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WILLIAM LUNDBECK Ney PART VI PIPUNCULIDAE, PHORIDAE WITH 132 FIGURES PUBLISHED AT THE EXPENSE OF THE CARLSBERG FUND G. E.C. GAD — COPENHAGEN LONDON: WILLIAM WESLEY AND SON 1922 > =" ® " ' a f . 1a = i a ~ . - foo aes a Ay ).4 . > he=e - ; - » © ra ysis / | wa, ey: D bs < Ae yf a >‘ = é £ ’ i £ : . =e ¢ : i< . % is ‘Di Oe F f: ; | iG if oF r \ : a 4 ~~ Cee ttt “(9 PRA eR iy Cit ee ~ i * PERE ak: Te ae sveivee -)- AVE tas j COPENHAGEN — PRINTED BY BIANCO LUNO~ eae Pipunculidae. Head large, semiglobular, in Pipunculus (and Nephrocerus) specially large, as long or about as long as broad, puffed out behind the eye-margin and then deeply excavated, in the other genera it is shorter, flat or only slightly concave behind, without any margin ii A Fig. 1. Pipunculus zonatus 3. Fig. 2. Verrallia aucta 3. Head in profile. behind the eyes (figs. 1 and 2); it is broader than thorax. Eyes gener- ally touching in the male, sometimes quite narrowly separated, in the female separated, but rather narrowly. Vertex with three ocelli; it has in Nephrocerus and Pipunculus no bristles, but in the other genera there is a pair of long, parallel ocellar bristles, directed forwards. In the males with the eyes touching the vertex and frons are elongately triangular, and when the eyes are only approximate, vertex and frons are narrowly connected; in the females the frons forms a narrow band from the ocelli to the antenne; vertex, frons and epistoma are not raised above the level of the eyes in Pipunculus, but in Cha- larus and Verrallia vertex and epistoma are a little raised and are therefore seen in these two genera, when the head is viewed in profile, but not in Pipunculus (figs. 1 and 2). As the family belongs to the Aschiza there is no frontal bladder nor bladder-seam, neither is any 1 2 Pipunculidae. lunula present; de Meijere remarks (Bronn: Klass. und Ordn. d. Tier-Reichs V, 3, 1916, 42) that the frons is a little more chitinized just above the antenne, and this might be interpreted as an indication of a lunula. The eyes are very large, occupying the whole front part of the head, and in Pipunculus with the longer head they even are enormous; in Nephrocerus they are somewhat reniform behind; they are practically bare, but in reality they have some short, very scarce hairs, only seen under the microscope; in the male the facets are a little enlarged over about the whole eye, decreasing evenly towards the hind margin, in the female the facets are much to very much enlarged in a small space in front around the bases of the antenne. The antenne are inserted in the middle of the head, close to each other; they are six-jointed, the basal joint is very small, the second a little larger, somewhat calicular, the third is compressed, oval or irregularly reniform, rarely more roundish, it is dilated down- wards so that its long axis is perpendicular to the axis of the antenne; below it is in Pipunculus either more or less pointed or drawn out in a shorter or longer, sometimes rather long rostrum, in the other genera it is rounded below; the three last joints form an arista, which is inserted dorsally on the third joint quite at the base; the basal joints of the arista are quite small, especially the first, and only seen under the microscope; the basal joints, and the base of the third joint form a thickened basal part; the second antennal joint has shorter or longer hairs above and below, sometimes rather long and numerous, especially in Verrallia, the third joint is pubescent, generally silvery, the arista is bare with only the basal joints and the thickened basal part of the third joint microscopically hairy, the latter only on the upper side. Epistoma is narrow and forms a band with parallel borders from the antennz to the oral aperture, in Chalarus and Ver- rallia it widens a little downwards. No jowls are developed as the eyes reach quite to the oral aperture. An oral cone is present, but small; clypeus is somewhat horse-shoe-shaped and lies on the front part of the oral cone quite up to the lower end of epistoma, it is, as in other cyclorrhaphous flies, in connection with the pharynx; when in situ its basal part is seen at the end of epistoma as a small knob. The mouth parts are small and as a rule not or slightly seen; labrum and hypopharynx are small, somewhat triangular, of about equal length; the maxillary palpi are rather long, thin, but thickened towards the end and club-shaped; I could not detect any maxillary lacinia. La- bium has a chitinized basal part sending out two long processes back- Pipunculidae. 3 wards, the labella are relatively very large. Thorax about quadratic, a little arched above; prothorax is small, but it forms a long stalk stretching into the head and carrying it; the stalk is long especially in Pipunculus with its hollowed occiput; the propleural parts form above a curious knob at each humerus; postscutellum is relatively large; metathorax is very small and narrow and there is no chitinized metasternum behind the hind coxe; in Nephrocerus humeri and scutellum are somewhat inflated. The thoracic disc is in Pipunculus either nearly bare with only short and sparse hairs as dorsocentral rows, or in some species it is more densely haired all over, and there are no bristles; in the other genera it is more pilose, and among the hairs some bristles or longer bristly hairs are discernible, as a rule two posthumeral, a notopleural, a supraalar and two postalar bristles and further a dorsocentral bristle behind, and the scutellum has here at the margin about four to eight stronger hairs or bristles. Propleura have in many species a vertical fan of distinct hairs; otherwise the pleura are bare in Pipunculus, in the other genera mesopleura with more or less dense longish hairs behind the suture (on pteropleura Ost. Sack.); metapleura (Ost. Sack.) bare. Abdomen somewhat long and narrow, longest in Nephrocerus, it is cylindrical, semicylindrical or more flattened; in the male it consists in Pipunculus of five not transformed tergites and four ventrites, the fifth being quite short, in the other genera there are six normal tergites and five ventrites; after these not transformed segments follow the more or less trans- formed segments, constituting the exterior genitalia. The genitalia are unsymmetrical, curving from left to right and bent in under the venter; according to the above, the transformed segments are in Pipunculus five, in the other genera four; in Pipunculus the sixth segment is very short and hidden, only visible just at the left side and sometimes a little above, while in the other genera it is visible and normal, but small; the seventh segment is only present on the left side, its tergite bends down on the ventral side, so that it occupies the left half of the breadth of the abdomen both above and below, while its ventrite accordingly gets a vertical position going from the lower side of the tergite to the upper and thereby bordering the left side of the ventral cavity, in which the hypopygium is laid up; the eighth segment lies at the end and generally forms a roundish or irregularly conical knob; it is curved quite over from the left to the right and thus its morphological apical opening points forwards, and lies beside the basal opening; the segment has in Pipunculus on its back- 1* 4 Pipunculidae. wards turned surface a larger or smaller, curious membraneous im- pression of roundish, oval or elongated shape, often with a longitudinal keel-shaped middle fold; the impression is in some species very small or quite disappearing; in the other genera no such impression is present, the segment here looking as if composed of two pieces, separated by a longitudinal split, but this latter, I think, answers to the impression. ephrocerus I have not seen, but its hypopygium seems to be principally of the same construction; the eighth segment bears to the right, at the end below, the ninth segment, the real hypo- pygium, which consists of a basal part bearing a pair of more or less elongated triangular, somewhat claw-like appendages, and from the basal part issues below the penis as a thread-like organ, curved or with the end somewhat rolled up; in an excision in the basal part between the bases of the claws is a pair of small, hairy lamelle, constituting the tenth segment. It will be seen that the genitalia are rather like those in the Syrphidae; as there the anterior of the trans- formed segments are forced to the left, the eighth lying at the end, curving to the right and bearing the ninth below towards the right; also the construction of the ninth segment, the hypopygium itself, is similar to that in the Syrphidae. In the female abdomen is in all genera composed of six not transformed segments, next to these follows a curious large hypopygium, consisting of two segments, the first forming an oval or more roundish or cordate, sometimes elongated basal part, ending in a longer or shorter, thin and pointed ovipositor, which is straight or more or less incurved, or on the contrary, recurved. The ovipositor is semitubular with a ventral (upwards turned) canal; on the dorsal side at the base of the ovipositor is an opening, in which two small lamelle are placed, answering to the last segment; this opening is thus the morphological end of the segment forming the ovipositor, and the ovipositor itself is a ventral prolongation of the segment. The hypopygium is bent in under the venter. According to the above, the female abdomen would consist of only nine segments, but I think a small segment may be present between the sixth and the hypopygium, or else it has quite disappeared. In Nephrocerus there are, in addition to the parts mentioned, two semicircular pro- minent swellings below the sixth abdominal segment..In Pipunculus abdomen is generally sparingly and short-haired, in the other genera it has longer hairs especially at the sides; at the sides of the first segment there is always a bunch or fan of longer hairs, but they may be more or less conspicuous and contrasted to the other hairs at the a Pipunculidae. 5 sides. Legs more or less slender, in some species of Pipunculus the femora somewhat thickened; hind tibizw a little curved in the middle and here a little thickened, and they are somewhat twisted. In Pipunculus the legs are mainly short-haired, the femora nearly nude, but in some species the femora have a distinct or even longish ciliation behind, and moreover all femora, or only the posterior, or sometimes only the middle femora have a double row of small spinules below the apical part or half, and in a few species the hind trochanters have small spines below at base and in the female the anterior femora one or two bristles below at base. In the other genera no such spinules or bristles are present, but the femora have long hairs, the anterior femora behind and the hind femora in front. The tibize are short- haired and with the hairs partly in rows along the edges; in Pipunculus the hind tibia may have some longer hairs above on the middle, and in Verrallia they have long hairs above in the whole lenght; the hairs are always shorter in the female than in the male, and in Verrallia there are in this sex no long hairs on hind tibiz; tibial spurs very slight or not developed. Claws and pulvilli generally large and not rarely larger in the female than in the male. Empodium long, bare and bristle- shaped in Pipunculus, in the other genera shorter, more spine-like and with hairs below. Wings somewhat to rather long and narrow, especially in Pipunculus; costa continued to the end of the discal vein; cubital vein unforked and thus one cubital cell; first posterior cell always open, but narrowly as the last part of the discal vein is bending upwards; the discal vein generally unforked, but in a few species forked at the end, the lower branch not reaching the margin; discal cell long and bordered below by the upper branch of the postical vein, in Chalarus the discal cell absent; the medial cross-vein placed at about the first third or fourth of the discal cell, or nearer the middle to beyond it; anal cell long, closed near the margin; axillary vein quite or almost quite absent or in Verrallia and in the male of Chalarus present only as a weak fold. No real stigma present, but in many species the tip of the mediastinal cell is coloured, in others not; the third costal segment (the segment between the tip of the mediastinal and subcostal veins) varies from much shorter to much longer than the fourth segment. The axillary lobe is not developed in Pipunculus and the female of Chalarus, but present in the male of Chalarus and in Verrallia; almost no alula present in Pipunculus and Chalarus, in Verrallia a small one. Squamule small, the thoracic almost only consisting of frenulum, the alar squamula a little broader, finely 6 Pipunculidae. haired at the margin; the angulus somewhat protruding. In rest the wings lie flat over abdomen. As seen the venation of the wings is of the Muscid type and it is much like that in Syrphidae, but it differs by the invariably open first posterior cell, as well as by the want of vena spuria. The two sexes in the Pipunculidae are, the genital differences not considered, not rarely of a somewhat different aspect, caused by a different pruinosity of thorax and especially of abdomen, this latter being in several species much more shining in the female than in the male or coloured in another way; further the third antennal joint is often more pointed or longer rostrate in the female than in the male, and the wings are relatively shorter and more rounded at apex in the female; this latter fact influences the length of the costal segments, so that especially the third costal segment in comparison with the fourth is as a rule shorter in the female than in the male. The developmental stages are somewhat known, but only few larvee have been described and solely of the genus Pipunculus, though the habits of Chalarus and partly of Verrallia are known. The larva is elliptic, a little flattened, whitish and consists of twelve segments, the head included; the surface is transversely corrugated but other- wise smooth, only finely shagreened, rarely (xanthocerus) spinose; the transverse furrows divide the segments more or less distinctly into three corrugations, and on the middle or posterior corrugation there seems to be some (8) sensory organs or papille looking like circular or oval circlets (Boheman, de Meijere). The head bears the small, one-jomted antenne in connection with the maxillary palpi, and the mouth is armed with two hooks; the anterior spiracles lie at the front end of prothorax; the last segment bears at the end above a dark, chitinized, oval, or more transverse plate with the posterior spiracles lying separated, one at each side of the plate; below the plate is the anus. The puparium is reddish or blackish, more or less oval, rounded at the ends; the anterior spiracular tubes are short, a little curved and directed a little forwards, they seem to protrude between the first and second abdominal segments (according to de Meijere’s figures in Zool. Jahrb. Syst. 40, 1916, Taf. II, Fig. 143—145); at the posterior end the spiracular plate is present as in the larva; just at the front end the prothoracic larval spiracles are visible. The surface shows as usual the larval organs and corrugations more or less distinctly, it is sometimes almost quite smooth, in other species distinctly corrugate and with rows of depressions along the sides. — [a Pipunculidae. 7 The opening of the puparium by the emerging of the imago is rather interesting, it differs from that in the Syrphidae, where two pieces, both dorsal, are detached, as well as from that in the Muscidae, where a dorsal and a ventral plate are detached by a rupture near the front margin of the first abdominal segment, so that the spiracular tubes, which protrude through the first abdominal segment more backwards, remain on the puparium. The opening is described by de Meijere l.c. and I can fully confirm his observations. In Pipunculus two pieces are detached, a dorsal and a ventral one; the vertical rupture is all round situated in the second abdominal segment near the front margin; the two plates are divided by a horizontal rupture in such a way that the upper plate consists only of the dorsal parts of the first abdominal segment and the narrow margin of the second, the lower plate includes head, all three thoracic segments and the ventral parts of the two abdominal segments; the anterior spiracular tubes evidently protrude between the first and second abdominal segments and are found on the detached dorsal plate near the hind margin. In Chalarus and Verrallia we now find, that the plates, which are detached off, include the same parts, viz all the anterior segments to just behind the front margin of the second abdominal segment, but the plates are here again subdivided, the upper into three, the lower into two pieces; the lower plate is divided into a lower semi- circular part, including most of prothorax and the ventral parts of the other thoracic and of the abdominal segments to the vertical rupture, and an upper median part, including the rest of prothorax and the dorsal parts of the other two thoracic segments; the upper plate, which consists only of first abdominal segment and the front margin of second, has its lateral parts separated off as two small lateral plates, one to each side of the median plate; there are thus in all five pieces detached, but comprising the same parts as occupied by the two plates detached in Pipunculus. The anterior spiracular tubes also here protrude between first and second abdominal segments, and they protrude just in the ruptures between the upper plate and the lateral plates and are therefore not seen on any of the detached pieces, but remain sitting on the delicate pupal skin in the puparium. A comparison with Pipunculus shows that the upper plate and the small lateral parts in Chalarus answer to the upper plate in Pipun- culus; this is also seen from the place of the anterior spiracular tubes; the lower plate and the median plate above it likewise answer to the 8 Pipunculidae. lower plate in Pipunculus'. As mentioned under Verrallia I have examined a pupa of V. aucta, which was opened in the same way as in Chalarus, only that the upper piece here remained well connected with the puparium (perhaps accidentally, though there was no sign of any rupture), also here the anterior spiracular tubes were found on the pupal skin. The suture dividing the lower and the median plate in Chalarus is also indicated in Pipunculus, but is not ruptured, and de Meijere thinks it possible that it is not always ruptured in Chalarus; this is perhaps also the case, | have seen only two complete puparia of Chalarus, and here the median piece remained attached to the lower piece but the suture was distinct, the lateral pieces were separated. On the other hand it is possible that in Pipunculus a rupture some- times may take place in the same way as in Chalarus, along the indic- ated suture between the lower and the median plate, as mentioned by Scott (Ent. Month. Mag. 2, XIX, 1908, 10, fig’1), though the separation of the two plates here only later on occurred. The larve are well known to be parasitic in Homoptera; as men- tioned under Pipunculus Perkins has bred a large number of Australian and Hawaiian species; of European species only P. fuscipes has been bred from Thamnotettix virescens, and Chalarus spurius from species of Typhlocyba; further some larve coming from Homoptera have been noted but not bred, and some species have been bred from pupe found on the ground; Verrallia aucta has been watched chasing and attacking frog-hoppers. Only as to Nephrocerus nothing seems to be known, but no doubt also this genus is parasitic on Homoptera, and Verrall remarks, that the English Nephrocerus occurs exactly in the same district as the one English, very large Cicada. The egg-deposition has not been observed, but after the observation of Verrallia aucta made by Jenkinson, there can be little doubt, that the females sting the host with the ovipositor and thus deposite the egg; the larva then lives in the abdomen of the host, when full-grown nearly filling it; at time for pupation it quits the host by rupturing the abdomen from thorax in one side, or rarely through a hole on the dorsal side of abdomen, and then it goes to the ground and hibernates here as pupa beneath the soil or beneath rubbish; rarely the pupa is found fixed on a leaf. The Pipunculidae are a very characteristic family; the species * In de Meijere’s figures 141 and 142 the letters D: and D2, indicating the small lateral plates, are wrongly appended to the lower instead of to the upper plate. Pipunculidae. “) are characteristic especially by their large head and large to enormous eyes, also is the head very mobile as it is sitting on a long stalk from thorax; in dried specimens it therefore easily drops off. Characteristic are also the feet with their large pulvilli, sometimes specially enlarged in the female, and the slender and elongate claws, which are yellow with only the apex black, and likewise sometimes longer in the female than in the male. The family is not large, containing only four genera; of these only the three are known from Denmark, but the fourth, Nephrocerus, with the largest representatives in the family, reaching to 9,5 mm in length, occurs in North and Middle Europe, one being found in England, though rare; it is thus rather probable that some day it will turn up also here. The family is evidently nearly related to the Syrphidae as shown by the wing-venation, the construction of the male genitalia and other characters, but they are always quite distinct. Girschner thinks (Ill. Wochenschr. fir Entom. 1897, 587) that they are the most nearly allied to Baccha, to which genus they are similar with regard to wings and squamule, and he says that Nephrocerus forms a transition to Baccha, and in this, I think, he may be correct; they also show affinities to the Platypezidae. — The species occur in woods and on meadows, hovering on bushes and in low herbage; they are the most exquisite hoverers of all Diptera; they exhibit perhaps less power in the hovering, but more elegancy than the Syrphids, of which I think that Baccha, Neoascia and Syritta come next to them in this respect, and the two former genera are perhaps also the Syrphids the most nearly allied to them. The species may be seen hovering on meadows between the grass, no doubt in search for Homoptera, and as the females have the facets of the front part of the eyes much to very much enlarged, it may be induced that they observe their victims mainly by sight. Nothing has, I think, been observed with regard to what the species feed upon, and I shall only note, that they do not seem to be attracted by flowers at all. Of the family about 250 species are known, of which about 85 species are palearctic; there seems to be only one species, Chalarus spurius, common to Europe and North America. The Pipunculids seem to be little attacked by parasitic Hymen- optera; from the literature I know only the one case mentioned by Perkins of the breeding of an Encyrtid from the Australian P. cine- rascens; Perkins remarks, that just this species has a pupa, which is not subterranean, but fixed on leaves, and that he got no parasites from the numerous species with subterranean pupze which he has 10 Pipunculidae. bred; he therefore thinks these species less exposed to attacks. I have, however, myself bred a Proctotrupid, Basalys erythropus Kieff. from a pupa of P. xanthopus found in flood refuse; I think the larva is here infested during the short time from its leaving the host until pupation. Pipunculidae earlier recorded from Denmark: — The only author who has mentioned Pipunculids from Denmark is Zetterstedt, who in 1844 in Dipt. Scand. III enumerates 10 species: P. pratorum, ater, fuscipes, geniculatus, sylvaticus, rufipes, fulvipes, varipes, ruralis and spurius, and in 1849 in VIII he further mentions nigritulus and flavipes. Of these species geniculatus (nec Meig.) is by Verrall considered as a new species incognitus, this species, however, is not found in our collection, but there is a specimen from Steger of nigritulus, labelled geniculatus, and, according to some manuscript notes from Steger, it also seems to be this species which he called geniculatus, and I therefore think that Zetterstedt’s record (probably he had seen no — Danish specimen but got information from Steger) refers to this species, which thus is the same as the later on recorded nigritulus; I have seen geniculatus in Zetterstedt’s collection; there are two males, and they fully answer to Becker’s description of his geniculatus = incognitus Verrall; fulvipes is = maculatus; ruralis Zett. has never been interpreted with certainty, the species is not found in our collec- tion, and I think it probable that the species may have been a fuscipes; in Zetterstedt’s collection the species was not found, there was only a label with the inscription “3, Steger’; finally flavipes is = Braueri. Thus Zetterstedt knew in 1849 ten or, if his ruralis was distinct, eleven Danish species. In the present work 28 species are enumerated. Table of Genera. 1. Head about as long as broad and as long or longer than thorax, puffed out behind along the eye-margin and then deeply hollowed; no ocellar bristles; third antennal joint pointed or rostrate below; thorax and abdomen almost bare or only short-haired; no bristles present............ 1. Pipunculus. — Head shorter than broad and shorter than thorax, “not puffed out behind the eye-margin, and the back flat or slightly concave; ocellar bristles present; antenne with the third joint rounde d below; thorax and abdomen longish pilose and with some bristles . ee eee eS a. Oraisce) cell “present... 22.5.0. Oe ee 2. Chalarus. —— A’ discal cell ‘present: 50.05... p. 0. ad ON a Pipunculus. 11 1. Pipuneulus Latr. Species of rather small to medium size, of dark, generally blackish or brownish, sometimes more greyish colours, rarely with yellow side spots on abdomen in the female. The head (fig. 3) is very large, semiglobular, as long or about as long as broad, it is not only broader but in all respects larger than thorax; behind it is very deeply excav- ated, but behind the eyes it is puffed out to a somewhat broad margin all round, this margin is finely hairy and along the edge between the puffed out part and the deep excavation there is a row of fine erect hairs. Eyes very large, occupying nearly the whole head, leaving only the margin along the eyes behind; the eyes are generally touching in the male, but in some species scarcely touching or in reality narrowly separated; in the female they are separated, but narrowly. In the male there is thus an elongated vertical and a similar frontal triangle which are narrowly connected in the species vi with the eyes separated. In the female vertex i and frons form a narrow band with parallel borders or slightly widened in the middle and very finely hairy; the vertex bears three ocelli but there are no ocellar bristles. Vertex, frons Fig. 3. Pipunculus and epistoma are not raised above the level AAT Se : Head in profile. of the eyes and thus not seen in profile. Eyes practically bare; in the male the facets are very slightly enlarged on the whole front part, decreasing evenly in size towards the posterior margin, in the female the facets just on the front part of the eyes around the antenne are much to exceedingly enlarged. The antenne are inserted in the middle of the head quite near to each other, the third joint is oval, elongated oval, or somewhat reniform, more or less pointed below or here with a shorter or longer rostrum, it is generally more pointed or longer rostrate in the female than in the male; the second joint is short-haired or has long hairs above and below, the third joint is pubescent. Epistoma forming a narrow band of about the breadth of the frons, it stretches from the antenne to the oral aperture, its last part thus becoming horizontal; as the eyes go quite to the oral aperture no jowls are developed. An oral cone is developed, but not large; clypeus is somewhat horse-shoe-shaped, lying on the front side of the oral cone, its basal or median part is seen just below the end of epistoma. The mouth parts are small, generally not 12 Pipunculidae. stretching beyond the oral aperture; labrum and hypopharynx are small, of about aqual length, somewhat triangular, the maxillary palpi somewhat long, one-jointed and club-shaped; the maxille are by Becher described and figured as lancet-like, a little longer than labrum and pointed, I was not able to find them and I doubt their existence as free processes; labium is relatively not small, its chitinized ventral plate sends two long processes backwards, the labella are very large. Thorax is about quadratic, a little arched above, the Fig. 4. Abdomen of P.zonatus § from Fig.5. Abdomen of P. Thomsoni 3 above. a postscutellum, behind it the from above; in this species sixth narrow metanotum. 6, 7,8, sixth, seventh andseventh segments are not visible and eighth segments. The unsymmetrical on the dorsal side; the last segment hind margin of the fifth segment is is the eighth with its apical im- seen. _ pression. prothoracic parts form at the humeri a curious, somewhat elevated knob; the thoracic disc has generally very sparse and fine, some- times scarcely perceptible hairs, present only as dorsocentral rows and behind the humeri, but in some species the disc is relatively densely clothed all over with more obvious hairs and in this case scutellum bears similar hairs. Thorax has no bristles; the marginal hairs on scutellum are often a little longer than the other hairs, in furcatus (non-Danish) somewhat bristly; on propleura there is in many species a fan of distinct hairs. Abdomen elongated, cylindrical Pipunculus. 13 or semicylindrical, sometimes a little more flattened, the tergites form by far the largest part and are arched, while the ventrites are plane and somewhat narrow; in the female abdomen is sometimes a little broader behind than at the base. In the male abdomen has five not transformed dorsal segments of about equal length except the fifth, which is the longest; in some species the fifth segment has the hind margin a little unsymmetrical, the segment being a little longer on the right than on the left side (fig. 4). On the ventral side Fig. 6. P.Thomsoni 3; ab- Fig. 7. P.Thomsoni 3; abdomen domen from below; 6, sixth from below; eighth segment and segment with its ventrite, hypopygium removed; 6, sixth seg- 7, seventh segment, 8, eighth ment with its ventrite, 7, seventh segment with its apical im- segment with its vertical ventrite, pression, 9, hypopygium. 61, the narrow, here quite hidden, dorsal part of the sixth segment. there are only four not transformed segments, the fifth being quite short and not or slightly chitinized. After the normal segments follow those which are transformed and constitute the exterior genitalia. The genitalia apparently form a large, roundish or conical knob at the end of abdomen with a smaller or larger, sometimes nearly or quite wanting apical membraneous impression (fig. 5). On a closer examination we find on the left side below next to the large fifth dorsal segment a very small sixth segment, it is triangular and lies at the left hing corner of the fifth, (figs. 6, 7) but in reality it is present 14 Pipunculidae. in its whole breadth above, but very short and hidden, rarely seen here just behind the fifth segment (fig. 4); this segment sends a narrow ventral chitinization along the hind margin of the small fifth ventral segment, so that it is present all round but very narrow (figs. 6, 7); then follows a similar, but a little larger seventh segment, likewise on the left side, also stretching up dorsally, but here hidden; like the sixth it has a narrow ventral chitinization, but lying on the left side and nearly vertical; this segment is thus wholly confined to the left side (figs. 6 and 7); after the seventh comes the large eighth segment, it occupies the whole end, but its morphological base is on the left side and then it turns quite over to the right, so that its morphological apical aperture points forwards and lies beside the basal aperture; it varies somewhat in shape and size, but is generally roundish or more or less irregularly conical; it bears at the end (the part pointing backwards), generally somewhat to the right, a curious, larger or smaller membraneous, impressed area, sometimes with a longitudinal keel-shaped, protruding fold (figs. 5, 6); the impression may be roundish, oval or triangular or sometimes very narrow, slit-like, and it may vary from very large to quite small and be nearly or quite wanting; after this eighth segment follows on the right side below, the ninth segment, the real hypopygium; it consists of a basal part ending with two, somewhat triangular, pointed claws or clasping appendages, and below these latter the penis issues; at the hind margin of the basal part, in an excision between the bases of the claws, there is a pair of small, oval, hairy lamelle, constituting the tenth segment (fig. 6). As said there are only four not transformed ventral segments, the fifth being quite narrow and slightly chitinized, but as seen there is a narrow ventrite to the sixth segment and a similar, vertically situated one, to the seventh, and these chitinized stripes border as it were a groove, otherwise membraneous, in which the hypopygium is laid up (fig. 7); sometimes the fourth ventral segment is excised in the hind margin for the reception of the ends of the claws on hypopygium. The male genitalia are, as already mentioned, very like those in the Syrphidae, even the curious mem- braneous impression has its homologon in the Syrphid genus Sphaero- phoria, where likewise a curious membraneous space is present, with a small indication of a raised fold. In the female abdomen consists of six not transformed segments with normal tergites and ventrites, then follows the hypopygium, which consists of a basal part, that is generally oval, sometimes broader and cordate in shape ending in Pipunculus. 15 along, pointed, straight or sometimes incurved or recurved ovipositor; the basal part sometimes tapers evenly into the ovipositor, or this latter issues more suddenly from the basal part; the basal part and the ovipositor are each formed of a segment, in the present genus the two segments are, however, such connate that a division into two segments cannot be seen, but in Verrallia the division is visible; the ovipositor is semitubular with the cavity upwards (when in normal position, the canal is ventral); the morphological apical opening of the segment forming the ovipositor lies on its dorsal base, and in this opening two small hairy lamelle are seen, constituting the last segment; the ovipositor itself is thus a ventral prolongation of the segment; the whole hypopygium is bent in under the venter. As there are six normal abdominal segments and then two forming the hypopygium and a small last segment with the end lamelle, we get in all nine segments, but as the real number is no doubt ten, there is, I think, a small segment at the base of the hypopygium, if it has not quite disappeared, in some species it, however, seems to be indicated above, just at the base of the hypopygium. Abdomen is short and very sparingly hairy, sometimes a little more, and the hairs may be longer at the sides or towards the end; at the sides of the first segment there is a bunch or fan of longer hairs, which may be conspicuous or somewhat bristly, or they may be smaller and less conspicuous. — [| shall here note, that Perkins (I. c. 127) mentions, that in species of Pipunculus the surface of abdomen, especially in the males, often shows a number of depressions, variable and of irregular form; I have also seen such impressions, which are, in the species I have studied, present especially on the last segment, some- times also more forwards, and I think that they belong to the same category. I have, however, not found them so variable as stated by Perkins; they have already been mentioned by Thomson, who uses them as characters in several species. — Legs somewhat slender, sometimes the femora a little thickened; the hind tibie are some- what curious, they are a little curved and thickened in the middle, and the apical part is somewhat concave on the posterior side below the middle; the femora are either all dull, or the hind femora or all three pairs are more or less shining below and behind, and this gives some distinguishing characters; the legs are upon the whole short- haired, the femora are often nearly bare, but sometimes they have a distinct ciliation behind, which may be rather conspicuous and longish, especially on the middle pair, and then there are also some 16 Pipunculidae. other longish hairs on the femora; all femora or only the posterior, or sometimes only middle femora have double rows of small spinules below the apical part or half. In some species the hind trochanters are armed below at the base with small spines in both sexes, and in the female the anterior femora armed with a couple of bristles below at base; the tibie# are short-haired and with the hairs partly arranged in longitudinal rows along the edges, sometimes the hind tibie have some longer hairs, especially about the middle; there are no or only slight apical spurs. Claws and pulvilli are large, and in several species larger in the female than in the male, the claws are yellow with black apex; empodium bristle-shaped, bare. Wings long and narrow, alula so much reduced that it is practically absent, axillary lobe not devel- oped, though the margin here is different in the different species and sometimes tends towards forming an axillary lobe, and then a weak axillary fold also may be indicated; the apical part of the mediastinal cell coloured or not (in the descriptions given as stigma present or absent); medial cross-vein placed at about the first third of the discal cell or nearer the middle to beyond it, discal vein unforked, rarely forked (furcatus, non-Danish). The developmental stages are somewhat known; the species are parasitic on Homoptera; Perkins records (Rep. of work of the Exper. Stat. of the Hawaiian Sugar planters Ass. Bull. 1, Part IV, 1905) a large number of bred Australian and Hawaiian species; the author gives a list of the literature, to which I refer. Further Scott (Ent. Month. Mag. 2, XIX, 1908, 9) bred P. melanostolus from a pupa, de Meijere (Zool. Jahrb. Syst. 40, 1916, 234) describes two undetermined larve, and Haupt (Zeitschr. f. wissensch. Insektenbiol. XII, 1916, 275) records that he has found Homoptera, most often species of Deltocephalus, from which Pipunculid larve evidently had gone out. The larve affect both Cercopidae, Jassidae and Fulgoridae and nymphs as well as imagines; whether the same species of Pipunculus attacks Homoptera of different families is not known, but Perkins thinks it probable, and at all events it is known, that the same species of Pipunculus may attack very different species of Homoptera within the same family. Of European species P. fuscipes was bred by Boheman from Thamonotettix virescens, Ott bred P. xanthocerus from a pupa sitting on a Ribes in spring, and Mik mentions a Pipunculus larva in Grypotes puncticollis, and finally Scott bred, as mentioned, P. mela- nostolus from a pupa found in rotten wood. I possess myself P. ater, haemorrhoidalis and xanthopus bred from pupe, and I have also Pipunculus. 17 examined‘a puparium of fuscipes and of nigritulus; the pupz were in all cases found in spring in flood refuse. According to the descriptions the larva is whitish, elliptical, a little flattened, and pointed in front; the dermis is transversely corrugated, so that each segment is sub- divided into three corrugations, but otherwise the surface is rather smooth; the head bears small, one-jointed antenne and connected with these maxillary palpi as usual in cyclorrhaphous larve; the mouth has the usual two hooks; the anterior spiracles lie at the front margin of prothorax; at the end of the last segment above is a gener- ally dark plate of various shape which bears the posterior spiracles, these latter lie always more or less separated at each lateral corner of the plate; below the spiracular plate the anal opening is found; the larva consists of twelve segments including the head. The puparium is of a reddish or dark brown colour and of a more or less oval shape, rounded at each end, and sometimes slightly flattened on the ventral side; the anterior spiracular tubes are small and short, generally curved forwards, the posterior spiracular plate is seen as in the larva; in some respects the puparia seem to be different, thus, according to the figures by Perkins, the posterior spiracular area may be more or less deeply impressed with one to three tubercles at each side. In one of Perkins’ species (cinerascens) the puparium has on the place for the anterior spiracles two large and thick processes belonging to the puparial wall and through the ends of which the small spiracular tubes protrude. The puparium of xanthocerus is likewise curious, it is described by Ott as richly covered with hairy spines, so that he compares it with a Hispa, and consequently also the larva must be spinose. Also otherwise the puparia may be various as regards the surface, this being either almost quite smooth or somewhat sculptured. Of the puparia I have examined myself that of fuscipes quite agrees with the description and figure by Boheman (Ofvers. Kgl. Vet. Akad. Forh. 11, 1854, 305, Taf. V, figs. 6—8), it is reddish, oval with rounded ends and slightly corrugated, the spiracular plate distinctly shows the two small prolongations upwards figured by Boheman, the anterior spiracular tubes are yellow, curved forwards; the puparium of ater is reddish, quite oval with rounded ends, the surface is nearly smooth, only very finely shagreened; the posterior spiracular area is not im- pressed, small, narrowly oval with the spiracles at each side, in the middle are two small, darker spots above and a larger, black spot below (about as in de Meijere 1. c. fig. 139); the puparium of haemor- rhoidalis is more cylindrical, almost black, the surface is finely sha- 2 18 Pipunculidae. greened and covered with a number of impressions, which are trans- verse on the dorsum and two on each segment, roundish or somewhat funnel-shaped on the sides and here forming about four longitudinal rows, the impressions being more or less connected by oblique impress- ed lines; the posterior spiracular plate is not impressed, narrowly oval with the spiracles at each side; the puparium of xanthopus is quite similar to that of haemorrhoidalis and sculptured in the same way, and also the puparium of nigritulus is similar, but it is less dark, more finely shagreened and the impressions, both dorsal and lateral, are much less marked, so that the puparium upon the whole is less sculptured; the fourth lateral row has the impressions prolonged ridge-like downwards; the puparium of melanostolus, described by Scott, seems to be similar. The larvee live in the abdomen of the Homoptera, when full grown nearly quite filling it, and with the head turned forwards; when time for pupation comes, the larva splits the base of abdomen from metathorax in one side and quits the host. Perkins mentions one species, where the exit took place through a hole on the dorsum of abdomen; after leaving the host the larva as a rule goes to the ground and pupates here a little below the surface, hibernating as pupa; in two species, xanthocerus and the Australian cinerascens, the larva does not go to the ground but fixes the puparium on a leaf. The oviposition has not been exactly watched, but Perkins has seen species when hovering dart to the underside of leaves, where Ho- moptera were congregated, and as mentioned under Verrallia Jenkin- son has seen V. aucta pounce upon frog-hoppers and in one case he saw the Verrallia sitting on the back of the frog-hopper; thus there can be no doubt | think, that the Pipunculid stings the Homopteron with the ovipositor, the egg passing through the canal on the ventral side of the ovipositor. The species of Pipunculus occur in woods, especiales in somewhat humid places, and on meadows, hovering on bushes and in grass, evidently here seeking Homoptera, and they are very exquisite hover- ers. Most of the species are rather scarce, and I have rarely met with them in larger numbers. The genus is by far the largest in the family, the other three genera together comprising only about a dozen species in all. Of this genus about 75 palearctic species are known; 25 have hitherto been found in Denmark. fl, 12. 13. Pipunculus. Table of Species. Stigma present (i. e. third costal segment coloured) and about as long or longer than next costal segment. ..... Stigma absent and third costal segment from half as Abdomen all dull; femora without east behind, even on middle femora. . Abdomen more or less nie ‘at least « on bine hind margins of the segments; femora with pubescence behind, at least on middle femora (except zermat- tensis) . Legs quite black « Legs not quite black. . long to one quarter of the next costal segment.......... 19 26. iiss : inalanibvloliis. 4, Abdomen velvet black with pale. grey pedal Be bands .... bands . Males. . Females . eee Hypopygium with a : large impression . ag» Abdomen brown with h eyish hindnarginal spots or Hypopygium with a small or lien impression, roundish, oval or somewhat triangular, sometimes nearly or quite eee a Larger species, 3,5—4,5 mm. Small species, 2,4—3,3 mm. ee Third antennal ee short- pointed, not rostrate; tibie mainly dark . = Third antennal joint more or less long-rostrate ; tibiee mainly yellow.. (at) Third antennal joint yellowish; stigma shorter than next costal segment; impression on hypopy gium not quite small, oval : : Third antennal jain dark: stigma ¢ as s long or Pveally oe as - long as next costal segment; impression on hypopy- gium quite small, roundish, quite disappearing .. Hypopygium with a middle furrow. sometimes nearly or Hypopygium without middle fooa cee Frons all grey.. Frons black Shee. Third antennal joint yellow: tibie sind tar ‘mainly yellow. . 2 Third antennal joint dare; “tibia ‘aid: farsi aaitily black or brownish . Middle cross-vein near adhe eal ie ‘ihe. first iid ef fhe discal cell; size 3,5—4,5mm...... Middle cross-vein nearer the erddio., size ae 3, 5mm bo sericeus. . zonatus . fuscipes 3. . montium g. Se . coloratus 3. . terminalis 3: nad Es re: . terminalis 9. te OED: . sulcatus &. cess: . zonatus ©. . montium &. D* 20 14, 15. . Abdomen shania, 7 without velvet bands . ey Pipunculidae. Frons black above; last abdominal segment without middle furrow; humeral knob dark and legs anal dark.. Frons quite prey; ‘ast abdominal segment with: a middle furrow; humeral knob yellow and legs mainly yellow. . Thoracic dise ‘distinctly and. relatively: densely hairy all over; middle femora with obvious ciliation behind; tibia not quite yellow or mainly dark. . Thoracic disc nearly bare, with fine hairs only : as dorsocentral rows and behind humeri; middle femora with a more faint ciliation behind; tibize quite yellow or nearly (in zermattensis no ciliation on femora and legs aah but this species has an incomplete stigma)...... Males. . Werntleas : Abdomen with velvet bands. Thorax shining; the velvet bands o on n abdomen 1 narrow Thorax pruinose, more or less dull; the velvet bands on abdomen broader. Abdomen with the pal aets havea. of digs hieadth ihe and with distinct grey lateral spots; frons brown. . Abdomen with the velvet bands very broad and without or with indistinct brownish lateral spots; frons dark or blackish brown. Thorax rather shining; ovipositor strongly recurved; legs mainly yellow; humeral knob yellow......... Thorax more or less pruinose; ovipositor straight or slightly curved; legs darker; humeral knob dark ........ Thorax (generally) somewhat shining behind; ovi- positor somewhat longer than the basal part...... Thorax more dull; ovipositor of about the ee of the basal part.. Middle ecross-v es ish ise eae the thiddle oh he eaiasel cell... 3. 5. AQ; «12, 10. fuscipes Q. coloratus &. B; spimpes 3. , Ls . varipes 3.