighed nearly 3000lbs. It is found in
the Po. There are some other species
less known. See ACcCIPENSER.

Srurrones. Sturgeons. An order of
Chondropterygious fishes (Chondroptery-
gii, with free branchie), closely allied to
the ordinary fishes in their gills. The
sturgeon is the type of the order. Sturie
(whence sturgeon) is modern, and is pro-
bably the German name séoer latinised.

Sry e, Lat. stylus, Gr. ervAes. 1. An-
ciently a sharp-pointed instrument, to
write on hard substances without ink ;
an antique pen. Hence the metaphorical
use of the term to denote a particular
manner of writing as regards the mode of
expression, choice of words, &c.——2. In
botany, the shaft of a flower which pro-
ceeds from the germen, and bears the
stigma.——3. In surgery, a probe.——4.
In dialling, the gnomon of a dial.——5.
In chronology, a particular manner of
reckoning time with regard to the Julian
and Gregorian calendars. Style is old or
new. The old style follows the Julian
manner of computing the months and
days, or the calendar as established by
Julius Cesar, in which the year is reck-
oned 365 days, 6 hours. The new style was
introduced by Pope Gregory XIII., who
reformed the calendar, reckoning the
year 365@days, 5 hours, 48 minutes, 45
seconds, which is very nearly the true
solar year. At the reformation of the
calendar it was found nec to re-
trench 11 days from the old style. This
was acted upon in Germany in 1700, and
adopted by act of parliament in Britain
in 1752, when the 3rd of September of

SUB

688 SUB :

that year was reckoned the l4th. The
difference between the old and newstyles
is now 12 days. See Catenparn.——6. In
literature, the distinctive manner of
writing of an author.——7. In the jine
arts, the mode in which an artist forms

and expresses his ideas on and of a given

subject.

Styuii’rorm. Shaped like a bodkin or
style.

Sryuites. In ecclesiastical history, a
sect of solitaries, who distinguished
themselves by standing motionless on co-
lumns and pillars, for the exercise of
their patience! whence the name, from
orvaAos, 2 column.

Sry’to. Inanatomy,names compounded
of this word belong to the muscles which
are attached to the styloid process of the
temporal bone.

Sry’LopaTeE, Lat. stylobatum. In archi-
tecture, a name for the whole uninter-
rupted basis between the columns.

Sryrax. 1. The name ofa genus of trees.
Decandria—Monogynia. Name orvené,
a reed, because it was usual to preserve
the gum storax in reeds. The gum-ben-
zoin is the produce of the S. benzoin,a
tree formerly placed in the genus Laurus ;
the solid or officinal storax is the produce
of the S. officinalis, a tree which grows in
Italy and the Levant.——2. A name of
storax.

Sus. 1. In composition, signifies a sub-

clature, when sub is prefixed to the name
ofa salt, it denotes an excess of base, and
deticiency of acid.

Scsan. In India,a province or vice-
royship.

Sup’aLTERns, in the army, are officers
below the rank of captain.

Sun-a/PENNINE. A aa introduced into
geology by Brocchi, to denote a series of
strata of the older pliocene period, rest-
ing uncomformably upon the inclined
beds of the Apennine range. They are
composed of sand, clay, marl, and calca-
reous tufa, and are all tertiary deposits.

SvuBAxIt’Lary. Placed under the axil
or angle formed by a branch of a plant
with the stem, or by a leaf with the
branch.

Svuz’-BRACHTANS, Lat. sub, and brachium,
arm. Anorder of Malacopterygious fishes,
having the ventral fins either beneath,
before, or behind, the pectoral fins.

Svuscar’sonate. A carbonate in which
the base predominates. See Sus and Car-
BONATE. 4

Svugscia’viAN. That which is or passes
under the clavicle ; as the subclavian veins
and arteries.

Suncon’rrary. A term applied in
geometry, when two similar triangles
are so placed as to have a common angle

at their vertex, and yet their bases not
parallel.

SvBDOM’INANT. Ini sneie, te fourth note
above the tonic, being under the domi-
nant.

Suzppv’pricate Ratio of two numbers,
is that of their square roots.

Suzer’tc Acip. A white pulverulent
acid, obtained from cork (suber) by my or
ing it with nitric acid. It has also bee
obtained in crystals, which Boro. Sey oe
white vapours when heated. It consists
of Ce Hg Os.

Svu’BERINE. _,The name given by be nd
vreultoap
cork (sube~) ty treating it in the po
way as is done with wood, in order to
procure lignine.

Svz’erose, Lat. suberosus, slightly or
sub-gnawed. Applied, in botany, to parts
which appear as if alittle gnawed.

SUBINFEUD’. ATION, from sub and infeu-
dation. A term, in law, for the act of en-
feoffing by a tenant or feoffee, who holds
lands of the Crown: the act of a greater
baron, who grants lands, or a smalier
manor, to an inferior person.

Sv’sito (It.). suddenly. In music, a
term of direction, as volte subito, turn (the
leaf) quickly.

Suz’secr, Lat. subjectus. 1. In grammar,
the nominative case to a verb passive :
this is the subject of the verb.——2. In
the fine arts, that which it is the aim of
the artist to express.——3. In logic, the
subject of a proposition is the term of
which the other is affirmed or denied.

Svusscenc’rIvE, Lat. junctivus. In
grammar, a term designating the fourth
mood of verbs, because usually subjoined
to other verbs or words expressing con-
dition, hypothesis, or contingency; as
Si fecerint equum, If they should do what
is just.——2. The term is often used as
a noun denoting the subjunctive mood.

Susiapsa’RIan. ‘from sub, and lapsus, a
fall. Aterm, in theology, for that doc-
trine which maintains that the sin of
Adam’s apostasy being imputed to all
posterity, God, in compassion, decreed to
send his Son to rescue a great number
from their lost estate, and to accept of his
obedience and death on their account.
The decree of reprobation, according to
the sublapsarians, is nothing more than a
preterition or non-election of persons
whom God left as he found, involved in
the guilt of Adam’s transgression, with-
out any personal sin, when he withdrew
some others as guilty as they. The term
sublapsarian is opposed to supralapsarian

(q-¥.).

Svs’trmatz. 1. Anything which is sub-
limed: the result of a process of sublima-
tion.——2. The corrosive sublimate (s-
chloride of mercury) is sometimes called
simply sublimate, by way of eminence.

A ee dt

/

SUB

SUB

Svpima’tion. A process by which
volatile particles of solid substances are
driven off by heat, and again condensed
in a solid form; often a crystalline mass.
The process differs from eyaporation only
in being confined to solid matters. It is
usually performed for the purpose of puri-
fying certain substances, but sometimes
for the purpose of reducing the solid into
vapour, to facilitate its chemical combi-
nation with some other substance. When
the sublimed matter concretes into a solid
hard mass, as bichloride of mercury and
sal-ammoniac, it is commonly called a
sublimate; if into a powdery form, as
sulphur and benzoin, it is popularly
named flowers.

Scup’time, Lat. sublimis. In the jine
arts, high or exalted in style ; that which
in art is raised above the higher standard
of nature.

Svupmax’1ttary, from sub, and mazilla,
the jaw-bone. Situated under the jaw.

_ Thus the salivary glands, situated one on

either side, immediately within the angle
of the lower jaw, are termed submaxillary
i

Supme’piant. In music, the sixth note,
or middle note between the octave and
subdominant.

Sugpmovttirte. In arithmetic, a number
or quantity which is contained in another,
a certain number of times, or is an aliquot
part of it. Thus 4 and7 are a submultiple
of 28, and 28 is a common multiple of 4
and 7; also 4 and 7 are the aliquot parts
of 28. The term is in some measure su-
perfiuous.

Supnor’MAL. In geometry, a line which
determines the point of the axis of a
curve, where the normal or perpendicular,
raised from the point of contact of a tan-
gent to the curve, cuts the axis.

Svupor’pinary. In heraldry, an ordi-
nary which is less than one-fifth of the
whole shield.

Scuzorna’Tion, Fr. from suborner. 1. In
law, the crime of procuring a person to
take such a false oath as constitutes per-
jury.—2. The crime of procuring one to
do a criminal action. y

Suppe@’na, |) Lat. from sub, and pena,

Suzpre’na, J penalty. A writ command-
ing the attendance in court of the person
on whom it is served, as witness, &c.,
under a penalty. The person so summoned
is said to be s naed.

Suproca’tion, from subrogo. In civil
law, the substituting of one person for an-
other, and giving him the rights of that
other.

Svup’satt. A salt in which the base is
not saturated by the acid: opposed to
supersalt (q. V.). :

Suzae’mirone. In music, the leading
note, or sharp seventh of the scale.

Svup’sipr, Lat. subsidium, from subdsido.

Something furnished for aid. Formerly
subsidius was a tax, for the benefit of the
kings of England, on persons in respect
to their reputed estates, after the nominal

value of 4s. the pound for lands, and 2s. 8d.

for goods.——2. In snternational policy, a
sum of money paid by one nation to an-
other, to purchase the service of addi-
tional troops, or other aid war, &c.
Thus Britain paid heavy subsidies to
Austria and Prussia, during the last Eu-
ropean war, to engage them to resist the
progress of the French. These subsidies,
moreover, generally found their way into
the coffers of Napoleon, being usually
paid over by the bribed for a little respite.

Sux’soit, Under-soil: the bed of earth
which lies between the surface-soil and
base of rocks on which it rests: substra-
tum. .
Svs’species. A division of a species.

Sup’stanTIveE. Lat. substantivus. 1. Ia
grammar, a noun. The part of speech
which expresses something that exists
either materially or immaterially. Ad-
jectives and even pronouns are sometimes
used substantively, and we have substantive
verbs, or verbs betokening existence.——
2. In dyeing, substantive colours are such
as remain permanent on the fabric, with-
out the intervention of other substances.

Svugstirv’rion, m. itute. 1. In
law, the designation of another heir to
enjoy, in default of a former heir, or after
him.——2. In algebra, the replacing of
one quantity by another which is equal,
but differently expressed.——3. In music,
chords of substitution are those of the ninth
major and minor.

Sugsrrac’Tion. In /aw, the withdraw-
ing (subtracting), or withholding of some
right. Thus the substraction of a legacy
is the withholding or detaining it from
the legatee by the executor, for which
the law gives a remedy.

Sup’styte. Substylar Line, in dialling,
is a right line on which the gnomon or
style is erected, at right angles with the
plane.

Suzssvut’tus Tenpinum. In nosology,
weak convulsive motions or twisting of
the tendons, observed in the extreme
stages of debility, produced by low ner-
yous and typhus fevers. They are usually
the harbingers of a fatal termination.

Supran’Gent. In geometry, the partof

‘the axis contained between the ordinate

and tangent drawn to the same point ina
curve: the line which determines the in-
tersection of the tangent in the axis pro-
longed.

Svupsren’se, from sub and tensus. The
chord of an arc: something extended
under.

Svusrrac’rion, from subtraho. In arith-
metic, &c., the taking of one number from
another of the same kind or denormina

2yY

nite

SUF

690

sUI

tion: the operation by which is found the
difference between two sums, or a number
equa! to that difference

Sus’TRAHEND, from subtraho. In arith-
metic, the number to be subtracted or
taken from another.

Sup’vtate, Lat. subulatus, awl-shaped.
Applied, in botany, to leaves, &c., which
taper from a thick base to a point.

Succrn’amipe. A white solid substance,
which crystallises readily in rhomboids
from its solutions: obtained by the action
of ammoniacal gas on anhydrous succinic
acid, at an elevated temperature. Dis-
covered and thus named by M. Darcet.

Succin’Ic Acip. Acid of amber (suc-

cinum), obtained by subjecting that sub-.

stance to dry distillation. It sublimes
and crystallises, into the upper part of
the apparatus ; but it must afterwards be
purified by solution and recrystallisation,
repeated until the crystals become trans-
parent and shining.

Suc’cinireE. A mineral thus named
from its amber-yellow colour (succinum,
amber). It occursin small roundish masses
about the size of peas. Some mineralogists
refer it to idocrase ; others to the garnet.

Suc’cinum. The Latin name for amber:
from succus, juice, because it was thought
to exude from atree. The Greeks called
it NASA TCO; whence our word electricity.

Suc’cory or Cuicory. Wild endive
(Cichorium intybus). A plant which grows
on calcareous soils in most countries of
Europe. The root which, when new, is
white and fleshy, is dried and ground on
some parts of the continent as a substi-
tute for coffee. It has of late been simi-
larly used in England, particularly to
adulterate coffee, it being much cheaper
than that article.

Svccus’sion. In nosology, a mode of
exploring the chest, which consists in
shaking the patient’s body, and listening
to the sounds thereby produced.

Sucker. 1. In botany, see Stroto.——2.
In mechanics, a name sometimes given to
the bucket, piston, or raising valve of a
pump.——3. In ichthyologu, the lumpfish:
also the name of a common river-fish in
New England.

Suc’rion. In hydraulics, see Pump.

Supa’Men, Lat. from sudor, sweat.
Sudamina are vesicles like millet seed,
which appear suddenly on the skin with.
out fever, especially in the summer time.

Sv’parory. A sweating-room. Sudor,
sweat.

Svu’patory Fever. Sudor anglicus. The
sweating sickness, an extraordinary epi-
demy which made its appearance in Eng-
land in 1485, and carried off yast numbers.

Suporirics, from sudor, sweat, and
Jacio,to make. Medicines which produce
sudation. See DiarHorerTic.

SUFFOLK Crac. A marine deposit of the

older pliocene period, consisting of sand
and gravel with shells and corais.

Sur’rracan, from suffragans, assisting.
A bishop considered as an assistant to his
metropolitan.

Surrrv’ricose, Lat. suffruticosus. Some-
baby ing woody, nearly shrubby. Applied in

ta

Sv’car, Lat. saccharum, Gr. cazxxagov,
Pers. stkkar, Arab. sukhir, Sans. sarkara,
Slav. zakar, Fr. sucre, Ger. zucher, Dut.
suiker, Dan. sokker, Swed. socker. Wel.

. A well-known granulated sub-
stance, manufactured chiefly from the
sugar-cane, Arundo saccharifera, but pro-
cured also from a great variety of other
plants, as maple, beet, parsnep, birch,
&c. The sugar is contained in the juice ;
this saccharine liquor is concentrated by
boiling, which expels the water ; lime is
then added to neutralise any vegetable
acid which may be present; the grosser
impurities rise to the surface, and are
separated in the form of scum; and
finally, as the liquor cools, the sugar
separates from the molasses in grains. It
is then put into hogsheads (called potting),
with holes in their bottoms, through
which the molasses drain off into cisterns
below, leaving the sugar in the state
known in commerce by the name of raw
or muscov sugar. This, when further
purified, takes the name of refined sugar,
double refined sugar, &c., according to the
degrees of purification. Sugar isa proxi-
mate element of the vegetable kingdom,
and is found in most ripe fruits, and
many farineceous roots. By fermenta-
tion it is converted into alcohol, and
thence forms the basis of those sub-
stances which are used for making intoxi-
cating liquors, as grapes, malt, apples,
molasses, &c. &c. The ultimate elements
of sugar are carbon, oxygen, and hydro-
gen, resolvable into charcoal and water.

Sucar-can’py. Sugar clarified and
crystallised. It is made by boiling a so-
lution of sugar till it becomes thick,
when it is removed into a heated room
and sticks or threads are put into it, on
which it crystallises.

Svu’car-canE. The Arundo saccharifera,
from which sugar is chiefly manufactured.

Su’car-House. A building in which
sugar is refined.

Sv’Gar-MAN’GEL-wuR’ZEL. A biennial
plant, a variety of the silver beet (Beta
cicla), which grows in the south of
Europe.

Sv’car-mitt. A machine for express-
ing the juice of the sugar-cane.

Svu’car or Leap. Acetate of lead.
Poisonous.

Suit. 1. In law, an action for the re-
covery of a right or claim.——2. To bring
suit formerly meant to bring secta or
witness. to prove the plaintiff's demand ;

SUL

691

SUL

but now it means simply to institute an
action.

Suir anv Service. In feudal law, the
duty of feudatories to attend the courts
of their lords or superiors, in time of
peace ; and in war to follow them, and
perform military service.

Sort-covznant. In law, a covenant or
agreement to sue at a certain court.

Surr’or. 1. In law, one who sues or
prosecutes a demand of right——2. A
party in a suit, whether as plaintiff, de-
fendant, petitioner, appellant, witness,
juror, or the like

Svu’tra. The astiy' a sub-genus of
palmipede birds, included in the genus
Pelicanus, Lin. Sula is the name of the
common species of the Feroe Islands, but
extended to all the tribe by Brisson. See
Boosy and PEevicanvs.

Sur’cate, Lat. sulcatus, furrowed:
marked with deep lines running length-
ways. Applied to stems, leaves, seeds,
&c., of plants ; and to shells.

SULPHAMETH’YLENE. A crystallisable
compound, obtained by treating methy-
lene with liquid ammonia. It is very
deliquescent.

Su’pHamips. A white light powder,
obtained by combining dry ammoniacal
gas and anhydrous sulphuric acid. When
heated, it melts into a clear liquid, which
concretes on cooling into a bisulphate of
ammonia.

Su’pHate. A salt formed by the union
of the sulphuric acid with a salifiable
base. The sulphates are an important
class of salts, the principal ones of which
are—(1.) Alum, sulphate of alumina and
potash ; (2.) Blue vitriol, sulphate of cop-
per; (3.) Green vitriol or copperas, sul-
phate of iron; is$* .) Epsom salt, sulphate
of magnesia ; Glauber’s salt, sulphate
of soda ; (a) Stats of potash; (7.)
White vitrie), sulphate of zinc ; (8.) Sul-
phate ofmercury ; (9.) Sulphate of ammo-
nia ; (10.) Gypsum, selenste, plaster of Paris,
alabaster, sulphate of lime; (11.) Sulphate
of antimony ; (12.) Sulphate of quinine,
much used in medicine; (13.) Sulphate
of manganese, used by ealico- printers.

Scr’puire. A salt formed by the com-
bination of a definite quantity of the sul-
phurous acid with a base.

SvuL/PHOBENZIDE. A substance ob-
tained in regular colourless crystals, by
treating benzine with sulphuric acid. It
consists of two atoms of benzine combined
with one atom of sulphuric acid.

Sutrnocer’ic Aciv. An acid formed
by placing ethal in contact with sulphu-
ric acid, and applying heat: the sub-
stances combine and form the acid in
question. Itis thus named because the
basis appears to be hydrate of cetene com-
posed of two atoms of cetene and one
atom oi water.

SuupuHocy’anic Acrp. Sulpho-pruseiw
acid. Sulphuretted chyazic acid. A
colourless, transparent liquid acid, pos-
sessing a strong odour, somewhat resem-
bling acetic acid, obtained from sulpho-
cyanate of potash by a tedious process.

SuipHoetycer’ic Acip. An acid which
may be obtained by treating glycerine
with sulphuric acid. It has not yet been
insulated.

SuLpPHo-rnpicor’ic Acip. A solid, dark-
blue substance, soluble in water, of an
acid and astringent taste, obtained by
the action of sulphuric acid on indigo.
The process is laborious and intricate.
The hypo-sulpho-indigotic acid is very
similar to the sulpho-indigotic.

Suipn’omernH’ ric Acip. A crystallisable
acid, readily obtained from sulphomethy-
late of baryta. This again is formed by
passing anhydrous sulphuric acid intc
pyroxilic spirit, and supersaturating the
liquid with barytes. The sulphomethylic
acid may perhaps be regarded as a bisul-
phate of methylene.

SutpHonaPH’rHatic Acip. A crystal-
lisable acid, considered as a compound of
two atoms of sulphuric acid and one atom
of naphthaline. It forms salts called sul-
phonaphthalates. The hyp
acid is obtained in the form of a whate
powder from the sulphonaphthalate of
baryta.

Svur’pHo-sarts. These are merely double
sulphurets, many of which may be pre-
pared by passing a stream of sulphuretted
hydrogen into a solution of an oxisalt.
the hydrogen of the gas unites with the
oxygen of the base, forming water, and
the sulphur of the gas takes the place of
the oxygen, converting the base into a
sulphuret instead of an oxide.

Sur’/pHovinic Acip. C£nothionic acid.
A peculiar acid generated during the pro-
cess for obtaining sulphuric ether.

Sur’pHvur. Brimstone. A well-known
simple combustible substance, found very
abundantly in depositions, in sublimed
incrustations, on the surface of certain
waters near volcanoes, and in combina-
tion with many metals. It is found in
greatest abundance and purity in the
neighbourhood of volcanoes, modern or
extinct, as at Solfatara in Italy; but all
those ores known by the name of pyrites,
of which there are a vast variety, are
combinations of sulphur with different
metals. That which is manufactured in
this country is obtained by the roasting
of pyrites. When melted (at 226° Fah. )5
and cast in cylindrical moulds, it is termed
rough or roll sulphur ; when this is puri-
fied by sublimation, it is called sublimed
sulphur, and often fiowers of sulphur, and
is in the form of a bright yellow powder.
When sulphur is melted and allowed to
cool in the air it is yellow and very.

2x 3

SUL "692

SUM

brittle, but when poured into water it is
white and viscid. Sulphur is of great
importance in the arts. Itis used exten-
sively in the manufacture of gunpowder
and of sulphuric acid.

Sur’PpHuURATION. The name given to
the process by which woollen, silk, and
cotton goods and straw hats are exposed
to the vapours of burning sulphur or sul-
phurous acid gas, to whiten or bleach
them. The process requires the utmost
care

Sut/puurer. A combination of sulphur
with a simple base.

Svui’PHURETTED Hyprocen. A delete-
rious gas composed of one part of hydro-
genand 16 parts of sulphur, by weight.
It is the active constituent of the sulphu-
rous mineral waters. Its sp. gr. is 1191,
air being 1000.

Sut/pHuRETTED Cuy’azic <Acip. See
SuLpHocyanic AcIp.

SctpHv’ric Acip. Oil of vitriol; vitri-
olic acid. An acid which, when pure, is
without smell or colour, and of an oily
consistence. It is most violently caustic,
and so acid that a single drop of it will
give a gallon of water the power of red-
dening blue litmus. If four parts be
mixed with one of water at 50°, the tem-
perature instantaneously rises to 300° F.,
and the same quantity will raise one of
ice to 212°. On the contrary, four parts of
ice, and one part of the acid sinks the ther-
mometer 42 below 0. The sulphuric acid
of Nordhausen is prepared by distilling
dried copperas: it comes over asa brown-
coloured liquid, varying in sp. gr. from
1°842 to 1°896. By redistillation in a glass
retort, into a receiver surrounded with
ice, it comes over in white fumes, and is
deposited in silky filaments, like asbes-
tos, tough and difficult to cut. This an-
hydrous acid consists of one equivalent
proportion of sulphur and three of oxy-
gen, or, by weight, 16 of the former and
24 of the latter. But the acid prepared
in this country by the combustion of sul-
phur with access of atmospheric air, is
colourless, and in its most concentrated
state has a sp. gr. of only 1°842 (though itis
sometimes found in commerce of a sp. gr.
of 1°845, in consequence of impurities).
In this state it contains 814 per cent. of
dry acid, and 100 parts of it are neutral-
ised by 143 of dry carbonate of potash, or
by 110 of dry carbonate of soda. The best
test for sulphuric acid in solution is the
hydrochlorate of baryta (the nitrate is
generally recommended). The salts
formed by the sulphuric acid with bases
are termed sulphates.

Sur’puuric Erner. A highly volatile,
fragrant, inflammable, and intoxicating
liquid, produced by distilling a mixture
of equal weights of sulphuric acid and
alcohol.

Svur’/ruvrovs Acip. When sulphur is
heated to 180° or 190°, in an open vessel,
it melts and soon afterwards emits a blu-
ish flame, visible in the dark, but which
in open day-light has the appearance of a
white fume. This fume has asuffocating
smell, and has so little heat that it will
not set fire to flax. The suffoca va-
pour given off is a gas composed of one
equivalent proportion of sulphur and two
of oxygen, or, by weight, of 16 of each:

it is sulphurous gas. Itis, moreover,
readily imbibed ret — forming the
liquid formerly called volatile vitriolic acid,
and now sulphurous acid wt hasa strong
sulphurous smell, but, when it is ex-
posed for a time to air, it loses this smell
by imbibing another atom of oxygen,and
is thereby changed into sulphuric acid.
The salts formed by the sulphurous acid
are termed sulphites.

Sutpuvur Satts. This term is applied
to double sulphurets. The sulphurets of
the most electro-positive bases, such as
the protosulphurets of potassium, sodium,
&c., have been termed sulphur bases ; and
the ’sulphurets of arsenic, antimony, &c.,
the bi-sulphuret of carbon, and sulphur-
etted hydrogen have been termed sulphur
acids. The compounds ofone of the former
oo with one of the latter are sulphur

ts

Sur’tan, Arab. sultaun, mie A ge-
neral title of Mohammedan princes.

Sumacw’,) Fr. sumac, Ger. schumack,

Suumac’”. Rus. sumak, Arab. su’mak,
from samak, to be red. The common su-
mach is the Rhus cortaria,a shrub which
grows spontaneously in Spain, Portugal,
the Bannat, and the Lllyrian Provinces.
The young fustic is the Rhus cotinus, cal-
tivated in Italy ; and the ridow or rodow
isthe Coriaria myrthifolia, which grows
in the neighbourhood of Montpellier.
The shoots of these plants are cut yearly
quite to the root, and being carefully
dried, they are chipped or reduced to
powder by a mill, and are then prepared
for the purposes of dyeing and tanning,
and sold under the general name of su-
mach. The colouring matter is yellow.

Sum’mer. 1. One ofthe four seasons of
the year.——2. In architecture, any large
timber supported on two posts, serving as
a lintel to a door, window, or the like.

SuM’MER-FALLOW. Naked Fallow.
Land ploughed, but lying bare of crop in
summer.

Sum’merset. In gymnastics, a high
leap, in which the feet are thrown over
the head. The word is a corruption of the
French soubresaut.

Summons, Lat. submoneas. In law, a
citation to appear in court, to answer the
demand of the plaintiff.

Sum’oom. <A pestilential wind of Per-
sia, &c. See stmoom.

SUP

C33

SUP

Sumer. 1. A pond of water, reserved
for salt-works, &c.——2. In mining, a pit
sunk below the bottom of the mine.——
8. In metallurgy, a round pit of stone,
lined with clay, for receiving the metal on
its first fusion.

Sumpr’vary Laws. Leges sumptuarie.
Laws relating to expense (sumptus), regu-
lating the expense of citizens in apparel,
food, furniture, and other personal mat-
ters. Such laws have been enacted, and,
what is more singular, have been at-
tempted to be executed!

Sun. In astronomy, the great luminary
and centre of our system, having all the
planets and comets revolving around him,
at different distances, and in different
periods of time, and giving light and heat
to all. Hisapparent diameter at the earth
is 32’ 36” when nearest (92,000,000 miles).
when most distant (95,000,000 miles) ;
and, taking the mass of the earth asl,
his mass is 1,384,472. He revolves about
his axis in 25} days, with his equator in-
clined 7° 30’ to the plane of the earth’s
orbit. Several hypotheses have been ad-
vanced regarding the emission of light
and heat by the sun, but none of them
are satisfactory.

Sun’n1aun (Arab.). A troop. The ortho-
dox sect of Mussulmans.

Svu’rer. A Latin preposition signifying
above, over, excess. 1. Used, in composition,
to denote on the top, more than enough,
more than another. 2. In chemistry, this
word, when prefixed to the name of a
salt, denotes an excess of acid. See Su-
PERSALT.

Surercar’co. A person in a merchant-
ship, whose business it is to manage the
sales, and superintend all the commercial
concerns of the voyage. ‘

SuPrerDom’inant, Lat. super, and domi-
nant, governing. In music, in the de-
scending scale, the sixth of the key.

SupERERoGA’TION (Works OF). In the-
ology, good works of men, beyond what
are necessary for salvation; which,
among Roman Catholics, are believed to
be meritorious in the sight of God.

Superri’cran Measure. See Square
MEASURE.

Surerrrcies, from stper, upon, and
facies, face. The surface, consisting of
length and breadth, but without regard
to thickness.

Super’FLvA. Polygamia superflua. In
botany, one of the orders of the class Syn-
genesia, characterised by a compound
flower, in which the florets of the disk are
hermaphrodite and fertile, and those of
the ray, though female, or pistiliferous
only, are also fertile. See Potyeamia and

SyNGENEsIA.

Surr’rior. In law, one who has made
an original part of heritable property,
‘with reservation of the rent and service.

Su’rsrsatt. A salt having an excess of
acid to the base: opposed to sub-salt
(q.v.). This class of salts are now gene-
rally distinguished by the prefix bi ; thus
the super-tartrate of potash is now called
the bi-tartrate of potash, and so of others.
In like manner, sub is denoted by the
prefix di ; thus the sub-chromate of lead is
denominated the di-chromate of lead.
These prefixes are more precise than super
and sub, and are, therefore, to be pre-
ferred.

Supersca’putar, from super, and sca-
pular (q.v.). Placed above the shoulder-
blade: opposed to subscapular.

Surerse’DEAs. In law,a writ of super-
sedeas is one superseding the powers
of an officer in certain cases,or to stay
proceedings.

Surerton’tc. In music, the note next
above the key-note.

Supina‘tors. A name given to those
muscles which turn the palm of the hand
upwards.

Sup’PLEMENT, Lat. supplementum, from
sub and pleo,to fill. 1. In trigonometry,
the quantity by which an arc or angle
falls short of 180°, or of a semicircle. ——
2. In literature, an addition made to any
work or treatise, with a view of making
it more complete. ;

Supprica’vir. In law, a writ, issuing
out of the Queen’s Bench, or Chancery,
for taking surety of the peace, when one
is in danger of being hurt in the body by
another.

Suprokt’ers. In heraldry, figures
standing on the scroll, and placed by the
side of the escutcheon, such as the lion
and unicorn in the British arms.

Scppro’sED Bass. In music, the bass of
a chord, when it is not the note of the
common chord

Suppo’sirory Lat. suppositorium, from
sub and pono, to put. In medicine, a sub-
stance put into the rectum, there to re-
main and dissolve gradually.

Scpprura’tion, from suppurate, from sub
andpus. In surgery, the formation of pus.

Sv’pra. A Latin preposition, meaning
above ; used as a prefix.

Supracreta’ceous Rocks. In geology,
applied to the tertiary strata, which lie
upon the chalk.

SuPRALAPSA’RIANS. Those who assert
that the fali of Adam, with its pernicious
consequences, were predestinated from
eternity.

SupRANATURALIsTs. A name given, in
Germany, to a middle party of divines,
between the Rationalists and Evangelical
party.

Surrem’acy. The oath of supremacy is
an oath taken by the established clergy,
&c., acknowledging the supremacy of the
sovereign in spiritual affairs, and abjur-
ing the pretended supremacy of the pope

.

SUR 694

SUS

Srr. A prefix from the French, con-
tracted from Latin super, supra, over,
above, &c.

Sur’sase. In architecture, the mould-
‘ngs immediately above the base of a
room.

Surnsase’menT (French). The trait of
any arch, or vault, which describes a
portion of an ellipse.

Surcin’cie, Fr. from sur, and Lat.
cingulum, a belt. A belt, band, or girth,
which passes over a saddle, or the like,
on a horse’s back, to bind it fast.

Sur’cutvs. In botany, a Latin name,
used to designate the stem of mosses, or
the shoot which bears the leaves. Plural

4.

Surv, from surdus, deaf. In algebra,
a quantity which is incommensurable to
unity: otherwise called an irrational
guantity.

Sune’ry, Fr. streté. In law, one that
is bound with, and for, another, to an-
swer for that other's appearance in court,
for his payment of a debt, &c., and who,
in case of the failure of the principal,
may be compelled to pay the damages
specified, or the debt.

Sur’race, from sur and face. See Su-
verFicies. A surface which may be cut
by a plane through any given point, so
that the intersect of the piane and sur-
face may be a curve, is called a curved
surface. If the curve bend inwards, it is
a concave stirface; if outwards, it is a
convex surface. Some surfaces are concave-
convex, that is, compounded of the two
surfaces, concave and convex.

Sunes, Lat. surgo, torise. 1. In ship-
building, the tapering part in front of the
whelps, between the chocks of a capstan,
on which the messenger may surge.——
2. To surge, among seamen, is to let goa
portion of a rope suddenly.

Svr’aron (corrupted from chirurgeon).
In ancient medicine the business of the
surgeon was confined to the treatment
of such diseases as required manual
operation. Such is still regarded as the
legitimate object of surgery; but the
surgeon has now superadded much of the
business of the physician, and prescribes
for internal as well as external diseases.

Svur’cery. A branch of therapeutics,
which has for its object the treatment of
al] diseases req’ g manual operation,
or which are external or local in their
nature: the business of a surgeon.

SurmounT’eD. 1. In architecture, an
arch higher than a semicircle-———2. In
heraldry, when one figure is laid over
another.

Surmur’t In ichthyology, a name
common to all the species of the genus
mulus. The red surmullet (¥. barbatus,
Lin.)}, inhabits the Mediterranean, and
attaims a length of ld inches. It was ex-

travagantly esteemed by the Romans,
The striped surmullet (M. surmuletus,

Lin.), is somewhat smaller, but equal to .

the red surmullet in delicacy.
Scurreser’rer. In law- , the

plaintiff's reply to a aetcatenten rebuitter.
SvuRREJOIN’DER. In law-pleadings, @

reggie answer to a defendant’s ‘ae

Scurnrenv’. In law, the yielding of an
estate by a tenant to the lord, for such
purposes as are expressed by the tenant
in the act.

Sur’rocate, Lat. surrogatus. In law,
one substituted for, or appointed in, the
room of another.

Sunsor'rp. 1. In mathematics, the fifth
power of a number ; thus, 35 = 243 is the
sursolid of 3.—2. A sursolid problem is
one which can only be solved by curves
of a higher kind than the conic sections.

Scurtur’Banp. A name given to the
bovey or brown coal. The term is ice-
landic.

Sur’vey, Fr. sur and voir, to see. A
measured plan and description of any
tract or line of country, the operation of
making which is termed surveying. A
survey is either made by Gunter’s chain,
both angles and distances being taken
with it, or the angles are taken with in-
struments adapted to that purpose, and
the distances by the chain. In large
surveys, the distances are also sometimes.
calculated, in which case it is called a
trigonometrical survey, being performed
by extending a series of triangles over
the country to be delineated.

Survivor. In law, the longest liver
of two joint tenants, or of two persons.
who have a joint interest in anything.
The survivor then inherits by right ot
survivorship.

Sus. The hog. A genus of mammi-
ferous animals, of the order Pachydermata,
and family Ordinaria. The wild hog,
S. scrofa, Lin., is the parent stock of our
domestic hog and its varieties. The body
is short and thick, ears straight, i
bristled and black, but, when young_
striped black and white. Naturalists have
separated from this genus the Peccaries,
under the subgeneric names of Phaco-
cherus and Dycotele.

Suspen’sion Bripvce. A bridge sus-
pended from inverted bows, by means of
rods, usually of iron; the bows being
supported by stone piers erected at each
end, and from thence carried down and
secured to the ground.

Svus’sex Marie occurs in layers, vary-
ing in thickness from two inches to fif-
teen. The layers are separated from each
other by seams of clay, loose friable:
marl, &c. It bears a high polish, and is
extensively used for architectural and or-
namental purposes. Its common appear:

a

swi

695

SYC

ance is a blueish gray, mottled with green
and yellow.

Surrr’s. 1. A female deity of the Hindis.
—2. A widow, in India, who immolates
herself on the funeral pile of her husband.

Svu’rure, Lat. sutura, from suo, to join.
1. In surgery, the uniting of the edges of
wounds by sewing.——2. In anatomy, the
word suture is applied to the union of
bones by means of dentiform margins, as
in the bones of the cranium.——3. In bo-
tany, it is applied to that part of a capsule
which is a kind of furrow on the external
surface, in which the valves are united.
—4. In entomology, the line at which the
elytra meet, and are sometimes confluent.
—5. In mammalogy, the line formed by
the converging series of hairs of the inte-

1. A large bundle of old yarns,
swung right and left, to dry the deck.
——2. In metal-founding, a small taper
tuft of hemp, charged with water, for
touching up the edges of the moulds.

Swanp differs from a bog or marsh only
by supporting vegetation of a larger
species.

Swamp-oreE. In mineralogy, see Boc-onz.

Swan. In ornithology, see Crcnus.

Swan-pan. The Chinese abacus.

SweEep-wasHER. The person, who ex-
tracts from the sweepings, potsherds, &c.
of refineries of gold and silver, the small
residuum of precious metal.

SwEeErTsrrar. A sweet-scented species
of the rose-tree, the Rosa rubiginosa.

Swett. 1. In music, a set of pipesin an
organ, acted upon by a key-board, and
capable of being increased by the action of
a pedal.——2. At sea, a succession of waves
in a particular direction.

Swiete’n1a. Mahogany-tree. A genus.
Decandria—Monogynia. Namedafter Van
Swieten. There are two species: the
common mahogany-tree, S. mahagoni, of
South America and West Indies (see Ma-
HOGANY), and the red-wood tree, S. febri-
fuga, of India. The wood of this last is
hard and durable, and affords a red dye,
and its bark has been proposed as a sub-
stitute for cinchona, and appears to have
some febrifuge power.

Swirt. Thelargest and strongest of the
swallow tribe which visit this country;
the Hirundo apus of Linnzus.

Swirt’er. In a ship, the foremost and
aftermost shrouds, which are not rattled
with the rest.

Swit’'tey. A provincial name for a
small coal-field.

Swix’mers. The web-footed or aquatic
birds. Also a tribe of spiders which live
in water.

Swine’rox. A variety of the chicken-
pox, in which the vesicles are pointed,
and the fluid remains clear throughout
the disease

Swine’srone. A name given by Kir-
wan to the foetid carbonate of lime. See
STINKSTONE.

Swine. A ship at anchor swings when
it parece its position at the turn of the
tide.
Swino’-BRIDGE, ee moveable bridge,
Swiv’EL-BRIDGE. J consisting of two
parts, which meet midway between the
abutments, each turning upon a centre-
pivot, to admit the passage of shipping,
when required.

Swin’GLe, A sort of wooden

Swin’etine Knire. § instrument, like a
large knife, about two feet long, with one

thin edge. Used for cleaning flax of the
shives.
Swine’tinc. The process of beating

and cleaning flax.

Swine’tine Tow. The coarse part of
flax, separated from the finer by the pro-
cesses of swingling and hatcheling.

Swino’-TREE, A cross-bar by which

Swin’GLe-TREE. J) a horse is yoked to a
carriage, plough, &c.; usually three in
number when two horses are yoked.

Switcu (of a railway). That portion
of moveable rails forming the junction of
the siding with the main line, which are
usually shifted by means of an eccentric
movement. The use of switches is to
allow a vehicle, engine, or train to be
transferred from one line of rails to
another.

Swiv’ex. A kind of ring, or link of a
chain, that is capable of being turned
round, when jointed to the next by means
of a pin or axis, forming a swivel-joint.
The term is also used as the name of a
small cannon, provided with a similar
joint. The swivel is usually fixed on a
ship’s side, stern, or bow, in such a man-
ner as to be turned in every direction.
Shot 13 Ib.

Swiv’eLt-Hoox. A hook that turns in the
end of an iron block strap, for the ready
taking of the turns out of a tackle.

Sworp’risH. The Xiphias gladius, Lin.
One of the largest and best fishes of the
European seas, frequently attaining the
length of 15 feet. It is characterised by
the form of the beak, which is horizon-
tally flattened and trenchant, like the
broad blade of asword. See X1PHIAS.

Sworps or Strate. There are four
swords used at the coronation of a Bri-
tish sovereign, (1.) The sword of state;
(2.) The sword of mercy; (3.) The sword
of spiritual justice; (4). The sword of
temporal justice.

Syc’amorg, | 1. A species of the ficus or

Syc’omorg. J fig-tree: from cuxzoy, @
fig, and zweoy, a mulberry, because its
leaves are like those of the mulberry-
tree.——2. The name is sometimes impro-
perly applied to the Acer majus or mapi¢.

SYM 696

SYN

Sycre Sitver. A silver currency among
the ese.
Syco’sis, |} 1. A wart or excrescence on

Syrco’ma. J the eyelid, &c., resembling a
fig (cvxcy).——2. A cutaneous disease,
which consists in an eruption of inflamed
but not hard tubercles, occurring on the
bearded portion of the face and on the
scalp, usually clustered together in irre-
gular patches.

Sy’enite. See SrenirTe.

SyL’LaBLE, gvAAaby. A simple or com-
pound sound, pronounced, with all its
articulations, by a single impulsion of the
voice.

Syr/taBus, gvAdAabos. An abstract or
compendium containing the heads of a
discourse, course of lectures, book, &c.

Sytuer’sis, cvAAn is, substitution. A
figure in grammar by which the sense of
a word is modified by being put in the
place of another word. Also the agree-
ment of a verb or adjective, not with the
word next it, but with the most import-
ant in the sentence, as rex et regina beati.

. Syt/LocisM, cvAAoyio os, from guy, and
Atyw, to speak. A form of reasoning
or argument consisting of three proposi-
tions, of which the two first are called
premises, and the last the conclusion which
must arise necessarily from the premises,
so that if the first two propositions are
true, the conclusion must be true, and
the arguments amount to a demon-
stration. Example:

Plants have not the power of

locomotion .. . Biaor | premse.

Atreeisa plant . . Minor

Therefore a tree has not the

power of locomotion . Conclusion.

Sxtrx, Gr. ciAgy. A kind of insect.
The name given to the spirits of air in the
peeenersen of Rosicrucians and Caba-

ists

Syr’vanire: An ore of tellurium found
in the mine of Mariahilf, in the moun-
tains of Fatzbay, near Zalethna, in Tran-
sylvania. It is of a bluish- white eolour
and metallic lustre, and contains 924 of
the metal.

Sym’soi, cupboroy. A type. That
which contains in its figure a represen-
tation of something else.

Sympatueric Ink. A name for those
inks with which the writing does not ap-
pear until some re-agent gives it opacity.
Thus writing is invisible with, (1). A
weak solution of galls, till the paper is
moistened with a solution of sulphate of
iron ; (2.) With a dilute solution of prus-
siate of potash, till wetted with a solu-
tion of sulphate of iron; (3.) With ni-
trate of cobalt, till heated; (4.) With
pe of gold or silver, till exposed to

light of the sun ; (5.) With a solution

of equal parts of sulphate of copper and
sal ammoniac, till heated, &c.

SymratHeric Nerve. The intercostal
nerve

Sym’ PHONY, Lat. symphonia, Gr. cupe-
Qwvie, from cvy and Qwyy, voice. 1. In
music, a consonance or concert of instrii-
ments.——2. An overture or other com-
position for instruments.——3. A musical
instrument mentioned by French writers.

Sym’puysis, Lat. from cupgve, to grow
together. Mediate connection. Applied
in anatomy to a genus of the connection
of bones in which they are united by
means of an intervening body. It com-
prehends synchondrosis, syssarcosis, syn-
neurosis, and syndesmosis.

Sym’puytum. Comfrey. A genus of
perennial plants. Pentandria — Monogy-
nia. Name from cuupum, to unite, be-
cause it was considered good for promot-
ing cicatrisation of wounds. The offici-
nal and the tuberous comfrey are the
British types of the genus. All the spe-
cies are perennial and hardy.

Sympizsom’eTer. A kind of barometer
contrived with a bent glass tube contain-
ing oil in the shaded part,
and hydrogen gas in the
unshaded ; the tube
is open at a, but close at
6. The pressure of the
atmosphere is known by
the space which the hy-
drogen occupies in the

: tube. The instrument is
useful, but inferior in accuracy to the
common barometer.

Sympromaro’ocy, from cyurrwe, and
Aovos, discourse. The doctrine of symp-
toms.

SynartHRo’s1s, from cuvaefeow, to ar-
ticulate. A mode of connection of bones
in which they do not admit of motion on
each other.

Sxncuonpro’sts, from guy and yovdeos,
a cartilage. A species of symphysis in
which the bone is united with another
by means of an intervening cartilage, e. g.,
the vertebre.

SxyncHoRE'sIs, cuvywensis. Concession.
A rhetorical figure, wherein an argument
is scoffingly conceded, for the purpose of
retorting more pointedly.

Syn‘curonisM, from guy, together, and
xeowos, time. A concurrence of events
happening at the same time.

Synerin’IcaL Lines. In geology, lines
which form ridges and troughs, running
nearly parallel to each other.

Syncopa’tTion, from syncope. 1. The
construction of a word by the omission
of a letter: called also synaresis.——2. In
music, an interruption of the common

SYN

697

SYP

measure; an inversion of the order of
notes; a prolonging of a note begun on
the unaccented part of a bar to the ac-
cented part of the next bar; also a driv-
ing note, when a shorter note, at the be-
ing of a measure, is followed by two
or more longer notes before another short
note occurs equal to that which occasioned
the driving, to make the number even.

Sxrn’core. Svyxory. Acutting down.
1. In nosology, fainting or swooning.——
2. In grammar, an elision of one or more
letters from the middle of a word.——3.
In music, the same as syncopation. Also
the division of a note, introduced when
two or more notes of one part answer to
a single note of another.

Sxn’cRETISM, guyzeecis, mixture.
In philosophy, the blending of the tenets
of different schools into a system.

Sxnpesmo’sis, from cuvderpos, a liga-
ment. A species of symphysis in which
the bones are united by means of the in-
teryention of a ligament, as the radius
with the ulna.

Syn’pic, Lat. syndicus; Gr. cvydixos,
from gvy and dix7, justice. An officer of
government, invested with different
powers in different countries ; a kind of
magistrate intrusted with the affairs of a
city or community. In Geneva, the syn-
dic is the chief magistrate. Almost all
the companies in Paris, and most of the
universities, &c., have their syndics.

SxNEc’DOCHE. Luyexdoy7. A rhetori-
eal figure, or trope, by which the whole
of a thing is put for a part, or a part for
the whole; as the genus for the species,
or the species for the genus, &c.

Syncen’esia, Lat. from guy, together,
and yeyeris, generation. Thename ofa
class of plants in the sexual system of
Linneus, consisting of such as have the
anthers united in a tube, the
filaments on which they are
expported being mostly se-
parated and distinct. The
flowers are compound. The
orders are Polygamia @qua-
lis, of which the thistle is an
example; Polygamia super-
flua, of which the tansy,
daisy, and wormwood are
examples; Polygamia frustra-
nea, of which the sunflower
and knapweed are examples; Polygamia
necessarta, of which the marigold is an
example; and Polygamia segregata, of
which there is no British specimen.

Syne’natuus. The Pipe-fish. A nu-
merous genus of fishes of the order Lopho-
branchi, characterised by a tubular snout,
formed by the poreneen of the ~
moid, vomer, tympanals, preopercula,
subopercula, &c., and tauieetal | by an

ordinary mouth, but cleft almost verti.
cally at itsextremity. The name is from
ovy and yy » ajaw, t.e., united jaws.
There are three subgenera, viz., Hippo-
campus (Sea-horse), Solenostomus, and
Pegasus.

SynneEvRo‘’sis, from gyy and yeyeoy, a
nerve. A term synonymous with syndes-
mosis (q. ¥.).

Syn’ocwa, (Lat.) from cuvexw, to con-
tinue. In nosology, inflammatory fever,
as distinguished from putrid fever. Syno-
chus is mixed fever.

Syn’op, from guy and odes, a way. 1.
In church government, an assembly, espe-
cially of ecclesiastics.——2Z. In astronomy,
a conjunction or concurrency of several
of the heavenly bodies.

Sxn/opat. A pecuniary rent, formerly
paid to the higher ecclesiastics, at the
time of their Easter visitation.

Sxynop’tcat Montu, or Lunation, de-
notes the period of time (29 days, 12 hours,
and 44 minutes 2°8283 seconds), in which
the moon, departing from the sun after a
conjunction, returns to him again.

Sxnop’sis, cuvois. A general view,
or collection of things or parts, so ar-
ranged as to exhibit the whole or princi-
pal parts in a general view.

Syno’via. A term coined by Paracelsus,
to denote an unctuous fluid, secreted from
certain glands in the joints of animals, ©
where it is contained. Its use is tolubri-
cate the cartilaginous surfaces of the arti-
culatory bones, and to facilitate their
motions.

Syn’tax, Lat. syntaxis, Gr. cuvretis,
from guy, and raccw, to join. A system:
a number of things put or joined together.
In grammar, that branch which teaches
the due arrangement of words in sen-
tences, according to established usage. It
includes concord and government.

SynTeEno’sts, from guy, and rtywy,aten-
don. A species of articulation when the
bones are connected together by tendons.

Syn/THESIs, cvvbecig, combination, from
cvy, together, and zifyui, to place. The

| composition of a whole from its parts. In

mathematics, the process of reasoning out
new principles from those already esta-
blished. Opposed to analysis.

Synton’Ic, from guy, and royos, tone.
A term in music, for sharp or intense.

Syprn’ttis. The venereal disease. Ac-
cording to some, this term is derived from
the name of a shepherd who tended the
flocks of King Alcinous; according to
others, itis from 71/05, deformed. Dr. M.
Good says, that it was probably invented
by Fracastorio, from gyy, and QsAsw, im-
porting ‘mutual love,” for such is the
title by which he has designated his cele-

; sYs 698 TAB

brated and very elegant poem on this very
inelegant subject.

Syr’lac. The language of Syria, espe-
cially the ancient language of that
country.

Syrian Ort. A fragrant essential oil,
obtained by distilling the canary balsam
plant, or moldavica. ,

Syrr’incz, from cugiryZ, apipe. A pipe
through which water or other liquid may
be squirted. It is used by surgeons, &c.,
for washing wounds, for injecting fluids
into animal bodies, and other purposes.

SYRINGODEN’pDRON. The name given by
Count Sternberg to certain species of Si-
gillaria, on account of their parallel pipe-
shaped flutings: cveiyZ, a pipe, and
devdeov, @ tree. The trunks, many of
which are of the size of forest trees, are
without joint,and fluted from one end to
the other.

Syrincor‘omy, from oveyé, a fistula,
and reuyw, to cut. The operation of cut-
ting for fistula. :

Srr‘Inx, DugiyZ, a pipe. 1. In surgery,
a fistula. 2. In music, an instrument
composed of reeds, of different lengths,
tied together.

Syssar’cosis, from guy, and cuek, fiesh.
A species of unien of bones, in which one
is united to another by means of an in-
tervening muscle.

Sys'tEM, cvernue, composition. In
logic, (1.) any combination of things act-
ing together; (2.) a scheme which reduces

many things to regular dependency or |

co-operation ; (3.) a scheme which unites
many things in order; (4.) an assemblage
or chain of principles and conclusions.
In astronomy, the word system denotes a
hypothesis, or supposition of a certain
order and arrangement of the several
parts of the universe, according to which
philosophers explain all the phenomena
of the heavenly bodies, their motions,
changes, &c.. Thus, the Ptolemaic
system places the earth at rest in the cen-
tre of the universe, and makes the heavens
revolve round it, every 24 hours, from
east to west, carrying along the heavenly
bodies, stars, planets, &c. The Coper-
nican system makes the sun the centre of
the solar system, and makes the earth and
other planets revolve round the great
luminary asacentre. In music,a system
is an interval compounded, or supposed
to be compounded, of several lesser in-
tervals, as the fifth octave, &c., the ele-
ments of which are called diastema.

Sys’ToLE. LyeroAy, contraction. A
term used to denote the contraction of
the heart, by which the blood is forced
into the arteries. The reverse of dias-
3cle (q. v.).

Sxrs'tr1z, from gyyand ¢rvAos,a column.

In architecture, that kind of intercolum-
niation which has two diameters between
the columns.

Syz'ycy. Dvfvyie, conjunction, from
cvy, together, and gvyow, to join. A term
used in astronomy both for the conjunc-
tion and opposition of a planet with the
sun. Thus the syzygies of the sun and
moon occur at the time of full and new
moon.

F,

T, the 20th letter of the English alpha-
bet, stood as a numeral among the Latins
for 160, and with a dash over it, T, for
160,000. In music, T is the initial, of tenor
vocal and instrumental, of tacet for si-
lence, as adagio tacet, when a performer is
to rest during the whole movement. In
concertos and symphonies, it is the initial
of tutti, the whole band, afterasolo. It
sometimes stands for ¢r. or trillo,a shake.

T Banv’acer. A » sO named
from its shape, used to suppo1t dressings
after certain surgical operations.

Tazsanr’pEs. The name given by La-
treille to a family of dipterous insects,
characterised by a salient proboscis,
usually terminated by two lips, with pro-
jecting palpi; by the last joint of the an-
tenne being annulated; and by a sucker
composed of six pieces. It comprises the
genus Tabanus, Lin.

Taza’nus. The ox or horse-fly : a genus
of dipterous insects, comprising the family
Tabanides, Lat. The tabani appear to-
wards the end of spring, and are very
common in the woods and pastures. They
are much dreaded by beasts of burden;
these, having no means of repelling their
attacks, are sometimes covered with
blood from the wounds they inflict. They
even attack man to suck his blood. The
T. bovinus, Lin.,is the best known species
in Britain: it is the cleg of Scotland.

Tas’arp. A sevt of mantle, which covers
the body, reaching rather below the loins,
but open at the sides from the shoulders
downward.

TasasHe’eR. A Persian word, used to
designate a siliceous concretion, found in
the joints of the bamboo. Itis in high
repute with Eastern physicians, as a spe-
cific for bilious vomitings, bloody flux, &¢
It has peculiar optical properties.

Taz’sy, Fr. tabis. In manufacture, a
variety of thick silk stuff, usually waved
or watered by a peculiar process of calen-
dering. It is manufactured like taffeta.

Tan’syina. The process of giving stuffs
a wavy appearance in the calender, like
that given to tabby: called also watering.

Ta’srs. A Latin word of doubtful origin,
used to designate a wasting of the body,
characterised by emaciation, w A
and fever, but without cough or spitting.

Ki, Oa

699

TAE

In the absence of fever, it differs from
atrophy, and in the absence of cough and
spitting, from phthisis.

Tap’ LaTurE, Lat. tabula,table. In music,
the use of letters or other characters, for
expressing the notes of a composition.

Taste. 1. In mathematics, a system of
numbers calculated, to be ready for ex-
pediting various computations. Thus
there are logarithmic tables, tables of
powers and roots, &¢.——2. Astronomical
tables are computations of the motions,
places, and other phenomena of the
planets. ——3. In architecture, &c. (see
Taste, TABLET). 4. In physical geo-
graphy, table land is an extensive series
Dl pra with steep acclivities on every
side.

1. In architecture, a flat surface,
generally rectangular, charged
with an ornamental figure. A table
which projects from the naked wall is
termed a raised table; when it is perpen-
dicular to the horizon it is a raking table ;
and when the surface is rough it is a
rustic table. A corbel table is a horizontal
ornament, used for a cornice in Gothic
buildings.——2. A table of glass is the ori-
ginal circular plate before it is cut, of
which 24 make a case.——3. Tablet is also
used by Rickman to denote projecting
mouldings or strings, among which he
includes the cornice and drip-stone.

Ta’stine. Among Scotch builders, is used
to designate the coping of very common
houses.

Tazoo’. A term most extensively used
throughout the islands of the Pacific
Ocean, to denote a kind of religious in-
terdiction, during which all intercourse
‘with persons, places, or things, is tabooed

or prohibited.
Ta’sor, ) Tabourine. A small drum
Ta’zour. § used as an accompaniment to

a fife or pipe. The term is French, and
is the same which in some languages is
written tambour and timbrel. The atabal
of the Spaniards is of the same mera

Tas’uLaR, Lat. tabularis, from tabula,
atable. Having a flat square surface like
a table, formed in large plates or lamin.
A tabular crystal is one in which the
prism is very short. Tabular spar is a
Silicate of lime, which occurs crystallized
in rectangular four-sided tables. It occurs
in primary rocks, in Norway, and some
other places.

TAcCAMAHAC’CA, } 1. A resinous substance,

Ta’manaca. Jof a yellowish brown
colour, slightly aromatic taste, and frag-
rant smell; obtained from the Fagara
octandra, a tree which grows in South
America, Madagascar, and the West In-
dies. The name is of Indian origin.——
2. Tacamahac in the lump is supposed by
some to be the produce of the Populus
balsam:fera, a tree of North America,

often planted in our gardens, as an orna-
ment, and commonly called Zacamahac.

Ta’crr, Lat. taceo, silence. In music, a
term denoting silence.

TacHom’ETER, from rayos, speed, and
/érecy, measure. An instrument for in-
dicating minute variations in the velocity
of machines.

Tacnype’tes. The generic name given
by Vieillot to the frigate bird, the Peli-
canus aquilus, Lin. This bird is parti-
cularly remarkable for the strength and

“length of its wings (10 to 12 feet when

expanded). It flies to immense distances
from all land, principally between the
tropics, darting upon the flying fish, and
striking the boobies to make them dis-
gorge their prey.

Tack. 1. In navigation,a rope used to
confine the foremost lower corners of the
courses and stay-sails, when the wind
crosses the ship’s course obliquely ; also
a rope employed to pull the lower corner
of a studding-sail to the bbom.——Hence,
2. The part of a sail to which the tack is
usually fastened, the foremost lower
corner of the courses.——Hence, 3. The
course of a ship in'regard to the position
of her sails, as the starboard tack, the
larboard tack; the former when she is
close-hauled with the wind on her star-
board ; the latter when close-hauled with
the wind on her larboard.—IIfence, 4.
To tack, is to change the course of a ship,
by shifting the tacks and position of the
sails from one side to the other. See also
TAcKLE.

Tacx, i small nail. The tack has

Tack’ert. J usually a thin head, and is
used for nailing slightly any covering, as
tin-plate, canvass, &c.; the tacket has a
large.and thick head, and is driven into
coarse shoes to prevent the soles from
wearing rapidly.

Tacxr’Le, Ger. and Dut. takel ; Sw. tacke
1. Aterm used to designate a pair of pulley
blocks and ropes, used for raising or re-
moving weights.——2. The rigging and
apparatus of a ship. The ground-tackle
consists of anchors with their cables, &c. ;
the gun-tackle, the instruments for hauliig
eannon in and out. Tack-tackle, a small
tackle for pulling down the tacks of the
principal sails.

Tac’rics, Gr. raxcixos, from ragis,
order. The science and art of disposing
military and naval forces in order for
battle, and performing military and naval

evolutions.
Weariness of life. A

T2’'pi0um Vi'rs.
mental disorder.
Ta’et. A Chinese weight for gold and
silver ; used also in the East Indian Archi-
pelago. :
Tz’n14. The Tape-worm: a genus of
entozoa, characterised by a long, flat, and

TAL 700

:

TAL

Jointed body. Order Parenchymata: fa-
mily Tenioidea, Cuy. Name ravi, sig-
nifies a fillet or tape. The common species
found in the human subject is the 7. lata,
Rud., or T. vulgaris, Gm. It is frequently
upwards of 20 feet in length, and it has
been found upwards of 100 feet, and an
inch broad. It is extremely injurious and
tenacious, and the most violent remedies
often fail to expel it. The TZ. solium,
Lin., is usually from 4 to 10 feetin length,
but much larger ones are sometimes met
with. It is one of the most dangerous of
the intestinal worms, and the most diffi-
cult to expel. There are many other
species.

TzniorpEa. A family of parenchy-
matous intestinal worms, comprising
those species in which the head is pro-
vided with two or four suckers, placed
around its middle, which is itself some-
times marked with a pore, and sometimes
furnished with a-proboscis. The type
is the genus Tenia, Lin.

Tzniorpes. A family of acanthoptery-
gious fishes, closely connected with the
scomberoides. Named from gaia, a
tape, or riband ; thespecies being elonga-
ted, and flattened on the sides.

Tar’FEREL, } Taffrail. The upper part

Tar’rariu. Jf of a ship’s stern, usually
ornamented with carved work. The
Dutch have taffereel, from tafél, a table.

Tar’reta,) Fr. tafetas, taffetas; It.

Tar’rery, § taffetta. A fine, light,smooth
stuff of silk, having usually a remarkably
fine gloss. Taffetas are of all colours.

Ta’Fia. A variety of rum.

TAGLIaco’TIAn Operation. The opera-
tion for restoring a lost nose. See Tawta-
COTIAN.

Tait, Fr. tailler, to cut off. Inlaw, an
estate in tail is a limited fee: an estate
limited to certain heirs, and from which
the other heirs are precluded.

Tart’Lace, Fr. tailler, to cut off. A
portion cut out of a whole: ashare of a
man’s substance paid away by way of
tribute.

Tartu’, Fr. tailler, to cut off. In lato,
the fee that is opposite to fee-simple, be-
cause it is not in the free power of the
possessor to dispose of it, but is by the
first giver cut, or divided, from all other,
and tied to the issue of the donée.

Tart’torr (Fr.). In architecture, the
same as abacus (q. V.).

Tatt-riece (of a violin). A piece of
ebony attached to the end of the instru-
ment to which the strings are fastened.

Tar’'tz1z, or En’rait, Fr. tiller, to cut
off. In Scottish law, a deed, whereby the
legal course of succession is cut off, and a
new one substituted.

Tat’apotn. In Siam, the name (1) ofa
priest, (2) of a monkey.

Tav’sor. A variety of the dog, noted
for his quick scent and eager
game. The figure of this dog is said to
be borne in the arms of the Talbot family

Tare. 1. A mineral genus, the talk oy
Werner, and the talc of Brongniart. There
are three species, the earthy talc, or tal-
cite of Kirwan, of a greenish-white
colour (usually), a glistening pearly lustre,
and an unctuous feel. It is frequently
confounded with agaric
2. Common or Venetian tale. Colours,
greenish-white, pale apple-green, silvery,
reddish, and yellowish-white. Occurs,
massive, rarely crystallised, in minute
hexagonal .tubers confusedly de ony
together. Found in primitive moun Ss,
particularly forming beds and veins in
serpentine, in the mountains of Tyrol
and Salzburg. It is employed as a basis
for coloured crayons, and for the finest
rouge for the toilette-——3. Indurate
tale, or tale-slate, of a greenish-white,
commonly, but sometimes, snow-white.
It occurs in mass; has a bright shining
lustre, between pearly and greasy,
sometimes into semi-metallic. Its frae-
ture is curved and lamellar, and its frag-
ments are blunt-edged plates. It is translu-
cent, and in thir pieces semi- nt;
is very soft, sectile, smooth and unctuous
to the touch. It forms beds in moun-
tains of argillaceous and micaceous schist,
of gneiss, and the newer serpentine, in
the Alps, in Stiria, Austria, and Hungary,
and in Breadalbane and the Shetland
Isles. Tale is a silicate of magnesia and
alumina, usually with some oxide of iron
and water.

Tate. In commerce, a weight for gold
and silver, in China, and some parts of
the East Indies. It is also a money of
account. See Tart.

Tavent. A Grecian weight, much
used in computing money.

Ta’Les, Lat. plural of ¢alis. In law, an
additional number of men for those em-
panelled on a jury of inquest, and not
appearing, or that are challenged on either

side.
A surgical

eral.——

Tarraco’TIAN OPERATION.
operation for the restoration of noses and
other parts, by partially detaching a por-
tion from the arm, moulding it into a
proper shape, causing adhesion, and,
after a time, finally detaching it from the
arm, and leaving it adhering in its new
situation. Operations of this sort are
called taliacotian, from their discoverer
Caspar Taliacotius, who published.a work
in 1598, detailing the processes and the
results of his experience.

Tatio. Lex talionis. Pana talionis.
The law of retaliation, as an eye for an
eye, a tooth for a tooth, &c.

Tav'Isman. An oriental word, which
has been long used to denote a figure out

rsuit of |

ae

TAM

201 TAN

er carved under certain superstitious
observances of the configuration of the
heavens, which were supposed to com-
municate magical influence to it, to pre-
vent the attacks of certain diseases, &c.
Tat’Low. The concrete fat of quadru-
peds. That of the ox consists of 76 parts
stearine and 24 parts oleine. The fat of
the hog is termed Jard,and contains much
more oleine.
Tat’Low-TREE. The Stillingia sebifera:
. a tree of China, and other parts. It takes
this name from its producing a substance
like tallow, and which is applied to the
same purposes.

Tav’ty, Fr. tailler, to cut off. A pieee
of wood, on which notches are made, as
the marks of number. Before the gene-
ral introduction of writing, the only way
of keeping accounts was for the purchaser
and seller to be provided each with a
tally, having a series of notches, corre-
sponding in number to the quantity of
goods delivered; and these tallies wefe
received as evidence in courts of justice.
Written tallies are now substituted for
the notched sticks.

Tat’tyinc. In seamanship, hauling aft
the corners of the main and fore-sail.

Tar’ty Travr. Asystem of retail deal-
ing, carried on in London and other large
towns, by which shopkeepers furnish cer-
tain articles on credit to their customers,
who e to pay the stipulated price by
certain weekly or monthly instalments,
(usually a shilling a week per pound.)

Tat’mup. The body of the Hebrew
laws, traditions and comments of Jewish
doctors ; also the book containing them.
The term is Hebrew, from the Chaldaic
verb lamad, to teach.

Tavon. In architecture, a French term
for the same moulding which is otherwise
called an ogee.

Tat’pa. The mole, which formsa genus.
Class Mammalia: order carnaria: family
Insectivora. The common mole (7. euro-
pea, Lin.), is well known from its sub-
terranean habits, and its vexatious depre-
dations on cultivated grounds. Its form
isadmirably adapted to its mode of living ;
and it is well provided with the means of
hunting under ground for its food, which
consists of worms, insects, and some soft
roots. The mole of America forms the
genus Condylura (q.v.).

Ta’tus, Lat. from tazillus, a small die?
1. In anatomy, the ankle; also the bone
of the ankle or astragalus (q. v.).——2. In
architecture, the inclination or batten of a
sloping wall, or a wall which is thicker
at the bottom than the top.

Tam’arin. A small monkey ; the Simia
Midas, Lin., of South America. It is re-
markable for the size of its ears, and is
hence called the great-eared monkey.

Tamanin’pus. The Tamarind-tree and

its fruit. Natural order Lomentacee.
Name, Sp. tamarindo, It. tamarindi, from
Arab. tamar, a date, and indus, for India.
There is only one species of the tree, and
it is found in both Indies, in Arabia, and
Egypt. The preserve called tamarinds
consists of a pulp, with the seeds con-
creted together by numerous tough strings

The name of a genus

or fibres.

Tam’ARIX, }

Tam’arRisk. fof trees. Pentandria —
Trigynia. Named from Heb. tamarik,
abstersion, on account of certain real
or supposed properties in purifying the
blood. The French tamarisk-tree, 7. Gal-
lica, is found in Britain.

Tampac’, Tompac’,) A name common

Tampax’, TomBaxk’.) to two alloys of
copper. 1. The white copper of the Chi-
nese, consisting of copper 40, nickel 31,
zinc 25, and iron 3. It is silver white,
very sonorous, and malleable at all tem-
peratures up to a cherry-red heat, but
brittle at a red-white heat.——2. Red
brass, which contains more copper and
less zinc than the common brass.

Tamsov’r, from tabour. 1. In manu-
factures, a species of fancy-work in
threads (sometimes of gold and silver),
worked by needles of a peculiar form, in-
to leaves, flowers, &c., upona stuff (some-
times silk), stretched over a circular
frame, called also a tambour, onaccount of
its resemblance to a drum.——2. In ar-
chitecture, the naked part of a Corinthian
or composite capital; the wall of a cir-
cular temple which is surrounded with
columns ; a place inclosed with folding-
doors at the entrance of a church, &c.
—3. In mechanics, see Drum:

Tamspourr’NE. 1.A lively French dance,
formerly in vogue at operas.——2. One of
the most ancient musical instruments.
It is mentioned in scripture under the
name of timbrel ; and it is still retained, as
a sort of national instrument, by the Bis-
cayans, who accompany all their national
songs and dances by the gingle of the
tambour de Basque. In this country, it is
only to be met with in the possession of
our street-musicians, where it ought to be.

Tamp'Inc. Among miners, 1. The ope-
ration of filling the hole bored in a rock
for the purpose of blasting it with gun-
powder.——2. The matter put in above
the powder, in blasting rocks, &c.

Tam’PIon, | Fr. tampon. Thestopper of

Tom’pion. Ja cannon- or other piece of
ordnance, usually consisting of a cylindri-
cal piece of wood.

Tam’tam. A large sort of drum or gong,
used by the Hindoos and Chinese. It is
made of an alloy of 100 copper, and 25 of
tin, which is peculiarly sonorous.

Tan. é TANNIN. i -
Dendivee-

Tan’acGra. The Tanager.

birds, Order Passerine* family

TAN 702

TAR

tres. Thereareseveral species, all resem-
bling the finches in their habits; feeding
on grain, and also on berries and insects,
and are particularly remarkable for their
bright colours.

Tan’cencizs (Prostem or). An ancient
problem, the object of which was to de-
scribe a circle passing through given
points, and touching given straight lines,
the number of data being, in any case,
three in number.

Tan’cEnT, from tangens, touching. In
geometry, a right line perpendicularly
raised on the extremity of a radius, which
touches a circle, a
but does not
cut it or come
Within the cir-
cumference. In
trigonometry, the
tangent of an
arc ab is terminated by a secant passing
through the other extremity of that arc.

Tan’istry. In law, a tenure of lands in
Ireland, by which the proprietor had only
a life-estate, and to this he was admitted
by election. The Celtic term is ¢anais-
teachd, from tanaiste, a lord or governor
of a country ; from tan, a region or terri-
tory. The primitive meaning of tanistry
seems to have been that the inheritance
should descend to the oldest, or the most
worthy of the blood and name of the de-
ceased, without regard to proximity, or
in other words to the strongest candidate.
It occasioned many bloody feuds in
families.

Tank. In the navy, a case of sheet iron
for holding water. In gardening, a cis-
tern for collecting rain-water.

Tan/NER’s Bark. The bark of oak, and
other trees abounding in tannin.

Tan’nic AcID, Hs or tanning prin-

TANNIN. ciple. <A peculiar ve-
getable principle, obtained from nut-
galls, and so named because it is the effec-
tive agent in tanning, or the conversion
of skin into leather. Pure tannin is co-
lourless, has an excessively astringent
taste, without bitterness, but no smell
Water dissolves it in great quantity, and
the solution reddens paper stained with
litmus. It decomposes the alkaline car-
bonates with effervescence, and forms,
with most of the metallic solutions, preci-
pitates which in reality are tannates.
Tannin is found in several vegetable sub-
stances besides gall-nuts, as oak-bark,
tea, &c.

Tan’sy. In botany (1.) A name common
to all the species of the genus Tanacetum.
(2.) The maudlin tansy is the Achillea age-
ratum. (8.) For wild tansy, see PotENn-
TILLA.

Tan’raz:Tr. The name given by Eke-
berg to the ferruginous oxide of tantalum.
Since tantalum and columbium haye been

ascertained to be identically the same
metal, this ore has been called columbite.

Its colour is nearly iron-black. It con-
tains 80 of oxide of tantalum, 12 of oxide
of iron, and 8 of oxide of manganese.

Tan’tatum. A metal extracted from
tantalite, at first supposed to be distinct,
but now ascertained to be identical with
columbium (q. v.).

Tan’taLus. The Wood Pelican. A ge-
nus of birds. Order Grallatorig; family
Cultrirostres, Cuy. Tantalus is the Latin
name for the heron. This genus, accord-
ing to Cuvier, has only one species, the
T.loculator, Lin., about the size of a stork.
It inhabits both Americas, arriving ineach
country about the rainy season, and fre-
quents muddy waters, where it chiefly
hunts for eels. But, according to Gme-
lin, the genus Tantalus includes those
birds which form the genus Ibis, Cuv.

Tapestry, Fr. tapisserie, hangings. An
ornamental figured textile fabric, of
worsted or silk, for lining the walls of
apartments, &c.

Tare’worm. See THNIA.

Tapio’ca. The starch yielded by the
Cassava root (root of the Jatropha mani-
hot) after its poisonous principle has been
destroyed by roasting. See JarropuHa.

Ta’Pir. A genus of mammiferous pa-
chydermatous animals. For a long time
only one species was known, the 7. Ame-
ricanus, Lin., or American tapir; about
the size of anass ; skin brown,and nearly
naked ; common in wet places, and along
the rivers of the warm parts of South
America. The flesh is eaten. A second
species, belonging to the eastern conti-
nent, has recently been discovered in the
forests of Malacca and Sumatra. It is
larger than the American species, and of
a blackish brown colour. More lately
still, a third species has been discovered
in the Cordilleras. Fossil tapirs are also
scattered all over Europe, and among

others is a gigantic species, the T. gigan-
teus, Cuv., which, in size, must have been
nearly equal to the elephant.

Tapr’root. In botany, the principal root
of a plant, which shoots directly down-
wards.

Tar, Sax. fare. A thick, viscid, brown-
ish black, resinous, oleaginous substance,
chiefly obtained from the pine and other
turpentine trees, by subjecting the wood,
in close vessels, to destructive distillation.
It contains, according to Reichenbach,
the proximate principles, Paraffine, Eu-
pion, Creosote, Picemar, Pittacal, Pyretine,
Pyroleine, and some vinegar. The tar of
Europe is the best. Mineral tar is a va-
riety of bitumen.

Tar’antism. A disease. See TARENTISM.

Taran’tuLa. 1. The name given by Fa-
bricius to a genus of arachnides belong-
ing to the family Pedipalpi of the order

————— Ctt”t~—“‘—SCS

TAR

703

TAR

Pulmonarie. All the species have eight
eyes, of which three on each side form a
triangle, and two near the middle of the
anterior margin are placed on a tubercle
on each side. They are all confined to
the hottest portions of America and Asia,
and are now divided into two subgenera,
Phrynus, Ollivier, and Thelyphonus, La-
treille——2. The tarentula(q.v-). It is
from the tarentula or tarantula that the
genus is named; although this is a
species of a different genus of spider. See
TARENTULA. :

Tarpie’RaADA. The name ofa family of
tardigrade animals, of the order Eden-
tata, Lin. The only existing genus is
the Bradypus, or Sloth.

Tanr’DIGRADE, from tardus, slow, and
gradus, step: slow-paced. Applied in
natural history. -

Tar’po. A term in Italian music to
denote a slow movement similar to largo.

Tare. 1. In commerce, an abatement,
or deduction, made from the weight ofa
parcel of goods, on account of the weight
of the chest, cask, bag, &c., in which they
are contained. The real tare is the actual
weight of the box, bag, &c. contain-
ing the goods; the customary tare is the
supposed weight of such package, accord-
ing to the custom of the trade ; the aver-
age tare is the medium allowance, esti-
mated by taking the real tare of a few of
the packages.——2. In botany, a plant,
the vicia sativa, much cultivated in Eng-
land for its stem and leaves, which are
used as fodder; and also for its seed,
which is much used for feeding poultry.
It is also called vetch,and sometimes fitch,
by farmers.

Tar’enTism. The disease produced by.
the bite of the tarentula.

Taren’tuLa. A species of spider, be-
longing to the genus Lycosa,(Latr.). It is
one of the largest of the Lycose ; and the
poisonous nature of its bite is thought to
produce the most serious consequences,
being followed by tarentism, a disease
which was reckoned susceptible of relief
only by dancing to the sound of a flute,
or other musical instrument, till the
patient fell down quite exhausted. This
affection once prevailed in Italy to such
an extent as to constitute an epidemic
mania, which, like St. Vitus’s dance,
seems to have originated in morbid ima-
gination, and to have been kept up by
quackery. The real effects of the bite of
the tarentula, as ascertained by modern
experiment, are very similar to those of
the common scorpion. The animal takes
its name from the city of Tarentum, now
Taranto, in the kingdom of Naples,
and in the environs of which it is com-
mon.

Tan’oum. The title of a paraphrase,
or translation of the Pentateuch, in the

Chaldee language. The word is strictly
Chaldaic, and means interpretation.

Tarirr, Fr. tarif; It. tariffa; Sp.
tarifa, a book of rates or prices. A table,
alphabetically arranged, specifying the
various duties, drawbacks, bounties, &c.,
charged and allowed on the importation
and exportation of articles of foreign and
domestic produce.

Tarpav’Lin, )Apiece of canvass, well

TaRPAW’LING. ) daubed with tar, used
to cover the hatchways at sea,to prevent
the penetration of the rain or sea-water,
which may at times rush over the decks.

TarPe'ian. An appellation given toa
steep rock, at Rome, from which, by the
law of the twelve tables, those guilty of
certain crimes were precipitated. It was
named after Tarpeia, the daughter of
Tarpeius, the governor of the citadel of
Rome, who promised to open the gates
to the Sabines, provided they gave her
their gold bracelets.

Tar’rass, Ter’rass, Trass. A volcanic
product, resembling puzzolana, used as a
water cement. The tarrass mortar is
made by covering a previously prepared
mass of quick-lime with an equal quantity
of powdered tarrass, and beating the

composition together with water. It is
highly durable in water.
Tar’sus, taezos. 1. The instep, or

that part of the foot which is between
the leg and the metatarsus: it is com-
posed of seven bones, viz., the astragalus,
os calcis, os naviculare, os cuboides, and
three ossa cuneiformia.—2. The thin
cartilage situated at the edges of the
eyelids, to preserve their firmness and
shape.

Tartan. In navigation, a small coast-
ing vessel of the Mediterranean, with
one mast, a bowsprit, and a large lateen
sail.

Tar’raRr, Lat. tartarum, from reeracos,
infernal. 1. The concretion which fixes
to the inside of hogsheads containing
wine: named also argal, or argol. It is
the crude bitartrate of potash, which
exists in the juice of the grape, precipi-
tated during the fermentation, in pro-
portion as the alcohol is formed, in conse-
quence of its insolubility in that liquid.
It is white or red, according as it is let
fall by white or red wine. When puri-
fied, it forms cream of tartar,or pure
bitartrate of potash.——2. The earthy
substance which in some cases deposits
upon the human teeth from the saliva.
—3. In pharmacy, an old name for any
preparation containing tartaric acid.

Tarrar’ic Acip. The acid of tartar,
which may be procured in needle-like or
laminated crystals from its solutions. Its
taste is very acid and agreeable, so that
it may supply the place of lemon juice

TAX

704 TEB

By distilling nitric acid off the crystals,
they are converted into oxalic acid, and
the nitric acid passes to the state of
nitrous.

TARTROMETH’yLic Acip. An acid ob-
tained by treating tartaric acid with
pyroxylic spirit, and distilling the liquid.
It is white, destitute of smell, an
acid, but at the same time sweetish, taste.
It is heavier than water, but crystallises
in four-sided prisms with right bases. It
consists of two atoms tartaric acid, one
atom methylene, and one atom water.

Tartrovin’Ic Acip. An acid obtained
by the reaction of tartaric acid and alcohol
(spirit of wine) on each other. It has a
fine white colour, is destitute of smell,
and has a sweetish agreeable acidulous
taste. Itis heavier than water, and crys-
tallises in oblique four-sided prisms. It
is composed of two atoms tartaric acid
and one atom ether combined with one
atom water.

Tarntourre. A common French nick-
name for pretenders to devotion.

Tar-waTeR. Water impregnated with
tar; formerly a celebrated remedy for
many chronic affections, especially of the
lungs.

Tastu’ra, Ital. tasto, a touch or key.
A term used to designate the whole range
or set of keys in an organ, harpsichord,
virginal, spinet, clavichord, and piano-
forte.

Tattoo’. In military affairs, the beat
of drum by which soldiers are warned to
quarters.

Tatroo'1nc. Anoperation practised by
the South Sea Islanders, to mark their
bodies with figures of various kinds. It
is performed by puncturing the skin, and
rubbing a black colour into the wounds.

Taunt. Among seamen, a term signi-
fying too high or tall, as the masts ofa

a a The bull. In astronomy, one
of the signs of the zodiac, the second in
order of that next to Aries. Taurus con-
tains 141 stars.

TAUTO'CHRONE, tauros, the same, and
NeOVvoss time. In mechanics, a curve line,
such that a heavy body descending along
it will always reach the lowest point in
the same time, from whatever point in
the curve the body begins to descend.

Taw’1nc. Theart of preparing the skins
of sheep, lambs, kids, and goats,in white,
for various sorts of manufactures, espe-
cially gloves.

Tax'IDERMY, from gazis, order, and
degux, Skin. The art of preparing and
pees specimens of animals by stuff-
ing,

heel rvazis, order. This term is used
by surgeons te denote the operation by
which those parts which have quitted

their natural situation, are replaced by
the hand without the assistance of instru-
ments, as in reducing h
In architecture, the fitness of the parts to
the end for which a building is erected.

Taxon’omx, from gakis, order, and
yosos, law. Classification: a term used
to d te the arrangement of animals
and plants according to certain principles
in divisions and groups.

Tax’us. The yew-tree. A genus of
trees of three species Monadel-
phia. Nat. order Conifere. One species
is a native of Britain, another of Ireland,
and a third of China.

T Banpvace. In surgery, a bandage so
named from its figure.

Tea, Chinese te and cha; Malay teh;
Hind. cha; Rus. tchai. 1. The leaves of
the tea-tree or shrub (Thea viridis).
plant ordinarily grows to the height of
from 3 to 6 feet, and hassome resemb
to the myrtle of the south of Europe. Its
blossom is white, like those of the dog-
rose; its stem has numerous leafy
branches. The sorts of tea are black teas
(produce of Thea boheaj}, comprehending
bohea, congou, souchong, and pekoe.——
= tel teas (produce of the Thea viri-

kay, hyson skin,
pon Ea hyson, hyson, imperial, and gun- -
powder. The qualities of these teas
are in general dependent on the period of
‘the season at which the leaves are ga-
thered, the age of the plants, and other
particular causes of that sort, and also on
the locality where the plants grow. The
finest teas are hardly known in the
English market.

Teax’-woop. , Indian oak. The wood
of the Tectona grandis, a large forest tree
which grows in dry and elevated dis-
tricts of Asia and the Asiatic isles. The
wood is porous, but hard and durable, is
easily seasoned, and shrinks little. It is
of an oily nature, and therefore does not
injure iron. e wi called n
teak, so largely imported into England
from the west coast of Africa, is an infe-
rior article.

Treany, Tawny, or Brusx. In heraldry,
a colour between yellow and red; it is
reckoned a dishonourable colour.

Tea’sEL. Fuller’s thistle. The Dipsa-
cus fullonum, a biennial plant, much cul-
tivated in England for the sake of the
awns of the head, which are of consider-
able importance to clothiers, to raise the
nap of woollen cloths. For this purpose
they are fixed round the periphery of a
large broad wheel, against which the
cloth is held while the machine is turned.
—2. In botany. See Dipgacvs.

Tes’eTtH. The tenth month of the Jew-
ish ecclesiastical year, and the fourth of
the civil. It answers to our

TEI

705

TEL

TECHNICAL, ssyvixos, appertaining to
“the arts: gvéyvn, art. A technical term
is one which is not in common use, but
belongs te some art, profession, science or
calling.

Trcunor/oey, from rsyyy, art, and
Aoyos, word. Explanation of technical
terms.

TecTIpRAN’cHIATA. Anorder of gaster-
opods, approaching the Pectinibranchiata
in the form of the organs of respiration,
and like them inhabiting the ocean.
Name from tectus, covered, and branchus,
the branchie being more or less covered
by the mantle, in which a small shell is
generally contained

Trecro’Na. The generic name of the
teak-wood tree or Indian oak. Pentan-
dria——Monogynia. Name from rexrovxos,
from rivyw, to build, in allusion to the
use of the wood in ship-building, &c.
One species, a forest-tree of India, &c.
See Teak-woop.

Te Deum. A hymn to be sung in
churches or on public occasions of joy : so
ealled from the first words of the Latin
version.

TreretH are usually divided into three
classes: the incisores or cutting-teeth ;
the canini or canine teeth; and the mo-
lares or grinders. The incisores are the
four teeth in the front of each jaw; the
canini or cuspidati are the longest of all
the teeth, deriving their name from their
resemblance to a dog’s tusk. The molares,
of which there are ten in each jaw, are
so called because from their size and
figure they are adapted for grinding the
food. The last grinder of each jaw, from
its coming latest, sometimes not appear-
ing till the individual is advanced in
life, is called dens sapientié or wisdom
tooth.

Trx-Torattens. A whimsical denomi-
nation, assumed by those abstinents who
professedly eschew all liquors stronger
than tea and coffee, or who are pledgeé
to abstain wholly from spirituous liquors.
This is tee-totalism. The origin of the
word tee-total is not well ascertained. It
was formerly used by soldiers, &c.,as a
slang term for total. “‘ He was tee-totally
puzzled.” ‘‘He got a tee-total milling”
(beating, flogging). ‘ He was tee-totally
budged” (drunk). ‘It probably originated
with some notoriously incorrect articula-
tor, who instead of pronouncing total, at
once, said te-te-tee-total. Some, who are
apparently not aware that the word is old,
suppose it to be a corruption of tea-total,
the tee-totallers confining themselves to
tea and coffee.

Tretnps. In Scotland, the same as tithes
in England.

Te1’noscope, from riyw, to extend, and
ezxerxtw, to see. An optical instrument

for observing objects in a state of exten-
sion in one direction.

TELAMO'NES, trAgw, I bear up. In ar-
chitecture, figures of men used for sup-
porting entablatures.

Te’ecRapPH, from ¢yAg, distantly, and
yexdw,to write. A machine adapted for
communicating intelligence rapidly at a
considerable distance, by means of certain
signals previously arranged. Galvanic
telegraphs are now coming rapidly into
use, instead of the old plan of elevating
signals on towers, &c., to be seen and re-
corded at some other similar establish-
ment. The following will give some idea
of the nature of the galvanic telegraph:
ifa magnetised needle be freely suspended
by afibre of untwisted silk, it will place
itself in a direction nearly due north and
south; and it will return with a certain
force to that direction if it be drawn aside
from it. When such a needle is suspended
within a coil of copper wire or ribbon,
the direction of the length of the coil co-
inciding with that of the needle, and if
one end of the coil be connected by a
wire of any length with a copper plate,
while the other end is connected by a si-
milar wire with a zinc plate, so soon as
the copper and zinc plates are immersed
together into a diluted acid, the needle in
the coil will change its direction, and
place itself across the coil. The needle
will then be more or less east and west,
instead of north and south. The instant
that the zinc and copper plates are taken
out of the acid, the needle returns to its
original position. This deviation of the
magnetic needle is caused by the copper
wire and coil being thrown into a pecu-
liar state by the electricity excited when
the copper and zinc plates are immersed
in the acid. The species of electricity
thus produced is known by the name of
galvanism ; and the copper wire and coil
which unite the zinc and copper plate
may be said to be galvanised. The
greater the extent to which the wire and
coil are thus galvanised, the greater will
be the extent to which the needle placed
in the coil wil! deviate from its natural
position. The deviationof the needle is
therefore used as a measure of the amount
of galvanism; and the needle and coil
thus constitute what is called a Galvano-
meter. It is this little instrument, the
galvanometer, or magnetic needle sus-
pended in a copper coil, which, inconnec-
tion with a copper and zinc plate im-
mersed in weak acid, and called a galvanic
battery, forms a principal element in the
construction of every galvanic telegraph.
As has been already said, the wires by
which the coil of the galvanometeris con-
nected with the galvanic battery may be
of any length, and as each wire becomes

22

4p

TEM

TEL 706
galvanised throughout its whole length at | Telescope. A new asterism, inserted in
the same instant, there is no appreciable | honour of Dr. William Herschel, the as-

interval of time between the connection
being made at the one end, and the needle
Deing affected at the other, at least for all
terrestrial distances. The effect of dis-
tance is not to diminish perceptibly the

rapidity with which the effect on the
needle is produced, bat merely to lessen
the quantity of that effect. This latter
effect of increased distance, however, may
be compensated by increasing the thick-
ness of the wire, which forms the medium
of communication, or by making the gal-
vanometer more sensitive, and the battery
more powerful. Bysuch means this pe-
culiar influence could be made sensible at
the greatest terrestrial distances. The
further improvement of this instrument,
and a more familiar acquaintance with its
use, may ultimately lead to connections
being made between the most distant
countries in the world for the transmission
of intelligence ; and posterity may per-
haps witness the receipt of news from
India, by means of a galvanic telegraph,
in as many minutes as there are weeks
now occupied in the conveyance of a
despatch.

TeLeosav’rvts. A new genus of fossil
saurians, thus named by M. Geoffroy St.
Hilaire, from ryAe or ryAos, and saurus.

Tev’escore, from ¢y2¢, at a distance,
and ¢xorew, tosee. An optical instrument
employed in viewing distant objects, as
the heavenly bodies Itassists the eye in
two ways; first, by enlarging the visual
angle under which a distant object is
seen, and thus magnifying the object;
and secondly, by collecting and conveying
to the eye a larger beam of light than
could have been collected by the naked
organ, and thus rendering the object
more distinctly visible. Telescopes are
divided into two general kinds, refracting
and reflecting. A refracting telescope con-
sists of several lenses through which the
objects are seen by rays refracted by them
to the eye. A reflecting telescope, besides
lenses, has a metallic speculum within its
tube, by which the rays proceeding from
an object are reflected to the eye. The
forms of both sorts have been frequently
varied, and they are sometimes distin-
guished by the names of their inventors,
as the Galilean and Newtonian telescope ;
sometimes by the particular use for which
they are best adapted, as the land tele-
scope, the night telescope, the astronomical
velescope,

Tevesco’pium. The telescope. Acon-
stellation situated south of the Centaur
and Sagittarius. It contains nine stars,
all, except one, less than the fourth mag-
nitude.

TE

o'Prum Henses.2t. 2crschel’s

tronomer,.

Tetter. An officer in the Exchequer
(in ancient records called tallier), whose
duty is to receive all sums due to the
Crown, and to give the Clerk of the Pells a
bill to charge him therewith. There are
four tellers in the Exchequer.——2. A
person in a bank, whose business is to re-
ceive and pay money for bills, orders, &c.

Tetur’na. The simpin: a genus of
marine and fresh-water bivalve shells,
inhabited by atethys. The shells of this
genus are known by the irregular fold on
the forepart; in the one valve the fold
being convex, and in the other concave.
About 100 species are known, upwards of
20 of which are found in the seas of our
coasts. Some species are also found fossil
in alluvial deposits.

Tet’LurReETTED Hyprocen. A sin
elastic fluid, consisting of hydrogen hold-
ing tellurium in solution. It is soluble in
water, forming aclaret-coloured solution
it combines with alkalies, and burns with
a bluish flame, depositing oxide of tel-
turium. Its smell is strong and peculiar,
not unlike that of sulphuretted hydrogen.

Tetiv’ric Acip. The peroxide of tel-
lurium which combines with many of the
metallic oxides acting the part of an acid,
and producing a class of compounds called
tellurates.

TELLU’RIUM, from tellus, the earth. 1.
The name given by Kiaproth to a metal
extracted from several Transylvanian ores.
It is of a tin-white colour, verging on
lead-grey, with a high metallic lustre,
has a foliated fracture, and is so brittle as
to be easily pulverised. Tt is oxidised ana
dissolved by the principal acids. ——2. Tel-
lurium is also the name of a machine for
illustrating the motions of the earth.

Tet’turovs Acip. The protoxide of
tellurium, which, if precipitated frem its
solutions by an alkali, carries down with
it a portion of the precipitate, forming
with it a compound termed a tellurite.

TeM’PERAMENT, Lat. temperamentum,
from tempero, to mix. 1. In the ancient
physiology, the different mixture of the
four cardinal humours, and the predo-
minance of one or the other, gave rise to
four distinct temperaments, viz., the san-
guine, the choleric, the phlegmatic, and the
melancholic. The constitution of every
individual was supposed to be conformed
to some one of those temperaments, or to
a mixture of two or more of them. To
the temperaments noticed by the ancients,
modern physiologists add a fifth, viz.,
the nervous.——2. In music, the adjust-
ment of the imperfect concords, in instru-
ments whose sounds are fixed, so ag ta
transfer to them part of the music of per
fect concords.

TEM

707

TEN

Tem’PERATE Zone. The space of the
earth, between the tropics and the polar
circles, where the temperature is lower
than in the tropics, and higher than in
the polar circles.

‘TemM’PERATURE, Lat. temperatura. The
state of a body with regard to heat and
cold, as indicated by the thermometer.
‘Thus we say a high temperature to denote
a manifest intensity of heat, and a low
temperature to designate the reverse.
The temperature of the human body while
it lives (in health) is 98° F.; the tempera-
ture of boiling water at the level of the
sea is 212° F., and at the top of Mont
Blanc it is 189° F., giving a range of tem-
perature between these two levels of 238.

Tem’PERING. In metallurgy, the pre-
paring of steel or iron, so as to render
them harder or softer,as may be required.

Tem‘piars. Knights of the Temple. A
religious military order, first established
at Jerusalem, in favour of pilgrims tra-
velling to the Holy Land. The order
originated with some persons who, in
ae devoted themselves to the service of

sie oo ap to live in perpetual chas-
Deh edience and poverty, after the
manner of canons. In 1228 the order was
confirmed, in the council of Treyes. It
flourished, became immensely rich and
insolent, and was in consequence sup-
pressed by the council of Vienne in 1312.
The order was denominated from an
apartment in the palace of Baldwin IL.,
in Jerusalem, near the Temple.

Tem’piate. A sort of mould employed
in cutting and setting masonry and brick-
work. It consists of a thin piece of iron,
«cut to the exact cross section of the mould-
ing, or other feature to be worked.

'Tem’pte, Lat. templum. 1. A public
edifice, erected in honour of or for the wor-
ship of some deity. Originally, temples
were open places, as the Stonehenge in
England. At ancient Rome, the open
temples were called sacella, and those
which were roofed were called @des.——
2. In England, the temples are two inns of
court, so called because they were an-
ciently dwellings of the knights templars.
See Inn.——3. In anatomy, the temples
are the lateral and flat parts of the fore-
head, so called because the ravages of
time are often first perceptible by the
hair on these parts becoming grey.

Tem’pcer. 1. A short piece of timber
placed in a wall (chiefly brick-walls}, to
receive ghe end of * girder.——2. the
same as template (q. V.

Tem’ro. The Salon word for time.
Applied in music.

Tem’PoraL. In anatomy, appertaining
to the temples, as the temporal artery,
branch of the carotid, which gives off the
frontal artery ; the temporal bones situated
on each side of the head, and all ofa very

irregular figure; the temporal muscle is a
muscle of the lower jaw, situated on the
temple.

Tenac’uLum. A surgical instrument,
with a hooked extremity, for seizing and
drawing out the mouths of bl g ar-
teries, to secure them by ligaments.

Tena‘IL, Fr. tenaille. - In fortification, an
outwork resembling a hornwork, but,
having only in front a re-entering “angle
without flanks; a double or flanked tena 1
has two re- -entering angles.

Tenar’ Lion, from tenail. In fortification
a work constructed on each side of the
rayelins, like lunettes, but having one of
the faces in the direction of the ravelin,
whereas that of the lunette is perpendi-
cular to it.

/Ten’ant, Fr. from tenir, to hold. In
law, a person holding land, or other reai
estate, under another, either by grant,
lease, or at will: one who has tempo.
possession of lands, &c., the titles of
which are in another, as tenant in tail,
tenant in common, tenant by courtesy,
tenant in parcenary, &c. A tenant in capité
is a tenant in chief, or one who holds
directly of the Crown. Tenants in capite
have the fee of the land, and permanent
possession.

Ten’pEer. 1. A small vessel employed
to attend one or more larger ones to sup-
ply stores, &c.——2. A waggon built for
the purpose of accompanying a locomo-
tive engine for the conveyance of fuel,
water, &c.——3. In law, an offer either
in money to pay a debt, or of service to
be performed, in order to save a penalty
which would be incurred by non-payment
or non-performance.

Ten’po AcHiLuis. The large tendon
which passes from the muscles of the calf
to the heel.

Ten’pon, from tendo, to extend or
stretch. The white and glistening extre-
mity of a muscie.

Tenr’srio. The name of a genus of
heteromerous coieoptera. The species are
very numerous, and sre very common
under the bark of trees, on old walls and
the uninhabited parts of houses. The 7.
molitor is the favourite food of the night-
ingale in its captive state.

Ten’EMENT. In law, any species of pro-
perty which may be held by a tenant. In
common parlance, the term means a
building for habitation.

Tenner’. In Aeraidry, tawny or brusk.
A colour made by red and yellow mixed
together, and is expressed in engraving
by lines diagonal from the sinister chief
and traverse. In blazoning .by celestial
things, it is called the dragon’s-head, and
by precious stones, the hyacinth.

Ten’on. In carpentry, &c., the square
end of a piece of wood which is fitted tc
a mortise for insertion, or inserted for

TEN 708

TER

fastening two pieces of timber together
The term is trom French téenir, or Lat.
teneo, to hold.

Tr’nor, Ital. tenore. A term in mtisic,
implying the natural pitch or tenor of a
person’s voice in singing.

TENsE, corrupted from Fr. temps, from
Lat. tempus, time. In grammar, time, a
particular form of a verb, or a combina-
tion of words, used to express the time of
action, or of that which is affirmed. The
primary or simple tenses are three, past,
present, and future; but these admit of
modifications which differ in different lan-

guages.
Ten’sjon Bripce. Another name for a
bowstring bridge.
Ten’sor. In anatomy, a muscle, the

office of which is to extend the part to
which it is fixed.

Ten’TACLEs, ) Feelers. The exploring

Ten’tTacuta. Jorgans of various ani-
mals. The term was originally applied
to those organs or appendages of the
mouth which have no articulation, but
it is now understood as applicable to
organs in its vicinity, used as precursors
or feelers and antenne. The tentacula
are only motive organs of the fixed poly-
pi, as in the cephalopods; they are used as
arms for prehension, as legs for locomo-
tion, as sails for wafting their possessors
over the boundless deep, as oars for pass-
ing through its waves, as a rudder for
directing their course, and as an anchor
for fixing themselves.

TenTter. 1. A hook for stretching cloth

on a frame.——2. In factories, a manager
of the works of a floor or particular de-
partment.

Tentu. In music, the octave of the
third, comprehending ten sounds diatoni-
cally divided.

Ten’tHREDO. The saw-fly. A very ex-
tensive genus of hymenopterous insects
belonging to the family Securifera, Cuv.
Named from the serrated ovipositor of
the female. The larve live on the leaves
of the plants on which they feed.

Tentus. The tenth part of the yearly
value of all benefices, which was anciently
paid, with the first fruits, to the pope.

TenTo’RIuM. In anatomy, a process of
the dura mater, separating the cerebrum
from the cerebellum.

Tenvurros’tREs. A family of passerine
birds comprising those which have a long
slender beak, whence the name, from te-
nuts, slender, and rostrum, a beak.

Te’nvRE, from teneo, to hold; a holding.
All the species of ancient tenures may be
reduced to four; (1.) Tenure by knight
service, which was reckoned the most
honourable; (2.) Tenure in socage, which
was either free and honourable, or
villain and base; (3.) Tenure by copy or
egurt-roll, or copvhold tenure, a) Te-

nure in ancient domain. The tenure of
free and common socage has now in
great measure absorbed the others.

TEREBEL'LA. A genus of annulata be-
longing to the order Tubicola, Cuy. These
animals are found in shallow water on
the coasts. They inhabit artificial tubes
composed of grains of sand and frag-
ments of shells. Name from terebellum,
dim. of derebra.

TEREBEL’LUM. The name of an oblong
shell with a narrow aperture, without
plice or wrinkles, and increasing regu-
larly in width to the end opposite the
spire ; hence the name terebellum, a little
auger. The animalis unknown. Cuvicr
places the genus in the class Gasteropoda ;
order Pectinibranchiata; family Bucci-
noida.

Ter’eBra, Lat. from ¢egew, to bore. 1.
In surgery, a trepan or trephine; also an
instrument called a perforator.——2. In
conchology, a* genus of turreted marine
univalvye shells. Two species are found
fossil in the environs of Paris.

TEREBRAN’CHIA, Lat. terebro, I bore. A
section of hymenopterous insects, pro-
vided with an anal instrument for making
perforations.

TEREBRAT’ULA. The name given by
Bruguiéres to a genus of Brachiopoda.
The shell is bivalvular; the valves are
unequal and united by a hinge; the sum-
mit of the one is more salient than the
other, and perforated to permit the
sage of a fieshy pedicle, which attaches
the shells to rocks, madrepores, other
shells, &c. Hence the name from terebra-
tus, pierced. Many terebratule are found
fossil.

Terr’po. A genus of testaceous ace-
phala, belonging to the family Inclusa,
Cuv., and Tubicolaria, Lin. Name teredo,
a worm which perforates wood: rtgyday,
from regs, to bore; and the species when
quite young penetrate and establish their
habitations in submerged pieces of wood,
such as piles, ships’ bottoms, &c., perfor-
ating and destroying them in all direc-
tions. The T. navalis, Lin., is justly cele-
brated. It is thought to have been im-
ported into Europe from the torrid zone.
It is highly destructive in our ports, and
has more than once threatened Holland
with ruin, by the destruction of its dikes.
It is upwards of six inches in length.

TerGeEm'Inovs, Lat. tergeminus, doubly
twin-forked. Applied to a leaf-stalk when
it has two leaflets at the end of each, and
two more at the fork.

TEKM, t. terminus, from Tieuae, &
limit. 1. In the arts, &c.,a word, which,
besides its popular and grammatical mean-
ing, has a peculiar force or import in the
language of some particular art, science,
trade, &c. A word becomes & term Whes

_—

TER .

09

TER

the idea it expresses is rendered more in-
sulated and peculiar.——2. In geometry,a
point or line that limits: a point is the
term of a line,a line is the term of a sur-
face, and a surface is the term of a solid.
—3. In architecture, a kind of statues
or columns, adorned on the top with the
figure of a head, either of a man, woman,
or satyr. Terms are sometimes used as
consoles, and sustain entablatures; and
sometimes as statues to adorn gardens,
&c.—4. In algebra, a member of a com-
pound quantity. Thus a and 6 are the
terms of a + 6.—5. In logic, a syllogism
consists of three terms, the major, the
minor, and the middle.——6. In law, the
time during whieh a court is held or open
for the trial of causes: the rest of the year
is called vacation. In England there are
four terms, viz., Hilary term, which be-
gins on the 23rd of January, and ends on
the 2lst of February ; Easter term, which
begins 18 days after Easter, and ends on
the Monday next after Ascension day;
Trinity term, which begins on the Friday
after Trinity Sunday, and ends the Wed-
nesday fortnight after; and Michaelmas
term, which begins on the 6th November,
and ends on the 28th of November.—2.

agreements, the terms are the condi-
tions; propositions stated or promises
made, and when assented to or accepted
by another, settle the contract and bind
the parties.

Ter’mes. In entomology, the Termites
form an extensive genus of neuropterous
insects. They inhabit the countries si-
tuated between the tropics, or which are
adjacent, and are known by the name of
white ants, poux de bois, caria, &c., from
their manner of living in communities,
destructive habits, &c. They live under
cover in the ground, and destroy trees
and all sorts of ligneous articles, as furni-
ture and the planks, timbers, &c., of
houses. The larve are the working termites
or labourers; another sort are the neuters
or soldiers, which defend the domicile
and compel the labourers to work. The
perfect insects leave their original re-
treat, flying off during the night in incal-
culable numbers. At sunrise they lose
their wings, which are dried up, fall to
the ground, and are mostly devoured by
birds, lizards, and their other enemies.

TER’MINAL, Lat. terminalis, growing at
the terminus or extremity. Applied, in
botany, to flowers and umbels which pro-
ceed from the extremity of the stem or
branches.

Ter’MinI, pl. of terminus, limit. In ar-
chitecture, columns having a head for a
capital, and ending below in a sort of
sheath or scabbard. See Term.

Tsx’'MintHUs. In surgery, a black ar-

uamed from its resemblance to the fruit
of the reeesyfos or turpentine tree

Terminus (Lat.), termination. Applied
technically to the extreme point at either
end of a railway.

Terms oF Equa’rTions.
which they are composed.

Ter’na Fora. In botany, leaves grow-
ing three together in a whorl.

Ternary, Lat. ternarius, proceeding
by threes ; consisting of three. Applied
to things arranged in ordes by threes, as
a flower having three sepals, three petals,
three stamina, &c., or twice or thice as

The parts of

many.
TeR’NaTE. 1. Lat. ternatus, from terni,
three. Applied to a leaf which has three

leafiets, as that of the trefoil.——2. Lat.
ternus, by threes. Applied to leaves when
there are three together.

Ter’ra-cor’ra (Latin). Baked earth.
Many ancient temples were built of terra-
cotta; and it was very generally adopted
for statues and architectural ornaments,
as those of friezes. It is still used for
similar purposes. The materials are pot-
ter’s clay, and fine white sand, as that of
Reigate, with pulverised potsherds.

Ter’ra Sren’Na. A brown bole or ochre
from Sienna in Italy, used as a pigment.

Ter’Rack, Fr. terrasse, from Lat terra.
1. In architecture, a balcony ; also the flat
roof of a house.——2. In gardening, a
raised bank of earth with sloping sides,
laid with turf, and gravelled on the slope
for a walk.

TERR®’-PLEIN (French). In fortification
the top platform or horizontal surface of
the rampart on which the cannon are
placed.

TERRES’TRES, Lat. terra. A section of
the class Aves; also of a family of pulmo-
nated gasteropods, and of a division of
isopodous crustaceans.

TERRE’VERTE (French). Green earth:
an earth of a green colour, found in Ger-
many, France, Italy, and North America.
It is ground with oil, and used as a pig-
ment.

TeEr’RteER, from terra, earth. 1. A little
dog used to hunt animals which burrow.
—2. In law, originally, a collection of
acknowledgments of the vassals or tenants
of a lordship, containing the rents, ser-
vices, &c., they owe to the lord. At pre-
sent, a book or roll, in which the lands of
private persons, corporations, &c., are
described by their sites, boundaries, ex-
tent, &c.——3. From tero, to bore, an
auger.

Ter’tiary, third; tertius, three. Ap-
plied in geology to those formations which
have been deposited subsequently to the
chalk formation. The most remarkable
feature of the tertiary strata is that they
consist of repeated alternations of mari

dent pustule, which attacks the legs; so i deposits and those of fresh water.

TET 710 .

TET

Tervn’civs. An ancient Roman coin,
one-fourth of an as.

Terza Ra, It. triple rhyme. A com-
plicated system of versification borrowed
by the early Italian poets from the Trou-
badours.

Tes’sera, from Tiocuen, four. A name
of the four-sided or cuboid bone. In
Roman antiquities, a six-sided die, like
modern dice.

Tes’sutar. A term applied to a system
of crystallisation in which the form is
Se and determined, as the cube,

Test, from testor, to try. In chemistry,
any substance which being added to a
substance indicates by special characters
the chemical nature of that substance
simple or compound. Tests are usually
called re-agents.

Testa’cza. A name given, by Linné to
that order in the class vermes, wherein
the animals are furnished with true
shells: distinct from crustacea. The shells
of the testaceans are carbonate of lime;
those of the crustaceans are phosphate of
lime. Linné divides the testaceans into
36 genera, all of which are popularly
known as shell-fish.

TestTacer’Ltus, Lat. testa. A genus of
slugs, provided with a small shell, which
acts as shield to the heart.

Tesr’inc. In metallurgy, the operation
of refining gold and silver.

Trs’rone. A silver coin of Italy (Papal
States) worth ls. 32d.

Tes’roon. A silver coin of Portugal.
The testoon of 1799 is worth fully six-
pence ; that of 1802 is worth rather less:
in the one case 6444.5 in the other 5,54.

Testv’po. 1. The Tortoise: a genus of
reptiles, comprising the terrestrial species
of the order chelonia. According to Linné,
the genus comprised also the aquatic
species, which are much more numerous
than the land tortoises. See CHELONIA
and Trionyx.——2. In surgery, a meli-
cerous tumour of the scalp, of a flattened
shape, fancifully supposed to resemble a
tortoise.

Ter’anus, rtcayos, from -¢tivw, to
stretch. In nosology, a disease character-
ised by general spasmodic rigidity of the
muscles.

Terracav’Lopon. An extinct animal
allied to the mastodon, discovered at
Epplesheim in Germany. It is referable
to the miocene period.

Terra‘cHorD, from rerea, four, and
xoedy, chord. A term in the ancient
music denoting a series of four sounds, of
which the extremes constitute a fourth.

TETRADAC’TYLOUS, TETLUOKKTUAOS.
Having four toes.
TeTaadiara’son, from rerex, four, and

diapason (q.v.). Quadruple diapason or
octave ; a musical chord, otherwise calied
a quadruple eighth or twenty-ninth.
Tetra’poron, Gr. In ancient architec-
ture, a briek used by the Greeks in pri-
vate buildings, of four palms in length.
TerrapRacHMm. A silver coin of the
ancient Greeks—four drachms.
_ Te’rrRaprnam1a, from rerex, four,
and duvaseos, power.
The name of the fif-
teenth class of plants
in the Linnzan sex-
ual system; com-
prising such plants
as have six stamens
in one flower, two
shorter than the
rest, indicating the
superiority of four
stamens over the
other two. The or-
ders are: (1.) Silicu-
losa, of which eole-
wort is an example ;
(2.) Stliquosa, of
which the cuckoo-
flower and worm-seed are examples.
TETRA’ DROX, }
TETRAHE’DRON,
from TET eH, four
and idea, a side.
In geometry, one
of the five regular
bodies. Ifiscom-

prehended under
four equilateral es

and equal tri-
angles. Itis there-
fore a pyramid.

TerraeEte’Ris. In Grecian chronology, a
cycle of four years, invented by Solon to
make the lunar year equal to the solar.

Ter’Racon, from rerea, four, and ywyia,
an angle. 1. In geometry, a figure having
four angles.——2. In astrology, an aspect
of two planets with regard to the earth,
when they are distant from each other
90°, or one fourth of a circle.

Terracrn’Ia, from siren, four, and
yvvy, a wife. The name of an order of
plants in several of the classes of the
sexual system of Linnzus, consisting
of plants which to the classic character,
whatever it is, add the circumstance of
having four pistils.

TetraM’eTER, from rerea, four, and ue-
veov, measure. A verse consisting of four
measures.

Terran’pria, from siren, four, and
evye, a mnale. The name of the fourth
class of plants in the sexual system of
Linnzus, comprising such as have foer
stamens. The orders are: (1.) Monoggy

7

TEX

Lod

é

11 THE

ta, of which the teasel
and scabicus are exam-
ples; (2.) Digynia, of
which the dodder is an
example; (3.) Tetragy-
nia, of which the holly
and pondweed are ex-
amples.

Ter’rao. An exten-
sive genus of gallina-
naceous birds. Name
Plin. 10, 12. The genus is characterised
by anaked and most generally red band,
which occupies the place of the eye-
brow. The sub-genera are the grouse
(Tetrao, Lath.), the ptarmigan (Lagopus,
Cuv.), the partridges (comprising Perdiz,
Briss., and Francolinus, Tem.), and the
quails (Coturniz).

Terrappr’atous, Lat. tetrapetalus, four-
petalled. Applied to flowers which con-
sist of four single petals.

TETRAPHYL'LOvS, Lat. tetraphyllus. Four-
leaved.

Te’rrarta. The name of a bible con-
taining four Greek versions, arranged by
Origen.

Te’TRARCH, Lat. tetrarcha. Among the
ancient Romans, the governor of the
fourth part of a province.

TETRASPER’MOUs, Lat. tetraspermus.
Four-seeded.

Ter’gastrLe, from vrtrea, four, and
e@rvaAes,a column. A portico consisting
of four columns.

Ter’ropon. In ichthyology, a genus of
branchiostigious fishes, which have the
power of inflating the body at pleasure.
The sun-fish is an example.

Tev’ronic. 1. Pertaining to the Teu-
tons, a people of Germany, or to their
lan e.—2. As a noun, the language
of the Teutons, the parent of the German,
Dutch, and Anglo-Saxon or native Eng-
lish.——3. The Teutonic order was a mili-
tary religious order of knights, estab-
lished towards the close of the twelfth
century, in emulation of the Templars
and Hospitallers, and so called because it
was composed chiefly of Teutons or Ger-
mans, who marched to the Holy Land
during the crusades.

Text, Lat. textus. 1. In logic, that on
which a comment is written or spoken.
——2. In old theology, the four gospels, by
way of eminence.——3. Text or text-hand
is large hand in writing, so called be-
cause it was formerly the practice to
write the text of a book in a large hand
and the notes in a smaller hand.

Tex’ TURE, t. textura, from tezxo, to
weave. Disposition of the parts of bo-
dies. A texture means anything which is
woven, and is therefore aptly enough ap-
plied’ metaphorically to various solids of
the living body,as the cellular membrane,
bone, muscular fibre, &c.

THav’amus, daAauos. A bed, 1. In
anatomy, a part of the brain, from which.
the optic nerve derives its origin ——g.
In botany, the receptacle of the parts of
fructification of plants.

THALIC’rRUM. The Meadow Rue. A
genus of perennial plants. Polyandria—
Polyginia. Name from §eAdAw, to flourish,
The poor man’s rhubarb, the great, small,
and alpine meadow rue,are the British
types of the genus. '

Tuat'tus, JaAdog. A green leaf or olive
bud. A term, in botany, for the foliage or
frond of a lichen, whether of a leafy,
scaly, or crustaceous nature.

THam'Mvuz. 1. The tenth month of the
Jewish civil year. It contains 29 days,
and answers to a part of our June aad
duly.——2. The name of a deity among
the Pheenicians.

THANE, Sax. thegin,a minister, thenian,
toserve. The thanes of England were
formerly persons of some dignity. Of
these there were two orders; the king’s
thanes, who attended the Saxon and Da-
nish kings in their courts, and held lands
immediately of them ; and the ordinary
thanes, who were lords of manors. At
the Conquest, the title was superseded by
baron.

THaveuts, } The benches of a boat on

Tuwarts. § which the rowers sit.

THAU’MATROPE, Suvun, a wonder, and
tetrw,I turn. An optical toy, the prin-
ciple of which is the persistence of vision.
This principle is exemplified by the rapid
whirling round of a burning stick, which
produces an apparent circle of fire.

THavumatun’Gus, Seve, a wonderful
thiig, and geyoy, work. A miracle-
worker. A title given by the Roman Ca-
tholics to some of their saints.

Tur’a. The Tea-tree or plant. A genus
of shrubs. Monadelphia—Polyandria. Na-
tural order, Columnifere. Name Latinised
from tea. There are two species; the 7.
bohea, which produces the black tea; and
T. viridis, the green tea. China, Assam.
See Tra.

Tue’san Year. The Egyptian year, of
365 days 6 hours, was so called.

Tue’ca, from :fys, to place. A case,
sheath, or box. 1. In anatomy, the canal of
the vertebral column.—2. In botany, the
capsule or dry fructification, adhering to
the apex of a frondose stem.

THeEcApDAc’TYLI. A genus of saurians
belonging to the family Geckodita. Name
from theca, a furrow, and dactylus, a toe,
the toes being widened throughout, and
furnished beneath with transverse scales,
divided by a deep longitudinal furrow, in
which the nail is concealed.

Tuzrt-zore. In law, the receiving of
a man’s goods again from a thief, or com-

THE 712

THE

pensation for the same: bote, compen-
sation.
Tuel’Na,) A saline base, consisting of

TueErne. }snow-white acicular crys-
tals, of a beautiful silky lustre, extracted
from tea. It appears, however, to be
identical, in its composition and charac-
ters, with caffeine.

Tue'ism. from @:z0s, God. The belief or
acknowledgment of the existence of a
Supreme Being ; opposed to atheism, and
differing from deism, which, though it
acknowledges the existence of a God, de-
nies revelation, which theism does not.

TuHE’nNarD’s Bivur. Cobalt Blue. A
blue pigment, of which arseniate or phos-
phate of cobalt and alumina are the
bases.

Turosro’ma. A genusofshrubs. Poly-
adelphia—Decandria. Name from Géos,
a god, and Bewue, food, on account of the
deliciousness ofits fruit. The Chocolate-
nut-tree, or tree which affords the Cocoa-
nut, is the best known species. South
America.

TuEoc’racy, @¢os, God, and AOATED,
I rule. The government of a state imme-
diately by God.

Turoc’rRasy, @to¢, God, and xeasris,
mixture, anciently signified the inti-
mate union of the soul with God in con-
templation.

TuHeop’otire. An instrument used in
surveying, for measuring angles. It is
mostly used in determining particular
stations, and in running base lines, being
the most perfect of all the angular in-
struments.

Turoc/ony, Ocoyovia. The generation
of the Gods. That branch of heathen
theology which taught the genealogy of
the deities.

Tueor’ocy, from @zos, God, and Asyes,
doctrine. Divinity: the science which
treats of the existence, character, and at-
tributes of God, his laws and govern-
ment, the doctrines we are to believe,
andthe duties we are to practise. It con-
sists of two parts, natural and revealed.

TueEor’so, Ital. tiorba. A musical in-
strument, like a large lute, except that it
has two necks, the second and longer of
which sustains the four last rows of
chords, which are to give the deepest
sounds. The theorbo has 8 bass or thick
strings, twice as long as those of the lute,
which excess of length renders the sound
exceedingly soft and long continued.

THEOREM, Oewenucs, from Giwesw, to
see. A demonstrative proposition: a pro-
position in which some property is as-
serted, and the truth of it required to be
proved. It differs from a problem, which
requires something to be done.

Tarory, Orogia, from bsegsw, to see.

A collected view of all that is known on
any speculative subject. A theory is pro-
perly a collection or set of theories, es-
tablished on independent evidence: an
h is is a proposition assumed to ac-
count for certain | y reypacercg and has no
other evidence of its truth than that it
affords a satisfactory explanation of those
phenomena. These terms are very fre-
quently confounded, both in speaking and
writing, but should be kept perfectly dis-
tinct, as they are both required in these
Speculative days.

Tueo’sopuists, S20¢ and coi, Wisdom.
Those who pretend to derive their know-
ledge of God from direct inspiration.

TueErarev’tics, Geserevtixg, from Os-
eaxrtvm, to cure. A branch of pathological
science, which considers the application
of the remedies and means employed,
with a view to preventand tocure di

TueEr’mMatL, from thernea, a warm spring :
O:guos, warm. A term chiefly applied to
warm springs, as the Geysers.

* TuHER’Mo-ELECTRIC'ITY. E'ectricity de-
veloped by heat (Os2u).

Tuermom'ereR, from feguy, heat, and
fesreov, & measure. An instrument for
measuring the variations of the sensible
heat of bodies. It consists essentially of

mmm 2 hollow glass tube, hermeti-

Aa cally sealed, and blown at one
Mh yt
rh

end in the shape of a small
globe. This bulb part of the
tube is filled with mercury,
which iz the only fluid that
expands equally at all tem-
peratures between 39° and
600°. When, forinstance, the
bulb is immersed in boiling
water, the mercury expands,
and rises in the tube to a
height which, in the common
thermometer, is denoted by
212°; when again it is im-
mersed among pounded ice,
the mercury contracts, and falls in the
tube to a point in like manner marked
32°. The space between these points is
divided into 180 equal degrees, and these
points, with any others that may be
wanted, being marked upon a scale
(usually ivory), and the glass tube being
attached toit, a Fahrenheit’s thermometer
ismade. In England, Fahrenheit’s ther-
mometer is commonly used, but on the
Continent, particularly in France, the
Centigrade thermometer is almost exclu-
sively used. In this instrument, the in-
terval between the freezing and boiling
points of water is divided into 100°, so
that a degree on the scale of Fahrenheit’s
thermometer is equal to 5-9ths of a de-
gree on that of the Centigrade. Réaw-
mur’s thermometer is in use in Germany :

THL 713 THO
the scale contains 80° between the freezing TEHOLES, Sax. thol, a peg. 1. The
ani boiling points of water. The Centi- Txow ze, } pins inserted into the gun-~

grade thermometer is decidedly the most
convenient.

TueEr’moscore, from sguz, heat, and
ozortw, to view. Aninstrument for ex-
hibiting the effects of heat.

TuHERmMo’staT, from Beaten, heat, and
ovreros, Standing. The name of an ap-
paratus for 1 lati ture in dis-
tillation, hot “baths, “hothouses, &c., pa-
tented by Dr. Ure in 1831. It operates
on the well-known principle, that when
two metallic bars, differently expansive,
are rivetted or soldered faceways together,
any change of temperature in them will
cause the compound bar to bend in one
direction or the other; and these move-
ments are made to operate in regulating
valves, stop-cocks, stove-registers, &c., so
as to regulate the temperature of the
media in which the compound bars are
placed.

Tue’sts, @écis. LA position or proposi-
tion, which a person advances and offers
to maintain.——2. In logic, a subject is
divided into thesis and hypothesis ; thesis
contains the thing affirmed, and hypothesis
the conditions of the affirmation or nega-
tion.——3. In music, the depression of the
hand in beating of time

Tue’ruys. The name given by Linn. to
a genus of gasteropods, of the order Nudi-
branchiata, Cuv. The T. fimbria, Lin., a
beautiful species from the Mediterranean,
is well known.

Tuer’urcy, feos and egyoy, work, The
working of miracles.

Tuim’sie. In nautical language, an iron
ring, with a hollow or groove round its
circumference, to receive the rope which
is spliced round it.

Tuin-ovr. A term in geology for the
gradual pee! of a bed or stratum, till
at wholly disappears.

Turrp. In music,an interval containing
three diatonic sounds; the major com-
posed of two tones, and the minor con-
sisting of a tone and a half.

Tutrvace. In law, a contract or power
to prevent the tenants of certain districts
trom carrying their corn to be ground
ae where else than at a particular
mill.

Tuis’tLe. 1. In botany, (see Carpuvs,
SerRaTuLa, CENTAUREA, and CaRLiNa).
—2. A Scottish order of knighthood.

Tutas’p1. The Bastard-cress: a genus
of herbaceous plants: Tetradynamia—Sili-
culosa. Name from 6Aaw, to break, be-
cause the seeds appear as if they were
bruised. There are four British species,
of which the penny-cress or treacle mus-

{Z. arvense) is the best known.

wale of a boat to keep the oars in the
rowlecks when used in rowing. —2. The
handles of a scythe.

Tuo’mists. Followers of Thomas Aqui-
nas, in opposition to the Scotists.

Tor. In mythology, the god of thun-
der; a deity worshipped by the northern
nations, and from which our Thursday
derives its name. By our Saxon ancestors
he was believed to have extensive do-
minion in heaven, and that all nations of
the earth owed him divine honour and
service; that he governed the winds and
clouds, and showed his displeasure by
causing lightnings, thunders, and tem-
pests, with excessive rains, hail, and
stormy weather; but being well pleased
by adoration and sacrifice, he bestowed
upon his supplicants fair and seasonable
weather, and caused plenty of corn and
fruits to grow

Tuora’cic. 1. Appertaining to the
thorax orchest. Thus the trunk of the
absorbents is named the thoracic duct from.
its position.——2. In tchthyology, belong-
ing to the order Thoracict.

Tuora’cic1. The third order of bony
fishes in the system of Linné, respiring
by means of gills only, and having the
ventral fins under the pectoral, ¢. e. under
the thorax.

Tuo’rax. The chest, or that part of the
body between the neck and abdomen:
from Gogsw, to leap, because in it the
heart leaps. The thorax is divided by
imaginary lines into certain regions.
These are the right and left humeral,a
right and left subclavian, a right and left
mammary, a right and left azillary, a
right and left subazillary, a right and left
scapulary, a right and left intrascapulary,
and a right and left subscapulary.

Tuor'tna. A primitive earth discovered
in 1828 by Berzelius, in the mineral tho-
rite,of which it constitutes 58 per cent. It
is a fine white powder, the basis of which
is thorinum.

Tuor’Inum. The metallic basis of
thorina. It is obtained in an iron-gray
powder, the particles of which have a
metallic lustre. Like aluminum it ap-
pears to be malleable, and is not oxidised
by water, even when heated; but when
heated in the open air it takes fire, burns
with much splendour, and is converted
into thorina. The earth thus formed is

snow-white, and exhibits no traces of ¢

fusion.

Txo’r1te. A black mineral, like obsi-
dian, discovered by Esmark of Christiana,
in Norway, and thus named _by Berzelius,
who analysed it. It occurs in the syenite
of the isle of Léy-én, near Brevig, in
Norway, and is very scarce.

THR 714

THU

Tsorn’Back. A fish, the Raia clavata,
Cuv. and Yarr.; the maiden skate of
Scotland. It grows to about two feet
long, is very voracious, feeding on every
kind of small flounder, herrings, sand-
eels, and crustaceous animals, as crabs
and lobsters. It is common in some of
the British rivers and on the coasts.

Tuo’rovcH. Among builders. See PEr-
BEND.

ee andgap gh pa music, the basso

TuHo’RovGH-xRAss. § continuo of the Ita-
lians, and the accompaniment of the
French. Thorough base on the harpsi-
chord, organ, &c., consists in the execu-
tion of a complete and regular harmony,
by seeing only the notes of one part of
the harmony; and this part is called the
base, being in reality the basis of the
whole composition. This base is played
with the left hand, and the harmony with
the right.

Turatt. The Saxon word for slave:
whence thraidom, slavery.

Turave. Threave of corn. Twenty four
sheaves or four shocks (stooks in Scotland),
of six sheaves to the shock.

TurReEaD, Sax. thred, thraed. 1. A small
line made up of a number of fibres of
some vegetable or animal substance, such
as flax, cotton, or silk, whence its name
of linen, cotton, and silk thread.——2.
The filament of any fibrous substance, as
of bark; the filament of a flower.——3.
The prominent spiral part of a screw.

Turips. The name given by Linnzus
to a genus of homopterous hemiptera,
from Gerry, a moth, from reibm, to bore.
The species live on flowers, plants, and
under the bark of trees.

Turoat wort. In botany, (1.) The
throatwort of Britain is a species of the
bell-flower, the Campanula trachelium,a
perennial of several varieties; (2.) The
trachelium of two species. See TRacHE-
LIUM.

Turos’tLe. 1. Incotton-spinning, the ma-
chine otherwise called the water-frame,
because it requires considerable power to
put it in motion, and could only be
worked, before the application of the
steam-engine as a moving power, in such
factories as had water-power. It takes
the name throstle from the peculiar noise
(like the singing of a throstle or thrush !),
which it makesin working. The yarns
spun by it are much harder than those
spun by the jenny, and on that account it
is better adapted to the spinning of
warps: It is now, however, in a great
measure superseded by the mule.——2. In
ornithology, the song-thrush or mavis
(Turdus musicus, Lin.), the finest of our
native singing birds.

TnR2urTLe-vatve. In steam-encines, a
Vaive conirived to reguluie the supp.y of
ateam im the cylinder. it is brought into

operation by the action of the governor,
and takes its name from its enlarging or
diminishing the throat of the engine so as
to allow a wider or narrower passage for
the steam, as a greater or less velocity is
required.

Turvum’minc. A nautical term, signify-
ing the inserting in a sail, mat, &e.,
through small holes made by a bolt-rope,
needle, or a marlin-spike, a number of
smail pieces of rope or spun-yarn.

TurvusH. 1. In ornithology, see Tur-
DUs- 2. In nosology, small ulcerations
which appear first in the mouth, but
often affect the alimentary duct: techni-
cally called aphthe.

Txvucs. A numerous class of professed
assassins and robbers among the Hin-
doos. They form a society, proceed upon
fixed principles, and are with difficulty
detected.

Tuvum’uim. A Hebrew word denoting
perfections. See Urnrm and Toummim.

Tuun’pex, Sax. thunder, Pers. thondhor.
The sound which follows an explosion or
discharge of electricity in the atmosphere.
The snapping noise which the electric
spark makes in passing through a por-
tion of the atmosphere, is due to the sud-
den compression of the air; and there
can be no doubt that the awful thunder-
clap itself is produced by the same action.
The report is in this instance modified by
a variety of circumstances, such as dis-
tance, echo, &c.; and the sudden dying
away and return of the sound may be ac-
counted for on well-known principles.
Sound travels in air at a velocity of only
1130 feet in a second, but light at the
rate of 195,000 miles in the same period of
time. The time in which the flash of
lightning reaches us from the different
parts of its course may therefore be taken
as instantaneous; but the time which
the explosion occupies will be very ap-
preciable, and will vary with the dis-
tance of the several parts of the long zig-
zag which the discharge traverses. By
a calculation, founded upon the interval
between the flash and the sound, and the
duration of the thunder-clap, it has been
found that a flash of lightning frequently
traverses a space of nine or ten miles, and
when we take into account the irregular
course which it follows, its alternate ap-
proach and recession will account for the
phenomena in question. Such would be
the effect produced upon an observer,
placed at the end of a long file of soldiers,
who were to discharge their muskets at
the same instant. He would not heara
single report but a succession of reports,
—_. would produe an irregular rolling
soand.

Tuvn’pzER-sott. 1. The lightning of an
electric discharge in the atmosphere.——
%. ln mineralogy, thunder-bolts are crys

THY

7i5

TID

tals of iron pyrites, of a cylindrical form,
found in the chalk beds: aiso fossil echi-
nites, of the family Cidaris.

THUN’DER-HOUsE. An instrument em-
ployed in electrical experiments, to illus-
trate the manner in which buildings re-
ceive damage by lightning.

Tuvrts. Short communications between
the adits in mines.

Tuurs’pay. The fifth day of the week.
Gore the day consecrated to Thor

q-v.).

Tuvs. In pharmacy, frankincense, from
6uw, to sacrifice. See Batsam and Frank-
INCENSE.

Tuwarts. Among seamen, &c., the
benches of a boat, on which the rowers sit.

Tuym’ELB, @vsery. The place in the
Greek theatres where the musicians were
seated. These were called Thymelici, in
consequence.

Tuym’Iam. Musk-wood, from fyua,
odour, because of its odoriferous smell.
Thymiam is a bark (supposed to be of the
liquid storax-tree), brought in small
brownish-grey pieces from Syria, and
some other oriental parts. It has an
agreeable balsamic smell, not unlike
liquid storax, and a subacid, bitterish
tas

Tuyrm’vs. Thyme. 1. A genus of plants.
Didy ia—Gy spermia. Name from
6uyeee. odour, because of its fragrant smell.
The wild and the basil thyme are the
only two species indigenous to Britain:
our garden thyme belongs to the south of
Europe. The exotic species, of which
there are 23 known, aremostly hardy and
permanent, though small plants.——2. In
surgery, a small, fleshy, indolent tubercle,
like a wart, arising about the anus, re-
sembling the flower of thyme.——3. In
anatomy, a glandular body, situated be-
hind the sternum, in the duplicature of
the mediastinum. It is large in the foetus,
but constantly diminishes after birth till
it wholly disappears (generally) in the
adult. Its useisunknown. In calves
this is called the sweetbread.

Turn’nvs. In ichthyology, the Tunny,
a fish of the Mediterranean, which attains
the length of from 15 to 18 feet. From its
abundance it constitutes a great source of
wealth to Provence, Sardinia, Sicily, &c.
It is considered by Cuvier a subgenus of
the genus Scomber, Lin. The name is
Latin, from the Greek name fuyyos.

Turr’orp, from @ugeos, a shield, and
tides, like. Resembling a shield. Applied,
in anatomy : 1. The thyroid cartilage con-
stitutes the anterior, superior, and largest
part of the larynx, forming the pomum
‘Adami, or Adam’s apple, in man.——2.
The thyroid gland is situated upon the
cricoid cartilage, trachea, and horns of
the thyroid gland. Its use is not known.

Tuyrsk, Lat. thyrsus,a young sprout:
A name, in botany, for a species of infio-
rescence, consisting of a dense and close
panicle, bunch, or cluster, more or less of
an ovate form.

TuHysanov’Ra. The name of anorder of
apterous insects, supported by six feet,
experiencing no metamorphosis, and hay-
ing, besides, particular organs of motion,
either on the sides or the extremity of the
abdomen. The order comprises the Lepis-
mene and Podurelle of Latreille.

Tra’Ra, Tiwex. 1. An ornament of dress
for the head, worn by the ancient Persian
kings, nobles, and priests. ——2. The pope’s
triplecrown. The tiara and the keys are
the badges of the papal dignity: the tiara
marks the civil rank of the pope, and the
keys his ecclesiastical jurisdiction. It was
originally a round high cap, encompassed
first by one crown, and then by another.

Trizp’ta. In anatomy, the largest bone of
the leg. The term is supposed to be a
corruption of tubia from tuba, a tube, on
account of its pipe-like shape.

Tip’1at. Belonging to the tibia, as the
tibial arteries, which are the principal
branches of the popliteal artery. .

Tic Dotourev’x. A French term sig-
nifying a painful spasm, and used to desig-
nate. facial neuralgia.

Tick. 1. In entomology, see ASCARUS.
——2. In manufactures, Tick or Tickenis a
strong textile fabric, used as covering to
hold the feathers, down, or other mate-
rials of which beds are made.

Tives. In hydrography, the alternate
ebb and flow of the sea, which takes
place twice in 24 hours, 56 m., 28 sec. of
solar time. The tides depend on the ac-
tion of the sun and moon, but their ex-
planation is one of the most difficult of
astronomical problems. The hypothesis
of Sir I. Newton is by no means satis-
factory.

Tipe-cavee. A mechanical contrivance
for registering the state of the tide con-
tinuously.

TipE-tock. Guard-lock. A lock situ-
ated between an entrance-basin and a
eanal, harbour, or river, and forming a
communication between them. It is fur-
nished with double gates, whereby craft
can pass them either way, at all times
of the tide.

Tipe-mitt. Amill consisting of a water-
wheel connected with other machinery,
and moved by the ebbing and flowing of
the tide. Tide-mills admit of great
variety in the essential parts of their
construction. Ist. The water-wheel may
turn one way when the tide rises, and
the contrary way when the tide falls.
2nd. The water-wheel may be made to
turn always in one direction. 8rd. The
water-wheel may be made to rise and
fall as the tide ebbs and flows. 4th The

TIL

716

TIN

axle of the water-wheel may be so fixed
that it shall neither rise nor fall, though
the rotary motion shall be given to the
wheel, while at one time itis only partly,
at another time completely, immersed in
the fluid.

Tipe-waitrer. An officer who has
charge of the landing of goods, for secur-
ing the payment of the custom duties on
the same.

Trex. 1. In architecture, a piece of timber
or metal, placed in any direction, to bind
together two parts which have any ten-
dency to separate.—2. In music, an ancient
character ~ for connecting syncopated
notes divided by a bar.

Trier. 1. A rank or row, particularly
when two or more rows are placed one
over another. 2. The tiers of a cable
are the ranges of fakes or windings of
the cable, laid one within another when
coiled.

Tierce, Fr. from tiers, three. 1.A
liquid measure, equal to the third part of
a pipe. 2. A weight by which pro-
visions are sold, particularly in Ireland.
The tierce of beef for the navy is 304 lbs.,
and for India 336 lbs.— 3. In heraldry,
applied to the field when divided into
three parts.

Tierce’'ter, dim. of tierce, a third. A
name used by falconers to distinguish
the male hawk as being a third less than
the female.

Tr'crer. In zoology, the Felis Tigris,
Ruff., an animal! as large as the lion, is
the most cruel of all quadrupeds, and the
scourge of the East Indies. The body is
longer than that of the lion, and the head
rounder. The skin is a lively fawn-
colour above, a pure white below, irregu-
larly crossed with black stripes. Such is
the strength of the animal, and the velo-
city of his movements, that, during the
march of armies, he has been seen to
seize a soldier while on horseback, and
bear him to the depths of the forest with-
out affording a possibility of rescue. He
is moreover a coward.

Tites. Plates of clay baked in a kiln,
and used instead of slates for covering
the roofs of houses. They are named ac-
cording to their shape and especial uses ;
as plane or crown-tiles, of a rectangular
form; ridge, roof, or hip-tiles, formed
cylindrically to cover the ridges of houses ;
gutter-tiles are about the same size and
shape as the ridge-tiles, used for making

tters; pan-tiles have a rectangular
outline, with a surface both concave and
convex, so that the edge of the one tile
may overlap the edge of that next toit
in the process of tiling.

Tirta. The lime-tree: agenus of nine
species. Polyandria—Monogynia. Name
from wrtAta, the elm-tree. There are five
British species of the lime or linden-tree.

TrLu. 1. In botany, the Sesamum orien-
tale, an East India oil plant.——2. A kind
of clayey earth, forming the sub-soil of
me inferior lands ; called in some parts
tilt.

Tir’ter. The bar or lever used ta
turn the rudder in steering a vessel. The
tiller-rope forms a communication be-
tween the tiller and the wheel.

Tit’mvus, csAAw, I pluck. A picking of
the bed-clothes: a symptom of the ap-
proach of death in some disorders.

Titt. Asmall canopy or awning ex-
tending over the stern-sheets of a boat,
as a defence against rain, &c. Also a
like covering over a cart or other vehicle.

Trirr-soat. A boat protected by a tilt
or tarpawling against the inclemency of
foul weather.

Titr-Ham’mMeR. A large hammer, used
in iron-works, and put in motion by a
water-wheel or steam-engine.

Titr’1nc (of steel), is the process by
which blister-steel is rendered ductile.
This is done by beating with the tilt-
hammer.

Tim’seER. A term used to designate any
large tree squared or capable of being
squared, and fit for being employed in
carpentry. A load of unhewn timber is
40 cubic feet; of square timber 50 cubic

eet.

Tim’sers. In ship-building, the ribs of
a ship, branching outwards from the
keel in a vertical direction.

Tim’sre. In heraldry, denotes the crest
of an armory, or whatever is placed as
the top of the escutcheon, to distinguish
the degree of nobility, as a coronet,
mitre, &c.

Tim'sreL. Tambour de Basque. A musi-
cal instrument. See TAMBOURINE.

Timez. 1. A portion of infinite duration.
——2. In music, an affection of sound, by
which we denominate it long or short
with regard to its continuance.

Trimoc’racy, from ¢iy, worth, and
xearew, togovern. Government by men of
property, who are possessed of a certain
amount of income.

Tim’orny-crass. In agriculture, a grass
cultivated in America, and said to be a
species of phleum or cat’s-tail grass.

Tin (Saxon). A beautiful white metal,
closely resembling silver: the stannum of
the Latins, and the Jupiter of the alche-
mists. Itis one of the few metals known
in the time of Moses; and it appears to
have been dug from the mines of Corn-
wall before the time of Herodotus. Itis
there, and in Devonshire, that tin is yet
procured in greatest abundance; though
it is also met with in the mines of
Bohemia, Saxony, in Malacca, and some
paris of the East Indies. Tin is consider-
atiy karder than lead; seaswely at al’

; TIs

717

TOB

sonorous ; very malicable; Gut not very
venacious. Sp. gr. 7°29. Melting point
442° F. it enters into fusion with other
metals; as with lead, forming pewter, and
with copper, forming the various sorts of
bronze, and bell-metal.

Trn’amvus, ) A genus of American birds

Tin’amovs. J remarkable for a very long
and slender neck, covered with feathers,
the tips of whose barbs are slender and
slightly curled, which gives a very pecu-
liar air to that part of the plumage. Order
Gallinacee, Cuy. The species vary in size
from that of a pheasant down to that of
a quail, or even smaller. They either
perch on low trees, or hide among long
grass. The generic name is Latinised
from the native name tinamou.

Tin’cat. A name of crude borax, as it
is imported from the East Indies, in yel-
low greasy crystals.

Trinc’rurE, Lat. tinctura, from tingo, to
dye. A term by apothecaries to de-
signate a solution of any substance in
dilute alcohol, or alcohol impregnated
with the active principle of a vegetable
or animal substance.

Tr’nea. The name of a genus of noc-
turnal Lepidoptera. The caterpillars of
the true tinea construct portable sheaths
or habitations from the materials on
which they reside. Name raiyia, 2 moth-
worm.

Trn’rort, from tin and folium, a leaf.
Tin extended under the hammer into thin

leaves.
Tin-etass. A name of bismuth.
TIn-PLATE. White iron. Thin sheet-

iron coated with tin. In this case the tin
forms in some measure an alloy with the
iron.

Tin-pyrrres. A native sulphuret of
tin, containing usually some copper and
sometimes iron. This ore of tin is of a
yellowish-gray colour, metallic lustre, and
a fibrous structure.

Tin-stone. A native oxide of tin, found
only in Cornwall. This is perhaps the
richest ore of tin, yielding sometimes 80
per cent. of the metal. It occurs both
massive and crystallised.

Tir’uta. The Crane-fly: a genus of dip-
terous insects of the family Nemocera.
The tipula of the Latins was a species of
aquatic spider. The legs of the tipule
are disproportionably long, as is well
seen in the 7. silvestris or Father-long-legs.

Tine. In mechanics, a band or hoop of
iron, used to bind the fellies of wheels, to
secure them from wearing and breaking.

Trro’N1anN Notes. The short-hand of

Roman antiquity.
The first Hebrew month of the
civil year, and the seventh of the eccle-
siastic: it answered to a part of our Sep-
tember and October.

Tis’suz, Fr. tissu, woven, from tisser
to weave. 1. Cloth interwoven with gold
and silver, or brilliant-coloured yarns.——
2. A term introduced by the French into
anatomy, to express the textures which
compose the different organs of animals.

Titan’tc Acrp. A name for the per-
oxide of titanium, which exists combined
with alittle oxide of iron and manganese,
is the mineral known by the names of
titanite and rutile.

Tira’nN1um. A rare metal discovered by
the Rey. Mr. Gregor, in menachanite, in
1791, and by Klaproth,in red schorl, in
1795. Gregor named it menachine, from
the mineral in which he discovered it,
and Klaproth named it titanium, from
titayos. The metal may most readily be
procured from its chloride, by passing a
continuous stream of ammoniacal gas over
it. When thus prepared it is a fine pow-
der, which, on being heated in the air,
takes fire. It is sometimes observed crys-
stallised in small cubes, in the slag of the
hearth in the great iron smelting fur-
naces. These crystals are very brittle,
ana so hard as to scratch steel. Sp. gr.
5°3. Traces of titanium may be disco-
vered in many irons, wrought as well as
cast.

Tirme. The tenth part of anything:
appropriately the tenth part of the in-
crease annually arising from the profits of
land and stock, allotted to the clergy for
their maintenance. Tithes are personal,
when accruing from labour, art, trade,
and navigation ; predial when issuing from
the earth; and mixed when accruing from
beasts fed on the ground The term is
Sax. teowa, from teogewa, a tenth.

Tr’rH1nc. In law,a decennary: a com-
pany of ten householders, who, dwelling
near each other, were held free pledges
to the king for the good behaviour of
each other. The institution of tithings in
England is ascribed to Alfred.

Tir’vtaR. In ecclesiastics, a person in-
vested with the title to a benefice.

Tez’sis, from reuvw, I cut. In gram
mar, a figure by which a compound word
is separated into two parts by the inter-
vention of one or more words, as gue mea
cunque, for gquecunque mea.

Toap’stone. A provincial name for a
variety of trap rock, found very abun-
dantly in Derbyshire. It takes this name
from a supposed resemblance in its gene-
ral aspect to the exterior of atoad It
may, however, be a corruption of the
German todstein, which in mining lan-
guage means a rock unproductive of
mineral treasure: a character applicable
to toadstone.

Tosac’co. The dried leaves of the Ns-
ectiana tabacum, a plant indigenous te
America, but which may be advanta-

TON 718

TOP

geously cultivated in many parts of the
Old World. It takes its name from To-
éago, the island whence it was first
brought. The green leaves possess very
little odour or taste, but when dried their
odour is strong and narcotic, their taste
bitter and acrid. When distilled they
yield an essential oil, on which their vir-
tue depends, but which is highly poi-
sonous,

Toc’cata, Ital. from toccare, to touch.
In music, a prelude.

Toc’stn. An old French word signify-
ing an alarum-bell.

Top. A weight used in weighing wool.
It contains 28lbs. avoirdupois.

Top’py. 1. Asweetish juice drawn from
various palms in the East Indies, and
which acquires intoxicating qualities by
fermentation.—2. A mixture of spirits
and water sweetened.

To’ca. A sort of woollen gown or
mantle worn by the Romans.

Toc’cet. A small wooden pin, from
four to six inches in length, and usually
tapering from the middle towards the
ends; used in ships instead of a hook in
fixing tackle, &c.

Tose. A long measure in France equal
to six French feet.

To’xay. A sort of wine produced at
Tokay,in Hungary, from white giapes.
It is distinguished from other wines by
its aromatic taste.

To’ta. A weight for gold and silver in
India. It differs in different parts.

Totv’. Tolu balsam. <A brownish-red
balsam, extracted from the stem of the
Toluifera balsamum, a tree of South Ame-
rica, which grows in the province of Tolu.
It is brought to us in little gourd-shells.
See ToLvirena.

To.uir’Faa. The generic name of the
tree which affords the tolu balsam. De-
candria—Monogynia. Name from toluand
fero, to yield.

Toma’ro. A name of Indian origin,
applied to the love-apple or Solanum lyco-

sicum,

Tompac’, A white alloy of copper and
arsenic.

To’menT, from tomentum, a flock of
wool. <A term used to designate: (1.) In
anatomy, the small vessels on the surface
of the brain; (2.) In botany, a species of
pubescence, very soft to the touch, and
giving the surface a downy appearance.

TomeEnTO’sE, Lat. tomentosus. Downy,
woolly, cottony. Applied to stems,
leaves, &e.

Tom’pions. In gunnery, wooden cylin-
ders put into the mouths of cannon to
keep the inside dry and clean.

Ton, Sax. tunna. An English weight
of 20 cwt.

Tone, from goyss, sound. A modifica-
tion of sound 1. In music, an interyal of

sound. Tones are distinguished into ma-
jor and minor. The major tone is in the
ratio of eight to nine, and results from
the difference between the fourth and
fifth. The tone minor is in the ratio of
nine to ten, and results from the differ-
ence between the minor third and fourth.
—2. In pathology, from roves , extended ;
the healthy and natural tension of the
muscular fibre.

Ton’ic. 1. In pathology, from royzes,
from risyw, to draw. A rigid contraction
of the muscles, which lasts for some time
without relaxation, is termed a tonic
spasm.——2. In medicine, from ¢oyow, 0
strengthen. A term applied to medicines
which increase the tone of the muscular
fibre, and impart vigour to the system.
The mineral tonics are iron, zinc, copper,
arsenic, silver, bismuth, mercury, and the
mineral acids. The vegetable tonics con-
sist chiefly of bitters.

Ton’ka Bean, ) The fruit of the Dip-

Ton’auin Bean. J teriz odorata,a shrub-
by plant of Guiana. By digestion in al-
cohol it affords a crystalline volatile oil
called stearoptine and cowmarine by the
French. This bean has a peculiarly agree-
able smell, and is employed in the scent-
ing of snuff.

Ton’nNace. In commercial navigation,
the number of tons which a ship can
carry; also an impost on ships according
to their tonnage or burden.

Ton’stt, Lat. tonsilla. In anatomy, the
tonsils are two oblong, sub-ovate glands,
situated on each side of the fauces, and

opening into the cavity of the mouth by

a great many excretory ducts.

Ton’sure, Lat: tonsura, from tonsus,
shaved. In the Romish Church, (1.) the
first cererrony used for devoting a person
to the service of God and the Church:
the first degree of clericate given by a
bishop, who cuts off a part of the hair,
uttering pmayers and benedictions. (2.)
The corona cr crown which priests wear
as a mark of their order, and of their rank
in the church.

Tontine’ (Fr.), from Tonti, an Italian,
who invented the scheme. An annuity
or survivorship ; a loan raised on life an-
nuities, with the benefit of survivorship.
Thus the annuity is shared among a num-
ber, on the principle that the share of each
at his death shall go to the benefit of the
survivors, until at length the whole goes
to the last survivor and his heirs, or to
the state.

Toorn’inc. In architecture, bricks or
stones left projecting at the end ofa wall,
that they may be bonded into a continu-
ation of it when required.

Tor. In ship-building, a sort of plat-
form, surrounding the head of the lower

ne

= eT

TOP 719

TOR

mast, and projecting on all sides. It
serves to extend the shrouds.

‘Tor Armour. A rail extending the
width of the topof a ship, on the after-
side, supported by stanchions, and equip-
ped with a netting.

'To'paz. A gem; different, however,
from the roragioy of the Greeks, a name
derived from Topazos, an island in the
Red Sea, where the ancients used to find
precious stones. ‘The topaz passes from
pale wine yellow to yellowish white,
greenish white, mountain green, and sky
blue: from deep wine yellow into flesh
red,and crimson red. Sp. gr. 3°46 to 3°64.
The highly crystallised and transparent
varieties are termed precious topaz. The
finest varieties are obtained from the
mountains of Brazil, and the Uralian
Mountains; and the topaz generally oc-
curs in primary rocks. General consti-
tuents—alumina, silica, and fluoric acid,
coloured with oxide of iron.

Toraz’ouite, from topaz, and A4bos,
stone. A pale yellow sub-variety of gar-
net, so named because it resembles the
topaz in colour.

Top-cHains. Chains used in action, by
which the lower yard is hung, in case the
slings be shot away.

Top-ctorH. In a ship, a large piece of
eanyass, used to cover the hammocks,
which are lashed tothe top when the ship
is prepared for action.

Top-GALLANT-MasT. The mast next
above the top-mast. On this are extended
the top-gallant-sails.

Torx. A word originally from the He-
brew. Used, in surgery, to denote (l)a
soft swelling on a bone; (2.) a concretion
in the joints. It is also used, in minera-
logy, to designate any calcareous depo-
sition, resembling, in lightness of texture,
the tophus, or material thrown out of
volcanoes,

To’rHer. A polluted, unclean place,
near Jerusalem, into which the Jews used
to throw dead carcases, &c.

Top-Lan’TERN. A large lantern, placed
in the after-part of a top in any ship
where an admiral’s flag or commodore’s
pendant is flying.

Topr-mast. The second division of a
mast, or that part next above the lower
mast.

Tor’pinc. In nautical language, the act
of putting one extremity of a yard higher
than the other.

Tor’piInG-Lirr. A large strong tackle,
employed to suspend or top the outer end
of a gaff, or of the boom of a mainsail, in
a brig or schooner.

Tor-rore. In a ship,arope to sway up
a top-mast, or top-gallant-mast, to fix it
in its place.

Tor-saits. Large sails extending across

the topmasts by the top-sail-yards above,
and by the lower yards beneath.

Top-tac’KLE. In ships, a large tackle
hooked to the lower end of the topmast
top-rope, and to the deck, in order to
augment the mechanical power in hoist-
ing the topmast.

TorEUMATOL'OGyY, from Togtuux, sculp-
ture, and yeegw, I describe. The science
or art of sculpture, or a description of it.

ToRMENTIL’LA. Tormentil or Septfoil.
A genus of indigenous perennial plants.
LIcosandria—Polygynia. Name from tor-
mentum, pain, because it was supposed
to relieve pain in the teeth. There are
two species ; the officinal or upright, and
the creeping. The root of the former is still
admitted into pharmacopeias, and haz
been used as a substitute for bark in the
process of tanning, it being a powerful
astringent.

TorMeEn’ror. In agriculture, an instru-
ment something like a harrow, but sup-
ported on wheels, and each tine is fur-
nished with a hoe or share, that enters
and cuts up the ground.

Torna’po, Sp. and Port. tornada, a re-
turn. A violent gust of wind, rising sud-
denly, and distinguished by its veering
round all the points of the compass, likea
hurricane. Tornadoes are usually accom-
panied by much thunder and rain, but are
of short duration, and have a narrow
com i
Torpe’po. The Electric Ray, or Cramp-
fish. A subgenus of fish of the genus
Raia, Lin. Name Latin, from torpeo, to
benumb, on account of the peculiarly
powerful galvanic shock which the fish
communicates when touched. The body
is smooth, and the teeth small and sharp.
It is taken on the coasts of France and
England, and in the Mediterranean, in
about 40 fathoms water. The space be-
tween the pectorals, head, and branchiz
is fitted on each side with a peculiar ap-
paratus, formed of littie membranous
tubes, placed close together like a honey-
comb, subdivided by horizontal dia-
phragms into small cells, filled with a
sort of mucus, and traversed by numerous
nerves, proceeding from the eighth pair.
It is in this apparatus that resides the
electric or galvanic power, which has
rendered the torpedo so celebrated.

TorRIcEL’LIaAN. Pertaining to Torricelli,
an Italian philosopher, who discovered
the true principle of the barometer. The
tube of this instrument is named after
him the Torricellian tube ; and the vacuum
produced in such a tube by filling it with
mercury, and allowing it to descend till
it is counterbalanced by atmospheric
pressure, is called the Torricellian va-
cuum,

Tor’r1p. Parched . forridus, frum terrea,

TOR

TOR

to roast. The Torrid Zone is that broad
belt of the earth included between the
tropics about 23° 28’ on each side of the
equator, called also the Tropical Zone.

Tor’ston, from torqueo, to twist. The
force of torsion is the term used by
Coulomb to denote the effort made by a
_ wire or thread which has been twisted,
to untwist itself. On this principle Cou-
lomb constructed his torsion-balance, of
which the torsion-electrometer, and the
torsion-galvanometer of Dr. Ritchie, are
merely modifications, for particular pur-
poses.

(1.) Tor’ston-Bat’ance. This consists of
a stand T supporting a hollow vertical
rod, ST, which, in the balance of Coulomb,
was of pewter, that all magnetic and
electric influence might be avoided. On
this rod there are two sliding-pieces, CA,
and SP; the lower of which carries a
plate A with a circle, divided like a dial-
plate, upon it; and the upper a piece P,
to which the torsion wire or thread is to
be fixed: N is a smail bar-piece, with a
screw which clips the extremity of the
wire whose torsion is to be experimented
on, to which a weight, or an index, or

TORSION-BALANCE,

both, may be attached. The following
are the results:—l. The wire, being
loaded with different weights, did not
rest in the same position of the index,
but in a different position, with every
different weight. 2. The oscillations of
the index were isochronous, whether the
defiection was great or small.

(2.) Tor’sIoN-ELECTROM’ETER, Or ELEc-
TRIC-BALANCE. This consists of a thread,
a b, of silk or spun glass, from which a
needle of shell-lac,c, is suspended. It is
attached to a screw 6, by which it can be

twisted round its axis. The

carries a gilt bail

of pith, or a dise of i
rr

, needle

paper, at one ex-
tremity, which is
balanced by acoun-
terpoise at the
other; dis a me-
tallic wire, passing
through the glass-
shade, and termi-
nated bya metallic
ball at each end.
The ball of the
needle, and the in- ©
terior brass ball
of the wire, are
brought into con-
tact by turning the
screw 5, and the
index then points
to 0 on the scale,
which is marked
upon the circum-
ference of the
glass.

(3. ) Tor’ 'STON-GAL-
VANOM’ETER. 7 5 i8
the lower needle,
surrounded by a
coil of wire, and
connected with the
upper needle NS by a piece of straw

TORSION-ELECTRO-
METER.

TORSION-GALVANOMETER.
which passes through the upper part od

TOU

721

TRA

the horizontal coil, and through a circular
eard placed above it, on which a gradu-
ated circle isdrawn. Itis then attached
to the torsion filament, which is fixed to
a screw A, supported by the frame of the
instrument. The filament may be of
glass, and the angle of torsion may be
easily measured upon the graduated card.
The wires of the coil are to be connected
with the plates of the circuit by means
of small mercury cups, a b.

Tor’so, Fr. torse. A name given by
artists to all mutilated statues, of which
nothing remains but the trunk. The
term is also applied by architects to
columns with twisted shafts.

Tort. In law,a personal injury done
to another.

Tor’totse. All tortoises are placed in
one genus, Zestudo, by Linnzus, but
Brongniart and others have subdivided
them, chiefly according to the forms and
teguments of their shell, and their feet.
The land tortoises form the genus Testudo ;
the fresh-water tortoises, the genus Emys ;
and the sea tortoises, the genus Chelonia.
Merrem has er distinguished by the
name of Sphargis those chelonize whose
shell is destitute of plates, and merely
covered with a sort of leather. The Tes-
tudo fimbria, Gm., found in Guiana, has
been placed in a subgenus, Chelys, by
Dumeril; and the soft-shelled tortoises
have been arranged in a genus, Trionyz,
by Geoffroy. To this belongs the tyrse
of Egypt; and the soft-shelled tortoise,
which inhabits the Carolinas, Georgia,
the Floridas, and of Guiana, so highly
esteemed for its flesh.

Tor’roIse-sHELL. The yellowish-brown
scales of the Testudo imbricata, Lin., a
species of the tortoise, which inhabits
tropical seas. It is extensively used in
the manufacture of combs, snuff-boxes,
&c., and in several kinds of ornamental
work. It is worth in the London market
from forty to sixty shillings per lb.

Tor’ruLovus, Lat. tortulosus. Bulged
outat intervals, like a cord having several
knotsonit. Applied in Natural History.

To’rus. In architecture, a large semi-
circular moulding, used in the bases of
columns, &c.

To’rres Quo’tres. So often as a thing
shall happen. A legal phrase.

Totrpatma’r, from totus, complete, and
palmatus, palmate. A family of palmi-
pede birds, remarkable for having the
thumb united with the toes by one single
membrane, a mode of organisation which
renders their feet complete like ours.
They nevertheless perch on trees. The
pelican is an example.

Toven. In naval affairs, sails are said
to. touch when the wind comes edgeways
spon them.

Tovucu-nze’pLes. Small masses of gold

silver, and copper, each pure, and {fn ail
the erent combinations, proportions,
and degrees of mixture, prepared for the
trial of gold and silver, on the touch-
stone, by comparison of the mark they
respectively leave on it.

Toven’strone A variety of extremely
compact siliceous schist, almost as close
as flint, used for ascertaining the purity
of gold and silver by the streak impressed
on the stone by the article tried.

Tour’MaLINE. A mineral of the gem
order, of many varieties, which occurs
imbedded in granite, gneiss, mica-slate,
&c., in Scotland, Sweden, Spain, France,
Siberia, and many parts of America, as
Massachusetts and Brazil. The funda-
mental form of the crystal is a rhombo-
hedron. Lustre, vitreous ; colour, brown,
green, blue, red, white, frequently black,
generally dark, and scarcely ever bright.
Streak white. Transparent. Hardness
7to0 75. Sp. gr. 3'1. Constituents, silica,
alumina, soda, coloured by oxide of man-
ganese when red, and with oxide of iron
when black. The green, blue, &c. varie-
ties contain usually both these oxides.
Plates, particularly of the brown tour-
maline, if cut parallel to the axis, absorb
one of the polarised pencils of light. The
name is a corruption of the Ceylonese
name tournamal.

Tovr’niQveEt, Fr. from tourner, to turn
A surgical instrument, used for stopping
the flow of blood into a limb, by compres-
sion of the main artery.

Tow. (Sax.) 1. The coarse and broken
part of flax or hemp, separated from the
finer part by the hatchel or swingle-——
2. A rope.

Tow’inc. Drawing a vessel forward in
the water by means of a rope or tow at-
tached to another vessel or boat. «Steam-
vessels are often employed to tow sailing
vessels up rivers, &c.

Toxicov’oey, from ¢oz;xoy,a poison, and
Aoyos, a discourse. The study of poisons,
a treatise on poisons.

Tox’orrs. The generic name given by
Cuvier to a fish characterised like the
Chetodon rostratus, by spurting water on
insects which frequent aquatic plants, to
beat them down, and thereby bring them
within its reach.

TrRaBeEa’TION, Lat. trabes, a beam. In
architecture, the same as entablature.
Trap’icuLe, Lat. trabicula. A little

beam. A term applied by anatomists to
designate the thread-like processes in the
longitudinal sinus of the dura mater.
TRACHE’A, rexytse. 1. The windpipe.
—2. In natural history, the air-tubes of
plants are by botanists called trache@, and
the same term is applied by entomolo-
gists to those vessels which receive the
arterial fluid, and distribute it to every

SA

TRA

722

TRA

part of the interior of the body, and thus
remedy the want of circulation.

Tracues’r1a. An order of Arachnides,
characterised by radiated or ramified tra-

, 80 that the organs of respiration
receive air through two stigmata, in the
absence of an organ of circulation. The
order comprises the Pseudo-scorpiones,
Pycnogonides, and Holetra.

TRACHEOCE'LE, from trachea, and zy,
atumour. An enlargement of the thy-
roid gland: bronchocele or goitre.

TracHeEotomy, from trachea, and ceuva,
to cut. See Broncuoromy.

Tracui’nvus. The name given by Lin-
neus to a genus of acanthopterygious
fishes of the percoid family. There are
several species from the Atlantic, &c., of
which the dragon-weever (7. draco, Lin.),
is best known. The flesh is esteemed.

Tra’cuyteE, from sgayds, rough. The
name of a kind of volcanic porphyry,
which usually contains crystals of glassy
felspar, and is exceedingly rough to the
touch.

Trac’tion, from traho, to draw. In
practical mechanics, the amount of power
necessary to overcome the resistance to
acarriage upon a road; a boat upon a
canal, &c. The power applied is termed
the tractive power.

Trac’rors, Meratitic. Small bars of
metal, supposed to possess certain mag-
netic powers of curing painful affections
and tumours, by being drawn over the
affected parts.

Trac’rory or Trac’rrix, Lat. traho,I
draw. In geometry,the curve having the
property that the tangent is always equal
to a given line.

TRADE-wiINDs. The monsoons or peri-
odical winds between the tropics, sup-
posed to favour trade.

Trac’acanTu, from reayos, a goat, and
axavbos,athorn. A species of gum, the
produce of the Astragalus tragacantha, a
thorny shrub, which grows in Persia,
Crete, &c. See Gum.

TrRa’GEDY, Temywoi- A dramatic poem
representing some signal action, per-
formed by illustrious personages. A tra-
gedy must necessarily have a fatal issue,
and commonly one or more of the drama-
tis persone is a villain, by whose machi-
nations the catastrophes are brought
about.

Tra’cicus. A muscle of the ear which
pulls the tragus forward.

Trac’us. In anatomy, the small carti-
laginous eminence at the entrance of the
external ear.

Trasec’rory, from trajectus. A curvi-
linear path described by a body, as the
orbit of a comet.

Tram. A local name given to coal-
Weggous in the neighbourhood of New-

castle-upon-Tyne: hence the word tram-
way was given to the road prepared to
receive them.

Tram’met. A sort of large net either
for fishing or catching birds.

Tram’MELs. 1. In mechanics,a joiners
instrument for drawing ellipses. One part
consists of a cross, with two grooves at
right angles ; the other is a beam carry-
ing two pins, which slide in those grooves,
and also the describing pencil.——2. A
kind of shackles for a horse.

Tram’ Roap, |) A plate-railway. A de-

TRAM’ Way. scription of railway, con-
sisting of narrow track-plates, or rails of
wood or iron, the same being prepared to
receive the wheels of carriages, or trams,
us Waggons were formerly called, where-
by the transit of the latter is much fa-
cilitated.

TRANSCENDENTAL, from trans, beyond,
and scando,to climb. Surpassing ; rising
above. In geometry, a tra ak
curve is one which cannot be defined by
any algebraic equation. Transcendental
quantities are indeterminate ones, which
cannot be expressed by any constant
equation.

Tran’sEept, from trans and septum. An
open passage across the body of a church,
in the direction of north and south, either
on the eastern or western side of the
nave, and sometimes on both.

Transrv’stion, from trans and fundo.
The transmission of blood from the veins
of one living animal into those of another.
by means of acanula; an operation which
has often been performed with suecess
and singular advantage on the human
subject.

Tran’stt, Lat. transitus, from trans, be-
yond. In astronomy, the passing of one
heavenly body over the disc of another
and larger one, as Mercury and Venus
over the face of the sun. The reverse, or
the passage of the small body behind the
larger body, is an occultation.

TRAN’SIT-IN’STRUMENT. A _ telescope
formed at right angles to a horizontal
axis, which axis is so supported that the
line of collimation may move in the plane
of the meridian. This instrument is used
for observing the transits of Venus ana
Mercury over the discs of the sun, anda
modification of it, bearing the same name,
is employed in the formation of tunnels,
for the purpose of ranging the shafts
straight together.

TRANSITION Rocks, series or formations.
See Rocks.

Tran’siTIve, Lat. transitivus. In gram-
mar. A verb transitive is that which
signifies an action, conceived as having
an effect upon some object.

Transiv’cency, from trans, through,
end luceo, to shine. A term used in min-
eralogy, &c. to express the property whack

TRA

723

TRE

some bodies possess of permitting the pas-
sage of rays of light, but without sufficient
transparency to perceive the definite out-
line of objects through them.

Transmura’TION, from trans and muto,
to change ; change into another nature or
substance. The great object of Alchemy
was the transmutation of base metals into
gold,

TRan’som, Lat. transenna. 1. A beam
across a double-lighted window.——2. The
lintel over a door.——3. A timber extend-
ing athwart the stern-post of a ship, to
fortify it and give it form.——4. The vane
of the instrument called a cross-staff.

TrRansposi’rion, from trans and position.
A changing of the place of things, as, 1. In
algebra, the bringing ofa term of an equa-
tion to the other side. Thus az + 2°
—b=bx—d by transposition becomes
e+ (a—b) e=b— In gram-
mar, a change in the natural order of the
words of a sentence.——3. In music, a
change in the composition, either in the
transcript or performance, by which the
whole is removed into another key

TRANSUBSTANTIA’TION, from trans and
substance; change of substance. In the
Romish theoloyy, the supposed conversion
of the bread and wine in the eucharist
into the body and blood of Christ. The
doctrine of the real presence assumes that
the body and blood of Christ are really
present with the bread and wine,

TRANsUDA‘TION, from transudo. Passing
off through the pores ofa substance. This
term should be distinguished (in physi-
ology), from perspiration, which implies a
function by which the perspired fluid is
secreted from the blood, whereas by trans-
udation a fluid merely oozes through un-
altered.

TrRANs’vERSE Axis. In conic sections, the
diameter which passes through both foci.

TRANSVER’SAL. Ingeometry,aline which
intersects any other lines.

Trap. Trap Rocks. A name given by
Kirwan, from Sax. trapp, a stair, to ba-
saltic rocks, on account of the stair-like
appearance which their vertical edges
exhibit. “All the rocks of the trap-family
are of igneous origin, and bear a close
analogy, in their nature and composition,
to the products of the active volcanoes
erupted in our own time, and especially
to the beds of old lava.

TRap’EzIUM, tearegioy, a little table.
1. In geometry, a quadrilateral figure,
whose four sides and angles are unequal,
but two of its sides parallel.——2. In an-
atomy, a bone of the second row of the
carpus, so called from its shape.

Trapezius. A _ trapeziform muscle,
which serves to move the scapula in dif-
ferent directions. It is situated under
the integuments of the posterior part of
the neck and back.

p———2,

Trar’ezorp, from trapezium and gsdog,
like. An irregular figure, which has all
its four sides and angles unequal, and
none of its sides parallel.

Trapr’pists. A religious order still ex-
tant in Normandy.

Trap-turr. <A variety of trap. A con-
siderable portion of Arthur’s Seat, near
Edinburgh, is formed of this rock.

Trav’mMate. The name given by the
French geologists to Grauwacke.

Traumar'ic, from Teavun, & wound.
In surgery, relating to wounds, hence
traumatic balsams

TRAVELLER. In navigation, a description
of thimble, whose diameter is much larger
in proportion to the breadth of its sur-
face than the common ones. The tra-
vellers are intended to facilitate the hoist-
ing and lowering of the top-gallant-yards
at sea.

Tra’verse, from transverse. 1. In geo-
metry, the same as transverse-——2. In
Sortification, a trench, with a little para-
pet, sometimes two, one on each side, to
serve as acover from the enemy that might
come in flank.——3. In architecture, gal-
lery of communication in a church, or
other large building.——4. In law, tra-
verse denotes the denial of some matter
of fact, alleged to be done in a declaration
ox pleading; upon which the other side
maintaining that it was done, issue js
joined, for the cause to proceed to trial.
To traverse an indictment, is to deny some
chief point of it, and take issue thereon.
—5. In navigation, traverse sailing im-
plies a compound course, in which several
different courses and distances are made
andknown. To find the real course in this
case, traverse tables have been calculated,
where all the differences and departures
are given for any distance in 100 miles.

TRAVER’TINO. An Italian name for a
calcareous tufa, deposited by water hold-
ing bicarbonate of lime in solution. In
Italy, immense masses of this substance
are constantly being formed, and the pro-
cess appears to have been in operation
since a very early period of the world’s
physical history. The Coliseum, St. Pe-
ter’s, and indeed most of the public build-
ings of Rome, are composed of travertino.

Traves’t1£, Fr. travestir, to disguise. A
word synonymous with parody.

Trea‘cie, Lat. theriaca. ‘The brown
viscid syrup which drains from sugar-
refining moulds.

Treap. In architecture, the horizontal
surface of a step.

Treav’LE, ) That part of a loom, turn-

Trep’pLE. j) ing-lathe, or other analo-
gous machine, on which the foot is set te
put it in motion.

TrEAD’MILL, ) A wheel exactlv simi-

TREAD’ WHEEL. J lar in its princime ve

34

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724

TRI

an over-shot water-wheel, but having
tread-boards, of considerable length, upon
its circumference, to allow of sufficient
standing-room for a row of from 10 to 20
persons, by whose weight the wheel is
moved round. Itis an invention of the
Chinese, who use it to raise water for the
irrigation of their fields. It has been in-
troduced into some of the prisons of Eng-
land, for the exercise of criminals con-
demned for short periods to hard labour.
The engraving exhibits that erected at
Brixton for grinding corn.

Trea’surE Trove. In law, money, or
other treasure, found hidden, and the
owner unknown, in which case it belongs
to the crown. Frove is from the French
_word trouver, to find, trouvé, found.

Treas’ury, Boarp or. The board which
has charge of the sovereign’s civil list, or
other revenues.

TREBLE, Lat. triplex. In music, acute:
the highest and most acute of the four
partsinsymphony. This is divided into
Jirst or high treble, and second or base
treble,

Treck’scuuyt. A Dutch track boat.

TREE-NAILS, is now commonly written
trenails (q. v.).

Tree-Toap. A species of Rana, found
in North America, often on trees.

Trer’rort, from trifolium, tres and folium,
a leaf. 1. In: botany, see TriroL1um and
Lorvs. 2. In Gothic architecture, an
ornament, consisting of three cusps in a
circle, like the leaf of the trefoil plant.

TrREMAN’DO. In music, one of the har-
monic graces, from the Italian, trembling.

TreMeEL'ta. A genus of alge, of which
the only species is the 7. nostoc, an indi-
genous greenish jelly, which is edible.
Name from tremo, to tremble, being a
tremulous substance.

Trem’otite. A variety of hornblende,
or straight-edged augite, so named from
its having been first found in Tremola, a
valley of St. Gothard. There are several
sn0-varieties of this mineral, as the com-
mon glassy and fibrous tremolite and

baikalite. It is found only in primary
rocks.

TRe'NAILS, i corruption of tree-

Tren’NELLs. J nails.) A name for such
wooden pins as are employed to connect
the plank of a ship’s sides and bottom to
the corresponding timbers; and also for
those hollow oak pins, or plugs, usually
driven into blocks of stone, when any-
thing is to be secured to them.

Trencu’es. In fortification, are ways
hollowed in the earth, and in form of a
fosse, having a parapet towards the place
besieged, called lines of a » or lines
of attack ; or a work raised with fascines.
gabions, wool-sacks, &c., to cover the
men from the fire of the besieged.

Trenv. In navigation, to trend is to
lay in a perpendicular direction.

Treran, Lat. trepanum, from reuram,
to perforate. A surgical instrument,
bearing some resemblance to a wimble,
and worked in the same manner. Itis
used for sawing a circular portion of bone
out of the skull. See TREPHINE.

Tre’PHINE. An instrument generally
used by English surgeons, instead of the
trepan, which is used on the continent.
It consists of a circular saw, with a han-
dle placed transversely, like that of a
gimlet, and has a perforating or central
pin, which is fixed into the skull, ana
forms an axis on which the circular edge
rotates.

Trespass. In law, unlawful entrance
on another’s grounds.

Tres’sLE-TREES, | In ship-building, two -

Tres’TLE-TREES. } strong bars of timber,
fixed horizontally on the opposite sides
of the lower mast-head, to support the
frame of the top, and weight of the top-
mast,

Tres'surE. In heraldry, a border
running parallel with the sides of the
escutcheon.

TRET, ie commerce, an allowance to

Trert. / purchasers, for waste or refuse
matter, of 4 per cent. on the weight of
some commodities.

Trir’ap. In music, a compound of three
sounds, which has received the name of
the harmonic triad. It is formed of a
third, a fifth, and the bass.

Trian’pria, from reéss, three, and ayye,
a male. 1. The third class of plants in the
sexual system of Linneus, comprising
plants which have hermaphrodite flowers,
with three distinct stamens. The orders
are monogynia, digynia, and trigynia.
—2. The name of several orders of
plants in the Linnzan sexual system,
which, besides their classic characters,
have three stamens. :

Tri’ancte, from tres and angulus. 1
In geometry a figure bounded by three
lines, and having consequently threr

TRI 725

TRI

angles.——2. In astronomy, a vvastella-
tion in the northern hemisphere.——3. In
music, a small steel triangular instru-
ment of percussion, open at one of its
corners, and struck with a small steel
rod

TRIAN’GULAR Compasses. Compasses
having three legs, which open so as to
take off any three pumts.

Trizom’eTER, from resGw, to rub, and
ftreov, Measure. An instrument for
measuring the amount of friction in rub-
bing surfaces.

Trisu’nNat. A judgment seat in the
forum at Rome: applied to any judg-
ment seat.

Triceps, Lat. from tres and caput;
three-headed. Applied to muscles.

TricuEcus. The morse: a genus of
amphibious mammalia of the order Car-
naria. Name invented by Artedi. Only
one species is known, the Sea Cow (7.
rosmarus, Lin.), which inhabits the Arctic
seas, and surpasses the largest ox in size.
It lives on fucus and animal matters, and
is much sought after for its oil and tusks.
See Sea Cow.

Tricurasis, from ez, hair. 1. A
disease of the eyelashes, in which they
are turned inwards.——2. A disease of
the hair: plica.

Tricuivu’rus. A genus of acantho-
pterygious fish, belonging to the family
Tenoides. Name from ¢eZ, a hair, and
ovew, a tail: the tail being drawn out
into a long slender filament like a hair.
The species resemble beautiful silver
ribands.

TriIcHoP’TERANS, from Det and rrtgoy,
awing. The name of an order of insects
having four hairy membranous wings.

Tricuo'sis. Tesywats, from ¢eZ, hair.
A generic name for all diseases of the
hair.

Tricuv’rts. A genus of intestinal
worms: named le ver @ queue by the
French, two-thirds being tail.

Tricoc’cz. A natural order of plants,
comprising such as are three-seeded (tri-
coccus.

Trrcotor. The national French ban-
ner of three colours, blue, white, and
red, adopted on the occasion of the first
Revolution.

Taricoc’covs, Lat. tricoccus, three-seeded.

Tricvus’PiD, } Lat. tricuspidatus,

TRICUS’PIDATE. three-pointed.

Tricus’Prp Vatve. The right ventricle
of the heart.

Tripac’rrLovus, Lat. tridactylus, three-
toed.

Trr’pent, from tridens, three-toothed.
The three-forked sceptre of Neptune.

Tal’zns. A Roman copper coin, worth
exe-third of an as

Triete’Ris. A Grecian cycle, consist
ing of 12 months of 30 days each,

Trir’(p, Lat. trifidus, three-cleft.

Triro’LiaTse, Lat. trifoliatus, three-
leaved.

Triro’Lium. Trefoil. A genus of papi-
lionaceous plants. Pentandria—Monogy-
nia. Name from fres and folium, because
it has three leaves on each stalk.

Triro’r1um. In Gothic architecture, an
arched story, between the lower arches
and the clerestory, in the aisles of a
church.

Tric’amous, from ¢esis, three, and
yaos,marriage. Plants containing three
sorts of flowers in the same head.

TRicEmM Ini. Nervi tnnominati. The
fifth pair of nerves.

Tric’tyPH, from resyAwDos, a three-
sculpture ornament. An ornament of
the Doric, frieze, consisting of three
parallel niches, and supposed by some ‘0
represent the ends of beams.

Tri'con. Tosyovoy. A triangle.

TriGconEt'La. Fenugreek. A genus of
papilionaceous plants. Diadelphia—De-
candria. Temperate and cold climates
Name dim. of trigona, in allusion to its
little triangular flower.

Trigo’n1a. The namé given by Bru-
guiéres to a genus of testaceous acephala
of the oyster family. Living trigonixe
are nearly related to the cockle, but the
fossil species differ considerably. Named
from the trigonal shape of the shell.

TRIGONOCEPH’aLUs. Serpents which
have a horny conical process at the tip
of the tail.

TRIGONOMETRY, from Teryovos, a tri-
angle, and ~wergoy, measure. Thescience
which teaches the mensuration of tri-
angles, whether plane or spherical.

Tricy’n1a, from ¢eess, three, and yuyy,
a female.. The name of an order of plants
in the Linnean system, distinguished by
the flowers having three styles or pistils.

TrI’HILaTE, Lat. trihilatus. Having
three hila or scars. Applied to seeds.

TRILAT’ERAL, from tres and latus, a side.
Having three sides.

Tritt, Ital. trilla. In music, a plain
shake upon a simple note.

Trito, Ital. In music, to beat quickly
on two notes, in conjoint degrees, alter-
nately one after the other.

Tri'copate, Lat. trilobatus. Three
lobed.

Tri'tozires. 4 family of fossil crusta
ceans, long confounded under the name
of Entomolithus paradoxus, and still
named by some raturalists Entomostra-
cites. Brongniart has divided them inte
five genern: Agnostus, Calymene, Asaphus,
Ogygia, and Paradorides. They are, ac-
cording to Cuvier, the original stock of

TRI

726

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the articulata, and were annihilated by
acme ancient revolution of our planet.
They take their name from being divided
into three lobes, or rather three ranges
of parts or lobes, by longitudinal sulci.
They are found in various parts of the
world.

Tri'tocutar, Lat. trilocularis. Three-
celled.

Trit’tion, from tri-million. The pro-
duct formed by multiplying a million
twice by itself: the third power of a mil-
lion.
In
the French notation, however, the square
of 1,000,000, or 1,000,000,000,000, is named
@ trillion.

Taiv’ocy, from retis, three, and Aoyor,
discourse. The plays of schylus and
Shakspeare’s Henry VI., are examples of
a trilogy.

Trim. The position of the keel of a
ship with respect to the horizontal line.

Trim’meR. In carpentry, a small beam,
into which are framed the ends of seve-
ral joists. The two joists, into which the
ends of. the trimmer are framed, are
called trimming joists.

Trine, from trinus. Three-fold. Aterm
in astrology, for an aspect of the planets,
distant from each other 120°, forming the
figure of a trigon or triangle.

TRINER'VATE, Lat. trinervis. Three-
nerved.

Trin’GLeE, French. A term in architec-
ture for a small member, fixed exactly
upon every triglyph, under the platband
of the architrave, from whence hang the
gutte in the Doric order: called also a
ringlet or listel.

Trinity. The three persons in the
Godhead, comprising Father, Son, and
Holy Ghost.

Trinity House. Akind of college, in-
corporated by Henry VIII., in 1515, for
the promotion of commerce and naviga-
tion, by licensing pilots, ordering and
erecting beacons, light-houses, &c.

Trino’miaL, from tres, and nomen, a
name. A term in algebra for any expres-
sion having three terms, as a+ba—cz".

Trro, Be vocal composition in

Terze7Tto. ) three principal parts, ex-
elusive of accompanimeht.

Trioc’riLe, from tres and octo. A term
in astrology for an aspect of two planets,
when they are three octants or eighth
parts of a circle apart, i.e., 135 degrees.

Trie’cia, from gees, three, and oxo,
ahouse. The name of the third order of
plants in the class Polygamia, comprising
plants with unisexual and bisexual flowers
on three separate plants ; or having flow-
ers with stamens only on one, pistils on
another, and bisexual flowers on a third.
The fig-tree ani fan-palm are examples.

Trrotrr. A stanza of eight lines, the
first of which is thrice repeated.

Tnio’NEs. In astronomy, the seven prin~
cipal stars in the constellation Ursa Major.

Trion’yx. Asub-genus of Testudo, Lin.,
comprising the soft-shelled tortoises. See
TorroisE.

TriP’aRTITE, Lat. tripartitus. Divided
into three parts. .
TripEratol’DEx. The name of the fifth
natural order of plants established by
Linné, comprising plants having tripeta-

lous flowers.

Trirer’atous. Three-petalled: tres and
petalus.

TripH’THONG, from gees, three, and
Pioyyn, sound. A coalition of three
vowels in one compound sound, or in one
syllable, as in adieu.

TripHyt'Lous, Lat. triphyllus. Three-
leayed. ;

Tripin’NaTE, Lat. tripinnatus. Triply
pinnate. Applied to a pinnate leaf of
which the secondary petioles produce ter-
tiary petioles, on which the leafiets are
implanted.

Trip’Le Time. In music, is that in
which each bar is divided into three
measures or equal parts, asthree minims,
three crotchets, three quavers, &c.

Trip’Le Satrs. In chemistry, these are
formed by the combination of an acid
with two bases ; e.g., microcosmic salt.

Trip’Lcer. 1. In poetry, three verses
rhymed together.—2. In music, three
notes sung or played in the time of two.

Trir’LicatE Ratio. The ratio which
cubes bear to each other.

TriroLtt. Rotten-stone. A mineral of
an earthy fracture, and yellowish-grey
colour, brought from Tripoli, in Barbary.
M. Ehrenberg has shown that it consists
almost entirely of the siliceous exuvize of
microscopic animals of the genera Cocco-
nema, na, It is found at
Billen, in Bohemia, at Santafiora in Tus-
cany, in the Isle of France, &c.

Trir’pPinc. In nautical language, loosen-
ing an anchor from the ground.

TriqueE’trovus, Lat. triquetrus. ‘Three-
sided.

TriREeMeE, Lat. triremis. An ancient
galley with three banks of oars.

Trisec’TI0on, Lat. trisectio. Dividing
anything into three parts. The trisec-
tion of an angle was a problemof great ce-
lebrity among ancient geometricians. It
cannot be accomplished by plane geome-
try, and requires the use of conic sections
or some other ’curve.

TRIsEP’ALous, Lat. trisepalus.
three sepals.

Tais’uus. Lock-jaw, from rgigw, to
gnash.

TRISYL’LABLE, from tres, three, and syl-
labus; syllable. A word of three syllables.

Having

TRO

727

TRO

TaitER’NareE, Lat. triternatus. Having
three biternate leaves: aspecies of super-
decompound leaf.

Triticum. Wheat. An extensive genus
of grasses. Triandria—Digynia. Name
from tero, to thrash. The awned and the
rush-leaved wheat, and the couch-grass,
are the indigenous species of this genus;
but the species cultivated are the T. hyber-
num or winter-wheat, the 7. @stivum or
summer wheat, and the T. spelta or spelt.
See Wueat.

Tri‘Ton, 1. In mythology, a denvi-

TuITO'NIA. J sea-god, the trumpeter of
Neptune.——2. A genus of gasteropods of
the order Nudibranchiata, shell spiral——
3. A genus of perennial plants. Triandria
~-Monogynia. Cape of Good Hope.

Tri’tone. In music, an interval of four
degrees, containing three tones between
the extremes.

Tritox’ipe, from reiros, third, and ox-
ide. An oxide of the third degree.

Trivum’pHat ArcH. An architectural
monument in the form of an arch, erected
in honour and to the memory of some
successful commander. The archivault
of the Roman triumphal arch was usu-
ally adorned with figures of victory
holding palms, crowns, &c.

Trivum’pHat Crown. A crown usually

awarded by the Romans to their victori-
ous generals. It was first made of wreaths
of laurel, and afterwards of gold.

Trivm’vini (of Rome), were three men
who jointly obtained the sovereign power.
The first of these were Cxsar, Crassus,
and Pompey. Their government was a
triumvirate.

Triv tat Name. A specific name: that
which is added to the generic name to
distinguish species.

Tro’car. The name of a surgical in-
strument used in tapping for the dropsy,
corrupted from French un trois quart,a
three quarters, in allusion to the three
sides from which the point is made.

Trocuan’TER, from tgeyage.torun. A

name in anatomy for two processes of the
thigh-bone, distinguished into the greater
and less. The muscles inserted into these
processes perform the office of runniag.

TrocuE, from ggoyes, a wheel.. The
name in pharmacy for a medicine com-
posed of powders, made up with glutinous
substances into little cakes and u.fterwards
dried: troches are now Called lozenges.

TrRo'CHEE, teoxasos- A rhythmical mea-~
sure, consisting of two syllables, a long
and a short.

TRo'CHILUS, TeoysAog, asmall bird. A
name applied by Linnzus to the genus of
humming-birds. .

Trocuir'tcs, from reoyos, a wheel. A
term in mechanics for the science of rota-
tory motion.

TRocH’LEA, seoyAew, a pulley, from
reéyw, to run. In anatomy, a kind of
cartilaginous pulley, through which the
tendon of one of the muscles of the eye
passes. This muscle is named the mus-
culus trochlearis, and the nerve which
serves it, the trochleator.

Tro’cuorp, from reoyes, a wheel, and
tidos, like. Wheel-like. In geometry,
a figure which is described by a circle
that rolls in a straight line, with a pointer
pin in the circumference, on a fixed
plane parallel fo or in the plane of the
moving circle.

Trocuo’'1pes, from ¢egoyvos, a wheel, and
t1Dog, like. A species of moveable connec-
tion of bones, in which one bone rotates
upon another.

Tro’cuus. The name given by Linnzus
toa genus of gasteropods of the family
Trochoida, from trochus, a top, in allusion
to the conical shape of the shell. About
150 species are known, many of which
are fossil. The recent species are gene-
rally found near coasts.

Troe’Lopyrres, from ¢eavyAy, cave, and
dvw, 1 enter. Men who dwell in subter-
raneous caverns.

Tro’con. The generic name given by
Linné to the Couroucoui : scansorian birds
which build in the hollows of trees, feed
on insects, and live solitary in marshy
forests. Some part of the plumage is
usually of a metallic lustre. Found in
both Continents.

Trom’sons. In music, a wind instru-
ment blown by the mouth, resembling in
form the military trumpet, of which it is
the base. The name implies great trumpet,

Tro’na. A native sesqui-carbonate of
soda, found at Lukena, in Africa.

Tron’ace. Formerly a duty paid for
weighing of wool.

Tropz’otum. Indian cress. A genus of
herbaceous plants. Octandria—Monogy-
nia. Name dim. of ’opeum, or Pewrniov,

TRU 728

TRU

a warlike trophy. South America. This
fanciful but elegant name was chosen by
Linnezus for this singular and striking ge-
nus, because he conceived the shield-like
leaves and the brilliant flowers, shaped
like golden helmets,pierced through and
through, and stained with blood, might
well justify such an allusion.

Trorx, Lat. tropus, Gr. regoros, from
vetr@, toturn. In rhetoric, an expression
used in a different sense from that which
it properly signifies. Tropes are of four
kinds, metaphor, metonymy, synecdoche,
and irony.

Tror’ics, from ¢eorn,a turning. 1. In
_ astronomy, the circle of the sphere which
bounds the sun’s declination, south or
north: the line drawn through the two
solstitial points, at which the sun returns
back. The northern extremity is termed
the tropic of cancer, and the southern the
tropic of capricorn.——2. In geography, the
two circles of the globe drawn parallel to
the equator, through the beginning of
cancer and of capricorn, 23° 28’ north and
south of the equator.

Trov’sapours, Fr. trouver, to find. A
school of poets who lived from the 11th to
the end of the 13th century, in the south
of France, Catalonia, Arragon, and the
north of Italy.

TrovcH or THE Sza. The hollow be-
tween two waves.

Trovur. A well-known fish, the salmo
fario, which grows to about a foot in
length. It is much modified by the kind
of stream or water in which it lives, and
hence has arisen an Opinion that a great
many species exist. The Lochleven trout
(the salmo celifer, Parn.), is a distinct
species, as is also the salmon trout (the
salmo trutta, Lin.). The Northern charr
(salmo umbla, Cuy., Yarr.), is also some-
times confounded with the salmo fario or
common trout. See Satmo.

Tro’ver, Fr. trouver, to find. In com-
mon law, an action which aman has
against one that having found any of his
goods, refuses to deliver them up.

Troy Weicutr. One of the most an-
cient of the different weights used in
Britain, said to have been named from
Troyes, in France, where it was first
adopted in Europe, being brought from
the East during the Crusades. The Eng-
lish Troy pound contains 12 ounces of 480
grains each. Used for weighing gold,
silver, &c., and in the compounding of
medicines.

Trucs or Gop. Treuga Dei. A sus-
pension of arms, which occasionally took
place in the middle ages, putting a stop to
private hostilities.

Trocx. 1. In navigation. a circular
piece of elm, with a small sheave on each
side, fixed upon the upper end of a flag-

staff, and used to reeve the halliards.——
2. In gunnery, a round piece of wood,
formed like a wheel, and fixed on the axle
of a carriage, to move heavy ordnance.
—3. As applied to railways,a step or
platform, running upon wheels, and used
for the, conveyance of ordinary stages,
coaches, and carriages, which are placed
upon it.

Trucx-system.. A name given to a
practice in mining and manuf:
districts, of paying the wages of workmen
in goods instead of money.

Trur’rLe. The root of the Lycoperdon
tuber, which grows abundantly a pe
warmer parts of Europe. T
reckoned a great delicacy.

Trux’pet, Germ. trompete. A wind in
strument of music, much used in martial
exercises. It is the loudest of all, wind
imstruments. It is commonly made of

brass. There are alsospeaking and hear
ing trumpets, which are simply tubular
bodies, with a trumpet-shaped mouth.

Trun’cateE, Lat. truncatus, lopped.
Appearing as if cut off with a pair of
scissors.

TRUNCA'TIPENNES. In entomology, a
tribe of Carabici, consisting of Anthia,
Graphipterus, Aptinus, Brachinus, Cas-
nonia, &c. They are sc called, because the
extremity of their elytra is almost always
trunca See Carazus.

Trun’pLe. 1. A little wheel.——2. A
low cart with little wheels.

Trunk, Lat. truncus. 1. In architec-
ture, the same as shaft,—2. In animals,
that section of the body between the head
and the abdomen.

Trun’Nion, Fr. trognon. The trunnions
of a piece of ordnance are two knobs,
which project from the opposite sides, and
serve to support the piece on the cheeks
of the carriage. The trunnion-plates are
the two plates in travelling-carriages,
mortars, and howitzers, which cover the
upper parts of the side-pieces, and go
under the trunnions. The trunnion ring
is the next before the trunnions.

Tross. 1. In surgery, a bandage for
hernia. —— 2. In carpentry, when gird-
ers are very long, or the weight which &
floor is destined to support is very great,
they are trussed: that is; for a simple
beam is substituted a frame so constructed
that the pressure is thrown more upon the
walls, and the possibility of the
being broken is prevented. This frame is
called a truss. A truss-partition is one
formed by a truss.——3. In navigation, a
truss is a machine to pull a lower yard

TUB

729

TUN

elose to its mast, and retain it firmly in
that position 4. In botany, a truss isa
tuft of flowers formed at the top of the
main-stalk of some plants.

Trus’sinc. In carpentry and ship-
building a series of diagonal braces, dis-
posed in triangles, the sides of which give
to each other a mutual support or coun-
teraction.

Trust. In law, an estate held for the
use of another.

Trus’tEE. In law (1.), one who holds an
estate in trust; (2.) one to whom is con-
fided the management of some property,
in trust for the benefit of others

TrorH. In the jinearts, a faithful ad-
herence to the models of nature.

Try-saiL. Strain-sail. A sail used by
a ship in a storm.

Toxs’ser. The name given in Cornwall
toa mining instrument, called in other
parts a beele.

Tu’sER, Lat. from tumeo, to swell. 1.
An excrescence.——2. In botany, a round
turgid root, asthat ofaturnip. Also the
name of a genus of fungi, now includedin
the genus Lycoperdon (q.v.).

Tu’BERcLE, Lat. tuberculum, dim. of
tuber. In pathology, a peculiar morbid
production, which occurs in various tex-
tures of the body,in connection with scro-
fula. It occurs in isolated roundish mas-
ses. The matter is unorganised.

Tuser’curar, Lat. tubercularis, \

Tusner’cutate, Lat. tuberculatus. §
Tubercled. Having small warts or tuber-
cles. Applied, in natural history.

Tv’sERosE. 1. Tuberous.——2. A plant.
See PoLyantuvs.

Tv’sERovs, Lat. tuberosus. Knobbed.
Applied to parts of plants.

TuBICINEL’LA. A genus oftubularshells,
not spiral; placed by Lamarck among the
sessile cirrhipedes. Name dim. of tubicen,
a trumpeter. The species are found im-
bedded in the blubber of whales.

Tvusic’ota. The name given by Cuvier
to an order of Articulata, comprising Ser-
pula, Sabella, Terebella, Amphitrite, Sy-
phostoma, and Dentalium. The shell is
a calcareous tube; whence the name,
from tuba, and cola, an inhabitant.

Tvusicota’R1z. The name given by
Lamarck to a genus of Infusoria, of the
order Rotifera. Mame from tuber, and
cola, a dweller, because the species se-
crete themselves in little tubes, which
they construct of foreign molecules.

Tunicor’nia, Lat. tebus cornu, a horn.
A family of ruminarits, which have the
horns composed of an axis enveloped in
a sheath.

Tv’BIPORA, } Organ-pipe coral, consist-

Tou’sirore. jing of parallel tubes of a
strong substance, each containing a poly-

pus. There are several species. Order
Goralliferi ; family Zubularsi.

Tvusuta’Ria. A genus of coralliferous
poly pi,which construct simple or branched
tubes of a horny substance. The genus
is now subdivided. The sub-genera are

aria marina, found in salt water;
Tibiana, Lamour., inhabiting zigzag
tubes; Cornularia, Lamar., of which the
tubes are conical; Anguinaria, Lamar.,
of which the tubes are cylindrical ; and
Campanularia, Lamar., the tubes of
which are bell-shaped.

Tu’BULATED, tubulatus. Synonymous
with tubulous. A retort which has a small
tubular production, like the mouth of a
phial, with a stopper adapted to it, is
called a tubulated retort.

Tvuers’pay. The third day of the week:
Saxon Tiwesdacg or Tuesdaeg, from Tuisco,
the Mars of our ancestors. Hence Tues-
day is court or combat-day.

To’ra. Fr. tuf, It.tufo. 1. A calcareous
deposit from water. See CatcarEous
Tura.—2. Tuf, tuff, volcanic tufa, are
names applied to several different sub-
stances, products of volcanic eruptions.
Generally it isan aggregate of sand and
volcanic ashes and fragments of scoria
and lava.

Tuis‘co. In mythology, the god of war
or the. Mars of the northern nations.
Tuesday was appointed for his adoration.

Tu’ta Merat. An alloy of cupper, sil-
ver, and lead.

Tvu’tipa, | An extensive genus of peren-

Tvu’tir. J nial plants. Hexandria—Mo-
nogynia, Nat.-order, Coronari@. The
yellow tulip is the only indigenous spe-
cies, but many others are found in the
gardens.

Tum’BLE HomE. Applied to the falling
in of the upper timbers of a ship’s side.

Tum’srit. In gunnery, a two-wheeled
carriage, used in carrying the tools of
the pioneers and miners, and occasionally
the money and ammunition of the army.

Tu’mour, Lat. twmor, from tumeo, to
swell. A swelling of a permanent kind,
divided into sarcomatous, which are firm
and fleshy, and encysted, which have a
sac containing matter more or less fluid.

Tu’mutvus (Latin). A small conical hill
of earth, raised as a memorial over the
remains of the dead, by the early nations
of antiquity.

Tun. 1. A large cask——2. A wine
measure containing two pipes of 4 hogs-
heads, or 252 gallons. It varies, however,
in different countries.

TUNE, royos. In music, the relation of
notes to each other, and the distances be-
tween them, whence arises melody.

Tun@'sTEN, from Swed. tung,

TunGste’nvum, J heavy, and sten, stone.
A greyish-white metal, very brittle and
very hard, and fusible in the most intens¢
heat only. The name was originally
given by the Swedes to the ore of the

TUR

730

TUR

metal, which Scheele first analysed. The
same ore has since been discovered in
Cornwall and in Bohemia. The base is
lime, and the metal combines with it in
the form of an acid, the tungstic acid; a
yellow oxide, differing from the brown in
having three atoms of oxygen. Ores are
also found of which the bases are man-
ganese, lead, &c., sp. gr. of the metal 17°3.
Tungsten is insoluble i in acids, and unites
with most other metals, but not with
sulphur.

Tunic, Lat. tunica. A garment worn
by the Romans under the toga, next to
the skin.

To’nicartes. A class of acephalous
mollusca, in Lamarck’s arrangement.
Animal gelatinous or leathery, and co-
vered with a double tunic. The external
one distinctly organized and provided
with two apertures; the interior one
analogous to the mantle, provided also
with two apertures, the one oral and the
other anal. These animals are found both
single and aggregate, fixed and floating.

Tun’KErs or Dun’KeErRs. A subdivision
of the Baptists, chiefly in Pennsylvania.

Tcn’NEL. A subterranean passage cut
through hills, and sometimes under water,
as in the case of the Thames tunnel.

Tu’nny. Spanish mackerel. A fish,
the Scomber thynnus, Lin. See Tuynnvs.

Tour’san. The usual head-dress of the
Turks,Persians, and other eastern nations.

Tur sipzx. A family of molluscs. Shell
solid and spiral; aperture entire, closed
by an operculum. Order Phytophaga.
Named from turbo, a top.

Tur’BINATE, Lat. turbinatus. Of a spiral
oblong form.

TURBINEL’LA. The typical genus of
the turbinelline. Name dim. of turbo, a
top, in allusion to the form of the shell,
which is ponderous, smooth, or slightly
nodulous; spire short, papillary; pillar
with strong plaits in the middle.

Tur’sitH Root, ) The cortical part of

Tvur’pETH Root. $the Convolvulus tur-
pethum, brought from several parts of
India. Used in medicine. The name is
of Indian origin.

Tcr’sitH MiInERAL, | The yellow sub,

Tur’PeTH MINERAL. Jor disulphate of
mercury.

Tur’so. A genus of mollusca. Order
Phytophaga: family Turvide: sub-family
Turbine. Shell turbinate. About 160
species are known, of which about 70
are British. The periwinkle is well known.

Tur’sot. A well-known and highly
esteemed fish, the Pleuronectus maximus,
Lin. There are large quantities caught
on our coasts; yet the London market
is almost entirely supplied by the Dutch.

Tur’pus. The thrush: a genus of pas-
serine birds, belonging to the family
Dentirostres. Regimen frugivorous, habits

solitary. The name thrush is more par-
ticularly applied to the song thrush, or
throstle (7. musicus, Lin.). The Mocking-
bird of North America is also a wel)-
known species.

Turry Sax. tyrf. 1. The upper veget-
able mould, with its grass and roots cut
into parallelograms (of about 15 inches in
length, 6 inches in breadth, and 3 inches
in thickness,) with a common spade
used to cope dikes, &«.——2. The upper
stratum of mossy ground, pared off with
a turf-spade and used for burning as
peats are, but regarded as inferior.

Tur'key-rep. A brilliant red dye pro-
duced on cotton by madder.

Tur’turins. In French ecclesiastical
history, one of the numerous by-names
by which the sectaries of the 14th cen-
tury were distinguished.

Tur’meRic. Indian saffron. The root.
of the Curcuma longa, brought from Ben-
gal, Java, China, &c. It is used in dye-
ing, affording a beautiful yellow, which
however is extremely fugitive.

Tur’meRITe. Arare mineral, consist-
ing of alumina, lime, and magnesia,
coloured yellow by oxide of iron. It is
so named because its colour approaches
to the yellow of turmeric.

quae, railways, a contri-

Turn’-TsBLE. J vance for removing car-
riages from one line of rails to another.
It is composed of an iron framing, upon
which iron grating or wood planking is
laid, thereby forming a table or platform,
two pair of rails being fixed to the upper
surface, crossing each other at right
angles, and of corresponding gauge with
those laid down upontheline. The plat-
form is further made to turn upon a
centre pivot, which rests upon another
iron framing set in masonry. °

Turnip. 1. A well-known tuberous
plant, the Brassica rapa, of which there
are several varieties——2. The Swedish
turnip is the Ruta baga.

Turn’sots. Heliotrope. See HeEtio-
TROPIUM.

Tur’PENTINE, Lat. terebinthina; Fr-
terebenthine ; Ger. turpenthin. A resinous
substance, obtained by making incisions
in the stems of several species of pines.
The common turpentine is obtained from
Pinus sylvestris, or Scotch fir; the Venice
turpentine from the Pinus lariz, or larch ;
the Candian turpentine or balsam from
the Pinus balsamea, or balsam pine of the
cold parts of North America; the Chian or
Cyprus turpentine is got from the Pistacia
terebinthus, which is cultivated in Chios
and Cyprus, and grows only in warm cli-
mates. All the turpentines dissolve in
rectified spirits or pure alcohol, and by
distillation give similar oils, which, from
their being procured by distillation, are
called spirits of turpentine. If the @istil-

TUS

731

TYP

lation be performed with water, the pro-
duct is an essential oil, the common oil,
essence, or spirit of turpentine of the
shops ; and if the distillation be performed
in a retort, without water, the product
is very volatile and pungent, and is
termed ethereal spirit of turpentine. It is
hardly possible to obtain oil of turpen-
tine pure from the shops. Sp. gr. when
pure 0°870; as sold 0°876, and often higher.

Turquo'ls, Fr. turquoise ; Ger. tirkiss.
A gem of a greenish-blue colour, found
in opaque and roundish masses, from the
size of a pea to that of an egg. Sp. gr.
3°13. The finest specimens are found in
Persia, in clay slate.

Tur’tLe, Sax., from Lat. turtur. 1. The
‘turtle dove is the Columba turtur, Lin.,
celebrated for its connubial constancy and
affection.——2. The edible sea turtle is
the green tortoise (Testudo mydas), Lin.,
found from six to seven feet in length,
and weighing from 700 to 800 lbs. Its flesh
and eggs are highly esteemed, and furnish
a wholesome and palatable supply of food
to the mariner in every latitude of the
torrid zone. See Testupo and Torro!seE.

Tus’can Ornper. An order of architec-

=

ture whicn admits of no ornaments and

the columns are never fiuted. It is net
found in any ancient buildings.

Tusk. In carpentry, a bevel shoulder
made above a tenon, to strengthen it.

Tussita’co. Colt’s-foot. A genus of
herbaceous plants. Syngenesia— Poly.
superfilua. The common and the bastard
colt’s-foot and the butter-bur are indi-
genous species. All the exotic species
are, however, hardy. Name from ¢fussis,
cough, because it (7. farfara) relieves
coughs, and is used as tea for diseases of
the chest.

Tu’renaG. 1. In commerce, a Chinese
word, used to designate the zinc or spelter
of China.—2. The metallic compound
brought from China, called Chinese cop-
per, or packfong.

Tvu’tra. A Persian name for the grey
oxide of zinc: Cadmia, or Cadmia factitia,
popularly tutty (q.v.).

Tur’t1, } An Italian term, usedin music,

Tvur’ro. )to signify that all the parts
are to be played together in full concert.

Tur’ty (from tutia). The grey oxide
of zinc, generally formed when zinc,
blende, &c., are subjected toa high heat
in a furnace: the tutty sublimes and
encrusts in the chimney.

Twicr’-LaipCor’pace. In ship-rigging,
cordage made of the cast rigging worked
up again.

Twine. A strong thread composed of
three strands twisted together.

Trm’sat. In music, a kettle-drum.
This consists of two metallic globes,
covered with parchment, and beaten
with two round mallets.

Tym’pan. Tympanum. 1. A drum:
hence the barrel or hollow part of
the ear, behind the membrane of the
tympanum.——2. In architecture, the area
of a pediment, being that part which is
on a leyel with the naked of the frieze.
Also the part of a pedestal called other-
wise the trunk or dye. The tympan of
an arch is a triangular tube or space,
placed in its corners, usually hollow, and
enriched with ornaments ¢s foliage, &c.
—3. In printing, a franc covered with
parchment, on which the blank sheets
are put in order to be laid on the form to
be impressed.—4,. In botany, a mem-
brane stretched across the mouth of the
theca of a moss.

Tym’panr. Tympanites. Drum-belly.
An elastic distension of the abdomen,
which sounds like a drum (tympanum)
when struck ; attended with costiveness
and atrophy.

Type, Lat. typus; Gr.¢cures. <A sign,
symbol, or mark of something. 1. The term
is applied in natural history to the most
strongly characterised species or genus
of a group of plants or animals.——2. In
printing, letter-casting in type- metal.
Types are named according to their sizes;

ULM 732

ULV

Double - pica, Paragon, Great - primer,
English, Pica, Small-pica, Long-primer,
Bourgeois, Brevier, Minion, Nonpareil,
Ruby, Pearl, and Diamond. The first
sort gives 41h lines per foot, the last 205
lines.——3. In the fine arts, the model in
nature of a pattern used ; asa tree, which
is the type of a column.

Tyre-metat. A compound of lead and
antimony. in the proportion of 3 to l,

used for making printing-types. Copper
is sometimes added.
Ty’rutops. The name_ given by

Schneider to a genus of serpents, from
tupAw), an earth-worm, because blind;
the species being small,and resembling at
first glance earth-worms.

Ty’PHoID. Like typhus.

TypHoma’nia, from g¢uQos, stupor, and
pecevice madness. A term expressive of
the delirium which accompanies typhoid
fevers.

Tyr’Hoon. A violent hurricane in the
Chinese seas.

Ty’puus, from rydes, stupor. A form
of continued fever, characterised by ex-
treme depression of the nervous powers,
and imperfect re-action of the vascular
system, giving rise to changes in the
circulating fluids, and remarkable dis-
order of all the secretions.

Typo.'itres, from tures, a type, and
dsbos, stone. An old, general name for
fossil remains and minerals, having im-
pressions of plants, &c. upon them.

U.

_ Wis tne 21st letter and the 5th vowel
of the English alphabet.

U’siquira’rians. A sect of Lutherans,
who sprung up in Germany in 1590, and
maintained that the body of Jesus Christ
is omnipresent (ubique)

Uxa'‘se. In Russia, a proclamation or
imperial order.

Ur'cer, Lat. ulcus, eris, from gAzog. A
purulent solution of continuity of the
soft parts of an animal body. There are
many kinds.

Ue-tree. The name given to a Mexi-
can tree, a species of Castilla, which af-
fords an elastic gum, called wle in the

country.
U’tex. Furze. A genus of bushy shrubs.
Diandria—Decandria. There are three

wpecies, two of which are natives of Bri-
tain.

Ur'tace. In ‘commerce, what a cask
wants of being full.

Uumic Acip. A vegetable substance
obtained first from bark of the elm-tree
{ulmus campestris) by Dr. Thomson, and
¢alled by him ulmin (q. v.). It combines

with different bases, which it neutralizes,

forming ulmates. It constitutes the prin-

pes ror of peat and umber, and isa con
tuent of vegetable manures.

vem, pore was the name given

Uv Mine. boas gmp by Dr. Thomson
to the ulmic (q. ¥.), but it is now ap-
rlied to a black insoluble matter, obtained
by boiling the ulmic acid with one of the
strong acids. There is a brown exudation
found upon the bark of trees, and espe-
cially of the elm, hence called wmin, which
contains a matter similar to humus or
humine (moder of the Germans, géine of
Berzelius), combined with potash. The
action of heat, acids, alkalis, and some
other chemical agents wpon a variety of
organic products is attended by the pro-
duction of more or less of a similar matter.
Boullay represents ulmin or ulmic acid
as a compound of 56°7 per cent. carbon,
and 43°3 hydrogen and oxygen in the pro-
portions to form water: he considers it
the most important ingredient of the soil
as regards its nutritive powers. The sub-
stance thus called wlmin and ulmic acid
may be obtained by digesting rotten
leaves, bog-earth, turf, and the
brown exudation of the elm in a boiling or
a weak alkaline solution, and precipitat-
ing by an acid.

Ut'mus. The elm-tree: an extensive
genus of trees. Pentandria — Digynia.
There are four species found native in
Britain: the common elm is the V7. campes-
tris. The inner bark yields a juice highly
useful as an application to burns.

Uw'na, warevy. The cubit: the large bone
of the fore-arm.

Urrima’toum (Lat.). 1. The ultimates
a final proposition or condition.—2. In
diplomacy, the final propositions, condi-
tions, or terms, offered as the basis. ofa
treaty

Ur'rra. In politics, those who carry
to their farthest point the opinions of
their party.

Ucrramar'tneE, from ultra, beyond, and
marinus, sea-colour. 1. Azure stone or
lazulite.——2. A beautiful blue pigment,
obtained from lazulite (lapis lazuli). This
is now, however, prepared artificially.
and consists of silicate of alumina, and
soda, with sulphuret of sodium. It used
to be sold at from 5!. to 10/. per oz.

UtrraMAar’INE AsHES. The residuum of
lazulite, after the ultramarine is extracted.
It is comparatively a very inferior pig-

ment, but was formerly used for coarse

work.

UL’rRAMONTANE. A name applied eS
Italians to theologians and jurists of
countries beyond the Alps.

Ur’va. Laver. A genus of Alga. Name
from ultgo, ozinecs. Some of the species
are edible, and are indeed regarded. as

le

<= ~~ = eo. ee

OND 733

UNI

delhteacies, as the oyster green laver and
shield laver.

Um’BEL, A species of inflorescence,

Umpev’ra. } consisting ofseveral flower-
stalks, nearly equal in length, spread
from one centre, their summits forming a
level, convex, or even globose surface. It
is called rundle by some authors.

Umsetrta’tz. One of Linnzus’ natural
classes of plants, comprising such as have
the flowers growing in umbels. Parsley
is an example.

be msah ea } A partial or little umbel.

Um’sER. Brown ochre. 1. In ornitho-
logy, an African bird, the Scopus umbretta,
Brisson, so named from its umber or
brown colour.—2. An earthy mineral
of a brown colour, found in Cyprus. It is
used as a pigment.

Umericat Corp. In botany, an elon-
= of the placenta in the form of a
co

Umett'icus. 1. The navel. 2. In bo-
tany, formerly the generic name of the
wall pennywort, and yellow navel-wort,
now placed in the genus Cotyledons.——
3. In geometry, synonymous with focus.——
4. In conchology, the depression in the
centre, round which the shell is convo-
luted.

Um’zo. 1. The pointed boss ofa shield.
——2. In botany, the knob in the centre
of the pilus, or hat of the fungus tribe.

Um'sra. A shadow. In astronomy, ap-
plied to the dark cone projected from a
planet or satellite, on the side opposite
the sun.

Umerer'ta. 1. A well-known article
of defence against rain, &c. The name
is the Latin dim. of umbra, a shade.——
2. A genus of sea-slugs.

Um'rrre, Lat. imperium. 1. A person to
whose sole decision a controversy or
question between parties is referred.——
2. A third person called in to decide a
question submitted to arbitrators, when
the arbitrators do not agree in opinion.

Un’cia (Lat.). The twelfth part of any-
thing. The term was formerly applied
both to an ounce and an inch.

Un’crrornm, from uncus, a hook, and
forma, a likeness; hook-like. Applied to
bones. The unciform bone is the last bone
of the second row of the carpus.

Uncom’mon Cuorp, in music, is another
term for the chord of the sixth.

Unconror’MABLE. Not conformable.
Applied in g to strata lying in a
different plane from the subjacent strata,
upon which they rest.

Unvec’acon, from undecim, eleven, and
yovie, angle. A geometrical figure of
eleven angles and sides.

Un‘DERSHOT-wHEEL. In hydraulics, a
wheel with a number of flat boards which
reeelvye the impalse of the water con-

veyed to the lowest part of the wheel by
an inclined canal, in contradistinetion te
an overshot wheel.

Unverpin’Inc. In architecture, bring-
ing a wall up to the ground-sill. It
usually denotes such alterations as are
made on the foundations of walls as re-
quire them to be supported by strong tim-
ber shoars and needles.

Un’pertow. A current below the sur-.
face of water different from that above.

Un’DERWRITER. An insurer. See In-
SURANCE.

Un’putate, Lat. undulatus, waved.:
Having a waved surface. Applied to
leaves whose margins are waved obtusely
up and down.

Unpvuta’tion. In physics,a species of
motion transmitted successively through
different parts of a medium, without ten-
dency to continue that motion without
renewed impulses. Sound proceeds by
undulations in the atmosphere.

Un’putarory TuHeory. In optics, the
hypothesis according to which light is
transmitted by the undulations of an
elastic medium.

Un’ForMeED Stars. In astronomy, such
as are not included in any of the constel-
lations.

Un’evat, from unguis, a nail or claw.
An epithet applied to bones which have

‘attached to them a nail or claw.

Uneovic’urata. A primary division of
the class mammalia, having the digits
armed with claws.

Un’cuis or Craw. The narrow part of.
the base ofa petal. A measure of length
equal to half an inch.

Un’euta, Lat. hoof. In geometry, a solid
formed by cutting off a part of a cylinder,.
cone, &c., by a plane cutting the base ob-
liquely

Uneur’ata. An order of mammalia
having the feet wngulate or enveloped i in
hoofs.

Un’curate. .1. Hoofed: wngula, a
hoof.——2. Shaped like a hoof.

Unicap’sutar, Lat. unicapsularis, hay-
ing one capsule to each flower.

U’xicorn. An animal with one horn:
wnus, one, and cornu,a horn. The unicorn
is nowhere else to be found than as a
supporter of the British arms.——2. The
Narwhal is sometimes named the sea-
unicorn.

Uniror’mity. The act of uniformity is
an act of parliament by which the form
of public prayers, administration of sacra-
ments and other rites, is prescribed to be
observed in all the churches.

U’nio. 1. A pearl.——2. A genus of tes-
taceous acephala belonging to the family
Mytilacea, commonly ealled fresh-water
muscles. The unios inhabit fresh water,
preferring running streams. Numerous
species, remarkable for size or form,

UPA

734

CRO

{nhabit the lakesand rivers of the United
States of America.

Union BY THE First INTENTION. A
phrase applied by surgeons to the healing
of wounds by adhesion, without suppu-
ration or granulation.

Unip’arovs, Lat. uniparus. Producing
one only at a birth.

O’ntson, from unus, and sonus, sound.
A term in music, implying that a string,
&c. gives a sound coincident with an-
other, proceeding from an equality in the
number of vibrations made in a given
time by the sonorous body. If two strings
of the same material have equal length,
thickness, and tension, their sounds will
be in unison. The term is applicable whe-
ther the sounds be produced by instru-
ments or the organs of the human voice.

U’'nir. 1. Lat. unus, one; unitas, unity.
One.——2. Any determinate quantity, by
the constant repetition of which any other
magnitude of the same kind is measured.

Unira’rnianism. In theology, the doc-
trine of Unitarians, who contend for the
unity (unitas) of the Godhead, in opposi-
tion to the Trinitarians, and who, of
course, deny the divinity of Christ.

Unity. 1. In mathematics, the ab-
stract expression for any unit whatso-
ever.—2. In poetry, the principle by
which a uniform tenor of story, and pro-
priety of representation, is preserved. In
the drama, the unities are three; the
unity of action, of time, and of place.

U’nit Jar. Asmall insulated Leyden
jar, placed between the electric machine
and a larger jar or battery, to announce

the number of discharges which have |

passed into the larger jar.

U'nivaLveE. 1. One-valved: univalyu-
lar.—2. A shell which is complete in
one piece.

Univer’satism. In theology, the doc-
trine that all mankind will be saved or
made happy in a future state.

Univer’siry. An establishment for the
purposes of instruction in science and
literature, and having the power of con-
ferring honorary dignities or degrees.

U’pas. The name given in Java to se-
veral deadly poisons, of which the Bohon
tspas and the wpas tienté, are the most
celebrated. They belong to different
genera, and owe their poisonous proper-
ties to different principles. The Bohon
tupas is a bitter gum-resin, which exudes
from incisions in the bark of a large tree,
calied antiar or antshar by the Javanese,
and Antiaris toxicaria, or Ipo toxicaria
by botanists. It is a quick and rapid poi-
son. The Upas tienié is the produce of
the Strychnos tienté, and owes its deadly
effects to strychnia. The natives of Java
and the neighbouring islands used these
poisons to render their arrows more
deadly,

U’rpvpa. The hoopoe: a genus of pas-
serine birds belonging to the family of
Tenuirostres. The species are character-
ised by an ornament on the head, formed
ofa double range of long feathers, which
they can erect at will.

U’ranite. Pechblende. One of the
ores of uranium, in which the metal is
combined with sulphur and a portion of
iron, lead, and silex. Colour greenish-
black. See Uranium.

Ura’ntum. A very rare metal, dis-
covered by Klaproth in uranite or pech-
blende, found in the mine near Johann-
Georgen-Stadt, in Saxony. Another ore,
called green uranite, uran-mica, chalcolite,
&c., occurs in Cornwall. The ores are
reduced by various devices; but the
metal when procured has so little lustre,
that its metallic nature can hardly be re-
cognised by the naked eye. Sp. gr. about 9.

Uranorocy, from ovgayos, heaven, and
Royos, discourse. The science of the
heavens: astronomy.

Uranos‘copus. Thestar-gazer: a genus
of acanthopterygious fishes of the percoid
family, so named from ovvayos, heaven,
and cxorew, to view, because the eyes are
placed on the superior surface of the
nearly cubical head.

U’ranous, from ougavos; heaven. The
name now generally adopted for the
planet discovered by Dr. Herschel, and
called by him the Georgium sidus.

Urce’otate, Lat. urceolatus. Pitcher-
shaped: bellied out like a common jug.

9 UxcuIN. 1. The hedge- nes (q-v.).——

. The name sea-urchin has been given to
nae Echinus (q. v.).

U’rea. A constituent of urine. It
crystallises in four-sided prisms, which
are transparent and colourless, with a
slight pearly lustre.

U’nzerer, from ovgoy, urine. A name
in anatomy for the membraneous canal
which conveys the urine from the kidney
to the bladder.

Ure’tHRA. The canal by which the
urine is voided.

‘n1a- The guillemot: a genus of
birds, separated from the genus Colymbus,
Lin., by Brisson. The wings are shorter
than those of the divers; but they are
chiefly characterised by the absence of
the thumb. They live among rocky pre-
cipices, and feed on fish.

U’ric Acip. See Iarutc Actp.

Urn, Lat.urna. 1. A sort of antique
vase, which was chiefly used to preserve
the ashes of the dead, and hence called
Cineraria.—2. In mosses, it is the hol-
low urn in which the spores are lodged.

Uros‘cory. The judgment of diseases
founded on an inspection of the urine.

Urory’cium. oven, a tail, and guys,

USH

735

behind. The base of the tail in ani-
mals and birds.

Urn’sa. The bear. In astronomy, the
Ursa Major, or Great Bear, a constella-
tion north by Camelopardalis and Draco,
east by Canes Venatici, south by Leo
Minor, and west by Lynx and Came-
lopardalis, popularly called Charles's
Wain, and in some places the Plough.
According to some, the Great Bear is
Calisto, an attendant of Diana, the god-
dess of hunting. Ursa Minor, the Little
Bear, called by the Greeks Cynosura, or
the Dog’s-tail, is the north-pole constella-
tion, easily distinguished by 7 stars in the
same form, but in a contrary position, to
those of the Wain in the Great Bear.

Ur’sus. The bear. A genus of planti-

de mammalia, of the order Carnaria,
and family Carnivora, Cuy. The bears
are stout-bodied animals, with thick
limbs, and a very short tail. They exca-
vate dens, and construct huts, in which
they pass the winter in a state of somno-
lency, more or less profound, and without
food. these retreats that the
female brings forth her young. The
species are not easily distinguished, yet
the genus is much divided. There is the

European Brown Bear, the North Ameri- |.

can Black Bear, the Polar Bear, the
Thibet Bear, the Malay Bear, the Grisly
Bear ; and India has several species of
Black Bears, among which is the Thick-
lipped Bear, which is a great favourite
among the Indian jugglers, on account
of its ugliness.

Ur’tica. The nettle: an extensive
genus of plants. Monecia— Tetrandria.
Name ab urendo, because it excites a
painful heat like that of burning. The
common, small, and Roman nettles, are
natives of Britain.

Urtica’tion. The whipping of a be-
numbed or paralytic limb with nettle
(urtice), in order to restore its feeling.

U’sance. In commerce, a period of time
after the date of a billof exchange allowed
for payment of the same: it answers to
our three days of grace, but differs accord-
ing to the custom or usage of different
places, where the bill may be drawn.

Uses. In law, imports a trust and con-
fidence reposed in a man for the holding
of lands granted and limited to A for the
use or benefit of B. Stat. 27, Henry VIIL.,
c. 10, unites the use and possession.

Usn’er, Fr. huissier, a door-keeper ;
huis,a door. The title of several officers,
whose business it is to introduce strangers,
execute orders, walk before persons of
rank, &c, There are four gentlemen-ushers
in the royal household, one in the exche-
quer, &c. Schoolmasters have assistants
denominated wshers, probably because
they are entrusted with the younger

VAC we
classes, and introduce them i ths
higher branches of scholarship.- *

Usaquexzau’cH. An Irish word, mean-
ing mad-water, originally and appro-
priately used to designate the pure spiri-
tuous liquor distilled from malt, &c., and
now generally known as whiskey, a term
corrupted from usquebaugh. The term
usquebaugh is, however, now applied
technically to a strong compound spirit,
distilled from cinnamon, coriander, nut-
meg, mace, aniseed, citron, thyme, balm,
savory, mint, rosemary, Spanish liquorice,
sugar candy, raisins, and dates infused in
brandy!

Usvucar’rion, from usus, use, and capio,
to take. A term in civil law, having the
same meaning as prescription in common
laws; the acquisition of the title of right
to property by the uninterrupted and un-
disputed possession of it for a certain term
prescribed by law.

Ur. In music, the first of the musical
syllables.

U’rERINE, Lat. uterus, belly. In ciril
law, an uterine brother or sister is ont
born of the same mother.

U’rERINE, Appertaining to the uterus
or womb.

U’rerus. The womb.

Urixira’rians. A sect of politicians,
who would try the excellence of modes of
government, &c. simply by their utility.

Ur: Possipe’t1s. In politics, a treaty by
which belligerent parties are left in pos-
session of what they have acquired during
the war.

U’TRICLE, } Lat. utriculus, from uter,

U'rricuLr,ja bottle. A little bag.
bladder, or vesicle. Applied in botany to
a sort of capsule which never opens, but
falls off with the seed.

U’vza, from ura, grape. The black pig-
ment of the eye on the back part of the

is.
_ U’vuta, dim. of uva, a grape. The coni-
cal fleshy substance hanging over the root
of the tongue.

U’vcta-spoon. A surgical instrument,
like a spoon, for conveying any substance
into the cavity behind the uvula.

V.

V, the twenty-second letter of the En
glish alphabet, as a numeral stands for 5,
and with a dash over it, V, for 5,000.

Va. AnlItalian word used in musical
compositions as a direction to proceed, as
va crescendo, go on increasing.

Vaccin’1um. A very extensive genus
of permanent plants. Octandria—Mono -
gynia. Name quasi vaccinium, in allusion
to the berries produced by various of the
species. The bleaberry, bogwhortle berry,
and the bilberry are natives of Britain
Most of the species are hardy plants.

VAM

736

VAR

Vape Me’cum (go with me). A Latin
phrase, used as the title of a book that is
very familiar and concise in its instruc-
tions or directions. The little hand-book,
brought from the Greek Enchiridion, has
been of late more fashionable than Vade
Mecum.

Vacan’TEs, Lat. vago, I wander. A tribe
of spiders, which run after and seize their
prey with agility.

Vael'na, Lat. sheath. The leaf-stalk of
those plants in which it rolls round the
stem.

Va’GINATE, Lat, vaginatus. Sheathed.

VaGINoPEN‘Novs, from vagina, asheath,
and penna,a wing. Sheath-winged.

Vain. In heraldry, a kind of fur or
doubling, consisting of divers little pieces,
argent and azure, resembling a Dutch U
or a bell-glass.

Vaxr'srans. An ancient sect of heretics.

Vatnatta. In Scandinavian mytho-
logy, the palace of immortality.

Vartan Crown. A crown bestowed,
among the Romans, on him who first en-
tered an enemy’s camp.

Vat'tum. The trench and parapet with
which the Romans fortified their camps.

Vatonia. A modern Greek name,
adopted in commerce for a species of acorn
exported from the Morea and the Levant,
for the use of tanners. The oak which
produces it is named velanida. The acorns
are worth, in London, from 12/. to 161.
a ton.

Vatve, Lat. valve, folding-doors. 1. In
mechanics, a lid contrived to open one way
to admit a fluid, gas, steam, &c., into a
tube, but which shuts, when pressed from
the other side, to prevent the return of
the fluid. Valves are of various forms, as
hinge valves, conical valves, sliding valves,
revolving valves, &c.——2. In anatomy, a
kind of membrane which opens in cer-
tain vessels to admit the blood, and shuts
it to prevent its regress.——3. In concho-
logy, the shell. When the whole shell is
in one piece it is called a univalve, when in
<wo pieces a bivalve, and when of more
than two pieces, the shell is a multivalve.

Vam’prace. In plate armour, a protec-
tion to the arm below the elbow.

Vam'rirE. 1. In zoology, a species of
large bat, the Vespertilio vampyrus, Lin.,
called the Ternate Bat. It inhabits Gui-
nea, Madagascar, the East India isles,
New Holland, and New Caledonia, It at-

tacks sleeping animals, piercing a veias6
gently that they do not awake, and sucka
their blood.—— 2. The same name is some-
times given to a large bat of South Ame-
rica, the V. spectrum, Lin.

Vana’Dium. A scarce metal, recently
discovered in Sweden. and thus named
after Vanadis (an appellation of Freya),
the principal female deity of ancient
Scandinavia. It has only as yet been ob-
tained from iron, and the scorie of iron
furnaces, and in some of its properties
bears some relation to chromium, and in
others to uranium.

Vane. A weathercock. In ships, a
piece of bunting is used for the same pur-
pose, and has the same name.

Vanes. Ina ship, braces to steady the
.mizzen-gaff.

Vanit'ta. A Spanish name, adopted
in commerce, for the oblong narrow pod of
the Epidendrum vanilla, a species of vine,
extensively cultivated in Mexico, and
some of the warm parts of America. It is
aromatic, and is much used by chocolate-
makers, confectioners, perfumers, distil-
lers, &c.

Van’IsHine Fractions. In algebra,are
those fractions which, by giving a certain
numerical value to any variable quantity
which enters into them, both numerator
and denominator become zero, and con-

sequently the fraction itself becomes —-

Va'pour, Fr. vapeur. 1.The state of a
fluid or solid rendered aeriform by appli-
cation of heat, and capable of being con-
densed or brought back to the liquid or
solid state, by reducing the temperature
The vapour of water is particularised by
the name of steam (q. v.).——2. In me- _
teorology, all substances which impair the
transparency of the atmosphere, are po-.
pularly named vapours, though this term
is only applied technically to the invi-
sible and condensible product of vapor-
isation.

Va’pour-BATH. A place in which a
body is subjected to the steam of hot
water.

Va’‘rtance. A term in law, when there
is a difference of statement between two
material documents in a cause.

Va/RIABLE Quantities. In mathema-
tics, are such quantities as are continually
increasing or decreasing. ey are usu-
ally denoted by x, y, z, whereas the con-
stant quantities are denoted by a, b, c, &c.

Varia'TIon. 1. Of the compass, the de-
viation of the magnetic needle from its
parallel with the meridian, or east and
west of the true north and south poles.
— 2. Variation of curvature, in i
cal geometry, is the change which takes
place in the curvature, in passing from

one point of a curve to another.——3. Va-
riation, in music, a difference in perform-

VAS

737

VEI

ing the same air, either by subdivision
vf its notes, or by the addition of graces.
—4. Variation of the moon, in astronomy,
is an inequality of the moon’s motion,
depending on the angular distance of the
moon from the sun.

Varicet’ta, dim. of variola. The
chicken-pox or water-pox. A well-known
eruptive disease, consisting of vesicles
scattered over the body.

Varr'cirorm. Resemdling a varix.

Varico’cere, from variz,and x7zAy, a
tumour. <A swelling of the veins of the
scrotum.

Variety. In natural history, a term
used to designate animals, shells, plants,
&c., which differ in some circumstances
from others of the same species, but not
so essentially or permanently as to war-
rant their being separated as distinct
species.

Varroa, from varius, changing colour.
The small-pox.

VarroLoip, cerca yariola or

Varr'otovs. J small-pox

Vario’ruM. In literature, an abbrevia-
tion of cwm notis variorum, with the notes
of different authors. Used in character-
ising an edition of a classic author, with
annotations by different hands.

Va’rix. In surgery, a permanent dila-
tation of a vein. .

Var’NIsH, Fr. vernis, low Lat. verniz. A
solution of resinous matter, which is made
to be spread over the surface of any body,
in order to give it a shining, transparent,
and hard coating, capable of resisting, in
a more or less degree, the influence of air
and moisture. The common solvents are
alcohol and turpentine; but the resins
are numerous, as are consequently the
sorts of varnishes.

Vas’curar, from vasculum, dim. of vas,
a vessel. Consisting of vessels within
which fluids are confined, and by which
their course and their velocity are re-
gulated.

Vase, Lat. vas.
name given to
the bell ornaked
form of the Cor-
inthian capital,
on which the
leaves are dis-
posed.——-2. An
ornament of
sculpture, placed
on socles and
pediments, re-
presenting such
vessels as the
ancients used in
sacrifices. An-
tique vases are
of great value ;
among antiquar-
tans, and many of them, both Etruscan

1. In architecture, a

and Grecian, have been dug up in Italy.
The figure represents a Grecian vase. |

Vas’saL, Welsh, gwds, a young man or
page. The holder of a fief by fealty and
service, of a feudal lord.

Vas'tus. In anatomy, a name given to
certain muscles of the thigh.

Vatican. One of the hills on which
the city of Rome is built; on this stands
a celebrated palace of the Pope, that bears
the same name; and at the foot of the
hill is the Cathedral of St. Peter.

Vav’DEVILLE (Fr.). A species of song,
in French poetry, frequently of a satirical
turn, consisting of several couplets and a
refrain, introduced into theatrical pieces.

Vavtt, Ital. volto. An arched roof so
contrived that the stones which form it
sustain each other. There are numerous
kinds of vaults, named according to their
form, as cylindric, surmounted, rampant,
conic, spherical, annular, simple, com-
poe eylindro-cylindric, and groined
va

ts.
Ve’aper. The 13th month of the Jewish
ecclesiastical year.
Vec’T1s (Lat.). Synonymous with lever.
Vepan’ra. A Hindoo sect, whose phi-
losophy is founded on the Vedas.

Ve’pas. The Hindoo sacred writings.
Vever’rEe (Fr.). A sentinel on horse-
back.

VeEER’Inc. Wearing. A term in navi-
gation for the operation to which a ship,
in changing her course from one board to
the other, turns her stern to windward:
in opposition to tacking, wherein the bow
is turned to the wind and the stern to lee-
ward.

VeEc’ETABLE Eartu. Soil in which de-
cayed vegetable matter is much more pre-
yalent than the primitive earths.

Verc’ETABLE Kineo’pom. That depart-
ment of nature which embraces the va-
rious organised bodies to which we indif-
ferently give the names of vegetables and
plants. The natural history of this de-
partment is botany, which, in its widest
sense, embraces the anatomy, physiology,
chemical composition, economical uses,
and scientific classification of plants.

Veit. The horizontal membrane in
fungi, connecting the margin of the pi-
leus with the stipes.

Vein, Lat. vena. 1. In anatomy, along
membraneous canal, which ‘ontinually
becomes wider, does not pulsate, and re-
turns the blood from the arteries to the
heart.——2. In geology and mineralogy,
fissures in rocks, filled up by mineral or
metallic substances, differing from the
rocks in which they are situated. It isin
veins that metallic ores are commonly
found.

VeEIN-stones, or Ganoves, are the mi-
neral substances which accompany an*
often inclose the metallic ores.

VEN 73

8 VzerP

Vera’n1. See VALonta.

VeEveLva, Lat. velum,asail. A genus
of acalephes, possessing a vertical crest
or sail, by which they are wafted along
the surface of the ocean.

Vev'tum, Fr. velin, from Lat velo. A
fine sort of parchment (q. v.).

VeEto'ce, It. swift. In music, signifies a
rapid manner of performing.

VELO'cIPEDE. A vehicle consisting ori-
ginally of a piece of wood resting on twe
wheels, and so constructed, that an individwal
might seat himself upon it as upon horse-
back, yet so that the rider could propel the
machine by pressing his feet slightly against
the ground. He could in this way travel at
the rate of ten miles an hour. This rude
first idea has now been completely super-
seded by the more modern BICYCLE, by
which the front wheel is converted inwa
driving wheel or propeller, by means of 4
crank handle on each side of it, which the
rider works with his feet. By this improved
arrangement a greatly increased velocity
may be achieved, with much more comfort
and ease to the rider. Tricycles or vehicles
with two wheels behind and a driving
wheel in front, and capable of carrying
luggage, may be also used on this improved
principle; or even four wheels and a driving
wheel might be employed and made useful
for the conveyance of infantry with their
personal baggage in time of war, and they
might be armed with a rifle-proof shield,
and provided with a bed of Mackintosh cloth,
to be either swung or laid on damp ground
with impunity, saving soldiers both fatigue
and exposure,

Veto’ciry. In dynamics, the ratio of
the quantity of linear extension that has
been passed over in a certain portion of
time; or itis the ratio of the time that

has been employed in moving along a de-
terminate extension.

Ver’ver, Ital. velluto, from Lat. vellus,
hair or nap. A rich silk stuff, covered on
the outside with a close, fine, short shag
ornap. The same name is also given to
cotton stuffs manufactured in the same
way.

Ve'na Cava. Hollow vein. A large vein
the largest in the body), which transmits
the blood from the extremities to the
heart.

Ve'na Por’ra. A great vein, so named
from its being situated at the entrance of
the liver. It receives the blood from the
abdominal viscera, and carries it into the
substance of the liver.

Vener’er. In cabinet work, a thin piece
of a more valuable kind of wood, for co-
vering furniture, &c., which is made of a
more common kind.

Venetian. Appertaining to Venice.
Venetian blind, a peculiar blind for win-
fows, formed of slips of wood set in a
frame, each slip being moveable cn end-

pins, and so disposed that they may be
made to overlap each other when close,
and show a series of open spaces, for ad-
mission of air and light inthe other posi-
tion. These movements are managed
without trouble by means of two cords.
Venetian door, a door which is lighted at

each side. Venetian window,a window in
three separateapertures. Venetian chalk,
steatite.

Vene’t1an Scuoot. In painting, its dis-
tinguishing characteristic is colouring,
and a consummate knowledge of chiaro-
scuro, in which all is spirit, grace, and
faithfulness.

Ve'niat Sin, Lat. venia, forgiveness. In
Romish theology, a sin which does not de-
Stroy sanctifying grace.

Vesr’re Facias. A judicial writ, in
law, directed to the sheriff, to cause a
jury to come or appear in the neighbour-
hood where a cause is brought to issue, to
try the same.

Venta’xLe. The visor of a helmet.

Ven’TeR (Lat.). In insects, the lower
partof the abdomen.

Venstica’tor. In mechanics, a machine
by which noxious air may be discharged
from places where it is stagnant, as hospi-
tals, gaols, &c.,and replaced by fresh air.

Ven’TRICLE, from venter. A term applied
by anatomists to the cavities of the brain
and heart.

VEN’TRICOSE, Lat. ventricosus, bellied,
venter,a belly. Distended, bellying. Ap-
plied chiefiy in botany.

VENTRIL’oquisM, from venter, the bellr,
and loguor, to speak. The formation of
the voice within the mouth, in such a
way as toimitate other voices than that
which is natural to the person, and so as
not to be seen to move the lips. This art
depends on the organs of speech being
very perfect, but requires no organisation
different from that which is commonly
foundin man. A ventriloguist is a profes-
sor of ventriloquism.

VeENv’E, Lat. vicinetum, neighbourhood.
In law, the county in which an action is
to be tried, which is specified in all mate-
rial allegations in the pl gs.

Venvs. 1. In mythology, the goddess of
beauty and love among the Romans; the
Greeks called her Aggodsry.——2. In the
old chemistry, copper.——3. In malacology,
a genus of testaceous Acephala, belonging
to the Cardiacea.—4. In astronomy, one
of the planets, situated between the
Earth and Mercury, and neyer distant
from the Sun more than 45°. Diameter,
9330 miles; distance from the Sun,
68,891,436 miles: year, 224 days and 17
hours. Designated by Q.

Verre’curz. The 3lst natural order
of Linné, comprehending pliant shraba.
as the bramble (vepres), ct» umb:le growth

eed te

—

_—_* =

VER 739

VER

YVer’aTRia, An alkaline principle,

VeERr’aTrRIne. J extracted from the white
hellebore (Veratrum album), and some
other plants. It is white and pulvyerulent,
has no smell, but is very acrid. ‘

VeEr’atRuM. <A genus of perennial
plants. Polygamia— Monecia. Name
probably from veré atrum, truly black, be-
cause the root is extremely of that colour.
The white and the black hellebore are
European species. The first is much used
in medicine.

Vers, Lat. verbum. In grammar, a part
of speech which expresses action, motion,
being, suffering, or a request or com-
mand to do or forbear. The verb affirms,
declares, asks, or commands.

Versas’cum. Mullein. A genusof her-
baceous plants. Pentandria—Monogynia.
Name quasi barbascum, from its hairy
coat. There are seven British species.

Versa’tim. A Latin word signifying
** word for word ;” used of translations.

VerBe’NA. Vervain. An extensive ge-
nus of herbaceous plants. Didynamia—
Angiospermia. Name quasi herbena, a dis-
tinction for all herbs used in sacred rites.
The only British species is the officinal
vervain, formerly much used in medi-
cine.

VERDE-AN’TIQUE. In mineralogy, an ag-
gregate of serpentine and white crystal-
lised marble, irregularly mingled. It
takes a fine polish, and is much used for
ornamental purposes.

Ver'pict. In law, the answer of a jury
to the court on the matter of fact in-any
cause committed to their trial.

Ver’picris, Lat. viride gris. A rust of
copper, formed by the corrosion of the
metal by an acid. It is chemically a dia-
cetate of copper. Poisonous.

Ver’pirer. Terre vert. Apigment ofa
blue or blueish green colour, called Bre-
mengreen, from its haying been first ma-
nufactured at Bremen. Its base is copper.

VERGE oF THE Court. The bounds of
the jurisdiction of the lord-steward of the
king’s household; so named from the
verge, or rod of office, of the marshal.

Ver’ceR, from virga,arod. 1. He who
carries the mace before the bishop, dean,
&c.——2. An officer who carries a white
wand before the justices of either bench
in England.

Vercetre’. In heraldry, 1. A pallet.—
2. A shield divided with pallets.

VeER'IUICE, Fr. ver, jus, the juice of green
fruits. An acid liquor prepared from
grapes or crabs ; principally used in sauces
and ragouts.

Ver’mes. Worms. The sixth class in
Linnzus’s arrangement of the animal
kingdom. It comprised ll those inverte-
bral animals divided into annular sections,
without antenne, legs, distinct head,
true blood, or yoice. The orders sre In-

testina, Mollusca, Testacea, Zoophyta,
and Infusoria.

VeRMICEL’LI, Ital.,from Lat. vermicult,
little worms. A species of wheaten paste,
formed ir.to long, slender, hollow tubes
or threads ; used in soups. Vermicelli is
the same substance as maccaroni, the only
difference being that the latter is in
larger tubes. It is prepared in greatest
perfection at Naples.

VeRMIc’uLAR, Lat. vermicularis. (1.)
Shaped like or having the characters of
aworm. (2.) Having a motion like that
of a worm, as the peristaltic motion of
the intestines performed by contraction
from above downwards.

Ver’miruces, Lat. vermifugus, from
vermis, a worm, and fugo, to drive away.
Anthelmintie medicines.

Vermilion. Cinnabar. A bi-sulphu-
ret of mercury. It occurs in nature, as
an ore of quicksilver, and is prepared
by the chemist as a beautiful red pigment.
The name is Italian, vermiglio, from Lat.
vermiculis, from vermis, which has been
applied to Kermes. The native bi-sul-
phuret of mercury is commonly called
cinnabar, and the factitious vermilion,

Ver’mMiIn. Quadrupeds, reptiles, worms,
or insects, which are injurious to culti-
vators.

Verna’tion, from ver, the spring. A
term in botany for the manner in which
the leaves are folded or wrapped up, and
expanded in the spring.

Ver’NizR. A graduated index, which
subdivides the smallest division of any
scale with greater accuracy than can be
obtained by simple estimation of a frac-
tional part, as indicated by a pointer. It
is the same as the woninus, and named
vernier, from the inventor.

Ver’RUCosE, Lat. verrucosus, full of
warts: verruca, a wart. Applied in natu-
ral history.

VerRsED Sinz (of an arc). The portion
of the diameter of the arc intercepted be-
tween the sine and the commencement of
the arc. See Sinz.

Verst. A Russian measure of length,
equal to 3500 feet or 11663 yards.

Vert, Fr. green. In heraldry, one of
the tinctures employed in blazonry.

Ver'resra, from verto, to turn. 1. A
joint of the spine or back-bone of an ani-
mal.——2. In the plural, vertebra, the
term is often used to designate the whole
spine.

VERTE’BRATA, Lat. vertebra. A pri-
mary division of the anima] kingdom, in-
cluding animals having a vertebral co-
lumn connected to the brain.

VERTE’BRATE, Lat. vertebratus. Having
an osseous spinal column.

Ver’Ticat. Perpendicular to the plane
ofthe horizon. In astronomy, the verti-

3 B22

VES

740

VIA

eal point is that point immediately over
the head of the observer: it is the zenith.
The vertical circle is a great circle passing
through the zenith and nadir. The meri-
dian of any place is a vertical circle, and
these vertical circles are termed azimuths.
The prime vertical is likewise a great
circle of the sphere, perpendicular to the
horizon, and passing through the zenith
and the east and west points. In perspec-
tive, the vertical plane is a plane perpen-
dicular to the geometrical plane, passing
through the eye and cutting the perspec-
tive plane at right angles.

Verticer'tus. A ring for organs of any
kind placed round a stem upon the same
plane, called also a whorl.

VeER’tTIciL, Lat. verticillum. A whorl.
The botanical name of a species of inflo-
rescence in which the flowers surround
the stem in a sort of ring.

Verticitta’tTz. The 42nd of the Lin-
mean natural orders of plants, including
those whose flowers grow in the form of
a whorl (verticillus) round the main stem,
as the mint.

VERTICIL’LATE, Lat. _ verticillatus,
whorled. Growing in rings or whorls. See
VERTICIL.

Vesa'n1z, Lat. pl. of vesania, madness.
An order of diseases in the class Neurosis,
comprising those in which the judgment
is impaired, without coma or pyrexia.

Ves'tcatory, Lat. vesicatorius. Having
the property when applied to the skin of
raising a bladder (vesica), by causing a
fiuid to collect between the cuticle and
eutis: blistering.

Ves’IcLe, Lat. vesicula, dim. of vesica,a
bladder. An elevation of the cuticle of
an organised body, like a little bladder.

Ves’pa,a wasp. A genus of hymenop-
terous insects, belonging to the family
Diloptera, Cuv. Some of the vesparie
form communities, composed of three
sorts of individuals, males, females, and
neuters; the females and neuters are
armed with an extremely powerful and
yenomous sting. All the larve and
nymphs which cannot complete their
metamorphosis before the month of No-
vember, are put to death and dragged
from their cells by the neuters or la-
bourers. These last perish along with the
males on the approach of winter. Some
of the females survive, and become the
founders of new colonies. Wasps feed on
insects, viands of various sorts, fruit, &c.
Their habitations differ according to the
species.

Ves’PeR. Hesperus. The evening star.
The planet Venus when eastward of the
sun, and consequently setting after him.

Ves'rers. In the Romish church, that
part of the service which is rehearsed in
the afternoon, answering to our evening
prayers.

VeEsrentit‘io. The bat. A genus of
mammalia: order Carnaria: family Chei-
roptera. The arms, forearms, and fingers
of the bats are excessively lengthened
forming, with the membrane that occu-

ies their intervals, true wings, possess-

g even a greater extent of surface than
those of birds, and consequently enabling
the animal to fiy very high, and with
great rapidity. The genus is numerous,
and offers many subdiyisions, as Pteropus,
Bris., of which there are numerous
cies, found throughout the south of Asia;
Molossus, Noctilio, Vampirus, &c., &c., dis-
tinguished by the absence or presence of
a tail, &e.

Ves’ra. 1. In mythology, a goddess ot
fire among the Romans, the daughter o1
Rhea and Saturn, and sister of Ceres and
Juno.—2. In astronomy, a small planet,
discovered by Dr. Olbers, in 1807. It re-
volves round the sun in 3 years and 66
days, and has the appearance of a star of
the eighth magnitude.

Ves’TaL Vincins. The six virgin priest-
esses of the goddess Vesta.

VeEs'TIBULE, Lat. vestibulum. 1. A porch.
——2. In anatomy, a cavity of the inter-
nal ear, between the cochlea and semi-
circular canals.

VEsT’MENTS, Or Vzes’turES. Articles of
dress or ornament worn by Roman Ca-
tholic priests during divine service.

Ves’try, Lat. vestiarium. 1. A room
appendant to a church, in which the
sacerdotal garments and consecrated
things are reposited.——2. A parochial
assembly, commonly convened in the
vestry.

Ve'reERAN, Lat. vetus, old. An ancient
Roman soldier, who had passed the legal
age of military service, forty-six,—or, in
later times, who have served in twenty-
five campaigns.

Vero. I forbid: a prohibition. The
sovereign has a veto upon every act of
parliament. The General Assembly of
the Church of Scotland passed a veto act,
by virtue of which they pretend to have
given power to congregations to prohibit
the introduction of ministers presented
by patrons. It has, however, been found
that the assembly had no power to make
such an act.

Vex'1t, Lat. verillum. A standard ap-
plied to designate the upper large petal
of a papilionaceous flower.

VEXILLA’RII. Veteran troops in the
Roman army.

Vexit’tum, or Sran’parp. In botany,
the upper petal of a papilionaceous
corolla.

Viraste. A term adopted from the
French, to signify that the organisation
of a fetus is sufficiently developed to
sustain independent life.

Vi'anvuct, from via, a way, and duco, to

VIE

741

Vio

lead. A structure made for conveying a
earriage-way from one road to another,
either by perforating through hills, by
levelling uneven ground, by a series of
arches, or by raising mounds, &c., &c.

Vi'a Lac’rga. The milky-way.

Viar'icum (Lat.). Perquisites for a
journey. In ecclesiastics, the sacrament
given toa dying person.

Visra‘tiun (from vibro). Reciprocal
undulation. In mechantes, a regular re-
ciprocal motion of any body, such as a
pendulum, occasioned by the force of
gravity. In music, the undulation of
any body by which sound is produced.

Vis‘r10. The name given by Miller
to a genus of Infusoria, of the order
Homogenea, The body is round and slen-
der, like a bit of thread. The vinegar
and paste eels are examples.

Visris’sa (Lat.). A whisker. In mam-
malogy, the stiff bristles which grow from
the pepper lip, and other parts of the
hea

Tid’an; Lat. vicarius. A substitute :
the incumbent of a benefice.

Vice. 1. Lat. vice, in the turn or place
of. A termused in composition to desig-
mate one gui vicem gerit, who acts in the
place of another, as viceroy, a governor
of a country who rules in the name of
the king (roi) with regal authority.——
2. Dut. vijs. A small iron press, with
serews, used by workmen for holding an
article, while it is being filed, &c.

Vi‘cr Ver’sa. A Latin idiomatic phrase,
signifying on the contrary

Vie'ta. The vetch: an extensive genus
of papilionaceous plants. Diadelphia—
Decandria. Name from vincio, to bind.
There are seven native species, among
which are the common vetch, or tare;
but the pea-vetch isa native of Germany ;
and the garden-bean, which is also a
species, is a native of Egypt.

Vivev'icer. Viz. A Latin word sig-
nifying to twit; that is; namely.

Viette’. A musical instrument, the
tones of which are produced by friction
of a wheel, acting the part of a bow,
against the strings, which are pressed by

the fingers or keys. lt has two strings
which always sound like the drones ofa
bagpipe, and is familiarly named in con-
sequence Hurdy-gurdy

Vreit, Lat. vigilium, a watch. An
ecclesiastical usage on the eve of a feast~

y.

Vicnerter’, Fr. from vigne,a vine. An
ornament placed at the beginning of @
book, preface, dedication, &c.: a head-
piece.

Vieoro’so, It. vigorous. In music, sig-
nifies that a movement is to be performed
with strength and firmness

Vit'ta (Latin). 1. A country seat, ora
farm of superior character.—-2. The
statute of Exeter, 14 Edward I., mentions
entire-vills, demi-vills, and hamlets. In
this sense the term is a contraction of
village, a small assemblage of houses, not
sufficient to make a town.

Viv'LaceE, or Vit, Lat. villa, a country
house. In law, a subdivision of a parish ;
a whole parish; a manor; most com-
monly, the out-part of a parish, being a
few houses separated from the rest.

Vit'tEnacE. Atenure of lands by base
services. The ancient villeins were of
two sorts, those annexed to the manor,
and villeins in gross, who were annexed
to the persons of their lords, and trans-
ferrable from one lord to another.

VILLO'sE, or villosus, shaggy. Ap-

Vit'Lovs, J plied in anatomy to a velvet-
like arrangement of fibres or vessels, as
the villose coat of the intestines; and in
geology and botany to parts covered with
a shaggy pubescence.

Virtus. In botany, a species of hairy
pubescence of plants.

Vimen. In botany,a slender and fiexi-

. ble twig: vieo, to bind.

Vin’eutum (Latin). A bond or band.
In algebra, a character in the form ofa
line or stroke drawn over an expression,
when compounded of several letters or
quantities, in order to connect them;
thus, a+ 6 x shows that the sum of
aand bisto be multiplied by x. The ex-
pression is more neatly written (a+ 6) z.

Vine. In botany, see Vitis and Bryonia.

Vin’ecar, from vin, wine, and aigre,
sour. Dilute andimpure acetic acid (q.v.),
formerly prepared only from wine; now
from an infusion of malt.

Vi'novus FermMeNTATION. Under this
name is comprehended every species of
fermentation which terminates in the for-
mation of an intoxicating liquid.

Vror, Ital viola. A musicalinstrument
of the same form as the violin, but larger,
and having six strings. It is ‘played also
with a

Vr'ota. “Violet. A very extensive class
of campanaceous plants, Pentandrice=
Monogynia. Named from Ioy, because it

ViR

742

¥ioIT

was first found in Ionia. There are seven
indigenous species, of which the sweet-
scented violet, with its seven or eight
varieties, is the greatest favourite. The
pansy or heart’s-ease is also well known.
-—2, In music, a viola is a tenor violin.

Viora’crous, Lat. violaceus. An epithet
designating a bluish purple colour like
that of the violet.

Vroter. 1. In botany, see Viota.——2.
Violet colour. A mixture of red and blue.

Viot’tn. A common musical instrument,
less than the viol.

Viotoncer’to. The Italian name of our
fifth violin, which comes between the
viola di braccio (arm viol) and the double
bass, both as to tone and size. The notes
for the violoncello are written on the F
or bass clef, and it generally accompanies
the double bass.

Vior’one (Ital.). The English double
bass viol, the largest musical instrument
played with a bow. It is principally used
to sustain the harmony.

Vipera, Viper. A genus of true ser-
pents (serpentia). There are several spe-
cies. The minute viper (V. brachyura,
Cuy.), is celebrated for the intensity of
* its poison, and is truly one of the most
terrible of the genus. The Aspof Egypt, or
Cleopatra’s asp, (the Coluber naja, Lin.),
was held in great veneration by the Egyp-
tians. The jugglers, by pressing on the
nape of the neck with the finger, throw it
into a kind of catalepsy, which renders it
stiff, or turns it into a rod, as they term it.

Vir’co. Virgin. The sixth sign of the
zodiac.

Vir’rvat. 1. A term signifying poten-
tial, and understood of something which
acts by a secret invisible cause, in oppo-
sition to what is sensible and palpable.
2. In mechanics, if any number of
forces applied to the different parts of a
system be in equilibrium,
and these points admit of j
displacement, the circum- ss
stances of their mutual re-
lation and dependance re- /
maining unaltered ; and fur- ie
ther, if the nature of the fide
system, and the forces ap- hort
plied to it, be such that the }/ ;

H
{
1

points of application being /
thus altered according to /
certain conditions, the equi- /
librium remains; thenthere p;

sw at 8 om if
exists the following re- Sse
markable relation between 4 AP
the forces and the distances *

through which these points

of application have been

made tomove. If from either extremity
P of the line PP’ representing the ez-
ceeding small displacement of any point
of application P, a perpendicular Pm be
arawr from the direction P, of the force

before its displacement; and the line Pm
intercepted between the foot of the per-
pendicular m, and the point P, be called
the virtual velocity of the foree P ; then,
each force of the system being multiplied
by its virtual velocity, similarly taken, the
sum of these products in respect to the
points of application which are made by
the displacement of the system to move
towards the direction of the forces im-
pressed upon them, shall be equal to the
sum of those taken in respect to those
points which are made to move from that
direction. This very important principle
is called that of virtual velocities. ——3,
In optics, the point from which rays, hay-
ing been rendered divergent by refiection
or refraction, appear to issue.

Virtvo’so, (Ital.). A man skilled in
matters of antique curiosity, fine arts, &c.

Vrrus. A poison. The term applies
in pathology, to designate the matter of a
disease capable of producing that disease
in a healthy individual by inoculation
or absorption. f

Vis. A Latin word for power. Vis a
tergo, amoving power acting from behind.

is vite, the vital power or energy. Vis
inerti@, the power of inertness ; the force
with which matter resists change of
place. Vis insita, innate force essential
to the natural state of a body.

Vis’cera, Lat. pl. of viscus. In anatomy,
the organs contained in any of the three
great cavities, especially the thorax and
abdomen.

Vis’countT, Lat. vicecomes. In heraldry,
a title of nobility next to earl. In law,a
sheriff.

Vis‘cum. The mistletoe. A genus of
parasitical plants. Diecia—Tetrandria.
Name from jg or Bsrzos, the fruit ofthe
V. albwm, foundin Britain. The V. quer-
cinus was held in high esteem by the
Druids. See MistLETor.

Visu’nvu. In Hindié Theology, the second
person of the Trinity.

Vis'ton, from visus. The function which
enables us to perceive the magnitude,
figure, colour, distance, &c., of bodies.
The organs which compose the apparatus
of vision enter into action under the in-
fiuence of the particular excitant which
we call light, generally regarded as an
excessively subtle fluid, emanating from
bodies denominated /wminous, as the sun,
fixed stars, bodies ina state ofignition, &¢

Vis'vaL. In perspective, the visual point
is that in the horizontal line in which all
the ocular rays unite. Visual rays are
then imagined to come from the object to
the eye.

Vi'tat Ves’sets. Applied by Schultz to
certain vessels in plants, especially near
the surface, conveying latex, which he
calls a vital fluid. Also, the milk-yesse%a
of spurges.

voc

743

VoL

Vititr’co. Veal skin: from ritulus, a
calf. In nosology, leprosy: a cutaneous
disease in which the skin has a white and
eta appearance, like the flesh of a
calf.

Vi'r1s. The vine: a genus of hedera-
ceous plants. Pentandria — Monogynia.
The species cultivated for the sake of its
fruit (grapes) is the V. vinifera, which
appears to have a very wide geographical
distribution.

Vit’REO-ELEC’TRIC. Exhibiting positive
electricity, such as is exhibited by rub-
bing glass.

Vi7r’reous Evecrri'ciry. See Evectri-
ciry, Posirive, and N&GATIve.

ViTRIFAC'TION , \ from vitrum, glass,

VirrirFica’Tion, jand facto, to make.
Conversion of a ‘substance into glass by
the aid of heat.

Vir’R1oL. Oil of vitriol. Sulphuric acid.
Blue vitriol or Roman vitriol is sulphate of
copper; green vitriol is sulphate of iron;
red vitriol sulphate of cobalt; white vitriol
is sulphate of zinc; sweet spirit of vitriol is
sulphuric ether.

bss gr Av’xatt. Sulphate of pot-
ash...

Virrioric Acip. Sulphuric acid.

Vir'ra. In numismatics, the diadem on
a medal.

Viva'cE, Ital. lively: In music, denotes
a lively manner of performing.

Viva Vo'ce. By word of mouth.

Viver’ra. The Civet: a genus of digi-
tigrade and carnivorous mammalia. The
genus was established by Linné, but is
now subdivided: Viverra, Cuy., compre-
hending the true civets, the civet of Africa
and the zibet of India; Genetta, Cuv.,
comprising the genets; Paradoxurus, Fr.
Cuy., formed on the pougouné of India;
Mangusta ,Cuv.,or Herpestes, Il., to which
belongs the ichneumon ¢* the ancients ;
Ryzena, Ill., comprising the surikates,
and Crossarchus, Fr. Cuy., allied to the
surikates.

Vives. <A disease of horses and some
other animals, seated in the glands under
the ear, where a tumour is formed, which
sometimes suppurates.

Vivip’arovs, | 1. In zoology, an animal

Vivir’arvs. J which brings forth its
young alive and perfect, is termed vivi-
parous, in distinction to one which is ovi-
parous or lays eggs.——2. In botany, vivi-
parous is applied to stems or stalks which
produce bulbs that are capable of vegeta-
tion.

Vix’'en. Fixen. The cub of a fox.

Viz. A contraction of videlicet (q. v.).

Viz‘1ex, Ar. wazhdra, to support. The
chief minister of the Turkish empire.

Voca’tion, Lat.voco,I call. In theology,
the call of ’the Holy Spirit, by which
persons are believed to be initiated into
the clerical order.

Voc’ative Case. In grammar, the case
used in calling, relating, &e.

Vorre Dire, Fr., corrupted from vraé
dire, to speak truth. In law, an objection
to the competency of a witness, in a trial
at common law, could only be taken ac-
cording to the ancient practice, on a pre-
liminary examination, in which the wit-
ness was sworn to speak the truth, and
then examined respecting his interest in
the Cause at issue.

Vo'tant. Flying. Applied in heraldry
to a bird drawn with the wings spread.

Vor’atitz, Lat. volatilis, fiying ; volo, to
fly. In chemistry, substances, the parti-
cles of which have a tendency to evapor-
ate, or diffuse themselves through the air,
at ordinary temperatures, are called vola-
tile substances, as ammonia, ether, and
essential oils.

Votca’no, Ital. from Vulcan. An open-
ing in the earth’s surface, whence issue
vapour, smpke, flame, stones, lava, and
other products, ejected by internal fire.
Such are Etna and Vesuvius in Sicily and
Italy, and Hecla in Iceland. Volcanoes
are perhaps to be regarded in the light of
safety-valves.

Vo'tens No’tens. Willing or not will-

g.

Vor’ra. In Italian music, denotes that
the part is to be repeated.

Vor’Ta-ELEC’TRIC INDuctTIon. The elec-
tricity induced by a proximate electric
current.

Vorta'tc. Galvanic (q. v.). The voltaic
pile, a column formed by successive pairs
of metallic discs, as copper and zinc, or
silver and zinc, with moistened cloth be-
tween each contiguous pair. Voltaic bat-
tery, see GALVANIC BATTERY.

'Vor’raism. Galvanism is sometimes so
called, from Volta, whose experiments so
successfully conduced to establish this de-
partment ofscience.

VorraMe’TeR, from volta, and MéTeo,
measure. An instrument contrived by
Mr. Faraday, for measuring the: amount
of electricity passing in a current through
it. It consists of two platinum plates,
immersed in water acidulated with sul-
phuric acid, and the quantity of the mixed
gases (oxygen and hydrogen) evolved,
that is the quantity of water decomposed,
is a measure of the current. In the
smaller forms of the instrument the gases
are received in a graduated glass tube; if
the instrument be of a larger form, they
are conveyed to a separate vessel, gradu-
ated, asin the case of the tube, to indicate
the quantity.

Vor’tatyPe. See ELecrroryPe.

Vout! svu’BITOo, in Italian music, is a di-
rection to turn over the leaf quickly.

Vor’vuBLE, Lat. volubilis. Easy to be
rolled, twining. Applied to stems of
plants which twine round other plants.

vou

744

WAD

Vor’ume. 1. The foi seer space occu-
pied by abody: bulk.——2. A book.

Vor’unTary. Relating to the will.
Some of the animal functions are rolun-
tary, Or dependent on the will ; others are
involuntary, or independent of the will.
In music, an ext p y performance on
the organ.

Votv’ra. A genus of Gasteropods.
Order Pectinibranchiata; family Bucci-
noida. The genus was established by'Lin-
neus. From it Brugueir first separated
Oliva, and the remainder was afterwards
separated into five genera by Lamarck;
they are Volvaria, Voluta, Marginella,
Mitra, and Canellaria,

Vor’vre, from volvo, to roll. In archi-
tecture, a spiral scroll, which forms the
principal characteristic of the Ionic and
composite capitals.

Vor’va, for valva. In botany, the cur-
tain, wrapper, or covering of the fungus
tribe of plants. It is of a membraneous
texture, conceals the parts of fructifica-
tion, and in due time bursts forth and
forms a ring upon the stalk.

Vor’vox. A genus of globular animalcules.
To the presence of some of the species
stagnant waters owe their green colour.

Vor’vutvus, Lat., from volvo, to roll up.
Convolution. A term in medicine syno-
nymous with tliac passion. Applied to a
vomiting of bilious and fecal matter, in
consequence of obstruction of the intesti-
nal canal.

Vo'mER, Lat. for ploughshare. The name
given by anatomists to the slender thin
bone which separates the nostrils from
each other.

Vomriro’r1a, Lat., from vomo. In an-
eient architecture, the openings of gates,
and doors of the theatres,and amphithe-
atres, which give ingress and egress to
the public.

Vor’rEx, Lat., from verto. An eddy or
whirlpool; a body of water running ra-
pidly round, and concave within the
circle of motion, towards the centre.
Also a whirlwind. In the Cartesian phi-
losophy, a system or collection of particles
of matter, moving the same way, and
round the same axis.

VortTIceEL’, A microscopic animal-

Vorticer’ta. jcule, which derives its
name from its being provided with vibra-
tile organs, by the rotatory action of which
they produce around them little whirl-
pools, into which are drawn any particles
of food within reach.

Vo’r1veE Mepats. In numismatics, such
medals as were struck in grateful comme-
moration of some auspicious event. Votive
medals of several of the Roman emperors
are still preserved.

Vovcn’er. In law, (1.) a witness; (2.)
one called in to make good his warranty
of title: more correctly a vouchee ; ; (3.) a

document which serves to vouch the truth
of accounts ; (4.) the tenant in a writ of
right; sometimes written rouchor.

Vovsso’rrs. In architecture, vault-stones,
or those which immediately form the arch
of a bridge, vault, &c., and are cut some-
what in the shape of a truncated pyramid.
Their undersides form the intrados or
soffit. The middle youssoir is called the
keystone.

fow’eL. In grammar, a letter which
can be uttered by itself, as, a, ¢, i,0, u.

Vot'can. In Latin mythology, the god of
fire, and the divinity who presided over
the working of metals, answering to the
Hephestus of the Greeks. He was the
son of Jupiter and Juno, and the husband
of Venus. In sculpture, he is represented
as bearded, with a hammer and pincers,
and a pointed cap, but not lame as the
poets describe him.

Vuican’ic Tue’ory, of the earth. See
Privutonic THEORY.

Vurcate. An ancient translation of
the Bible, rendered almost verbatim from
the Septuagint, for the use of the ener mt
soon after their conversion to Christi
anity. Itis called also the Old Italic, or
Vulgar Latin Bible, and is the only ver-
sion acknowledged to be authentic by the
Church of Rome.

Vur'rrs (Lat.), afox. A subgeneric
name, distinguishing the foxes from the
dogs and jackals. See Canis.

Vur'tur (Latin), a vulture. A genus
of accipitrine birds, placed among the
Diurnal by Cuvier. tures are a
cowardly genus, feeding oftener on car-
rion than living prey. Their strength and
their talons do not correspond in power
with their size,and they must make more
use of their beak than their claws. The
most known species are the Condor of
South America, famous for exaggerated
reports of its size, though it is really the
largest flying animal; the Turkey-buz-
zard; the Urubu, or Carrion Crow; and
the Lemmergeyer, which last is the
largest bird of prey on the eastern con-
tinent.

W.

W, aletter found only in the alphabets
of modern languages. It is formedof the
letter V doubled, and is identical with U
in the Latin, and in the early form of the
English language. When it commences
a syllable it is a consonant, and a vowel
in all other positions.

Wacxe’. A massive mineral, interme-
diate between indurate clay and basalt,
and included among the trap-rocks. The
wacké of the Germans, from whom we
have borrowed the term, is a soft earth
variety of basalt.

Wap, )A provincial name of plum-

Wanp. J bago, in Cumberkand, and of

Wat 7

45 WAR

an ore of manganese in Derbyshire and
Devonshire, consisting of peroxide of the
metal associated with oxide of iron.
Sometimes called Black-wadd.
av’pinc. In mantfactures, a soft
spongy web, made with a fleece of cotton
a gah ‘by the carding-machine, for
ud various parts of ladies’ dresses, &c.
Wa’pers. In ornithology, the English
name of the Grallatores,an order of birds
remarkable for the length of their legs
from the lower extremity of the tibia
downwards. By this they are adapted
for wading in the margins of rivers, low
shores, and marshy places.

Wao’setr, from Sax. waed, a pledge. In
Scotch law, a species of mortgage of pro-
perty. for the recovery of money borrowed.

Wa'cer. In law, the wager of battle or
battel, was a mode of trial by single com-
bat, where, in appeals of felony, the
appellee might fight with the appel-
lant, to prove his innocence. This relic
of barbarism has only been recently abo-
lished. The wager of law is an offer, on
the part of the defendant, in an action of
debt by simple “ontract, to take an oath
in court, in presence of eleven com-
purgators, that he owes the plaintiff
nothing in the manner and form he has
declared.

Wae’rart. A beautiful small bird which
frequents the margins of ponds and water-
courses, and takes its name from its con-
tinually elevating and depressing the tail.
The Wagtails constitute the sub-genus
Motacilla, Cuy., of the genus Motacilia,
Lin. See Moractita.

Wanasees’. A Mussulman sect founded
by Abd-el-Wahab, a learned Arabian.

Wairs. Bona waviata. Goods stolen
and thrown away by the thief in his
flight, on which event they belong to the
crown. The term now comprises all goods
found of which the owner is not known,

Wain, Sax. waen. A waggon. In as-
tronomy, a constellation; Charles’ wain.

Watn’scor. In carpentry, the inner
wooden lining of a wall, generally in
panels. The wood originally used in this
work was a foreign oak known by the
name of wagescote, and hence the name by
degrees came to be corrupted and applied
to the work itself.

Waist. In ship-building, the space be-_

tween the quarter-deck and forecastle.
Warts. These were formerly attend-
ant musicians on great personages, may-
ors, and bodies corporate, generally fur-
nished with appropriate dresses. They

‘have fallen from their high estate, and

aunk into itinerant musicians, who, in
their nocturnal perambulations, give no-
tice of the approach of Christmas.

atv’er. A term in law, signifying
that a person declines or refuses to ac-
eept or to avail himself >f something.

Wake. Thetrack which a ship in mo
tion leaves in the water.

Watpen’srs. A religious sect named
from Peter Waldo, who attempted tc
effect a reform in doctrinal matters about
the year 1180. They still exist as a church,
notwithstanding many severe persecu-
tions ; are strictly Calvinistic ; adhere to
the Presbyterian form of church govern-
ment, and have given the right hand of
fellowship to the new dissenting church
of Scotland.

Wares. In ship-building, an assemblage
of strong planks extending along a ship’s
side, serving to reinforce the decks, and
forming the curves of the vessel. See
CHatn WALES.

Wat'terire. The name given by
Cleaveland to a variety of clay found in
eompact masses about the size of a nut,
white and opaque, or yellow and trans-
lucent.

Watt-Exse. An opacity of the cornea
of the eye. \

Watt-prates. In carpentry, pieces of
timber which are so placed as to form the
supports to the roof of a building.

Wat'rus, from Ger. wall, and ross, a
horse. Themorse orsea-borse. See Tri- .
CHECHUS.

Watrz. A modern dance and tune, the
measure of whose music is triple: three
quavers toa bar. The waltz is the nationa!
German dance. Waltz,says Hamilton, is
the name ofa riotous and indecent Ger-
man dance, derived from waltzen, to roll,
wallow, or welter in the mud, dirt or mire.

Waxm’rpum. Asort of broad belt formed
of strings of shells, and worn as an orna-
ment or girdle by the North American
Indians. This name has also been given
to the interior parts of the clam shell,
formerly used as money among them. The
native name is wampampeague or wam-
pumpeague.

WancGuHeEs’. Japan canes. Canes im-
ported from China.

War’entake. A territorial division in
Yorkshire. The name was applied by the
Danish inhabitants, and is derived from
wapen, a weapon.

War'sces. In farriery, small hard tu-
mours on the backs of horses, occasioned
by the heat of the saddle in travelling, or
by the uneasiness of its situation.

Warp’-more. A court in each ward of
the city of London, having the power to
present defaults in matters of police, &c.

Waamru. In painting, a tone of co-
lour arising from the use of colours ex-
pressive of heat.

Warp. 1. In manufactures, the thread
extended lengthways on the loom, across
which the woof is passed by means of a
shuttle.——2. in naval affatrs, signifying
a md laid out for the purpose of movinga
ship.

WAT 746

WAV

Wanr'Pina, Fr. guerpier. 1. A mode of
increasing the fertility of land on the
banks of rivers liable to overflow, by
allowing them to deposit their mud,
ealled warp, upon the surface overfiown.
—2. In architecture, see CastiINnG.

War’rant. 1. In law, a writ confer-
ring some right or authority. 2.
writ giving an officer of justice the power
of caption.

War’rant Orricers, in the navy, are
the gunner, the boatswain, and car-
penter.

War’ranty. In common law, signifies
a promise made in a deed by one man to
another, for himself and his heirs, for the
enjoying of anything agreed on between
them.

Wan’ren. In law,a franchise next in
degree toa park. A forest is the highest
in dignity, and comprehends a chase, a
park, and a free warren.

Wasu. In distillation, a name by which
wort is distinguished.

Wasu’er. In mechanics, an iron ring
interposed between the surface of wood,
&c. and the head or nut of a bolt to pro-
tect the wood from damage during the
process of screwing up.

Wasp. In entomology. See Vespa.

Waste Weis (of acanal). A cut con-
structed through the side for carrying off
surplus water.

Watcu. 1. A well-known machine for
measuring time. 2. The portion of a
ship’s crew on duty at a time.

Wa’ter. Sir Isaac Newton defines
water, when pure, to be a very fluid salt,
volatile and void of taste and smell.
Modern chemists regard it as an oxide of
hydrogen, being a compound of oxygen
and hydrogen in the proportion by weight
of eight of the former to one of the latter.
Mineral waters are those impregnated
with foreign substances, as sulphuretted
hydrogen and various salts.

Warer-saivirr. An officer in port
towns, whose business in general is the
searching of ships.

Warter-cLock. In mechanics, see CLEP-
SYDRA.

Warter-cor’ours. In painting, are those
which are diluted with gum water only,
in contradistinction to oi colours. When
avater colours only are used, it is limning,
when oil colours, painting.

Water or CrystTatuiza’TIon. In che-
mistry, the proportion of water necessary
to retain certain saltsin a crystalline form.

Water-Line (ofaship). A horizontal
line, supposed to be drawn above the
ship’s bottom, at the surface of the water.
This line alters according to the depth of
water necessary to float the vessel.

Warter-Loo’cep. In nautical language,
a vessel is said to be water-logged, when,
by leaking and receiving a great quantity

of water into her hold, she has become so
heavy as not to be manageable by the
helm, but is tossed about like a log by the
waves.

Warter-meEs’pows. Meadows on low flat
grounds, capable of being fertilised by the
overflowing of neighbouring streams.

Water-Met'on. In botany, the Cucur-
bita citrullus and its fruit, which is highly
valued in hot countries, where it grows
to great perfection.

Warer-or’DEaL. In old law,a sort of
trial of persons accused of crimes, espe-
cially witchcraft. The person was thrown
into the water, and if he floated he was
adjudged guilty, but if he sank he was
drowned and declared innocent.

Warter-spout. At sea,a vertical column
of water, raised from the surface of the
sea and driven furiously by the wind.

Warter-sta’Tion (onarailway). Asmall
reservoir of water connected with a well,
from which tanks may be replenished.

Warer-ta'BL_E. In building, a string
course, moulding, or other projection,
placed to carry off water.

Wa’ter-way. In a ship’s deck, a piece
of timber, forming a channel for conduct -
ing water to the scuppers.

Wa’TER-WHEEL. A wheel moved by wa-
ter. Thereare four distinct sorts of water-
wheels: the undershot, the overshot, the
breast wheel, and the horizontal wheel. The
water acts vertically on the three first
sorts, and horizontally on the last, which
is very inferior and little employed. The
**Barker’s Mill” is also a description of
water-wheel, much improved of late by
Mr. Whitelaw, of Greenock.

Wa’TER-wincs. The walls erected on
the banks ofa river, next bridges, to se-
cure the foundations from the action of
the current.

Wa’‘tER-worxs. The name applied to
all descriptions of works employed for rais-
ing or sustaining water, as water-mills,
wheels, sluices, and various other hy-

ulic works; but it is not generally
understood at the present time to refer
to any other than works erected for the
purpose of supplying cities and towns
with water for the daily use of the inha-
bitants.

War’ritze. 1. The fleshy excrescence
which ws under the throat of some
fowls, as the turkey, and also of some
fishes.——2. A twig; and hence a texture
wrought with pas

Wavep. 1. In heraldry, an indented
outline, indicating honours originally ac-
quired at sea.—2. In natural history,
variegated: undulated.

Wa'vEttiTe. A rare mineral, first dis
covered in Devonshire by Dr. Wavell. It
is sometimes pure white, sometimes
tinged with green, or yellow; lustre
silky. It is strictly a hydrate of aiu-

ee ee ee

WEI

747

WHE

mina, with sometimes a trace of iron,
silica,

Wax, Germ. wachs. 1. The substance
which forms the ceils of bees.——2. Mine-
ral wax is a solid brown substance, of
various shades, and fusible like bees
wax. Candles are made of it in the
Levant.

Way.
of a ship.

Ways anp Means. In parliament,
when a supply has been voted and the
quantum determined, the House of Com-
mons resolve themselves into a com-
mittee to consider the ways and means to
raise the supply voted.

Weatp-ctay. A tenacious blue clay,
containing subordinate beds of sandstone
and shelly limestone, with layers of sep-
taria of argillaceous ‘ironstone. It forms
the subsoil of the wealds of Sussex and
Kent, and separates the Shanklin sand
from the central mass of the Hastings

The sea term for the progress

Ss. ;

Weav'pen Srra’ta. These comprehend

the Weald-clay, the Hastings sands, and
the Purbeck beds, or Ashburnham beds.

Wear. To turn a ship round with her
stern to the wind.

Weartn’er. The sea term for that side
on which the wind blows. To weather,
is to pass to windward of an object.

Wearn’er Boarp'inc. Feather-edged
boarding, nailed upright, the boards lap-
ping over each other to keep out rain, &c.

EATH’ER-GAGE. In navigation, when
a ship is to windward of another, she is
said to have the weather-gage of her.

Weavinc. The act of forming cloth
in a loom by the intertexture of threads.

Wenpce. In mechanics, a simple ma-
chine, which may be con-
sidered a modification of
the inclined plane, dif-
fering only in this, that
the body to be moved is
drawn along the surface
of the plane; but in the
wedge, the plane is made
to move by percussion
beneath the body to be
raised, or between the
surfaces to be separa-
ted.

Wepn’espar, Sax. Wodensdeg, Woden’s
day. See Wopen.

Wer'vit. In entomology,a small ani-
mal of the beetle tribe, rather larger than

a louse, and very destructive in corn
magazines. See Curcv io.

Wert. The yarn or threads which
run from selvage to selvage in a web.

Weicu. To take the anchor off the
ground.

Weicut. In physics, the gravity of
bodies, or that property by which they
tend towerds the centre of the earth.

Weir. An erection carried across a
river or rivulet, for the purpose of damm-
ing up the water for the convenience of
irrigation, and for other purposes.

WELD, } Dyer’s weed. A plant, the

Wotp. J) Reseda luteola, the flowers and
leaves of which yield a "yellow dye. It
is, however, too expensive to be exten-
sively used.

Wetp'inc. In metallurgy, the process
of joining two pieces of metal together,
by the aid of heat. The capability of
iron to be welded is one of its most im-
portant properties.

Wett (of a ship). 1. A partition to
inclose the pumps from the bottom to
the upper decks. to render them accessible,
and prevent their taking damage.——
2. See ARTESIAN WELL.

Wet-notre. A hole connected with
some mechanical contrivance, and adap-
ted for the reception of some counter-
balancing weight, and for other purposes.

WeLrTinc. In manufactures, a sewed
border or edging.

Wen’tock Srra’ta. These comprise
the Wenlock limestone, and the Wenlock
shale or slate, which is the lowest mem-
ber of the formation.

WERNE'RIAN THEORY.
THEORY. ©

Westey’ans. The chief denomination
of the methodists, from John Wesley,
their founder.

Wer Docx. See Dock.

Wuate. In ichthyology, see BaLzna. In
astronomy, see CETUS.

WHALE’BOoNE. The name given, in
commerce, to a substance of the nature
of horn, adhering in thin parallel laminze
to the upper jaw of the whale; varying
in size from three to twelve feet in
length. When above six feet it is size
bone.

Wueat. 1. The seeds of the Triticum
hibernum and estivum, which, when
ground, constitutes bread-flour. Turkey,
er Indian wheat is another name for maize
(q. V.).———2. In botany, see TRrvicum and
PotyconvumM.

Wueet. 1. An agent extensively em-
ployed in machinery. Toothed-wheels are
generally described as cog-wheels; the
cogs (originally made of wood) are sup-
posed to be fixed upon the circumference ;
but when both are of one piece, the cogs
are called teeth ; the teeth of a pinion are
again called leaves; and those of a trun-
dle staves. The wheel which communi-
cates motion to another, is termed the
driver, or leader, and that acted upon, is
the drover, or follower ——2. The wheel
of a carriage is commonly a circular
ae consisting of three parts, the nave,
which is the centre or Aub into which
the spokes or radii are fixed; and the
periphery, or circumference, ts'

See NEPTUNIAN

WHI 748

WIN

formed of several circular pieces called
felloes. The peripheries again are en-
circled by tires of flat bar-iron.——3.
Wheel and axle, one of the mechanical
powers.—4. In a ship, the wheel and
axle by which the tiller is moved.

Wuerrs. Short upright pieces placed |

Wuite Prri'res. A sulphuret of iron
which sometimes occurs in the form ot

' Stalactites.

Wuits-stone. Felspathic granite called

_ by the French Eurite, and by the Ger-

mans weiss-stein.
WHITE-sWELL'ING. In surgery, a chro-

round the band of the capstan, to afford | nic enlargement of a joint, without alter-

resting points for the hawsers.

Wuaer’staTe, | A massive mineral, of a

Wuer’stone. |} greenish-grey colour,
feebly glimmering, fracture slaty or
splintery; occurs in beds of primitive
slate and transitive slates. The finest va-
rieties are brought from Turkey, called
honestones, from their being much em-
ployed fur sharpening steel instruments.

Wuims. In mining, large capstans con-
nected with the shafts of mines, and
worked usually with several horses.

Wuun'stone. A provincial name for
the fine bluish-black species of trap rock.

WHIRL'ING-TABLE. A machine intended
to represent the several phenomena in
philosophy and nature ; as the principal
laws of gravitation, and of the planetary
motions.

Wutarts (for the spinning of yarn for
ropes). Small hooks fastened into cylin-
drical pieces of wood, which communi-
cate by means of a leather strap with a
spoke-wheel, whereby three of them are
set in motion at the same time.

Wuirt’winn. In meteorology, a wind
which rises suddenly, and is exceedingly
rapid and impetuous when risen, but is
soon spent. The whirlwind is of various

kinds, distinguished by different names, .

as prester, which breaks forth with flashes
of lightning; typho, a true whirlwind,
called generally a hurricane; exhydria
bursts forth with a deluging rain ; travado
is sudden and impetuous, and common in
the Ethiopic sea, and particularly about
the Cape of Good Hope. It is the ecne-
phias of the Greeks.

Wuis'ky, ge alcohol, distilled

Wuis’key. ) from the fermented worts
of malt or grain. The name is a corrup-
tion of the Irish word usquebaugh (q. v.}.

Wuist. A well-known game at cards,
80 called because it requires silence and
attention.

Wuire-sait. In ichthyology. the Clupea
alba, Yarr., found plentifully in the
Thames. It is a small tish, and was long
regarded by naturalists as the young of
the shad.

Wuirtt Copper. An alloy used by the
Chinese under the name of Pakfong,com-
posed of copper, zinc, nickel, and iron.

Wuite Leap. Ceruse. A carbonate of
lead, in general used for the painting of
wood and plaster white. It is prepared
for painting with boiled linseed oil.

Wirt Precip’irate. Carbonate of
mercury.

ation of the colour of the skin.

Waite Vir’riot. Sulphate of zinc. See
ScrtpHate and ViTRIOL.

Wur'tine. 1. In tchthyology, the Mer-
langus vulgaris, of Cuy. and Yarr., or the
Gadus merlangus of Lin. and Penn. It
grows to about two feet in length, is gre-
garious, and is distinguished from the
cod, haddock, and brassy, by having no
barbule on the chin. It is one of our most

' delicate and wholesome fishes.——2. The

name is also given to the Pollack (q. v.),
and the name whiting-pout is often con-
ferred on the brassy, bib, blinds, or pout
(Morrhua lusca, Yarr., lus luscus, Lin.
and Penn.——3. Chalk purified of all
stony matter, and made up into cakes.

Wnrir’tow. In surgery,an inflammation
affecting one or more of the phalanges of
the fingers, and generally terminating in
an abscess.

Wuur’sunTIpE. The feast or season of
Pentecost, so named because the con-
verts newly baptized appeared from Eas-
ter to Whitsuntide in white garments.

Whore. 1. In conchology, each com-
plete turn of the spire of a spiral shell is
termed a whorl: the last, which termi-
nates with the aperture, is the body or
basal whorl ; the rest are spiral w.

2. In botany, see VERTICIL.

Wicx’tirrites. Followers of Wick-
liffe, the English reformer.

Wii. A testament. In law, the legal
declaration of a man’s intentions as to
what he «ills to be performed after death.

Wir'tow. 1. In , see SaLix.——
2. In manufactures, a machine for clean-
ing cotton-wool. Several sorts have been
tried, but that in common use is
the form of a cone, inclosed within a con-

' centric case, with a row of spikes on each

side of the case, and four rows on the
cone placed at right angles to each other.
The cotton is put in with the hand, by
an opening right above the smaller end of
the cone, and carried rapidly round, until
it is thrown out of the larger by the centri-
fugal force. The machine is also called
the wool-mill, but commonly willy or wil-
low, probably a corruption of winnow. It
is also the first machine to which all sorts
of clothing wool are subjected.

Wincu. In mechanics, the crank-handle
by which the axis of machines are turned.

Wincu’esteR Busuet. The original
English standard measure of capacity,
given by king Edgar, and kept in the .
town-hall of Winchester. See Evusuer

-

a

~~ oe Ss - sehLehC

WwiP 749

woo

Wiun’ctnc-Macuine. The dyer’s reel,
which he suspends horizontally, by the
ends of its iron axis in bearings, over the
edge of his vat,so that the line of the
axis, being placed over the middle parti-
tion of the copper, will permit the piece
of cloth which is wound upon the reel, to
descend alternately into either compart-
ment of the bath, according as it is turned
by hand to the right or to the left.

Winpv’ace. In gunnery, the difference
between the diameter of the bore and
that of the ball.

Winp’cace. An instrument for ascer-
taining the velocity and force of the wind.

Winv’-catt. In farriery, a soft flatulent
tumour, full of corrupt jelly, which grows
on each side of the fetlock joints, and on
hard ground makes a horse halt.

Winp’tas, } 1. A machine for raising

‘Winp’tass. § great weights, consisting
of a cylinder moving on an axis, and
turned by shifting levers, with a rope or
chain attached to the weight and the cy-
linder.——2. A crank-handle is also some-
times called a windlas.

WInND'‘MILL, AS mill of any sort

Winp-en’cineE. J which acquires its
power from the impulse of the wind.
‘Windmills are of two kinds, vertical and
horizontal. The yertical are those almost
invariably used. They have four cross
vanes or arms, fixed at the extremity of
an axis lying in a horizontal position.
Horizontal windmills are worked by sails
set horizontally, the axis being in a per-
pendicular position. These have not,
however, above one-third or one-fourth
the power of the vertical.

Winp’satts. In ships,asort of venti-
lator, consisting of a wide tube of can-
vass, shaped like a funnel, to convey a
stream of fresh air downwards to the hold
and lower decks of a ship.

Wine. The fermented juice of the grape,
or berries of the vine (vitis vinifera), a
plant which appears to be indigenous to
Persia and the Levant, but is now found
in most temperate regions, and grows in
every sort of soil. The,ancient wines
were the Lesbos and Chios among the
Greeks, and the Falerian and Cecuban
among the Romans. The moderns use
Port, Sherry, Claret, Champagne, Ma-
deira, Hock, Marsala, Cape, and many
varieties of these. They also prepare sey-
eral sorts of berry wine.

Wines (of a ship). Narrow passages
along the sides between the fore and aft
cock-pit.

Wrirer. In constructive mechanics, a
lever fixed upon, or intended to turn,a
shaft which admits of revolving motion.
The term is commonly applied to cooms,
when these are long, as in fulling-mills,
stamping-mills, and the like, where wi-
pers are fixed upon a horizontal axle, and

serve to raise the stampers to a certain
height, when losing hold of them, the
stampers descend by their own weight te
be again thrown up by the next wiper
brought in contact with them by the mo-
tion of the wiper-shaft.

Wine-srone. Another name for argal
or crude tartar, which settles on the sides
and bettoms of wine-casks.

Winze. In mining, a small shaft, sunk
from one level to another, for the purpose
of ventilation.

WrreE-praw'ine. The art of extending
the ductile metals into wire.

Wirx’erite. Native carbonate of ba-
ryta, first discovered at Anglesark, in
Lancashire, by Dr. Withering. It is called
also barolite (q. v.).

Wirn’ters. In farriery, the jointing of
the shoulder-bones at the bottom of the
neck and mane.

Wirn’erR Wrenc. In farriery, an in-
jury caused by a saddle, when the bows
being too wide, they bruise the flesh
against the second and third vertebre of
the back, which forms the prominence
that rises above the shoulders.

Woap. In botany, the Isatis tinctoria,
an herbaceous plant which was formerly
much cultivated for the sake of the per-
manent blue dye which it affords. It is
now however well nigh superseded by
indigo.

Wo'pen. In mythology, the chief deity
of the northern natives from which Wed-
nesday takes its name. He was the god
of war, and had human sacrifices offered
on his altars to propitiate his favour: to
him all prayers were directed before bat-
tle, and when the victory was obtained
the prisoners were his share of the booty.
* Wotr’-risu. The Anarrhichas lupus, Cuv.,
Yarr., called also sea-wolf, sea-cat, swine-
fish, and catfish. It sometimes grows to
the length of six feet, and is the most
savage and powerful of all the British
fishes.

Wotr’ram In mineralogy, the native
tungstate of iron and manganese, which
occurs in primitive formations, along
with ores of tin, antimony, and lead‘ The
Cornish miners call it mock-lead.

Wottas’ronire. Prismatic augite is
thus named in honour of Dr. Wollaston.

Wotver’EneE. In zoology, the ursus lus-
cus, Lin., an animal of North America,
which differs very slightly from the com-
mon glutton. See Guto.

Wom'at, |) In zoology, a little animal

Wowm’sat. ) which is nearly allied to our
opossums. It is found in New Holland.

Wo0o0D-GROUSE. In ornithology, the
Tetrao urogallus, Lin.; named also the
cock of the mountain. It is now extinct
in Britain, but is still kept by some in
aviaries.

Woop-orat. Opalised wood. A variety

wou

750

xXAN

of opal, which occurs in various vegetable
forms. It is in reality opalised vegetable
matter. Found in Hungary.

Woop’rocx. In mineralogy, a name for
ligniform asbestos.

Woop’screw. An iron screw, of which
the body tapers but the thread continues
straight to the extremity.

Woop-tin. The fibrous oxide of tin,
found only in Cornwall and Mexico. Its
common colours are chesnut, brown, and
reddish-brown, owing to the presence of
peroxide of iron.

Woopy-risre. Slender membranous
tubes, tapering at each end, in the tissue
of plants: they form hemp and

Woor. The threads thrown across the
warp of a web by the shuttle in forming
cloth.

Woot. Germ. wolle. A term ap-
plied to the fine hair of animals, and to
fine vegetable fibres,as cotton. In gene-
ral, however, it is confined to the wool of
sheep.

Wootn’tnc. 1. Among seamen, the act
of winding a piece of rope about a mast
or yard.—2. The rope used for binding
masts and spars.

Woor’sacx. Theseat of the Lord Chan-
cellor of England in the House of Lords,
from its being a large square bag of wool,
without back or arms, covered with red
cloth.

Woorara. Ourari. A very destructive
poison of Guiana, which contains strych-
nia. The plant from which it is prepared
is not ascertained, but it most likely be-
longs to the genus strychnos, or some one
nearly allied to it.

Woorz. The Indian name for steel.

Wors. In distillation, a spiral tube,
which makes a great many revolutions in
a large vessel of cold water, called a re-
frigeratory, tocool and condense the ya-
pour.

Worm'inc. The removing of a liga-
ment from under the tongue of puppies,
the effect of which is to break them of
their habit of gnawing.

Worst’ep. In manufactures, woollen
yarn twisted rather harder than ordinary.
The name is taken from Worsted, a town
in Norfolk.

Woxr. 1. A termination to the names
of many plants. Sax. wyrt, Fr. vert,
answering to Lat. viridis, green. The
word seems to have been a general name
for an herb,especially of the cabbage tribe.
—2. The fermented infusion of malt or
grain. It is the muddy liquor which
remains in the distiller’s mash-tun, after
the grains have sunk to the bottom.

Wovtre’s Apparatus. In chemistry,a
series of vessels, connected by tubes, for
the purpose of condensing gaseous pro-

q@uctsin water. Named efter the inventor.
“WovxaLi-roison. A peculiar poisonous |

composition prepared by the Macousni
Indians. The juice of a species of vine
called wourali is the fundamental ingre-
dient; but snake-fangs, some buibous
roots, "and other things, are also ingre-
dients.

Wrack. In botany, a marine plant, the
Fucus vesiculosus, called also sea-oak and
sea-tangle. Itis used in places near the
sea-coast as a manure.

Wran’citer. A technical term, in the
University of Cambridge, for the students
who pass the best examination in the
senate-house. The best is the senior
wrangler, and those who make the second,
third, and best appearances, are denomi-
nated second, third, &c. wranglers.

WRASSE, } A name common to several

Wrass. J fishes of the genus Labrus,
Lin., as the red wrasse (L. carneus, Yarr.
Cuv.); the ancient wrasse (Labrus tinca,
Lin.} “Me ballan wrasse (ZL. maculatus,
Yarr.).

Wren. In ornithology, a bird of several
species forming the sub-genus Troglodytes,
Cuy., of the genus Motacilla, Lin.

Wair. 1. Anything written : Scrip-
ture is called sacred writ.——2. In law,a
judicial process or precept in writing
issued from some court to the sheriff, &c.

Wrrter to THe Sicnet. In Scottish
law, a denomination equivalent to attor-
ney in England. But the Scottish writers
to the signet are under stricter regulation
than the English attorneys.

Wroveur. In architecture, any mate-
rial brought to a fair surface.

Wry’vern. In heraldry, a kindof flying
serpent, sometimes represented in coats
of arms.

NG

X, the 24th letter of the English alpha-
bet. It is found in Saxon words, but be-
gins no word of the English language.
X as a numeral stands for 10; when laid
horizontally, thus K, it stands for 1000;
and with a dash over it, thus, X, it de-
notes 10,000. As an abbreviation X stands
for Christ, Xn for Christian, and Xm for
Christmas.

Xan’tHIc Acrp. An acid discovered by
M. Zeise, and named from Zasfog, yellow,
because it gives a yellow precipitate,
with solutions of several metallic salts.
The acid is liquid, transparent, and co-
lourless. Constituents S4,C6,Hs5 6.

XMan’tHIc Ox’IpE, Zayios, yellow. A
yellow substance found by Dr. Marcet,
composing a urinary calculus.

Xan’THINE, from ZayvOos, yellow. The
name given by Kuhlmann to the yellow
colouring matter contained in madder.

XaNTHORRHG’sA. The generic name of
the grass-tree of New South Wales, from
Zavbos, yellow, and paw, to flow, om ac-

X YL 751

YAW

count of the yellow gum which exudes
from it. The Botany Bay gum. It be-
longs to the tribe Asphodelide.

Xesec’. A small three-masted vessel

_ without bowsprit, navigated principally

in the Mediterranean.

Xr’nos. The generic name given by
Ross to two insects, one of which lives
on the wasp, called gallica, and the other
on an analogous wasp of North America,
the Polistes fulata, Fab.

XEROCOLLYR'1uM, from Zyeos, dry, and
collyrium (q.¥.). Adry collyrium, or eye-
salve.

XEROPHTHAL’MIA, from Zygos, dry, and
ophthalmia (q.v.). A dry inflammation of
the eyelid, with diminished secretion of
tears.

Xipn’ias. The sword-fish. A genus of
acanthopterygious fishes of the Scombe-
roide family, distinguished by the ensi-
form beak, which terminates their upper
jaw. Name ZaQias, from £:Do¢, a sword.
The flesh is esteemed. See SworprisxH.

Xrpn’oip, from Z:Oes, a sword, and
s:d0¢, likeness. Sword-like. Applied in
anatomy.

Xipwo’suRA, Zigos, and ovew, atail. A
tribe of crustaceans, of which the body
terminates in a long sword-shaped ap-
pendage.

Xy’LanTHRAX, from ZyAov, wood, and
avez, coal. Wood or bovey-coal.

Xy’to-ators. Lignum aloes. Aloes
wood.

Xyrtoc’orpa. The humble-bee. A genus
of hymenopterous insects, separated from
the Apis, Lin., by Latreille, and thus
named because the female bores a hole
usually in wood for her nest. The X. vio-
lacea, Lin. is the most known species. It
is about an inch long, velvety, black, and
violet-black wings. The male is distin-
guished by a russet ring round the an-
tenne.

XyLoe’RAPHY, ZyAov, Wood, and yeada,
I draw. The art of wood-engraving.

XytopuH’act. Wood-eaters. A family
of coleopterous insects of the tetramerous
division, comprising several genera.

XYLO'PHILI, ZyAov, and QiAew, I love.
A tribe of beetles living in decayed wood.

Xycos’rroma. A genus of fungi, of
which the oak-leather isa species. Name
from ZyAoy, wood, and ¢rewua, a layer,
because it forms indeterminate expan-
sions like cloth or leather.

XyLor’Roc!, ZvAoy and rewyw, 1 gnaw.
A tribe of semicorn beetles which perfo-
rate timber.

XypuH’orp. See X1PHOID.

Xys’rex, from {ucreov, from Zuw, to
scrape. A surgical instrument for scrap-
ing bones.

Xyst,or Xys’ros, from Zyw, I polish. A
court of great length, for athletic exer-
cises, in Greek and Roman architecture.

pee

Y, the 25th letter of the English alpha-
bet, taken from the Greek y. Y, as a nu-
meral, stands for 150, and with a dash
over it for 150,000.

Yacut, Ger. jacht. A vessel of state
usually employed to convey princes, am-
hassadors, and other great personages.
The royal yachts are generally rigged as
ketches, except the principal one for the
sovereign, which has three masts like a
ship.

Yi/crrs, Germ. hunters. Light infan-
try armed with rifles, in Prussia and
Austria.

Yaxs. In zoology, the Bos grunniens,
Lin., or grunting ox of Thibet, &c.

Yam. A large esculent root which
grows intropical climates. See DioscorzEa.

Yan’xez. A corruption of the word
English by the North American Indians.
The popular name for New Englanders in
America; applied also by English people
to the inhabitants of the United States.

Ya’pon, ) The South Sea tea, the Ilex”

You’pon. ) cassine of the southern States
of America.

Yarv. 1. A measure of 36 inches or 3
feet.——2. In ships,a long slender piece
of timber, nearly cylindrical, suspended
upon the mast, by which a sail is ex-
tended. The portions extending on both
sides of the mast are denominated the
yard-arms.

Yarn, Sax. yearn. 1. Woollen thread ;
but the term is now applied also to other
species of thread, as to cotton and linen.
—2. Inrope-making, one of the threads
of which a rope is composed. It is spun
from hemp.

Yarrow. In botany, the milfoil (Achillea
millefolium). The name is supposed to
have originated from the Spanish word
yerba, a herb.

Yaw. At seg, a tempotary deviation
froma ship’s course.

YOK 752

ZEA

Yaw. A boat usually rowed with four
or six oars.

Yaws. The popular name of a severe
cutaneous disease, which is endemic in
Africa and elsewhere, and technically
called Frambesia, from the French fram-
boise, a raspberry.

Year. The solar year is the time which
the sun takes in passing over the twelve
signs of the zodiac, which is 365 days,
5 hours, 48 minutes, and 48 seconds. The
civil year, is 865 days, 6 hours, or rather,
365 days for three years in succession,
and every fourth year 366 days. The si-
dereal year is 365d.,6h., 6m., 18°5s. The
anomatistical year is 365d., 6h., 14m. The
lunar astronomical year is 354d., 8h., 48m.,
36s., or 12 lunations.

Yeast. The froth of fermenting wort.

Yeu'tow Dye. The principal vegetable
yellow dyes are annatto, dyer’s broom,
fustic, fastel, Persian and French berries,
quercitron bark, saw-wort, turmeric,
weld, and willow leaves. Those of the
mineral kingdom are chromate of lead,
iron-oxide, nitric acid (for silk); sulphuret
of antimony, and sulphuret of arsenic.

Yet’tow Eartu. <A variety of argilla-
ceous iron ore.

Yertow Fever. Black vomit. A ma-
lignant fever of warm and moist climates,
which often suffuses the skin with a yel-
lowish colour.

Yer’LownammeEr. In ornithology, a spe-
cies of Bunting, the Emberiza citrinella or
lutea, well known from its yellow throat
and head. Itis the Piet, or yellow Piet of
some parts of Scotland.

Ye.'tow-root. In botany, a name
common to the Xanthorrhiza and the Hy-
drastis (q. v.).

Yeu'tows. In farriery, a disease to
which horses are subject. It owes its
origin to obstructions in the gail-pipe, or
of the little ducts leading into the pipe.

Ye'nite. A mineral of a greenish-black
colour, found in the Isle of Elba, andin
Norway, both crystallised and massive.
It is a silicate of lime and iron ; sp. gr. 4.
Named from Jena.

Yeo'man, (Angl.-Sax.), Ger. gemein,
common. 1. Thenext elass to gentleman,
according to Camden.——2. In the royal
household, a middle place between ser-
geant and groom.——3. On board a ship,

’aseaman who attends to the store-rooms.

Yero'manry Cavatry. The troops of
horse which were embodied during the
revolutionary wars of France. Several
troops are still kept up.

Yew-tree. A large tree, of which one
species is found in Britain, and another
in Ireland. The nut-bearing yew grows
in China. Sce Taxus.

Yoke. A light frame of two arms at-
tached to a boat’s rudder instead of the
tiller, having two yoke-lines attached to

the arms, by pulling on which the boat is
steered.
YekED-LEar.
ConsvUGATE.
Yrrria. Fttria. An earth discovered
in 1794, by Professor Gadolin, in Gado-
linite, a mineral brought from Ytterby, in
Sweden. Yttria is white, insipid, and
inodorous; sp. gr. 4°842. Insoluble in
water. Strictly itis anoxide of yttrium.
Yr’rrium. The metallic basis of yttria,
discovered by W6hler, in 1828.
Yrrroc’erite. A mineral; a fluoride
of calcium, yttrium, and cerium. Its co-
lour is violet-blue.
YrrRocotcm’sITE, Names for the
Yrrroran’Tarire. J yttrious oxide of
columbium or tantalum, found in the
quarry of Ytterby, in Sweden, inreniform
masses of a shining metallic lustre.
Yu (Chinese). Nephrite or jade.
Yuo’ca. Adam’s Needle. A genus of
plants. Hexandria— Monogynia. Ame-
rica. Yucca, yuca, or iucca is the name
used by the North American Indians to
designate the F. gloriosa, the thick and
tuberous root of which they employ as
bread, after reducing it to a coarse flour.
Youre. Sax gehul, afeast; Celtic givyl,
aholiday. The old name for Christmas.
Yunx. The Wryneck. A genus of
birds. Order Scansorie. The wryneck
is very closely allied to the woodpeckers,
and in some respects to the cuckoo. In

A conjugate leaf. See

| England it is a bird of passage, and ar-

rives a few days before the cuckoo. Its
name of wryneck is derived from its habit
of twisting its neck ina singular manner.

Z.

Z, the last letter of the English alpha
bet, as a numeral stands for 2000, and
with a dash over it, Z, for 2,000,000. .

Zac’co, )In architecture, the same as

Zac’cuo. J Zocle (q. v.).

Za¥r’FrE. Saffre.. The residuum of
cobalt, after sulphur, arsenic, and other
volatile matters of the ore have been ex-
pelled by calcination. See Sarrre.

ZANTHOP’ICRIN. A bitter principle ob-
tained from the bark of the Zanthoxylon

ribeum.

Zapore’. A generic name, in Mexico,
of fruits which are roundish, and contain
a hard stone.

Zar’nicuH. A native sulphuret of ar-
senic,

Zax. A tool for cutting roofing slates.

Zea. Maize, orIndian Corn. A genus
of bread-grain grasses. Monecia—Trian-
dria. Name, borrowed from the Greeks,
¢tiae, Which appears to have been a spe-
cies of Triticum or Hordeum. There ia
only one species, the Z. mays, of América.
See Maize.

ZEP 753

ZIR

Ze’sra. In zoology, the Equus Zebra,
Lin., an animal nearly allied to the Ass,
but marked regularly with black and
white transverse stripes. South of Africa.

Ze’svu. In zoology, the Bos Indicus,
Lin., or Indian ox. This species of the
ox is very small, something not larger
than a mastiff.

Zecu’-stEIN, )In geology, the second

ZETCH’sTEIN. }) member of the red sand-
stone series, in the ascending order. It
is a magnesian limestone.

Zep’oary. The root of the Kempfera
rotunda, which grows in Malabar, Ceylon,
&e. The root is brought here in small
oblong pieces, but rough and angular;
and also in roundish pieces about an inch
in diameter. It is used in medicine.

Zeinte. A yellow substance, like wax,
obtained from maize, or seeds of the Zea

Zeminvar’. In India, a feudatory, or
landholder, who governs a district of
country.

Zenv. The language of the magi and
ancient fire-worshippers of Persia.

Zenpaves’Ta. The sacred book of the
guebres, or modern fire- worshippers.

Zen’1tH. In astronomy, that point in
the celestial hemisphere which is vertical
to the spectator; and from which a right
line, passing through the _ spectator,
would proceed to the centre of the earth:
opposed to nadir. The term is Arabic.

Zen'ItH Distance. The distance of
any celestial object from the zenith.

Zen’ttH Sector. An astronomical in-

_ 8trument for measuring accurately the

zenith distances of the stars passing
near the zenith.

Zr’ourre, from few, to foam, and Ashes,
a stone. A family of minerals, all charac-
terised by the property of fusing before
the blow-pipe, with much ebullition,
into a whitish spongy enamel. The sub-
genera are—(1.) Trapezoidal zeolite, or
leucite ; (2.) Dodecahedral zeolite, or
lapis lazuli; ie Hexahedral zeolite, or
anaclime ; (4 Paratomous zeolite, or
eross-stone; (5.) Rhombohedral zeolite,
or chabasite ; ; (6.) Diatomous zeolite, or
taumonite; (7.) Prismatic zeolite, or
mesotype ; ae Prismatoidal zeolite, or
stilbite; (9.) Hemiprismatic¢ zeolite, or
heulandite ; (10.) Pyramidal zeolite, or
apophyllite ; (11.) Macrytopous zeolite, or
brewsterite. There is also a species of
zeolite, containing soda, termed natrolite,
from natron, or soda. Zeolite is found
in granite and gneiss, and also in cellular
basalt and primitive greenstone, in
Scotland, Iceland, the Feroe Islands,Swe-
den, and various parts of Germany, and
is particularly abundant in some of the
South Sea Islands.

Ze’puynr, Lat. zephyrus ; Gr. SeQueos.
The west wind ; and poetically a soft wind.

Zer’pa. An animal of the canine gen’
found in the desert of Sahara, ayond
Mount Atlas.

Zr’rno. 1. The commencement of a
scale’‘marked with a cipher 0, for nothing.
—2. A cipher.

Zest, from Arab., zistan, to peel. 1.4
piece of peel of orange or lemon, used to
give flavour to liquor.—2. The woody
skin quartering the kernel of a walnut.

Zeta. 1. The Greek letter ¢-——2. A
little closet, or withdrawing-room.

~Zeteric MerHop. In mathematics, is
that used in investigation, or the solu-
tion of problems. Zetetic is from ¢yrem,
to seek: that proceeds by inquiry.

Zeve’ma, Gr. gevypa, a yoke, from
Zévyvw, to join. A figure in grammar,
by which an adjective or verb which
agrees with a nearer word is by way of
supplement referred to another more re-
mote, as Hic illius arma, hic currus fuit,

Zzevs. The dory: a genus of acantho-
pterygious fishes, belonging to the family
Scomberide. The John Dory, (Z. faber,
Cuy., Yarr.), which grows to about a foot
in length, is well known on our coasts.

ZeEY'LANITE. In mineralogy, another
orthography of Ceylanite.

Zis'eEr. In zoology, the Indian civet,
of an ash colour, spotted with black. See
VIVERRA.

Zi'mome, from gyuy, ferment. A prin-
ciple supposed by Taddie, an Italian
physician, to exist in the gluten of wheat
flour. Later chemists have not recog-
nised it.

Zinc, Germ. zink. A metal of a bluish-
white colour, with a fine granular frac-
ture. It does not occur native, and was
not reduced from its ores till the six-
teenth century, though these had been
long previously used in the formation of
brass, of which it is an ingredient. Its
principal ores are—(1.) Calamine, a car-
bonate of zinc, of which there are some
varieties ; (2.) Blende, which is a sulphu-
ret of zinc, and the most, abundant ore ;
(3.) Zine-ore is a mineral consisting of
oxide of zinc combined with oxide of irom
and manganese; (4.) Sulphate of zinc is
found efflorescent in the form of stalac-
tites. Zinc is known in commerce under
the name of spelter.

Ziy’ciper. Ginger. A genus of per-
ennial plants. Monandria—Monogynia.
Name from Giyyi€egis, borrowed by the
Greeks from the Arabians, when they got
the plant. There are 12 species, all natives
of hot climates; but the root of the
Z. officinale of India only is known in our
shops under the name of ginger.

Zir’con. A rare mineral or gem, first
brought from the island of Ceylon, but
has since been found in various parts of
Europe. There are two species, Z.jargou

Cc

ZON

754

ZUM

and Z. hyacinth. Both are silicates of
zirconia, coloured with oxide ofiron. It
esses a double refra tive power, by
which it is readily distinguished from
idocrase, garnet, and staurotide,

Zrirco’x1a. An earth which forms the
basis of zircon. It isa fine white pow-
der, without taste, or smell, and is inso-
luble in water; yet, when slowly dried,
it coalesces into a semi-transparent yel-
lowish mass like gum-arabic, which re-
tains one-third its weight of water. In
chemical language it is an oxide of Zirco-
nium.

Zirco’Nium. The metallic basis of
zirconia, discovered by Berzelius, in
1824, Zirconium, however, more resem-
bles charcoal-powder than a metallic
substance, and burns with almost explo-
sive violence.

Ziza’nta. Canada rice. A genus of per-
ennial plants. Monecia—Herandria. Name
CiZavsoy, the lolium of the Latins. The
grain of the Z. aquatica is valued.

Zoan’tHvus. A genus of Polypi, of the
order Carnosi, separated from the Actinze
by Cuvier. Name from ¢wov, an animal,
and ayes, a flower; the animals being
united, in considerable numbers, on a
common base, and having a broad surface
like a flower.

Zo’cte. In architecture, a low square
member, used instead of a pedestal, to
support a column. The zocle differs froma
pedestal, in being without base or cornice.

Zo’piac, Gr. Gwdiaxos, containing living
creatures, from ¢woy, an animal. 1. In
astronomy, the tract of the sun through
the twelve signs.——2. A broad circle of
the sphere containing the twelve signs, the
middle of which is the ecliptic, from which
the sun never deviates.——3. Two circles,
parallel to the ecliptic, which bound and
comprehend the excursions of the planets
north and south, never exceeding 20°,
which is the utmost braadth of the zodiac.

Zovr'acaL Liacur. In meteorology, a
vrightness sometimes perceived in the
heavens at certain times of the year,
after sunset and before sunrise; supposed
to be an effect of the solar atmosphere.

Zor'siTE, } A vatiety of epidote of agrey,

Zor’z1re. § brown, or yellowish colour:
so named after Baron Von Zois.

Zo’HaR, Heb. splendour. A Jewish book,
highly esteemed by the rabbis, and sup-
posed to be of great antiquity.

Zone, gwyy. 1. A girdle-——2. In geo-
graphy,a division of the earth with respect
to the temperature of different latitudes.
The zones are five: the torrid zone (q.v.),
the two temperate zones, situated between
the tropics and the polar circles ; and two
frigid zones, situated between the polar
eircles and the poles.

Zo'ocyst, from gory an animal, and
yo'rls, @ Cyst or bradfer. An animal,
formed of a membranous eyst, distended
with an aqueous fluid.

Zooc’naPny, from fwoy, an animal, and
yextw, to describe. Zoology.

Zo'oLt:TE, from ¢woy, an animal,and Asfos,
stone. . A petrified animal.

Zo’oLocy, from y, an animal, and
Aoyes, a discourse, i-e., the science of ani-
mals. This science, then, teaches the
nature and properties of animals, their
classification, their order of succession,
and their distribution over the earth.

Zoon’ic Acip. Acetic acid combined
with animal matter, obtained by distilling
any animal substance. Berthollet gave it
this name, supposing he had discovered a
new acid.

Zoon’omy, Caoy and youos,law. The sci-
ence of the laws of animal life.

Zoorn’aca, from gwoy, an animal,'and
Payw,toeat. A name given to that tribe
of animals whicb attack living animals
and deyour them.

Zoorn’orvus. In architecture, a name
given by the Greeks to the frieze, because
it was in general covered with figures of
animals: Gwoy, an animal, and Qeew, to
bear.

Zoorn’yta. Zoophytes. Radiated ani-
mals: gwopure, from gwoy, an animal, and
Quroy, a plant, Animal-plants. These
names refer to a multitude of animals,
whose organization is always evidently
very simple; and, although they differ
widely among themselves, agree in one
point, viz., their parts are arranged on an
axis, and on one or several radii, or on
one or several lines extending from one
pole to the other. The classes of this
division are a ta, Entozoa,
Acalepha, Polypi, and In ia. Zo-
ophytes are either free in the sea, or at-
tached for life to some substance.

Zooruyro.'oey, from Gwodure, zoophyte,
and Asyos, discourse. That branch of
natural history which treats of the struc-
ture, habits, &c., of zoophytes.

Zoor’omy, from gwoy, an animal, and
vizyw, tocut. The dissection of arlimals.

Zortu’zz, ) A foetid animal of the weasel

Zoxttu’. J) tribe found in South Ame-
rica. The name is Spanish, Xorillo, the
cub of a fox.

Zos‘TERA. The grass-wrack: a genus
of piperite. Named from gwarree,a girdle,
on account of the girdle-like appearance
of the leaves.

ZotuHe’ca. A small apartment, separated
from a larger one by movable curtains.

Zv’mic, pertaining to leaven ; Quum,
ferment. The zumic acid is said to be

a wi

2S

ZY7

produced or developed in all vegetable
substances, in the processes of acetous
fermentation, especially in rice. The ex-
istence of such a compound is, however,
still doubtful.

Zumor‘ocy, from Cue, ferment, and
Aoyos, discourse. The doctrine of fermen-
tation.

Zumostm’EtTER, from Cyuwois, fermenta-
tion, and wereew, to measure. An instru-
ment invented by Swammerdam, for
ascertaining the degree of fermentation,
occasioned by the mixture of different
liquids, and the degree of heat which
becomes sensible during the fermentation.

Zxsz’na. A genus of lepidopterous
insects of the family Crepuscularia, Cuv.,
The caterpillars live exposed on various

leguminous plants. Also, a genus of car-
tilaginous fishes of the shark tribe.

Zxraopac’ryLovs, from Gvycw, to join,
and dexzrvAos,a finger. Having the toes
joined in pairs. Applied to birds having
the toes disposed in pairs, as the parrot.

Zye'oma, from (Cuycg, a yoke. The
name given by anatomists to the cavity
under the zygomatic process of the tem-
poral bone and os malz.

Zyeomar’tc, Appertaining to the zy-
goma. Zygomatic process is the apophysis
of the os jugale ; and another of the tem-
poral bone, is so called.

Zyrxoe’ axa, from Cyfos, beer, and yare,
milk. A mixture of beer and milk; the
old beverage known by the nay e of pos-
re -drink.

SUPPLEMENT.

N.b.—In every instance in which a reference is made or implied in the explanations,
the body of the work must be consulted, where the matter referred to is not found

in the Supplement.

A.

AARD-VARK, one of the edentate insect-
fvorous animals found in South Africa,
Orycteropus Capensis, allied to the arma-
dillo.

AARDWOLF, a carnivorous animal allied
to the hyena.

AavorRA, the fruit of one of the West)
Indian palms.

ABABILO, a fabulous animal mentionedin
the Koran, with feet like a dog, aud a beak
like a bird.

ABACA, @ flax found in the Philippine

Islands, from Musa textilis, a kind of
plantain.

ABACAY, one of the parrot tribe; a
calangay.

ABACISCUS, @ sqnare compartment of a
Mosaic pavement, or any flat member in
architecture.

ABADA, a large African deer with three
horns ; two on the forehead and one on the

nape of its neck.
ABANDONEE, in law, he to whom a thing:
is abandoned by another called the aban-!

doner.

ABANDUM, athing confiscated or forfeited,
in old law.

ABBREVIATIO Placitorum, an abstract of!
ancient pleadings made beforethe y: ar-books |
in legal history. |

ABELIAN equations, irreducible algebraic
equations, one root of which may be ex-
pressed as a rational function of a second,
which the mathematician Abel discovered
could always be solved by the solution of a|

second equation of lower degree. |

ABER, a Celtic term for the mouth of a
river, as Aberystwith, the mouth of the
Yetwith.

ABERDEVINE, the Carduelis Spinus of

ABICHITE, native arseniate of copper, so
called after Prof. Abich.

ABIETINE, the division of the Coniferous
order of plants which includes the true pines,
firs, and Araucariz.

ABIOGENESIS, the beginning of life or
being, synonymous with Archigenesis,

ABOUHANNES, a bird found in Africa,
supposed to be the ancient Ibis.

ABRAMIS, a sub-genus of soft-finned
abdominal or malacopterygious fishes with-
out barbels or spines, exemplified by the

bream.

ABRAXAS, the supreme deity of the
Basilidians, who, they taught, had 365
inferior deities under him, to whom was
committed the government of that number
of celestial orbs ; also the name given to an
antique stone or gem with the word
“ Abraxas”? engraved upon it.

ABSORBENT ground, or absorbing ground,
in painting, a ground so prepared that the
colours are absorbed in it, and especially the
oil, leaving the surface tints vivid. In the
absorbed pictures of the French connoisseurs
the colours are left flat and the touches
indistinct ; the effect being expressed by the
word chilled among English dealers,

ABSORBING well, a shaft sunk down tillit
reaches permeable and absorbing strata
capable of carrying off water thrown into it
without the water-level at the bottom

ising. It is a dangerous mode of drainage,

|exemplified by the dead wells of Southamp-

ton, and liable to generate all the pesti-
lential influences arising from choked drain-
age, when the substrata require to be subse-
quently penetrated. ss

ACADIALITE, a variety of chabazite found
in Nova Scotia, formerly called Acadia.

ACAJOU, the name given to mahogany by
the French; also the cashew-nut, Anacar-

Cuvier, the European siskin, a small green | giwm occidentale.
nnd élow Back, chescly Bilin’ 66 She oat Acamprozomes, from & KQM™T@,
>

finch

groups or species with any marked difference |
from the type,

ABERRANT, a term applied in botany to “Ibend not,” and Twp, “the body:” an

order of Cirripeds with compound shells in-
capable of being unfolded or protruded.

756

ACA

SUPPLEMENT.

ACT

AcANTHOIDE, from axayv@a, “a spine,”
@ mineral occurring in whitish silky needles
fn the Vesuvian lava of 1821, and in dark
brown and reddish fibres in other lavas.

ACANTHOPHIS, a genus of Australian
serpents belonging to the vipers, with a
peculiar horny sting-like spine at the ex-
tremity of the tail.

ACANTAURUS, a genus of fishes with spiny

ACHMATITE, a variety of pistacite or lime
and iron Epidope found at Achmatowsk.

ACHROITE, the colourless varieties of tour-
maline, from & XPOla, without colour.

ACOLLE, (from col, the neck, signifying
collared,) animals with collars are so described
in heraldry ; also two things joined together ;
or swords, spears, &c., placed saltire-wise
behind the shield.

ACONITIC Acid, or citridic acid, a crystal-

fins, and @ powerful m
spine on each side of the caudal extremity,
capable of inflicting serious wounds.

AccUMULATION of Power, one of the ele-
ments for consideration in the construction
efmachinery, the efficiency of which depends
much on its power to resist the force which
its action does not relieve or give full effect
* to, and which in consequence accumulates
against the machinery i

ACERACEZ, a small order of polypetalous
exogens, of which the acer is a typical
genus.

ACERA, or ACERANS, & KEPas, without
@ horn, a family of apterous insects without
antenne; also a family of gasteropodous
molluscs without tentacles,

ACERDESE, grey oxide of manganese.

ACETAL, an inflammable liquid obtained
from the action of spongy platinum on
alcoholic vapour. It is colourless, and under
pe combustion is converted into acetic
aci

ACETAMIDE, a white crystalline body,
soluble in water, obtained by the replace-
ment in ammonia of an equivalent of
hydrogen by acetyle.

ACETANILIDE, a solid crystalline body,
soluble in hot water, obtained by replacing
in aniline one atom of hydrogen by acetyle.

AcETic Ether, a compound of acetic acid
and ether with an odour like apples, obtained
by distilling alcohol and oil of vitriol with
acetate of potash. It is a flavouring of
various wines,

ACETINES, oily bodies prepared by com-
binations of acetic acid with glycerine.

ACETONITRILE, a former name of cyanide

of methyle.
ACETUREIDE, urea in which acetyle has
replaced hydrogen

ACETYLA, Diethylenia, or Acetylamine, an
organic base obtained by the replacement of
two double equivalents of hydrogen by two
of ethylene in a double atom of ammonia,

ACETYLE, the hypothetical radical of
acetic compounds composed of four atoms of
«arbon and three of hydrogen. Cg Hy

ACETYLENE, one of the hydro-carhon
gases remarkable for containing the smallest
proportion of hydrogen,

ACHIEVEMENT, a shield of armorial bear-
ings in heraldry, but more particularly the
hatchment, or funereal shield.

ACHILLEINE,
Achilles, Millefolia.

7

the bitter principle of

line acid body found in aconite, the river
Equisetum, &¢c.: whence called also equisetic
acid. It is artificially procured from the
residue of the distillation of citric acid : hence
one of the above names,

AcCORACEH, the natural order of plants
of which Acorus is the typical genus.

Aor fight, a single combat, engaged in on
the English and Scottish borders during the
period of border warfare.

AcRIDIA, a family of orthopterous insects,
of which Acrydium, or Acridium, is the
typical genus.

ACRODACTYLUM, the upper surface of
each digit in zoology.

Acropus, a genus of fossil sharks with
large polygonal obtuse enamelled teeth at
the extremity of the jaw.

ACROLEINE, an acrid volatile product of
the destructive distillation of fat oils, result-
ing apparently from the decomposition of
glycerine.

ACROLITHOS, in the statuary of the
ancient sculptors, any statue in which the
drapery was made of wood, and the nude
portions of marble.

ACROPoDIUM, the upper surface of the
entire foot in zoology.

ACROPOLIs, the citadel or upper town of
aby cities, and generally the portion first
built.

ACROTARSIUM, the upper surface of the
tarsus in zoology.

AORYLE, the hypothetical radicle of the
hydride acroleine.

ACRYLIC Acid, acroleine oxydized.

ACTINISM, the effect produced by the sun’s
rays or artificial light employed in photo-
graphy, by which chemical decompositions
and combinations result; distinguished
from the light-and-heat-giving powers of the
same rays.

ACTINOCRINITES, a sub-genus of encri-
nites, with rows of angular plates articu-
lated by their

ACTINOGRAPH, an instrument constructed

by Mr. Hunt for recording the variations in
the actinic power of the sun’s rays. It is a
fixed cylinder, covered with photographic
paper, enclosed in a metal cylinder, which
completes a revolution round it every
twenty-four hours, The photographic paper
is exposed through a triangular opening in
|the outer cylinder to the solar light, the
opening being divided by fifty bars.

ACTINOMETSR, an ingenious invention of

57

ACU

SUPPLEMENT.

AGN

Sir John Herschel for ascertaining the force|separate from the fiscus or treasury of the

of solar radiation.
the Report of the President and Council of

It is fully described in|emperor,

AESCHYNITE, @ titanate of Cerium and

the Royal Society on the Objects of Scientific | Zirconia, from the Feldspar of the Iimen
Inquiry in Physics and Meteorology for 1840. |mountains, Sil

Professor Forbes used the instrument to

beria.
JESYMNETE, those of the Greek tyrants

ascertain the difference of solar radiation at |who, being invested with supreme power and
the top and bottum of the Faulhorn, |the command of the army for a period to

Switzerland.

ACULEATE, @ botanical term, signifying |pots for the remainder
or covered with prickles. See |tention of their authority.

prickly,
ACULEUS.

meet some public emergency, became des~

f their lives by re-

ZETHOGEN, a compound of boron and

ACULEATES, a tribe of hymenopterons |nitrogen, which yields an intense light under
insects, the females and neuters of which |the blow-pipe.

have a sting concealed in the last segment of
the abdomen.

ADAMSITE, a lamello-granular variety of
mica, found at Derby, Vermont, of an ashy
grey colour.

ADDITION, in law, the personal descrip-

AETIAIoI, from @ETOS, a pediment, the
Greek name for the slabs forming the face of
the tympanum of a pediment.

AFFILIATION, the fixing of the paternity
of an illegitimate child, by law.

AFFILIATED SOCIETIES, societies scattered

tion or rank of a man in addition to his | yoy districts, but depending on a central

name, as gentleman, esquire, &c.
ADELPHOLITE, 2 tantalate of iron and

society for direction.
AFTER-DAMP, or Choke-damp, the name

manganese, or niobate, from Rajamaki, Fin-
land. It contains “about ten per cent. of Raine geri pertain Pic er
>

water.
Apipic Acid, a solid fat produced from
the action of nitric acid on oils.

means of which it torms the oxygen into

carbonic oxide,

AFTERMATH, grass mown after the first

Apipic ETHER, a compound with the crop of hay, and ied from the field.

flavour of rennets, produced by the com-
bination of adipic acid with ether.

AGAMA, the first section of the Iguanian
distinguished by the

Sauria, or Agamide, di

f
ADJUDICATION, a form of legal procedure t of palatial teeth,

in Scotland, now considerably simplified,
whereby titles to lands could be perfected by
decree of the Supreme Courts without con-
veyance or the ordinary process of trans-
mission. Adjudications are general, special,
and in implement.

ADULTERINE, offspring of adultery, ex-
cepted by law from subsequent legitimation
by marriage of the parents.

ADULTERINE Guilds, certain persons
who without charter traded as corporations, |
preferring to pay an annual penalty for
their violation of the corporate privileges.

ADVERSA, @ numismatic expression, sig-

family of languages, so call
affixes by which the conjugation and declen-
sion are effected can still be used separately
and distinct from the roots, and retain their
individual powers as se

AGAMOUS, cryptogamic, but specially ap-

plied to the lichens, fungi, and conferve.

AGAPE. See AGAPE.
AGATHOTES, a genus of the gentian family

of plants.

AGGLUTINATE LANGUAGES, the Tauranian

parate parts of
AGILTA, the family of rodents which in-

nifying that two heads confront each other |“ludes dormice and squirrels.

on the coin or medal.
ADy, a Malabar palm tree, found on the

AGIOTAGE, mancuvring in the public

fands, or in reference to them, for the pur-

Island of Thomé, with an aromatic kernel | P0s¢ of affecting their price,

yielding an oil, from which a kind of butter
is made.

ZEGIRINE, a variety of pyroxene, from
Brevig, Norway, allied to Arfvedsonite.

ZEGLE, a genus of oranges yielding the
Marmelos or bhel fruit,

ZEPYORNIS, a fossil genus of colossal cur-

AGIOSYMANDRUM, a wooden instrument

used in Christian churches under the do-
minion of Turkey asa substitute for bells,
which were prohibited.

AGMINATE GLANDS, the name given to

the glands of Peyer aggregated in groups in
the small intestines; they are commonly

sorial birds, found in the Pliocene strata of, oval groups and of various sizes.

The egg of this bird is esti-

AGNESITE, a steatitic earthy mineral from

ed because the -

Madagascar.

mated to have been equal to one hundredand , #uel Coates, St. Agnes, Cornwall.

fifty hens’ eggs. | AGNoETZ, (from GyvoEw, “I do not
ZERARIAN, the lowest degradation in- know,’’) two early sects of the Church, the

flicted on a Roman citizen, short of loss of earlier of which questioned the Divine

liberty. omniscience ; and the later in the sixth cen-
ZERARIUM, the treasury of the Roman tury heid that the Messiah in His humanity

Plebs, which was under the care of the was ignorant of many things, such as the

questors. Under the empire it was kept time of the Day of Judgment. The lattes

758

AGN

SUPPLEMENT

ALM

error arose from the reading of the passage,
“ But of thatday and hour knoweth no man,
but the Father,’ without the correlative
passage, “‘ I and the Father are one.”

AGNOSTUS,(@yVWOTOS ,“unknown,”) the
name given to an obscure genus of trilobites
with reniform or semicircular-shaped
bodies.

AGUTI, the native name of certain herb-
ivorous rodent quadrupeds of South America
belonging to the genus Dasyprocta.

AICH’S METAL, or Sterro Metal,a kind
of gun-metal of superior ductility and tena-
city, being an alloy of iron with zinc and
copper.

AIGRETTE, the pappus or calyx of compo-
site in botany.

AIKINITE, a synonym for acicular bis-
muth or needle ore.

AL ARAF, a Mohammedan middle state
or place of confinement of departed spirits
ie en to Paradise nor condemned to

e

ALABANDINE, the Ethiopian carbuncle,
80 called by Pliny from their being cut and
polished at Alabanda ; the manganese glance
or Pi "aan of modern mineralo-

gis

ALABARCHES, the name of the chief
magistrate of the Alexandria Jews. His
duty was to raise and pay the taxes. The
word is supposed to be a corruption of
Arabarches,

ALANIN, a crystalline white body obtained
from hydrocyanic acid and aldehyd-
ammonia. It is converted into lactic acid
by hyponitrous acid.

ALARIA, a genus of seaweed or alge, of
which the badderlocks or henware, A, escu-
tenta, is an example.

ALBARIUM OPUS, a superior stucco used
for the ceilings of baths, for which tectorium
opus appears to have been substituted by the
Romans. See VITRUVIUS, chap. x. It was
by some critics mistakenly supposed to be
only a name for whitewash.

ALBATA, an alloy of brass with nickel or
tin, to which iron is sometimes added, so
called from its white colour.

ALBATI, @ sect of Christian hermits who
lived and stept on the highways, so called
from their white linen dresses,

ALBERTITE, or Albert Coal, a bituminous
coal of Hillsborough County, New Bruns-
wick.

‘in Ross-shire in the old red sandstone
formation.

ALBIN, @ Bohemian variety of apophyl-
lite of a white opaque appearance, found at
A

ussig.

ALCARSIN, the oxide of cacodyl, a liquid,
called also Cadet’s fuming liquid. It has an
intense stench, and is formed by heating
together arsenious acid and acetate of potash.
It is highly poisonous and volatile.

ALCORNINE, a crystallisable body obtained
from alcornoque bark.

AuLcyoens. See ALCEDO.

ALGERITE, an altered scapolite in slendee
square prisms, found in the cale spar of
Franklin, New Jersey.

ALGODONITE, @ native compound of
arsenic and copper in the proportion of 16°34
arsenic, 83°66 copper. It has a silver like
colour, but becomes tarnished under atmo-
spheric action.

ALGORITHM, a system o* computation
peculiar to some subject or method, as the
algorithm of differential calculus.

ALIEN WATERS, &® name given to waters
carried over any irrizated field or land with-
out being employed in the irrigation of it,
or water not employed for the uses of the
land through which it is carried. :

ALIGNMENT, the line of position of a fleet
in naval tactics.

ALKARSINE, See ALCARSIN.

ALLANTURIC ACID, a product of allantoin
under the action of heat. ,

ALLEMONTITE, the arsenical antimony of
Allemont, Dauphiny.

ALLITURIC ACID, one of the products of
alloxan boiled with hydrochloric acid.

ALLOMERISM, the permanence of particu-
lar crystalline forms maintained by certain
compounds when the proportions of the com-
ponents are varied.

ALLOMORPHITE, @ variety of sulphate of
baryta found at Rudolstadt, Schwarzburg,
in scaly masses.

ALLoTROoPY, the variability of certain
bodies when subjected to different tempera-
tures, such as that exhibited by the ele-
mentary body phosphorus, which as first used
in the manufacture of lucifer matches was
found to be poisonous and injurious to the
health of those engaged in the manufacture,
but, by discovery of its allotropic p: operties,
is now prepared in a perfectly harmless
form. Allotropy affects the colour, texture,
fusibility, and solubility, &c., of various
bodies.

ALLOXAN, @ product of the action of
nitric acid on uric acid. It gives a purple
tinge to the cuticle. 1ts composition
is Cg Hy %9 Np:

ALLOXANIC Acid, a product of the action
of caustic baryta and heat on alloxan.

ALLUAUDITE, hydrated double phosphate
of soda, peroxide of iron, and protoxide of
manganese, from Chantéloupe, near Limoges,

ce.

Similar coal has also been found| Fran

ALLYLE, (cg H;,) the supposed bases of

the volatile oil of garlic.

ALMAGRERITE, a native anhydrou? sul-
phate of zinc found in crystals isomorphous
with sulphate of baryta at Barranco Jaroso,
in the Sierra Almagrera, Spain.

ALMACANTAR, an old astronomical term
for a small horizontal circle of the sphere.

ALMERY or AMBRY, @ niche in a wall
near an altar, to hold the articles pertaining
to it; also, more comprehensively, a closet
for containing plate, deeds, &c,

759

ALN SUPPLEMENT. — AMP

ALNAGER, an officer appointed to examine AMIDO-ACIDS, a series of organic acids
into the assize of cloth and collect thealnage formed by expelling two equivalents of
duty by a statute of Edward III. The duty water and replacing them by one equivalent

has been long abolished. of ammenia and one of the hydrate of a
ALOEXYLON, the aloes wood, lign-aloes or dibasic acid.

eagle-wood. —~ | AMIDOGEN, a compound not yet isolated,

- ALOIN, the active principle of aloes. | but traceable in combination with com-
ALoPECIA. See ALOPECY. | pounds known as amides, q. vy. It is com-

AL-Srrat, the Mohammedan name given posed of one atom of nitrogen and two of
to a bridge said to cross the abyss ag ge hydrogen. Symbol, N Hy-
forming the way to heaven, and to as AMINES, chemical com.
“ * pounds similar to
agar be the ton 1 sits body found ®™@ido acids and amides, but combined
THEIN, @ white cry J with basic radicals, and called monamines,

ALTNIONIG. ActD, supposed to be a com- “iemines, triamines, &e., from the presence
pound of isethionic acid with elphoriale nonta, nee bere I Or eraple appr c= arf

it is isomeric. secondary, tertiary,
resp alpcspiem gitar piers aie eel ‘elation to the proportion of pects one-
inclining toblue; found in ironstone veinsin ~ wo-thirds, &c., rep
Saxony, and composed of 2 per cent. of tai pr gee ghd a crystalline pao ob-
alumina and 6 of lime. ¥ from indigo.
ALUNITE, alumstone. MMELIDE, a white neutral compound
ALUNOGENE, hydrous sulphate of alumina, Dtained by the action of strong acids on
found native in New South Wales and North #™meline.
and South America. | AMMELINE, a white crystalline body,
ALURNUS, a genus of coleopterous insects, ae basic, obtained by the action of
with four to six very short palpi, short ze or acids on melam.
filiform antenne, aud short horny maxille. | A™MMIOLITE, a red powder composed of
ALVITE, a mineral ‘found in crystals in antimonide of mercury mixed with oxide
Norway, composed of lithia, silica, alumina, ° iron and clay, found in the quicksilver
glucina, thorina, peroxide of iron, and rss Oi of Chili, &e.
vai nore 2 eae eee
AMALFIAN CopDgE, a code of maritime laws
compiled about the latter partoftheeleventh ?7#@¢, one of the lowest of the organised

vertebrate animals.
gents by the Amatfans, and recognised in T"ASowiacAvex, hydrated. sulphate

lumina and ammonia, found in the brown
AMALIC ACID, a crystalline substance a .
obtained by the action of chlorine on caffeine; C°#! of Tschermig, Bohemia, in octuhedrons
the same as demethyl-alloxantin. a Pere te @. medicinal gam resin
o ’ ,
es heey gy the casein of sweet and bitter said to be exuded from Dorema ammonia-
AMANSITE, a grey or greyish-white com- cum, Itisamildly stimulating expectorant,
pact felspar, found at Aidelfors, Sweden, | ‘Hough not very certain in its action.
AMARYTHRIN, a body produced by the AMMUNITION, & military expression for
oxidation of orsellic ether. all sorts of warlike stures, and more parti:
AMASATINE, a product of the action of ealariy t that necessary for loading and tiring
ammonia on isatin, of nod
AMAUROSIS, the same with gutta serena, _ AMNESTY, in political language, exemption
or loss of vision from defective action of the from penalty, such as rebellion, treason, &c.
optic nerve. AMGBA, (a6, “ alternation,’’) Eh-
AMBRY. See ALMERY. renberg’s Ameba diffiuens is an acrite of the
AMBUBALZ, the name given in Syria and order of Rhizopoda in the lowest state of
Arabia tocertain Syrian girlswho maintained organisation known to zoology, being a mere
themselves in Rome by the public perform- rounded gelatinous mass, but to be
ance of music. an embryonic condition of higher Rhisopoda
AMBUSCADE, from imboscata, Ital, a ‘It can emit lobes and processes from all
snare of any kind for an enemy. \paints of its body, and withdraw them at
AMBUSTION, a burn or scald. Medical pleasure.
teria. | AMPELIC Acrp, a white solid, obtained
AMIA, (Amia calva, Linn.,) a genus of from the action of nitric acid on coal tar
abdominal fresh-water fishes found in| AMPELIN, a liquid found in coal tar,
Carolina, North America, exemplifying the similar to to creasote,
sauroid fishes of Agassiz, the air-bladder of} AMPELIS, 2 Linnzean genus of passerine
which is like the lung of a reptile. , With straight convex beaks, of which
AMICABLE NUMEERS, numbersin relation|the upper mandible is subincurved, and
to each other of which each is equal to the |emarginate on both sides, and longer than
sum of the aliquot parts of the other. the lower. The Ampelis garrulus, or Bo-

760

AMP

SUPPLEMENT.

ANA

Aemian chatterer, is an example, though
now referred to the subgenus Bombycilla.

AMPHIBIOLITE, the Linnean name of

of amphibia, or fragments of reptiles
ound in the fossil state.

AMPHIBOLI, a family of scansorial birds,
of Illiger, including those with external and
versatile posterior toes.

AMPHIBOLOGY, an equivocal expression or
sentence, in Rhetoric, admitting of more
than one interpretation.

AMPHICGELIAN, a term to signify that
both articular surfaces of the central ver-
tebre are concave, as in the backbones of
fish, &c.

AMPHICYON, a genus of carnivorous plan-
tigrade mammalia, found in the Miocene
deposits of the south of France and Darm-
stadt, allied to the Wah or 4 ilurus.

AMPHILESTES, a genus of insectivorous
Mammalia, found in the Oolitic formation.

AMPHIOXUS, a genus of fishes sharp at
both ends, with a gelatinous dorsal chord
supporting a nervous axis.

AMPHIPODS, an order of Crustaceans in
the system of Latreille, being the third, and
remarkable as the only one having sessile
eyes, and subcaudal natatory feet.

AMPHITHEKIUM, 2 fossil genus of insect-
ivorous Mammaualia found in the Oxford
Oolite, for a time suspected to be Marsupial.

AMPHITROPAL, in botany any embryo
curved upon itself, so as to present both its
extremities at the same point.

AMPHIUMA, a genus of true amphibious
reptiles, with palatial teeth in two longitu-

inal rows, an elongated body, with four
rudimentary extremities divided into two or
three toes, and a persistent branchial orifice
on each side of the neck.

AMPHODELITE, avariety ofanorthite, found
in reddish crystallised masses in Finland and
Sweden.

AMPILIFICATION, in Rhetoric, the ex-
pansion of a subject by dwelling on its
details and the language of description.

AMYGDALIC ACID, an organic acid ob-
tained by the elimination of ammonia from
amygdaline and assimilating water.

AMYGDALINE, a crystalline principle
found in bitter almonds, yielding hydro-
cyanic acid under the action of emulsine and
water. Itis C4 Ho, O99.

AMYLENE, or AMYLE, the hydrocarbon

ANACYCLUS, & genus of Mediterranean
composite resembling chamomile.

ANADYOMENE, a name of Aphrodite, re-
ferring to her rising from the sea.

ANZSTHESIA, want of consciousness of
touch, or weakened consciousness to the
sense of pain, in medicine.

ANESTHETICS, any substances which
weaken orsuspend the susceptibility to touch
or pain, such as ether, chloroform, &c.

ANAGLYPHIC, the opposite of diaglyphic,
being raised or embossed in opposition to
sunk or depressed work.

ANAGLYPTOGRAPH, an instrument for
enabling the engraving of any embossed work
to be copied or executed by means of a dia-
mond point passed over the surface of the
medal, &c., sought to be represented. The
invention is due to Mr. Bate.

ANALYSIS OF LIGHT, a new branch or
jdepartment of science, for which see Spec-

trum Analysis,

ANAMIRTA, a genus of Menispermacee,
from which the Cocculus Indicus is obtained.
A. Cocculus grows as a climbing shrub in
Malabar, Ceylon, and the islands of the
Indian Archipelago.

ANARMIRTIC AcrD, the acid of a neutral
fat found in Cocculus Indicus.

ANAMORPHOSIS, those characteristics of
plants or animals on which certain doctrin-
aires founded their theories of the develop-
ment from a lower to a =igher condition,
which, however, is opposed by the fact that
all the so-called lower species of an order
are equally fitted for their particular func-
tion and place in the economy of nature with
those supposed to be developed beyond them.
The more correct application of Anamor-
phosis, therefore, would be nature’s power of
adapting organic bodies to the conditions in
which they have to maintain their vitality
‘for the time being. In art, anamorphosis is
applied to drawings so executed that when
viewed in the ordinary way they appear con-
fused, or represent objects dissimilar to those
they represent at other points of view, or
when reflected in curved mirrors, &c,

ANAPHORA, the Rhetorical name given to
the repetition of words or expressions at the
beginning or end of verses, sentences, &c.

ANAPOPHYSIS, a process in vertebrate
animals which recedes from the dorsal region
above the transverse process or diapophysis
to the side of the centrum, and projects more

!

base of Amylic alcohol, or hydrated oxide of or less backward as the vertebre come

Amyle.
AMYLUREA, urea in which the radical
amyle replaces hydrogen.

nearer to the sacrum. Some of the rodents,
as the hare, have it weM developed.
ANASTATICA, the rose of Jericho, A.Hiero-

AMYRINE, a resin obtained from the white chuwntina, which is much admired for the
canary wood of the Philippine Islands, singular property that when it ripens from
ANACARDIC AcID, an acrid, fatty matter, the condition of a trivial herb with white
contained in the fruit of the cashew nut, flowers it rolls itself up into a ball and be-
Anacardium Occidentale. comes detached from the soil, being blown
ANACOLYPPA, an Indian plant whose about by the wind till it reaches some moist
juice is said to be an antidote to the bite of place, when it unrolls itself into its natural
the cobra. form. Under the alternate influence of

76)

ANA

SUPPLEMENT.

ANN

drought and moisture, this little wogetable)
curiosity maintains this power for many
years.

ANASTROPHE, certain inversions in the
order of words receive this namein Philology,
such as vobiscwm for cum vobis, &e.

ANAUXITE, a greenish white mineral,
composed of silica and alumina, with a
small quantity of magnesia,and »rotoxide of
iron, and 11.5 per cent. of water.

ANCHUSINE, or ANCHUSIC ACID, a red
colouring matter found in alkanet root, and
soluble in fats and oils.

ANCILE. See Ancyle.

ANCISTROCLADE®, 8 natural order of
Exogens, consisting of one genus, the ances-
trocladus.

ANCONA, an expression found in old Vene-
tian documents, signifying an image, picture,
er altar-piece ; from the Greek ELK WV.

ANDESINE, a felspar, resembling albite,
composed of lime and soda, and found in the
Andesite rocks of the American Andes.

ANDIRONS, the fire dogs used on hearths
where wood was burnt. In the middle ages
taey were frequently works of art.

ANDREACEZ, an order of moss-like
plants, w th four-valved spore cases, differing
trom the true mosses by the absence of a
peristome and operculum.

ANDREASBERGOLITE, a formername given
to Harmotome found at Andreasberg in the
Hers.

ANELLATA, or Anellides. See Annelides.

ANELYTROUS, a term applied to insects
without elytra or wing sheaths.

ANEMONIC ACID, an organic solid found
in the wood anemone.

ANEROID Barometer, from @ and V7/p0S,
“‘ without damp,” sometimes called the Dry
Barometer, in contradistinction to the Mer-
enrial Barometer. An instrument for baro-
metrical purposes, consisting of a corrugated
me box, enclosing a partial vacuum,
capable of compression by the pressure of the
exterior atmosphere. A spiral spring within
the box connected with an external index;
by a simple mechanical arrangement shows
she amount and variation of the compression
on & graduated dial, marked at the sper

priate points with the usual woEty, Joab
Pair, Much Rain, &c. 4

ANGEIOLOGY. See Angiology.

ANGIOSPOROUS, such fungi as have their,
spores in a hollow bag or shell.

ANGLARITE, fibrous compact phosphate of
fron, from Anglar, France

ANGLE IkON, iron rolled into the shape of
the letter L.

ANGLEMETER, an instrument used by
geologists for measuring the inclination or
Gip of strata, &c.

ANGLESITE, sulphate of lead obtained from
the decomposition of galena.

ANGUILLIFORM, eel-shaped;
guilla, “‘an eel”

from an-

7

ANILES, aniline n which one atom of a
diatomic radical replaces two of hydrogen.

ANILIC AcID, a white crystalline and
fusible product of the action of nitric acid on ©
indigo, called also Indigotic Acid and Nitro-
salicylic Acid.

ANILIDES, aniline in which an electr
negative radical replaces one atom of hydro-
gen.

ANILINE, from anil, the indigo plant, a
product of the distillation of various organic
bodies, among others indigo, but now chiefiy
from benzole, one of the constituents of coal
tar. It is much employed in preparing the
aniline dyes, ta, mauve, &c. ; and was
formerly called Crystalline, =C, 9 Hy N

ANILOCYANIC ACID, cyanic acid in which
phenyl replaces hydrogen.

ANILOTIC ACID, a body obtained from the
action of nitric acid on salicin.

ANIMA MUNDI, a supposed spirit or meta-
physical essence, at one time held to be dif-
fused through nature, as an 0) and
actuating influence.

ANISAMIDE, ammonia in which an atom
of the negative radical anisyl replaces an
atom of hydrogen.

ANISANILIDE, anisamide in which phenrt
replaces an atom of hydrogen.

ANISE, the aromatic fruit of Pimpinella
Anisum, an oriental umbelliferous annual,
chiefly used for dyspepsia. The Star Anise ig
obtained from one of the Winteraces, Ji/é
cium anisatum.

ANISETTE, a liqueur, made in France by
distilling ‘anise, coriander seed, and fennes
with brandy, which is afterwards sweetened.

ANISIC ACID, a crystalline product of thn
action of nitric acid on aniseed.

ANIsic ETHER, a compound of anisic acid
and ether, .

ANISODYNAMOUS. See Anisobryous.

ANISOIN, a resinous product of the action
of oil of vitriol on oil of aniseed.
<a the hypothetical radical of anisis

ANEER, & liquid measure for wines and
spirits, equal to eight and a half imp-rial
gallons.

ANKERITE, a lised Dolomite og
, Magnesian limestcene found in the Orkneys.

ANNABERGITE, hydrated arseniate of
nickel, found at Annaberg.

ANNIHILATOR, or Fire annihilator, a
‘modern invention for the extinction of fire,
more especially useful in cases in which water
would not prevent the combustion, as in the
case of spirits, petroleum oils, tar, &c.,
which would burn though floating on water,
It is a portable reservoir in which incom-
bustible gas may be rapidly generated, such
as carbonic acid evolved from the action of
oil of vitriol on marble ur carbonate of lime.
Ascarbonic acid, however, is instantly des-
tructive to human life, recent improvements
have so combined the incombustible gases

ts
en a i a ees. ~<

———

ANN

SUPPLEMENT.

ANT

with others not injurious to vitality, that
this invention may now be safely applied to
the extinction of fire in inhabited houses,
without injury to the occupants.

ANNIVITE, avariety of impuregrey copper
found with iron pyrites in Anniviers,
Switzerland.

ANNUAIRE, the French name for French
publications which appear annually.

ANNULAR ECLIPSE, an eclipse of the sun
in which, the moon being concentric with the
sun to the observer’s line of vision, and her
dise not sufficient to exclude his wholly
from view, the margin of the solar disc is
visible all round and outside that of the
moon.

ANOBIUM, a Fabrician genus of Coleo-
pterous insects, with a nearly round unmar-
ginated thorax, clavate palpi, filiform an-
tenn, and entire labium.

ANODYNE, any medicine for relieving
pain, such as narcotics, sedatives, &c.

ANOMIA, a Linnean genus of Vermes tes-
tacea, now confined to a genus of acephalous
molluscs, with two thin irregular and un-
equal valves, one of which is flatter than
the other, and notched at the principal
margin, long labial tentacles, &c. They are
found on the shells of the oyster and other
molluscs,

ANOMODONTIA, an order of extinct rep-
tiles, including the Dicynodontia, Crypto-
dontia, and tia.

ANOREXY, loss of appetite,

ANORTHOSCOPE, an instrument invented,
by M. Plateau, of Brussels, consisting of two
rotating discs, one behind the other being

transparent and having figures upon it’

which are seen through narrow slits in the

opaque body of the other. The figures which |

are drawn distorted thus appear in various
combinations and actions as correct and
amusing pictures. This kind of anamor-
phosis has becn accomplis!:ed in various)
manners by recent toys of great ingenuity, |
such as the Phantoscope, Phenakistoscope,
&c., and especially by some of the arrange-
ments of the Magic Lantern.

ANOSMIA, loss of the sense of smell.

ANSE DE PANIER, (French,) an exceed-
ingly elegant series ofarches now much used
in bridge-building. They are elliptical curves
in section, and give great lightness and grace
in their effect.

ANTALGIC, relieving pain.

ANTARCTIC Region. This region, com-
posed partly of continent, partly of ocean,
has yet been very little explored. The land
appears to be much more elevated and of
greater extent than that of the Arctic Circle,
but it is all but unapproachable from the
more continuous barrier of ice hitherto pre-
seuted to all explorers, The Ocean contains
about two millions of square miles within
the Circle, but the ice advances further from
the Pole th n in the Northern regions, and
the climate is more intensely cold through-

out. The Antarctic Current, beginning at
the coast of Victoria Land, proceeds north-
east and east to the shores of South America,
carrying vast quantities of ice, which melts
as the current proceeds, though the drift ice
frequently reaches between fifty and sixty
degrees of latitude. These influences cool
the South American coast-line.

ANTE-FIX#, heads of animals and other
ornaments under the eaves of temples,
through which the water from the roof is
allowed to flow off, similar to the Gothic gar-
gouilles ; also used to designate the upright
ornamental terminations of the joint tiles or
harmi on the edge of the eaves.

ANTEPILANI, two classes of Roman sol-
diers, the Principes and Hastati, so called
because they were drawn up before the
Triarii, who were armed with the long spear
or pilum,

ANTHELMINTICS, medicines which expel
or destroy intestinal worms.

ANTHEMION, the ornamentation of Greek
/and Roman decoration derived from flowers,
such as the honeysuckle, &c,

ANTHESIS, the period of the expansion of
flowers when the fertilization occurs.

ANTHOZOA, synonymof Actinozoa,

ANTHROPOLOGY, the science of mankind,
or the human race, and its various subdivi-
sions. It includes Ethnology, or the con-
sideration of var ous races; Ethnography, o
the study of their works; and Archeology,
,or the traces and remains of man’s past
' existence.

ANTIARINE, the poisonous principle or
antjar poison found in the upastree of Java,
Antiaris Toxicaria, which belongs to the
genus Artocarpacee.

ANTI-ATTRITION, synonymous with Anti-
friction.

ANTIBRACHIUM, the fore-arm between
the elbow and hand.

ANTICHTHON, an imaginary region of
Pythagorean philosophers, nearer to the
central fire than this earth.

ANTICOUS, an ant&er whose lobes face the
style, ora petal on the side of the flower
facing the observer as it grows.

ANTFRICTION, anything which diminishes
the friction of machinery when in motion,
such as lubricants, and certain metallic
alloys, as aluminium, bronze, which, when
j}employed as sockets, give the minimum of
metallic resistance to motion,

ANTILEGOMENA, those books of the New
Testament of the authority of which dis-
putes existed at one time, though now re-
ceived into the canon of inspiration. They
included the Epistle to the Hebrews, Second
Epistle of Peter, Epistles of James and Jude,
and the Second and Third Episties of John,
as also the Apocalypse.

ANTILOIMIC, those remedies which were
employed in averting or curing the plague,
ANTIMONITE, grey antimony ore,

native sulphide of antimony.

or

763

ANT

SUPPLEMENT.

ARY

ANTIPATHIA, that system of medicine

AQUA .ARDIENTE, a Mexicin alcohol

which consists in employing remedies which obtained from fermented juice of the
produce symptoms or results opposite to agave.
those of the disease, on the maxim, Con-|

traria contrariis opponenda.

AQUEOUS Rocks, the sedimentary rocks,
| or those stratified deposits of geology which

ANTIPEDES, the anterior pectoral extremi-| are due to the action of water ; they include

ties arising from the divergin : appendages of |
the occipital segments of skulls.

ANTIPELARGIA, an ancient law, which
made the children when grown up chargeable
with the support of the r aged"parents. The
stork, or Ciconia, being remarkable for its
attention to its parents, the law was called
Lex Ciconiaria,

ANTISCORBUT:C, any medicine
cures or prevents scurvy.

ANTECcI, those so geographically situated
as to be on the same meridian, but at equal
distances from the equator on opposite sides
of it. The longest day of the one is the

which

sho: test day of the other, and their summer|

an! winter are opposite,

ANTONOMASIA, that figure of speech by
which proper namesare usedas appellatives :
as, He is a Cicero; for, He is a distinguished
orator, &c. Orconversely ; as when Claude
is called the Prince of Landscape Painters.

APATELITE, a mineral similar to copia-
pite, found at Meudon, France.

APAUME, in heraldry, an open hand with
the fingers and thumb extended and the
palm shown, as on the armorial bearings of
a baronet.

APEX, the highest point especially of a
tapering object ; the point of a cone.

APIINE, a gelatinous body found in
parsley : it sives a blood-red colour in solu-
tion with sulphate of iron.

APODICTIC JUDGMENTS, indisputable, as
distinguished from experimental or empiri-
cal judgments. Kant employs the term in
his philosophy, having adopted it from
Aristotle.

Apoposis, the second part of a period in
grammar and rhetoric.

APOLLONICON, the name given to a cham-
ber organ constructed by Messrs. Flight and
Robson, London, in the beginning of the
nineteenth century.

APOSTILL, a marginal note to any work,
in literature.

APOTHECIUM, the flat disc or shield en-
closing the asci of lichens.

APOTHEME, an old chemical name for
various extractive matters.

APOZEM, an old chemical name for a
decoction.

APPENTIS, a kind of lean-to roofs sup-
ported by brackets or columns to prot-ct a
wall.

APPRAISEMENT, @ Valuation of goods sold
under distress.

APYREXIA,

intermission of

all the fossiliferous rocks, and they appear
to be all more or less metamorphosed or
changed by the action of heat and hydro-
static pressure combined.

AQUETTA, a poison used at Rome under
the pontificate of Pope Alexander VII. It
was also called Agua Toffana, after a woman
of that name who manufactured it at
Naples; supposed to be a preparation of
arsenic.

AQUILA ALBA, a name given to calomel
by the alchemists, who called various subli-
mates by the name of Aquila.

ARABIN, @ variety of gums, of which Gum
Arabic is the most familiar éxample. They
are all soluble in water.

ARAGONITE, a Variety of carvonate of
lime, from Aragon, Spain.

ARAKI, an Egyptian drink made from

ARBUSTUM, 4n old name fora vineyard or
orchard.

ARCHZEUS, or Spiritus Archzeus, the occult
cause of certain phenomena according to the
old physicians and chemists.

ARCHIGENESIS, the beginning of life or
be’

ing.

ARCOGRAPH, an instrument used to
draw curves and arcs of circles without
com 4
ARDISIACEZ, & former name for the
botanical group now called Myrsinacese

ARENACEOUS, & term applied, especially in
geology, to anything sandy, or haviug the
qualities of sand. Thus the Arenaceous
age: are the Old and New Red Sandstone,

Cc.

ARENATION, any cure effected by s»rink-
ling hot sand on the body of the patient.

ARGENTITE, silver glance, or native sul-
phide of silver.

ARGENTOMETER, an instrument for ascer-
taining the quantity of silver in a solution.
It consists of a graduated tube, into which

an ascertained quantity of chloride of sodiam
in solution is introduced.

ARMOUR-PLATING, the covering used to
protect ships of war, consisting of pintes or
shields of strong iron, generally on an under
lining of teak wood.

ARRACHE, the representation in heraldry
of a plant torn up by the rvots.

ARTIODACTYLA, “ even-toed,” an order of
Mammalia with hoofed toes, always of even
number, as two or four: they include the

popotamus and many other living and

| hi
febrile extinct genera.

ARVIL FEAsT, a funeral hea in the

APYROUS, an old term signifying bodies. northern counties of England.

which resisted change under great heat.

ARYAN LANGUAGES, the great claes of

764

ASB

SUPPLEMENT.

BAL

languages which apparently belong to the
Japhethic races, including Celtic, Hellenic,
Indic, Iranic, Italic, Slavonic, and Teutonic.
They were, according to Bunsen, disseminated
from Iran in Bactria.
ASBOLANE, earthy cobalt.
ASBOLIN, 4 pitchy resi
in the soot of wood.
ASEXUAL, without sexual organs: a term
erroneonsly applied to the cryptogamic plants,

t found

principal notes of which do not range beyond
the key-note and its octave.

AUTOCRAT, &@ name now confined to the
Emperor of Russia, the only absolute sove-

\reign of modern Europe. It is derived from
‘the title auToKpaTwp, given to those

generals of the Athenians who had plenary

authority vested in them by the republic.
AVES, a class of birds, including the

Raptores, Incessores, Scansores, Rasores,

in all the great divisions of which sexual Qyysoyes, Grallatores, and Natatores.

organs have since been discovered.
ASHERA, round towers.
ASIAROH, the title of the highest eccle-

siastic of Ephesus‘and the surrounding dis-) horizontal position.
trict of Asia Minor. He resided at Ephesus, |

and had spiritual care of the Roman province |

of Asia Minor.

ASsAMAR, a constituent of burnt sugar, of
the flavour of toasted bread, which is said to
be due to its presence.

ASTIGMATISM, a defect of the eye, shown
by the varying inaccuracy of its vision at
different distances; as, when a small round
hole is presented between it and the light in
a perforated card, this hole if perforated
round should appear round when the card is
held transverse to the line of vision at all

| Axis of Elevation, a geological term for

the line of direction in which stratified recks
have been elevated from their originally

AXOLOTIL, a genus of perennibranchiate
amphibians found in the lake of Mexico.

AYAPANA, or Eupatorium Ayapana, a
sudoritic remedy for snake-bites.

AZzoTICc ACID, nitric acid.

AZULINE, one of the aniline dyes. It is
a beautiful permanent blue.

B.

distances; but under Astigmatism the eye!

sees it round when near, but elongated in
various directions at varying distances
within the limit of distinct vision.

BABBLING FAUVETTE, or BABILLARD,
the nettle-creeper or lesser white-throat,
Carruca garrula, a small frugivorous bird
of the passerine fribe.

BaBIANA, a genus of South African

ASTOMOUS, such mosses as have no aperture Tridacee, with spikes of crocus-like flowers

in the theca are so called. ‘and sword-shaped leaves; so called by the
ATHANOR, an alchemic furnace which Dutch Boors from the fondness of the baboon
supplied itself with fuel. | for their tuberous roots.
ATHERMANOUS, translucent ortransparent) BaBpiINnGTONITE, silicate of iron and lime,
bodies, which, though admitting the passage found in Norway on albite and on Shetland

of light, obstruct that of heat.

| quartz in blackish green laminated crystals of

ATTENUANTS, medicines which thin or yitreous lustre.

dilute the blood.

BacK AND FILL, a mode of sailing by

ATTRIBUTE, synonymous with “predi-| which a vessel keeps in the centre of a
cate” in logic. Adjectives are called attri-| stream, and is carried by the current when
butives by some grammarians because of the wind is contrary. It consists of moving

their affirming or denying something con-
cerning that to which they are applied.

jahead from one shore, and after crossing

the current moving back into it from the

ATTRIBUTES, in art, those symbols by! opposite shore.
which character or rank is indicated in the! BacuLirEs,a fossil genus oftetrabranchiate

delineation of a figure; such as the orb in
the hand of a king, &c.

ATTWoOD’s MACHINE, & machine used
in illustrating the laws of uniformly
accelerated motion, consisting of a pulley
whose pivots are rested on wheels for the
purpose of reducing the friction of rota-
tion.

AULA REGIA, a@ court of law established
by William the Conqueror, and subsequently
regulated by Magna Charta, latterly merged
in the Court of Queen’s Bench.

" AuRA, the element in the particles of
pollen in which the power of fertilising has
been supposed to reside,

AURIPIGMENTUM, “ gold paint,” a name
given to yellow sulphide of arsenic.

AUTHENTIC MELODIES, those melodies the

=
‘

cephalopoda, with straight-chambered shells
with sinuous partitions and margius lobated.
They differ trom the Orthoceratites, and are
by the peculiarity mentioned allied to the
Ammonites,

BADISTER, a genus of coleopterous insects,
consisting of carnivorous beetles belonging to
the Harpalide.

BaGRATIONITE, a variety of Allanite, se
called after Count Bagration.

BalKALITE, a crystalline sahlite found at
Lake Baikal, Siberia, at the mouth of the
river Sijumanka.

BALENICEPS, an African bird found near
the White Nile, with a robust broad bill
terminated by astrong hook, lower mandible
| truncated at the tip, and very strong wings.

BALANCE OF ROBERVAL, an invention of
65

~

BAL SUPPLEMENT. BAT

Roberval the mathematician to illustrate the the Baromater, but more suitable for such
mechanical theory of couples It involves a barometers as are qualified to show varia-

curious paradox, which was first satisfactorily
explained by Poinsot in his ‘‘ Eléments de
Statique.”

BaLaustRA, a leathery-rinded fruit, with
superior calyx, and irregular celis containing

isan example,

BALNEUM, a bath, or bathing chamber, at
one time distinguished from the public bath,
which was called Balnee though the dis-
tinction disappeared latterly, when hot
water came to be introduced, and Balnee
and Therme were used as synonyms.

BALSA, a raft used on the South Ameri-
can coast, to land goods through the surf,
Tts floating properties consist of two air-
tight bags connected by a tube, into which
the conductor can conveniently blow addi-
tional air to replace what may have esvaped.
This is attached to the front of the raft,
which is made generally triangular, and
composed of sticks covered with matting, and
capable of ca:rying four persons or a corre-
sponding weight of goods.

BAMBOCCIATE, the term given to signify
Dutch paintings of low life, from the Italian
nickname given to Peter Laer who first cis-
tinguished himself for that class of subjects.
They were called “dirt-painting,” or “ rhy
perography,” by the Greeks.

BANNEROLE, a small flag used at reviews
to mark positions to be occupied by the
flanks of regiments in the manceuvres,

BaoBaB, the Adansonia digitata, a re-
markable tree of Abyssinia and Western
Africa, which grows to a great age and extra-
ordinary thickness compared with its height.
They are frequently thirty feet in diameter,
and not more than double that high.
Adanson saw some which he caleulxted must
have been six thousand years old. Though
this has been doubted, there remains in
support of it the great butanical fact that
there is no limit to the life of an exogen, if
it be supplied with an adequate amount of
fertilising soil to enable it to maintain its
vigour.

BAPHIA, a genus of leguminous trees, one
of which, B. nitida, supplies the barwood or
camwood used as a dyc-wood.

BARBADOES Nouts, the violent purgative}
fruit of Jatropha Curcas.

BARBICAN, a watch tower; also, a tower
or fort at the end of a bridge, to guard the
passage, or the outer work for the defence of
a fortification. The name is also given to
loopholes or apertures in the walls of forti-
fications from which the enemy may be fired
at.

BARKING IRONS, a series of instruments
consisting of kuives and chisels of appro-
priate shapes for separating bark from trees
or scrub-wood, for the use of tanners, &c,

BaROscoPe, an alternative name given to

ds, The pomegranate

tions merely without any graduated scale.

a heavy spar or sulphate of

ryta. This is a misnomer, founded on
resemblance of crystals to those of selenite.

BARRIS, the name given to a large
of baboon found on the coast of Guinea.

BARYTO-CALESTIN, a native compound of
sulphate of baryta and sulphate of strontia
found crystallised in Canada and Switzerland.

BarRyYTO-CALCITE, @ native compound of
carbonate of lime and carbonate of baryta,
found in the mountain limestone of Cum-
berland in the proportions of 33.7 carbonate
of lime and 66.3 carbonate of baryta.

BaSiGYN1UM, a stalk with an ovarium
at its apex proceeding from above the origin
of the calyx.

Basso CONTINUO, synonymous with
Thorough Bass in music.

BASTARD SUGAR, a refuse sugar left in
the process of refin ng, the purifying of which
would not remunerate the cost. It isknown
commercially by the name of “‘ pieces.”

BaSTARD TUCK PO NTING, a common
imitation of. tuck pointing in brickwork,
done by scraping out the joinings of the
courses, and putting in blue mortar, over
which a pointing of white mortar is put.

Bat Horses and BaT MEN, men and
horses employed in the carriage of o:
luggage during campaigns.

BATARDEAU, a water-tight gate with a
sluice-gate, used in dividing the wet and dry
portions of the ditch of a fortification.

BATH METAL, an alloy composed of copper
and zinc, in which the proportion of zinc is
greater than in brass.

BATHYBIUS, a name given to a supposed
protoplasmic covering found in deep sea
beds, though, possibly, only an organic sedi-
ment in a state of decomposition, acted upon
by some aquatic fungoid.

BATHYMETRIC ZONES, a series of zones of
relative depth or elevation under recent
jscientific investigation for defining the
various altitudes or depths at which vital
jorganisms are distinctively distributed both
on land and in water. These zones are a
good deal modified by local circumstances,
but they are pretty well defined in most
instances. The terms employed in noo
laquatic zones are, Littoral,

Median, Inframedian, and Abyssal ; taking
the first in order downwards.

BATONNIER, a name given in France tothe
president elected by any fraternity or society,

from whose practice of carrying the baton or
staff of theirsociety, with the flag of St. Nicholas
upon it, the name arose. It is doubtless to
the same origin we owe the epithet applied
to lawyers of “‘ Clerks of St. Nicholas,’’ and
possibly ‘‘Old Nick,” from their being
looked on as the devil’s servants.

; 766

especially that of the Society of Advocates,

Ge ewe

—_—— i... —<€_— = ~~ - ~~

BAT

SUPPLEMENT.

BLA

BATT, a fine bituminous shale found inter-
stratified with coal, known also provincially
as Black Slag and Black Bass,

Batra, allowances to troops given in
India in the form of Wet Batta and Dry
Se Ph the latter beipg money, the former
goods.

BATTOLOGY, unnecessary repetition, in
rhetoric, f

BAVINS, faggots of brushwood+dipt in tar
or other combustible substance, and placed
in fire-ships, formerly used in setting fire to
an enemy’s fleet ; now of little effect against
iron armour.

BEcHICUS, a medicine of any kind to
soften or alleviate a cough ; a cough-mixture,

BECKETS, the hooks and other arrange-
ments by which the spars and tackle of ships
are kept in their places.

BED OF JUSTICE, or LIT DE JUSTICE, the
procedure of the French kings before the revo-
lution, when the Parliament resisted their
decrees or commands. On such occasions,
where the king persisted he went to Parlia-
ment with his chief officers, and ascending the
lit, or throne, caused the resisted decrees to
be registered before him, after which the
Parliament could only record its dissent in
the form of a protest. |

BEDEGUAR, a gall growing on the brier
and other roses, like the oak-gall. It re-

expressed oil of the nuts of Moringa Apter@,

a tree which also supplies the lignwm nephri-

ticum used in affec ions of the kidneys,
BENIc ACID, a constituent of Oil of Ben.
BENZOLE, Cjg H; + H, one of wae

products of the distillation of coal-tar, first

found by Faraday among the products of

the destructive distillation of whale oi!,
BENZULE or BENZOYL, Ci4 H; 0», the

hypothetical base of benzoic acid, though
more correctly applicable to the hydrocarbon

radical C) 4 H;.

BERAUNITE, a native hydra ed phosphate
of peroxide of iron, found at Beraun, in

hemia.

BtRENGELA RESIN, or BERENGELITE, a
bituminous mineral found in a sort of pitch
lake in the p ovince of St. Juan de Beren-
g la, Peru.

BESIMEN, an old name of the seeds or
spores of alge, &c.

Brton, a French concrete prepared some-
What differently from that of England,
being a hydraulic lime slaked before being
presented to the sand, which is added after
hydration has begun.

BIFURCATE, applied to anything with two
fork-like prongs.

BILBERRY, the Vaccinium Myrtillus of

sembles a ball of moss, and was at one time botanists,

used as a vermifuge and diuretic, aud, ac-

BILGEWAYS, timbers used in the laynch-

cording to Pliny, its ashes were used in com- ing of vessels.

pounding a remedy for baldness. )

BILIFULVIN, the yellow colouring matter

BEEs, pieces of elm bolted to the upper Of bile.

end of the bowsprit of ships.

BILIPHEIN, the brown colouring principle

BEEKITE, a chalcedony first described by found in bile.

Dr. Beeke, Dean of Bristol, and found en-

BILIVERDINE, a@ green colouring body

veloping in concentric circles of the small found in ox bile.

tubercles of fossils. \

BELAYING, fastening any part of the tackle estimate for a building,

BILL OF QUANTITIES, the abstract of the
containing the

of the running rigging of a ship round a be- amounts for the several trades employed in

laying pin or cleat.

BELL-METAL ORE, native sulphide of tin,’
or tin pyrites, found in the Cornish mines,
and so called from its resemblance to bell-
metal.

BELLS, a nautical term for the half-hourly
division of time during the watches on
board of ships. The long watches reach the
number of eight bells, or four hours; the
short or dog watches, four bells, or two
hours. The bell strikes one at the end of the
first half hour of a watch, two at the end of
the second, and so on progressively to the
end of the watch. F

BELOTES, the acorns of Quercus Gramun-
tia,

fextin, or BELTANE, Sce Beltein.

BEMBEX, the burrowing sand wasp, a
genus of hymenopterous aculeate insects
yelonging to the Fossores.

BEN OIL, or OIL oF BEN, an antiseptic
inodorous oil, valuable for extracting essences
or fragrance from various flowers. It is the

the construction.
BILL-BOARD, a rest or stool on which the

flukes of an anchor are stowed on shipboard.

BINDING COAL, a name for cakiug or
close-burn: al,

BIOGENESIS, a term applied in speculative
philosovhy to the supposed introduction of
new species into the life-forms of the world.

BIOTITE, Magnesian mica.

BIRADIATE, having two rays.

BISMUTHITE, native carbonate of bis-
muth.

BitTeR SALT, a common name of Epsom
salts, or sulphate of magnesia,

BITTER SPaR, a yariety of crystallised
cleavable Dolomite.

Bixin, a colouring principle found in
annoito,

BLack AMBER, @ Prussian name for
pitch coal.

BLACK ASH, impure carbonate of soda.

BLACK-BAND IRON, a carbouate of iron,
or clay ironstone, found inter-stratified with

767

BLA

SUPPLEMENT.

BRI

the coal formation of Scotland and Stafford-
shire, and also in Westphalia. It is the
richest source of the iron of Scotland.

Buack Drops, a solution, it is supposed,
of opium and verjuice.

Biack Jack, sulphide of zine or blend,
so named by miners.

BLack WASH, a lotion of lime-water and
calomel.

BLANK CARTRIDGE, a cartridge of powder
without ball, used at reviews and drill, and
for saluting.

BLANK VERSE, a rhythmical form of
poetical composition, consisting in Italian of
eleven syllables, but greatly enriched in its
musical power and onomatopa@ia by Shake-
speare’ 8 use of it in the English drama, who)

llables by doubling
the short syllable at the end, and also as|
often reduces it to ten. For intense, and at
the same time flexible, expressive power,
his lines are the model of English blank
vers? ; and Milton’s more uniform adhesion
to the ten syllables makes his lines heavy
and monotonous in comparison.

Buagstus, the plumule and radicle of

grasses,
BLEPHARITIS, inflammation of the eye-
lids.

BLEU DE Paris, one of beautiful perma-
nent blue aniline dyes produced by the
action of bichloride of tin on aniline.

BLIND Story, the triforium, as distin-
guished from the clerestory in ecclesiastical
architecture.

BLINDAGE, a proof roofing over a maga-
zine,

Biock PLAN, the first rough ground-plan
of a building.

BLock-sHIP, a ship of.war employed on
coast-line duty for local defence.

B.Lonp METAL, a clay ironstone found in
the Staffordshire coal measures,

Boccius’ LIGHT, a burner invented by

Boecius, consisting of a pair of concentric}

cylin: lers of metal so placed over a flame as
to direct the current of atmosphere as a
supporter of combustion, and increase the
illuminating power.

Boe Butter, hartite, found in Irish
peat-swamps.

BoILER PLATE, @ name given to plate-
iron, now used for various purposes of con-
struction. Its resistance is about twenty
tons to the square inch; the rule of safety
in use being to leave three-fourths of the
power of resistance in reserve.

BoLoGNa PaIALs, unannealed glass phials
which have the peculiarity of at once flying
to pieces when scratched by any sharp or
angular body, such as a grain of sand, but
which will bear the dropping ofa lead bullet
into them without injury.

BoortT or Bort, a variety of the diamond
apparently twisted and convolved during
the process of crystallization, so that it can-

not be cut to any advantage, and is only
useful for cutting other diamonds when
reduced to powder,

BoRNEO CAMPHOR, a camphor obtained
from Camphora.

BoRNITE, a name of purple ore 3°
also of a variety of selttale Pt aah

BoTany Bay GuM, a gum resin obtained
from Xanthorrhea r era. (X. hastilis.)

BoTRYTIs INFESTANS, a parasitical species
of fungus belonging to the genus Botrytis :
they are microscopical moulds or fungi. B.
Infestans is the fungus developed in the pro-
cess of the potato disease, though it may be
doubted whether it is not rather the effect
than the cause of disease ; all unhealthy or
decaying vezetable matter being liable to
such parasitical visitants. The in
'silkworms called muscardine is characterized
by the presence cf another species of Botry-
tis, B. Bassiana.

Bove, @ name given to the Senate of
Athens.

BOULE-WORK or BUHL, marquetry work
of inlaid woods, tortvise-shell, gilt metal, &c,
There were two French cabinet-makers,
father and som, who excelled in this work
during the reign of Louis XIV., and the
name of this sort of work was derived from
theirs.

BovuLEsS DE NANCY, the Globuli Martiales
of the old chemists. They are small balls of
potassio-pertartarate of iron.

Boy e’s FumMine LiQuip, a fetid liquid
consisting of bisulphide of ammonium.

Boyie’s Law OF Gases. This law is,
that “‘the volume of a gas is inversely as
the pressure;” or, in other words, the
volume of a gas is reduced in the same pro-
portion as the pressure is increased.

BRATTICE, a partition in the main shaft of
a mine which divides the upward from the
downward current of air. A natural brat-
tice is a shaft in which the upward and
downward currents pass each other without
obstruction, though there be no partition
between them.

BREECH-LOADING, a system of loading
guns, &c,, reintroduced in modern gunnery.
It has many disadvantages, and also many
merits, among the more important of which
are the facility it gives for rapidity of fire,
and the more complete ventilation of the
gun.

BBEEDING IN AND IN, the close-breeding
of race-horses and cattle, or breeding into
the same stock.

BREMER GREEN, @ green pigment made
by mixing the carbonates of copper and
lime with alumina.

BRETWALDA, the title of the chief king
of Anglo-Saxon England during the
Heptarchy. He appears chiefly to have
been the leader of the united forces of the
various kingdoms against a common enemy.

BRIDGEWATER TREATISES, a series of

768

BRI

SUPPLEMENT.

CAM

seientific works published under the will of
the Rey. Francis Henry Earl of Bridgewater.
to illustrate the power, wisdom, and good-
ness of God, as manifested in creation.
There are eight of them in all.

BRITANNIA METAL, an alloy of tin with
a small proportion of antimony and copper.

BROMOFORM, a@ heavy volatile liquid
similar to chloroform, but in which bromine
takes the place of chlorine.

BRONZING LIQUID, a solution for bronzing
iron, &c., composed of chloride of antimony
and sulphate of copper; also a solution of
chloride of platinum for bronzing brass.

BRYONINE, a poisonous bitter principle
found in the roots of Bryonia alba.

BrRyozoa, an order of polypes of which
the sea-mat or flustra is an example.

BubE LIGHT, a burner invented by Mr.
Gurney, of Bude, Cornwall, to supply oxy-
gen gas to the combustion of gas or oil.
The expense and trouble, however, ren-
dered it impracticable for general purposes.

BuHL Work. See Bouter.

BULBODIUM, an underground stem similar
to a rhizome.

"BULGE ways, timber supports used in
supporting the sides of a ship in building and
launching, which float away when the vessel
is launched.

BUMBELO, a flattened ovoid glass flask,
used for the sublimation of camphor.

BuRGEE, a flag terminating in two
points,

Butic Acip, a matter found in combina-
tion with glycerine in ordinary butter.

Butts, those short unequal ridges which
occur in the ploughing of a tield whose ridges
are not parallel to either of the sides.

Bury, the radical or base of butylic
alcohol and a number of other compounds.

BYZANTINE HISTORIANS, a series of
authors who wrote history during the con-
tinuance of the Eastern Empire for the
nine centuries preceding the fall of Constan-
tinople. Their works are Byzantine history,
general history, and special works on Roman
institutions and customs, &c,

C

CACHEXIA, a bad condition or habit of
body, giving rise to cachectic affections,

CACODYLE, or Kakodyle. See ALCARSIN.

CADASTRAL, a term applied to surveys,
signifying that they are of an extensive chua-
racter or on a great scale. Cadastral maps
represent the objects in their relative

tions and dimensions, and with much

greater accuracy than the maps of topo-!

graphical surveys. The cadastral scale is!
called the 25-inch scale, being very nearly

C£NOZzOICc Rocks, the tertiary rocks have
been with doubtful propriety so called by
those who believe in the introduction of new
lite forms into the world during the tertiary
epoch, Sir Charles Lyell was compelled in
hts later works to admit, before the evi-
dences which progressive discovery had
brought to light, that there must have been
but one period of animated civaticn. This
would certainly make the term Czenozoic,
or Kainozoic, as signifying new
untrue ; but the name is convenient.

C&SIUM, a primary alkaline metallic ele-
ment, discovered in 1860 by means of spec-
trum analysis by Kirchhoff and Bunsen in
the water of Durckheim and Baden. It was
considered one of the most triumphant
demonstrations that had been yet found of
the minute accuracy of spectrum analysis.

CAiNcIC ACID, an acid found in the bark
of cainca root.

CALABAR or ORDEAL BEAN, 2 poisonous
bean obtained from Physostigma Venenosa.
It is used as an ordeal to test guilt in
Africa, where, if it produces vomiting in the
accused, it is held to indicate innocence ; if
purging, guilt. Dr. Christison nearly lost
his life from eating a fourth of one of
them, and some children were poisoned at
Liverpool by them.

CALCANTHUM, sulphate of iron or copperas
was so called by Pliny.

CALCEDONYX, an agate in which white
~ greyish translucent chalcedony alter-
nate.

CALCEOLARIA, a genus of shrubby herba-
ceous South American flowering plants, with
flowers resembling an old-fashioned slipper c
whence the name, from calceolus.

CALCIGRADE, from calx and gradior, a
term signifying that an animal’s heel sinks
deeper than the other parts of the foot in
walking.

CALCILE, @ term comprehending all the
varieties of carbonate of lime.

CALDERITE, a massive Nepal garnet,

CALIDUOT, a conductor of heat; more
particularly any pipe arrangement for heat-
ing houses or churches, &c.

CALLUS, the matter by which fractured
penes are reunited, being a deposit of new

ne,

CALORIFACIENT, non-azotised portions or
constituents of food, which are supposed to
be required in the maintenance of animal
heat, such as sugar, starch, fat, and gummy
matters.

Posi- |

CALORIFIC Rays, the heating but invisible
rays of any centre of heat,

CALOTYPE, or KALOTYPE, the name given
to photographic pictures produced by the
action of light on certain salts of silver,
See PHOTOGRAPHY.

CaM Woop, a dye wood yielding a finer

25 inches to the mile. and more permanent red than Brazil wood.
CADET’s FuMING LiquiD. See ALCARSIN. |It is the product of an African tree, Baphia
769 2D

life,”

CAM ‘SUPPLEMENT. CAT

Nitida, found in the interior of that conti-| CARATIPA, a celebrated cure for the itch is
nent and at Sierra Leone. roduced from one of this species, C. fasci-
CAMER+TED SHELLS, a characteristic of a| cwlata of South America, belonging to the
series of shells of Cephalopoda, now almost! genus Jernstromiacee, and known as the
wholly e-anct. It signifies that the shells) balsam of Tamacoari.
are divided by ransverse partitions into| CARAITES, a Jewish sect distinguished by
& number of chambers traversed by a their rejection of the interpretation of the
siphon. | Rabbis and the Cabbala, and their close ad-

CAMPANULARIA. See PARTHENOGENESIS. hesion to the letter and original text of the

CAMPHENE, or CAMPHOGENE, one of the Hebrew Scriptures.
hydro-carbons, consisting of ten atoms of CARCERES, the cells constructed in the
carbon and eight of hydrogen, whose equiva- bnildings ofthe great circuses of the ancients,
lent is 68; the ten atoms of carbon being at the starting point, for receiving the cha-
=60. It is thus the same as oil of tur- riots and horses of the competitors, and so
pentine. arranged as to facilitate their equal and

CAMPHRONE, a volatile product given /simultaneous starting in the race.
forth when camphor vapour is passed over} CARDITIS, inflammation of the heart.
red-hot lime. CARDOELIs, a genus of passerine birds,

CANEPHORG, a term signifying “‘ basket-|or conirostral perchers, including the Car-
bearers,”’ applied to figures of young persons/| duelis elegans, or goldfinch, and a number
of either sex, bearing on their heads bas- of other siskins less arboreal in their habits
kets with fruits and other offerings for sacri-| than the true finches.
fice, employed as a feature of architecture. CARMINATIVES, medicines to alleviate

CANICULAR Days. See Doc Days. flatulence and its effects.

CANICULAR YEAR, the solar year of the| CARNEIA, a festival observed at Sparta
ancient Egyptians, because its commence-/and other Greek cities in honour of Carneius
ment was fixed by the helical rising of the|or Apollo.

Dog Star, Canicula, which coincided then| CARPADELIUM, a botanical term some-
with the annual inundation of the Nile times applied to inferior multi-celled inde-

CANNELURES, the name given to the cir-|hiscent fruits, containing one seed in each
cular grooves in the cylinders of cylindro-| cell.
conoidal shot CARPAL, applied to the wrist; as carpal

CANTILEVER, a wood bracket or support, | bones, the bones of the wrist.
fitted into the wall of a house, from which| CARPOLITES, fossil seeds and fruits.
it projects to support the eaves with their) CARPUS, the wrist in human anatomy,
cornice and moulding. and the corresponding segment of the skele-

CaPE WEED, the Roccella tinctoria, a ton in comparative anatomy. In man it is
lichen, yielding "dyeing matter, importedtrom composed of eight small bones, arranged in
the Cape de Verds. | the form of an arch for strength and self-

CAPIBARA, sometimes called the Water- protection: they are respectively called
hog, a rodent quadruped of aquatic habits, scaphoides, lunare, cuneiforme, and pisi-
typical of the genus Hydrocherus. It is forme, composing in their arrangement the
the largest of all known rodent quadrupeds, first row; and trapeziwm, trapezoides, os
and is found in the proximity of the South magnum, and wneciforme, forming the

American rivers. second row.
CAPILLAMENTUM, an old synonym of CARTHAMINE, the colouring principle of
“* filament.” safflower.

Caro p’ OPERA (Pl. CaP! D’ OPERA,)a CASEINE, that nitrous constituent of milk
synonym of the French expression, chef- which forms the chief substance of cheese.
d@’ euvre, and English “‘ rnaster-piece.” It is only coagulable by acids, and, so far as

CaAPSILL. This expression of modern yet known, by rennet, the well known curd-
engineering is a epee application of ling matter obtained from the decomposition
the word “sill; “window sill,” signi- of the fourth stomach or rennet-bag of
fying the lower. MG Bde part of a fram- calves.
ing ; “cap sill,” evidently first used in the CASSELL YELLOW, Turner’s Ye'low, or
sense of ““ to p sill, ”* is now very frequently Patent Yellow, a yellow pigment composed
used to ‘daha the horizontal beam at the of chloride and oxide of lead.
top of timber framings, as in bridges, &c. CASSIDEOUS, the helmet-like upper leaf of

CAPYBARA. See CAPIBARA. a flower petal, such asis seen in the monk’s-

CARABINE-A-TIGE, a French rifle of special hood or aconite. It forms the hood from
construction, consisting ofan iron projection which the former name is derived. (Lat.,
from the breech, in the centre of the bore, cassis, “‘a helmet.”’)
so constructed that when the bulletis driven CATACHRESIS, in rhetoric, a trope which
home in loading, it is expanded on this pin, uses the name of one thing to express
by the force of ramming, ixto the grooves of another ; a metaphor.
the barrel. CATAPETALUS, the characteristic of the

770

=“ ee

CAT SUPPLEMENT. CEP

petals of a flower held together by stamens above mentioned are made: they are called
growing to their bases; exemplified in the artificial cements.
mallow. ! CEMENTS RomAN, the Roman cements
CATAPHRACTED, covered with hard bony are obtained by calcinating natural stones,
or horny plates or callous skin closely from which cements similar in constituents
jointed. and proportions to the Portland cements
CATAPHRACTI, or Equites Cataphracti, may then be made, but distinguished from
the name given to ancient cavalry covered the latter by being called natural cements.
with complete suits of defensive armour. | CENOBIO, a regular fruit, the acephalous
CATAPULT, an ingenious but mischievous pericarps of which are not marked at their
adaptation of the elas.icity of vulcanised summit by the ordinary stigmatic scar, in
india-rubber, by which a substitute for the consequence of the style being connected

ordiuary sling has been produced, easy of, with their base,
coustruction, and very dangerous in the
hands of boys or unprincipled persons. It
throws stones with great force and accuracy,
and might be utilised advantageously where
no other weapon of equal power is at
command.

CATEGOREMATIC, a word capable of use in
itself as a term in logic, or as a predicate,
is so called.

CATHARTIC, medicines which act upon the
bowels. Mild cathartics are those which are

_less severely purgative. Cathartics of a
drastic character are those violent purga-
tives, such as croton oil, which can only be
justifiably employed in very extreme and
exceptional circumstances, unless greatly
diluted.

. CATOPTROMANCY, divination by mirrors,

CAUDA EqQuina, the origin or roots of
terminal spinal nerves contained in the
neural canal of the vertebree, surrounding
the filum terminale of the myelon.

CAVENDISH EXPERIMENT, a mechanical
contrivance for determining the mean
density of the earth by means of the balance
of torsion. The suggestion appears to have
first originated with the Rev. Jonn Mitchell,
though first carried out by Henry Cavendish.
See his report in the “‘ Philosophical Trans-
actions” for 1798,

CAVICORNIA, atribe of Cavicorn Rumi-
nants, including, as the name implies, those
with hollowed out horns growing on bony
processes of the frontal bone, such as the
antelopes.

CEDRIRET, a crystalline body of a reddish
orange colour found in creosote. .

CELLULOSE, the matter of which the cell
walis and vascular tissue of plants are com-
posed. It is chemically inactive and very
insoluble.

CEMENTS HYDRAULIC, carbonate of lime
and silicate of alumina in varying propor-
tions, of from about 36 to 84 of the former
and 16 to 64 of the latter, form a cement
which sets very quickly under, and in-
ereases in hardness from, the action of
water.

CEMENTS PORTLAND, the Portland ce-
ments are obtained artificially by the calci-
nation of a mixture of chalk and clay, from
which artificial cements of the constituents
and proportions of the hydraulic cements

771

CENOTAPH, a tomb or monument erected
to the memory of some one whose body has
\not been found for burial, or has been
‘interred elsewhere.
| CENTRAL SUN. The sun of our system and
|all the fixed stars, so far as observation has
'been able to determine, have direct motions
lin addition to any orbital motions they may
have in relation to the primaries or second~
aries of their own particular systems ; and
M. Midler, of Dorpat, has endeavoured to
assign these direct motions to immense orbits
described by them round some common
centre. It is certain that all completely
ascertained astronomical motions are of an
orbital character; and even the parabolic
and hyperbolic comets may have only ex-
tremely elongated motions of this character
round, not our sun, but a greater and more
remote central body. M. Madler has con-
cluded that the central sun with reference
to our system is Alcyone, 7 Tauri, the
brightest star of the Pleiades ; and assuming
this star to be as far from 61 Cygni as the
sun is, and adopting the parallax of 61
Cygni as announced by Bessel, he concludes
the mean semidiameter of our sun’s orbiv
round Alcyone to be about 34 millions of
times as great as the earth’s mean distance
from the sun. This enormous orbit our sun
cannot traverse in less than eighteen imil-
lions two hundred thousand years even at
the velocity, at which it is proceeding, of
se hundred and eight thousand miles per
our,

CENTURIATORS OF MAGDEBURG, the
name adopted by certain historical Lutheran
writers at Magdeburg, who compiled a great
work on Church History from the earliest
times to the period of the Reformation.

CEPHALANTHIUM, the capitate inflores-
cence or head of a composite plant,

CEPHALITIS, inflammation of the brain.

CEPHALIUM, a woolly peculiar mass
which grows at the apex of the stem, and
out of which the flowers of the Melocactus
issue.

CePHALOTHORAX, the first segment of
crustaceans and arachnidans,

CEPHALODIUM, synonymous with Tubder-
culum in treatises on the lichens, It sig-
|nifies a convex shield like figure without an
lelevated rim.

3D2

CER

SUPPLEMENT.

CHL

CERACEOUS, waxy; applied in botany to
parts with the texture and appearance of
wax,

CERAMICS, all varieties of kiln-burnt
potter’s work,

CERATIUM, asunperior one-celled and many-
sided fruit, with two dehiscent valves separa-
ting from the replum, differing from the
silique by the lobes of thestigma alternating
with the placenta.

CEREALS, or CEREAL GRASSES, the bread
corn plants, including maize, rice, millet,
and all the British grain plants.

CEREBRAL LOBES, the several divisions of
the brain.

CEREBRIC ACID, a fatty acid found in the
matter of brain, and containing phosphorus
and nitrogen.

CERINE, a brownish black variety of
allanite, found in crystalline masses along

with cerite, copper pyrites, and hornblende, ;

at Bastnis, Sweden.

CERINUS, a term employed in botany to!
distinguish anything having the colour of,

yellow, or of a reddish brown yellow wax.
CEROLEIN, a soft fat found in bees’-wax.
CEROSIN, a waxy body exuded from sugar

cane.

CERULINE, iudigo, after it has been dis-
solved in sulphuric acid.

CERUMEN, the waxy matter secreted by
the ear, composed of an oily matter, bitter
colouring matter, and albumen.

CERVIX, an obsolete synonym of the
botanical term Rhizoma,

CESTROTUM, pictures painted by the
cestrum.

CESTRUM, an instrument used by the

Greek and Roman painters, pointed at one
end and flat at the other, and thereby quali-
fied both to outline and spread the colour on
their pictures,

CESTVAEN, Kistvaen, or Cistvaen, a place
or enclosure formed of stone for receiving
the bodies of those therein interred, found
in ;the barrows or burial mounds of the
ancients. They are usually three stones
forming sides, and a stone cover at the east
end of the

CETYL, the radical of a series of organic
compounds. It forms salts in combination
with negative radicals.

CHALCOTRICHITE, a red fibrous copper ore,
or plush copper.

CHALK Lime, that lime distinctively
which is made from the upper strata of the
chalk formations. It is very pure, but de-
ficient in hydraulic qualities, and therefore
cannot be used alone.

CHAMBERS OF GuNS, the cavity made in
the breeches of some ordnance at he bottom
of the bore for receiving the ¢c’

CHAMBRE ARDENTE, a tribunal instituted
by Francis I. in France for the condemna-
tion and burning of heretics: also several
tribunals appointed by extraordinary com-

missions under Louis XIV. and the Regent

Orleans for dealing with certain offences.
CHAMFRON, or CHAMP-FREIN, plate

armonr for protecting the faces of horses.
CHAMPIONSHIP, the office of public cham-

pion, at one time in the family of Marmion. °

It was a condition of the tenure of the
manor of Scrivelsby, Lincolnshire. I6
became extinct on the death of Henry
Dymock, whose last appearance in the
office was at the coronation of William
IV.; he having left no male heirs. It
was in the Dymock family from the time of
Edward IL.

CHANTARELLE, a highly esteemed esculent.
fungus, cantharelius cibarius, found com-
mon in the woods of England.

CHARLOCK, the Sinapis arvensis, and
Raphanus Raphanistrum, two of our com-
monest corn weeds. They have flowers and
seeds similar to those of the turnip and cab-
bage plants,

CuaToYant, the pear 8 light reflected
by various minerals isso call

CHELZ, the claws or mepsguel ex-
tremities of crus as the lobster,
crab, &c.

CHERIMOYER, the fruit of Anona Cheri-
molia, celebrated in Peru for its delicious:
qualities,

CHIARO-scURO, that disposition of the
lights and shadows of a picture, whether
positive or reflected, by which the objects
are made to stand out in natural relief.

CHILOMA, the tumid upper lip of certain
quadrupeds in continuity with the nostril,
exemplifie! in the camel, &c.

CHINA INK, or INDIAN INK, a mixture
of finely divided carhon and gelatine, said
to be sometimes composed of the ink of the
cuttle-fish desiccated. The finest kinds have
no grit, and are tested on the teeth to deter-
Mine their quality. It is now frequently
imitated in Europe by various mixtures of
lamp black, burnt beans, &c.

CHINA Root, the reot of Smilax China,
now almost superseded in medicine by sarsa-
parilla.

CHINESE SwALtows’ Nests, the edible
nests formed by a secretion from the mouth.
of the Chinese swallow, at one time sup-
posed to be made by the bird from some of
the sea lichens.

CHIP, a plaiting fibre for hats, obtained
from the leaves of the palm, Thrinax
Argentea,

CHIRAGRA, gout in the hands,

CHIRETTA, or CHIRATA, an Indian tonic,
obtained from Agathopes Chirata, one of
the gentian family.

CHITINE, the substazice of the shells and
wing covers or elytra of insects,

CHLAMYPHORUS, @ small species of arma-
dillo, analogous in its plate covering and
skeleton to the extinct megatherium.

CHLOR-IODOFORM, a liquid derived by one

772

CHL

SUPPLEMENT.

CIL

equivalent of iodine replacing chlorine in
chloroform.

CHLORAZOL, a pungent acid liquid of a

poisonous character, produced by the action
of nitrohydrochloric acid on albumen.

CHLORITE SLATE, the geological name of
Chlorite and Ripidolite, when found in moun-
tain masses,

CHLORODYNE, a solution of morphia and
Indian hemp with oil of peppermint, chlo-
roform, and ether, &c., is sold as an anodyne
under this name.

CaLoRoFoRM, (Cg H Cl,,) @ heavy li-

quid, also called terchloride of formyle,
first introduced as a great anesthetic agent
by Sir James Simpson. Care is required
that it be pure and its vapour properly di-
juted with atmospheric air, and also that
the cases in which it is applied are of a
Suitable character for its use, in which eases
it has been found an effective and most use-
ful anesthetic,
~ CHLOROPAL, an amorphous yellow green
mineral, formed of hydrated silicate of iron,
found among the Hungarian opals.

CHLOROPHYLL, the green colouring mat-
ter of leaves of plants.

CHLOROPIORIN. a pungent oil obtained by
the action of chloride of lime on picric acid.
- CHLoROUS AcID, (Cl 0.) an explosive

|

gas produced by heating chlorate, arsenious ;

acid, and nitric acid together.

_ , CHLorRovs POLE, that pole or electrode of
@ battery at which chlorine is evolved during
the electrolysis of compounds of chlorine.
Synonymous with “ positive pole.”

” CHULAGOGUES, medicines which cause the
evacuation of bile.

CHOLEIC AciID, a fatty acid forming in
combination with soda one of the princi-
pal constituents of bile. Its formula is
C44 Hy Og NS.

CHOLEPYRRHIN, the brown colouring
‘principle of human bile.

CHRISMATINE, a mineral resin found near

Halle.
* CHRIST, the name given to God mani-
fested in the form of humanity, from
Xpictos, the Greek synonym for the
Hebrew word Messiah, signifying ‘‘The
Anointed.”

CHRISTIANITY, the whole scheme of reve-
lation given by the Creator of the universe
of those truths concerning the interests and
responsibilities of the human soul, which
eannot be reached by mere human wisdom or
intelligence, but which it is necessary every
Man should be acquainted with in this life,
as an immortal being, whose condition does
not end in this world. This revelation is
guaranteed not only by the word of God, in
which it is announced, but by the Spirit of
God, which is freely given to all who receive
it for the purpose of guiding them in its true

jof human salvation in them.

interpretation and accomplishing its purpose
Revelation Ig
therefore not only supernatural in :ts truths,
but also in the immediate means provided

|by God for applying those truths to the mind

and heart of man; and they only can dis-
regard it who are themselycs ignorant of it;
for the natural mind of man, unenlightened
by divine grace, can neither judge fully. of
it, nor understand it.

CHROMATIC THERMOMETER, a philoso-
phical curiosity has received this name, from
the circumstance that when a piece of heated
metal or other body is applied to the edge of

tween the temperature cf the glass and that
of the body will cause coloured fringes to ap-
pear,—the ag of the central fringe ap-
proximately indicating the temperature of
the body.

CHROME Mica, an emerald green mica
found at Schwartzenstein.

CHROME OCHRE, a greenish substance
found in earthy masses in the chromate of
iron of Unst, Shetland.

CHROME ORANGE, a. dichromate of lead,
formed by boiling yellow chromate of lead
with lime.

CHROME STONE, a name given to chrome
ochre when intimately mixed with rock.

CHROME YELLOW, yellow chromate of
éad. :

CHROMITE, synonymous With chromic iron
or chrome iron, g.v.

CHROMO-LITHOGRAPHY, a branch of
lithographic colour-printing applied with
great success to the fine arts in the repro-
duction of pictures. It is accomplished by

| successive printings.

CHROMO-XYLOGRAPHY, letter-press print-
ing in colours by means of wood blocks.

CHRONIC, a medical term, distinguished
from acute, assignifying those diseases which
are of long duration, as compared with those
which are more rapid or evanescent.

CHRYSANILIC ACID, a bluish red sub-
stance, precipitated by adding an acid to a
solution of indigo in potash.

CHRYSELEPHANTINE, those works of the
Greek sculptors which were overlaid with
gold and ivory. Phidias adopted this mode
of treatment in his great colossal work, the
statue of Athéné.

CHUSITE, an altered chrysolite found in
the Limbourg basalt.

CHYLE CORPUSCLES, extremely minute
corpuscles or cells found in chyle. They
have sometimes tuberculated surfaces, and
are about the two-thousand-five-hundredth
part of an inch in diameter.

CiCATRIX, the scar or mark left after the
healing of a wound.

CLLIARY LIGAMENT. the circular ligament
which in the eye divides the choroid meme
brane from the iris. :

773

CIL SUPPLEMENT. CLU

CILIARY Processes, the white folds at the| silver, found in the Hematite of Clausthal
of the uvea, proceeding from it to the) and elsewhere,
crystalline lens of the eye. CLAVICLE, the collar-bone.

CILIATED, an adjective formed from] CLAY IRoNSTONE, compact carbonate of
cilia, and of co-exteusiye application. Seejiron, or siderite, with an admixture of
CILIA. .

CincHonic or Kinie Acid, an acid whose| CLAYITE, a variety of galena found in
formula is C,, H 0,,, HO, found in| Peru, containing about 25 per cent. of cop-

14 11 il per, arsenic and antimony, and forming an
Peruvian bark. nee pasts se upon quartz in small

CINDER BED, a marine bed composed of | dark grey crys'
oyster-shells, found in the Middle Purbeck| CLERESTORY or CLEARSTORY, the opens
formation. ings of the gallery above the side aisles of

CINGULUM, the neck or constriction of a| Gothic building, looking into the upper
tooth dividing the crown from the fang. part or roof of the nave or centre aisle.

CINNAMEIN, @ fragrant body found in| CLicHy WuiTE, pure white lead, or refined

of Peru. oar of lead, manufactured at Clichy,
-| France.

CINNAMILE, (Chg H Og )the hypotheti CLINICAL, a term arplied toany lecture or
‘cal Fadical of oil of cinnamon. instruction given to students at the bedside

CINQUECENTO, the stylesof ornamentation |of a patient: so called from KAWLK9S,
and painting which prevailed in the six-|“‘ relating to a bed.”
teenth century, at which period the arts} CLIPPER, a trading ship constructed for
of the revival reached their greatest per- rapid sailing, with finely curved bows, sharp
fection. in form, deep keel, and tall

Cippus, the name given to such Roman! CLOSE-BURKNING COAL, the varieties of
sepulchral monuments as consisted of a strong-burning bituminous coal which swell
small column, rectangular or rounded. land cake during combustion, receive thiy

CIRCUMSCISSILE, a transverse circular/name from these peculiarities,
dehiscence of the ovary or seed-pods of cer-| CLoUDs, those visible masses or accumn-
tain plants, as exemplified in Anagallis. lations of vapour which float at various alti-

CIRRO-STRATUS, a cloud whose form is'tudes in the atmosphere. To Mr. Luke
intermediate between those of the cirrus | Howard we owe the systematising of their
and stratus: a modification of it may be | Various forms, and the indications of weather
observed in those clouds whieh receive the thereby more or less prognosticable. The
popular name of “‘ a mackereled sky,” and three primary forms are Cirrus, Cumulus,
which indicate approaching rain. Thecirro-jand Stratus; of which the Cirrus is a

stratus is the wane-cloud. fibrous-looking cloud; the Cumulus, a
CrirRvs, the curl-cloud,. massive cloud presenting rounded or convex
CIRSOCELE, morbid enlargement of the|/upper surfaces; and the Stratus, those

spermatic veins of the groin. clouds spread out horizontally and often in

CITADEL, the strong fort within fortifica-|strata or apparent layers. The Cirrus occu-
tions which is qualified to become the last/pies the higher regions of the atmosphere;
resisting point of a garrison. and the Stratus the lower, and includes

CITRINE OINTMENT, a lemon yellow oint-|mists and fogs. Intermediate between the
ment containing nitrate of mercury. The three primary forms are those clouds which
unguentum hydrargyri nitrats. | partake more or less of the characteristics of

CITRONYL, or CITRENE, a hydro-carbon, two of the primaries; as the Cirro-cumulus,
forming the chief constituent of oil of the Cirro-stratus, and the Cumulo-stratus,
lemons. |also called the “‘ twain cloud.” The Nimbus

CITRULLUS, the well-known cathartic, colo- is the “rain cloud,’ or that form in which
eynth, obtained from the gourds of C. Colo- the others resolve themselves into rain.
eynthis of Spain and the Levant, &c. CLUB-HAULING, a mode of tacking re«

CLAIRVOYANCE, the name given to a sorted to when a vessel is in danger of run-
superior power of vision claimed for those ning ashore, and has not sufficient sea room
under the influence of Mesmerism,—a pre- for tacking. It consists in letting go the
tension of great extravagance. Thesuperiority lee anchor when the wind is out of the sails,
of instinct over reason is exemplified in all and bringing the vessel’s head suddenly to

,» and also in many of the spon- the wind with the way upon her: the cable
taneous actions of man, and when the is then cut with a buoy attached to it, to
reason is dormant, a more extended action mark the place for its subsequent recovery,
of the instinct may remain, as exemplified and the sails trimmed, by which means the
in cases of Somnambnlism. but this is the ship will pay off and make considerable
limit of the phenomenon.—[J. A. S.] headway in much shorter distance than by

CLAUSTUALITE, a selenide of lc .d, with a ordinary tacking.
portion of the lead sometimes replaced by CLUTCHES, or Glands, those couplings of

774

CLY SUPPLEMENT. COL

machinery which are accomplished withoué denoting the class or rank to which his
coupling boxes. family belonged ; and the third, or Cogno-
CLyssus, water obtained by the deflagra-| men, signified the familia, family or house
tion of nitre with charcoal, generally | of which he was a member.
resulting in the bursting of the vessel em-} CoILs, GUN, the twisted metal of which
ployed. This roundabout mode of some-|modern guns are made, consisting of bar
times getting a few drops of water, resorted|metal wound at welding heat round
to by the alchemists in the earliest infancy! mandrils of appropriate size: the gun metal
of ehemical science, was looked upon as, being so formed in the first stage of the
quite an occult operation, and the water so operation is then welded, bored, and turned

obtained invested with no limit of preten-:

tious value and importance.

COACERVATE, an old term signifying
“accumulated,” and applied to some of the
excretions and secretions when long retained.

CoAGULABLE LYMPH, the fibrine of the
blood is sometimes so called from its peculiar
power of spontaneous coagulation.

CoaL BrasseEs, the iron pyrites found in
ining districts in coal and shale, which is
frequently used for the manufacture of
sulphuric acid.

CoAL Tar CoNSTITUENTS, a series of
important products obtained, by rectifica-
tion, from coaltar. There are fifty or more
of these compounds. The four bases are
Picoline, Leucoline, Aniline, and Pyridine.
The coal tar colours are obtained from
the three products, aniline, phenylic acid,
and benzole, all of which contain the
organic radical phenyl. Benzole is con-
verted into aniline by heating it with nitric
acid, and afterwards with scraps of iron
and acetic acid. Magenta is produced by
heating aniline with arsenic acid; mauve,
by heating it with bichromate of potash and
sulphuric acid; and violet and blue, by
heating magentawith aniline. Ofthese dyes

' coal tar is very productive.

Coca, a narcotic obtained from the leaves
of Erythroxylon Coca, masticated and
mixed with lime, and then formed into
small balls called acullicos. 2

CocHLEA, the portion of the internal ear
which is shaped like an ordinary snail shell
has received this name from its form.

CocKET, the scroll of parchment received
by merchants from the officers of customs
on entering their goods. It is a certificate
that the goods have been customed and may
therefore be disch:

CocyTws, a branch of the Styx, according
to Homer; one of the rivers of Hades.

COEFFICIENTS. See CO-ORDINATE GEO-
METRY,

C@Liac ARTERY, the first branch of the
aorta in the abdomen,

of the desired dimensions.

COINAGE, that system of minting which
gave an authoritative stamp and form to the
currency of ancient and modern times, if
@ parcel of gold be taken to the British
Mint in the state of nuggets or bullion, it ig
first made into ingots, on which the assayers
make their report, a certificate being given
in the form of a Mint bill, stating the fine- —
ness, weight, and value of the ingots, to the
owners of them, which are then delivered
to the melter. who has the duty, according
to the assayer’s report, of adding either alloy
or fine gold to bring the mass to the standard
of currency, being twenty-two of pure gold
to two parts of alloy. The gold is then cast
into bars, which are next assayed by a
sample from both ends of each bar. On the
assayer’s report approving of them, the bars
are then sent to the coining department,
and rolled out into plates of suitable thick-
ness, out of which the d/anks are punched,
and the remainder of the plate or scissel sent
to be remelted. The blanks, or coins in the
unstamped state, which amount to about
two thirds of the entire plate, are then
annealed, and passed through the marking
machine, by which the edges are a little
ra and smoothed, after which they are
blanched or cleaned in hot and dilute sul-
phuric acid. The final processis then gone
through of stamping between two steel dies
the obverse and reverse simultaneously upon
them, and at the same time the milling of
the edge by means of a collar which rises at
the time of striking. By means of a: pro-
| priate machinery the blanks are brought to
the stamping dies, and thrown off after being
|impressed ; the process being little else than
feeding a hopper with the blanks at this
point and clearing away the coins. No
\charge is made for minting, but any one
| bringing such quantities of bullion as are
received by the authorities of the Mint
receives his full metal or its equivalent velue
| in coins.

CoKING CoAL, those bituminous coals

C@LIAC Passion, a very painful form of which require to be converted into coke

diarrhea, so called by some authors.
Ca:nurvs, the hydatid which by its para-
sitical action on the brain produces staggers
in sheep.
CoGNoMEN, the third name by which

|before they are suitable for ordinary pur-
poses of combustion. Coke is that condition
of charcoal produced by the distillation of
coal in the manufacture of gas, er by heating
the coal with only a partial access of air; the

those of any descent or good family were former being called Gas Coke, the latter
designated in Rome, The first was the Oven Coke,

Prenomen, which served to distinguish the! CoLp BLAST, air at its ordinary tempera-
individual; the second was the Nome, ture forced through smelting furnaces, 3

775

COL SUPPLEMENT. CON

distinguished from hot blast, or heated air whiteness or give white light are said to be
forced through furnaces for the same pur- optically complementary to each other, as
pose. The cast iron produced from the hot the two colours orange and blue, or green
blast furnace is not equal in toughness to the and red.

cold blast iron, but it has some counter-; CoMPRESSIBILITY oF Bop1Egs, that quality
balancing advantages in elasticity and other of bodies by which their volume or magni-
respects. |tude may be compressed into smaller dimen-

CoLLIn, the purest form of gelatine. From sions, Some liquids, more especially water,
the slowness with which it diffuses into were long believed to be incompressible ; but
water it has been taken as the type of all this has been disproved by later experiments,
substances of slow diffusion in water, which 80 that no bodies are absolutely incom-
are thence called Colloids, as distinguished pressible. A weight of two atmospheres is
from Crystalloids, whieh diffuse rapidly in found to produce the following results of

water.

CoLLoID, See COLLIN.

CoLLuM, the point intermediate between
the stem and root of a plant from whence
both diverge. It becomes obliterated in
course of growth.

compression :—
Mercury to 0°000,003 of its Lulk.

Sea water ,, 0°000,040 ”
Olive oil ,, 0°000, 048 ”
Spirits of Wine 0° 000, ,066

Con SoRpDINI, a direction in music,

CoLLUTORIUM, 2 lotion for Epes the generally written C. 8., signifying that, if the

mouth (from colluo and os, “‘I wash the
mouth’’).

CoLLYRIDIANS, @ sect of fanatics of the
fourth century who offered little cakes in
honour of the Virgin Mary.

CoLLYRIUM, a lotion for the eye, or eye-
water. At one time the term denoted
ti to restrain or stop inordinate dis-

rges,
' CoLoBOoMA, congenital adhesions of the
eyelids, and fissures of the upper eyelid.

CoLOGNE EARTH, a variety of umber said
%0 be of vegetable origin. It forms a deep
brown pigment.

COLOSSAL, any work, chiefly in sculptnre,
of extraordinary dimensions. The taste for
colossal sculpture appears to have prevailed
widely among the ancients. The origin of
them has heen ascribed to Sesostris.

CoLosTRUM, the first milk given by a cow
after calving.

CoLUMBARIUM, & pigeon-house or dove-
cot ; also a recess in the wall of a cemetery
made to hold cinerary urns.

CoLUMBITE, a mineral composed of colum-
bicacid and the oxides ofiron and manganese.

Comity oF NATIONS, those usages or
international practices by which the exac-
tions of strict right are modified between
civilized nations, and concessions of an
amicable and friendly character made.

CoMMUNISM, those doctrines as to the
rights of property which, though slightly
differing from Socialism, have not been very
distinctively defined. The theory is that all
property is to be held in common or for the
common good, and all labour to be diverted
in the same direction, The evil is that a

‘piece be for the pianoforte, the passage is to
be performed with the dampers down ; if for
the violin, with the mute on.

CONACKE, a system of agricultural pay-
ments formerly prevailing in Ireland, of
paying wages in whole or in part by small
temporary grants of land,—a most degrading
and precarious condition of things, which had
the effect of tempting the Irish peasantry to
cling to the least profitable investment of
their industry, as agricultural labour is and
always has been in all nations,and to the
most degrading condition of their intelli-
gence. The alteration of the Irish land
laws under Mr. Gladstone’s govern-
ment only introduced a variation with-
out a remedy. The fact is that there is
not enough of land in all Ireland to
remunerate adequately those who persist in
clinging to its cultivation ; and laws impair-
ing the absolute right of property in land
can only injure the market value of the
article without rendering it to the smallest
extent more productive.

CoNnceEPT, the result of mental conception,
as distinct from the process of conception,
in logic.

CONCEPTUALISM, the system of Scholastic
philosophy held by Abelard, admitting the
existence of universals as ideas or mental
conceptions; and so differing from the
Greek Realism, and the Nominalism of
Roscelin, who maintained that universals
has no existence except as propositions or
words,

CONCERTED PIECE, a piece of music in
which several solo instruments or yoices
take prominent parts.

CONCHIFERA, all molluscs protected by a

system of artificial regulation and inter-
ference is insisted on, which is tantamount
to the abolition of all individual liberty and|

bivalve shell have been so called by Latreille
and others.

all the motives for individual enterprise; CONCRETE TERM, any term in logic which
The excesses to which such silly theories expresses the attribute along with the sub-
lead are best illustrated by what occurred in ject or object, as, “happy,” “‘brave,’’
Paris after the Franco-German war of 1873. | “patient.” Abstract terms are those which
CoMPLEMENTARY COLOURS, any two express the attributes separately or alone, as,
@olours which when blended together make’ “* happiness,’ “‘ courage,” “ patience,”

776

CON SUPPLEMENT. COO

CoNnDUIT, a water-pipe, or passage for the announced, that everything passing from
distribution of water. In architecture this one state to another passes through al’
expression signifies a narrow and generally the intermediate states. Galileo, however,
subterranean passage, secretly communi- had laid down its application to motion, and
cating between different parts of a building ascribed it to Plato, though Leibnitz first ex-
or separate apartments. _ tended its application to the testing of alleged

ConE oF Rays, a similar expression to laws of nature and their consistency,
“pencil of rays,” signifying all the rays| CoNTORNIATI, medals marked with peculiar
diverging from a luminous point and falling furrows, called contorni by the Italians, and
on a given surface. “ Pencil of rays” is a composed of bronze with a flat impression, sup-
reconverging cone of rays falling on a point posed to have been tickets of admission to the
of a surface or focus, occasioned by the public games, struck in the reign of Constan-
interposition of some lenticular medium.) tine the Great and his more immediate suc-
Cone and pencil are frequently used as cessors. They are impressed with figures of
convertible terms. emperors and other eminent men.

ConFLicT oF Laws, that variation of or) CoNTOUR, the outlines or external lines of
inconsistency in the laws of different states @ figure.
to which individuals are subject who have| CONVENTICLE, a term first contemptuously
acquired legal rights and interests subject to applied to the assemblies of Wycliffe’s fol-
the jurisiiction of different governments. | lowers met, for Divine worship, and latterly

ConGE, the French name for the quarter to the meeting-places of Dissenters. The word
round or Echinus moulding, which is called was, however, used by the ancient ecclesias-
“the swelling congé.” “The hollow congé” , tical writers as properly signifying a church.

is the Cavetto. CONVERSION, a term synonymous with
Conia, or CoNINE, an intensely poisonous | “regeneration” in the system of Christian
alkaloid, obtained by distilling hemlock, salvation. It is that spiritual change in the

Conium maculatum, with alkaline water. human soul by which it becomes divinely
Tt is a colourless and acrid volatile oil with enlightened as to the truths of the Chris-
&@ Very strong odour. | tian atonement, and God’s free forgiveness

ConoIDAL, shaped like a conoid. It has Of sin on the ground of that great and
been much used in modern gunnery in finished work of redemption.
describing detonating shells and shot with) COORDINATE GEOMETRY, the system of
a cylindrical body and convidal point or head, analytical geometry invented by Descartes,
’ CONSOLIDATED Funp. The Exchequers 2nd applied to the solution of geometrical
of Great Britain and Ireland, which, pre- problems, and by which the positions of
viously separate, were, on January 5th, 1816, points are determined, and the forms of
consolidated into one, were on their con- curves and surfaces defined and classified
solidation accompanied by an Act of Par- by means of Co-ordinates, Some idea of this
liament appropriating certain portions of system, as far as the present limits will allow,
the joint revenue to one fund called thence- May be obtained by a consideration of the foi-
orward the Consolidated Fund, out of lowing figure, in which the position of a point
which the public debts, civil lists, and cer- P is represented with reference to O, called
tain other expenses of both Great Britaiy the Origin, by means of Co-ordinates.
and Ireland were paid. The Consolidated Y
Fund includes the greater portion of the
revenues of the two kingdoms,

_» CONSTITUTIONS OF CLARENDON, certain
definitions of the limits of civil and eccle-
siastical jurisdiction, framed at a Council
held by Henry II. of England at Clarendon,
near Salisbury, :

CONSTITUTIONS ROMAN. The decrees of
the Roman emperors, including those by
edict or letter, received this name, which
was also applied to the decrees of preetors
and other duly constituted authorities.

CONSTITUTIONS APOSTOLICAL, a series of
regulations of the doctrine and discipline of {
the Church, collected by Clemens Romanus, | ~~ Abscissa
and maintained by some, but without the - iT x
slightest evidence, to have been promulgated| Negative axis Co-ordinate axis of x
by the Apostles. At one period they seem of a or Abscissa axis
to have been admitted into the Canon of
Scripture, but were subsequer.tly rejected.
See TRADITIONS.

CONTINUITY, LAW or, a law which
Leibnitz claims the merit of having first

777

a
5 a
Ordinate p

>

Ordinate

Co-ordinate

0,
“by

| Co-ordinate axis of y

Negative
axis of y

COP SUPPLEMENT. cos

The ordination, so to speak, of a series of primary molecular, corpuscular, or atomie
points may be etfected by a double system of structure of the material universe. phere
ord‘nates, instead of by a system ofordinates and Democritus first umnounced such a
and abscissee, and in that view, though some doctrine in Greece, and Epicurus proceeded
distinction is shown in ihe figure, the lines in the same direction, maintaining that
PM and PN, or, if so determined, OM and the monads or atoms suggested by them, and
ON, may be called the co-ordinates of the point which had only the properties of hardness
P. There are many systems of co-ordinates in and gravity, were the ultimate principles of
use, distinguished as the Cartesian (rectan- all things. Modern atomic theories are a
gular, as in the figure, and oblique), Polar, greatimprovement on this, Among these is
Quadriplanar, Elliptical, Spherical, &c., &c. one suggested a quarter of a century ago,

CoPALINE, a brown fossil resin, resembling which has not yet received the attention it

copal, first discovered at Highgate Hill in deserves: viz., that the molecules of matter
the London clay, and called Highgate are not solid, but are filled with electricity,
Resin. as the soap bubble is with air, and are

CoPING, the top course of a wall in archi- capable, like it, of great elastic expansion
tecture, generally made broader than the and contraction and that they are only
wall for the purpose of clearing it of the round, like the soap bubble, when taken
rainfall. singly, but are polyhedral over all their

CopPER PyYRITES, a double sulphide of united surfaces of contact, when in clusters.
copper and iron, composed of equa! per-cent- This theory explains how and where elec-
ages of copper, sulpur, and iron. It is also tricity, which undoubtedly is present in all
calied Yellow Copper Ore, and, when exhibit- bodies, is accommodated within them, and
ing an iridescent tarnish, Peacock Ore. It how bodies which, under extreme contrac~
is the chief copper ore of England. tion, are hard, solid, and opaque, become,

CoPpPicE or CopsE Woop, those woods in under increasing expansion, fluid, gaseous,
which the trees are prevented from growing diaphanous, and transparent. It also satis-
into strong boles or stems by periodical fies the chemical requirement of definite
cutting ; such as scrub oak. Many of our atoms for proportional admixture and com-
forest trees admit of this treatment, and bining quantities, and their concurrent
become a valuable source of bark for expansion and contraction within definite
tanners, poles, sticks, hoops, and stakes for limits in the compounds they form, and
crates, and wicker hurdles, hop-poles, walking- explains the great expansion and increase of
sticks, and umbrella-sticks, faggots, &c. Our volume which many compounds undergo
native singing birds seem to delight in such under explosion.—[J. A. S.]
woods, CORSAIRS, sea pirates and their ships.

CoQguUILLA NotTs, the seeds of the South The corsairs of the Mediterranean held com-
American palm, Attalea funifera, well missions or authority from the princes of
known in turnery. Barbary to attack the merchant shipping of

CoRAL ORE, a hepatic cinnabar from other nations, and were therefore not unlike
Idria, Carniola, so named from its singular our merchantmen holding letters of marque
resemblance to the organic structure of fossil in time of war.

shells. | CorymBus, the foliage, frnit, and gar-
CoRCULUM, the name formerly given to lands by which vases were enriched by the

the embryo of a plant. Greeks; also the knot or cluster of hair on
CORDATE, heart-shaped, applied to any the top of the head of the Greeks.

organ having this shape, in botany. CoryNe, a species of generative polypes,
CORDIERITE, a synonym cf Iolite. pCharacterised by parthenogenesis.
CoRM, a short bulb-like underground stem, PARTHENOGENESIS.

such as that of the Gladiolus. CoRYPHZUS, in the ancient dramas the
CORONAMEN, the “ coronet ” of veterinary leader of the chorus by whom the dialogue

surgeons, or superior margin of a hoof. of the explanatory chorus was carried on, on
CoRNET BONE, the second phalanx of a the part of the chorus, with the actors in the

horse’s foot. drama. He also led the choric song.

CoRPS D’ARMEE, the various corps of} Coryza, a copious running from the
which an army is made up, cousistinz of nose.
Divisions, Brigades, Battalions, and Regi-| CoSMETICS, applications to the face for
ments. the improvement of the complexion,

CoRPUS CALLOSUM, the band of transverse removal of pimples, freckles, &c. For the
fibres, or commissure, connecting the two latter, a lotion, composed of eight parts of
hemispheres of the brain. water to one of brandy, and a few drops of

Corpus LUTEUM, the yellow mass formed | muriatic acid sufficient to render the mix-
in a Graafian vesicle after the escape of the ture sour to the taste, is efficacious. It
ovum. | forms also an excellent means of destroying

CORPUSCULAR PHILOSOPHY, the mole- | parasitical worms and boils by suppression,
cular or atomic philosophy, which has from and might prove valuatle even in cases of
time to time endeavoured to explain the cancer.

778

COs SUPPL

EMENT. CUB

CoSMICAL AND ACRONYCAL, any hea-
venly body which rises or sets at the same
time as the sun is said to rise or set cosmi-
cally. If it rises when the sun sets, or sets
as the sun rises, it is said to rise or set
“‘acronyeally,” or at opposite times.

Cosmocony. The different theories of
the origin of the universe are called ‘‘ cos-
mogonies,”

CosMOGRAPHY, that branch ofscience which
treats of the figure, construction, and arrange-
ment of all.the various parts of the world.

Coss, RULE oF, the name given to algebra
on its first introduction into England. It is
supposed to be derived from the Italian cosa,
“a, thing,” and to have signified “‘ the rule
of the thing,” the unknown quantity being
called “‘ the thing,’’ or cosa. The word cossic
in old writers has reference to this. ¥

CosTAL, pertaining to the ribs.

CoTHAM MARBLE, a pale grey lias lime-
stone found at Cotham, near Bristol, and
elsewhere, and exhibiting curious picturesque
dendritic markings when cut transversely.

CoTHURNUS, the high buskin of the
ancient tragic actors, to increase their
height. It is used as an old classical meta-
phor, signifying the tragic art itself.

CoTTABUS, a game played by the ancient
Greeks, consisting of throwing wine inio
little basins of metal from their cups with-
out spilling, and producing particular
sounds, &c. e ns were sometimes
suspended, and at others floated in a larger
basin of water.

COTTIER SySTEM, a system of Irish land
tenure of the most mischievous and socially
depressing character, by which the peasant
rented a portion of soil from the owner
annually, the lots being put up to auction ;
but so inadequate in amount to the actual
wants of the population, that they were bid
for far beyond their value; and, the rent
not being forthcoming at the end of the
occupancy, as much of it was wrung out of
the miserable tenant as oppression and
_ extortion could obtain. A cottier has been
known, from the extremity to which he was
put for land, as the only means of subsistence
open to him, to bid as much at auction, in
competition with others equally necessitous,
as nine times the actual rent value of his
farm,—as appears from the report of Lord
Devon’s Commission.

COTUNNITE, native chloride of lead found
in the crater and recent lavas of Vesuvius.

Coucnu, the part of a malting floor on
which barley is spread out: also the
moistened barley spread out for malting
upon it.

Coucn Grass, the Triticum repens, a
vigorous variety of grass whose propagation
by rapidly growing underground rhizomes
makes it a very vexatious weed.

COUPLING, mechanical arrangements for
connecting and disconnecting parts of
machinery

Courts oF INQquIRY, courts held under
royal authority to inquire into the conduct
of military and naval officers, distiuct from
courts martial.

Cow TREES, several trees have received
this name; as the Galactodendron utile or
Brosimum Galactodendron, the Palo de
Vaca of South America; also the Clusia
Galactodendron, Ficus Saussureana, and
Tabernemoritana utilis,

CowitcH, or COWHAGE, the spicule or
hairs on the seed-pods of Mucuna Pruriens
of the West Inilies. It has been used as a
vermifuge in the form of an electuary, but
is inferior to many other remedies for
worms.

CoxsWAIN, the steersman and commander
for the time of a boat’s crew.

CREDIT FONCIER, a financial system for

{supplying sums for the improvement of

estates on the joint guarantee of the sub-
scribers to the assoviation and the security of
the particular estates.

CREDIT MOBILIER, a great financial
scheme sanctioned by the French Govern-
ment of 1852 for originating trading
enterprises of all kinds on the principle of
limited liability, buying up existing com-
panies, and, in the case of joint-stock com-
panies, substituting their own scrip and
shares for the scrip and obligations of such
companies, and also for being bankers and
on the fimited liability

| stock-jobbers
principle.

CREMATION, the custom of burning the
dead, practised by the ancients and
attempted to be restored in modern times
from sanatory considerations. It was never
a practice of nations under the guidance of
revelation, and seems to be repugnant to
Christian sentiment; and the keeping of
cinerary urns proposed by some in connec-
tion with it, unless in cemeteries or places
publicly provided for the purpose, would be
a practical inconvenience apt to degenerate
into irreverence. What change it would
|call for in the funeral service of the Epis-
copal Churches we are not yet required to
contemplate.

CRENEL, the aperture of a battlement in
Gothic fortification. See CRENELLE. Cre-
nellated parapets became toward the end of
the medizval period common in all kinds of
buildings.

CRETINS, a class of idiots afflicted gene-
rally with goitres. Tiey are numeyous in
the Valais.
| CRIBBLE, ascreen, or coarse siv¥é, also a
coarse sort of real.
| CRITICAL PHILOSOPHY, a term some-
a applied to the metaphysical system of

ant.

CUBE ORE, native hydrated arseniate of
iron in cube crystals.

CUBEBS, the berries of Java pepper,
Cubeba officinalis. As a stomachic adminis-
tered in a dose of two to three Trachms in

779

CUB SUPPL

EMENT. - DAS

powder, two or three times a day, they have
been found a remedy for some forms of
gonorrhea,

CoBICITE, cubic zeolite or Analeime.

CuBiT NATORAL, the length from the
élbow to the extremity of the middle finger.

CUBIT OF VITRUVIUS, a geometrical cubit
éqnal to six ordinary cubits.

Cunitus, the forearm, of which the ulna
is the os cubiti.

CUISSES, CUISSARTS, &c , plate armour to
protect the front of the thigh.

CULTRATE, coulter-shaped ; or straight on
the one side or edge, aud curved on the
other. :

Cumin, the fruit or seeds of Cuminum

minum.

CUNEATE, wedge-sha

CUNEIFORM LETTERS, the wedge-shaped
characters of the early Assyrian and Persian
bricks and monuments, &c. The unravelling
of this form of writing and the translations
given of the inscriptions and records pre-
served in it by Sir Henry Rawlinson and
Mr. George Smith have opened up a new era
in the investigation of ancient history.

CURCUMIN, a resinous colouring matter
found in turmeric root.

CURL, a potato disease so called from its
first attacking and curling the ieaves, and
finally obstructing or stopping the vegeta-
tion.

CURTATE DISTANCE, the distance of a
planet from the sun reduced to the plane of
the ecliptic.

CusTarD APPLE, the fruit of the Anona
reticulata of the West Indies.

CYANIN, the colouring matter of blue and
red flowers.

CYANOsIs, the blue disease. The admin-
istration medically in extreme cases of ni-
trate of silver frequently gives a leaden blue
colour to the exposed parts of the body, as
well as more or less to the other parts; but
blueness of the body frequently also arises
from malformation of the heart.

CYCLOID, COMPANION TO THE, a curve
generated by a point always vertically over
the point of contact of the rolling circle and
its base, and in the same line as the describ-
ing point. Roberval by the aid of this solved
the quadrature of the cycloid, and showed
that the area of the space between the cy-
cloid and its companion is exactly equal to
that of the rolling circle; and that the area
of the cycloid itself is equal to three times
that of the circle.

CYNOSARGES, an academy near the Ly-
ceum in the suburbs of Athens, It had seve-
ral temples and a celebrated gymnasium.

The sect of the Cynics was here iustituted by

Antisthenes.

CrNosURE, the northern polar constella-
tion of Ursa Minor. Now poetically applied
to the pole star and to any point of guidance
or attraction. Literally it signifies “‘a dog's
tail!” (xuvocoupz.)

780

CYPHELLZ, the pale tubercle like spots
on the under surface of the thallus of
jlichens.

CysTICA, or CysTIcs, an order of Entozoa,
the bodies of which are terminated by cysts
belonging to one or more individuals, It in-

eludes the parasitical hyatids which produce
|staggers in sheep and measles in pork.

CysTITISs, inflammation of the bladder.

CyTISuUs, this plant so frequertly men-
tioned by Greek and Roman writers is sup-
posed to be the Medicago Arborea of Lin-
neeus, @ kind of clover.

CYTOBLAST, the cellule, nucleus, or centre
from which the organic cell is developed, in
physiology,

CYTOBLASTEMA, the struetureless or appa-
rently structureless substance in which the
brace gaz. cellules or cytoblasts are con-
tained.

D

DAcELo, @ large passerine bird of Aus-
tralia. This name is composed by a trans-
position of the letters of the word Alcedo,

the genus including the er, from
which this genus was mode
of forming generic names connected with the

genera from which the separation was made
was introduced by Dr. Leach, and possesses
|some obvious advantages.

DACRYOMA, a disease of the lachrymal
‘duct, by which the moisture and tears from
the eyes are obstructed in passing through
the duct into the interior of the nostril in
the usual way, and flow in consequence
down upon the cheek, causing a scalding of
the face and cutaneous irritation.

DacTyLi, the name of the Phryzian
priests connected with the worship of
Cybele or Rhea,

DACTYLIOGRAPH, the name of the artist
inscribed on a gem sculpture was so called
by the Greeks.

DACTYLIOGRAPHY, the art or science of
gem-sculpture or engraving.

DADYL, a hydrocarbon derived from oil of
turpentine.

Daimio, the title of a feudal lord in
Japan, of whom there are 264. They are
petty sovereigns within their own terri-
tories, and eighteen of them are said to be
virtually independent.

Dats, the raised floor, and also the seat
and canopy over it, at the upper end of an
old dining-hall.

DANS, small trucks used in coal-workings.

DAPICO, a species of caouchouce obtained
from the Siphonia elastica of 8S. America.

DaRoo TREE, the Egyptian fig or sycamore,
Sycomorus Antiquorum.

DasypPus, ‘‘rough-footed,” the name
given by the Greeks to the hare, but now
applied to the armadillo,

DAT

SUPPLEMENT.

DEC

DATISCIN, a substance like grape sugar
obtained from the Datisca cannabdina,

DE Lvc’s CoLUMN, a yoltaic pile com-
posed of silver, zinc, and thin paper alter-
nately; called also the Dry pile.

DEAD COLOUR, colour without glossiness,

same however divided, and also from the
authority of St. Paul, Romans vii. 7, where
the Apostle uses the words, “‘ Thou shalt
not covet,’’in their obvious comprehensiveness
as one injunction, and net as two, which the
Romish division makes it.

DECANDROUS, a plant with ten stamens.

oned usually by diminishing the
DECANTATION, a process frequently em-

quantity of oil used, and increasing the
quantity or proportion of spirits in the ployed in chemistry, when the circumstances.
pigment. admit of its superseding the slower process of
DeaD PLATE, an iron plate fitted to the filtration.
bars of a furnace, to allow bituminous coal! DECAPITATION, a mode of punishment.
to form into coke before its complete com- abandoned in England since the execution
bustion. of the victims of the insurrection of 1745.
DEAD SEA, the site in Palestine of the It was long before this confined to criminals
ancient cities of Sodom and Gomorrah. It of high rank in this country, though it is.
is about 200 miles long by about 20 miles still retained on the continent of Europe in
broad. It receives the discharge of the river preference to hanging.
Jordan, after it passes through the Lake of DeEcrpUa, a formation of the mucous
Tiberias, which is 60 miles further up the membraue of the uterus in which the ovam
Jordan. Its surface is on an average 1,388 becomes embedded on itsentrance, and which
feet below the level of the Mediterranean, protrudes inward, and becomes more in-
and 6,000 feet below the level of the inter- verted as the ovum enlarges; the part of the
vening table land. Although it hasnooutlet, decidua which does so being called the
the continual influx of the Jordan does not decidua jlexa, the other portion of the
increase its annual yolume ; the discharge of membrane being distinguished as the decidu@
the accumulating waters being due to vera.
evaporation, which is greatly facilitated by DrecrMALorMETRICALSYSTEM; thesystem
its mineral qualities. The saltness of the of weights and measures now made the
Dead Sea is between six and seven times standard of internal commerce in France,
greater than that of the ocean, though it based on the métre, a measure of length
yaries to about 22 per cent. at different equal to the ten-millionth part of the dis-
seasons, Chloride of sodium is the chief tance between the north pole and the equa-
Saline constituent, though the chlorides of tor, taken from the measurement of an arc
calcium and magnesium are also present in of the meridian between Barcelona and
large proportions, and, in a lesser degree, Dunkirk, A hundred métres is equal to
chloride of potassium. 119°6046 yards, so that the métre is rather
DEAD WELLS, wells into which refuse more than the English yard, being 39°3709
water and sometimes sewage are allowed to inches. The basis of the Superficial Measure
flow and infiltrate into the permeable strata is the Are, equal to 119°6046 English square
below. They are most pernicious and yards. The basis of the Liquid or Dry Mea-
dangerous contrivances of slovenliness and sure (Measure of Capacity) is the Litre, which
soth, calculated to poison the whole spring is equal to 1°7608 pints, or the cube of the
water of a neighbourhood ; and yet, though tenth part of a métre. The basis of the Solid
under restriction in France, there Measure is the Stére, which is the cube of a
is no English legislation on the subject. métre. And the basis or unit of Weight is
DEADENING WAY, the progressive abate- the Gramme, equal to 15°4327 grains, or to
ment of a vessel’s speed at sea. the cube of the hundredth part of a métre of
DEADHEADS, those additions of metal in pure water at the temperature of 32° Fah-
the casting of ordnance, in an upright renheit or 0 Centigrade. In arranging these
position, by which the mould is filled measures into tables, decimal multiples and
to a height above the bore of the gun, divisions have been adopted, the multiples.
and the dross, which would otherwise being named from the Greek language, and
deteriorate the metal at the muzzle, is the divisors from the Latin. That a uni-
carried free of it upwards, and cut off when form system of measurement, based on uni-
the casting has cooled. | versally recognised and identical standards,.
DEBLAI, the earth excavated from the would be of great valueas a facilitation to
ditch of a fortification, and employed in commercial intercourse cannot well be dis-
forming the rampart. |puted: but so would one language for all
DEBRIS, the geological name given to mankind. Unfortunately, however, the ob-
fragments of rocks, &c., in heaps, or natural stacles in the way of adopting the one in a.
accumulations, great degree apply also to the other. It re-
DECALOGUE, the Ten Commandments. quires an amount of achieved civiliza-
The Jews are said to have divided them as tion and popular intelligence disseminated
the Romish Church now does; but thisappears through all peoples and kindreds and
very doubtful, both from the logical struc- tongues, together with an amount of com-
ture ofthe whole Decalogue, which is the mon consent and reciprocal concession for

781

DEC SUPPLEMENT. DEL

the general good, which neither the virtue
nor the common sense of cumulative hu-
manity is strong enough for as yet. The
metrical system British currency has
been strongly argued for from time to time,
and it would not be difficult to achieve ; but
unless it were done in accord with a similar
system simultaneously adopted by all other
civilized communities, it is obvious that we
might only after all put ourselves to the
trouble of changing a perfectly convenient
system already understood among us for one,
no great improvement on what we have—

every enlightened and patriotic statesman.
See DEMAND. Deceoration, hewever, con-
sidered in itself, is subject to laws of
taste which, though in many instances
arbitrary, have in most cases a legitimate
place in the system; for though, eoeno-
mically considered, all -decoration, good
or bad, gives employment.and remuneration
to industry, and that which is least perma-
nent in merit may be said to give employ-
ment the most, there can be no doubt that
the achievements of high art give and main-
tain the true stimulus even to all inferior
that the de-

which is decimal and duodecimal as it is— effort. It is therefore n
and yet be still as much outside of an ‘coration should be in due and appropriate
* international decimal currency as ever, Even subordination to the main design of the
this step therefore cannot be taken without work.—[J. A. 8.]
the common consent of many other nations,|; DECREPITATION, that crackling noise
all simultaneonsly prepared to adopt the which salt and similar bodies give out
change.—[J. A. S.] |when subjected to strong heat, consisting
DECIMATION, @ system of punishment for usually ef the. bursting of the crystals by
mutiny or failure in military duty among, the expansion of the water they contain.
the Romans. It consisted in the selection by) DEcURIO, a Roman officer who had com-
lot of one man out of every ten in a regi- mand of ten men. The decurions were
ment, &c., to suffer death for the delin- ‘municipal as well as military; the muni-
quency of the whole. General Cuesta re- ‘cipal decurions being magistrates of the
sorted to it in Spain after the battle of Tala-|chief towns. The military decurion had
vera. originally command of the third of a turma,
DECLARATION, DyINnG. The evidence of or third of thirty men: though without
a man dying from mortal injuries, if legally change of his title, his command was afier-
taken down before his death, is admissible wards extended to the whole turma.

as evidence in the court of justice before which
any one is on trial for culpably causing his
death.

DECLINOMETER, an arrangement for mea-

DEFZCATION, the separation of ~S cst
oe sedimentary matter or dregs fro
uids.
p eerkelac, a term of fortification, sig-

suring the declination of the maguetic nee- nifying the arranging of the height of a
dle, and the influence of terrestrial mag- work, so as to prevent the enemy seeing into
netism in the plane of the horizon. |it, or so arranging its faces as to prevent

DecoiTs or Dacoos. See DAcoITSs. | the enemy from taking them in reverse or

DECOLLATION, literally “‘taking the head enfilading them.
from the neck ;” a synonym of beheading or DEFILE, any narrow passage through
decapitation. ‘The word was used as applica- | which troops must passin file. As a verb it
ble to the beheading of John the Baptist, and signifiesto reduce the front into file for the
has been almost confined to that event. | purpose of passing.

DECORATION, a branch of the fine arts of DEFLECTION oF Rays oF LIGHT, that
great importance in reference to the progress ‘degree of bending from their rectilinear
and prosperity of civilization. In civilized direction which rays of light undergo when
communities the bulk of the national indus-’ passing near to an opaque body, called by
try ceases to be confined to mere utilitarian Newton “ diffraction.”
employments, such as the production of in-; DEGLUTITION, the act of swallowing the
dispensable food and clothing, and becomes food.
chiefly oceupied in those branches of activity | DEIFICATION. See APOTHEOSIS.
under subordination to the superintending) DEINOTHERIUM, a fossil genus of gigantic
influence and direction of taste, which add pachydermous Mammalia with immense
the beautiful to the essential, and supply’ tusks projecting downwards from the lower
what is sometimes indiscriminately called jaw.
luxury to the necessities of life. Inacivil-; DEJEUNER. In most languages of Europe
ized community, were the decorative indus-| this term is synonymous with the breakfast
tries suddenly prohibited by any public law or first meal of the day. In France it is
supported in its action by popular fanati- losing its original application, and now more
cism, the people, unable to find employment | commonly signifies luncheon, or a second
or remuneration in the mere n in-|and light repast between the breakfast ant!
dustries, would sink into degradation, bar-| dinner.
barism, and national distressat once. There-| DELIAN PROBLEM, the problem given to
fore it is that, as a question of political im-! those who went to the temple of Apollo at
portance, the decorative arts demand high, Delos, to consult the oracle as to the stop-
consideration and encouragement from! page of the piague at Athens. The answer

782

— Pe

DEL

SUPPLEMENT.

DEM

‘was, that the plague would cease when they
had doubled the altar of the god. The altar
being acnbe, this problem involved the du-
plication of the cube, gq. v.

DELITESCENCE, the sudden and unex-
pected subsidence of a tumour. (From Lat.
delitescere, ‘‘ to lie concealed.’’)

DELPHINIC ACID, a fat acid yielded by
the oil of the porpoise, Delphinus, on sapo-
nification ; synonymous with Phocenic Acid.
The same acid may also be obtained from
the berries of Viburnum oputus.

DELPHINITE, @ variety of Epidote, from
Dauphiny.

DELUGE, the flood described in Gen. vii.,
viii. There is a great and contemporaneous
series of post-tertiary deposits, extending
over all known countries, and well marked
in Europe, Asia, Australia, and America,
which a certain school of geologists have
rather evaded than explained, but which do
not admit of a complete and united inter-
pretation on any other hypothesis than the
submergence of the whole continents of the
world after their permanent conformation.
Agassiz, one of the most careful, accurate,
aud unimpeachably honest of modern ob-
servers, and unquestionably one of those
gifted with the highest intellectual capacity,
distinctly declared that he found evidence
everywhere that after the permanent
upheaval of the European continent
and its present arrangements of hill and
dale the remains extant on its sur-
face showed that for a period it had been
covered with icebergs. The question in-
volved is, whether this could have occurred
by any other means than such a general
rising of the waters on the surface of the
earth as would disengage the Arctic ice from
its polar attachments, and float it southward
on that current which he found had left si-
multaneous evidence of its passage over Eu-
rove in a south-easterly direction. This is
but one fact among many of a concurring
character belonging to the same period. Cer-
tain geologists have been obliged, when |

ocean bed would be quite enough to drown
the tops of the highest mountains as well as
all the continents with which they are con-
nected ; and that any serious stoppage of the
whole of the existing volcanic vents or
safety-valves, as they may justly be called,
of the modern world would be quite enough
to cause such a calamity at any time, and in
just such a direction : for the seabeds are pre-
sumably the thinnest portion of the earth’s
crust, and the most easily upheaved; and
the weight of water above them is not equal
to the weight of an equal volume of land.
The deluge is therefore, demonstrably, pos-
sible on a due consideration of existing
conditions ; and, in refutation of the evi-
dences referred to by Agassiz and others, the
onus lies upon those who maintain an opposite
view to show it never occurred.—[J. A. 8.]

DEMAGOGUE, strictly a political leader of
the people ; and originally an honourable epi-
thet, almost synonymous with “patriot.”
Now it is used chiefly to designate agitators
and disturbers of the public peace, who are
seeking their own interests and capital by
disorder.

DEMAND, in political economy, that fea-
ture of commercial operations which is more
or less synonymous with the consuming
power of the market. One of the most im-
portant of the discoveries realized by mo-
dern civilization is, that the supply in many
instances creates the demand. In articles
of taste thisis especially so. Hence, when-
ever an ordinary supply has satisfied the de-
mand of a market, a further or new demand
may be stimulated by change of pattern or
fashion, or the production of any ingenious
novelty. This is one of the most important
features of modern prosperity. See DrEco-
RATION.—[J. A. 8.]

DEMARCATION, LINE oF, the imaginary
line through the ocean fixed by Pope Alex-
ander VI. in 1493, to put an end to the dif-
ferences between Spain and Portugal as to
the boundaries of their discoveries in the
New World. By this line the conterminous

Pressed for an explanation, to suggest the boundary of the dominions of each of those
possibility of a change in the polar axis of powers was decided, and the expression
the earth: but this explains one difficulty thence came into general use as an equiva-
only by suggesting a greater for which there lent expression for a boundary line separat-
is no trace of justification. They have also ing any space or tract from another.

asked, for the purpose of repelling the in-! DeEMIURGUS, DEMIURGE, or LoGos, in
quiry, where the water necessary to consti- Platonic philosophy, a superior or mysterious
tute such a deluge could have been ob- agent by whose instrumentality God is said
tained. But surely those who ask such a to have created the universe. The Platoniz-
question must have read Genesis vii. 11 with ing Christians held that this was the Second
very little attention, It there says that one Person of the sacred Trinity, or God incar-
of the first features of the deluge was that nate; identifying the term “Logos” in
all the fountains (or reservoirs) of the great Plato’s Timeus with the “Logos” or
deep were broken up ; ani any one who has “‘ Word” in the first chapter of St. John’s
made himself at all acquainted with the dis- Gospel: “In the beginning was the Logos,” &c.
tribution of land and water on the surface of DEMOTIC WRITING, a current hand of
the world does not require to be told that the ancient Egyptians, wherein they con-
the bulk of the ocean preponderates somuch verted the hieroglyphic characters into &
over the bulk of the land above its ordinary nearly alphabetical arrangement of the ele-
level, that a staall upheaval of the general ments of their language.

733

DEM

SUPPLEMENT.

DIA

DEMULCENT, @ medical application to
protect any wound or sensitive part from
external irritation. Gum and mucilages
generally are demulcents,

DENDRITIC or DENDRITICAL MARKINGS,
tree-like markings on the surface or in the
internal structure of minerals; such as the|
moss agates, &c. :

DENTINAL TUBES, tubes radiating from
the pulp cavities of teeth. They are supplied
by the plasma or colourless fluid of the}
blood in human teeth,

DENTINE, the chief substance of teeth,

DENTITION, the cutting of the teeth.

DEOBSTRUENT, any medicine which re-|
pre obstructions and glandular affec-
tions,

DEODORISERS, certain chemical agents)
which destroy effluvia or mephitic particles,
suspended in the atmosphere ; as chloride of,
lime, chloride of zinc, (which is Burnett’s

;

disinfecting fluid,) carbolic acid, ozone, Con-| .

dy’s fluid, charcoal, &c. Fresh ground coffee,
sprinkled through a sick room, is a very
convenient and refreshing form of the char-
coal disinfectant.

DEPRESSOR MUSCLES, muscles which
lower the bone on which they act, as distin-|
guished from the companion or Elevator
muscles which raise it.

DERM, the true skin or cutis. :

TPERMOHZMAL, those osseous develop-
ments by which the fins on the hxmal or
ventr:1 side of the body of fishes are at-
tached to the dermo-skeleton.

DERMONEURAL, those ossified develop-
ments by which the fins on the neural side
of the body of fishes are atiached to the
dermo-skeleton,

DERMO-SKELETON, literally “ skinu-skele-
ton.” It is the outer and more or less in-
durated covering or horny crustaceous or
osseous integument of most of the inverte-
brate and ‘some of the vertebrate animals.
In most cases it supplies the place of a hard
interior framework.

DESICCATION, such medical applications |
as dry up the secretions of ulcers, &c 1

DESMINE, a foliated variety of zeolite.

DETERGENTS, medical applications which

china, Lat. God from a machine; said of
help suddenly rendered in an emer-
gency.’’(!)

DEVITRIFICATION, a peculiar decomposi-
tion which takes place in glass under the ac-
tion of time and certain adverse agencies,
From this cause the glass fragments reco-
vered from the ruins of antiquity have be-
come iridescent and decomposed on their
surfaces, or dull and without transparency ;
in fact partially devitrified. .

DEVONIAN SysTEM, the middle member
of the great Paleozoic rock formations. It
lies under the Carboniferous System, and be-
tween it and the Silurian System, and in-
cludes the Old Red Sandstone, Herefordshire
Conglomerates, Russian, Devonian, and Old
Rhenish greywacke, the Devonshire shales
and limestones, and Herefordshire corn
stones, and the Caithness schists, and Ar-
broath paving stones,

DEVONITE, Wavellite, or Hydrargyllite,
from Barnstaple, Devonshire.

DIAGOMETER, an electrical invention for
ascertaining the conducting power of fixed
oils. It has proved highly useful in detect-
ing the adulteration of olive oil, which, if
pure, has the lowest conducting power of all
the fixed oils.

DIALECTICS, a synonym of “ metaphy-
sics,”’ as used by Plato, though more dis-
tinctively applied to the means of conduct-
ing metaphysical investigations. It is now
more commonly confined to that part of
logic which comprehends the rules an@
modes of correct reasoning, or logical investi-
gation and discussion.

DIALECTRIC, the characteristic of a body
which allows electricity to act through it;
non-insulating.

DIALOGISM, dialogue so written as to re-
present the conversation of the speakers in
the third person, and not in the first.

DIALYPETALOUS, a synonym of “ polype-
talous,” but more distinctively applied to
those plants which have many distinct pe-
tals, and not to those with many petals:
united, or gamopetalous, i.e., joined into a
monopetalous corolla. ¥

DIAMAGNETIC, the magnetic character-

cleanse sores and remove viscid matters.
DETRUSION, (literally “thrusting aside,’’) |
a term used to express that pressure of one
body against another which tends to thrust |
it from its place. To “thrust out of place,”
“‘ out-thrust,” or “‘outward thrust,’ are all’
more or less forms or varieties of detrusion. |
DEUS EX MACHINA, a term now some-|
what indefinitely used, which originated
with the ancient drama, in which by the aid
of a machine the gods were sometimes re-’
presented as flying in the air. This being)
frequently resorted to without adequate re-
quirement passed at last into a proverb, sig-
nifying the unnecessary resort to supernatu-

istic of those bodies which are repelled by
either pole of a magnet, as distinguished
from bodies attracted by either pole.

DIAMIDES, neutral chemical bodies ob-
tained from two atoms of ammonia by re-
placing successively thirds of the hydrogen
by negative radicals,

DIAMINES, alkaloids obtained from two
atoms of ammonia by replacing thirds of the
hydrogen successively by ethylene and other
diatomic radlcals.

DIAPHANOUS, synonymous with “ trans-

lucent,” but not transparent.

DIAPHORESIS, perspiration.
DIAPHORETIC ANTIMONY, an old name for

ral agency. In a modern work the following antimoniate of potassa and peroxide of an-
meaning is loosely given; ‘‘Deus ex Ma- timony,
784

DIA

SUPPLEMENT.

DIS

DIAPHRAGM SHELLS, shells made with! @ny organ one half of which i. so reduced in

interior divisions, as the Shrapnel shell.
DIAPOPHYSIS, the upper transverse pro-

size as to appear to be wanting.
DIMORPHINE, orpiment found with real-

cess projecting from the sides of the cervical /gar on Vesuvius. This name was given by
and anterior dorsal vertebrie of the crocodile, | Scacchi in error.

corresponding with the sole transverse pro-

DIMORPHISM, the power of acquiring two

cess usually developed from the neural arch Crystalline forms.

of mammals.
DIASPORE, a native hydrate of alumina
DIATHER MANOUS, synonymous with Dia-
THERMAL, 4’. U.

DIMORPHODON, a genus of fossil ptero-
saurian reptiles, found in the lower lias of
Dorsetshire.

Dieciots, or Droiciovs, having the sexes

DIATOMA, a genus of low organised Alge, in different flowers of different individuals,

conta'ning a very large quantity of silex.

DIATOMACER, the group of Alge of

in botany.
Dionysius, a synonym of Bacchus or

which Diatoma is the leading genus, The|Iacchus; whence the Dionysia, or Baccha-
siliceous remains of these plants form the nalian féstivals, at which the dramatic re-

beds of Tripoli, from which the well known | Presentations were preduced.

polishing materiai is obtained. They also

DIOSMIN, a non-azotised substance found

form the Berg meal or mountain meal of in the leaves of Bucku or Bucka.

Sweden, which has been frequently resorted

DIPHTHERIA, a disease attacking the

to in times of scarcity as an article of food, |throat, characterised by the formation of a
They are capable of enduring very high tem- removable membrane, and in serious cases,
perature and also the utmost extremes of unfortunately the most frequent of occur-

Arctic cold without injury to their vitality.

rence, proceeding often with such rapidity

Dice CoaL, a coal which breaks readily that suffocation takes place in a very short

into cubical pieces.

time. The most etfective remedy hitherto

DIcHLAMYDEOUS, those plants which found is an immediate gargle of Condy’s

have both calyx and corolla.

Red Patent Fluid, (a teaspoonful to half a

DICHLORANILINE, aniline in which chlo- | tumbler of water,) which arrests the forma-

rine replaces two equivalents of hydrogen.

Dicuinovs, plants having their pistils destroys its vitality.

tion of the membrane in the throat and

(From dipbepa,

in separate flowers or in separate plants from |“ a skin or membrane.’’)

their stamens,

DIPLEIDOSCOPE, an instrument for indi-

DIcoMPoUNDS, a term applied to certain! cating the passage of any heavenly body

compounds, as dichloride of mercury, di-

across the meridian by the concurrence of

carbonate of copper, to indicate that they two images of the body produced by single
have two atoms of the base or electro-positive |and double reflection.

element to one of the electro-negative ; as
two of mercury to one of chlorine, &c.

DiPLopia. See DIPLOPY.
DIPPER, the water-ouzel and some other

DICTYOPHYLLUM, any ordinary reticu- species of Cinclus.

lated fossil leaf.

Dinvus, the genus Dodo, recently extinct.

DIDYMIUM, a primary metallic element.
It was found associated with cerium in the
mineral Cerite.

DivyMovs, growing in pairs.

DIPTERAL, temples with a double row of
columns on each of their flanks,

DIPTOTE, nouns with only two cases.

DIRIGENTS, certain medical ingredients
intended in old prescriptions to direct the
operation of the chief remedial medicine

DipDYNAMOUS, flowers with four stamens, and its application to the place affected,

two of which -are shorter than the other

pair.

Dirt BED, a geological deposit in the
Upper Oolite of England, and in some of

DIGASTRIC MuscLE, the double mnscle the Coal Measures of British North America.

between the lower jaw and mastoid pivcess,

DIsco1D, univalve shells with the whorls dis-

which pulls the lower jaw downwards and posed vertically or in the same plane as a disc,

backwards.

DISINFECTANTS, substances which destroy

Dicenesis, that form of generation, cha- contagious influences. They must be more

racteristic of certain Entozoa, in whi

twO than mere deodorisers, which frequently

forms are alternately produced; the parent only conceal the mephitic influences with-
never being like the offspring, but the third out destroying them. The deodorisers men-
generation reproducing the form of the first, tioned specifically under that head (ante)
and the fourth of the second. The term has gre all of them disinfectants as well and to
also been applied to reproduction by two pa- the list may be added Chloride of Soda

rents, each engaged in the act of generation.

(common salt) in solution, and Hypochlorite

DIGITALIA, a poisonous alkaloid obtained of Soda, Labarraque’s Disinfectant, and also

from the leaves of Digitalis.

DILUENTS, liquids which dilute the secre-
tions, and promote perspiration and the
secretion of urine.

DIMIDIATE, a botanical term applied to

Chlorozone.

DISPENSATORY, a@ synonym of Pharma-
copoia,

DISTICHIASIS, or Trichiasis, a malforma-
tion consisting /a double row of eyelashes;

785 3 5B

DIV: SUPPLEMENT.

DRU

the innermost row of which maintains a con-
stant irritati m of the eye.

DIvVARICATE, diverging at an obtuse
angle. i

DonNKEY ENGINE, a small engine em-
ployed to do work of minor power, and to
supply water to the boilers of larger engines.

DorMIToRY, a large sleeping apariument

DoBEREINER’S LAMP, an invention, of witha number of beds.
more importance before the manufacture of DoORMOUSE, a genus of rodent mammals,
lucifer matches, by which an instanta- of which the species Myoxus avellanarius is
neous light could be obtained by a jet of hy- the most known in England.
drogen brought in contact with spongy; DouBLE Stars, the popular name of
platina. those binary star systems now well known
DociMASTIc ART, the department of me- to astronomy, in which it is found that one
tallurgy which determines the quantity of of the fixed stars, heretofore so called, when
metal in metallic ores and minerals by situated optically near another, is fre-
assaying. quently also so related to it that the one isa
DODECADACTYLUS, a somewhat arbitrary secondary to the other. Sirius, or the Dog
name given by the early anatomists to that Star, is so related to a larger but less brilliant
part of the small intestines now better primary, round which it performs an orbital
known as the duodenum. motion, There are many others, and there
DopECAGON, an equilateral and equi- are also ternary and other systems, consist-
angular figure of twelve sides. The area of ing of three or more of the stais combinedin
the dodecagon is exactly three fourths of the a system, and a great number of multiple
square of the diameter of the circle in which star systems in which many of these bodies
it may be inscribed. ‘hold the same relation to each other as the
Dogma, a fundamental article of belief in bodies of the solar system.
dogmatic theology, usually applied to the’ DoUuBLE-ACTING PUMP, a pump which
essential doctrines of Christianity, but more forces water by both the up and down
prominently used in recent times of those stroke, in consequence of the piston or
spurious pretensions of the Church of Rome plunger being solid, and there being two en-
to dominion over the faith of others, repu- trance and two exit valves.
diated by St. Panl, 1 Cor. i. 24, and Gal. i.| Dovir’s PowbDER, the pulvis ipecacu
7, 8, 9, 11, 12, and especially to the dogma anhe compositus of the dispensatory; a

of Papal infallibility

Doe Rose, the Wild Brier or Rosa Ca-
nina.

Doe-woon, a name given to various woods,
and more especially to the shrubby Cornus
of North America and Piscidia erythrina of
the West Indies. The Bedfordia Salicina|
of Tasmania is also known by this name.

DoKIMASIA and EUTHYNE, two examina-
tions passed through by Athenian magis- |
trates, the first before entering upon office,
and the second on retiring from it.

Douce, softly and sweetly ; an instruction
in music.

DOLICHOKEPHALIC, a term signifying
“long-headed ;” an inaccurate term applied
to heads or skulls, the transverse diameter
of which to the longitudinal is less t:.an 8 to
10. This term was adopted by Professor

powder used as a successful sedative and sudo-
rific. The ordinary dose is ten grains, con-
sisting of one of ipecacuanha, one of opium,
and eight of sulphate of potash.

DRACO MITIGATUS, the old name given to
calomel by the alchemists.

DRAGONNADES, the name given to the
persecutions of the French Protestants in
the reigns of Louis XIV. and Louis XV.

DRAGONNEE, « heraldic animal, the lower
half of which resembles a dragon, while the
upper resembles some other animal.

DRAMATURGY, a German expression, from
the Greek, employed to signify the principles
of dramatic representation and literature.

Drastic MEDICINES, powerful and rapid
purgatives,

Drirt. See GLACIAL DRIFT.

DRIVING WHEELS, in locomotive engines,

Rebzius as expressing a peculiarity calcu-|the wheels whose revolution is directly
lated to aid classification and establis: dis-' caused by the engine. In ordinary machi-
tinction of race, as he found it in the West nery, the wheel which communicates motion
African Negro. It is, however, found that to another or to a series of wheels and
no classification can be b: on mere pinions.
length and breadth of skulls. DRUMMOND LIGHT, an intense light pro-
DoLoMITE, a general name of magnesian' duced by passing a stream of oxygen gas
lime stone, and a specific mineralogical through a flame of alcohol on a ball of quick
name for the rhombohedral carbonates of lime.
lime and magnesia. i DRUSES, a people indifferent to religions
DOLPHIN, the Coryphena Hippurus of cerermonies, and said to be atheists, inhabit-
Linneus, celebrated by the poets for power- ing the mountains of Lebanon and as far
ful and rapid swimming, and the beautiful eastward as Baalbec. They are hospitable,
and brilliant colours it shows when dying. but revengeful when slightly provoked, and
The name is also given to the genus Delphis hve been guilty of several massacres of the
of Linnzus, a well known cetaceous mam- Christians in Lelanon under the artful in-
mal. See PORPUISE and CETACEZ. stigation of the Turks.
786

aa sme i i i ee Re A a i i ee ee ae ie

DRY

SUPPLEMENT.

ECH

Dry BAROMETER. See ANEROID.

Dry DISTILLATION, distillation of sub-
stances without the aid of water, or per se,
Coal employed in the manufacture of gas is
an example of dry distillation : so is wood,
when subjected to heat in a retort tor the
production of vinegar and other products of
its destructive or dry distillation.

DUENNA, the title of the principal lady
in waiting on the queens of Spain; more
eommonly a lady occupying a position par-
taking partly of the character of governess
and companion with a charge over the
younger female members of families in the
Peninsula.

DULCAMARA, (Solanwm Dulcamara,) the
woody nightshade.

DUPLICATION OF THE CUBE, (also called
the Delian Problem, g.v.,) a problem re-
quiring the solution of a cubic equation, and
not admitting of solution by elementary
geometry. Hippocrates of Chios reduced it
to the insertion of two mean proportionals
between two given straight lines. This prob-
lem Archimedes, Eutocius, and other ancient
geometers found modes of constructing by
means of the higher curves.

Dutcu LiQuID, an oily liquid product of
the action of chlorine on olefiant gas. It is
the Chloride of Ethylene.

DYNACTINOMETER, an instrument for de-
termining the intensity of light-producing or
photogenic rays, and ascertaining the power
of object-glasses in optics. ‘

DYNAMICAL UNIT or DYNAM, the unit or
standard of force employed in determining
the moveable power of machines. The Dy-
mams most recognised in practical engi-
neering is the unit of horse power, defined
ultimately by Watt to be the force sufficient
to raise a weight of 32,000 lbs avoirdupois
one foot high in one second of time.

Dyspepsia, a form of indigestion causing
great inconvenience and y to thos
who suffer from it. Its princ:pal character-
istic, and that which appears to be the
fundamental mode of its development, is
fermentation of the food on the stomach
from weakness of the gastric fluids, allowing
the development of the yeast plant, abun-
dantly present in- all human food, to gene-
rate the gases of fermentation, and cause
continuous excitement and irritation of the
neryous system. That which suppresses
fermentation, therefore, and causes the
food, after being operated upon as far as the
power of the gastric fluids will allow, to be
discharged in the usual way, is the best
mode of alleviating the effects aud suppress-
ing the operation or development

fernienting, it will remain frequently so
long in the stomach that it becomes almost
entirely discharged in the form of gas, and
persons have been known to be for years
suffering in this condition without action of
the bowels more frequently than at intervals

787

of ;
dyspepsia. If the food be allowed to goon:

of ten days, Dilute Condy’s Fluid (the red
fluid) taken internally, as prescribed for
drinking, destroys the yeast plant, and along
with due use of the bath has a very salutary
effect.

DYSPHAGIA, difficulty of swallowing,

Dyspnea, difficulty of breathing.

DySURIA, . YSURY, Gifficulty in voiding
urine.

E

EAGLE, BLACK, an order of knighthood
founded in Prussia in 1701, and conjoined
with that of the Red Eagle, called also the
Order of Sincerity, previously instituted by
the Margraves of Bayreuth.

EAGLE Woop, the Agila of the Malays,
and Pao d’Agila of the Portuguese; the
wood of Aloexylon Agallochwm, burnt as
incense for its fragrance.

EartTH NUvTS, a name given to many
underground fruits and edible tubers, as the
Cyperus rotundus of Egypt, the under-
ground pods of Arachis hypogwa, China,
and of Amphicarpea, Voandzeia, and other
plants ; and of the tubers of umbelliferous
Bunium flexuosum, and of cyperaceous
plants.

* EARTH SHINE, the reflection of sunlight
thrown on the moon from the illuminated
side of the earth.

EARWIG, an insect belonging to the genus
Forficula of Linnzeus.

EAU DE JAVELLE, a solution of chloride
or hypochlorite of soda, used for disinfecting
and bleaching.

EBONITK, a compound resembling jet,
formed by a mixture of sulphur in vary-
ing proportions with caoutchouc or gutta-
percha.

EBULLIOSCOPE, an instrument for testing
the strength of spirits of wine by the tem-~-
perature of their boiling point.

Ecsouics, remedies, justifiable only in the
most extreme cases, for hastening delivery
by exciting uterine contractions which expel
the foetus. Drastic purges and savin have
been reputed ecbolics, but ergot of rye is the
only really trustworthy remedy. No prac-
titioner, however, will resort to it while there
is a reasonable chance of nature doing its
own work.

EccLESIOLOGY, a recent term, signifying
church architecture and symbolism, with
their subordinate arrangements and details.

Eccoprortics, an old name given to mild
aperient medicines.

Ecpysis, casting or changing of the skin.

Ecmipna, a mythological being with the
body and upper proportions of a man, and
the lower extremities like the posterior
extremities of a serpent. The name is also
given to an Australian quadruped resembling
the ant-eater, but covered with spines, and
belonging to the order Monotrema.

ECH SUPPLEMENT. ELE

EcHIDNINE, the - poisonous secretion ELOMETER, an instrument for testing.
formed in the poison glands of vipers and the purity of olive oil.
serpents generally. It isa nitrogenous sub- ELasvic BITuMEN, a soft variety of bitu-
stance, ted with albumen and other men found in brownish masses in various.

matter.
EcosTATE, leaves without a casta or cen-
tral rib.

EcTHESIS, a decree of the Emperor
Heraclius in 639 for terminating the Mono-
thelite controversy. It declared the doc-
trine of two wills in Christ to be heresy.

places, and possessing flexible and elastic:
qualities, from which it has been also called
Mineral caoutchouc and Elaterite.
ELATERS, loose spiral fibres found aloug
with the sporules of Marchantia, Junger-
mannia, &e.
ELATERIUM, a fruit consisting of three or

AS it failed to accomplish its object, the more consolidated carpels, which burst by
Emperor Constans in 648 recalled it, aud elasticity when ripe, as in the fruit of
issued a decree called the Type, prohibiting Euphorbia. A coccwm or pericarp of dry
the use of the terms “single” or “ double elastic parts.

will,” and imposing silence on the contro- ELEatic PHILOSOPHY, the system of phi-
versialists on both sides. Martin I. con- losophy originated by Xenophanes of Elea or
demned the Type at Rome in 649. The Velia, B.c. 530; who, along with his dis-
Ecthesis is supposed to have been framed by ciples, confined their attention to the ideas of

the Patriarch Sergius. .

Ecrropium, eversion of the eyelids,
arising from disease.

EDAPHODONTS, a group of fossil fishes, so
called from peculiarities of their pre aaxillary
dental mass.

Eppogs, the edible tuberous stems of
several Aracee, used as food in tropical
climates.

EDRIOPHTHALMA, a group of malacostra-
ceous crustaceans with sessile eyes.

EFFERVESCENCE, the escape of gas from
liquids by chemical action or fermentation.

EFFUSION, the escape of the fluid of one
organic vessel into some adjoining organ.

Ea@ PLANT, the Solanum esculentum,
the fruit of which has the appearance of eggs.

EGLANTINE, the sweet brier rose, Rosa
rubiginosa and Rosa eglanteria. Milton
was in error in applying this name to the
boneysuckle.

EGYPTIAN BEAN, the fruit of Nelwmbium
speciosum, considered to be the forbidden
bean of the Pythagoreans.

EGYPTIAN PEBBLE, a variety of jasper
found in the Desert between Cairo and the
Red

E1perR Dock, the most important of the
Anatide, and the type of the sub-genus
Somateria. The down of this duck is of
great commercial importance and value.

E1kon BASILIKE, a work the authorship

God and Existence or Being, which they held.
to be the only true objects of permanent
existence. The phenomena of the world
which change aud pass away they regarded
as merely illusory and incapable of expla-
nation.

ELEcTRIc FISHES, fishes, such as the-
Gymnotus, or electric ee', torpedo, and Ma-
lapterurus electricus, or Silurus.

EvLectric Licut. This light is generally
produced by partially interrupting a current.
of electricity passing along the wires of a
battery by charcoal points or pencils at the
ends of the wires. The magneto-electric
light of Wylde produces a light of sufficient.
intensity and steadiness to be fit for all the
purposes of photography, and more reliable
for its uniformity thin even sunshine, and
is sufficient to set fire to articles submitted
to the focus of a burning-glass at a distance-
of more than twenty feet. 1t is repre-
sented to be maintainable at a cost of eight-
pence per hour.

ELECTRO-BALLISTIC. APPARATUS,
arrangement of electricity for
the velocity of a projectile at various.
|points of its flight. Two screens are inter-
|posed between the projectile and the butt.
‘or target, one near the gun and the other
jnear the target. In passing through the
first of these screens the projectile breaks-
a current of electricity, and sets at liberty a.

of which was traced by Sir James Macxin- pendulum which is stopped by the passage of
tosh to John Gauden, Bishop of Exeter, but the projectile through the second screen.
which had generally been ascribed to Charles|The time taken by the projectile between
I. Itgives “the Portraiture of his Sacred |the two screens is exactly that of the arc
Majesty in his Solitude and Sufferings.” described by the pendulum. ‘Thus, on the

ELZIS GUINEENSIS,, the oil palm of| first day’s experiments with the 81 ton gun
West tropical Africa, from which the palm | at Woolwich, September 17th, 1875, the fifth
oil imported so largely into Great Britain is round, with a charge of 2301bs. inch-and-
obtained. It isan exceedingly fruitful palm; half cube powder, propelled a shot of
and from the outer fleshy coating of its fruits 12601bs. weight at the muzzle velocity of

the oil is extracted by boiling in water.
ELZOLITE. (See ELAOLITE.) This variety

of nepheline is a silicate of alumina, potash,

and soda. The pale blue and partially opal-

1550 feet per second ; the shot penetrating:
44 feet into the sand, and the recoil of the
lgun being 37 feet. The sixt» round pene-
| trated three feet further into the sand, with

escent specimens are occasionally used as
gems,

ten pounds greater; the muzzle ¥

ashot 2lbs. lighter and a charge of powde,
783

~s

Pad

dis

ELE SUPPLEMENT. ENC

eing the same, and the recoil of the gun14__ ELIsIon, the suppression of a vowel or
inches more. | vowel sound, frequent in French, for the

ELEcTRO-BIOLOGY, a name given to the Sake of euphony. In Greek and Latin the
mental phenomena supposed to be produced jaRarone were generally at the ends of words,

‘by Mesmerism cr Animal Magnetism on! ELtxrr, an old term applied to various
human beings. |tinectures, essences, and solutions used in
ELEcTRO-MAGNETISM, that application of the processes of transmutation. Elixir of
electricity by which artificial magnets and vitriol was: sulphuric acid with the addition
magnetic actions are produced, in contra- of an aromatic tincture.
distinction to | MAGNETO-ELEcTRIcITY,| ELOGE, a panegyrical oration in honour of
(gq. v.,) by means of which currents of 40 illustrious person deceased, generally pro-
electricity and electric actions and effects NOunced now of a predecessor by his suc-
re produced from natural magnets. cessor in the French Academies,—formerly
Artificial magnets are made by rolling by the secretaries.
a coil of wire insulated to conduct currents ELYTRUM, synon, of Elytron. Se Eny-
round a core, generally of soft iron, (if of TRA-
steel, the steel becomes permanently mag-| EMANATION, SYSTEM oF. Pantheism.
netised,) by which means, on the application’ EMBROGCATION, a liquid application to any
of a current to the ends of the coil, vertigi-, inflamed or painful part.
mous or rotatory magnetism is produced. EMBRYO, the rudimentary plant in the
See MAGNETISM. interior of a seed ; the vegetable foetus, con-
ELECTRO-METALLURGY, that branch of Sisting generally of the plumule, or part
electricity, as applied to the manufacturing Which grows upward, the root or radicle,
arts, which consists in the precipitation, 224 the cotyledon or cotyledons ; also the
electro-chemically of various metals. \fetus in wtero up to the fifth month of

ELECTRO-NEGATIVES, and Evrcrro-| Pregnancy,

Positives. Those electro-chemicil decom-| EMBRYOTOMY, cutting the fotus out of
positions which are attracted to the posi-. the womb in cases of obstructed delivery.
tive or anode pole of the battery are called’ EMETIcs, medicines which produce vomit-
Electro-negatives: and vice versd those *98-

attracted to the negative or cathode pole. EMETIC TARTAR, the oxide of antimony,

ELEcTROMOTOR, or ELECTROMoTIVE POtassa, and tartaric acid, forming a triple
Force, the development of electricity by S#t. As an emetic, the dose is from half a

. Theans of Voltaic arrangements. ‘grain to two grains. As a diaphoretic or

ELECTRON, Amber, so called by the ancient Purgative, the dose should be less than half
Greeks, whence, from its latent electricity ® gtain. It is soluble in three parts of boil-
being excitable by friction, the name Zlec- 1"8 and eighteen parts of cold water.
tricity. See ELECTRUM. EMMENAGOGUES, medicines for promoting

ELECTROTINT, a mode of making drawings Menstrual evacuation.
with any substance insoluble in solutions of EMOLLIENTS, the opposite of tonics; they
sulphate of copper. A reverse of designs so ‘lax the fibrous tension.
made may be obtained fit for printing from! EMPHASIS, the stress laid on syllables or
by immersing them in these solutions and Words a elocution. It is synonymous with

accent in music.

alacene viva ries nae pope EMPHYSEMA, 2 dilation of the air-cells of
rents of electricity under the command of the lungs, occasioned by chronic bronchitis,
the volition by which the motions of the|®®companied occasionally by the rupture of
body are performed at will, and the volition two or more of the cells into one. Also,
connected with the physical action ; as also|™ore rarely, a rupture of the lung with escape
those currents by which involuntary animal |! #it under the pleura. :

motions are produced. There are by some EMPIRIC, & quack or impostor,’as now used,
physiologists supposed to be two eurrents 5) Senne and in a more honourable sense,
one proceeding internally from the cerebro- | the term was applied, as its etymology indi-
spinal axis ; the other externaland cutaneous, ®t¢S, to those who founded their knowledge
returning from the extremities to that axis. jon experience, EMTELPLKOS.

ELECTRUM, a native alloy of gold and) EmpLastics, medicines which tend to
silver, found in silver white crystals and shut up the pores of the body, and produce
imnerfect cubes in the north of Europe and constipation.

California, consisting cf two proportions of! EmpyEma, purulent matter collected in
gold to one of silver. This alloy is also the cavity of the thorax.

called Electron, | EMPYREUMATIC UILS, oils produced from
ELECTUARY, a powder or medicine mixed the distillation of organic matters at high
with syrup of the consistence of honey. | temperatures,

ELECTUARY, LENITIVE, powdered senna EMULSION, a milky liquid.
mixed with coriander seeds, pulp of cassia,! ENCEPHALOCELE, hernia of the brain.
prunes, figs. sugar, and decoction of ENCRATITES, a sect of the Gnostics opposed
§iquorice. to marriage.
789

ENC SUPPLEMENT. © ERY

ENcYSTATION, the process by which cer- ENTOYER, a bordure charged wholly with
tain infusoria enclose themselves in a cyst inanimate things.
previous to fission; on the bursting of the) ENnrropium, a diseased turning inwards
cyst the embryos are allowed to escape. ‘of the eyelid and eyelashes, causing irritation
ENDELLIONITE, a triple sulphuret of anti- to the eyeball.
mony, lead, and copper, from Endellion,) ENzoon or EozoonN CANADENSE, @ fossil
Cornwall. found in the clay slate of Canada, being the

ENDERMIC, a method of applying medical earliest of the fossilferous strata heretofore .

remedies to the dermis under or denuded of discovered and from hence called the
the cuticle, as morphia, strychnia, &c. The Eozoon, or‘‘ Dawn Animal.” It is identified
hypodermic application of strychnia, duly with a still living but diminutive species of
diluted, and under medical supervision, is Foraminifera ; and its discovery has greatly
said to have the effect of reinvigorating the aided in dispelling the hasty and immature
eyes, where vision has become seriously de- conclusions of speculative geologists as to in-

eayed, and restoring perfect sight. terruptions to the continuity of animated
ENDIVE, Cichoriwm Endivia, a composite nature in the world since the first introduc
biennial herb. tion of life,—an extravagant and per saltwm

ENDLESS SCREW, 4 rotatory combination deduction which its warmest advocates have
ofthe inclined plane and the lever, employed heen at length compelled to abandon before
for communicating or extending motion. It jrresistible evidence.
may be either a screw with a cog-wheel ora. EpeNcEPHALIC ARCH, the arched and
screw acting on the threads of a female screw osseous protection of the epencephalon, being
on the edge of a wheel. The American endless jn general anatomy the neural arch of the
screw is at right angles with the plane of the occipital vertebra.
wheel. | EPIcanrTuis, the angle of the eye.

ENDOCHROME, the colouring substance of} EpicepiuM, a funeral elegy. .
plants. | EPIDERMIC METHOD, medicines applied to
ENDOPHYLLOUS, young leaves Of MONO-'the skin. Synonymous with Iatroleptic
cdtyledonous plants, enclosed in a sheath. (Method.

ENDORSE, the smallest diminutive of the; Eprgastric REGION, the Epigastrium,
pale in heraldry. gq. .

ENDOSMOMETER, an instrument to show; EprpHora, a disease resulting from exces-
how rapidly endosmosis (g.v.) takes place. It sive seeretion of tears.
shows that endosmosis takes place more EprpHyTE, a plant which rests or grows
rapidly than exmosis, that is, that the ypon the surface of another plant, but does
thinner fluid passes more rapidly into the not draw any nourishment from it.

thicker fluid than vice versa. | EPIPLoceLE, hernia from the protrusion
ENDOSPERM, the albumen of seeds. Sy- of the omentum.

nonym of ENDOSPERMIUM. | Epispastic, the quality of applications
ENDOSTOME, the passage through the inner which give rise to blisters on the skin.

integument of seeds under the foramen. | EPIsTAXIs, bleeding at the nose.
ENDOTHECIUM, the cellular fibrous lining puLoric OINTMENTS, an old term

of an anther. applied to unguents which aided the skinning.

ENGRAILED, the edge of an object in- over of sores.
dented with small semicircles with theircon- ErpiuM, a primary metallic element, the

cave sides outward. Heraldic. oxide of which, Erbia, is said to be found
ENHANCED, bearings placed above their ),ative along with Yttria.
usual position in the shield. Heraldic. | Erect, an animal or part of one placed

ENocH, Book oF, a supposed book of pro- perpendicularly when the natural position
phecy left by the patriarch Enoch, on the would be horizontal. (Heraldic.)
supposition that one of his prophecies quoted ERETHISMUS, excessive general excite-
by St. Jude in his Epistle was a quotation ment, occasioned by the over use of mercury
from such a book. The Fathers down to or other agents. .
the period of Jerome were credulousenough ErcoTin, the active acrid principle of
to believe this, though Jude givesno authority ergot of rye.
for it; and they even mention the existence ErGotismM, two forms of disease, gan-
of such a book. Two Ethiopian copies of grenous and convulsive, occasioned by using
the book mentioned by them were brought diseased rye as food.
by the traveller Bruce to Europe in 1773.! Ermrnors, a fur in heraldry consisting of
This work is of some antiquity, dating about a field of gold with black tufts or spots.
fifty years B.C., according to Archbishop Erotic, exciting to love. The Erotic
lL

, but is obviously no genuine pro- poets of Greece and Rome were those who
duction of Enoch. |made love their chief theme. |
ENSIGNED, any ornamented charge in|} Erucic Acip, a colourless crystalline
heraldry. | substance found in oil of mustard.
ENTOPHYTE, a plant growing within) EryTHRINE, a substance found in the
another. ‘litmus Lichen, Roccella tinctoria.

720

ERY SUPPLEMENT. EXT

ERYTHRONIUM, the original name of EXACERBATION, increased violence in the
Vanadium. symptoms of disease.

ERYTHROPHYLL, the substance whichgives, EX£ReSIS, that department of surzery
the reddish tint to some autumn leaves. confined to removing portions of the body,

ESCHALOT or SHALLOT, the alliwm ®S amputations, &. (An old term.)
Ascalonicum, a small variety of onion. | fo Carag a Srenend wae peti be i peat

EscLaTTe, shattered by a stroke of a without external openings, as Aneurism,
battle axe, in heraldry. Ks &e

ESSENCE D’ORIENT, the pearl like matter wea
at the base of the scales of a small cyprinus OP amanioiin terc: any eruptive disease
fish, ae bleak, by rs Bat of icon bere EXAUCTORATI, those Roman soldiers who,
O low pete re - nate Pa 4 after sixteen years’ service, remained four

ESSENTIAL OILS, @ series of oils forming hase Besos inte nell special standard, or
party art ph een: They are| EXAUGURATION, an act performed by the
a ve i she ety in Semen y paras augurs of Rome, whereby, after they had

“7 tion, “ea ne ade c gear inp consulted and obtained the consent of the
and absorption of the odour into certain . 445, they changed any sacred thing or person
inodorous fixed oils, &c. They are composed to other or profane uses
of carbon and hydrogen. Some en s

EXEGESIS, an interpretation or exposition
oxygen also, and others sulphur in addition. | yore particularly of the Sacred Writings.
ESTRADE, the raised portion of a ftoor for) Exosrome, the passage through the foramen
supporting a osha or bed; and generally, of an ovule.

any raised floo’ | EXOTHECIUM, the coating of an anther.
EsTRICH, the fine ostrich down of com-| kxorics, foreign plants requiring to be
merce, sheltered during winter. Also anything

ErHaL, This name is a compound of the prought from one country to another by
words Ether and Alcohol. It is formed in way of introduction, Literally, foreign
the process of saponifying spermaceti. gute etwrikds.
automa i _RERDER, S sipel | 100 74 EXPANSION GEAR, mechanical arrange~

point for tracing on copper. he: vaed

Eruiors, a black mineral powder pro- ments for cutting off the steam at the various

. ; parts of the stroke for the purpose of modi-
duced when sulphur is rubbed with mercury,

Etny (C, H, ), an organic radical found ere the action of an engine to the work

45 equired. The effect produced is to admit
in alcohol and ether. vias steam than usual into the cylinder, and

ETOILE, a star differing in the number of allow it to complete the stroke of the piston
its points from a mullet. It has four rayant py its expansion.

*poiuts. | EXPECTORANTS, li for i

Evorasy, in a good or well balanced the bronchial and tracheal secretions of
condition of health, i

EUERGETES, a title signifying “‘bene-; ExpecroraTION, the ejection of matters
factor,” frequently given by the Greeks to from the chest.
eminent servants of the state for the proper, ExsiccaToR, an arrangement, generally a
discharge of their duties. It is more parti- chamber, through which dry heated air may
cularly preserved in connexion, with the pass, occasionally charged with certain
names of some of the Ptolemies, rulers of chemical vapours which absorb aqueous

pt. vapour, and thereby dry wet articles.

EUGUBINE TABLES, bronze tablets found! ExTinz, in botany, the outer membrane

near Gobbio, the ancient Eugubium, in 1444. of pollen grains.
Five of the inscriptions are in Etruscan and. Exrract oF LEAD, a subacetate of lead,
Umbrian characters, and two in Latin. formed in an impure state by boiling litharge
Some progress in their interpretation has in vinegar. It is called Goulard’s Extract of
been made by Professor F. W. Newman, \Lead, after the surgeon who first used it.

EUPEPSiA, good digestion. | Ex TRADITION TREATIES, treaties rnade

EUSTACHIAN VALVE, the valve separating between different states for surrendering or
the right auricle of the heart from the in- sending back escaped criminals to meet the
ferior, vena cava. demands of public justice.

EUTHANASIA, easy death. It is also EXTRAVASATION, fluids out of their
used as a term in various metaphorical senses proper vessels, as blood extravasated into any

by political writers. portion of the body in which it ought not
EVERSION, overturning, destruction, an to be.
overthrow. | EXTRORSE, ay member or part of a plant

Evocati, soldiers of the old Roman army turned away from its proper axis or direction
who were again called to give military is extrorse or extrorsal.
service after having got their discharge or EXTROVERSION, portions of the body
missio, turned wrong side out from malformation.

791

EYE SUPPL

EMENT. FEU

EYELETEER, @ pointed instrument for
piercing eyelet-holes.

Eye oF A DoME, the aperture at the top
for admitting light.

Eye oF A VoLUTE, the circle in the
centre of a volute.

EYE-PIEcES, those lenticular arrange-
ments by which the eye is enabled to

examine the image formed at the focus of

object glasses of telescopes and micro-
scopes, &c.
EYSELE, an old name for vine ar.
EYEBRIGHT, Euphrasia Officinalis, a
remedy for weak eyes, and one of the ingre-
dients of British herb tobacco.

F

FAGOPYRUM, a genus of plants indige-
nous in Central Asia, known as the Buck-
wheat.

FAKP, a single circle of any rope or cable
lying coiled.

FALCATED, crescent-shaped ; applied to
the appearance of the moon in her first
and fourth quarter, when she, as described in
Hadibras, “on silver horns hangs out her

$7?

FALCHION, a broad-bladed sword, with
convex edge increasing in breadth toward
the point. It was more particularly a
characteristic weapon of the thirteenth
century.

FALCIFORM PROCESS, a process of the
dura mater, extending from the tentorium
to the crista galli, between the hemispheres
of the brain.

FALCULATE, a curved elongated and
sharp-pointed claw.

FALLACY IN DIOCTIONF, aterm in logic
applied to that class of fallacies in which the
conclusion is not justified by the premises,
though at firstsight it may appear to be so.
A fallacy of this kind occurs in the great
aphorism of Epicurus: ‘‘ Nothing but matter
can touchor be touched.” Here the premiss
includes matter and touch, and the conclu-
sion the correlative limitation of the two.
The fallacy is in the comprehensive sense in
which the word “‘ touch” is here used. Touch
in man is not matter, but one of the meta-
physical senses exercised through matter.
If, therefore, in the contact with matter, as
in the case of the hand touching an object,
the sense of touch be also present, then the
metaphysical is in contact with the physical,
or, in other words, matter with the imma-
terial. The fallacy lies in the words towch
and touched, which Epicurus uses in their
Lath a pelea aa a ting at the

5
h

same time that in this

|may therefore touch matter. This is ia
fact the connecting point between the meta- ~
physical and the physical, the oversight of
which, both by Epicurusand Bishop Berkeley,
led to the denial of anything but matter by
the former, and the denial of the existence of
matter by the latter.—[J. A. 8.]

FALLACY EXTRA DICTIONEM,a fallacy
which is exterior to the language or terms,
and reside; in the matter or facts.

FALLOW, an agricultural term applied to
arable lands not under crop. A “‘ Naked
Fallow” signifies, rested fur a whole year
without any cropping ; a “‘ Winter Fallow”
is a resting of the land from the autumnal
reaping of one year to the spring seed time
of the next. This is also sometimes called
a “Green Crop Fallow,” when green crop
follows grain.

FALLOW DEER, the popular name -of
the Cervus Dama, Lin.

FALSE CADENCE, a cadence in music in
which the bass, instead of rising a fourth or

a fifth, rises Only a tone or semitone.

FAMILLA4, the household or persons, free
or bound, who were under the will and
authority of one man, among the Romans,
whether in estate or household: also that
division of the gens which gave the cogno-
men or family name.

FAN VAULTING, the name given to that
remarkably fine style of perpendicularGothic
|consisting of Voussoirs rising concentrically
from the springing up towards the centre, and
meeting or cutting into each other, or
finished with a pendant forming a sort of
similarly ornamented keystone, as exempli-
fied in the Peterborough and E!y cath
&e.

FASTERY’S EVP, the name still given to
Shrove Tuesday in Scotland.

FEATHERING, turning the blade of an
oar into a horizontal position between the
strokes in rowin

FERIA, the
of the Romans.
| FERN Koort, the medicinal root of the
Aspidium Filix Mas,a celebrated vermifuge,
especially found to be efficacious in cases of
tapeworm. The dose is two drachms of the
dry root powdered, along with or followed by
an active purze.

FERONIA, the elephant or wood apple of
India, F. Elephantum. Its trunk, when
wounded, exudes the East India gurh arabic
of commerce.

FERRIC ACID, a teroxide of iron, formed
in combination with potash. It is unstable,
not found free.

FERRUGO, the rust disease in plants,
consisting of several species of parasitical

zg.
religious festivals or holidays

touch is a sense, as well as a mere contact of
matter with matter. Hence the Epicurean pos-
tulate is a fallacy in dictione, because the
metaphysical may touch or be in contact with
matter; and something more thin matter

gi of the order Pucciniai.
FRUILLAA, one of the climbing Cucur-
\bitacee of tropical America, F Cordifolia.

iIt is known under the name of Cacoon, or

Sequa, in Jamaica, as an antidote to poisuns
It is emetic and purgative.

793

FEU SUPPLEMENT. FRE

FEUILLANS, a religious order founded at) FORAMINIFERA, the Rhizopoda, a class
Feuillant, Languedoc, in 1577; a branch of of Protozoa or Acrita of which Amaeba is
the Bernardines, |the type. They are mostly microscopic organ-

HKULLLANS, CLUB DES, a French politi-|isms, and the calcified shells of some of them
cal club of the Revolution, which separated enter largely into the comiposition of chalk
from the Jacobines in 1791, and held meet-'and other sedimentary strata.
ings at the convent of the Feuillans, till a FORCES, composition and resolution of,
extinction in the following year. ithe accumulation of two or more forces into

FICOIDE&, the order Mesembryacee ; & a mechanically united equivalent.
natural order of perigynous exogens, allied to| ‘ORENSIC, relating to courts of justice.
the Cactacee, with perigynous stamens,' Forensic Medicine is that branch of medical
superior calyx, and embryos curved round science which relates to Medical Jurispru-
mealy albumen, dence, or medical questions arising before

KLELD-VOLE, the Arvicola agrestis of courts of law.

Cuvier, or field-mouse. FORMICATION, a creeping sensition of

Fir, two soldiers, one belonging to the the skin, as if ants (formicw) were creep-
front line and one to the rear. jing over it,

HILE MARCHING, a line of soldiers two! f ORMYLE,=C, H, the hydrocarbon base
deep, when marching in file, that is, facing of formic acid.
right or left, and two abreast. | KOsSSULATE, a surface characterised by

KILEFISH, a genus of acanthopterygious one or more long narrow depressions.
fishes with rough shagreened skinsand deeply; }OUSEL or FUSEL ULL, Amylic alcohol,
“re anterior dorsal spines. The Senne the hydrate of oxide of amyl, found in

opp nee potato and corn spirit, and the canse of their

: s, a word said to come from harsh tast: 0: i B :
a es t, pathotien” ahopee Se eg = On i - your. Its for:

America through the French corruption
fibustier, and used of any piratical depre- Pic oe i MINERAL,solution of arsenite
of potassa,

tors. |

FIMBRIA®, the processes of the abdom-| 1'OXGLOVE, Digitalis purpurea.
inal openings of the Fallopian tube. FRAPPING, increasing the tension of

FISSION, breaking up into parts, ropes running parallel or nearly so by draw-

FITCHET, the Putorius fetidus, ot Pole- ing and tying them together.

t. fRATERCULA, the genus which includes

FLAGELLA, an old botanical name for the puffins.
the younger shoots or twigs of plants, FRATRICELLI, a sect’ of Franciscan

FLEA, the Pulex of entomology. Monks, founded by Maurato and Fossom-

FLOATING SCR#EDS, strips of plaster broni about the end of the thirteenth cen-
adjusted to guide the floating rule in plaster- Y> but subsequently condemned by
ing or floated work. |Boniface VIII., and persecuted by the In-

FLORETS, the smaller interior flowers in Guisition in the two following centuries,
the discor anthodium of composite flowers, during which it is said more than two thou-
as distinguished from the marginal flowers in sand of them became its victims. The re-
the circumference of the disc, mainder of the body became Lutherans at

FLOTA, the Spanish synonym of “ fleet,” the Reformation. :
applied to those shizs which sailed in fleets _"RAUNHOFER’S LINES, the dark lines
or under convoy between the Peninsula and Of the solar spectrum, first examined by
the transatlantic possessions of Spain and Fraunhofer, and which have latterly led to
Portugal. such important discoveries in spectrum

FLOTILLA, a fleet of small vessels, how- @0alysis, g. v.
ever numerous, | RECKLES, the brownish or dark yellow

FLUELLITE, native fluoride of alu- specks produced by sunshine on the face and
minium, skin of fair persons. See COSMETICS,

FLUOCERINE, or FLUCERINE, native FREEZING MIXTURES. These mixtures
fluoride of cerium. have in some instances reduced the tempera- _

FLUOBORIC ACID, a gas composed of one ture to 140° below 0°. Equal parts of sal
atom of boron and three of fluorine; also ammoniac and powdered nitre mixed, in one
ealled Fluoride of Boron. jand a half their quantity of water, redace

F@TUS, the name given to the unborn the temperature and the thermometer from
child between the fifth month of pregnancy 50° to 10°. Ice or snow mixed with one half
and the time of its birth. Previous to this their weight of salt, reduce the thermometer
period it is called “‘the Embryo,” g. v. |to OS.

FOOL’s PARSLEY, a poisonous plant dis-| FRENCH POLISH, A solution of shell-
tinguished from parsley, for which it is apt lac in spirits of wine is the chief consti-
to be mistaken, by the involucels, each having tuent. Linseed oil is used along with it,
three leaflets always next the circumference when applying it, and friction with a ball
ef the umbel. The Zthusa Cynapium. of cotton wool in a cloth applied rapidly,

793

FRE SUPPLEMENT. GAI

finishing off when} FUMARIC ACID, an acid found in fumte
je ee ae : tory, Fumaria officinalis. It is also ob-

FRENCH WHITE, talc finely pulverised.| tainable from malic acid by the action of
Sve WRENCH CHALK, heat.

FRENCH ULTRAMARINE, an artificial! UMARIMIDP, a red powder obtained by
ultramarine first manufactured from a sub-, the action of heat on bimalate of ammonia.
stance resembling lazulite, found in the} FUMIGATLON, a mode too frequently
ashes of furnaces in France. It is now regu- adopted with the view of disinfecting, and
larly manufactured by heating to a red heat with the result of only concealing bad or
a mixture of kaolin, carbonate of soda, and pernicious smells. The little carbon liberated
sulphur, and perhaps a small quantity of by the smoke of fumigation is about the
iron ; it being found that the colour of ultra-|only real disinfecting principle it contains;
marine cannot be produced without the pre-|but that is too small to be of any great
sence of iron. service. Disinfectants (g. v.) ought to be

FRENUM, a ligament or rein. The term|invariably substituted for fumigation.
is applied to various ligaments anatomically ;} FUND: 8, the base of “vy evie-shaped
the ligament of the tongue is called frenwm °rgan, especially the base «£ ‘c uterus, gall
dingue. bladder, and urinary Dladdcz.

FRIABLE, capable of beingcrumbled into| F'USCiN, a brown colouring body found in
wader, empyreumatic oils.

FRIAR’S BALSAM, an alcoholic solution) USF, or FUZF, in artillery, a wooden
of benzoin, tolu balsam, styrax, and aloes ; Of Metal case used for igniting shells, now
the compound tincture of Benzoin of the generally superseded by the system of deto~
Pharmacopeia, applied to stimulate ulcers ating shells communicated to the British

and wounds.
FRIRSLAND GREEN, an ammonio-)
chloride or oxychloride of copper, called also
BRUNSWICK GREEN,
FRirtT,a term applied in glass minufac-

Ordnance department before the Crimean
War, but the authorship of which has never
been acknowledged.

FUSEL OIL. See FOUSEL,

FUSIBLE CALCULUS, a yariety of

ture to the mass previous to fusion, after it Urinary calculus capable of fusion under

has been heated together to expel water.

the blow-pipe, and composed of phosphate of
FUSIBLE SALT .OF URINF, the old

FRONDOSF, leaves: unusually developed ie magnesia, and ammonia,

either in their size or number.

FRONTLEY, the margin of the head be- 2@me of the ammonio-phosphate of soda de-

hind the bill of birds.
FRUSTULES, fragments ; the joints into
which Diatomacee separate.

posited on the evaporation of urine.

FUSIN&, the spindle-shells.
FUSION, aqueous, the liquefaction by

FRUTEX, @ shrub or perennial plant ree of salts containing water of crystal-
whose branches proceed from the root direct lization.

without any uniting stem.

FUSston, IGNEOUS, liquefaction by heat

FULGORA, a genus of hemipterous insects of anhydrous bodies, or bodies without
of the family Cicadarie, of which the F,|¥t¢?-

danternaria, or lantern fly, of South
America, and F. candelaria, or candle fly,
of China, are species,

FULGORLDES, or, as they are sometimes
called, FOSSTI. LIGHTNING, certain tubes

G
G, as used in chronology, is the Seventh

formed by the fusing and vitrification of sand Dominical Letter. As a Roman abbrevia-
by the passage of lightning through the sand. tion, it signifies gaudium, gens, gratis, &c.

FuiMtNAvtinG and FULMINATES, g.v.

Of these bodies the composition of fulminate G
of mercury, or fulminating mercury, is wrbis.

2 (Hz O) Cyg 0, ; of fulminating silver, or

G. L. represents Genio loci; G. P. R.,
loria populi Romani; G. V., Genio

GABBRONITE. called also fuscite and

fulminate of silver, 2 (Ag 0) Cy, 03 5 an|Compact scapolite. A silicate of alumina,

soda, and potash, found in the titaniferous

exceedinzly dangerous compound to handle.|iron of Norway.

Fulminating powder is a compound of three

GABIAN OLL, a mineral naphtha or petro-

parts of nitre, two of carbonate of potash,|leum found at Gabianu in Languedoc,

&ud one of sulphur.

GAHNITF, another name of Automolite,

H'UMARAMIDE, @ white powder formed|a native aluminate of zinc.

by mixing fumaric ether with ammonia.
FUMARLIA, a genus of hypogenous exogens,
consisting of herbs closely allied to the|
Pupaveracee. |
FUMARIAOE®, the natural order of
herbaceous plants of which Fumaria is the
typical genus

GAINAGE, in old English law, horses,
draught oxen, and agricultural implements,
exempted from seizure by law not to impede
agriculture.

GAINING TwIST, in gunnery, a spiral
grooving of guns which increases as it
advances from the breech.

794

iy SPS

wtiahes

GAL

SUPPLEMENT.

GEM

GALACTIC CIRCLE, the great plane of
the Galaxy, used astronomically to divide
ceiestial space into two hemispheres.

GALACLIC POLES, two opposite points in
celestial space perpendi to the great
plane of the Galaxy.

GALACTOPOIETIC, from yada and
@motew, “I make milk ;” diet and medi-
cine given to promote the secretion of milk.

GALANTHUS, the genus of flowers known
as the snowdrop.

|

panied by the exudation of serum and ex-
travasation of blood, which coagulates and
becomes black, and gases formed by decom-
position are emitted. Hospital gangrene
is a form of disease like the latter, arising
from the air of hospitals being poisoned by
overcrowding of patients with sores, &c.,
and defective accommodation and sanitary
arrangements. It is needless to say that
gangrene, unless it can be arrested in its first
stages, isso closely on the verge of mortifica-
tion, that it rapidly passes into that stageand

GALE, @ small fragrant bush growing in) becom

boggy places belonging to the order Myri-
cacee, The Myrica Gale.

GALE, a nautical term applied with some
gradations distinctively to wind: of varying
force ; as a fresh gale, strong gale, hard or
heavy gale, or whole gale.

GALIACE®, the natural order of plants
of which Galium, q v., is the typical genus.

GALIPEA, the genus of Rutucew, from
which Angostura bark is obtained ; some-
times called Cusparia bark, from G@. Cusparia, |
one of the species. It is used to stupefy fish!
in Guiana, to which it is native, and has
tonic properties medically.

GALVANOSOCOPE, a modification of the
Galvanometer, g. v., for detecting feeble
currents of electricity, but not provided, as
in the latter instrument, with arrangements
for measuring the angles of deflection of its
needle.

GAMBA, the elongated metatarsus of
ruminant and soliped mammals.

GAMBIR, an astringent drug, used as a
substitute for catechu, obtained from
Uncaria Gambir.

GAMMARINA, a family of amphipodous|
crustaceans, of which the Gammarus or
sandhopper is the typical genus.

GAMOMORPHISM, the stage of develop-
ment of the germinal or spermatic elements
of reproductive organisms, in which they are
in maturity for fecundation.

GANGLIONEURA, the molluscous and
articulate divisions of the animal kingdom,
distinguishsd by the ganglionic character of
the nervous system. The articulated section|
of this arrangement are called Homogan-
gliata, from the ganglia being symmetri-|
eally arranged along the central line of the
body connected by a double chord, The
molluscous system are called Heterogan-
gliata from the dispersed and frequently
unsymmetrical arrangement of the ganglia.

GANGRENE, a diseased condition of the
soft portions of #he body, nearly approaching
sphacelus, or mortification or death, (from)
yayypawva, “feeding upon or eating
away.) Dry gangrene is more characteristic,
of advanced age, or poisoning from ergot
of rye. It is generaliy characterised by
ossification of the small arterial trunks,

es Ne
GANOCEPHALA, an order of fossil reptiles
with ganoid bony plates covering and defend-

‘ing the head, including the super-temporal

and post-orbital plates over the temporal
fosse. They are found in all the carboni-
ferous rocks.

GAPE, a term appliedin ornithology to the
opening between the mandibles of birds.

GARANCINE, a colouring matter derived
from madder.

GARLIC, OLL OF, the sulphide of the radi-
cal allyl obtained from the distillation of
garlic with water.

GASCOIGNE’S POWDER, an antidote to

pon formerly in considerable repute,

composed of a mixture of absorbent powders
with bezoar.

GASOMETRIG ANALYSIS, a process for
separating and ascertaining the several con-
stituents of any gaseous mixture by Eudio-
meters, g.v., or by exploding the gas with
oxygen, and observing the volumes after and
prior to explosion.

GASTR&UM, the entire prone or under
surface of an animal’s body.

GASTRITIS, an inflammation of the
stomach accompanied by great irritation,
prostration of strength, and danger, indi-
cated by hiccup and other symptoms, and re-
quiring prompt treatment. It is usually
traceable to gout or to irritating substances

‘introduced in the form of food or liquids.

GASTRODYNIA, a painful affection of the
stomach, which frequently accompanies
dyspepsi
GAST
drinking.

GASTRORAPHY, the surgical operation of
sewing up abdominal wonnds.

GAZELLPF, the Antilope Dorcas of Lin
neeus. See GAZEL.

GAZOLITES, aérolites or meteors.

GEHLENITF, a basic silicate of alumina
and lime with iron and magnesia, found in
the Tyrol.

GELALZAN ERA, the era of Yezdegird,
as reformed by Gelal-Edin, Sultan of Ko-

a.
RONOMY, the science of eating and

rassan.

GELATINES, the Acalephes of Cuvier
and Radiaires Molasses of Lamarck, so called
by Kirby from their generally gelatinous

pain, heat, and redness being followed by bodies.

darkening and drying ofthe parts, chiefly in’

the extremities. Moist gangrene is accom-

GEMMATION, development or increase by
budiing.

795

GEN SUPPLEMENT. GLO

GENA, the cheek or region between the the Salisburia adiantifolia, called also the
eye and the mouth. | Maidenhair tree, from its foliage resembling
GENETHLIAC, from yeveOA7, “ birth ;” = form and venation that of the Maiden-
& birth or birthday poem ir fern. :
individual. = ee GIROUETTF, a term applied in France to
GENIOGLOSSI, the pair of muscles by unprincipled and unstable political charac-
which the tongue is protruded. ‘ters, It is synonymous with Weathercock,
GENIvA, the genipap fruit of G. Ameri- 4nd an amusing Dictionnaire des Girouettes
cana, a cinchonaceous plant. It is called Was published at one time in Frauce, giving
the Marmalade Box in Surinam. % the names of the more celebrated revolu-
GENS., an order of chivalry founded tionary characters witha number of weather-
by Charles Martel in 726, after he had de- Cocks against the names of each, correspond-
feated the Saracens at Tours, It was named ing to the number of their turn-coat
in honour of St, Martin of Tours, from the Manuvres in political affairs; a work
Wood Martin, or Gennet, and was the first Which has admitted of much enlargement
order ot chivalry founded in France. from time to time in that unfortunate and
GENK riciURK>, those pictures of fine country.
ordinary and humble life which do not bee GLACE DE MARIF,or GLACIES MARIA,
long to any of the specific departments of the large foliated varieties ot mica.
art They are not necessarily vulgar pic- GLACIAL D&IFT, a phenomenon com-
tures, thoug: some of the cleverest Dutch Mon over the face of northern Europe and
painters have occasionally made them so, America after the post-tertiary settlement of
and have even fully merited the name of those continents, consisting of drifted boul-
“‘dirt painters.” But such subjects as ders and rock fragments mixed with sand
Hogarth and Sir David Wilkie have most 2nd clay in curious heterogeneous heaps, of
meritoriously distinguished themselves by Which gravel is an almost universal com-
painting, come within the denomination of ponent. The phenomenon is partially attri-
“Genre Pictures.” buted to the action of Glaciers, but it is
GENTIANACE®, the natural order of certain that the greater features of it are
plants of which Gentiana is the typical due to Jcebergs. Various explanations have
genus, See GiNTian, been attempted by geologists with no very
GENTILE. Though this term became Clear or exhaustive result in point of intelli-
latterly a word of indiscriminate vse; it was gibility. See DELUGE,
distinctively employed, both in the Old LACIERES, the name given to Ice Caves,
Testament and by St. Paul in the New, to or caves full of ice, by geologists, and found
denote the descendants of Japheth, Genesis in Alpine regions unconnected with any
x. 5, glacial system ; they vary from 50 to 500 feet
GEOTHERMOMETER, a thermometrical in depth, and seem so far to form an excep-
instrument for ascertaining the Earth’s sub- tion to the increasing temperature of the
terranean heat at various depths. The tem- | ¢arth, as ascertained by the geothermometer
perature by means of it has been found to (g.¥.) elsewhere.
increase about 1° Fahr. for every 70 or 80; (LADIUS, the internal horny plate of the
ft. of descent. calamaries.
GERMEN, the ovary or ovarium. GLAIRIN, a nitrogenous substance found
GERMINAL VESICLE, a nucleated cel] in some sulphur springs.
forming the first and essential portion of GLANDS, BUCCAI, the glands which
the ovum. secrete the saliva for lubricating the mouth.
GESTURE LANGUAGE, a language pokes | GLANS, an inferior indehiscent fruit,
employed by savage tribes for facilitating in- Tepresented by the acorn.
terchange of meaning, often in cases where) @LAUBEL’S SAL AMMONIAC, the sul-
their spoken language is defective. It has Phate of ammonia.
been found by experiments made in Ger-| GUAUBERITE, native double sulphate of
many lately that it admits of extensive Soda and lime.
use, and has general intelligibility in mixed| G4AUCOLITE, a blue-green silicate of
audiences of different civilized nations. alumina, lime, and potassa, found in
GHRA BUTTER, or GALAM, the produce Siberia. ds
of a West African palm ; consisting of a fat) GlLAUCONITF, the “ green earth” of the
similar in constituents to palm oil. It is ob- €TeeM Sandstone and some trap rocks; a
tained from the Bassia Parkii or Micadenia, bYdrated silicate of alumina and iron with
and is a greyish white solid maes below 97° Some alkalies.
Fah. | GLENOID, YAnvoeidns, a term applied
GILBERTINES, a religious order of Eng- generally in anatomy to the socket-like sur-
land founded by Gilbert of Sempringham, faces for receiving the articulating extremi-
Lincolnshire, in the twelfth century. At ties of bones, such as the cavity of the
the dissolution it had about twenty-five, shoulder, in which the upper end of the
houses in England. humerus works, &c.
GINKGO T'REE,a deciduous treeof Japan, GLOBULIN, a term applied to variou
796

GLO SUPPLEMENT. GUI

organic substances, as the colourless part of GOMPHIOIJ, the grindersor grinding teeth.
the blood corpuscles; the green globules GOMPHOLOBIUM, a beautiful genus of
among the cells of cellular tissues; the cellu- Australian leguminous shrubs, They are
lar or vesicular tissues or granules which Tur- poisOnous to sheep.

pin considers to be the organic elements of GONIOMETRY, themeasurement Of angles,
vegetation ; alsoamodified albumen found in as distinct from trigonometry, the measure-
the humours of the eye. ment of triangles.

GLOss, an Aristotelian expression signify-' GORILLA, the larger species of chimpanzee.
ing such unusual idioms as may be occasion- This animal sometimes attains a height of
ally and judiciously employed to adorn style nearly 6 ‘eet, and in its anatomical struc-
in rhetoric, yet in some degree requiring ture more nearly approaches that otf man
interpretation from the context. A gloss than any of the other species.
hence came to mean not the idiomatic ex-| Gorsr, the Ulex Europeus, or common

pression itself, but its interpretation, in

which sense it is now most usually under-}

stood.

GLOSSARY, a dictionary or vocabulary
ef exceptional words or phrases often
Fv ipe to the particular work in which
they occ
pc iLOSSOPETR, the fossil teeth ot some

GLOTTALITE, a white hydrated silicate of
lime and magnesia found on the Clyde.

GLUG!C ACLD, an acid body obtained from
the spontaneous decomposition of grape sugar
eae Synonymous with Kalisaccaric
aci

(#LUCINUM, a primary metallic element,
the metallic base of the earth glucina, its |
oxide. It has little metallic lustre, and is
very difficult of fusion. It was discovered |
by Vauquelin in 1798. Its equivalent is 6'9.
Glucina is a rare oxide: it occurs in the
beryl euclase and emerald, and is a fine
white soft powder when extracted.

GLU‘, in political economy, the over pro-|
duction or over supply of goods for sale in a
market, causing temporary stagnation of trade |
or transactions in them, and commercial
depression,

GLYCERYL, the radical of glycerine =

RW Fe

GLYCOL, a viscid sweetish liquid contain-
ing two more atoms of oxygen than alcohol
and =C 4 H oO

62°¢
and water.

GLY PHOGRAPHY, engraving made through
a thin film of white wax on a blackened
copper-plate,

GMELINITR, synonymous with Hydrolite ;

It is soluble in alcohol

hydrated silicate of alumina, potash, and |

peroxide of iron.

furze, called *‘ whins” in Scotland.

GOSHAWKE, the <Astur Palumbarius of
Cuvier.

GOSPEL, the name given to revealed re-

ligion from its containing God’s revelation.
of His forgiveness of sins, and His mercy
‘and love to man.
GOTHIC, one of the low German class of
languages. It has been preserved in the:
translation of the Bible into it made by
|Bishop Ulfilas in the end of tie 4th cen-
tury, and is more primitive in its grammar
than the Anglo-Saxon of Beowult.

GOURDS, the species Cucurbita.

GRAcIOsO, the buffoon of the Spanish
stage.
| GRAPHIC ACID, a crystalline body ob-
tained from graphite under the continuedi
action of sulphuric acid and ebnorate of:
potash.
| GRAPHOTYPE, a mode of peoduaing en-
gravings for working in letter-press like:
| wood blocks, and said to be an economy. It
is done upon a surface of prepared and com-
| pressed chalk by an ink which indurates the

chalk, allowing the untouched parts to be
brushed away with a camel’s-hair pencil, or
otherwise removed, so as to leave the ink
drawing in relief. It is, in fact, an artificial
lithography, but does not yet appear to have
met with much commercial success.

GREENFINCH, the Fringilla Viridis of

? Linneus.

GREENSTONE, a variety of trap rock con-
isisting of hornblende with imperfectly crys--
‘tallised felspar in abundance.

GREGORITE, a variety of titanic iron ore.

GREY STONE LIME, a lime so called ip
jLondon, obtained from the chalk marl of
Godstone, Dorking, &c. It contains about.
8 per cent. of silicate of alumina, and is

GNATHOTHECA, the integument of the similar to clwnch lime.

beak cl ornithology,
cutaneo

GNOMONICS, the art of dialling or con-
structing dials, /

GOBLUS, the genus of osseous fishes of bottom of running streams.

which the three spined goby of England is an
example.

GOLDFINCH, the Carduelis elegans (Frin- |

illa carduelis of Lin. )

GOMPHIASI>, the disease of the teeth
under which they loosen and fall out of their
sockets.

797

whether horny or

GRIFFITHS’ MIXTURE, a tonic containing
protocarbonate of iron: the Mistura serri
Composita.
| GROUND IcE or Gru, ice formed at the
It is main-
tained by some thatall ice by which running
| streams become frozen is first formed at the
| bottom.
| GRYPHOSIS,
inwards,
Guipons, the silken flags or colours of
dragoou regiments,

a growing of the nails

GUL

SUPPLEMENT,

HYS

GULF WEED, the Sargassum bacciferum ;
a mass of seaweed which floats in the At-
lantic, and extends over about 250,000
square miles,

GURGOYLE or GARGOYLE, the spouts in
Gothi hitecture, g lly passing through
the mouths of animals projecting from the
side walls, by which the rain from the roof
is carried free of the walls.

GuTTUR, the entire under surface of the
neck of mammals,

GyN, amachine used for mounting and
dismounting ordnance from the gun car-

riages,

GYRATE, curled inwards like a crozier, in
botany. The young fronds of ferns develop
from this form.

Gyropus, a family of fossil Pycnodont
fishes found ia the Baden volite.

GYROSE, bent backward and forward, lie
the anthers of the gourd.

H

Happock, the Morrhua £gtefinus of the
Northern Ocean: a well-known fish of the
British coasts, but not found in the Baltic.

HMATINE, the colouring .prineiple of

logwood.

HZERESIARCH, or HERESIARCH, the
founder of a heretical sect.

Hair Sat, efilorescent sulphate of

magnesia.
HALCYONID#, the family of Fissirostral
#irds, of which the kingfisher is the type.
HatTrTi-ScHueERirF, the Turkish name for
an edict under the hand of the Sultan.
HELIOGRAPH, an instrument for obtain-
ing photographs of the sun, invented by Mr.

Warren de la Rue, consisting of a modifica-|

tion of the equatorial telescope.

HELLADOTHERIUM, a fossil mammal re-
sembling the giraffe, found in Greece, It
forms a separate genus from the Camelo-
pardalis.

HELLANODICZ, the name given to the
judges who presided in courts martial of the
Lacedemonian soldiers ; also the judges in
the Olympic Games.

HELVINE, a compound of the silicates of
glucina, manganese, and iron.

HEMELYTRA, the wing sheaths of tetrap-
terous insects like those of the Hemiptera.

HEMIDESMUS, a genus of Asclepiadacee.
The rovts of H. Indicus are used asa sub-
stitute for sarsaparilla.

HENOCTICON, the Edict of Union of the
Emperor Zeno, in A.D. 482, for terminating
the Monophysite controversy.

HERPESTES, the generic name of the
various species of Ichneumon, Their in-
stinct to destroy serpents, and cure them-
selves of any bite received in the conflict by

rubbing the wound on the plant Ophiorhiza
Mungos, is well known. ;

HETEPOSITE, a native phosphate of iron
and manganese,

HETMAN, the head man, The commander
of a regiment of i

HIEROMANCY, divination from the appear-
ances of sacrificed victims. ~

HIPPARION, a fossil genus of Miocene
Sout, differing slightly from the existing

urse,

HIPPURIS, the common mare’s-tail of

tany.

HISINGERITE, a hydrated silicate of per-
oxide of iron,

HoMINY, a meal of maize or Indian corn.

HomM«ozoic BELTS, the climatic hnes de-
fining th hical distribution of marine
animals.

HORNBEAM, the Carpinus Betulus, a
white, hard, and heavy timber wood liable
to become shaky, and therefore not of much
value. It is most yalued as a hedging plant,
and bears pruning well.

HUMAN?TARIANS, those who deny the
Divinity of Christ.

HYALoID, the nt membrane in-
vesting the vitreous humour of the eye;
“_ applied generally to transparent mem-

ranes,

HYBERNATION, the state of sleep into
which certain animals fall during the more
inclement part of winter.

HYDRIDES, the compounds of hydrogen
with other elementary bodies or with
radicals,

ovre*e?Y

Hyprocarpia, dropsy of the peri-
um,

HYDROCELE, watery or serous fluid accu-
mulated in the tunica vaginalis testis.

HYDROMEL, water sweetened with honey.
Mead is formed from it by fermentation.

HYGROLOGY, the doctrine of the fluids or
humours of the A

HYGROSCOPE, a modification of the hy-
grometer, with the same object.

HYPERZMIA, congestion of blood in any
portion of the body.

HYPERCATHARSIS, excessive pi Z.

HYPNOTICS, medicines which tend to pro-
duce sleep. .

HYPOGLOSSAL NERVES, the lingua
nerves.

HYPONITRIC ACID, a name now replaced
by peroxide of nitrogen. It is a compound
of one atom of nitrogen and four of
oxygen.

HYPOPHYLLOUS BOoDIES, bodies which
grow on the inner side of a leaf.

HYPSOMETRY, the mensuration of heights,
relative or absolute, by trigonometry, or by
barometric appliances.

HYSTERANTHUS, the appearance of the
flowers before the leaves in botany, chu-
racteristic of many plants, such as she
almond,

798

ICH

I

IcHOROLOGY, the doctrine of the secretive |
and lymphatic systeras.

IcHTHIDIN, an albuminous substance.
found in the roe of some fishes.

IcHTHYOLITES, fossil remains of fishes.

IcHTHYOPHAGI,fish eaters. Certain savages |
who lived wholly on fish were so called by
the ancients. |

IcTERUS, the jaundice,

IDRIALINE, an intlammable substance
found in the quicksilver mines of Idria,'
Carniola.

Icasuric Acrp, an acld found in combi-
nation with strychnia in nux vomica.

Inicin, a crystalline neutral substance
found in holly leaves.

ILMENIUM, a metallic base said to be
identical with columbium or niobium. It is
found in the Yttro-ilmenite of the Ilmen
Mountains.

ILVAITE, a silicate of iron and lime found ,
in Elba.

ILYANTHUS, @ genus of sea anemones,
They are non-adherent and large in caleene)
comparatively.

IMBIBITION, the absorption of a liquid
into the pores of a solid. A property of,
some importance in organic tissues. i

IMPARIPINNATE, odd-winged or leaved ;!
used to signify in botany that there is an
odd terminal floret or leaflet, and not an
equal number of pairs.

IMPASTATION, binding different matters
together by cements in sculpture, so that
they can resist the action of fire.

ImPasTo, the body of colour, or thickness
of the layer, relatively,in painting. A thin
layer of pigment is equal to a thin impasto,
&e.

INCANDESCENCE, the luminosity exhibited
by any body from interior heat.

INCENSE Woop, the aromatic resinous
wood of certain species of Icica, as I. Hetero-
phylla, I. Guianensis, &. The juice of
some is also used for incense. i

INCINERATION, burning to ashes, some-
times resorted to for the purpose of obtaining
the incombustible remains of the substance.
Cremation is the name applied to the process
when the human body is incinerated for the
purpose of obtaining the ashes of the dead.

INCRASSATE, bodies more than usually
thick in proportion to their usual dimen-
sions in botany, as in the case of many
succulent leaves, &c.

INCUBATION, ARTIFICIAL. This mode of
hatching independently of the hen is of great
antiquity, having been early practised by
the Egyptians and Chinese. It may be
effected either by the oven, stove, or steam.
The Eccaleobion, or egg-hatching machine, of
the Crystal Palace, Sydenham, by which the
best and most improved breeds of poultry
are now regularly produced for sale, is doing

SUPPLEMENT.

IOL

much toward the introduction of a better
class of general stock for the whole country.

INCURVED or INCURVATE, curved in-
wards,

INDIAN FIRE, a pyrotechnic mixture of
twenty-four parts of nitre, seven of sulphur,
and two of realgar, producing a brilliant
' white light.

INDUCTION, ELECTRICAL, that electric
action produced in adjacent bodies by any
body under electrical excitement.

INDULT, a form of indulgence or dispen-
sation, or licence to transgress or sin against
ordinary law, granted by the Pope.

INDUSIAL LIMESTONE, a freshwater lime-
stone of Auvergne, composed largely of the
cases or indusiz of the larvee of Phryganea,
incrusted by travertin.

InDUVI4, the withered remains of leaves
not articulated with the stem.

INDUVIATE, covered with induvie.

INERTES, the order of birds of Temminck
which includes the Apteryx and Dodo.

INFORMED STARS, stars not included in

‘any of the recognised stellar arrangements

called constellations.
INITIAL VELOCITY, the velocity of a
projectile at the outset, or oo Magee after
it leaves the muzzle of the gu

Inostc ACID, an acid Sant in the juices
of the flesh of animals.

INSTANTANEOUS AXES, the series of vary-
ingand which any non-con-
centric body moves in the course of its
rotation. Motion produces many such axes
in bodies, according to the nature of the
rotation and its combination with other
motions, as, for example, when a body
slides as well as rotates, instantaneous
sliding axes being thereby produced.

INSTRUMENTAL ERRORS, errors arising
from defect of the mathematical instru-
ments employed in measurements, observa-
tions, &e.

INTERCOSTAL, between the ribs. An ad-
jective used anatomically of vessels so
situated.

INTERMEDIATE SHAFT, the connecting
shaft of a pair of marine engines, at the ends
of which the two paddle-wheels are fixed.

INTERNODE, between the knots : the space
on a branch between the leaves upon it.

INTESTINALIA, @ Class of animals, in-
testinal worms or parasites, which infest the
interior of other animals. They are arranged
under two classes, Celelmintha and Stereo-
mintha. Each subdivided into three orders,
the first class comprehending Nematoidea,
Acanthotheca, and Syngamoidea, and the
second, Acanthocephala, Trematoda, aud
Toenioidea.

IopDATES, salts of iodic acid.

IoDIDES, compounds of iodine with the
metals.

IODITE, a native iodide of silver.

IOLITE, a violet-tiuted crystalline mineral
found native in grains and masses,

799

IRI SUPPLEMENT. JUT

IRIARTEA, @ genus of S»uth American direction, while the hind feet have thumbs 5
palms. The cylindrical roots of this palm|and also by other peculiarities, chiefly dental.
rise in a conical mass above the ground like| JACOB'S LADDER, the on flower,

the stem of a tree. Polemonium
IrtD#A, one of the rose-spored division of JAMBOSA, a genus of myrtaceous Indian
edible sea-weeds. trees, of which J. Malaccensis yields the

Iais, the anterior coloured portion of the'Malay apple, and J. Vulgaris the rose see
choroid cuat of the eye with its muscular JAMESONITE, a name of sulp!
fibres, in the centre of which is the pupil. monite of lead

TRISCoPE, an instrument for showing pris-| JARRAH, the durable mahogany-like
matic colours, consisting chiefly of a plate wood of Eucalyptus rostrata, a West Aus-
of highly polished black glass, with its surface tralian timber tree.
smeared with a solution of fine soap, and| JERVIN, an alkaloid fonnd in the root of
afterwards dried with a piece of chamois) white hellebore, or Veratrum album.
leather. When breathed on through a| JESUITES DE ROBE, secular Jesuits of
tube, the vapour on its surface displays |high rank, bound to the order by vows of
brilliant prismatic tinted rays or spectra. |obedience, but without taking the spiritual

IniTIs, inflammation of the iris of the eye.|vow. They are part of the most mischievous

ISCHIQCELE, hernial tumours at the/political organisation of this order, which
foramen of the ischium. has been sometimes too much for the en-

1SCHOPHONIA, or ISCHNOPHONIA, loss of|durance even of the Popedom itself,
voice, a weak voice with imperfect speech. JETERUS, a disease of plants, charac-

IscHURIA, retention of urine. terised by their becoming yellowish, whence

ISERINE, @ variety of titaniferous iron,|it has acquired the mame of Vegetable
from the Iser, Silesia. Jaundice

ISLANDS OF THE BLESSED, the Happy| J EWS’ PITCH, a species of asphaltum.
Islands of Greek Mythology, supposed to be] JINJAL or GINGAL, @ large Oriental
situated in the Western Ocean. musket, used -by the Hindoos and Chinese to

IsoGonic LINES, lines of terrestrial mag-|defend ‘walls.
netism on the surface of the earth, which} JOGUES or YUGS, four eras of
have the characteristic or definition, thatjextent in Hindoo mythology, analogous to
the declination of the magnetic needle, or|those of the Greek mythology mentioned by
its inclination to the horizon, is the same|Hesiod. They are called Suttee, Tirtah,
throughout any one of them. Dwapaar, and Collee.

IsoOPYRE, an amorphous mineral, con-| JUBA, the mane of animals.
sisting of silicate of alumina, peroxide of} JUBILATE, the third Sunday after Easter.
iron, and lime, found in the granite of St.|So called from the psalm of the day com-
Just, Cornwall. jmeucing ‘‘ Jubilate Deo.”

IsTHIONIC AciD, a body obtained from} JuUpDIGA, the fifth Sunday after Lent. So
the boiling of a solution of ethionic acid. It called from the psalm of the day beginning
is isomenic with sulpho-vinic acid. “ Judica me, Domine

ITAKA WOOD, the finely-mottled tiger] JUGAL Bon FE, the vee bone.
wood of British Guiana, from the timber of} JUGATA, applied to medals with two
Macherium Schomburgkii. heads represented side by side, or connected

ITALIAN JUIOC#, the extract of Cala-| with each other.
brian liquorice, as Spanish juice is prepared) JUGULARKS, all fishes with ventral fins
from the liquorice of Catalonia. The/anterior to the pectoral fins.

Solazzi juice of Italy has hitherto been con-| JUGULUM, the fore part of the neck be-

sidered to be the finest. tween the throat and chest.
IULID, a family of Myrapods, of which} JUMPING HARF, a rodent quadruped of
the gally-worm, or Iulus, is the type. the Cape of Good Hope, typical of the genus

IVORY, VEGETABLE, the nuts of Phy-| Helamys, in the tamily Dipodide@ or Jerboas.
telephas *Macrocarpa, consisting in sub-| JUNK WAD,a wad of oakum and spun
stance of indurated albumen, and now much| yarn, made to fit the bore of a gun, and to
used in turnery. ram down between the projectile and the

Ivy, the Hedera Helix of botany. charge.

IXOLYTE, a fossil resin found in the} JURASSIC ROCKS, a geological forma-

bituminous coal of Oberhart, Austria. tion of limestones and clays, somewhat
Janalogous to the Kimmeridge clay and Port-
J land rocks of England, but with less defined

under strata, forming a large portion of the
Jura and Alpine Chain.
JABIRU, a wading bird of the genus} .JUT#, a valuable Indian fibre, obtained
Mycteria. 4 from Corchorus capsu’aris and C. olitorius,
JACCHUS, a genus of South American|It was chiefly used in India for making
quadrumana’ or monkeys, characterised by|coarse cloth and cordage, but is capable of
the digits of the fcre foot beiug all in onelbetter treatment.

800

.

KAI SUPPLEMENT. KYP

as | kernels, it becomes the liqueur known as
K noyau.
P KISH, a substance resembling plumbagoin
Karnozorc, the tertiary formation Of aypearance, found sometimes in smelting
geclocy. |furnaces for iron. It is composed of man-
Ka GORENH, Rutise phosphate of iron. ganese and carbon.
KsLAMAIKA, a popular Hungarian dance. _ipr, the name of a composition used in
kALe, SEA, the Crambe Maritima, | waterproofing canvas. It consists of 60 parts
Ka™MNERERITE, hydrated silicate of alU- resin, 55 parts pitch, 55 parts bees’ wax,
mina and magnesia found sometimes along ang 15 parts tallow, by weight, boiled to-
with chromate of iron. igether slowly. It also adheres to metal.
KAMPTULICON, a variety of foor-cloth, KIvi-KIvI, the Apteryx Australis of New
composed of gutta-percha, india-rubber, and Zealand,
cork. KLINOMETER, an instrument for mea-
KANEITE, native arsenical manganese. suring the inclination of strata to the
KARELINITE, an oxysulphide of eo

muth. - KNEPH, a ram-headed divinity of the
KATHETOMETER, an instrument for Mea-| ancient Egyptians called AMEN-RA, or by

suring heights, consisting of a telescope the Greeks AMMON.

sliding up and down upon a graduated seale,! Kosta, the Phascolarctos, a marsupial

and furnished with cross wir.s to intersect uadruped of Australasia.

the field of view. Minute differences in|" Kory, a small two-masted Dutch fishing

height are thus determinable by sliding the vessel, with a large sprit sail abaft each

telescope up or down, when two different past,

heights are to be compared. | Konrerre, an emerald-coloured variety of
KEELING, the Morrhua vulgaris, or COM- the mineral Brochantite,
mon cod-fish, KOTTIGITE, a native arsenate of zine with

KENTISH Rag, part of the lowest creta-' nickel and cobalt, found in Saxony, and
ceous group of England, yielding a tough and oontaining also a trace of lime.
durable building stone. KREATINE, an organic crystallisable sub-
KERATONYXIS, the operation of couching,' stance found in the muscular fibre of ani-
as performed by the German surgeons, by, mals = C. H, O, N + HO.
introducing a needle through the cornea, aS ae esi
and breaking or depressing the opaque lens) _ReMNiTZ WHITE, a very pure variety of
of the eye. This distinctive name is Soe carbonate of lead, or white lead. It is the
Kepas, “a horn,” and vukis, **@ punc-' finest flake white pigment of artists,
ture,’”’—puncturing the cornea. Krum Horn, an old cornet-like musical
KERMESITE, oxysulphide of antimony. ‘instrument. Itis said to have given name
KERNED, in typography, letters which to the Cremona stop of the organ ; but see-
have part of their faces hanging over either ing how the name Cremona is cennected
or both sides of their bodies, otherwise with music, this may be disputed
KEROLITE, a hydrated silicate of man-| KUHNITE, a native arsenate of lime an
ganese. magnesia,
KEUPER, the upper division of the Trias KuNKUR, a remarkable deposit of the
in the Continental geology of Europe. |wide-spread peninsula of India, analogous
Kuvus-Kuus, the Andropogon Murica- to, and corresponding in character and cir-
tus, a fragrant grass of India; spelt also cumstances with, theglacial drift of Northern
**cuscus.”” |Europe and America. It is found as a
KIESEL §CHIEFER, a siliceous schistose deposit on all levels, even as high as 3,008
deposit found in the lower division of the feet above the sea. From the different levels
upper carponiferous rocks of the Rhine and on which it is found it obviously cannot be
elsewhere, ‘the result of deposits on an ancient and
KIKEKUNEMALO, an excellent varnish gradually elevated sea-bed, but must have
resin of America, resembling copal, and in been deposited after the permanent ar-
some places used medicinally. |rangement of heights and depressions of
KIMERIDGE CLAY, a thick blue slate- India.
tlay deposit of England, containing car- | KUPFERBLENDE, copperblende or Ten-
bonate and sulphate of lime, at the base of antite, with part of the iron replaced by
the upper division of the English oolite, and zing,
containing the Kimeridge aoa aad KurRRAJONG, an Australian fibre and

shale, series of fibrous plants, including Commer-
KIRSCHWASSER, an alcoholic liquor pro- sonia platyphylla, Hibiscus heterophyluc,

duced by fermenting the small sweet black Plagianthus sidoides, and others.

cherry,—the cherry-water of Germany. | KYANISE, to preserve timber by Kyan’s

When distilled and sweetened, and flavoured patent preparation, g. v.

with the almond flavour of the bruised’ KypuHo.ire, a variety of serpentine.

801 3F

KYR SUPPLEMENT. LLA

KyYRosiTE, a variety of marcasite, or white termining the quality of gold or silver,
iron pyrites, containing copper and arsenic, according to the colour of the streak.
found both in South America and in LARARIUM, the apartment in the dwell-
Europe. ings of the ancients in which the household

gods or lares were kept.

Ti LASURITE, blue carbonate of copper.
| LATICIFEROUS TISSUE, one of the vascu-
lar elementary tissues of plants, in the tubes

LaBLaB, a genus of leguminous tropical of which the latex circulates and is con-
plants. The pulse yielded by L. Vulgaris yeyed. »
is used as an article of food, and the young Lrap GLANCE, native sulphide of lead.
pods like kidney beans, as well as those of LrcrEeRn, a desk or stand for spats
L. Cultratus. book for the use of the public readers in

LABRUS, the bream. The typical genus churches,
of the Labride, or bream tribe of fishes. | Lecricarit, the bearers of the lectica of

facinceens having fringe-like margins, in the Romans, or litter-bearers.
botany. ' LEOPARD Woop, the wood of the South

LACONICUM, a dry bath. Heated cir used American tree Brosimwm Aubletii. It be-
by the Romans to produce sudorifie effects, longs to the order Artocarpacece.
and said to have been first used in Laconia. | LEprpo.ire, a silicate of lithea, alumina,

LacToneE, a volatile liquid product of and iron with fiuoride of potassium.
the destructive distillation of lactic acid. LETTIC, a division of the Aryan languages,

Lactucic AcipD, an acid somewhat simi- including the Old Prussian and still exist-
lar to oxalic acid, found in the juice of ing dialects of Livonia, Lithuania, and
Lactuca Virosa. Courland.

LACUSTRINE DEpPosiTs. The deposits of Levant, from the Italian word levante,
fresh-water lakes and pools are so called “rising,” an Italian geographical term for
by geologists. that part of the world which is toward the

Lapties’ SLATES, a term denoting a par- East or risingsun, but distinctively, in gene-
ticular size of slates for roofing. They are = acceptation, that part of the Mediter-
16 inches by 8 inches. nean Sea and shores to the east of the

Lacomys, the rat-hares of Siberia, a arritien of Candia.
genus of rodent quadrupeds differing from LIBER ALBUS, a book of the ancient laws
the true hares in having no tail, nearly and customs of the City of sees of =
eqnal legs, shorter ears, and nearly perfect antiquarian as well as practical in
clavicles, It has been printed by direction of the Man. Mas-

LAGONITE, an earthy ochreous yellow ter of the Rolls.
mineral incrustation, found at the Tuscan’ Lich GATE, a shed covering the entrance
lagoons. to a burying ground, where the corpse-

LAGRIMOSO, a direction in music to per- bearers rested on the way to interment.
form the part indicated in a plaintive, tear- From Leiche, the German for a corpse.
ful manner. | LIEBERKUHN, a speculum or concave re-

LAKE IRON ORE, the bog iron ore of Swe- flector used with a microscope to throw focal
dea aad Finland, found generally on the light on the object under examination.
elopes declining toward the larger lakes. | LIGNEOUS, woody, or resembling wood,

LAMANTIN, the manatee, or sea cow. | LIGURE, a gem stone worn in the breast-

LAND-FALL, @ nautical term signifying the plate of the High Priest of Israel.
first land seen after a voyage. When it LimonirzE, a hydrated peroxide of iron, or
piel 9a us calculated on, it is called a good brown iron ore.

| LINGULA FLAGs, a group of rock deposits

“TANIADE, the family of shrikes or butcher belonging to the middle members of the

ids, Lower Silurian formation, found in the Cam-

LaNTERN WHEEL, a pinion wheel with brian district of England, but not belonging

treSdle or spindle teeth. to what is called the Cambrian series.
LANTHANUM, an elementary metal dis-. ateameieiae a fatty tumour.

covered by Mcsander in cerite. | Lipprtupo, bleared eyes. A disease of
La?tiu, “little stones,’ small volcanic the eye-lids easily cured, as well as sty, by

cinders ithe application of red precipitate ointment,
Ls»is CaUsTicus, caustic potash. ‘prepared in a weakened form for the eye by

Lapis DIYINUS, a compound in which any druggist.
slum, ais, and verdigris were melted to LiTHoLoGicaL, the structure, character,
gether, or white vitriol in place of verdigris, and composition of any mineral or stone.
with the censsionai w@iditico ofcamphor. | LitHePHyTEs, stony polypes, or those

Laris INFERNsLis, lunar caustic, a fused haviag a stony axis, as distinct from those
nitrate of siiver. |having a horny axis.

LaPis Lynivs, 3 siliceous elate calicd tha; LLANDEILO yeas or nr a group of
Lydiaw stone, It is a touchstone for de-' durk-coloured syndy grit beds belonging to

§92

eS

“~y

=

a

LOD

SUPPLEMENT.

MAR

the Silurian series of Soath Wales. They}
abound with graptolites and other fossils.
They correspond with the Utica slates of
America and the Angers slates of France.
LoDESTAR, the Pole star.
LoGAN STONES, the rocking stones. Many)

ef them are apparently natural and purely|

accidental results of the depositation
glacial drift, g. v.
Lormic, (from AotmiKos}) relating to

of the
.

other infectious diseases.

|

pestilential diseases, such as the plague and)

MAGNETITE, oxydulated iron or mag-
netic iron ore.

MAHARANGA, a genus of Boraginacee, of
which the species M. Emodi yields the

jrutton roots of Indian commerce, used for

colouring oils for staining.

MAID, the family of crabs, typified by
the genus Maia, of which the sea spider is
an eXample.

MAIN BEAM, in mechanics the beam
which receives its impulse of rotation direct
from the piston rod.

MAIZENA, the finer kind of flour pre-
ared from Indian corn or maize.

LoToPHaG!, (from AwTOparyos,) the p
lotus-eaters, the people among whom Ulysses) MAJOLIOGA, a variety of pottery manu-
was carried, according to Homer, when trying factured by the Moors at Majorca during
to double Cape Malea. Those who ate the fruit their possession of that island, consisting of

of thelotus were visited with forgetfulness,
and lost all recollection of their country and
friends, preferring a quiet life of inaction
in the land of the lotus. The legend is un-
questionably one of great poetic beauty.

LUDLOW SERIES, a series of deposits con-
sisting of the upper sands and shales of
Ludlow, the Aymestry limestone beneath,
and under these the lower Ludlow shales
and limestone concretions. Together these
are the uppar member of the English Silurian
formation,

LusIAD, the great epic poem of the Por-
tuguese poet
quently translated.

LuUXATION, dislocation of a joint, in
anatomy.

Lyra, the Lyre, one ofthe constellations :

Camoens. <A great work, ail

earthenware coated with iead glaze, and
highly coloured. English Majolica has been
produced by Mr. Minton and others.
MALACOLITE, a dark green variety of
augite.
| MALEIC ACID, an acid product of the
distillation of malic acid at a high tempera-
‘ture. It is isomeric with fumaric acid.
| MALMSEY, a fine-flavoured variety of
‘Madeira wine formerly made at Malvasia,
in the Morea,
MANCINITE, brown silicate of zinc.
MANGANITE, hydrated peroxide of man-
ganese, or grey oxide of manganese,
ANGONEL, an ancient warlike engine
for throwing missiles in sieges,
MANTLETS, shields proof against small
shot, capable of being moved from point to

also the name given to a lyre-like disposi-|point, to protect sappers or gunners during

tion of the cerebral fibres of the under pos-
terior surface of the Corpus Cullosum,

M |

MACAUCO, a name used to designate
several species of quadrumana of the genus:
Lemur. |

MACER, the astringent bark of the root
of a Malabar tree, very effective in the cure
of diarrhea,

MACLUREITE, a silicate of magnesia,
‘with some oxide of iron, potash, and fluo-
rine, found in Imperfect crystalline masses
in New Jersey,

MACRAUCHENTA, acolossal genus of three-
toed or Perissodactyle Mammalia, allied to
the Llamas and Camels, ”

MACROPIPER, a genus of shrubby cor-
date-leaved Polynesian plants, of which the
species M. Methysticum supplies the kava
or ava root, from which the narcotic bever-
uge kava is obtained.

MAGDEBURG HEMISPHERES, an ap-
paratus originating with Otto Guericke, of
Magdeburg, consisting of two hollow hemi-

sieges.
MAPLE, the Acer family of trees, which
includes many valuable species, as the sugar ,

jmaple, Acer Saccharinwm, common maple,

A, Campestre, Norway maple, A. Platano-
ides, &c.

MARASOHINO, a liqueur prepared from
the Dalmatian marasquin cherry by fermen-
tation and distillation, the fruit being
bruised and the kernels used as flayouring.

MARC, oil cake—the refuse or residue of
seeds after oil has been expressed from them.
They are frequently used as manures,

MARGARITF, hydrated silicate of alu-

> » and lime,
pe esAsE, a hydrated carbonate of
Cc,

MARMATITE, a blende in which part of
the zinc is replaced by iron, and occasionally
by pp aniun. a

RSH’S APPARATUS, a test suggested
by Mr. Marsh in 1836, for the detection of
arsenic. It consists of a jet of pure hydrogen
inflamed, to the flame of which a surface of
white porcelain is subjected. When the

spheres fitting each other closely at the
When the interior air is abstricted
by the air pump, they exemplify the force of
atmospheric pressure from without by the
force with which they are held together.

hydrogen contains any trace of arsenic, it is
\revealed by a steel grey deposit of the metal
within a dark ring of its suboxide. When
the hydrogen is pure, no metallic deposit
takes place.

.

i ManriaL REGULUS, metallic antimony
803

3F2

MAS SUPPLEMENT. MOU

produced trom the decomposition of sulphide represent a middle life period in the ant-
of antimeny dy iron. ‘mated habitation of the world: a distinctiom
MARTICS TORIES, medicines which yro- which it might have been fairly anticipated
mote the secretion of saliva. subsequent geological discovery and maturer
MASYTOTHECA, the abdominal pouch of scientific considerations would destroy ; ana,
marsupis) 7zammals, ‘as might have been expected, though the
MAUY, @ beautiful purple aniline dye, term may remain, its propriety is already
obiainat slso from benzol. ‘gone. The so-called Mesozoic includes the
MEAN SON, an imaginary sun, assumed cretaceous series and the new red sandstone,
to move regularly and uniformly at the .with all the intervening series.
meau velocity of the true sun. It thus; METACARPUS, the portion of the hand be-
marks aré distinguishes mean time from tween the fingers and wrist.
true time, and the mean solar day from the | METACENTRE, Bouguer’s term for the
true solar day, and thereby affords a mea- point or centre of stability of floating bodies.
sure for reducing observations to practical| The centre of buoyancy and the centre of
accuracy. gravity coincide or vary according to the
MECHANISTS, a set of philosophers who lading, and the position of the Metacentre-
considered the changes of the material uni-|or centre of stability depends upon and is:
verse due to the operation of mechanical] subordinate to the relative position of these,
forces, land, like them, it varies in intensity or
MEDLAR, the fruit of a plant common | quantity, as well as position,
in Central Europe in the wild state, the METALLIC CoLouRs, those colours which.
Mespilus Germanica. ‘are obtained from a metallic base, such as
MEDULLARY RAYS, the cellular tissue the lead, chromium, cadmium, vermilion,
radiating from the centre of the stem out- and other pigments, as distinguished from.
ward to the bark of exogens, observable animal and vegetable colours, such as cochi-.
when the trunks of timber trees are cut in neal, which is an insect product, and mad-
transverse sections. der, indigo, &c, which are vegetable
MEGALICTHYS, @ genus of fossil fishes, products. -
some species of which are of great size. Dental, METALLOCHROMES, a beautiful series of
and other remains of M. Hidberti have been prismatic tints, produced on polished steel
found in coal fields of Edinburgh and Fife. . plates by Nobili by the depositing upon them,
MaLAM, - product of the distillation of id ree gee: action, thin films of per-
sulpho-cyanide of potassium mi e 0
<anak 46 ee Se ee METAXITE, a fibrous serpentine. The-
MELANIC ACID, a black amorphous 'name has also been applied to chrysolite,
body obtained from hydride of salicyl. | METHYLATED SPIRir, alcohol or spirits of
MELANOCHROITE, a chromate of lead Wine mixed with a tenth of its volume of
found in Siberia, which becomes black under W004 spirit, and sold duty free for the pur-
the action of the blow-pipe. pose of facilitating the manufacture of
MELANOTANNIC ACID, a dark body result-| V@tishes and other uses in the productive:

ing from the action of potassa in exces sig
tannic P . =| METOPOSCOPY, divination by inspection of

MELILITE, or HoNnEY STONE, a silicate of the forehead.
sae ee ny ey ao wn mie ot be
potash, and soda. .
MELOPSITE, a variety of lithomarge, of a MIcHAELITE, a pearly white fibrons
pate greenish or yellowish colour. ' Variety of opal from the island of St. Michael, .
MENDIPITE, an oxychloride of lead found ane WHEBDS, the gente A
I i sclepias.

in the Mendip Hills.
MENEGHINITE, a double sulphide of lead|_, MISE-EN-SCEN®, the getting up of
piece, in dramatic

and antimony.
MENILITE, anopaque brownish opalfouna|,, MOusITE, @ crystallised titaniferous
near Paris, ¥
MONILIFORM, like a necklace, applied

MERCAPTAN, Corpus Mercurium ca
tans, a liquid compound of carbon, pr a8 in botany to certain
and hydrogen, so cailed from its powerful, MONKSHOOD, or ACONITE, the Acon#-
action on mercury. tum Napellus,

MeRIcarP, half of the double fruit of| MOSS AGATE, agates with dentritic or-
umbellifers, moss-like interior arrangements and mark-

MESITYLENE, a hydrocarbon product of 128%:
the action of sulphuric acid on para Its MOTHER-CELLS, cells from which other
formula is C. H | cells are developed.
9 ~~ 12 MOUSING A HOOK, a nautical term,
MEsozorc Rocks, the group of rocks ' signifying the securing a hook to anything to
usually called Secondary, so called by Pro- | which it is attached, by passing a piece of’
fessor Phillips from their being supposed yt: spun yarn round the back aud point of if,

MUC SUPPLEMENT. NOB

0 as to prevent the thing to which it is Office, Vienna, and since brought to grea

attached from slipping out. efficiency by Mr. Henry Bradbury and others
MUCRONATH, any organ terminating in The process consists of taking any indented
@ sharp, hard point, impression, on thin sheets of fresh cut lead,

MURCHISONITR, a red and yellow or of specially dried plants, or leaves with the
golden variety of felspar discovered by Sir juice squeezed out between thick blotting
Roderick I, Murchison. |paper. After the plants are separated from

MURIOCATE, surfaces covered with short the sheets of lead, the latter are subjected to
pointed cones not closely set together. § = a metallic deposit of copper, which reproduces

MUSCLD.E, the family of dipterous the impression of the plantsin relief. This
insects, of which Musca (the fly) is the again is subjected to a second deposit of
‘typical genus, | copper, reproducing the first impression, as

MUSKAT, a sweet and fine rich wine taken by the lead, but on a plate sufficiently
from the over-ripe Muscadine grapes of the hard for printing purposes. By this means
south of France. Nature is made her own draughtsman, aud

MYCELIA, the flocculent filaments of a perfect fac-simile is the result.
fungi. ; NAUMANNITE, native selenide of silver.

MYDRIASIS, unnatural dilation of the NAVAL ARCHITECTURE, the designing

pupil of the eye. and draughting of the designs of ships. It
MYELON, the spinal chord and spinal involves a consideration of many details and
marrow collectively. principles, and is in most respeets an inver-

MYTILACEANS, the family of bivalve sion of house building,—the vessel depending
shells of which the Mytilus, or common fF stability on her floating power from above
mussel, is the typical genus. and her power of resisting pressure from

below, while the house depends on the foun-

dation and the power of resisting pressure
N down

NEGATIVE, in photography, the first im-

NABONASSAR, ERA OF, an era of Astro- Pression of an object, from which other im-
nomy adopted from the Chaldeans by Hip- Pressions are printed.
parchus and Ptolemy, and said to refer NEMOPHILA,a gennsof flowering annuals
the observation of eclipses to the beginning belonging to the order Hgdrophyllacee, and
of the reign of Nabonassar, Niebuhr and Sir familiarly exemplified by the garden annual
G. C. Lewis are at conflict as to Nabonassar, ~V. Jnsignis.

Mr. Grote says, in his History of Greece, NEKOLITR, a massive variety of talc, in
that the earliest astronomical observation of Which alumina partially replaces silica.

the Chaldeans known to Ptolemy wasalunar £OVYPE, a variety of Natrocalcile, so
eclipse of March 19th, 721 B.c., the 27th year C@lled because of its novelty of form on first
of the Era of Nabonassar. This is, after all, 1iscovery, due to its containing barytes.
everything that appears requisite, the era of _ NEPHROTOMY, the surgical operation of
Nabonassar being held to begin with Feb- ¢Xtracting stone from the kidneys.

ruary 26th, 747 B.c. The date is asufficiently, NEREIDES, the sea nymphs, daughters of
definite one for astronomical purposes. | Nereus, the son of Ocean and Earth.

NACRITE. a silicate of alumina, consisting NEURICITY or NEURILITY, the fibrous
of fine talcose pearly scales. structure of the nerves.

NANDU, the Rrea Americana, or Ameri-| NICKEL BLooM, arsenate of nickel.
can ostrich. NICTITATION, a nervous affection of the »

NaAOs, the portion of a temple enclosed by ey¢lids, consisting of inordinate winking.
tae Walls. It was situated betweenthepronaos NIGGED ASHLAR, rough-dressed stone ;
in front, and the posticum in the rear, of the same as hammer-dressed stone. It is
the eGitice, It is the origin of the word used in the basements of various public

nave,’* which, however, is applied to the buildings and private dwellings where stone
middle portion of Gothic churches, between is employed.
the two side aisles and to the west of the, N11RO-CALCITR, native nitrate of lime.
choir, NooTnH’s APPARATUS, an arrangement

NARDOO, the Narsilia Macropus or Sal- for introducing carbonic acid gas into water,
vatriz, an Australian plant, the seeds or now superseded by the gasogene.

‘spores aud spore cases of which furnish a NORHAGHE, a remarkable series of Sar-
meal from which the natives make bread dinian monuments of great antiquity and

’ and a kixd of porridge. unknown use, but supposed to be tombs of
NATATORY, that characteristic of a limb illustrious individuals. They are elliptical
dy _ which it is adapted for swimming. or circular truncated cones, with doors open-

NativE AMALGAM, a native alloy of ing to the south-east, and giving access to a
eilyer snd mercury, sometimes found in per- corridor communicating with two ranges of
feet crystals. chambers, through which the central tower

NATURE PRINTING, an art first prac- is reached. They are sometimes single, some-
wed by M. Auer, of the Imperial Printing times coruposed of several united ; sometimes,

805

NOR SUPPLEMENT. OUZ

also, they embrace a considerable enclosure,'great service not only in ocular, but ia
and others of them are surrounded by ap-|difficult brain disease, and photographs of
parently defensible works. They are very the retina have been obtained.

numerous in Sardinia, and the surprise is) ORDER OF THE DAY, the busine of
that there should be any doubt as to their|the day in Parliament previously set down
origin or use. 3 in the order in which it is to come on and
NORDHAUSEN ACID, a nearly anhydrous be proceeded with. A motion for the order
sulphuric acid, consisting usually of a brown of the day to be read is a frequent mode of
fuming liquid, formerly manufactured at superseding any other matter already before
Nordhausen. |the House, and, if carried, the orders or

NUPHAR, the water-lily, the well-known
aquatic plant which sends up its beautiful
flowers from the surface of the British fresh-
water streams amid its broad, roun4, floating
leaves,

NUTCRACKER, a British bird of the genus
Nucifraga and order Pica.

O

OBSTETRICS, the science of midwifery, |

OCCUPATION KOADS, roads made by
the owners or occupiers of land for their own
convenience in communicating with the
various portions of a property, and therefore
not public. Over such roads railways and
canals must construct bridges; and where
they divide fields in their course, they are
bound, for the convenience of the pro-
prietors and their tenants, to construct
o

ccupation bridges.
ODERITE, a Swedish variety of black

mica,

ODIN, the Scandinavian Zeus.

ODONTOLITE, fossil bones and teeth,
foundin the tertiaries of Languedoc, coloured
with oxide of copper, called also Bone
Turquoise.

ODORIN, @ product with strong empyreu-
matic odour, obtained from the distillation
of the yolatile oil resulting from distilled

me.
CENOMETER, a hydrometer for telling the
strength of wines.
CESOPHAGITIS, inflammation of the w@so-

phagus.

OLEIC ACID, an acid found along with
margaric acid when almond oil is saponified
with potash, and the soap decomposed by
hydrochloric acid. Its symbol is C36 Noy oO 4

OLERACEOUS, having the nature of or
belonging to pot herbs.

OMANDER WOOD, a calamander wood of!

Ceylon, the wood of Diospyros Ebenaster.
OPHTHALMOSCOPE, an instrument for
examining the interior of the eye during
life, the invention of Helmholtz, and subse-
quently varied by numerous other inven-
tors. The light placed at the side of the
patient’s head being reflected by a small
mirror into the eye, the illuminated interior
is then capable of examination through a
small aperture in the centre of the mirror,
to which various magnifying powers can

a orders of the day must then he
read and proceeded with in the sequence in
which they are set down. Such a motion,
however, is frequently superseded by a
motion to adjourn. The practice of moving
the Order of the Day appears to have been
first introduced on All Fools’ Day, 1747, and
many a disappointed politician has sinee
thought the practice worthy of its birthday,

ORGANOGENESIS, the formation of any
organ from its origin or first stage of deve-
lopment.

ORLO, the plinth to the base of 2 pedestal
or column.

nents the decorative art of copper or

nze

ORTHITE, a massive and acicular orystal-
ine variety of Allanite.

ORTHOCLASE, or POTASH FELSPAR,
a silicate of alumina and potash, with fre
quently the potash partially replaced by
soda, lime, magnesia, &. It #a® ¢ommon
constituent of granite, formirg frequently
large white, grey, or reddish crystals, -
ORTHOMORPHIC, (from opGos,

“straight,” and Hopdn, “‘shape,’’) the
normal form or werfect development of
organic bodies previous to their zrminal
condition. :

OSCILLATING ENGINES, en arrange-
ment of steam engines by which the cylinder
|oscillates on trunnions near its base, like
those of a piece of ordnance. By this
arrangement connecting rods between the
piston rod and crank pin are nsed
with, and the space required for their action
saved, while the stroke of the piston is more
directly applied, and brought more nearly at
right angles to the maximum-power points
of the crank. They are chiefly valuable in
steam navigation, where complete action
per compactness are concurring requi-

Sites,

OSMIRIDIUM, a native alloy of iridium
and osmium, called also iridosmine, these
terms being mere inversions of each other.
OSEROGRNT, formation and growth of

ne,

OSTEOLITE, earthy p hate of lim
supposed to be altered baer *
UTALGLIA, ear ache.

OTITIS, inflammation of the ear or any
part of that o;
OUZEL,WATER, the Cineulus A

be applied. The invention has proved of

quaticus,
eerie @ smail English bird of aquatic

84%

ee

OVI . SUPPLEMENT. PHO

mam-|quent verses commence, as in the origina!
Sibylline verses according to Cicero.
PARAFFIN or PARAFINE OILS, & name
OXALITE, native oxalate of iron. given to petroleum oils, as distinguished from
OYSTER PLANT, the Steenhammaria benzoline or petroleum spirit.
Maritima, so called from the leaves having} PARAPHONIA, alteration of voice.
the flavour of oysters. PARKIA, a genus of leguminous plants
OZOKERITE, a variety of mineral and named after Mungo Park, of which P.
wax-like resin found in Newcastle and| Africana, or the African locust tree, useful
Linlithgowshire coal, and more abundantly |for its edible seeds, is one of the best known
in Moldavia. It is now used for the manu-|¢xamples.
facture of candles, and gives a superior PARONYCHIA, an abscess or whitlow affect-
light. It has an aromatic smell, as well as ing the 4
many wax-like qualities : hence its name. | PARTURITION, bringing forth or giving
OZONE, an allotropic condition or modi- birth,
fication of oxygen. It may be obtained PeLIoM, a Bavarian variety of iolite.
from phosphorus partially covered with PELOKONITE, a South American variety of
water, under the electrolytic decomposition upreous manganese.
of water, by passing an electric spark! PENICILLIUM, a genus of moulds or mil-
through oxygen, and in various other ways. dews. P. Glaucwm, one of the species, is
It is insoluble in ether, water, and alcohol. present in the vinegar plant, and also in
It resumes the condition of ordinary oxygen yeast.
at a temperature of 500°. It forms an in- PENNINE, # chlorite from the Pennine
valuable disinfectant and aid to sanitary|Alps.
arrangements, and has been conveniently PEPSINF, a principle contained in small
reduced to practical use in Condy’s Fluid. /quantity in gastric juice along with the acid
OZONOMETRY, a term applied to several,in which it constitutes the dissolving and
modes of testing and determining the digestive power of that fluid.
quantity and presence of Ozone in the) PHRIAGUA, @ large canoe of the Pacific
atmosphere, chiefly by specially prepared made from the trunks of two trees.
test papers. | PERIDIUM, the outer coat enveloping the
\sporules of certain fungi.
PERMANENT WHITE, 2 pigment formed
Pp of sulphate of baryta, which retains its
|whiteness under circumstances in which
— aoe and zinc white become dis-
- ‘coloured.
“Rath, Bax, tat portionof Ireland witha! PauNANGANTO or HXPERMANGANTO
Sovereigns was maintained for some cen-'ox ay ne 5085 ype tiet of seven atomis'gt
turies after the English invasion. The Pro-;PanongaL Muscut=, th
yince of Leinster was the main territory of which t th pk oF oh ine ft muscles
the Pale, with a varying and fluctuating) py ase 6 fi adhere a ees
boundary. lindo taestiadly 00 ae oem eo
PALLA, the cloak or pallium worn by; ‘ vite
Roman ladies. It was a Ceanae pelts Aa ring ‘ rae cbpececapicn i. |
garment, which when worn had a portion of which eat <a me . I ae OE Ee Sacer
it thrown over the left shoulder. | vear of Ch " 7. “4 bc assent in the third
PALMYRA Woop, the wood of Cocos Secsttents a § sigh wet Me: hg en - obtaining
Nucifera, and also that of Borassus labelli- yea) atl a cetat sdb dhe: a pe
joie, | pete gerebey ee eae
PAMPEAN SERIES, @ series of highly fos-| tf
siliferous South American drpeidia,. bolded: |\aiee ans aneoet “evi pete beeead for regu-
ing to the more recent tertiaries of geology. Ip Poot e ot ages os © eyes, invented
PAMPELMOUSE, & fruit of the citron class, /pymena, of b soy Showing ceesain Whe»
. na of binocular vision.
yielded by the Citrus Decwmana. | PHARMACOLOGY, the sci
PANCREATIC JUICE, the liquid secretion teaches the properti "i ence which
of the pancreas. It has the power to change! Parien: mate Diplo oem
* into fat acids and glycerine. gun gue. DLE, a jet of hydro-
ARACENTESIS, tapping of any part of the) PHOTOGEN,
N, paraffin oil, an inflammabl
body to withdraw an extraneous gathering of ojjy product of the distillation of vaewue

OyipucT, the Fallopian tube of
mals, and analogous passage in other
animals,

fluid.

Pf ‘shales and °

Paractere, the Holy Spirit in His cha-' series ar uvavecateenn beg od goodly
racter gf Comforter and Intercessor. ‘tions and high illuminating power. It is

PARACROSTIC, a poem constructed on the tilla' ural
principle of giving in the first verse all the = Secor ep dewerree 1s winatce oy

letters in their order with which the aubse-/ PHOTOLOGY, the science of light.
807

Puy SUPPLEMENT. PYC

PHYCOLOGY, the branch of botany de-|camp occupied by the General’s tent, raised
the Alg@ or sea-weeds, some feet above the level of the rest of the
PiCHURIM BRAN, the medicinal seeds|camp.
of Nevtandra Puchury, used asa cure for) PRAKRIT, the old languages or dialects of
calic, the lower classes during the period when the
PINE WOOL, or VEGETABLE WOOL, a older Sanscrit was a spoken language, the
fibre of the leaves of the Pinus Sylvestris,|Sanscrit itself, or polished language, being
or silver fir, from which a fabric like flannel | confined to the educated and upper classes.
may be made. It is highly useful and valu-! PrickLY PEAR, the Opuntia or Indian
abie for r .Jer-clothing, being anti-rheumatie fiz.
and specially healthy. PRIMURIES, the pinion feathers or quills
PISTACITR, a greenish variety of iron! in the wings of birds.
and lime epidote, composed of silicate of| PRIsTIS, the genus of sharks of which the
alumina, lime, and iron. |sawfish, P, Antiquorum, is an example.
PLESIOSAURUS, the genus of fossil) PRocURATOR FiscAL, an officer in Scot-
lixards or marine saurians characterised by land who makes the preliminary inquiries
their great length of neck. into crime, and acts as public prosecutor
PLEURITIS, inflammation of the pleura, in all the less important criminal prose-

or pleurisy. -cutions of the inferior courts of Scotland
PLUMBUM CORNEUM, fused chloride of other than the police courts.
lead, formerly called horn lead, | PRoEM, a poetical introduction to a larger

PLYMOUTH BRETHREN, a body of Poem, The word is sometimes used iu the
Christians opposed to sectarianism and all its Same sense as a preface.
distinctions, and holding adhesion only to- PROLUsIoN, a trial or essay in literature.
what they cousider to be vital or essential! PROPER MorTIoNn, the actual motion of
truths. |stars, as contradistinguished from their

POUAGRA, gout affecting the foot. apparent motion.

POLARISCOPKS, a'yariety of instruments, PRoTEIN, the azotised base of albumen,
for the purpose of detecting the polarisation casein, and fibrin.
of light. | | ProroceEnssis, the first beginning of life;

PoLYGAMOUS, applied in botany to aterm intended to signify the development
grasses which have spikelets of unisexual and Of an organic vitalised body from inorganic
also of hermaphrodite organs. |and non-vitalised matter. The phenomenon

PoLyeamy, plitrality of wives: a custom has been sought for, but not found.
peculijs to the Semitic and Hamitic races,) PRoToPLasM, the vegetable matter formed
but apparently never adopted nationally by On the inside walls of a cell after the cell is
any of the Japhethites. | formed.

PoLyonyMy, the description of one object PsoROPHTHALMIA, ulceration and itching
under a variety of names. inflammation of the eyelids.

PoMELLOES, the smaller varieties of shad- | PTYALISM, salivation, or an increased
dock, known as the Forbidden fruit. ‘secretion of saliva.

PORTREEVE, the chief magistrate of a PUGMILL, the mill in which brickmakers
maritime town er port under the Anglo- mix and prepare the materials of which their
Saxons. It is a corruption of portgrieve, and bricks are made.
is said to have been the title of mayors of; PULP, the juicy tissue of fruits and
seaports, ‘plants; also applied to the macerated fibre
' PosiDONIA ScHIsT, a schistose deposit of from which paper is made.
the lias formation, consisting of bituminous PULQUE, a drink consisting of the fer-
shale full of the remains of a flat bivalve mented juice of the agave,
shell, the Posidonia. It is rich enough in| PUMPKIN, the esculent gourd Cucurbita

carbon to be of value for distillation. ' Pepo. \
PosoLocy, the administration of medi-. Punic Wars, the wars between Rome
cine, as regards quantity or doses. ‘and Carthage.

Pot METAL, an alloy of copper and lead. | PuprPaRous, insects which bring forth
POUDRETTE, a manure composed of dried their young in the nymph or pupe form.
night soil and clay. The night soil of Paris PURPURE, a tincture orcolourin heraldry

is so prepared for manure. ‘indicated by lines running diagonally from
PrRaaM, a kind of Dutch and Baltic the sinister side of the shield downwards.
lighter. It is equal to amethyst among gems and

PRHZFLORATION and PREFOLIATION, the mercury among planets.
condition of flowers or leaves in the flower-| PUTAMEN, the endocarpium or stone of
bud or leaf-bud before expansion. ‘fruit.

PR#Z-RAPHAELITISM, a modern school of PYCNITE, a silicate of alumina, in which
painting, which has revived the system of fluorine replaces about a seventh part of
art characteristic of the fifteenth century, the oxygen. It is a massive variety of
with some modifications. topaz.

PRZTORIUM, the portion of a Roman PycNoTRoP, a variety of serpertine.

808

PYR

SUPPLEMENT.

RED

PYRAMIDS, MEXICAN. The pyramidal}
structures of Mexico are very extensive
works of remote antiquity, remarkable for
their extent of base and truncated forms.
Some of them, as that of Cholula, seem to
have been merely extensive bases for tem-
ples erected upon them after they reached a
certain height. Many of them cover a
larger area than that of the Pyramids of
Egypt.

PYRIDINE, an organic vily base obtained
from the distillation of bones.

Pyro Acips, acids obtained from some
of the organic acids by subjecting them to
heat, by which they become altered in their
composition. They generally retain the
name of the organic acid from which they
are obtained, with the prefix “‘ pyro,”
pyro-citric acid, pyro-gallic acid, &.

PYROXANTHIN, a yellow crystalline pro-
duct of the action of alkalies on wood tar.

Q

QUADER SANDSTONES, two divisions of
cretaceous deposits found extensively in
Germany. The lower quader corresponds)
with the upper greenstone and freestones of
England, and the upper quader with the
English chalk, though chalk is little more
than a cement to the quader

QUADRAGENE, a Papal indulgence extend-
ing to forty days.

QUADRANS, one-fourth of a Roman as,

QUADRILATERALS, a tribe of crabs, with
& nearly square carapace.

QUARTZITE or QUARTZ ROCK, @ rock occa-
sionally found stratified, composed of only
partially crystallised quartz.

QUATERNIONS, CALCULUS OF, a geome-
trical calculus invented by Sir William
Rowan Hamilton.

QUATTROCENTISMO, the Preraphaelitism
or Italian art purism of the fifteenth ceutury.

QUELLERZ, a German synonym of bog
iron ore or limonite. It is the brook iron
ore of Germany.

QUERCITANNIC ACID, the tannic acid of
bark, as distinguished from that of oak

galls.

QUESTION, PREVIOUS, the name given to
a motion only competent in the House, in
Parliament, and not in Committee. It is
equivalent to the motion in Committee’
that the Chairman do now leave the chair.

QUINCITE, a rich red hydrated silicate
of magnesia and protoxide of iron, from
Quincey, France.

QUINQUINA, the bark of the various
species of Peruvian cinchona.

QUINSEY, inflammatory sore throat, or
inflammation of the tonsils. It commences)

|commercial

with rubbing upward from under

panied

the point of the lower jaw over the swollen
tonsils to the back
thereby graduaily return to their proper
place with a sensation of almost immediate
relief in swallowing the saliva. The swelling
of the tonsils may also be readily reduced in
most cases by a strong gargle of alum and
water.
enough to use the knife for swollen tonsils,
and others from mismanagement have
allowed quinsey to prove fatal by suffoca-
tion. It is said to terminate generally in
resolution or suppuration, but in competent
ete it ought never to get into this latter
stage,

of the ear. The tonsils

Some practiticners have been foolish

QUINTAIN, an old pastime of tilting at a

as}board fixed to the end of a crossbeem
turning on a pivot, with a sand bag at the
other end of it. The dexterity of the
sport was to strike the board, and escape the
javenging sand

QUODLIBETICAL, (from guod libet, ‘* what

you please,’’) not confined to any particular
subject.

QuvoTa, a proportional part or contribu-

tion ; a share.

QUoTIDIAN, daily, or of daily occurrence.

Applied to those agues or fevers whose
paroxysms return daily.

R

RABBIT, the cony, or Lepus Cuniculus of

L:nneus, a familiar rodent quadrupec.

KACHILLA, the central stem on which

the florets of.grasses are developed.

RACHITIS, the disease called rickets
RADIATING POINT, the point from

which shooting stars or star showers Civerge.

RANLD&, the family of Batrachian rep-

tiles typified by the rana, or frog.

RANULA, a tumour under the tongue,

‘ascribed to the development of a cys: in or
near the salivary glands.

RAPHIDES, the needle-like crystals of

various salts found in the tissue of plants.

RAPPAREF, the name said to be given °
to aset of wild plundering Irishmen, from
the pike or rapery they carried

RASPBERRY, the Rubus Tdeus, @ well

known and favourite fruit- bearing plant
allied to the bramble.

RECIPROCITY, MUTUAL, freedom of
intercourse between nations.
RECONNAISSANCE, the examination of

the features of a country with reference to
military movements and operations.

RECTIFICATION OF THE CIRCLE, the

finding of a straight or right line equal to
the circumference of the circle, as dis-
tinguished from quadrature, which is find-

by swelling and local displacement of the)ing a square equal in its area to that of the

tonsils, which, if attended to, can always circle.

be cured by the external application of a
warm lotion of vinegar and water, accom-'!

IECTRICES, the tail feathers of birds.
RED FIRE, a pyrotechnic light com-

809

~

RED

SUPPLEMENT.

posed of nitrate of strontia and charcoal,
with a little sulphur and chlorate of potassa.

RED PREOIPITATR, a decomposition of
nitrate of mercury by heat. It is the
peroxide of mercury.

RED SNOW, a phenomenon of Alpine
and Arctic regions due to the brilliant scar-
let colour of the minute alga Protovoccus
Nivalis,

REEMING IRON, an iron wedge tool
used in opening the seams of ships to receive
oakum,

REEVING, passing ropes through blocks
and pulleys.

REFRACTORY, aterm applied to metals
and minerals which resist change of charac-
ter at very high temperature. Thus platina
is a refractory metal, and fire clay and
porcelain clay are refractory minerals.

REMIGES, the quill feathers of the wings
of birds.

b :
RENAISSANOF, those styles of architec-|

ture which reprodsced the ornamentation of
the Gréeks, belonging more particularly to
the perisd of the revival of letters.

RBREDOS, a screen behind an altar. d

RETICULUM, the second cavity of the
st5.4.52h of ruminants, eatled also the honey
bag-

stX TINITIS, inflammation of the retina.

RPTUSE, @ rounded termination
depreysed in the centre.

UAVALENTA ARABICA or ERVALENTA,
thé flour of a lentil, the Zrvwm lens.

REVOLVER, a fire-arm with revolving
barrels, or @ revolving breech containing
several chambers.

RHIZOMA, a creeping underground or
prostrate stem, whieh forms roots and
throws up leaves asit extends, so that by
cutting the underground connection at any
point, separate plants may be obtained. The
term is derived from pit a, “‘a root.”

RIGOR MORTIS, the stiffening of the
body in consequence of death.

RINDERPEST or CATTLE PLAGUE, 3
disease now of frequent recurrence in rumi-
nating animals, and the cause of much
public and legislative anxiety and inter-
position. From the report of the Commis-
sien of 1866 it would appear to be due to the
presence of an interior parasite manifested in
minute living particles, which appropriate
the pabulum of the tissues, and that the
disease is highly contagious.

RIPIDOLITE, a hydrated silicate of alu-
minia, protoxide of iron, and magnesia.

ROMAN ALUM, an alum with more
alumina than the ordinary octahedralalum,
found in the volcanic rocks of Solfatara.

ROMANCE LANGUAGES, The languages |
of Italy, Spain, Portugal, the Grisons,
France, and Wallachia fall under this de-|
nomination, in addition to that of the
Troubadours or Provengal, which has ceased |
to be a distinct spoken language, They are

|
|

SAL
modifi
tal,

re cations of the old languages or dialects
ty) n

RouBy Woop, a synonym of the wood of
Pterocarpus Santalinus, or Red Saunders
wood,

RUTABAGA, the Brassica campestris
Rutabaga, or Swedish turnip.

RUTHENIUM, an elementary metal some-
what similar to iridium.

RUTTON-ROOT, the root of Maharanga
Emodi, used in India for its vegetable dye.

RYACOLITE, a greyish or white silicate
of alumina, potash, soda, and lime, with a
vitreous lustre, foundin the ejected matter
of Vesuvius.

| RYTINA, an exterminated genns of

Sirenia, all the individuals of which were
killed by the whalers for the sake of their
oil. They inhabited the northern shores of
Siberia.

S

SAADS or SAAHDS, an Indian sect of
religionists who haye become converts to
Christianity.

SABADILLINE, @ poisonous alkaloid
found in white hellebore.

SABOT, a wooden shoe or clog worn by
the poorer classes in France ; also a wooden
wad fixed to a round shell to direct its pas-
sage into the gun, and keep the fusé ®-nn
getting next the charge. The detonating
shells have now almost entirely superseded
the use of round shells,

SAH ITE, a variety of augite or pyroxene
found in the Sahla silyer mine of Sweden
and elsewhere,

SAINTFOLN or SAINFOTN, a leguminous
fodder plant, which thrives in calcareous
soils. The Onobrychis sativa of botany.

ST. GEORGE’S ENSIGN, a@ naval flag,
called also the White Ensign. It is the sign
of an Admiral’s presence in command of the
fleet, and is carried at the main by his flag
ship, so called from that circumstance ; and
is a red cross on a white field, with the
Union Jack in the upper quarter of the field
nearest the mast. Vice-Admirals carry it at
the fore, and Rear-Admirals at the mizzen,
but smaller, and without the Union Jack.

ST. SUMONIANS, the followers of Count
St. Simon, whose political tenets were a
kind of Socialism.

SAL MIRABILE, the sulphate of soda,
or Glauber’s salt.

SAL SEIGNETTF, Rochelle salt,—tar-
tarate of potash and soda,

SALIFIABLE BASE, metallic oxides and
vegeto-alkalis, which form distinct acids
when combined in definite proportions with
other acids, Ammonia is also a) salifiable
base in reference to the same characteristic.

SALIVATION, an excessive secretion of
saliva. Sometimes it has occurred naturally 3

810

SAL SUPPLEMENT. SOD-

but it is usually the result of using ny REO AS SEMEIOTIC, relating to the symiptoms 0

or some remedy for a continuous diseases,
i * | SEMITIC LANGUAGES, the family of

The languages of the descendants of Shem.
Salade of the fifteenth century. /They include the Hebraic, Arabic, and

SALPINX, the Eustachian tube, a trum- Aramaic dialects, and those subse-
pet like communication between the mouth quently based npon them. The Aramaic

riod.
SALLRET, a piece of head armour.

and ear (from caATLyé, “a trumpet”).

SALT OF LEMONS and SALT OF SOR-
REL, synonyms for oxalic acid or binoxalate

of potassa.

SAND SHOT, shot cast in sand, and not
in iron moulds, They area smaller kind of
iron shot.

SAPHENA, (cagns, “‘distinct,”) the
large exterior vein of the leg extending
over the ankle.

SAPODILLA Woop, the wood of Sapota
Achras, a fine cabinet wood of the West
Indies,

SAPONIFICATION, the changing of fats
into soap by the displacement of glycerine
with alkalies.

SAPUCAIA NUTS, the nuts of the Lecythis
Zabucago of Para. They resemble Brazil
nuts, bus are much better and. less indi-
gestible.

SATEN Woon, the fine veneering wood
of fhe Indian tree Chloroxylon Swietenia.

SCALPRUM, the cutting edge of the in-
cisor teeth of mammals.

eel ana a silicate of alumina and

includes the Chaldee and Syriac. The

‘Arabic includes the Himyaritic inscrip-

tions and the Ethiopic or Gees and Arabic.

The Semitic languages differ from the Aryan

(g. v.) in grammatical structure, and more

posers in the composition of their
words.

y Beans, a pag hiete: of wheat of a
granular c’

SENECA OIL, “the name given to the
Pennsylvania troleum.

SENEGAL ROOT, the root of Cocculus
Bakis, a bitter diuretic.

SENSORY, a term of anatomy applied
to parts of the neutral axis and to those
nerves which convey sensation to them.

SERICULTURE, or SERICICULTURE,
the cultivation of silk and the silkworm.

SHAKO, the head-dress worn by the
infantry of the British Army and by some
foreign troops.

SHEA BUTTER, the solid oil of the
African Shea tree, Bassia Parkii.

SHEAR STEEL, steel bars welded toge-
ther and again drawn out; wrought steel.

SIALAGOGUE, medicine which increases

' the secretion of saliva,

80 ARAMOUCH,a Cggmeead braggadocio of
the old Italian comedy.
SCARF SKIN, the epidermis, or cuticle, |

SIGURDR, the hero of the Volsunga
of Scandinavian mythology.
SINOPITE or SINOPIAN HARTH, the

or outér skin, forming the surface of ani- mineralogical name of the bole of Sinope.

mated ies,

SIRENLA, the order of mammals which

SCLEROSKELETON, the tendinous liga- includes the’ mermaids.

ments of animals, approaching the character
of true bone in their hardness.

SITOLOGY, alimentary or dietetic science,
SKUNK-WEED, the Symplocarpus

SCOLOPENDRA, oeges genus of insects com- fetidus of North America.

prehending the centipedes,
SCULPSIT, a term frequently found at

SLAVONIC or SCLAVE LANGUAGRS,
the class of languages which includes the

the foot of engravings after the engraver’s Illyrian and Bulgarian, Polish, Russian,
name, g that he engraved it, in and Lithuanian. Cyril and Methodius
contradistinction to the term PINXIT, translated the Scriptures into the Eastern
after the painter’s name, signifying that he Slavonic, or Bulgarian and Illyrian, in the ©
‘was the painter of the original work repre- ninth century.
sented by the engraving. SMARAGD, the emerald ; a name given
SCUTUM, theshield of the Roman legions. however by the Romans to several precious
SuA-HOLLY, a spiny-leaved plant, — and not very precise therefore in its
Eryngium maritimum. original meaning.
SEA-PINK, the Armeria vulgaris, or SMELT, the genus Osmerus Eperlanus
‘of Cuvier, Salmo Eperlanus of Linnzeus, a
fish Anarrhichas fine fish of the salmon family.
Lupus. | SNAIL PLANT, the Medicago scutellata,
SEGMENT SHELID, a shell invented by so called from the snail-like appearance of
Sir William Amnstrong, consisting of aseries its fruit.

thrift.
SEA-WOLF, the

of interior segments of iron built up in rings, |
surrounding a central cylinder for holding
the bursting charge.

SELENOGRAPHY, that description and

SNAPDRAGON, the Antirrhinum majus,

SNOWBALL TREE, the Guelders or
Guelder rese, Viburnum Us.

SopA ALUM, hydrated sulphate of soda

representation of the surface of the moon and alumina, from the Solfatara, Naples,
which corresponds with Geography, as the and other places ; synonymous with SOLFA-

description of the surface of the earth.

TARITE,

§11

SOL

SUPPLEMENT.

TAN

SOLVEND, a substance dissolved in ajroot at various points, and forms new

solvent or liquid capable of dissolving it.
SOPORIFIC, anything producing sleep.
SORREL, SALT OF, the binoxalate of

potash.

SovARI Woop, the timber of Caryocar|
tomentosum, an important Demerara
wood.

SPANISH Liquorice, the roots of the
plant Glycyrrhiza glabra.

SPaR, DERBYSHIRE, the fluoride of cal-|
cium or fluor spar.

SPECTROSCOPE, an instrument for de-:
veloping and examining the spectrum of,

plants.

STOPPAGE IN TRANSITU, the right of a

additional application of heat, is raised to a
higher temperature than that at which it is

formed.
SWEETBREAD, the thymus glands of calves;

any ray of light emitted by a luminous an excellent food when not over highly
body, consisting of a pair of telescopes cooked.

capable of being placed at varying angles to!

SYNECHIA, a diseased adhesion of the iris
capsule

each other on the same plane, with a prism to the cornea of the eye, or to the
or series of prisms between them. The first containing the crystalline lens.

telescope is so constructed that an emergent) SYNEDROUS, growing on the angle of a
ray from the luminous object under exami- stem.

nation may be admitted by a fine slit) Synonyms, words of similar signification.
at the one end of it, in the focus of an When in different languages, they are traus-
object glass placed at the other end nearest lations of each other.

to the prism or prisms: the other telescope) STEAM RAM, a ship of war propelled by
being so adjusted that, through the eye-piece steam power, and with a head or bow so
at its extremity furthest from the prisms, constructed as to project a ramming horn or
the obseryer may examine the spectrum other structure under water, in advance, for
developed from the emergent ray by the the purpose of running into an enemy’s
prism—a micrometer being adjusted to the ships, and penetrating them below the
eye-piece, usually, for ascertaining the posi-| Water line, and sinking them. Such vessels
tion of the dark or bright bands, which will are very formidable auxiliaries to modern
be found dividing the spectrum at various maritime warfare with the sinking power of

points.

SPONTANEOUS AXIS, the axis formed by|
@ body under the action of an instan-|
taneous force,on which it rotates without:
progressing in any direction.

SPONTANEOUS GENERATION, an idea

which has haunted philosophers in all ages, iDg

that inorganic matter is capable of acquir-'
ing spontaneous vitality. Extremely minute
and crucial experiments have been made by!
Professor Huxley, Dr. Bastian, Professor
Tyndall, and others, under all the advau-
tages of modern science, with the result
announced by Professor Huxley, and antici-

heavy armour p)

=

TAAG, the fibre of Crotalariajuncea, form-
the Sunn or Bengal hemp.

TABLEAUX, groups of figures, Tableaux
Vivans are groups of living figures.

TACTICAL POINTS, points on a battle-
field where the operations of the enemy may
be obstructed, and those of his oppunent
facilitated or strengthened.

TAGLIA, a system of fixed pulleys in one

ted by those who have studied the sub- Dlock, and of moveable pulleys in another.
ject on other bases than those of science, |t0 Which the weight to be raised is attached,

but not less absolutely true, that “life can “epee operation of raising draws the second

proceed from nothing but life.”

SporaDic, scattered, (from omopadi-
KOS,) applied to solitary shooting stars, and|
also to diseases which do not become epi-
demic.

SPORES, the reproductive organisms of
eryptogamic plants,

STEREOSCOPE, a well known optical in-.
strument for producing the appearance of)

ock and its burden up towards the post.

TALA or TAL, the Borassus flabelliformis,
or Palmyra palm.

TALKOID, a crystalline tale spar.

TAMANU, the heavy resin of the Cal-

ophyltlum inophyllum of Society Islands.

TANGENT SCREW, a screw applied to the

teeth of a wheel tangentially, by which

motion is communicated to the wheel.
TANTALUS COP, an ingenious toy, consist-

solidity in dupiicate pletures by means of ing of a syphon concealed within the figure
binocular vision, first suggested by Professor of a man placed in the bottom of a cup, so
Wheatstone in 1838. \that when water is poured into it the s;phon
Stipes, the stalks of fern leaves. (Singu- never allowsit to rise higher than the chin
Jar, Stipe. lof the figure, unless poured in more rapidly

STOLON, a shoot or sucker, which takes than the syphon can carry it off.
812

TAR

SUPPLEMENT.

TRI

TARTARATES, salts of tartaric acid in
combination with bases.

TASTO SoLo, an instruction to stringed in-
struments to play single sounds in an ac-
companiment, until otherwise ordered.

TaTTA, bamboo trellis work over windows
in India, over which water trickles to cool
the air.

TECTRICES, the covering feathers of the
Wings of birds other than the quill feathers.

TEGUMENTA, the scaly coverings of the
leaf buds of deciduous trees.

TEGUMENT or TEGUMEN, the skin or
covering of a body generally.

TELEGRAM, a telegraphic message.

TELEOLOGY, the doctrine of final causes,

TENSION, the force by which anything is
stretched.

TERATOLITE, the Terra miraculosa
Saxonice, so called from its supposed medi-
cinal qualities at onetime. It is hydrated
silicate of alumina, peroxide of iron, lime,
and magnesia, &c., from the Saxon coal for-
mation.

TERATOLOGY, the department of physiology
devoted to the consideration of monstrosities
and malformations in organic nature.

TERCE Magor, a sequence of the three
best cards in card playing.

TERRA JAPONICA, an old name given
erroneously to catechu, from its being at one
time supposed to be an earthy mineral sub-
stance,

TERTIALS, the large feathers of the secon-
daries of the wings of birds.

TERTIAN FEVER, an intermittent fever,
whose paroxysms return every alternate

y.
TERZETTO, a musical composition in three
parts,

THULE, ULTIMA, the last of the islands.
Some indefinite locality known to the
ancient navigators northward gco:n Britain,
referred to by Seneca,

TIGER Woop, the wood of Macheriwm
Schomburgkii, growing in British Guiana.
It is a superior wood for cabinet purposes.

TILES, Encaustic, tiles of different
coloured clays combined togethe:, showing
figures on their surfaces, recently :evfved by
Mr. Wright, ot Staffordshire, 42.1 Messrs.
Minton, from the practice of the niedisval

architects.

TIRAILLEURS, irregular soldiers, who
separated themselves from the main body of
an army and shot at the enemy without
firing together. They are now in the French
army skirmishers and sharpshooters.
| ‘ITTTANITE, the native oxide of titanium.

TOLMEN or DOLMEN, the name given by

‘antiquaries to unhewn stones found resting
on stonesupports, supposed to be of Druidical
origin, and to have been used asaltars. The
isame name is given by others to large mono-
liths with holes through them like passages.

TOPHUS, gouty deposit in the smaller
‘joints. Also a soft tumour on a bone.

TORPEDO, a new instrument of de-
struction introduced into modern mari-
time warfare, consisting of a conical or
other shaped case filled with explosive
“Iaterials, as gun cotton, dynamite, &c., so
‘constructed that when vessels run against
them they explode; and discharge their

contents into the hull of the vessel from
below. They may be moored, and partially
concealed under water, for the protection of
‘harbours or exposed coasts, otherwise open
to the landing of an enemy; or towed to
|sea, and drawn into contact with the various

{

TESSELATED PAVEMENTS, pavements of ships of an enemy’s fleet ; or carried in front
small square pieces of stone or tesserse of of steam rams, or invested with motion and

different colours, laid-in in patterns into
a bed of cement over a hard substratum : a
favourite paving for courts among the
ancients.

TETE-DU-PonT, a fortified work for the
defence of bridges, usually formed by rest-
ing its flanks on the river banks, and gene-
rally open at the gorge.

TETRAGRAM, & quadrilateral figure.

TETRAPHARMACON, an ointment of wax,
lard, resin, and pitch, so called because it
was composed of four remedies.

TETRASPASTON, an arrangement of four
pulleys working together.

TEXTILE FABRICS, woven fabrics of
texture or cloth.

THALLIUM, aprimary or elementary metal
discovered by Crookes in 1861, so called
from its green line in the spectrum.

THEOLOGIUM, the upper stage of ancient
theatres, on which the arrangements for
producing celestial appearances were placed.

THERMOTICS, the science of heat.

THESPIAN ART, the tragic art.

driven against a vessel, so as to blow her to
pieces,

TORREFACTION, the roasting of ores,
|to expel volatile ingredients associated with
them. Drugs are also torrefied, when they
are dried by partially roasting them, or
subjecting them to considerable heat.

TRACTION ENGINE, a _ locomotive
|engine for drawing heavy weights on ordi-

nary roads,
| ‘TRIAS, the lowest of the Mesozoic or
Secondary deposits in geology.
TRIBASIC, a term applied to acids which,
in contact with any metallic oxide, replace
three atoms of hydrogen by three of the
metal or a metallic equivalent.
' TRICHINIASIS, the painful and fatal
disease induced in the human body by the
presence and ravages of the nematoid para-
site, T'richina Spiralis, of which there is no
known cure.
| TRIGOCLOUS, plants which have male
flowers on one plant, female fiowers on
another,and hermaphrodite flowers cn a third.

1

813

TRI SUPPLEMENT. VAL

TRIPLE PHOSPHATE, phosphate of contradistinctively are called Cismoztane.
arninonia and magnesia. They form two parties in the Roman Catholi¢e
TULIP WoobD, the beautiful striped Church, which the dogma of infallibility
wood of Physocalymma floribunda, an has neither extinguished nor reconciled.
ornamental wood of a rose colour. UMBONATE, rounded parts, in botanical
TURNING LATHE, one of the most ‘tea: with a projection in the centre.
yaluable of our mechanical instruments, The pileus of agaricus supplies an example,
now largely employed in the manufacture (From wmbo, a “ boss.’’)
of other machinery, tools, &e. Itisusedin UNCIAL RTTERS, a character suitable
the turning and polishing under horizontal for diplomatic correspondence, compounded
vatation of wood, ivory, metals, and stone; partly of the capital and partly of the
and some of the finer rose and eccentric small letters of the alphabet. The wnciales
chucks are fitted for turning a great variety litere were in use for about six centuries
af ornamental work, including medallions previous to the tenth century.
in bas relief, spirals, bank note plates,&c. | U Shit ape ie petals with a stalk or
TURRET SHIPS, vessels of modern unguis:
warfare, first introduced by Captain John | UNICORN ROOT, the anthelmintic root
Ericssen, of New York, since varied in con- of Helonias dioica.

struction by Captain Coles and others. UNILOCULAR, one-celled or chambered

They consist of an armour-plated screw shells and seed vessels,

steamer, with a revolving cupola or turret.| UPH®RS, the fir poles used as uprights in
Turret ships, however, are open tomany scaffolding by builders.

objections, and will probably be long on| URTICARLA, the nettle rash.

their trial. The limited number of guns) USTRINUM, a public place under the
(generally only one) which they carry, Romans, in which the bodies of the poorer
notwithstanding their facility in turning classes were burned after death. The
their fire upon an enemy, is itself an objec- remains of an ustrinum were found in
tionable feature, combined with their great Cambrid

weight and sinking powers, when attacked; USTULATION. The progressive torrefac-
by a few smaller and lighter vessels with tion and desiccation of substances was so
rams and torpedoes. Indeed it would not called hy the old chemists.

be very difficult to show how they could be: UTR, an oriental synonym of the otto

defeated aud-sunk by a very trifling ee attar of roses.

enemy,

U

UDALLER, a holder of real estate or
heritage by udal right or tenure, ie. with-
oat any superior.

UIGITE, hydrated silicate of alumina,
soda, and lime.

ULLMANNITE, a sulphide of nickel and

aptimony, in which arsenic frequently re-
places the antimony.

ULNAGERS, public officers appointed
after the introduction of the Flemings, or
Fiemish weavers, into England by Edward L.,
whose duty it was to protect the customs,
and measure and certify the length and
quality of each pannus or piece (web) of
woollen cloth manufactured, before it
could be exposed to sale, and tax it with
the ulnage or duty. The customs accounts
of the ulnagers are still in the Public
Record Office

ULTIMATE ANALYSIS, the resolution
by chemical analysis of any compound body
into its ultimate or elementary components,
more especially in eases of organic che-

mistry.

ULTRAMONTANE, Those who believe in
the Papal supremacy and infallibility are
go called, as oppcset to thore who hola the
supremacy of General Coun¢iis, uni who

Uva URSI, the bear’s berry, Arctosta-
ylos Uva ursi, the leaves of which have
tringent medical properties in disorders of

Ithe kidneys.

UVEA, the posterior lamina of the iris

}
\of the eye,—the uveous coat of the eye.

UVEOUS, resembling a grape.

Vv

frequently fatal disease; and it has now
been made compulsory on parents and
guardians of childrén in England. Some
‘foolish and ignorant resistance has been
shown to the operation of the law by une
or two individuals; and, to get over such
|prejudices, a special vaccination direct from
the matter of the cow might be ordered by
the Court before which they are brought;
but this would be really a concession to
ignorance and prejudice only, as when the
virus is transferred from one healthy child
to another it is equally effective and safe
from pernicious results,

VALERIC or VALERIANIC Act, an

acid found in Valeriana officinalis, giving

&i4

ie

_—-

VAL SUPPLEMENT. VO!

@ slightly fetid odour to the dried roots. VERMEILLE or VERMEIL, & name given
This odour appears tu have a fascination to orange-tinted crimson garnet by jewellers,
for some animals; cats, and even rats, it} WVWRONICA, a legendary fubrication sup-
is said, being powerfully attracted by it. ported by the Church of Rome, which asserts
VALOREM, AD, according to value, A that when our Lord was on His way to be
basis of taxation which has sometimes been crucified, Veronica put a handkerchief to His
addpted for general purposes of revenue, face to wipe it, and received a true impres-
thovgh never very satisfactory. It is still in sion of His likeness upon it. The rag is still
usein several cases, asin certain deeds charged exhibited at Rome as St. Veronica’s hand-
with stamp duties according to the value or kerchief, and an engraving of it may be
purchase price or consideration they ex-|sometimes picked up, Which is chiefly re-
press. ‘ markable for the skill with which the artist
VAREC, an impure carbonate of soda,’ has transferred the likeness to his plate, and
similar to kelp. It isalso called blanquette,'completed the whole engraving of it with
and is chiefly manufactured in Brittany. one single line, commencing on the tip of
VARIOLOUS, any pitted surface marked the nose and winding spirally outwards in a
with impressions like those of small-pox. _|series of irregular rings. (“rom vera and
VASCULAR SYSTEM, the — vesi- €ikwy, “ true image.”’)
cular tissue of plants, more especially de-| \yprocam, warty-like bodies, in botan
et to the conveyance of air; ¢.e,, spirals OF are go called. han "Verruseh cover aaetthet
CR. ously any surface, it is said to be verrucose,
, VECTOR or RADIUS VECTOR, the line} VaRtex, the “zenith, also the apex or
of direction from a planet to the centre of point of a cone, and the point at which the
itsorbital motion, As all orbital motions jines of an angle intersect.
are ellipses, a vector is always one of the) Vyrrigo, giddiness. It is commonly
by sed an ellipse, hence it is called Radius igor of nervous debility.
VEGETABLE SHEEP, the composite the cele ict ng Breer gedaan cae ep
plant Raoulia eximia of New Zealand, VysicaToRIN, the blistering principle of
which grows in remarkable woolly-like cantharides, called also Cantharidin.
Masses, resembling sheep resting. . pied
V kGETABLE SILK,a fibre obtained PE is Mle emg - De gedeten eg j
the seed pods of Chorisia speciosa, VEXILLARY, a standard bearer, or any-
| V#GETABLE TALLOW, a fatty matter thing relating to an ensign or standard, also
yielded by several plants, more especially that disposition of the petals of flowers by
Vateria Indica and Stillingia Sebifera. ;which one much larger portion is folded over
VENATION, the arrangement of the veins the others. (Vexillum, “‘ a standard,”’)
or ribs of leaves, and other botanical organs.| VIDETTE, a sentry planted so as to be
VENESECTION, bleeding by opening a able to watch the movements of an enemy,
vein. and forewarn of his approach.
VENICE WHITE, or HAMBURG or VIKINGS, the sea kings,
DuTCH WHITE, a pigment composed of} VINEGAR PLANT, the Penicillium glau-
carbonate of lead and sulphate of baryta. |cwm, developed in liquids undergoing fer-
VENOSE, having many veins,asincertain mentation. It is allied to the Yeast Plant,
leaves with complex or reticulated venation. and isa mould of universal distribution.
Vent or VENT HOLE, the holeorchan-| VIVISECYTION, the partial dissection of
mel in a piece of ordnance throuzh which living animals with a view to enlarge the
the charge is ignited. ‘knowledge of physiology and vital actions.
VENTRAL, relating to the region of the VOGLI{TE, a hydrated carbonate of ura-
belly. /nium, copper, and lime, -
VENTRAL FINS, the fins on the belly | VOICE, the production of sound by the
of fishes. j action of air upon the larynx. Speech is a
VENUS’ BATH, the plant Dipsacus sylves- modification of voice by the combined or
5 alternate influence on the voice of the teeth,
VENUS’ HATR STONE, transparent rock lips, and tongue, and the disposition of the
crystal, containing acicular crystals of mouth. The sustained power of the voice
titanium. jand its perfect intonation depend entirely
VENUS’ PENCILS orCUPID’S PENCTLS,' on the command and regulation of the
a violet quartz, containing brownish gold breath; and unimportant as cultivated elo-
fibres of oxide of iron. cution appears to most people, it is remark-
VERBIUM, a@ rare elementary metal, able how few are capable of accurately and
found in orthite and gadolinite, in associa- effectively exercising the organs of speech,
tion With erbiam and yttrium. ‘and how much ill health is the ‘result of
VERDERER, a forester of the royat slovenly habits in this respect. Cultivation
forests, whose duty was to protect the cover of the voice is essentially and primarily cor-
or underwood, or over vert and nether vert, | rect cultivation of the breathing power; and
as it was called, when once thoroughly mastered and under.
815

VOL SUPPLEMENT. WAR

stood, it is a protection to the lungs and a, WsatL TREATY or CAPTITULATIGZ,
a@ healthy development of the chest and an agreement by which the Emperor Elect
throat. Stammering or stuttering arises of Germany bound himself to respect the
from want of a due reserve of breath, and liberties sud maintain the righis of the
want of kuowledge and experience in storinz Empire and its special obligations.

and economising it, and only strong-lunged) WAINAMOINEN or KA! 2 Wala, an epic
and strong-throated people can goon stam- poem of Finland, recently ree<ve:2a to
mering with impunity. Singing from the literature from purely oral traditior. ‘4 to
throat, instead of from the chest, is also possess merits, and completeness of rtruc-
occasioned by blundering habits of breathing; ture and extent, equal to the Itiat of
and if the vocalist only knew how disagree-| Homer, and remarkable as a composition of
able and annoying it is to a discriminating the agglutinate stage of language.

ear, he would never attempt to sing until he) WailWwoOvk, the governor of a small
had conquered his pernicious and unhealthy Turkish province or town.

error, But so it is also of the oratory of the) WAKES or VIGLLS, revels held on the
pulpit, the bar, and the senate, and the eve of festivals during the Middle Ages,
@locution of the stage. The great body of| WALCHOWITE, a mineral resin from

men in all these departments of public life,
however eloquent in thought and feeling
they may be, in reality do not know the
physical laws of correct speech, and are
feeble often where they might, with very
little trouble, acquire the Very highest and
most impressive power. Any one with

Walchow, Moravia.
WALLFLOWER, the Cheiranthus Cheiri.
WALLOWER, & trundle wheel or lantern
wheel.
WALMSTEDITE, @ native carbonate of
esia or breunnerite.
WALNUT, literally, the foreign nut, the

sound lungs may acquire the habit, with a edible fruit of Juglans regia, a valuable
little well-advised practice, of sustaining the and beautiful cabinet-wood tree.

voice for a full minute on any important
passage of music or piece of elocution, and
the highest, purest, and most expressive
power of intonation will be found to reside
in the vocal organs when so sustained, as
well as their greatest force and energetic in-
tensity’; while the practice of so commanding
the vocal faculties will be found to induce
the truest and best habits of healthy breath-

WALPURGIS NIGHT, the German fes-
tival of the lst of May, held in honour of
Walburga, the niece of the German Apostle
WAMPEE, the fruit of Cookia punctata.

|SCIENCE OF, for everything of great public
concernment becomes science under thelight
and energy of modern intelligence, and,

WAR, ART OF, or, more properly, -

inz. Much of the cold, bronchitis, and con- under these, the whole character and art of
sumption to which mankind are subject in ancient warfare, familiar to the student of
vaclable elimates is due to the neglect of classical history, have undergone change and
these important considerations.—[J, A. S.] renovation. At present what were once

VoLsuNnG SAGA, the Saga of which Called impregnable fortifications and de-
Sizurder is the hero. fences would be blown away in a few hours’

VORTICELLI, the wheel animalcule, C@nnonading under the terrific powers of
whose anterior vibratile organs attract their Modern artillery, and cities which were con-
food by small whirlpools, into the vortex of sidered safe within their ancient wallsdown
which it is drawn, whence their name. adhe late period in modern history can now,

VULCANITE, Volcanic Garnet, a synonym | in a briefer space of time than it would take
of Augite or Pyroxene; also a synonym of build an ordinary cottage, be desolated
Bbonite. [Py a shower of shell and shot from an enemy

VULVA. An orifice in anatomy is so, Placed at the limit of what was once called
called ; in conchology a spatulate mark in | the potential range of gunnery, nine miles’
shells of the genus Venus. |distance! The fate of Paris during the re-

VULVIFORM, cleft-like with projecting cent war between France and Germany has,

edges.

WwW

there can be little doubt, startled and dis-
turbed the whole security and self-confi-
dence of the present age, and brought ter-
ribly near to its most ghastly embodiment

WADS,GUN, the round discs of millboard | that grim prophetic period when, if the pas-
or other material fitted to the bore of fowl-| sions of man break loose in the misapplica-
ing pieces, inserted between the charge of|tion of those formidable resources which

powder and the small shot in loading. Wads
are similarly used in artillery, and are

greatly increased knowledge has placed at
his command, there shall be wars and ru-

called, according to their peculiarities, mours of wars such as never have been since

grummet, junk, papier-maché, and coal dust
Ww

wads, .

WAGITR. a hydrated silicate of zinc, of
@ varying blue to green colour. found con-
eretionary in the Ural Mountains,

the world began. Nitro-gly , dy a
jfulminates of mercury and silver, gun cot-
‘ton, and other explosive materials in the
\charging of detonating shells, torpedoes
land other resources of the skill and cay

|

816

EE

WAR

SUPPLEMENT.

WER

of war, with the improvements ever pro-
gressing in modern gunnery, seem to render
the defensive art powerless against the in-
creasing means of attack. A ship of war
may now be surrounded or covered with a
flood of blazing petroleum oil, enclosed in

detonating shells, and fired against her; or!

her crew may be suffocated by a shower of
carbonic acid gas, easily capable of compres-
sion within shells constructed to burst by
impact. The best remedy science can sug-
gest is to keep the foe at a istance; and if
Paris had done this, and been encircled by a
cordon of railway defence twenty miles in
diameter, mounted with an adequate service
of artillery on locomotive carriages, all the
armies of Europe could not haye made a
complete investment of such a cirenit, and
less than half her interioy ferce would have
been more than sufficient to man and main-
tain such a line, with its railway means of.
rapid transition to points of danger. Better
defence than all, however, must be that moral
principle which under Divine direction
makes and keeps society true to itself.—
[J. A. S.J

WARD’S PASTE, a medicine which,
though of quack pretensions, has acquired
some importance as a cure for old and re-
laxed piles and fistular tendencies, from
the presence and active medical influence in
it of black pepper.

WARWICKITE, borotitanate of iron and

WASHINGTONITE, a steel grey titani-
ferous iron ore.

WATCH ON BOARD OF SHIP, the dura-
tion of duty of the subdivision of ships’
crews, called the Starboard and Port Watches.
A watch is usually four hours ; but between
four o’clock and eight P.M. the two dog or
short watches occur of two hours each.

WATER CHESN UTS, the fruits of Trapa

natans,
WATER CRESS, the Nasturtium offci-

WATER WEED, the Anacharis alsin-
astrum.

WATERING OF TEXTILE FABRICS, a
variegated reflecting surface given to silks,
&c., by passing them in a damp state through
rollers, which may be engraved with definite
patterns at pleasure, or merely indented in
various ways. One fold of the fabric over
another also produce the effect.

WATERLANDIAN BAPTISTS, a sect of
Baptists of Holland, so named from the dis-
trict in Which they originated. They claim
chiefly the distinction of being moderate.

WATERPROOFING, rendering textile
fabrics impervious to water,chiefly by means
of the Mackintosh process of caouchouc
between two layers of fabric. Oiled cloths
are another form of waterproofing; and a
useful and advantageous waterproofing for
ladies’ dresses, which has also the merit of
reudering them incombustible, except by
mere charring, is a solution of equal quang
tities of acetate of lead and powdered alum,
dissolved in hot water separately, and mixed
together. When the sediment subsides, and
the pure liquid is drawn off, any fabric, how-
ever fine, may be dipt in it without injury,
and rendered both waterproof and unin-

\flammable even after washing.

WAVE, TIDAL, the great wave of the
tides which follows the apparent motion of
the sun and moon round the world every
twenty-four hours in a direction from east to
west, and therefore at the great rapidity in
equatorial regions of about 1,000 miles per
hour, It is not a cwrrent, but a successive
rise of water level.

WAX or WAXY OPAL, an inferior and
feebly iridescent variety of opal.

WAYFARING {TREE, the Viburnum

\lantana,

WEIR or WEAR, a caul or dam in a
river.

WEBSTERITE, the mineral subsulphate
of alumina.

WELWITSCHIA, the Jumboa of tropical

WATER DEVIL, the larva of a species of
Hydrophilus.
WATER DROPS, round crystals of colour-
less topaz.
WATER LILY, the
of British streams.
WATER SAPPHIRB, a nearly colourless
pale blue variety of the Oriental sapphire.
WATERSHED, the superficial and natural

Nympheaand Nuphar

drainage of a district by means of the rivers, |
streams, and rivulets, is so called in physical |

geograph

|

Africa, forming a genus of Gwetacew. Ac-
cording to Dr. Hooker, a remarkable plant
of the sandy districts of the South African
continent, in which it shoots upward like a
small inverted cone between the horizontal

\leaves, rising from a few inches to about a

foot in height, and increasing from a few

linches across their upper surface to five or

six feet, according to age, forming a series of
remarkable wooden blocks.

WENDISH LANGUAGE, the dialect of
es spoken in Lusatia.

phy. ithe Aryan lan,
WATER-GLASS PAINTING, a new; WEREWOLF, the Lycanthrope, g.v.
method of fresco painting, in which, after) WERGILD. Compensation for personal
the painting, the picture is fixed by a coat- injuries was so called by the Anglo-Saxon
ing of what is called water glass, which is a law, and it was payable either to the injured
preparation of silica reduced to a liquid form person, or, in the event of his death, to his
by boiling it in alkali, either soda or potash,/mext of kin. It was rated differently be-
The frescoes in the Lobby of the House of tween noble and ignoble offenders: the
Lords have been so treated, but with doubt- former being charged six tires the amount

permanency or success. \of the latter. A similar claim is open *

817 se

' wf
WER SUPPLEMENT. WRI
an injured person or his next of kin, within| impunity cannot constitute the innocence or

certain limits of propinquity, in the law of
Scotland to the present day in the form of)
what is technically called an action for
assythment and damages; for the law
rightly holds that a culpable (for that is the
element of liability) offender does not satisfy
the requirements of justice by merely pay-
ing the penalty of the criminal law; he
must also satisfy the civil law for the injury
he has done as far as his means will allow.)
Thus, if a thief possessed of property steal
a@ hundred pounds from any one, and spend
or waste it, to give him sentence of three
years’ imprisonment would be no compen-;

weake’ ity of witt
either before or after the act.—[J. A.S.]
WILSONITE, a hydrated silicate of
alumina, with potash, and also soda and
lime in smaller proportion.
WA1i,ULTR, a synonym of grossular.
WISER TX, a hydrated fibrous variety of
icarbonate of magnesia,
WISTARIA, a genus of leguminous
iclimbing shrubs, of which the W. Sinensis of
China, and W, Frutescens of America, with
their beautiful blue racemes, are now well

|known flowering piants on walls.

WICH BESOMs, Abnormal growths upon

sation to the injured person; he has a'the Pinus Sylvestris, distorting the foliage
right to recover against the criminal’s estate!and branches into bunches, occasioned by
for the amount of his loss in his private the attacks of the fungus Peridermiwn
interest, in addition to the criminal] law’s'!elatinwm, have received this popular name.
exaction for protection of the publicinterest. W1ii%CH MEAL or LycovoD1UM, the

This principle forms the complete feature of!
the Christian atonement, and is thereby fully’
Gllustrated. Christ first fulfilled the law.
which man had broken, and made it honour-
able,—(i.e., vindicated its justice,)}—and He
next paid the penalty man had incurred for
breaking it.—[J. A. 8.]

WERNERI‘E, a synonym of scapolite, |
@ silicate of alumina, oxide of iron, and

|
|

lime.

WHEEL ANIMALCUL, the ordinary
name of the Rotifers or Vorticelli, g. v.

WHEEL-ORE, macled Bournonite.

WHERRY, a small boat with both bow
and stern pointed,

WHETSTONE, a tale slate containing a

mixture of silica, It is a good set stone or
hone, though now much superseded by
the superior qualities of Arkansas stone
and some other of the American marbles.
_ WHEY, the watery portion of milk sepa-
rated from the curd, which contains a small
proportion of sugar of milk (over three per
e*nt.).

WHITE ANTIMONY ORE, valentinite,
o native oxide of antimony.

WHITE ARSENIC, arsenious acid, or
odide of arsenic.

WILL or VOLITION, freedom of, a great

pollen of the club moss, or Lycopodium ela-
vatum, called also vegetable sulphur. It is
used as a coating for pills, and also as
theatrical lightning, from the rapidity with
which it flashes into a blaze when thrown
into a flame.

WITENAGEMOTE, the meeting of the
councillors of the Anglo-Sdxon monarchies,
representative of the whole nation, as dis-
tinguished from the folkmote or meeting of
the nation itself.

WiTHAMITE, a ferro-silicate of alumina,

WOHLERITE, a mineral composed of
columbate of zirconia, silicate of soda, and
silicate of lime.

WOLCHITE, a native arsenio-sulphide of
lead, copper, and antimony.

WOLFSBANE, a synonym of monkshood
or aconite,

WOODBINE, theCaprifolium perichlyme-
num, or honeysuckle.

WOODRUFF or WOODROOFP, the Aspe-
rula odorata, or woodrow.
WOOD SPIRIT, pyroxylic spirit, used
in forming methylated alcohol.

| WOOTZ, a superior kind of Indian steel,
said to have been the source of the celebrated
sword-blade manufacture of Damascus, Its
production is very ancient, and was made

question of ethics, which has been mach
rs) by the wordy mystifications of.

by melting small quantities of wrought iron
together with twigs of trees in suitable

metaphysicians, who have generally mixed'crucibles, covered with green leaves and
it up more or less with freedom of action, closely luted with cluy. The nodules of steel
with which it has absolutely nothing to do; produced are little larger than a pigeon’s
for, (to apply the poet’s sentiment,) to the egg, and required to be beaten out into thin
will itself * stone walls do nota prison mak, ribbon-like pieces, which were welded to-
nor iron bars a cage.” The will may be per-'gether, and thus subjected to much hammer-
fectly free, though but two alternatives bejing and working up for the sword blades
before it, for the freedom of the will) which obtained so high a reputation,
is not limited in its operation to a re-| WORM BARK, the medicinal bark of the
stricted sphere of practical action. Thus the;cabbage bark tree, Andira inermis.
amount of actual and perpetrated crime in| WORMWOOD, the ArtemisiaA bsinthium,
the world is very far from the true measure from which the bitter medical principle
of human iniquity, The man who would absinthine is obtained, which is the flayour-
commit a theft or murder if he were sure of ing element of creme d’absinthe.
impunity, is quite as morally vile and guilty! Wkisf DROP, adisease generated among
as if the impunity were assured ; for the mere compositors from the lead poison introduced

818

%,
_
WUL SUPPLEMENT. ZEN
into their thumb and ‘fingers by the use of; XYLOPHIA,a genus of plants belonging
new type, and characterised by paralysis of |to the Anonacee.
the wrist. The remedy for it i asolution of) XYLORETINE, a resinous e

potassium, in which the hand should be

steeped, and expelling the lead.
WULFENIT#, molybdate of lead.
WURTZITE, & synonym of spianterite.

p.e
XANTHETIN, the yellow culouring principle)
fi

owers,
XANTHITE, a mineral composed chiefly
of the silicates ‘of alumina and lime.
XANTHOCHYMUS, agenus of arboraceous
plants belonging to the Clusiacee. i
XANTHOCONE, native arsenio-sulphide
|

of silver.

XANTHOPHYLL, the yellow colouring
principle of sere leaves.

THOPHYLLIY#¥, a variety of Clin-

tonite (silicates of alumina and magnesia).

XANTHOPIORITE or XANTHOPICRIX,
the crystalline bitter principle of the bark |
of Xanthoxylon Caribeum.

XANTLTHOPROTELN, a yellow acid produet,
of the action of nitric acid on fibrine.

XANTHORHAMNIN,
from the ve of Rhamnus tinctoria or
Persian berri

XNANTHOREAIZA, a genus of plants be-

to the Ranunculacee.

XANTHORTHITE, a yellowish orthite.
XANTHOSIDERITE, a yellowish brown

lo

iron
OY ANTH OXYLACE, the natural order
of hypogynous @xogens, of which Xanthoxy-
ton is the typical genus.

XNENELASLA, literally “ the expelling of
strangers” (EevnAaca). A Spartan ordi-
nance ascribed to Lycurgus, which prohibited
strangers from living in the city withouté|
leave, and authorized their expulsion,

XENOLITE, a silicate of alumina, forming
@ fibrous variety of Sillimanite.

XENOTIME, a native phosphate of Yttria, |
supposed at one time to be a new metal,
and called Thorium, instead of the metallic |
base of Thorite, to which that name is now

given. {
XIPHIRHYNCHS, a family of Acan-'
thopterygious fishes, typified by the Xiphcas
or sword-fish.
eres , an asbestiform variety of Xylo-|
xLoeRAPEY, wood engraving.
XYLOIDIN, a * product of the action of
nitric acid on starch and some conditions
of lignin, consisting of white grains, with
some of the properties of gun cotton.
XYLOL, a colourless hydrocarbon oil
found in crude pyroxylic spirit.
XYLOPHYLLA, a genus of euphorbiaceous
plants.

| for
a yellow extract)

body obtained from some kinds of turf.

XYLOTILE, a fine fibrous chrysolite found
in the Tyrol.

XYRIDACK4, a natural order of Endo-
genous plants, chiefly tropical, of which
Xyris is the typical genus. ‘lhey have a
rush-like or sedge-like form and cha-

*

YAccoA Woop, the ornamental cabinet
wood of Podocarpus coriacea.

YARURI, the elastic timber of Aspido-
ftperma excelsum or paddle wood.

YKAST PLANTS, a variety of moulds or
fungi, which promote or cause the fermenting
action of what is called yeast, and develop
it by their remarkably rapid germination.
| Among these Mucor and Penicillium occupy
@ prominent place,
YELLOWBERRIES, the berries of
Us infectorius, used for dyes.
YELLOW COPPER ORF, another name
© copper pyrites.
YELLOW LEAD ORE, Wulfenite.
YELLOW ORPIMENT , sulphuretted oxide
‘of zine, or yellow arsenic.

YONT, the emblem or special attribute of
| Vishnu. It is the female power in nature,
‘of Hindu mythology, shown in the form of a
vesica.

YUG or YOGUE, a Hindu era. There
are four Yugs inall, ‘comprehending millions
of years.

YULAN, the Magnolia Yulan, a beautiful
Chinese fiowering tree.

Z

ZACHUN, an expressed fixed oil obtained
from the seeds of Balanites Lyyptiaca.
ZAKKOUM, theoil of Zlwagnus hortensis
A ifolia,
ZAMBARONE, the fibre of the Agave,
from which Sicilian mats and cordage are

made

ZAMIA, a genus of palm and fern-like
‘citys belonging to the Cycadeacea.

ZASMIDLUM, a genus of fungi, typified
PY, the species Z. Cellare, the cellar fungus.

ZAAVALITE, a native hydrocarbonate of
‘nickel.

ZEBRA WOOD, the fine cabinet wood of
the Demerara tree, Omphalobiwm Lamberti; —
also the wood of the Zugenia fragrans of
the West Indies,

ZENANA or ZANANA, the apartments set

apart by the Orientals “tor the use of the
female members of the family.

ZENDIKS, an Arabic sect of some an-

$19

ZEN

SUPPLEMENT.

ZYG

tiquity, said to be atheists, and to deny the PR ad pl a Lithia-mica found at

resurrection of mankind.
ZEODARY, certain species of Curewma
possessing aromatic properties similar

ginger, ‘
“AHUGITE, a native phosphate of lime
found in certain guanos.
ZEUGLODON, a gigantic genus
Cetacee, found in the miocene of
and some parts of Europe.
Ze UXITH, a ferro-silicate of alumina, or
iron tourmaline, from Huel, Cornwal
ZEYSOUM, the flowers of Santolina
Sragrantissima, used instead of camo-

of
ca,

mile.

ZLEGA, the separation of additional curd
from milk, occasioned by the addition of
acetic acid after rennet, called also sera.

ZLERIA, a genus of Australian plants
belonging to the Rutacee, consisting of
small shrubs and trees.

ZILLAH, the district or province of a
Circuit Judge or Commissioner in India,

ZINC BLOOM, a compound of carbonate
of zinc and hydrous oxide, or hydrated car-
bonate of zinc.

Zixc WHITE, a white powder produced
from the combustion of zinc in air. It has
been tried as a pigment on account of its
apparent purity instead of white lead ; but
it darkens in use, and is unworthy of trust
for fine-art purposes.

ZINCAMIDE, a solid white body, produced
by replacing one-third of the hydrogen in
ammonia with zine.

ZLINCETHYL, a product of the heating of
zinc under pressure with iodide of ethyl.

ZINCITE, the native oxide of zine.

ZINKENITE, a sulphantimonite of lead,
found native in the Harz, and containing 60
per cent. of sulphide of antimony, and 40 of
sulphide of lead.

THE

to|¢alis,

ZINZEYD, the fruit of Eleagnus Orien-
used as @ Persian dessert.

Z1PPEITE, the native sulphate of
uranium,

ZIROONITE, @ variety of zircon.

ZOOID, a term applied to the Sperma-
tozoa, from their being like animals, (not
like ‘plants,) though not animals, (from
gwoedns, “like an animal”).
ZOOLATRY, the worship of animals, as
exemplified in the religion of ancient
Egypt.

ZooToca, (CwoToKos, “ viviparous,”)
Aristotle’s name for the class of animals

ed Ha
ZORGITH, Clausthalite, in which copper
and cobalt partially replace lead.
ZOROASTRIAN SYSTEM, the system of
the Bactrian prophet and legislator, Zara-
thustra or Zoroaster, son of Oromazes, which
is expressed in the Zend Avesta.

ZOUAVES, aclass of French soldiers, or
light infantry, formed first in Algeria from
the natives there incorporated with the
French army,

ZUINGLIANS, the followers of the
Reformer Zuinglius, one of the most
enlightened and liberal of the leaders of
the Protestant Reformation.

ZURLITE, a mellilite found in rectangu-
lar prisms at Vesuvius.

ZAWIESELITE, a phosphate and fluoride
of iron and manganese, from Zwiesel,
Bavaria, forming a variety on apatite.

ZYGADITE, a silicate alumina and
lithia, found in the Harz.

ZYGZNOCEPHALUS, a West African
species of bat, related to the Pteropus, ~

Printed from Stecotree Plates by

CHARLES WHITTINGHAM AND Co,

‘ooks Court, Chancery Lane, London.

i?

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