. eee ite € OINOYOL JO ALISYSAINN AWWA] ADOIOOZ von ma pamnmy te Re Sen eae PEMeaPeI PESOS eS ChE thy (atte eer Meee was : yy : ; Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2010 with funding from University of Toronto http://www.archive.org/details/dipteradanicage01 lund 1800 - R. C. STANGER + 1875 DIPTERA DANICA | aed Mitek nA DANICA GENERA AND SPECIES SP PLIES HITHERTO FOUND IN DENMARK BY WILLIAM LUNDBECK \x% PART I—: STRATIOMYIIDAE, XYLOPHAGIDAE, COENOMYIIDAE, TABANIDAE, LEPTIDIDAE, ACROCERIDAE WITH 47 FIGURES PUBLISHED AT THE EXPENSES OF THE CARLSBERG FUND 0 a sere ~ G. E.C. GAD — COPENHAGEN LONDON: WILLIAM WESLEY AND SON 1907 : a, eee i ' oe ae y 4 AULY, % ) cams & . i aS » bi Ne ; ‘ ; Pera ka kl Ae Pine . at = Wee Fie an Peed rs be ® . : - ae : RHA V1 OV!) Oe ih Raves Ae: - 4 + "GERM T2) eer Aree ‘if TARE ARE J JACI A (ie “i arrey Te ea ee $s uate fay ley AH MADO thin > Rael COPENHAGEN — PRINTED BY BIANCO LUNO- ita b | Oa a - INTRODUCTION. The present paper is intended to form the first part of a work on the Danish Diptera fauna. The Danish flies never have been the object of any special work, reaching over the whole order, and hence we do not know what our country contains of this order; I therefore think that a work on them may be of some importance. As it may be of some interest to learn what earlier has been published about Danish Diptera, and in order to show the standpoint, on which our knowledge to the Danish fauna of this order stands, as far as it has been published, I shall render a short account of the earlier literature in which Danish Diptera are concerned. In this way we get a view of the growth of the knowledge of our fauna during the times. The earliest work known to me, in which is referred what at that time was known of Danish Diptera, is Kramer: Specimen Insectologiz Danice, 1760. In this work 31 species are enumerated, no new are described. In the following year was published Briinniche: Prodromus Insectologize Sizellandicee, 1761; it enumerates 70 species of Diptera, of these one is described as new, but it is not named. The next work is Pontoppidan: Den danske Atlas, 1763; the list of the insects in this work is for the greatest part made by Briinniche, 91 species of Diptera are enumerated, no new are described, but the new species mentioned above is here named; the work is furnished with some plates on which among others some Diptera are figured and among these the new species mentioned (Musca greca). We then come to O. F. Miller, who published in 1764 his work: Fauna Insectorum Fridrichsdalina. In this 133 species are recorded, and in 1767 in the appendix to Flora Fridrichsdalina, entitled ,Faune Fridrichsdaline Novicia*, 23 species are added; of these 156 species 34 are described as new. Miiller’s work: Zoologize Danicee Prodromus, 1776, cannot be drawn into consideration as it includes both Danish and Norwegian species, and no localities are given. To the year 1767 thus 156 Danish species of Diptera were known. With regard to all these species, both the new and known, it holds good, that they cannot be identified, 1 2 Introduction. with exception of only a few species. There exsists no collections of insects from that time, not even O. F. Miiller’s, and the descriptions are so short and incomplete that it is not possible to identify the species without types. Whether O. F. Miller has ever had a collection of insects is not known as far as I am aware. There is a report of Hagen concerning the entomological collections in Denmark, Norway and Sweden (Stett. Ent. Zeit. V, 1844, 151) in which the following mention is made about this question: ,Leider sind die saémmtlichen Sammlungen und Schriften Otto Friedrich Millers, nach denen ich auf das Eifrigste geforscht habe, ganz verschwunden, und wahrscheinlich bei den grossen Feuersbrtinsten Kopenhagens oder dem Bombardement untergegangen.* I think that Hagen has got this information when he was in Copenhagen, but now nothing is known about it. We then see the curious case that while many of Miiller’s species of other animals are identified, it is not so with the Diptera, of which not one has been identified. The reason to this condition may be found in the fact that the following authors, and especially Fabricius, have paid no attention to Miiller, and now nothing can be done. The earliest work of Fabricius: Systema Entomologiz, 1775, enumerates 18 species to which the locality Denmark is given, but it must be remembered that a number of species are here recorded to occur over the whole of Europe, and when these species of them which must be taken as being known by Fabrieius also as Danish, are taken in consideration, we get in all abt. 190 species. The number now increases steadily in the following works of Fabricius; in Entomo- logia Systematica, Vol. IV, 1794, is thus enumerated 55 species from Denmark, and in his last work: Systema Antliatorum, 1805, he has 73 species from Denmark, and with the European species which he has also certainly known from Denmark, the total number may be estimated at 274 species; this number thus represents what was known of Diptera in 1805 from Denmark. Two works, about from this time, give some information about Danish flies from certain localities, but have otherwise chiefly interest as curiosities as the same holds good with regard to them, as was said about the works earlier than Fabricius, viz. that the determinations cannot be relied upon. The works are: Olavius: Oekonomisk-physisk Beskrivelse over Schagens Kjébsted og Sogn, 1787, in which 5 species, all common, are recorded; and: Schade: Beskrivelse over @en Mors, 1811, in which there are enumerated from this little island the relatively great number, for this time, of 83 species. R. C. Steger, the only author who has previously studied Danish Diptera systematically, was an eager collector of flies, and our know- Introduction. = ledge of the Danish Diptera is based chiefly on his collection, now in our Museum; he published in 1839—40: Systematisk Fortegnelse over de i Danmark hidtil fundne Diptera (Naturhist. Tidsskr. II, II). He only reached through Culicide, Tipulide and Mycetophilide, and he esta- blished not so few new species. In the same periodical (IV, 1842) he published: Danske Dolichopoder, and here also he described some new species. His works to a high degree advanced the knowledge of the groups treated. All species enumerated by him are included in Zetter- stedt’s work. Zetterstedt has, as is well known, in his great work: Diptera Scandinavie, Vol. I—XIV, 1842—60, also recorded the Danish species known at this time. He knew those species very well, as he had received from Steeger I think almost all species then known to our fauna, and he also included in his work the species mentioned by Steger in his papers. He enumerates in all i439 Danish species of which the last enumerated are found in Vol. XII, 1855, and_ this number thus represents the number of species then known. As_ will be seen the knowledge of the fauna had made a considerable step forwards since 1805, the year in which the last work of Fabricius was published. We now have reached that point on which the knowledge of the Danish fauna of Diptera stands for the present as far as this know- ledge is found in the literature of the subject. Still there are several papers on Danish flies or their larve, or in which Danish flies are mentioned; thus a series of papers by Steger mostly dealing with single genera or species; these are all mentioned by Zetterstedt; moreover papers of F. V.S. Jacobsen, Chr. Drewsen, J. CG. Schiddte, H. Léw, Fr. Meinert, H. Borries. J. E. V. Boas, R. CG. Mortensen, E. Rostrup, 5. Rostrup and J. C. Nielsen, but these add no or at all events only a few single species to our fauna. The material I have worked out for the present paper consists, besides my own collection, of the collection of Danish Diptera in our museum. This collection is, as already mentioned, for the greatest part collected by Steger and chiefly or exclusively in the environs of Copenhagen; to this however a small number of species are found in it from different parts of our country collected by Schiddte, Drewsen, Jacobsen, O. G. Jensen and a more important collection by H. J. Hansen. Danish species are also found in Westermann’s collection and in the old collection of Ténder-Lund and Sehested, in which latter some Fabrician types are found. Further the following gentlemen have given me admission to their collections of Diptera: W. Schlick, C. Larsen, 1* 4 Introduction. R. H. Stamm and Axel Petersen in Silkeborg, and M. C. Godskesen has presented me with his collection of Diptera collected in the environs of Hilleréd. I shall especially mention Mr. Schlick’s collection which, besides being rather large, has the advantage that it contents a great many breed flies together with their larvee and pup. Mr. Schlick has also for many years breed Hymenoptera, and among these many species from Diptera; the most of what I say in my work about Hymenoptera parasitic on flies is due to Mr. Schlick. — To all the above named gentlemen I beg here to tender my sincerest thanks. The terminology I use in my work is chiefly the common one. On the head the part at the top between the eyes is the vertex; it bears the ocelli when these are not absent. Below the vertex down to the antenne, or in cyclorrhaphous flies, to the lunula, lies the front; when the eyes are touching, the vertex above and the front below both get a triangular shape and may then be termed vertical and frontal triangles. Below the antennze down to the mouth-edge or near to it lies the epistoma; to each side of it, between it and the inner eye-margins are the cheeks, they are sometimes well separated by a furrow or a keel from the epistoma, especially in flies with a frontal bladder, but they may also be more or less confluent with the epistoma. Below the eyes, to each side of the oral aperture, lie the yowls which may be more or less produced below the eyes, or they may be horizontal and not at all extending below the eyes; they lie between the oral aperture and the lower eye-margin; sometimes they may be very narrow, only forming a narrow margin between the eye and the mouth opening, or the eyes may reach so near to the aperture that there are almost no cheeks. The front side of the head below the antenne is sometimes spoken of as the face, this thus including the epistoma, the cheeks and sometimes also part of the yowls. The mouth parts consist of the same parts as in Insecta mordentia, viz. mandibles, maxille and labium; mandibles and maxille, when present, are generally more or less elongated, somewhat lancet- or bristle-shaped; the mandibles are only present in the females of some orthorrhaphous flies, and the maxillze are often short, rudimentary or quite wanting, as in most cyclorrhaphous flies; but maxillary palpi are almost always present consisting of one or more joints. The labium when normally developed is more or less semitubular, enclosing the other parts and terminating with a pair of lips, the labella, which may be very different in form and development, broad and somewhat swollen or long and narrow or of other forms, and sometimes very small. The labium itself may be of different lengths, from very short Introduction. 5 to four times as long as the whole body. As belonging to the mouth parts are still two organs concerned, the hypopharynx and the labrum; the hypopharynx is a prolongation of the lower wall of the pharynx, and in it opens the salivary duct; it lies in the bottom of the canal in the labium and is often pointed triangular or sometimes more bristle-shaped, shorter or longer; it may be developed as a stinging apparatus, as in the Asilide. The labrum closes the labial canal above and is generally somewhat semitubular, with the hollow surface downwards, it may be of different lengths and also vary somewhat in form, but the length is generally in proportion to the length of the labium; in the Culicide it is used to sting with. All the parts mentioned form together the proboscis. The mouth parts are inserted at the mouth-aperture, but the case may here be somewhat different in an interesting way; in some flies as in many Orthorrhapha, f. inst. Tabanide, and in at all events most of the Nematocera the connecting membranes of the mouth parts are small and narrow, and the lower part of the head is well chitinised; the proboscis is then generally only slightly pro- and retractile. In other Diptera as in Stratiomyiide and, I think, in all Cyclorrhaphe the lower part of the head is membraneous and not chitinised, and at the same time more or less prolonged; probably also the connecting membranes of the mouth parts enter into the formation of this part. I term this part, from the firm and chitinised mouth-edge to the base of the proboscis, the oral cone, and it is of importance to distinguish it from the proboscis itself with which it in earlier times has often been confounded, (stipes Latreille, Riissel (Proboscis) Meigen); it is not a part of the mouth but the lower part of the head; it may sometimes be of considerable length. In the flies in which the lower part of the head is firm and chitinised as in the Tabanide, the clypeus is not, or not distinctly, separated from the epistoma; on the contrary in flies where an oral cone is present, the clypeus is separated and lies on the front side of the cone; it is generally elongated and reaches from the epistoma to the labrum, often, as in the Syrphida, it is deeply excised at the apex, and this excision may be so large that the clypeus becomes horseshoe- shaped as in most Muscide; also in flies without an oral cone, the clypeus may be excised at the apex, f. inst. in the males of the Tabanide. Often the membraneous part between the clypeus and the lower end of the epistoma is narrow, but sometimes broader. The elypeus may be divided in two parts as in some Syrphidw, a small basal part being found, connected with the epistoma. In the interior of the head lies the pharynx with its lower end reaching down to the insertion of the mouth parts; its hinder wall is chitinised, and in flies 6 Introduction. with no oral cone it sends, at its lower end, a pair of small processes forwards to the, in this case not separated, clypeus or it is at all events in some connection with it; when on the contrary an oral cone is present, these processes generally are large and strongly connected with the clypeus. Between these processes, stretching from the anterior wall of the pharynx to the clypeus, or in flies without an oral cone, to the clypeus and epistoma, lie the muscles which act as pumping muscles during the sucking. On account of the connection of the clypeus with the pharynx, the clypeus has sometimes been considered as a part of the pharynx, and pharynx together with clypeus has been termed fulcrum by Menzbier (Ueber das Kopfskelet und die Mund- werkzeuge der Zweifltigler, Bull. d. la Soc. imp. des nat. de Moscou, IV, 1880), and ,Schlundgertist* by Becker (Zur Kenntn. der Mund- theile der Dipteren, Denkschr. d. math. nat. Classe d. Kais. Akad. d. Wissensch., Wien, XLV, 1882). In reality it is only a chitinised part of the dermis, connected with the lateral wings of the pharynx, and answering to the clypeus in other orders. It has also been termed prelabrum. When an oral cone is developed the proboscis is highly pro- and retractile, the membraneous cone being folded in, or more strictly speaking, it is laid up backwards in the aperture, the connection between clypeus and epistoma acting as a hinge. The real oral aperture is naturally at the lower end of the oral cone, but it may be convenient to term the chitinised edge of the under side of the head to which the cone is attached, the mouth-edge, and speak of the aperture surrounded by this edge as the mouth-aperture. With regard to the antenne I generally count as many joints as are really present, so that I f. inst. count a two-jointed style or arista as two antennal joints, oniy using the terms complex, style and_arista as merely descriptive ; I expressly mention this partly because Wandolleck in a paper (Ueber die Fiihlerformen d. Dipt., Zool. Jahrb., Abtheil. fiir Syst. VIII, 1895) seems to be of the opinion that dipterologists have not considered the actual number of the antennal joints what I still think scientific dipterologists have done in the last half century, but the terms mentioned are convenient in descriptions. As to the thorax [ use for the sterna and pleura the terms pro- posed by Osten Sacken (An Essay of comp. Cheetotaxy, Transact. Ent. Soc. London, 1884); the terms are (fig. 1) a, mesopleura, b, pteropleura, c, sternopleura, d, hypopleura, e, metapleura. The terms are very con- venient, | therefore use them; only the term metapleura is in so far inadequate as I take this part as belonging to the mesothorax, but yet the term may be used. The part below or behind scutellum is termed the postscutellum, generally it is more or less vertical, but Introduction. 7 it may also be horizontal and rather large, as f. inst. in the Tipulide and Xylophagide, especially Xylophagus. The thorax is thus chiefly formed of mesothorax, the prothorax is very small and also the metathorax; of the latter may sometimes be seen a narrow part behind the postscutellum and between the halteres: on the ventral side sometimes a narrow metathoracic part may also be distinguished. The spiracles I take to be prothoracic and mesothoracic. Abdomen consists of a number of segments of which the last are generally more or less transformed; in the descriptions I give the number of not transformed segments; these are as a rule not difficult to see but sometimes one or more of the last may be small or the last may he more or less hidden. Also at the base of the abdomen the first segment may be narrow, and sometimes the first and second ventral segments may be coalesced, yet generally a suture marks the line of connexion. The legs are somewhat uniform, only they may be relatively short or on the contrary relatively long, and they may be stronger or weaker. Generally the somewhat sluggish and not well flying Diptera have much stronger legs than those that fly well; the species with somewhat strong legs often bear bristles on them. The tarsi are five-jointed; the last jomt bears a pair of claws which are HGGL Lateeal view of thomeet generally simple, but sometimes may be Dryomyza anilis. serrated or otherwise specially formed. Besides the claws there are at the end of the last joint still three organs, which may be of some systematic importance; under the claws are attached two lobes, the pulvilli, these are generally organs of fastening; they may be of different, sometimes complicated, forms, and of different sizes, and sometimes they may be absent. Between the pulvilli is inserted a median organ, the empodium; this may also be very different in form, from quite uniform with the pulvilli to the form of a long bristle, and sometimes it is feathery or of other complicated form; it may sometimes be absent. — According to de Meijere (Ueber das letzte Glied der Beine bei den Arthropoden, Zool. Jahrb., Abth. fiir Anat. und Ont. XIV, 1901) the claws and organs mentioned are not inserted on the fifth joint itself but on a special small apical joint, the pretarsus. According to him the empodium in the Diptera is not always morphologically of the same origin; in the T%pulide f. inst. we have a real empodium, but in most of the other Diptera the 8 Introduction. median organ is a prolongation of his ,Strecksohle* at the lower surface of the preetarsus; he terms it ,Sohlenlappchen* (Lobus plantaris), the pulvilli he terms ,Seitenlappchen‘ (Lobuli laterales). Yet I think we may here very conveniently term the organ empodium whatever may be its origin. Moreover I do not quite understand de Meijere when he (p. 434) says: Die Streckplatte, die Gleitsohle und das Empodium lassen sich meistens ohne Mihe erkennen*; but on p. 436 says: ,Indem dieser Sohlenlappen den meisten hdheren Dipteren eigentiimlich ist, daselbst aber das Empodium entweder ganz fehlt oder doch nur als kleines Rudiment vorkommt.‘ The terminology of the venation of the wings is a question that has been much confused, and, as well known, different authors use up to this day different terms. After the works of Adolph, Brauer and Redtenbacher it now ought to be the time when a terminology with terms indicating the homolo gies for all orders should be used. It is, however, fortunate that the terms used f. inst. by Schiner and Van d. Wulp for a great deal are applied to veins really homologous in the different families, and only in relatively few cases this is not so, what I hope to point out in the particular places. The important observation of Adolph concerning the convexity or concavity of the veins must absolutely be taken into consideration. It seems to me that the way adopted by Redtenbacher (Vergleich. Stud. tiber das Fliigelgedder der Ins., Ann. d. K. K. naturh. Hofmuseums, Wien, I, 1886) is the correct and conforms with what really is found in nature, and he has also compared the wings of all orders. According to him the wings of all orders including Diptera, with regard to the veins, fall in five fields with convex veins: 1. the costal field with the vein I, 2. the radial field with vein III, 3. the medial field with vein V, 4. the cubital field with vein VII and 5, the anal field with vein IX ; these five systems of convex veins are separated by systems of concave veins which he indicates by II, IV, VI, VII] and X. Be- tween the branches of a convex vein concave branches may occur, and be- tween the branches of a concave vein convex branches may occur; these are indicated by the arabic figures appended to the roman numerals, even numbers indicating the concave, uneven numbers indicating the convex branches. As said above, the terminology used by Schiner and van d. Wulp to a great degree indicates homological veins with the same names, and I shall therefore, in order to avoid confusion, chiefly use these terms. The figures (figs. 2 and 3) show the terms used here together with the indications of Redtenbacher; it will then always be possible, also with the terminology used here, to compare the wings with wings in other orders, when once a terminology uniform for all orders is introduced, and to find the homological veins. It is thus so Introduction. 8) advantageous that by chiefly using well known terms we may avoid un- necessary confusion and at the same time be capable without difficulty to bring the wings of the Diptera under a general point of view. — The terminology used is the following: 1. the costal vein, stopping near the apex or extended all round, 2. the mediastinal vein which is concave, 3. the subcostal vein, convex, 4. the radial vein, concave, 5, the cubital vein, convex, 6. the discal vein, concave, 7. the postical vein, convex, 8. the anal vein, concave, 9. the axillary vein, convex. Fig. 2. Wing of Tabanus tropicus. The cells are: a, the costal cell, b, the mediastinal cell, c, the sub- costal cell, d, the cubital cell, e, the discal cell, f, posterior cells, g, the first basal cell, h, the second basal cell, i, the anal cell, and k, the axillary cell; x is the medial cross-vein, y, the postical cross-vein. Fig. 3. Wing of Dexia canina. The mediastinal vein is generally near to the base connected with the costal vein by a cross-vein, the basal cross-vein, and then there are two costal cells. The radial vein is often unbranched, but may be branched, and then there is more than one subcostal cell; the subcostal cell or cells lie between the convex subcostal vein and the concave radial vein, or between the branches of the latter. The cubital vein is generally branched and there may be up to three cubital cells; the cubital cells lie between the concave radial vein and the convex 10 Introduction. cubital vein or between the branches of the latter. ‘The discal vein in our terminology is in the basal part formed by the junction of two concave veins (IV and VI), it then divides, and the two veins enclose the discal cell, from this often some veins go to the wing margin; the discal vein is, as formed of two concave veins, concave itself; between the two veins forming it, should lie a convex vein, the vein V, but it is generally absent, or only some end branches are left. For con- veniences sake we use the name discal vein for the whole vein with its branches, but it must be born in mind that when there, among these latter, are convex veins, these originally belong to vein V, the rest of which has disappeared. The discal vein may also be simple and unbranched. Between the discal vein’ and the cubital vein lies the medial cross-vein, and between the discal and the postical veins lies the postical cross-vein; these cross-veins or one of them may sometimes be absent. The postical vein is almost always branched, the lower branch generally uniting with the anal vein for a shorter or longer distance. The anal vein is unbranched; the axillary vein is generally short and often absent or quite rudimentary, only in the Tipulide it reaches the margin. The first posterior cell lies between the convex cubital vein and the concave discal vein, and is bordered towards the base by the medial cross-vein; the other posterior cells lie between the branches of the discal vein, the fifth always in the fork of the postical vein and thus always bordered both above and below by convex veins (in the Muscide the lower branch of the postical fork is short, more or less vertical and uniting the anal vein rather near to its base, the fifth posterior cell is then bordered below by the concave anal vein). The anal cell lies between the convex postical vein and the concave anal vein; the space below the anal vein is termed the axillary cell. The two basal cells lie towards the base of the wing and are separated from one another by the basal part of the discal vein. Many alterations, chiefly reductions, in the venation may take place, and these will be considered in the particular places; I shall only here point out some of the more important. F. inst. some veins may totally disappear; the vein V as mentioned is generally almost or quite wanting, and this is characteristic of the Diptera, yet in some flies, especially Mycetophilide, it is present to a greater degree. As already noticed the discal vein may be simple and unbranched (fig. 3), and then it does not enclose a discal cell; this is the case in all cyclor- rhaphous and some orthorrhaphous flies; in this case there is no genuine discal cell but this is confluent with the fourth posterior cell, yet for convenience in the descriptions it may be termed the discal cell, but Introduction. 11 its formation must be born in mind. In such cases the posterior cells are also more or less confluent, as the branches which should separate them are absent; generally the first, as usual, lies above the discal vein, the space outwards to the discal cell is answering to the second and third, the fourth is coalesced with the discal cell, the fifth on the contrary is always found in the convex postical fork, and ought always to be termed the fifth, notwithstanding the number of actually present posterior cells. With regard to the squamule I quite follow the terms used by Girschner (Ueber die Postalar-Membran der Dipt., Illustr. Zeitschr. ftir Entom., 1897, 534); the squamula sitting on the base of the wing, and which in rest lies above the other, is the alar squamula, that sitting on thorax and in rest lying below the alar squamula, is the thoracic squamula; the angle formed between the two squamule when the wing is stretched horizontally out is the squamular angulus or short, the angulus. Finally I shall remark here that the terms used in describing the mouth parts in the larve must not be taken as indicating sure homo- logies with the similarly termed parts in the imagines. Concerning the system I intend to follow, chiefly at all events, that of Brauer such as it is given in the ,Katalog der palaarktischen Dipteren von Becker, Bezzi, Kertész und Stein.* — When I make the beginning with the Orthorrhapha brachycera, this is of a purely practical reason because our fauna of Nematocera requires renewed material before it can be worked out. As mentioned above I have had material from all the important parts of Denmark; yet the material, as naturally must be expected, is for far the greatest part collected in the environs, nearer or more remote, of Copenhagen, or in the whole in North-Sealand. In order to avoid repeated explanations about the localities I shall here give a list of most of those in North-Sealand with some short explanations of the nature of the locality: Frederiksberg Have. — A public garden with canals in the out- skirts of Copenhagen. Ladegaardsaaen. — A small stream at Copenhagen. Leerso. — A former lake at Copenhagen now dried up and grown with Salix. Damhusmosen. — A fen near Copenhagen, chiefly grown with Salix. Utterslev Mose. — A fen near Copenhagen. Amagerfelled. — A common near Copenhagen. Vesterfeelled. — A common at the seashore near Copenhagen. 12 Introduction. Charlottenlund. — A small wood about 3 miles north of Copenhagen. Dyrehaven. — A forest and deer park about 4 miles north of Copenhagen. Ordrup Krat. Ermelund. — Ordrup Mose. — A peat bog between Dyrehaven, Ordrup Krat and Ermelund. ai Two small woods just to the south of Dyrehaven. Fortundammen. — A pond in Ermelund. Eiidesarie- \ Two small lakes in Dyrehaven. Fuglsangso. — J Raavad. — A locality right in the middle of Dyrehaven. Skodsborg. — A locality in the northern part of Dyrehaven. Bollemose. — A fen and lake in the northern part of Dyrehaven. Lyngby. — A small town about 5 miles north and a little west of Copenhagen. Lyngby Mose. — A fen and lake near Lyngby chiefly grown with Alnus and Betula. Frederiksdal. — A small forest to the west of Lyngby. Hareskov. — A forest to the west of Frederiksdal and joining it. Fureso. — | Farum Se. — Lakes near Frederiksdal. Bagsverd Soe. — Geel Skov. — A small wood about 6 miles north and a little west of Copenhagen. Mrholm. — A small wood near Geel Skov. Fuglevad. — \ Small woods between @Orholm and Lyngby with Brede. — J a little stream: Molleaa. Ruderhegn. — A wood about 8 miles north and a little west of Copenhagen. Tokkekjob Hegn. — A wood about 12 miles north and a little west of Copenhagen. Donse. — A locality at Tokkekjob Hegn witha pond: Donse Dam. Hillerod. — A town more or less surrounded with woods in Northern Sealand. Freerslev Hegn. — A small wood with fens, near Hillergd. Grib Skov. — A forest to the North of Hillerad. Esrom Soe. — A lake at the eastern side of Grib Skov. Jeegerspris. — A locality at the western coast of Roskildefjord with a Forest: Nordskoven, and a small wood: Fergelunden. Tidsvilde. — A forest at the northern seacoast of Sealand. Teglstrup Hegn. — A wood at the northern coast of Sealand, near Helsingor. ORTHORRHAPHA BRACHYCERA. PLATYGENYA. HOMOEODACTYLA. NOTACANTHA. Stratiomylidae. Head generally rather short and somewhat semiglobular, flat or excavated behind, as broad as or a little broader than the thorax, and often broader than high. In front it is arched, and sometimes the face is somewhat prominent below the antenne, or front and face are produced to a longer or shorter snout. Yowls slightly or not produced below the eyes. Antenne placed near to each other, and in or near the middle of the head, or sometimes farther downwards on the lower side; they are seven- to ten-jointed in all; the two basal joints may be of different length, the following four to eight form an annulated, more or less globular, compressed part, or a more elongated fusiform part, the last or penultimate and last joints often form a more or less distinct style or a one- or two-jointed arista. Eyes generally touching in the male, but sometimes separated, in the females well separated. In the males the upper facets are in most of the genera larger than the lower. Eyes hairy or bare in both sexes, or hairy in the males and bare or nearly so in the females. Three ocelli present. The oral cone varies from very short to rather long; clypeus is more or less linear, lying on the front side of the cone reaching from the epistoma to the labrum; below, at the end of the cone, it is more or less connected with the chitinised pharynx. The proboscis is of different length, the basal part of the labium is short, the labella of different form, short and broad to rather long and narrow, often forming an angle with the basal part of the labium. Labrum generally of the length of the basal part of labium, relatively broad, more or less semitubular; hypopharynx shorter than the labrum, sometimes rudimentary, generally pointed, triangular. Maxillee wanting or present, but often rudimentary, only consisting of a basal piece, rarely with a 14. Orthorrhapha brachycera. short lacinia; maxillary palpi always present, but rather small, one- or two-jointed. Thorax more or less rectangular; scutellum with spines or unarmed. Abdomen more or less flat, as broad as or mostly broader than the thorax, generally short, sometimes more elongated; it consists of five to seven distinct segments. The legs are simple, not especially strong, strongest in the somewhat heavy and sluggish genera, weaker in the well flying genera as f. inst. Sargus; they are without bristles or apical spurs; the claws are simple, there are two pulvilli and a pulvilliform empodium quite resembling the pulvilli. Wings with the costal vein extending at most to the apex of the wing, radial vein present or sometimes wanting, cubital vein generally with a small fork, sometimes unforked, and thus one or two cubital cells present. Discal cell rather small, formed exclusively of the discal vein, or, in some genera, closed below by the anterior branch of the postical vein: in this case there is no postical cross-vein and the venation of this part of the wing to some degree recalls the venation characteristic for the cyclorrhaphous flies. From the discal or from this and the second basal cell there rise three or four veins, often not reaching the margin, generally very thin or some of them rudimentary; there are, in relation to the number of these veins, four or five posterior cells, some of which may be more or less fused. The basal cells are of equal length, and the anal cell nearly reaches the margin. The wings of the Stratiomyids are moreover characterised by the anterior veins being crowded towards the anterior margin, the small discal cell being placed above the middle of the wing, so that the part lying below the postical vein occupies about the half of the wing. The alula is well developed, often somewhat pointed; the alar squamula is distinct but small, the thoracal squamula wanting or more or less developed; the halteres are not covered. In rest the wings lie parallel over the abdomen, one quite covering the other, so that in forms with a some- what broad abdomen, the sides of it are seen outside the wing-margins. Several of the above facts, among others the structure and venation of the wings, point towards the fact that the Stratiomyids are some- what ancient forms. The eggs are deposited in the earth, in dung or in similar localities, or when the larva lives in water, on water-plants. I have seen eggs of some species of Stratiomyia or Odontomyia deposited on a Phragmites at some distance above the surface of the water; they were deposited in a somewhat oval mass of a length of 13 mm.; the eggs were held together by some cementing substance; the individual eggs were whitish, elongate, about 2 mm. long; the whole mass was brownish. The larve are elongated, fusiform or with parallel sides, more or less ~ Stratiomyiidae. 15 flattened. The head is conical: towards the apex, the body tapers more or less, or is rounded. The body consists of twelve segments including the head. The head is more or iess cleft above in front, in three somewhat pointed lobes, the median lobe forms a vertical, some- what hooked labrum, in front beset with hairs; to each side of it lie the mandibles and maxille as more or less scale-formed and some- what hooked pieces, strongly beset with bristles and spines or teeth; they are moved together vertically in and out; mandibles and maxille are generally more or less connected, so that they may be difficult to discern as separate pieces. On each side of the head there is a more or less distinct eye, and the lateral lobes generally bear antennal papillae at the point. The larvee are generally described as peripneustic, and may also be termed so, in as far as there are spiracles on pro- thorax and (generally) on metathorax and on the first six to seven abdominal segments. Such is the case in several genera, but there seems to be some variation in other genera, and especially the meta- thoracic and one or perhaps more of the last abdominal spiracles may be wanting, but the spiracles are often so indistinct, and especially just on metathorax and towards the apex of the abdomen, that it may be very difficult to decide their actual number. The spiracles are in the whole smali, those on prothorax being the largest, and they are probably not in function. On the other hand there always are terminal spiracles lying in a transverse split on the last segment, and, with the larve living in water, surrounded by a coronet of feathery hairs. Thus with regard to the function of the tracheal system the larvee could be termed metapneustic. The pupa is lying in the larval skin, which becomes rigid, but otherwise does not alter its form. By the escape of the imago the larval skin opens with transverse splits on the third and fifth segments and a longitudinal split between these in the middle. — All larvze of Stratiomyids show a peculiar structure of the skin; it is rather thick, solid and leathery; seen from the surface it is divided into small, somewhat hexagonal fields, large enough to be seen with a lens, each of these is the base of an inwardly conical calcareous nail, the whole forming a very solid and protective mail; the calcareous matter is present to so high a degree, that the skin bubbles strongly when laid in chlorie acid. The larve live in water, in earth, dung or in decaying vegetable matter. Some live probably of decaying vegetables, those found in water live, I think, on microorganisms; when held in captivity they are seen repeatedly to move the mouth parts in and out, and when such larvee are taken, before they are full grown, they generally stop growing, I think for want of suitable food, when the microorganisms have disappeared. 16 Orthorrhapha brachycera. The Stratiomyids are of small to middle size; they feed as imagines on vegetable juices and occur on plants and especially on flowers; most of the species chiefly occur near water. — From the palearctic region about 232 species are known and from North America about 302; of these only five are common to both regions. Only few cases of parasitic Hymenoptera on Stratiomyids are known. I am aquainted with the following from Denmark. From pup of a Nemotelus has been bred a little Ichneumonid. Smicra sispes L. has been bred from pupee of S./ongicornis and furcata, one from each pupa; the Smicra has once been taken stinging an egg- mass, it thus deposites its eggs in the eggs of the Stratiomyia. From S. furcata has been bred a Pteromaline, that came in great number from the pupa'). From Chloromyia formosa has similarly been bred a Pteromaline and from Microchrysa polita a Tetrastichus sp. in great numbers from each pupa. Finally from one of the Sargus sp. (iridatus ?) has been bred a small Ichneumonid, of which there was one parasite in the pupa. — Moreover the following cases have been reported: From S. chameleon has been bred Phygadeuon dumetorum Grav. ; from H. viridula Monodontomerus obscurus Westw., and besides from the above mentioned Stratiomyia species Smicra sispes has also been bred from S. chameleon. Stratiomyids earlier recorded from Denmark. — Kramer in 1760 (Spec. Insectol. Dan.) enumerates two species: Musca chameleon and cupraria. Briinniche, 1761 (Prodr. Insectol. Sizelland.), has four: Musca chameleon, cupraria, polita and a new species, not named; in Pon- toppidan, Danske Atl. I, 1763, one more is enumerated, viz. hydroleon, and the new species is named greca. About these species can be said, that chameleon is a Stratiomyia, and probably chameleon or furcata, cupraria is a Sargus, and polita probably this species, hydroleon is an Odontomyia, and greca is Oxycera trilineata (see under this species). O. F. Miiller, 1764 (Faun. Fridrichsd.), has four species: Musca chameleon, hydroleon, pantherina and cupraria, and in 1767 in the appendix to Flora Fridrichsd. he has two more species, microleon and polita; of these species is chameleon this species or furcata, hydroleon one of the green Odontomyia species, pantherina is a Nemotelus and cupraria a 1) It is evidently a similar case, that has mislead Knoch and induced him and Meigen to think, that the Stratiomyia-larva was a worm, because he had seen one of them bear 300 young; they took then the Stratiomyia-larva for a , Wasserwurm* and thought that the real, but unknown Stratiomyia-larva was parasitic in it. (Meig. Syst. Beschr. II, 133.) When Brauer (Denkschr. d. Kais. Akad. d. Wiss. Math. Nat. Classe, Wien, XLVII, 1883, 57) speaks of Knoch’s fable. this is so far incor- rect, as Knoch’s observation certainly is right, only his conclusion is erroneous. Stratiomyiidae. 17 Sargus; of microleon can scarcely be said more than that it is a Stratiomyia or Odontomyia, and polita is probably this species. Fabricius in his first work 1775 (Syst. Ent.), has two species from Denmark, Stratiomys tigrina and viridula, both new; these two well known species are thus established on specimens from Denmark; in his following works he only enumerates the same two species from Den- mark, but in his last work in 1805 (Syst. Antl.), he has moreover Sargus cyaneus, which is Microchrysa polita. Zetterstedt in 1842 (Dipt. Scand. I) enumerates, as sent him by Steger: Ber. clavipes, Str. cha- meeleon, strigata = longicornis, ornata, hydroleon, Ox.trilineata, formosa, Nem. bifasciatus = uliginosus, notatus, nigrinus, Chr. formosa, pallipes = flavicornis, Sarg. cuprarius, infuscatus =iridatus and flavipes. In 1849, (VIII), he adds moreover Str. potamida, argentata, ruficornis= angulata, Ox. hypoleon = Fallenii, Meigenii and Sarg. nitidus; as the latter is the same as iridatus (see under this species) he thus knew in all 20 species. Of these Steger had already in 1844 (Sett. Ent. Zeit. V.) recorded O. Falleniit and Meigenii, and Schigdte had in 1844 (Nat. Tidsskr. 2. I, 40) recorded Od. argentata, Ox. Meigenii and also Ox. leonina, which latter is overlooked by Zetterstedt. Thus there were known in all 21 species. — In the present work 34 species are enumerated. Table of Subfamilies and Genera. 1. Abdomen consisting of seven segments, scutellum with MIOEe taan, EWO. SpiNes)s ... 3)4,2)-)cj}osye)- eid see le es 5. Beridinae. — Abdomen consisting of five to six segments, scutellum MMARMICH OF (Witt TWO SpiNeS ... 1. 2... eee ee ie ee ee 2. 2. From the discal cell rise three veins, anterior branch of the postical vein closing the discal cell below; BA CRBOSLCTIO’ (CGUS. occ ore 2 ap sx. 5 ects BMI PSO Yas 1. Pachygastrinae. — From the discal cell or from the discal and second basal cells rise four veins (one or two of which may be rudimentary or wanting); five posterior cells (some of which may be more or less fused) ..........--.--+:: 3. 3. Fifth posterior cell lying close to the discal cell, no cross-vein between discal cell and postical vein .... 2. Clitellariinae. — Fifth posterior cell not lying close to the dicsal cell, a cross-vein between the discal cell and the postical “ELT o Sug tac wae MAP mn kar tae a a a a 4. 4, Scutellum with two spines; not metallic coloured SOP aR irre GAA hn dba & se iats hi egeen aise) igs & dove 3. Stratiomyiinae. — Scutellum unarmed, metallic coloured species ...... 4, Sarginae. 1. Pachygastrinae. Scutellum unarmed; abdomen consisting of five segments. From the discal cell rise three veins, the third is the anterior branch of the 2 “ 18 Orthorrhapha brachycera. postical vein and closes the discal cell below, there is thus no cross- vein between the discal cell and the postical vein; four posterior cells. Alula distinct, pointed; squamula alaris small, no squamula thoracalis; wing membrane not transversely corrugated. Oily one cenus’ SS, SPP RII a. eta ee 1. Pachygaster. 2. Clitellariinae. Scutellum unarmed or with two spines; abdomen consisting of five to six segments. From the discal cell rise four veins, the fourth is the anterior branch of the postical vein, it lies close to the discal cell, there is thus no cross-vein between the discal cell and the postical vein; five posterior cells. Alula distinct, somewhat pointed; squamula alaris rather small, haired at the margin, squamula thoracalis distinct but narrow, long haired at the margin. Wing membrane somewhat (Oxycera), not transversely corrugated (Nemotelus). 1 =Scutellunm unarmed’ Sn) ot ee eee 2. Nemotelus. ++ Senuteltum” with. two) spmes + .2%). 3.29). 0. Jee 3. Oxycera. 3. Stratiomyiinae. Scutellum with two spines; abdomen consisting of five segments. From the discal and second basal cell rise four veins, (of which the first and third may be more or less rudimentary or the third wanting) the fourth is the anterior branch of the postical vein; a cross-vein between the discal cell and the postical vein; five posterior cells (some of which may be more or less fused). Alula well developed; squamula alaris distinct, haired at the margin, squamula thoracalis rather large, with long hairs, sometimes curved at the ends, in the margin. Wing membrane transversely corrugated. 1. First jomt of antenne about four times as long as the SOONG oon ists suche, Seen ere er < pepe a eee ieee 4. Stratiomyia. — First joint of antenne as long as, or at most twice as long as the second... cc... 4: \ sss 2c ee 2. 2. Radial vein present, cubital vein generally forked..... 5. Odontomyia. — Radial vein wanting, cubital vein short, not forked ... 6. Hoplodonta. 4. Sarginae. Scutellum unarmed; abdomen consisting of five segments. From the discal and second basal cell rise four veins, the fourth being the anterior branch of the postical vein; a cross-vein between the discal cell and the postical vein; five posterior cells. Alula distinct, triangular, pointed; squamula alaris small, haired at the margin, squamula thoracalis narrow, somewat lingulate or slighty rounded, with long hairs, curved at the ends, at the margin. Wing membrane transversely corrugated. Stratiomyiidae. 19 1. Eyes bare, separated in both sexes, but mostly so in the female; eye-facets in the male of equal size; ab- BRIE, NEEM MCIONG ALAC eo ont oo ee apiece ws Speje «de mt 3 7. Sargus. — Eyes touching in the male, widely separated in the female; eye-facets in the male of unequal size; abdomen memeratery clonpated . SEIS) 2. LTA ga), 2. Pueeeiereely hairyeys ost sihwidve ciasl: alt Ao. ; 8. Microchrysa. feeesatare ‘or nearly, bare 2 ©. saje.ad) ozead 4) atric - 9. Chloromyia. ~ 5. Beridinae. Scutellum with six bristle-bearing spines (aberrantly four to eight); abdomen consisting of seven segments. From the discal cell rise three veins, the third is the anterior branch of the postical vein and closes the discal cell below, there is thus no cross-vein between the discal cell and the postical vein; four posterior cells. Alula small; squamula alaris distinct, haired at the margin, squamula thoracalis wanting. Wing membrane not transversely corrugated. Mere eNGS rs. fxd shcpsiysys|-- Wercyees ois ha ee bs 2. 62 nubeculosus Zett.......... 61 ACHE Vaan sore Sie nae a ee 84 SHINE USE 1165 ( 2 See a ere a 86 UT PAUS WADE. 2. - 6 5/05) x 160 Siratiomyia, Geofits i... --. -\« 40 chamesleon Lis 6 genes en 45 ORGAN Tas oe s,2) «=< = - 43 longicornis, Scop: ........).. - 42 potamida Meig. .......... 46 HUPPQOURAU ADDY, veces coe. = A.D, SLALIGCOGE a ee 3 SPU AMOMEVMMAC). fry ise, on ears 2 18 EEA MCI Aiea, fimo > cielo « 79 Page __. EMD eee ae ea 139 anmtlata. Dee! © ss. es 147 immaculata Meig.......... 143 LT) ESS DE 0) eee oe 145 maculata Deg. 1... 5.2 142 | SUS i 144 | Bermmpaced | by. 20.42).)2-0). 64.5 51 141 stigmatica Zett........... 143 SC (i ie 134 Werte i.) os. iss sesh eters 146 vanellus Fabr. ....134. 135. 146 Maenpenrysa LOW.) ........... 66 eueg PAD wool. a 2's 17 cyaneiventris Zett......... 68 flavicornis Meig........... 68 paliipes Meig. . cio h oo. se. 68 (GT ls Sa ee 67 Nemotelus: Geofr............- 23 biyjasciatus Meig. ......... 17 TESTA 2 Ge 30 POEMASIAC. 2 5 os we 2 = = « 28 Painerinuss Lj... .....5... 25 TES ICS 26 DGS 2 13 OND (i 161 (JOYOUS 2 161 Druumens Elutt, .. uo) ans. 158 fummatus) Hricke 161 | Cl Ae eae 162 2 ti 161 | 162 yom, Berets; ..-....-.. 162 Odontomyia Meig............ 47 MME MEANT. 8 ok een os 56 pire wtatel Papi. 3.2.6. 6. 6 50 (Git. Ca 55 nyenelegn Ls 2. sss. 4 se D4 Tie CO 52 ee all ee ee aa ss 49 | (iste Gi 53 | rupicorms Zeit. ......-..+. 56 Gee | 1P) 49 @rycera Meig. ............,; 31 Pallenn Steg. ....-...+--. 36 formosa Meig. ........... 38 greca (Briinniche)...... 16. 34 166 Page | Symphoromyia Frauenf........ 2. crassicormis. Panz:'% b.\2ee 154 — a ATUGAG. <. c=: 05..<.0enc ORs 85 Gebaninae ..-..i...64>. 2a AER 88 AD ATS: Vis’. 5. (1. 's+.sead Be SO 107 ateatus abr. << 27. See autummatlis wh. « .!¢0 5. 8)0Re 129 WOVIRLS LOW... <) Se) oe 125 bromuus 1.,....... anit. aes 127 falvps, Meig. «..:........ eee ae 124 glaucescens Schin......... 131 gqrecus Meig. .23(t. walseure 130 furious Fall, .te:i. nseieshee 116 luridus Schin. .... 22. 2)ss 114 maculicornis. Zett. . aris ieee Late | Waki, Brauer |... j<..,. heb ae 130 monianus .Meig. ......,.: .ztevef: 112 Miihlfeldi Brauer ......... 117 Page plebéjus -Wall.....: 0... 121 quatuornotatus Meig. ...... 108 rusticus Fabr..2h0 220eee 122 | solstitialis Schin. ......... 119 | sudeticus Zell... 4 ous 126 tropieus Panz..+.< «i008 ee 114 _ tropicus Schin. .......... 112 | Tabanus’s. sir.:.../. J Saeee 125 | Tanystoma ..-.............c eae 85 | Therioplectes Zell............ 112 | Trichopalpus '.../..... 023. See 134 obscurus -Plal: .¢ 23222 ee 134 Xylomyia Rond......... 603. Seas i9 maculata. Meig.).. 2705009 81 Xylophagidae......... 4.08 eee 15 | Xylophagus Meig. ........... 76 ater Meig. ......./.c):2 eee 78 ZA ASTRA “ SS Sun ‘SON r ERS: ora DIPTEBA DANICA PART II ewe” Sth Bo ty el : DIPTERA DANICA GENERA, AND SPECIES OF FLIES HITHERTO FOUND IN DENMARK BY WILLIAM LUNDBECK Pad TE ASILIDAE, BOMBYLIIDAE, THEREVIDAE, SCENOPINIDAE WITH 48 FIGURES PUBLISHED AT THE EXPENSE OF THE CARLSBERG FUND G. E. C. GAD — COPENHAGEN LONDON: WILLIAM WESLEY AND SON 1908 ~~ Vine ND a I gee a ery a i ‘2 ADIV AG. ASATSa Jide OVA ANDAR a 7 qvesjot OTAHXATIA an is ‘ } nd = > Pe = SOUL MALLADY Ht THA wecre (ee eee COPENHAGEN — PRINTED BY BIANCO LUNO © a4 (ORTHORRHAPHA BRACHYCERA.) (PLATYGENYA.) HETERODACTYLA. PROCEPHALA. Asilidae. Head short, flat or slightly excavated behind; it is broad and nearly always broader than high; it is as broad as, or somewhat broader than, thorax. The vertex is strongly excavated in a saddle- shaped way, and thus the eyes are prominent above. The head is slightly arched in front and very often there is a smaller or larger callus on the epistoma, reaching more or less up towards the an- tennee; this callus is set with strong, downwards curved bristles, the epistomal beard. Jowls small, generally only slightly descending below the eyes, rarely more. Antenne nearly always inserted near to each other and more or less above the middle, sometimes very high and then the frons is very short; the antenne are sometimes placed on an antennal tubercle; they are three- to five-jointed; when more than three-jointed the last or the two last joints form a blunt or pointed style, or an arista; when this is two-jointed the basal joint is short, and sometimes the style is indistinctly two-jointed. Eyes separated in both sexes, the face being more or less broad; the facets in the front part of the eye, from the inner eye-margin outwards, more or less enlarged in both sexes, sometimes only very slightly. Three ocelli present, situated on an ocellar tubercle on the excavated vertex. Ocellar bristles present or absent; a row of occipito-ocellar bristles along the posterior eye-margin. The parts of the head sur- rounding the oral aperture only slightly membranous, thus no oral cone is formed; on the occiput there is a membranous part below the occipital foramen in which part the united stipites of the maxillze lie. The clypeus is marked off on the lower part of the epistoma; it is triangular or rounded upwards and flat or often impressed, below it has a small membranous part. The proboscis varies in length from Diptera Danica. Il. 1 9 Orthorrhapha brachycera. rather short to a half times longer than the head is high; it is straight or nearly so, only in Xiphocerus curved inwards towards the end; the proboscis is directed downwards or more or less forwards, truncate or more pointed at the apex. Labrum is short, generally of the length of the basal part of labium; hypopharynx is strong, semitubular and pointed at the apex; the upper edges of the semitube are beset with erect hairs over more or less of the apical part or nearly the whole length; the hypopharynx is used to sting with. The maxillz are also rather strong with a long, pointed or truncate, sometimes semitubular lacinia and with one- or two-jointed palpi. Labium has the basal part occupying more or less of the length up to the half part; the apical part is more or less distinctly divided into two joints, some- times undivided; this apical part answers to the labella but is not developed as such but strongly chitinised like the basal part, and below it is not divided in the middle line. Generally the division between the basal and the labellar part is somewhat distinct; at the apex the labellar part is more or less beset with hairs, and the basal part has long hairs below. Hypopharynx and maxille are about equal to the length of the labium. Thorax is high, more or less arched above; it is rect- angular or nearly oval. It bears often macrochete and then generally preesutural, supraalar, postalar and also dorsocentral bristles, and on the scutellum marginal bristles. Sometimes macrocheete are not developed. On the metapleura there is generally a vertical row of bristles or strong hairs, often also continued down the hypopleura. The prothorax is distinctly developed; it is narrow, and hence the head is free, not lying towards the front end of the thorax. The pro- — thorax has a transverse row of hairs or bristles above. The meta- thorax is also rather distinctly developed, the dorsum is generally small but the metasternum is moderately large, and the space between it and the hind coxe is filled up by a membrane. Abdomen is long and generally narrower than the thorax; sometimes it is very slender. It is generally cylindrical, sometimes more flattened or on the contrary somewhat compressed. It consists of eight segments, but often one or even more of the last are small or hidden. The first dorsal seg- ment is always short and generally broader than the following one which is as a rule the longest; the first ventral segment, following after the metasternum, is nearly always very short. The male geni- talia are large and projecting; they seem in all cases to be formed of parts of the segment or segments following after the eighth. I have not been able to work out in all cases the homologies in the different genera, but generally the genitalia consist of the upper forceps, and below this the lower forceps; between the arms of the upper forceps a i Asilidae. 3 lies a dorsal median lamella of a somewhat paired structure or it is divided into two styliform lamelle; on the ventral side at the base of the lower forceps lies a ventral median lamella, sometimes very large. In the interior is the penis, generally curved upwards, The female abdomen terminates in a shorter or longer ovipositor, generally with a pair of lamelle at the apex; often the eighth abdo- minal segment forms part of the ovipositor, and in some cases even the sixth and seventh. The legs are strong or more slender, some- times very strong; in some cases they may be specially developed, e.g. have the hind metatarsi very elongated, or thickened, or there may be spines at the end of the front or the hind tibiz. The legs are hairy and more or less bristly, the bristles being of different categories, very thin or stronger or very strong and spine-like. On the ventral! or antero-ventral side of the front tibie and on the posterior or postero-ventral side of the hind tibiz there is a special, short, dense pubescence, and similarly on the under surface of the tarsi. All tibize have apical spurs. The claws are generally somewhat strong; there are two, generally rather large pulvilli, sometimes they may be rudimentary or even wanting (Leptogaster, Acnephalum, Rha- dinus, Psilinus); the empodium is strong and claw-like or weaker and more bristle-shaped. Wings with the costal vein extending all round the margin; the subcostal cell open or closed; the cubital vein forked, sometimes (in non-Danish genera) the upper branch with a recurrent veinlet or a vein prolonged to the radial vein; thus there are two or three cubital cells. Discal cell formed exclusively of the discal vein; between it and the upper branch of the postical vein a postical cross- vein, or this cross-vein wanting and the postical vein uniting with the discal vein only at a point or for some distance, and in the latter case contributing to form the discal cell. There are five posterior cells, all open or the fourth often narrowed at the apex or closed at a shorter or longer distance from the margin. (In some non-Danish genera the first posterior cell may also be closed). The anal cell reaching the margin, open or closed. The basal cells of equal length or the second shorter than the first. The alula generally well developed, rarely 1 With regard to the different sides of the legs and the arrangement of the bristles on them I use the method proposed by Mik (Dipt. Unters. Jahresber. d. k. k. akad. Gymnasiums, 1878) and later on by Grimshaw (Entom. Month. Mag. 2, XVI, 1905, 173). When we consider all three pairs of legs as stretched completely and horizontally out rectangularly to the body I term that side of both femora and tibiz which is turned upwards the dorsal or upper, and the opposite the ventral or lower; the side which looks forwards is the anterior or front side, and the opposite the posterior or hind side. 1* 4 Orthorrhapha brachycera. rudimentary or wanting (Leptogaster). The alar squamula is small, more or less hairy at the margin; the thoracic squamula not developed but the frenulum distinct and often somewhat broad towards the angulus; the halteres not covered. In rest the wings lie parallel over the abdomen, one covering the other, then the squamula and frenu- lum generally point outwards somewhat process-like. The larve are elongated, cylindrical, finely striated longitudinally. The body consists of thirteen segments including the head and when the segment-like part in front of the last segment is counted. The abdominal segments have sometimes transverse swellings, especially below, or they have warts. The head is small, retractile, and brown, chitinised. There are some bristles on the head and the last segment. The mouth parts consist of a median, hook-formed labrum, knife- shaped mandibles and large and broad maxille with a generally two-jointed palpus. The mandibles and maxille are movable up and down. There are small antennal papille but no eyes. The larva is amphipneustic with spiracles on prothorax and on the penultimate segment (or segment-like part); the spiracles are small. The pupa is free; on the front side of the head across the lower part of the eyes lie the antennal sheaths, directed to each side; they have a strong ~ spine at the base and are compressed with some strong downwards inclined spines. At the bases of the sheaths of wings and legs there are generally small spines. The abdominal segments have each a girdle of spines above and a girdle of bristles below; at the apex of the body there are some spines. The larvee are carnivorous; they live in the earth or in sand and devour other larve, and they are recorded sometimes to penetrate into these and eat them quite empty. Some larve (Laphria) are found under bark and in stubs, here feeding on larve of bark-beetles and the like. The pupz are likewise found in the earth or under bark and in stubs. The Asilids are middle sized to large flies — A. crabroniformis being one of our largest flies —; they are characterised by their more or less long shape and the deeply excavated vertex causing the eyes to be prominent above. They are all rapacious and feed on other insects which they attack with great vigour, and the prey is often even as large as the attacker. From the difference in the venation of the wing the Asilids fall into two groups, those with an open and those with a closed subcostal cell, that is Dasypogoninae and Laphriinae- Asilinae. As already noticed by Léw (Ueber die eur. Raubfliegen, — Linn. Entom. II, 1847, 386) the wing with the open subcostal cell is a less strong appliance for flight than the wing with a closed subcostal Asilidae. 5 cell, and the Dasypogoninae with a few exceptions also include the weaker, generally more slender forms with often less strong legs; these forms take weaker prey. The Laphriinae and Asilinae are stronger and generally more bristly, and they fly very well; they are therefore the strongest robbers, often attacking rather strong and large prey. — There is a work of Poulton (Trans. of the Ent. Soc. of London, 1906, 323) on the prey of Asilids which is of some interest. The author maintains that there is mimicry between Asilids and their prey, but I do not think this is correct, and I have not at all found it confirmed. In the following I shall give what is known to me about the prey of the single species. — As said before, the hypopharynx is used to sting with and it is used when the fly attacks. It may be plunged through rather hard chitin; it is thus recorded that an Asilus stuck it through the elytra of a lady-bird, and Asilids have been captured with species of Hister as prey. Whether the Asilids are in possession of a poison or not is not known, but it is recorded (f. inst. Poulton, 1. c. 365, foot-note), that the prey collapse instantaneously, and I have made the same observation myself, so that the action of some poison is very probable. Zeller (Isis 1840, 34) says that they have a poisonous saliva but gives otherwise no definite information; he says also that they may use the mouth parts for defence and he continues: ,Der Stich ist zwar empfindlich genug, verursacht aber wohl nie Geschwulst.* Riley (First Rep. of the U.S. Ent. Comm. 317) remarks about the American species Proctacanthus milberti Macq. that they ,have a suf- ficiently powerful beak to produce quite a severe sting on the human hand.* — The species of Asilids occur in many different localities, both in woods, some especially in pine-woods, on fields, heaths, at the shore and in downs, but most species always seek dry and sandy districts; some generally prefer stems and piles, others the sandy ground, The weaker forms generally occur in herbage and high grass. From the palearctic region about 500 species are known and from North America about 550; I find only one, Laphria gilva, common to both regions. I am aquainted with no case of parasitic Hymenoptera from Asilids, and so far as I am aware none is recorded in the literature. Aslids earlier recorded from Denmark. — Kramer in 1760 (Spec. Insectol. Dan.) records two species: A. crabroniformis and ater. Brin- niche in 1761 (Prodr. Insectol. Sizelland.) has three: A. crabroniformis, ater and forcipatus. In 1763 (Pontoppidan, Dansk. Atl. I) he has 7: A. crabroniformis, ater, gilvus, germanicus, forcipatus, tipuloides and oelandicus. Noting more can be said about these species than that they are Asilids and identical with some of our species; probably 6 Orthorrhapha brachycera. the easily recognised species crabroniformis, gilvus, germanicus and oelandicus are correctly determined; ater is I think L. marginata. O. F. Miiller, 1764 (Faun. Fridrichsd.) has 8 species: <8. downwards; I think this forceps answers to the lower forceps; below there is a long ventral lamella terminating in a pair of lamelliform styles. The female abdomen terminates in a pair of small lamelle. Legs not especially strong; front tibiz on the ventral side produced in a strong spine, the apex of which is bent strongly outwards; the base of the front metatarsi has an obliquely cut part turned towards the spine and this part and the inside of the spine are both serrated (Fig. 11). The legs have some strong, spine-like bristles which are short on the femora, longer on the tibie; the posterior tibiz have apical spurs. The tarsi have strong spine-like bristles at the ends of the joints, the metatarsi over the whole length. Front and hind tibic have a short dense pubescence on the ventral side apically, it is most 30 Orthorrhapha brachycera. extended on the front tibia; the middle tibia have a similar pube- scence but only just at the apex; the tarsi show the same dense pubescence on the lower surface. The claws are somewhat strong; there are two pulvilli and a bristle-shaped empodium which is thick at the base but very thin outwards. Wings with the subcostal cell open, the cubital vein forked; a postical cross-vein between the discal cell and the upper branch of the postical vein; there are five posterior cells, these and the anal cell all open. Alula well developed. Alar squamula hairy at the margin. So far as I am aware the larval and pupal stages of this genus are not known. The species of Dasypogon are somewhat robust and heavy and with a somewhat slow flight. They are recorded especially to frequent sunny, dry localities often sitting on the ground or on leaves but not on stems. Of the genus 5 species are known from the palearctic region; one has hitherto been found in Denmark. 1. D. teutonus L. 1758. Linn. Syst. Nat. Ed. X (Aszlus). — 1847. Low, Linn. Entom. II, 448,5. — 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 124. — 1908. Kat. palaarkt. Dipt. Il. 108. Male. Face bright yellow pruinose; epistomal beard yellow. Proboscis and palpi black, the latter with black hairs. The pruinosity of the face proceeding up above the antenne on each side and thus the frons yellow on the sides but black in the middle. Vertex black. On the sides of the frons there are black hairs, and there are two black ocellar bristles. Occiput black with black hairs. Antenne fer- rugineous, the apex of the style darkened; the hairs on the two first joints and on the upper side of the third joint black. Thorax dull, dark brownish above, a broad marginal stripe golden yellowish prui- nose, just in front of the scutellum the stripe is greyish; in the middle of the disc there are two closely placed, faint dark stripes uniting behind; when the thorax is viewed quite from in front other yellow reflections are seen. Scutellum black. Thorax is very sparingly clothed with short, blackish hairs; the bristles of the different categories are black. Pleura brownish black, slightly shining, with a small spot above the front coxee, a large middle spot and the hinder part of the hypopleura golden yellow pruinose. The long hairs on the metapleura yellow or black. Abdomen black, somewhat shining, very short and sparingly black pubescent; at the lateral margins of the first seg- ment long, ferrugineous hairs; at the hind margins of the second to sixth segments a grey pruinose spot on each side, smallest on the f | ] : Asilidae. oe second and sixth segment. Venter black with pale incisures and, seen from in front, with greyish pruinose hind margins of the segments; it is sparingly clothed with a little longer hairs than above which are yellow in front but darker backwards. Legs with the coxe brownish black, at the outer side yellow pruinose and with long, yellow hairs; femora and tibize ferrugineous, the femora with a black spot at the outermost apex; the front tibize darkened towards the apex or to near the base; all tarsi black. The legs sparingly clothed with short, black hairs, the dense hairs on the apical ventral side of the tibie Fig. 12. Wing of D. teutonus. and beneath the tarsi brownish; the stronger spine-like bristles black. Wings yellow at the basal part, at the apex somewhat brownish, especially along the veins; the veins yellow at the base, brownish outwards. Halteres yellow. Female. With exception of the genital differences chiefly agreeing with the male; the wings yellow at the base, then a more hyaline part follows, the apex is slightly greyish. Length 17—19 mm. D. teutonus is very rare in Denmark, only two specimens have been found, both females, one with the locality North Sealand (Gosch), the other at Fuglevad. Geographical distribution: — Middle and southern Europe; its northern limit lies in Denmark and it is not known from Scandinavia nor from Britain. 4. Leptarthrus Steph. (1529). Isopogon Low, 1847, Species of middle size and blackish colour. Head slightly broader than the thorax and much broader than high; it is short and it is flat behind. The face is broad, somewhat arched, but without any distinct callus. The epistomal beard somewhat woolly and evenly extended over the whole face. Antenne inserted near to each other somewhat above the middle. Jowls small, very slightly descending below the eyes. No ocellar bristles. Antenne consisting of five joints, the two first short, of equal length, the third long, somewhat compressed, 32 Orthorrhapha brachycera. bearing at the apex the two last joints which form a somewhat long, distinctly two-jointed style the first joint of which is short, the other long, terminating in a small bristly part. The eyes have the facets in front, on a small space in the middle up to the margin, con- siderably larger than the others. On the posterior side of the head Fig. 13. Antenne of ZL. brevirostris. >< 40. below the occipital foramen there is a membranous part with the united stipites of the maxilla. Clypeus is distinctly marked off in the middle of the epistoma below, it is rounded upwards and strongly impressed. Proboscis is short, about half as long as the head is high; it is directed obliquely downwards and forwards; the basal part of labium not as long as the apical; labium truncate at the apex and here faintly hairy; labrum short, as long as the basal part of labium; the maxille are truncate at the apex and curved distinctly downwards, the maxillary palpi are short, two-jointed with a small, upwardly bent apical joint; hypopharynx pointed, beset with erect hairs over somewhat more than the apical half. Maxille and hypo- pharynx are about the length of the labium. Thorax is rectangular, high and distinctly arched above; there are no bristles on the disc but it is clothed with more or less long, somewhat woolly hairs. Scutellum without bristles. On the metapleura there are long, like- wise woolly hairs; hypopleura without long hairs. Methathorax is distinct, there is a large metasternum, the space between it and the hind coxee is membranous. Abdomen consists ef eight segments; the first dorsal segment is rather long, longer than in the preceding genera and only somewhat shorter than the second; the first ventral segment is short; in the male the seventh segment is small and the eighth is quite hidden, forming a small annulus at the base of the genitalia. The male genitalia are rather smali; they consist of the upper for- ceps with short and thick arms which seem to be united at the base; between the somewhat diverging apices there are two small lamelle, answering to the median dorsal lamella; below the upper forceps are the lower forceps the arms of which are thick at the base, they are as usual two-branched at the apex and very complicated; at the base of the lower forceps there is a roundly triangular median ventral lamella. In the female the fifth abdominal segment is somewhat —— Asilidae. 33 pointed, the last three segments are narrow and form, together with a small apical appendage, an ovipositor. Legs somewhat strong; the front tibize have at the base on the ventral side a small spine which is curved strongly outwards; the femora are clothed with long hairs on the ventral side, the front and especially the middle tibize have many long, thin bristles; the tibize have on- the dorsal side some stronger bristles; the front tibize have long, the posterior tibiae short apical spurs which on the middle tibize are very thick, resembling a pair of spines; the Fig. 15. L. brevirostris middle leg. >< 15. tarsi have moderately long bristles; the front and hind tibiz have a _ dense pubescence on the ventral side, it is longest on the hind YS ie* if Fig. 14. L. brevirostris front leg. >< 15. tibie; the tarsi are densely pubescent on the lower surface. The hind metatarsus is in most species somewhat thickened, in one species (brevi- rostris) it is in the male very long and sharply com- pressed. There are two pulvilli and a small, bristle- shaped empodium. Wings with the subcostal cell open, the cubital vein forked; between the discal cell and the upper branch of the postical vein a postical cross-vein; there are five posterior cells, the fourth is somewhat narrowed at the margin; the anal cell is closed The alar a little before the margin. Alula is small. squamula small, distinctly hairy at the margin. The larval and pupal stages of this genus are, so far as | am aware, not known. The species of Leptarthrus seem to some degree to be mountain forms. Poulton |.c. records from England the cap- ture of L. brevirostris with Meteorus obfuscatus Nees as prey. Of the genus 3 species occur in the paleearctic ; region; only one has hitherto been found in Denmark. Pes rT ~. KZ ‘ERNE! 1. L. brevirostris Meig. Fig. 16. 1804. Meig. Klass. eur. Zweifl. 1,255, Tab. XIII, Fig.16, L. brevirostris, 17 (Dioctria) et 1820. Syst. Beschr. Il, 273,24 (Dasypogon) hind leg. >< 15. Diptera Danica. II. 3 34 Orthorrapha brachycera. — 1842. Zett. Dipt. Scand. 1, 179, 4 (Dasypogon). — 1857. Léw. Linn. Entom. II, 493,28 (Isopogon). — 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 131 (Jsopogon). — 1903. Kat. paldarkt. Dipt. II, 113. Fig. 17. Wing of L. brevirostris. Male. Face distinctly arched, only slightly greyish just at the eye- margins; epistomal beard varying in colour from black with whitish ends of the hairs to quite whitish. Proboscis and palpi black. Frons and vertex black with brownish hairs. Occiput grey with whitish hairs. Antenne black. Thorax black, somewhat shining, coarsely punctate; two narrow median lines glabrous. The disc clothed with long hairs which are black or brownish in front, paler to whitish backwards. Scutellum with white hairs. Pleura black, somewhat greyish pruinose; they are more distinctly hairy on a spot below the humerus, on the hind part of the mesopleura, on the pteropleura, the upper part of the sternopleura and on the hypopleura; there are long, white hairs on the metapieura and on the middle of the mesopleura. Abdomen black, coarsely punctate, clothed with somewhat short, depressed, silver-white pubescence; along the sides the hairs are longer and hang downwards like a fringe. Venter black, shining, with long, white hairs; on the last two segments there is a tuft of brownish to blackish hairs. — All the long hairs on the body are woolly, giving to the fly a somewhat woolly appearance. — Legs black; coxe slightly pruinose, on the outer side with long, whitish hairs; tibize ferrugineous on the basal half, the front tibiae to a less extent and often quite black. The hind tibiz distinctly thickened from just below the base to the apex; the hind metatarsi as long as the tibiee and sharply compressed with a short fringe on each margin (Fig. 16). The femora clothed with short, blackish hairs above, and with long, whitish hairs on the posterior side and below; the hairs on the tibiz are for the most part whitish, the dense pubescence on the ventral side of the hind tibiz is yellowish to white; there are some long, thin, white hairs, especially on the middle tibize. The somewhat stronger bristles are chiefly black but may be reddish on the ferrugineous parts of the legs. Wings slightly brownish at base and apex but hyaline in the middle; the fumigation is chiefly caused by broad seams at the veins; the veins are brown. Halteres yellow. Asilidae. 35 Female. Epistomal beard blackish brown to deep yellow. The hairs on the thoracic disc generally more yellow than in the male, often deep yellow on the hind part. Abdomen slightly broader and the pubescence whitish to yellowish; there is a whitish grey, pruinose spot on each side at the hind margins of the segments. The hairs on the legs are almost all whitish to yellow, and also the stronger bristles are chiefly yellow. On the whole the clothing varies in colour from being somewhat like that in the male through different variations to nearly all deep yellow. The hind metatarsi are of common form, as long as the other four joints together, slightly thickened. Wings more or less brownish at the basal part, but not, or very slightly, at the apex. Length 7—10 mm. This species is easily distinguished by its whole appearance; the curiously shaped hind metatarsi in the male at once prevent any mistake. L. brevirostris is rather rare in Denmark and has only been caught on very few occasions: Ermelund (Schlick), Nordskoven at Jzgerspris (the author), Skelskor (H. J. Hansen) and at Tuel So near Sorg (Schiadte), in the latter locality in great numbers. The dates are in June. Geographical distribution: — Northern and middle Europe. Its northern limit lies in middle Sweden. After Schiner it chiefly occurs in the mountains. 5. Lasiopogon Low. Species of middle size and blackish or greyish colour. Head short, broader than thorax and broader than high, flat behind. Face moderately broad, it is narrowest just below the antenne and gets broader downwards; there is a considerable callus, reaching near to the antennz; the epistomal beard quite covers the callus. Antenne Fig. 18. Antenna of L. cinctus. >< 45. inserted near to each other, only slightly above the middle. Jowls slightly descending below the eyes, No distinet ocellar bristles. An- tenne consisting of four (five?) joints; the first two short, the third ox o 36 Orthorrhapha brachycera. longer, somewhat compressed, with a short one-jointed or very indi- stinctly two-jointed style, at the end with a bristle-shaped apex. The eyes have the facets in front, at the margin, only very slightly enlarged. Clypeus is distinctly marked off below in the middle of the epistoma. There is a membranous part on the back of the head below the occipital foramen in which lie the united stipites of the maxille. Pro- boscis short, directed downwards and a little forwards; it is truncate at the apex. The basal part of the labium occupies somewhat more than the half of the whole- length; labrum short, scarcely as long as the basal part of the labium. The maxille are slightly curved towards the apex, the maxillary palpi short, cylindrical, one-jointed. Hypopharynx pointed, beset with erect hairs over somewhat more than the apical half. Maxille and hypopharynx as long as labium. Thorax rectangular, high and arched above; there are groups of preesutural, supraalar and postalar bristles; besides, there are two rows of rather distinct dorsocentral bristles which are longest and most distinet on the hinder part. The scutellum has long marginal bristles. The mesopleura have a vertical row of long and strong bristles; hypopleura without bristles or hairs. The metathorax is developed, but small, on the ventral side there is a rather short metasternum, the space between it and the hind coxe is membranous. The abdomen consists of eight segments, the first dorsal segment is short, the second the longest; on the ventral side the first segment is likewise short, and it is nearly divided into two as it has a transverse membranous part in the middle, so that the two chitinized parts are only connected at the side margins. In the male the eighth segment is a small, quite hidden annulus at the base of the genitalia. The male genitalia are somewhat swollen, consisting of the upper forceps the arms of which are thick, curved towards each other at the apices and with a tooth on the upper inner margin at some distance from the apex; between the arms lies the dorsal median lamella, it is paired but connected in the middle by a membrane. Below the upper forceps lies the lower forceps, it is shorter than the upper with the arms very thick at the base and here broadly connected; they are as usual of very complicated shape, with spines inwardly. Quite hidden in the eighth segment there is a ventral piece which is paired, or widened on each side, it answers perhaps to the ventral median lamella. — I must here mention a curious fact which may easily cause a misunder- standing of the male genitalia in this genus; all the dried specimens I have examined (of L. cinctus) had the larger forceps turned down, even though somewhat obliquely, and at first I thought this was the lower forceps; but on examining specimens preserved in alcohol I was struck Asilidae. 37 by the fact that in this case the lower forceps would seem homo- logous with the upper forceps in other genera and vice versa with regard to the other forceps; I was therefore somewhat in doubt till I examined a quite mature pupa, and here the large forceps was lying dorsally thus proving beyond doubt that this is the upper forceps. It seems to me very curious that the forceps seem thus always to be turned upside down; (yet similar cases are found e.g. among the An- thracids.) — In the female the eighth ventral segment is excised in the hind margin and from the excision projects a short, compressed, somewhat knife-shaped ovipositor which quite fills out the excision and stretches a little beyond the hind margin of the segment; at the end of the eighth dorsal segment lies a semiannular piece, beset at the hind margin with spines which stretch out of the eighth segment above the ovipositor; ventrally to this piece there lies a small chitinous fork, but this is quite hidden and only to be seen by preparation. The legs are somewhat strong, the femora have long hairs below, and the tibie, especially the anterior, are long haired on the ventral side, among the hairs there are some long, thin bristles; there are some stronger bristles on the anterior side of the hind femora and apically on the anterior side of the middle femora, and similar but longer bristles are found on the tibize, on the front tibize especially on the posterior side. All tibize have apical spurs. The tarsi have long bristles at the apex of the joints. The front tibia have a dense pubescence on the ven- tral side over nearly the whole length, the hind tibize have a similar pubescence just at the apex. The tarsi are densely pubescent below. The claws are long;-there are two pulvilli and a long, bristle-shaped Fig. 19. Wing of ZL. cinctus. or nearly claw-shaped empodium. Wings with the subcostal cell open, the cubital vein forked; between the discal cell and the upper _ branch of the postical vein a postical cross-vein; five posterior cells, the fourth narrowed at the margin; the anal cell closed slightly before the margin. The larval and pupal stages have, so far as I am aware, not been described hitherto. The larva (L. cinctus) is cylindrical, yellowish white, finely striated longitudinally; it is about 11mm. long and 1,5 mm. 38 Orthorrhapha brachycera. in diameter. It is somewhat narrowed towards each end; the last segment is somewhat flattened, rounded at the apex. The body con- sists of twelve segments, including the head, but at the base of the last segment there is a short and indistinct, somewhat segment-like swelling, if this be counted for a segment we thus get thirteen seg- ments. The head is very small and retracted into prothorax; it has a few long hairs; prothorax beset with small, spine-like warts at the front margin; the three thoracic segments have each a long thin bristle on each side somewhat ventrally; the last segment has eight bristles, four on the margin and four dorsal, the two near the apex, the two others more inwards. There is a low and not very distinct transverse swelling at the ventral front margin of each abdominal segment; they disappear on the last three segments. The larva is amphipneustic with a pair of prothoracie spiracles at the hind margin of prothorax, and a pair of posterior spiracles on the swelling mentioned at the front part of the last segment; the spiracles are very small and not easy to detect. The pupa is somewhat short and thick, yellowish white, but brownish when it is mature; it has a length of about 9mm. The antennal sheaths lie to each side across the lower part of the eye, they have a strong, downwards curved spine at the base, and more apically three somewhat closely placed spines, directed downwards. At the base of the leg-sheaths there is a tubercle with two hook-formed, long and thin spines, directed downwards and back- wards, and at the base of the wing-sheath there is a low tubercle with a small spine. On the under side of the head at the lower margin of the eye there is a small triangular process on each side of the mouth parts; this is a sheath enclosing the hairs which are found here in the imago. The sheaths of all the mouth parts, labrum, labium, hypopharynx and maxillz with their palpi are distinctly seen. On each abdominal segment there is dorsally a girdle of long, erect bristles, alternating regularly with short spines, but on the first seg- ment there is no alternation, the girdle here consisting of long spines recurved at the apex. Ventraliy each segment has a girdle of long, backwards directed hairs, but the girdles are interrupted in the middle and near the lateral margins, so that each girdle is divided into four parts, two ventral and two lateral, each part consisting of about three hairs. The last segment has four spines at the apex, an upper pair of longer and a lower pair of shorter spines, the upper spines are somewhat feathery; between the upper and lower spine on the same side there is a vertical row of about three very small spines. There is a pair of prothoracic and seven pairs of abdominal spiracles, all small; the prothoracic spiracles are situated in front, near the eye, ee ee anes Asilidae. 39 and the abdominal at the front margins of the segments. The sheaths of the legs reach to the hind margin of the third, and the sheaths of the wings a little beyond the hind margin of the first abdominal segment. The larve live in the ground on sandy localities, and the pupz are found at the same places. The larve hibernate, and the trans- formation to pupa and the development of the imago take place in the following spring. The species of Lasiopogon occur especially in or near woods on dry and more or less sandy localities. I have never succeeded in seeing any Lasiopogon with prey; Poulton |. c. records from England as prey for L. cinctus: Pachyrrhina lineata Scop. (histrio F.), the Lastopogon being taken three times with the same prey. Of the genus 6 species are known from the paleearctic region; one is found in Denmark. 1. L. cinctus Fabr. 1781. Fabr. Spec. Ins. II, 465, 29 (Aszlus). — 1842. Zett. Dipt. Scand. I, 177, 1, et 1849. VIII, 2970, 1, et 1855. XII, 4578, 1 (Dasypogon). — 1847. Léw, Linn. Entom. II, 509, 35. — 1862. Schin. F. A. J, 133, — 1903. Kat. palaarkt. Dipt. Il, 122. Male. Face greyish brown pruinose; epistomal beard black. Pro- boscis and palpi black, the former with whitish hairs. Frons and vertex dark brownish, with blackish hairs. Occiput brownish above, lower down greyish white, the hairs black above, white below. An- tenne> black, the two first joints with black hairs. Thorax brownish pruinose, with two dark brown lines on the disc, widened and some- what curved towards the humeri; between these lines a similar, nar- row line in the middle, not reaching the scutellum. The thoracic disc with erect, black hairs; the bristles black and long, longest on the hind part; the scutellar bristles likewise black. Pleura brownish pruinose, a row of hairs along the hind margin of the mesopleura and the long hairs on the metapleura black. Abdomen black, shining, the hind margin of the segments narrowly ashgrey, the hind corners more broadly grey and this colour is produced forwards so that nearly all the side margin is more or less distinctly grey. Venter black, somewhat greyish pruinose, with more or less distinct pale hind margins of the segments. Abdomen on the dorsal side is clothed with very short, black hairs in the middle, and along the sides with long hairs which become shorter towards the apex; these hairs are yellow or greyish on the front part but become darker backwards and are black at the end. Venter sparingly clothed with 40 Orthorrhapha brachycera. long, yellowish hairs, shorter and darker towards the end. The genitalia are shining black with short, black hairs. Legs black, tarsi sometimes more or less dark brownish; cox greyish pruinose on the outer side and with long, greyish or yellowish hairs. The upper side of the femora with short, black hairs, sometimes paler, especially towards the base; the ventral side with long, yellowish, towards the apex blackish hairs; tibize with long, black hairs; the bristles on the legs and tarsi black. The dense pubescence apically on the ventral side of the hind tibie black, on the front tibize yellow. Wings slightly greyish with blackish brown veins. Halteres dirty yellowish or rufous. Female. Quite agreeing with the male with exception of the genital differences, only the abdomen is slightly broader and flat; the eighth segment is quite shining black, the hairs on it pale and erect. Length 7,5—10 mm. L. cinctus is rather common in Denmark; it occurs in woods, both in woods of foliferous trees and in pine-woods, on sandy places, thus often on sandy roads, and it is generally seen sitting on the sand; on such places also the larve and pupe are found; vicinity of Copen- hagen, Orholm, Sollerod, Hillerad, Tyvekrogen, Tisvilde, Odsherred, Hellebek and at Tjustrup So; in Jutland at Frijsenborg, Funder near Silkeborg, Norholm near Varde and Nymindegab. It is an early occurring species, my dates are ‘/s—'/7.. The larva has been taken at @rholm on **/4, and pupe in the same locality on °/4, ?"/4, ®/5 and 14/5; the pupz taken on */4 developed on 7°—?9/4, Geographical distribution: — Europe down into Italy and Dal- matia; towards the north it goes into Lapland. 6. Cyrtopogon Liw. Species of middle or somewhat large size, and of black colour but generally with more or less pale pruinosity. Head slightly broader than thorax, broader than high; it is short, and flat behind. Face rather broad, slightly narrowed towards the insertion of the antenne. There is a considerable callus, occupying the whole face right to the antenne; the epistomal beard covers the whole callus. Antenne inserted near to each other, somewhat above the middle. Jowls small, almost not descending below the eyes. No ocellar bristles are visible among the hairs clothing frons and vertex. The antenne consist of five joints, the first two short, the third long and compressed, bearing a style which is very indistinctly two-jointed and terminates in a bristle-shaped apex. The eyes have the facets in the middle front part, from the inner eye-margin outwards, somewhat larger than the Pech NS NN SST Nt ty ee a taal Asilidae. At others. Clypeus is distinct and broad, occupying the whole breadth of the epistoma, rounded upwards. I have only been able to examine the mouth parts in situ with a lens, but they are in all probability in the main like those in the nearly related Lasiopogon; the proboscis is short and thick, truncate at the apex and directed obliquely down and forwards. Thorax is rectangular, high and somewhat arched above. There are presutural and postalar bristles whereas the supra- alar bristles are only slightly indicated among the common hairs. The scutellum has no bristles but the hairs at the apex are long and somewhat strong; the metapleura have long hairs; hypopleura without long hairs. Metathorax small with a short metasternum, the space between it and the hind coxe membranous. Abdomen consists of eight segments; the first dorsal segment is short, the second the longest; on the ventral side the first segment is likewise very short; the eighth segment is small and quite hidden. The genitalia I have only examined in situ; the male genitalia resemble somewhat those in Lasiopogon but show some differences; there is an upper pair of forceps with thick, not hook-formed and nearly parallel arms between the apex of which there is a paired median dorsal lamella; below there is a lower pair of forceps the arms of which are, as usual, complicated and two-branched, they are thick at the base, and the outer or lower branch has a pointed apical part, reaching to the end of the upper for- ceps; at the base of the lower forceps there is a rounded median, ventral lamella. The female genitalia likewise resemble those in Lastopogon; there is a dorsal piece, beset with spines, but the ovipositor formed of the eighth ventral segment is very small and indistinct. The legs are somewhat strong, especially the hind legs; the metatarsi are some- what elongated; in some (non-Danish) species the front tarsi of the males are very elongated. The femora have long hairs on the ventral, and partly also on the posterior side. The tibize have some strong bristles on the dorsal and anterior sides, the front tibia on the posterior side; besides some long, thin bristles chiefly on the ventral side. All tibia have apical spurs. The tarsi have long bristles at the end of the joints. The front tibiz have a dense pubescence on the ventral side at the apex, and the hind tibiz have a very dense and rather long pubescence on the ventral and posterior sides nearly produced to the base and almost forming a fringe; the tarsi are densely pubescent below. There are two pulvilli and a short, bristle- shaped empodium. Wings with the subcostal cell open, the cubital vein forked; between the discal cell and the upper branch of the postical vein a postical cross-vein; five posterior cells, the fourth nar- 49 Orthorrhapha brachycera. rowed at the margin; anal cell closed or nearly closed. Alula distinet; alar squamula small, hairy at the margin. The larval and pupal stages of this genus are not known. The species of Cyrtopogon occur mainly in mountainous regions; they are recorded often as found sitting on stems and similar places in contradistinction to most other Dasypogonine. I know nothing about the prey of this genus. Of the genus 20 palearctic species are known; one is found in Denmark. 1. C. lateralis Fall. 1814. Fall. Dipt. Suec. Asilid. 12, 2 (Dasypogon). -— 1842. Zett. Dipt. Scand. I, 177,2 et 1849. VIII, 2971,2 et 1855, XII, 4578, 2 (Dasypogon). — 1847. Léw, Linn. Entom. II, 523,41. — 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 134. — 1903. Kat. palaarkt. Dipt. Il, 126. Male. Face blackish, greyish white pruinose; epistomal beard black. Proboscis and palpi black. Frons black in the middle, some- what shining, dark grey at the sides; frons and vertex with black hairs. Occiput dark grey, whitish along the posterior eye-margin; the hairs black above, whitish below. Antenne black with the hairs on first and second segment black. Thorax black, dull, two approximate median lines, not reaching the scutellum, very deep black and slightly less dull; the margin of the disc brownish grey, the grey colour produced inwards with a pointed prominence at the humerus, and again at the transverse furrow, here continued more or less distinct to the mner end of the furrow, then the grey margin con- tinues to the postalar callus and from here sends a prominence for- wards; the postalar callus is ashgrey; there is a very faint dark brownish line in the middle between the median lines, and one out- wards on each side of these, thus three in all; at the inner ends of the transverse furrow lies a whitish grey, distinct spot; finally the disc is ashgrey in front of the scutellum; thus the black colour forms two median stripes and two side spots which latter are rounded in front, more pointed backwards and divided by the transverse furrow. Scutellum ashgrey in the middle. The disc is clothed with longish, black hairs which are longest posteriorly, scutellum with long, black hairs, especially long at the margin. The bristles on thorax are black, Pleura brownish grey pruinose, meso- and sternopleura with longer hairs, on the first blackish, on the latter white; the long hairs on metapleura white. Abdomen black, shining; the second segment over somewhat more than the posterior half and the whole third segment yellowish grey pruinose with exception of the anterior corners which eee Asilidae. 43 remain black; generally a slight pruinosity is also seen on the front margin of the fourth segment; as mentioned the pruinosity at the lateral margins only occupies the hind corners, and on the fourth, fifth and sixth segments the hind corners are also occupied by a transverse, pruinose spot. Venter black, somewhat shining. Abdomen clothed with short hairs which are yellowish on the front part, but black towards the apex; the hairs are long at the side margins of the anterior segments, decreasing in length backwards. Venter with somewhat long, pale hairs. The genitalia have short, black hairs, slightly longer below; there are some reddish hairs just at the apex. Legs quite black; cox greyish pruinose on the outer side and with long, greyish hairs; the hairs on the dorsal side of the femora chiefly black, on the ventral side yellowish grey; the hairs and bristles on tibia and tarsi black; the dense pubescence apically on the ventral side of the front and hind tibize brown. Wings with rather strong, blackish fumigation, most pronounced on the apical half; the veins black. Halteres yellow. Female. This is somewhat different from the male; the design on the thoracic disc is very distinct, all the pruinose lines being broader and grey and thus the two black, median lines and the two divided side spots very pronounced; the hairs on the disc are shorter than in the male. The abdomen has no pruinose band in the middle but the lateral margin of the first segment is grey and there is a transverse, whitish grey spot at the lateral hind corners of the second to sixth segments. Wings not blackish but slightly greyish. Length 7,5—10,5 mm. C. lateralis is very rare in Denmark and even but recently detected; only four specimens have been taken, all in the little wood called Tyvekrogen at the southern part of Grib Skov; one specimen was taken in 1906 (Larsen) and three in 1907 (the author). I took my specimens sitting on tree-stubs. It is an early occuring species, my dates are 12/5;—13/6. Geographical distribution: — Northern and middle Europe down into France; towards the north to northernmost Scandinavia and here common; it occurs mainly in the mountainous districts. 2. Laphriine. Somewhat robust species, generally more or less densely pilose. Abdomen relatively broad and not decreasing in breadth towards the apex. Antenne three-jointed without style or arista (in the non- Danish genus Laphystia five-jointed, the third joint bearing a two- 44. Orthorrhapha brachycera. jointed style). Legs more or less strong. Wings somewhat broad; the subcostal ceil closed; two cubital cells (rarely, in non-Danish genera, three); between the disca! cell and the upper branch of the postical vein a postical cross-vein; the fourth posterior cell closed at some distance from the margin, the first sometimes narrowed, or (in non-Danish genera as Andrenosoma, Hoplistomerus) closed; anal cell closed. Only one ‘genus: 015 2S. AGA. 2 Ee ee ee 7. Laphria. 7. Laphria Meig. Large or middle sized species of black colour, sometimes with reddish markings; they are often strongly pilose and then the pile may give rise to pale designs. Head narrower than, or as broad as, thorax, broader than high; it is short and the posterior surface flat. Face rather broad with a large callus which does not reach the an- tenne; the epistomal beard occupies the whole callus and there are shorter hairs continuing up to the antenne. Antenne inserted near to each other, considerably above the middle. Jowls a little descen- ding below the eyes. A pair of ocellar bristles more or less distinet among the other hairs on the vertex. Antenne consisting of three joints, the first about twice as long as the second, the third the longest, slightly compressed, blunt at the apex without style or arista. The eyes have the facets in the front part, from the inner margin outwards, somewhat enlarged. The united stipites of the maxille lie on the back of the head, below the occipital foramen, surrounded by a connecting membrane. Clypeus distinctly marked off, rounded upwards, and impressed. Proboscis about as long as the head is high, directed forwards and a little downwards; labium rather characteristic; it is straight, at the base thick and swollen but for the rest it has the upper and lower margin parallel and is strongly compressed; the apex is trunctate; the basal part is very short, much shorter than the apical part, this latter shows no division into two joints; there are long hairs below at the base and short hairs at the apex. Labrum short, slightly longer than the basal part of the labium. The maxille are long, pointed and slightly curved towards the apex; the maxillary palpi are two-jointed. Hypopharynx rather long, straight and pointed, it is densely beset with somewhat short hairs above over more than the apical half. Maxille and hypopharynx equal in length to the labium. Thorax rectangular, moderately high, arched above. In some species no macrochete are discernible, in others presutural, supraalar and postalar bristles are present; the Asilidae. 5) latter species also have scutellar marginal bristles. Metapleura have long bristles, hypopleura shorter hairs. Metathorax rather distinct, there is a considerable metasternum, the space between it and the hind coxe membranous. Abdomen consists of eight segments, which are however not all visible; the first dorsal segment is a little shorter than the following; the first ventral segment is very short. In the male at most seven segments are visible, the eighth segment is very small and completely hidden; it is formed of a small ventral plate and a very short dorsal annulus. The male genitalia are very large; they consist, so far as I have been able to examine, of an upper pair of forceps with generally rather broad arms, but otherwise of different shape in the different species, and of a lower pair lying more inwards and very complicated with two-branched arms, but likewise of different shape in the different species; the upper and lower forceps are strongly connected, so that it would perhaps be correct only to speak of one pair of forceps. There is a large, arched ventral lamella, reaching to the apex of the upper forceps. In the interior is the penis with a thick base and an upwardly curved, three-pointed apex. There was no dorsal median lamella to be seen, but the ventral lamella has at the apex a pair of small styles, sitting on a basal piece which is articu- lated to the ventral lamella. In the female eight segments are visible; the eighth ventral segment has from the hind margin a shovel-shaped prolongation; the ninth segment forms a shorter or longer ovipositor terminating in a pair of small styles. Legs somewhat strong, in some species stronger than in others and with club-shaped hind femora; they are more or less strongly haired, in some species also with stronger spine-like bristles. All tibize have apical spurs; the tarsi have strong bristles. The front tibize have a dense pubescence on the ventral side, and the hind tibize a similar pubescence at the apex; the tarsi are densely pubescent below. The claws are strong; there are two pulvilli and a somewhat claw-shaped empodium. Wings with the subcostal cell closed a little before the margin, the cubital vein branched; between the discal cell and the upper branch of the posti- cal vein a postical cross vein; five posterior cells, the fourth closed somewhat before the margin; anal cell closed. Alula large; alar squamula small, hairy at the margin. When the wings in rest are lying parallel over the abdomen, the squamule point outwards in a somewhat process-like way. The larva (L. gilva) is cylindrical, thickest at the front end, whitish, with distinctly marked segments; it is finely striated longitudinally. It consists of thirteen segments including the head and when the seg- ment-like part bearing the posterior spiracles is counted as a segment. A6 Orthorrhapha brachycera. The head has a shield-shaped, brown, chitinised plate above, and a small plate below; it is beset with several bristles above and below. The mouth parts consist of a short, hook-formed labrum; on each side of this is a small, very compressed, knife-shaped mandible, and externally to the latter a large and broad maxilla which is excised in the outer margin and has a two-jointed palpus. Brauer (Denkschr. d. Kais. Akad. d. Wiss. math. nat. Cl. XLVII, Taf. IV, 1883) on fig. 61 has indicated the maxilla with O?, which means Oberkiefer?, he has not seen the mandible which also is quite hidden and only seen by pre- paration; his text (p. 28) is also influenced by this mistake. The front margin of the three thoracic segments is finely chagrined; these segments have a bristle at each side on the ventral surface. The six first abdominal segments have each a girdle of six warts all round the segment, a pair at each side on the ventral surface and one at each side on the dorsal surface. The sixth and seventh abdominal segments are the longest. The blunt apex of the last segment points somewhat upwards and has a weakly chitinised plate with three small spines, two above and one larger below; besides the segment has eight long hairs. On the oblique lower side is the anus as a small split. The larva is amphipneustic with a pair of small spiracles at the hind margin of the prothoracic segment and of the mentioned penultimate segment-like part. The length is about 24 mm. with a diameter of about 3mm. The pupa is brownish yellow; the antennal sheaths lie in front of the head, directed downwards and somewhat diverging, lying across the lower part of the eye; they have a strong spine at the base, and lower down a compressed tubercle produced in four spines. There is a small spine at the lower margin of the eye and more inwards a small, two-pointed spine; there is a com- pressed tubercle with three small spines at the base of the leg-sheaths and a small tubercle at the base of the wing-sheaths. On the dorsal side of each of the first seven abdominal segments there is a girdle of short spines, replaced by hairs laterally; on the seventh segment the spines get long and recezrved; the eighth segment has four short spines dorsally. On the ventral side the segments have girdles of hairs which are longest tovards the end of the body. The first four segments have two long and one short hair at each lateral margin, the fifth, sixth and seventh segment have three long hairs The last segment terminates in four spines, placed in a quadrate. There is a pair of thoracic spiracles at the front margin of the thorax behind the eyes, and seven pairs of abdominal spiracles. The sheaths of the legs reach a little beyond the front margin of the third segment. The length of the pupa is 16 mm. Asilidae. AT The larvee live under bark and in stubs, especially in pine-trees; they are carnivorous. Perris (Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. 4, X, 1870, 212) records the larva of L. gilva as occurring together with larvee of Spon- dylus buprestoides and Criocephalus rusticus. Beling (Arch. f. Natur- gesch. Jahrg. 48, 199) records the same larva taken under the bark of Pinus silvestris. I have had the larva of L. gilva from stubs of pine-trees and pup of JL. marginata from similar places. Zeller (Scholtz in Entom. Zeitschr. Breslau, 1848, 16) saw L. flava deposit its eggs in a cleft in the stem of a pine-tree. The larva hibernates and the transformation to pupa and development of the imago follow in the next summer. The species of Laphria occur in woods and especially in pine- woods; they sit generally on the stems, watching for prey; the prey seems to some degree to consist of beetles; I have seen L. gilva take some Cerambycid, and I have records of it eating Tomicus typographus and Trypodendron. Poulton |. c. records from Spain Buprestis flavo- maculata F. and another beetle as prey for L. gibbosa, and Formica rufa L. for L. flava. ; Remarks. The genus Laphria is scarcely formed as narrow as most other Asilid genera, and therefore the species show some diffe- rent characters. Thus the species fall in two groups: one comprising the more robust, densely pilose forms with strong, club-like hind femora and mostly with a spine at the apex of the hind tibiz in the male; these species do not seem to have special individualised bristles on the thoracic disc or scutellum. The other group comprises the less robust forms with less strong legs, the hind femora not club- shaped and no spine at the apex of the hind tibiz; these species seem always to have special bristles on the thoracic disc. Of the Danish species L. ephippium belongs to the first, L. gilva and margi- nata to the second group. The genus comprises 38 palearctic species; three have hitherto been found in Denmark. Table of Species. 1. Thorax densely pilose, the hairs yellow on the hind part; zobust,. strongly) pilose species <..s . 2s i.wisjss ee aes ss 1. ephippium. — Thorax black, sparingly pilose; more slender, not den- 5 Ts ULES RSSTYEL (Stee an a aa a aha es a ay Mae le ena a 2. Abdomen with red markings, clothed with dense red RIE CEHIOE SRE Cate CRON. Td. se SIREN SR blir oe 2. gilva. — Abdomen black with yellow, not dense pubescence.... 3. marginata. Ag Orthorrhapha brachycera. 1. L. ephippium Fabr. 1776. Fabr. Gen. Ins. 308 (Asilus). — 1805. Fabr. Syst. Ant]. 157, 3. — 1842. Zett. Dipt. Scand. I, 161, 3 et 1855. XIl, 4559, 3. — 1847. Low, Lin. Entom. Il, 544, 5. — 1862. Schin. F. A. 1, 1938. -- 1903. Kat. palaarkt. Dipt. Il, 132. Male. Face blackish, narrowly yellowish at the inner eye-margin and somewhat brownish pruinose above the callus. Epistomal beard yellowish white, with black hairs in the upper part; the hairs below the antennze and on the vertex yellowish to black. Proboscis black with short, yellow hairs at the apex and with long, whitish hairs below at the base. Palpi black, black haired. Occiput blackish, above with black, downwards with brownish hairs. Antennze black, the hairs on the two first joints reddish. Thorax black, somewhat shining on the front part which is not seen on the hinder part on account of the dense pile; the larger front part is somewhat sparingly clothed with erect, black hairs, the hind part with very dense, somewhat longer, yellow to reddish hairs. Scutellum with long hairs of the same colour, especially at the margin; there are no special bristles discernible in the common clothing. Pleura with long, black hairs. Abdomen black, shining, clothed with blackish or brownish hairs which towards the apex get more reddish; the hairs are short on the middle of the dorsum, but longer towards the side margins, especially in front. Venter black, sparingly clothed with long, black or brownish hairs. The male genitalia are large, the arms of the upper forceps are some- what shovel-shaped, broad at the end; they bend down somewhat on the sides; the arms of the lower forceps have an inner branch stretching out towards the apex, and an outer branch which is curved strongly upwards and backwards and is two-pointed at the apex. The geni- talia have reddish hairs above, black hairs below. Legs black, densely hairy with shorter and longer hairs; hind femora bare and shining on the ventral side; no stronger bristles visible. The hind femora strongly club-shaped, the hind tibiz curved, produced in a short, blunt spine on the ventral side at the apex. Front coxe with long, yellowish white hairs; the hairs on the femora chiefly black, generally paler below, and at the apex of the hind femora somewhat reddish; the hairs on the tibize partly black, partly reddish, the longer hairs generally with whitish apex; the bristles on the tarsi reddish. The dense pubescence on the ventral side of the front tibiz and on the posterior side at the apex of the hind tibize reddish; the pubescence below the tarsi of the same colour. The claws reddish at the base, black at the apex. Empodium reddish. Wings brownish yellow, more hyaline at the base; the veins brown, in the apical half of the Asilidae. 49 wing broadly seamed with brown and hence this part brownish. The costa has reddish or yellowish hairs at the base and some way out. Halteres brownish or reddish. Female. Epistomal beard black, only with some reddish hairs below; the hairs on occiput and on the base of the proboscis black. Abdomen broader than in the male, with less parallel sides and thus moré oval; it is almost quite black haired or the hairs somewhat paler towards the lateral margin. The ovipositor with yellowish hairs at the apex. The hind femora are not bare on the ventral side, and the hind tibiz have no spine at the apex. Length 15—22 mm. This large, pilose species is at once recognised among the Danish species. It bears some resemblance to L. flava L. which is not found in Denmark, but this species has the abdomen densely reddish yellow haired. L. ephippium is not common in Denmark but has yet been taken in several localities; Tyvekrogen, at Hgrsholm and Ringsted; in Jut- land at Vejle, Skanderborg, Frijsenborg, Gjesso near Silkeborg, Silke- borg and Skjorping. My dates are ?/s—1*%/z. It occurs in woods, especially in districts with pine-trees, and is generally found sitting on the stems. Geographical distribution: — Northern and middle Europe down into France; towards the north to middle Scandinavia; it is not found in Britain. In middle Europe it goes high up in the mountains. 2. L. gilva L. 1761. Linn. Fn. Suce. 1912 (Asilus). — 1842. Zett. Dipt. Scand. I, 162, 4 et 1855. XII, 4559, 4. — 1847. Léw, Linn. Entom. II, 548, 8. — 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 139. — 1903. Kat. paldarkt. Dipt. Il, 134. Male. Epistomal callus black, the face above it somewhat whitish grey pruinose; epistomal beard consisting of thicker, black and thinner, white hairs; below the antenne there are shorter, black hairs; vertex with black hairs. Proboscis black with long, white hairs at the base, and short, yellow hairs at the apex; palpi black and black haired. Occiput grey pruinose, the hairs black above, white downwards and on the jowls; a row of black hairs stretches down to the jowls just along the posterior eye-margin. Antenne black with black hairs on the two first joints; the basal joint scarcely twice as long as the second, the third longer than the two basal together. ‘Thorax black, very slightly pruinose and nearly dull; the disc is thinly clothed with erect, black hairs which are longest behind; anteriorly to the scutellum and generally also in the middle of the front margin there are whitish Diptera Danica. II. 4 50 Orthorrhapha brachycera. or yellowish hairs; there is a preesutural bristle and a group of supra- alar and postalar bristles, all black. Scutellum with black hairs and long, black marginal bristles. Pleura black and chiefly black haired, only at the hind margin of the mesopleura and among the long hairs on the metapleura there are some pale hairs. Abdomen black, some- what shining; the hind margin of the third segment and the middle of the fourth and fifth segments in the whole length red, the red colour produced laterally at the front and hind margins of the fourth and fifth segments; sometimes there is also a very narrow, red hind margin on the second segment and a small spot at the front margin of the sixth; the red colour is more or less completely hidden under the dense, red pubescence. Venter black, shining. Abdomen clothed in front with erect, whitish hairs which are long at the lateral margin, the middle part of the second segment and the following segments are clothed with bright red hairs which are depressed and directed from the median line to each side; the hairs may stop at the hind margin of the fifth segment or go as a little spot in on the sixth segment or finally they also clothe the whole sixth segment; the red hairs do not reach the lateral margin which, like the apex, is black haired; at the lateral hind corners of the third and fourth segments there are white hairs. Venter sparingly clothed with long, whitish hairs. The male genitalia are large, the arms of the upper forceps are somewhat shovel-shaped with broad ends; from the dorsal side, somewhat before the apex two flat, striated prolongations issue, a larger outer and a smaller inner; the arms of the lower forceps have two somewhat upwards curved branches; the large ventral lamella reaches the apex. The genitalia are black haired, the hairs are some- what long above, short below, at the apex of the ventral lamella there are long, strong hairs; the small apical styles are pale haired. Legs black, not specially densely hairy, the hairs whitish and black intermingled, but chiefly pale on the femora and more black on the tibie; long and thin hairs are found especially on the ventral side of the femora, on the ventral and dorsal sides of the hind tibie, on all sides of the middle tibize and on the front tibiae except on the anterior side; stronger spine-like bristles are found on the anterior and posterior sides of the hind femora downwards, and on the dorsal side of the hind tibizw, on the anterior side of the middle femora and some long ones on the dorsal side of the middle tibiz and finally on the dorsal side of the front tibiz; they are all black as are also the strong bristles on the tarsi: The dense pubescence on the ventral side of the front tibiz and at the apex on the posterior and ventral sides of the hind tibie is brown as is also the dense pubescence on Asilidae. 51 the lower surface of the tarsi. Claws black, reddish at the outermost base. Empodium reddish. Wings hyaline at the basal half, greyish at the apical half; veins blackish, costa with black hairs at the base. Halteres brown. Fig. 20. Wing of L. gilva. Female. With exception of the genital differences quite agreeing with the male. Length 15—18 mm. ZL. gilva is not rare in Denmark and has been found in not few localities; Fuglevad, Geel Skov, Ruderhegn, Grib Skov, Tisvilde, Bromme at Sorg; on Funen at Faaborg and in Jutland at Silkeborg and at Hald near Viborg. My dates are 3/;—"/9. It occurs in woods in districts with pine-trees, especially on localities with high-stemmed trees, and it is here found sitting on the stems watching for prey. During a great invasion of Tomicus typographus in Grib Skov in 1900 the species was very common while it is otherwise somewhat rare there; it was sitting on the stems in great numbers, feeding on the typographs. The larva has been taken in Ruderhegn on 1/4 under bark of fir and larve and pupe in Geel Skov in a stub of fir on °/s. Geographicai distribution: — Northern and middle Europe; towards the north to northern Scandinavia; it is not found in Britain. It occurs also in North America in Canada. 3. L. marginata L. 1761. Linn. Fn. Suec. 1913 (Asilus). — 1842. Zett. Dipt. Scand. I, 163, 6 et 1849. VIII, 2976,6. — 1847. Low, Linn. Entom. II, 556, 12. — 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 140. — 1903. Kat. palaarkt. Dipt. Il, 135. — 1849. L. podagrica Zett. Dipt. Scand. VIII, 2976, 5—6. Male. Epistomal callus black; face above the callus with white or yellowish hairs which are depressed and directed downwards, so that they cover the upper part of the callus; the face is greyish just below the antenne. Epistomal beard black; above the antenne and on the vertex there are black hairs. Proboscis black with long, blackish hairs at the base and short, yellow hairs at the apex; palpi black and black haired. Occiput black, at the eye-margins greyish pruinose; the hairs black above, yellow below. Antenne black with black hairs on the 4* 52 Orthorrhapha brachycera. first two joints; the first joint four times as long as the second, the third slightly longer than the first two together. Thorax black, slightly shining and with a slight violet tinge; in front of the humerus a greyish pruinose spot. The thoracic disc is sparingly clothed with somewhat short, yellowish hairs and with longer, erect, blackish hairs which are Jongest behind. Scutellum with yellowish hairs and long, black mar- ginal bristles. On the thoracic disc there is a presutural bristle and a group of supraalar and postalar bristles, all black. Pleura black, slightly greyish pruinose and with somewhat long hairs which are blackish above, white farther dovn, above the cox; the long hairs on the metapleura are black above, yellowish below. Abdomen black, shining, like the thorax with a slight violet tinge. It is clothed with short, depressed, yellow hairs which give the impression of being somewhat denser at the hind margins of the segments, especially on the sides; they are long at the lateral margin of the first segment but decrease in length backwards; at the lateral margins of the first five segments there are some stronger, bristly hairs; on the sixth segment the hairs are blackish in the middle. Venter black, sparingly clothed with long, yellow hairs. The genitalia somewhat resemble those in gilva, but the upper forceps have not the flat prolongations; the ventral lamella is much arched; there are long, black hairs on the upper forceps and at the apex of the ventral lamella, the apical styles of the ventral lamella have pale hairs. Legs black, somewhat strong, the hind femora somewhat club-shaped; the legs are not densely hairy; the shorter hairs on the dorsal side of the femora are chiefly black, the longer hairs on the ventral side yellowish; the hairs on the hind tibize are blackish, on the anterior tibize yellowish; long, thin hairs are found especially on the ventral side of the hind tibie, on the middle tibiz except on the dorsal side, and on the ventral and posterior sides of the front tibiee; they are partly black, partly, especially on the middle tibiz, yellowish; stronger spine-like bristles are found at the apex on the posterior side of the hind femora, on the anterior side of the middle femora, and on the dorsal side of the tibie; on tbe middle tibize they are long; they are generally all black. The strong bristles on the tarsi are reddish and black. The dense pubescence on the ventral side of the front tibiz and at the utmost apex on the posterior side of the hind tibie is bright reddish yellow, as is also the dense pubescence on the under side of the tarsi. Claws black; empodium reddish. Wings yellowish hyaline on the basal half, brown on the apical half; veins brown, costa at the base clothed with white or yellowish hairs. Halteres yellow to reddish yellow. Female. Chiefly agreeing with the male, only the wings less Asilidae. 53 hyaline on the basal half and hence more evenly brown, and the hairs at the base of the costa black. Length. This species varies considerably in size, the length being 9—14 mm. The pupa has a length of 12 mm. L. marginata is not common in Denmark, but yet from time to time taken in not small numbers; Dyrehaven, Geel Skov; on Lolland at Maribo and Frejlev; on Funen at Lundeborg on the eastern coast and at Langense; in Jutland at Frijsenborg and Stovring near Ran- ders, finally on Bornholm in Ekkodalen. My dates are 1°/s—*/9. Pupz have been taken in Dyrehaven in decaying wood and in Polyporus. The species occurs in woods of foliferous trees generally sitting on the stems. Geographical distribution: — Northern and middle Europe down into France; towards the north to the northern parts of middle Scan- dinavia. 3. Asiline. The genera of Aszlinw, enumerated in the following, were, as is well known, established as groups in L6éw’s valuable monograph; since then they have generally been treated as genera, yet they have been rejected by some authors, e. g. Pandellé (Rev. d’Entomol. publ. par la Soc. Franc. d’Entom. XXIV, 1905, 45), who consider them as one genus, Asilus. Though it cannot be denied that as genera they are far more closely allied and taken in a much more narrow sense than genera are commonly, [ shall yet retain them here, chiefly because they are generally in use and at all events give valuable hints about the natural classification of the species; but I shall, on account of the narrow sense in which they are taken, give a common generic description under the heading of Asiline. The species of the

< 100. black or greyish black; palpi blackish. Occiput black, shining, with black, below with brownish hairs. Antennee black, the style together with the bristly apical part somewhat long, considerably more than to] Empididae. 187 half as long as the third joint, and the bristly part of the style as long as the basal part. Thorax black, shining, slightly metallic. The dorsocentral and acrostichal bristles short, black, the hindmost dorso- central bristle long. Further a small humeral bristle, one or two posthumeral, a notopleural, a supraalar and a postalar bristle, all black. Scutellum has about eight black marginal bristles. Pleura black, shi- ning. Abdomen black above, dull or almost dull, sometimes a little lighter towards the base. Venter yellowish. Abdomen has on the dorsal side somewhat long, erect, brownish hairs; venter has shorter, pale hairs. Legs pale yellowish, tarsi slightly brownish towards the end; hind tibize slightly thickened towards the apex. Anterior femora short-haired; hind femora with rows of long hairs above and below; anterior tibize with fine hairs above and below, strongest above; hind tibia with similar hairs above and a dense pubescence below; the last joint on all tarsi with somewhat long hairs above. The hairs yellowish. Wings a little blackish fumigated. Veins dark brown. Stigma brown, not filling the apex of the subcostal cell. Halteres blackish brown. Female. Similar to the male, but the eyes touching for a shorter distance; the antennz placed above the middle. The large facets of the eye only occupying the upper third part, the dividing line some- what sharp. The scutellar marginal bristles yellowish. Wings hyaline. Halteres yellowish or dirty whitish. Length 2,5—3 mm. T. flavipes is somewhat common in Denmark, but has, however, hitherto only been taken on Sealand; neighbourhood of Copenhagen, @rholm, Geel Skov and Tyvekrog; my dates are 1°/s—!#/10, it is thus a late occurring species. It occurs in woods on somewhat shaded places on bushes, the males sometimes hover in the air in swarms; thus I took it hovering in great numbers on 7°/s in Geel Skov, while the females sat on leaves in the vicinity. Geographical distribution: — Northern and middle Europe down into France; towards the north to northern Sweden. Zetterstedt re- cords it from July. 2. T. clavipes Meig. 1830. Meig. Syst. Beschr. VI. 336, 2. — 1842. Zett. Dipt. Scand. I, 254, 2 (Microphora). — 1860. Loew. Zeitschr. fiir Entom. Breslau, XIV, 35, 1. — 1862. Schin. F. A. 1, 79 (Microphorus). — 1903. Kat. pali- arkt. Dipt. Il, 257. — Empis minuta (non Fabr.) p. p.: 1815. Fall. Dipt. Suec. Empid. 32, 40. Male. Eyes touching, the facets in the upper part larger than below. The very narrow epistoma greyish black; palpi brownish. 188 Orthorrhapha brachycera. Occiput black, somewhat shining, with black, below with pale hairs. Antenne black, the third joint rather elongated, the style together with the bristly part short, scarcely half as long as the third joint. Thorax dark eneous, brightly shining. The dorsocentral and acrosti- chal bristles somewhat short, black, the former a little longer behind, and the hindmost long and strong. Further a humeral bristle, a pair of posthumeral, about three notopleural, a supraalar and a postalar bristle, all somewhat long, black. Scutellum with four black marginal bristles. Pleura black, shining. Abdomen black, velvet along the dorsum, but somewhat metallic shining at the sides and on the venter; it may bea little translucently brownish towards the base. It is clothed with somewhat long, light brownish to yellowish hairs; also the venter has long hairs. Abdomen is less attenuated than in flavipes, the exterior genitalia are a little larger and show a small hook. The legs are lighter or darker yellowish, the posterior coxz somewhat darkened; the hind femora and tibie dark brown in about the apical half; all tarsi dark except at the base; the anterior femora and the front tibia may be a little darkened in the middle. Hind fe- mora a little thickened, and hind tibie distinctly thickened towards the apex. Anterior femora with short hairs above and below; hind femora with long hairs above and below, and on the latter side also with a row of strong, somewhat spine-like bristles; anterior tibize short-haired; hind tibiee densely ciliated below and with longish hairs above; the last joint on all tarsi with long, bristly hairs above. The hairs are yellowish to brownish. Wings a little dark fumigated. Veins brown or blackish. Stigma brown, quite filling the apex of the sub- costal cell. Halteres blackish brown. Female. Similar to the male, but the eyes very narrowly sepa- rated, the facets (so far as I could see) all small; frons black. Thorax black, not eneous; the bristles at the sides of the disc, the hindmost dorsocentral bristle and the scutellar bristles yellow. Abdomen shining. The legs as in the male, but not rarely somewhat lighter, the spine- like bristles below the hind femora absent. Wings hyaline. Halteres yellow. Length 2,5—3 mm. This species is easily distinguished from flavipes by the colour of the legs, the distinctly thickened hind tibie, the spine-like bristles be- low the hind femora in the male, the short antennal style and the stigma, which oceupies just the apex of the subcostal cell. At first sight it is similar to flavipes, but on closer examination it differs by a multitude of characters. T. clavipes is not common in Denmark, only eleven specimens ee ee ee ee ee el Empididae. 185 are known; Ermelund (the author), Dyrehaven (Steger), Bollemosen, Tisvilde and in Jutland at Hald near Viborg (the author); my dates are’ *?/s—*?/7; it seems thus to be an earlier occurring species than flavipes; it occurs on similar localities. Geographical distribution: — Europe down into Italy and Spain; towards the north to northern Sweden, and in Finland. Remarks: Fallén described this species as Empis minuta; Loew (I. c. 36) states, that this is incorrect, as Fabricius had already de- scribed an EL. minuta. This latter species has never been recognised, though often drawn into synonymy. Loew says, that he should be in- clined to think, that it is a Phora on account of Fabricius’s statement »Habitat gregatim in Danie agaricis*. It is interesting to see, that the species is, as I have already mentioned in the description of the fa- mily, in reality a Phora; another specimen, standing at the side of the first in the collection of Lund, is a Sciara. Empis minuta Fabr. will thus have to be abolished. 8. Mierophorus Macq. (1827. Microphor.) Small, somewhat robust, not slender species of black or greyish colours. Head a little narrower than thorax, somewhat globular and arched behind. Occiput beset with hairs. Eyes rather large, touching for a long distance in the male, well separated in the female; in the male the facets in the upper half larger than below. The incision in middle of the inner eye-margin distinct. Vertex with three ocelli and some small hairs. Antenne inserted near to each other, about in the Fig. 73, Antenna of M. anomalus. >< 80. middle; they are five-jointed, the first joint small, the second almost globular, the third is triangular, pointed towards the apex, rather broad at the base, and compressed; the two last joints form a two- jointed style, the first joint of which is very small, the second long. The second antennal joint has a few bristles, the third has somewhat long hairs, the style has short hairs quite to the apex. Epistoma is not so narrow as in Trichina; the jowls do not descend below the eyes. The proboscis is short, not stretching much beyond the mouth aperture, but however distinctly to be seen; it may be directed down- 190 Orthorrhapha brachycera. wards or forwards. Labrum is as long as labium, strong, broad at the base, with three short points at the apex; it is semitubular and curved somewhat downwards towards the apex; hypopharynx is’ but slightly shorter, canaliculated, dilated towards the apex, but pointed outermost; it is also curved a little downwards; the maxillze have a lancet-like or blade-shaped lacinia, and cylindrical, one-jointed palpi; labium has a relatively large basal part, but short labella, which are cleft to the base. Thorax is rectangular, very strongly arched above; prothorax very small and likewise metathorax. There are uniserial or irregularly biserial dorsocentral bristles, and bi- or quadriserial acrostichal bristles; further a humeral bristle, one or two posthumeral, two to three notopleural, one or two supraalar and a postalar bristle. Scutellum has six to eight marginal bristles. Metapleura are bare. Abdomen is cylindrical; in consists in the common way of eight seg- ments; in the male the last segment is small, much lower than the preceding, and more or less hidden under the genitalia; the latter form a little knob-like forceps, which is directed upwards and seems to be somewhat unsymmetrical. In the female the abdomen is pointed and terminates with two thin styles. Legs somewhat slender, hind tibie and metatarsi sometimes thickened in the male. The legs have shorter and longer hairs and bristles, but no apical spurs are present. There are two claws, two well developed pulvilli, and a very small, linear, bristle-bearing empodium. The wings are not long; the me- diastinal vein does not quite reach the margin; the cubital vein is Fig. 74. Wing of M. anomalus. unforked, thus only one cubital ceil; the discal vein is forked, thus four posterior cells, and from the discal cell three veins go to the mar- gin, the third is the upper branch of the postical vein, closing the discal cell below; the lower branch of the postical vein recurrent; there is no anal vein developed (or only the basal part, closing the anal cell below). The discal cell is rather long; the basal cells small, and the anal cell about as long as the second basal cell. Stigma present. The axillary lobe is large. Alula not developed, but the wing here with a long fringe. Alar squamula fringed at the margin. Empididae. 191 The larva to M. anomalus (pusillus) is described by Beling (Arch. fiir Naturgesch. 48, 1, 1882, 212). It is cylindrical, somewhat attenuated towards the head; the last joint somewhat thick, with slightly, longi- tudinal furrows; on the rounded hinder end is a broad, pointed, mem- branous tooth or wart, which is curved upwards; above it lie the terminal spiracles (Beling does not mention the, certainly present, prothoracic spiracles, but this he does not do either in the descriptions of other Empid larve). The abdominal segments have small, ventral swellings (Kriechschwielen). The larva is 7 mm long, 0,9 mm thick. It was found below the leaves in a plantation of beeches on '°/5 and developed on 7/5. The species of Microphorus occur in woods and on fields in low herbage and grass, generally on somewhat humid localities; the spe- cies are certainly carnivorous, but I am not aware, that any direct observation has been made; Macquart says however about the ety- mology: ,Le nom de Microphorus, petit voleur, fait allusion aux bri- gandages qu’exercent ces petits insectes a l’égard des autres.‘ The genus comprises 9 species from the paleearctic region, two have hitherto been found in Denmark. Table of Species. 1. Dorsocentral and acrostichal bristles long, the latter biserial; hind tibize and metatarsi in the male simple; thorax in the TLRLELS CES Ze Ce einen aie ane ee ee re ae ae 1. velutinus. —- Dorsocentral and acrostichal bristles short, the latter qua- driserial; hind tibize and metatarsi in the male swollen; iimnianetie female black: 2... .a. fe cee ee ae ee ee 2. anomalus. 1. M. velutinus Macq. 1827.| Macq. Soc. Sc. Lille, 1827, 140, 2. — 1838. Meig. Syst. Beschr. VII, 78,4. (Trichina). — 1855. Zett. Dipt. a XII, 4599, 3—4. (Micro- phora) — 1860. Loew, Zeitschr. fiir Entom. Breslau, XIV, 4B, 3. — 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 79. — 1903. Kat. palaarkt. Dipt. II, page = Microphora fuscipes: 1852. Zett. Dipt. Scand. XI, 4268, 3. — Rhamphomyia holosericea: 1842. Zett. Dipt. Scand. I, 425, 46. Male. Eyes touching; epistoma black; palpi dark. Occiput black, with black hairs. Antenne black. Thorax somewhat velvet black, very slightly shining, with two narrow, greyish stripes, abbreviated behind; also two lateral stripes, one on each side, are visible. The dorsocentral and acrostichal bristles long, black, the former uniserial, longer and strong behind, the latter biserial. Further a humeral bristle, a pair of posthumeral, about three notopleural, a pair of supraalar and a postalar bristle, all somewhat long, black. Scutellum has six —— 192 Orthorrhapha brachycera. to eight black marginal bristles, of which four are long. Pleura black or greyish black. Abdomen velvet black, with long, erect, black hairs. Venter black, with somewhat long hairs. Exterior, genitalia with some bristly hairs. Legs black; coxze slightly pruinose; the anterior knees very slightly yellowish. Femora with rows of strong hairs, the anterior femora on the posterior side, the hind femora on the anterior side; tibia with hairs above, which are somewhat strong on the hind tibie. All hairs black. Wings slightly tinged. Veins black or dark brown. Stigma brownish. Halteres black. Female. Differing from the male by its grey colour. Eyes sepa- rated, frons and occiput grey. Thorax grey with two brownish stripes, which may sometimes be less distinct, and there may also be traces of a faint median stripe. Abdomen grey, and the hairs shorter than in the male. Legs also a little greyish, with the knees generally more distinctly yellowish; they are a little shorter haired than in the male. Wings more hyaline. Halteres pale brownish. Length 2,2—2,5 mm. M. velutinus is not common in Denmark, or it has at all events hitherto not been taken frequently; it was for the first time taken in 1882; Amager, Ordrup Mose, Lyngby Mose (the author), Noddebo (J. C. Nielsen), and on Falster at Resle (H. J. Hansen). My dates are 18/;—14/5, it is thus an early species. It occurs both in or at woods and on fields, often in the vicinity of water. I took it in copula on *4/5, Geographical distribution: — Europa down into Italy and Spain; towards the north to southern Sweden. 2. M. anomalus Meig. 1824. Meig. Syst. Beschr. IV, 9, 7 (Platypeza). — 1862. Loew, Zeitshr. fir Entom. Breslau. XIV, 43, 2. — 1903. Kat. palaarkt. Dipt. Hl, 257. — Microphorus crassipes: 1827. Macq. Soc. Se. Lille, 1827, 140, 1. — 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 79. — Trichina crassipes: 1838. Meig. Syst. Beschr. VII, 78, 3. — Microphorus pusillus: 1827. Macq. 1. ec. 140, 3. — Microphora pusilla: 1842. Zett. Dipt. Scand. I, 256, 4, 9 et 1849. VIII, 2999, 4. — Microphora tarsella: 1842. Zett. Dipt. Scand. I, 257, 5, &. Male. Eyes touching; epistoma and palpi black. Occiput blackish, a little shining, with black hairs. Antenne black. Thorax velvet black, almost quite dull, with two narrow, slightly greyish stripes, convergent posteriorly; also the sides of the disc a little greyish, espe- cially when seen with the light from in front. The dorsocentral and acrostichal bristles short, black; the former a little irregularly biserial in front, long behind, the latter quadriserial. Further a humeral ——————_—_——————___ | | Empididae. 193 bristle, a posthumeral, two to three notopleural, a supraalar and a postalar bristle, all black. Scutellum has six black marginal bristles, two of which are long. Pleura greyish black. Abdomen velvet black above, more greyish on the sides; it is somewhat sparingly clothed with longish, erect, black hairs. Venter greyish black, with long, strong hairs. Exterior genitalia with some bristly hairs. Legs black; coxe somewhat brownish pruinose; hind tibie strongly dilated to- wards the apex, club-shaped, hind metatarsi very thick and swollen. Anterior femora with long hairs on the postero-ventral side, which are strongest in the apical half; hind femora with long hairs above and below, longest above; anterior tibiz with short hairs, middle tibie also with a couple of bristles on the dorsal side; hind tibiz with long hairs above, longest and strongest on the thickened apical part; hind metatarsi with longish} hairs above. The hairs are black. Wings hyaline, somewhat iridescent and transmitting the light a little reddish. Veins dark brown to black. Stigma slightly brownish. Halteres black. Female. Similar to the male. Eyes separated, frons greyish black. Thorax and abdomen slightly more shining than in the male, and shorter haired. Legs simple, and likewise shorter haired. Halteres paler or darker brownish. Length 2,2—2,8 mm. This species is in the male at once distinguished from velutinus by the shape of the hind legs; in the female it is recognised by the black, not grey thorax, and in both sexes by the much shorter dorsocentral and acrostichal bristles, and by the latter being quadri- serial. M. anomalus is, like the preceding, not common in Denmark; Charlottenlund (Steger); on Langeland at Lohals (the author); on Lolland at Maribo (Schlick) and on Bornholm at Hasle (H. J. Hansen). My dates are only *°/é to the last half of July; it occurs evidently less early than velutinus; otherwise it occurs in similar localities. Geographical distribution: — Northern and middle Europe down into France; towards the north to middle Sweden. 9. Oedalea Meig. Species of somewhat small size and a somewhat slender shape, the colour of the body black. The head globular, as broad as thorax, arched behind, and here with some hairs. Eyes large, occupying the whole front side of the head; they are touching in the male, well separated in the female; in the male the facets in the upper half part 13 194 Orthorrhapha brachycera. are larger than below. The incision in the middle of the inner eye- margin present and distinct. The vertex with three ocelli and some hairs. The antenne are inserted near to each other, in the middle; they are relatively long, always longer than the head. They consist of five joints; the two basal joints are short, the first cylindrical, the second somewhat globular, the third joint is long, compressed, very slightly or not attenuating towards the apex, and thus somewhat band-shaped; the two last joints form a style, the basal joint of which is very small (only seen with the microscope); the style may be thicker or thinner, the apex is somewhat bristle-shaped, and this bristle-shaped part is longest and most distinct, when the style is thin’. Epistoma is not narrow; the jowls are almost not developed, only present as a small rim. Clypeus is somewhat horse-shoe-shaped. Proboscis is short, not as long as the head is high; it is directed downwards or more or less forwards. Labrum is strong, straight, broad at the base and semitubular, with three short points at the apex; hypopharynx is well developed, as long as labrum, canaliculated, and pointed at the apex; it has two, somewhat deep excisions below the apex, so that there are three points in all, the middle the longest; the maxillee are shorter, very thin and thread-like, the maxillary palpi one-jointed, somewhat club-shaped with dilated apex, and somewhat compressed; labium is about of the length of the labrum or a little longer, the labella are somewhat shorter than the basal part. Thorax is rectangular, arched above; pro- and metathorax very small. There are no specialised dorsocentral and acrostichal bristles, the disc being uniformly clothed with short hairs, but these are, however, divided into three parts by two longitudinal, bare stripes, the hairs on these parts answering to the dorsocentral and acrostichal bristles. On the sides of the disc only a notopleural and a postalar bristle present. Scutellum has six marginal bristles. Metapleura are bare. Abdomen is slender; it consists in the usual way of eight segments; in the male 1 Loew says in his monograph (Neue Beitr. zur Kenntn. der Dipt. VI, 1859, 44) that the second joint of the style ,erscheint ... entweder in Folge seiner kurzen aber dichten Behaarung plump, héchstens am Ende borstenférmig zugespitzt, oder es hat die Gestalt einer kurzen, dicken Borste.“ From this passage it might be thought, that it is only when the style is thick, that it is densely hairy, but it is also hairy, when it is thin, and it is in hoth cases constructed about in the same way, the only difference being the thickness and the pre- sence of a terminal, bristle-shaped, bare part in the thin style, which part is very short or almost wanting in the thick style. Loew speaks only of the second joint, but it is more correct to speak of the whole style, as the small basal joint is of the same thickness as the second, and under a lens not to be discerned from this. Empididae. 195 the last segment is small and hidden. The exterior genitalia are small; they consist of a small forceps, formed of a pair of somewhat broad lamellee, and above them there is a small, styliform process, which is directed upwards. In the female the abdomen is pointed, and the eighth segment forms a long, slender, compressed ovipositor, which is curved a little upwards. The legs are somewhat slender, the hind legs are longest; the hind femora are in both sexes somewhat long and thickened, and have rows of spines on the apical part below towards each side; the hind tibiz are shorter than the femora, curved at the base, and when laid up towards the femora, they are placed between the rows of spines. The legs are short-haired, only the hind femora have long hairs above in the basal part, and the hind tibie have some- what longish hairs below; there are no, distinct apical spurs. There are two claws, two pul- villi, and a thin, somewhat claw-shaped CMPpO- Fig. 75. Oe. flavipes, dium with bristles on the lower side. The hind leg. >< 15. wings have the mediastinal vein not quite reaching the margin; the cubital vein is unforked, and thus there is one cubital cell; the discal vein is forked, and there are thus four posterior cells, and the discal cell sends three veins to the margin, Fig. 76. Wing of Oe. flavipes. the third is the upper branch of the postical vein, which closes the discal cell below; the discal cell is somewhat long, and also the basal cells are long; the lower branch of the postical vein is only slightly recurrent, not parallel with the margin, and meeting the anal vein almost rectangularly; the anal vein is straight, reaching the margin; the anal cell is a little shorter than the second basal cell. Stigma present, sometimes very weak. The axillary lobe is large. Alula almost not developed, fringed at the margin. Alar squamula small, likewise fringed. So far as I am aware the developmental stages of the genus are not 13* : 196 Orthorrhapha brachycera. known. I possess two specimens of Oe. flavipes, which are stated to have been bred from wood; probably then the larve live in decaying wood, but they are certainly carnivorous. The species of Oedalea occur in woods, especially on open, but somewhat shaded places; they have a somewhat heavy flight; they must be considered carnivorous. They seem everywhere to be rather rare. The species are not sufficiently studied, probably because the material for examination is generally small. The best work about them is still Loew’s monograph from 1859. The genus comprises 10 species from the palearctic region, 4 have hitherto been found in Denmark. Table of Species. 1. Wings with two brown patches at the anterior margin, one at each end of the stigma, this latter almost colour- TESS ahs ees hy hei tin Fie ee SS tec ee eee 1. hybotina. — Wings without patches, stigma brown................-- 2: 2. Hind femora with the apical part brown or blackish; scutellar bristles’ yellow)-.. <:-,<2.. -ss-.7-y4s - caste tee eee 3. stigmatella, — Hind femora ‘quite yellow... .....:. 500). stu 2 ee 3. 3. Scutellar bristles yellow; antenne long, the style some- what thick '2)5)) S20 2 SABO et 2. flavipes. — Scutellar bristles black; antenne shorter, the style bristle- shapedict loss Silas Gag is iia See ee ee 4, Holmgreni. 1. Oe. hybotina Fall. 1815. Fall. Dipt. Suec. Empid. 31, 39 (Empis). — 1820. Meig. Syst. Beschr. II, 536, 1, Tab. XXI, Fig.27. — 1842. Zett. Dipt Scand. I, 245, 1. — 1859. Loew, Neue Beitr. zur Kenntn. der Dipt. VI, 47, 3. — 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 80. — 1903. Kat. paldarkt. Dipt. II, 259. Male. Eyes touching; epistoma black, shining; palpi black. Occi- put black, with black, below with whitish hairs. Antenne long, Fig. 77. Antenna of Oe. hybotina. >< 65. blackish brown; the basal joints may be lighter; the style is broad, almost as broad as the apex of the third joint. Thorax black, shining; the disc clothed with short, somewhat adpressed, greyish white hairs, leaving two narrow stripes bare. Of bristles a notopleu- ral and a small postalar bristle present, both yellow, and_ besides some smaller hairs in the preesutural depression. Scutellum with six A Empididae. 197 yellow marginal bristles. Pleura black, shining. Abdomen likewise black, shining, with whitish yellow hairs. Venter similarly coloured and haired, sometimes a little lighter at the base. Legs pale yellow, hind femora dark brown on the apical half, but the apex again yel- low, hind tibiz brownish black, the base whitish yellow; the anterior tarsi brownish, hind tarsi darker brown, the basal part of the meta- tarsus yellow. The legs are short-haired with yellow hairs; the hind femora have long, yellow hairs above in the basal part; on the ventral side there are two rows of short, somewhat strong, black spines on the apical part. Wings hyaline, slightly yellowish tinged. Veins somewhat thick, brown or dark brown, the apex of the lower branch of the discal vein thin and evanescent, but it may be traced to the margin. Stigma slightly yellowish, almost colourless, at the inner end of it a small brown patch, and a similar at its apex, which latter is produced down into the cubital cell, and a very faint, band-like continuation downwards may be present. Halteres yellow. Female. Similar to the male, but the eyes well separated, the frons black shining. Ovipositor blackish, brownish yellow towards the base. Length 3,5 m m. This species is at once recognised by the two patches on the wing. Oe. hybotina is very rare in Denmark, only three specimens, a male and two females, have been taken; vicinity of Copenhagen (H. J. Hansen), Dyrehaven (Drewsen) and on Lolland at Maribo (Schlick); on the latter locality it was taken on °*/«. Gegraphical distribution: — Northern and middle Europe down into France; towards the north to northern Sweden. 2. Oe. flavipes Zett. 1842. Zett. Dipt. Scand. 1, 247, 3 et 1849. VIII, 2998, 3. — 1859. Loew, Neue Beitr. zur Kenntn. der Dipt. VI, 48, 4. — 1903. Kat. paliarkt. Dipt. I], 259. — Empis minuta: 1815. Fall. Dipt. Suec. Empid. 32, 40, p- p. — Oedalea minuta: 1820. Meig. Syst. Beschr. II, 356, 2 et 1838. Vil, 101. — 1842. Zett. Dipt. Scand. I, 247, 4. — 1862. Schin. F. A. 1, 81. Male. Eyes touching; epistoma black, shining; palpi black. Occi- put likewise black, shining, with black, below with white hairs. An- tennee long, blackish brown, the style is less broad and much shorter than in hybotina. Thorax black, shining, with short, somewhat ad- pressed, greyish white hairs, leaving two narrow, bare stripes. Of 198 Orthorrhapha brachycera. bristles a notopleural and a postalar bristle present, both yellow, and | besides there are some small hairs in the presutural depression. | Scutellum with six yellow marginal bristles. Pleura black, shining. Fig. 78. Antenna of Oe. flavipes. >< 65. nw Giee - Abdomen black, shining, with whitish yellow hairs. Venter similarly coloured and haired. Abdomen may be slightly translucently brownish towards the base. Legs whitish yellow, hind tibize blackish brown, the base whitish, front tibize generally somewhat brownish, but the base pale; the hind femora often slightly brownish just at the apex; tarsi brownish, the basal part of the hind metatarsi yellow. The legs are short-haired with pale yellow hairs; the hind femora have long, yellow hairs above on the basal half or more, the hairs becoming short towards the apex; below there are rows of short, black spines on each side on the apical part. Wings somewhat brownish tinged, especially towards the apex. Veins brown to dark brown. Stigma brown. Halteres yellow. Female. Quite similar to the male, but the eyes well separated, frons black, shining. Ovipositor blackish. (In my only female specimen the notopleural bristle is black). Length 3—3,7 mm. Oe. flavipes is somewhat rare in Denmark; Charlottenlund (Steger), Dyrehaven, and on Lolland at Maribo (Schlick). The dates are ®/s-—1/;. Two specimens from Dyrehaven are stated to have been bred from wood. Geographical distribution: — Northern and middle Europe down into France; towards the north to middle Sweden. + PR Oy Beye o-oo * ee. 3. Oe. stigmatella Zett. 1842. Zett. Dipt. Scand. I, 246, 2. — 1859. Loew, Neue Beitr. zur Kenntn. der Dipt. VI, 49, 8. — 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 81. — 1903. Kat. paldarkt. Dipt. II, 259. Male. Eyes touching; epistoma black, shining; palpi blackish brown. Occiput black, shining, with black, below with whitish hairs. Antenne somewhat short, blackish brown, the style thin, bristle- shaped. Thorax black, with very short, whitish yellow hairs, leaving two narrow, bare stripes. Of bristles a notopleural and a postalar bristle present, both yellow, and besides a couple of smaller hairs in Empididae. 199 the preesutural depression. Scutellum with six long, yellow bristles. Pleura black, shining. Abdomen likewise black, shining, with some- what long, whitish yellow hairs. Venter brownish to yellowish, gener- Fig. 79. Antenna of Oe. stigmatella. > 65. ally darker towards the apex. Legs whitish yellow, hind femora with the apical half dark brown, hind tibie dark brown, the basal part white; anterior tarsi light brownish, the metatarsi almost quite pale, the hind tarsi darker brown, only the very base of the meta- tarsi yellow. The legs pale yellowish haired quite in the usual way, and the hind femora likewise with black spines below on the apical part. Wings slightly tinged. Veins brown. Stigma brown. Halteres pale yellow. Female. Similar to the male, but the eyes well separated, the frons black, shining. The hairs on abdomen a little shorter than in the male, and the venter generally yellow; ovipositor black or brownish. Length 3,5 mm. This species is distinguished from the preceding by the bristle- shaped antennal style and the dark apical part of the hind femora; also the venter seems always to be more or less pale. — Immature specimens may have the thoracic disc and the pleura lighter to brownish or reddish. Oe. stigmatella is like the preceding a rare species; only six spe- cimens are known; Ordrup Mose (Steger); on Lolland at Maribo and Ryde (Schlick); the dates are only !°/6—1*/«, Geographical distribution: — Northern and middle Europe down into Austria; towards the north to northern Sweden. (It has been recorded from North America, but is later described by Melander as Oe. ohioensis; see Mel. Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. XXVIII, 1902, 347). 4, Oe. Holmgreni Zett. 1852. Zett. Dipt. Scand. XI, 4267, 3—4. — 1859. Loew, Neue Beitr. zur Kenntn. der Dipt. VI, 49, 7. — 1903. Kat. palaarkt. Dipt. II, 259. Male. Eyes touching; epistoma black; proboscis straight, palpi black. Occiput black, shining, with black, below with whitish hairs. Antenne not long, very slightly longer than in stigmatella, blackish brown, the style thin, bristle-shaped and very short. Thorax black, shining, with short, greyish white hairs, leaving two very narrow, bare stripes. Of bristles a notopleural and a postalar bristle present, 900 Orthorrhapha brachycera. both black; besides there are smaller hairs in the presutural depres- sion. Scutellum with six black bristles. Pleura black, [shining. Ab- domen likewise black, shining, with not long, whitish yellow hairs. Fig. 80. Antenna of Oe. Holmgren. >< 65. Venter similarly coloured and haired. Legs yellow to dark, almost brownish yellow, front and hind tibie blackish brown, the basal part yellow, middle tibise more or less brownish or quite yellowish; all tarsi brown, sometimes pale just at the base. The legs yellow-haired quite in the usual way, and the hind femora likewise with rows of black spines below in the apical part; the hairs on the tarsi some- what darkened. Wings blackish brown fumigated. Veins blackish or dark brown. Stigma blackish brown. Halteres more or less dark yellow to brownish yellow. Female. Quite similar to the male, but the eyes well separated, the frons black, shining. Abdomen shorter haired than in the male; ovipositor slender, black or blackish. Length 2,s—3,5 mm. This species is known from stigmatella by the pale hind femora, and it differs from the three other species by the black scutellar bristles, and the darker tibize and tarsi. Strobl says (Mitth. Ver. Steierm. 1892, 93) that it differs from flavipes by the longer antennal style; the style is much thinner, but [ find it not at all longer. Oe. Holmgreni is as rare as the preceding species; Nyraad at Vordingborg (J.C. Nielsen), Tisvilde and on Langeland at Lohals (the author), on Lolland at Maribo (Schlick); my dates are ‘/e—"/z. It occurs, on open, somewhat shaded places in woods. Geographical distribution: — Northern and middle Europe down into Styria; towards the north to middle Sweden. 10. Oeydromia Meig. Species of somewhat small size and of a slender shape, and of black or yellow colour. The head is about globular, a little narrower than thorax and slightly longer than broad. Occiput is arched or al- most conical; it has some small hairs. Eyes large, occupying the whole front part of the head; they are touching for a long distance in both sexes; in the male the facets in the upper half part are slightly larger than below. The incision in the middle of the inner eye-margin distinct. On the vertex there are three ocelli and some Empididae. 901 hairs. The antenne are inserted near to each other in the middle; they are three-jointed, the two basal joints are short, the first cylindri- cal, the second almost globular, the third joint is about as long as Fig. 81. Antenna of O.glabricula. >< 80. the two basal together; it is ovate and bears above, somewhat behind the apex, a long arista, which is, so far as I could detect, not articu- lated to the joint.1 Epistoma is high and very narrow; jowls are not developed, the eyes going quite to the mouth aperture. The proboscis is short, only jyst reaching out of the mouth aperture; labrum is strong, semitubular, high at the base and with a three- lobed apex; hypopharynx is of the same length, pointed towards the apex. I could not detect the lacinie of the maxille on the dried material | had for examination; the maxillary palpi are one-jointed, short; labium is about of the length of labrum, with stnall labella. Thorax is rectangular, high and strongly arched above. There are very thin and short uniserial dorsocentral and biserial acrostichal hairs; there are also smal] and inconspicuous humeral, notopleural, supraalar and postalar hairs. Scutellum has six marginal bristles. Metapleura with short, fine hairs. Abdomen is in the male long and slender, cylindrical and consisting of eight segments, the eighth is small; the exterior genitalia are small, consisting of a pair of some- what complicated lateral lamelle, forming a kind of forceps. In the female the abdomen is thicker, somewhat compressed, likewise con- sisting of eight segments and terminating with two small and short lamelle. The legs are long and slender, the hind legs the longest. They are densely haired, but there are no specialised apical spurs on the tibie. There are two claws, two pulvilli, and a small, linear, pointed empodium, bearing bristles below. The wings have the mediastinal vein not reaching the margin; the cubital vein is unforked, thus one cubital cell; the discal vein likewise unforked, so that there are only three posterior cells; sometimes a little veinlet is present, indicating a beginning of an upper branch of the discal vein. The discal cell sends only two veins to the margin, the lower is the upper branch of the postical vein, which closes the discal cell below. The 1] have examined antenne treated with potash under a magnification of more than 100, and I could detect no articulation; in spite of this result I feel not quite certain, and in the related Leptopeza the antenne are five-jointed, the arista being two-jointed and articulated to the third joint. 202 Orthorrhapha brachycera. lower branch of the postical vein goes downwards and meets the anal vein rectangularly; the anal vein reaches the margin and is a little curved at the apex. The discal cell is somewhat long; also the Fig. 82. Wing of O. glabricula. basal cells are long, and the anal cell shorter than the second basal cell. Stigma present. The axillary lobe well developed. Alula not developed, the margin here fringed. Alar squamule small, with a long fringe at the margin. The larva is described by Beling (Arch. fiir Naturgesch. 48, 1, 1882, 213); it is cylindrical, attenuated towards the anterior end, twelve-jointed and of yellowish white colour. The last segment is somewhat short and broad, and slightly, longitudinally furrowed; on the end of it is a truncate, membranous tooth with a broad base, and with the apex directed upwards; above the tooth the terminal spiracles are placed. The abdominal segments have small, transverse swellings (Kriechschwielen) on the ventral side. The larva is 6 mm. long and 0,6 mm. thick. The pupa is yellowish, it has two teeth on the front side of the head, and some erect hairs on the head. The abdominal segments have each above at the hind margin a transverse row of short, brown spines. The pupa is 3 mm. long. The larve were found on a field below decaying vegetables; the imagines de- veloped on 1°/s to %e. The species occurs in low herbage on humid places in woods and. on meadows. It is carnivorous, Poulton (l.c.) records it from England with Sciara sp. as prey. The genus comprises only one species, also found in Denmark. 1. O. glabricula Fall. 1815. Fall. Dipt. Suec. Empid. 33, 42 (Empis). — 1820. Meig. Syst. Beschr. Il, 352, 1, Tab. XXI, Fig. 23. — 1842. Steg. Kroyer’s Tidsskr. IV, 101. — 1842. Zett. Dipt. Scand. I, 236, 1. — 1862. Schin. FY Al ee — 1903. Kat. palaarkt. Dipt. Il, 260. — Ocydromia ruficollis (non Meig.): 1827. Macq. Soc. Se. Lille, 1827, 146, 2. — Ocydromia rufipes: 1820. Meig. Syst. Beschr. Il, 353, 3, et auct. cet. — Ocydromia scutellata: 1820. Meig. Syst. Beschr. II, 354, 5, et auct. cet. — Ocydromia dorsalis: 1830. Empididae. 203 Meig. Syst. Beschr. VI, 334, 6. — Ocydromia nigripennis (non Fabr.): 1830. Meig. ].c. 7. — Ocydromia melanopleura: 1840. Loew, Programm. 1840, 19, 4. Male. Epistoma very narrow, black shining; palpi blackish. Occiput black, slightly shining, above with blackish, below with pale hairs. Antenne black. Thorax dark xneous, brightly shining. The dorso- central and acrostichal bristles inconspicuous, very short and _ thin, dark. There are some small humeral, a couple of notopleural, a supraalar and a postalar bristle, but all very inconspicuous. The preesutural depression is somewhat densely clothed with short hairs. Seutellum black, with six yellowish or brownish marginal bristles, the two median long and straight, the lateral curved. Pleura black, shining, downwards more reddish or yellowish. Abdomen black, . shining, on the sides the incisures a little pale; it is clothed with long, erect, brownish or blackish hairs, those at the hind margin of the segments longer and stronger. Venter blackish brown or more or less pale, with a little shorter hairs. Legs yellowish, the posterior femora more or less brownish, but pale towards the base; all tibiee and tarsi brown to brownish black. All legs are somewhat densely and longish haired, the hairs are longest on the dorsal and ventral side; below the femora the hairs are vertically erect, on the anterior femora sparse and distant. All the hairs are lighter or darker brownish. Wings blackish. Veins black. Stigma brown. Halteres darker or paler brownish. The above description is from the male, such as it most com- monly occurs here; it answers to melanopleura Loew. A little less common is the var. scutellata; it has the scutellum yellow, and like- wise the pleura more or less yellowish, and the legs and halteres lighter; also the brownish colour on abdomen is more extended. Female. Thorax yellowish or reddish, brightly shining, with a smaller or larger, generally quadratic or rectangular blackish spot on the middle in front. Scutellum and pleura yellow. Abdomen yellow, with the hind part of the dorsal segments black; the hairs pale. Legs yellow, the anterior tibiz and all tarsi more or less brownish. Wings hyaline. Halteres yellow. Such is the common form of the female here; it has been taken together with the common form of the male, and in copula with it. The form answers to glabricula Meig. Not rarely the female has the thoracic disc nearly quite black, only red- dish behind, and the wings yellowish or a little brownish. This form would about answer to dorsalis Meig. Length 3,5—4,5 mm. As seen from the description and the synonymical list this species IOL Orthorrhapha brachycera. varies very much, and it has therefore been divided into several species, which were generally founded only on one of the sexes. Sufficient account of its synonymy is given by Steger (Kroyer’s Tidsskr. IV. 1842—43, 98) and in the Kat. palaarkt. Dipt. The single sex does not vary so much, and each sex has its own varieties; the female is, even in its darkest forms, always paler than the male; the darkest variety of the male (melanopleura), and the pale form of the female (glabricula) are most common. The different varieties, which are, for the rest, connected by transitions, are not easily determined by use of the literature, because the earlier writers generally did not note the sex. To be sure Meigen does so for some of his species, but this is, as already noted by Steger |. c., erroneous, and Meigen’s species are, in spite of his statements, always founded only on one sex; as the exterior sexual difference is only small, Meigen has evidently had no clear idea of the sexes. Fallén on the other hand has identified the two sexes of the species correctly. Schiner gives a good account of the varieties, but the sexes are intermingled; thus he says of var. glabricula, that the abdomen is thick and compressed; this is because the variety comprises only the female. Strobl (Mittheil. Ver. Steierm. 1892, 94) divides the forms into three varieties, and says that all varieties occur in both sexes, but this is certainly not correct. O. glabricula is a common species in Denmark; at Copenhagen in gardens, Lersven, Ermelund, Geel Skov, Boserup at Roskilde, Tis- vilde, Frederikssund; on Langeland at Lohals; on Funen at Odense, Veflinge and Strib; in Jutland in Greisdalen at Vejle, at Nebsager near Horsens, Hald near Viborg and Frederikshavn; finally on Born- holm at Rg. It is found during the whole summer, my dates are 18/; 9/9, It occurs especially on humid, somewhat shaded places in woods, and on meadows, often in great numbers; it is seen hovering slowly and somewhat low, or sitting in the herbage. Geographical distribution: — Europe down into Italy; towards the north to northern Scandinavia, and in Finland. It occurs also in North America. It is thus a widely distributed, and everywhere rather common species. ll. Leptopeza Macq. (1827. Lemtopeza). Species of somewhat small size, and of black or yellow colours. The head is globular, almost as broad as thorax, arched behind. Occiput haired. *Eyes large, occupying the whole front side of the head; they are touching in both sexes or (sphenoptera) very narrowly separated in both sexes, but in the latter case on the other hand touching a Empididae. 205 below the antenne. The facets seem to be of equal size. There is a small incision in the middle of the inner eye-margin. There are three ocelli on the vertex, and a pair of forwards curved hairs. The we Fig. 83. Antenna of L. flavipes. >< 80. antenne are inserted near to each other, in or above the middle; they are five-jointed, the basal joints are short, the first cylindrical, the second almost globular; the third joint is somewhat elongated, . conically tapering and compressed; it terminates with a long, two- jointed, apical arista, the first jomt of which is very short. Epistoma is high and very narrow, or (sphenoptera) not present, the eyes here touching. There are no jowls developed, the eyes going quite to the mouth aperture. The proboscis is short, only just reaching out of the aperture. I have not been able to examine the mouth parts, which are probably similar to those in Ocydromia. Thorax is rect- angular, high, and very arched above. Pro- and metathorax small. There are short, uniserial dorsocentral and bi- or pluriserial acrostichal bristles or hairs. A notopleural and a postalar bristle generally present, sometimes also a supraalar bristle, and there may be other small hairs present at the sides of the disc. Scutellum has two or a greater number of marginal bristles. Metapleura with short, fine hairs, or (sphenoptera) bare. Abdomen is slender; it consists in the usual way of eight segments, the last is small or hidden. The male genitalia form a smaller or larger forceps with unsymmetrical arms, between them a thin, sinuous penis curves upwards. In the female the eighth segment forms generally a long, compressed, sword-shaped ovipositor, which at the apex bears a small joint, terminating with a pair of thin styles; in sphenoptera the eighth segment is shorter, conical, not compressed, but likewise with a joint with two styles at the apex. The legs are somewhat long and slender, the hind legs longest, the hind tibiz may be a little thickened towards the apex. The legs are haired with shorter or longer hairs, and have bristles to a various degree; also apical spurs on the tibiz are present. There are two claws, two pulvilli, and a linear, pointed and _ bristle-bearing empo- dium. The wings have the mediastinal vein not reaching the margin; the cubital vein is unforked and thus one cubital cell; the discal vein likewise unforked, thus three posterior cells, and the discal cell sending 906 Orthorrhapha brachycera. two veins to the margin, the lower is the upper branch of the postical vein, which closes the discal cell below; sometimes there is a small veinlet indicating a beginning of an upper branch of the discal vein, and further the wing-membrane has always a fold here; the lower branch of the postical vein is somewhat recurrent; the anal vein does not reach the margin. The discal cell is of moderate length; the basal cells rather large, the anal cell a little shorter than the second basal cell. Stigma absent, but the apical part of the costal cell may be more or less coloured. The axillary lohe well developed. Alula not developed, the margin here fringed. Alar squamula small, with a long fringe. — In sphenoptera the discal cel! is very long, and the axillary lobe almost not developed. So far as I am aware the developmental stages of Leptopeza are not known. The species of this genus occur in woods, in low herbage and on bushes on open, but humid and somewhat shaded places. Of the genus 6 species are known from the palarctic region; two have hitherto been found in Denmark. Table of Species. 1. Thorax black in the male, yellow in the female; wings with the axillary lobe well developed, and the discal cell moderately long’. 3.0... fic ee, cs ems a ee eee 1. flavipes. — Thorax black in both sexes, the prothoracic parts silvery; wings narrow, with the axillary lobe almost not developed, and the discal cell. very long:..; > ith. 443... ease aR 2. sphenoptera. 1. L. flavipes Meig. 1820. Meig. Syst. Beschr. Il, 353, 4, go (Ocydromia). — 1842. Steg. Kroyer’s Tidsskr. IV, 99. — 1842. Zett. Dipt. Scand. I, 242, 2, et 1849. VIII, 2997, 2, et 1859. XIIl, 4979, 2, 3. — 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 82. == 1903. Kat. palidarkt. Dipt. Il, 261. — Ocydromia ruficollis: 1820. Meig. Syst. Beschr. II, 353, 3, Tab. XXI, Fig. 24, 9. — 1842. Zett. Dipt. Scand. ], 241, 1, et 1849, VIII, 2996, 1, et 1859. Xl, 4979, 1, & Male. The very narrow epistoma blackish; palpi yellow. Occiput blackish, at the top with long, black hairs, for the rest yellow-haired. Antenne black or brownish black. Thorax black, shining; the dise is clothed with short, whitish hairs, which are so arranged, that there is a uniserial dorsocentral row on each side, while the acro- stichal hairs are pluriserial and occupy the whole middle space; the dorsocentral hairs are the longest, and they become long and bristly behind; in front both the acrostichal and dorsocentral hairs change into a dense pruinosity. There are some small humeral hairs, one long and some shorter notopleural bristles, a supraalar and a postalar Empididae. 207 bristle, all yellow; besides there may be some smaller hairs. Scutellum with eight to ten pale yellow marginal bristles. Pleura black, very slightly pruinose. Abdomen black, shining, sometimes a little trans- lucently brownish; it is clothed with long, pale yellowish hairs, which are a little longer at the hind margin of the segments. Venter similarly coloured, a little shorter haired. Genitalia not large and not swollen. Legs pale yellow; the coxee, especially the posterior some- what darkened, hind femora a little brownish, hind tibiz and tarsi brown, the tibiz paler towards the base, anterior tarsi brownish, pale at the base. Hind tibize somewhat thickened towards the apex, and the metatarsi slightly thickened. The legs are densely and longish haired, especially above and below, the hairs below the femora are vertically erect; the middle femora have some bristles on the antero- dorsal side, the middle tibize two rows of long bristles on the dorsal Fig. 84. Wing of L. flavipes. side (with about three bristles in each row); the hind tibie have some bristles on the dorsal side towards the apex. The hairs and bristles are yellow to pale brownish. Wings slightly yellowish tinged. Veins brown. No stigma present. Halteres yellow. Female. Differing from the male in colour; thorax yellow or reddish yellow; abdomen yellow, but with broad, transverse, black spots on the segments, so that it has only narrow, pale incisures, or the spots quite confluent and abdomen black, only with some triangular lateral yellow spots; venter more or less pale. Ovipositor long, com- pressed, curved upwards and sword-like. Legs as in the male or a little paler. Length 4—5 mm. L. flavipes is very rare in Denmark and has only been taken a few times many years ago, by Steger in Charlottenlund. It occurred in the middle of June, and was taken on Corylus avellana. Geographical distribution: — Europe down into Spain and Italy; towards the north to northern Scandinavia, and in Finland; it occurs also in North America. 908 Orthorrhapha brachycera. 2. L. sphenoptera Loew. 1873. Loew, Beschr. eur. Dipt. Ill, 215, 136. — 1903. Kat. palaarkt. Dipt. I, 261. Male. Eyes not quite touching, but leaving a very narrow, black frontal stripe; on the other hand they are touching below the antenne, so that no epistoma is present. Proboscis yellow, palpi black. Occiput grey, with black, downwards with pale hairs. Antenne inserted above the middle, black or brownish black, the third jomt somewhat elongated. Thorax black, shining; the prothoracic parts both above and on the sides with a beautiful silvery pruinosity. The dorsocentral and acro- stichal bristles short and thin, black; the former uniserial, not longer behind, the latter biserial. A long and strong notopleural and a shorter postalar bristle present, both black; besides there are some small hairs on the humeri and in the presutural depression. Scutellum with two long, black marginal bristles and a pair of small hairs later- ally. Pleura black, somewhat shining. Abdomen black, shining, it may be somewhat translucently pale towards the base and at the sides; it is clothed with pale yellow hairs and has somewhat stronger marginal bristles on the segments. Venter brownish or more or less pale, with pale yellowish hairs. The exterior genitalia form a forceps with large, swollen arms, and there is a long, somewhat sinuous penis, which is curved upwards. Legs yellowish white or yellow, the hind tibie brownish towards the apex; the hind tibiz are very slightly thickened and curved a little outwards towards the apex; tarsi brownish outwards, the last joints blackish. The legs are some- what sparingly clothed with shorter and longer hairs; the front femora have short, strong hairs on the anterior side; the posterior femora have long, erect hairs below, and the hind femora an apical bristle on the anterior side; the middle tibize have some long bristles on the antero- and postero-dorsal side; the hind tibiz are ciliated below and Fig. 85. Wing ef ZL. sphenoptera. with some long, thin hairs, the ciliation is dense towards the apex, above there is a pair of bristles near the apex. The hairs are paler or darker brown, the bristles black. Wings narrow, and with the Empididae. 209 axillary lobe very slightly developed; they are somewhat blackish tinged. Veins black; the discal] cell very long and narrow, and hence the veins issuing from it short; the anal vein weak and not reaching the mar- gin. No stigma. Halteres white. Female. Quite similar to the male, also in the structure of the head. The eighth abdominal segment forms a short, conical ovipositor, terminating with two somewhat long, thin styles. Length 2,8s—3,4 mm. This species is very interesting with regard to the structure of the head and the wings, and it might perhaps, as already suggested by Loew, serve as type for a separate genus. L. sphenoptera is very rare in Denmark, and it was for the first time taken in 1909; Ordrup Krat and Ermelund (the author); my dates are */s—*/s, so that it is evidently a late occurring species. It occurs on humid, somewhat open places in woods and thickets in the low herbage; it was seen hovering slowly over the plants and was taken sitting on Urtica and Impatiens. Geographical distribution: — Europe down into Italy, and further into North Africa; its northern limit lies in Denmark, and it occurs also in England (according to specimens sent to me from Mr. Verrall). 12. Euthyneura Macq. (Anthalia Zett.) Small species, of black, rarely yellow colour (pallida Zett.). The head globular, slightly narrower than thorax, arched behind and here with some hairs. Eyes large, in the male either touching or very narrowly separated, in the female well separated; the incision in the inner eye-margin present. Vertex with three ocelli and a pair of small bristles. Antenne inserted near to each other, in the middle: they are short, consisting of five joints; the two basal joints are short, the third a little elongated, compressed and somewhat ovate, but pointed at the apex; the two last joints form a very short style. Epistoma is somewhat narrow; jowls not developed. The proboscis is shorter or longer, from somewhat shorter than the head to about twice as long; it is stretched horizontally forwards or obliquely downwards; the maxil- lary palpi are one-jointed, somewhat long and a little compressed; they rest on the proboscis. The mouth parts I have otherwise not been able to examine. Thorax is rectangular, high, and arched above; pro- and metathorax very small. The thoracic disc has 14 Fig. 86. Antenna of Eu. Gyllenhali. >< 70. 210 Orthorrhapha brachycera. short hairs, which are generally arranged as uniserial dorsocentral and quadriserial acrostichal bristles. Scutellum has four to six mar- ginal bristles. Metapleura bare. Abdomen not specially slender; it consists in the usual way of eight segments, the last is small or hid- den. The male genitalia are small, forming a small forceps. In the female the abdomen is pointed, terminating with a shorter or longer ovipositor. Legs not specially long, the hind legs the longest. They are clothed with shorter or longer hairs; tibize without apical spurs. There are two claws, two pulvilli, and a small, linear, bristle-bearing empodium. Wings with the cubital vein unforked (? furcata Zett.), Fig. 87. Wing of Eu. Gyllenhali. thus one cubital cell; the discal vein forked, thus four posterior cells, and three veins going from the discal cel] to the margin, the third of which is the upper branch of the postical vein, which closes the discal cell below; the lower branch of the discal vein sometimes (myrtilli) not reaching the margin; the lower branch of the postical vein somewhat recurrent, meeting the anal vein almost rectangularly; the anal vein long, straight, reaching to or quite near to the margin; the basal cells somewhat large; the anal cell considerably shorter than the second basal cell. Stigma present. The axillary lobe well devel- oped. Alula not present, the margin here haired. Alar squamula small, fringed at the margin. The developmental stages of the genus are not known. The species of Huthynewra occur in woods on more or less hu- mid places. Zetterstedt records the various species from the leaves and flowers of Betula, Salix and Sorbus. The species are for a great part boreal. Of the nine recorded European species four are only known from Scandinavia, and in all eight occur in Scandinavia to its northern parts, only one species is only known from middle Europe. The species are all rare, and become especially rare towards the south; thus Strobl notes, that of the four species known from Austria there has only been taken one female of each. Of the genus 9 species are known from the palearctic region, two have hitherto been found in Denmark. Empididae. 214. Table of Species. 1. Wings with a brownish patch from the stigma down to- wards the ‘dis¢al ‘cell; tarsi’ pale hs. 00... Yl. eee 1. Gyllenhali. — Wings without any brownish patch; tarsi with the four fastiijomis, more or,-less blackish’. gy.; 42). 6 2. Discal cel] absent, or when present sending two veins to the wing-margin, the upper branched i.e. the se- cond posterior cell pedunculated; front coxe much elongated, almost as long as the femora, these latter Pe AMORA SABICKENOU 255 crisis, SRV tae bess, G2 tate se 15. Hemerodromia. — Discal cell present, sending three veins to the wing- margin; front coxze not much elongated, not more than half as long as femora, these latter not or BROMEyaimICKeHed. : > 2%) fo) Petal. ee eas err cabal: 3. 3. The upper branch of the cubital vein connected (nor- mally) with the radial vein by a cross-vein.......... 4. — The upper branch of the cubital vein not connected Spe EAGIA VEIN 5. roe oes c See we Se Sie atk 5. MSUIHES PHVALINIG 5120055 212). 2. chase alates ole TUNSR cakes ate 14. Synamphotera. — Wings brown, with hyaline spots....... He etiee Eee 16. Dolichocephala. 5. Antenne five-jointed, third joint somewhat short; pro- boscis thick, shorter than the head is high....... 13. Clinocera. — Antenne three-jointed, long, third joint band-shaped, terminating in a long arista, not articulated to the joint; proboscis thin, as long as the head is high. 17. Trichopeza. Semmeonristal Celli. fi; .. tyaisis x! sga Sarah oe ee pe bla els os 18. Chelipoda. —eemeniseal cell, HreSONt = .:< sles aa) sie wtaweb sls <0 208, 3 19. Phyllodromia. 13. Clinoeera Meig. Species of small to medium size (to about 8mm), and of slender shape; the colour is brown or grey, very often olive-brown above, 944. Orthorrhapha brachycera. bright grey below. Head somewhat globular, but generally broader than long, as broad as or slightly narrower than thorax, only slightly arched behind; the lower part of the head may be more or less elongated downwards. Occiput with bristles on the upper part. Eyes somewhat large, round and somewhat prominent; they are well se- parated in both sexes, sometimes the frons is slightly narrower in the male than in the female; the distance between the eyes below the antenne is generally larger in female than in the male.’ The facets are of equal size. The eyes are short but densely hairy; the incision in the inner eye-margin is generally small. The vertex is broad; the three ocelli are placed on a prominent tubercle, which is situated somewhat forwards on the vertex; there are two ocellar bristles, and there may also be lateral bristles on the vertex. The antenne are Fig. 88. Antenna of Cl. Zetterstedti. < 80. (The direction of the arista is not natural). inserted near to each other, somewhat high, always above the middle; they are short, five-jointed, the two basal joints short, the first some- what obconical, the second almost globular, the third a little longer, somewhat onion-shaped and compressed, terminating with a long, hairy arista, generally curved downwards, which consists of two joints, the first short. Epistoma is broader or narrower, rather high on ac- count of the somewhat high insertion of the antenne; its lower mar- gin may be straight, or incised in different ways. Jowls are distinctly present, broader or narrower, sometimes very broad and descending far below the eyes, and then the whole lower part: of the head is elongated. The mouth parts are somewhat curious; the oral cone is very small, or no real cone is developed; clypeus is in some cases distinctly present and more or less horse-shoe-shaped; epistoma, or this together with the jowls, is then more or less incised in the lower margin, and the incision is occupied by the clypeus (Chamaedipsia, Roederia, Eucelidia, Philolutra and Wiedemannia); in other cases epistoma goes longer downwards without incision, and then the cly- peus seems not to be separated, at most present as a small, elevated keel. Proboscis is short and thick, generally only stretching out of the 1 Zetterstedt says under his Brachystoma in the generic description: ,Mas: oculis infra antennas conniventibus*, and under the species Wesmaelii he repeats this, but it is erroneous, Empididae. 915 aperture with the labella. Labrum is very short, broad and arched; its front margin is not pointed but straight, and beset with small dents; hypopharynx is very broad, it is divided into a somewhat long, me- dian, more or less narrow and poinfed lobe, and two shorter and broader lateral lobes; there are no maxilla, but one-jointed or indi- stinctly two-jointed maxillary palpi, which are somewhat dilated to- wards the end and somewhat compressed; in rest they are curved forwards and cover the labrum. Labium has a short, well chitinised basal part, a little longer and somewhat broader Jabella, which are directed forwards, and cleft to the base. Thorax is rectangular, rather long, somewhat arched above. Prothorax is distinct, but small, me- tathorax very small, and there is a small, distinct metasternum. There are long, uniserial dorsocentral bristles, sometimes with some shorter bristles between them in the same row; the acrostichal bristles short, biserial, often absent. A humeral bristle (rarely two to three), a post- humeral, one or generally two notopleural, a supraalar and a postalar bristle present ; sometimes the supraalar bristle is absent. Scutellum with two, rarely more, long marginal bristles; sometimes there are besides smaller hairs. Metapleura with fine, shorter or longer hairs.+ Abdo- men somewhat slender, consisting of eight segments; the first segment short, the second the longest. The exterior genitalia in the male are somewhat curious, and remind one of the structure in Hilava. The se- venth and eighth abdominal segments are suddenly lower than the preceding, and they are not quite chitinised above, but they are here covered by the genitalia, which are directed forwards. It thus looks as if there were only six dorsal segments. The genitalia consist of a forceps, formed of two pairs of lamelle, an outer, shorter pair, and an inner, longer and in shape generally more complicated pair; the first pair answers to the lower and the second pair to the upper lamellz, but on account of the recurved direction of the forceps, the outer, lower lamelle lie more upwards. Below there is a somewhat pointed ventral lameila, which is stretched straight out or curved upwards, and from the apex of it issues the thread-like, more or less sinuous penis. In the female the abdomen is pointed, the eighth seg- ment is smaller or larger, and terminates with two small and short styles. The legs are long and slender, the front coxee somewhat, but not much elongated; the front femora are often a little thickened at the base. The legs are chiefly short-haired, the front femora may 1 Mik says (Wien. ent. Zeitg. VIII, 1889. 150) about Cl. stylifera, that this spe- cies has no notopleural hairs; I think it possible, that these fine hairs have been lost. 216 Orthorrhapha brachycera. have stronger bristles below; the tibiz have no distinct apical spurs. There are two claws, two pulvilli, and a long pulvilliform empodium, generally longer than the claws; in Bergenstammia nudipes Loew the pulvilli and empodium are rudimentary. The wings have the media- stinal vein reaching the margin; the cubital vein is forked and thus two cubital cells; the discal vein likewise forked, thus four posterior cells and the discal cell sending three veins to the margin, the third is the upper branch of the postical vein, which closes the discal cell below; the lower branch of the postical vein somewhat recurrent. The basal cells not large, the second shorter than the first; the anal cell as long or almost as long as the second basal cell; the anal vein not reaching beyond the anal cell, or sometimes longer, nearly reaching the margin. The discal cell shorter or longer, sometimes very long and narrow; it is either truncate or pointed outwards. The costa has sometimes somewhat strong bristles. Stigma present or absent. The axillary lobe is very small, almost not developed. Alula wanting, the wing here fringed at the margin. Alar squamula very small, with long hairs at the margin. The developmental stages of Clinocera are, so far as I am aware, hitherto not known. The species of Clinocera are easily known among the Empids, as they have a somewhat characteristic exterior. They occur all near water, especially at rapidly flowing streams, some also at stagnant water. { think all species are capable of running on the surface of the water, as Loew states with regard to Cl. pusilla, and as I have myself ob- served with regard to Cl. stagnalis. They are also seen flying above the water, and sitting on stones and the like in and near it. The pubescence of the body and the hairiness of the eyes give them great resis- tance against being wet. They are certainly carnivorous, though I am not aware that any direct observation has been made. The genus goes far towards the north, Cl. stagnalis is thus found in Greenland, where otherwise of Empids only two species of Rhamphomyia occur. It is curious to note, that the species of Clinocera, the species of the Dolichopodid genus Hydrophorus and some species of the Ephydrids, which all live in the same way, and chiefly show the same behaviour, also show great mutual resemblance; the resemblance not only con- cerns the colours, but also the shape of the front legs, and even to some degree the construction of the mouth; certainly some common factor with regard to their way of feeding must be present. The spe- cies of Clinocera may be known at once from the very similar species of Hydrophorus by the confluence in the latter of the discal and second basal cell, and by the shape of the discal cell; also the Empididae. 917 incision in the inner eye-margin is absent in Hydrophorus, and the antennal arista is not terminal. Of the genus 55 species are known from the paleearctic region; 6 have hitherto been found in Denmark. The genus has by Mik been divided into a number of genera, which have, however, scarcely higher rank than subgenera. Table of Subgenera. 1. Wings without stigma; no acrostichal bristles; cheeks MEOMISESCPALALCH 5,4. caval tie shts bee, poeteys tue 1a) = cops (ay hoe re — Wings with stigma; acrostichal bristles present; cheeks MMMM OCONNUERL 6 ac. 5 vaahort ets Sena ie aie SS cis ae awe act oe 2. Wings not spotted; discal cell somewhat pointed to- SPORES ACK ANS oo rsetvaa nice MP meee Ne I. Clinocera. — Wings spotted; discal cell truncate at the apex..... Il. Heleodromia. 3. All femora with a pair of preapical bristles; wings with somewhat strong bristles on the costa; stigma ERE Be 2. Osh Rae oih's, 0 0s) Sua ah caer s aes eee ats ce ae = Il. Hucelidia. — Femora without preapical bristles; wings without strong brisiles on the costa; stigma roundish ............ IV. Wiedemannia. I. Subg. Clinocera Meig. s. str. Wings without stigma. Discal cell not long, but somewhat pointed outwards; anal vein not going beyond the anal cell. Clypeus not separated from epistoma; jowls not descending below the eyes, and hence cheeks and jowls not confluent, but separated by an excision. No acrostichal bristles, and no small bristles in the dorsocentral rows. Scutellum with two bristles. PEMEMPUITEMSIERSUECICS* #56 <1 ai fsiaiA)oto ah. Gio tiniais «loitls 4s Wid tlw a leo av 1. nigra. 1. Cl. nigra Meig. 1804. Meig. Klass. eur. zweifl. Ins. I, 292, 1, Tab. XIV, Fig. 20—25, et 1820. Syst. Beschr. Il, 113,1, Tab. XVI, Fig. 4. — 1858. Loew, Wien. ent. Monatschr. II, 254, nota 3. — 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 85. — 1881. Mik, Verhandl. zool. bot. Gesell. Wien, XXXI, 325, Tab. XVI, Fig. 4—5. — 1903. Kat. palaarkt. Dipt. Il, 263. — Paramesia Roberti: 1835. Macq. Suit. a Buff. Il, 657, 2. — Chinocera Roberti: 1858. Loew, Wien. ent. Monatschr. Il, 254, 9. — 1862. Schin. F. A. 1, 84. — Heliodromia unicolor: 1834. Curt. Brit. Entom. 513, 3. — Hemerodromia unicolor: 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 83. Male. Frons and vertex dark olive-brown, greyish at the sides; epistoma of the same colour, its lower margin greyish white. Palpi blackish. Occiput grey, with black, bristly hairs above, fine, whitish hairs below. Antenne black. Thorax dark olive-brown, with three 918 Orthorrhapha brachycera. indistinct, lighter stripes in the middle, abbreviated behind, the median the lightest. On the disc there are five long, black dorsocentral bristles, but no acrostichal bristles. Further a small humeral bristle, a posthumeral, a notopleural and a postalar bristle, all black, but there is no supraalar bristle. Scutellum with two black marginal bristles. Pleura slate-grey, metapleura with fine, pale hairs. Abdomen olive-brown above, in certain directions with an almost reddish reflex; the sides together with the venter slate-grey; it is sparingly clothed with very short, pale hairs, only longer on the first segment. The two pairs of genital lamellze somewhat narrow, straight, the lower srey, the upper longer, shining black. Penis brown, thin, curved at the apex. Legs black; coxee greyish pruinose. The legs have short, Fig. 89. Wing of Cl. nigra. pale hairs, towards the end of the hind tibie they are a little longer; below the front femora there are two rows of very short, chiefly black, spine-like bristles. Wings somewhat blackish tinged. Veins black; costa only with fine hairs. Halteres black. Female. Quite similar to the male except the differences in the exterior genitalia; front femora without bristles. Length 3,4—4 mm. Cl. nigra has first been known as belonging to our fauna in this year (1910), when I caught it at Hald near Viborg in Jutland, on 5/5 and **/6; it was present in great numbers at a saw-mill, sitting on a boarding constantly washed by water; it was taken several times in copula. Geographical distribution: — Europe down into France; its northern limit seems to lie in Denmark. II. Subg. Heleodromia Hal. Wings more or less spotted on account of a seaming of the cross-veins. No stigma. The discal cell not long, truncate at the apex; anal vein long, nearly reaching the margin. Clypeus not separated from the epistoma, with the margin straight. Jowls not descending below the eyes, and hence the cheeks and jowls not con- Empididae. ; 219 fluent. No acrostichal bristles, and no small bristles in the dorso- central rows. Scutellum with two bristles. Front femora with stronger or small bristles below. Table of Species. 1. Radial vein straight; only the cross-veins and the base of the cubital fork seamed, the wing thus with three spots; front femora with very small bristles ................. 2. stagnalis. — Radial vein undulated; besides the cross-veins and the base of the cubital fork also the base of the upper branch of the postical vein seamed, and moreover a spot on the upper branch of the discal vein, the wing thus with five spots; front femora with strong bristles at the base..... 3. Wesmaelii. 2. Cl. stagnalis Hal. 1833. Hal. Entom. Mag. I, 159. — 1838. Meig. Syst. Beschr. VII, 93, 13 (Hemerodromia). — 1858. Loew, Wien. entom. Monatschr. II, 246, 4. — 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 84. — 1887. Mik. Verh. zool. bot. Gesell. Wien, XXXI, 326, Tab. XVI, Fig.6—7. — 1903. Kat. paldarkt. Dipt. II, 264. — Brachystoma Westermanni: 1838. Zett. Ins. Lapp. 558, 1. — 1842. Zett. Dipt. Scand. I, 360, 1. Male. Frons and vertex olive-brown; epistoma silvery white; . palpi brownish black. Occiput grey, with black, bristly hairs above, fine, whitish hairs below. Antenne black. Thorax olive-brown, with two dark brown median stripes, abbreviated behind. On the disc there are five long, black dorsocentral bristles, but no acrostichal bristles. Further a humeral bristle, a posthumeral, two notopleural, a supraalar and a postalar bristle, all somewhat long, black. Scutel- lum with two black marginal bristles. Pleura slate-grey or almost bluish grey, metapleura with fine, yellowish white hairs. Abdomen likewise slate-grey, with a broad, olive-brown, longitudinal dorsal stripe; it is sparingly clothed with short, pale yellowish hairs, which are a little longer at the margin of the first dorsal segment. Venter slate-grey, the hind margin of the segments paler. Exterior genitalia moderately large, both pairs of lamellz somewhat blade-like, generally directed forwards and closed; the outer (lower) lamelle grey, the inner (upper) longer, black, shining. Penis blackish, thin, curved at the end. Legs dark brown; coxe, and partly also the femora, grey, the apical part of the femora reddish. The legs short-haired with brownish hairs; hind tibize with a little longer hairs ventrally on the apical half part; the front femora with a row of a little longer hairs below, which are stronger, bristle-like and black towards the apex. Wings hyaline or slightly greyish tinged. Veins dark brown or blackish; the medial cross-vein, the base of the cubital fork and the cross-veins 290 Orthorrhapha brachycera. closing the discal cell apically are brownish seamed, so that the wing shows three more or less distinct, brownish spots; anal vein very weak. No stigma. Halteres brown. Fig, 90. Wing of Cl. stagnalis. Female. Similar to the male in all respects, except the differences in the exterior genitalia. Length 3,5—4,2 mm. Cl. stagnalis seems to be somewhat rare in Denmark, and not many specimens have been caught, all in Jutland; at Silkeborg, Hald So (the author), Struer (H. J. Hansen) and Tinbeek Molle at Linden- borg Aa (J. P. Kryger); the dates are 4/6 to August. It occurs near or over water, at Hald So I took it on the humid border and on the surface just at the border. Geographical distribution: — Europe down into Italy and Spain. It goes far towards the north, in Scandinavia to the northernmost parts, and it has been caught on the Faroe-Islands and in Greenland; in the latter I took it running on the surface of shallow water pools in somewhat great number. 3. Cl. Wesmaelii Macq. 1835. Macq. Suit. a Buff. II, 656, 1, Tab. XXIV, fig. 17 (Paramesia). — 1838. Meig. Syst. Beschr. VII, 79, 3 (Brachystoma). — 1842. Zett. Dipt. Seand. I, 364, 6, p.p. (Brachystoma). — 1858. Loew, Wien. entom. Monatschr. Il, 257, 11. — 1862. Schin. F. A. 1, 85. — 1881. Mik, Verh. zool. bot. Gesell. Wien, XXXI, 326. — 1903. Kat. paldarkt. Dipt. Il, 264. Male. Frons and vertex olive-brown; epistoma silvery white; palpi blackish. Occiput grey, above with black bristles, below with whitish hairs. Antenne black or brownish black. Thorax olive-brown, with two longitudinal, darker brown stripes, abbreviated behind; the space between the stripes greyish brown. The disc has five long, black dorsocentral bristles in each row, but no acrostichal bristles. Further a humeral bristle, a posthumeral, two notopleural, a supraalar and a postalar bristle, all long, black. Scutellum with two black marginal bristles. Pleura light bluish grey, metapleura brownish, with Empididae, 291 fine yellow hairs. Abdomen grey, with a broad, olive-brown, longi- tudinal dorsal stripe; it is sparingly clothed with short, pale yellow hairs, a little longer at the margin of the first dorsal segment. Venter grey. Exterior genitalia chiefly resembling those in stagnalis. Legs brown, tarsi darker towards the end; cox greyish pruinose, and also the base of the front femora slightly greyish pruinose. The legs with short, brown to blackish hairs, hind tibis with somewhat longer hairs ventrally on the apical half; front femora with some black bristles ventrally at the base, and besides with a row of exceedingly short, nearly punctiform bristles. Wings hyaline, slightly greyish. Veins Fig. 91. Wing of Cl. Wesmaelit. dark brown or blackish, the radial vein somewhat undulated; the medial cross-vein, the base of the cubital fork, the base of the upper branch of the postical vein and the cross-veins closing the discal cell apically, brownish seamed, the brownish colour at the end of the discal cell stretching somewhat out along the upper branch of the discal vein, and outwards to it a roundish spot on the branch; thus the wing shows in all five brownish spots; anal vein long, but not quite reaching the margin. No stigma. Halteres blackish brown. Female. With exception of the differences in the exterior genitalia quite similar to the male. Length about 4 mm. Cl. Wesmaelii seems to be rare in Denmark, only one specimen, a female, has been taken on */« 1874 on a window in Rugballegaard near Vejle (Schlick). Geographical distribution: — Europe down into Italy; towards the north to middle Sweden. Ill. Subg. Kucelidia Mik. Stigma present, elongated; discal cell long, pointed towards the apex; anal vein not reaching beyond the anal cell; costa with some- what strong spines. Clypeus horse-shoe-shaped, separated from the epistoma; jowls somewhat descending below the eyes and hence not separated from the cheeks. Acrostichal bristles present; no small 999 Orthorrhapha brachycera. bristles in the dorsocentral rows. Scutellum with two bristles and some small hairs. All femora with a pair of preeapical bristles. Que Danish specieSis 3 te < 70. is short, the apical joint terminates with a bristle- shaped part. Epistoma is narrow; jowls very small. Proboscis is short, but I have otherwise not been able to examine the mouth parts. Thorax rectangular, somewhat arched above; pro- and metathorax small. There are no bristles on thorax, only scarcely per- ceptible dorsocentral hairs. Scutellum with . short bristles. Metapleura bare. Abdomen [ consists of eight segments. The male genitalia are large, consisting of two pairs of lamelle 3 which are directed upwards; penis is very thick, curved upwards and forwards. In the female the abdomen terminates with a thick, conical ovipositor, directed upwards. The legs are somewhat slender, the hind legs the longest; the front coxe only slightly elongated. The legs are short-haired, the tibiee without apical spurs. There are two claws, two pulvilli, and a bristle-shaped em- Fig. 96. S. pailida, male genitalia. Einpididae. 997 podium with bristles below. The wings have the mediastinal vein reaching the margin; the cubital vein is forked and the upper branch is (normally) connected with the radial vein by a small cross-vein, Fig. 97. Wing of S. pallida. there are thus three cubital cells; discal vein forked and thus four posterior cells; the discal cell long, sending three veins to the margin, the third is the upper branch of the postical vein, closing the discal cell below; the lower branch of the postical vein is rectangular to the anal vein; this latter reaches the margin; the first basal cell slightly longer than the second, and the anal cell a little shorter than the second basal cell. Stigma present. Axillary lobe small, the angle very obtuse. Alula not developed, the margin here with hairs. Alar squamula small, haired at the margin. The development stages are not known. The genus comprises only one species, also found in Denmark. 1. S. pallida Loew. 1858. Loew, Zeitschr. fiir gesammt. Naturw. XI, 455, et 1871. Beschr. eur. Dipt. II, 253, 138. — Kat. palaarkt. Dipt. II, 267. Male. Vertex and frons somewhat dark yellow, the ocellar triangle grey; epistoma, proboscis and palpi yellow. Occiput yellow with short hairs. Antenne short, yellow, darker towards the apex; the third joint pointed ovate, compressed, with a short style. Thorax yellow, with an indication of four, slightly darker stripes; it is very short and sparingly haired. Scutellum with short, yellow marginal bristles. Pleura yellow. Abdomen likewise yellow, with short, yellow hairs. Venter yellow. Exterior genitalia large; the lower lamelle directed upwards and with a vertical impression, indicating a division into two lobes, the posterior of these is the highest and above it is drawn out into a forwards pointing process; the upper lamelle are some- what triangular, pointing forwards in over abdomen and with a little tooth in the upper margin. Penis is very thick, curved upwards and forwards. Legs yellow, very short-haired with yellow hairs. Wings 15* 298 Orthorrhapha brachycera. hyaline, slightly yellowish. Veins brown or pale brown. Stigma faint, yellowish. Halteres yellow, somewhat large. Female. Quite similar to the male; the ovipositor thick, conical, directed upwards. Length 3 mm. S. pallida is very rare in Danmark, only a pair in copula has been taken, on Lolland in Merrits Skov at Maribo on ‘4/6 1873 (Schlick). Geographical distribution: — Europe down into Italy; its northern limit is in Denmark. It is everywhere a rare species, only few specimens are known; the female was not known to Loew. Remarks: Loew notes, that there is some irregularity in the wing- venation of his four specimens, two specimens were normal, with a cross-vein between the upper cubital branch and the radial vein, one specimen had the cross-vein only in one wing, and one specimen had no cross-vein at all; it is curious, that my specimens also show such an irregularity; the female has the wings normal, but in the male only the right wing is normal, the left is irregular, but in another way than in Loew’s specimens, as it is here not the cross-vein but the base of the cubital fork, which is absent, so that we get a forked radial vein and an unforked cubital vein. 15. Hemerodromia Meig. Species of small size and slender shape; the colours are yellowish to dark grey or brown. The head is elongated and of an ovate shape, its longest axis is about in the longitudinal direction of the body; it is somewhat, more or less, flattened, and as broad as or narrower than thorax; the mouth aperture lies on the lower side. Occiput is arched, short-haired, and with a couple of very small bristles. The eyes are large, more or less elongated in the longitudinal direction of the head; they are separated in both sexes, the frons sometimes being slightly narrower in the male than in the female; in some species the eyes are touching below the antenne in both sexes; in this latter case the facets in the front part of the eye are enlarged; otherwise they are of equal or almost equal size. The incisure in the inner eye-margin is present, but small. In the living specimens the eyes are somewhat metallic, generally violet above, sneous green below. The vertex has a small ocellar tubercle with three ocelli and a pair of very small hairs. The antenne are inserted near to each other, a little above the middle; they are short, four-jointed; the two basal joints short, the third a little elongated, pointed oval and com- pressed, it terminates with a short somewhat thread-like arista, which Empididae. 929 is not, so far as I could detect, divided into two joints; the arista is either bare (precatoria, stigmatica, melanocephala) or hairy (raptora, oratoria). Epistoma is narrow; when the eyes are touching below the antenne it forms a very narrow triangle. The jowls are distinct, but small, and not descending below the eyes, or slightly descending posteriorly, where they are going over in the occiput. Proboscis is about as long as the head is high or a little longer, it is stretched downwards and curved a little inwards. Labrum is somewhat strong, as long as proboscis, curved somewhat downwards, and three-pointed at the apex, but the median point is slightly chitinised; it is semi- tubular or nearly tubular; on the inside, a little behind the apex, there is at each edge an elongated part, beset with dents or spines. Hypopharynx is as long as labrum and likewise curved downwards, it is canaliculated, somewhat broad, a little dilated towards the apex which is almost spoon-shaped and slightly pointed. The maxille are somewhat shorter than labrum; they are weakly chitinised, very thin blades, beset with some very small hairs, and at the apex cleft into a number of long, fine, bristle-like processes; the maxillary palpi are somewhat long, one-jointed, a little compressed, and densely hairy; they are also weakly chitinised. Labium is as long as labrum, the labella are a little longer than the basal part, cleft to their base; the whole labium is very slightly chitinised. Thorax is somewhat long, rectangular or sometimes narrowed in front; it is not much arched above; prothorax is small, somewhat neck-shaped, metathorax very small. The dorsocentral and acrostichal hairs are very small, scarcely visible. A notopleural and sometimes also a postalar bristle present. Scutellum has two bristles or only small hairs. Metapleura bare. Abdomen is slender, consisting of eight segments, the first is short; in the male the eighth segment is small or hidden. The male genitalia consist of a larger or smaller ventral lamella, and of upper and lower lateral lamelle forming a forceps. In the female the abdomen is pointed, the eighth segment more or less attenuated and followed by ‘a shorter or longer segment, terminating with two short, styliform lamelle. The legs are long and slender; the front legs are specially developed in both sexes; the cox are long, from somewhat shorter to almost as long as the femora; the femora are much thickened, and the tibiz curved at the base; the femora have on the ventral side two rows of short spines, and outwards to them a row of long bristles on each side; the tibiz have a row of short spines below and a long spine at the apex; the front legs are thus raptorial, and they are so fitted, that the tibize can be laid up between the spines on the femora. For the rest the legs are short-haired, and there are no apical spurs 930 Orthorrhapha brachycera. on the tibie. There are two claws, two pulvilli and a linear em- podium with bristles at the margin. The wings have the mediastinal vein not reaching the margin, (in raptoria the mediastinal vein is wanting, or at all events so weak, that it is practically wanting); the cubital vein is forked, and thus there are two cubital cells; the discal vein likewise forked, thus four posterior cells. — For the rest the wings fall, with regard to venation, into two categories, answering to the two groups of species in the genus, which for the rest each ought to be a separate genus. In the first group (precatoria, stigmatica, melanocephala) (Hemerodromia s. str.) the subcostal vein is long, and the radial and cubital veins issue near the middle of the wing; a discal cell is present sending two veins to the margin, the upper is branched, the lower is the upper branch of the postical vein, closing the discal cell below; an anal cell is present, and the anal vein is a little recurrent; the first basal cell is a little longer than the second, the anal cell much shorter; stigma is present. In the second group (raptoria, oratoria) (Microdromia Big.) the subcostal vein is short, the radial and cubital veins issue near the base; there is no discal cell and generally no anal cell, the lower branch of the postical vein wanting or only indicated, and the anal vein generally wanting; the second basal cell is much longer than the first; stigma absent. — The axillary lobe is very small. Alula not developed, the margin here fringed. Alar squamula is narrow, long fringed at the margin. The developmental stages of H. precatoria have been described and figured quite recently by Brocher (Ann. de Biologie lacustre, IV, 1909, 44, fig. 1—2). The larva lives in the mud in streamlets. It has a length of 6 mm.; the body is spindle-shaped, but most attenuated towards the head, more obtuse at the posterior end and here pro- vided with a pencil of six to seven hairs. The abdominal segments have small, transverse swellings below. The tracheal system is de- scribed as closed, and the two large lateral tracheal trunks terminate at each end of the body with ,un bouquet de fines trachées*, the larva may thus be termed amphipneustic. The pupa resembles chiefly other Empid pupze, but it seems only to have girdles of small spines but no long bristles above on the abdominal segments. The eight pairs of spiracles are continued out into long threads, which are sup- posed to be tracheal gills. Thus both larva and pupa are evidently adapted to live in water. According to the observation of Brocher of a larva in the aquarium it seems to attach itself a little above the water before pupation. The species of Hemerodromia occur in, or in the neighbourhood of woods, generally in the vicinity of water, at the border of lakes Empididae. 231 or streamlets, or in other humid places; they are found on bushes and in low herbage and grass. J have never seen any species with prey, but they are certainly carnivorous, and they use no doubt the front legs in capturing the prey. Zetterstedt says: ,Victus e minorum Dipterorum rapina.* The species seem generally to be somewhat rare, but this is, I think, to some degree due to their smallness. The genus comprises about 12 to 15 species (three are doubt- ful) from the palearctic region; 5 have hitherto been found in Den- mark. Table of Species. meeiscal cell! presents)! 20/082). Eo SL de mmnealycellt nob spresent. 2. 02a ce yesiis fui. ia. REE 4. 2. Wing stigma more or less roundish, the radial vein PUMP PION Mya) 18 a ogo estas elena cee 9 oh sys/potegh sans 3. — Wing stigma elongated, the radial vein not curved be- LALO? 5. ee) eb teeth Ua se Rain aA Sa Ae i A hae 3. melanocephala. 3. Thorax grey; male genitalia with the ventral lamella large, protruding and swollen; female ovipositor evenly SIRES RIMS LALO AEM OG a asia keane a eening, «Lee ee gE 1. precatoria. — Thorax yellowish or light brownish; male genitalia not with the ventral lamella large and protruding; female ovipositor generally somewhat suddenly narrowed ... 2. stigmatica. 4. The base of the discal fork lying a little more api- cally than the apex of the radial vein ............ 4. raptoria. — The base of the discal fork lying a little more basally thanothe apex of the radial vein. ..: 2. f. 223... 5. oratoria. 1. H. precatoria Fall. 1815. Fall. Dipt. Suec. Emp. 10, 12, et 34, 12 (Tachydromia). — 1822. Meig. Syst. Beschr. III, 63, 2, Tab. XXIII, Fig. 13. — 1842. Zett. Dipt. Scand. I, 266, 7. — 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 83.— 1864. Loew, Wien. entom. Monatschr. VIII, 238, 1. — 1882. Mik, Wien. ent. Zeitg. I, 41, Tab. I, Fig. 183—15. — 1903. Kat. paléaarkt. Dipt. Il, 268. — Hemerodromia monostigma: 1822. Meig. Syst. Bechr. Ill, 62, 1, Tab. XXIII, Fig. 6. — 1842. Zett. Dipt. Scand. I, 267, 8. Fig. 98. Antenna of H. precatoria. >< 100. Male. Frons whitish grey, epistoma white; palpi whitish. Occi- put somewhat dark grey, with short, pale hairs, and a few a little longer hairs. Antenne yellow, with the apical part of the third joint 9) \S 32 Orthorrhapha brachycera. i brownish; arista not quite short. Thorax dark grey, with a broad median stripe and the sides lighter, almost yellowish grey; it might also be termed yellowish grey with two dark grey stripes. A noto- pleural and a postalar bristle present, both yellow. Scutellum with two yellow marginal bristles. Pleura grey. Abdomen greyish black or dark brown, with short, pale yellowish hairs, especially at the hind margin of the segments. Venter yellow, short-haired. Genitalia with the ventral lamella large, protruding and somewhat bladder-like, the upper lamelle not excised at the end, blackish, and also the lower lamelle dark. Legs yellow, the two last joints on the posterior tarsi brown, on the front tarsi only very slightly darkened. The legs are short-haired with yellow hairs, front femora with two rows of very short, black spines below, and outwards to these about five yellow bristles on each side; front tibiae with short, brown bristles below, and with a strong spine at the apex. Wings hyaline. Veins blackish or Fig. 99. Wing of H. precatoria, dark brown. Stigma black or blackish brown, roundish, the radial vein forming a curve below it; discal and anal cell present, anal vein long but weak. Halteres whitish yellow. Female. Agreeing with the male; the frons very slightly broader. Ovipositor as thick as abdomen, because the eighth segment is long, while the following part is rather small. Length 4,2—5 mm. H. precatoria is rare in Denmark; Ordrup Mose (Steger), Rorvig, and in Jutland at, Hald near Viborg (the author); my dates are */s—1*/s. It occurs at borders of brooks, especially on somewhat shaded places, under trees; at Hald I took it in company with the two following species. Geographical distribution: — Europe down into Italy; towards the north to middle Sweden, and in Finland. It is also recorded to occur in North America in Canada. Empididae. 933 2. H. stigmatica Schin. 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 83. — 1903. Kat. paldarkt. Dipt. II, 269. Male. Frons greyish white, epistoma white; palpi whitish. Oc- ciput light grey or whitish grey, with short, pale hairs and a few longer bristles. Antenne yellow, with a very short arista; the apical part of the third joint sometimes very slightly brownish. Thorax lighter or darker yellow or light brownish, with a whitish grey prui- nosity; it has two distant, more or less narrow, somewhat indistinct, brownish or brownish grey stripes. A notopleural and a_ postalar bristle present, both yellow. Scutellum with two yellow marginal bristles and generally a small hair outside to them on each side. Pleura yellow or light brownish, whitish grey pruinose. Abdomen brownish with paler incisures, and with short, pale yellowish hairs. Venter pale yellow. Genitalia with the ventral lamella arched, but not large and protruding, the upper lamelle dark brownish, the apex not excised but pointed, and the point turned a little downwards. Legs yellow, the two last joints on all tarsi black or blackish brown, on the front tarsi often only brown. The hairs and spines on the legs quite as in the preceding species. Wings hyaline. Veins pale brown. Stigma brown, the radial vein forming a distinct curve below it; discal and anal cell present, anal vein long, weak. Halteres white or whitish yellow. Female. Agreeing with the male; the ovipositor thinner than ab- domen, which is caused by the eighth segment being short, while the following part is thin and rather long. Length 3,s—4,5 mm. The species is recognised from precatoria by the lighter colour, and it has also a shorter antennal arista and a more distinct curve of the radial vein below the stigma. When doubt arises the genita- lia give certain characters in both sexes; the ventral lamella in the male genitalia is much larger, projecting and swollen in precatoria, while it is much smaller and not projecting in stigmatica; the ovipo- sitor (i. e. the eighth segment and the following part) is at the base as thick (high) as the end of abdomen in precatoria, but thinner (lower) in stigmatica, but this latter character is not easily used, when the abdomen is shrivelled by exsiccation; for the rest there is also a character in the structure of the head; in precatoria the upper, hinder corner of the eye is more pronounced than in stigmatica in which lat- ter it is much rounded; the head is in the latter species relatively lon- ger and more flattened. 934. Orthorrhapha brachycera. H. stigmatica seems like the preceding to be somewhat rare in Denmark, and has hitherto only been taken in Jutland; Holstebro (H. J. Hansen), at Hald near Viborg (the author), at Hobro (Jacob- sen) and Tinbeek Molle at Lindenborg Aa (J. P. Kryger); it has been taken from 74/6 to August. It occurs on quite the same localities as. the preceding and together with this and the following. Geographical distribution: — Europe down into Spain; its northern limit lies in Denmark (see below). Remarks: The above two species are certain and distinct, but the earlier descriptions, which were for the greatest part based on the colours, are often misleading. Loew, as is well known, took the two species together with the following as varieties, or more correctly, as stages of maturity of one species. Schiner’s discription of stigma- tica is also incorrect. I have in the synonymy followed the Kat. pa- laarkt. Dipt., but I think it otherwise possible, that Zetterstedt’s monostigma is identical with the present species, which also was the opinion of Schiner, and Loew (1. c. 241) says the same. If so the present species goes towards the north to middle Sweden. Whether Meigen’s precatoria and monostigma belong to precatoria or stig- matica is, | think, not possible to decide after his descriptions; what he says about the colour points towards stigmatica. 3. H. melanocephala Hal. 1833. Hal. Entom. Mag. I, 158. — 1882. Mik, Wien. ent. Zeitg. I, 41, Tab. I. Fig. 16—18. — 1903. Kat. paldarkt. Dipt. Il, 268. — Hemerodromia flavella: 1838. Zett. Ins. Lapp. 543, 4 et 1842. Dipt. Scand. I, 256, 6. — 1862. Schin, F. A. I, 83. Male. This species resembles stigmatica very much. Frons brown- ish yellow. Antenne yellow, arista short. Thorax yellow, somewhat greyish pruinose, with two indistinct brownish stripes, and in the middle a lighter, somewhat yellowish stripe. Abdomen brownish, venter yellow. The genitalia have the ventral lamella small, not pro- truding, the upper lamellae dark brownish, with a round excision at Fig. 100. Wing-part of H. melanocephala. the apex, which is thus divided into two processes; the lower la- melle yellow. Legs yellow, the last joint on all tarsi dark brownish or blackish, the fourth joint slightly brownish. The legs haired and Empididae. 935 spined as in the other species, the hairs on the ventral side of the middle tibiee stronger. Wings hyaline. Veins blackish. Stigma faint, yellowish, elongated, the radial vein not curved below it; discal and anal cell present, anal vein long, weak. MHalteres whitish yellow. Female. Agreeing with the male; frons slightly broader. Ovipo- sitor somewhat short. Length 3,5 mm. This species it at once recognised by the elongated, not roundish wing stigma, below which the radial vein forms no curve; in the male the genitalia are also characteristic. Mik says |. c. that the antenne have ,ein kurzes Endgriffelchen*, but there is a short, but distinct arista; Mik’s figure 17 looks as if the arista was bro- ken off. . H. melanocephala is, as the two preceding species, rare in Den- mark, only four specimens, a male and three females have been taken, one in earlier time, without particular locality, and three at Hald near Viborg on 7/6 and ?*/s6 1910 (the author). It occurs on quite the same localities as the two preceding, and at Hald I took it occurring in company with them. Geographical distribution: — Europe down into Italy; towards the north to northern Scandinavia. Remarks: The name melanocephala is generally in use for this species, and so also in the Kat. palaarkt. Dipt., and I have therefore also used it, but as Haliday considered the species as identical with Empis melanocephala Fabr. (Chelipoda), it should correctly bear the next name viz. flavella Zett. 4. H. raptoria Meig. 1830. Meig. Syst. Beschr. VI, 341, 10. — 1842. Zett. Dipt. Scand. I, 264, 4, et 1859. XIII, 4984, 4. — 1864. Loew, Wien. entom. Monatschr. VIll, 243, 3. — 1903. Kat. palaarkt. Dipt. I], 369. Male. Frons and vertex grey; eyes touching below the antenne, and with the facets in front enlarged; epistoma white; palpi whitish. Occiput grey, with short, pale hairs. Antenne yellow, arista darker, Fig. 101. Antenna of H. raptoria. >< 100. fully as long as the third joint (when seen with a lens, in which case the narrowed outer part of the third joint looks as if belonging to the arista, 236 Orthorrhapha brachycera. the real arista is a little shorter than the third joint). Thorax black- ish brown, a little greyish pruinose, the humeri and a median, back- wards broader stripe yellow; the yellow colour of the humeri some- times continued stripe-like a little backwards. The short hairs on the disc pale. There is a yellow notopleural bristle. Scutellum yellow, postscutellum brownish black; scutellum has only short hairs. Pleura yellow, meta- and hypopleura black, somewhat greyish pruinose. Ab- domen brownish black, with very short, pale hairs; the last segment and the hind margin of the foregoing yellow, so that there is a yel- low, transverse band in front of the genitalia. Venter yellow. Geni- talia black, large and swollen, the upper lamelle with hooks at the apex, the ventral lamella long, triangular, pointed. Legs yellow, the tarsi slightly brownish at the end; front coxee long, almost as long as the femora. The legs are short-haired with yellow hairs, the front femora and tibize armed in the usual way. Wings hyaline. Veins yel- Fig. 102. Wing of H. raptoria. lowish brown; there is no discal and no anal cell, the anal vein wan- ting, and the lower branch of the postical vein only indicated; the radial vein is short; the base of the fork of the discal vein lies a little more apically than the apex of the radial vein. No stigma. Halteres whitish yellow. Female. Agreeing with the male; eyes likewise touching below the antennee and with the facets in front enlarged. Ovipositor black, in front of it a yellow, transverse band. Length 2,s—3,5 mm. H. raptoria has only been taken once, but in rather great num- ber, in Lersgen at Copenhagen on !%/s 1841; it was found sitting on reeds. Geographical distribution: — Northern and middle Europe down into France; towards the north to northern Sweden, and in Finland. 5. H. oratoria Fall. 1815. Fall. Dipt. Suec. Empid. 10, 12, et 34, 12 (Tachydromia). — 1822. Meig. Syst. Beschr. Ill, 63, 3, Tab. XXIII, Fig. 12. — 1842. Zett. Empididae. 937 Dipt. Scand I, 262, 2. — 1862. Schin. F. A. 1, 83. — 1864. Loew, Wien. entom. Monatschr. VIII, 244, 4. — 1903. Kat. paldarkt. Dipt. Il, 268. Male. Frons and vertex grey; eyes not touching below the an- tenn; epistoma very narrow, white; palpi yellowish white. Occiput grey, with short, pale hairs. Antenne whitish, with a short, generally darker arista. Thorax yellow, sometimes dark yellow to brownish yellow, somewhat greyish pruinose; a darker median stripe may some- times be present. There is a yellow notopleural bristle. Scutellum only with short hairs. Pleura yellow. Abdomen dark brown to black- ish brown, with very short, pale hairs, the two last segments yellow. Venter yellow. Genitalia black, less swollen than in raptoria. Legs yellow, the end of the tarsi very slightly brownish; front coxz not so long as in raptoria, shorter than the femora. The legs haired and armed quite as in the other species. Wings hyaline, with yellowish to pale brown veins; no discal and no anal cell, both the anal vein and ih) Fig. 108. Wing of H. oratoria. the lower branch of the postical vein wanting; radial vein longer than in raptoria; the base of the fork of the discal vein lying a little more basally than the apex of the radial vein. No stigma. Halteres yellowish white. I do not know the female; it is stated to agree with the male, as Loew |. c. declares, that the differences in the colour of the thorax, mentioned in the descriptions of Fallén and Zetterstedt, are not present. Length 3 mm. This species is easily distinguished from raptoria by the differen- ces in the wing-venation. H. oratoria is very rare in Denmark, only one specimen, a male, has been taken in Greisdalen at Vejle in August (H. J. Hansen). Geogrophical distribution: — Northern and middle Europe down into France; towards the north to northern Scandinavia, and in Finland. Orthorrhapha brachycera. bo co (0,4) 16. Dolichoeephala Macq. Small, delicate, dark coloured species. Head elongated down- wards, pointed towards the mouth aperture and somewhat pyriform; its longest axis forms an angle with the longitudinal axis of the body; the mouth aperture is found at its point; it has thus quite another shape than the elongated, somewhat flattened head in Hemerodromia with the mouth aperture on the lower side, but it resembles the head in some species of Clinocera. Occiput slightly arched, with some bristles above. Eyes somewhat large, elongated downwards, widely separated. in both sexes, and with the facets of equal size; they are densely short hairy. The incisure in the inner eye-margin distinct. There are three ocelli lying on an ocellar tubercle somewhat for- wards, and there is a pair of ocellar bristles. The antenne are in- Fig. 104. Antenna of D. irrorata. >< 85. serted near to each other a little above the middle; they are short, consisting of five joints; the, two basal joints are short, the third a little longer, somewhat roundish or disciform, and compressed; it has at the apex, somewhat above, a long, downwards curved, two-jointed arista, the basal joint of which is very short, ring-like. Epistoma is somewhat narrow; clypeus is, so far as I could observe, not really separated from the epistoma, but forms the lower part of this and is somewhat keel-shaped. The small jowls descend a little below the eyes, but they are not in connection with the clypeus, as the eyes stretch far down. Proboscis is short and somewhat thick; the mouth parts much resemble those in Clinocera; labrum is short, broad and arched, and it is beset with strong tubercle-shaped teeth; hypopha- rynx is about as long as the proboscis, of the same shape as in Cli- nocera, broad at the base and with a long pointed median process, and two short, rounded, lobe-shaped lateral processes; I could find no maxillz but there are one-jointed maxillary palpi, which are cur- ved upwards, resting on the labrum. Labium is short, the labella somewhat large and broad, fully as long as the basal part, and cleft to their base. Thorax is elongated rectangular, a little narrowed in front, somewhat arched above; prothorax is small and likewise meta- thorax. There are long, uniserial dorsocentral bristles, but no acrosti- chal bristles; further a humeral bristle, a posthumeral, a notopleural and a postalar bristle. Scutellum with two marginal bristles. Metapleura Empididae. 239 bare. Abdomen consists in the usual way of eight segments; the male genitalia somewhat resemble those in Clinocera; the seventh and eighth segments are lower than the foregoing and more or less co- vered by the genitalia; these latter consist of two pairs of lamelle, forming a forceps, and below there is a ventral lamella. Penis is somewhat thick in the basal part, curved at the apex. In the female the abdomen is pointed, and it terminates with two small, styliform lamelle. The legs are slender, the front coxe only little elongated, about half as long as the femora. The legs are short-haired, and the tibie have no apical spurs. There are two claws, two pulvilli, and a small, linear, bristle-bearing empodium. The wings are brownish with hyaline spots; the mediastinal vein reaches the margin; the subcostal vein is short; the cubital vein is forked, and the upper branch is connected with the radial vein by a cross-vein, there are thus three cubital cells; the discal vein is likewise forked, and there are thus four posterior cells; the discal cell is long and sends three veins to the margin, the third is the upper branch of the postical vein, which closes the discal cell below; the lower branch of the postical vein goes straightly down, vertically towards the wing-margin. The anal vein goes not distinctly beyond the anal cell; the second basal cell is shorter than the first, the anal cell as long as the second basal cell. No stigma. Axillary lobe and alula not developed, the wing- margin fringed. Alar squamula very small and narrow, a little haired at the margin. So far as I am aware the developmental stages are not known. The species of Dolichocephala are small, nice and delicate flies, easily known by the brown, spotted wings. They occur in the her- bage and grass in woods and fens, at the border of water, and on the whole in humid places. The structure of the head and the mouth, and also of the male genitalia seems to show, that the genus is nearly allied to Clinocera. Of the genus 4 species are known from the palzarctic region, two of which have hitherto been found in Denmark. Table of Species. 1. Wings with hyaline spots in the subcostal and first cubital cell, the radial and cubital veins somewhat undulated..... 1. irrorata. — Wings without hyaline spots in the subcostal and first cubi- tal cell, the radial and cubital veins not undulated........ 2. guttata. 1. D. irrorata Fall. 1815. Fall. Dipt. Suec. Empid. 13, 17 (Tachydromia). — 1822. Meig. Syst. Beschr. III, 66, 9, Tab. XXIII, Fig. 11 (Hemerodromia). — 1842. Zett. 240 Orthorrhapha brachycera. Dipt. Scand. I, 324, 1 (Ardoptera). — 1862 Schin. F. A. I, 85. (Ardoptera). — 1903. Kat. paldarkt. Dipt. II, 270. Male. Frons grey with two darker impressions; vertex grey, the ocellar triangle brown, and this colour prolonged triangularly back- wards. Epistoma light grey; palpi black. Occiput grey with black bristles above, short, whitish hairs below. Antenne black. Thorax geneous brown, somewhat shining, with a whitish grey middle line, which is narrowest in the middle and here sometimes interrupted; also the lateral margin is somewhat whitish grey. Dorsocentral bristles long, black. Further a humeral bristle, a posthumeral, a noto- pleural and a postalar bristle, all black. Scutellum with two black marginal bristles. Pleura grey pruinose. Abdomen black, shining, slightly zneous, with short, pale hairs. Venter black. Legs reddish brown, posterior cox grey pruinose, the extreme apex of the tibize and the tarsi towards the end dark brown or blackish. The legs short-haired with brownish hairs. Wings brown with a number Fig. 105. Wing of D. irrorata. (about twenty) of hyaline spots, and with the base yellowish; some of the spots may be indistinct or confluent, and the number is therefore not quite constant, but there are six along the anterior margin. Veins black or blackish brown, the radial and cubital veins somewhat undulated. No stigma. Halteres yellow or reddish yellow. Female. Quite similar to the male with exception of the differen- ces in the exterior genitalia. Length 2—3 mm. D. irrorata is somewhat common in Denmark; Lersgen at Co- penhagen, Damhussgen, Ruderhegn, Frersley Hegn; on Langeland at Lohals, and in Jutland at Hald near Viborg. My dates are *4/s—1/9, It occurs on shaded, humid places in woods, in fens and at the bor- ders of water. Geographical distribution: — Northern and middle Europe down into France; towards the north to northern Sweden, and in Finland. It occurs also in North America. Empididae. 941 2. D. guttata Hal. 1833. Hal. Entom. Mag. I, 161. (Leptosceles). — 1903. Kat. paldarkt. Dipt. II, 269. Male. Frons and vertex black, a narrow, V-shaped, grey line stretches from the ocellar tubercle down the occiput, with the point backwards; on each side of the tubercle, at the eye-margins, a whitish shining spot is seen. Epistoma grey; palpi black. Occiput black, with black bristles above, short, whitish hairs below. Antenne black. Thorax sneous black, shining, with a slight and indistinct whitish middle line. Acrostichal bristles long, black. Further a humeral bristle, a posthumeral, a notopleural and a postalar bristle, all black. Scutellum with two black marginal bristles. Pleura blackish, a little greyish pruinose. Abdomen eneous black, shining, very short-haired with brownish hairs. Venter black. The genital forceps with two long, thin, curved hooks. Legs yellowish; posterior cox greyish pruinose, the knees, the apex of the tibie and the tarsi towards the end brownish to blackish. The legs short-haired with brownish hairs. Wings blackish grey or brown, with some (about eight) white spots, of which four, one in the third cubital cell, two in the apical part of the first posterior cell and one in the second posterior cell, are most distinct, the others weaker and sometimes indistinct; the subcostal and first cubital cells have no spots, thus there are none at the an- terior margin; the first cubital cell is slightly lightened. Veins blackish, the radial and cubital veins not undulated. No stigma. Halteres dark yellowish to blackish. Female. Quite similar to the male with exception of the sexual differences. Length 2—2,6 mm. Remarks: The halteres in this species seem to be able to vary from yellow to blackish (var. nigrohalterata Strobl). D. guttata has only been taken quite recently, and only five spe- cimens, three males and two females, in Geel Skov on '/9 and *°/9 1909 (the author). It was taken in a small fen in the wood on Calla palustris. Geographical distribution: — Europe down into Spain; its northern limit lies in Denmark. 17. Triehopeza fond. Medium sized, dark coloured species of slender shape. The head somewhat broader than long and a little broader than thorax, only slightly arched behind, and here with some bristles. Eyes large, 16 IAI Orthorrhapha brachycera. occupying the whole front side of the head, and a little prominent, so that frons and vertex are a little impressed; they are short-hairy; above the antennee they are well separated in both sexes, but below they are touching for a long distance’. The facets in the front part of the eye are enlarged in both sexes. The incisure in the inner eye- margin is distinct. The vertex has three ocelli and a pair of ocellar bristles. The antennze are inserted near to each other, considerably Fig. 106. Antenna of T. longicornis. >< 5d. above the middle; they are extraordinarily long, three-jointed; the first joint is cylindrical, a little elongated, the second almost globular, the third is a little compressed and tapers evenly into a long, down- wards curved arista, which cannot under the microscope be seen to be articulated at any point. Epistoma is very small on account of the long connection of the eyes; the jowls are almost not developed. Clypeus is somewhat horse-shoe-shaped. Proboscis is somewhat thin, scarcely as long as the head is high; it is stretched downwards. La- brum is of the length of proboscis, strong, semitubular, three-pointed at the apex; hypopharynx is as long as labrum, thin, slightly dilated at the apex and pointed; the maxilles are somewhat shorter, lancet- like blades; the maxillary palpi are not short, they are one-jointed, thin at the base but dilated and somewhat ovate towards the apex, and with some long hairs. Labium has the labella not large, shorter — than the basal part, and cleft to their base. Thorax is rectangular, somewhat high and much arched above; pro- and metathorax small. The disc has long, uniserial dorsocentral bristles but no acrostichal bristles. Further a humeral bristle, a posthumeral, a larger and a smaller notopleural, a supraalar and postalar bristle; besides there is a bristle inwards to the humeri. Scutellum with two marginal bristles. Metapleura bare. Abdomen is somewhat long and slender, it consists of eight segments, the first is short, the second the longest. In the male the seventh and eighth segments are lower than the preceding and covered by the genitalia; these latter have’ a construction re- calling somewhat that in Hilara; they consist of a compressed lower part, perhaps representing the ventral lamella, above this part ? Meigen says, that the eyes of the male are touching above, but this is, as al- ready noted by Schiner, erroneous, but none of these authors mention, that they are touching below, whereas Stein (I. c.) correctly notes this. Empididae. IAZ terminates with a pair of hooks, and inwards there is a pair of small lamellz; in the interior lies also a long, curved, thread-like penis; for the rest the apparatus is not quite symmetrical. In the female the abdomen is somewhat thick towards the apex, and the ovipositor is somewhat curious; only six not transformed abdominal segments can be counted; the seventh dorsal segment is large, somewhat roof- shaped, and excised at the apex, the seventh ventral segment is like- wise large, triangularly pointed backwards; hidden in the interior lies a small eighth segment, terminating with small styles.* The legs are long and slender; the front coxe are only slightly elongated, half as long as the femora, these latter are very slightly thickened; the front femora have bristles below, and the posterior tibize have long bristles; there are somewhat small apical spurs on the posterior tibiee. There are two claws, two small pulvilli and a small, linear, bristle-bearing em- podium. The wings with the mediastinal vein not reaching the margin; Fig. 107. Wing of 7. longicornis. the cubital vein forked, thus two cubital cells; the upper branch of the vein long, parallel with the main branch; the discal vein forked, thus four posterior cells; the discal cell long, sending three veins to the margin, the third is the upper branch of the postical vein, which closes the discal cell below; the lower branch of the postical vein recurrent, almost parallel with the margin; the second basal cell shorter than the first, the anal cell slightly shorter than the second basal cell; anal vein very weak, not reaching the margin. Stigma present, very faint. Axillary lobe small. Alula not present, the margin here fringed. Alar squamula narrow, without fringe at the margin. The developmental stages of the genus are not known. The species of this genus is easily known by its long antenne; it is recorded to occur on meadows near water. The genus comprises only one species, also occurring in Denmark. 1. T. longicornis Meig. 1822. Meig. Syst. Beschr. III, 12,1, Tab. XX, Fig. 6—7 (Brachystoma). — 1842. Zett. Dipt. Scand. J, 363, 5, et 1859. XIII, 5004, 5 (Brachystoma). — 16* D444. Orthorrhapha brachycera. — 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 87. — 1903. Stein, Wien. ent. Zeitg. XXII, 225. — 1903. Kat. paléarkt. Dipt. Il, 270. Male. Frons and vertex velvet black, just above the antenne a brownish, triangular point. Palpi yellow. Occiput grey, with black bristles above and paler hairs below. Antenne black or brownish black. Thorax shining, blackish, but somewhat brownish grey pruinose, and hence a little dullish. Dorsocentral bristles long, black. Further a humeral bristle, a posthumeral, two notopleural, a supraalar and a postalar bristle, all black; besides there is a bristle inwards to the humeri. Scutellum with two black marginal bristles. Pleura brownish grey pruinose, generally somewhat reddish below the wing-root. Ab- domen black or slightly brownish, greyish pruinose and therefore somewhat dull, sparingly clothed with short, brownish hairs. Venter of the same colour. Legs yellow, the posterior tibie brown, some- times the base lighter, front tibiee only slightly or not at all browned; tarsi brown or black; the middle tarsi are very curious, the third joint is excised below, and has at the apex a tooth, which is directed inwards, somewhat dilated at the apex and here with two hairs; at the base the joint has two bristles. Front femora slightly thickened with bristly hairs below on the basal part, some of which are long; the posterior femora short-haired, with a single, long bristle near the apex on the anterior side, sometimes also one or two weaker; the middle femora with some short, bristly hairs below at the base. and the hind femora with a little longish hairs above at the base; front and hind femora with a short, dense, whitish pubescence on the ven- tral side; the front tibis with a row of dense, short, erect hairs below, and a few bristly hairs above on the basal part; middle tibiz short-haired, with a pair of long bristles on the antero- and postero- ventral side; hind tibize with bristly hairs above and below, and with a couple of long bristles on the anterior and on the ventral side; the number of the long bristles is not quite constant, generally greatest in the female. The hairs on the legs are brownish, the bristles blackish to black. Wings yellowish or slightly brownish tinged. Veins brown. Stigma very faint. Halteres whitish yellow. Female. Similar to the male; the middle tarsi simple; the short, whitish pubescence also present below the middle femora. The ovi- positor, i. e. the seventh abdominal segment, is densely haired with slightly longish, reddish brown hairs, which are strongest and densest at the hind margin of the dorsal segment. The wings more brownish than in the male. Length 5—5,7 mm. Stein (I. ¢.) says, that all femora in the male have the short, Empididae. Q45 dense pubescence below, but this is erroneous, in the male only the front and hind femora have this pubescence, but in the female it is present on all femora; Stein has probably examined a female and then concluded the facts to be the same in the male. T. longicornis is rare in Denmark and has only been taken on two occasions, on Lolland at Maribo (Schlick), and in Jutland at Frijsenborg near Aarhus (H. J. Hansen); on the latter locality it was taken in great numbers. The dates are ‘/s to towards the end of July. Geographical distribution: — Europe down into Italy; towards the north to middle Sweden. Stein took his specimens when it was cloudy weather, and they were sitting at the points of branches or on fir-needles. 18. Chelipoda Macq. Small, yellow coloured species. Head somewhat elongated, and slightly flattened, as broad as thorax. Occiput somewhat arched, with a few bristles above. Eyes somewhat large, a little elongated, with the hinder margin roundly incised. They are separated in both sexes, but below the antenne only narrowly separated; the facets are of equal size. In the living specimens the eyes are metallic green, violet behind in the male and unicoloured metallic green in the female. The' incisure in the inner eye-margin is small but distinct. Vertex with a small tubercle with three ocelli and a pair of bristles. The antenne Fig. 108. Antenna of Ch. melanocephala. >< 100. are inserted near to each other, somewhat below the middle; they are five-jointed, the two basal joints are short, the third a little elongated, pyriform and compressed, terminating with a long, two-jointed arista, the basal joint of which is very short. Epistoma is very narrow, a little broadened downwards; jowls not developed. Proboscis is short, stretched downwards. The mouth parts I have otherwise not been able to examine, they are very probably similar to those in the fol- lowing genus Phyllodromia. Thorax is rectangular, a little narrowed in front, not much arched above; pro- and metathorax small. There are a few (four, two in each row) long, uniserial dorsocentral bristles, the anterior is placed inwards to the humeri; there are no acrostichal IAG Orthorrhapha brachycera. bristles; further a notopleural and a supraalar bristle present. Scutel- lum with two marginal bristles. Metapleura with a few bristles.* Abdomen consists of eight segments. The exterior male genitalia are large, they resemble somewhat the genitalia in Hilara; the seventh and eighth abdominal segments are lower than the preceding and covered by the genitalia; these latter consist of a large, strongly com- pressed piece, which above and in front has a pair of lamelle with hooks; perhaps the lower piece answers to the ventral lamella. In the - female the abdomen is pointed towards the apex and terminates with a thin ovipositor formed of two small, slightly downwards curved styliform lamelle. Legs thin and slender; the front coxee elongated, more than half as long as the femora; the front femora thickened in both sexes, with two rows of strong bristles below, and besides with rows of very small, tubercle-shaped spines; the front tibiee are a little curved and can be laid up towards the femora between the rows of the bristles; the front legs are thus raptorial as in Hemerodromia. For the rest the legs are short-haired; tibize without apical spurs. There are two claws, two small pulvilli and a small, lmear empodium Fig. 109. Wing of Ch. melanocephala. with bristles at the margin. Wings with the subcostal vein short; the cubital vein unforked, thus one cubital cell; the discal vein forked and thus four posterior cells; no discal cell; the lower branch of the postical vein going straightly downwards; the second basal cell a little shorter than the first, the anal cell as long as the second basal cell; anal vein not reaching the margin. No stigma. Axillary lobe not developed. No alula, the wing-margin here only short fringed. Alar squamula very narrow, with some long hairs at the margin. The developmental stages are not known. The small and delicate species occurs especially in woods on shaded and humid places. The genus comprises only one species, also occurring in Denmark. —- -=5 ' Girschner says (Ill. Zeitschr. fiir Entom. 1897, 557) that of the Hemerodromiinae only Clinocera has hairs on the metapleura, but both the present and the fol- lowing genus have distinct metapleural bristles. 1XS) Ee a | Empididae. 1. Ch. melanocephala Fabr. 1794. Fabr. Ent. Syst. IV, 407, 21 (Empis), et 1805. Syst. Antl. 144, 8 (Tachydromia). — 1842. Zett. Dipt. Scand. I, 269, 1 (Phyllodromia). — 1903. Kat. paldarkt. Dipt. Il, 271. Male. Vertex and frons grey, the ocellar triangle blackish; epis- toma white; palpi yellow. Occiput grey, with whitish hairs. Antenne yellow, the third joint and the arista black. Thorax yellow, distinctly greyish pruinose; the margin of the disc with a narrow, dark or blackish line, stretching from one wing-root anteriorly round to the other; sometimes a dark, median, posteriorly narrowed line is present. There are four long, yellow dorsocentral bristles, two in each row. Further a notopleural and a supraalar bristle, both yellow. Scutellum with two, yellow marginal bristles. Pleura yellow. Abdomen blackish or brownish above, with short, yellow hairs. Venter yellow. The large genitalia and the two last abdominal segments yellow, the genitalia somewhat dark above. Legs yellow, a stripe on the posterior side of the front femora, and the tip of the tarsi blackish or brown. The legs with short, yellowish hairs, the front femora with two rows of long, black or dark brown bristles below. Wings hyaline, slightly yellowish. Veins brownish. No stigma. Halteres yellow. Female. Similar to the male, but the front femora without any dark stripe. Ovipositor thin. Length 2,2—2,5 mm. Ch. melanocephala is not rare in Denmark; vicinity of Copenhagen, Charlottenlund, Ruderhegn, Nordskoven at Jegerspris; on Lolland at Maribo, and on Langeland at Lohals; in Jutland at Laven near Silke- borg, Hald near Viborg and at Seby, and finally on Bornholm at Almindingen. The dates are 74/s—??/s. It occurs in woods on humid and shaded places, on bushes and in low herbage and grass; at Hald I took it in somewhat large numbers in the wood on Vaccinium growing below oak-trees. Geographical distribution: — Northern and middle Europe down into France; towards the north to northern Scandinavia, and in Finland. 19. Phyllodromia Zett. Species of small size and yellow or grey colour. Head somewhat elongated and slightly flattened, a little broader than thorax. Occiput somewhat arched, with a few bristles above. Eyes somewhat large and elongated; they are separated in both sexes, below the antennz only narrowly separated; the facets are of equal size; the incision in the inner eye-margin very small. The vertex has a tubercle with 248 Orthorrhapha brachycera. three ocelli and a pair of bristles. The antennee are inserted near to each other, a little below the middle; they resemble those in Chelipoda and are likewise five-jointed, the two basal joints are short, the third somewhat elongated, pointed ovate and compressed, it terminates with a long, two-jointed arista, the basal joint of which is very small. Epistoma very narrow, a little broadened downwards; jowls not developed. The clypeus is formed of two chitinous lists. Proboscis is short, stretched 4ownwards; labrum is strong, semitubular, as long as the proboscis; it is high at the insertion, curved a little downwards at the apex and three-pointed; hypopharynx is as long as labrum, with parallel sides, pointed, and not dilated at the apex; the maxilla are a little shorter, they are somewhat broad elliptical blades, bearing some hairs and terminating in some bristle-like pro- cesses; the maxillary palpi are one-jointed, club-shaped, and with some bristles. Labium has the labella relatively large, longer than the basal part and cleft to their base. Thorax is rectangular, not much arched above; prothorax is small, but distinctly seen as a neck- shaped part; metathorax small. The thoracic disc has a few uniserial dorsocentral bristles (two, or only one in each row; perhaps the anterior bristle, which is placed inwards to the humeri, does not belong here and in Chelipoda in reality to the dorsocentral bristles) ; no acrostichal bristles. A notopleural and a supraalar bristle present. Scutellum with two marginal bristles. Metapleura with a few bristles. Abdomen consists of eight segments, but in the male the last are more or less hidden. The exterior genitalia in the male are rather large; they are mainly constructed as in Chelipoda; the two last ab- dominal segments are lower than the others, the genitalia have a large, more or less compressed piece below and above a pair of lamellae, terminating with some hooks and curved forwards in over abdomen; in the interior there is a curved penis. In the female the Fig. 110. Wing of Ph. vocatoria. abdomen is pointed, and it terminates with a pair of more or less distinct, styliform lamelle. The legs are constructed and armed quite as in Chelipoda; the front coxe almost as long as the femora. There Empididae. I49 are two claws, two small pulvilli and a small, linear empodium with bristles. The wings also are in venation and shape like those in Chelipoda, but a discal cell is present. No stigma. Alar squamula very narrow, with long hairs at the margin. The developmental stages are not known. The small species of this genus occur in woods on bushes and in low herbage on humid places. Of the genus 3 species occur in the paleearctic region, but one of them (supplicatoria Meig.) is doubtful; two are found in Denmark. Table of Species. 1. Thorax mainly yellow; a pair of distinct bristles on the middle of the disc; male genitalia large, reaching in over abdomen beyond the middle; female ovipositor with short, [CE HDS lie TNS le Dead roe og Sho nt eae Ae Re raed ae 1. vocatoria. — Thorax mainly grey; no pair of distinct bristles on the middle of the disc; male genitalia smaller; female ovipositor Rae OD CISLING* SLYLES 4:5 4 bo jap sy = olin eledes —*/y (the author). It occurred in a little fen in the wood, especially on the leaves of Calla palustris. It seems to be a late occurring species. Geographical distribution: — Northern and middle Europe down into France; towards the north to northern Scandinavia. = a4 I ee SS ae ea bo Or — Empididae. 5. Tachydromiinae. Eyes generally separated above the antenne in both sexes; below the antenne either likewise separated (Chersodromia, Tachydromia), or they are here touching in both sexes, and in the latter case either the facets in the front part of the eye enlarged, likewise in both sexes (Stilpon, Tachypeza, Tachista) or all facets of equal size, (Drapetis (eyes not quite touching), Hlaphropeza). Warely the eyes are touching above the antenne in both sexes, and then the facets in the front part are enlarged (Symballophthalmus). Sometimes the eyes are short-haired or microscopically haired (Drapetis, Stilpon, Chersodromia, Elaphropeza). Antennze four- to five-jointed, terminating with a two-jointed or unjointed arista, which is generally apical, rarely (Stilpon) dorsal (apparently). Proboscis short, sometimes curved inwards towards the sternum. No maxille; maxillary palpi one-jointed. Metapleura bare, or with very short hairs (Drapetis). Legs shorter or longer; sometimes the front femora thickened, sometimes both front and middle femora, especially the latter, and the middle tibize with an apical spine; the pair or pairs of legs in question are then speci- ally armed and raptorial. Wings with the cubital vein unforked; the discal vein likewise unforked; three posterior cells and no discal cell. Basal cells somewhat large, of equal jength, or the second longer than the first; anal cell present and shorter than the basal cells, or wanting, and in accordance herewith the anal vein present or wanting; when present the vein is however weak; the lower branch of the postical vein present or absent. Axillary lobe small or somewhat developed. No alula. No stigma. Table of Genera. Meme C UL OD SEM Et I se) as Scent et achade ore ky ma Bascsasua.e «feudal g 2: — Anal cell present, anal vein more or less weak, but distinct; basal cells of about equal length ........... fig 2.. First basal cell shorter than the second............. 3. — First basal cell as long as the second........... 25. Chersodromia. 3. Legs rather short; body short and robust; colour black or grey; wings without markings ............. 4. — Legs somewhat slender; body not robust; wings with dark markings, or at all events some veins seamed, or when hyaline the*thoraxMis*yenlow eee. hot a. 4. Frons triangular; anista Clerminialeein G3 9h520 315 Cs 20. Drapetis. — Frons with parallel margins; arista dorsal........ 21. Stilpon. 5. Third antennal joint short, ovate; front femora con- siderably thickened; wings more or less dark marked; SGD LAG KA ray sate EP CIEE EEC CLT Sn Ste aly 3 6. — Third antennal joint a little longer, conical; front femora not thickened; wings hyaline; thorax yellow 24. Elaphropeza, 952 Orthorrhapha brachycera. 6. Lower branch of the postical vein present .... 22. Tachypeza. — Lower branch of the postical vein absent..... 23. Tachista. 7. Eyes touching in- both sexes; upper margin of the third antennal joint straight............. 26. Symballophthalmus. — Eyes separated in both sexes; third antennal joint ovate or conical, its upper margin not straight. 27. Tachydromia. 20. Drapetis Meig. Very small, dark coloured species of a somewhat thick-set shape. Head a little narrower than thorax, somewhat short, higher than broad. Occiput slightly arched, with a pair of bristles above, and sometimes with smaller hairs. Eyes high; they are separated above in both sexes, but reaching near to each other just above the antenne, and the frons is thus triangular; below the antenne the eyes are touching or almost touching in both sexes; the hind margin is sinuous or has a round incision. The facets are of equal size. The incision in the inner eye-margin somewhat large. The eyes are microscopically hairy. The vertex has a tubercle with three ocelli and two or four bristles. The antenne are inserted near to each other, a little above the middle; they are five-jointed; the first joint is short, the second a little longer, the third is pointed ovate or conical, and compressed, it bears at the apex a long, straight, two-jointed arista, the first joint of which is exceedingly short, ring-like; the arista is directed some- what downwards. The second basal joint of the antenne has a shorter or longer bristle below. Epistoma is very narrow, when the eyes are touching only consisting of a low, triangular part. Jowls are present, but small, descending slightly below the eyes. Proboscis is short, directed downwards and backwards and curved a little inwards at the apex. Labrum is as long as labium, very high at its insertion, semitubular, and curved downwards with the apex; it is three-pointed, but the median lobe is much shorter than the lateral; on the inside of the labrum there is at each edge, about in the middle, a pavement of small tubercles, and the lateral lobes have a spine near the apex and one a little more backwards; hypopharynx is of the same length as labrum, likewise semitubular, strongly chitinised and black in the apical part; the apex is curved downwards with an angular bend. I could detect no maxillee, but there are one-jointed, ovate maxillary palpi. Labium has somewhat large labella with strong bristles. Thorax is short, quadrangular or almost roundish, slightly arched above; pro- and metathorax small. The disc has a uniform fine pubescence and various bristles which are present on the whole disc, forming in- distinct dorsocentral and acrostichal rows, or there are only a few Empididae. 253 dorsocentral bristles backwards. There are some notopleural and a postalar bristle, sometimes also a posthumeral bristle. Scutellum with two long, marginal bristles. Metapleura with very short, scarcely observable hairs. Abdomen somewhat robust, consisting of eight seg- ments; in the male it terminates with a small, knob-like forceps. In the female the abdomen is pointed, terminating with two small styli- form lamelle. Legs somewhat robust, front and hind femora some- what thickened, the middle femora less or not thickened; in some species the hind tibize are tooth-like prolonged beyond the insertion of the metatarsus. The legs are short-haired and with more or fewer, generally only few bristles; the tibie may be with or without apical spurs. The hind tibize have at the apex on the postero-ventral side a small elevation which has a dense, short pubescence, and the same pubescence is generally found on the posterior side of the metatarsus; it is this elevation which is in some species prolonged as a tooth beyond the insertion of the tarsus, as mentioned above. There are two claws, two pulvilli and a very small empodium, terminating in a bristle and with bristles on the lower side. The wings with a short mediastinal vein, not reaching the margin; the subcostal vein terminates about in the middle of the costa; the cubital vem unforked and thus one cubital cell; the discal vein likewise unforked and thus three posterior cells; no discal cell; the lower branch of the postical vein wanting, and no anal cell present; anal vein likewise absent or only indicated; the second basal cell longer than the first. No stigma. Axillary lobe somewhat well developed. Alula not developed, the margin here fringed. Alar squamula small and narrow, fringed at the margin. The developmental stages of Drapetis are not known. The species of this genus are rather easily known by their thick- set shape and short, broad ‘thorax. They occur especially on fields and commons in grass and low herbage, but do not seem to belong to woods. The species, or some of them, seem to hibernate as imago, thus I possess D. aterrima taken with the sieve on 7°/2 in flood refuse, and Zetterstedt mentions D. flavipes (Tachydromia nigra) as taken under stones in October. Of the genus 13 (14?) species are known from the paleearctic region; 5 have hitherto been found in Denmark. Table of Species. 1. The apex of the hind tibie prolonged tooth-like beyond the MSEC UG Oi Le. Metab ANSUSe <2 conte ee ahs, chet Selon oe os 1. aterrima. — The apex of the hind tibie not prolonged beyond the in- Pepto of the metatarsuss6 si) OSes eek ae wheldatee od de sta 2. 254 Orthorrhapha brachycera. 2. Halteres pale; hind tibie with strong bristles .........-. 2. setigera. — Halteres dark; hind tibie without strong bristles ..-......-. 3. 3. Wings hyaline, cross-veins distant.......-.--+-++++++:> 3. assimilis. — Wings brownish tinged or hyaline, cross-veins near to each j Fi RTE Ae ELA ea oie My MneRO En RAE R PS teen Ac <> > 4, 4, Wings more or less brownish tinged; the cubital vein curved upwards at the apex and here thin, discal vein almost straight 4. ezilis. — Wings almost hyaline; cubital vein curved downwards to- wards the apex and terminating with full thickness, discal vein with a curve behind the postical cross-vein.......-- 5. pusilla. 1. D.aterrima Curt. 1834. Curt. Brit. Entom. 397,3. — 1851. Walk. Ins. Brit. I, 136, 1. — 1859. Loew, Neue Beitr. zur. Kennt. d. Dipt. VI, 40, nota. — 1903. Kat. paliarkt. Dipt. II, 273. — Tachydromia nigritella: 1842. Zett. Dipt. Scand. I, 298, 32. — Drapetis nigritella: 1903. Kat. paldarkt. Dipt. Il, 274. — Drapetis nervosa: 1859. Loew, 1. ¢. 37, 3. Male. Frons and vertex black; ocellar tubercle with two bristles; epistoma black above, grey below; palpi grey with black hairs. Fig. 111. Antenna of D.aterrima. >< 85. Occiput blackish above, grey downwards along the posterior eye- margin; it has a pair of long, black bristles above. Antenne black, the second joint with a long bristle, the third joint {1 somewhat short ovate. Thorax black, shining, with a j \ oreyish, somewhat adpressed pubescence; towards be- y N hind there is a couple of somewhat longer, black dorso- 4 \ central bristles. There are two notopleural and a 4 \ postalar bristle, all black. Scutellum with two black y N marginal bristles and some smaller hairs. Pleura black, y\ \ shining. Abdomen likewise black, shining, with short, 4 | b) dark or brownish hairs. Venter of the same colour. 4 | Legs black, trochanters, knees and the apex of the vA é tibize reddish; tarsi reddish or brownish; the front tibize 7 é », may be almost quite pale. The posterior tibi are on ae the postero-ventral side prolonged beyond the insertion =_—" of the tarsus in a tooth-shaped way, the tooth is reddish. Fig. 112, The front femora are somewhat thickened, and have a D.aterrima, {feW long hairs below, the hind femora have some hind leg. 45, bristles below on the apical part; at the apex of the Empididae. 955 front femora there is a bristle on the anterior and posterior side, on the middle femora a specially strong bristle on the anterior side; the hind tibize have fine, slightly longish hairs above and below, and all tibiz have apical spurs. The hairs are paler or darker brownish, the bristles blackish. Wings hyaline. Veins blackish brown; the cross- veins near to each other; the discal vein thin from somewhat after Fig. 113. Wing of D.aterrima, the mediastinal vein not seen. the base to a little beyond the postical cross-vein, the last part of the vein is slightly undulated. Halteres brownish yellow to brownish. Female. Quite similar to the male, only the abdomen pointed. Length 1,.-—2 mm. I have determined this species by comparison with specimens of aterrima sent to me from Mr. Verrall, but in reading Loew’s descrip- tion of his nervosa, which according to the Kat. palaarkt. Dipt. is identical with nigritella Zett., I find no distinguishing character, e. g. the absence of the bristles on the anterior part of the thoracic disc, the bristles on the legs and the venation of the wings are quite in accordance; I have therefore no doubt, that aterrima Curt. and nigri- tella Zett. = nervosa Loew are identical. D. aterrima is somewhat rare in Denmark, but has however been taken on several localities; at Copenhagen (Schlick), Rorvig (the author); on Mgen at Maglevandsfaldet (J. C. Nielsen); on Langeland at Lohals (the author) and in Jutland at Nymindegab (Th. Mortensen). The dates are *4/2—*/7; on the former date it was taken with the sieve in flood refuse at Copenhagen, it was present in rather great numbers, and it would thus seem as if it hibernates as imago. Geographical distribution: — Northern and middle Europe down into Germany; towards the north to southern Sweden. 2. D. setigera Loew. 1859. Loew, Neue Beitr. zur Kenntn. d. Dipt. VI, 39, 6. — 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 96. — 1903. Kat. palaarkt Dipt. Il, 274. Male. Frons, vertex and epistoma black; ocellar tubercle with two bristles. Palpi grey. Occiput black, grey downwards along the 256 Orthorrhapha brachycera. eye-margin, with two long, black bristles above. Antenne black, the second joint with a somewhat long bristle below; the third joint somewhat elongated. Thorax black, shining, with a somewhat ad- pressed, greyish pubescence and beset with somewhat long, black Fig. 114. Antenna of D. setigera. >< 100. bristles, representing both dorsocentral and acrostichal bristles. Further a posthumeral bristle, some notopleural and a postalar bristle, all black, but they are fused with other bristles on the sides of the disc. Scutellum with two long, black marginal bristles and smaller hairs. Pleura black, shining. Abdomen likewise black, shining, with a short, pale pubescence. Venter similarly coloured and haired, the hairs to- wards the apex darker. Legs black, trochanters and knees reddish, generally the tibize, especially the hind tibie, and the tarsi brownish to reddish. The anterior femora with bristles at the apex on the anterior and posterior side, the one on the anterior side strongest, especially on the middle femora; the hind femora with a few bristles below towards the apex; the anterior tibize with apical spurs, the hind tibie with a row of strong bristles on the antero-dorsal side. The hairs are yellowish or brownish, the bristles black. Wings hyaline. Veins paler or darker brown; the cross-veins near to each other; the discal vein thin from the medial cross-vein to somewhat beyond the postical cross-vein; a thin anal vein indicated. Halteres whitish yellow to yellow. Female. Quite similar to the male with exception of the pointed abdomen. Length 1,s—2,3 mm. D. setigera is somewhat rare in Denmark, but has been taken on several localities; at Copenhagen; on Falster at Resle; on Funen at Hoffmansgave; on Feeng, and in Jutland at Horsens and at Gjerlev near Randers Fjord; the dates are ?8/s—?9/7. Geographical distribution: — Northern and middle Europe down into Germany; its northern limit lies in Demark. 3. D.assimilis Fall. 1815. Fall. Dipt. Suec. Empid. 8,5 et 34,5 (Tachydromia). — 1859. Loew, Neue Beitr. zur Kenntn. d. Dipt. VI, 41,8 (affinis, lapsus). — 1862. Empididae. 957 Schin. F. A. I, 95. — 1903. Kat. paldarkt. Dipt. Il, 272. — Drapetis nigra: 1830. Meig. Syst. Beschr. VI, 344, 2. — Drapetis ‘minima: 1838. Meig. Syst. Beschr. VII, 100, 4. Male. Frons, vertex and epistoma black; ocellar tubercle with about four small bristles. Palpi greyish brown. Occiput black, shining, with a pair of bristles and some small hairs above. Antenne black or blackish, the second joint with a short bristle below, the third short ovate. Thorax black, shining, with a very short, brownish grey pubescence, and only with a pair of longer bristles behind. There are some blackish notopleural bristles and a postalar bristle. Scutel- lum with two black marginal bristles and a pair of weaker bristles outwards. Pleura black, shining. Abdomen black, somewhat shining, with a short, pale brownish pubescence; venter similarly coloured and haired. Legs black or brownish, trochanters and knees reddish, front coxe pale; the legs may vary in colour to quite yellowish, especially in the female. The hind femora with a few blackish bristles below at the apex, anterior femora with fine hairs below; bristles at the Fig. 115. Wing of D. assimilis. apex of the anterior femora scarcely observable; for the rest the legs short-haired, and the tibie without apical spurs. Wings hyaline. Veins brown; the cross-veins distant; the discal vein thin from the base to the postical cross-vein; a thin anal vein)is indicated. Halteres blackish or brown. Female. Quite similar to the male, the abdomen is pointed. Length 1,5—1,7 mm. D. assimilis seems to be very rare in Denmark, only three speci- mens are known, taken many years ago, one from Westermann’s collection, labelled Copenhagen, and two from Steger, probably taken at Ordrup. Geographical distribution: — Northern and middle Europe down into France; towards the north to southern Sweden. — It is also recorded to occur in North America, but this seems to be erroneous, at all events the species enumerated by Melander (Trans. Amer. 17 958 Orthorrhapha brachycera. Ent. Soc. XXVIII, 1902, 208, Pl. V, figs. 12, 17, 24) as nigra Meig. is not assimilis as is shown with certainty by the figure of the wing, which has the cross-veins much nearer to each other than assimilis. About Walker’s statement (List of the Spec. of Dipt. Ins. in the Coll. of the Brit. Mus. III, 1849, 511) I can say nothing. 4. D. exilis Meig. 1822. Meig. Syst. Beschr. III, 91, 1, Tab. XXIII, Fig. 25—28, et VI, 344. — 1859. Loew, Neue Beitr. zur Kenntn. d. Dipt. VI, 42, 10. — 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 95. — 1908. Kat. palaarkt. Dipt. Il, 273. Male. Frons and vertex black; ocellar triangle with four short bristles; epistoma black; palpi greyish. Occiput black, above with a pair of short bristles and some smaller hairs. Antenne black, the second joint with a very short bristle below. Thorax black, shining, with short, somewhat adpressed, yellowish grey pubescence; the disc has a couple of longer, black bristles behind. There are some black notopleural and a postalar bristle, perhaps also a supraaiar bristle. Scutellum with two black marginal bristles and some very small hairs. Pleura black, shining. Abdomen black, somewhat shining, with short, yellowish grey, towards the sides darker hairs. Venter similarly co- loured and haired. Legs black, front coxee and all trochanters yellow- ish, front tibize yellowish to brownish; sometimes also the front fe- mora, the middle tibiz and the apex of the hind tibiz yellowish to brownish and all tarsi brownish. The legs are short-haired, front fe- mora with very small bristles at the apex on both sides, middle femora with a longer bristle on the anterior side, hind femora with a pair of bristles below at the apex; all femora with fine hairs below; hind tibiz with fine hairs on the dorsal side among which a few stronger hairs. Tibiz without apical spurs. The hairs pale, the 2 Fig. 116. Wing of D. eailis. bristles blackish. Wings brownish tinged, especially on the anterior part. Veins blackish brown to black, the subcostal vein somewhat ; Empididae. 259 near to the margin; the apex of the cubital vein curved a little up- wards, thin and nearly evanescent before reaching the margin; the discal vein thin from the base to considerably behind the postical eross-vein; the cross-veins near to each other; a thin anal vein indi- cated. Halteres black or brownish black. Female. Quite similar to the male; abdomen more pointed. Length 1,5—2 mm. D. exilis seems to be the most common of our species; Amager, @rholm, at Skelskor; on Langeland at Lohals, and on Bornholm at Ronne; at Lohals I caught the species in rather great numbers with the net on a clover-field. My dates are only 7°/6—*/z. Geographical distribution: — Northern and middle Europe down into France; its northern limit is hitherto in Denmark. 5. D. pusilla Loew. 1859. Loew, Neue Beitr. zur Kenntn. d. Dipt. VI, 42, 9. — 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 96. — 1903. Kat. paldarkt. Dipt. Il, 274. — Drapetis exilis (non Meig.): 1842. Zett. Dipt. Scand. I, 328, 2. Male. Frons and vertex black; ocellar triangle with four short bristles; palpi greyish. Occiput blackish, with a pair of bristles and short hairs above. Antenne black, second joint with a very short bristle below. Thorax black, shining, with a short, somewhat ad- pressed, brownish pubescence, behind there is a pair of longer, black bristles. Small notopleural and a postalar bristle present. Scutellum with two black marginal bristles and some small hairs. Pleura black, shining. Abdomen black, slightly shining, with short, dark brown hairs. Venter black. Legs black, anterior femora more or less brown at the apex, front tibize yellowish brown, middle tibie more or less brown and hind tibie brown towards the apex; tarsi brown. Legs short-haired with brownish hairs; front femora with a small bristle ee = LTT TITTNT Fig. 117. Wing of D. pusilla. at the apex on the posterior side, and middle femora with a similar bristle on the anterior side. Tibize without apical spurs. Wings hya- 17 260 Orthorrhapha brachycera. line or almost hyaline. Veins blackish; the cubital vein curved dis- tinctly downwards towards the apex; the discal vein thin from the base to somewhat behind the discal cross-vein, outwards to this cross- vein it has a distinct curve with the convex side downwards; the cross-veins are near to each other; the apical part of the postical vein somewhat suddenly thin; a very thin anal vein indicated. Hal- teres blackish. Female. Quite similar to the male; abdomen pointed. Length 1,5—1,7 mm. This little species resembles eilis, but is distinguished by the almost hyaline wings, the cubital vein which is curved downwards and not thin at the apex, and the distinct curve of the discal vein; also the front coxe are not yellow, at most a little paler at the apex. D. pusilla is very rare in Denmark, only two specimens, a male and a female, are known, one from Westermann’s collection, labelled Copenhagen, and one taken on Langeland at Lohals on */7 1909 (the author). Geographical distribution:— Europe down into Italy; towards the north to southern Sweden. 21. Stilpon Loew. Very small species of partly dark, partly yellow colour. Head about as broad as thorax, short but high, much higher than broad.. Occiput a little arched, with a few bristles above. Eyes large and high; above they are well separated in both sexes, and they do not go nearer to each other downwards, so that the frons has the same breadth above and below and the margins are parallel; below the antennee the eyes are touching in both sexes, and the facets are here a little enlarged likewise in both sexes. The hind margin of the eyes are curved slightly forwards; the incision in the anterior margin is distinct. The eyes are densely short-haired. On the vertex eee FSS = sy SSS — Fig. 118. Antenna of S. graminum. >< 100. there are three ocelli and a couple (four) of ocellar bristles. The an- tennz are inserted near to each other a little below the middle; I Empididae. 261 could only see four joints; the basal joints are short, the third joint also short, somewhat compressed, it tapers on the dorsal side near the apex into a short process which bears a long, straight, unjointed aristat. Epistoma is very small; the jowls do not descend below the eyes. Proboscis is short, stretched downwards and a littie inwards, and the apex is curved a little inwards; there are one-jointed, compressed maxillary palpi, with strong bristles at the apex, but for the rest I have not been able to examine the mouth parts more particularly; probably they resemble those in Drapetis. Thorax is rectangular, but only slightly elongated and not much arched above; pro- and meta- thorax small. There are no bristles on the disc, but a posthumeral and a pair of notopleural bristles. Scutellum has two marginal bristles. Metapleura pruinose, but without hairs. Abdomen short and robust; I think it consists of eight segments, but in the male they are not to be counted. The male genitalia form a small forceps. In the female eight abdominal segments are visible, and abdomen is pointed. The legs are short; the front femora strongly thickened; the middle tibiz are relatively short, considerably shorter than the femora. The legs are short-haired and with a few bristles; the tibiz without apical spurs. There are two claws, two pulvilli and a very small empodium. The wings narrow, the subcostal vein very short, the radial vein termina- * Fig. 119. Wing of S. graminum. ting before the middle of the wing; the cubital vein unforked, thus one cubital cell; the discal vein likewise unforked, thus three posterior cells; no discal cell; the lower branch of the postical vein wanting and no anal vein present; first basal cell short and narrow, second longer and much broader. No stigma. Axillary lobe somewhat devel- oped. No alula. Alar squamula very small, a little fringed at the margin. The developmental stages are not known. 1 It will thus be seen, as also shown by fig. 118, that the arista is not in reality dorsal, but seen with a lens it looks so, because the process from the third joint is then taken to be the basal part of the arista, and also because the hairs on the lower side of the third joint seem to form part of the joint; in reality there is only a slight difference between the facts here and in D. ater- ruma, while in setigera the arista is more distinctly terminal. 962 Orthorrhapha brachycera. The very small species of this genus occur on fields and meadows, generally near water. The genus comprises 3 palzearctic species; one is hitherto found in Denmark. 1. S. graminum Fall. 1815. Fall. Dipt. Suec. Empid. 15, 21. (Tachydromia). — 1822. Meig. Syst. Beschr. Ill, 72,10. (Zachydromia), et 1838. VII, 95, 11. (Tachypeza). — 1842. Zett. Dipt. Scand. I, 320, 10. (Tachypeza). — 1859. Loew, Neue Beitr. zur Kenntn. d. Dipt. VI, 43, 11. — 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 95. (Drapetis). — 1903. Kat. palaarkt. Dipt. II, 274. Male. Vertex and frons grey; palpi pale, yellow. Occiput grey with some black bristles above. Antenne yellow, the third joint and the arista dark brown. Thorax black, but the colour more or less hidden by a dense grey pruinosity, and further there is a short, pale pubescence. A posthumeral and a pair of notopleural bristles present, all black. Scutellum with two black marginal bristles. Pleura black, shining, but grey pruinose above. Abdomen dirty yellowish, with scarcely perceptible, pale hairs. Venter of the same colour. The ex- terior genitalia black. Legs yellow, tarsi a little brownish towards the ends. The legs short-haired with yellowish hairs; the front and hind femora with somewhat fine, longish hairs below; the middle fe- mora with about three a little stronger bristles, and with a black bristle at the apex on the anterior side; the middle tibie distinctly haired above and below. Wings somewhat narrow, a little brownish tinged. Veins brown; the discal vein thin from the base to the postical cross-vein. Halteres yellow. Female. Quite similar to the male; abdomen generally a little paler; ovipositor black. Length 1,3 mm. S. graminum is not rare in Denmark, but it has, however, not been taken many times, probably on account of its smallness; at Ler- sgen by Copenhagen and at Sor@ So; my dates are 1°/4 to June. At Soro Se I took it with the sieve from flood refuse on 1°/4, so that it might be thought to have hibernated. Geographical distribution: — Europe down into Italy; towards the north to middle Sweden, and in Finland. 22. Taechypeza Meig. Species of a somewhat small size and a slender shape, and of dark colours. Head about as broad as thorax, somewhat elongated, Empididae. 263 higher than broad. Occiput somewhat conical, with a few bristles above. Eyes high; they are in both sexes separated above the an- tenn, leaving a narrow frons between them; below the antenne they are touching, and the facets are here in both sexes a little enlarged; the hind margin is a little incurved, the lower posterior corner drawn a little out backwards. The incision in the middle of the inner eye- margin distinct. In the living specimens the eyes are brown anda little metallic. There are three ocelli, placed somewhat forwards, so that the upper posterior corner of the eye lies somewhat behind the ocelli. No ocellar bristles. The antennze are inserted somewhat near to each Fig. 120. Antenne of T. nubila. >< 100. other, about in the middle; they are four-jointed, the basal joint is very short, almost ring-like, the second somewhat longer, the third ovate, compressed and terminating with a long, unjointed arista, forming the fourth joint. Epistoma is very small on account of the touching eyes. Jowls not developed. Proboscis short, stretched downwards and more or less inwards (backwards). Clypeus consists of two small lists. La- brum is as long as labium, semitubular or almost tubular, strong, high at the base and three-pointed at the apex, the lateral lobes are some- what hook-shaped, the median broad and rounded, beset with spines below; hypopharynx is a lancet-shaped blade, as long as the labrum, pointed and with a pair of spines below at the apex. There are no maxille, but ovate, compressed, one-jointed maxillary palpi, with strong bristles at the apex. Labium has somewhat large labella with some bristles, they are not cleft quite to their base, and between them there is a relatively large, median lobe. Thorax is elongated, rect- angular, a little narrowed in front, and not much arched above; the humeri are distinctly marked off by an impressed furrow. Pro- and metathorax are small, the latter however visible as a narrow rim be- hind the postscutellum. There are uniserial dorsocentral and biserial acrostichal bristles on the disc, but they are very small, almost puncti- form and scarcely observable; there are two notopleural bristles. Scutellum with two marginal bristles. Metapleura bare. Abdomen somewhat slender; it consists of eight segments, but the last is small and hidden; the first dorsal segment is very short, and there is no chitinised first ventral segment. The male genitalia are somewhat large; they consist (nubila) of a large ventral piece, and above it lies a pair of complicated, not symmetrical lamelle, and perhaps still a 964 Orthorrhapha brachycera. pair of lamelle inwards; the genitalia are somewhat different in the various species. In the female the abdomen is pointed, and the eighth segment terminates with two thin styles, The legs are long and slen- der, the hind legs longest, the front legs the shortest; the front coxe a little elongated; the front femora are thickened in both sexes, also the middle femora are a little thickened; sometimes also the front tibiz are somewhat thickened, and then most in the male; the tarsi are long. Front and middle femora have two rows of very short spines below, between which the tibiae can be laid up. For the rest the legs are short-haired and with very few bristles. Tibize without, or the anterior tibize with very small apical spurs. There are two claws, two pulvilli and a small, linear empodium with bristles below. Wings Fig. 121. Wing of T. nubila. with the mediastinal vein short and weak, not reaching the margin; the cubital vein unforked and thus one cubital cell; the discal vein likewise unforked and thus three posterior cells; no discal cell; the lower branch of the postical vein present and somewhat recurrent, — but no anal vein or anal cell is present; the basal cells long, the se- cond a little longer than the first. No stigma. The axillary lobe somewhat developed, the axillary angle very shallow. No alula, the margin here a little fringed. Alar squamula very small, fringed at the margin. The developmental stages are not known. Boie mentions (Stett. Ent. Zeitg. VII, 1847, 331), that he has bred a Tachydromia from flowers of Bidens cernuus; the species might belong to the pre- sent or the following genus, but there is no doubt some mistake here. The species of this genus are rather characteristic by their elongated shape, and also by their behaviour; they occur especially on the stems of trees and on boards, and they are here seen run- ning swiftly about with the wings parallel over abdomen, but they fly rarely. I have never taken them with prey, but they are known to be raptorial, as is also indicated by the shape of the anterior legs. Poulton records in the work cited above 7. nubila with Cecidomyia sp. as prey. Empididae. 265 Of the genus 6 to 9 species are known from the palearctic region (three are doubtful); two have hitherto been found in Denmark. Table of Species. 1. Thorax somewhat shining; wings brown with base and apex hyaline; front tibie not thickened ............... 1. fuscipennis. — Thorax pruinose, dull; wings with the cubital and the ba- sal part of the postical vein brownish seamed; front tibiz sameweat thickened’) 3° 7/08 costal teats oss ays sate 2. nubila. 1. T. fuscipennis Fall. _ 1815. Fall. Dipt. Suec. Empid. 14, 19 (Tachydromia). — 1822. Meig. Syst. Beschr. Ill, 71, 5 (Tachydromia), et 1838. VII, 95, 6. — 1842. Zett. Dipt. Scand. I, 315, 4. — 1860. Loew, Zeitschr. fiir Entom. Breslau. XIV, 14, 3. — 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 938. — 1903. Kat. palaarkt. Dipt. I, 275. Male. Frons and vertex greyish black; palpi whitish, with black bristles. Occiput grey, with a few black bristles above, and densely beset with whitish hairs below, the hairs forming a longitudinal stripe on each side. Antenne yellow. Thorax black, somewhat shining, with a slight and very short pubescence. There are two black, noto- pleural bristles. Scutellum with two black marginal bristles. Pleura black, shining, a little pruinose downwards and towards behind. Ab- domen blackish brown or brownish, with a very sparse and short, pale pubescence. Venter similarly coloured, the last ventral segment with long hairs. The exterior genitalia black. Legs yellow, on the hind legs the femora, the tibiz except the base and the tarsi, except the base of the metatarsus, brownish; also the anterior tibize may be a little brownish. Front tibize not thickened, slightly curved, and also the middle tibize very slightly curved. The legs are short-haired with pale hairs, the middle coxe and the base of the middle femora have a few blackish bristles; the front femora with a short, dense pube- scence below. Wings more or less brown with the base and the apex clear, thus they may also be described as having a broad, brown middle band; the colour is darkest towards the anterior margin. Veins paler or darker brownish. Halteres whitish yellow. Female. Similar to the male; the ovipositor black; the bristles be- low the base of the middle femora stronger. Length 2,8 to fully 3,5 mm. T. fuscipennis is rare in Denmark, I know only four specimens, a male and three females; vicinity of Copenhagen, Ordrup and on Lolland at Maribo; the dates are 4/;—17/7. It occurs generally on the stems of trees. 266 Orthorrhapha brachycera. Geographical distribution: — Europe; towards the north to north- ern Sweden, and in Finland. 2. T. nubila Meig. 1804. Klass. eur. zweifl. Ins. I, 239, 9. (Tachydromia). — 1860. Loew, Zeitschr. fiir Entom. Breslau, XIV. 12, 2. — 1903. Kat. palaarkt. Dipt. II, 275. — Tachydromia nervosa: 1822. Meig. Syst. Beschr. Ill, 72, 8. — 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 94. — Tachypeza nervosa: 1838. Meig. Syst. Beschr. VII, 59, 9. — 1842. Zett. Dipt. Scand. I, 317, 6. — Tachydromia ‘truncorum (non Fall.): 1822. Meig. Syst. Beschr. III, 71, 6. — Tachypeza truncorum (non Fall.): 1838. Meig. Syst. Beschr. VII, 95, 7. Male. Vertex and frons grey; palpi yellowish, with black bristles at the apex. Occiput grey, with a few black bristles above, and dense white hairs below. Antenne yellow, apex and the arista generally dark. Thorax brownish grey pruinose, dull; there are two black notopleural bristles. Scutellum with two black marginal bristles. Pleura brownish grey pruinose. Abdomen black, somewhat shining, sometimes brownish black; it has very short, pale hairs. Ven- ter similarly coloured and haired, but the hairs towards the apex darker; the last ventral segment with longer, dark hairs. Legs paler or darker yellow, front femora with a dark patch above or on the posterior side and with a black stripe below, middle and hind femora more or less brownish on the apical part; front tibiz black except the base, and the base of the front metatarsi black, hind tibizee with the apex black and with a more or less distinct, brownish ring near the base. The front tibie are straight, considerably thickened, the middle tibize straight. The legs are short-haired with yellowish hairs; the middle coxe and the base of the middle femora with a few black bristles, the front coxee with a spine at the apex on the posterior side. Wings slightly brownish; the cubital and the basal part of the postical vein with a broad seam. Veins brown or blackish. Halteres whit- ish yellow. Female. Similar to the male, but the front femora with no black stripe below, the front tibiz less thickened and the metatarsi not black at the base. Length 2,s—3,5 mm. This species is easily distinguished from fuscipennis besides by the colour of the wings also by the very different shape of the front tibiee. T. nubila is very common in Denmark, running on the stems of trees; vicinity of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Ordrup Mose, Dyrehaven, Bollemosen, Geel Skov, Tyvekrog, Tisvilde and at Sor; on Langeland Empididae. 267 at Lohals; in Jutland in Vejle Norreskov, at Hald near Viborg and at Frederikshavn, and finally on Bornholm at Allinge; my dates are 12/g_ 25/9, Geographical distribution: — Europe down into Italy: towards the north to northern Scandinavia, and in Finland. 23. Taehista Loew. Small species of black colour, and with blackish banded or varie- gated wings. — The whole structure of the body in this genus quite agrees with that in Tachypeza. The generic distinction lies in the wings, the lower branch of the postical vein being totally absent. For the rest I find only the following differences (at all events so far as concerns the Danish species): Small ocellar bristles present, or (annulimana) wanting; more or less distinct dorsocentral and acro- stichal bristles present, the former sometimes long and strong behind, the latter scarcely observable, practically absent; humeral bristles sometimes, and postalar bristles always present. Scutellum with two or four marginal bristles. The developmental stages are not known (see above under Tachypeza). The species of this genus are very characteristic and easily known by their banded wings. They are generally seen running on stems and boards like the species of Tachypeza, and they show the same behaviour; they have the wings lying flat over the abdomen and are not unlike small Hemipters. Some species are found running on the ground or in the sand at the borders of water and at the sea- shore. Of the genus 18 species (one doubtful) are found in the pale- arctic region; 4 have hitherto been found in Denmark. Table of Species. 1. A greyish white spot above the front coxe ............. 2. — No greyish white spot above the front coxe ......... 2. annulimana. Zae Wines only. brownish at the apex. ..22.225.0.20...+%. 4. terricola. — Wings more blackish Gmarkedey yoy aah bee AEE ane Alcs oi 3. Sayvines with two, blackish, bands . 2.2.0... ins sree. 1. arrogans. — Wings blackish, with the base white and a hyaline spot mepaer second posterior cell sre meee ees fet ose se 3. sabulosa, 1. T. arrogans L. 1761. Linn. Fn. Suec. 1857 (Musca). — 1822. Meig. Syst. Beschr. III, 68, 1 (Lachydromia). — 1842. Zett. Dipt. Scand. 1, 312, 1 (Tachypeza). — 1860. Loew, Zeitschr. ftir Entom. Breslau, XIV, 20, 4. — 1862. Schin. 268 Orthorrhapha brachycera. F. A. I, 93 (Lachydromia). — 1903. Kat. paléarkt. Dipt. II], 276. — Musca cimicoides: 1781. Fabr. Spec. Ins. Il, 447,61. — Tachydromia cimicoides : 1805. Fabr. Syst. Antl. 144, 4. — 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 93. Male. Frons and vertex black, shining; palpi whitish haired, with a black bristle at the apex. Occiput black, shining, with a few black bristles above. Antenne yellow, the third joint and the arista blackish or brown. ‘Thorax black, shining, a little geneous, with very short, black hairs. A notopleural and a postalar bristle present, both black. Scutellum with four black marginal bristles. Pleura black shining; the propleural part whitish grey pruinose, so that there is a triangular, whitish grey spot above the front coxe. Abdomen black, shining, with short, brownish hairs. Venter similarly coloured, the hairs longer and darker. Legs yellow; the front coxee whitish pruinose anteriorly, the posterior coxee black or brown; the anterior femora more or less blackish or brownish above and at the apex, the tibiz, except the base, blackish; hind legs except the base of the tibize, and sometimes also of the femora, black or blackish; the last tarsal joints blackish. The front femora somewhat, the middle femora slightly thickened. The legs are short-haired with pale hairs, on the postero-ventral side of the hind femora a few longer hairs; the anterior femora with the Fig. 122. Wing of 7. arrogans. ordinary rows of short spines below. Wings hyaline, with two broad, blackish bands. Veins dark brown; the radial vein distant from the margin, curved almost rectangularly upwards at the apex. Halteres white. Female. With exception of the pointed abdomen quite similar to the male. Length 2,2—2,7 mm. T. arrogans is a very common species in Denmark, generally occurring on stems and on boards and walls, but also in herbage, generally on humid ground; vicinity of Copenhagen, Amager, @rholm, Nordskoven at Jeegerspris, Rervig and at Skelskor; on Langeland at Lohals; on Funen at Hoffmansgave and Strib; in Jutland at Sminge near Silkeborg, Gjerlev near Randers Fjord, Hald near Viborg and at Bangsbo near Frederikshavn. My dates are 18/s—15/s, Empididae. 269 Geographical distribution: — Europe down into Italy; towards the north to northern Sweden, and in Finland. 2. T. annulimana Meig. 1822. Meig. Syst. Beschr. Ill, 69, 2 (Tachydromia), et 1838. VII, 95,3 (Tachypeza). — 1860. Loew, Zeitschr. fiir Entom. Breslau, XIV, 28, 10. — 1862. Schin. F. A. 1, 93 (Tachydromia). — 1903. Kat. palaarkt. Dipt. IL, 276. — Tachypeza albitarsis: 1842. Zett. Scand. I, 313, 2. Male. Vertex and frons black, shining, the latter dull above the antenne. Palpi large, with long, whitish yellow hairs and a black bristle at the apex. Occiput grey pruinose with a few black bristles above, and with white hairs below. Antenne black or brown, the basal joints reddish. Thorax black, shining, with short, black hairs, the two last hairs in each dorsocentral row are strong bristles, so that there are four strong bristles posteriorly on the disc. A noto- pleural and a postalar bristle present, both black and strong. Scutel- lum with four black marginal bristles. Pleura black, shining, the propleural parts not grey, so that there is no grey spot above the front coxe. Abdomen black, shining, with short, brownish hairs. Venter of the same colour, the hairs towards the apex a little longer and darker. Legs black and yellowish; the front coxe yellow, the posterior coxee black, front femora black, with the base and apex yellowish, sometimes also yellowish in the middle, so that there are two blackish rings; middle femora yellowish, a little brownish above; anterior tibiz blackish, with the base narrowly yellowish; the hind legs blackish, except the base of the tibiz; all tarsi with the two first joints yellow or whitish yellow with dark apex, the three last joints blackish. Front femora strongly thickened, middle femora moderately thickened; front tibize somewhat thickened, middle tibize with a broad, inwards curved tooth at the apex on the ventral side. Anterior femora with rows of long, yellow hairs below, but without spines; middle femora with a black bristle at the apex on the antero-dorsal, and a shorter and weaker on the postero-dorsal side; for the rest the legs short-haired, only on the postero-ventra! side of the hind femora a few longer hairs on the basal half. Wings hyaline, with two blackish brown bands as in arrogans, but the hyaline band between them broader. Veins dark brown, the radial vein curved in the middle and lying much nearer to the costa than in arrogans. Halteres white. Female. Similar to the male; the front femora a little less thickened, and broadly yellow at the base, and the hairs below the anterior femora shorter; the middle tibiz simple, and the bristles at the apex of the middle femora small. 970 Orthorrhapha brachycera. Length 2,5—3 mm. This species greatly resembles arrogans at first sight, but it is easily recognised by the absence of the grey spot above the front coxee, by the bristles on thorax and the radial vein lying nearer to the costa, further by the want of the short spines below the anterior femora but instead with longer hairs, and in the male by the tooth at the apex of the middle tibie. T.annulimana is rarer in Denmark than arrogans; at Lersgen, Sore, Tisvilde, Frederikssund and in Nordskoven at Jeegerspris; in Jutland at Sminge near Silkeborg and at Bangsbo near Frederikshavn, and finally on Bornholm at Allinge; my dates are 1*/s-—1/7. It occurs in the same way as arrogans. Geographical distribution: — Europe down into Italy; towards the north to northern Sweden, and in Finland. 3. T.sabulosa Meig. 1830. Meig. Syst. Beschr. VI, 342, 56 (Tachydromia), et 1838. VII, 95, 12 (Tachypeza). — 1860. Loew, Zeitschr. fiir Entom. Breslau, XIV, 17, 2. — 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 93 (Tachydromia). — Tachypeza fene- strata: 1842. Zett. Dipt. Seand. I, 318, 7. Male. Vertex and frons black, shining; palpi with whitish yellow hairs and a black bristle at the apex. Occiput greyish pruinose above, black, shining downwards; it has black bristles above, whitish bristles downwards. Antenne brownish with the base yellow. Thorax greyish pruinose, it has distinct, but short, black dorsocentral bristles. There are about three humeral bristles, a stronger and a pair of weaker notopleural and a postalar bristle, all black. Scutellum with four black marginal bristles. Pleura black, shining; the propleural parts whitish grey pruinose, thus there is a whitish grey, triangular spot above the front cox; also the hypopleura grey pruinose. Abdomen greyish pruinose, with short hairs. Venter blackish, with a little longer, dark hairs. Legs blackish; front coxee yellowish, greyish pruinose on the anterior side; the anterior femora yellowish at the base and more broadly at the apex; the anterior tibiee yellowish on the basal part; hind femora a little yellowish at the apex, and the tibie at the base. Sometimes the anterior femora are more broadly yellowish at base and apex, the black colour then forming a broad ring in the middle. The black parts of the legs are slightly pruinose. Front femora much thickened in such a way, that there is a large swelling in the middle on the postero-ventral side; the middle femora some- what thickened; the middle tibize curved a little inwards at the apex. The legs are short-haired, the anterior femora have the ordinary Empididae. 971 rows of short spines below, the middle femora a few longer hairs below at the base, and the hind femora are distinctly haired below. Wings blackish brown with about the basal third part hyaline, some- what white, and with a hyaline spot in the second posterior cell, stretching also a little above the discal vein, or also the first posterior cell almost quite hyaline. Veins brown, Halteres white. Female. Similar to the male, but the anterior femora less thickened, and the middle tibie not curved at the apex. Length about 2,5 mm. This species is at once recognised by the colour of the wings, and in the male by the strongly swollen front femora. As Zetterstedt says: ,oteeg. in litt.“ the name fenestrata was due to Steger. T. sabulosa is rare in Denmark and has hitherto only been taken in Jutland at Silkeborg (as mentioned by Zetterstedt) and at Frederiks- havn (Th. Mortensen), six specimens in all; it has been taken in July. It occurs running in the sand at the borders of streams and at the sea-shore. Geographical distribution: — Northern and middle Europe down into Germany; its northern limit lies in Denmark. 4, T.terricola Zett. 1819. Zett. Vetensk. Akad. Hand]. 1819, 81, 34 (Tachydromia). — 1822. Meig. Syst. Beschr. Ill, 72, 9 (Tachydromia). — 1823. Fall. Dipt. Suec. Suppl. I, 6, 20—21 (Tachydromia). — 1842. Zett. Dipt. Scand. I, 320, 9, et 1849. VIII, 3011, 9 (Tachypeza). — 1860. Loew, Zeitschr. fiir Entom. Breslau, XIV, 17, 1. — 1903. Kat. palaarkt. Dipt. II, 277. Male. Frons and vertex black, shining, the former narrow; palpi somewhat short, yellow haired, with a black bristle at the apex. Occiput black, shining, with a few black bristles above. Antenne yellow, the arista slightly darker. Thorax black, shining, with very short, black hairs. A notopleural and a postalar bristle present, both black. Scutellum with two black marginal bristles. Pleura black, shining; the propleural parts whitish pruinose, so that there is a large, whitish spot above the front coxze. Abdomen black, shining, with short, brownish hairs. Venter black. Exterior genitalia and the last ventral segment with somewhat long, dark hairs. Legs yellow; sometimes the tibiee and the hind femora at the apex a little brownish; the front tarsi with the apex of the metatarsus and the whole fourth and fifth joint brown; on the posterior tarsi the apex of the three first joints and the two last joints quite or almost quite brown. The anterior femora only slightly thickened; the middle femora at ‘the base with a little excision, beset with blackish. bristles. For the rest 972 Orthorrhapha brachycera. the legs short-haired with yellowish hairs; the middle tibie a little bent at the apex and with a small, tooth-like process on the ventral side. Wings hyaline; the apex above the cubital vein from a little before the end of the radial vein more or less dark brownish fumigated. Veins brown or blackish brown, the cubital vein indistinctly brownish seamed. Halteres whitish yellow. The female I do not know, according to the descriptions it mainly resembles the male. Length fully 2 mm. T. terricola is very rare in Denmark, there has only been taken one specimen, viz. the one mentioned by Zetterstedt |. c. VII, and sent to him from Steger under the name Tachypeza apicata Nn. sp. It was a female, and it was taken on 1/6 1848. The species is at present not represented in our collection. According to Zetterstedt the species occurs on shores and at borders of lakes and streams, run- ning in the sand and on the ground, and here very liable to escape observation. Loew mentions 1. ¢., that he has only taken it below green turfs. Geographical distribution: — Northern and middle Europe down into Germany; towards the north to southern Sweden. 24. Elaphropeza Macq. Small yellow and blackish species. Head about globular, nar- rower than thorax; occiput arched, with a few bristles above. Eyes large, in both sexes separated above the antenne, leaving a narrow frons between them; below the antenne they are touching in both sexes. The facets are of equal size. The incision in the inner eye- margin distinct; the hind margin with a shallow incision. The eyes are microscopically haired. In the living specimens the eyes are brown, slightly metallic. Three ocelli and ocellar bristles are present. rs Fig. 123. Antenna of E. ephippiata. >< 90. The antenne are inserted near to each other, in the middle; they are five-jointed, the basal joint very short, the second a little longer, the third is conical and bears a long, two-jointed arista, which is directed somewhat downwards, and with the basal joint very short. Kpistoma is very short on account of the touching eyes; jowls not developed. Proboscis is short, directed downwards; the maxillary palpi one-jointed, compressed. The mouth parts I have otherwise Empididae. 973 not been able to examine. Thorax is slightly elongated, almost qua- dratic; pro- and metathorax small. The thoracic disc is only clothed with short hairs, which are, however, divided into dorsocentral and acrostichal hairs by two narrow, bare stripes. A notopleural bristle, a supraalar and a postalar bristle present. Scutellum with two mar- ginal bristles. Metapleura bare. Abdomen consists of eight segments, but the last are in the male hidden; the exterior genitalia in the male are somewhat large, and resemble those in Tachypeza. In the female the abdomen is pointed, and it terminates with two small, styliform lamellz. The legs are somewhat slender, the front cox: almost not elongated; they are short-haired, with few bristles. The front tibize have small apical spurs. There are two claws, two pulvilli, and a small, somewhat claw-shaped empodium. Wings with the Fig. 124. Wing of E. ephippiata. mediastinal vein short, not reaching the margin; the subcostal and the radial vein likewise short, the first terminating before the middle of the wing; the cubital vein unforked, one cubital cell; the discal vein likewise unforked and three posterior cells; no discal cell; the lower branch of the postical vein and the anal vein wanting, thus no anal cell. No stigma. First basal cell short, the second much longer. Axillary lobe small, the axillary angle very shallow. No alula, the margin here fringed. Alar squamula very small and narrow, with a few long hairs. The developmental stages are not known. The small species occurs mainly in woods in low herbage. To the genus only one palearctic species belongs, also occurring in Denmark. 1. E.ephippiata Fall. 1815. Fall. Dipt. Suec. Empid. 11, 14 (Tachydromia). — 1822. Meig. Syst. Beschr. Ill, 65,8, Tab. XXIII, Fig. 10 (Hemerodromia). — 1842. Zett. Dipt. Scand. I, 326, 1. — 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 95. — 1903. Kat. paldarkt. Dipt. Ul, 278. Male. Vertex and frons brownish black; palpi yellow. Occiput dark brown or blackish, with pale brownish bristles and hairs. Antenne 18 ITAL Orthorrhapha brachycera. yellow, the third joint and the arista brownish. Thorax yellow or reddish yellow, shining, with two. black or brownish black stripes behind, one on each side, in front of the scutellum. The dise is uniformly clothed with yellow hairs, but two narrow, bare stripes indicate a division into dorsocentral and acrostichal hairs; the inner- most row of the former (the real dorsocentral hairs) are longer behind. A notopleural bristle, a supraalar and a postalar bristle present, all yellow. Scutellum black, with two yellow or brown marginal bristles. Pleura yellow, hypopleura black above the hind coxe. Abdomen black or blackish, pale at the base, and also sometimes at the apex in front of the genitalia. Venter similarly coloured or almost quite pale. Abdomen is clothed with yellow hairs, which are long at the hind margin of the last visible segment; at the sides of the middle segments (fourth and fifth) there are curious, broad, scaly, dark hairs. Venter with short, pale hairs. Legs yellow, the last tarsal joint brownish. The hind tibie slightly thickened just at the apex. The femora with fine, longish hairs below, the front femora with a small bristle at the apex on the anterior and one on the posterior side, the middle femora with a stronger bristle on the anterior side; the tibize with fine hairs above and below, longest on the hind tibie; these latter with a pair of bristles on the dorsal side. All hairs pale yellow. Wings hyaline. Veins brown, the basal part of the discal vein colourless. Halteres white or whitish yellow. Female. Similar to the male, but abdomen pointed. Length 2—2,3 mm. E. ephippiata is not rare in Denmark; Dyrehaven, at Svenstrup between Roskilde and Ringsted; on Lolland at Maribo; in Jutland in Greisdalen at Vejle and at Horsens, and finally on Bornholm. ‘The dates are in July and August. It occurs in woods and thickets on bushes and in low herbage. Geographical distribution: — Europe down into Italy; towards the north to middle Sweden. 25. Chersodromia Walk. . Species of small to very small size (1—4 mm.), but of a some- what robust shape, and of grey or blackish colours. Head a little narrower than thorax, and a little higher than broad; occiput some- what arched, with four or only two long bristles (vertical - bristles) above, and besides with smaller hairs. Eyes higher than broad; they are equally separated above the antenne in both sexes, and the facets are of equal size; below the antenne they are likewise separated. The eyes are short but densely hairy, in the smaller species this is Empididae. 975 difficult to see without the microscope; their hind margin is slightly ineurved, and the lower posterior corner is pointed. The incision in the inner eye-margin is distinct and not small. The vertex has three ocelli, and some (four) bristles, or these latter are wanting. ‘The antenne are inserted near to each other, about in the middle; they Fig, 125. Antenna of Ch. hirta. >< 90. are short, five-jointed; the first joint is short, the second a little longer and with bristles, which are longest below; the third joint is ovate, dilated downwards and compressed, it bears at the apex a longer or shorter, two-jointed arista, the basal joint of which is very short; the arista is directed somewhat downwards. Epistoma is some- what broad and broadened downwards, its lower part is a little arched; it is confluent with the jowls, which descend more or less below the eyes. Clypeus is a small, nearly quadratic piece, excised in the lower margin; it is not quite separated from the epistoma. Proboscis is about half as long as the head is high, it is strong and well chitinised, curved a little downwards and directed backwards, towards the sternum. Labrum is as long as labium, strongly chitinised, very high at the base and curved downwards towards the apex, it is here divided into three long, claw-like points, the lateral are strong and have a spine below in the middle, the median is less chitinized and beset with bristles on the lower side; hypopharynx is as long as labrum, very strongly chitinised, black, and curved downwards with the pointed apex; there are no maxille but one-jointed, ovate and compressed maxillary palpi with long bristles. Labium has the basal part and the labella of about equal length, the latter are cleft about to their base, and they bear strong bristles; there is a somewhat large median lobe between the labella. Thorax is slightly elongated, almost qua- dratic, a little arched above. Pro- and metathorax small. Short bi- serial acrostichal bristles are present, and generally. longer uniserial dorsocentral bristles, but these latter are fused with short hairs, clothing the sides of the disc, and the dorsocentral bristles are some- times not longer than the lateral hairs, and in this case they are not distinct. A humeral bristle, a posthumeral, some notopleural, a supraalar and a postalar bristle are present; sometimes the posthumeral bristle is absent, and in one case (incana) there is only a notopleural bristle 18* 976 Orthorrhapha brachycera. present in all. Scutellum with two to four marginal bristles, or (in- cana) without bristles. Metapleura without hairs. Abdomen some- what flattened, consisting of eight distinctly visible segments. The male genitalia are large or somewhat large, they consist of a large, arched plate below, and some complicated, more or less hook-shaped pieces above, forming a forceps. In the female the abdomen is pointed and terminates with two styliform lamelle. In all species the abdomen has a fine pruinosity, which is arranged in such a way, that when abdomen is viewed in a certain direction one half of it looks grey the other blackish or at all events a difference in the colour is seen, the dividing line lying along the middle; when ab- domen is then viewed in another direction the difference in the hue changes to the reverse. The legs are somewhat robust, not long; front coxee only very slightly elongated; front femora more or less, but generally not much thickened. The legs are mainly short-haired or a little longish haired, and more or less beset with bristles; the tibiee generally with subapical or apical bristles or spurs. There are two claws, two rather large pulvilli. and a small, linear empodium with bristles below. Wings with the mediastinal vein not reaching the margin; the cubital vein unforked and thus one cubital cell; the discal vein likewise unforked, thus three posterior cells; no discal cell; the lower branch of the postical vein and the anal vein absent, thus no anal cell; the two basal cells of equal length. No stigma. In one species (arenaria) the wings are small, but with a normal venation. The axillary lobe somewhat developed, the axillary angle shallow. Alula not developed, the margin here fringed. Alar squamula very small, with long hairs at the margin. The developmental stages of Chersodromia are not known. These small flies are very characteristic among the Empids; when running on the sand they are at first sight often not recognised as Empids, as their exterior may to some degree recall that of small Muscids or Borborids. They occur on sandy sea-shores, some species (e.g. cursitans) may also occur at streams and lakes. The Danish species have hitherto been taken only in a few localities, but they are probably much more widely distributed at our shores. In one locality I took cursitans, difficilis, arenaria and incana together, but it was interesting to see, that there seemed to be some difference with regard to the exact places, on which they occurred; cursitans and difficilis were especially running on the wet sand and quite down to the water; the bright grey zmcana on the other hand was seen a little longer inwards, where the sand was dry and hence of white colour; arenaria Was especially running between stones and in the sea-weed Empididae. 24 fs on the shore, slipping along very swiftly in it. These differences were, to be sure, not absolute, but however very marked. Most species seem to be widely distributed, down into North Africa. The species are certainly strong robbers, which is indicated by their very power- ful mouth parts. Of the genus 8 species are known from the palearctic region; 5 are found in Denmark, but of these one species is here described as new, the total number of species thus increasing to 9. Table of Species. {. Colour light grey; wings milk-white................... 5. incand. — Colour dark grey or blackish; wings not milk-white......... 2. 2. Wings small, not longer than abdomen................ 4. arenaria. — Wings of ordinary size, longer than abdomen..........-... 3. 3. Halteres more or less pale; hind femora with bristles; largest SHeRICS (co —— 4 WAM). <2. ogi 5 en eingsre erie sickens b.3 1. hirta. — Halteres dark; hind femora without bristles (except the apical oxte)= ismaller ‘species: (1;8— 2.4. mm.)Pa—. .-. fet a ee oe 4. i Legs somewhat greyish pruinose, middle tibize without bristles; radial vein terminating much nearer to the apex of the subcostal than to the apex of the cubital vein.......... 2. cursitans. — Legs somewhat shining, middle tibie with some bristles; radial vein terminating in the middle between the apex of imeecubeostalvand cubital Well 2. oc... < 130. Tachydromia, its upper margin is straight so that it is dilated only downwards. The maxillary palpi are not squamiform but band-shaped. Epistoma. is not narrow, and it is somewhat short. Thorax and ab- domen as in Yachydromia, the former with somewhat indistinct uniserial dorsocentral and biserial acrostichal bristles. One notopleural bristle present. Scutellum with six bristles. The legs somewhat slender; the femora not thickened, and the middle tibize without ISA Orthorrhapha brachycera. apical spine. The legs are mainly short-haired, and there is no such armature on the middle legs as in Tachydromia. Wings almost with- out axillary lobe, and the axillary angle very shallow. The developmental stages are not known. Of the genus only one species is known, also occurring in Den- mark. 1. S. dissimilis Fall. 1815. Fall. Dipt. Suec. Empid. 9, 9 (Tachydromia). — 1822. Meig. Syst. Beschr. II, 85, 41 (Tachydromia). — 1842. Zett. Dipt. Scand. I, 308, 44 (Tachydromia). — Macroptera pictipes: 1889. Beck. Wien. Ent. Zeitg. VIII, 80, Tab. 1, Fig. 3—5. — Symballophthalmus pictipes: 1889. Beck. |. c. 285. — Symballophthalmus cyanophthalmus: 1893. Strobl, Mittheil. Ver. Steierm. 1892, 123. Male. Vertex black; epistoma blackish, dull above, shining below. Palpi yellow. Occiput greyish black, with white hairs which are some- what long above. Antenne yellowish or brownish. Thorax black or brownish black, shining, with short, pale hairs which form indistinct dorsocentral and acrostichal rows. One long, yellow notopleural bristle present. Scutellum with six fine, yellow marginal bristles. Pleura black or brownish black, somewhat shining. Abdomen black, the basal part yellowish; it is clothed with longish, pale yellowish hairs. Venter similarly coloured and haired. Legs yellow, the apex of the hind femora, the hind tibie and all tarsi brownish, sometimes the base of the metatarsi paler. The legs are short-haired with yellowish hairs, the femora with a little longer hairs below; the front metatarsi with long, somewhat bristle-like hairs on the posterior side. Wings hyaline, the subcostal cell somewhat yellowish. The veins pale brown. Halteres pale yellowish. Female. Similar to the male; the front metatarsi without long hairs; abdomen pointed. Length 2—2,5 mm. Remarks: The statements by the various authors with regard to the colour of the antenne and legs are somewhat different, the species may evidently vary somewhat in this respect, the colour of the brownish parts being lighter or darker to blackish. S. dissimilis is rare in Denmark, only five specimens have been taken many years ago in Charlottenlund in June by Steeger. Geographical distribution: — Northern and middle Europe down into Styria and Switzerland; towards the north to middle Sweden. Enmpididae. 985 27. Taehydromia Meig. (Platypalpus Macq.) Species of small to very small size; the colours are generally black, more or less covered by a light pruinosity on thorax, or quite black; sometimes they are yellow. Head somewhat globular, generally a little higher than broad, and a little narrower than, or as broad as thorax; occiput somewhat arched, generally with a pair of bristles and some shorter hairs above, and longish hairs below. Eyes higher than broad; they are separated above the antenne in both sexes, the frons more or less narrow; below the antenne they are likewise but narrowly separated, and sometimes almost touching. The facets are of equal size. The hind margin of the eyes is slightly incurved. The incision in the inner eye-margin is distinct. In the living specimens the eyes are brown, a little metallic. The vertex has a tubercle with three ocelli and (generally) a pair of ocellar bristles. The antenne are inserted near to each other, about in the middle or slightly above. They are shorter or longer, five-jointed; the basal joint is very small, the second globular, the third joint is more or less elongated, some- times rather long, attenuated towards the apex and compressed; it bears a terminal, two-jointed, shorter or longer arista, the basal joint of which is very short; the second joint of the antenne bears bristles. Epistoma is narrow, sometimes very narrow. The jowls are present as a small rim. Clypeus is incised in the lower margin. The proboscis is short, not as long as the head is high, directed down- wards. Labrum is as long as labium, strong, high at the base; it is three-pointed at the apex, the two lateral lobes are strong, curved down as hooks, and with a spine a little behind the apex. Hypo- pharynx is as Jong as labrum, likewise strong, lancet-like pointed with the outer apex curved a little downwards; behind the apex it is ser- rated in the margin in about the outer half part. There are no ~ maxillae but one-jointed, smaller or larger, sometimes very large maxillary palpi; they are compressed, almost squamiform, hairy and with a few bristles at the apex. Labium has the labella as long as the basal part, they are beset with some bristles and cleft about to their base; there is a pointed median lobe. Thorax is rectangular, a little arched above; pro- and metathorax small, the latter is visible above as a narrow rim, but there seems to be no chitinised meta- sternum. There are generally short, uniserial dorsocentral and_biserial acrostichal hairs; the dorsocentral hairs may be more or less fused with hairs on the sides of the disc; generally, but not always, one or two of the hindmost dorsocentral hairs are longer bristles. Sometimes 286 Orthorrhapha brachycera. the disc is uniformly clothed with short hairs which may be more or less distinctly divided by two bare or weaker haired stripes into dorsocentral and acrostichal hairs. One to three notopleural bristles and a postalar bristle present, generally also a humeral, and some- times a posthumera] bristle. Scutellum has two or four marginal bristles, in the first case the lateral bristles are represented by a small hair on each side. Metapleura without hairs. Abdomen con- sists of eight segments, but in the male the eighth dorsal segment is hidden; the first segment is short, and weakly chitinised on the ventral side. The male genitalia are more or less knob-like; they consist of a large arched plate lying ventrally; on the left side there is a lamella-shaped piece, and above there is a pair of more com- plicated pieces, which are more or less hidden by the two other pieces; the lamella on the left side has a row of long, downwards hanging hairs at its lower margin. In the female the abdomen is pointed, the two last (seventh and eighth) segments are narrower than the others and form an ovipositor, terminating with two small styles; these two segments are generally of a dull grey colour in contrast to the other, black, shining segments. The legs are rather characteristic; they are strong, the front coxe are very slightly longer than the posterior cox; the front femora are more or less thickened, and the middle femora still more; the middle tibiz are shorter than the femora, and terminate on the ventral side with a strong, downwards curved apical spine; the front femora have two rows of fine bristles below; the middle femora Na have two rows of black, short, almost tubercle- \ shaped spines below, and outwards to them on elu the postero-ventral side a row of fine bristles; the middle tibiae have a row of black spines below, similar to those on the femora, but a little longer and with a fine apex; the middle tibia are adapted to be laid up between the rows of spines on the femora, and also the front legs act in a similar way; on the anterior side of the middle femora towards the apex there are a few bristles. For the rest the legs are short-haired, at most with a few small bristles on the dorsal side of the front and hind tibie, and stronger hairs below the hind femora. Tibie without apical spurs. — Such is the ordinary shape and armature of the legs, but there may be some variations. In some cases the anterior femora are almost not thickened, the front femora sometimes not at all; the apical spine on the middle tibiee may be small or quite wanting; sometimes there are no long Fig. 131. T. flavipes, middle leg. >< 15. Empididae. 987 bristles on the postero-ventral side of the middle femora, but instead the spines in the row here are longer and more bristle-like. In rare eases the last. joints on the front tarsi are dilated. — There are two claws, two pulvilli, and a small, linear empodium with strong bristles below. Wings with the mediastinal vein not reaching the margin; the cubital vein unforked, thus one cubital cell; the discal vein like- wise unforked, thus three posterior cells; no discal cell; the lower branch of the postical vein more or less recurrent; the anal vein more or less weak especially at the base, but present and thus an anal cell present; the basal cells long and of about equal length, the anal cell short, not half as long as the basal cells. No stigma. The axillary lobe somewhat developed, the angle obtuse. Alula not de- veloped, the margin here fringed. Alar squamula small, fringed at the margin. The larval stage of J. (Platypalpus) major is described by Beling (Verh. zool. bot. Gesell. Wien, XXXVIII, 1888, 2). The larva is cylindrical, spindle-shaped, 6mm. long, 1,5 mm. in diameter; it consists of twelve segments; the colour is yellowish white. The abdominal segments have small, transverse swellings (Kriechschwielen) on the ventral side. There are terminal spiracles on the last segment, and below them a short, truncate, tooth-like process. Beling does not mention the pro- thoracic spiracles. The larva was found on the ground under moss in a wood. According to Brauer (Denkschr. der kais. Akad. der Wissenshr. math. nat. Cl. XLVI, 1883, 64) Boie has also mentioned the development of a species of the genus, (Platypalpus) (Scholtz, Zeitschr. fiir Entom. Breslau, 1849). The species of this genus are very characteristic in their whole appearance and especially in the development of the legs. They are found on fields; commons and meadows in the grass and low her- bage, and in or at woods on bushes; they run swiftly on the teaves of bushes and lower plants, but they also fly rather well. With regard to their occurrence there is a somewhat marked difference between the species; the pruinose species are especially found outside woods on sunny fields and meadows, while the black shining, and the yellow species are most often found in woods on open, somewhat shaded and generally more or less humid places. The species are strong rob- bers; I have taken 7. fulvipes with Aphidius sp., Chironomus sp. and a small Chloropid, and T. pallidiventris with Urophora solstitialis L. as prey, and I have seen a Tuchydromia with Microchrysa polita L. as prey; in the two last cases the prey was thus much larger than the Tachydromia; further I have in my collection several species which still have remnants of insects between the closed middle 988 Orthorrhapha brachycera. femora and tibie. Poulton records from England, in the work cited several times above, T. pallipes with Liposcia discolor Marsh., T. curst- tans with Sciara sp. and Tachydromia sp., and T. minuta with Alloxysta sp. and finally an undetermined Tachydromia with an undeterminable fragmentary insect as prey. — Of several of the species of Tachydromia the females are much more commonly met with than the males. Of the genus about 137 species are known from the palearctic region; 33 have hitherto been found in Denmark, but of these two are here described as new, the total number of palzarctic species thus increasing to about 139. - Table of Species. 1. Thorax black, but covered by a more or less dense, grey, brownish or yellowish pruinosity and not or slightly shining; when so slightly pruinose that it is black and shining (exigua), the antenne are short and the femora more or less black; (in the second group with a shining thorax the antenne are either long or, when short, the femora are yellow).......-.- 2. — Thorax yellow or black, shining, not pruinose........ 92. 2. Thoracic and scutellar bristles yellow, thorax densely pruingse.-s 05) 205 Se ee ee eee eee 3. — Thoracic and scutellar bristles black, thorax less densely pruinose; when the bristles are brown or dark yellow (exigua) thorax is very slightly pruinose, SHIMMY occ 58 apes Sere ee ee eS 20. >. Antenne Guites black. <- isc eeteiue eee eee 4. — Antenne quite yellow or with the basal joints yellow... 9. Ae; All coxe syellowes 22); 23. 2R Sa eee eee 5. — Coxe not quite yellow, more or less black; legs obviously. Jhaired 25.<,2\-:.%:o6. et eyeecde none eee 6. fulvipes. 5. Third antennal joint short, much shorter than the arista; abdomen quite black or with grey bands only on the first.segments: (= .S725". So ae eae eee 6. — Third antennal joint longer, twice or thrice as long as broad at the base and about as long as the arista... 7. 6. Middle femora much thickened, tarsi black annulated; SIZERD. 63.5: MIM. 2 302.2 we Hj ee 1. flavipes. — Middle femora less thickened, tarsi generally not di- stinctly annulated; size 1,53—2,3 mm............. 4. cothurnata. 7. Third antennal joint long and narrow, thrice as long as broad at the base; tarsi not annulated ........... 8. — Third antennal joint shorter, twice as long as broad at the base; abdomen quite black; tarsi black an- NUlated eos ens, S Se sce re os EO ease ce 3. strigifrons. Abdomen with grey bands on all segments; middle tibie with a large spine; size 2,5—3 mm. ....... 2. maculipes. (974) 17. Empididae. 989 Abdomen without bands; middle tibia almost with- oulespme: 1Size 2 MMs gene .beer si ats ais Saltapbs hice 5. interjecta. Antenne dark with the two basal joints yellow....... OS eaten Quite. yellow. tes 4d tao hee ee mes ce ee 18. Front coxe and femora except the apical part black 7. annulipes. mbskeesn- yellow... ... s:.2% 06 eat ee ae ee ris Abdomen: yella@wetn pig. Ces de PRs Sats SA 12. varia. Abdomen blackiiies: Ass 8 eee a deals ced. cae ies Pleura with a black, polished spot above the middle COREE 3 x aus omiiotes ae Ararat METS Lita: arco ate = hare 3 Gk 13. Pleura without any black, polished spot............. We Apical spine on the middle tibie small .......... 10. articulata. Apical spine on the middle tibie not small.......... 14. Palpi large; cubital and discal vein curved equally towards each other; size 3,5—4,8 mm. .......... 13. cursitans. Palpi sniall; size notsabeyond) 335 mmc a2 .06 a. 2. s = 15. Abdomen quite black; tarsi not annulated; anterior femora only slightly thickened; size 1,5 mm....... 9. calceata. Abdomen with grey bands on the first segments; anterior femora more thickened; tarsi more or less amnulated: sizeaataleasty Osh umamss ee ai eaten 2 16. Third antennal joint short, distinctly shorter than the arista; anterior femora not much thickened; tarsi in- distinctly annulated; cubital vein almost straight.... 8. bicolor. Third antennal joint longer, slightly shorter than the arista; anterior femora more thickened; tarsi an- nulated; cubital vein curved downwards .......... 11. pallidiventris. Frons narrow; discal vein strongly curved and bending upwards in a long curve; bands on abdomen not OTTO GG | 2 eee Eagan anes ar ets OA Roe sy eae a me 14. Frons broader; discal vein with a smaller, somewhat sudden curve before the apex; abdomen with broad ITC ees haat cis sicher 2 ie, 6 Elbo Giaeae rarer Le, Cubital and discal vein distinctly converging; middle femora considerably thicker than front femora; size APETV NIV ae A San et | A, A See. Nea A as 16. Cubital and discal vein slightly converging or almost parallel; anterior femora of about equal thickness; Se ee a= OMIT AS Oe Pk ite Oey Ae. Ap PE As es hat Antenne and legs yellow; tarsi distinctly black an- TULLE O Ou Sh ene SUNS Rn A ts cae 7h Antenne white; legs whitish or pale yellowish; tarsi not, or indistinctly brownish annulated........... 18. Two long dorsocentral bristles behind in each row; 5 5) scutellum with four distinct, black bristles ........ on One long dorsocentral bristle behind in each row; scutellum with only two distinct bristles............. Middle tibie with the basal part black; legs longish haired; thorax pruinose with a shining middle line 19. candicans. fasciata. major. 19. flavicornis. albicornis. agilis. 21 ai. minuta. 19 990 Orthorrhapha brachycera. — Middle tibie not black on the basal part; legs short- haired; thorax very slightly pruinose, shining...... 20. exigua. 99. Thorax. yellow... 0:55: autre: spteet: Smee aan 93. Thorax black | .%. sois)s.scnnaeis auc cade oh -e gore ee ee ee 25. 93. Thorax. quite yellow So). 0.20. o..¢ oe oe eee QA. — Thorax with a black middle lne.:.....----..5- 24, pectoralis. 24. Epistoma yellow; the thoracic disc uniformly clothed with short hairs; the three last joints on the front tarsi, dilate... ...Jthckses tA a okt aie, a. Se ee 22. lutea. — fpistoma black; the thoracic dise with uniserial dorso- central and biserial acrostichal hairs; front tarsi simple 23. eailis. 25. Third antennal joint short or slightly elongated, an- tenne, excluding arista, shorter than the head........ 26. — Third antennal joint much elongated, antenne, ex- eluding arista, as long as or longer than thehead..... 30. 26. The thoracic dise uniformly clothed with hairs ....... at — The thoracic dise with uniserial dorsocentral and biserial acrostichal ‘bristles\. &.t..52 5. see eee eee 28. 27. Third antennal joint very short, slightly longer than broad; notopleural and scutellar bristles yellow .... 25. macula. — Third antennal joint a little elongated, considerably longer than broad; notopleural and scutellar bristles BIBER a... Syed ssgsthatne: Systnie, Cause aliens eae ee aes Aa 29. pallipes. 98: Antenne: yellow = «csc <2. oe eh ee eee 28. thoracica. Antennes: dark 62.5. atsj2 2. Sot sa Sto eee eee 29. 29. Middle femora somewhat thickened, the apical spine rather large; middle tidie without a special pubescence 26. fuscicornis. — Middle femora almost not thickened, the apical spine almost wanting; middle tibiz with a special, dense pubescence;on the apical half... “7275 eer 27. ciliaris. 30. Arista dark, shorter than the third joimt............. ane — Arista white, longer than the third jomt............ Bye 31. Posterior coxe, apical part of the hind femora, and front. tibiee, black: e.3....eAvinc- aoe) er eee 30. nigritarsis. —. Legs yellow: .<..003 202 osiwuaie. ieee endene eeneoee 31. longicornis. 32. Arista long, longer than the rest of the antenne; legs, chiefly yellowien.tn. Bayc. Sen ct ee eee 32. albiseta. — Arista shorter, about as long as the third joint, legs chiefly ‘black: 3../s,2)sicne weclepme oat Nee eee 33. albocapillata. 1. T. flavipes Fabr. 1794. Fabr. Ent. Syst. IV, 406,19 (Empis). — 1805. Fabr. Syst. Antl. 142, 1. — 1822. Meig. Syst. Beschr. II], 81,32. — 1842. Zett. Dipt. Scand. I, 273, 1. — 1862. Schin. F. A. 1,87 (Platypalpus). — 1903. Kat. palaarkt. Dipt. Il, 283. Male. Vertex and frons grey, the latter narrow with parallel margins ; epistoma white; palpi somewhat small, yellow, with white hairs. Occiput grey, with yellow bristles above, white hairs below. Empididae. 291 Antenne black, the third joint short, somewhat longer than broad at the base,t much shorter than the arista. Thorax brownish yellow pruinose; all bristles yellow; two distinct long dorsocentral bristles Fig. 132. Antenna of 7. flavipes. >< 100. behind. Scutellum with two marginal bristles and a smaller hair on each side, all yellow. Pleura grey pruinose, anteriorly a little yel- lowish; above the middle coxe a black, polished spot. Abdomen black, shining, either quite black or the anterior segments with greyish front margins at the sides. It is clothed with short, yellowish hairs. Venter black. Legs together with the coxe dark yellow or reddish yellow; the apex of the tarsal joints black, and the tarsi thus black annulated; sometimes the femora may be more or less brownish above. Front femora somewhat, middle femora much thickened. The legs are yellowish haired, the front tibie have some small, darker or paler bristles on the dorsal side; the hairs below the hind femora a little strong. Wings a little yellowish. Veins yellow at the base, pale brownish to blackish brown outwards. Halteres yellow. Female. Similar to the male except the pointed abdomen. Length 2,5—3,5 mm. T. flavipes is a common species in Denmark; Utterslev Mose, Ordrup Mose, Ermelund, Dyrehaven, Orholm, Tisvilde, Frederikssund; on Langeland at Lohals; in Jutland in Greisdalen at Vejle, at Gjerlev near Randers Fjord, Hald near Viborg, Thisted, Seeby, Lonstrup and Frederikshavn, and on Lesg; finally on Bornholm at Allinge; my dates are '"/6—?°/s. It occurs on bushes and in low herbage both in woods and outside, on fields and meadows. Geographical distribution: — Europe down into Italy; towards the north to northern Sweden, and in Finland. T. maculipes Meig. We Meig. Syst. Beschr. III, 79, 27. — 1842. Zett. Dipt. Scand. I, — 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 87 (Platypalpus). — 1903. Kat. palaarkt. Dipt. IL. 285 1 | have given the comparisons of the length and breadth of the third antennal joint in this and the following species, such as they are generally seen with a lens; exact measurements under the microscope will show the joint relatively longer, but with a lens the outer, thin part of the joint will show itself as the “basal part of the arista. 19* 9992 Ortherrhapha brachycera. Male. Vertex and frons grey. The head is smaller, especially lower than in flavipes, and hence the frons is lower, and it is a little broadened upwards. Epistoma white, likewise shorter than in flavipes, and very narrow below the antennz; palpi pale yellow, somewhat small. Occiput grey, with yellow bristles above, white hairs below. Antenne black, rather long, the third joint elongated, somewhat nar- row, thrice as long as broad at the base and about as long as the Fig. 133. Antenna of T. maculipes. G. >< 100. arista. Thorax brownish yellow pruinose; all bristles yellow, the short bristles in front less distinct than in flavipes; only one distinct, long dorsocentral bristle behind. Scutellum with two yellow bristles and a smaller hair on each side. Pleura light grey pruinose; above the middle coxe a black, polished spot. Abdomen black, shining; the front margin of the segments with a narrow, grey band, inter- rupted in the middle. Abdomen is clothed with short, pale yellow hairs. Venter black. Legs together with the coxz dark or reddish yellow, the tarsi, except metatarsus, brown; sometimes the posterior femora somewhat brownish above. Front femora somewhat, middle femora considerably thickened, but both pairs are, I think, a little less thickened than in flavipes. The legs are yellowish haired, no bristles on the front tibiee, or these only very slightly stronger than the other hairs; the hairs below the hind femora a little finer than in flavipes. Wings hyaline or very slightly yellowish. Veins brown, paler at the base. Halteres yellow. Female. Similar to the male; the third antennal joint a little shorter than the arista; abdomen pointed. Length 2,5—3 mm. This species is distinguished from flavipes especially by the longer and more narrow third joint of the antenne; also the smaller head is somewhat characteristic, and likewise the colour of the tarsi; also it seems that there are two notopleural bristles against three (generally) in flavipes. All specimens I have seen had grey bands on abdomen, and this is thus also characteristic for the species; finally it seems, in contrast to flavipes, to have only one long dorsocentral bristle behind. T. maculipes is much rarer in Denmark than flavipes; es lund, Tyvekrog; the dates are 7°/s6—1/9. Empididae. 293 Geographical distribution: — Europe down into Italy; towards the north to middle Sweden, and in Finland; it seems to be rarer towards the north than flavipes. 9 3. T. strigifrons Zett. 1849. Zett. Dipt. Scand. VIII, 3005, 4—5. — 1903. Kat. palaarkt. Dipt. Il, 288. Male. Vertex and frons grey; epistoma white; palpi small and short, white haired. Occiput grey, with yellow bristles above, white hairs below. Antenne black, the third joint elongated, twice or more Fig. 134. Antenna of T. strigifrons. >< 100. than twice as long as broad at the base, and slightly shorter than the arista; it is distinctly pubescent. Thorax brownish grey pruinose; all bristles yellow. Scutellum with two yellow marginal bristles and on each side a small hair. Pleura grey pruinose; above the middle coxee a black, polished spot. Abdomen black, shining, without bands it is clothed with slightly longish, pale yellowish hairs. Venter black. Legs yellow, tarsi black annulated. Front femora somewhat, middle femora somewhat more thickened. The legs are yellow haired; front tibize with some small bristles, which are only slightly stronger than the other hairs. Wings hyaline or very slightly yellowish. Veins pale brown. Halteres yellowish. Female. Similar to the male; abdomen pointed. Length 2,5 to about 3 mm. This species is distinguished from flavipes by the longer third antennal joint, and from maculipes by the absence of bands on ab- domen, the annulated tarsi, as also the third antennal joint is a little shorter. Zetterstedt says ,Steeg. in litt.*, so that the name is originally due to Steeger. T. strigifrons seems to be somewhat rare in Denmark, besides the specimens mentioned by Zetterstedt we have still some specimens from Steger, probably taken at Ordrup; further it has been taken at @Orholm, Tisvilde and in Jutland at Lonstrup and Frederikshavn; it will probably prove to be more common when better recognised, but it has hitherto often been confused with maculipes and flavipes, also by Steger. My dates are 7°/6—?*/s. 294. Orthorrhapha brachycera. Geographical distribution: — The species is hitherto only known from Denmark, but this is probably because it has not been recog- nised, or perhaps not considered as a separate species. Remarks: The species is very nearly related to flavipes and fulvipes, and I am not quite sure, that it is a distinct species; it might then perhaps be a form of fulvipes with quite yellow legs and coxe. I have examined Zetterstedt’s type-specimens, the thoracic disc is in these somewhat rubbed, as also suggested by Zetterstedt. Frey (Zeitschr. fiir syst. Hymenopt. and Dipt. 1907, 410) places the species in the group with black thoracic bristles, but this is erroneous, as all the bristles are yellow; probably then Frey has had another species. 4, T.cothurnata Macq. 1827. Macq. Soc. Sc. Lille, 1827, 100,°17 (Platypalpus). — 1838. Meig. Syst. Beschr. VII, 98, 54. — 1842. Zett. Dipt. Scand. 1, 283,13. — 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 88 (Platypalpus). — 1903. Kat. palaarkt. Dipt. Il, 282. Male. Frons and vertex grey; epistoma white; palpi small, white haired. Occiput grey, with yellow bristles above, white hairs below. Antenne hlack, third joint short, shorter than the arista. Thorax greyish yellow, or sometimes more light grey, and not very densely pruinose; all bristles yellow. Scutellum with two yellow marginal bristles and a small hair on each side. Pleura grey or light grey pruinose; above the middle cox a black, polished spot. Ab- domen black, shining; indistinct grey bands may be present at the sides on the first segments; it is clothed with short, pale yellowish hairs, which are longer at the sides. Venter black. Legs paler or darker yellow, also the cox; generally the tarsi have the last two or three joints blackish, but sometimes the whole tarsus is blackish or brownish annulated. The front femora slightly, the middle femora a little more thickened, but both pairs not much thickened. The legs are yellow haired, front and hind tibiz with a few small bristles on the dorsal side. Wings a little yellowish. Veins brownish, paler at the base. Halteres yellowish white. Female. Quite similar to the male; abdomen pointed. Length 1,s—2,3 mm. This species I can distinguish from flavipes only by the smaller size and the less thickened legs; generally also the tarsi are not distinctly annulated. T. cothurnata is not common in Denmark; Amager, Charlotten- lund; on Langeland at Lohals, and on Bornholm at Ro; my dates are only 7°/6—?2/z. EE OD MT Pees ae Empididae. 295 Geographical distribution: — Northern and middle Europe down into France; towards the north to northern Scandinavia, but rare; and in Finland. ~ 5. T. interjecta n. sp. Of this species I have only the female. Frons and vertex dark grey; epistoma grey; palpi small, whitish. Occiput grey, with black hairs above, whitish hairs below. Antenne black, the third joint much elongated, longer than the arista. Thorax dark grey, somewhat slightly pruinose; the bristles dark yellow; a humeral bristle and two, somewhat strong notopleural bristles present. Scutellum has two long, dark yellow marginal bristles and a weaker hair on each side. Pleura greyish pruinose; above the middle cox a_ black, polished spot. Abdomen black, shining, without bands; it is clothed with short, pale hairs, a little longer at the sides. Venter black. Legs, including the coxee, somewhat dark yellow; tarsi with the last four joints and the tip of metatarsus blackish brown. The anterior femora slightly thickened; the spine at the apex of the middle tibiz exceedingly small, almost wanting. The legs yellowish haired; the bristles on the anterior side of the middle femora present in the whole length. Wings hyaline. Veins dark brown to black. Halteres pale yellow. Length 2 mm. This species resembles 7’. cothurnata very much, but it is at once distinguished by the long third joint of the antennz, and the minute spine on the middle tibiz. In the latter character it resembles 7’. cryptospina Frey (Acta Soc. pro Faun. et Flor. Fenn. 31, No. 9, 8), and I should not have hesitated in determining it as this species, were it not for the third antennal joint, which in cryptospina is de- scribed as short ,fast riindlich*; besides eryptospina has weak, yel- lowish white thoracic bristles and black annulated tarsi. T. interjecta must be rare in Denmark, I have taken only one specimen, a female, at Tisvilde on 4/7 1910. It was taken with the net on low herbage in the outskirt of a wood. Geographical distribution: — The species is only known from Denmark. 6. T. fulvipes Meig. 1822. Meig. Syst. Beschr. II], 78, 25. et 1830. VI, 342. — 1862. Schin. F. A. 1, 89 (Platypalpus). — 1903. Kat. palaarkt. Dipt. I, 284. — Tachydromia fascipes: 1893. Strobl, Mitth. Ver. Steierm. 1892, 120. Male. Frons and vertex grey; epistoma white; palpi small, whitish yellow haired. Occiput grey, with yellow bristles above, 296 Orthorrhapha brachycera. white hairs below. Antenne black, the third joint elongated, about as long as the arista, but relatively shorter than in maculipes, and broader at the base. Thorax yellowish grey pruinose, but not densely, and somewhat shining, all bristles yellow. Scutellum with two yellow marginal bristles, and a small hair on each side. Pleura grey pruinose; above the middle cox a black, polished spot. Abdomen black, shining, with short, but distinct greyish white hairs. Venter black. Legs yellow, the base of the cox blackish, and sometimes the posterior cox quite black; the front coxee may be quite or almost quite yellow; the middle femora with a blackish or brownish ring, most distinct above, hind femora with a more or less distinct ring near the apex; sometimes also the front femora more or less blackish or brownish; not rarely the blackish markings are slight to nearly disappearing; tarsi black annulated. Front and middle femora some- what thickened, the latter not much more than the former, and I - think scarcely as much as in flavipes and maculipes. The legs are distinctly yellowish or whitish grey haired, and the hairs are a little longish; the front tibie have a few small bristles. Wings hyaline. Veins brown or blackish, pale towards the base. Halteres whitish yellow. Female. Similar to the male; the black markings on the legs generally more distinct; abdomen pointed. Length 2,7—3,5 mm. This species may be somewhat difficult to distinguish; it resembles both flavipes, maculipes and strigifrons; it is generally distinguished by the more or less blackened coxee, but this may sometimes be slightly marked; the third joint of the antenne is longer than in flavipes, but shorter than in maculipes. The distinct hairiness of the legs is generally mentioned in the descriptions, and may also be somewhat characteristic, though I do not think the legs are much longer haired than in the preceding species, but the hairs are more obvious, I think partly on account of the darker colour of the legs. All my specimens have the abdomen without bands. The species certainly must be fulvipes, as it has yellow thoracic bristles, while fascipes according to Strobl (l. c. 122, notata) and Frey (Zeitschr. fiir syst. Hymenopt. und Dipt. 1907, 411) has black bristles. Otherwise the descriptions are somewhat different; Strobl speaks of bands on ab- domen, while Frey says it is black, unicoloured, and Strobl ascribes the species a long third antennal joint, Frey a short. My specimens have small palpi, while Strobl speaks of large palpi. I doubt whether the forms of flavipes and maculipes with dark patches on the legs, mentioned by several authors, may not in reality be specimens of Empididae. 297 fulvipes. Frey (Acta Soc. pro Faun. et Flor. Fenn. 1909, 31, No. 9,9) suggests, that fulvipes is perhaps identical with flavipes, but I am not inclined to think so, as the former has a longer third antennal joint. On the other hand the species is perhaps not to be distinguished with certainty from strigifrons, as mentioned under this species. T. fulvipes is somewhat common in Denmark; Hellerup, Ordrup Mose, Bollemosen, Tyvekrog, Tisvilde, Frederikssund; on Langeland at Lohals; on Funen at Strib; in Jutland at Hald near Viborg, Struer, Holstebro, Sondervig, Jerup near Frederikshavn, Frederikshavn and Skagen; my dates are ‘/s6—"/9; it was taken in copula on °/s. It occurs both in woods and outside, but it seems to be most common on fields. Geographical distribution: — Europe down into Italy; from Scandinavia it is not known with certainty, unless notata in Zetter- stedt is identical with it, in which case it goes to southern Sweden. It occurs also in Finland. Remarks: [ think it probable, that Zetterstedt’s notata is identical with fiulvipes, as he mentions the species as sent from Steger; Steger’s specimens in our collection labelled notata proved to be fulvipes, while notata Meig. = fascipes Meig. has not been found in Denmark. 7. T. annulipes Meig. 1822. Meig. Syst. Beschr. Ill, 77, 21. — 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 89 (Platypalpus). — 1903. Kat. palaarkt. Dipt. I, 280. — Tachydromia coxata: Zett. Dipt. Scand. I, 281, 11 et 1849. VIII, 3006, 11. Male. Frons and vertex grey; epistoma white; palpi small, whitish yellow haired. Occiput grey, with yellow bristles above, white hairs below. Antenne black, the two basal joints yellow, the third joint a little elongated, shorter than the arista. Thorax brownish yellow pruinose, almost brassy, and the pruinosily not dense. There is only one long acrostichal bristle behind, and the short hairs in front are very short and inconspicuous. All bristles yellow. Scutellum with two yellow marginal bristles, and a small hair on each side. Pleura grey pruinose; above the middle cox a black, polished spot. Abdomen black, shining, with short, yellow hairs. Venter black. Legs yellow; the front coxee and the front femora except the apical part black; the tarsi black annulated, on the front tarsi the dark rings are deep black and very conspicuous, on the posterior tarsi they are more brownish and smaller. The anterior femora are somewhat thickened, the middle femora most strongly and the front femora especially at the base. The legs are yellow haired. Wings considerably 298 Orthorrhapha brachycera. yellowish tinged. Veins yellow or pale brownish. Halteres whitish yellow. Female. See below. Length 2,s—2,9 mm. This species is easily known by the colour of the legs. T. annulipes is vare in Denmark; Ermelund (the author); on Bornholm at Re (H. J. Hansen) and one specimen from Steger, pro- bably taken in Ordrup; in all three specimens, all males; the dates are 72/6 to July. Geographical distribution: — Europe down into Italy; towards the north to southern Sweden. Remarks: According to the descriptions I think, that annulipes Meig. and coxata Zett. are identical, as also suggested in the Kat. palaarkt. Dipt. Meigen mentions both sexes of annulipes and gives no difference between them, nor does Schiner do so. Zett. describes in Dipt. Scand. I, only the male of coxata, but in VIII] he mentions the female and says, that it has all legs quite yellow. He further says, that the female was taken in copula with the male by Steger. In our collection is, besides the male, also a female, labelled coxata, and it has yellow legs (there is no remark about the specimens having been taken in copula); I cannot with certainty decide, whether this female belongs in reality to the species or is perhaps only a specimen of bicolor; as Meigen notes no difference in colour from the male I should think the latter most probable, and then Steger must have committed some error; but the question with regard to the female cannot be considered as settled. 8. T. bicolor Meig. 1804. Meig. Klass. eur. zweifl. Ins. I, 237,2. — 1805. Fabr. Syst. Antl. 143, 2. — 1842. Zett. Dipt. Scand. I, 276,5. —- 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 88 (Platypalpus). — 1903. Kat. palaarkt. Dipt. II, 281. — Tachydromia dichroa: 1822. Meig. Syst. Beschr. III, 83, 36. Male. Frons and vertex grey; epistoma white; palpi small, with white hairs. Occiput grey, with yellow bristles above, white hairs below. Antenne black, the two basal joints yellow, the third joint short, shorter than the arista. Thorax greyish pruinose, slightly yel- lowish; all bristles yellow. Scutellum with two yellow marginal bristles and a small hair on each side. Pleura light grey pruinose; above the middle coxe a black, polished spot. Abdomen black, shining, the first segments with grey bands at the sides; it is clothed with short, pale yellowish hairs. Venter black. Legs yellow; the tarsi generally slightly brownish annulated, the last or two last joints Empididae. 299 quite or nearly quite brown or black. Front femora slightly, middle femora somewhat thickened. The legs are yellowish haired. Wings pale yellowish; the veins likewise pale yellow, the cubital and discal Fig. 135. Wing of TZ. bicolor. vein almost parallel or often somewhat convergent. Halteres yellowish © white. Female. Quite similar to the male except the pointed abdomen. Length 2,5 to about 3 mm. This species is generally characterised by the parallel cubital and discal vein, but these veins are often somewhat convergent, as also Strobl states. The species is not easily distinguished from pallidiventris (see below under this species). T. bicolor is common in Denmark; Ermelund, @rholm, Tisvilde, Nordskoven at Jeegerspris; in Jutland at Aalborg; my dates are !8/5—*"/7. It occurs on bushes at the outskirts of woods and in low herbage on fields, I think most commonly on the latter places. Geographical distribution: — Europe down into Italy, and also down into North Africa; towards the north to middle Sweden, and in Finland. 9. T.calceata Meig. 1822. Meig. Syst. Beschr. Il, 87, 45. — 1842. Zett. Dipt. Scand. I, 982,12. — 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 88 (Platypalpus). — 1903. Kat. palaarkt. Dipt: M, 2st. Of this species | only know the female. Vertex and frons light grey; epistoma white; palpi not large, white haired. Occiput light grey with yellow bristles above, white hairs below. Antenne black or brown, the basal joints yellow, the third joint short, considerably shorter than the arista and not much longer than broad. Thorax not densely light grey pruinose, a little shining; all bristles pale or whitish yellow. Scutellum with two pale marginal bristles, and a 300 Orthorrhapha brachycera. very small hair on each side. Pleura light grey pruinose; above the middle coxee a black, polished spot. Abdomen black, shining, clothed with short, whitish hairs. Venter black. Legs yellow or pale yellow, the last tarsal joints brownish; anterior femora not much thickened, and the middle femora only slightly thicker than the front femora. The legs are clothed with yellowish hairs. Wings hyaline or slightly yellowish, with pale veins. Halteres whitish yellow. Length about 1,5 mm. T. calceata is very rare in Denmark, I know only one specimen, taken many years ago by Steger, probably in Ordrup. Geographical distribution: — Europe down into Italy; towards the north to northern Sweden, and in Finland. ‘10. T. articulata Macq. 1827. Macq. Soc. Sc. Lille, 1827, 98, 10 (Platypalpus). — 1838. Meig. Syst. Beschr. VII, 98, 53. — 1842. Zett. Dipt. Scand. 1, 284, 15. — 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 91 (Platypalpus). — 1903. Kat. paliarkt. Dipt. Il, 280. Male. Frons and vertex grey; epistoma white; palpi small, yel- lowish. Occiput grey, with whitish bristles above, white hairs below. Antenne black, the basal joints yellow, the third joint short, con- siderably shorter than the arista. Thorax greyish or brownish grey pruinose; all bristles yellow. Scutellum with two yellow marginal bristles and a small hair on each side. Pleura grey pruinose; above the middle coxe a black, polished spot. Abdomen black, shining, with very short, pale hairs. Venter black. Legs dark yellow, tarsi black annulated, the last joints may be quite black. The anterior femora only slightly thickened, and the middle femora not much thicker than the front femora; the apical spine on the middle tibize small and not pointed. The legs are yellowish haired. Wings hyaline; the veins blackish or brown, a little paler at the base. Halteres whitish yellow. Female. Similar to the male. Length about 2 mm. This species is distinguished from calceata by the distinctly black annulated tarsi and the darker wing-veins; also the small spine on the middle tibiz is characteristic. T. articulata is not common in Denmark; Ermelund; on Lange- land at Lohals, and on Funen at Odense; my dates are ?/;—‘“/s. Geographical distribution: — Northern and middle Europe down into France; towards the north to southern Sweden, and in Finland. Empididae. 301 11. T. pallidiventris Meig. 1822. Meig. Syst. Beschr. III, 82, 35. — 1842. Zett. Dipt. Scand. I, 977, 6. — 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 88 (Platypalpus). — 1903. Kat. paldaarkt. Dipt. Il, 287. — Tachydromia longiseta: 1842. Zett. Dipt. Scand. I, 278, 7. Male. Frons and vertex grey; epistoma white; palpi not large, yellow. Occiput grey, with yellow bristles above, white hairs below. Antenne black or brown, the basal joints yellow, the third joint somewhat elongated, about as long as the arista or a little shorter. Thorax yellowish pruinose; all bristles yellow; the short hairs in front distinct and obvious. Scutellum with two yellow marginal bristles, and a small hair on each side. Pleura grey pruinose, a little yellowish upwards; above the middle coxe a black, polished spot. Abdomen black, shining, the two first segments with grey bands at the sides; it is clothed with short, yellowish hairs. Venter blackish or paler to yellow, especially towards the base. The exterior genitalia somewhat large. Legs yellow, the tarsi blackish or brownish annulated, the last joint generally deep black for the largest part. The front femora somewhat, the middle femora considerably thickened. The legs are yellow haired, front and hind tibize with some small bristles on the dorsal side, these bristles may be darker. Wings hyaline or a little yellowish. The veins yellow, a little darker towards the apex, the cubital and discal vein some- what convergent. Halteres whitish yellow. / Female. Similar to the male; the ieee in venter sometimes more distinctly pale. _ Length 2,5 to about 3,5 mm. Big. 186, Wing-patt, of ee ie 3 T. pallidiventris. The species is very similar to bicolor; I find it distinguished by the distinctly longer third antennal joint, the thicker anterior femora, and the distinctly annulated tarsi; the cubital and discal vein are as a rule more convergent, especially the cubital vein is generally curved downwards, while it is about straight in bicolor, the curvature of the discal vein may, on the contrary, often be similar in the two species. Also the pale venter is a helping character, but not always present, and also other species may show the venter somewhat pale. Further I think the bristles, and also the short hairs, on thorax are longer, and there are three distinct noto- pleural bristles, but only two in bicolor. T. pallidiventris is a common species in Denmark, and more common than bicolor; Copenhagen in gardens, Amager, Hellerup, Ordrup Mose, Ermelund, Noddebo, Tyvekrogen, Tisvilde, Frederiks- 302 Orthorrhapha brachycera. sund, Rervig, Sorg, and Nyraad near Vordingborg; on Langeland at Lohals; on Funen at Veflinge and Hoffmansgave; in Jutland in Hgjen- bek Dal at Vejle, Nebsager near Horsens, at Sminge and Laven near Silkeborg, Hald near Viborg, Sgndervig, Holstebro, Struer, Gjerlev near Randers Fjord, Aalborg, Thisted and Frederikshavn. My dates are 1%/,—1/9. It occurs especially in low herbage on fields, but also on bushes in the outskirts of woods. Geographical distribution: — Europe down into Italy, and also down into North Africa; towards the north to northern Sweden, but here rare; and in Finland. 12. T. varia Walk. 1851. Walk. Ins. Brit. I, 126,14 (Platypalpus). — 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 88 (Platypalpus). — 1887. Becker, Berl. ent. Zeitschr. XXXI, 134, 102. — 1903. Kat. palaarkt. Dipt. II, 288. Of this species I know only the female. Frons and vertex grey, slightly yellowish; epistoma whitish; palpi of medium size, yellow. Occiput grey, slightly yellowish, with yellow bristles above, white hairs below. Antenne black, the basal joints yellow, the third joint considerably shorter than the arista. Thorax yellowish pruinose; all bristles yellow; there are three distinct notopleural bristles. Scutellum with two yellow marginal bristles, and a smaller hair on each side. Pleura grey pruinose; the black, polished spot above the middle coxze small. Abdomen yellow, somewhat shining, the middle part of the dorsum somewhat brownish; abdomen is clothed with short, yellow hairs. Venter yellow. Ovipositor black. Legs yellow; tarsi distinctly but narrowly blackish annulated. Front femora not much, middle femora considerably thickened. The legs are yellow haired, the front and hind tibie have some distinct, brownish bristles on the dorsal side. Wings yellowish tinged. Veins yellow, cubital and discal vein somewhat convergent. Halteres whitish yellow. Length about 3,5 mm. Remarks: The species is generally described with two rows of brown spots on abdomen, but the spots often more or less confluent. I’. varia is very rare in Denmark, only one specimen, a female, has been taken at Charlottenlund on ?°/7 1905 (the author). Geographical distribution: — Northern and middle Europe down into Switzerland; it has its northern limit in Denmark and England ; it is generally a rare species, but Becker |. c. records it as common at St. Moritz on bushes of Salix and Alnus, but only females. Empididae. 303 13. T. cursitans Fabr. - 1781. Fabr. Spec. Ins. Il, 447, 60 (Musca). — 1805. Fabr. Syst. Antl. 143, 3. — 1842. Zett. Dipt. Scand. I, 280, 10. — 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 88 (Platypalpus). — 1903. Kat. paléarkt. Dipt. II, 282. Male. Vertex and frons grey; epistoma somewhat broad, white haired; palpi yellow, somewhat large, fully half as long as the pro- boscis. Occiput grey, with whitish. bristles above, white hairs below. Antenne black or brown, the basal joints and generally also the base of the third joint yellow, the third joint somewhat elongated, but not as long as the arista. Thorax yellowish grey pruinose, with two approximated darker grey stripes in the middle, abbreviated behind; there are three distinct notopleural bristles; all bristles yellow. Scutel- lum has generally six yellow marginal bristles, of which the inner and outer pair are short, the intermediate pair -long. Pleura light grey pruinose; above the middle coxe a black, polished spot. Ab- domen black, shining; at the sides with grey bands, which are some- what large on the first two segments, small on the others; it is clothed with short, yellowish white hairs. Venter black. The exterior genitalia somewhat small. Legs yellow, tarsi brownish to blackish annulated, sometimes indistinctly, and the tarsi almost quite yellow. Front femora only slightly, middle femora somewhat more thickened. The legs are short-haired with yellow hairs. Wings somewhat yellowish tinged. Veins brownish, yellow to- wards the base; the cubital and is discal vein somewhat convergent, oi es, both being curved towards each other. Fig. 137. Wing-part of 7. cursitans. Halteres white or yellowish white. Female. Quite similar to the male; abdomen pointed. Length 3,5—4,3 mm. T. cursitans is not precisely common in Denmark; Ermelund, Ordrup, Nyraad at Vordingborg, on Egholm at Skelskor, and on Langeland at Lohals; my dates are 1°/s--*/7. It occurs on bushes at the outskirts of woods. Geographical distribution :— Europe down into Spain (var. hispanica Strobl) and Italy; towards the north to southern Sweden, and here rare; and in Finland. 14. T.candicans Fall. J. Fal]. Dipt. Suec. Empid. 10, 11. — 15 42. — 1842. Zett. Dipt. Scand. I, 285, 1 822. Meig. Syst. Beschr. 18 Ill, 85, , (var. a et b). — 1862. 304. Orthorrhapha brachycera. Schin. F. A. I, 89 (Platypalpus). — 1903. Kat. paldarkt. Dipt. I], 281. — Tachydromia ventralis: 1822. Meig. Syst. Beschr. III], 85, 40. — Platy- palpus ventralis: 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 88. Male. Head somewhat high. Vertex and frons grey, the latter very narrow; epistoma white; palpi pale yellow, large, half as long as proboscis. Occiput grey, with yellow bristles above, white hairs below. Antenne black or blackish, the two basal joints yellow, the third joint a little elongated, shorter than the arista. Thorax grey or light grey pruinose, with two indistinct, darker grey stripes in the middle, abbreviated behind, and generally only observable in front; there are (generally) only two notopleural bristles; all bristles whitish or whitish yellow. Scutellum with four pale yellow marginal bristles, the lateral shortest. Pleura light grey pruinose; no black spot above the middle coxee. Abdomen black, shining, with distinct grey bands at the sides; it is clothed with short, pale yellow hairs. Venter black, often more or less yellow. Legs yellow, generally pale yellow, the last tarsal joints brownish or blackish; sometimes the tarsi indistinctly brownish annulated. Front femora almost not, middle femora a _ little thickened. The legs are _ yellowish haired. Wings hyaline, slightly yellowish tinged. Veins darker or paler yellow; cubital and discal vein much converging in such a way, that the cubital vein is slightly curved, almost straight, the discal vein bending upwards with a long curve. Halteres whitish. Female. Similar to the male; abdomen pointed. Length. This species varies much in size, the length is 2,,—4 mm. This species is easily known by the absence of the black spot on the pleura, and the strongly curved discal vein; also its narrow frons and slightly thickened anterior femora are characteristic. T. candicans is common in Denmark; Copenhagen in a garden, Ordrup Mose, Dyrehaven, Tyvekrog; on Langeland at Lohals; on Funen at Odense and Hoffmansgave; in Jutland at Nebsager near Horsens, and finally on Bornholm at Almindingen; my dates are '/« to August. It occurs on bushes near and in woods, not rarely on somewhat shaded and humid places. Geographical distribution: — Europe down into Italy; towards the north to northern Sweden, and in Finland. Fig. 138. Wing-part of 7. candicans. or Empididae. 305 15. T. fasciata Meig. 1822. Meig. Syst. Beschr. III, 86, 43, Tab. XXIII, Fig. 22. — 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 89 (Platypalpus). — 1903. Kat. paldarkt. Dipt. II, 283. — Tachydromia candicans var. c: 1842. Zett. Dipt. Scand. I, 285, 17. Male. Vertex and frons grey, the latter broader than in candicans; epistoma white; palpi yellow, large, half as long as proboscis. Occiput grey, with whitish yellow bristles above, white hairs below. Antenne blackish or brownish, the two basal joints yellow, the third joint short and shorter than the arista. Thorax yellowish grey pruinose, with two more or less distinct, grey stripes in the middle, abbreviated behind; all bristles yellow. Scutellum with four yellow marginal bristles, the two lateral small. Pleura grey pruinose; no black spot above the middle coxee. Abdomen black, shining; all segments with grey, triangular spots at the sides, meeting or almost meeting in the middle; on the sides the spots occupy the whole length of the seg- ment, while they are narrow and pointed towards the middle. Ab- domen is clothed with short, yellowish hairs. Venter black, but not rarely more or less pale. Legs yellow or pale yellow, tarsi with the last joimts blackish or brownish, and generally more or less distinctly but narrowly brownish or blackish annulated. Front femora somewhat, middle femora considerably thickened. The legs are yellow haired. Wings hyaline, slightly yellowish — tinged. Veins brownish, yellow towards the ra base; cubital and discal vein con- Dee oe verging, the discal vein with a some- what sudden curve before the apex. _ Fig. 139. Wing-part of 7. fasciata. Halteres whitish yellow. Female. Similar to the male; abdomen pointed. Length. This species varies in size like candicans, generally it is 3,5—4,5 mm., but sometimes specimens may be found down to 2,5 mm. This species can, on account of the absence of the black spot on the pleura, only be confused with candicans, but it is distinguished by the larger bands on abdomen, a different curvature of the discal vein, and also by the broader frons and the more thickened anterior femora. T. fasciata is not rare in Denmark; Amager, Ordrup Mose, Erme- lund, Dyrehaven, @rholm, Geel Skov, Tyvekrog; on Langeland at Lohals; my dates are '%/s—*/7.. It occurs in the same places as candicans. 20 306 Orthorrhapha brachycera. Geographical distribution: Europe down into Italy, and further down into North Africa; towards the north to northern Sweden. 16. T. major Zett. 1842. Zett. Dipt. Scand. I, 987, 18. -— 1862. “Schin. Wala eee (Platypalpus). — 1903. Kat. paliarkt. Dipt. Il, 285. — Tachydromia cursitans (non Fabr.): 1804. Meig. Klass. der eur. Zweifl. Ins. I, 237, 1. et 1822. Meig. Syst. Beschr. III, 88, 38, Tab. XXII, Fig. 23. Male. Vertex and frons grey; epistoma white; palpi whitish yellow, large, more than half as long as the proboscis. Antennee yellow, arista brown; the third joint short, considerably shorter than the arista. Thorax greyish yellow prtiinose, with two indistinct, grey middle stripes, disappearing backwards; there are two distinct noto- pleural bristles; all bristles yellow. Scutellum with four yellow marginal bristles, the lateral small. Pleura grey pruinose; above the middle coxe a black, polished spot. Abdomen black, shining, the first segments with grey bands at the sides, and generally also the following segments with narrow bands; abdomen is clothed with short, pale yellow hairs. Venter black. Legs yellow or pale yellow, Fig. 140. Wing-part of T. major. tarsi a little brownish towards the end. Front femora somewhat, middle femora considerably thickened. The legs are yellow haired. Wings somewhat yellowish. Veins brown or dark brown, yellow to- wards the base, cubital and discal vein converging, the cubital vein very slightly curved, the discal vein evenly and somewhat strongly curved, but not as much as in candicans. Halteres yellowish white. Female. Similar to the male; abdomen pointed. Length 4—5 mm. This species is most like cursitans, and has like this a black spot on the pleura, but it is distinguished, besides by the quite yel- low antenne, by a somewhat different course of the cubital vein which is more straight than in cwrsitans, while on the contrary the Empididae. 307 discal vein is more curved in the present species than in cursitans; finally the tarsi are quite yellow. T. major is somewhat common in Denmark; Ordrup Mose, Dyre- haven, Orholm, Nyraad at Vordingborg; on Funen at Odense and Veflinge; in Jutland in Greisdalen at Vejle, at Silkeborg and at Frederikshavn; my dates are “/« to August. It occurs especially on bushes in the outskirts of woods. Geographical distribution: — Northern and middle Europe down into Austria; towards the north to northern Sweden, and in Finland. Besides it goes down into Spain, if the form minor Strobl is in reality the present species. 17. T. flavicornis Meig. 1822. Meig. Syst. Beschr. Il, 83, 37. — 1842. Zett.-Dipt. Scand. I, 278, 8. — 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 88. (Platypalpus). — 1903. Kat. paldarkt. Dipt. I], 283. Male. Frons and vertex yellow or greyish yellow; epistoma white; palpi large, whitish. Occiput yellow or greyish yellow, with yellow bristles above, white hairs below. Antenne yellow, arista blackish brown, the third joint short, much shorter than the arista. Thorax yellowish or bright yellow pruinose; there are two distinct notopleural bristles; all bristles yellow. Scutellum with two yellow marginal bristles, and a small hair on each side. Pleura grey pruinose, upwards a little yellowish; above the middle cox a black, polished spot. Abdomen black, somewhat (not much) shining; each segment with a large, triangular, grey spot at the sides, almost meeting in the middle; at the sides the spots occupy the whole length of the seg- ment. Abdomen is clothed with short, yellow hairs. Venter black, sometimes more or less pale. The exterior genitalia not large, directed somewhat upwards. Legs yellow, the tarsi distinctly black annulated. The anterior femora distinctly thickened, the two pairs equally thick. The legs are yellow haired. Wings hyaline, very slightly yellowish. Veins yellow, the cubital and discal vein a little converging. Halteres yellowish white. Female. Similar to the male; abdomen pointed. Length 2,3—2,8 mm. This beautiful little species is easily distinguished by the light yellow colour which is also extended to the head, and by the large bands on abdomen; also the equally thick anterior femora are charac- teristic. T. flavicornis is common in Denmark; Copenhagen in a garden, 20* 308 Orthorrhapha brachycera. Amager, Hellerup, Ordrup Mose, Tyvekrog; on Funen at Strib; my dates are */s—!/s. It occurs on fields and commons in low herbage. Geographical distribution: — Northern and middle Europe down into France; towards the north to northern Scandinavia, and in Fin- land; besides the species goes still farther towards the south, down into North Africa. Remarks: Zetterstedt says: ,Individua (# 2), que e Dania sub hoc nomine a D. Steger obtinui, majore jure ad speciem sequentem [albicornis] referenda mihi videntur‘. How this may be I cannot say, the specimens in our collection, labelled flavicornis and originating from Steger, are certainly the present species. 18. T.albicornis Zett. 1842. Zett. Dipt. Scand. I, 279, 9. — 1903. Kat. palaarkt. Dipt. Il, 279. Male. Frons and vertex white or greyish white; epistoma yel- lowish white; palpi large, white and white haired. Occiput greyish white, with white bristles above, white hairs below, the latter are specially long, longer than usual. Antenne white, the arista more or less darkened towards the apex; the third joint very short, not much longer than the basal joints, and only half as long as the arista. Thorax light grey pruinose; there are two distinct notopleural bristles; all bristles white. Scutellum with two white marginal bristles and on each side a small hair. Pleura white or greyish white pruinose, with a very small, black, polished spot above the middle coxe. Ab- domen black, shining, with grey bands at the sides, the bands gener- ally somewhat large, sometimes smaller and only distinct in front: abdomen is clothed with short, whitish hairs. Venter black, or often more or less pale. especially at the base. Legs pale yellow to whitish, tarsi dark at the apex, and sometimes more or less brownish annul- ated, especially the anterior tarsi. The anterior femora a little thick- ened and of equal thickness. The legs are pale yellow or whitish haired. Wings hyaline. Veins pale yellow, the cubital and discal vein about parallel. Halteres white. Female. Quite similar to the male, except the pointed abdomen. Length 2—2,5 mm. This little species is nearly related to flavicornis, but it is distinguished by the colour which both on head, thorax and legs is much whiter, the tarsi are only indistinctly annulated, and the cubital and discal vein more parallel; besides the species is smaller. T. albicornis is rare in Denmark; Vesterfeelled (Steger) and on Funen at Odense (H. J. Hansen); the dates are in June and July. It seems to occur on fields. Empididae. 309 Geographical distribution: — Europe down into Spain; towards the north to southern Sweden. 19. T. minuta Meig. 1804. Meig. Klass. der eur. zweifl. Ins. I, 238, 38, et 1822. Syst. Beschr. Ill, 76, 20. — 1842. Zett. Dipt. Scand. I, 303, 38. — 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 89 (Platypalpus). — 1903. Kat. paliarkt. Dipt. Il, 286. — Tachydromia annulata: 1815. Fall. p. p. Dipt. Suec. Empid. 7,2. — 1822. Meig. Syst. Beschr. lll, 77, 22. Male. Frons and vertex grey; epistoma white; palpi small, white haired. Occiput grey, with yellow bristles above, white hairs down- wards. Antenne black, the third joint short or slightly elongated, shorter than the arista. Thorax black, finely brownish grey pruinose, the pruinosity always leaving an indistinctly bordered middle stripe bare; there is only one long dorsocentral bristle behind, and one notopleural bristle; all bristles black (rarely dark brown). Scutellum with two black marginal bristles, and on each side a small hair which is yellow. Pleura dark greyish pruinose; above the middle coxe a black, polished spot. Abdomen black, shining, with short, pale grey hairs. Venter black. Legs black, the anterior trochanters and extreme apex of the coxee, and the base and apex of all femora yellow; the base of the hind femora often broadly yellow, and the apex of the posterior femora often indistinctly reddish; the front tibize brown, paler at the base, the middle tibize brown or yellow, black on the basal part, hind tibie brownish or yellow, black at the base and apex or only at the apex; tarsi yellow or brown, broadly black annulated, the last joints black. The front femora a little thickened, the middle femora slightly more thickened. The legs are distinctly and somewhat longish haired with yellowish grey hairs; front tibiee with some small bristles on the dorsal side. Wings hyaline. Veins black or dark brown. MHalteres whitish. Female. Similar to the male; abdomen not much attenuated towards the apex and rather suddenly pointed. Length 2,3—2,7 mm. This species is, besides other characters, characteristic from the shining middle stripe on thorax; it seems somewhat curious, that this fact has not hitherto been mentioned in the descriptions. T. minuta is very common in Denmark; Copenhagen in gardens, Amager, Utterslev Mose, Charlottenlund, Ordrup Mose, @rholm, Geel Skov, Birkerod, Tyvekrog, Tisvilde, Frederikssund, Boserup near Ros- kilde, Nyraad at Vordingborg; on Langeland at Lohals; on Funen at Odense; in Jutland in Vejle Norreskovy, at Nebsager near Horsens, 310 Orthorrhapha brachycera. Hald near Viborg, at Sondervig, Thisted and Frederikshavn; finally on Bornholm at Allinge; my dates are */s6—'/9. It occurs especially on fields and commons in grass and low herbage, often in very great numbers. Geographical distribution: — Europe down into Spain and Italy; towards the north to northern Scandinavia, and in Finland. It is everywhere a common species. Remarks: Zetterstedt mentions, besides minuta, also T. annulata from Denmark, but I think this is erroneous, and the species is not found in our collection. I have seen four specimens from Zetterstedt’s collection, labelled annulata, two of them were minuta, they had the basal part of the middle tibize distinctly darkened; the other two were fulvipes. 20. T. exigua Meig. 1822. Syst. Beschr. Ill, 81, 31. — 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 89 (Platy- palpus). — 1903. Kat. paldarkt. Dipt. Il, 283. — Tachydromia femoralis : 1842. Zett. Dipt. Scand. I, 299, 34. — Platypalpus femoralis: 1862. Schin. HE Aes OO: Male. Frons and vertex black, shining; epistoma narrow, white; palpi somewhat small, white. Occiput greyish, with brownish bristles above, white hairs below. Antenne black, the third joint short, about half as long as the arista. Thorax black, shining, very slightly pruinose; one long dorsocentral bristle and one notopleural bristle present; the bristles are blackish brown to dark yellowish. Scutellum with two similarly coloured marginal bristles, and on each side a small hair. Pleura black, shining, only grey pruinose below. Abdomen black, shining, with short, yellow or brownish hairs. Venter black. Legs with the front cox yellow, the posterior coxee more or less black at the base; the femora yellow, the front femora with a black patch or stripe above, middle femora black in about the apical two thirds, hind femora in the apical half; the tibiz yellow or more or less brownish; the tarsi brown, darkest towards the apex. The front femora a little, the middle femora slightly more thickened. The legs are short-haired with yellowish hairs. Wings hyaline. Veins brown, the upper branch of the postical vein thinner towards the apex, the lower branch distinct in its whole length. Halteres whitish. Female. Similar to the male, except the pointed abdomen. Length 1,7—2 mm. This species is very similar to minuta, but distinguished by the smaller size, the less pruinose thoracic disc and pleura, the shorter Empididae. 311 third antennal joint, and by the legs being much shorter haired; also the colour of the legs is different. T. exigua is not common in Denmark; vicinity of Copenhagen and at Boserup near Roskilde; I know no time for its capture. Geographical distribution: — Northern and middle Europe down into Austria and Styria; towards the north to southern Sweden, and in Finland. 21. T.agilis Meig. 1822. Meig. Syst. Beschr. III, 80, 29. — 1842. Zett. Dipt. Scand. I, 975, 4. — 1862. Schin. F. A. 91 (Platypalpus). — 1903. Kat. paldarkt. Dipt. II, 279. Male. Frons and vertex dark grey; epistoma very narrow, white; palpi dark, small, greyish haired. Occiput dark grey, with black bristles and hairs above, white hairs below. Antenne black, the third joint a little elongated and a little shorter than the arista. Thorax greyish brown pruinose, but not densely and a little shining; there are two long dorsocentral bristles behind, and two noto- pleural bristles; all the bristles and hairs black. Scutellum with four black marginal bristles, the median the longest. Pleura dark greyish pruinose; above the middle cox a black, polished spot. Abdomen black shining, the first segments with narrow, grey bands at the sides; it is clothed with short, pale yellow hairs. Venter black. The exterior genitalia somewhat thick. Legs yellow or reddish yellow, the posterior coxee black; the tarsi black annulated, the last three or four joints so broadly that they are almost or quite black; sometimes the anterior femora somewhat blackish above and the hind femora with a broad black ring. The front femora somewhat, the middle femora considerably thickened. The legs are yellow haired, the front and hind tibiz with a few small, blackish bristles on the dorsal side, and also the bristles at the apex on the anterior side of the middle femora are black; the hind femora with a row of short, blackish or brown bristles below; the hairs below the front femora are not long, and the ordinary long hairs on the postero-ventral side of the middle femora not much developed. Wings about hyaline. Veins blackish or dark brown; the postical vein generally disappearing just before the margin; the anal vein very weak, and the lower part of the lower postical branch likewise very weak. Halteres dirty whitish. Female. Similar to the male, but the legs generally blacker, often the anterior femora more or less black, and the hind femora quite or almost quite black, and also often the hind tibize black; the hairs below the hind femora not bristly. a12 Orthorrhapha brachycera. Length 2,7 to about 3,5 mm. T. agilis is as common in Denmark as minuta; Amager, Vester- feelled, Charlottenlund, Lyngby Mose, Geel Skov, Tyvekrog, Noddebo and at Boserup near Roskilde; in Jutland at Nymindegab; my dates are 18/;—13/7, It occurs in the same places as minuta, but it seems to be an earlier occurring species. Geographical distribution: — Northern and middle Europe down into Austria and Styria; towards the north to southern Sweden, and here rare; and in Finland. 22. T. lutea Meig. 1804. Meig. Klass. der eur. zweifl. Ins. I, 238, 7. — 1815. Fall. Dipt. Suec. Empid. 10, 10. — 1822. Meig. Syst. Beschr. III, 89, 51. — 1842. Zett. Dipt. Scand. I, 294, 26. — 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 91 (Platypalpus). — 1903. Kat. palaarkt. Dipt. Il, 285. — VYachydromia pallida: 1822. Meig. Syst. Beschr. III, 90, 53. — Tachydromia glabra: 1842. Zett. Dipt. Scand. I, 295, 27. Male. Vertex and frons yellow, the latter sometimes greyish or srey; epistoma whitish yellow; palpi small, yellow, and the proboscis of the same colour. Occiput yellow, sometimes somewhat greyish, with yellow bristles above, whitish hairs below. Antenne yellow, the third joint or the apical part of it brown; it is short, not much longer than broad and scarcely half as long as the arista. Thorax yellow, shining; the disc is uniformly clothed with short, yellow hairs; a pair of bare stripes indicate a division into dorsocentral and acrostichal hairs; one long dorsocentral bristle and two notopleural bristles pre- sent; all bristles yellow. Scutelium with two yellow marginal bristles, and on each side a small hair. Pleura yellow, slightly greyish pruinose; above the middle coxze a shining space. Abdomen yellow, with longish, pale yellow hairs. Venter yellow. The exterior genitalia somewhat small. Legs quite yellow, the last tarsal joints generally a little brownish; the three last joints on the front tarsi somewhat dilated. The front femora very slightly, the middle femora somewhat thickened; the middle tibie short, not much more than half as long as the femora, the apical spine small. The legs are yellow haired. Wings yellowish tinged. Veins brownish, yellow towards the base. Halteres yellow. Female. Similar to the male; abdomen pointed and shorter haired. Length 2,5—3,5 mm. T. lutea is not properly common in Denmark; Charlottenlund, Ordrup Mose, Bollemosen, Ruderhegn, Tisvilde; in Jutland at Rye Empididae. 313 near Silkeborg; my dates are **/s—?/s. It occurs in the outskirts of woods, and on shaded places in woods on bushes. Geographichal distribution: — Europe down into Italy; towards the north to middle Sweden, and in Finland. Remarks: Zetterstedt has a curious note under this species, as he says: “Q vivipara”, but without further statements. 93. T.exilis Meig. 1822. Meig. Syst. Beschr. III, 90, 54. — 1862. Schin. F.A. I, 9t (Platypalpus). — 1903. Kat. paliarkt. Dipt. II, 283. Male. Frons and vertex grey or dark grey; epistoma black, shining, very narrow; palpi somewhat large, white, more than half as long as the proboscis; the latter black at the apex. Occiput grey, with yellow bristles above, white hairs below. Antenne brown, the basal joints yellow, the third joint a little elongated, but shorter than the arista. Thorax yellow, a little pruinose but somewhat shining. The dorsocentral and acrostichal hairs as usual uniserial and biserial respectively; only one long dorsocentral bristle behind; two distinct notopleural bristles present; all bristles and hairs yellow. Scutellum with two yellow marginal bristles, and on each side a small hair. Pleura yellow, slightly pruinose; above the middle cox a shining spot. Abdomen yellow, the middle segments generally black; it is clothed with short, yellow hairs. Venter yellow. Legs yellow, the last tarsal joint distinctly black; the front tarsi simple. The front femora slightly, the middle femora a little more thickened; the middle tibize short, the apical spine small. The legs are yellow haired, there are no long bristles on the postero-ventral side of the middle femora, but the spines in the row here are long and more bristle-like. Wings yellow, with likewise yellow veins; the postical cross-vein a little nearer to the base than the middle cross-vein.! Halteres pale yellow. Female. Similar to the male; abdomen always quite yellow, and pointed. Length 2—2,5 mm. 1 This character, already noted by Meigen, needs some explanation. In all species of Tachydromia the two cross-veins are placed quite near to each other, but the exact placement may vary a little in the same species, the postical cross-vein, however, is always just below, or behind the middle cross-vein; in the former case the two cross-veins form an angle with the tip towards the base of the wing; eailis is the sole species, in which the postical cross-vein is placed a little more basally than the middle cross-vein; but also in this species the place is not always the same, and sometimes it may lie just below the middle cross-vein. 314 Orthorrhapha brachycera. This species is easily known from lutea by the smaller size, the black epistoma, the simple front tarsi and the ordinary rows of hairs on the thoracic disc. Meigen describes the frons as black, and like- wise Frey (Act. Soc. pro Faun. et Flor. Fenn. 31, 1909, No. 9, 8); all my specimens have a grey frons such as mentioned by Scholtz (Zeitschr. fir Entom. Breslau, V, 1851, 58). The third antennal joint seems to be able to vary from yellow to brown. T. exilis is not uncommon in Denmark; Charlottenlund, Erme- lund, Dyrehaven, Tisvilde; in Jutland at Frederikshavn; my dates are 18/g_-13/7; it was taken in copula on 1%/7. It occurs in woods on similar places as lutea. Geographical distribution: — The species is hitherto only known from Denmark, Germany and Finland. 24. T. pectoralis Fall. 1815. Fall. Dipt. Suec. Empid. 9, 8. -- 1822. Meig. Syst. Beschr. III, 87, 46. — 1842. Zett. Dipt. Scand. 1, 295, 28. — 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 91 (Platypalpus). — 1903. Kat. palaarkt. Dipt. Il, 287. — Tachydromia straminipes: 1842. Zett. Dipt. Scand. I, 296, 29. Male. Frons and vertex dark grey; epistoma whitish grey, very narrow; palpi white, more than half as long as the black proboscis, but not very broad. Occiput dark grey, with whitish hairs above and below. Antenne black, the third joint considerably shorter than the arista. Thorax reddish or reddish yellow, shining, with a broad, black median stripe, abbreviated a little behind the middle; some- times the stripe is narrowed behind, and it may be continued as a narrow stripe to the scutellum. The disc is uniformly clothed with short, yellow hairs; there is one longer dorsocentral bristle behind, and one distinct notopleural bristle, both yellow; no humeral bristle. Scutellum with two dark yellow marginal bristles, and on each side a small bristle. Pleura yellow, slightly greyish pruinose, sternopleura shining, generally, but not always, more or less blackish. Abdomen black, shining, with short, yellow hairs. Venter black. Legs yellow, the last tarsal joint blackish, on the anterior tarsi generally only blackish on the apical part; femora sometimes a little brownish. The front femora slightly, the middle femora somewhat thickened; the apical spine on the middle tibiz small. The legs are yellow haired; there are no long bristles on the postero-ventral side of the middle femora, but the spines in the row here long and more bristle-like. Wings yellow. Veins brown; the united part of the costal and sub- costal vein black, or (var. stramineipes) pale. Halteres pale yellow. Female. Similar to the male; abdomen pointed. Empididae. 315 Length 2-—2,5 mm. This beautiful species is at once recognised by the colour; it seems on account of the uniform clothing of the thoracic disc to be nearest allied to lutea. T. pectoralis is not rare in Denmark; Charlottenlund, Ermelund, Dyrehaven, Tisvilde; on Funen at Odense and Veflinge; in Jutland in Vejle Norreskov, at Nebsager near Horsens, Hald near Viborg and at Frijsenborg; finally on Bornholm at Re@nne; my dates are 7°/s6—*/9. It occurs in woods on shaded, somewhat humid places on bushes and in low herbage, and it is a somewhate late occurring species. Geographical distribution: — Northern and middle Europe down into France; towards the north to middle Sweden, and in Finland. 95. T. macula Zett. 1842. Zett. Dipt. Scand. I, 289, 20. — 1887. Becker, Berl. Entom. Zeitschr. XXXI, 134, 99. — 1903. Kat. paldarkt. Dipt. II, 285. Male. Frons and vertex black, shining; epistoma narrow, black; palpi somewhat large, yellow; proboscis black. Occiput black, some- what greyish pruinose, with yellow bristles above, white hairs below. Antenne black or brownish, the third joint very short, triangular, slightly longer than broad and not half as long as the long arista; _ the antenne are distinctly pubescent. Thorax black, shining; the disc densely and uniformly clothed with not quite short, greyish pubescence; one long dorsocentral bristle behind and two notopleural bristles pre- sent, all yellow. Scutellum with two yellow marginal bristles, and on each side a small hair. Pleura greyish pruinose, or more correctly, with short pubescence, sternopleura shining. Abdomen black, shining, with somewhat longish, yellow hairs. Venter black. The exterior genitalia large, a little swollen. Legs yellow, the four last tarsal joints brown, and on the anterior tarsi also the metatarsus more or less brown; the posterior femora have an oblong, well defined, brown spot above at the apex. The front femora not, the middle femora much thickened; the apical spine on the middle tibia somewhat small. The legs are yellow haired; the front femora short haired below. Wings yellowish. Veins brown. Halteres yellowish white. Female. Similar to the male; abdomen pointed; the posterior femora with the spot indistinct or wanting. Length 3,2 to about 4 mm. T.macula is very rare in Denmark, only two specimens, a male and a female, are known, probably from the vicinity of Copenhagen. Geographical distribution: — Northern and middle Europe down into Switzerland; towards the north to northern Sweden. 316 Orthorrhapha brachycera. 26. T. fuscicornis Zett. 1842. Zett. Dipt. Scand. I, 291, 23. — 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 90 (Platypalpus). — 1903. Kat. paliarkt. Dipt. Il, 284. — Tachydromia pal- lines (non Fall.): 1822. Meig. Syst. Beschr. Ill, 74, 14. Male. Frons and vertex black, shining; epistoma exceedingly narrow, greyish white; palpi whitish yellow, not large, about half as long as the black proboscis. Occiput grey, with yellow bristles above, white hairs below. Antennze blackish or brown, the third joint short, about half as long as the arista. Thorax black, shining, somewhat greyish pruinose at the margin; the uniserial dorsocentral and biserial acrostichal hairs present in the ordinary way, distinct and somewhat long; there are two somewhat long dorsocentral bristles behind and two notopleural bristles; all the hairs and bristles yellow. Scutellum yellowish pruinose, with two yellow marginal bristles, and on each side a small hair. Pleura somewhat greyish pruinose, sternopleura black, shining. Abdomen black, not much shining, with somewhat longish, yellow hairs. Venter black. The exterior genitalia somewhat large, the row of hairs on the left side dense, and the hairs long and of deep yellow colour. Legs yellow, the last tarsal joint generally more or less brownish. The front femora slightly, the middle femora somewhat thickened; the middle tibize more than two thirds of the femora in length, the apical spine rather large, black at the apex. The legs are yellow haired. Wings yellow. Veins brownish, yellow at the base. Halteres yellowish white. Female. Similar to the male; abdomen pointed and a little shorter haired. Length 2,3 to about 3 mm. T. fuscicornis is not rare in Denmark, but it has hitherto only been taken in the vicinity of Copenhagen; Lersgen, Ermelund, Dyre- haven; my dates are only 1%/6—*/6. It occurs in low herbage in woods on open, somewhat shaded and humid places. Geographical distribution: — Europe down into Spain; towards the north to northern Sweden, and in Finland. 27. T. ciliaris Fall. 1815. Fall. Dipt. Suec. Empid. 33, 1—2. — 1822. Meig. Syst. Beschr. Jil, 86, 44. — 1842. Zett. Dipt. Scand. I, 289, 21. — 1862. Schin. F. A: I, 90 (Platypalpus). — 1903. Kat. paliarkt. Dipt. II, 281. Male. Frons and vertex greyish; epistoma exceedingly narrow, whitish; palpi somewhat large, whitish. Occiput greyish, with yellow hairs above, white hairs below. Antenne black or brownish black, distinctly pubescent, the third joint short, about half as long as the Empididae. SAT arista. Thorax black, shining; the uniserial dorsocentral and biserial acrostichal hairs somewhat distinct; there are about two a little longer dorsocentral bristles behind, and two notopleural bristles; all the hairs and bristles are yellow. Scutellum with two yellow marginal bristles, and on each side a somewhat long hair. Pleura somewhat greyish pruinose, sternopleura black, shining. Abdomen black, shining, with a little longish, yellow hairs. Venter black, sometimes a little pale at the base. The exterior genitalia large and much swollen, forming a large knob on account of the ventral plate being large and arched, it is short-haired with blackish hairs. Legs yellow or reddish yellow, the posterior femora often a little brownish; the last tarsal joint black. The front femora not and the middle femora almost not thickened; the apical spine on the middle tibie so short and stubby, that it is almost wanting. The legs are yellow haired; there are no long bristles on the postero-ventral side of the middle femora, but the spines in the row here are long and bristle-like in the basal part; the apical half of the middle tibiz is generally a little darkened, and it is clothed with a very short and dense, greyish yellow pubescence. Wings hyaline, slightly greyish or yellowish. Veins blackish. Halteres pale yellow. Female. Similar to the male; abdomen pointed, ovipositor (eighth segment) very long. Length 2,5—3,5 mm. (the latter size taken from the female, the ovipositor included). This species is at once recognised by the large male genitalia, the long female ovipositor, and in both sexes by the curious pubescence on the apical half of fhe middle tibie. T. ciliaris is not uncommon in Denmark; Ordrup Mose, Erme- lund, Bollemosen; on Funen at Veflinge and in Jutland at Hald near Viborg and at Seby; my dates are *°s—°/s. It occurs like the pre- ceding in woods on bushes and in low herbage on humid and some- what shaded places, and it is a somewhat late occurring species. Geographical distribution: — Northern and middle Europe down into Styria; towards the north to middle Sweden, and in Finland. 98. T.thoracica n. sp. Of this species I have only the female. Frons and vertex grey; epistoma white; palpi yellow, large, slightly shorter than the black proboscis. Occiput grey, upwards yellowish pruinose, with yellow hairs above, white hairs below. Antenne yellow, arista brown; the third joint short, about half as long as the arista. Thorax black, shining, the margin yellow pruinose, the pruinosity continued in- 318 Orthorrhapha brachycera. wards on the humeri. The uniserial dorsocentral and biserial acro- stichal hairs short and few in number, greyish yellow; there are no long dorsocentral bristles; one distinct, yellow notopleural bristle (and one weaker). Scutellum with two brown marginal bristles, and on each side a small hair; postscutellum yellow pruinose. Pleura black, shining, only pruinose in front, above the front cox and above the hypopleura. Abdomen black, somewhat shining, with very short, yellowish hairs. Venter black. Legs yellow, tarsi narrowly and in- distinctly brownish annulated, the last joint blackish; the middle knees distinctly black. The front femora a little, the middle femora more thickened; the apical spine on the middle tibie rather large, black at the apex. The legs are yellowish haired. Wings hyaline. Veins yellow or pale brownish. Halteres yellow. Length 2,7 mm. This species is characterised by the yellow antennzx, the few ° hairs on the thoracic disc, and the want of longer dorsocentral bristles behind. T. thoracica seems to be very rare in Denmark, only one specimen, a female, has been taken on Langeland at Lohals on */; 1909 (the author). Geographical distribution: — Besides in Denmark the species also occurs in Germany, as Mr. Becker, who has seen my specimen, has kindly communicated to me, that he also has the species in his collection. 29. T. pallipes Fall. 1815. Fall. Dipt. Suec. Empid. 8, 6 p. p. — 1842. Zett. Dipt. Scand. I, 305, 40, et 1849. VIII, 3009, nota. — 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 90 (Platypalpus). — 1903. Kat. palaarkt. Dipt. Il, 287. — Tachydromia flavipalpis: 1822. Meig. Syst. Beschr. III, 74, 15. — 1842. Zett. Dipt. Scand. I, 288, 19. — Platypalpus flavipalpis: 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 90. Male. Frons and vertex black, slightly greyish; epistoma narrow, black; palpi yellow, large, as long or almost as long as the black proboscis. Occiput greyish, with pale bristles above and whitish hairs below. Antenne black or brownish black, the third joint elongated triangular, considerably shorter than the arista. Thorax black, shining, the margin slightly greyish pruinose; the disc is uniformly and densely clothed with short, greyish yellow hairs; a pair of indistinct, scarcely observable, weaker haired stripes indicate a division into dorsocentral and acrostichal hairs; there is one longer, yellow dorsocentral hair behind, and two black notopleural bristles; no humeral bristle. Secu- tellum with two black marginal bristles. Pleura greyish pruinose; Empididae. 319 above the middle coxe a large, black, polished spot. Abdomen black, shining, with a little longish, yellow hairs. Venter black, sometimes paler towards the base. Legs yellow, the last four tarsal joints generally brownish or blackish brown. The front femora very slightly, : the middle femora considerably thickened; the middle tibie about two thirds of the femora in length, the apical spine small and truncate. The legs are yellowish haired. Wings hyaline or very slightly yel- lowish. Veins brown or blackish. Halteres yellowish white or white. Female. Similar to the male; abdomen pointed. Length 2,5—3,3 mm. This species cannot be confused with any of the three preceding species, as it is distinguished by the uniform pubescence on the thoracic disc; in this respect, and also otherwise, it resembles macula, but this species has a much shorter third antennal joint, and yellow thoracic and scutellar bristles. T. pallipes is somewhat rare in Denmark; Copenhagen in gardens (the author), Lersoen (Steger); my dates are from July to 74/s. Geographical distribution: — Northern and middle Europe down into France; towards the north to northern Sweden, and in Finland. 30. T. nigritarsis Fall. 1815. Fall. Dipt. Suec. Empid. 34, 1—2. — 1822. Meig. Syst. Beschr. Ill, 74, 13. — 1842. Zett. Dipt. Scand. I, 307, 43. — 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 91 (Platypalpus). — 1903. Kat. paliarkt. Dipt. Il, 286. Male. Frons and vertex broad, black, the former a little greyish pruinose, the latter shining; epistoma narrow, black; palpi small, whitish. Occiput greyish black, with two distinct, black bristles above and white hairs below. Antenne black, long, about as long as the head, the third joint elongated, considerably longer than the short arista. Thorax black, shining, with a well defined, greyish pruinose margin; the uniserial dorsocentral and biserial acrostichal hairs short, black; there is one longer dorsocentral bristle behind, and there are two notopleural bristles, all black. Scutellum greyish pruinose, with two black marginal bristles. Pleura dark greyish pruinose, sterno- pleura shining. Abdomen black, shining, with a little longish, yel- lowish hairs. Venter black. Legs yellow; the posterior cox black, the front coxee a little blackish at the base; the apical part of the hind femora black, the middle femora generally blackish or brownish above in the apical part; the front tibize almost quite black, the hind tibiz generally blackish at the base; the four last tarsal joints, and generally also the apex of the metatarsus black. The front femora somewhat, the middle femora more thickened; the apical spine on 320 Orthorrhapha brachycera. the middie tibize almost wanting. The legs are yellowish or pale brownish haired. Wings hyaline. Veins black. MHalteres pale yellow. Female. Similar to the male; abdomen pointed and _ shorter haired. Length 2,3—2,5 mm. T. nigritarsis is not common in Denmark, but has, however, been taken at several places; Lersoen, Tyvekrog, Tisvilde, at Vemme- tofte; on Langeland at Lohals; on Funen at Hoffmansgave; in Jutland at Hald near Viborg, Struer, Hobro and Frederikshavn; my dates are '/6 to August. It occurs in woods on bushes and on low her- bage on somewhat humid and shaded places. Geographical distribution: — Europe down into Spain and Italy; towards the north to northern Sweden, and in Finland. 31. T. longicornis Meig. 1822. Meig. Syst. Beschr. III, 73, 12, Tab. XXIII, Fig. 17. — 1908. Kat. palaarkt. Dipt. Il, 284. — Tachydromia pubicornis: 1838. Zett. Ins. Lapp. 553, 15, et 1842. Dipt. Scand. I, 304, 39. Male. Frons and vertex grey; epistoma narrow, whitish grey; palpi small, whitish; proboscis black. Occiput grey, with two long and some short, black bristles above and with white hairs below. Fig. 141. Antenna of T. longicornis. >< 100. Antenne black, sometimes a little pale at the base, long, distinctly pubescent; the third joint is much elongated, narrow, more than twice as long as the short arista. Thorax black, shining, brownish pruinose at the margin; the uniserial dorsocentral and biserial acro- stichal hairs yellow; there is one long dorsocentral bristle behind and there are two notopleural bristles, all dark brown or black. Scutellum brownish pruinose, with two dark brown or black marginal bristles, and on each side a smaller hair. Pleura dark greyish pruinose; above the middle cox a black, polished spot. Abdomen black, shining, with short, yellowish hairs; venter black. Legs yellow or reddish yellow, the four last tarsal joints brown or blackish. The front femora somewhat, the middle femora slightly more thickened; the apical spine on the middle tibize almost wanting. The legs are yellow haired; the bristles towards the apex on the anterior side of the Empididae. 391 middle femora blackish. Wings hyaline. Veins brownish or pale brown. Halteres yellow or yellowish white. Female. Similar to the male; abdomen pointed. Length 2 to about 3 mm. T. longicornis is somewhat rare in Denmark; Charlottenlund, Ermelund, Geel Skov, at Sora and at Nyraad near Vordingborg; in Jutland at Hald near Viborg; my dates are ‘/s—1/9. It occurs like the preceding in woods on bushes and in low herbage on shaded places; it is a somewhat late occurring species; I have taken it in copula on */9. Geographical distribution: — Europe down into Spain and Italy; towards the north to northernmost Scandinavia, and in Finland. 32. T. albiseta Panz. 1806. Panz. Faun. germ. CIIl, 17. —- 1822. Meig. Syst. Beschr. III, 73, 11. — 1842. Zett. Dipt. Scand. I, 310, 46. — 1903. Kat. paldarkt. Dipt. Hl, 279. — Tachydromia castanipes: 1822. Meig. Syst. Beschr. III, 79, 26. — Platypalpus castanipes: 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 90. Male. Vertex and frons grey, the latter narrow; epistoma ex- ceedingly narrow, the eyes here almost touching; palpi small, whitish. Occiput greyish black, with two black bristles above, and short, yel- lowish hairs below. Antenne black, long, the third joint elongated; the arista white, longer than the rest of the antenne. Thorax black, shining, with a narrow, well defined, grey pruinose margin; the uniserial dorsocentral and biserial acrostichal hairs black, very short and scarcely observable; there is no long dorsocentral bristle behind, but there is one black notopleural bristle. Scutellum with two black marginal bristles. Pleura black, shining, the propleura, a stripe along the lower margin of the mesopleura and the pteropleura and hypo- pleura whitish grey pruinose. Abdomen black, shining, with short, yellowish hairs. Venter black. The exterior genitalia small, some- what greyish pruinose, with some slender hooks at the apex. Legs slender, yellow, the front femora above and all tibiz more or less brownish; the tarsi darker brown. The anterior femora almost not, the middle femora a little thickened; no spine at the apex of the middle tibiz. The legs are pale brownish haired, the bristles on the postero-ventral side of the middle femora long, black; the hind femora with longish hairs below. Wings more or less greyish or brownish tinged. Veins brown or blackish, the cubital and discal vein con- verging, the lower branch of the postical vein much recurrent, parallel with the wing-margin. Halteres pale yellowish. Female. Similar to the male; abdomen pointed. Orthorrhapha brachycera. is) bo be Length 2,2 to about 3 mm. T. albiseta is very rare in Denmark, only five specimens have been taken; Dyrehaven (H. J. Hansen); on Langeland at Lohals (the author), and on Funen at Odense and Veflinge (H. J. Hansen); my dates are only *°/s—+*/7. The species occurs on bushes and in low herbage on shaded places in woods. Geographical distribution: -- Europe down into Italy, and further into North Africa; towards the north to Lapland, and in Finland. 33. T.albocapillata Fall. 1815. Fall. Dipt. Suec. Empid. 9,7 p.p. — 1822. Meig. Syst. Beschr. Ill, 79, 28. — 1842. Zett. Dipt. Scand. I, 309, 45. — 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 90 (Platypalpus). — 1903. Kat. palaéarkt. Dipt. Il, 280. This species resembles albiseta so much, that I shall only give the differences. The third antennal joint is longer, the antennee, with- out the arista, fully as long as the head, the arista is shorter, about as long as the third joint. The legs together with the coxe black, the apex of the femora, and the base of the anterior tibiz generally paler; sometimes the legs are only dark brownish. The wings have the cubital vein a little pe curved. Length 2,2 to about 2,5 mm. This species is distinguished from albiseta by the longer antenne with a shorter arista, which is a quite constant character, and by the black or dark legs. The characters in the fumigation of the wings, mentioned by Strobl (Mitth. Ver. Steierm. 1892, 109), I find not confirmed, and when he speaks of a slightly pruinose thoracic disc in albocapillata, this is no doubt erroneous. T. albocapillata is rare in Denmark; Amager, Ordiap Mose; on Funen at Hoffmansgave; in Jutland at Beederikcierne and on Leso; my dates are in July. Geographical distribution: — Europe down into Italy; towards the north to middle Sweden, and in Finland. Addenda et Corrigenda. Part. II. Page 33 Line 3 for “‘base” read “apex” — 105 — 16 for “Dichronia” read “ Dichonia” — 131 — 28 for “Ph. pulicara” read “Ph. pulicaria”. Part. III. Page 6 Line 22 for “‘tesselata” read ‘‘tessellata”™ — 7 — 27 The number of Danish Empids is here given as 164, but since this was printed 6 species have been added, the total number thus being 170, — 38 — 10 “Rhamphomya marginata:” should be removed to the foregoing line before ‘‘1859”. — 49 After Rh. sulcata add: — 6a. Rh. cinerascens Meig. 1804. Meig. Klass. eur. zweifl. Ins. 230, 28 (Hmpis) et 1822. Syst. Beschr. Ill, 48. — 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 98. — 1903. Kat. paldarkt. Dipt. Il, 223. This species resembles in nearly all respects su/cata so very much that it is not necessary to give any description; the distinguishing character, and, so far as I see, the only real difference lies in the colour of the wings; these have at the posterior margin, about from the axillary angle to the apex of the postical vein or somewhat beyond this, a distinct, blackish border, which vanishes evenly in- wards. Though this is a small difference, the border is, however, rather characteristic, and I think the species is quite certain. Schiner says, that the hind legs are not sulcated, but this is not correct, the hind legs may be sulcated or not, quite as in sulcata. Length 6—7 mm. ; Eth. cinerascens is very rare in Denmark, only two specimens, both females, have been taken in 1909 and 1910, one at Allerup near Esbjerg and one at Silkeborg (Esben Petersen); the dates are °/s—*/«, the species is thus a spring species. Geographical distribution: — Northern and middle Europe down into Germany; it is not known north of Denmark. 21* 394. Orthorrhapha brachycera. Page 57 Line 15 for “on” read “or” — 83 — 38 “E. poplitea Loew or a closely allied species”. The species is described as new in 1902 by Melander as E. aerobatica (Melander Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. XXVIII, 1902, 323). — 91 — 19 for “1);;” read “3/7” — 131 To the geographical distribution of E. tessellata add that the species also goes down into North Africa. — 154 To the geographical distribution of H. quadrifaria add that the species also goes down into North Africa. — 190 — 14 for “in consists” read “it consists” — 21d Footnote for “notopleural” read “metapleural” — 217 — 34 for “Chinocera” read “Clinocera” — 984 — 10 add “Kat. palaarkt. Dipt. IT, 278. —” Synonyms are given in italics. not Danish have the page in italics. Page |{ Anacrostichus Bezzi.............. 96 | nN MCT ce he cet 97 Anithalta Fett. 2... os be astern os 209 mmiopicora, MacG: ~ . =... 282s. oatony 240 | Bergenstammia Mik............... 216 muaines OCW... = 402% . stfa4 en eT) | Bucetlaria Maca... .. 2 WE, op acreeel | LDP cio) (6 USEC a Ea Sera ero. ira Gi near 30 Bpisids: .o 5: cco ee eee beer 79 trigrarama. Meio.) 5 ee ee 93 aerobatiea “Mel: - 5.3.0.2. sna 324 nnivittata Loew: 22.252, -ee-e see 90 aestiva LOW ve. wicectemace aera: 125 ventralis: Ze... 223 eee 111 albinervis: Meir: 622 .iee con 105 vernalis Meig::. ....2-4.082eee 114 albipennis Zett. (non a Jogo UNS vitripennis Meig. ...~ 2. ae 106 bilineata Oe w 2 -y--ysegs eerie a 86 volucris Zett. (non Meig.) ... 125.127 borealis: dic... = seers tee ese 137_| Empis’ s. stt.-(Bezzi), .. -2 eee 128 brevicornis Loew... s2s20<228..5% 131 borealis. Li. 2... ....4 .s2eeeeee 137 eaudatila /LOCW 2 m3 (non. 1s) eee 129 cuneipennis Bezzi ..........--. 101 meridionalis Meig.............. 81 aecOra MM EIG hoo eee 112 nigricans’ Meie.: i). 23575. nee 135 digramma Meig.....:.-...-.-%. 86 opaca “Meigs 2 ee pipeorhs.- 139 PEMBOFALT, Bais oie fc ecettere ee 83 rustica Wall.) /2220 52+ eee 135 pave MUN Se PF es arts tec 6 tessellata Fabr....... = eee 129 genualis Strobl. “Fo. -) 2. -- 82. 114. | Kacehidia*Mik--) 23. >. eee 221 erisea, Pall tc a were 99 ““Zetterstedti-Falk-._ 2.222 s sae 222 ryalipennis, Pall. ee ise nec 103 | Euthyneura: Macq. 2225222 - sea 209 ranula Meig 5s St) ee he ont 88 consobrina Fett) >>: 7255 211 lamellicornis Beck. ............ 116 furcata Zett-2 22 332-S eee 210 “ncaa Babi ore ee 6. 133 Gyllenhali:Zett..2>>. 22-20. 211 livida T5750 50s" eer ae 133 miyricae ‘Hal. 7.3.5: 3. ee 211 lwida Fabr: (nom I)". es 129 | miyrtillt Macq: 2) :*35.-* ese 210 laben’ Meige sf Nice < ceyene sree 95 | pallida” Zett.. >: 2322... ee 209 ND CHIPES: Zeller eeerctay rs arte 101 | rostrata’ Zett- 2) 5225S 211 meridionalis Meig.............. 81 | minutia Wabr. fae ee 6.189 | Heleodrontia* Hal... 72>. 2 eee 218 morosa Schin. (non Meig.)...... 124 stagnalis Hal: .; . 233 eee 219 nigricans (Méig. 22 cee. elses - 135 | Wesmaelii ‘Macg: .2--- 7: ssasee 220 Nipritarsis AMelg. © ace see te = 101 | Westermanni Zett:.....2-. 222. 219 nitida \Meig’ 32592 ere cere oe 97 | Heliodromia Curt............. 217. 223 obscura) Machi. cea eet eee 123 | Hemerodromia Meig............... 228 oUsGurnd Zetia ee eee ere 122 flavella Letts! ot. ee 234 obscuripennis Strobl ........... 122 melanocephala Hal............. 234 Oped Meigs 205 5 Mores beara 139 | monostigma Meig. ............. 231 pennarid halle.) eee 118 oratoria’ Fall" .2)..% ee ae eee 236 nennaria’ Wall’ pupitee see er 114 | précatoria’ Fall. >? 2208222 oe 231 pennipes: ole" sateen eee 109 raptoria Meg! 2527.26 235 prodromus, Toews {7-2 ::5:2222.-2 140 BIRIVEMUPIS) MONE sc 52 acne oar en, 111 aéronetha Mik‘. 5.7. >- 2. oeem 162 USCICI Walls aise RE ere 18 135 angustifrons Strobl............ 162 Seroling LOGW. 3 0n res ees be 122 | Beckeri Strobl? :¢ 2:2 - >. <- ae 167 Stercorealus, nearer eee nee Oi | bistriatay Zetia ae ei t. 170 testacea Zett. (non Fabr.) ...... 86 | bivittata Strobl...... Ree eeieh x5, 157 tessellatay Mabr sc Seater ace 129 | carinthiaca ‘Strobl 2277-2. 4eeen 168 ee eee 13 | Page flawapes Meig.: 252.2 cies aes 206 ruficollis Meie. . Jno sade 206 sphenoptera Loew............. 208 eptoscetes al... 2.-.2.seon t BYES 241 Pissempis) Bez... >: w4ed. sisiahiip 101 cuneipennis Bezzi............. 101 nigritarsis Meigs tatz. 2 A ull 101 iMigcronterd: BECKS... «4 aire ee 284 Miccodtemiay Big. 2.7. 2 i 4st okt op 230 Micraphor Mace si 28 «5 oon SU mrcae 189 Microphorns, Maca. 23 = 2s7i5- naz, 189 anomalus Meig.).. - cece BS ena 192 CEASSETIES /MACU rn. ./-< tanec cape 192 FATS OAS eee Po Oger treo ee 191 holosericea Fett... 2. tenn 190 mnesilies Mae. 4...) thet “beer 192 TOPSCHMS! LOU. S occ: Feet 192 Velutmus Mach.” 6-7. cress 191 feMerosania Lele. <) etiae =i hs hear Be 18 sligmaticalis Zett, ..c.. 7 eases. 19 Oeydnomia Mee. oe it sar cets 852s 200 Gassalise Meigs 8 o.oo cer cas ke 202 Mappecniae Haller... , oo? 101 PAPAMENE. MACK. . 522.20 3.eeeaeene 299 MIBLIPESME ADE ec ees eee 6:39) 4 candicans Fall... .:.22% Soeeae 303 LEWES (51 Ey A) 9 nme 33 castanipes. Meig ...: 2. 58290 gee 321 ODA CS LAU Soc seen ahem waren 41 ciliaris, Falls..35 2344 400 oe 316 obscuripennis Meig............. (al cothurnata Macq... ... 2a. eeeee 294 ODS CH ited Clie ocuse ty eee 55 connie Lets. wk. wage ee 297 Page eryplospina Frey .... 2. <2. bz: 295 | ernsttas Baby: 21 ara nee ees 5 008 cursitans Meig. (non Fabr.) .... 306 meebr ice MGIE: 2 Ba bes has, 298 Bmp MOIS. cco 252 eed 310 exilis Meig. ....... SAE See So 313 Reise MONEY cio viatss Shots Sekai ents 305 fascipes Strobl (non Meig.)..... 295 pennOMas Fett, oo coi 5 ees 310 Ravicornis: Mele... 2 0.2 .25ts~ =: 307 Weamenaipis Mele? 5 x52, rk oe 318 | ME OPE Ses Ae pete ge a 6. 290 eeIpes MEE, 2 oo 2 os 2.2 odes 295 ducmeorais, Aett... css ee eee 301 LS 6 eR Be Ge RACH elise ox erie en Shee 315 BECHIIpAS -MOIE 2 2) 2s es 291 TREE TRRY AS 5 ore he en ee 306 TEE Dal PS |e 309 enimmtarsis, Wally ies. ms ces woes 319 motaia (Meir) Lett... 2-262 297 LE AGG Glu Ct ee 312 pallidiventris Meig. ............ 301 ape SoMa. oes Li oioeh. 2i es 2 Hs 318 pallipes Meig. (non Fall.) ...... 316 Mectoralis Walls iy5..0- le, oS sx. os 314 pulncornis Lett... .. <. 2.0 ssn: 320 SIAMiNnipes Lette s.. 2--)neeie «= x ol4 SERIE CONS “AGtbs. 4 smi tenes 2 293 thiaracies: Maspe be bo ae ee 317 Paria, Walle. esc f cn «casas 302 Demir ales: MOU... kas cine sie es 304 Tachydrompnae ........5 0: 2305-565 251 WACHYBETD WNCIE: Je acs < os soles 262 fuscipennis Wall. 2) ..:. 2. 5.2 623: 265 MENUORE MGIES. . 22.05 2 Me Soins ds 266 CTL OM o/c) an i ae 266 truncorum Meig. (non Fall.).... 266 Mrichra Meigs 26. ais oh aes 184 Clavipe se Melb cn .)2.chs, fez it tae 187 flavipes Meig. ....... ease es 186 Mminsta Ba 8c Poe ele 187 Prichopezs Rond:’.. ..)scc0/5= 5 ess 241 Ipnpicormis: Meig. = .2 tics wee 245 Wiedemannia’ Zett. ;: 2.244 222i 223 HishigmaGart.: . 0. 6.5 acne oe 223 BORCRMS FOUL. o.oo. oc. a ie sore 223 UEUENALIS LOL 2 eas os toe wale 223 EBYHCHONS NOW: 5. cc eo aeons 224 Manthempis. 6771 ©. . 22. isan bene 85 bibmeata. Loew: = 2x55. 35-5 es 86 digramma. Meig........-.5.-- +: 86 Joa Ste Fee eae 6 sano MCPS. 2°26 2250 SON ee 88 fates Meigs 2. 62.82 Sac2 2 See tee 95 panctala Mele. 2.58. os ie me 88 punctata Fabr. (non Meig.) .... 86 SEERCOREd Ls, 9 os 2a ae eee ae 91 testacea Zett. (non Fabr.) ...... 86 tripramima, Meigas -..). 0022 5ee8 3 Uinivittata: 406W ... 62s. seis 90) | oie ec) Tan. hie ot pula a AS dale ia ‘ < os a pe re li Sie as. 7 ~'a0s & ba ante THe nv a! ee P 7 fst. 7 . an ins.) ae seniien ere ata ae: eon , “ape lity ree Laya g} Ey ao tus) tla PASE at o a =/)Ps . Sod, iar Pn ke = ane 2 a.) git ee oe in a oa aM raat Os A ~~ «>. Jee zai & A ae - ce ee eS o Gel rat ear) : (iain vsttiia) dist Thy “ybbR. ‘ 5 ; : Witt hy cial uf 4 nial a : : c ; [ed al ‘ jioX a > ‘' Soe) Vr ys en | i) pe Vara ! r fi = : ny vy " ia 4 rh i”, ; ‘oe h i ad eve ae Pa W , 7 Lundbeck, W. _ Author Wolly eal Diptera Danica. Title University of Toronto Library Ya Acme Library Card Pocket - LOWE-MARTIN CO. LiMiTED 6 900 sO 8+ 90 LL 6€ . WALI SOd 4IHS AVE SONVY a ll M3IASNMOG LV 1.19 Mls ieeee “Ai ; i ae rietbiniasaint : fstafaiv Peat be oe oe: - : re ‘ ‘ ‘ . . © LETS OE OD OR UNITE ORE OD Oo GLA PE : Plee 2 eT e dr biaaatgiak “ Lestgiaaer Ci ere er soararbaiase ke eet ih