THE LIBRARY

OF

THE UNIVERSITY
OF CALIFORNIA

LOS ANGELES

THE FAUNA OF BRITISH INDIA,

INCLUDING

CEYLON AND BURMA.

PUBLISHED UNDER THE AUTHORITY OF THE SECRETARY OF
STATE FOR INDIA IN COUNCIL.

EDITED Br A. E. SHIPLEY, M.A., HON. D.Sc., F.R.S.
ASSISTED BY GUY A. K. MARSHALL, F.Z.S., F.E.S.

DIPTERA NEMATOCERA

<EXCLUDIN-G CHIRONOMID^E AND CULICID^E).

BY

E. BRUNETTI.

LONDON:
TAYLOR AND FRANCIS, RED LION COURT, FLEET STREET.

CALCUTTA : BOMBAY :

THACKER, SPINK & CO. THACKER & CO., LIMITED.

BERLIN :

R. FRIEDLANDER & SOHN, 11 CARLSTRASSE.

November, 1912.

1'JIINTED BY TAYLOR AND FRANCIS,
RED LION COURT, FLEET STREET.

/V

-V '

F&3JI

vri

CONTENTS.

Page

AUTHOR'S PREFACE v

GLOSSARY ix

SYSTEMATIC INDEX xxiii

ERRATA AND ADDENDA.

1. EXTERNAL ANATOMY OF A FLY 3

A. Terminology 3

The Head' 3

The Thorax 4

The Abdomen 7

The Legs 7

The Wings 8

B. Descriptive 17

The Head 17

The Thorax 22

The Abdomen 22

The Legs 23

The Wings ... 23

2. INTERNAL ANATOMY 25

3. THE EARLY STAGES OF DIPTERA 26

The Larva 26

The Pupa 27

The Habitats 27

4. ON THE COLLECTION OF DIPTERA 28

5. THE MOUNTING AND PRESERVATION OF DIPTERA .... 30

6. STANDARD WORKS FOR STUDENTS 34

7. ESTIMATED NUMBER OF KNOWN SPECIES 3-">

8. THE CLASSIFICATION OF THE DIPTERA 37

9. THE SUBORDERS OF THE DIPTERA 39

Ortliorrhaplut 39

Nematocera 40

Srachycera 41

Cydorrhaplia 39

529927

iv CONTEXTS.

Page-

TABLE OF FAMILIES IN NEMATOCKRA 42

Mycetophilida 44

Blepharoceridef 148

Bibimidte 157

Simuliida 182

PsycJiodidfc 196

Dixidte '257

Tipulidcc 265

Wiyphidce 549

TABLK OF SUBFAMILIES OF MYCETOPHILID^E 48

Mncrocerinte 49

Ceroplatinee 55

SriophiKnee 68

MycetophiliiHC 80

Sciarinefi 110

TABLE OF SUBFAMILIES OF BIBIONID^: 159

liibioninai 160'

Scatopsince 179

TABLE OF SUBFAMILIES OF PSYCHODID^E 197

Phlebotomincc 199'

Psychodinat 217

TABLE OF SUBFAMILIES OF TIPULIDA: 277

PtychopterintB ... 278

Tipulinee 284

Limnobiina: 356

TABLE OF SECTIONS OF TIPULINA: 286

Ctenophorini 287

Tipulini 297

Dolichojwziiri 353

TABLE OF SECTIONS OF LIMNOBIINA 357

Cylindrotomini 358

Limnobiini 3(J2

Rhamphidiini 415

Eriopterini > ..,,.,. •. . . 436

Amalopini 507

Limnophilini 520

Anisomcrini 529

ON LABELLING DIPTERA FOR THE CABINET 573

ALPHABETICAL INDEX 575

EXPLANATION OF PLATES.

AUTHOR'S PREFACE.

THE present volume, which deals with the Indian NEMATO-
CERA,* except the CHIROXOMID^E and CULICIDJE, is the first one
of the " Fauna of British India" series devoted to the Diptera,
although this is an order of insects abundantly represented
in every region of the globe, excepting only extreme arctic lati-
tudes and torrid deserts, and even in these latter parts more
species are to be found than might generally be supposed.

Yet the study of Oriental Diptera is quite in its infancy,
less than 3000 species being known from the whole region as
late as 1 896. Since that date certain groups have been revised,
but the material thus treated has, in nearly every case (except
the mosquitos), been drawn from but a limited section of
that zoological region. The CULICID.E is the only family that
has been extensively studied from any considerable number
of localities within the limits of the " Fauna " series.

It would not be unreasonable to estimate the existing
species of the more conspicuous families (such as TABANID^E,
BoMBYLiiDJL, ASILIDA:, SYRPHID.E, and the more showy
Muse i DX.) at not less than double the number of those
already recorded ; whilst in the more obscurely coloured
groups (as, for example, the CHIROXOMII)^, MYCETOPHILID,*,
EMPIRE, and the more sombre MUSCID^E), the existing
species may outnumber the known ones by many times.
The MUSCID^: are mainly obscurely coloured or else the
species are very difficult to differentiate, which probably
accounts for the general neglect of this family. Yet the
family contains about a third of all known Diptera.

* [The author has used the word NEMOCERA throughout his manu-
script, but it has seemed advisable to adopt the more correct form,
NEMATOCEBA, which is now more generally used by dipterologists.— ED.]

vi AUTHOR'S PREFACE.

Many new species in the families at present treated of
will with certainty be discovered, but it seems reasonable to
assume that for some little time to come the wants of the
Indian student in the groups monographed herein will be
tolerably well met in these pages.

The bulk of the present material forms an integral part of
the Indian Museum collection, and it is directiv due to mv
familiarity with that collection that this volume has been
rendered possible. My thanks are therefore freely tendered
to Dr. Annandale. the indefatigable Superintendent of that
Institution, and to his co-directors, since it has been at his
instigation that I have obtained the necessary knowledge.
My heartfelt thanks are also due to the following gentlemen
who have most kindly supplied me with much valuable
information respecting the types of TIPULID^; that are con-
tained in European Museums*: — Dr. A. Handlirsch (Vienna
Museum); Prof. R. Gestro (Genoa Museum); Dr. J. C. de
Meijere (Amsterdam Museum) ; Mr. Ritsema (Leyden
Museum); Mr. C. Hill (British Museum); Dr. A. Brauer
(Berlin Museum); Mr. Lundbeck (Copenhagen Museum);
and Mr. Bedot (Geneva Museum).

To the Directors of the Pusa Agricultural Research
Institute thanks are also due for the loan of specimens for
examination, through the kindness of Mr. F. M. Hewlett,
and the gift of a certain number of cotypes for my own
collection; also to Mr. A. D. Imms, of the Muir Central
College, Allahabad, for the loan of specimens which, although
not numerous, comprised a number of new species. Special
thanks are due to Mr. E. E. Green for his untiring energy
in collecting the Diptera of Ceylon and presenting a number
of types of new species to the Indian Museum (as Mr. Hewlett

* This information has already been included in a previous paper of
mine (" Revision of the Oriental Tipulidae," Records of the Indian
Museum, vi, pp. 231-314, 1911), but that paper was practically a basis
for the present more exhaustive work.

AUTHOR'S PREFACE. vii

and Mr. Imms have also done), thus affording me the great
advantage of having practically all the known Indian species
before me simultaneously whilst describing.

A large proportion of the new species have been collected
by Dr. Annandale and Mr. Green, and a considerable number
by Mr. C. Paiva of the Indian Museum. Owing to this fact
the types of six-sevenths of the recorded species have been
under my personal examination, for out of over four hundred
species dealt with in this volume only about sixty have been
described by other authors. The previously recorded species
have been identified by me from descriptions only, except
in a few instances in which my identifications have been
corroborated by comparison with types.

As regards the use of the words " type," " cotype," and
so on, there seems no necessity to discuss the various terms
with their exact meanings here, in view of the different
opinions of zoologists on this subject; and more especially
as the simple terms '"type" and " cotype " fulfil all the
requirements in this work. Yet a few remarks to avoid
ambiguity to the student, and that he may at least under-
stand the senses in which the terms are understood by me,
may be pardonable. Personally, when describing a new
species, of which several specimens of each sex are present.
I select one male and one female which, (1) embody the
whole or the bulk of the characters of the species, (2) are in
as perfect condition as possible, and (3) from their mounting
allow the best view of all parts of the body.

These two specimens are termed the type male and type
female, and whenever both sexes are present, the type malezs
always the type of the species. All other specimens present
before me at the time of describing are termed cotype s. When
only one sex is present, the type specimen may be male or
female. In the event of two species being described under the
impression that the specimens represented the two sexes of a
single species, the name of the species must invariably be

viii AUTHOR S PREFACE.

retained for the male, which takes precedence of the female,
and a new name would have to be found for the latter.

It has always been my endeavour to describe the species
and not merely the type specimens, as is too often done.

In proposing the term " neotype " (or " new " type) it may
be that an original suggestion is being made, as I am not
aware that it has previously been proposed. It is intended
for use when the original type is lost and a new one is set up,
either from amongst the original cotypes or otherwise ; and
selected either by the author of the species or by a competent
specialist. If selected from cotypes or chosen by the author
of the species from other specimens, a neotype should
practically be of equal value with the original type ; but a
neotype set up by any other person than the author might
by some entomologists be ranked as of rather less value.
The only occasion when it has been necessary in this work
to employ the word is in the case of Simulium indicum,
Becher, where I have selected one of the original specimens
from which the description was drawn up, to represent the
type of the species.

There still remains a limited residuum of small, obscure,
or mutilated specimens of TIPULIDJE and MYCETOPHILID.E,
which from their uncertain specific distinctness or un-
satisfactory condition have not been referred to in these pages.
These may be worked out later on with further material.

In conclusion it is only necessary to say that every care
has been given to make the present work as complete as
possible ; and if I am honoured with the preparation of any
further volumes, I would express the hope that they may be
written in Europe, since, to any one possessed of nerves, the
inconveniences and irritations of India render scientific work
exceedingly difficult.

E. BHUNETTI.

Calcutta, December 1911.

GLOSSARY.

Acalyptrata. — One of the two great subdivisions of the MUSCID.E, comprising
those species in which the squamae are of equal size or nearly so,
or absent. ,They embrace twenty or more groups which are taxo-
nomically subfamilies only, but on account of their magnitude are
by some authors regarded as families. See Ccilyptrata.

Acephala or acephalous larvae. — Those in which there is no differentiated
head ; as opposed to the EUCEPHALA.

Acetabulum. — The minute joint attaching the coxa to the body.

Acroptera. — Brauer's third division of the ORTHORIUIAPIIA BRACIIYCKRA, con-
sisting only of the LONCIIOPTERID.E. Considered by him a super-
family.

Aculeus. — A term used in Hymenoptera to denote the sting of such insects as
bees and wasps, but since no Diptera are aculeate, the term has been
employed by certain of the older authors to define part of the genital
organs. See Style.

Adminiculum. — Westhoff's name for the variously structured guard of the
penis in TIPULID.E.

Aerial dancing. — Applied to the habit of many species of Diptera and other
orders of forming small clusters in the air, usually beneath the lower
boughs of trees or over streams, and 'lying mainly up and down with
considerable swiftness. This habit is somewhat different from that
known as "hovering" (q. y.), and, at least as regards Diptera, seems
to be chiefly confined to the males ; moreover, they appear most addicted
to the practice towards sunset.

Alula. — The anal lobe of the wing proper, and not to be confounded with the
squamae, or tegulae. Many authors (including myself in my earlier
notes) have erroneously used the term to denote the squamae (p. 15).

Ambient vein. — The very fine vein running round the hind margin of the wing
from the end of the costa to the base.

Amphipneustic. — Larvae with spiracles on the first and last segments only.

Anal cell. — The cell behind or posterior to the 5th longitudinal vein when that
is present (p. 14).

Anal vein. —The 6th longitudinal vein, having theoretically in front of it the
anal cell, and posterior to it the axillary cell.

Antennctl grooves orfovece. — A longitudinal groove or pair of grooves in the
middle of the frons, for the reception of the antennas, bounded on each
side by the facial ridge.

Anterior legs. — The four front legs taken together, the first pair only being
termed the fore or front legs.

I

Antigeny. — A term sometimes usetl to denote sexual dimorphism.

Antisquama. ~]
A j-j ? i See Squamce.
Antitegula. J

Apex, apical. — The part of an organ, segment, etc., which is most distant from
an imaginary point lying between the thorax and abdomen of an insect^
such as the tip of the abdomen, the last joint of the leg, antenna or
palpus. Opposed to base, basal.

Arista. — The terminal bristle, sometimes very long, on the last joint of the
antenna. Occasionally it is two-jointed, but this is perceptible only
under high magnification. It is practically absent in the ORTHOR-
RHAPIIA, though quite general in the CYCLOBBHAPHA. In only one very
small family (the ORPHNKPIIILID^E) of the NEMATOCERA is there any
approach to it ; the antennal flagellum in this group being aristiform.
The arista may be pectinate (/. e. with strong hairs, few in number, on
its upper and lower sides), pubescent, or plumose (when the hairs are
long and placed closely together, forming so to speak a large feather).
In nearly all such cases the hairs are more abundant on the upper-
side. In many groups it is quite bare.

Axillary cell.— See pp. 8 and 15.

Axillary vein.— The 7th longitudinal vein, or when the venation is reduced
it is applied to the vein behind the anal vein, but in many cases it is
absent.

Barba, or beard. — Practically absent in the NEMATOCERA. The long hair on the
lower side of the face and head, conspicuous in the ASILID.E; often
joined without interruption to the mystax * or the hair on the cheeks.
The older authors used the term mystax or barba for all the hair on the
head below the level of the anteunse.

Base, basal. — Applied to that portion of an organ, segment, etc. which lies
nearest to an imaginary point between the thorax and the abdomen
of an insect ; as opposed to distal, apical, and apex.

Bombylimorpka. — A superfamily used by Brauer and Bezzi for the CYRTID.E
(ACROCERID.E) and NEMESTRINID*: together.

Erachyceplialous. — Having the head wider than it is long.

Callus, catti. — More or less distinct swellings on various parts of the body,
generally on the thorax ; in some families (especially in TABANID/E) on
the frons or vertex. (See p. 5.)

Calypter, calyptron. — See Sqitamcs; also p. 16, note.

Calypirata. — A division of the great family MUSCID.E, embracing about half
the known species, including all those in which the squamse are large,
easily visible, and distinctly different in size ; as opposed to the
ACALYPTRATA, in which they are very small, practically equal in size
(the upper and lower scale), or absent. The CALYPTRATA comprise
the TACHININ.E (including the DEXIIN^E and SARCOPHAGUS), Muschc<E
and ANTHOMYIX,E. See Acalyptrata.

Cells. — For full description, see pp. 8 and 13.

* Literally, moustache.

Central vesicle or vesicula ccntralis. — The large bulbous basal portion of the
peuis in TIPULID.*.

Cephalic. — Appertaining to the head.

Chtetotasey, — The arrangement of the prominent spines and strong bristles
present on various parts of the body in many groups of Diptera. They
are very valuable classificutory characters, and are named in accord-
ance with the parts of the body on which they are placed, cephalic,
thoracic, abdominal, and so on. Those on the sides of the thorax
are known as pleural bristles, whilst most of the well-defined and
constant ones on other parts of the body have their special names.
As, however, none of the NEMATOCEKA possess bristles of chaetotactic
magnitude Jt is unnecessary to describe them in full here. They
reach their maximum probably both in size and importance in the
ASILID^E and MUSCID.E.

Cheeks, or gena. — The sides of the lower part of the head below the eyes
and on each side of the mouth.

Chitine. — The substance of which the hard parts of the outer covering of
insects is composed.

Cinereous. — A light grey colour, but not so pale as ash-grey. Eidgway *
illustrates it as too dark, to my thinking ; his No. 6 " grey " being
more my own opinion of the term.

Claws. — See Ungues.

Clypeus. — This is probably present only in those Diptera with highly developed
mouth-parts. It is an upper transverse piece, and most obvious in such
groups as the TABANIDJE.

Coarctate.- — A term used to designate those pupae of insects in which the future
parts are unrecognizable from the exterior surface.

Cocoon. — The outer covering of silk, or similar substance, formed by the larvaa
of many insects, in which they pass the pupa state.

Collare. — Osten Sacken's term for the disc-shaped prothorax in many
TIFULID.E.

Collum.—The neck.

Costa. — Technically, the entire marginal vein of the wing from base to base, but
usually employed in Diptera to denote the anterior margin only from
the base to the extreme tip. In some genera this vein, the costal,
actually terminates somewhere near the wing-tip, its place then being
taken by the ambient vein for the remainder of the marginal distance.

Costal cell.— The cell immediately below the costa or costal vein. See
pp. 8 and 13.

Cotyloid cavity. — The opening in the thorax of insects which receives the
head of the first joint of the leg, namely, the acetabulum, or if this
be absent, the coxa.

Coxa.— The first easily seen joint of the legs, but it is actually attached to
the thorax by a very minute joint known as the acetabulum. The
coxse are very greatly developed in many groups of Diptera, notably
in some of the MYCETOPHILIDJE amongst the NEMATOCEUA,.

* ' A Nomenclature of Colors for Naturalists ' (Boston, 1886).

62

Xii GLOSSARY.

Cross-veins. — Veins perpendicular, more or less, to the longitudinal axis of the
wings. They are termed the humeral, subcostal, marginal, anterior,
posterior, and discal; whilst in one subfamily of TIPULID^E is found
a special cross-vein which I have designated the costal.

Cubital vein. — A name applied by the older authors to the 3rd longitudinal
vein.

Cyclocera. — Schiner's and Brauer's term for the NOTACANTIIA and TANYSTOMA
taken together.

Dermatina. — " Erernochfetous species in the sense that there are no strong
bristles on any part of the thorax or scutelluin " ( Verrall). Verrall's
name for the SCENOPINID.E and MYDAID^E taken together.

Dichoptic. — Applied to the head when the eyes in the male are separated by
a distinct more or less broad frons ; as opposed to holoptic.

Discal cell. — The conspicuous cell near the centre of the wing in a large
number of Diptera (p. 8).

Discal vein. — Some of the older authors spoke of the 4th longitudinal vein
under this term.

Distad. — Away from, the body or the base of any part ; as opposed to
proximad.

Distal. — Nearer the outer extremity than to the body or to the base of any
organ.

Divaricate. — Applied to the habit of some insects of resting with the wings
(and often the legs also) stretched out flat on the surface of the
object ; as opposed to those which fold the wings over the abdomen
when at rest. Used by many authors in writing on TIPULID.E.

Diverticulum. — The sucking stomach in Diptera.

Dolichocephalous. — When the head is longer than it is wide.

Empodium. — "A median appendage on the underside of and between the
claws, either in the form of a pad, like the pulvilli, when it is called
pulvilliform, or like a bristle or spine ; rarely it is alone present and
the pulvilli wanting " ( Williston).

Ettergopoda. — A superfamily. " Cluetophorous species in the sense that there
are strong and usually numerous bristles on the scutelluin and legs ;
or at least on the sides of the mesonotum ; except in the few cases
in which dense coarse pubescence is substituted" (Verrall). Verrall's
name for the APIOCERID^E and ASILID^. Osten Sacken also included
DOLICHOPID-E, EMPID.E, and LONCHOPTERID.E, and was inclined to admit
also PHORID.E into the same group.

Kpipharynx. — A narrow piece lying immediately below the Jabrum or upper
lip "in those kinds of Diptera with a highly developed mouth. Be-
tween these two parts, which form a long tube, the insect sucks up
moisture from flowers, the blood of animals, or other sustenance.

Epistoma, epistome. — The mouth-opening and its immediate vicinity : often
used by the older authors to signify practically all the lower part of
the head below the eyes, except the palpi and any specially developed
part of the proboscis.

GLOSSARY. Xlll

EremochcKta. — A superfamily in which Osten Sacken included the STRATIO-
MYID.E (with XYLOMYIN.K), TABANID.E, ACANTHOMERIDJE, and LEPTID.K
(with XTLOPHAGIN.E and CCENOMYIN.E). Verrall adds to these the
NEMESTRINID^E and CYRTIDJC.

Eremvchcetous. — A term applied to those Diptera absolutely without any
strong bristles on the head or thorax, as distinct from ordinary
pubescence or such as the bristly hairs in PSYCHODID.S:.

Eucephala— Those larvae possessing a distinct head; as opposed to the

ACEPIIALA.

Extricate.— Applied to pupae in which, from their mummy-like fades, the
outlines of the future imago are more or less distinctly seen.

Face, fades.— The term face is restricted to that part of the front of the
head below the antennas and enclosed by the cheeks and the upper
margin of the mouth. In many cases a well-defined line, ridge or
bend in the surface distinctly delimits the face; at other times the
limits are formed by imaginary lines drawn between the points
specified, fades literally means the face proper, as above described,
but is never used in that sense, being employed to signify the general
appearance of the whole insect.

Facial ridge.— The sides of the antennal fovese.

Fascia. — A transverse mark which is more or less irregular in outline,
generally with ill-defined edges.

Feet. — Some of the older authors, as late even as Walker and (sometimes)
Osten Sacken, used this term to signify the whole of the legs, but it
should strictly be applied to the appendages of the last tarsal joint.
The feet of Diptera consist of (1) two ungues or claws (movable curved
opposable hooks), (2) the pulvilli, or two pad-like fleshy cushions, and
(3) the em-podium, a median appendage varying in form from an
additional pad to a spiny process. Sometimes the einpodium is
pulvilliform, occasionally the pulvilli are absent, or modified.

Femur. — The first conspicuous long joint of the legs, nearly always the
strongest of all ; preceded by the coxa and the very small connecting
joint between these two called the trochanter, and followed by the
tibia.

Ferruginous. — A reddish brown with more or less of a yellowish tinge ; rust-
colour. Walker describes the word as " rusty yellow." Ridgway gives
it as " light burnt sienna."

Flagellum. — The joints of the antenna; after the basal two (which latter are
known as the scape). In the NEMATOCERA they are nearly always
differently shaped from the scapal joints, and very variable in form
(p. til).

Forceps. — The term employed by Osten Sacken and some others for the male
genitalia in such families in which they are conspicuous, complex and
formed mainly of a pair of distinct claspers to which various appendages
are attached.

Fovea, fovea. — See Antennal groove.

Frennlum. — A name suggested by Loew for what is generally known as the
scntellar ridge.

Xiv GLOSSARY.

Front, or front. — The space that lies between the eyes (viewed from in front),
limited above and below respectively by the vertex and a line drawn
through the roots of the antennae. The demarcation between the vertex
and the frons may be sharply defined by a sudden angle in the surface,
a difference of colour, or there maybe no line of distinct separation.
In liibio, for instance, the vertex and frons are practically united and
inseparable owing to the flatness of the head.

Frontal lunule. — A crescent-shaped or oval space immediately above the base
of the antennae, between them and the transverse slight depression
known as the frontal suture. This lunule is frequently indistinct,
probably often quite absent, although its presence is the only technical
means, according to Brauer, of determining in the imago state whether
a given individual belongs to the CYCLORRIIAPIIA. It is prominent in
the MUSCID^E, but indistinct or absent in the other three families of the
CYCLORRIIAPIIA, viz., SYRPHID.E, PIPUNCULID.E, and PLATYPEZID.E,*
though Verrall thinks it traceable in certain peculiarities in the
structure of the head in these three families.

Frontal suture. — An impressed line, or very shallow narrow groove of crescent
shape enclosing the frontal triangle or frontal lunule. Theoretically
present in all Cyclorrhaphic flies, but inconspicuous or absent in three
families out of the five. Skuse calls it the frontal fissure.

Frontal triangle. — The small triangle (with the apex upwards) immediately
above the base of the antennae, caused by the divergence of the eyes
from one another below their region of contiguity. It therefore can
only occur in holoptic or sub-holoptic Diptera.

Fulvous. — Golden yellow.

Gena— The cheeks (q. v.)

Genitalia. — The organs of generation. In the male they are technically known

as the hypopygiuiii, in the female as the ovipositor.
Glabrous. — Osten Sacken uses this term to define bare eyes in TIPULID.E. It

is also used in connection with descriptions of wings, meaning smooth

and shining.
Gona2Wphyses. — "Four free rods that arise from the wall of the genital

chamber, two above and two below the base of the penis, and project

backward within the chamber " (Snodgrass).

Halteres. — The " poisers " of the older school of authors, and " balanciers" of
French writers. The atrophied hinder wings in Diptera, reduced to a
narrow short stem with a more or less distinct club at the tip. They
are placed behind and below the wing, one on each side of the thorax.

Hemicephalous. — A term used by Dufour and others for those Dipterous larva
in which the head is not sufficiently differentiated to include them in
the EUCEPHALA, yet sufficiently obvious to withdraw them from the

ACEPHALA.

* Technically it should be present in these families also, if Brauer's theory
be accepted, and its absence seems to weaken considerably its value as a
taxonomic character.

GLOSSARY. XV

Hcterodactyla. — The second of the two divisions into which Bratier divides his

PLATYGENYA, which latter is the first division of his ORTIIOUEIIAPIIA

BKACHYCERA.
Holoptic. — Used of the head when the eyes are contiguous ; opposed to

dichoptic. Generally a character of the male sex only, but exceptions

occur in several families.
Hoinoeodactyla.—Qne, of the two divisions into which Brauer divides his

PLATYGENYA. See Hcterodactyla.
Hovering.— This term expresses the habit of some flies of remaining quite

stationary in the air, then suddenly darting away a short distance and

again remaining stationary.
Humerus. — The shoulder or anterior corner of the thoracic dorsum ; when it

takes the form of a more or less distinct bump it is known as the

humeral callus.

Hypoccra. — The name given to a superfamily consisting only of the PIIORID.E.
Hypopleura. — The pleural area between the metapleura and the hind coxa.
Hypopygium. — The male genital apparatus as a whole, as distinct from that of

the female.

Imagined disks. — Centres of the formative tissue in the lame of certain insects
especially Diptera, which give rise to the legs, wings, etc.

Intercalary veins (Loew). — The lower prongs of the upper and lower branches
respectively of the 4th longitudinal vein (p. 12). The term has been
used by subsequent authors for various veins, but without obtaining
general acceptance.

Johnston's organ. — A minute structure in the 2nd antennal joint of Diptera
whiuh is supposed to contain the auditory nerves.

Labella. — A pair of organs, generally more or less oval or rounded, nearly
always at the tip (occasionally at the middle) of the proboscis.

Lalrium. — The lower lip. In Diptera always the lowest part of the proboscis,
and constructed, in the most highly developed forms, more or less like
a groove or case in which the remaining parts can be folded and covered
by the labrum.

Labrum.— The upper lip, the uppermost part of the proboscis in Diptera.

Lamella, lamella.— SinM leaf-shaped extremities to the ovipositor in the
female. A general term also for an oval or leaf-shaped flattened
terminal or projecting process.

Lamella basalts supei-a and lamella basalts in/era,. — Westhoff's names for the
upper and lower sides respectively of the 8th abdominal segment. He
terms the upper and lower sides of the 9th segment (namely, those
actually forming the genitalia) lamella terminally supera and infera, but
the terms have not been adopted by other authors.

Macrocheetee. — The large strong bristles in Diptera distributed over various
parts of the body, which are constant and possess a very high taxonomic
value. The study of this subject is termed Chatotaxy.

Marginal cell. \

. , „ f See pp. 8 and 13.
Mediastmal cell. \ *v

XVI GLOSS AB1.

Mediastinal vein.— Identical with the auxiliary vein, that is to say, the first
vein below the costa ; also known as the subcostal rein, but some-
authors (including Verrall) employ the term subcostal for the 1st
longitudinal vein. This appears illogical to the present author, since
the very n;nne subcostal suggests a position immediately beneath tlie
costa.

Mesopleura. — The pleural area immediately in front of and slightly below the
roots of the wings.

Metanotum. — The hindermost portion of the thorax, situated directly below
the scutellum, highly developed in some families of NEMATOCERA,
especially the TIPULID.E.

Metapleura. — Tho pleural area immediately behind and slightly below the
root of the wings.

Metapneustic. — Used of larvae in which the spiracles are confined to the
posterior segments only.

Metatarsus. — The 1st joint of the tarsus, that is to say the one adjoining the
tibia, the following joint of the tarsus being the second.

Microchata. — The smaller bristles in Dipte?-a, distinct from pubescence or
hairs, but not of sufficient size or importance to rank as tuacrochseto-,
and therefore of much less taxonomic value.

Micropkona. — Yen-all's name for the EMFID.E and DOLICIIOPIU.E.

Mystax. — The " moustache" ; strictly applied to the long hairs on the cheeks ;
seldom, if ever, present in the NEMATOCERA, most conspicuous in the-
very pubescent groups of BRACIIYCEKA, such as ASILID.E, BOMBYLHD.K,
etc. See Barba.

Ncitratimi. — The older authors' name for venation.

Nile blue or Kile green. — A somewhat pale shade intermediate between blu&

and green.
Notacantha. — Brauer's term, used by other authors also, for the STRATIOMYID.E,

" XYLOPHAGID.E " (regarded errononsly as a family) and C(ENOMYID.K. A

snperfainily, in the view of such authors.
Nymph. — The name applied to the pupa when it is active and not fixed.

Obtecta. — Applied to those pupae that show no sign of the shape of the future
imago.

Occiput. — The hinder surface of the head.

Ocellar triangle and ocelli. — The simple eyes in Diptera (or other insects) are
placed on a triangular spot on the vertex of the head, which is generally
elevated (sometimes considerably so) above the surface, called the
ocellar triangle, the ocelli being placed at each corner of it, when there
are three. Sometimes there are two only, sometimes they are absent,
but in no instance are there more than three. In some families they
are well separated (MYCETOPIIILID.E), when they are placed directly on
the frons, in the form of a more or less flattened triangle, or in an
absolutely straight line. As a rule they are very constant characters
when present.

Ochraceous.— Of the colour of brown ochre with an admixture of yellow.

Orbit. — The margins of the large compound eyes, whether such are distin-

GLOSSARY. XVII

guished by a distinct ring, ridge, or well defined space, or not. The

frontal orbit is that part of the orbit immediately abutting on the frons.
0 thocera. — Schiner's and Brauer's name for the BOMBYLIJIORPHA, PROCEPIIALA,

and POLYTOMA. Schiiier, however, includes LEPTID.E in the OKTIIOCERA.
Orthogenya. — Brauer's second division of his OUTIIORKIIAPIIA BRACIIYCEKA,

composed only of EMPID.E and DOLICHOPID.E.
Ovate.— Egg-shaped, that is, an ellipse more pointed at one end than the

other.

Opposition. — The act of depositing eggs by the female.
Ovipositor. — The female genital organs, as distinguished from those of the

male.

Palpi, palptu. — These organs in the Diptera possess from one to five segments;
the vast majority of Brachycerous flies having only one segment, and
the NEJIATOCERA four. In many groups they are rudimentary, in
others absent (p. 19).

Pectinate. — When the vestiture of the antenna; is stronger than stiff pubescence
or verticillate hairs and takes the form of stiff bristles, or branched
pendulous or variously formed solid projections, they are termed
pectinate.

Pectus. — The breast. Walker used it to denote the lower anterior part of the
thorax. Modern authors do not, I believe, employ the term.

Peripneustic. — Larva; with spiracles on the median segments, as well as at the
head- and tail-end^, are so called.

Peristoma, or peristome. — Apparently a synonym of epistoma.

Piceous. — Blackish brown ; pitch colour.

Pile. — A very closely set and very short pubescence of erect hairs resembling
the " pile " of velvet.

Platygcnya. — Brauer's first division of the OKTIIORKIIAPIIA BRACHYCERA, com-
prising all the families except the EMPID.E, DOLICIIOPID.E, and LOXCHOP-
TERID.E.

Pleura. — The sides of the thorax are in many Diptera separated into fairly
distinct divisions by two sutures running longitudinally to the axis of
the body, and by one perpendicular or transverse suture. The upper
suture is the dorsoplcural (or more correctly notopleural) ; the lower
longitudinal suture is the sternopleural. The vertical suture (though it
is seldom either straight or absolutely vertical) is the rnesoplcural. The
pleurae (or spaces) are named the propleura (or prothorax), mesopleitra,
and pterovleura, the two latter divided from each other by the meso-
thoracic siiture. Below the sternopleural suture are, the ftemopleura (in
front) and the hypoplcura (above the middle and hind coxae). The meta-
pleiira is a more or less indistinct space behind the pteropleura and
hypopleura, and adjacent to the metanotum.

Plumbeous. — Leaden colour, which may be dull or shining.

Poitiers, or balancers. — The older authors' terms for the halteres.

Pollinose. — An expression used to define a surface with a light dust-like
covering, resembling pollen ; a finer vestiture even than tomentum.

Polytoma. — Brauer's (and Bezzi's) name for a superfamily consisting of the
TIIEREVID.E and SCENOPINID.E.

Porrect.— Projecting straight forwards ; applied to antennae or palpi.
Post-alar callus. — A more or less distinct, rounded swelling situated between

the root of the wing and the scutellum, often inconspicuous or absent.
Posterior legs. — The hindermost four taken together, the last pair only being

termed the hind legs.
Postical vein. — The 5th longitudinal vein.
Prcefurca. — The portion of the 2nd longitudinal vein lying between its origin

and its forking. This is the sense in which Osten Sacken employs the

term and in which it is used in the present volume, but Verrall uses it

in the BKACIIYCERA to denote " the common origin of the 2nd and 3rd

veins," in other words for only that portion of the 2nd vein between its

origin and the origin of the 3rd vein.
Pre-alar callus.- — A more or lees distinct, rounded swelling in front of the

root of the wing, on the side of the mesonotum, just behind the outer

ends of the transverse suture.
Prc-sutural depression. — A quite small depression, generally triargular in

shape, situated at each end of the transverse thoracic suture, close to

the commencement of the dorsopleural (notopleural) suture.
Procephala. — Brauer's name for the superfamily containing the MYDAID.E,

AsiLiD.Eand BOMBYLIID.E ; Bezzi also adopts it.
Propygium. — Bergroth's name for the hypopygium.
Protkorax. — The anterior part of the thorax, in Diptera often indistinctly

marked off from the main middle part or mesonotum.
Proximal. — Nearer to the body of the insect, the base of a wing or leg, and

so on ; as opposed to distal, distad. Proxinoad is the corresponding

adverb.
Pseudotrachece. — Radiating ridges ou the inner opposable sides of the

labella in many Diptera, which " serve as a means of attrition, by

which the insect rubs off particles of food from firm substances "

(Williston).

Pteropleura. — The pleural area immediately below the root of the wings.
Ptilinum.—A. small but powerful bladder-like organ, present in the

CYCLORHIIAPIIA only, situated just above the base of the antennte on the

frons. It is only used by the insect to escape from the puparium, by

inflating it, upon which it protucles through the frontal suture and

springs off the cap of the puparium.
Pubescence. — The clothing of soft hairs common to nearly all Diptera in

different degrees, not short or dense enough to be known as pile, nor

containing bristles.
Pulvilli. — "Two pad-like fleshy cushions attached to the last joint of the tarsus

below the claws, usually present, but often absent among the

ORTHORRHAPIIA, and often much larger and better developed in the <5

than the 9 " ( Willis(on').
Puncture. — A minute indentation of the surface.

Radical cell—A, term" used by a few of the older authors for the basal

cells.
Jt'homboidal cell.— A small four-sided cell near the end of the costa in

TIPUUD.E. At first Osten Sacken called it the trapezoidal cell.

GLOSSARY. XIX

Rostrum, or snout. — The usual, more or less cylindrical, anterior prolongation
of the head that projects over the proboscis proper, most conspicuous
(amongst the NEMATOCERA) in TiPULin^E. Probably some of the older
authors used the term to include both the rostrum proper and the
proboscis also.

Scape, or scapus. — The first two (or basal) joints of the antennae, nearly always
differentiated from the rest. In the NEMATOCERA, the 2nd joint is
generally much shorter than the 1st, and the 1st joint of the flagellum
(i. e,, the remaining joints taken together) is usually longer than the
others. The scape is in nearly all cases sufficiently obvious.

Scutellar ridge. — A ..sometimes very conspicuous hardened ridge joining the
sides of the scutellum to the thorax. Often inconspicuous or absent.
Loew has suggested for it the name " frenulum."

Scutellum. — The semicircular or crescent-shaped small piece affixed to the
hinder margin of the thoracic dorsum. It often bears important bristles
or spines, though less frequently so in the NEMATOCERA than in some
other groups.

Seta. — Applied to a somewhat long bristle-like hair. It is also used to
designate the microscopic stiff hairs with which many wings are covered,
and which are invisible to the naked eye.

Setigerous. — Provided with setae.

Spurious cell. — See p. 15.

SquamcB. — The most correct term for the scale-like organs (one covering
the other, either equal in size or the lower one much larger than the
upper) found at the root of the wings in the higher Diptera. The
upper or anterior one is fixed to the base of the wing behind the alula
and is most correctly termed the alar squama or squama alaris; the
hinder or posterior one, which in all the higher groups of MUSCID/E and
other families is always much larger than its companion, is attached to
the thorax and is therefore most correctly called the thoracic squama or
squama thoracis or thoracicalis. The presence or absence of these organs
gives the distinguishing names of CALYI-TRATA and ACALYPTRATA, dividing
the MUSCIDJE (sensu lato) into two great groups, above subfamilies and
approximately of equal extent. The line of demarcation, however, is
not absolute, many small ANTIIOMYID^E having squamae of equal size and
very little larger than those found in the ACALYPTRATA, in which group,
moreover, exceptions with squamae of comparatively large size are found.
Some authors call them teguhe, calypters, or (erroneously) alulae.

Sternopleura. — The pleural area forming the lowest part of the ventral surface
of the thorax, developed chiefly between the fore and middle pair of
legs.

Sternum. — The lower surface of the thorax.

Sternites. — The plates on the lower surface on the body of an insect, but here
specially used to denote the ventral plates of the abdominal segments,
the numbers of which are counted from the base outwards ; opposed to
tergite.

Stigma. — This is used in two distinct senses : (i) In the wings of many Diptera
is a more or less clearly defined, darkened (generally yellowish, brown

or black) spot of oval or some such shape, towards the costal margin, a
little or considerably beyond the middle of the wing, bounded usually by
the auxiliary and 1st longitudinal veins. This is the stigma in the most
ordinary sense of the word, as used by systematists. (ii) Four very
small apertures, easily overlooked, generally situated each at the bottom
of a small pit, are termed the prothoracic and mctathoracic stigmata
respectively. The former are placed, one on each side, below the
shoulders towards the front ; the latter, immediately in front of the
halteres. The prothoracic stigma is by some called the mesothoracic.
These stigmata or spiracles serve for the admission of air to the
respiratory system.

Style. — Used in two senses : (i) The elongate, conical, blunt or pointed solid
appendix to the ultimate joint of the antenna?, as opposed to the arista
(q. v.). (ii) Osten Sacken's name for "a single inmovable stylifonu
organ," visible im mediately below the genital organs in LIMNOBIINI. Not
seen in other groups in the same form, but replaced by the aculeits, "a
slender, horny, often curved and pointed piece, which is entirely
concealed when the forceps is closed and projected when it is open "
(Osten Sack-en).

Subapical cell. -\

Subcostal cell.} See PP. 8 and 13.

Subcostal vein.— Strictly, the vein below the costa, which in the present work
is called the auxiliary vein (after Osten Sacken and many recent
authors). Verrall and some others apply the term to the 1st longitudinal
vein.

Submarginal cell. — See pp. 8 and 13.

Supra-alar groove. — A groove on the mesothorax just above the base of the
wing, short and often indistinct. In bristly species, important bristles-
are often situated there.

Suture. — A general term for an impressed line. -The principal sutures are the
transverse (p. 5), on the thoracic dorsum, and the pleural (p. 5), on the
sides of the thorax.

Tanystoma. — Brauer's superfamily name, adopted also by various other

authors, for the TABANID.E and LEPTID.E.
Tarsus. — The third and ultimate of the conspicuous divisions of the legs,

always of live distinct though often closely applied joints, of which the

first is called the metatarsus, the next is the 2nd, and so on, the 5th

bearing the feet.
Tawny. — A pale brownish yellow colour varying in intensity, approximately of

the colour of a lion.
Tegulce.—See Squama.
Tergite. — The plates, or sclerites, on the tipper surface of an insect ; here more

especially applied to the upper half of an abdominal segment, these

being numbered in rotation, beginning with that one nearest the

thorax.

Tergum. — The upper surface of an insect.
Testaceous. — Technically brick-red, according to handbooks on colour, but my

personal opinion is that most authors have used it for what may be

better described as " reddish yellow."

GLOSSARY. XXI

Tibia. — The second of the large conspicuous divisions of the legs, generally

longer and thinner than the femora, and normally longer than the tarsi.

In some families and genera one or two spurs or spines at the extreme

tip furnish valuable characters in classification.
Tomentum. — A vestitnre of exceedingly short, semi-erect hairs, finer and shorter

than those known as " pile." Williston says that tomentutu can only

correctly be used to desiginate "flattened, scale-like or stubble-like,

more or less recumbent hairs which gradually merge into dust or

pollen."
Transverse. — At right angles to the longitudinal axis of the body, sucli as the

transverse suture on the thorax ; or to the length of the wing, such as

the " cross-Veins." When applied to the head or proboscis it means

broader than long.
Transverse suture. — See Suture.
Transverse veins — See Cross-veins.
Trapezoidal cell.— See Ehomboidal cell.
Trochanter. — A small, generally annular joint uniting the coxa to the

femur.
Tromoptera. — Osten Sacken's superfamily for the NEMESTRINID.E, CYRTID.E,

BOMBYLIID*, THEREVID.E and SCENOPIXID^E. Verrall confines it to the

BOMBYLIIDJE and THEREVIDJE.
Truncate. — Ending abruptly, as if cut off.

•Ungiies. — The claws, two in number, affixed to the lower side of the 5th (ter-
minal) tarsal joint. The remaining portions of the feet consist generally
of the pulvilli and the empodium.

Vena spuria. — Only present in the SYRPHID.E, a family of the BRACHYCERA.
It runs in front of the 4th longitudinal vein and is merely a fold or
crease in the wing and not a true vein. It is sometimes indistinct but
invariably present in this family except in the genus Grajrtomyza.

Venation. — The system of the veins in the wings. The older dipterologists
spoke of it as the neuration, a synonymous term used in other
orders.

Vcntriculutn. — The true stomach in Diptera, as distinguished from the
diverticulum or sucking stomach.

Vertex. — The upper part of the head, lying between the upper angles of the
eyes, merging in front more or less abruptly into the frons (5-. v.). An
imaginary line between it and the back of the head (or occiput) is called
the vertical margin.

Vertical margin. — The marginal line between the vertex and the occiput.

Vertical triangle.— The small, often extremely small, space in holoptio flies
between the absolute vertex and the spot where the eyes first touch each
other. It bears the ocellar triangle (when such is distinct), which in
its turn carries the ocelli, when these latter are present,

Verticillate. — When the joints of the antennae are provided with verticels.

Verticel, or verticil. — A whorl of hairs arranged around an antennal joint in the
form of a circle. Two or more such whorls may be present on the same
joint.

Vestiturc.— The outer adornment of the surface of the body, which generally
takes the form of short hairs, yet every variety and intermediate grade
from strong spines to the finest dust may be found. Large spines,
isolated and regularly placed, or numerous and irregularly placed, are
spoken of as such. Bristles, the position of which is constant in
the genus or species are referred to as chajtotactic bristles, and are
most valuable adjuncts in classification; they are named according to
their situation on the body (see Chat ataxy). Irregularly placed bristly
hairs (such as are met with in abundance in PSYCHODIDJ.) have no
technical term. Finer vestiture is known as hair, if comparatively long
and in any way coarse, shaggy or woolly; if fairly short and fine, it is
known as pubescence, and this is the commonest form of all. Very short
erect closely set hair is known as pile ; a shorter vestiture still is called
tomentum ; after which the finest form recognised is termed dust, or the-
surface is said to be pottinosc.

Vinaceous. — The colour of light claret.

Vitta. — A short longitudinal stripe or mark.

SYSTEMATIC INDEX.

Suborder ORTHORB HAP HA
Fam. 1. MYCETOPHILIDJE ...

Pas-e
. 40

44

Subfam. 3. Sciophilinrc

1. Sciophila, My
1 bicolor Brun

Page
.. 08

. 68
70

Subfain. 1. Macrocerincc
1 Macrocera, 3/V/

. 49
. 49

2. My corny ia, Rond
1. flaviventris, Brun. . .
2. bifascipennis, Brun.

.. 70
.. 72
.. 72

1. ornata, Brun
2. alternata, Brun
3. flavicosta, Bnm

. 51
. 52
. 53
. 53

3. basalis, Brun

4. tinctipennis, Brun. . .
5. ferruginea, Bnm. . . .
6. trilineata, Brun. . . .

. . 73

.. 74
.. 74

75

5. elegans, Brun
6. inconspicua, Brun. . .

. 54
. 54
55

7. indetinita, Brun. . . .
8. indica, Brun
9. flavithorax, Bn<». .

. . 76
.. 76

77

Subfain. 2. Ceroplalincc

1. Ceroplatus, Bosc
1. quadripunctatus, Brun.
2. Platyura, My

. 55

. 56
. 57

. 58
60

10. curvilinea, Brun. . . .
3. Polylepta, Winn
1. dubiosa, Brun
2. incerta, Bnm

Subfam. 4. Mycetopliilince .
1 Gnoriste, Ufa

. . 77
.. 78
.. 79
.. 79

.. 80
82

2. suffusinervis, Brun.. . .
3. apicipennis, Brun. . . .
4. affinis, Brun
5. marginata, Brun

. 60
. 61

62

'. 6i>

1. brevirostris, Brun. .
2. spathulata, Brun.
2. Leptomorphus, Curt. .
1. ornatus, Brun

.. 83
.. 84

.. 84
.. 85

6. flaviventris, Bnm. . . .

. 62
63

3. Palseoauaclinia, Menu. .
1 flavohirta Brun

.. 85
86

8. "venusta, Walk

. 63

4. Greenomyia, Bnm.

. 87

9. octosegmentata, Brun.
10 ruficornis, Brun

. 64
. 64

1. nigricoza, Brun. . . .
5. Allactoneura, Me'j

.. 87
88

11 indistincta, Brun. . . .

. 65

1. cincta, Meij.

. . 88

12. longifurcata, Brun. . . .
13. funerea, Brun
14. flavomarginata, Brun. .

. 65
. 65
. 60
. 66

6. Odontopoda, Aldr
1. indica, Brun
7. Anomalomyia, Hut ton .
1 indica Brun

.. 89
.. 90
.. 90
91

60

92

1. annandalei, Brun
2. rufescens, Brun

. 67
. 559

1. ferruginea, Brun.
2. incerta, Brun

.. 93-
. . . 93

SYSTEMATIC IXDEX.

9. Clastobasis, Skuee
1. vittigera, Brun
10 Leia M q

Page
94
95
96
97
99
99
100
101
101
101
. 102
103
104
104
105
106
106
107
108
108
109
110
111
111
112
113
113
115
115
116
116
117
117
118
118
119
559
. 560

119

. 120
. 126
. 126
. 127
127
128
. 128
. 129
129
130
130
131
131
132
132

15. longinervis, Brun. . .
16. flavicollis, Brun

Page
. . 133
. . 134

17. orientals, Brun
18. fascipennis, Brun. . .
19. sexsetosa, Brun
20. quadrisetosa, Brun. . .
21. pallescens Brun

. . 135

. . 136
. 137
. 137
. 137
. 138
. 138
. 139
. 139
. 140
. 141
. 141
. 142
. 142
. 143
. 143
. 144
. 145
. 145
. 146
. 146
. 147
. 147

. 148

. 152
. 152
. 153
. 154

1. winthemi, Lehm.
2. flavobrunnea, Brun. .
3. arcuata, Brun
4. bicolor, Brun
5. insignis, Brun

22. fulvescens, Brun.
23. setilineata, Brun.
24. latelineata, Brun. . .
25. radicum, Brun
26. impostor, Brun
27. segmenticornis, Brun.
28. compacta, Brun
29. inconspicua, Brun. . .
30. hirtilineata, Brun. . .
31. niveiapicalis, Brrm. . .
32. longipennis, Brun. . .
33. flaviseta, Brun
34. nitidithorax, Brun. . .
35. longitudinalis, Brun.
36. ruficoxa, Brun.
37. flavipleura, Brun. . .
38. evanescens, Bmn. . .
39. parallela, Brun

Fam. 2. BLEPHABOCERID^E

1. Hammatorhiua, Loew . .
1. bella, Lw
2. Apistomyia, Biff
1. trilineata, Brun. . . .

7. spathulata, Brun. . . .
11. Rhymosia, Winn
1. -flavolimbata, Brim. . . .
2. genitalis, Brun
3. albolateralis, Brun. . . .
4. annulicornis, Brun. . . .

6 fascipes, Brun. . . .

12. Allodia, Winn
1. nigrofasciata, Brun. .
13. Macrobrachius, Dzied. . , .

14. Phi'onia, Winn
1. simplex, Brun
2. semifuinata, Brun. . , .
15. Exechia, Winn
1 . basilmea, Brun
10 "Mvcetophili Mg

2. quadrifasciata, Brun. .
3. griseolateralis, Brun. .
4. curvilinea, Brun

6. himalayensis, Brun. .
7. binotata, Brun
17. Delopsis, Skuse
1 . collaris, Brun

3. 131epharocera, Macq.

155

1. indica, Brun
Fam. 3. BIBIONID^E

. 156

. 157

IfiO

18. Euryschalis, Brun

1. spectralis, Brun
Subfam, 5 Sciarints . .

1. Pleciomyia, Brun

. 160
. 161
. 162
. 163
. 164
. 165

1. uielanaspis, Wied. . .
2. Plecia, Wied.

1. Sciara, Mg
1. trilineata, Brun
2. trifasciata, Brun
3. opposita, Brun
4. distinguenda, Brun. .
5. rufithorax, Wulp
6. rufoabdominalis, Brun.
7. luteiventris, Brun. . . .
8. flarnniiventris, Brun. .
9 indica Walk

1. fulvicollis, Fabr
2. tergorata, Rond
3. indica, Brun

4. atra, Brun. .

. 165
. 166

5. obscura, Brun. . .

3. Bibio, Geoff.
1. hortulanoides, Brun.
2. obscuripennis, Meij.
3. proximus, Brun
4. abdominalis, Brun. . .
5. approximatus, Brun.
6. discalis, Brun

. 166
. 169
. 170
. 171
. 172
. 173
. 174
. 174
. 175
. 175

10. flamofemorata, Brun. .
11. nigripennis, Brun. . . .
] 2. diversipes, Brun
13. fratercula, Brun

7. johannis, Linn
8. rufifemur, Brun
9. fuscitibia, Brun

14. exacta, Brun

SYSTEMATIC IXDEX.

XXV

Bibio (con.).
10. defectus, Brun
11. flavohirta, Brun
4. Dilophus, My.

Page
. 176

. £61 •
. 176

. 178

. 179

. 179
. 180
. 181

. 182

. 182
. 187
. 188
. 189
. 190
. 190
. 191

1. squaminervis, Brun. . .
2. annandalei, Brun
3. spinicornis, Brun
4. margintnotata, Brun. . .
5. metatarsalis, Brun
6. mixta, Brun
7. proxima, Brun
8. lacteitarsis, Brun
9. gilvipes, Brun
10. impunctata, Brun
11. unicolor, Brun
3. Brunettia, Ann
1. superstes, Ann
4. Parabrunettia, Brun
1. squamipennis (Brun.). .
2. atrisquamis, Brun
3. albohumeralis, Brun. . .
4. argenteopunctata

Pase
237
237
238
240
243
244
245
245
246
247
247
248
249
251
252
253
254

254

255
256
256

257

258
261
262
263
264
264

265
278

279

281
282
283

284

287

288
289
290
291
293
294
295
296
562
563

297
297

1. gratiosus, Biy

Subfam. 2. Scatopsincc

1. Scatopse, Geoff.
1. brunnescens, Brun. . .
2. nigronitida, Brun. . .

Fam. 4 SIMULIID^E

1. Simulium, Latr
1. runthorax, Brun

2. grisescens, Brun
3. metatarsale, Brun. .
4. griseifrons, Brun. . .
5. rufibasis, Brun
6. senile, Brun

7 indicum Bcch

191

5. 9- notata, Brun
6. flavicollis, Brun
7. longichseta, Brun

Fam. 6. DIXIDJE

8. aureohirtum, Brun.. .
9. striatum, Brun

Fam. 5. PSYCHODIDJE

. 194
. 561

. 196

. 199

. 199
. 204
. . 205
. . 206
n. 207
. . 210
. . 211

Subfam. 1 . Phlebotomince . .

1. Phlebotomus, Hond
1. himalayensis, Ann. . .
2. pertmbans, Meij
3. minutus, Rond
4. argentipes,^4nft.<$- Bru

1. Dixa, Me/

1. ochrilineata, Brun
2. montana, Brun
3. maculipennis, Brun. .
4. bistriata, Brun
5. bifasciata, Brun

Fam. 7. TIPULIDJE

6. papatasii, Scop

Subfam. \.\PtychopteriruB . . .

7. malabaricus, Ann. . .
8. zeylauicus, Ann

Subfam. 2. Psychodincc ....
1. Psychoda, Latr.

. . 214
. . 215

. . 217

. . 218

1 distincta, Brun

2. tibialis, Brun
3. atritarsis, Brun

Subfam. 2. Tipidince
Sect. 1. Ctenophorini...

1 . apicalis, Brun
2. maculipennis, Brun.
3. albonotata, Brun. . .
4. distincta, Brun
5. decora, Brun

. . 223
. . 223
. . 224
. . 225
. . 226

1. xanthomelana, Walk. .
2. Pselliophora, Os. Sac. . . .
1. lartn, Fab
2. taprobanes, Walk. . . .
3. iminaculipennis, Brun.
4. chrysophila, Walk. . . :

6. transversa, Brun. . .
7. hirtipennis, Brun. . .
8. geniculata, Brun. . .
9. albonigra, Brun
10. bengalensis, Brun. . .
11 distans Brun

. . 226
. . 227
. . 227
. . 228
.. 229
. . 230
. . 231
.. 231
. . 232
. . 233
. . 233
. 234

12. albopicta, Brun
13. orbicularis, Brun. . .
14. m'gripennis, Brun. . .
15. fulvohirta, Brun
16. vittata, Brun
2. Pericoma, Walk. .

5. serraticornis, Brun. . . .
3. Ctenacroscelis, End
1. sikkimensis, End. . . .

Sect ^ Tipulini

1. Titmla. Linn. . .

SYSTEMATIC INDEX.

Tipula (con.). ]
1. venustfl, Wall;

'age
302
302
303
304
305
306
307

yos

308
309
310
312
313
314
315
315
317
319
319

320
321
323
324
325
326
327
328
328
329
330
330
331
332
332
333
334
334
335
336
337
338
338
339
339
341
343
343
344
346
346
347
348
350
351

Sect. 3. Dolichopezini .

1. Dolichopeza, Curt
1 . orientalis, Brun
2. obscura, Brun
3. postica, Brun.

Page
353

353
354
355
564

565

356
358

359'
361

362

363
369
37fr
371
372
372
373
374
376
377
378
379
380
380-
381
382
382
383
384
384
385
385
565
566
567
567
568
387
388
389
390
391
392
393
393
394
395
396
400
401
401

3 majestica Brun.

4. fulvolateralis, Brim. . .
' 5. fuiiiipennis, Brim
6. princeps, Bnm

4. iufuscata, Bnm
Subfain. 3. Z&mnobiina)

8. flava. Brim
9. fumifasciata, Brun
10. serricornis, Brun

Sect. 1 . C y 1 i n d r o t o m i n i .

1. Cylindrotoma, Macq. . . .
1. quadricellula, Brun. .

Sect. 2. L i m n o b i i n i

1. Dicranomyia, Steph
1. marrnoripennis, Brun. .
2. demarcata, Brun
3. kobusi, Meij
4. abstns, Brun
5. cuueifonuis, Meij. . . .
6. saltans, Dol
7. longivena, Edw
8. pulchripennis, Brun. .
9. puncticosta, Brun. . . .
10. fraterna, Brun

11. pulchenima, Bnm
12. fuscinervis, Brun
13. patricia Brun

14. splendens, Brim.

15. reposita, Wall;
16. liimalayensis, Brun. . .
17. tessellatipennis, Brun. ,
18. robusta, Brun
19. marmoratipennis, Brun.
20. quasimarmoratipennis,
Brun

21. griseipennis, Brun

22. elegans, Brun

23. nigrotibialis, Brun
24. striatipermis, Brun

26. interrupta, Brun
27. nigroapiculis, Brun. . .
28. coutinuata, Brun.
29. walkeri ( Walk.)

11. fascipennis, Brun. ...
12. subfascipennis, Brun. .
13. ornatipes, Brun
14. cinerasceus, Brun. . . .
15. cinctiventris, Brun. . . .
16, sordida, Brun
17. delicata, Brun
18. flavobrunnea, Brun. .
19. simplex, Brun
20. fortis, Brun
21. ni°rithorax, Brun. . . .

30. melanomera, Wall;
31. quadrinotata, Brun. . .
32. ornatithorax, Brun
33. vicaria, Walk
34. brunnicosta, Brun
35. tenuipes, Brun

37. flavescens, Brun
38. demarcata, Brun
39. nmuda, Brun
40 divisa, Brun.

22. subtessellata, Brun
23. bicinctipes, Brun. . . .
24. columbiua, Brun
25. approximata, Brun. .
26. innoceiis, Bnm

42. cinctoterminalis, Brun. .
43. elegantula, Brun
2. Pachyrhina, Macq
1. serricornis, Brun
2. puncticovnis, Brun
3. pleurinotata, '/?»•?<»
4. demarcata, Brun
5. concolorithorax, Brun. .

1 gpnitalis, Brun. . . .

2. flavicosta, Brun
3. circipunctata, Brun. .
4. tridens, Brun
6. vinaceobrunnea, Brun.
6 fletcheri, Edic

7. pulchripennis, Brun. .
8. semistriata, Brun. . . .
9. semifasciata, Brun. . . .
8. Limnobia, Mg
1. festiva, Brun
2. tinctinervis, Bnm. . . .
3. indica, Brun

8. javensis, Dol
9. dorsopunctata, Brun. . .
10. bombayensis, Macq. . .

SYSTEMATIC INDEX.

Limnobia (con.).
4. trimaculata, Brun. . .
5. longinervis, Brun. . .
6. centralis, Brun
7. niveipes, Brun
S. nigra, Brun
9. vitripennis, Brun. . .
10. triangularis, Brun. . .
4. Ceratostephanus, Brun.
1. antennatus, Brun. . .
5. Atypophthalnnis, Brun.
1. holopticus, Brun
6. Libnotes, Westw
1. f uscinervis," Brun. . .
2. notatinervis, Brun. . .
3. punctipennis, Meij. . .
4. rufa, Meij.

Sect. 3. Ehamphidiini
1. Rhamphidia, Mg. . .

Page
.. 402
.. 403
.. 403
.. 404
. . 404
.. 405
.. 406
.. 406
.. 407
.. 408
.. 408
.. 409
.. 411
. 412
.. 413
.. 414

.. 415

.. 416
.. 418
419

9. flava, Brun
10. grandior, Brun
11. genitalis, Brun
12. halterata, Brun
4. Mesocyphoua, Os. Sac. .
I. nigripes, Brun
5. Styringomyia, Lw
1. cevlonica. Eilic.

Page
. . 455
. . 450-
. . 45&
. . 457
. . 458
. . 458
. . 459
461

2 obscura, Brun
3. flava, Brun
6. Lechria, Skuse

. . 463
. . 464
. . 465
. . 467

468

1. bengalensis, Brun. . .
7. Gonomvia, Mg

1. incompleta, Brun. . .
2. flavomarginata, Brun.
3. affinis, Brun
4. aperta, Brun

.. 471
. . 472
.. 472-
473

5. proxima, Brun

474

6. antica, Brun
8. Empeda, Os. Sac
1. incon.<picua, Brun. . .
9. Mongoma, Westw
1. pennipes, Os. Sac. . .
2. tenera, Os. Sac
3. pallidiventris, Brun.
10. Mongonioides, Brun

. . 568
.. 475
.. 475
. . 476
.. 479
.. 480
.. 481
.. 481

1. ferruginosa, Brun. . .
2. unicolor, Brun.

3. ineonspicua, Brun. . .
2. Toxorhina, Lw
1. incerta, Brun
3. Orimarga, Os. Sac

.. 419
.. 420
.. 422
.. 423
424

4. Antocba, Os. Sac.

.. 425
.. 426
.. 427
.. 427
429

1. trentepohlii, Wied. . .
2. marmorata, Brun. . .
3. nigroapicalis Brun

.. 482
. . 483
483

1. indica, Brun
2. unilineata, Brun. . . .
5. Teucholabis, Os. Sac. .
1. fenestrata, Os. Sac.

4. albogeniculata, Brun.
11. Paramongoma, Brun. . .
12. Symplecta, My
1. punctipennis, Ma. . .
13. Gnophomyia, Os. Sac. . .
1. longipennis, Brun. . .
2. genitalis. Brun

.. 569
.. 484
.. 485

. . 486
.. 487
.. 489
490

2. insi°°ais, Brun.

430

3. biannulata, Brun. . . .
4. cyanea, Edw
6. Gymnastes, Brun
1. violaceus, Brun. . . .
7. Atarba, Os. Sac
1. flava, Brun

Sect. 4. Eriopterini ...

l.'Rhypholophus, Kol. . . .
1. geniculatus, Brim. .

.. 430
.. 431
.. 432
.. 433
.. 434
.. 435

.. 436

.. 440
.. 441
442

3. furcata, Brun
4. strenua, Brun .
5. aperta, Brun
6. incompleta, Brun. . .
7. niora, Brun. . ,

.. 491
.. 492
.. 492
.. 493
494

14. Dasyiuallomvia, Brun. . .
1. signata, Brun
15. Conosia, Wul-p
1. irrorata, Wied
16. Cladura, Os. Sac
1 . flavescens, Brun

.. 494
.. 495
.. 496
.. 497
.. 49£
501

2. Molophilus, Curt
1. inconsj :icuus, Brun. .
2. assaiuensis, Brun. .
3. Erioptera, Uly.

.. 443
.. 444
.. 445
.. 445
449

17. Paracladura Brun.

502

1 punctipennis Brun

1. gracilis, Brun
2. eleo'ans Brun

.. 503
.. 504
.. 505
.. 505
.. 506

.. 507
.. 508

450

3. distans, Brun
4. brevior, Brun
5. incerta, Brun. . .

... 451
. .. 452
. . . 452

18. Claduroides, Bnm
1. fascipennis, Brun. . .
2. sordida, Bnm

Sect. 5. A in a 1 o p i n i
1. Trichocera, My

6. parallels, Brun. . . .
7. orientalis, Brun. . . .
S. subtincta, Brun. . . .

. .. 453
. 453
. .. 455

SYSTEMATIC IXDEX.

Trichocera (con.).
1. ocellato Walk

Page
. 510
. 511
. 512

6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.

Fam. 8

Page-
meleagris, Os. Sac 537
pachjrrhina, Os. Sue. . . 537
badia, Brun 538
ruflbasis, Brim fiSR

2. punctipennis, Brun.. . .
3. flava, Brun

513

^ Amalopis Hal. ...

. 513

tenuis, Brun
greenii, Brun
aterrima, Brun
f usca, Edtc
crystalloptera, Os. Sac. .
plumbicincta, Brim. . .
elongatissima, Brun. . .
nepalensis, Westtc
flavipes, Brun

539
539
540
541
541
541
542
543
544
545

1. glabripennis, Brun. . . .

. 515
. 516
516

1. ele^anHila, Brun.. .

. 517

4. Rhaphidolabis, Os. Sac, .
1. indica, Brun
2. fascipennis, Brun. . . .

Sect. 6. Limnophilini...

1. Lironophila, Macq
1 . pallidicoxa, Brun. . . .
2. simplex, Brun . .

. 517
. 519
. 519

. 520

521
. 523
. 523
. 569
570

semilimpida, Brun
tuberculifera, Edw
albonotata, Lw
testacea, Brun
cingulata, Brim
nifferrirua, Brnn
triangularis, Brun. ....

. RHYPHID^E

546
547
547
548
570
571
572

549

3. multipunctata, Brun. .
4 honesta Brun.

2. Dicranophrfigma, Os.Sac..
1. pulchripennis, Brun. .
3. Ephelia, Sch

. 524
. 524
. 525
. 526
. 527

1. fascipennis, Brun. . . .
2. ornata, Brun

Sect. 7. Anisomerini .... 529 i

1. Eriocera, Macq 530

1. ctenophoroides, Edw. . . 533 j

2. scutellata, Edw 534 \

3. rufithorax, Brun 534

4. fenestrata, Brun 535 i

5. humberti, Os. Sac. . . . 536 i

1. Rbyphus, Latr 550

1. maculipennis, Wulp . . 552

2. pulchricornts, Brun. . . 553

3. fenestralis, var. indicus,

Brun 554

4. punctatus, F. 555

5. distinctus, Brun 556

6. divisus, Brun 557

ERRATA AND ADDENDA.

116. MycetophUa yriseolateralis is a Delopsis (p. 118).

120. The genotype of Sciara is 8. (Tipula) thomce, L. (Syst. Nat. Ed. xhf

p. 976, 1767).
133. Line 20, from top. Relating to this species the text should read " the

two examples of this form, in the Indian Museum are distinguished "

etc.
133. Line 6, from bottom. This should read "excepting the two females of

longiiiervis, none of them " etc.

163. Plecia fulvicollis, F. For metamorphoses, see Meijere, Tijd. Ent. liii,

pp. 59-63, pi. iv, fig. 12.

164. In the reference to P. tcrgorata, for vol. "viii " read " vii."

165. Plecia indica. For " type " read " types."

261. To heading, Dixa ochrilincata, add (PI. XII, fig. 8).
'262. „ D. montana, „ (PI. XII, fig. 9).

263. „ D. maculipeimis, „ (PI. XII, fig. 10.)

282. „ Ptychoptera tibialis, add (PI. VI, figs. 1-4).

283. „ P. atritarsis, add (PI. VI, figs. 5, 6).

288. Ctenophara. The genotype is given by Coquillet as Tipula atrata, L.(
but this species is placed in Xiphura in the recent Palsearctic Catalogue,
so that the oldest species remaining in Ctenophora is pectinicornis, L.,
and this may be now regarded as the type species of the restricted
genus.

317. Tipula tessellatipennis • in headings/or " fig. 13 " read " fig. 12."
372. Dicranomyia absens ; in heading, for " fig. 2" read " fig. 4."
387. Geranomyia, life-history; for feeding habits, vide Knab, Proc. Ent. Soc.

Wash, xii, pp. 61-65 (1910).

389. Line 6, from bottom. Add " cross-" before " veins."
-563. Line 14, from top. For '' fron " read " from."

OEDEE DIPTEEA.

APABT from the males of the COCCLDJE, or scale-insects, the
Diptera stand alone amongst the orders of Insects in the pecu-
liarity of possessing only two wings, the hinder wings being
represented by a small organ on each side of the thorax behind
and below the wing-root, known as the halter. These halteres
are invariably present in all the winged forms of the Order, and
generally present also in the very few wingless ones. In rare
cases the female only is wingless.

The mouth-parts exhibit a wide diversity in structure, but they
are nearly always in the shape of a proboscis, formed for sucking,
or, in some groups, for piercing the skin of animals or man for
the purpose of imbibing the blood.

The antennae also show extreme range in form, but are valuable
as one of the primary means of classification. The palpi have
from one to five joints, the usual number in the NEMATOCEEA
being four ; in the BBACHYCEBA and the MUSCID^;, two, of which
the first is small and often more or less rudimentary.

The wings exhibit a multiplicity of schemes of venation, all
referable ultimately to a common general plan, and this latter
character, the venation, perhaps affords the soundest basis for
classif}Ting the families, at any rate, so far as the perfect insects
only are concerned.

The larva in the Diptera is apodal, moving by means of small
external transverse ridges or stiff bristly hairs, and progressing
by a wriggling motion from side to side. In the vast majority
of the species, the habitat of the larvae (popularly known as
" grubs " or " maggots ") is decomposing vegetable or animal matter,
principally the former (the bulk of the higher MUSCIDJ; and a
large proportion of the ACALYPTEATE MUSCIDJE) ; a considerable
number of species are root- or leaf -miners (AKTHOMYIN^E,
TBYPETI^-.E) * ; a further considerable number are aquatic
(CULICID.£, CHIEONOMID.E, many TIPTJLID^;, STBATIOMYID.E and
ACALYPTBATA, some TABANID^, and various genera in many other
families) ; and a few are parasitic on mammals or birds ((ESTBID^E,
HiPPOBOSdD.;£),t insects (CoNOPiD^;, etc.), spiders (CYBTID^E), and
other creatures. Some live in the earth (TABAJOD^;, ASILIDJS,
EMPID^E), a few are carnivorous (certain SYBPHID^) ; and one
family forms galls (CECIDOMYID^E) : in short, the larvae of Diptera
as a whole exhibit the most varied methods of existence.

* Some Indian TKYPETIN^E live in rotten wood or in fruit,
t Although in HIPPOBOSCID^E the larvae develop in the body of the parent,
the life of the imago is passed upon the body of its host.

2 INTEODUCTION.

The pupa is fixed or free; in the great division of the
OBTHOEEHAPHA it is mummy-like, that is to say, shewing more or
less in outline the parts of the future imago, the shape of the
head, antenna?, wings, and legs often being conspicuous ; in the
second great division, the CYCLOBBHAPHA, it is long egg-shaped,
bearing no resemblance to the future insect, and exhibiting no
parts whatever of the body in outline.

In the perfect state (imago) Diptera are to be found practically
everywhere and irs every conceivable situation, a few species
occurring even in very high latitudes and desert areas.

A general introduction to the whole order of the Diptera is not
contemplated in this volume, and the various parts of the insect
are sufficiently well known to the majority of entomologists not
to require more than a brief description. The following ex-
planatory paragraphs on the external anatomy of a fly are there-
fore curtailed as far as expedient. The genus Tipvla is selected
as an example owing to its being the chief genus of the TIPULID^E,
the dominant family included in the present work.

Fig. 1. — Diagram of a Tipula, to illustrate the parts of a Dipteron.

Head:-

f. Frons.

v. Vertex.

o. Occiput.

p. Tip of palpus.

n. Neck.
Thorax :—

c. Oollare or prothorax.
ms. Mesosternum.

d. Dorsum (or mesonotum).
t.s. Transverse suture.

s, Scutellum.

ra. Metanotum.
mt, Metathorax.

h. Halteres.
Legs : —
c. Coxa.
/. Femur.
t. Tibia.

t.x. Tarsus (joints 1-5).
Abdomen : —

1-8. Abdominal segments.
a. Genitalia.

EXTERNAL ANATOMY. 3

1 . EXTERNAL ANATOMY OF A FLY.

A. Terminology.*
The Head.

The upper part of the head lying between the eyes is known
as the vertex, and an imaginary line dividing it from the back
of the head, or occiput, is called the vertical margin. Sometimes
a difference of colour clearly defines the limits of these areas, but
more frequently such is not the case.

Thefro)is, or front, is the whole space between the eyes from
the vertical margin to an imaginary transverse line above the
base of the antennae. The vertex is really therefore simply the
upper part of the frous, but it is often occupied by a somewhat
conspicuous tubercle, or by a more or less triangular impressed
space with rounded corners, in which are situated the three small
simple eyes known as the ocelli, placed in a triangle, the apex
of the latter pointing downwards, that is towards the antennae.
These ocelli are in many families absent, in others reduced to
two in number, and they may, in a few groups, be placed more or
less in a straight line across the upper part of the frons.

Those Diptera in the males of which the eyes touch each other
in front for any considerable distance, are termed holoptic ; those
in which the eyes in both sexes are separated by a broad frons,
are termed dichoptic. Although many cases occur in which it is
difficult to decide in which category to enrol them, the vast
majority of Diptera can be allotted at first sight to either the
holoptic or dichoptic class.t

In holoptic Diptera, through the eyes not being contiguous
absolutely the whole distance from the vertex to the antennae,
there is always a small inverted triangle just above where the eyes
meet, its apex pointing downwards, and this is called the vertical
triangle. At the point where the eyes separate again, a little
above the antennae, is another more or less triangular space with
its apex pointing upwards, and this is called the frontal triangle.
Obviously, in flies with the eyes wide apart, both triangles are
merged in the frons and in such cases cannot be differentiated
from it.

Cyclorrhaphic Diptera technicaUy possess what is known as
the frontal suture, and the presence or absence of this suture is

* This section defines the principal general terms in constant use; the more
specialized ones are explained at more suitable places throughout the text, but
all are, without exception, to be found in the Glossary.

t The majority of the BRACHYCERA, except ASILID^E and DOLICHOPID*,
speaking of the larger groups only, are holoptic, as are also the Calyptrate
MUSCIDJS as a rule, and the KHYPHID.E, BIBIONID.E, and some BLEPHAHOCERI».E
in the NEMATOCERA. The remainder of the NEMATOCERA, with the ASILID^,
DOLICHOPID^E and Acalyptrate MUSCID^E, are usually dicboptic, at least in the
more extensive groups.

B2

4 INTRODUCTION.

theoretically the only decisive character by which to distinguish
members in the imago state, of the CYCLOERHAPHA or OETHO-
BEHAPHA respectively ; but as three of the principal families do
not possess the suture when they should theoretically do so, the
value of the character from a practical point of view is very
greatly diminished. This suture, when present (it is never found
in the OBTHOEEHAPELA), is a more or less oval, or most frequently
crescent-shaped, narrow groove, sometimes reduced to an impressed
line, and is situated immediately above the base of the antennae,
and the small space it encloses is termed the frontal lunule.
Through this space is thrust out during the pupal stage, the
ptilinum, an inflatable organ by means of which the perfect insect
springs off the cap of the pupa-case to enable it to emerge.
Occasionally this ptilinum remains inflated in the perfect insect,
as I have seen several specimens of Syrphus with it still blown
out even in the dried insects.

In many Cyclorrhaphic Diptera, especially among the higher
Muscids, there is a well defined band, varying from a very narrow
space to one of considerable width, on the inner or frontal side of
the eyes, often slightly different in colour from the rest of the
frons, not infrequently appearing brilliantly shining white when
viewed from above or below. This is known as the frontal ocular
orbit, or inner orbit ; other margins of the eyes are spoken of as
the facial (below the antennas) and posterior orbits respectively.
These orbits are rarely present in the NEHATOCEBA.

Below the antennae, as far as the mouth, is the face, and
posterior to the face below the eyes are the cheeks or gence.

The epistome, or epistoma, is a slightly vague term, but strictly
speaking it means the mouth-opening, and an indefinite space
immediately contiguous thereto. It is probable that a good many
authors have used the term to include the whole of the lower
part of the head when not dealing with any particular part ; in
fact, I have used the term myself in this general sense when a
very brief description sufficed for the whole of the underside of
the head.

Many groups of Diptera possess a system of bristles about the
head as well as on the thorax, but since this does not occur in the
NEMATOCERA, the subject is not entered upon here.*

The Thorax.

The thorax in the Diptera is seldom divisible into the component
parts — prothorax, mesothorax, and metathorax — but forms a uni-
form oval, oblong, elongate, or sub-quadrate central piece in the
front of which the prothorax is sometimes discernible, though in the
NEMATOCERA, especially in the TIPULID^E, it is often obvious in the
form of a circular flattened disc, termed by Osten Sacken the collare.

The front part of the thorax when elongated to any appreciable
extent is termed the neck, but in some families the head is too

* See Glossary, Chtetotaxy.

EXTERNAL ANATOMY. O

closely applied to the thorax for this to be visible. In the average
Dipteron. the head moves with great freedom upon the neck, and
is capable of being turned in all directions. The metathorax is
hardly distinguishable from the mesothorax, especially on the
upper side.

On the shoulders, that is, the anterior corners of the thorax, a
slight swelling is often present, known as the Jiumerus, or humeral
calhis or callosity. These humeral calli are frequently absent, and
when present are very often differently coloured from the rest of
the thorax. Other calli situated on various parts of the thorax
bear significant names. Thepre-alar callus is a small swelling in
front of the wing-root, towards the side of the thoracic dorsum,
which latter is generally spoken of as the mesonotum. The post-
alar calli lie behind the wing ; when they are on the hinder
corners of the dorsum they are termed posterior calli. Sometimes
1 have used the term post-sutural calli in place of post-alar calli.

Across the centre of the mesonotum in many Diptera is seen a
more or less distinctly impressed line, often somewhat like a very
widely opened V, faintest in the middle, and ending on each side
a little in front of the base of the wings. This is the transverse
suture, and it has a high morphological value, being very con-
sistent when present. In the NEMATOCERA it is a strong character
of the TiPULiDjE (with one or two comparatively unimportant
exceptions). Behind this suture (speaking now principally of
TIPULID^E) and between the slight swellings of the post-alar calli
is a slight depression, which in the present work is referred to as
the post-sutural depression.

The presutural depression is a small depression at each end of
the transverse suture, usually triangular in shape.

The supra-alar groove is a groove on the mesothorax just above
the wing-root, and in many species bristles of taxonomic import-
ance are found along its inner margin.

The scutellum is a projecting posterior lobe of the mesonotum,
and a horny irregular ridge-like projection joining the scutellum
on each side to the mesonotum is termed the scutellar ridge. It
is sometimes, but not usually, conspicuous. .

Behind and below the scutellum is the metanotum, a smooth
and more or less swollen part, attaining its maximum develop-
ment in the TIPULIDJB, in which it is usually much more
conspicuous than the scutellum.

The halteres, which in Diptera replace the posterior wings, are
small delicate organs consisting of a narrow moderately long
stem, ending in an oval club, which occasionally is flattened or
spatulate.

The sides of the thorax in many Diptera are distinctly sub-
divided by impressed lines known as pleural sutures, whilst in
others such demarcations are not perceptible ; when present they
divide the sides into pleural spaces, which in some groups are
well defined, whilst in others they are very indefinite. Most
authors speak of them in general terms as " the pleurae." These

6 INTRODUCTION.

pleural divisions do not afford so many taxonomic characters in
the NEMATOCERA as in some other groups, being always devoid of
bristles, and it is these latter which are strongly indicative of
affinities.

Fig. 2. — Pleural divisions of the thorax of a fly.

a. Prothorax or propleura. e. Pteropleura.

b. Mesopleura. /. Hypopleura.

c. Metapleura. g. Plumula.

d. Sternopleura. ps. Pleural or thoracic stigma.

The three prinicipal sutures recognised generally are, (1) the
dorsopleural suture (or notopleural) running from the shoulder to
the base of the wings and dividing the dorsum (or rnesonotum)
from the pleurae as a whole ; (2) the sternopleural suture,
roughly speaking, parallel with the dorsopleural, placed about the
middle of the body or a little below it, and dividing the mesopleura
from the sternopleura ; and (3) the mesopleural suture, a more or
less vertical irregular line from the base of the wings downwards,
dividing the mesopleura from the pteropleura.

The pleurae themselves are distributed as follows : — The pro-
pleura, or prothorax (generally termed the latter in the present
work), is on the immediate anterior part of the thorax. The
mesopleura lies behind it, in front of the wings, bounded above by
the dorsopleural suture and below by the sternopleural suture.
The metapleura lies immediately behind the wings, above and
rather behind tins pteropleura, which lies directly below the wings,
extending downwards to between the two hinder pairs of legs.
The Tiypopleura is a small piece below the metapleura and imme-
diately over the hind coxae. The sternopleura is usually the largest
of all and lies below the sternopleural suture and extends down-
wards, occupying all the space between the front and middle legs.
The mesopleural suture therefore has the mesopleura and sterno-
pleura in front of it and the pteropleura behind it. A small piece
behind the metapleura is known as the plumula; and a small
orifice on the prothorax just below the dorsum is the thoracic
stigma.

Since the NEMATOCERA are wholly eremochaetous, that is to say,

EXTERNAL ANATOMY. 7

devoid of strong bristles on the body (the MYCETOPHILID^E
possess conspicuous and characteristic bristles on the legs), it
seems unnecessary to dilate here on the scheme of chsetotaxy, or
the systematic study of these appendages ; but a brief outline of
the system is given in the Glossary under Chcetotaary.

The Abdomen.

Few special terms are in use regarding the abdomen except that
the external male genital organs are spoken of collectively as the
"hypopygium,* whilst the female organs are known as the ovipositor.
The eight segments of the abdomen are numbered from the base
onwards, the usual terms used in the TIPULIDJE, where the
covering of this part of the body is represented by a distinct
dorsal and ventral plate, being tergum and sternum respectively .t

The Legs.

These also call for but little description, most of the terms being
in common use. The acetabulum is a minute joint attaching the
coxa to the body ; the coxa is the short first obvious joint which is
united to the femur, the first long conspicuous part of the legs, by
another minute, ring-like piece, known as the troclianter. The tibia,
succeeds the femur and is the second conspicuous division, followed
by the tarsus, or foot, which is invariably composed of five joints.*
These joints are numbered from the basal one, which is known either
as the metatarsus, or the first tarsal joint. Care must be taken to
note that the next joint following the metatarsus is the second.

Attached to the extremity of the ultimate tarsal joint are the
ungues, or claws, two curved hooks, and below these are two pad-
like cushions or <pulvilli.§ These are often absent in the ORTHO-
BRHAPHA. Between the claws, and below them, attached, like the
pulvilli, to the last tarsal joint, is the empodium, which sometimes
takes the shape of another pad, in which case it is said to be
pulvilliform, and sometimes that of a thick bristle or spine. Osten
Sacken placed much reliance on it as a classificatory character
in TIPFLID^E, but I am inclined to doubt its value to such an

* Bergroth has proposed propygium, but hypopygium is universally adopted
by dipterologists, whenever a special term is used.

t Westhoff terms the upper and lower sides of the 8th segment the lamella
basalts supera and in/era, respectively, and those of the 9th segment or the one
actually developed into the genital organs, the lamella terminalis supera _ and
in/era, respectively, but I know of no one who has adopted these unwieldy
names.

\ The exceptions are very few and only amongst abnormal forms.

§ Too much importance should not be given to minor differences, such as the
comparative size, toothed nature, and so on, of the ungues, presence or absence
of empodia, etc. When Theobald's first volume on the CULICID* of the world
was published, great stress was laid on very microscopic differences in the shape
and size of the different pairs of claws, and in my Catalogue of Oriental
CULICID.*: the great importance of these characters was questioned. In sub-
sequent volumes of Theobald's work it was admitted that they did not possess
the value at first accorded to them.

8

INTRODUCTION.

extent. Often it is absent, and occasionally it is present when the
pulvilli themselves are wanting.

The anterior legs are the four front legs taken together, the
posterior legs the four hind legs similarly considered. When
spoken of singly they are called the fore (front or first) pair ;
middle (median or second) pair; and the hind (or third) pair.

Fig. 3. — Wing of Limnophila.

c, costal vein.
a, auxiliary vein.

1, 1st longitudinal vein.

2, 2nd do.
3, 3rd do.
4, 4th do.
5, 5th do.
6, 6th do.
7, 7th do.

hx, humeral cross- vein.
sc.x, subcostal cross- vein.
mx, marginal cross- vein.
ax, anterior cross-vein.
px, posterior cross-vein.
pf, praefurca.

cc, costal cell.
sc.c, subcostal cell.
me, marginal cell (inner and outer).
1 sm.c, 1st submarginal cell.
2sm.c, 2nd submarginal cell.

1 pc, 1st posterior cell.

2 pc, 2nd do.

3 pc, 3rd do.

4 pc, 4th do.
5iw,5th do.
an.c, anal cell.

1 ax.c, 1st axillary cell.

2 ax.c, 2nd do.

dc, discal cell.

1 be, 1st basal cell.

2 be, 2nd do.

The Wings.

The Veins. — As a typical wing from which to illustrate the
venation,* having special reference to the NEMATOCEEA, that of
Limnophila has been chosen.t

The front margin of the wing is known as the costa, and is

* The term neuration was employed by many of the older authors instead of
venation, but the latter is at present in almost universal use.

t It must be understood that a diagrammatic wing to expound the whole
theory of venation throughout the Diptera is an impossibility, and the wing of
Limnophila is selected because it possesses the greatest number of cells and
veins in the NEMATOCEKA. The relative lengths and positions of these are given
in the main as for Limnophila, but it must be understood that these propor-
tions vary in different groups and to a still greater extent in different families.
The student should be able, after mastering the terminology of one family, to
identify the corresponding veins in others, and to recognise which are present
and which are absent or modified.

EXTERNAL ANATOMY. 9

carried right round the wing uninterruptedly, without any
distinct or sudden termination near or just beyond the tip, as in
some families of NEMATOCERA.

The auxiliary vein is the first vein below the costa, and generally
ends, in the TIFTJLID^E, between the middle (or just before the
middle) and about three-fourths the length of the wing. It is
connected with the costa quite near its base by a short upright
cross-vein, the latter known as the humeral cross-vein. The
auxiliary vein is often known as the subcostal, which is perhaps a
better name, but since in studying TIPULID^E the works of Osten
Sacken must be consulted, his name for this vein is adopted in
preference.

The next vein is a much longer one, running parallel with the
auxiliary vein and ending some little distance beyond it ; this is
the 1st longitudinal vein. It either turns up rather suddenly at
the tip into the costa, as is generally the case in the LIMNOBIIXJG,
or turns distinctly down at the tip into the 2nd longitudinal
vein, as is usually the case in the TIPULINJB. In some few cases
it fades away at the tip without turning either up or down. The
auxiliary vein often lies so closely in front of the 1st longitudinal
vein as to be imperceptible unless carefully looked for. In some
few genera these two veins are actually united (Toxorhina, Styt-in-
gomyia), and in these cases the 1st longitudinal vein, as the
united veins are invariably called, generally approximates gradually
to the costa, finally becoming merged in it, and not turning dis-
tinctly up or down at the tip as in the typical forms. The
auxiliary vein and the 1st longitudinal are, in the TIPULID.B,
nearly always connected by a short cross-vein known as the sub-
costal cross-vein, which is most frequently situated towards the end
of the auxiliary vein, but sometimes occurs a little before or after
the origin of the 2nd longitudinal vein. Considerable importance
attaches not only to the actual length of the auxiliary vein, but to
the relative position of the subcostal cross-vein, although exceptions
occur, even in otherwise closely allied genera (in the ERIOPTEBIXI,
for instance).

The 2nd longitudinal vein emerges from the first, usually some-
where near the middle of the latter, sometimes in a straight line
at a more or less acute angle, but more often in a gentle or
distinct curve. When the 2nd longitudinal vein is "simple"
(that is to say, not forked) there is only one submarginal cell ; *
when the 2nd vein is forked there are two, and this character is
of paramount importance, being the very first one employed in
separating the subfamilies ; and on it depends the terminology
of many or the cells.t The portion or section of the 2nd

* Vide p. 13 for description of ceils.

t The principal exception in Oriental genera is G&nomyia, in which some
species have but one whilst others have two submarginal cells. This instability
is very exceptional as a generic character (Gonomyia).

10 INTRODUCTION.

longitudinal vein * between its origin and the point of forking is
called the prcefurca -, the two branches, after forking, are the
" anterior and posterior," the " upper and lower," or the " fore
(or front) and hind," respective! y.t

It may be noted here that Mr. Verrall uses the terra prcefarca
for the " common origin " of the 2nd and 3rd longitudinal veins,
that is to say it terminates at the origin of the 3rd vein, but it is
adopted in the present work in Osten Sacken's sense, comprising
the whole of the 2nd vein as far as the fork. The section of the
praefurca between the origin of the 3rd vein and the fork of the
2nd is often referred to as the petiole of the 1st submarginal cell.
Naturally this only applies when the 2nd vein is forked, as
otherwise there is only one submarginal cell.

The marginal cross-vein is placed near the tip of the 1 st longi-
tudinal vein, joining it to the 2nd vein and dividing the
marginal cell into two parts, often into about equal halves, these
being known as the inner and outer marginal cell respectively.
When the 2nd vein is forked this cross-vein may unite with the
upper branch or with the pra^furca, and it has a tendency to
indistinctness in many species. It is present in the large majority
of genera in TIPULID^:, but is absent in some (Atarba, Toxorltina,
Rhamphidia, etc.) ; it is indistinct in Limnopldla, present in
Ptychoptem and the TIPPLING, whilst in the CYLINDEOTOMINI it is
replaced by a small and often indistinct cross-vein between the
1st longitudinal vein and the costa. The value of its presence or
absence has been over-estimated by one or two authors, although
it can usually be accepted as a good character.

The 3rd longitudinal vein emerges from the praefurca in nearly
all the TIPULID^E, J and the prsefurca itself is often bent downwards
at a more or less distinct angle at the point of contact. The 3rd
vein is simple in all the Oriental genera, except in the subfamily
PTYCHOPTEBIK^E, in which its forked nature constitutes one of
the principal characteristics of the group. It is nearly always
present, any genus without it being most abnormal. In Toxo-
rhina it is altogether absent, the anterior cross-vein connecting
the 2nd and 4th longitudinal veins ; in Mongoma (according to
my interpretation of the venation) it is reduced to a short longi-
tudinal connecting vein between the middle of the praafurca and
the 4th longitudinal, thus not even approaching the margin of

* It will be understood that the abbreviation " 1st vein," " 2nd vein,'' "3rd
longitudinal," and so on, in all instances means the 1st longitudinal vein, 2nd
longitudinal vein, 3rd longitudinal vein, etc.

t When once the principle is thoroughly understood that it is the second
longitudinal vein which forks in TIPCLID.K (and hardly ever the third), it is
not of great consequence what may be the exact terms used ; nor is there any
unanimity in the matter. In company with other authors I use all the
terms quoted indiscriminately.

J The principal exception is Amalopis, in which it emerges either from the
posterior branch of the 2nd vein or from the prsefurca, according to the
species.

EXTERNAL ANATOMY. 11

the wing.* In Ptychoptera, the principal genus of the subfamily
PTYCHOPTEBJNJS, the 3rd vein issues from the pnefurca at a point
where that vein makes such a sharp angle that the general
appearance is that of two long veins crossing one another nearly
at right angles,t the first being composed of the basal section
oil the 2nd vein and the 3rd vein ; the 2nd vein being com-
posed of the anterior cross-vein and the remaining section of the
praefurca.

The next vein is probably the most important of all in the
wing : this is a short cross-vein which almost invariably through-
out the Order connects the 3rd and 4th veins when both are
present ; and tKis vein, the anterior cross-vein,^, is, in conjunction
with the discal cell, technically, a key to the venation in the
whole order of Diptera.§ It divides the \ving longitudinally into
two nearly equal halves, and no vein found in front of it in one
group is ever found behind it in another. When the discal cell is
present the anterior cross-vein is placed immediately above it (in
TIPULID^E), usually, at or near the base of the cell, rarely beyond
it (Conosia). When the discal cell is absent this cross-vein unites
the 3rd longitudinal vein to that part of the 4th vein which would
have formed the anterior side of the cell, had it been present. In
the NEMATOCERA it can nearly always be employed as a central
vein around which to recognise the adjacent veins ; and a little
practice and comparative study of the wings of other families
will enable the student to determine it with tolerable accuracy.

It is usually more or less upright, generally short, sometimes very
short, more rarely moderately long ; being wholly absent in only
a very limited number of quite abnormal genera of TIPFLIDJE.||

Having recognised the anterior cross-vein, joining the 3rd and
4th longitudinal veins, it is easy to find the 2nd longitudinal vein
and to ascertain, according as that vein be simple or forked, whether
there are one or two submarginal cells. The cell on the inner
side of the anterior cross- vein is the 1st basal cell, the cell on its
outer side is the 1st posterior cell. This rule is practically
inviolate, not only in the TIPULID^E, but in all families of Diptei'a
with a tolerably complete venation.

The 4th longitudinal vein begins at the base of the wing, and
invariablv encloses, or rather constructs, the discal cell (when

* This is the only instance I know of showing this abnormality, and it is
just possible that the vein might be more correctly regarded as the anterior
cross-vein. This, however, is doubtful — vide discussion under Mongoma.

t Note Ptychoptwa in the comparative figures of wings.

} Also known as the " small cross-vein," and the "internal transverse vein."

§ This must not be taken too literally, as exceptions embracing whole families
occur, such as the CECIDOMYID.E, SIMULIID^L, and outside of the NEMATOCERA, the
PJIORID^:, etc., but all these exceptions are instances of incomplete or aberrant
venation.

|| The only such Oriental genus is Mongoma.

12 INTBODUCTION.

this is present) by being, in these cases, always forked, the
absence of the discal cell being only caused through the absence
of a short cross-vein between the two main branches of the 4th
vein, and this cross-vein is usually called the discal cross-vein, on
account of its dominating the discal cell. It will be seen that the
4th longitudinal vein forks at the discal cell,* its upper or anterior
branch forming the basal and anterior sides of this cell ; the lower
or posterior branch forming the posterior and outer sides of the cell.
Apparently, the outer or distal side of the discal cell is formed
in most genera of TIPULLD.E by two short veins, both nearly
straight themselves, yet not often in a straight line with one
another. The upper one of these short veins is my discal cross-
vein, the lower one is considered part of the lower branch of the
4th vein, the straight continuation of the basal part of the 4th
vein being regarded as a branch vein known as Loew's posterior
intercalary vein. The upper branch of the 4th vein, after quitting
the discal cell, forks again, the upper prong being considered as
the continuation of the vein itself, the lower prong the branch
vein, and this latter is known as Loew's anterior intercalary vein.f
When the anterior or upper branch of the 4th vein is forked, the
section between the discal cell and the fork is known as the
petiole of the 2nd posterior cell. In the same manner, in a case
where there is no discal cell and the posterior branch of the 4th
veiu is forked, it would be correct to speak of the corresponding
section of that branch as the " petiole " of that posterior cell
which was contained by the fork.

Somewhere beyond the middle of the 4th longitudinal vein is a
longer cross-vein, generally more or less obliquely placed. This is
the posterior cross-vein, which in TIPULID^E invariably connects
the 4th and 5th veins, and is practically always straight itself,

* Slightly but distinctly before it in Megistocera, the ouly exception known
to me.

t It seems to me that although the lower prong of the upper branch of the
4th vein is really the additional veinlet due to the forking, a mistake has been
made by eveii Loew, one of the soundest of dipterologists, in regarding the
upper prong of the lower branch of the 4th vein as the true continuation of
that branch, since, when this lower branch is not forked it never takes the
course containing two sharp angles but continues in a more or less straight
line to the wing-margin. This compels me to believe that the lower prony is
the true continuation of the lower branch of the 4th vein, and that the upper
prong is the additional veinlet due to the forking and that this upper prcng
should have been named the posterior intercalary vein by Loew. I have not
seen this view suggested anywhere, but unless 'it be admitted, the anomaly
would be presented of the lower branch, when forked, taking two abrupt angles,
but when simple, proceeding in a straight line to the wing-margin, a curious
and quite illogical theory. This view applies to the LIMNOBIIN.E only, as in
the TiPULiN-E, in which the lower branch is always forked, the lower prong
appeals irresistibly to me as the additional veinlet, and the upper one (forming
part of the discal cell and being much less angulated) as the true continuation
of the lower branch. There seems nothing illogical in the assumption that an
additional veinlet may occur on either side of a parent vein as a subfamily
character.

EXTERNAL ANATOMY. 13

though placed at various angles to the two veins it connects.
Occasionally (in Mongoma, for instance) the 5th vein bends down
at the tip, meeting the 6th vein and thus closing the anal cell,
instead of running to the margin of the wing as in most genera.
The 5th longitudinal vein, with the 4th, the 6th, and 7th all
spring from the base of the wing. The 6th longitudinal vein lies
posterior to the 5th and is normally straight or only gently
curved;* the 1th longitudinal, being the last vein, usually parallel,
or approximately so, to the length of the wing.

In TiPtiLiDJE, the 5th, 6th, and 7th veins are never forked.
The 7th vein varies in length and direction ; in the PIYCIIOPTE-
RI:N^E it is comparatively short, taking a distinct downward curve
at the tip to meet the wing-margin. In Trichocera the same
thing occurs, only the vein is much shorter still, so short as to
be easily overlooked altogether. In other genera, Mongoma for
instance, the 7th vein, though much shortened, is only gently
curved.

The term central cross-veins was sometimes used by Osten
Sackeri to designate the veins between the end of the praefurca
(transversely across the wing's length) and the posterior cross-
vein ; in this case the short basal section of the 3rd vein, the basal
part of the fork of the 4th and both sides of the discal cell would
be included in addition to the two cross-veins proper. t

Not infrequently a genus or species is distinguished by the
presence of an extra vein which is constant in its occurrence. Such
veins are called supernumerary. When they occur abnormally in
individual specimens (often in one wing only) they are called
adventitious, and such occurrences are quite frequent, especially
in the ERIOPTERINI, in which their unexpected presence causes
much difficulty to the beginner.

The Cells. — The recognition of the cells, once the terminology
of the veins is mastered, is comparatively easy.

The first, immediately below the costa, and bounded pos-
teriorly by the auxiliary vein, is the costal cell ; that between the
auxiliary vein and the 1st longitudinal vein (often difficult to
perceive on account of these two veins lying so close to one
another) is the subcostal cell. In cases where the auxiliary vein
and the 1st longitudinal vein are united (Toxorhina, Styringomyia}
the subcostal cell is of course absent.

The 2nd longitudinal vein always has in front of it the marginal
cell. "When the 2nd vein is simple the cell immediately behind it
is the si&marginal, but when the 2nd vein is forked there are
two such cells, in which case they are called the 1st and 2nd

* Absent altogether in PTYCHOPTERIN^:.

t This is rather a vague definition, but so many species have clear wings
except for slight infuscations on all the veins or portions of veins that lie
transverse to the wing's length, that most authors have adopted it for descrip-
tions of certain species at some time or other, myself included. The term
should in any case be used with caution.

14 ECTBODUCTION'.

submarginal cells respectively.* Care must be taken in those
genera ( Gonom-yia, Mongoma, etc.) in which the fork of the 2nd
longitudinal vein is short and nearly perpendicular, giving it the
appearance of a cross-vein, for which it might easily be mistaken.

When the marginal cell is divided by the marginal cross-vein,
as is the case with most genera of TIPTJLID^;, the divisions of the
cell are known as the inner and outer marginal cells respectively,
but when speaking of the united cells the term " marginal cell "
is correct.

It will thus be seen that the 3rd vein has in front of it the
submargiual cell, if the 2nd longitudinal vein be simple, and the
2nd submarginal cell, if the 2nd vein be forked.

Immediately below the 3rd vein is the anterior cross-vein, the
key to the whole venation. This vein always joins the 3rd and
4th longitudinal veins, exceptions being very rare (Amalopis),
and it always meets the 4th vein at the discal cell (usually at
the anterior upper corner of the latter), when this cell is present.f
However, whether the discal cell be present or not, the anterior
cross-vein meets the 4th vein exactly or very nearly at the same
place. Thus the discal cell in the vast majority of TIPULID.S has
the Is* posterior cell in front of it, and (except in TIPULIN^E) the
ultimate posterior cell (4th or 5th, etc., as may be) behind it.J

The anterior cross-vein always bounds on its inner side the
1st basal cell, below (or posterior to) which latter is the 2nd basal
cell, of varying relative length but always conspicuously longer in
TIPULIM; than in most families of Diptera.

Behind, or posterior to, the 1st posterior cell the other posterior
cells run on in numerical order, four being the usual number in
this family, less frequently five (Limnophila, Cladura, some
Eriocerd] ; occasionally only three (Bittacomorpha, a non-Oriental
genus), the last posterior cell being that one of which the posterior
cross-vein forms the base.

Posterior to the 5th longitudinal vein is the anal cell, open in

* In the case of Piychoptera, where the unusual event of the 3rd longi-
tudinal vein forking instead of the 2nd is found, the same rule as to the
nomenclature of the cells holds good ; thus the 1st submarginal cell is bounded
by the 2nd vein and the upper branch of the 3rd vein, whilst the 2nd sub-
marginal cell is bounded by both the branches of the 3rd vein. One or two
authors have contended that it would be more correct, when the 2nd vein is
forked and the 3rd vein simple, to regard the cells as two marginal and one
submarginal ; and when the 2nd vein is simple and the 3rd forked, as one
marginal and two submarginal ; that is to say, all cells bounded posteriorly
by the 2nd vein would be called marginal cells, and those bounded posteriorly by
the 3rd vein, submarginal cells, in each case irrespective of their number. In
the conceivable case of both 2nd and 3rd veins being forked, there would be
two marginal and two submarginal cells.

t The only exception inTiPULiD^E amongst Oriental genera is Conotia, Wied.,
in which the anterior cross- vein is placed very distinctly beyond the discal cell.

I Of course, when the posterior cross-vein is placed so far distally as to be
beyond the limits of the discal cell, the latter is bounded posteriorly by the
2nd basal cell. It invariably has the 1st basal cell on its inner side. In
the TIPULIN.IE the penultimate, not the ultimate, posterior cell bounds the
discal cell posteriorly, on account of the lower branch of the 4th longitudinal
vein forking just at the lower basal corner of the discal cell.

EXTEBIfAL ANATOMY. 15

the great majority of genera in TIPULIDJE, but occasionally closed
(Mongoma) by the turning down of the 5th vein at its tip,
meeting the 6th vein before the border of the wiiig. When open,
therefore, it runs the whole length of the wing from the base to
the wing-margin. Posterior to the 6th vein is the axillary cell.
In TIPULLD^:, in which the 7th vein is nearly always complete,
that is to say, attains the margin of the wing, there is of course
yet another cell — the last — in the hind angle of the wing. In
those families of Diptera which have the 7th vein incomplete, all
the space between the 6th vein and the hinder angle of the wing
is considered the axillary cell (called by some of the older authors
the " spurious "". cell, presumably on account of its ill-defined
nature). Some authors speak of a 1st and 2nd anal cell, plus an
axillary cell. Where there has been occasion to mention this
ultimate cell specially as such, it is herein called the 2nd axillary
cell, thus retaining only one anal cell in the wing.*

Wing pubescence. — A note may be made here regarding the
terms " wings bare " or wings pubescent " in this family. It is
probable that under very high microscopic power every wing will
be seen to possess extremely minute stiff hairs, but when such
are wholly invisible to the naked eye or to an ordinary entomo-
logical hand-lens, the wing is considered bare, or, as some authors
have termed it, glabrous ; and generally it is more or less
iridescent. These microscopic setae are therefore never regarded
as pubescence. When the naked eye or a hand-lens reveals,
distinct hairs on the veins or on the surface of the wing itself,
the wing is considered pubescent. Practically all the veins bear
microscopic short stiff hairs, but if these are not clearly seen
without a microscope, the veins are not termed pubescent or
bristly.

Fig. 4. — The basal portion of a fly's wing.
a, axillary lobe ; b, alula ; c, antitegula ; d, tegula.

The alulce, tegulce (or squamce), and Tialteres. — The basal corner
of the hind margin of the wing is often well developed, at times
forming quite a projecting angle, and this part is known as the

* In the case of Ptychuptera, the 6th longitudinal vein being absent, there
are only two cells altogether between the 5th vein and the hind angle of the
wing, namely the anal and axillary cells.

16 INTRODUCTION.

axillary lobe. Behind this is an indentation of the wing-margin
called the axillary incision, and beyond this again (working
towards the base of the wing), is a small, more or less well
developed continuation of the wing — the alula. In some wings,
such as those of cuneiform shape, the axillary lobe is, perforce,
absent, and the alula is reduced to a minimum. Behind the alula
are two more or less rounded, scale-like organs, generally of a
dirty white colour, and frequently with a fringe of hairs on the
•edges ; these are the squamce, and they have given rise to con-
siderable dispute as to their correct names. "When the wings are
folded, the upper one, which is nearlv always the smaller of the
two, partly covers the lower one, and when the wings are out-
stretched the upper one moves forward, being actually the
extreme base of the wing, and the lower one, then fully disclosed,
is seen to be definitely fixed to the thorax.

The term tegulce appears to date from Loew, in 1844,* when
he distinctly differentiated it from the alula (the final basal lobe
of the wing), and it is applied to the squama which is fixed to the
thorax. Osten Sacken invented antitegula for the anterior scale,
to which at times it was necessary to refer specially, and he gives
a clear resume of the various terms used for these parts in a short
paper.t He also suggests as alternative names to antiteyula and
tegula, antisquama and squama, when speaking of each separately,
or simply squamae (in the plural), if both pairs together be referred
to. In the present work the twro pairs, anterior and posterior,
taken together are sometimes described as the squama and some-
times as the tegulce.+ Since, in the NBMATOCEEA the thoracic
«quama is very rudimentary, there have been few occasions to
refer specially to either the anterior or posterior pair.

Confusion has frequently arisen owing to many authors calling
these structures the alulae ; and a recent writer, Comstock, still
adheres to this view, contending that the term tegula should not
be employed, having been preoccupied for the cup-like scale above
the root of the wings in some Hyinenoptera. A great number of
terms have been applied to both the alulae and the squamae, espe-
cially the latter, but no advantage would ensue by discussing them
here.§ Yerrall uses the names alar and thoracic squamw, and
perhaps these are the most suitable of all.

As for the halteres or aborted hind wings, they are in some way
connected with the power of flight, since if they are removed, a
Dipteron flies erratically. They are short cylindrical stems,
bearing an oval or flattened knob or club at the tip, and are placed
behind and a little below the roots of the wings. The insect can
vibrate them with great rapidity in the same manner as a wing.

* Stettin Ent. Zeit. 1844, p. 326, footnote.

t Berlin. Ent. Zeit. xli, 1896, p. 285.

| I am not at all certain that in my earlier writings I have not used the
term alula: to designate the tegulce.

§ Amongst the terms used for the squamae are calyptrae, alulets, winglets,
auricles, ailerons, cuillerons.

EXTERNAL ANATOMY. 17

B. Descriptive .*
The Head.

The eyes. — With the exception of some of the EPEOBOSCIDEA
(PUPIPARA), the large compound eyes so strikingly prominent in
most species of Diptera, are invariably present. In the majority of
the NEMATOCEEA the eyes are separated by a f rons, or front, of equal
width in the two sexes, but in most of the families of the BEACHY-
CEEA (except the ASILID^E and DOLICHOPIDJG), and in the great
majority of the higher Calyptrate MUSCIDJE the eyes in the male
touch each other in front for a considerable distance. Exceptions
occur in some BLEPHAEOCERID.I:, in which the head is holoptic
in one or both sexes, or dichoptic in both ; also in the CYRTID^E,
in which the eyes are contiguous in both sexes both above and
below. As a rule the eyes are always well separated on the under-
side of the head, but in many TIPULID^E they are there contiguous
or subcontiguous. In most families they are oval or semicircular ;
in some, enormously enlarged, occupying practically all the head
(CYRTIDJE. PIPUNCULIDJE) ; in others, kidney-shaped (PSYCHO-
DID^E and many groups of MYCETOPHILID^E). They may be
thickly or lightly pubescent, or bare, these features being often
not contingent on sex. In a few families they possess coloured
bands in life (TABANIUJE, some ASILID.&), which fade after death,
but which may generally be caused to reappear by an application
of damp sand. In the genus Bibio the male eye is curiously
divided into two parts, and in most BLEPHAROCERID^; the eye, at
least in the male, is sharply divided into an upper and lower
part, the facets in one being very large, and in the other much
smaller, and the two parts being separated by a narrow unfacetted
band. In one small family of Acalyptrate MUSCID^E, the DIOP-
SIN^E, the head is produced on each side into long eye-stalks, at
the tips of which are placed the eyes. In some wingless PHORID^E
the eyes are somewhat aborted.

The ocelli or simple eyes have been sufficiently described under
the heading " Terminology."

The mouth-parts. — " No point of insect morphology has given
rise to more differences of opinion than the mouth of Diptera."
(Dr. Sharp, 1899.) This being supported by the existence of so
many views as to the homologies of the dipterous mouth-parts,
the present references may be judiciously curtailed.

Of the various authors perused, I venture to select Williston's
definition of these parts as being the most concise and recent
(1908). This author is therefore quoted verbatim : —

" The more commonly accepted homologies of the mouth-parts
are as follows : labium, maxillae, maxillary palpi, mandibles,

* The notes comprised under this heading are of the briefest, since a general
introduction to the order of Diptera is not attempted in this volume, and tbe
characters of the families treated of herein are fully detailed in their respective
places.

0

18 1NTEODUCTION.

±1

>phaxynx, and labrum or labrum-epipharynx. The labial
palpi are thought to be wholly wanting or represented by the
labella.* The labium is always present, more or less fleshy and
provided with muscles. It is grooved or channeled on the upper
side to receive the other parts, with the exception of the maxillary
palpi, which are free. This sheath is often neai'ly complete, the
thin margins touching each other above. At its tip are the pair
of joints of variable size called the lips or labella. The maxillae
and mandibles are sometimes absent, the mandibles most fre-
quently ; when present they are always slender and firm. The
hypopharvnx is unpaired and slender, grooved on the upperside
and sometimes converted into a nearly complete tube. The
labrum, also unpaired, is usually elongate and grooved on the
underside, forming by apposition with the hypopharynx a com-
plete tube. The mandibles are frequently absent ; in fact, I do
not know of their occurrence in anv flies with a simple third
antennal joint, and they may be absent in the male when present
in the female, as in the TABANID^:. They are always piercing-
organs, thin, firm, chitinous, and usually slender. The two
maxillae, likewise piercing-organs, find their highest development
in such predaceous flies as the ASILOXE. Like the mandibles they
are chitinous and slender. In some they are more or less flat-
tened, and may have curiously shaped projections at the tip ;
usually they are bristle-like. They lie with the maxillas within
the sheath of the labium, at either side of the labrum and hypo-
pharynx. In some cases the labrum is short, and serves only as
a cover for the proximal part of the hypopharynx, but usually it
is as long as, or longer than, the hvpopharynx, and has a simple
groove on the underside. The hypopharynx is always present
in flies in which the mouth-parts are functional. It is, more
often, a slender firm organ, grooved upon the upperside, which
by apposition with the labrum forms a distinct tube. In some,
however, it may form an almost complete tube in itself."

The mouth in the CULICID^E may be described as consisting of
eight pieces of approximately equal length, the labium being
slightly longer than the others.t The labrum, or upper lip, is
uppermost, and closely united to it on the underside is an equally
long but very slender piece known as the epipharvnx.J Two
slender lancet-like pieces come next : these are the mandibles,
and below these, two " delicate needle-like organs, barbed at the
summit, the maxillae." There is also a " thin tubular thread," the
so-called hypopharynx, this being connected with a poison gland
at its base. Below these is the stoutest piece of all, the labium or
lower lip, grooved on its upperside to admit of the reception of all

* This has been recently contested by Wesche.

t This description is after Theobald (Monog. Culic. i, p. 3).

| Theobald recommends abolishing this term, as this piece is really part of
the labrum, but there are occasions when, exact reference to it being required,
a special term is necessary.

EXTERNAL ANATOMY. 19

the other pieces except the labrum, which covers them like a
sheath from above. At the tip of the labiura are two small oval
lamellae in the form of two spatulate jointed valves, and these
represent the labial palpi.

"During the act of piercing the skin, all the mouth-parts but
the lower lip (labium) are inserted ; the labium bends and guides
the other mouth-parts into the skin. The blood is drawn up the
upper lip, the tube being formed by the upper lip, and closed
below by the hypopharynx."

Meinert wrote, in 1881, a copious anatomical essay on the
mouth-parts of the Diptera, presumably in Danish,* but his views
on many points are very original and not corroborated by the
examinations of other writers. He employs also a terminology
entirely his own.

The palpi. — For purposes of classification the most important
organs appertaining to the mouth t are the maxillary palpi, usually
spoken of simply as the palpi, as the labial palpi are considered to
be represented by the labella; some authors do not agree with this
view and think that the labial palpi are entirely absent in this
order. Wesche, in fact, has in recent times contested that either
maxillary or labial palpi may be present and functional, but no
cases are known of both pairs being functionally present.

The palpi in the vast majority of Diptera are either long and
composed of four joints, as is the case with the great bulk of the
NEMATOCERA, or quite short and composed of two joints, the first
being very small, as is the case in the bulk of the remaining
families. Occasionally a 5th joint is evidently present, though
its existence has been generally denied till quite recently ; in
these cases the conical protuberance of the proboscis, upon which
the palpi are in many instances inserted, is sufficiently differ-
entiated to form a distinct basal joint, but such instances are not
common. In two or three Oriental species of Phlebotomus this
basal joint is present. It seems hardly necessary to note that
the joints are counted from the base outwards, so that in a
2-, 4-, or 5-jointed palpus the last or terminal joint is the 2nd,
4th, or oth respectively. In size, shape, and relative length of
the joints they exhibit great diversity, a considerable amount of
variation being found in the same genus, frequently a single joint
being enormously enlarged, or peculiarly formed.

Generally situated at or very near the base of the proboscis,
the palpi are in rare instances placed at its middle (Geranomyia),
or tip (Elepliantomyia) ; in these cases the proboscis is very con-
spicuously elongated. Williston says "the tendency in Diptera

* I have not seen the work. It is called ' Fluernes munddele,' 91 pp., 6 pi.
Stockholm, 1881.

t In the description of the mouth-parts I am much indebted to Prof. Wil-
liston's admirable manual on North American Diptera (3rd Ed.), and inoet of
the quoted passages are from that work.

C2

20 INTKODUCTIOX.

is towards their entire loss, and in the more highly specialized
families there is never more than one joint."

At the tip of the proboscis, or very near it, is a pair of larger
or smaller organs, generally distinctly visible, and more or less
oval in shape, known as the lobelia or lips. Their function varies
considerably, in some groups representing merely an apparatus
for holding, in others they are evidently sense-organs, being •' pro-
vided with hairs inserted in small semi-translucent spots on the
outer sides and margins." This is the case in most flower-
haunting flies, STBPHID.S for example. In the majority of Diptera
the labella are of fair or considerable size, and are provided with
radiating ridges on the inner opposable sides. These pseudotrachete,
as they are called, " serve as a means of attrition, by which the
insect rubs off particles of food from firm substances." In at
least one family, the ASILIDJ:. thev are rigid and horny. *' Some-
times the labella are long and slender, and are folded back under
the labium when at rest."

The mouth-parts in some Diptera are quite rudimentary, attain-
ing their most abortive state in the (ESTKIDJ:, in which they are
almost absent.

The antennas. — These organs exhibit a wider range of variability
than any other in the Diptera, and to the beginner offer many
puzzles, although a moderate amount of study will enable one
to discriminate between the nematocerous, brachycerous, and
muscid types, of which the latter is somewhat quickly recognised,
although some Syrphid antennae may easily be confused with it
at first sight.

As a means of classification the antennae have always been
regarded as furnishing one of the most fundamental characters.
It is significant that so long ago as 1802, when Latreille made the
first real attempt at classification by dividing the Diptera according
to the palpal and antennal characters, the long filiform nature of
the many-jointed antennae, combined with the elongate four- or
five-jointed palpi, was seen to be typical of the NEMATOCEBA (this
term being introduced by Latreille in 1817) ; whilst the short
three-jointed antennae, coupled with the one- or two-jointed short
palpi, of the rest of the Diptera were acknowledged as the charac-
teristics of the BBACHYCEBA., the latter term having been pro-
posed by Macquart in 1825. The valuable systematic characters
contained in the venation did not occur to dipterologists until
years afterwards.

In the NEMATOCEBA the antennae are always more or less elon-
gate,* often conspicuously so, composed normally of eight to
sixteen distinct joints ; in a few cases, as in some males of species
of Eriocera in TLPITLTD^:, of six joints only ; and in some other
instances, of as many as twenty-eight: in fact some authors have

* With the exception of ORPHSEPHIIJDJB, a group of only five species
representing a single and altogether anomalous genus.

EXTERNAL ANATOMY. 21

claimed thirty -nine in a particular genus of CECIDOMTID^E (Cero-
zodia), but this has been disputed on the grounds that some of
the joints are merely annular impressions. Rhachicerus (LEPTIDJE)
has twenty-eight joints, and some genera of CECIDOMYLDJB possess
this number also.

The antennae in the BBACHYCEEA consist technically of only
three joints, but in some genera (Hexatoma, in TABASTDJE, Xylo-
<phagns and Khachicerus in LEPTJD.E) the 3rd joint is either dis-
tinctly or apparently divided into several joints, so that at first
sight it is not easy for a beginner to distinguish the location of a
species by the antennae alone. But in all such cases the very
short palpi and .the totally different scheme of venation afford a
certain clue to their identity.

In the NBMATOCEKA the two basal joints are almost invariably
differentiated from the rest, and are known as the scape or scapug,
the remaining joints being called iheflagellum. The scape nearly
always bears a few stiff bristles, either irregularly placed, or
arranged in one or two more or less distinct rows near the apical
margins ; it is sometimes bare or practically so, but never verti-
cillate. The flagellum in most of the TIPULID-ZE and in some
other groups, bears a whorl of fine hairs symmetrically arranged
(in the TIPUUD^E a very common number is four, two above and
two below, the upper ones often the longer) around each joint,
and the antennae are then spoken of as verticillate. This is the
normal form of antenna in the TIPULID.E. A few genera in that
family have pectinate antennae in the male, that of the female
being verticillate or much less conspicuously pectinate. The
CHIBOXOMLIXE and CULICID^; normally possess excessively plumose
antennae in the males, those of the females being generally verti-
cillate, whilst CECIDOMYID.! generally possess verticillate antennae
in both sexes.

In the CYCLOBKHAPHA only three joints are present, of which
the first is always short, often extremely so, the third frequently
being annulated, or possessed of a number of finely impressed
lines giving the appearance of a number of joints closely annealed.
It is curious that in these latter cases the 3rd joint never possesses
more than seven such annular impressions, thus suggesting eight
annealed joints, because the nematocerous antennse most likely to
be confused with such a form are those like Bibio, Plecia, etc., in
which the flagellum generally consists of eight subequal homologous
joints (though perfectly distinct from one another), whilst the
two basal or scapal joints have some considerable resemblance
to the first two joints of the antenna in Xylophagus. It is this
latter form, which is by no means infrequent, that may be mis-
taken by the beginner for an eight-jointed nematocerous antenna.
However, in all such doubtful cases the structure of the palpi
and the distinctly different venation immediately decide the
question of af&nity.

With the Cyclorrhaphic antenna we have little to do in this
volume, but it may be stated that although it consists of three

22 INTRODUCTION.

joints only, the terminal joint takes the most varied and at times
extraordinary shapes, and may be elongate and porrect as in Ceria
(SYRPHiDJi:), elongate and pendant as in the higher MUSCID^E,
short and rounded as in most of the ANTHOMYID^E and ACALYP-
TRATA. It may be furnished with an arista, a long, gently curved,
bristle-like hair, which may be plumose, subplumose, pubescent,
or bare, or even extraordinarily pectinate as in one or two abnor-
mal genera of Tachinids ; the arista itself may be dorsal, sub-
apical, or apical, or may be replaced by a more solid style-like
appendage.

The Thorax.

Little can be added to the notes given under " Terminology."
In most Diptera the mesothorax, usually known as the ruesonotum
when only its upper part is referred to, occupies tlie greater
portion of that part of the body ; both the prothorax (except in
some TIPULIIXE) and metathorax being very much aborted.

The thorax is normally oval or subquadrate ; in many genera
exceedingly elongated ( Calobata, Micropeza) ; in others highly
arched (Simulium, Platypeza, Hybos, CYRTID^E, etc.). In rare
instances the sides of the thorax are furnished with a strong
spine (EpJiippium). The sides of the thorax or the pleura? have
been described above (p. 6).

The scutellum is variable in relative size, but is most frequently
semicircular or subtriangular. It reaches its most extraordinary
development in Celyphus, in which it forms an enormous spherical
cover for the whole of the abdomen, and as the insects are
generally smooth and shining, and of a metallic blue, green,
or yellowish colour, they are easily mistaken by the beginner for
beetles. The scutellum may be distinctly spined on the posterior
margin (as in many STRATIOMYID^E), serrate, smooth, furnished
with bristles or pubescence, or quite bare.

The metanotum is in most cases hidden by the scutellum above,
except in some families of NEMATOCERA in which it is often the
more conspicuous of the two. The vestiture of the thorax is as
variable as that of the abdomen.

The Abdomen.

The abdomen in the Diptera varies in the number of segments
from four (some ANTHOMYID^ and ACALYPTRATA) to as many as
nine (in some MYCETOPHILID^E) ; the normal number in the
NEMATOCERA being eight. The basal segment is often much short-
ened and almost invisible from above, the first two being some-
times more or less fused together. They are numbered from, the
base, on the upper side, the genital organs not being counted as
a separate segment.

The variations in shape of the abdomen are very great. It is
very elongate, narrowed, and cylindrical in TIPTJLLD.S:, CHIRONO-
MID.S:, and CuLlCiDjE ; stout and shorter in some of the other
nematocerous families ; very short and exceedingly broad and

EXTERNAL ANATOMY. 23

convex in many genera of STRATIOMYID^E ; globular and almost
transparent in CYRTIDJE ; oval or conical, as in most SYRPHIDJE,
and other families of BBACHYCERA, and most of the higher
MusciDyE ; elongate and cylindrical in ASILID^E, DOLICHOPID.E ;
stibtriangular in many ANTHOMYID^E and ACALYPTRATA.

In vestiture it varies also ; thick long spines are present
in many genera of TAOHININ^E ; in others, bristles, ordinary
pubescence, a pollen-like dust, or scales may form the covering.

The male genitalia in the Diptera exhibit the most diverse
modifications, and in many groups afford reliable specific characters.
Their taxonomic importance, however, must not be overrated,
and it must be recognised that they exhibit great variability, even
in the same genus. They reach probably their greatest develop-
ment in the DOLICHOPID^E, but are quite conspicuous in many
TJPULID^;, MYCETOPHILID.E, ASILID.E, and some smaller groups.

The female genitalia are much more uniform than those of the
male, consisting in the principal families of the NEMATOCERA of a
pair of oval terminal lamellae often withdrawn into the body-cavity,
and in the TIPVLIDJB of a pair of exterior pointed valves ;
whilst; in nearly all of the BRACHYCEBA and the MUSCIDJE no
organs are visible exteriorly.

The Legs.

These organs vary throughout the order to an extraordinary
degree, from the exceptionally long and delicate legs found in
Dolichopeza, Cylindrotoma, and other TIPULID^E, to the short
incrassated ones in some of the EPHYDRIN.E and other groups
of Acalyptrate MUSCID.E. They may be conspicuously dentate,
strongly spinose, bristly or practically devoid of hairs, densely
pubescent, or ciliate. frequently the femur, tibia, or tarsus, or
one or more joints of the latter may be incrassate, or occasionally
fantastically formed, such modifications being at most generic,
often not of even that taxonomic value.

The Wings.

!So far as the perfect insect is concerned, the venation of the
wings is, for purposes of classification, the soundest and most
reliable structural character in Diptera. The exceptions, though
admittedly numerous, are of such a nature that although doubt
as to their exact systematic position may at first arise, they can
never be actually identified with a wrong family. Many families
or groups of families in the Diptera possess strikingly peculiar
types of venation of their own. Outside of the NEMATOCERA, one
soon learns to recognise, for example, the wing of a Stratiomyid
from the faiutness of the veins near the posterior margin of the
wing and the equally unusual " crow ding-up " of the veins near
the anterior margin ; and a Dolichopid may be known by the
peculiar " kink ", that is present in so many of the genera in that
family, placed about the middle of the 3rd and 4th longitudinal
veins ; while the SYRPHIDJE may be distinguished by the upturned

24 I^TBODUCTION.

ends of the 4th and 5th veins, approaching the Muscid type, yet
quite distinct from the true Muscid form as developed in Musca
itself and its allies.

The CoNOPiJ)^;, PIPUNCULIDJE, PLATYPEZID^E, (ESTBTD.E, and
PHOBID.E have each one a striking and typical venation of its
own. Even in the vast mass of the MUSCID^E, sensu lato, three
tolerably distinct types are present that contain the great majority
of the species ; these may be termed the Tachinid, the Muscid,
and the Anthomyid respectively. The ACALYPTBATA, although
nominally of the same general plan as the latter type in venation,
are as a rule easily distinguished by the small, equal-sized, or absent
wing-scales or tegulae, which in the ANTHOMYID^E are conspicuous
and of unequal size.

Among the other families of BBACHYCEBA the student may at
first, from the wing alone, find it difficult to distinguish between,
say, the TABANID^E, LEPTID^E, and THEBEVID^E; the various forms
of BOMBYLJIDJE and ASILIDJE, with the allied smaller groups ; and
the somewhat erratic types met with in the EMPIDJE ; but this
discounts but little the pronouncedly characteristic forms of the
other families, and a wider experience will enable him to determine
between these more allied types of venation.

Reverting to the NEMATOCEBA, the CECIDOMYID^, CHIBONOMID^E,
SIMULIID^E, BLEPHABOCEBID^E, DIXID^E, and TIPFLID^E at least
have quite characteristic venation. That of the CTJLICID^E and
PsYCHODiDjE is allied and, with the EHYPHID^B, may at first appear
to resemble the TIPULID^, but a short study will enable the
student to differentiate them without much difficulty. The re-
maining families are not so distinctively characterised, and in
these closer examination is necessary.

Terminology of venation. — As may be surmised, various systems
of venational terminology have been constructed, but, since this
is hardly the place wherein to enter into a discussion of their
respective merits and demerits, it will be only necessary here to
fully describe the system adopted in the present volume. Practi-
cally, it is a somewhat modified form of Schiner's terminology as
used in his ' Fauna Austriaca,' and as adopted by the principal
dipterologists up to the present day.

Osten Sacken, who, according to Schiner,* used a very old-
fashioned and unsatisfactory terminology employed by Walker
and others of that period, entirely abandoned it in after years,
and the system accepted by him in his celebrated monograph of
the North American TIPULID^E (1869) was the basis of all his
subsequent work.

Of other systems, mention may be made of that of Schummel,
mainly because he wrote extensively on TIPULID^;, but he named
all the posterior cells backwards, that is, what is now called the
5th was his 1st, and he treated the two submarginal cells as
posterior cells, calling them the 6th and 7th.

* Fauna Austriaca, ii, p. xxv.

EXTERNAL ANATOMY. 25

The Comstock-Needham system was invented by the former
author and elaborated by the latter. Though it must be admitted
that Xeedhani's researches into the homologies of the veins, not
only in Diptera, but in other orders of insects also (especially
Neuroptera), are, so far as I am able to judge, perfectly consistent.,
there seems no necessity to alter the almost universally adopted
names of the veins. Moreover, the abbreviations used to de-
signate the veins in this new system of venation, such as, Cs 2,
B, 4 + 5, M 1 + 2, and so on, can never convey the decisive mean-
ing of terms of obvious significance, such as, costal cell, marginal
cell, 1st, 2nd, 3rd longitudinal vein, &c., all of which by their
very names at once define their position in the wings. Of all
recent systems of terminology I cannot but regard this one as
the least acceptable. However, in spite of wholly disagreeing
with this system of venation, I must accord Mr. Needham every
praise for the excellent series of Tipulid wings published by him,
which has been most invaluable to me during my present studies
in this family.

It must be remembered that modifications to suit special forms
are almost imperative, whatever system of classification be adopted,
for it is obvious that since some wings are replete with veins,
whilst others have very few, it must be a matter of careful study
to decide which are the veins that persist in these latter cases.
It is not therefore merely a question of an arbitrary and artificial
naming of the parts at caprice.

Osten Sacken may be quoted here with advantage: — "Thus, if
\ve force upon the TIPULID^E the terminology introduced originally
in the families of Diptera with a less developed venation, we meet
with inextricable difficulties. But there is no more reason for
doing so than for following the opposite course, adopting a
terminology for the TIPULID^E first and forcing it afterwards upon
the MUSCIDJE. It is perfectly arbitrary at which end of the
system of Diptera we begin to trace out the homologues of the
venation. This study of the homologies has two distinct aims in
view ; the scientific aim of showing that the ground-plan of the
venation is the same in all the families of the order, and the
practical aim of adopting a terminology for descriptive purposes.
We cannot carry out a terminology on solely theoretical grounds,
we will have to vary the details of it according to the peculiarities
of structure occurring in different forms, the main plan remaining
the same."

2. INTEENAL ANATOMY.*

" The special features of the internal structure of the Diptera
are the high degree of concentration of the nervous system
attained in some members of the order ; the expansion of the

* The works of Brauer, Brandt, and Kiinckel d'Herculais are recommended
by Dr. Sharp to the student of internal anatomy in Diptera. Will iston has
drawn largely on Kellogg, and the notes herein offered are compiled from this
source, the present writer never having studied the subject.

26 INTRODUCTION.

two main tracheal trunks in the base of the abdomen to form
air-sacs, the presence of the sucking-stomach as in the Lepidoptera,
the constant number (four, rarely five) of the Malpighian tubes,
and the absence of a bursa copulatrix in the females."*

The alimentary canal presents behind the oesophagus, an ex-
pansion known as the diverticulum or sucking-stomach,t the
ventriculum or true stomach lying behind it, with, usually, two
caeca. The heart is of the usual type, but in the more specialised
families has two chambers only. " In the larva of Corethra the
heart is a simple elongated tube without chambers." The two
main tracheal trunks expand at the base of the abdomen into
conspicuous air-sacs. The two pairs of spiracles of the thorax are
provided with " vocal cords " and it is these that cause the
humming when the fly is on the wing.

The nervous system in the XEMATOCERA generally comprises
five or six abdominal ganglia and three distinct thoracic ganglia.
Intermediate forms are numerous between this type and those of
the MUSCIDJE, in which the abdominal and thoracic ganglia are
united into a large mass in the thorax. A minute structure called
Johnston's organ, placed in the 2nd antennal joint, is supposed to
contain the auditory nerves.

The internal genital organs consist in the male of two oval testes
with short vasa deferentia, a well developed penis with accessory
copulatory appendages, which are of the most diverse structure
even in allied species of the same genus. In the female the ovi-
positor is remarkably uniform ; there are a large number of egg-
tubes, three spertuatheca3, paired accessory organs, and no true
bursa copulatrix.

3. THE EABLY STAGES OF DIPIERA.
The Larva.

The larvae of all Diptera are destitute of jointed legs. The
larvae of other groups most resembling them are those of the
CuECULiONiDjK (Coleoptera), but whereas these latter have little
or no power of locomotion, the larvae of Diptera can generally
move about freely by means of projections on the body called
pseudopods ; or by the aid of short bristles arranged so as to
favour progression, such being present even in completely maggot-
like forms.

The spiracles are also of great aid in enabling us to decide
whether a larva is Dipterous or not.

Schiner counted thirteen segments in the larva, first the head,
then three representing the thorax, the remainder forming the
abdomen. " There is, however, no morphological criterion yet

* This is from Willirton, after Kellogg.

t This function of this organ has been questioned.

THE EABLY STAGES OF DIPTERA. 27

discovered, by which the segments can be numbered, and in many
cases the segments cannot be satisfactorily delimited in the present
state of knowledge." (Dr. D. Sharp, in Verrall's " British Plies,"
vol. v, p. 32.)

Many Dipterous larvae have no distinct head. These are known
as ACEPHALA, as distinct from the EUCEPHALA, or those furnished
with a distinct head. The ACEPHALA include flesh-eating maggots.
The term " hemicephalous " has been used by Dufour and others
for those larvae in which the head end is of an intermediate form,
that is to say, not possessing a sufficiently distinct head to be
included in the EUCEPHALA ; and the majority of the families
appear to fall into this intermediate division. In these cases the
head part is withdrawable within the body, after the manner of a
tortoise.

"Dipterous larvae have the last pair of spiracles largely de-
veloped, and they are frequently placed at the actual tip of the
body ; when not at the tip, they are usually placed dorsal! y rather
than laterally. These are points of distinction as compared with
other orders of insects. When the posterior spiracles are the
only pair that exists, the larva is said to be metapneustic ; when
in addition to these, there is an anterior pair placed a little behind
the head, the larva is ampliipneustic ; when there are also inter-
mediate spiracles the larva is peripneustic. The frequency of the
metapneustic and amphipneustic systems is characteristic of
Diptera, the peripneustic system being the usual one in other
orders." (Dr. D. Sharp.)

The Pupa.

The pupa in the ORTHOBRHAPHA is " either a free, so-called
mummy pupa, or it remains enclosed in the larval skin, which it
bursts open at its emergence in the form of a T-shaped fissure
on the back, or by an irregular sort of lid at the end of the head."
(Brauer.)

In the CYCLORBHAPHA " the pupation always takes place in the
larval skin, which hardens and becomes like a barrel. Previous
to this, the larva possesses on the 4th or 5th front segments, an
arched seam, produced horizontally, and extending above the
mouth, which seam encloses enough of the surface of the barrel
for the emerging flies to burst off as a lid by means of the frontal
bladder." (Brauer.)

The Habitats.

The habitats of the Diptera in their earlier stages are most
diverse. A large proportion are aquatic (CULICID.E, CHIBONOMID^,
STRATIOMYID^, TABANIDJG, EPHYDRIN^E, etc.), some like Eristalis,
in the SYHPHID^E, preferring rank pools or drains ; quite a large
number live in the earth, as do many TIPULID^E, some THEREVID.E
and EMPID^E ; others in rank or rotting vegetable matter,

28 INTRODUCTION.

DOLICHOPIDJE, SYEPHiD^;, and many groups of
MUSCIDJE) ; some form galls (CECIIJOMYIIDJE), some breed in fungi
(MYCETOPHYLID^E and PLATYPEZID^E) ; many are leaf-miners (many
ANTHOMYIN^E, most of the TRYPETIN^E, and some ORTALIN^E) ;
whilst the vast majority of the enormous family MUSCIDJE breed
in rotting animal or vegetable matter, as do also many groups of
other families, in fact this habitat might be considered the most
general one in the order. A few are parasitic ; some BOMBYLIID^E
and CONOPID^E on Orthoptera and Hymenoptera ; the (EsTRiDyE
on Mammalia ; CYRTID^E (probably) on spiders. PUPIPARA are
parasitic in the adult state also, on mammals and birds.

These give only a few of the general habits of the larvae.

As regards the habitats of the perfect insect it need only be
said that a great proportion of the species may be met with
almost anywhere on the country-side, although many prefer
specially suitable localities, or remain throughout life more or less
in the vicinity of their birth, thus, in one way, accounting in
conjunction with their environment, for the occurrence of some
of the races or varieties.

The peculiar kinds of situations favoured by each family are
mentioned in their proper places.

4. ON THE COLLECTING OF DIPTERA.

Although some groups of Diptera are sufficiently robust to
allow the collector to handle them pretty freely, it will be well for
him to start with the paramount impression that as much care
must be taken both in their capture and subsequent treatment as
would be required in the case of Microlepicloptera. The delicate
pubescence with which the majority of the species are covered is
easiry removed by a careless touch, and such groups as the
BOMBYLIIU^E, THEREVID^:, and PSYCHODID^E require very careful
handling on this account.

In other groups the chief danger is the fragility of the legs ;
such are the TIPTJLID^, MYCETOPHILIDJE, CULICID^, and CHIRONO-
MIDJE, amongst the NEMATOCERA, and theLEPTiD^, DOLICHOPIDJE,
Tachinids and Anthomyids amongst the BRACHICERA and CYCLO-
RRHAPHA. In other groups again, the delicate spines break off at
the least touch (in SEPSINJE for instance), often leaving no
trace.

Numerous methods of collecting are known to all, and the
reader is probably already acquainted with many of them.
Personally, I have for twenty years collected with the ordinary
butterfly net (white, not green, as it shows up the insects better),
capturing the larger specimens singly and then with a little
manipulation removing them with the fingers and placing them in
a chip or pill-box alive. After a little practice quite a number
can be placed in one box, the specimens being brought home alive,
and killed without delay by inserting a little powdered naphthaline

THE EARLY STAGES OP DIPTERA. 29

into the boxes, upon which they die in a thoroughly relaxed state,
ready for pinuing. From a quarter to half au hour should be
allowed, as if removed sooner, some may recover. Naphthaline
is preferable to chloroform as the latter stiffens the leg muscles,
making them brittle and easily broken, or causes the insects to
fold their legs very tightly under their bodies.

The fumes of burning sulphur are applicable, but it is possible
they may act chemically on the colours in some groups.

Rare species should always be given a small box to themselves.

" Sweeping," t. e. dragging the net through a field of grass and
clover or along the sides of dry or wet ditches, is a prolific method
of acquiring a great number of specimens in the shortest space
of time possible, but a good proportion of them will be lost by
damage. After " sweeping " for a minute or two, the contents of
the net are shaken to the -bottom of it by means of two or three
sharp jerks, the net pinched with the left hand just above the
mass of seething insect life, when with the right hand a large
chip-box can be gradually inserted and the sides of the net strained
over it with the left hand, after which with very little manipula-
tion the lid can be replaced and the contents brought home alive.*

Of course delicate insects will suffer by this treatment, but
great numbers of the hardier kinds are easily obtained thus.
Predaceous flies must not be kept in the same box with soft-bodied
ones — a hungry Asilus for instance, with a Leptid or Anthomyid.
One soon learns with a little experience which kinds may be safely
mixed and which must be kept apart.

Glass tubes are useful for capturing single specimens on walls,
tree-trunks, large leaves, windows and so on, but specimens should
never be left long in them, as moisture collects and ruins the
pubescence, and, in the case of small specimens, the wings also.

A small wad of wool soaked with chloroform must be pushed
to the bottom of the tube and covered by a round piece of card-
board closely fitting the tube, with several fair-sized holes punched
in it. Or the bottom of the tube may be filled with plaster-of-
paris in which a piece of cyanide of potassium is buried. The
effects of this are much more permanent than chloroform, which
requires constant renewal. As soon as the insect is stupefied it
should be placed in a chip- or pill-box, where it will recover and
can then be brought home alive and killed by naphthaline.

* This! s the method I have nearly always followed from my predilection
for bringing specimens home alive, because if killed early in the day they are
too stiff by the time one reaches home to be pinned successfully ; but if a
large-mouthed cyanide bottle does not incommode the collector in the field,
the end of the net may be inserted bodily into it for a few minutes, and then
the dead insects turned into a dry chip-box. This has the advantage of killing
the small spiders that generally form part of the capture and which always
take their toll of it.

30 INTRODUCTION.

5. THE MOUNTING AND PRESERVATION or DIPTERA.

Regarding the mounting of specimens for the cabinet, a great
deal has been written, and it is not proposed to dilate on the
subject here.

Some specialists prefer specimens in alcohol, asserting that the
more delicate parts of the body, such as the structure of the
mouth and antenna?, and the genital organs of the male, are more
easily viewed thus, through remaining soft, whereas in dry speci-
mens they are liable to shrinkage, and possibly a certain amount
of distortion, their relative proportions thereupon being lost.
Those who prefer specimens in spirit are generally workers in
those groups that I have never studied myself, CECIDOMYID^E,
CHIRONOMID^E, etc., and therefore it might be presumption to
appear to dictate as regards these families ; but individually I
have a very great distaste for any Diptera so preserved.

The relative proportions can be noted during life, as Osten
Sacken did in many instances of Tipnlid genitalia, antennae and
so on ; and dried specimens are infinitely easier to handle, they
preserve their colours in the vast majority of families for as long
as probably nearly a hundred years, if kept in suitable cabinets,
properly supervised, in a temperate climate, and lastly their external
vestitnre is retained in its natural state. Pubescent species,
, such as BOMBYLIID^E, ASILID^:, THEREVID^:, etc., are most certainlv
utterly ruined, if placed in alcohol (Williston says all specimens
so preserved are worthless) ; the insect when lifted from the
liquid bearing no possible resemblance, in its bedraggled condition,
to its natural appearance.

It should be hardly necessary to state that Diptera gummed on
slips of card are not to be tolerated either, as the underside is
thus rendered practically invisible.

Therefore I, personally, pin everything, using Carlsbad white
(not steel) pins : nos. 4 and 5 for the very largest ASILIDJB,
TABANID.E and so on ; no. 3 for ordinarily large flies, and nos.
2, 1 and 0 for the great bulk of the species. Nos. 00 and 000 are
too fine to use by themselves, and I prefer at that stage to resort
to the short very fine pins used for very small Lepidoptera, made
by Kirby and Spence, also the "minutien nadeln" (without heads)
manufactured by some German firms. These I should employ
for species of the size of Simulium, for the bulk of the'
MYCETOPHILID^;, the CHIRONOMIDJE, Cui/iciDjE and others of
similar size.

When mounting specimens on full-length pins, the latter should
pass through the middle of the dorsum of the thorax, and the
insect be placed sufficiently high up the pin to leave only
sufficient room above it to grasp the pin easily with the forceps ;
and in a properly mounted collection the dorsum of all the
specimens would be at the same cabinet level (fig. 6, «). This very
greatly facilitates examination with the lens, often rendering it
unnecessary to remove the lid of the cabinet drawer.

THE MOUNTING AND PRESERVATION OF DIPXERA. 31

If the specimen is one with very long and delicate legs, so
that pinning straight through the thorax would he liable to break
these off, it may be pinned a little towards the side, the pin
emerging from the other side just above the coxae. The specimen
is even then more or less perpendicular.* This applies chiefly to
TiPULiDjE. The wings should never be crossed over the abdomen
but allowed to stand out in a natural manner sufficiently clear
of the body to allow an uninterrupted view of every part of the

Pig. 5. — Method of mounting a Tipulid.

latter. They should never be spread out horizontally at right
angles to the body after the fashion adopted in " setting "
Lepidoptera.

The legs should not be allowed to fold up close under the
body, but be pulled out sufficiently clear for one to examine
easily all parts of them and of the ventral surface of the insect,
and at the same time not allowed to stick out at ungainly angles
(a prevailing disposition of many TIPULIDJE) threatening des-
truction every time they are touched : nor should they hang down
(this also especially applies to TIPULID^E) so that they touch or
nearly touch the bottom of the cabinet drawer.

The same rule applies to the antennae. This is because there

* The insect in the figure is shown entirely on its side ; it should be in a
position half-way between horizontal and vertical.

32

INTRODUCTION.

must always be left sufficient space below the insect for at least
two or, perhaps, three labels, and room again after that for the
forceps to grasp the pin.*

In pinning small and very minute Diptera with the short, very
fine pins, they are best pinned when lying on the left side, the
pin passing through the thorax just below the dorsum, and at
such an inclined angle that it emerges trom the lower (left) side
just above the coxae. By thus piercing the thorax obliquely, it is
possible, by slanting the pin slightly when mounting it on pith or

Fig. 6. — Method of mounting (a) a moderate-sized fly, (b) a very small fly.

cork, to enable the student to examine both the dorsum and the
right side of the insect without removing it from the cabinet.
These minute pins should carry the specimens as near their heads
as possible, and be stuck in neatly-cut, oblong pieces of white
pith or similarly shaped pieces of cork covered with white paper.
These pieces of pith should be broad and long enough to protect
the head and legs to a moderate extent, but no broader, otherwise
it is impossible to place a strong hand-lens near enough to examine
details. Moreover the pith should invariably be of some depth, as this
secures a tighter grasp of the large pin which must be thrust through
the end of the pith opposite that bearing the specimen.t A dot of
white gum placed on the upper side of the pith on the spot where
the small fine pin is inserted will fix it securely and a larger drop
of gum should be placed around the strong pin where it emerges
from the under side of the pith. Some collectors, however,

* In removing a delicate specimen from the cabinet the forceps should
grasp the pin above the insect ; in replacing it, the forceps should grasp the
pin below the insect, thus in each case minimising the chances of accident.

t When fixing the small pin in the pith the head of the insect must be
directed away from the strong pin, not facing it, as the latter method adds to
the difficulty of viewing the head parts.

THE MOUNTING AND PRESERVATION OF DIPTBBA, 3>3"

prefer not to gum the specimen into the pith, so that it can be
removed for closer microscopic examination when necessary. In
the case of the excessively minute forms they should be pierced
from below the body, the point only of the very smallest pin
being inserted so as only just to emerge from the dorsum, the
head end of this pin (there being, as said before, no real enlarg-
ment as a " head ") being stuck in the pith, but in this case it is
most advisable to gum the pin in the pith, it being much more
likely to fall out when inserted, so to speak, upside down.

For the closer examination of the anatomical structure of very
small Diptera, as PSYCHODID.E and all those of still lesser size, it
is convenient to. mount some of the specimens on microscopic
slides, preferably in a more or less dissected state ; but this
method has at least one disadvantage, that it frequently destroys
all the exterior characters, such as pubescence, spines, bristles,
all of which are valuable specitic points of difference. So that
unless the species depends solely upon some anatomical structure
quite invisible to the naked eye, it should be identified whenever
possible before mounting it on a slide, as it is otherwise often
impossible to do so, many of its external characters being after-
wards unavailable. The venation of some of the very pubescent
PSYCHODID.T: is absolutely invisible until the wings are denuded of
the very thick hairs with which they are covered, augmented in
many cases by the addition of semi-opaque imbricating scales.
It is very difficult to determine a single specimen of such a species
unless one wing be broken off and mounted for the microscope,
the other one remaining intact on the dried specimen.

A new process has somewhat recently come to my notice ; this
is the imbedding of the specimen bodily in an alcoholic solution of
collodion, with a backing of a mixture of oxide of zinc and cauada
balsam, the collodion protected above by a " cover slip" of glass,,
and the whole mounted on a microscopic slide. The head, wings
and legs are arranged so as to be easily examined and there is no*
danger of the specimen meeting with any damage.

This process, although it has the advantage of presenting a.
perfectly stereoscopic view when seen under the microscope, has
the serious disadvantage of only one surface, dorsal or ventral,
being visible in any individual specimen ; so that unless the
identification of each specimen be done by the collector (who in
very many cases is himself not a specialist) before mounting,
considerable doubt is liable to attach to the specimens from the
inability of the actual specialist to examine both sides of the-
same individual. In the cases of very closely allied species known;
to occur in the same neighbourhood the positive identification of
a large proportion might be impossible.

The only way of retaining specimens permanently in good'
condition * after being properly mounted is by their inclusion i»

* A collection of Diptera, if the specimens be thoroughly dried at the
start, and preserved in a cabinet as described, in a temperate climate, should
remain in good condition for not less than a hundred years.

34 INTEODUCTION.

a well-made cabinet of mahogany, oak or teak ; the latter wood
being the only one that will survive the climatic conditions of the
tropics, and even then only in certain regions and with the
greatest possible continual care. In all climates in which there is
much moisture, a small wad of wool soaked in carbolic acid or
creosote must be retained in a corner of each drawer to prevent
mould, and the liquid constantly renewed. Naphthaline, camphor
or creosote must also be kept in the grooves made for this
purpose to keep away mites or similar creatures.

Diptera will keep in excellent condition in temperate climates in
well-made wooden or even cardboard store-boxes, if made with
tightly fitting lids and kept in a dry room.

6. STA?V~DAED WORKS FOE STUDENTS.

The easiest way in which a beginner can obtain a good insight
into the families of the Diptera is to obtain tracings, drawn by
'himself if possible, from plates and figures of the ivings of a few
•of the leading genera of each family (or at all events, of all those
genera that give their names to the families), and then to arrange
them in a copy-book, leaving ample space for additions and notes.
To the wings may advantageously be added the corresponding
antennae and palpi. An even moderate study of these placed side
by side in their systematic f-equence, added to the general
appearance or "fades" of the different families — a perception he
will easily acquire — will give him the quickest preliminary
knowledge of classification possible.

As the soundest introduction to the study of the whole order
there is no work to be compared for reliability and conciseness,
with Schiner's " Fauna Austriaca, Diptera," in two volumes (1862-
1864). The tables of genera are in themselves a mine of
information.

In addition to this work may be earnestly recommended Prof.
Williston's 3rd edition of his " North American Diptera " (1908).
It is fully up to date, has the advantage of being in English, and
is profusely illustrated by diagrams of wings and other parts of
the body. These two works in conjunction will make the student
acquainted with many hundreds of genera, a large proportion of
which are cosmopolitan or nearly so. Both works are easily
obtained at a moderate price.* For minuteness of detail and the
full history of synonymy in the families dealt with, Mr. Verrall's
huge work on " British Flies " should, when completed, be the
standard work on the order for the next century. Other works
which are absolutely indispensable to the earnest student,
especially of exotic flies as well as European species, are :
Meigen's " SystematischeBeschreibung, etc.," Wiedemann's " Aus-
sereuropaische zweiflugelige Insekten," Macquart's " Dipteres

* About thirty-two shillings and sixteen shillings respectively.

STANDARD WORKS FOR STUDENTS. 35

exotiques," Zetterstedt's " Diptera Scandinaviae," Walker's " List
of the dipterous insects in the British Museum," and " Insecta
Saundersiana," Bigot's " Dipteres nouveaux, etc.," Schiner's " Eeise
der Novara " and the " Biologia Centrali-Americana." Everything
written by at least Loew, Osten Sacken, Schiner, Williston and
Van der Wulp should be obtained, whilst the works of Eondani
and Bobineau-Desvoidy, though less reliable, are always in
requisition. All the writings of living dipterologists should also
be consulted.

7. ESTIMATED NUMBER OF KNOWN SPECIES.

The DIPTERA, or two-wiuged insects, may be regarded as
represented by about 35,000 described species. Of these some
portion will, of course, be ultimately relegated to synonymy, but,
even after deleting these, the remainder in all probability
represent but a tithe of those actually existing throughout the
world.

Many regions have been practically unexplored by the collector.
Such parts are the bulk of the South American Continent, where
many thousands must remain to be discovered in the immensely
fertile valleys of the Amazon, Orinoco, La Plata and other large
rivers, and in the teeming tropical districts of the northern part
of the Continent. Africa is at present almost unworked, save for
the Mediterranean shores, Egypt, Italian East Africa and the
Cape ; none of these, moreover, having been treated to a tenth
part of the study that has been given to the Diptera of Western
Europe. Australia, judging from what I possess of unnamed
material in my own collection, must eventually yield a rich
quota ; Skuse, the only writer in that country, gave 10,000 as a
reasonable estimate of the species probably existent there. Besides
these, there are large areas in Asia and even iu Eastern Europe
which have hardly been touched by the collector. A very large
number of species must still remain to be discovered in the vast
North American continent, whilst lesser worked regions of the
New World, Mexico, Central America and the West Indies
will certainly double or treble their present lists of species, if
the enormous increase during the past three or four years in the
known forms of the Oriental Region in such groups as have been
more thoroughly worked, is any criterion.

For instance, no family has ever been so systematically or
assiduously collected in such a number of varied districts through-
out the world as have the CULICID^E during the past ten years or
thereabout, and the enormous increase in the recorded species in
this family (even allowing for a large proportion of synonyms or
varieties only, as was suggested by me a few years ago),* seems
to foretell a grand total throughout the whole order of incredible

; Catal. Orient. Culicida" Rec. Ind. Mus. i, p. 297.

D2

36 INTRODUCTION.

magnitude, if other families, as may reasonably be supposed, are
as prolific of new forms as the CULICIDJE have proved.

Schiner in 1868,* in noting that 19,449 species were at that
time known, distributed them geographically as follows : — Europe
8670, Asia 2046, Africa 1644, America 5577, and Australasia
1056, the remaining 516 coming from unknown localities. In
Hardwicke's ' Science Gossip,' fifteen or more years ago, cal-
culating pro rata according to geograpical areas, I estimated
200,000 as a quite moderate estimate of the number of species in
actual existence !

The Palsearctic Catalogue, recently issued, gives a little over
13,000 t as inhabiting the Palaearctic Region up to the year 1907 ;
Aldrich accumulates about 9000 species indigenous to North
America +; Van der Wulp's Catalogue of South Asian Diptera
totalled 2889 up to not later than 1906 ; whilst a manuscript
Catalogue of mv own compiled on the recorded Australasian
Diptera includes about 2000 (up to 1909), to which I am
continually making additions that have been overlooked.

The gigantic Catalogue of the world's Diptera, by Prof. Kertesz,
now in progress, gives a total of about 13,600 species as known in
the families at present dealt with ; that is to say, the NEMATOCEEA
and practically all the remaining families except the MUSCID.T
If this last enormous family bears the same proportion in the
world's species as it does in the Palsearctic fauna, it should
comprise 14,000, making a total of between 33,000 and 34,000 as
actually known from all parts of the world.

But since the publication of the two volumes containing the
NEMATOCEBA, something like 500 species of CULICID^ alone have
been described, whilst my own labours in this suborder will
result in the erection of considerably over 300 more (including
those in this volume), without touching the CULICIDJE, CHIROXO-
MID^E and CECIDOMYID^E, and these 300, moreover, are from the
Orient alone. Prof. Kieffer has added about 250 species to the
CHIKONOHID^E and a limited number to the CECIDOMTIDJE, all
these practically from the Indian Empire only.

To illustrate how small a region has been worked over, ii; may be
noted that the Oriental NEHATOCEBA were represented by only
230 species in Van der Wulp's Catalogue (1896), since which the
number has been increased to 1200 or a gain of over 400 %•
Moreover, even this great increase of species has been gleaned from
a comparatively small number of localities, the bulk of them (with
the exception of the CULICIDJE) having been collected in three or
four Himalayan districts of quite limited extent (Mussoori, Simla,
Naini Tal and Darjiling) ; Calcutta and its immediate environs ;

* "Reise der Novara."

t This is an approximation : the actual number of species contained in each
of the four volumes not being quoted by the authors, but the estimate is
probably sufficiently near the truth for the present purpose.

I " Catal. North Amer. Dipt." (1905). The estimate is mine ; the catalogue
is compiled up to Jan. 1st, 1904.

CLASSIFICATION OF THE DIPTERA. 37

perhaps half-a dozen Indian localities situated in the plains (Puri,
Pusa, Purneah, etc.); a comparatively small tract in Travancore,
South India (during one visit only) ; several localities in Ceylon ;
and perhaps half-a-dozen others in Assam and Burma. These
localities do not represent a tenth part of the Indian Empire even
allowing a fifty mile radius to each. Realising that the NEMA.-
TOCERA themselves only represent a fifth or a sixth part of the
whole order of Diptera, the immense possibilities lying before
the student will be apparent.

8. THE CLASSIFICATION OF THE DIPTERA.

It cannot be said that there is at present any universally
accepted classification of the Diptera, although most authors are
agreed on Brauer's primary divisions of ORTHORRHAPHA and
CYCLORRHAPHA, and the secondary division of the former into
NEMA.TOCERA and BRACHYCERA. The lesser subdivisions higher
than families, especially amongst the BRACHYCERA, proposed by
various authors on different groupings of families, are so numerous
that, it would be out of place in the present work to give them in
detail, much less to discuss them.

Williston * gives in full Brauer's, Schiner's, Osten Sacken''s and
Coquillett's classifications, in order that the student in his study
" may not reach the erroneous conclusion that any system is
authoritative." He also gives a classification by a new writer on
this subject, Lameere, but this author has been so severely
criticised that his views are not included here.t

The division into ORTHORRHAPHA and CYCLORRHAPHA "may
perhaps safely be accepted, since all, or nearly all, are agreed
thereon, though by no means agreed as to their rank and limits."

Osteii Sacken considered that the characters recognised as
distinctive of the NEMATOCERA and BRACHYCERA are of more funda-
mental importance than those distinguishing the ORTHORRHAPHA
and CYCLORRHAPHA, an opinion from which Williston differs,
accepting Brauer's primary divisions as the truer biologically.

By far the most pertinent and concise account of the dis-
tinctions between the .NEMATOCERA and BRACHYCERA, and the best
and most elaborate synoptical table of families in the latter-
division is that in Mr. Verrall's monumental work on " British
Flies." t Biological notes of paramount importance are given of
each family.

* " North American Diptera," 3rd edition, p. 52.

t It seems out of place in the present work to dilate on the classification
of this order as proposed by the very earliest writers. The works quoted may
be consulted by those readers desiring this information.

J In vol. v. — " STRATIOJIYID.E, etc."; the second of the two volumes at
present published. Brauer's descriptions of his suborders and higher groups
are translated in Mr. Verrall's first published volume (vol. viii.), and should
be studied by those interested in the subject.

38 INTRODUCTION.

The subject of the higher systematic subdivisions of the Diptera
has never received from me any special study, so that, perhaps,
opinions on it are out of place, but I have always considered the
NEMATOCEHA and BRACHYCERA (by which latter I mean all the
remaining families except the EPROBOSCIDEA) as a more natural
classification of the perfect insects than the shutting off of the
SYRPHID.E and allied families from the present-day " BRACHYCERA,"
and allying them to the Muscids in a common group, opposed to
the NEHATOCERA and present-day " BRACHYCERA " combined.

If the ORTHORRHAPHA and CYCLORHHAPHA are recognised as
the primary divisions, it seems to me that the secondary divisions
might be called NEMATOCERA and ORTHOBRACHYCERA, in the
ORTHORRHAPHA; and CYCLOBRACHYCERA, MUSCOIDEA ( = Mus-
CID^E, sensu lato, plus PHORID^E) and EPROBOSCIDEA (.or PUPIPARA),
in the CYCLORRHAPHA.

I cannot help feeling instinctively that the most natural
classification is into'two suborders. NEMATOCERA and BRACHYCERA,
the latter divided into two groups, the first containing all the
families except the MUSCIDS * and PHORID^E, which together
would form the second group. The PUPIPARA might either form
a third group of the BRACHYCERA or constitute a third suborder.
In other words, it seems unnatural to me to separate the
SYRPHIDJE, PIPUNCULID^E and PLATYPEZID^E from the families
forming the present-day BRACHYCERA. The MUSCIDS as a whole
seem to form a very compact, homogeneous group, quite different in
external structure, appearance, and habits from the other Brachy-
cerous families, and possessing a typical venation. The aberrant
family PHORID^ seems most nearly allied to the MUSCIDS, through
the BORBORIN^; or some allied group. The unfortunate part of
the primary classification (though possibly biologically correct)
into ORTHORRHAPHA and CYCLORRHAPHA is that that system
affords no easy clue to the determination of the perfect insect s,
since the absence or presence of the frontal lunule is the only
character offered and this moreover is either absent or incon-
spicuous in three families of CYCLORRHAPHA in which it should be
present, including the extensive family SYRPHID^E. Since be-
ginners certainly never commence their studies with life-histories,
I defy any ordinary entomologist attacking the Diptera as a new
study to sort out into their respective suborders a box full of
mixed Diptera of mar} families. He would therefore inevitably
be compelled to fall back on the old groups of NEMATOCERA and
BRACHYCERA, eliminating the SYRPHIDJE, PIPUNCULID^E, PLATY-
PEZIDJE, MUSCIDS, PHORID^E and so on, by their respective very
typical systems of venation.

* I am convinced that the whole of the MUSCID^E should be included in a
single family and that the Tachinids, Anthomyids and so on should rank but
as sub-families, the various Acalyptrate groups each forming a subfamily of
equal rank with them. The Dexids and Sarcophagids would be sunk in
TACHININ.E, and the intermediate Calyptrate subfamily would be MI'SCIN^E (in
the old sense).

SPB-OEDEES OF THE DIPTEEA. 39

9. THE SUBOBDEES or THE DIPTEEA.

The majority of authors have adopted Brauer's division of the
order into OETHOEEHAPHA and CYCLOEEHAPHA, separated mainly
according to the method in which the perfect insect escapes from
the pupa-case. These suborders may be thus characterized : —

Suborder ORTHORRHAPHA.

Diptera in which the pupa-case is " mummy-like," more or less
indicating the outlines of the imago, as in the common crane-fly
or "daddy-long-legs" (Tipula).

The fly emerges from the dried larval skin forming the pupa-
case through the T-shaped opening which is formed by a
length-wise split on the back, near the head-end, and by a cross-
wise split at the front end of this ; or (rarely) through a cross-wise-
split between the 8th and 9th abdominal segments. Adults-
without a frontal lunule.

Larva with a " jaw-capsule " (Kieferkapsel) or more or less
distinct head. Pupa free, or enclosed in the larval skin.

Suborder CYCLORRHAPHA.

Diptera in which the pupa-case is oval or egg-shaped, with a
comparatively smooth surface, bearing no resemblance whatever to
the perfect insect. For example the common house-fly (JMuscti)
and blow-fly (Gdlliphont).

The fly emerges from the puparium through a circular orifice
made by the insect pushing off the head-end.* Adults possessing
a frontal lunule.

" The frontal lunule is a small crescent-shaped piece im-
mediately above the antennae, which is characteristic of the
second suborder, the CYCLOEEHAPHA. In most of the members of
this suborder there is a suture separating the lunule from that
part of the head above it, the 'frontal suture'; and frequently
this suture extends down on each side to near the mouth. But
as the suture is wanting in several families of the CYCLOEEHAPHA
it is often difficult to determine whether the lunule is present or
not." t (Comstock, 1895.)

The larva is without auv distinct head.

* It effects this by means of the ptilinum, a small bladder-like organ situated
immediately above the base of the antennas, the inflation of which by the
imago springs off the upper piece or cap of the puparium. It is of course
only present in the CYCLORRUAPHA, since the ORTHOKRUAPHA escape from the
pupa-case in another manner.

t These families are the SYKPHID.S, PIPUNCUUD.E and PLATYPEZID.C.

40 ORTHORRHAPHA.

The suborder ORTHORRHAPHA is divided into two groups, the
NEMATOCERA and the BRACIITCERA (meaning " thread-horn " and
"short-horn" respectively), which are distinguished from one
another by the following characters : —

NEMATOCERA, Latr.

" Palpi pendulous ; generally 4- or 5- jointed, and more or less
filiform. When (as in Aedes and some genera of CECIDOMYIDYE)
there are only one or two joints, the structure of the antennae
and the venation remove all doubts." (Verrall, " British Flies,''
1909.)

Antennge composed of two basal joints (which are practically
always differentiated from the others and known as the scape)
and a flagellum of several joints (at least 6, generally 8 to 1C,
occasionally as many as nearly 40),* which are homologous, that is
to say, closely resembling one another.f They are most usually
oval or cylindrical, not infrequently bead-like, sometimes disciform,
flask-shaped, pectinate or thread-like. The antennae of the male
in many cases (CuLiciME, CHIRONOMIDJE, CTENOPHORINI, etc.)
differ very considerably in vestiture from those of the female.

Wings with a venation varying from a simple form (CECJDO-
MTiDjE and some CiiiRONOMiDjE, etc.) to a very complex form
(in most TIPULIDJS). Anal cell (when present) wide open,J and
with a tendency to greater width at the wing-margin ; as con-
trasted with the BRACHYCERA, in which it is, as a rule, closed
before the margin of the wing ; or when open, it is nearly always
narrowed towards and at the wing-margin. The 2nd longi-
tudinal vein often furcate, the 3rd vein rarely.§ Discal cell
rarely present, except in TITULIDJE (in which it is also not infre-
quently absent or capricious, according to the individual) and in
the KHYPHUXE.

" In all cases of doubt as to whether a fly belongs to the
.NEMATOCERA, through the palpi being onlv one- or two-jointed (as
in Aedes or some genera of CECIDOMTID^E), the structure of the
antenna? and the venation should remove all doubt. When the
antennae are shortened, and the flagellum ( = 3rd joint) is appa-
rently only annulated (as in the BIBIONID^E, SIMULIIDJE and

* Some authors dispute this, sayiug 28 is the highest number known.

t This term is used here in the same sense as Mr. Verrall employs it in his
clasaificatory introduction to the second published volume (vol. v.) of his
•"British Flies." That is to say, in its popular and ordinary sense of
•"having the same relative position, proportion, value or structure, and not
in its zoological sense, that the hand of a man and the fore-foot of a horse are
liomolognes."

\ The only exceptions occur in a few BIBIONID.E.

§ Williston adds, " if ever." I have in the present work temporarily
recognised a certain forked vein in some genera of BIBIONID^E as the 3rd and
not the 2nd longitudinal, although having doubts on the subject; and this
prevents a statement that the 3rd vein is never furcate in the NEMATOCERA.

OJITHOREHAPHA. 41

RHYPHID.I:), then the antennae never bear any terminal style or
arista,* and the venation is either completely distinct from any
of the BRACHYCERA, or, if rather similar to that of the BRACHY-
CERA (as in Rhyphus), the widened end of the anal cell determines
its position, and in these cases the many-jointed pendulous palpi
are distinct." (Verrall, 1909.)

"Larvae with horizontally biting upper jaws, or with the mouth-
parts quite rudimentary, in which case the larvae are peripueustic,
and have 13 segments." (Brauer.)

BEACHYCEEA, Macq.

" Palpi porrect, not pendulous ; 1- or 2- jointed (sometimes
rudimentary) ; if two-jointed, the 2nd joint is more or less clavate,
and larger than the 1st, which appears to be a handle to the 2nd."
(Verrall, 1909.)

Antennae composed of two basal joints (the 1st sometimes
almost imperceptible), generally differentiated from the 3rd, but
in many groups, less conspicuously so than in the XEMATOCERA ;
and a third joint, which varies in shape, size and nature to a very
great extent. In most cases it is an obviously solid joint of quite
a different form from that of the basal joints (SYRPHID.E, MUSCIDJE,
etc.) ; in several groups it is, whilst differing greatly from the
basal joints, annulated, that is, marked with tine transverse lines
as though composed of several joints closely compressed (STRATIO-
MYIDJS, TABANIDJS, CINOMYIDJ:, etc.) ; in others (ASILID.E and
some BOMBYLIID^:, etc.) it is elongate and cylindrical, somewhat
resembling the basal joints but longer. The 3rd joint may or
may not support a style or arista, the latter may be dorsal, but is
more often apical. In cases where the 3rd joint is elongate and
annulated also, thus bearing, to the elementary student, some
resemblance to the nematocerous form of this organ, the porrect
palpi, and especially the venation, will instantly remove all doubts.
(Such genera are Stratiomyia, Cosnomi/ia, Hexatoma, etc.)

Wings nearly always with a venation of some complexity, but
in some genera of EMPID.E and DOLICHOPID^ it is reduced to
more simple form. Anal cellf, when open, always contracted
near the hind margin of the wing ; but more generally closed
before the margin, often at a considerable distance from it. The
2nd longitudinal vein not furcate, the 3rd very often furcate.

* The only apparent exception is in the ORPHNEPHILID^, an abnormal group
of extremely limited extent, comprising only five known species, and not
known to occur in tue East. In these flies the flagellum is aristiform. In
Chionea, a wingless Tipulid (not found in the East either), the flagellum ends
in a slender o-jointed style. For Oriental students, the rule may be considered
to have no exception.

t I follow Verrall in this, but the beginner is liable to have some difficulty in
recognising this cell in wings of very simple venation.

42 ORTHORRHAPHA.

Discal cell nearly always present, but absent in some genera of
EMPLOYE, DOLICHOPIDJS. PLATYPEZID^E, etc.

" In all cases of doubt as to whether a fly belongs to the
BRACHYCERA or NEMATOCERA (and doubt could only arise in some
STRATIOHYID.E and LEPTID^E), because of an annulated, flagellum-
like 3rd joint at the antennae (as in RhacMcerus, Berts, Xylopliagus,
Coenomyia, etc.), the contraction of the anal cell towards the
wing-margin provides an infallible character." (Verrall, 1909.)

" Larvae with parallel jaws, moving upwards and downwards,
or outwards and downwards, which are used for piercing,
hacking, boring or sucking. Head not fully developed, only
a jaw-case without ganglia present, which, however, sometimes
is almost a head, because of the outwardly projecting eyes.
Chain of ganglia beginning behind the jaw-case. Larvae with
rudimentary mouth-parts ; meta- or amphi-pneustic, and com-
posed of 10 to 12 segments." (Brauer.)

Tables of Families in NEMATOCERA.

1. Thorax with a conspicuous

suture on the mesonotum (indistinct
but present in PTYCHOPTERIN^E).
Discal cell normally present. All the
veins equally distinct and complete . . Tipulidae, p. 265.
Thorax without a conspicuous V~
shaped suture on the mesonotum
(except in incomplete form in some
BLEPHAKOCEBID-S:). Discal cell al-
ways absent, except in RHYPHIDJE . . 2.

2. Wing with seven longitudinal veins

(apart from the forkings of any of
these) reaching the margin of the
wing. Auxiliary vein always present. 3.
Wing with less than seven longitudinal
veins (apart from the forking of any
of these) reaching the margin of the
wing (except in Chironomus, in which
the auxiliary vein and 2nd longi-
tudinal vein are always faint) ...... 6.

3. Wings bare, never with scales or hairs.

Eyes rounded. Proboscis never formed
for biting ; palpi incurved .......... 4.

Wings never bare, always thickly
covered with scales or hair, or both.
Eyes reniform (kidney-shaped). Pro-
boscis nearly always expressly formed
for biting, or at least capable of doing
so ; palpi in CULICIDJE stiff and
straight .......................... 5.

4. Discal cell always present. Head in

male holoptic (eyes contiguous), or
practically so. Antennae distinctly
jointed, the joints annular or oval . . Rhyphidae, p. 549.

NEMATOCERA.

Discal cell always absent. Head in
male dichoptic (eyes separated).
Antenna filiform, the apical part indi-
visible into exact joints Dixidae. p. 257.

5. Wings with scales. Legs long and

slender. Proboscis always long, stiff,
conspicuous, formed expressly for
biting (except Corethra). Palpi long,
stiff', prominent (except Corethra) .... Culicidas.
Wings with hairs (in some species also
with small white spots composed of
scales*). Legs short and compara-
tively stout. Proboscis, without being
so long and conspicuous, elongate and
horny in Phlebotomits, formed for
biting, and in some PSYCHODINJE,
though short, capable of piercing the
skin. Palpi short, incurved Psychodidae, p. 196.

6. Legs short and stout (about the same as

in the BRACHYCERA). Head in male
holoptic. Antennae short and com-
paratively stout, shorter than thorax . 7.
Legs normally long and slender (except
only in Orphnephila). Head in male
dichoptic (except in one or two genera
of MYCETOPHILHXS:). Antennae long
and slender (except in Orphnephila),
often longer than the head and thorax
taken together 8.

7. The 2nd basal cell and the posterior

cross-vein present. All veins distinct
(BiBiONiNJE).t Wings normally broad,
costal vein extending round the mar-
gin of the wing. Ocelli present.

Antennae short and stout Bibionidae, p. 157.

The 2nd basal cell always present;
posterior cross-vein always absent.
Auxiliary, 1st and 3rd longitudinal
veins thickened, the rest generally
faint. Wing distinctly broader than
usual. Costal vein ending at tip of
wing. Ocelli absent. Antennas long,
slender, typically nematocerous Simuliidae, p. 182.

8. Antennae apparently of three joints,

terminating in a bristle. Wing with
two basal cells. Legs comparatively

short ". Orphnephilidae

Antennae normally uematocerous. (not Oriental).

Wing with only one basal cell (except
in one or two genera of BLEPHARO-
CERIDJE). Legs long and slender . . 9.

43

* In a few species the wing itself is more or less covered with small scales,
in addition to or irrespective of such spots.

t When the 2nd basal cell and the posterior cross-vein are absent, the
longitudinal veins are always very indistinct (ScA

44

NEMATOCERA.

Blepharoceridae, p. 148.
10.

9. Wing with a secondary venation, form-
ing a spider-web-like network, in
addition to the primary characteristic
normal venation. (Thorax with an

incomplete suture)

Wing without such secondary network
venation

10. Costal vein ending at tip of wing, not

carried round posterior margin

Costal vein continued around the whole
margin of the wing Cesidomyidae.

11. Tibiae without spurs; coxse never con-

spicuously enlarged. Anterior cross-
vein, when present, transverse as

usual

Tibiae always with spurs ; coxae greatly
and conspicuously developed (MYCK-
TOPHILIN^E), or, if normal, then the
anterior cross-vein placed longi-
tudinally (SciARiN^;) Mycetophilidae, p. 44.

11.

Chironomidae.

MYCETOrHILIDJE.

The MYCETOPHILID^E are a rather well-defined family, distributed
throughout the world from the arctic regions to the tropics, but

Fig. 7. —Mycetophila.

most numerous in temperate climates arid altitudes of four or five
thousand feet upwards in warmer regions. They are delicate in
structure aud comparatively small or very small in size, for the
greater part obscure in colour, blackish, brownish or yellowish,
rarely with really vivid colours, but often with paler markings.

MYCETOPHILHXE. 45

In the typical subfamily the principal genus, Mycetophila, with
some others, possesses a laterally compressed abdomen, which,
with the hump-shaped thorax and low small head, gives them the
appearance of fleas, the resemblance being further heightened by
the power of leaping to some extent by means of the well-
developed hind legs.

There are no macrochastse in the family, the majority of the
species being almost devoid of all but a microscopic pubescence
and a few bristly hairs on certain parts of the body. The tibiae,
however, are in most cases (except SOIARII^) furnished with two
or three rows of bristles, which afford good characters for classi-
fication, and alsa with apical spurs. The coxae are more or less
enlarged, often very considerably so, in all the subfamilies except
SCIAHIKJE, in which they are nearly normal.

The imagos are found in shady places in fields and woods, the
larval stages being passed in fungi in a large number of the
species, in rotten wood in many others, whilst a limited number
are aquatic. A few species live in vegetable mould, under the
bark of trees or in cow dung, and many occur in marshy places.

About four hundred extinct species are known, a good
number of these belonging to the more extensive recent genera,
though they appear geologically as early as the Mesozoic period,
in the Purbeck beds.

Popularly they are known as fungus-gnats, from their breeding
in fungi, and it has been claimed that their presence is of economic
value to the farmer by keeping down the fungi which would
otherwise by their numbers injure trees and shrubs.

Some species are said to hibernate and reappear in early
spring when, according to Heeger, they " copulate after a few
days, generally in the evening. After six or ten days, the female,
if the weather is moist and rainy, lays its eggs on the fungi growing
on old horse-chesnuts, singly, twenty or thirty on the same fungus.
The larva? hatch after eight or ten days."

The family characters of the adult Mycetophilid may be briefly
summarised as follows : —

Head small, rounded or moderately elongate ; eyes rounded or
sometimes reniform, separated in both sexes by a broad frons.
Ocelli two or three ; when only two, they are placed each
touching an eye-margin ; when three, they may be in the form of
a more or less flattened triangle, or practically in a straight line,
but the middle one is always on the centre line of the frons.
Antenna? elongate, of 12 to 16 joints ; the scapal or two basal
joints differentiated, the rest generally cylindrical, in some genera
compressed, more rarely pectinate. Proboscis short, blunt ; quite
elongate in one or two genera only (Onoriste is the only Oriental
genus). Palpi of three or four joints, incurved, the 1st very small,
occasionally one joint much more strongly developed than the
others.

46 MYCETOPHILIDJE.

Thorax moderately arched, in a few cases conspicuously so ;
scutellum comparatively small, metanotum prominent.

Abdomen elongate and generally cylindrical in the male, pointed
in the female, often laterally compressed in both sexes ; normally
6- or 7-jointed ; often contracted at the base. The male genitalia
are complex and prominent, variable in structure, but less so than
in the TIPITLJD^ ; the female ovipositor short, not prominent, with
two terminal lamellae.

Legs long, slender and delicate, with the coxae as a rule
distinctly enlarged and elongate in all the subfamilies except
SCIAEIN^E, in which they are more nearly normal. Tibiae with
spurs at the tips, and often with two or three rows of bristles
affording good classificatory characters ; femora in some groups
more or less flattened and widened.

Wings comparatively broad, oval or slightly elongate, humeral
cross-vein nearly always present, subcostal cross-vein rarely ;
auxiliary (or " subcostal ") generally short, rarely extending beyond
middle of wing; 1st longitudinal long, the 2nd longitudinal
absent, the 3rd emerging from the 1st generally about its middle
and ending a little before the wing-tip usually at the spot or
very near where the costal vein terminates. The 3rd vein often
forked, the upper branch often short and so obliquely placed
as to appear as a cross-vein (especially in Macrocera and Scio-
PHILIIS^E, in the latter enclosing an additional cell, by cutting off
the basal portion of the marginal cell).* Tlie 3rd vein in two
groups is coalescent with the 4th for a short distance (MACEO-
CEEIN^E, CEEOPLATISVE) ; the 4th longitudinal is always forked,
at varying distances from the base, the 5th also ; in both these
veins, one or both the branches may be indistinct on the basal
portion. Posterior cross-vein present or absent, in the latter case
its absence being due to the coalescence (sometimes only puncti-
form or nearly so) of the 4th and 5th veins. Marginal cross-
vein absent ; t discal cell always absent ; 6th and 7th longitudinal
veins more or less incomplete or indistinct in most genera, in a
few well developed, often one or the other rudimentary or absent.
One genus in this family is wingless.J In the SCIAEIN^ the
auxiliary vein is always straight and ending free, never united
either to the costa or the 1st longitudinal vein ; the 1st is
moderately long, the 3rd begins at a right angle, and the anterior
cross-vein is so oblique, and as a rule long, as to appear in a line
with that portion of it after the bend. The 4th vein is forked at

* Being bounded by the 3rd longitudinal vein, instead of t.be 2nd, this cell
is technically perhaps the submarginal. I propose the name " Sciophiline
cell " for it, as characteristic of this subfamily.

t The only doubtful case is Allactoncura, Meij., q. v.

\ Epidapus, a non-Oriental genus. "Winnertz says that E. venaficus, Hal.,
found in Europe, breeds in the rotting stems of Carpinus betula in company
with some species of Campylomyza (CECIDOMYID.E). E. scabici, Hopkins,
according to its author, is the cause of some disease in the potato, forming
a kind of scab.

MYCETOPHILID-E. 47

varying distances from the base according to the species, and
perhaps too much importance has been placed on this as a
character in classification. The 5th vein is widely forked at the
base, the upper branch sometimes detached ; 6th incomplete ;
7th rudimentary or absent.

Life-history. — The metamorphoses of a good many species,
mostly European, are known, but no Oriental species has yet
been studied in the earlier stages.

The eggs are laid singly on the underside of a leaf, or on
the pileus of a fungus, but in the case of Sciarn they may
frequently be joined together end to end in a long string, and
I have often met with specimens of this genus with such a string
of eggs still attached to the abdomen, from which by slight
pressure further eggs could be made to extrude.

The larva itself has generally the appearance of a very elongate,
sub-cylindrical, semi-transparent, worm-like maggot, of twelve
segments, with a distinct but small head, and yellowish or dirty
white in colour. Osten Sacken's description of the larva of
Mycetophila may be drawn upon here.

" A distinct horny head ; a fleshy labrum, encased in a horny
frame ; horny flat lamelliform mandibles, indented on the inside ;
maxillae with a large coriaceous inner lobe and a horny outside
piece, with a circular excision at the tip ; labium horny, small and
almost rudimentary ; body fleshy, with eight pairs of stigmata."
One pair of stigmata is on the first thoracic segment, the
remaining seven on the first seven abdominal segments.

The larva possesses antennae, which in most genera are more or
less rudimentary, but in some (Bolitophila, for example, a non-
Oriental genus) they are distinctly jointed. In some genera ocelli
are present. The means of progression are furnished by rows of
short bristles on the under surface. Most of the larvae are
peripneustic.*

Some species spin true cocoons when preparing to pupate,
whilst others construct a rude pupa-case from earthy materials.
Occasionally (Epicypta, a European genus) the larval skin is
adapted to form a cocoon in which to pupate, but the pupa itself
is free. It is smooth, .svith more rounded corners than in the
TIPULIDJE, the legs and antennae being generally distinctly
recognisable.

Geographical Distribution. — World-wide, from the Arctic Circle
to the tropics in both hemispheres, but most abundant in
temperate regions.

In comparing the MYCETOPHILIJXE as a family with the other
families of XEMATOCERA, it may be remembered that although the
SCIARIN^E are usually ranked as a subfamily only of an equal

* In at least one non-Oriental species, Mycetobia pallipes, Mg., from Britain
and North Europe, the larva is amphipneustic, that is, it has a pair of stigmata
at the tail-end and a pair on the first thoracic segment.

48 MICETOPH1LIDJE.

value with the other subfamilies, they possess two tolerably con-
sistent characters that separate them from these other families
taken together ; so that many authors regard this family as
divided into two parts, the Mycetophilid part and the Sciarid
part, the former divisible into several well marked subfamilies, the
latter practically represented by the gigantic genus Sciara alone.

The Mycetophilids, taken in bulk, are nearly always recognisable
from the rest of the NEMATOCERA by their much enlarged coxse,
whilst the Sciarids, wanting this particular characteristic, may
be recognised by their reduced venation, in conjunction with the
abnormal obliquity of the anterior cross-vein, which is so parallel
to the longitudinal axis of the wing as to appear nearly always
as the basal portion of the 3rd longitudinal vein. They can
hardly be mistaken for any other group except some CECIDO-
MYID^E, but an absolute beginner might confuse them with a small
Plecia, and from this the long slender antennae would at once
distinguish them.

In the generic descriptions Johannsen (Gen. Ins., Pasc. 93,
1909) has been largely relied on, as the latest cosmopolitan worker
in this group, and his characters have been accepted and generally
copied verbatim, except that the descriptions of the venation are
my own, in order that the terminology may be consistent with
that of the remainder of the present work.

Table of Subfamilies.

1. Coxae moderately long; anterior cross-vein

nearly in a line with the longitudinal axis
of the wing. The 5th longitudinal vein

forked near base of wing SCIARIN^E, p. 119

Coxse conspicuously elongated : anterior
cross-vein nearly always sufficiently trans-
verse to occupy generally its normal
position 2.

2. The 4th longitudinal vein arises from the

5th near base of wing; 6th vein more or

less indistinct 3.

The 4th longitudinal vein arises opposite or
beyond the origin of the 3rd vein ; 6l,h
vein generally distinct 4.

3. The 3rd longitudinal vein forked ; its anterior

branch usually so near its origin and so
transverse that it resembles an additional

cross-vein. Three ocelli present SCIOPHILINJE, p. C8.

The 3rd longitudinal vein not forked MYCETOPHILIN^E,

[p. 80.

4. The 3rd vein not forked DIADOCIDIIN,*:".*

The 3rd vein forked 5.

* Although no species of DIAHOCIDIIN.E, MYCETOBITN^E or BOLITOPIIILIX.E has
been found in the East, it seems eminently desirable in the present unsatis-
factory state of our knowledge of this family to include in the table all the
recognised subfamilies, since it is probable that one or all of them really exist
in that region.

, MACBOCEBA. 49

5. Anterior branch of 3rd vein very long, ending

in costa MYCETOBIIN^E.

Anterior branch of 3rd vein short, more trans-
verse, ending usually in 1st longitudinal
vein t 6.

6. Preefurca of 4th vein arising from 3rd vein

be}rond the anterior cross- vein, i. <?., the
cross-vein is really wanting, and the 3rd
and 4th longitudinal veins are coalescent

for a short distance 7.

The 4th vein continuous in nearly the same
line from its origin from the oth to the
fork ; anterior cross-vein distinct BOLITOPHILIN^E.

7. Antennae short a-nd thick-set, often flattened . CEROPLATINJE, p. 55.
Antennae very long and slender, longer than

the body MACROCBBIN.K, p. 49.

Subfamily MACROCERIN^E.

This subfamily consists of ouly one known genus, Macrocera,
which is rather easily recognised by the very long antenna (longer
than the body), the superior size of most of the species, the
generally conspicuously marked wings, and the coalescence of a
portion of the 3rd and 4th longitudinal veins.

Genus MACROCERA, Mg.

Macrocera, Meigen, Illig. Mag. ii, p. 261 (1803).
Geneja, Lioy, Atti Istit. Veneto (3), ix, p. 229 (1863).
? Macroura, Berendt, Organ. Keste Bernstein, i, p. 51 (1845),
nom. nud.

GENOTYPE, " Tipula longicornis," Mg. (1803), according to
some, but the identification seems doubtful. Curtis named M.
lutea as type (Britisb Entomology, p. 637, 1837).

Head broad, oval, flattened in front; eyes oval, slightly emarginate
at the base of the antennae ; ocelli three, of unequal size, placed in a
flattened triangle on the front, the anterior one smaller. Palpi four-
jointed, cylindrical, the 1st joint small, the following subequal, or tbe
last one longest : antennae 16-jointed, very long, often mucb longer
than the body, arcuate, projecting forward, tbe 1st scapal joint
spheroidal, tbe 2nd cupuliform, the basal flagellar joints cylindrical,
the others filiform, hairy, on the lower side somewhat setulose,
the last two joints densely covered with longer hairs and setae.
Thorax oval, highly arched ; scutellum small, nearly semi-circular ;
metanotum highly arched. Abdomen depressed, nearly cylindrical,
in the female widest at the middle, in both sexes with seven
segments. The genitalia hi Macrocera, at least so far as Oriental
species go, are rather consistent. A dorsal plate, oblong (bilobed
or not) or narrowed, a pair of large, rather compressed fleshy

E

•50 MYCETOPHILID.E.

claspers, the 1st joint obtusely conical, the 2nd more or less
similar but more elongate, ending in a pair of short stout
black claws ; both joints with rather copious long hairs. A
small inner pair of appendages can also be seen. Legs slender
•and long, the fore pair much shorter; tibiae with minute spurs ;
tibial setae apparently wanting. Wings hairy or microscopically
setulose, large, broad, with a very broad base, usually longer than
the abdomen, half open when at rest. Costa produced nearly to
the tip of the wing; auxiliary vein short, ending at or before
•one-third of the wing ; subcostal cross-vein absent.* The 1st
longitudinal vein long, ending about the middle of the wing ;
the 3rd strongly bisinuate, forked near the tip, the upper branch
•short, placed usually at an angle of about 45° and joining the
•costa ; the 3rd vein coalesces with the 4th .for some distance at
•the point where the anterior cross-vein usually occurs, this latter
'vein being absent, but in at least one species (J/. elec/ans\ the
•contact is almost punctiform. The 4th longitudinal vein takes a
sudden and angular turn upwards just before coalescing with the
3rd and forks very soon beyond the coalescence, the prongs
slightly diverging. The 5th vein forks early and rather abruptly,
the upper branch turning downwards again at the point where it
coalesces punctiformly with the 4th longitudinal, the posterior
cross-vein thus being entirely absent. The 6th vein is com-
paratively close to and more or less parallel with the hinder
'branch of the 5th, the anterior branch of which is generally rather
irregular in outline, though in its entirety forming a gentle curve.
The 7th vein incomplete, often indistinct.

Range. Europe, the Orient, Australasia, North and South
America and the West Indies.

Life-history. — Such of the European species as have been
studied, breed in the rotting stems of Carpinus betulus, but one
species, M. limbata, Wlnn., also from Europe, is said to breed in
Dcedalia quercina. The perfect insects exhibit a predilection for
nettles, but may occur in any shady, woody spots.

Macroura, Berendt, may be a misprint for Macrocera. Euphro-
syne, Mg. (1800), is not admissible. Macrocera is somewhat easily
recognized by its superior size, very long slender antennae, the
generally present conspicuous wing markings, and the coalesced
portions of the 3rd and 4th longitudinal veins.

Table of Species.

1. Wing with distinct markings 2.

Wing entirely devoid of markings 6.

2. A very large dark brown round spot

filling nearly all the apical half of the

wing ornata, sp. n., p. 51.

No such mark 3.

* Johannsen (Gen. Ins.) says it is present, but I do not find it, and it is not
shown in that author's figure of the genus.

MACEOCEBA. 51

. Costal border very distinctly yellow .... 4.
Costal border without yellow markings . . 5.

4. Costal dark spots three in number, squarish

and well-defined alternata, sp. n., p. 52.

Costal marks ill-defined Jlavicosta, sp. n., p. 53.

5. All the tip of the wing palely infuscated ;

a brownish streak from costa to middle
of wing, and a smaller brownish streak

before it. Thorax all blackish brunnea, sp. n., p. 53.

Only a small infuscated spot at wing-tip,
barely reaching beyond upper branch
of 4th vein ; the brown mark in the
middle of the" wing much darker, and
more clearly cut. Thorax yellowish,
with three blackish stripes eleyans, sp. n., p. 54.

6. Species with blackish thorax and brownish

yellow abdomen and legs inconspicua, sp. n., p. 54.

Species with reddish yellow or ferruginous

thorax and abdomen ferruginea, sp. n., p. 65.

1. Macrocera ornata, sp. nov. (PI I, fig. 1 ; PI. Ill, fig. 1.)

c? 5 . Head brownish yellow, darker behind in male ; lighter
behind in female, vertex, epistoma and face darker brown ; palpi
yellow ; antennae (except 1st joint, which is yellow) missing.
Thorax : dorsum shining black, with a few short hairs on
shoulders, posterior corners and scutellum ; traces of a pair of
outwardly curved, well separated rows of microscopic bristly
hairs. Sides of thorax shining black in male, very dark shining
brown (almost black) in female, also scutellum and metanotum ;
a little yellow around the thoracic stigma. Abdomen wholly
shining black, very shortly pubescent. Grenitalia very large
and conspicuous ; a narrow bilobed dorsal plate ; a pair of large
thick prominent claspers, the second joint nearly as long but not
so thick as the first, and terminated by a pair of short stout black
•claws ; an inner pair of small lamellae. The whole organ
brownish yellow with somewhat copious black hairs. In the
female normal, inconspicuous. Legs with coxae and femora
yellow, tibiae and tarsi brownish yellow in male, darker brown
in female ; legs minutely pubescent. Wings pale grey ; costal
border, marginal cell, upper part of basal cell and basal half
of 5th posterior cell rather bright yellow; a large dark brown
oval spot occupying the greater part of the distal half of the
wing, touching the costa but clear of the hind margin ; a
very minute brown speck at absolute tip of wing ; two narrow,
dark brown streaks, placed diagonally, the 1st commencing on the
3rd longitudinal vein (a little before the bifurcation of the 4th),
running to the inner hind margin, and crossing the 5th posterior
and anal cells along their centres ; the 2nd streak runs from the
upper branch of the 5th longitudinal (close to the large brown

E2

52 MYCETOPHILIDjE.

spot) to the tip of the anal vein on the wing-margin. Halteres.
dirty yellow, clubs brownish.

Length rf 6|, $ 8 millim.

Described from two males and a female in the Indian Museum
collection, the former taken by me at Darjiling, 28. v. 10, and
the female from Kurseong, 15. viii. 09, taken by Dr. Jenkins.

The antennae of the female were present when the specimen
first reached the Museum, and a note was made that they were
very long and thin and 12- to 14-jointed.

2. Macrocera alternata, sp. nov. (PL I, fig. 2.)

cJ § . Head nut-brown yellow. Antennae with the two small
basal joints forming the scape brownish yellow, also the basal
half of 1st joint of flagellum, the apical half being black ; remaining
joints of flagellum each with basal half black and apical half
white. Thorax light chestnut -brown; dorsum dusted with
yellowish grey, with three broad, not very well defined, elevated,
rather darker brown stripes arranged in the pattern common
to this family and the TIPULID^. Scutellum and metanotum
concolorous. Abdomen of male brownish yellow, with short black
fine pubescence, posterior margins of segment black or blackish,
the colour extending to the posterior half of the 2nd and 3rd
segments ; tip of abdomen blackish ; belly mainly similar to
upperside. Grenitalia large and conspicuous, consisting of a rather
large oblong dorsal plate, a pair of elongated, fleshy, brown and
black, two-jointed hairy claspers (the second joint nearly as long
and large as the first), each with a pair of strong short black
tooth-like claws at tip ; also a small inner pair of lamellae.
Abdomen of female larger and broader, light brownish yellow,,
with a roughened appearance, only the posterior corners of tha
segment broadly dark brown, the colour extending well over the
sides ; genitalia small, brown. Legs yellowish, minutely pubes-
cent, darker at tips. Wings pale grey ; costal border, marginal
aud 1st basal cells yellow ; humeral cross-vein with a brown
suffusion, and there are also brown suffusions (mostly rather well
marked) placed as follows : — a squarish spot over tip of auxiliary
vein, a similar one over tip of 1st longitudinal, and another over
tip of upper branch of 3rd longitudinal ; an elongated suffusion
over tip of lower branch of 3rd longitudinal, and a larger ir-
regularly oval spot over the bifurcation of the 4th vein, enclosing
the unification of 3rd and 4th veins and extending posteriorly,
gradually fading away along the 5th vein ; base of 3rd vein with
a small roundish spot ; tips of veins almost imperceptibly clouded
at the wing-border. Halteres dirty yellow.
Length <J 6, § 9 inilliin.

Described from a single male (type) in the Indian Museum
collection from Naini Tal, 6000 ft., United Provinces, 10. vi. 09,
and a type female in my own collection taken by me at Mussoori,
June, 1909.

MACHOCERA. 53

The example representing what I take to be the female of
this species agrees with the male in every way except in the
abdomen and its greater size.

3. Macrocera flavicosta, sp. nov. (PI. I, fig. 3.)

$ . Head blackish, except pale proboscis and palpi. Antennae
missing, except scapal (yellowish) joints. Eyes with short white
pubescence. Thorax (slightly damaged), brownish yellow, with
two lateral broad black stripes not reaching the shoulders, and
three median narrower ones attaining the front margin. Scutellum
and metanotum -brown, the former with bristles on the hind
border. Sides of thorax yellowish, including humeri, pleurae
brown, moderately shining. Various short bristles on the thorax
and four or five strong post-alar ones. Abdomen black, hind borders
of each segment with a narrow yellow band ; genitalia small, black.
Legs with the coxae and femora yellowish, tibiae and tarsi dark
brown. Wings pale grey, hind border and along the veins here
and there very faintly darker ; anterior part from costa to behind
the 3rd vein yellow, with ill-defined brown marks as follows: —
at base on the costa ; a larger one from the costa up to and
including the fork of the 4th vein ; smaller ones over fork of 3rd
vein and at tip of wing ; also a narrow brown line along the
hinder margin of the yellow part ; also between 5th and 6th
veins just below coalescence of 3rd and 4th, and along the
greater part of 6th vein. Halteres brownish yellow.

Length 6| rnillim.

Described from one example in my collection, without exact data,
but certainly captured by me in the East, most probably in India.
In good condition except for the missing antennse and the little
damage done to the thorax by the pin.

4. Macrocera bmnnea, sp. nov. (PL I, fig. 5.)

$ . Head brownish yellow, mouth-parts, palpi and vertex darker.
Scape yellow, flagellum very dark brown. Thorax : dorsum dark
brown, with the three usual stripes darker still and more shining,
leaving the shoulders pale yellow, the median stripe attaining the
fore border of the thorax. Sides of thorax yellowish ; pteropleura,
sternopleura, and metapleura dark shining brown. Scutellum yellow,
dorsum brown; metanotum dark shining brown. Abdomen dark
brown, moderately shining, lightly pubescent, a little paler towards
hind margins(inthe type, distinctly and rather broadly yellow on 2nd
and 3rd segments). A yellow streak along sides of abdomen ; belly
dark brown, pubescent. Legs: coxae yellow, fore pair with a brownish
streak in front, posterior coxae more or less brown on outer side ;
all femora with a row of hairs on underside, in addition to the
minute pubescence on all the legs. Femora and tibiae (except fore
femora and major part of fore tibiae, which are all yellowish) dark
brown. Winys pale grey, indistinctly clouded at tip ; an irregular

54 HYCETOPHILID.*:.

dark brown suffusion across the centre of the wing, including the
cross-veins, commencing just below the costa and attaining the
middle of the wing ; a second brownish suffusion over the upper
corner of the basal cell. Halteres pale yellow, clubs brown.

Length 5-6| milliin.

Described from two specimens in the Indian Museum from
Phagu, 9000 ft., Simla district, 12. v. 09 (Dr. Annandale).

5. Macrocera elegans, sp. nov. (PI. I, fig. 4.)

cJ . Head brownish yellow ; the three ocelli placed on the frontal
tip (which is black) of the longitudinal elongated convexity on the
vertex. Palpi a little brown. Antennal scape yellow, flagellum
dirty yellow. Thorax brownish yellow ; three blackish brown
stripes of the ordinary pattern, the outer ones shorter ; a small
blackish streak on each side in front of the wing. Scutellum and
metanotum brownish, edges of former a little yellow. Sides of
thorax yellowish. Abdomen brownish yellow, with black hair, hind
margins of segments blackish ; belly similar. Grenitalia rather
large, yellow, pubescent, 1st joint robust, elongate oval, 2nd
elongate but narrower, with a pair of small black claws at the
tip. Legs yellowish, tibiae and tarsi dirty yellow. Wings nearly
clear ; a blackish, /igzag, rather narrow, transverse band, widest in
the middle, across the middle of the wing from the costa to the
anterior branch of the 5th longitudinal vein ; a blackish apical spot
reaches from the costa to just beyond the tip of the anterior
branch of the 3rd vein. Halteres yellowish.

Length 5 millim.

Described from one male taken by me at Darjiling, 26. v. 10,
on the hillside, amongst herbage.

Type in the Indian Museum.

6. Macrocera inconspicua, sp. nov.

J . Head brownish yellow ; antennao lighter, a little paler still
at the joints ; palpi brown. Vertex flattened, darker, back of
head dark grey. Thorax brownish yellow ; dorsum with three wide,
shining, but not very conspicuous, rather darker, chesnut-brown
stripes, occupying nearly all the surface except the shoulders,
which are yellowish. Pleurae shining brown. A minute row of
stiff hairs on each side of the median line, and on the sides of
the dorsum; a pair of long dorso-central bristly hairs, well
separated, on posterior border, and two similar ones on
each posterior corner. Scutellum and metanotum concolorous,
the former with a row of ten stiff hairs, of which the four
middle ones are much the longest. Abdomen : first segment
yellowish, remainder brown, with black posterior margins, the
whole abdomen with rather long black hairs. Genitalia con-
spicuous, dark brown and yellowish, consisting of a large dorsal
oblong plate, and the normal pair of large two-jointed claspers,

MACEOCEBA. 55

terminating in a pair of black claws at tip. There is a pair of
small inner organs, not easily visible. Whole genitalia with long
stiff black hairs. Legs brownish yellow, tarsi blackish ; femora
with a row of short hairs below ; legs minutely pubescent. Wing&
pale yellowish grey, veins yellow ; halteres brownish.

Length 5 millim.

Described from a single male in the Indian Museum from
Kaladhungi, Naini Tal district, Kumaon, 28. v. 09.

7. Macrocera ferrnginea, sp. nov.

$ . Head wholly reddish yellow, except the brown proboscis
and black vertex. Face rather produced, with a fan-shaped row of
seven or eight long slender bristles just below the antennae, which
latter are reddish yellow, rather closely pubescent. Thorax light
ferruginous brown, moderately shining, shoulders more yellowish.
A dorsal, black, distinct but not clearly denned stripe, and traces
of one on each lateral margin, on which are a few bristly hairs.
Abdomen light brown, lightly pubescent, posterior borders of
segments very narrowly darker ; belly concolorous, a little lighter
or darker here and there. Genitalia inconspicuous, very narrow,
pale yellow. Legs pale brownish yellow, tarsi a little darker.
Wings clear yellowish grey ; halteres reddish yellow.

Length 5 millim.

Described from a single female in the Indian Museum from
Bhim Tal, Kuuiaon, 4500 ft., 22-27. ix. 06 (Annandale).

Subfamily CERO PLATING.

The principal character of this subfamily is the somewhat
shortened and thickened, and generally flattened nature of the
antennae, which are in some cases composed of rather closely
compressed disc-like joints, resembling flat beads on a string.
The absence of the anterior cross-vein, owing to the coalescence
of a portion of both the 3rd and 4th longitudinal veins, is a sub-
family character, in which it resembles the MACROCEBDf^:, which
latter, however, are very easily distinguished from it by their very-
long graceful slender antennae, always longer than the whole
body.

This subfamily is probably distributed throughout the world.

Table of Genera.

Veins in hinder part of wing less distinct
than those in anterior half.

Palpi porrect CBHOPLATUS, Bosc, p. 56.

Palpi incurved PLATYTJRA, Mg., p. 68.

All the veins very strong and distinct . . ISONEUBOMYIA, gen. nov.,

56 MYCETOPHILIDjE.

Genus CEROPLATUS, Bosc.

Ceroplatus, Bosc, Act. Soc. Hist. Nat. Paris, i, 1, p. 42 (1792).
CerQtelion, Eondani, Dipt. Ital. Prod, i, p. 191 (1856).

GENOTYPE : Rondani designated Platyura laticornis, Mg., as tire
type species. This is now considered synonymous with Cerotelion
(Tipula) lineatus, R

Head small, broadly ovate, flattened in front ; eyes oval, some-
times emargiuate at base of antennae. Three ocelli arranged. in
a transverse curved line in front. Palpi short, not incurved, three
or four-jointed, the 1st joint very small, the following longer,
differing with the species. Antennae projecting forward, shorter
than head and thorax together, very broad and flat, compressed,
strap-like, 16-jointed, basal joints short, apical joint conical or
bud-like, the intermediate ones much broader than long. Thorax
ovate, highly arched ; scutellum nearly semicircular, metanotum
arched. Abdomen of seven segments, cylindrical or somewhat
depressed. Legs long, the tibiae with spurs of unequal length,
lateral tibial setae absent or very minute. Wings microscopically
setulose, shorter than the abdomen, with the base broadly
rounded, decumbent. Costa produced beyond lower branch of
3rd vein ; auxiliary vein long, ending at about the middle of the
wing, subcostal cross-vein quite near base of auxiliary vein ; 1st
longitudinal vein long and straight ; 3rd longitudinal originating
in a wide sweep, bisinuate, the anterior branch very short, up-
right, united to the 1st longitudinal vein near its tip (Ceroplatus
s. s.) or to the costa just beyond the tip of the 1st longitudinal
(Cerotelion, Bond.). The 4th vein forks soon after quitting the
coalesced portion of the 3rd and 4th veins, the branches gently
divergent; posterior cross-vein normal in length and position,
5th longitudinal widely forked immediately before meeting the
anterior cross-vein ; 6th vein long, reaching border of wing, 7th
, very short and indistinct.

Fig. 8.— Larva of Ceroplatus.

Life-history. — The larvae live on the underside of tree-fungi
protected by the webs that they spin. Ceroplatus sesioides, a
European species, is said by Wahlberg to live on Polyporus letulce,
and this author states that' both the larva and pupa of this species
emit a phosphorescent light, whilst the larva of 0. mastersi, of
Australia, is also luminous.

Range. Europe, Australasia, North and South America ; now
recorded from the East for the first time. Johannsen separates
Cerotelion from Ceroplatus; in the Kertesz Catalogue they are
united under the latter name.

CEBOPLATUS. 57

8. Ceroplatus quadripunctatus, sp. nov. (PI. I, fig. 6 ; PI. Ill,
fig. 2.)

$ . Head blackish ; eyes separated below the antennae by a
narrow grey line ; mouth-parts yellow ; antennal scape dirty
yellowish white, flagellum black, tbe joints much broader than long,
with the apical two or three joints dirty white. Thoraa dull
yellow. Dorsum with an indistinct thin reddish line, slightly
enlarged on the anterior margin. On each side of this line are
two, much shorter, narrow, well separated, distinct brown stripes,
joined in front by a narrow cross-stripe, which latter is placed at
some distance from the anterior margin. These four stripes almost
meet in the middle of tbe hind margin, where each outer stripe is
enlarged into a triangle placed nearly on the posterior corner of
the dorsum. The space on each side of the posterior half of the
median line, as far as the nearest stripe on each side, is darker
brown. Below the posterior corners of the dorsum is a thin
brown streak. Sides of thorax, the scutellum and metanoturn, pale
yellowish white. Abdomen dirty yellow, 1st segment and tip of
abdomen brownish. Belly concolorous, lighter, the middle seg-
ments with a very slightly darker median stripe on the basal half,
joined to a wavy transverse line across the centre of the seg-
ments ; abdomen with short black pubescence. Genitalia yellowish
white, inconspicuous. Legs yellowish white, tips of posterior
coxse and bases of posterior femora, brownish, also tips of tibia3 ;
tarsi rather darker dirty yellow. Wings moderately dark grey,
darker at tip and on distal part of hind border. Two broad,
blackish, distinct stripes (ill-defined at the edges) run from the
costa ; the outer edge of the first placed just before the middle of
the wing, the stripe filling the basal third of the marginal cell, but
not encroaching on the basal cell ; the second blackish stripe
begins on the costa, immediately beyond the middle of the wing,
and is wide enough to enclose the upper branch of the 3rd vein,
extending posteriorly to the middle of the 1st posterior cell, where
it joins the apical darkening of the wing, thus enclosing, on the
costal border, a roundish clear spot, through the centre of which
runs the 3rd vein ; between the two dark stripes the wing on
the costal border is nearly clear for an irregularly square space,
ill-defined at the edges, thus giving the appearance of two distinct
clear spots on the costal border of each wing. Veins brown,
anterior ones, including the 3rd, deeper and stronger. Halteres
pale yellow, clubs brown.
Length 4| millim.

Described from one specimen in the Indian Museum, from
Calcutta, 27.vii.09, where Dr. Annandale took it from a spider's
web.

If Cerotelion, Bond., is admitted as generically distinct from
Ceroplatus, the present species will belong to it.

58 MYCETOPHILID^E.

Genus PLATYURA, Mg.

Platyura, Meigen, lllig. Mag. ii, p. 264 (1803).
Orfelia, A. Costa, II Giambatt. Vico. ii, p. 448 (1857).

GENOTYPE : Meigen specified no particular species as the generic
type. Zetterstedt designated P. fasdata, Mg.*

Head small, transversely oval, flattened in front; eyes oval, slightly
emarginate at the base of the antennae; ocelli three, unequal,
closely approximated in a flat triangle on the broad front, the
median ocellus smallest. Palpi incurved, four-jointed, the 1st
joint small, the 2nd oval, equal or shorter than the 3rd, the 3rd
and 4th cylindrical, the 4th longest. Antennae equal to or longer
than the head and thorax taken together, rarely shorter, arcuate,
projecting forward, cylindrical or rather compressed, somewhat
diminishing in diameter towards the apex, 16-jointed, the scapal
joints differentiated, the 1st cupuliform, the 2nd morecyathiform,
the flagellar joints closely sessile. Thorax oval, highly arched ;
scutellum small, nearly semicircular in outline ; rnetathorax arched.
Abdomen slender, in both sexes seven-segmented, depressed,
clavate, in the male somewhat cylindrical at the base, rarely wholly
cylindrical, ending in a forceps. Legs long, the femora somewhat
thickened, shorter than the tibiae, the tibiae spurred, with very
minute setae, one row on the inner side and two rows on the outer,
or the fore pair wholly without. Wings broad, with rounded base,
as long as or a little longer than the abdomen, decumbent, micro-
scopically setulose. Costa ends before tip of wing, subcostal cross-
vein present, placed half way between the humeral cross -vein and
tip of auxiliary veins, joining the latter to the 1st longitudinal.
Auxiliary vein generally very short, the 1st longitudinal ending
about the middle of the wing or a little beyond ; the 3rd longi-
tudinal begins at one-third or one-fourth of the wing, distinctly
curved on its basal part, thence nearly straight or gently curved,
its upper branch very short, oblique, and joined either to the 1st
vein near its tip or to the costa ; the 3rd and 4th veins coalescent
for a short period, the anterior cross-vein being absent ; the 4th
vein forked at various points according to the species, but before
half the length after quitting the coalescent portion ; the 5th
vein forked just before the posterior cross-vein which is always
placed at the proximal end of the coalesced veins ; the 6th vein
very long, nearly or quite reaching the wing border, nearly straight,
and sometimes more or less indistinct ; the 7th vein short and
indistinct.

Range. Probably world-wide, though none appears to have been
recorded from Africa, and only one (vemista) from A sia.

Life-history. — The larva live in fungi and rotten wood, but
bevond this fact little seems to be known.

* Dipt. Scand. x, p. 4077 (1851).

PLATYURA. 59

Johannsen says a subcostal cross-vein is usually present and
illustrates it in one of his two figures (Gen. Ins. pi. iii, fig. 15) oi:
the genus, but it does not seem to be present in the species
examined by me ; it may, however, easily be overlooked.

Zelmira, Mg.&(1800), is inadmissible, having been instituted
without a species.

Table o

1. Wing with more or less suffused tip, or else

at least the veins distinctly suffused . . 2.
Wing clear grey or pale yellowish grey . . 8.

2. Reddish brown species; very yellowish wing

with brown tip grandis, sp. n., p. 60.

Blackish or yellowish species 3.

3. Wing-tip distinctly suffused 4.

Wing-tip not distinctly suffused, but the

principal veins suffused with dark [p. 60.

brown suffusinei-vis, sp. n.,

4. Extreme tip of wing nearly clear 5.

Extreme tip of wing equally suffused .... 6. [p. 61.

5. Thorax wholly unicolorous apicipennis, sp. ii.,

Thorax with three blackish stripes affinis, sp. n., p. 62.

6. Thorax brownish with three darker stripes . 7.
Thorax blackish, with a yellowish median

stripe flaviventris, sp. n., p. 62.

7. Thorax lighter brown, with three dark

stripes, shoulders not conspicuously

paler marginata, sp. n., p. 62.

Thorax darker brown, with still darker
stripes, shoulders conspicuously pale
yellowish "..*... mcina, sp. n.,* p. 63.

8. Abdomen with only two bands, which

are white venusta, Wlk., p. 63.

Abdomen with three or more yellowish
bands , 9.

9. 'Abdomen eight-segmented octosegmentata, sp. n.,

Abdomen seven-segmented as usual 10. [p. 64.

10. Thorax reddish yellow, with or without

three dark stripes, sometimes nearly

filling the dorsum 11.

Thorax black or blackish, that is, the
ground-colour, apart from the three
stripes, which, if present, may be sub-
contiguous and occupy nearly all the
dorsum 13.

11. Basal section of 4th longitudinal vein

(i. e., anterior to the fork) one-third as
long as fork. Thorax wholly reddish

yellow, unmarked 12.

Basal section of 4th vein much less than
one-fourth the length of the fork.
Thorax reddish yellow, with three
dark stripes longifttrcata, sp. n., p. 65.

* Possibly a variety of P. marginata.

<>0 MYCETOPHILID^;.

12. Antennae brownish yellow; all the veins

equally distinct rttficornis, sp. n., p. 64.

Antennae" black ; veins in posterior half of [p. 65.

wing very indistinct indistincta, sp. r..,

13. Abdomen wholly black funerea, sp. n., p. 65.

Abdomen with margins of segments

yellowish 14.

14. Posterior cross-vein longer and much more'

transverse ; base of 3rd and 4th, 5th

and 6th veins indistinct jlavomaryinata, sp. n.,

Posterior cross-vein shorter, nearly longi- [p. 66.

tudinal; all veins very distinct and
black ; coxae yellow, femora and tibiae
distinctly smoky fumipes, sp. n., p. 66.

9. Platyura grandis, sp. nov. (PI. I, fig. 7.)

d" $ . Head : vertex and back of head black, face and palpi
brown ; antennal scape brown, flagellum reddish yellow. Thorax :
dorsum dull black, with greyish dusting towards the sides and
below the shoulders. No conspicuous macrochsetal bristles,
apparently ; a few short stiff bristles in front of the wings,
and here and there laterally ; sides reddish brown. Scutellutn
with posterior border a little yellowish, the naetanotum with
grey dusting. Abdomen : 1st segment black (in male with a
very narrow pale yellow hind margin); rest of abdomen mainly
reddish yellow ; base of 2nd segment black, base of 3rd yellowish
(less distinct in male), dorsum of segments blackish in male ;
a faint violet -greyish tinge at basal corners of 4th and
5th segments in female ; belly reddish brown, with blackish
marks ; violet-grey at base of middle segments in female.
Genitalia not easily viewed owing to the specimens remaining
in copula, but apparently normal. Leys : coxae, yellowish, fore pair
brown at base, anterior pairs white-dusted in front ; femora
yellowish, posterior ones with a black streak below at base, hind
femora in female nearly wholly brown; tibiae and tarsi blackish
yellow. Wings pale yellow, hinder part at base nearly clear. A
brownish suffusion at tip, extending inwards as far as the tip of
upper branch of 3rd vein, and lower branch of 5th ; the colour
riot quite so dark at absolute tip. Halteres yellowish.

Length 9 rnillhn.

Described from a male and female, taken in cop., 22. vi. 05
(types), and a female on 26. vi. 05, all captured by me at Mussoori.
A very handsome species. In my collection.

10. Platyura suffusinervis, sp. nov. (PI. I, fig. 9.)

c? $ . Head wholly black, ocelli large and distinct. Thorax :
dorsum, scutellum, metanotum ; and pleurae moderately dark
shining brown dorsum with rather close dark brown pubescence,
and with some bristly hairs towards side margins ; sides of thorax
and shoulders yellow. Abdomen : dorsum blackish, pubescent ;

PLATYURA. 61

hind margins of segments yellow, the colour extending to, and
widening at, the sides ; belly black. Genitalia of male composed
of a short, very broad, dorsal plate continued over the sides, a
pair of claspers with bilobed second joiut and some other elongate
slender appendages ; the whole organ brownish yellow, pubescent ;
concealed in female, with a pair of small conical moderately thick
grey appendages. Legs : coxae and femora brownish yellow, the
former with a brown streak on the outer side ; tibiae and tarsi brown.
Wings pale grey ; all the veins very narrowly suffused. A broad
light brown stripe from end of 1st longitudinal vein, passing
diagonally just before the middle of the wing to the anal border;
this stripe a little widened in the middle ; a narrow similarly
coloured stripe from the middle of the 3rd vein diagonally to-
the middle of the upper branch of the 4th.

Length 2 1 millim.

Described from a male and female in perfect condition in.
the Indian Museum collection, taken in cop. by Lt.-Col. Hall at
Sylhet, 10. iv. 05. A very distinct species, also conspicuous by
its small size and more robust appearance compared with the
other Oriental species.

11. Platyura apicipennis, sp. nov. (PI. I, fig. 8; PI. Ill, fig. 4.)

5 . Head rather dark brown, vertex yellowish ; ocellar protu-
berance blackish. Antennae with the 1st joint of scape yellow,
2nd brown ; flagellum black, 1st joint a little longer than the
others. Underside of head, and mouth-parts, yellow. Thorax
yellow, semi-transparent ; * viewed from a different direction the
dorsum appears pale blackish grey, with a tinge of whitish
reflections here and there. Entire surface covered with short
black hairs, which are longer and bristly about the side margins
above the wing. Scutellum concolorous, with a few hairs; sides
of thorax yellowish ; metanotum and metapleurse concolorousv
slightly dusted with grey. Abdomen moderately shining black,
minutely pubescent, 1st segment nearly wholly so, the others each
with a broad bright yellow posterior margin, which is widest in
the middle (and is probably more or less variable), extending to
nearly half the segment in the case of the 3rd ; belly mainly
yellow. Legs : coxae and femora yellow ; tibiae brownish yellow ;
tarsi black. * Wings yellowish ; a blackish suffusion towards tip,
placed just beyond the upper branch of the 3rd vein, the absolute
tip being, however, not quite so dark. Halteres brownish yellow.

Length 5| millim.

Described from a single male in the Indian Museum from
Naini Tal, 6000 feet, 2. vi. 09.

The pin bearing the specimen can be seen through the thorax.

62 MYCETOPHILIDJE.

12. Platyura affinis, sp. nov.

$ . Very near apicipennis, but the thorax has three distinct
black stripes of the usual pattern; sternopleurse dusted with blue-
grey. The terminal lamellae of the ovipostor can be seen, being
small, slightly conical, yellowish. The extreme tip of wing, though
lighter than the apical dark suffusion, is still much darker than the
corresponding part in apicipennis.

Length 5 milliru.

The single specimen is from Darjiling, 25. v. 1 0, taken by me.

Type in the Indian Museum.

13. Platyura marginata, sp. nov. (PI. Ill, fig. 3.)

c? $ . Head brownish yellow, vertex and back of head brown,
palpi yellow. Antennal scape yellow, flagellum blackish, the
joints with a greyish tinge on basal half. Thorax brownish,
three darker dorsal stripes are visible, seen from behind ; a con-
siderable amount of rather stiff black pubescence over the dorsal
surface, becoming bristly at the sides above the wings ; sides
yellow, pleura rather dark brown. Scutellum and metanotum
brown, former yellowish below posterior margin. Abdomen
blackish ; segments with moderately wide, yellow posterior
margins, broadest on 2nd to 5th segments ; abdomen minutely
pubescent. Grenitalia large and conspicuous ; a large thick upper
plate, somewhat narrowed on the apical half, below which is a pair
of large, very conical, two-jointed claspers with strong black claws
at their tips ; a small ventral plate with a row of spines on
posterior margin; the whole organ blackish brown, except the
apical part of the claspers and the ventral plate, which are yellow.
Legs pale yellowish, tarsi black. Wings pale yellowish grey, con-
siderably iridescent, tip slightly suffused, the darkening extending
nearly to the upper branch of the 3rd vein. Halteres yellowish.

Length 4^-5 millim.

Described from two males from Naini Tal, 6000 feet,
3 and 10. vi. 09.

Type in the Indian Museum.

A specimen in the same collection, also from Naini Tal, I0.vi.09,
is evidently the female of this species. It agrees in all particulars,
except that the pleurae are not darker than the rest of the sides of
the thorax, and that the abdomen is broader, the yellow bands
narrower, and the infuscation of the wing-tip less distinct.

14. Platyura flaviventris, sp. nov.

$ . Head brownish yellow, vertex black ; antennas black, scape
a little yellowish. Thorax (slightly damaged) blackish, anterior
and lateral margins of dorsum yellowish, and apparently with a
narrow yellow median stripe. Metapleura with a little grey

PLATYUBA. 63

dusting ; metanotum dark brown, shining. Abdomen dark brown,
moderately shining ; base of 1st segment and posterior borders
of all the remainder with a distinct, moderately wide, pale yellow
band. Belly yellow ; genitalia consisting of two small yellow
narrow appendages. Legs : coxae and femora brownish yellow,
tibiae and tarsi darker. Wings pale grey, tips pale blackish as far
inwards as the tips of the upper branch of 3rd vein and the oth
vein.

Length 5 millim.

Described from one female in the Indian Museum, taken by me,
23. ix. 08, at Darjiling, 6000 feet.

15. Platyura vicina, sp. nov.

5 . This species is considerably like P. marginata, differing
essentially in the much darker thorax with still darker stripes ;
the shoulders being pale yellowish and conspicuous. The
scutellum and metanotum are also dark shining brown ; the
abdominal bands are wider than in P. marginata § . The basal
segment is wholly dark brown.

Length 4 millim.

Two females in the Indian Museum from Naini Tal, 3. vi. 09.

16. Platyura venusta, Walk.

Platyura venusta, Walker, Ins. Saund., Dipt. pt. v, p. 421 (1856).

$ . Head brownish yellow, frons blackish, vertex black, with a
little whitish reflection in certain lights ; scape brownish yellow,
flagellum black. Thorax bluish black, with bluish grey reflections,
the dorsum with short black hairs ; apparently some longer stiffer
lateral bristly hairs. Viewed from in front three black stripes
can be more or less distinctly seen. Sides of thorax bluish black
with whitish grey reflections ; scutellum and metanotum con-
colorous. Abdomen black, with short black pubescence ; a cream-
coloured, well-defined band to the hind margins of the 2nd, 3rd,
and 4th segments. Genitalia inconspicuous. Legs brownish
yellow, coxae with whitish reflections ; base of femora, especially
the hind pair, blackish ; tibiae and tarsi blackish ; anterior tibiae
with comparatively small spines of unequal length, hind tibiae
with longer spines of equal length. Wings pale grey, tip blackish;
venation normal. Halteres brownish yellow.

Length 6 millim.

Type. The location of this is unknown.

Eedescribed from two females in the Indian Museum, from
Bareilly, United Provinces, 15-22. iii. 07, and Chittagong, Assam,
14.vii. 08, the latter taken by Lt.-Col. Hall. There are four
specimens in the Pusa collection, from Pusa, 16. iv. 07, iv. 08,
v. 07, and from Chapra, Bengal.

64 MYCETOPHILID^E.

There can be no reasonable doubt of the correct identification of
this species. Walker described it from the " East Indies." • His
" testaceous stripe on each side " is a thin yellowish line from
above the humerus, running below the lower edge of the dorsunv
nearly to the wing-base.

17. Platyura octosegmentata, sp. nov.

c? . Head yellowish, vertex rather brownish ; ocelli distinct, on a
dark, slightly elevated tubercle. Antennae reddish yellow, also
back of head. Thorax brownish yellow ; dorsum with short
scattered black bristles and the lateral margins with stronger
ones, especially behind the wings ; a few below the shoulders, and
a few on the posterior corners, each of which latter bears a large
round black spot. Scutellum yellow, with a row of numerous
bristles extending over nearly the whole length of the margin.
Abdomen distinctly 8-segmented; first two segments wholly
yellowish ; remainder more or less marked with brown towards
sides and hind margins ; belly yellowish ; abdomen above and
below with short black pubescence. Grenitalia yellowish, incon-
spicuous, apparently normal, the second joint of the claspers long
and slender. Legs : coxae yellowish : tibiae dirty yellowish white,
tarsi blackish. Wings pale yellowish grey ; halteres yellow.

Length 3 millim.

Described from a single male taken by Mr. A. D. Imms,.
9. ix. 09, at Allahabad, United Provinces, and kindly presented
by him to the Indian Museum.

The abdomen has normally seven segments in this genus ; I do
not know of any exceptions, but refrain nevertheless from estab-
lishing a new genus at present for the reception of this species.

18. Platyura ruficornis, sp. nov.

§ . Head rather deep brownish yellow ; antennae concolorous,
considerably pubescent ; vertex blackish, palpi a little darker.
Thorax, scutellum and metanotum concolorous. Dorsum of thorax
covered with short black pubescence, which becomes strongly
bristly on the margins, above the wings. Scutellum with a row
of bristly hairs on posterior margin, with some smaller ones below
these, dorsum bare. Abdomen apparently variable ; in one
example wholly light brown, in two others more yellowish brown,/
with the posterior parts of the segments more or less black. Legs
dirty yellowish; coxae brighter and rather darker, tarsi black.
Wings distinctly yellowish ; halteres brownish yellow.

Length 3-4 millim.

Described from two specimens from Sylhet, Assam/2, ii. 05 and
30. ii. 04, and one from Naini Tal, United Provinces, 10. vi. 09..
All in the Indian Museum.

PLA.TYDBA. 65

19. Platyura indistincta, sp. nov.

c? . Near ruficornis, but the antennas are black, broader, and
natter. A little more yellowish about the abdomen. The
anterior branch of the 3rd longitudinal vein much closer to the
tip of the auxiliary vein than in ruficornls. All the veins behind
the 3rd longitudinal very indistinct, though perceptible under
close observation. Grenitalia normal, black, pubescent ; 1st joint
comparatively large, the 2nd consisting of a black hook.

Length 4^ millim.

Described from one male (type) in the Indian Museum, from
Kurseong, 20. vi. 10 (Dr. Annandale').

20. Platyura longifurcata, sp. nov,

6 $ . Head mainly black. Proboscis, palpi, and base of
antennae brownish yellow. Thorav rather dark brownish yellow ;
the usual three darker stripes present but indistinct, the whole
dorsum with rather thick black pubescence. Scutellum and
metauotum concolorous ; sides of thorax barely lighter. Abdomen
blackish, pubescent, hind margins of segment dull yellowish ; belly
yellowish. Genitalia consisting of a pair of fleshy bilobed forceps,
the upper piece larger and longer than the lower one. Legs dirty
yellow, tips of tibiae barely darker. Wings grey, veins distinct ;
the 4th longitudinal vein forking very near its base, the petiole in
one example (type) less than a fourth, in the other example about
one-sixth, the length of the branches. Halteres blackish.

Length 4| millim.

Described from two specimens from Kurseong, 24-26. iii. 10
(Dr. Annandale).

21. Platyura funerea, sp. nov.

£ . Head nearly black, palpi pale yellow, long and thin ; scape
of antennae bright reddish yellow, flagellum black ; a small trans-
verse ridge over the base of each antenna. Ocelli two only,
very distinct. Thorax dull black, shoulders greyish, pubescent,
bristly towards side margins ; a little yellowish above the pleurae
in front of the wings. Sides of thorax dark brown or blackish ;
scutellum and inetanoturn dark brown. Abdomen blackish,
pubescent; the basal part of the middle segments rather
brownish. Legs pale yellowish, coxae with black hairs at tip,
tibiae brownish, tarsi black. Wings yellowish ; halteres brown.

Length 4 millim.

Described from a single example in the Indian Museum
collection from G-angtok, Sikkim State, 6150 feet, 9. ix. 09.

Three ocelli is the normal number, but I refrain from
establishing a genus for this species, as I am unaware whether
any other species possesses less than the normal number.

F

MYCETOPHILID.E.

22. Platynra flavomarginata, sp. nov.

cJ. Head black, palpi yellow, scape, base of 1st flagellar joint,
and underside of one or two succeeding joints, brownish yellow,
rest of flagellum black. Thorax dark, moderately shining
mahogany -brown, with a little grey dusting viewed from certain
directions ; indistinctly marked with three stripes ; lateral
margins a little brown, shoulders yellow. Scutelluin, metanotum,
and pleura? dark brown. Abdomen black, pubescent, posterior
margins of segments rather broadly yellow, 1st segment and
tip wholly black. Belly similar. Genitalia distinct, black, hairy,
having a pair of pointed claspers and a smaller yellow internal
organ. Legs pale yellowish, tibia? brownish yellow, tarsi black.
Wings pale yellow; halteres brownish yellow.

Length 4% millim.

Described from a single male in the Indian Museum from
Naini Tal, 6000 feet, 3. vi. 09.

23. Platyura fnmipes, sp. nov.

Head yellowish. Proboscis blackish above at the base. Frons
shining dark brown, with a median impressed line ; back of head
still darker brown. Antennal scape yellow, flagellum wholly
black. Thorax : prothorax yellow, distinctly delineated from the
rest of the thorax, which is blackish. Black hairs on the yellowish
shoulders. Dorsuin dark grey, with rather thick but short black
hairs ; the usual three black stripes, a little indistinctly outlined
but easily visible when seen from behind. Viewed from in front
the dorsurn appears mainly light grey. Sides of thorax blackish,
with a slight grey reflection. Abdomen blackish, with short pale
hairs, posterior borders of segments distinctly but not widely pale
yeUowish. Belly similar. Legs : coxae brownish yellow, with a
short blackish streak at the tip, on anterior side on the fore pair,
on outer side on posterior coxse. Femora dirty yellow, a little
black at the base and tips, especially on the hind pair. Tibia? and
tarsi pale smoky yellow. Wings grey ; veins very distinct, black,
venation normal. Halteres brownish yellow.

Length 8 millim.

Described fron one male from Peradeniya, Ceylon, 22. vii. 10.

Type in the Indian Museum.

Genus ISONEUROMYIA, gen. nov.

This genus approximates most closely to Platyura. The
characters are as follows : —

Head : antennae considerably flattened, rather more so than in
Platyura, scapal joints cup-shaped, subequal ; the fourteen flagellar
joints subequal, the last one a little longer, the first much narrowed

ISONEUROMTIA. 67

at base. Palpi elongate, incurved. Ocelli very distinct, placed on
a vertical protuberance, the outer ones very large, the middle one a
little below the others. Wings with all the veins equally and very
strongly developed, except the almost obsolete base of the 4th vein.
Auxiliary vein ending before the middle of the wing, just beyond
the base of the 3rd longitudinal ; subcostal cross-vein placed
just beyond the humeral cross-vein. The 1st longitudinal veiu
thickly spinose with several rows of small spines, the remaining
veins each with a single row of microscopic spines. Posterior
cross-vein in its normal position at proximal end of the coalesced
portions of the 3rd and 4th veins. The 5th, (Jth, and 7th veins
equally strong, arising close together near the base of the wing,
this strength of the veins being the chief generic character.
Range. Assam, Ceylon.

24. Isoneuromyia annandalei, sp. nov. (PI. Ill, tig. 5.)

$ . Head mainly blackish, frons bare, with blue-grey dusting,
whitish above the antennse, ocellar protuberance blackish. Some
stiff black hairs behind the head. Epistome and palpi from
creamy white to brownish yellow. Antennae yellowish to reddish
brown, a little blackish in some specimens. Proboscis brown.
Thorax blackish. Dorsum with blue-grey dusting, a median
black (not always very distinct) stripe which may be widened in
the middle and which dies away towards the posterior margin.
Anterior margin of thorax, just below dorsum, light creamy
yellowish, the colour extending narrowly laterally. Sides of
thorax brownish, pleura? with white or bluish-white dusting, also
the metanotum. Whole thorax shortly pubescent, some stiff
bristles below the brownish humeri, and on the lateral margins
of the thorax. Scutellum with stiff hairs on the hind margin.
Abdomen black, minutely pubescent, base of each of first five
segments with a somewhat narrow but distinct yellowish band,
which appears snow-white if viewed from in front, last segment
all black. Genital organs small, oval, creamy yellow. Legs: coxae
yellowish, with some stiff hairs, black at tips, fore pair blackish
on outer side. Femora brownish yellow, irregularly blackish at
base and tips, with short black hairs, which are generally stronger
on the upper side, giving it a blacker appearance. In one
example all the femora nearly wholly black. Tibia3 and tarsi
blackish. Wings pale grey, rather glassy in appearance, distinctly
iridescent. All the veins very distinctly brown, and all of equal
strength (except basal part of 4th longitudinal). A brown suf-
fusion towards the wing-tip, darkest on its anterior part,
commencing on the costa, exactly by the upper branch of the
3rd vein, and extending hindwards and outwards in gradually
diminishing intensity, sometimes retaining its dark colour as far
as the hind margin. A narrow brown suffusion over the coales-
cence of the 3rd and 4th veins arid along the faint basal part of

68 MYCETOPHILID^E.

the 4th vein. The markings vary within reasonable limits.
Halteres clear orange-yellow.

Length 9-10 millim.

Described from a nearly perfect female in the Indian Museum
from Sylhet, 27. v. 05 (Lt.-Col. Hall, type), and four females in
my collection from Kandy, Ceylon, v. and vii. 09 (E. E. Green).

Apparently the largest known Oriental Mycetophilid.

Subfamily SCIOPHILIN^E.

This subfamily is represented by a well-circumscribed set of
species numerously distributed throughout the world and possess-
ing a characteristic cell formed by the upper branch of the 3rd
longitudinal vein being so short, so upright, and placed so soon
after the origin of the vein, as to be almost parallel to the upright
short basal section of the vein, thus enclosing a more or less four-
sided cell, which I propose to term the " sciophiline cell," from its
being peculiar to this group. Anterior cross-vein present,
subcostal cross-vein present or absent, posterior cross-vein always
absent. Two or three ocelli present, always remote from the eye-
margins except in one (non-Oriental) genus, Eudicrana, Loew.

Table of Genera.

The 4th longitudinal vein forks at or a little
beyond anterior cross-vein ; fork of 5th

longitudinal vein beyond fork of 4th . . SCIOPHILA, Mg., p. 68.
The 4th longitudinal vein forks at least the
length of the anterior cross-vein beyond
the latter.

The 3rd longitudinal vein very sinuate.
Auxiliary vein ends free or in the
costa beyond the sciophiline cell.
Three ocelli, the middle one only a

little smaller than the laterals POLYLEPTA, Winn.,

The 3rd longitudinal vein straight or gently [p. 78.

curved. Auxiliary vein ends either
in the costa, in the 1st longitudinal
or free. Ocelli two or three; when
three, placed together in a triangle in
middle of frons, the middle ocellus
very minute MYCOMYIA, Bond., p. 70.

Genus SCIOPHILA, Mg.

Sciophila, Meigen, Syst. Besch. i, p. M5 (1818).
Lasiosoma, Winnertz, Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, xiii. p. 748
/1863).

GENOTYPE, S. hirta, Mg., as designated by Curtis (British Ento-
mology, p. 641).

SCIOPHILA. 69

Head small, spherical, flattened in front, placed low upon the
thorax; eyes oval, slightly emarginate at the base of the antennae,
almost reniform ; ocelli three in number, arranged in a flattened
triangle upon the broad front or more rarely upon the vertex, the
middle one only slightly smaller than the laterals. Palpi incurved,
four-jointed, the 1st joint very small, the 2nd and 3rd subequal,
the last longer than the others taken together ; antennae pro-
jecting forward, arcuated, somewhat compressed, 16-jointed,
the two basal joints cupuliform, hairy. Thorax oval, highly
arched ; mesonotum long and thickly haired, not setose ; scutel-
lum very small; halteres with short petiole and elongate knob.
Abdom,en seven-segmented, cylindrical, somewhat constricted at the
base ; hairy in the male, with blunt extremity and small forceps.
Legs moderately long ; the tarsi of the fore legs double the length
or rarely more than double the length of the tibiae ; the tibiae
with spurs and with lateral setae, the fore pair with one or two,
the middle pair with three and the hind pair with four rows, the
inner rows with only few and weak setae. Wings elongate oval,
with rounded base, longer than the abdomen, hairy ; hairs some-
times visible to the naked eye. The costa extends considerably
beyond the posterior branch of the 3rd longitudinal vein, but does
not reach the tip of the wing. The auxiliary vein ends at about
the middle of the wing; the 1st longitudinal is long, nearly straight,
the 3rd originating from it before the middle of the wing and at
a right angle, thence curving gently to the border ; the upper
branch of it is very short, nearly upright or moderately oblique
and placed more or less parallel with and quite close to the erect
basal portion of the vein, so as to enclose a quite small oblong,
square or rhomboidal cell. This cell is characteristic of the sub-
family and may be known as the sciophiline cell,* and the anterior
cross-vein is always at its lower basal corner. The 4th longi-
tudinal vein forked near the base, the 5th forked at or beyond the
middle ; the posterior cross-vein absent, 6th longitudinal in-
distinct and incomplete.

Fig. 9.— Larva of Sciophila.

Range. Including Lasiosoma, Winn., which Johannsen considers
synonymous, the present genus occurs in Europe, Australia,
North and South America, and the "West Indies, but it has not
been previously recorded from the East.

* This is an original suggestion as a name for this cell, which does not
appear to have been previously named, yet relerence to it is frequently
necessary. It might technically be considered the marginal cell but it is never
referred to thus.

70 MYCJfil'OPHILLDJE.

Life-history. The larvae of most species of Sciophila live not in
fungi but on the underside of the pileus, protected by a coarse
webbing spun by them. They are more elongate than most
Mycetophilid larvae, and the pupa is encased in a close cocoon of
silk. A peculiarity of the larvae of some species of this genus is
their vivid luminosity, Hudson mentioning a New Zealand species
which gave out enough light to be easily visible several feet away.

In Kertesz's Catalogue of the Diptera, Lasiosoma is admitted as
a separate genus and Mycomyia (Mycomya), Bond., given as a
synonym of Sciophila. Winnertz's Sciopliila is an incorrect inter-
pretation of the genus, which was established by Eondani in 1856,
and all the species placed by Winnertz in his Lasiosoma fall into
the present genus. Winnertz's SciopTiila = Mycomyia, Eond.

25. Sciopliila bicolor, sp. nov. (PL I, fig. 10.)

$ . Head black, palpi yellowish ; scape and base of flagellum
reddish yellow, the remainder black. Thorax wholly black, dorsum
shining, and with rather long, somewhat shaggy, yellowish hairs,
which extend a little over the sides, shoulders, humeri, scutellum,
and metanotum ; the scutellum also with a row of distinct long
stiff yellow hairs. Abdomen wholly black, rather shining, with
short brown hairs ; belly similar. Legs mainly yellow, narrowly
blackish at junction of coxae and femora ; coxae with moderately
long soft yellow hairs ; hind femora rather broadly black at base
and tip ; tibiae barely darkened towards tips ; tarsi black. Wings
pale yellowish, considerably iridescent, the sciophiline cell exactly
square, small, placed immediately below the upper branch of the
3rd vein. Halteres yellow.

Length 3 millim.

Described from two females in the Indian Museum from Darji-
ling, 7000 ft., 7 and 8. viii.09 (Paiva) (including type), and two
females, 28. v. 10 (Brunetti).

Genus MYCOMYIA, Bond.

Mycomya, Rondani, Dipt. Ital. Prod, i, p. 194 (1856).

Sciophila, Meigen (part.).

? Sciobia, Loew, Bernst. u. Bernst.-fauna, p. 33 (1850).

Sciophila, Winnertz, Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, xiii, p. 707 (1863).

Empheria, Winnertz, loc. cit. p. 738.

? Cnepheeopkila, Philippi, Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien. xv, p. 618

(1865).
Ntoempheria, Osten Sacken, Cat. N. Amer. Dipt. p. 9 (1878).

GENOTYPE, M. marginata, Mg., designated by Eondani.

Head small, flattened in front, placed low upon the thorax ;
eyes elongate oval, or round; emarginate at the base of the an-
tennae; ocelli two or three in number, placed close together upon
a rounded, frequently blackened area ; when three ocelli are

MYCOMYIA. 71

present they are placed close together in a triangle, the median
•one very minute ; proboscis very short. Palpi incurved, four-
jointed, the 1st joint very small, the 2nd somewhat longer, but
shorter than the third, the 4th usually as long as or longer than the
three preceding taken together ; face more or less wide. Antennae
projecting forward, arcuate, longer than the thorax in the male,
subequal in the female, somewhat compressed, 16-jointed, the
scape differentiated, the first two joints cupulifonn, setose at the
tip ; the flagellar joints cylindrical, pubescent. Thorax highly
arched, ovate ; scutellum small, semicircular in outline, metanotum
steep. Abdomen slender, seven-segmented, constricted at the
base, usually somewhat clavate, particularly in the male, de-
pressed behind, "in the male ending in a small forceps, in the
female with a short ovipositor terminating in two small lamellae.
Legs : coxae elongate, somewhat setose ; legs long and slender ;
femora ciliated on the flexor surface ; tibiae with lateral setae, the
fore and middle pairs with two, the hind pair with three ranges,
the inner row particularly delicate. Wings microscopically setu-
lose, somewhat projecting beyond the tip of the abdomen. The
oosta ends at the tip of the wing or a little before it. The
auxiliary vein ends either free (sometimes indistinctly), or in
the costa, or in the 1st longitudinal vein. The 1st longitudinal
straight or but little curved, the 3rd beginning at a distinct
angle, thence straight or nearly so. The sciophiline cell of variable
length according to the species. The 4th longitudinal vein forked
at or before the middle of its length beyond the anterior cross-
vein; posterior cross-vein absent; 5th longitudinal vein widely
forked at about the middle of the wing, the 6th and 7th incomplete
and indistinct.

Range. Europe, the Orient, Australasia, North and South
America, West Indies, Africa. It occurs also in Baltic amber and
in recent copal from Zanzibar.

Life-ltislory . Nothing seems to be known of the metamorphosis
of any species of this genus, except that the larvae have been found
in fungi and rotting wood.

The species placed in the Sciophila of Winnertz belong here.
J^eoempheria, Os. Sac., is hardly a valid genus and is sunk in
Mycomyia. Two queried synonyms are culled from Johannsen's
work on this family.

Table of Species.

1. Auxiliary vein ends free, abruptly ; sub-

costal cross-vein present Jlaviventris, sp. n., p. 72.

Auxiliary vein ends either in costa or 1st
longitudinal vein ; subcostal cross-
vein present or absent 2.

2. Auxiliary vein ends in costa ; subcostal

cross-vein present 3.

Auxiliary vein ends in 1st longitudinal ;
subcostal cross- vein absent 6.

72 MYCETOPHILIDJE.

3. Wing witli distinct markings 4.

Wing quite clear 5.

4 (a). Basal third of wing infuscatod, and

with a band beyond the middle . . bifascipennis, sp. n., p. 72.
(b) . Apical fourth of wing infuscated, also
the posterior margin and the sciophi-

line cell, both slightly tinctipennis, sp. n., p. 74.

(c). Apical and hind margins of wing in-
fuscated, also the inner and outer

sides of the sciophiline cell ferruginea, sp. n., p. 74.

(d). Tip of wing broadly infuscated, also

a band before the middle basalis, sp. n., p. 73.

6 (a). Thorax yellowish, with three distinct

black stripes trilineata, sp. n., p. 75.

• (b). Thorax brownish yellow, with three

faint dark stripes indefinite^, sp. n., p. 76.

(c) Thorax dark grey, slightly dusted

with violet indica, sp. n., p. 76.

6. Thorax all brownish yellow, two very

narrow median brown lines jflavithora.r, sp. n., p. 77.

Thorax with all blackish dorsum except
margin and shoulders ; 3rd longitudinal
vein curved conspicuously downward , citrvilinea, sp. n., p. 77.

From the insufficiency of the description, and no mention being
made of the veins, it is impossible to include in this table
DoleschalPs tropica, which I should have been glad to add as it is
the only previously described species from the East, but it has not
yet been found in India.

26. Mycomyia flaviventris, sp. nov.

c? $ . Head : frons and vertex brown, antennal scape yellow,
nagelliim dark brown, with greyish pubescence. Underside of
head, and the palpi, reddish brown. Thorax yellowish, paler on
shoulders. Dorsum with three practically contiguous broad dark
brown stripes, the median one reaching the anterior margin.
Bristly hairs on dorsum and moderately strong bristles about the
lateral margins. Scutellum yellow, with four strong bristles on
hind margin, outer pair the larger, metanolum and metapleura? a
little darker. Abdomen : upperside dark brown, belly yellowish.
Genitalia enclosed within a large V-shaped ventral plate, the
exact structure not visible ; dark brown. Legs : coxse yellowish,
femora much lighter, tibiae dirty yellow, tarsi blackish. Wings
nearly clear, halteres brownish.

Length 3 millim.

Described from a single male in the Indian Museum from
Kurseong, 5000 ft., 3. vii. 08, taken by Dr. Annandale; and from
a single female, which I refer to this species, from Ohiya, Ceylon,
ii. 07 (Green), in my collection.

27. Mycomyia bifascipennis, sp. nov. (PI. Ill, fig. 6.)

c? . Head wholly brownish yellow, with short black hairs; palpi

MYCOMTIA. 73

and ocellar triangle blackish. Thorax brownish yellow, with
short black hairs and stronger bristles. Anterior margin narrowly
brown, the colour forming a median stripe, not attaining the hind
margin, and also extended laterally from the shoulders. Bristles
along sides of dorsum rather strong and numerous, also a strong
one on each posterior corner, and a pair on the tip of the scutellum.
Pleurae and metanotum brown. Abdomen yellowish, with short
black pubescence ; 1st segment all yellowr, remainder with
posterior half of each segment black. Genital organs very con-
spicuous and peculiar : a high hood-shaped dorsal plate extending
downwards at the sides, a slightly curved, very large ventral
plate produced at the tip into two long finger-like projections ;
a pair of elongate appendages emerge from the inner cavity,
bearing oval, lamella-like tips, and below these are traces of a
pair of slender finger-like appendages nearly as long.* The
whole organ light brownish yellow, pubescent. Leys wholly
brownish yellow, pubescent, tips of tarsi darker. Wings pale grey
with two brown streaks. The first begins on the costa just before
tip of subcosta, running straight across the wing, widening in the
middle sufficiently to reach fork of the 4th vein, afterwards
narrowing again and finally widening on hind margin. The
second begins on the costa just before the tip of the 1st vein,
running across the wing to the hind margin, leaving the tip of
the wing broadly clear. The sciophiline cell is nearly three times
as long as broad, the base of the 3rd vein bisinuate, the cross-
vein forming the outer side of the cell broadly suffused. Base of
wing slightly brown. Halteres pale yellow.

Length 4 millim.

Described from a male (type) from the Kumaon District,
5700 ft., vii. 1909 (Imms), and a male in my collection from
Maskeliya, Ceylon (Green).

Type in the Indian Museum.

28. Mycomyia basalis, sp. nov. (PI. I, fig. 13.)

<$ . Near M. tinctipennis, Brun. (infra). Thorax : dorsum brown-
ish yellow, with some long yellow hairs and black bristly ones. Two
dorso-central rows of black bristly hairs, of which at least the
hinder three pairs are of larger size than the majority of those
scattered over the dorsum. Two strong bristles on posterior
corners, others irregularly placed on lateral margins, around the
base of the wing, and a pair of rather strong apical ones on the
scutellum. Abdomen with the first segment bright yellow, 4th
dull yellowish ; remainder black, with barely perceptible hind
margins. Belly mainly yellowish. Genitalia large and conspicuous,
brownish yellow, pubescent ; a very short dorsal plate, as wide as
the ultimate abdominal segment, under which it is nearly hidden ;

These are not shown in the figure.

74 MYCETOPHlLID.i:.

a large pair of claspers, elongate, conical, much flattened, and
bisinuate, produced on the lower side into a finger-like appendage;
a globular piece between the claspers above, just beyond the dorsal
plate, and apparently some intermediate appendages. Wings
marked as in tinctipennis, but the apical spot much darker, and the
proximal spot over the sciophiline cell is extended to a rather dark,
irregular brown streak reaching hind margin of wing.

Length 3 millim.

One example from Bhowali, 5700 feet, Kumaon, July 1909
(A. D. Imms).

Type in the Indian Museum.

Since the description of the species, the abdomen of the type,
and only specimen, has become detached and lost.

29. Mycomyia tinctipennis, sp. nov. (PI. I, fig. 11.)

Head yellow ; antennal scape brownish yellow, about the
basal halt' of flagellum yellowish brown, changing to black towards
tip ; palpi blackish. Thorax (sometvhat crushed) uniformly
yellowish brown ; lighter at sides ; pleurae rather dark grey.
Dorsum with some bristly hairs, apparently more or less longi-
tudinally arranged. Abdomen: basal half blackish above, yellowish
below (remainder missing). Leys : coxaB and femora pale yellow,
tibise and tarsi pale blackish. Wings pale yellowish grey ; slightly
suffused over distal half ; over the cross-veins, enclosing the
sciophiline cell, which is approximately square; faintly also behind
the 5th longitudinal vein. Halteres yellow.

Length probably about 3| millim.

Described from a single specimen from Kurseong, 3. vii. 08
(Annandale).

Type in the Indian Museum.

The thorax is slightly crushed, and the apical half of the
abdomen is missing, so that the sex is uncertain. I would not
have described the species but that the wing markings are
probably sufficient to distinguish it.

30. Mycomyia fermginea, sp. nov. (PI. I, fig. 12.)

d1 $ . Head wholly yellow, except palpi, a narrow line from
above antenna to behind head, flagellum, and eyes, all of which
are black. Scape yellow with some bristly hairs above. Thorax
yellow. Dorsum with four dark brown equidistant stripes, the
outer ones placed nearly on the sides (type specimen). They con-
verge somewhat towards the posterior margin and are joined
behind into two pairs by short cross-lines. In the second example
there is a distinct additional median narrow line between the two
inner stripes, of which in the type there is a trace only near the
fore border. Sides of thorax, scutellum, and metanotum concolorous
in type ; paler yellow in second specimen. Two distinct dorso-

MTCOMYIA. 75

central bristles, a double row of median microscopic bristly hairs,
and an irregular row (duplicated here and there) of bristly hairs
of various lengths along the black stripes. Some moderately long
bristles about the shoulders and humeri, on the posterior corners
of dorsuin, aud several distinct bristles on the lateral margins above
the wings. Small bristly hairs occur here and there irregularly.
Scutellum with two pairs of strong spiny bristles on posterior
margin. Abdomen orange-yellow. In one example (type) there is
a black dorsal stripe of moderate width, with a tendency to
enlargement on posterior margins. Whole abdomen lightly
covered with short yellow hairs. Lateral edges of dorsum
narrowly black ; belly orange-yellow. In the second specimen the
black colour is not so distinctly in the form of a line, being more
irregular and forming a distinct band on the penultimate segment.
Genitalia in both sexes small, withdrawn. Legs : in type, orange-
yellow (in second example, pale yellow) ; tibiae in both specimens
pale brownish yellow towards tips ; tarsi black. Wings pale grey,
yellowish from costa to 3rd longitudinal vein. Inner cross-vein,
and the upper branches of 1st and 3rd veins distinctly but
narrowly suffused.* A slight darkening at wing-tip, at the
forking of the 4th vein (type) or from thence along the hind
margin (2nd specimen). Halteres yellow.

Length 4-4| millim.

Described from two males in the Indian Museum, one taken by
Dr. Annandale at Kurseong, Darjiliug, 3. vii. 08, the other from
Calcutta, 11. ii. 90, and one female from Darjiling, 29. v. 10, taken
by me, also in the same Museum.

In spite of the additional median thoracic line and the slight
difference in the disposition of the black colour on the abdomen,
and the deeper general colour of the type, I believe that the two
specimens are con specific.

31. Mycomyia trilineata, sp. nov.

J . Head: frons, vertex, back of head and flagellum, black;
face and epistome, palpi and scape bright yellow. Thorax, scutel-
lum, and metanotum pale yellowish. Three brown stripes of the
usual pattern, the median one the longest, reaching fore border,
and very narrowly divided. Seen from behind, the stripes, and
also the pleurae, have a slight bluish-grey tinge. Bristly hairs, as
in M. ferruginea. The minute bristly hairs of the dorsum, irregu-
larly placed ; they also line the edges of the dark stripes, which
themselves are bare. Abdomen: dorsum mainly black, posterior
margins of first five segments broadly yellow ; belly yellow. Sur-
face of: abdomen with black hairs which are stronger towards tip.
Genitalia composed of a large dark semicircular plate, the claspers
and appendages slender, yeUowish. Legs pale yellow ; posterior
femora with a row of well separated, rather long hairs below;
tibiae brownish yellow ; tarsi black. Wings pale grey, iridescent :

* The sciophiline cell 2-2J times as long as broad.

76 MTCETOPHILIDJB.

sciophiline cell one-and-a-half times as long as broad. Halteres
yellow.

Length 3| niillini.

Described from two specimens in the Indian Museum, from
Simla, 7000 feet, 10. v. 09 (Annandale).

32. Mycomyia indefinita, sp. nov.

c? and (?) £ . Head brownish on vertex, and frons ; proboscis
and palpi yellowish, the latter a little darker. Antenna! scape
bright yellow, flagellum black, with whitish pubescence, basal half
of 1 st joint yellowish. Thorax brownish yellow, the three usual
stripes distinct but not conspicuous. Some bristly hairs towards
the sides and posterior margins of the dorsum. Scutellum and
metanotum concolorous ; sides of the thorax a little more
yellowish. Abdomen blackish, base of some of the segments
yellowish. Genitalia enclosed in a large cavity, and presenting
two fan-shaped pieces with pubescent edges and a pair of smaller
club-shaped organs. Legs pale yellowish, the tibiae and tarsi
faintly blackish. Wings clear grey, venation normal. Halteres
pale yellowish.

Length 3 inillim.

Described from one male and another specimen from Darjiling,
29. v. 10, taken by me, and now in the Indian Museum.

In the second specimen, there are two flat spatula-shaped
pieces which may be the female lamellae terminating the short ovi-
postor, but as the organs in this specimen are much withdrawn it
is impossible to be sure of the sex.

33. Mycomyia indica, sp. nov.

6 $• Head: frons, vertex, and back of head black; head in
front below antennse, and palpi, yellow. Antennal scape and base
of flagellum bright yellow, remainder black. Thorax primarily
light yellowish brown, with a distinct but slight violet-grey dust
on dorsum. A median brown stripe usually present and faint
traces of a very elongated oblong mark narrowly defined with pale
brown, on each side of the median stripe, all the lines microscopi-
cally punctuated with bristly hairs. Shoulders yellowish, the
colour extending posteriorly more or less, occasionally the whole
dorsum brownish yellow. Sides of thorax mainly brownish
yellow, pleurae with violet-grey dusting. Scutellum and meta-
notum brownish yellow, varying in shade, generally with a
little violet dusting, the metanotum sometimes with a dark spot
on each side at the base, and a larger one on the lower margin.
Abdomen brown, with short black hairs ; posterior margins of
segments broadly yellow. Genitalia of male moderately large,
pubescent, a large upper and lower dark coloured plate, united at
the sides, enclosing a longer and a shorter pair of thin yellow
claspers, with, apparently, some smaller intermediate organs; in

MYOOMYIA. 77

female, inconspicuous, narrow, yellow. Legs pale yellow, a little
blackish about the junction of the coxae and the femora; the tibiae
blackish yellow ; tarsi black. Wings pale grey, slightly vitreous
and extremely iridescent, the sciophiline cell about one-and-a-half
times as long as broad, upper side distinctly longer than lower.
Halteres pale yellow.

Length 3|-4 millim.

Described from five males and one female in the Indian Museum
taken 10-12. v. 09, by Dr. Annandale, at Simla and Phagu.

31. Mycomyia flavithorax, sp. nov.

c?. Head: vertex dark brown; proboscis light brown, palpi
blackish. Antennal scape yellow, flagellum black, with whitish
rather thick pubescence. Thorax light brownish yellow. A pair
of interrupted incomplete median brownish stripes, with a shorter
and more distinct one on each side towards the wing. All the
dorsum with long black hairs, stiffer ones towards the margins.
Scutellum coucolorous, with four stiff bristly hairs on the hind
margin. Sides concolorous, metanotutn blackish. Abdomen blackish ;
base of most of the segments yellowish, especially towards the
sides. Belly with the basal half of the segments yellowish, hinder
half blackish. Genitalia large, conspicuous ; each clasper with a
large basal subquadrate piece, with a narrow finger-like hook at
the tip. There are also some other elongate appendages ; the
whole organ brownish yellow, moderately pubescent. Legs: coxae
and femora yellowish, tibiae and tarsi pale blackish. Wings pale
grey. Venation normal. Halteres yellowish.

Length 2£ millim.

Described from a single male in the Indian Museum collection
taken by Dr. Anuandale at Darjiling, 25. v. 10.

35. Mycomyia curvilinea, sp. nov.

J . Head : vertex brownish grey. Proboscis and palpi brownish
yellow. Antennal scape and base of 1st flagellar joint yellowish,
the remainder black. Thorax rather dark brown, with numerous
long black hairs, and more bristly ones towards the lateral
margins ; shoulders rather broadly reddish or yellowish. Scutel-
lum concolorous, with four large bristly hairs on the hind margin.
Sides of thorax and metanotum concolorous. Abdomen mainly
blackish, the bases of the segments yellowish. Belly mainly
yellowish. G-enitalia large and conspicuous ; a large basal joint
to each clasper, ending in two finger-like appendages ; between
the basal joints, a pair of long narrow forceps, two-jointed, both
elongated, the second consisting of a long horny hook-like process.
There is an apparently more or less horny straight flat narrow
piece projecting from below the dorsal plate (this latter of
moderate size, oblong, yellowish, pubescent) ; slightly enlarged at

78 MYCETOPHILID.E.

the tip, where it ends in two minute points. Legs : coxae and
femora pale yellowish, tibiae and tarsi pale blackish. Wings pale
grey. The 3rd longitudinal vein considerably bent down on the
distal portion, ending at or just above the tip of the wing.
Halteres yellowish.

Length 3 millim.

Described from one male (type) from Tonglu, Dar jiling District,
10,000 ft,, 22. iv. 10, taken by Mr..C. W. Beebe; also from a
second male taken by me at Darjiling, 7000 ft., 29. viii. 10.

Type in the Indian Museum.

An additional male has a wholly blackish dorsum to the
abdomen, and the genitalia, though too contracted to be properly
visible, appear to be similar ; some finger-like appendages at least
being visible. It is in the Indian Museum collection, taken by
Dr. Armandale at Kurseong, 22. vi. 10. Though possibly distinct
the three specimens appear to represent but one rather variable
species.

Genus POLYLEPTA, Winn. (PI. I, fig. 14.)
Polylepta, Winnertz, Verb, zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, xiii, p. 74.5 (1863).

GENOTYPE, P. unduJata, Winn., by designation of Johannsen
(Gen. Ins., Fasc. 93, p. 43).

Head small, flattened in front, placed low upon the thorax;
eyes oval, somewhat emarginate at the base of the antennas ; ocelli
three in number, placed in a more or less curved line on the broad
front, the middle one smaller than the laterals. Palpi incurved,
four-jointed, the 1st joint very small, the 2nd and 3rd subequal,
the last one longer than the others taken together. Antennas pro-
jecting forward, somewhat compressed, 16-jointed, the basal joints
cupuliform, the flagellar joints cylindrical ; pubescent. Tliorax very
short, highly arched ; mesonotum high, scutellum small ; halteres
with elongate knobs. Abdomen long and slender ; in the male some-
what clavate; genitalia small ; abdomen in the female cylindrical,
constricted at the base, seven-segmented. Legs long, tibiae with
spurs and with lateral setae. Wings elongate oval, not longer than
the abdomen, with microscopic hairs. Costa ends at or just before
tip of wing. Auxiliary vein ends before middle of wing, some-
times in the costa, sometimes free. The 1st longitudinal nearly
straight, the 3rd bisinuate, sometimes very considerably so,
beginning at about one-third of the wing. Sciophiline cell small ;
the 4th and 5th longitudinal veins forked widely at about half their
length ; posterior cross-vein absent, 6th and 7th veins incomplete
but long.

Range. Only previously known from Europe, with a single
species from North America. One is recorded from Baltic
amber.

Life-history unknown.

POLTLEPTA. 70'

The two Indian species are very closely allied and may possibly
prove identical. Their differences are as follows : —

Length 5 mm. ; sciophiliiie cell square dubiosa,S]).n.,Tp.79.

Length 3 mm. ; sciophiline cell nearly twice as

long as broad .' incerta,sp .n.,p. 79.

36. Polylepta dubiosa, sp. nov.

<3 . Head : vertex blackish grey ; proboscis and palpi rather
bright brownish yellow. Antennal scape bright yellow, joints
subequal ; flagellar joints brown (except base of 1st), cylindrical
(] st a little longer), all with rather thick pale pubescence. Thorax
rather dark brown, with a slight claret tinge, some long yellow
hairs around the margins, and the whole dorsum covered
with very short and sparse yellow hairs irregularly placed.
Shoulders broadlv bright yellow, a brown elongate spot on each
side of the prothorax. Scutellum brownish, with a row of
numerous hairs on the hind margin ; metanotum concolorous.
Abdomen black, with moderately thick pale pubescence. A pale
brownish yellow basal band on each segment after the 1st, which,
with the ultimate segment, is wholly black, the yellowish bands
being continued on the underside. Genitaiia consisting of a dorsal
plate, claspers with a comparatively large basal joint ; an inter-
mediate pair of small bilobed appendages, and possibly other inner
organs. Legs: coxae and femora yellowish, trochanters and tips
of femora a little blackish, tibiae and tarsi pale blackish. Wings
pale grey ; venation in accordance with the generic characters and
figure by Johannsen (Gen. Ins., Fase. 93, pi. 4, fig. 6). Halteres
pale yellow, clubs blackish.

Length 5 uiillim.

Described from one male from Mundali, Jaunsa Division, Dehra
Dun District, 9000 ft., 10. v. 10 (O. W. Beebe).

Type in the Indian Museum.

Only two ocelli are apparent in the present specimen, yet in
other respects it agrees with Polylepta.

37. ? Polylepta incerta, sp. nov.

? § . Head : vertex dark brown ; ocelli very distinct, yellow ;.
proboscis brown, small ; palpi pale yellow. Antennal scape and
base of 1st flagellar joint brownish yellow, remainder black.
Thorax brownish yellow ; three conspicuous broad black stripes of
the usual pattern, the median one attaining the anterior margin.
Dorsum with irregular short and long hairs ; tAvo strong bristlv ones
above the wing, and four on the border of the scutellum, which is
black on the dorsum and yellow at the base and around the whole
margin ; metanotum and pleurae blackish brown. Abdomen
blackish, with pale pubescence, more or less yellowish about the

80 MYCETOPHILIILE.

apical half of the first three segments. Belly yellowish. Legs pale
yellowish, trochanters a little blackish ; tibiae and tarsi faintly
blackish. Wings pale grey, considerably iridescent ; venation
normal. .

Length 3 millirn.

Described from a single specimen in the Indian Museum from
Mundali, Jaunsa Divison, Dehra 'Dun District, 12. v. 10 (C. W.
Beebe).

Apparently the example is a female ; the genitalia are much
withdrawn, but two small rounded pieces can be seen, which seem
to be terminal lamella?. Otherwise, if the specimen is a male the
genital organs differ in shape considerably from typical forms.

Subfamily MYCETOPHILIN^E.

Table of Genera.

1. Proboscis conspicuously elongated into

a long beak " GNORISTE, Mg., p. 82.

Proboscis never thus elongated 2.

2. Auxiliary vein ending in costa and at

least half as long as 1st basal cell . . 3.
Auxiliary vein not ending in costa;
when long, ending in 1st longitudinal
vein or with its end free; generally
short, with end free 12.

3. Basal section of anterior branch of 4th

longitudinal vein wanting ODONTOPODA, Aldr., p. 89.

Basal section of anterior branch of 4th

longitudinal vein present 4.

4. Subcostal cross-vein present 5.

Subcostal cross-vein absent 8.

6. Basal section of 3rd longitudinal vein

many times longer than anterior cross-
vein. (The 5th longitudinal vein forks

at base of wing.) AIXACTONEURA, Meij.,

Basal section of 3rd longitudinal vein [p. 88.

barely (if at all) longer than anterior

cross-vein 6.

•6. Auxiliary vein enters costa very near

the origin of the 3rd longitudinal vein. LEPTOAIORPHUS, Curt.,
A distinctly appreciable space between [p. 84.

the tip of the auxiliary vein and the

origin of the 3rd vein 7.

7. The 4tb longitudinal forks at about

one-fourth of its length LEIA; Mg., p. 96.

The 4th longitudinal forks at nearly
half its length ACRODICRANIA, Skuse,

8. The 5th vein forks before or under [p. 92.

the fork of the 4th vein 9.

The 5th vein forks beyond the fork of [p. 110.

the 4th PHRONIA, Winn. (pt.),

81

9. The 4th vein forks (after quitting the
anterior cross-vein) at not before one-
fourth of its length * 10.

The 4th vein forks almost immediately-
after quitting cross-vein DELOPSIS, Skuse (ot.),

10. Petiole of 4th vein equal in length to Lp. 118.

the branches ANOMALOMYIA, Hutton,

Petiole of 4th vein one-fourth the length [p. 90.

of the branches 11.

11. The 3rd vein be^ns at or before middle

of 1st longitudinal vein PAL^IOANACLINIA, Meun.r

The 3rd vein begins near tip of 1st [p. 85.

longitudinal GREENOMYIA, gen. nov.,

12. Costal vein ending beyond tip of 3rd [p. 87.

longitudinal (if but slightly, then
auxiliary vein long, and ending in 1st

longitudinal) 13.

Costal vein not extending beyond tip
of 3rd longitudinal vein 15.

13. Lateral ocelli not adjacent to eye

margins MACROBRACHIUS, Dzied.,

Lateral ocelli contiguous or sub-con- [p. 108.

tiguous to eye margins 14.

14. Costal vein extending but little beyond

tip of 3rd longitudinal vein ; 6th vein

. short PHRONIA, Winn. (pt),

Costal vein extending some little [p. HO.

distance beyond tip of 3rd longitudinal

vein ; 6th vein nearly reaching fork of

5th vein MACROBRACHIUS, Dried.

15. Three distinct ocelli, the lateral ones [(pt.), p. 108.

widely removed from eye margins ;
base of 3rd longitudinal vein beyond
middle of wing; anterior branch of 4th

longitudinal vein detached at base . . CLASTOBASIS, Skuse, p. 94.
Lateral ocelli nearly or quite contiguous
to eye margins 16.

16. Sete of hind tibife slender, little, if any,

longer than the diameter of the tibife . 17.
Setae^ of hind tibife distinctly stouter,
at least twice as long as diameter of
tibiae 20.

17. The 5th longitudinal vein forks before

fork of 4th vein 18.

The 5th longitudinal vein forks beyond
fork of 4th vein ". . . . 19.

18. The 6th vein very stout, ending usually

a little beyond the fork of the 5th vein ;
5th vein forking very narrowly at base,
the lower "branch beyond the middle,
suddenly diverging downwards ; the
fork before the proximal end of anterior

cross-vein KHYMOSIA, Winn., p. 102.

The 6th vein slender and inconspicuous. ALLODIA, Winn., p. 107.

* Except in some species of Rhymosia.

82 MYCETOPHILID.E .

19. The 4th longitudinal vein forks beyond

end of basal cell ; the costa extends
very little beyond tip of 3rd vein ;

ocelli three, the middle one very small. PHRONIA, Winn., (pt.),
The 4th longitudinal vein" forks [p. 110.

before end of basal cell ; the middle
ocellus present or absent EXECHIA, Winn., p. 112.

20. Auxiliary vein ends in 1st longitudinal ;

the branches of the oth vein diverging. DELOPSIS, Skuse, (pt.),
Auxiliary vein ends free ; the branches [p. 118.

of the 5th vein parallel along their

apical third or half, or only very [p. 113.

slightly convergent or divergent MYCETOPHILA, Mg.,

The fact that several genera fall into two or more parts each of
this table proves that a satisfactory classification is still a
desideratum. My own special study of the family is too limited
to Oriental, and a certain number of European, species to permit me
to suggest any wide departure from the classification of Johannsen,
who appears to be the latest authority on the group. Distinctions
like those employed at points 8, 12, 16, and 17 may perhaps be
improved upon when a further knowledge of the world's species is
attained, no classification being satisfactory that is founded on the
species of one zoological region only. For this reason the order
in which the genera are described herein (which is intended to show
their affinities as nearly as possible) varies from that in which
they appear in this table. The absence of the posterior cross-
vein, in conjunction with the unforked 3rd vein, will easily
distinguish members of this subfamily.

Genus GNORISTE, Mg. (PI. I, fig. 15.)
Gnoriste, Meigen, Syst. Besch. i, p. 243 (1818).

GENOTYPE, G. apicalis, Mg., the original species.

Head small, rounded, almost hemispherical, placed low upon the
thorax ; proboscis prolonged, beak-like ; eyes elongated, somewhat
bulging, slightly emarginate at the base of the antennae ; ocelli
three, placed in a flattened triangle upon the broad front, the
middle one smaller. Palpi situated near the tip of the proboscis,
four-jointed, the 1st joint very small, the 2nd largest, the 3rd
and 4th oval. Antenna 16-jointed, arcuate, projecting forward,
the joints of the scapus bare, the flagellar joints compressed,
cylindrical, pubescent. Thorax ovate, highly arched ; scutellum
small, semicircular in outline : metanotum steep, somewhat
arched. Abdomen long and slender, compressed, 7-jointed, in
the male with an almost clavate extremity and small forceps.
Legs long and slender, all tibiae with lateral setae, and with spurs.
Wings large, oval, microscopically setulose. Costa produced
beyond tip of 3rd longitudinal vein but not quite reaching wing-
tip ; subcostal cross-vein present, before the origin of the 3rd vein.
Auxiliary vein ends near middle of wing; 1st longitudinal a little

GNORISTE. 83

curved, ending a little beyond it, the 3rd vein originating near
middle of wing at an angle, thence gently bisinuate, the anterior
cross-vein placed at the angle. The 4th longitudinal forks just
beyond the anterior cross-vein, the oth at about the same distance ;
^>th vein strong but incomplete.

Range. Europe, Greenland, North America, Chili, Himalayas.

Life-history unknown.

Easily recognised, being the only Oriental genus with a produced
proboscis.

The two Indian species may be separated thus : —

Thorax yellowish, with three dark stripes ;

proboscis as long as height of head, not

spatulate at tip brevirostris, sp. n., p. 83.

Thorax shining black on dorsum ; proboscis

one-and-a-half times height of head, the

long broad labella giving it a spatulate

appearance spathulata, sp. n., p. 84.

38. Gnoriste brevirostris, sp. nov. (PL III, fig. 7.)

c? . Head : vertex, f rons and face blackish ; three ocelli, yellow,
distinct, in centre of frons, the middle one lower and smaller.
Proboscis about as long as the height of the head, broadly conical ;
dark brown, nearly black, with a little pale, very short pubes-
cence ; labella distinct, brown : palpi pale yellow, long. Antennal
scape bright yellow, first two or three flagellar joints yellow, the
remainder black, with whitish pubescence. Thorax yellowish,
with three broad shining black stripes, the median one reaching
the anterior margin, the outer ones a little shorter; all three
united behind on the posterior margin. Scutellum blackish.
Sides of thorax yellowish, pleurae and metanotum dark brown.
Stiff yellow hairs towards the margins of the thoracic dorsum, and
a row of very small stiff hairs on the median stripe ; in addition
there are irregular, short hairs scattered over the whole of the
dorsum. Abdomen black, with pale pubescence, posterior margin
of segments with a dull dirty yellow band ; belly similar ; genitalia
consisting of several comparatively small pale yellow appendages
enclosed in an outer blackish cup-shaped cavity. Legs pale
yellowish, trochanters and tarsi blackish. Wings pale grey ;
venation normal; most of the longitudinal veins extremely
narrowly suffused with brown. Halteres yellowish.

Length 5 millim.

Described from a single male from Mundali, Jaunsa Division,
Dehra Dun District, 9000 ft., 32.v. 10 (C. W. Beebe).

Type in the Indian Museum.

Owing to the drying of the wings the subcostal cross-vein is
barely visible, but it is present between the auxiliary vein and the
1st longitudinal, about half-way between the humeral cross-vein
and the origin of the 3rd longitudinal.

84 MYCETOPHILIDJE.

39. Gnoriste spathulata, sp. nov. (PL III, fig. 8.)

J . Head : vertex and irons black, a little shining, with a few
stiff hairs. The ocelli very distinct, reddish brown, the outer ones
large, the middle one only a little smaller and barely lower on the
frons. Proboscis one-and-a-half times the height of the head,
brownish yellow, with long broad labella, giving a broad spatulate
appearance to the tip of the proboscis. Palpi pale yellow, long.
Antennal scape and first two or three flagellar joints yellow, the
remainder light brown, with rather thick whitish pubescence.
Thorax : dorsum shining black, prothorax yellowish ; pleurae dark
brownish black. Scutellum black, a little pale on underside ; meta-
notum dark blackish brown. Abdomen black, the first two segments
with a brownish tinge, a few pale hairs ; belly similar. The geni-
talia (not easily seen) appear to consist of a dark rather pointed
pair of claspers bearing an elongate yellow finger-like appendage
near the tip, and a peculiar large leaf-shaped whitish scale; there
is also a comparatively small ventral V*sbaped blackish plate.
Legs rather bright yellow, base of the femora a little brownish,
tarsi darker. (Fore legs missing, except coxae.) Wings grey, the
apical third and front border a little darker. Venation normal.
Halteres deep yellow, rather large.

Length 4 millim.

Described from a single male from Darjiling, taken by myself,
29.V.10.

Type in the Indian Museum.

Owing to the drying of the wings the subcostal vein is not
apparent, and I am under the impression that in this species it
may be absent.

Genus LEPTOMORPHUS, Curt. (PI. II, fig. 1.)
Leptomorphus, Curtis, Brit. Entom. p. 365 (1831).

GENOTYPE, L. walkeri, Curt. ; by original designation.

Head small, round, much narrower than the thorax, nearly
hemispherical, slightly flattened, placed low upon the thorax;
proboscis somewhat projecting ; eyes oval, emarginate at the base
of the antenna?; ocelli three in number, placed in a flattened
triangle on the front, the middle one smaller than the laterals.
Palpi cylindrical, incurved, four-jointed, the 1st joint very small,
the 3rd nearly twice as long as the 2nd, the 4th somewhat longer
than the 3rd. Antenna? long, filiform, projecting forward,
16-jointed ; the basal joints differentiated, the 2nd small, with
setae at the tip ; the flagellar joints cylindrical, somewhat com-
pressed, pubescent. Thorax short, oval, highly arched ; mesonoturn
with setae only at the sides ; metanotum high, strongly arched.
Abdomen very long, slender, nearly linear, compressed, seyen-
jointed, with short terminal joint ; the male with moderate forceps.
Legs long, slender, the tibiae with long spurs and very minute

LEPTOMORP11VS. — PALJEOANACL1MA. 85

lateral setae ; fore metatarsi longer than the tibiae. Wings
elongate oval, shorter than the abdomen, setulose. Costa ends
just beyond tip of 3rd vein. Subcostal cross-vein present, placed
near tip of auxiliary vein which latter ends before or after the
middle of the wing ; 1st longitudinal nearly straight, long ; 3rd
begins at or before middle of wing at an acute or a right angle,
straight nearly to the wing-tip ; the anterior cross-vein at the
deflection. The 4th and 5th veins widely forked, the latter
much before the former; the 6th and 7th veins incomplete and short.

Range. Europe, Assam ; of the only two previously known
species, one is European, the other is from an unknown locality.

Life-history unknown.

" This genus resembles Boletina most closely, but differs in having
longer legs, the fore metatarsi being longer than the corresponding
tibiee, and in a relatively longer petiole of the media,* the petiole
being about half as long as the anterior branch. There are several
undescribed North American species of Boletina which closely
approach Leptomorphus" (Johannsen.)

40. Leptomorphus ornatus, sp. nov.

$ . Head wholly bright chrome-yellow ; antennae (tips broken
off) slightly brownish on upper half. Ocellar triangle black.
Thorax: dorsurn shining indigo-black. Shoulders, scutellurn and
sides (except pleurae, which are shining black), bright yellow.
Metanotum brown, lighter at the sides. Abdomen rich brown,
shortly pubescent ; 1st and 2nd segments all brown, 3rd, 4th and
5th with a broad basal yellow band, 6th all brown, 7th brown
with a narrow yellow tip. Genitalia very small, yellow. Legs
pale yellow, tarsi brownish ; hind femora very slightly brown
.at base above, and at tips. Wings pale grey, with microscopic
hairs ; apical part brownish, the colour stretching across the
wing from just before the tip of the 1st longitudinal vein to the
hind margin, cutting the middle of the branches of the 4th vein.
Upper branch of 5th vein wavy. Halteres yellow, clubs black.

Length 1 millim.

Described from a single female in the Indian Museum from
Sylhet, 3. ii. 05 (Hall).

A very distinct and handsome species, having generic characters
agreeing exactly with those of Leptomorphus ; the fore metatarsus
is about one and a half times as long as the fore tibia.

Genus PALJEOANACLINIA, Meun. (PI. II, fig. 7.)

Palceoanaclinia, Meunier, Monog. Mycetoph. p. 143 (1904);
Johannsen, Gen. Ins., Fasc. 93, p. 85 (1909).

GENOTYPE, P. distincta, Meun. ; by original designation.

Head small, rounded, flattened in front, placed low upon the

* The " media " is the 4th longitudinal vein.

86 MYCETOPHILIDJE.

thorax ; eyes oval, emarginate at base of antennae ; ocelli three,
arranged as a flattened triangle, the middle one small. Palpi
4-jointed, incurved ; 1st joint small, the last one the longest.
Antennae projecting forward, longer than head and thorax taken
together, those of the male the longer; 16-jointed, scapal joints
cupuliform, the flagellar joints cylindrical, rather compressed,
pubescent or nearly bare. Thorax short, oval, highly arched, nieta-
notum high, somewhat arched, scutellum small. Abdomen of seven
segments, long and slender, cylindrical, that of the male with a short
forceps ; in the female with very short ovipositor, at tips of which are
two small lamellae. Legs long and slender, femora slender, slightly
compressed, tibiae with spurs and weak lateral setae, fore metatarsus
shorter than corresponding tibia. Wings elongate oval, base
somewhat rounded, as long as or rather longer than the abdomen,
microscopically setulose. Costa extending beyond tip of 3rd vein ;
auxiliary vein of moderate length, ending before middle of wing ;
1st longitudinal ending at about two-thirds of the wing, straight.
The 3rd vein beginning at about the middle of the wing at a right
angle, thence nearly straight, its basal portion appearing almost
like a cross-vein. Anterior cross-vein moderately long, distinctly
oblique, 4th longitudinal forked before half its length, the branches
diverging towards their tips, 5th longitudinal similarly forked, the
fork occurring just below the anterior cross-vein ; 6th vein short,
incomplete, 7th longer and more distinct.

Range. Europe and North America (recent) and in Baltic amber.
Only three living species are known, occurring in Austria, Finland
and Alaska; there are three fossil ones.

Life-history unknown.

41. Palseoanaclinia flavohirta, sp. nov.

<$ . Head wholly black, except extreme tip of 2nd scapal joint
of antennae which is narrowly yellow, and the flagellum which
is dark brown, with short, pale pubescence. A few yellow hairs
behind head. Thorax: dorsum black, shoulders and lateral margins
as far as wings, and the pleurae, with grey dusting. Three dorso-
central rows of yellow hairs, and a number of strong bristles,
apparently irregularly placed, along the lateral and posterior
margins. Scutellum and metanotum black, former with yellow
hairs on hind margin. Abdomen shining black, with pale hairs,
of only six distinct segments; 1st segment a little compressed,
remainder somewhat broad. Legs pale yellowish, tibiae darker
towards tips, posterior coxa3 and all tarsi black. Wings pale
brownish ; halteres yellow.

Length 3| millim.

Described from a single specimen in the Indian Museum, from
Darjiling, ll.viii. 09 (Dr. Jenkins).

I place this species in Palceoanaclinia which is said to possess
seven abdominal segments, but the present specimen has certainly
only six.

GHEENOMYIA. 87

Genus GREENOMYIA, gen. nov.

GENOTYPE, G. nigricoxa, sp. nov.

Near Palceoanaclinia, Meunier.

Wings : auxiliary vein half as long as 1st longitudinal, faint
but distinct ; subcostal cross-vein absent ; 3rd longitudinal
emerging from 1st near its tip, comparatively short, reaching
margin of wing some distance before tip; costa not produced
beyond tip of 3rd ; cross-vein more oblique than in Palceoanaclinia.
Petiole of 4th vein rather more than one-fourth the length of the
(parallel) branches, the upper one of which ends at extreme wing-
tip ; 5th vein forks immediately under tip of subcostal, distinctly
before fork of 4th, its branches parallel. Anal vein (6th) strong,,
straight, parallel to petiole of 5th, and ending just beyond fork of
latter, 7th absent. Ocelli three, in a straight row in centre of
frous, no ocellar protuberance. Abdomen 6-segmented ( rf ). Legs
moderately stout ; tibiae spurred, posterior pairs with three rows
of seta3,

The 5 ig unknown.

It is with much pleasure that I name this genus after Mr. E»
E. Green, of Ceylon, wrho has done such a great amount of work
for Oriental entomology, and to whom I am personally indebted
for a large number of Diptera from Ceylon.

42. Greenomyia nigricoxa, sp. nov. (PI. II, fig. 8 ; PI. Ill, fig. 9.)

<$ . Head quite black, except a little grey reflection on face ;
the yellow palpi and flagellum with a dark brown tinge. Thorax
shining black, with a little greyish reflection here and there laterally,
and behind the shoulders. Irregular black bristles over dorsumr
stronger ones towards sides ; two dorso-central ones on posterior
margin. Scutellum narrow, black, with four stiff bristles on the hind
margin ; metapleurae greyish, viewed from behind. Abdomen of
six segments only, the 1st much broader ; moderately shining
black, cylindrical, rather robust, posterior margins of basal
segments narrowly brown, hind margin of last segment emargi-
nate above. Genitalia broad, black, semicircular ; a pair of flattened
black claspers, having the first joint broad, the second not obvious
but presumably present, small, ending in two distinct thick short
black tooth-like spines and two strong long slender spines on the
inner side. Legs : fore coxse and all the femora yellowish ;
posterior coxae black ; tibiae brownish yellow ; tarsi black. Wings
very pale grey, nearly clear; a light brownish suffusion at tip
extending inwards as far as the middle of the branches of the
4th longitudinal vein. Halteres yellow.

Length 2| millim.

Described from a single male in the Indian Museum from
Phagu, 8700 ft., Simla district, 3. v. 07 (Annandale).

SO MYCETOPHILIDJE.

Genus ALLACTONEURA, Meij*

Allactomura, de Meijere, Tijd. Ent. L, p. 201 (1907).

GENOTYPE, A. cincta, Meij., the original species.

Head in profile oval, frons arched, with depressed line in middle.
Two distinct ocelli, remote from eye margins, and an indistinct
middle ocellus. Eyes broadly oval, face but slightly arched.
Antennae 16-jointed, as long as head and thorax together, tiagellar
joints cylindrical, longer than broad, closely sessile. Thorax not
deep, with setae posteriorly, elsewhere with scales and with oppressed
pile, as has also the abdomen ; scutellum with two long setse at
the apex. Abdomen somewhat depressed, slender, in both sexes
seven-segmented, in the male with a forceps hidden under the
7th segment ; in the female the 7th segment and the lamellae are
very small. Legs : coxae long and robust : all tibiae with several
ranges of setae ; spurs strong ; tarsal joints, particularly the
metatarsi, with numerous setulse. Wings narrow, without anal
angle. Costal vein ends just before tip of wing ; subcostal cross-
vein present, some distance before tip of auxiliary vein, the
latter ending at one-third of the wing. The 1st longitudinal vein
nearly straight, the 3rd begins near the subcostal cross-vein at a
very acute angle, nearly longitudinal, the basal portion in a straight
line with the rest of the vein. Anterior cross-vein placed
transversely, that is to sav, upright, near middle of wing, a little
before the fork of the 4th longitudinal vein. Marginal
(presumably) cross-vein present, joining the 1st and 3rd longi-
tudinals, placed nearly opposite the fork of the 4th vein.f The
5th vein forks at extreme base of wing, the branches detached ;
the 6th and 7th veins are absent, but a fold in the wing behind
the 5th vein (generally very distinct) appears, unless very closely
examined, like a 6th vein.

Range. A. cincta, the only known species, was recorded originally
from Java, but it seems widely distributed in the East.

Life-history unknown.

43. Allactoneura cincta, Meij, (PI. I, fig. 17.)

Allactoneura cincta, de Meijere, Tijd. Ent. L, p. 202, pi. v, figs. 2, 3.

<$ § . Head : vertex black, frons blackish, remainder of head

reddish yellow or dirty brownish with blackish hairs ; palpi the

same : antennal scape and about the basal third of the flagellum,

* The description of the veins in Allactoneura is by the present writer, the
other characters being taken from de Meijere.

t It is curious tluit de Meijere dues net mention tl;e very distinct (although.
yellow, in contradistinction to the dark brown anterior veins) cross-vein
between the 1st and 3rd longitudinal veins, placed nearly opposite the fork
of the 4th vein. Over a score of specimens have been examined by me
and it is distinctly obvious in all, if looked for ; also in an example identified
by de Meijere himself. It will presumably be the marginal cross-vein, but is
not always easily seen, from a prevailing tendency in this species for the wing
to curl up.

ALLACTOXEURA. — ODOXTOPODA.

more or less yellowish, rest of flagellum black, antennae as long as
the head and thorax together. Thorax blackish, with very minute
black setae, that in certain lights appear as a dull silvery sheen,
lateral bristly hair stronger. Sides of thorax, scutellum and
metanotum black, scutellum with two long apical curved bristles
that cross one another. Abdomen black, with a narrow basal
Avhitish baud on the segments, very variable in its nature and
sometimes practically absent. Genitalia of male prominent below
the last segment of the abdomen, with two nearly straight claspers,
which have black hairs on- the underside and on the innerside are
provided with hook-shaped tips ; of female very small, yellowish.
Legs pale whitish .yellow; coxae very large, a little black at base and
tip ; femora Avith the fore pair only a little black at tip, middle pair
broadly black-tipped and hind pair wholly black or nearly so ; tibiae
and tarsi blackish, the latter the darker, tibial spurs yellowish,
iunerside of fore tibia} pale yellowish ; the tibiaa of three very
unequal lengths : the fore pair quite short, the middle pair distinctly
longer but relatively short, the hind pair of normal size compared
with other genera in this familv. Winc/s pale grey, broadly
blackish at tip, the colour covering about the apical third, the depth
of shade and the extent varying. Venation in accordance with
the generic description.

Length 5 millim.

Described (the female only) from several of that sex m.the Indian
Museum from Sylhet, l.i.5 (Lt.-Col. Hall); Thamaspur, Nepal,
18-20. ii. 08; Peradeniya, Ceylon, 10-30. vi. 10 and 15.viii. 10
(both Gravely) ; Semarang, Java (named by de Meijere), ii. and
iii. 06 (Jacobson). In my collection from Peradeniya, Ceylon, ix.
and xii. 09 (Green}.

The description, so far as it applies to the male only, is in-
corporated from Dr. de Meijere's description as I have not seen
a male myself. The author of the species says the sexes are alike,
except that in the female the last abdominal segment is shorter
than the preceding and is dark brown. He also observes that this
species must be akin to Mycetophila obscurata, Walk., described
from Salawatti.

The black body, yellowish white, black-tipped coxae and anterior
femora, and wholly black hind femora, reddish face and base
of antennae, and smoky tips to the wings, make the species a
conspicuous one. The wings show a great tendency to fold up in
all the specimens I have seen.

Genus ODONTOPODA, AUr. (PL I, fig. 16.)

Odontopoda, Aldrich, Rep. Geol/ Indiana, xxi, p. 187 (1898).
Proanaclinia, Meunier, Monog. Mycetoph. p. 145 (1904).

GENOTYPE, 0. sayi, Aldr.

Head: ocelli three, all large, placed nearly in a straight line;
antennae 16-jointed, the two basal joints differentiated, those of
the flagellum cylindrical, the 1st flagellar joint the longest. Palpi

90 MYCETOPHILIDjE.

four-jointed, 1 st joint short, 2nd a little longer, 3rd longer than
the two preceding, 4th a trifle shorter ; coxse elongated. Abdomen
of the male long, slender, clavate, composed of seven distinct
segments besides the hypopygium. Wings elongate oval. Costal
vein ending at tip of 3rd vein ; auxiliary vein long, ending near
middle of wing ; 1st longitudinal practically straight, long ; 3rd
longitudinal beginning before middle of wing in a bold curve,
considerably bisinuate afterwards, anterior cross-vein situated near
its baso. The 4th longitudinal forked before its middle, anterior
branch indistinct at base ; oth vein widely forked below or just
beyond anterior cross-vein ; 6th vein incomplete.

Range. United States (Indiana) and Sikkim ; also in Baltic amber.

The above (except the wings) is from Johannsen (G-en. Ins.),
and I assume it to be a copy of Aldrich's original description,
which is not accessible to me. Johannsen thinks the genus may
possibly be synonymous with Neuratchia.

44. Odontopoda indica, sp. nov.

c? . Head: vertex blackish, face brown, underside of head and
the palpi yellow ; antennal scape and base of 1st joint of flagellum
yellow, rest of flagellum brown. Thorax yellowish brown, with
short yellow hairs and stiffer bristly hairs around the margins ;
pleurae with a slight violet tinge. (Scutellum and metauotum
damaged.)' Abdomen blackish, of seven elongated, subcylindrical
segments with yellowish grey pubescence. Genitalia very large,
bulbous, blackish brown, hairy and bristly, with a ventral plate.
Legs yellowish ; tarsi barely darker. Wings pale greyish, highly
iridescent, base of upper branch of 4th longitudinal vein indis-
tinct ; halteres yellow.

Length 3| millim.

Described from a single male in the Indian Museum taken bv
me at Darjiling, 6000 ft., 1.x. 08.

The middle ocellus is not visible, owing to a slight crushing of
the top of the head ; it may or may not be present. Otherwise,
except the slight damage to the scutellum arid meianotum caused
by the pin, the specimen is perfect. Only three species are
known — two fossil ones from Baltic amber, and the third from
Indiana, U.S.A. ; it is therefore interesting to find the genus in
the Himalayas.

Genus ANOMALOMYIA, Button. (PL II, fig. 6.)

Anomalomyia, Hutton, Index Fauna Nov. Zeal. p. 134 (1904).
Anomalu, Marshall (nee Stephens), Trails. New Zeal. Instit. xxviii,.
p. 293 (1896).

GENOTYPE, Mycetopliila yuttata, Hutton.

Head moderate, nearly round, but slightly prolonged posteriorly r
situated rather deep in the thorax. Eyes ovate, entire ; ocelli
two or three; if only two are present, one is situated in the margin

ANOMALOMYIA. 91

of each of the compound eyes ; if three, the third in the middle of
the front. Palpi short, incurved, four-jointed ; 1st joint short,
moderately robust, 2nd much longer, 3rd and 4th more slender
and about equally long. Antennas cylindrical, tapering toward
the apex, projecting forward, arcuated, 16-jomted ; 1st joint of
scape nearly cylindrical, 2nd cupuliform, both joints setiferous on
the sides and on the upper edge ; flagellar joints cylindrical, with
a short downy pubescence. Thorax highly arched ; scutellum
semicircular. Abdomen rather flattened, broadest in the middle.
Legs rather short ; tibiae spurred and provided with lateral spines,
which are short on the anterior tibiae, and long ones arranged in
three ranges on the intermediate, and two ranges on the posterior
tibiae. Wings with anal angle and tip rounded, the costal vein
ending a little before the tip. Auxiliary vein rather long, reaching
nearly to the middle of the wing ; 1st longitudinal curved gently
upwards, ending a little beyond middle of wing ; 3rd begins at a
right angle (like a cross-vein) from near the tip of the 1st : it i»
therefore short, and after the bend runs straight to the wing-
border. Anterior cross-vein very oblique, rather long, in a line
with the major portion of the 3rd vein ; 4th longitudinal forked
widely near border of wing ; 5th forked widely at half its length ;
6th short, indistinct.

Range. New Zealand (two species) and Eastern Himalayas.

Life-history unknown.

45. Anomalomyia indica, sp. nov.

cf . Head black above ; ocelli placed towards centre of fronsr
middle one smaller and lower. Head below antennae yellow.
Antennal scape and base of 1st joint of flagellum yellow ; rest of
flagellum blackish brown, with pale pubescence. Thorax : dorsum
brownish yellow ; two median narrow black stripes from anterior
to posterior margins, a shorter wider one on each side on the
hinder two-thirds of the distance. Surface with small bristles of
different lengths, more or less in longitudinal rows ; lateral margins
with larger different-sized ones irregularly placed, but there are four
or five strong spiny bristles in a row below the shoulders, a row of
three in front of the base of the wing, several supra-alar ones, two
strong ones at each posterior corner, and two dorso-central large
ones between these pairs. Scutellum yellow, with four large curved
bristles. Abdomen black, 6-segmeuted, with sparse short pubes-
cence, moderately broad. Genitalia small, dark brown, pubescent,
apparently consisting of a pair of short thick claspers (the second
joint of which is not visible) and a small dorsal plate. The
genitalia are mainly concealed, but there is a conspicuous, almost
erect, bright yellow, narrow, ventral plate, above which can be
seen the palp-like tips of a pair of organs. Legs : coxae yellowish ;
femora black, except apical half of fore pair, and tip of hind pair
yellowish ; fore tibiae yellowish, posterior tibiae brown, tibial spurs
strong, yellowish white; tarsi dark brown. Wings pale yellow,.

92 MYCJ5TOPHILLDJ!.

veins dark brown, distinct, anal vein not apparent ; a brown
suffusion at tip of wing, just beyond the forking of the 4th vein.
Halteres pale yellow.

Length 3 rnillim.

Described from a single male in the Indian Museum, taken by
Mr. Paiva at Darjiling, 7. viii. 09.

Genus ACRODICRANIA, Skuse.

Acrodicrania. Skuse. Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales (2) iii, p. 1194
(1888).

GENOTYPE, A. atricauda, Skuse ; by original designation.

Head ovate, fore part flattened, situated deep in the thorax ;
front broad, the anterior margin produced into a small triangle
reaching the basal joints of the antennae ; eyes oval ; ocelli three,
of unequal size, arranged in a line on the front. Palpi prominent,
incurved, four-jointed; 1st and 2nd joints robust, short, the 2nd
about twice the length of the 1st; 3rd joint much more slender
and a little longer than the 2nd ; 4th joint very slender, not the
length oi: the 2nd and 3rd taken together. Antennae cylindrical,
projecting forwards, arcuated, about as long as or somewhat longer
than the thorax, 16-jointed ; 1st scapal joint cyathiform, about
twice the length of the 2nd, the latter cupuliform, both with short
setaceous hairs at the apex ; the 2nd joint generally with only one
strong seta ; flagellar joints cylindrical, with very short downy
pubescence. Thorax ovate, highly arched ; scutellum nearly as
wide as the thorax, too flattened to be semicircular ; metathorax
highly arched. Abdomen rather robust ; eight segments, the
eighth very short and generally hidden by the seventh ; in the male
flattened, claviform, with a moderate anal joint and forceps; in the
female robust, flattened, terminating in a short ovipositor provided
with two small terminal lamellae. Legs strong ; femora broadly
flattened; tibiae spurred, and having strong lateral spines on the
intermediate and hind pairs ; fore tibiae with a range of minute
spines on the outer and inner side, the spines on the latter widely
separated and few ; intermediate tibiae with three ranges on the
outer side and one on the inner side ; hind pair with two ranges
on the outer side. Wings longer than the abdomen, moderately
broad, with rounded-off base ; microscopically pubescent. Ven-
ation with rather an abnormal appearance. The auxiliary vein
short, ending in the costa at one-third of the wing, with the
subcostal cross-vein distinct, near its tip. The 1st longitudinal
nearly straight, ending at middle of wing ; 3rd vein originating
from near tip of 1st vein, at a right angle (like a cross- vein),
slightly bisinuate, short. Anterior cross-vein long, oblique,
forming with the 3rd vein (after the bend) a bisinuate line. The
4th vein forked widely some distance beyond contact with anterior
cross-vein, the 5th widely forked before half its length, the
branches a little sinuous, the upper one detached at its base. The

ACKODICBANIA. 93

6fch vein long, but ending far from border of wing ; the 7th very
short, indistinct.

Range, The only four known species are from Australia.

Froggatt considers the genus a synonym of Leia.

The two species referred here with some doubt to this genus are
distinguished easily thus : —

Thorax unicolorous, unmarked ferruyinea, sp. n., p. 93..

Thorax with a large oval black spot towards

each side of the dorsurn incerta, sp. n., p. 93.

46. (?) Acrodicrania ferruginea, sp. nov.

? $ . Head orange-yellow. Eyes ovate. Palpi orange-yellow,
apparently four-jointed ; 1st short, 2nd and 3rd long, the former
the widest of all, 4th short, but the demarcation of the joints not
very obvious. Antenna? with the scape and basal half of flagellum
reddish orange, apical half of flagellum blackish. Thorax orange-
yellow, highly arched, microscopically pubescent. Scutellum
(damaged by pin) nearly as wide as thorax, short, blackish ; meta-
notum blackish. Abdomen black, closely but shortly pubescent;
apparently onlv 6-segmented, though a seventh may be easily con-
cealed below the last one ; segments towards the base more or
less dark brownish yellow ; belly similarly coloured. Legs orange-
yellow, a little tinged with brown. Femora blackish towards tips ;.
middle and hind tibia? with two rows of short seta?, which are
longest on the latter. (Fore tibiae missing.) Posterior tibia? with
long pale yellow spurs, tarsi a little darker. Wings pale yellowish-
grey. Venation mainly as in Johannsen's figure (Gen. Insect.,,
Fasc. 93, pi. 5, fig. 14), but the base of the 4th vein and the anterior
cross-vein, with the 3rd vein, are all of them more in a straight
line ; whilst the petiole of the 2nd posterior cell is not a strong
vein as shown in the author's figure, but is as weak as the
branches forming the fork.

Length 3 millim.

Described from a single specimen (which appears to be a female,
although no genital organs are visible) taken in the Khasi Hills,
Assam, 1000-3000 ft., x. 06.

Type in the Pusa Collection.

This species is referred doubtfully to Acrodicrania, as some dis-
crepancies are noticeable. The head is not sunk in the thorax ;
the abdomen has six, at most seven segments, not eight, as in
Skuse's description.

47. Acrodicrania incerta, sp. nov.

5 . Head pale yellow, with pale yellow pubescence ; vertex a
little darker. Proboscis obtusely conical, pale yellow ; palpi pale
yellow. Antennal scape pale yellow ; 1st joint moderately long,.

$4 MYCETOPHILID^E.

a little broader at the tip, with a circlet of bristles ; 2nd joint
cup-shaped, with a row of bristly hairs near the tip. The first
few joints of the flagelluin yellowish, gradually darkening to black
(at about the 5th joint), the remainder Avholly black, the whole
flagelluin with whitish pubescence. Thorax shining light brownish-
yellow ; towards each side a very large elongate oval shining black
spot, occupying about two-thirds the length of the dorsum, sepa-
rated by a moderately broad space. The whole dorsum with
rather long stiff yellow hairs. Scutellum blackish, broadly yellow
.along the whole base, posterior margin with four very long yellow
bristles. Metanotum and pleurae blackish. Sides of thorax
yellowish. Abdomen : the 1st segment pale yellow, the remainder
blackish, with pale pubescence on dorsum and longer yellow hairs
along the sides. Belly black, with yellow hairs, yellowish at base.
Of the genitalia two rather large blackish lamellae are visible, with
stiff bristly hairs at their tips. Leys wholly pale yellow, except
the tarsi which are a little darker, and there is a trace of blackish
colour about the trochanters. Wings pale yellowish grey, a little
more yellowish on the basal anterior part. Veins brownish yellow,
venation normal.* Halteres missing.

Length 2| millim.

Described from a single female taken by Dr. Annandale at
Kurseong, 20. vi. 10.

Type in the Indian Museum.

The yellow thorax and large black side-spots make this species
appear very like Leia arcuata, Brun., but the absence of the con-
spicuous arcuate blackish stripe on the wings at once distinguishes
it.

Genus CLASTOBASIS, Skuse. (PL II, fig. 5.)

Clastobasis, Skuse, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales, (2) v, p. 017
(1890).

GrENOTrPE, C. tryonii, Skuse ; by original designation.

Head roundish, flattened in the fore part, situated deep in the
thorax ; front broad, the anterior border produced triangularly,
the point between the joints of the scapus ; vertex high ; eyes
oval ; ocelli large, the middle one smaller, situated almost, in line
with, but somewhat behind the other two. Palpi prominent, four-
jointed ; 1st joint small, 2nd tolerably long and robust ; 3rd a
little longer than the second, more slender ; 4th very long and
slender, about equal in length to the 2nd and 3rd combined.
Antennas slender, porrected, arcuated, 16-jointed ; 1st joint of the
scapus obconical, longer than the second, the 2nd cupuliform,
both setiferous at the apex ; flagellar joints cylindrical, progres-
sively diminishing in thickness, with minute downy pubescence.

* The venation agrees with the figure of the wing given by Johannsen (Gen
Insect., Fasc. 93, pi. 5, fig. 14).

CLASTOBASIS. 95

Thorax ovate, highly arched, hairy ; lateral border setiferous ;
scutellum lunate, setiferous ; metanotum large, acclivous. Abdo-
men of the female seven-segmented, narrowed at the base and
towards the extremity ; ovipositor short, thick, inconspicuous.
Legs long and slender ; intermediate and hind femora moderately
broad ; tibiae spurred, and with lateral spines ; fore pair with some
minute spines along the outer side ; intermediate pair with two
sparse rows of long spines on the outer and some very small
spines on the inner side ; hind pair with two sparse rows of very
long spines and -a row of very short spines on the outer side ; in
the hind legs the tibiae and tarsi of about equal length. Wings a
little longer than ihe entire body, moderately broad, with rounded-
off base, microscopically pubescent. Costal vein ending at tip of
3rd vein, some distance before tip of wing ; the auxiliary vein
moderately long, ending free and indistinctly, not turning either
up or down. The 1st longitudinal vein only of moderate length,
ending at middle of wing ; the 3rd beginning at about the middle
of the wing near the tip of the 1st, and at a right angle, giving
the appearance of a cross-vein. The 4th vein forked about the
middle of the wing, soon after contact with the anterior cross-
vein, which is long, very oblique, and in a line with the main
portion of the 3rd vein ; 5th vein forked near base, the upper-
branch interrupted at its base ; 6th and 7th veins incomplete, the
former long, the latter very short.

Range. Only one species previously known, C. tryonii, Skuse,
from Australia ; Assam.

48. Clastobasis vittigera, sp. nov.

$ . Head wholly bright yellow. Vertex high, flat ; frons perpen-
dicular, pointed in front. Antennae with short greyish pubescence ;
«yes microscopically pubescent, mid ocellus absent, lateral ones
very large and conspicuous. A row of eight or nine yellow, curved
bristles behind each eye, and four long yellow ones behind vertex,
curving slightly backwards ; a few on the trons. Thorax wholly
bright brownish yellow. A few stiff bristly yellow hairs laterally,
but no obvious chastotaxy. (Scutellum and metanotum destroyed
by pin.) Abdomen yellowish ; a dark brown band on posterior
part of each segment, broadest in the middle, nearly covering the
dorsum of the 5th and 6th. Grenitalia inconspicuous. Legs
wholly bright yellow ; tarsi barely darker. Wings yellowish ; a
slight brownish yellow suffusion on the disc towards tip; 4th and
5th longitudinal veins not quite reaching margin. Halteres
yellow.

Length 3 millim.

Described from a single male from Sadiya, N.E. Assam, in the
Indian Museum.

There is no reasonable doubt of the species belonging to Clasto-
basis, the only discrepancy, compared with Skuse's description,
being the absence of the middle ocellus. It agrees perfectly with

yb MYCETOPHILID^:.

the diagram of the wing. The only other species known i»
0. tryoni, Skuse, from Australia. I retain the manuscript name
given to the species by Bigot, though the applicability of it is not
very clear unless the row of bristles around the back of the head
is referred to.

Genus LEIA, My.

Leia, Meigen (part.),Syst. Besch. i, p. 258 (1818).

Lejomya, Kondani, Dipt. Ital. Prod, i, p. 195 (1856).

'Lejosoma, Rondani, op. cit. corrig.

Qtaphyroateru. Winnertz, Verb, zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, xiii. p. 781

(1863).
Neoglaphyroptera, Osten Sacken, Cat. Dipt. N. Amer. p. 10 (1878).

GENOTYPE, L. fascipennis, Mg. ; by designation of Curtis
(British Entomology, p. 645).

Head with elevated vertex, oval, flattened in front, placed low
upon the thorax ; eyes elongate oval, somewhat emargiriate at the
base of the antennae ; ocelli three in number, placed in a curved
line upon the broad front ; the laterals large, rather close to the
eye-margin, though not contiguous ; the middle ocellus smaller.
Palpi large, incurved, four-jointed; the 1st joint smallest, the 4th
as long or longer than the preceding. Antennae projecting
forward, 16-jointed ; the two basal joints differentiated, setose at
the apex ; the flagellar joints cylindrical, somewhat compressed,
short pilose. Thorax oval, highly arched ; scutellum small, nearly
semicircular in outline ; metanotum high, steep ; halteres small.
Abdomen seven-segmented, slender ; in the male cylindrical, and
with small forceps ; in some forms the seventh segment is reduced
and nearly hidden by the sixth sclerite ; in the female flattened
and ending in a short ovipositor with two small lamellae. Leers
moderately strong, all tibiae with spurs and lateral setae; fore
tibiae with a range of delicate setae on the flexor and another on
the extensor surface ; there are also several scattered setae ; middle
tibiae with one range of delicate setae and a single prominent one
on the flexor surface, two ranges of rather stout setae on the
extensor surface, a single seta between the latter near the apex,
and three or four setae in an irregular row near the range on the
flexor surface ; hind tibiae with a range of delicate setae on the
flexor surface and two ranges of stout setae on the extensor
surface, besides several smaller scattered ones. Winas somewhat
longer than the abdomen, elongate oval, with rounded base. The
costal vein ends at the tip of the 3rd longitudinal vein, not far
from the wing-tip ; the auxiliary vein is short, ending at one-
third of the wing. The 1st longitudinal ends at a little beyond
the middle, with the subcostal cross-vein near the tip of the
auxiliary. The 3rd vein begins near the tip of the 1st at a right
angle, the anterior cross-vein long and oblique, placed at the
deflection ; the 4th vein forked a little beyond the anterior cross-
vein, the 5th vein widely forked before the fork of the 4th vein ;
6th and 7th veins incomplete, the former rather strong. In

LEIA. 97

some species the upper branch of the 5th vein is slightly dis-
connected at the base, and the prongs of both the 4th and 5th
veins may be nearly parallel or distinctly divergent according to
the species.

Range. Europe, North Africa, North and South America, "West
Indies, India, and Sumatra.

Life-history. The larvae live in fungi, but beyond this nothing
appears to be known.

" The name Leia replaces Neoylapliyroptera because Curtis
designated L. fasciatipennis, Meigen, as the type and because
Rondani, the first reviser of the genus, defines it as above. It
appears that the name Leja was used by Dejean for a genus of
Coleoptera. Scu'dder dates it 1821 and credits it to Megerle.
Lacordaire states that it was used by Dejean in his first catalogue
which, according to Hagen, appeared in 1802. As this catalogue
is not accessible to me I am unable to decide the question of
synonymy ; the spelling being different it may be justifiable to
use the name Leia even should it be antedated by Leja ; if not, it
must be replaced by Lejomya, Rondani." *

Table of Species.

1. Yellow species, with or without markings. 2.
Shining black species ; wing-tip infus-

cated 6.

2. Thorax with three black stripes 3.

Thorax never striped 4.

3. Wing with three black spots winthemi, Lehm., p. 97.

Wing with only one black spot flavobrunnea, sp. n., p. 99.

4. Thorax with a very large black spot

towards each side ; wing with an

arcuate blackish mark towards the tip . arcuata, sp. n., p. 99.
Thorax without such spots 5.

5. Thorax wholly yellow; wing with a

blackish transverse streak near tip .... bicolor, sp. n., p. 100.
Thorax shining black except on anterior
margin ; wing with a very narrow arc-
shaped blackish streak near tip insignis, sp. n., p. 101.

6. Front coxae dark, hind femora brownish ;

proboscis not spatulate nigra, sp. n., p. 101.

Front coxse and hind femora pale yellow ;
proboscis spatulate spathulata, sp. n., p. 101.

49. Leia winthemi, Lehm. (PI. II, fig. 2.)

Leia winthemi. Lehmann, Ins. spec, in agro Hamb. captee, p. 39

(1822).
Glaphyroptera winthemi, Winnertz. Verb, zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, xiii,

p. 789 (1863).

* The above quotation is from Johannsen (Gen. Ins., Fasc. 93, p. 76, 1909),
and explains the question of synonymy concisely; it is therefore quoted
verbatim.

H

98 MYCETOPHILIDjE.

Mycetophila maculipennis, Say, Long's Exped. St. Peter s liiv., App.

p. 365 (2) (1824).
Leia trifasciata, Walker, List Dipt. Brit. Mus. i, p. 93 (1848).

cf $ . Head yellowish, vertex light brown ; palpi yellowish ;
antennal scape and the two or three basal flagellar joints yellowish,
the remainder brown ; scape with bristles at tip of each joint.
Thorax brownish yellow, with three distinct dark brown stripes,
well separated, the median one reaching the anterior margin and
distinctly divided in front ; the outer stripes shorter, but con-
tinued to the posterior margin. Scutellum yellow, brown in the
centre. Abdomen : in male brownish yellow, posterior borders of
segments with a broad dark brown band, varying in breadth and
intensity, often narrower in the middle ; in female nearly all black
or blackish brown, or only the fore borders narrowly, or anterior
angles of segments shortly pale ; in both sexes with pale pubes-
cence. Belly in male yellowish, in female blackish. Genitalia of
male large and conspicuous, light brownish yellow ; a large
obtusely conical basal joint to the claspers, the second joint
terminated by two large strong black claws, the basal joints
united at their bases above. There is also a pair of bright yellow
intermediate palp-like organs. Ovipositor of female apparently
normal. Legs brownish yellow, tips of femora more broadly, tips
of tibiae rather narrowly black, the latter with three rows of setas ;
tibial apical spurs long, reddish yellow ; tibiae a little blackish
yellow, tarsi darker. Wings distinctly yellowish, a brown suffu-
sion over the anterior cross-vein and petiole of 4th longi-
tudinal vein, over the basal section of 3rd vein, and a longer spot
from the costa just beyond tip of 1st longitudinal Arein extending
nearly to the anterior branch of the 4th vein, and another spot at
tip of 3rd vein. Anterior cross- vein rather long, basal section of
3rd vein short, the vein originating towards tip of 1st vein. The
4th vein forks a little beyond the anterior cross-vein, the branches
parallel ; the 5th vein forks before the basal end of the anterior
cross-vein, the branches diverging ; 6th vein very short, indis-
tinct, 7th moderately long, distinct.

Length 3-5 millim.

Eedescribed from several specimens of both sexes in the Indian
Museum from the following localities : —

Simla, 25.iv. 07, S.v.07, 10. v. 09, Matiana, Simla district,
28-30. iv. 07 (all Annandale) ; Naini Tal, 2.vi.09, Darjiling,
5. viii. 09 (Paiva), 29. v. 10 (Brunetti) • Ukhrul, Manipur (Petti-
qrew). The species also occurs in Sumatra, Europe, and North
America.

Type. The location of this I have been unable to trace.

This species is apparently confined to the hills in eastern
regions, though it is not uncommon throughout Europe. Van der
Wulp in his " Catalogue of South Asian Diptera" records it from
Mid-Sumatra, a female being taken on the Peak of Indrapoera
almost identical with the European form.

LEIA. 99

50. Leia flavobrimnea, sp. nov.

c? . Head yellowish ; three distinct, rather large, round black
spots on frons, carrying the ocelli, the middle one of which is
slightly smaller than the others and placed rather above them on
the frons ; each also carries a bristle, the outer ones being very
large and conspicuous ; all the rear part of the head behind the
ocelli with short, stiff, bristly brown hairs ; face and palpi yellowish,
former with brown hairs. Antennal scape and first ten joints of
flagellum yellowish, the remainder black. Thorax brownish
yellow, with three darker brown stripes, the median one faint,
formed of two narrowly separated fine lines, the outer ones pointed
at each end ; all three attain the hind margin of the dorsum, the
middle one being continued over the concolorous scutellum, which
bears four bristles on its hind margin. Metaiiotum brownish
yellow, with a pair of longitudinal blackish stripes ; sides of thorax
concolorous. Abdomen black on dorsum, pubescent ; base pale ;
belly yellowish, except at the tip. Genitalia subglobose, yellowish,
apparently twisted sideways ; the basal joints obtusely conical,
with a pair of intermediate small black horny hook-like appen-
dages and an elongate narrow dorsal style. Legs brownish
yellow, tibiae a little darker, posterior tibiae beset with bristles.
Wings yellow, a little paler behind ; venation normal, veins
yellow or yellowish brown. A brown mark over the tip of the
3rd longitudinal vein, extending a little in front of the vein at the
margin of the wing, and a little behind the vein at a short distance
from the wing-margin. Halteres yellow, with a short thick stem,
clubs black-tipped.

Length 3| millim.

Described from one male taken by me at Darjiling, 29. v. 10.

Type in the Indian Museum.

51. Leia arcuata, sp. nov. (PI. II, fig. 3.)

cJ $ . Head : frons rather bright yellow, reddish or brownish
on vertex ; face and palpi light brownish yellow ; antennal scape
and about basal half of flagellum yellow, darkening gradually to
blackish on the apical part. The three ocelli distinct, black ;
some pale hairs on upper part of head and stiff black hairs behind
it ; back of head reddish yellow. In some females nearly all the
head is more or less uniformly yellowish. Thorax light brownish
yellow, sides and scutellum concolorous, dorsum generally a little
darker. Metanotum and metapleurae wholly black. There is on
each side of the dorsum a very large, pear-shaped, shining, jet-
black spot, extending from a little below the shoulders to the
posterior corners, and from the wing-roots nearly to the middle
of the dorsum, leaving only a narrow yellow interval between the
two spots. Thorax covered with loose shaggy yellow hairs,
amongst which there are several bristles along the lateral borders
of the dorsum, strongest above the wings ; two dorso-central

H2

100 HYCETOPHILID^E.

bristles, and the scuteilum bears a strong one on each side, nearly
as large as the apical pair. Abdomen yellow, with light yellow
pubescence ; 1st segment wholly black, the rest with a broad
black posterior margin (which is generally narrowest on the 2nd
segment) ; in the male this band is more or less of regular width,
but in the female it is generally enlarged in the middle to a suffi-
cient extent to attain the base of each segment, in some speci-
mens the colour spreading over the whole of the hinder segments.
Belly yellowish, blackish towards tip. Genitalia of male yellow, of
moderate size, second joint of claspers very slender ; in the female
the organs are inconspicuous, yellow. Legs wholly yellowish,
tibiae rather darker, tarsi blackish. Wings yellowish grey ; an
irregular, ill-defined, but distinct brownish arcuate band (its con-
vexity inwards) towards tip, crossing the 3rd and both branches
of the 4th longitudinal vein, and touching the tip of the 5th at
the wing-border. Halteres pale yellow.

Length 3 millim.

Described from two males and ten females in the Indian
Museum, from Kurseong, Darjiling District, 5000 ft., 3-9. vii. 08,
26.vi.10; and Nairn Tal, West Himalayas, 10.vi.09. A speci-
men in the Pusa Collection is from the Khasi Hills, Assam, 1000—
3000 ft., iii. 07.

A very conspicuous species, and easily recognised from all
others in the genus or even subfamily, by the very large shining
black spots on the thorax. In one specimen from Bhowali,
Kumaon, taken by Mr. A. D. Imms in July 1909, the basal half
of the hind femora is black and the wing-marks almost absent.
Mr. Imms took it again at Bhowali on 28. vi. 10.

52. Leia bicolor, sp. nov.

$ . Head : frons and vertex reddish yellow ; face and palpi
ight brownish yellow; antenna? with the first few joints of
flagellum bright reddish yellow. (Eemainder missing.) Thorax
brownish yellow, traces of three narrow brown stripes converging,
but not uniting, towards posterior margin. Sides, pleura?, scu-
teilum, and metanotum concolorous. Dorsum with two distinct
rows of dorso-central small bristly hairs, of irregular size, and two-
stronger bristles on each posterior corner, also a curved row of
four strong ones on the scuteilum. Metapleurae with numerous
long stiff yellow hairs. Abdomen wholly black, very narrowly
yellow at base, with a few pale hairs. Belly blackish ; genitalia
concealed. Legs : coxae and femora reddish yellow, tibiae blackish
yellow, tarsi blackish. Wings rather deeply yellowish; a brownish
band near tip, crossing the 3rd longitudinal, and both branches of
the 4th longitudinal vein. Halteres yellow.

Length 4^- millim.

Described from a single female in the Indian Museum, taken
by Dr. Annandale at Kurseong, 7. ix. 09.

LEIA 101

53. Leia insignis, sp. nov.

5 . Head : frons and vertex black, with pale hairs. Antennae
set in well-marked, large cavities, the edges of which are pale
yellow. Scape yellow ; flagellum brown, a little paler beneath at
the base. Underside of head and the palpi pale yellow. Thorax :
dorsum wholly shining black, but leaving a broad yellow anterior
margin ; the shoulders, humeri and the anterior part of the sides
also yellow. Metapleurae, metanotum and the mesopleural region
black. Scutellum yellow, with a row of four strong yellow bristles.
Dorsum of thorax with yellow hairs, amongst which can be distin-
guished a more or less distinct pair of dorso-central rows, which
end in a pair of strong yellow bristles. Other strong yellow
bristles occur laterally in the usual situations, but some of them
can hardly be strictly differentiated from the stiff hairs which are
irregularly placed around the edges of the dorsum and elsewhere.
Abdomen yellow, with sparse, short yellow hairs ; hind margins of
segments with a broad black band, which is narrowest on the
1st segment, and which shows a tendency to increased width in
the middle in the others. Last segment, belly and genitalia ah1
yellow, latter small. Legs yellow, tibiae scarcely darker ; tips of
hind femora very narrowly black, tarsi blackish. Wings pale
yellow, an indistinct narrow, transverse streak towards the tip.
Halteres yellow.

Length 3 millim.

Described from a single specimen from Ukhrul, Manipur,
6400 ft., in the Indian Museum.

54. Leia nigra, sp. nov. (PL II, fig. 4.)

§ . Head black, except the greyish face and pale yellow palpi.
Thorax wholly black, pubescent ; dorsum moderately shining,
with strong hairs, and with some bristles laterally, on the anterior
corners and humeri and on the posterior corners ; the scutellum
also bears a row of four strong bristles. Abdomen black, pubescent.
Genitalia black ; a cylindrical, hairy piece and a ventral plate are
visible. Legs black; tibiae pale brownish yellow, apical spurs
white (middle tibiae in the second specimen brownish towards tip).
Wings pale grey, tip brownish, the colour extending to about the
middle of the branches of the 4th longitudinal vein and the tip of
the 5th.

Length 3 millim.

Described from two examples in the Indian Museum, from
Naini Tal, 2. vi. 09 (type), and Simla, 9. v. 09 (Annandale).

55. Leia spathulata, sp. nov.

cf . Head : vertex, frons, and face all black, with microscopic
grey pubescence, the face with grey reflections when viewed from
above ; vertex and frons with, in addition, stiff bristly black hairs.

102 MYCETOPHILIDJw

Ocelli yellowish white. Proboscis comparatively elongate, with
very broad and long labella, pale yellow with blackish marks on
the upper side ; palpi yellowish white. Antennae black, with
microscopic grey reflections. Thorax shining black, rather densely
covered with black bristly hairs of different lengths ; whitish grey
on the shoulders, the colour extending laterally as far back as the
wings. Scutellum, metanotuin and sides of thorax black ; pleurae
slightly dusted with grey. Abdomen black, pubescent ; posterior
margins of segments yellow on underside, the colour extending
narrowly to the upper side of some of the basal ones. Genitalia
large, rounded, shining black, pubescent ; an obtusely conical 1st
joint and, apparently, some smaller intermediate appendages. Legs
pale yellow, posterior coxae black, tarsi pale blackish yellow;
posterior tibiae spinose, apparently bearing three rows of rather
large setae; fore tibiae with much shorter bristles. Wings very
pale grey, blackish on about the apical fourth, the colour extending
across the wings, limited proximally, nearly in a straight line, from
the middle of the 3rd vein to the tip of the anterior branch of the
5th vein ; the 6th vein distinct, straight, ending at about opposite
the fork of the 5th vein. Halteres pale yellow, clubs oval.

Length 85 millim.

Described from one male taken by me at Darjiling, 25. v. 10.

Type in the Indian Museum.

It is questionable whether a new genus might not be established
for this species, owing to the lengthened proboscis and highly
developed labella. Agreeing, however, as it does with the other
generic characters of Leia, and bearing a considerable resemblance
to L. nigra, it seems advisable to refer it here for the present.

Genus RHYMOSIA, Winn.
.Z%m0am,Winnertz, Verb, zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, xiii, p. 810 (1863).

GENOTYPE, R. fasciata, Mg. ; by designation of Johannsen (Gen.
Ins., Fasc. 93, p. 102, 1909).

Head oval, vertex somewhat raised, front broad, narrowed
anteriorly ; eyes nearly circular, somewhat bulging ; ocelli three
in number, the laterals large, closely contiguous to the eye-margins,
the middle one very minute, placed in a groove on the front,
sometimes almost concealed. Palpi incurved, four -jointed, 1st
joint very small, the 4th longer than the three preceding.
Antennas 16-jointed, basal joints differentiated, setose at the apex,
the flagellar joints cylindrical, compressed, pubescent. Thorax
oval, highly arched ; mesonotum short-haired, usually only the
margin with setae ; scutellum large, margin setose ; metanotum
high, steep. Abdomen of the male six-segmented, with small
terminal segment and rather small forceps, that of the female
seven-segmented, slender, constricted at the base, compressed,
with short, stout ovipositor and a pair of terminal lamellse. Legs

BHYMOSIA. 103

long and slender, tibiae spurred and with slender lateral setae. Wings
oval, base rounded, about as long as the abdomen, with microscopic
setulse arranged in parallel longitudinal rows. Costa ending before
tip of wing ; auxiliary vein rudimentary. The 1st longitudinal
vein straight, the 3rd beginning at its middle, mainly straight ;
anterior cross-vein oblique, placed before middle of wing. The
4th longitudinal forked immediately after contact with the
anterior cross-vein, the branches nearly parallel, gently diverging ;
5th vein forking before 4th, the branches diverging, 6th vein
strong but incomplete, 7th short and indistinct.

Range. Himalayas, Bengal, Assam, Ceylon ; previously recorded
only from Europe and North America.

Life-history. Apparently little is known, but Winnertz states
that R. fenestralis, a European species, breeds in Agaricus melleus.
Johannsen says some species feed on Armillaria, a genus of
fungi.

A character of many species of this genus is the narrow forking
of the 5th longitudinal vein for a certain distance, after which the
branches semewhat suddenly diverge, and it may be distinguished
from such species of Allodia as have a narrowly forked 5th vein
at the base, by the strong anal vein.

Table of Species.

1. Thoracic dorsum mainly blackish,

margin yellowish Jlavolimbata, sp. n., p. 103.

Thoracic dorsum mainly yellowish 2.

2. Thorax without distinct black stripes

or marks 3.

Thorax with the three usual dark stripes genitalis, sp. n., p. 104.

3. Antennae with tip of each joint broadly

black 4.

Antennae uniformly brownish alboluteralis, sp. n., p. 104.

4. Thorax light yellowish, shoulders con-

colorous annulicornis, sp. n., p. 105.

Thorax brownish yellow, shoulders
distinctly paler 5.

5. Femora all pale yellow , humeralis, sp. n., p. 106.

Posterior femora with black streaks

below towards tips fasctpes, sp. n., p. 106.

56. Rhymosia flavolimbata, sp. nov.

c? $ . Head bright reddish yellow, including antennae, the tips
of each joint of the flagellum very narrowly but distinctly black ;
vertex and back of head blackish. Thorux : dorsum very dark
brown, with short pale yellowish hairs, margin of dorsum on three
sides pale yellow, the hind margin blackish, except at the corners,
which, with the scutellum, are yellow. Sides of thorax anteriorly
reddish yellow ; pleurae and metanotum black. Abdomen black,
moderately shining, with a few pale hairs. Genitalia of male very
large, pubescent, brownish yellow, the large first joint of the

104 MYCETOPHILID.E.

claspers followed by a comparatively short, obtuse dark brown,
curved joint ; a dorsal bifid plate, beneath which protrude two
pairs of long almost filamentous appendages. Ovipositor of
female very small, inconspicuous, concealed, yellow. Legs wholly
pale yellow, except dark brown tips to coxae and the darker
blackish tarsi. Wings yellowish. Both branches of 4th vein
distinct to the wing-border, nearly parallel ; upper branch of 5th
•Vein distinct nearly to its base. Halteres pale yellow.

Length 3 millim.

Described from two females (including type) taken by Dr.
Annandale at Kurseong, 5000 ft., 4. vii. 08 and 21. vi. 10. I have
seen it from Kumaon, 5700 ft., vii. 1909, taken by Mr. Imms.

Type in the Indian Museum.

57. Rhymosia genitalis, sp. nov.

cf . Head dark brownish yellow, with black pubescence, darker
in centre. Face and proboscis bright yellow, two small lip-shaped
labella at the tip of the proboscis ; palpi with the first two joints
i dark brown, 3rd and 4th yellowish, thinner. Thorax bright
yellowish, with the three usual darker broad stripes, the middle
one attaining the anterior margin, where it is widened ; all three
attain the hind margin ; clorsum covered with yellow hairs.
Scutellum and metanot-um blackish, underside of scutellum
yellowish. Sides of thorax yellowish, pleurae blackish. Abdomen
black, hind margin of the basal segment brownish yellow. G-eni-
talia very large and complex ; a rather small oblong black dorsal
plate, with two black palp-like appendages protruding from below ;
a very large shining black 'ba'Sa'l' joint to the 'clampers, the 2nd
joint being blunted and of irregular shape ; two very long, pointed
horny brownish yellow intermediate appendages, standing quite
erect, above the level of th.e. abdominal dorsum, and each termi-
nating in three long slightly curved spines. Legs : coxae and
femora yellow, tibiae a little • darker, tarsi blackish. Wings
yellowish, venation normal. Halteres yellow.

Length 3 millim.

Described from one male from Darjilirig, taken by me, 29. v. 10.

Type in the Indian Museum.

58. Rhymosia albolateralis, sp. nov.

c? . Head : frons, face, palpi and scape bright yellow ;. base of
1st joint of flagellum pale yellowish white, remainder of flagellum
light brown, pubescent ; back of head black, a little reddish
behind the eyes ; eyes black, pubescent. Thorax brownish yellow,
with microscopic black hairs, and two well separated rows of
dorso-central black bristles ; others occur around the lateral
margins ; three rather strong ones on each posterior corner, and
two in the centre of the extreme posterior margin ; a whitish
streak on lateral margins of dorsum from shoulder to root of wing.

KHTMOSIA. 105

Scutellum concolorous, with two apical strong bristles, and a
smaller pair immediately above them. Metanotum brownish
yellow; pleurae blackish. Abdomen yellowish, posterior half of
each segment, and whole of last one, rich dark brown. The
genitalia consists of a large hood-like pale yellowish piece,
exteriorly pubescent, ending in two narrow prolongations ; below
this hood is a pair of bent claspers with long black hooks. Legs
pale yellowish, tibiae and tarsi darker. Winys pale brownish
grey ; halteres yellowish white.

Length 3| millim.

Described from a single male in the Indian Museum, from
Naini Tal, 6000 ft.-, 10, vi. 09.

59. Rhymosia ammlicornis, sp. nov. (PI. II, fig. 10 ; PL III,
figs. 13 & 14.)

c? $ . Head yellow, a little darker on vertex. Antennae yellow,
-closely pubescent, apex of each joint of the flagellum with a broad
black ring. A few bristles about the mouth ; palpi varying
from yellow to blackish. Back of head with bristles on the upper
part, blackish on the lower part. Thorclx yellow, slightly
brownish yellow on dorsum, paler yellow at sides ; dorsum with
rather shaggy brownish-yellow hair ; around the borders of the
•dorsum are several bristles of various sizes, the strongest being
two curved ones in front of each wing base ; there are at least
two on each humerus, with others below them, two apparently
notopleural ; a strong one at each posterior corner, with- two
others of shorter and unequal lengths in front of them ; and
two dorso-central. Scutellum and metanotum yellow ; former
with two strong apical bristles. Abdomen of male yellow, posterior
margins of segments narrowly black ; belly yellow, with blackis
posterior margins to segments. Abdomen of female yellow, or
'brownish yellow, with yellow pubescence ; posterior margins ot
all segments with a black band, which is broadened in the middle,
sometimes extending forwards to the base of the segment ; last
•segment all yellow. Genitalia of male very conspicuous ; each
clasper formed of a large, short, emarginate, basal piece beyond
which projects a prominent second joint attached to the first very
narrowly and having the appearance of a ventral V-shaped plate
with rounded edges, on the inner side of which are a row of strong
blac'.c spines. On the upper inner side of the second joint is a
small process ending in three black claws ; a moderate-sized dorsal
plate is present. In the female two small lamellae are barely
visible, the whole organ being totally withdrawn within the
abdominal cavity. Legs pale yellow ; tips of coxae blackish, with
some black bristles ; extreme tips of femora sometimes black ;
apical spines on posterior tibiae very large, dirty yellow ; tibiae and
tarsi darker ; posterior tibiae with several strong bristles on hinder
side and lesser ones on outer and inner sides. Wings yellowish,

106 MYCETOPHILIDuE.

veins brown, all bearing a microscopic row of bristles ; lower
branch of 4th longitudinal vein not reaching wing-margin ; upper
branch of 5th obliterated at base. Halteres pale yellow.

Length 3-3| millim.

Described from one male and three females in the Indian Museum
collection, from Madhupur, Bengal, 13. ix. 09, 15. x. 09 (Paiva) ;
Calcutta, IS.vii. 08 (Annandale) ; and Peradeniya, Ceylon, 14-16.
vii. 10 (Gravely}.

60. Eliymosia humeralis, sp. nov.

c? . Considerably resembling R. annulicornis, the differences
being as follows : —

Head with the vertex more blackish. Thorax with the dorsum
rather darker brownish yellow and the anterior corners livid
yellowish white ; scutellum lighter ; metapleurae blackish. Bristles
apparently similar but hardly as strong. Abdomen with the 1st,
4th, 5th, and 6th segments dark brown, with very narrow pale
yellow hind margins ; the 2nd and 3rd segments yellow ; belly
dark brown, posterior margins of all segments pale yellow.

Length 2f millim.

Described from a single male, from Sylhet, 3. ii. 05 (Lt.-Col.
Hall) ; in the Indian Museum.

61. Rhymosia fascipes, sp. nov. (PI. Ill, fig. 12.)

c? . Head : vertex black with coarse yellow hairs ; a yellowish
transverse ridge across the frons immediately above the antennae,
reaching from eye to eye. Face yellow, palpi brownish yellow.
Antennas brownish yellow, tips of all the flagellar joints dark
brown. Thorax brownish yellow, with rather long yellow rough
hairs, more bristly near the margins ; anterior margin of dorsum
and along the sides about as far as the wing, paler, yellowish
grey ; three indistinct broad darker brown stripes of the usual
pattern are visible but not conspicuous. Scutellum yellowish, a
little obscure on the dorsum ; metanotum shining blackish brown,
sides of thorax yellowish, pleura? blackish, rnetapleurae yellowish.
Abdomen blackish ; 1st segment mainly, 2nd on basal half, 3rd
narrowly at base, yellowish ; the whole abdomen with short
yellow pubescence. Genitalia very complex ; a narrow pointed
dorsal style ; a two-jointed pair of claspers, the 1st joint of
moderate size, obtusely conical, the 2nd flattened, rather wide ;
an intermediate pair of fire-tong-like black horny processes, tri-
sinuate, and ending in sharp points ; they emerge from below the
style and possibly spring from a single basal piece ; below these,
and almost below the large claspers also, is a second pair of
appendages, ending in finger-like tips ; except the black, tong-
like processes, all the genital organs are brownish yellow with
yellow hairs. Legs pale yellowish, tarsi barely darker, junction of

BHTMOSIA. — ALLODIA. 107

coxae and femora dark brown on underside ; hind femora dark
brown near tip below, middle femora less so; posterior tibiae
with black tips, and bearing three rows of setae. Wings yellowish
grey, a little more yellowish on anterior border ; tips of fork of
4th longitudinal vein converging, the lower branch incomplete.
Halteres brownish yellow.

Length 3 millim.

Described from one male, from Peradeniya, Ceylon, 7. viii. 10
(F. H. Gravely).

Type in the Indian Museum.

Genus ALLODIA, Winn.

Allodia, Winnertz, Verb, zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, xiii, p. 826 (1863).
Brachycampta, Winnertz, /. c. p. 833.

GENOTYPE, Mycetophila lugens, Wied. ; by Johannsen's designa-
tion (Gen. Ins., Ease. 93, p. 104).

Head round, flattened in front, placed low upon the thorax,
front broad ; eyes round ; ocelli three in number, the laterals
large, contiguous to the eye-margins, the middle one very small, in
a groove. Palpi incurved, four-jointed, the 1st small, the 4th
longest. Antennae 16-jointed, the basal joints differentiated, the
flagellar joints cylindrical, pubescent. Thorax oval, highly arched ;
mesonotum with depressed hairs, only the margin setose : scutel-
lum large, with marginal setae. Abdomen of the male six-seg-
mented, with complex forceps ; the female abdomen with seven
segments, slender, compressed, constricted at the base, with a
short ovipositor, ending in two slender lamellae. Legs long and
slender, all tibiae with long spurs and minute lateral setje. Wings
shorter or not longer than the abdomen, oval, with rounded base,
and with microscopic setulae arranged in parallel longitudinal
rows. The costal vein ending some distance before the tip of the
wing ; auxiliary vein rudimentary ; 1st longitudinal straight, long,
3rd beginning about its middle, also straight; anterior cross-vein
moderately long, rather oblique ; the 4th longitudinal forked
before half its length, the branches gradually diverging ; the 5th
vein forks a little before 'the fork of the 4th, the branches
diverging ; the 6th and 7th veins incooiplete, or more or lesy
indistinct.

Eange. "Western Himalayas ; and previously recorded from
Europe and North America.

This genus is closely allied to Brachycampta, "Winn., and that
author distinguishes the two as follows : — In Allodia the first anal
vein (6th vein), though short, is more or less distinct ; in Brachy-
campta it is wanting ; in the latter the fork of the 5th longitudinal
vein is sometimes formed as in Rhymosia, the base of the fork
being retracted before the proximal extremity of the anterior
cross-vein, while in Allodia this is not the case.

108 • MYCETOPHILIDjE.

However, with regard to these distinctions Johannsen says : —
" These characters, while sufficient to separate most of the European
species thus far described, fail utterly for some of the still
undescribed North American forms, and for this reason the two
genera are combined."*

62. Allodia nigrofasciata, sp. nov. (PI. II, fig. 11.)

c? $ . Head : vertex dark brown or black, with grey pubescence ;
face blackish or brownish, rest of head including proboscis and
palpi, yellow. Antennal scape and base of flagellum yellow, the rest
black. Three or four strong bristles in a row behind upper inner
corner of each eye. Thorax varying from reddish brown to
black, with rather rougli yellow pubescence, sides yellowish, .
pleurse blackish, slightly dusted with grey. Bristles placed as
follows : — several on the humeri of different lengths, three or four
very strong ones below each humerus, some moderately strong ones
on the anterior and lateral 'margins of dorsum, a powerful one on
each posterior corner of dorsum, and smaller ones irregularly
mixed with the soft yellow hairs covering the whole dorsum and
along its posterior margin. Scutelluin with two strong apical
bristles. Abdomen compressed ; varying from yellowish to dark
brown and with soft pale hairs; dorsum with a broader or
narrower black band on the base of each segment, sometimes
occupying nearly all the surface, but leaving at least a narrow
band on each hind margin, which widens towards the sides, over
which the black colour extends for some distance basally. Geni-
talia of moderate size ; the large basal joint of each clasper
terminating in two narrow flexible finger-like appendages, and
between the claspers a pair of branched black hook-like organs.
In the female two narrow elongate yellow lamellae are visible.
Legs pale yellow, tips of femora, especially on hind pair, a little
blackish ; traces of a small dark streak below at base ; tibiae darker ;
tarsi blackish. Wings pale yellowish, iridescent ; halteres yellowish
white.

Length 2|-3| millim.

Described from two males and six females (including type <3
and § ) in the Indian Museum, from Simla, 10. v. 09 (Dr. Annan-
dale) • also from one from Mundali, Dehra Dun district, 9000 ft.,
10-12. v. 10 (C. W. Seebe), in the same collection.

Types in the Indian Museum.

Genus MACROBRACHIUS, Dzied.

Macrobrachius, Dziedzicki, Hor. Soc. Ent. Ross, xxiii, p. 520 (1889).

GENOTYPE, M. kowarzii, Dzied., the only previously known
species ; by original designation.

* Gen. Ins., Fasc. 93, p. 104 (1909).

MACHOBBACHIT7S. 109

Near Phronia. Head placed low down on thorax ; palpi incurved,
four-jointed, first two joints caliciform, 3rd joint cylindrical, 4th
nearly as long as the first three taken together. Eyes oval,
ernarginate at base of antennae ; three ocelli, placed in a transverse
line, the middle one small. Antennae articulate, 16-jointed, scape
differentiated, flagellum cylindrical. Thorax short, highly arched,
metanotum short, scutellum small, with long setse. Abdomen
short and compressed, in male 6-segmented, in female 7-segmented*
Legs strong; middle and hind tibiae with two rows of lateral setae
on each. Wings oval, broader at base in the male ; costa ending
far beyond tip of 3rd longitudinal vein ; auxiliary vein short, a
little curved, the end free ; the 4th vein forking beyond the basal
section of the 3rd vein ; the fork of the 5th longitudinal small,
the fork, far beyond the fork of the 4th ; branches widely
diverging ; the 6th longitudinal vein long and strong, but shortened ;
the 3rd vein beginning before the middle of the wing ; the
anterior cross-vein moderately long, very oblique, the 4th vein
forking immediately after quitting it.

Range. Europe ; Eastern Himalayas.

The long costa, in conjunction with the strong 6th vein, at
once separates this genus from Phronia.

63. Macrobrachius longicosta, sp. nov. (PI. Ill, fig. 11.)

c? . Head : vertex and frons black, with greyish pubescence ;
face very narrow, owing to the eyes being nearly contiguous just
below the antennae. Palpi pale yellow; scapal joints of antenna?
bright yellow, each with a row of bristles ; 1st flagellar joint
yellow at base, the remainder brown, darkening nearly to black at
the tip. Outer ocelli touching the eyes. Tliorax bright brownish
yellow, with very short golden yellow pubescence and numerous
strong bristly hairs, which latter are more conspicuous towards the
margins and along the middle, where they form two dorso-central
rows ; two brown, rather broad, longitudinal stripes beginning on
the hind margin of the dorsum, but disappearing before reaching
the middle. Prothorax with four strong bristles on each side.
Scutellum sub -triangular, the upper corners rounded, blackish,
with short yellow hairs and two divergent strong bristles at the
tip ; underside yellowish. Metanotum blackish, sides of thorax
yellow,' pleurae blackish. Abdomen considerably compressed, six-
segmented, black, with yellowish grey pubescence ; belly yellowish.
Genitalia yellowish ; a short narrow emarginate dorsal plate,
apparently united to the very large side-plates (unless these are
the basal joints themselves of the claspers) and these meet below,
forming a keel-shaped cavity for the inner organs, the tip prolonged
narrowly as a ventral style, with three horny filaments. From
the genital chamber project three tapering finger-like appendages,
each ending in a horny hook ; they are united at their bases and
apparently form the second joint of the claspers, the first being
hidden (unless they themselves are what are here described as

1 10 MYCETOPHILID.E.

side-plates). Just above the style there are four strong spiny
black bristles on each side-plate. Legs bright yellowish; tarsi
blackish towards the tips. Wings pale yellowish grey, lighter
around the posterior margin ; venation in accordance with Johann-
sen's figure (Gen. Ins., Fasc. 93, pi. 6, fig. 12). Halteres blackish.

Length 3 millim.

Described from one male, from Kurseong, 25. vi. 10 (Dr. N.
Annandale).

Type in the Indian Museum.

Genus PHRONIA, Winn. (PL II, fig. 9.)
Phronia, Winnertz, Verb, zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, xiii, p. 857 (1863).

GENOTYPE, P. rustica, Winn.

Head round, flattened in front, placed low upon the thorax ;
front broad, the anterior margin produced into a triangle, the apex
of which reaches to the base of the antennae ; eyes round ; ocelli
three in number, the laterals large, contiguous to the eye-margins,
the middle one small, placed in a groove near the base of the
frontal triangle. Palpi incurved, four-jointed, the 1st joint small,
the 4th about as long as the 2nd and 3rd taken together.
Antennae in the male frequently, in the female usually, nearly
cylindrical, slender, arcuate, 16-jointed, the two basal joints
differentiated, the 2nd with setae at the apex, flagellar joints
cylindrical, slightly compressed, pubescent. Thorax oval, highly
arched, mesonotum hairy, the hairs on the sides longer, no setae ;
scutellum nearly semicircular, margin setose, metanotum high,
somewhat arched. Abdomen of the male slender, six-segmented,
compressed, constricted at the base, with rather large apical segment
and forceps ; female with seven-segmented abdomen, cylindrical,
constricted at the base, with ovipositor ending in two lamellae.
Legs slender, fore tibiae shorter than the corresponding tarsi ; all
tibiae with spurs and lateral setae. Wings oval, with a more or
less rounded base, somewhat longer than the abdomen, micro-
scopically setulose. Costa ending at varying points before the
wing-tip, according to the species ; auxiliary vein very short or
rudimentary, ending free ; 1st longitudinal moderately long ; 3rd
originating at a right angle before middle of wing, running
straight to just above the wing-tip ; anterior cross-vein short, 4th
longitudinal vein forking soon after contact with the cross-vein,
the branches gradually diverging ; 5th vein forking beyond fork
of 4th, the branches widely diverging ; 6th and 7th veins incom-
plete, sometimes almost rudimentary.

Range. Sikkim, Assam ; previously recorded only from Europe,
and one species from Greenland.

Life-history. The early stages are passed in decaying wood.

To the student who would make this genus a special study,

PHBONIA. Ill

Dziedzicki's elaborate monograph is recommended.* The flies are
found in woods and among shrubs, usually in spring and autumn.
The two Oriental species described here may be separated thus : —

Yellowish species simplex, sp. n.

Blackish species semifumata, sp. n.

64. Phronia simplex, sp. nov.

$ . Head yellowish, vertex brown, with whitish pubescence,
antennae light brown, scape and base of flagellum yellow. Thorax
rather bright light brown, with microscopic pale pubescence, and
a greyish reflection towards the lateral margins ; three dorsal
stripes very faintly indicated ; lateral margins with stiff bristles.
Scutellum concolorous, with signs of two broad darker stripes ;
two strong apical and two smaller subapical bristles. Metanotum
and sides very light brownish yellow. Abdomen light brown,
minutely pubescent, hind margins of segments narrowly pale yellow.
GTenitalia light brown, slender, with two elongated terminal lamellae.
Leys pale yellow, tibiae and tarsi very pale brownish. Wings very
pale yellowish grey ; halteres pale yellow.

Length. 3| millim.

Described from a single example in the Indian Museum from
Assam.

65. Phronia semifumata, sp. nov. (PI. Ill, fig. 10.)

J . Head black, with very short scattered grey hairs ; proboscis
blackish, tip brownish yellow ; palpi yellowish. Antennal scape
yellow, 1st flagellar joint pale brownish, remainder black. Thorax
blackish ; dorsum with short pale yellow hairs and strong brownish
bristles around the margins ; shoulders and upper corners of
prothorax pale yellowish. Scutellum blackish, with four strong
brownish spines. Metanotum, sides of thorax and pleurae blackish,
the latter with a little grey reflection. Abdomen black, compressed,
with pale hairs. Qenitalia rather large, rounded ; a small dorsal
bilobed plate and a ventral plate ; the basal joint of claspers large, the
2nd joint consisting of three elongated appendages (which are not
easily seen, being curled up on one another), one of which at least
is covered with short bristles. Legs : fore coxae pale yellowish,
posterior coxae blackish with grey reflections ; 'femora and tibiae
pale yellow, tarsi blackish towards the tips. Wings yellowish
grey, a little darker yellow on the anterior margin. Venation
normal. Halteres pale yellow, clubs large, oval.

Length 3 millim.

Described from one male, taken at Tonglu, Darjiling district,
21.iv. 10 (0. W. Beebe).

Type in the Indian Museum.

* Hor. Soc. Ent. Rosa, xxiii .

112 MTCETOPHILID^E.

Genus EXECHIA, Winn.

Exechia, Winnertz, Verb, zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, xiii, p. 879 (1863).
Parexechia, Becker, Insekten von Jan May en, p. 62 (1886).
Brachydicrania, Skuse, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales (2) iii, p 1215
' (1888).

GENOTYPE, Tipulafungorum, de Geer ; designated by Johannsen.*

Head roundish, compressed in the front part, situated deep in
the thorax ; front broad. Eyes longish-round ; lateral ocelli large,
closely contiguous to the eye-margins, middle ocellus either very
small, placed in a groove on the front, or entirely wanting.
Palpi incurved, four-jointed, 1st joint small, 4th longest. Antennae
projecting forward, somewhat arcuated, 16-jointed, 1st joint of
the scape cyathiform, 2nd much shorter than the 1st, cupuliform,
both setiferous at the tip ; flagellar joints cylindrical, somewhat
compressed, with minute downy pubescence. Thorax ovate*
highly arched, with a short pubescence, setose on the lateral and
hind borders ; scutellum semicircular, setose, metanotum steep.
Abdomen slender, in the male with six, in the female with seven
segments, narrowed at the base, cylindrical or a little compressed ;
anal joint of the male rather large, forceps moderate or small ;
ovipositor of the female very short, with two small lamellae.
Legs long, slender, intermediate and hind femora rather broadly
compressed, tibiae spurred, and with lateral spines, fore pair with
one distinct range of very minute spines on the inner side, and
a few small spines along the outer side, intermediate pair with
a range of small spines on each side, hind pair with two ranges of
rather longer spines on the extensor surface ; plantae of meta-
tarsus of hind tarsus with minute setulse. Wings shorter thanr
subequal to, or a little longer than the abdomen, oblong oval, with
rounded base, and with microscopic setulse arranged in longi-
tudinal rows. Costal vein ending at tip of 3rd vein, some
distance before the wing-tip ; auxiliary vein very short, complete
or incomplete, turning down towards the 1st longitudinal ; 3rd
vein beginning before middle of wing, angled at base, thence
straight ; anterior cross-vein moderately long, oblique, 4th longi-
tudinal forked very soon after contact with cross-vein, before
middle of wing, the branches approximately parallel ; 5th longi-
tudinal forked about its middle, approximately under fork of 4th,.
the branches distinctly diverging ; 6th and 7th veins distinct but
short.

Range. Europe, Greenland, and Eastern Himalayas.

Life-history. Apparently nothing known beyond that the larvae
live in fungi, and that the perfect insects appear in woods and
bushes in the spring. One species is said to do considerable
damage in Europe to mushrooms.

* Gen. Ins., Fasc. 93, p. 106 (1909).

EXECHIA. — MTCETOPHILA. 113

" Brachydicrania and Parexechia do not differ from Exechia
except that they possess but two ocelli while Exechia has three,
the middle one being very minute. The forms with two ocelli
should not be confused with Mycetophila which has very stout
tibial lateral setae, and larvae with ambulacral setulae. The larvae
of Exechia are commonly present in many species of fungi. They
do not have the transverse rows of ambulacral setulae " *.

66. Exechia basilinea, sp. nov. (PI. II, fig. 12.)

(5 $ . Head wholly yellow, apical third or half of flagellum
blackish ; frons and vertex with fine golden yellow hairs, a trans-
verse row of short black bristles above the antennae. In the female
the frons and vertex, also the flagellum except at base, are blackish.
Thorax reddish yellow, paler at sides. A row of stiff bristles of
various sizes along anterior margin ; several others on and below
shdulders, two strong ones on each humerus, lateral ones towards
the sides, a strong one on each posterior corner, and irregularly
placed small ones on the dorsum ; these latter conspicuous coin-
pared with the very minute yellow pubescence. Scutellum with
an apical pair of curved bristles, crossing one another, with
a similar, much smaller pair in front of them. Metapleura with
stiff hairs. Abdomen reddish yellow, compressed, with short
yellowish hairs ; segments with a black basal band, which narrows
towards the sides, but in its middle reaches the base of the
following segment. Hind margin of 1st segment with a narrow,
well defined, yellowish white band ; belly pale. Genitalia of male
consisting of a pair of large, at least two-jointed, claspers, with
some narrow horny hook-like intermediate organs ; a pair of
small narrow bright lemon-yellow palp-like appendages appear to
take the place of the dorsal plate, which is absent. In the female
there is a pair of pad-like hairy plates and a long conical internal
organ with an ovipositor. Legs : coxae reddish yellow, femora
pale yellow, tibiae pale blackish yellow, tarsi blackish. Wings and
halteres pale yellow.

Length 4| millim.

Described from a single male and female in the Indian
Museum, taken at Kurseong, Darjiliug district, 3 and 4. vii. 08
(Dr. Annandale).

Genus MYCETOPHILA, Mg.

Mycetophila, Meigen, 11%. Mag. ii, p. 263 (1803).
Mycetina, Rondani, Dipt. Ital. Prod, i, p. 195 (1856).
Mycozetcea, Rondani, loc. cit. iv, Corrigenda, p. 12 (1861).
Fungivora, Meigen, Nouv. class, mouches (1800), nom. mid.

GENOTYPE : Johannsen has set up M. agarici, Oliv., as the
type-species.

* Johannsen, Gen. Ins., Fasc. 93, p. 106 (1909).

114 MYCETOPHILID.E.

Head oval, flattened in front, placed very low on the thorax, so
that in profile it makes a continuous curve with the thorax; front
broad, the anterior margin produced into a triangle the apex
of which reaches the ba^e of the antenna ; eyes oval, ocelli two in
number, placed close to the eye-margins. Pulpi incurved, four-
jointed, the 1st joint small, the 4th as long as or longer than the
3rd, usually slender, rarely oval. Antennae arcuate, 16-jointed, the
basal joints differentiated, setose at the apex, the flagellar joints
cylindrical, compressed, pubescent. Thorax oval, highly arched,
produced over the head, pubescent, with longer hairs on the lateral
margins and over the base of the wing, posterior margin setose ;
scutellum usually semicircular, its margin setose ; metanotum
highly arched. Abdomen of the male six-segmented, anal segment
usually small, forceps small ; that of the female seven-segmented,
more or less compressed, constricted at the base, ovipositor with
two lamella?. Legs stout, the femora compressed ; tibiae with
spurs, fore tibia? with small seta? on the outer side, middle tibiae
with two ranges of stout setae on the extensor surface, and one
range on the inner side ; hind tibiae with two or three ranges of
long stout setae on the extensor surface ; plantae of the hind tarsi
ciliate with fine setulae. Wings somewhat longer than the abdo-
men, oval, the base more or less rounded, the microscopic setulae
arranged in longitudinal rows. The costa ending before the tip of
the wing, the auxiliary vein very short, ending free ; the 1st longi-
tudinal straight, ending at about two-thirds of the wing ; the 3rd
originating a little before the middle of the wing at a right angle
and practically straight also ; the 4th and 5th forked approximately
at about the same place, nearly under the basal portion of the 3rd
vein or immediately beyond it, the branches very gently diverging,
or nearly parallel ; 6th and 7th veins rather short and indistinct.

Life-history. Of several European species the life-history is
known ; that of M. lunata, Mg., for instance, has been worked
out by Heeger, whilst M. signata, Mg. has been reared by
Stannius from Boletus edulis ; it frequents pinewoods. Heeger
says that some species hibernate, reappearing in early spring,
when they copulate after a few days. The larvae live in fungi and
decaying wood. The perfect insects occur anywhere in woods in
the neighbourhood of fungi and are often taken on the windows
of houses.

Range. Probably world-wide ; yet the genus has not been
actually recorded from Africa, or till now from the Continent of
Asia, though it has been found in the East Indian Islands.

Funyivora, Mg., though synonymous, is inadmissible as well as
all the other genera set up in Meigen's " 1800 paper " as it has
been termed, none having been accorded any species.'

Table of Species.

1 . Wings with a brownish mark or marks . . 2.

Wings clear tinctiventris, sp. n., p. 115.

MYCETOPHILA. 115

2. Two obvious distinct marks on each

wing , 3.

Only one obvious dark mark on each
wing 4.

3. Shoulders yellowish; a brown transverse

streak on apical half of wing ; hind
margins of abdominal segments

yellowish quadrifasciata, sp. n., p. 116.

Shoulders concolorous ; a brown nearly
round spot on the costa ; hind margins
of abdominal segments blackish curvilinea, sp. n., p. 116.

4. Sides of thorax below shoulders con-

siderably and distinctly grey griseolateralis, sp. n., p. 116.

Sides of thorax never distinctly grey,

and rarely paler 5.

5 (a). Thorax bright brownish yellow ; an

almost imperceptible pale blackish

tinge over the tip of the wing suffusa, sp. n., p. 117.

(6). Thorax dark shining brown ; no

blackish tinge over wing-tips himalayensis, sp. n., p. 117.

(c). Thorax bright brownish yellow ; a

suffused brown oval spot at tip of

basal cell binotata, sp. n., p. 118.

67. Mycetopbila cinctiventris, sp. nov.

? <$ . Head : frons and vertex chestnut-brown ; face below
antennae (apparently) brownish yellow. Antennal scape yellow,
flagellum brown. Thorax : anterior third reddish brown, darkening
insensibly to blackish on the remainder ; dorsum with very short
golden yellow pubescence ; entirely bare of bristles except two
rather strong ones on each posterior corner. There are some weak
bristles on the inetapleurse, and the scutellum has a row of four
strong ones curved upwards. Abdomen slightly compressed,
brownish black, with light greyish pubescence, hind borders
of segments a little darker ; a rather bright yellow band at the
base of the 4th segment on the underside. G-enitalia concealed.
Legs pale yellowish ; tips of coxae, of hind femora and tibiae
blackish ; tarsi blackish. Wings yellowish ; halteres pale yellow.

Length 3 millim.

Described from a single specimen in the Indian Museum, taken
at Simla, 10.vii.09 (Dr. Annandale).

I presume the example to be a male, as only six distinct abdo-
minal segments are present, and the abdomen is only slightly
compressed, but no genital organs are visible.

68. Mycetophila quadrifasciata, sp. nov. (PI. II, fig. 13.)

c? . Head above blackish brown ; below antennae reddish
yellow ; antennal scape yellow, flagellum brown. Thorax : dorsum
dark brown, pubescent, anterior corners pale yellowish. Scutelluni
brown, with four bristles towards the hind margin, and a median

i2

116 MYCETOPHILIDJB.

yellowish stripe, which shows a tendency to be continued on to the
hind margin of the thorax. Abdomen very dark brown, rather
compressed, hind margins of segments narrowly yellowish ; belly
yellowish. Genitalia brown, composed of a pair of fleshy bi-hooked
claspers *, enclosed by narrow .side-plates united to an equally
narrow dorsal plate, which latter terminates posteriorly in a pair
of curved finger-like appendages. Leys yellowish, tips of coxae and
of posterior femora and tibiae brownish, the colour widest on the
hind pair. Wings yellowish ; a small brown oval spot, contiguous
to the outer side of the basal cell, limited above by the 1st vein,
and below by the lower branch of the 4th ; a brown streak from the
costal margin filling the space between the tips of the 1st and 3rd
veins, and proceeding in a zigzag course to the hind border between
the branches of the 4th and 5th veins. Halteres yellow.

Length 3 millim.

Described from a single male in the Indian Museum, from
Simla, 10. v. 09 (Annandale).

69. Mycetophila griseolateralis, sp. nov.

tS . Head blackish, vertex and frous with stiff yellow hairs.
Antennae dark chestnut-brown, with the exception of the tip of the
1st joint and whole of the 2nd joint of the scape, and the base
of the 1st flagellar joint, which are yellowish ; all the flagellum
with grey pubescence. Proboscis dark, palpi yellowish. Thorax
blackish, with stiff yellow hairs ; sides of thorax from the shoulders
to the wings distinctly grey, with yellow hairs as on the dorsum.
Scutellum blackish with yellowish hairs and four long yellow
bristles on the hind margin ; metanotum and sides of the thorax
(except the grey part mentioned) black. Prothorax with two
large bristles on each side behind the eyes, placed wide apart.
Abdomen black, with moderately long yellowish hairs. Genitalia
yellow, consisting of two side-plates, meeting below and covering
the ventral surface, and a pair of two-jointed organs terminating
in lamella-like tips. Legs : coxae, femora, and tibue yellow,
blackish at their junctures ; tarsi dark brown. Wings pale grey,
with a suspicion of darkening on the anterior margin distally,
a dark brown suffusion of limited extent over the base of the 3rd
longitudinal vein and the anterior cross-vein. Halteres pale
yellow.

Length 1| millim.

Described from one male from Tonglu, 10,000 ft., Darjilin^
district, 21.iv.10 (C. W. Beebe).

Type in the Indian Museum.

70. Mycetophila cnrvilinea, sp. nov. (PI. II, fig. 14.)

This species, if distinct from M. quadrifasciata, Brun. (supra),
differs by the pale shoulder marks being absent ; the blackish

* It is not certain that there are not three terminal black hooks.

MYCETOPHILA. 117

streak on the wing is replaced by a nearly round spot on the
costa ; the upper branch of the 4th longitudinal vein is slightly
sinuous ; the abdomen has the hind margins of the segments
blackish.

One female taken by me at Darjiling, 10-16. x.05.

Type in the author's collection.

71. Mycetophila suffusa. sp. nov.

$ . Head brownish grey, vertex with pale hairs, frons con-
spicuously triangular ; lower part of head brownish yellow ;
antennal scape and. base of flagellum yellow, remainder of flagellum
brown. Thorax bright brownish yellow, with pale pubescence,
and short black bristles on the dorsum, and with stronger ones
round the margin. Pleurae with a faint violet-brown tinge, all
with weak bristles except the sternopleurae. Scutellum con-
colorons, with four bristles. Abdomen rather dark brown with
pale pubescence, posterior margins of segments narrowly black.
Leys pale yellow, tibiae and tarsi darker. Wings yellowish ; a small
oval dark brown spot over the anterior cross-vein, a very weak
blackish (almost imperceptible) tinge over the tip of the wing.
Halteres pale yellow.

Length '3 millim.

Described from a single female from Simla, 10. v. 09
(Annandale).

Type in the Indian Museum.

72. Mycetophila himalayensis, sp. nov.

<3 . Head above dark chestnut-brown, shining, with greyish
pubescence ; below antennae blackish brown, palpi yellowish.
Antennal scape and 1st joint of flagellura yellow, remainder dark
brown. Thorax dark shining chestnut-brown, with pale pubescence •
anterior margin of dorsum moderately or narrowly pale yellow,
the colour extending to the shoulders. No bristles on dorsum,
three on inesopleura, two or three on posterior corners and four
strong ones on the posterior margin of the dorsum. Scutellum
concolorous, with normally four strong bristles, sometimes with
more (one specimen has five,auother seven, the middle or apical four
always the strongest). Abdomen blackish brown or black, with pale
pubescence; underside of some of the segments, generally the 2nd to
the 4th, more or less yellowish, the colour extending to a varying
degree over the sides, nearly to the dorsum. Genitalia very small,
hardly apparent. Legs: coxae and femora yellowish white, junction
of these joints and tips of hind femora narrowly dark brown ;
tibiae and tarsi barely darker, except the tips of the latter. Wings
yellowish, anterior cross-vein suffused with a brown spot, the
colour slightly encroaching on the basal cell. Halteres yellowish.

Length 8|-3$ millim.

Described from nine males in the Indian Museum from Simla,
10. v. 09 (Annandale}, and Naini Tal, 10. vi.09.

118 MYCETOPHILID.E.

73. Mycetophila Mnotata, sp. nov.

c? $ . Head bright brownish yellow, upper part with short
black hairs ; fiagellum blackish, except towards base. Thorax with
scutellum, metanotum and sides concolorous, with minute golden
yellow pubescence ; pleurae sometimes brownish ; the whole dorsuin
covered with irregularly placed black bristles, which occur liberally
in rather stronger form around the marginal region of the thorax,
on the humeri, \vith a fan-shaped row of five below the humeri ;
the scutellum bearing four strong ones towards the hind margin.
Abdomen blackish, compressed, posterior margins of segments
narrowly dull yellow. Genitalia in male with the 2nd joint very
elongate, narrow, curved, erect, pointed at tip ; in the female
small, concealed ; in both sexes brownish yellow. Legs yellowish,
tibiae slight!}7 darker, tarsi blackish. Wings yellowish, rather
darker on anterior part ; a brown, suffused oval spot at tip
of basal cell, enclosing the junction of the veins. Halteres
yellow.

Length 3 millim.

Described from one male (type} taken by me at Darjiling,
20. ix. 08, with two other specimens from there, 26. ix. 08 and
29. v. 10 (Brunetti) ; a male from Ukhrul, Manipur ; and two
males and a female (type) from Simla, 10. v. 09 (Annandale).

Types in the Indian Museum.

Genus DELOPSIS, Skuse.
Delopsis,Skvi8e, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales, (2) v, p. 623 (1890).

GENOTYPE, D. flavipennis, Skuse ; by original designation.

Head somewhat longish-round, flattened, situated deep in the
thorax ; front broad, the anterior border produced triangularly
in the middle, the point reaching the basal joint of the antennas;
eyes oval ; ocelli two, large. Palpi prominent, incurved, four-
jointed, 1st joint small, 2nd robust, about two-and-a-half times
the length of the 1st, 3rd slender, clavate, about the length of
the first two combined, 4th very slender, clavate, the length of
the first three combined. Antennae porrect, arcuated, 16-jointed,
1st joint of the scape obconical, much longer than the 2nd, the
2nd cyathiform, setiferous at the apex; flagellar joints cylindrical,
progressively diminishing in thickness, with a short downy pub-
escence. Thorax longish-ovate, gibbose, the anterior margin
projecting somewhat over and closely applied to the head, as in
Sceptonia, densely covered with short longitudinally disposed hairs ;
setiferous about the origin of the wings ; scutellum semicircular,
with long setae ; metanotum very short, steep, gibbose, almost
hidden by the scutellum. Abdomen with six segments in both
sexes ; somewhat flattened, narrower than the thorax, narrowing
at the base and apex. Genitalia not conspicuous in either sex.

DELOPSIS. 119

Legs robust, coxae broad ; femora short, broadly flattened, especially
the hind pair ; tibiae spurred, the fore pair without lateral setae,
intermediate pair with three ranges of strong spines on the outer
and one on the inner side ; hind pair with three ranges of stronger
spines on the outer side ; intermediate and hind tarsi spinulose.
Wings about the length of the entire body, elongate, rounded
off at the base, microscopically pubescent, the hairs not arranged
in longitudinal rows. The costal vein ending at the tip of the
3rd vein ; the auxiliary short, complete, turned forwards to the
costa ; the 5th vein forking much earlier than in Myceto-phila,
some distance before the anterior cross-vein ; the 6th vein
distinctly short ; the 7th long, reaching the wing-border.
Range. Australia^ind Southern India.

74. Delopsis collaris, sp. nov.

cf . Head light tawny brown ; antennal scape and base of
flagellum yellow, rest of flagellum light brown. Thorax black,
moderately shining, with pale yellow pubescence, anterior margin
and shoulders broadly yellow ; sides dark brown, bare. Dorsum
bare of bristles, but a few in front of the wings, two strong ones
on the posterior corners and four on the yellow scutellum. Abdo-
men brownish yellow ; dorsum of first two segments black ; 3rd,
4th and 5th black on dorsum except at base, the colour extending
well over the sides of the 5th. Genitalia inconspicuous. Legs
wholly yellowish. Wings and halteres yellowish.

Length 2| millim.

Described from a single example from Maddathorai, Travancore
State, I7.xi. 08 (Annandale).

Type in the Indian Museum.

Subfamily SCIARIN.E.

The SciABiNjE differ from the rest of the MYCETOPHILID.E taken
en masse, in two principal features : (1) the coxae, though some-
what lengthened, are normally formed instead of being greatly
enlarged, and (2) the anterior cross-vein is very oblique, being
always in a direct line with the main length of the 3rd longitudinal
vein, that is to say, its length after its short erect basal portion.
In their general appearance, their metamorphoses, habitats, and
modes of life there is no difference.

The vast majority of the species fall into the gigantic genus
Sciara, and are black or blackish in colour, varied occasionally by
a little brown or brownish yellow about the legs or underside of
the body ; whilst a few species have reddish abdomens. Very
few species are conspicuously marked ; amongst Oriental species,
such are, rufithorax, Wulp, indica, Walk., and three new ones
•herein described, distinguenda, rvfoabdominalis, and luteiventris.

] 20 MYCETOPHILID JE.

Jn the venation, the humeral cross-vein is present, the subcostal
and posterior cross-veins are absent ; the 1st and 3rd longitudinal
veins (simple), the 4th and 5th (both forked) and 6th (short), are
present.

Genus SCIARA, Mg. (PI. II, figs. 15, 16, 17.)

Sciara, Meigen, Illig. Mag. ii, p. 263 (1803).
Molobrus, Latreille, Hist. Nat. Crust. Ins. xiv, p. 288 (1805).
Planetes, Walker, Ent. Month. Mag. iii, p. 178 (1836).
Planatella, Westwood, Synops. gen. Brit. Ins. p. 126 (1840).

Head rounded, proboscis barely prominent ; eyes reniform ;
three ocelli, the middle one smaller than the others. Palpi two-
or three-jointed, incurved, the last three joints subequal. Antennae
16-jointed, projecting forwards, curved, longer in male than female,
cylindrical ; scapal joints differentiated, bare, flagellar joints not
narrowed at base. Thorax arched, bare or practically so, but a
fe\v definite rows of stiff hairs in some of the species ; scutellum,
small, with or without stiff hairs on the posterior margin. Abdo-
men 7-segmented, subcylindrical in male, conical or sub-conical in
female, nearly or wholly bare. Grenitalia of male prominent,
apparently tolerably uniform in structure ; in such species as I
have been able to examine satisfactorily they consist of a pair of
large, two-jointed, hairy claspers, attached to a very broad basal
piece, the first joint being much thicker and larger than the 2nd,
which is elongate or oval ; there is also a small apparently bilobed
intermediate organ. In the female the ovipositor is simple and
small. Legs moderately long and slender, coxae lengthened some-
what but not enlarged ; femora flattened somewhat on the inner
side ; tibiae with small apical spurs. Wings oval, moderately or
comparatively broad ; in repose folded over the abdomen. Aux-
iliary vein short, ending free ; 1st longitudinal moderately long,
ending some little distance before or beyond middle of wing ; 3rd
vein beginning at a right angle before middle of wing, rectangular
at the bend and thence gently curved to some distance before
the wing-tip ; 4th longitudinal vein forked about its middle, but
varying greatly, the branches parallel or divergent according to the
species ; 5th longitudinal forked widely at base, the two branches
sometimes separated there ; 6th vein short ; 7th absent ; anterior
cross-vein verv oblique, placed in a direct line with the main course
of the 3rd vein and appearing as the basal portion of that vein,
whilst the erect rectangular basal portion of the 3rd vein appears
to be the cross-vein. Anal lobe of wing fairly full.

Range. World-wide.

Life-history. The metamorphoses of several species are known,
and the usual habitat of the larva appears to be decomposing
leaves, some species having been bred from apples, potatoes and
other vegetables ; a few live in cow-dung and a few under the
bark of trees. These hatch out in eight or ten days according
to Heeser.

SCIARA. 121

A special peculiarity of the larvae of more than one species of
Sciara, is the habit of forming long processions, consisting of
many thousand individuals. The column is sometimes one to t\vo
inches in breadth and several feet long, the creatures progressing
by those behind climbing over the bodies of their companions in
front and thus working their advance forwards, the larvse beiL'£
covered with a glutinous substance.

Fig. 10.— Sciara.

Fig. 11.
Larva (a) and pupa (b) of Sciara.

From this habit they are known in Germany as the "Heer-
worm," or " army worm." The object of these migrations is not
exactly known, as they take place only when the larvae are nearly
fully grown, and the suggestion that it is in search of new feeding
grounds has been contested. S. militaris is the European species
in which this peculiar habit has been most frequently observed.

Some species form a rough silky cocoon, others an earthy one
in which to pupate.

One American species, S. americana, "Wied., is known as the
" yellow fever fly," but there is probably no connection between
the insect and the disease. S. inconstans, Fitch, has been found
in decaying apples in the Mammoth Caves of Kentucky, Hine
saying that the larva bores into the stems of carnations. $. puli-
caria, Mg., a common European species, has been bred byDahlbom
from rotting galls on Salix pentandra, whilst Giraud bred
S. giraudii from field mushrooms in Europe.

In endeavouring to classify the species of Sciara much difficulty
is met with owing to the remarkably close general resemblance
that they exhibit one to another.

122 M YCETOPHILID^E .

Xo better form of primary classification than that adopted by
Schiner and Winnertz* is at present obtainable, yet it is arbitrary
and by no means satisfactory. The main character used by them
is the relative length of the 1st longitudinal vein to the forking
of the 4th longitudinal. Even if the length of the former is fairly
constant in most species (I am almost sure it is not so by any
means in some species) the latter character is liable to variation
in any species, thus nullifying the value of any comparative
measurements.

The first group is supposed to contain those species in which
the 1st longitudinal vein extends up to or beyond the fork of
the 4th vein ; the second group, those in which it fails to reach
the fork. There are, however, most certainly several species in
which sufficient variation occurs to throw out theoretically some
individuals, if classified strictly by this character, whilst the
commonest species in India, S. orientalis, lies absolutely on the
border line of both group?. Moreover, in a very distinct Oriental
species, S. rufithorax, Wulp, the 1st longitudinal vein ends
above the fork of the 4th vein in the male and distinctly bevond
it in the female. But until more reliable characters are set up
by specialists best competent to judge them, the present system
of classification has to be retained.

Schiner's secondary divisionary character, the colour of the
halteres, is certainly inapplicable with any degree of reliability to
Oriental species, and its value outside a very limited number of
forms seems problematical. So many species have various shades
of colour between a distinct brown aud yellow that opinions
would differ widely in their allotment to one or other of the
principal groups.

A rather more reliable character seems to be the length of the
1st longitudinal vein compared with the length of the wing, such
measurements being taken from a line drawn through the base
of the wing just before the humeral cross-vein.

Another character which appears consistent in such species in
which it occurs, is the presence and number of stiff hairs on the
posterior margin of the scutellum, and to a less extent, those
along the dorsum of the thorax. These hairs on the scutellum
are more frequently found in those species in which the 1st
longitudinal vein is short.

The bulk of the types of the species described in the present
work are preserved in the Indian Museum, but it must not be
supposed that all the material there in this genus is disposed of,
as a number of forms remain, represented by a considerable
number of specimens, which may ultimately prove to be of specific
value.

The following table must be received with some caution, pending

* Winnertz's gigantic monograph published in 1863 is still the standard
•work and includes descriptions of all the European species known to that date.

SCIARA.

123

a more complete knowledge of the group, but it may be noted
that only forms of almost certain specific validity are described
here from uniques ; in all other cases more than one specimen,
in several, quite a fairly good seriesj has been before me in
drawing up the descriptions.

Possibly a few may be found to be identical with European
species, since an exhaustive research into the descriptions of all
those described from Palaearctic regions has not been practicable.

Table of Species.

1. The 1st longitudinal vein extending as far

as, or beyond, the fork of the 4th

longitudinal vein 2.

Intermediate species, in which the 1st

longitudinal vein barely reaches fork of

4th vein, or ends distinctly and some-
times some little distance before it .... orientalis, sp. n.,
The 1st longitudinal vein ending before [p. 135.

the fork of the 4th longitudinal vein

(hut sometimes approximate) ] 5.

2. Thoracic dorsum all yellowish, with or

without stripes 3.

Thoracic dorsum wholly blackish or dark

brown . . < , 7.

3. Thorax with three black stripes 4.

Thorax unstriped 0.

4. Wing surface distinctly pubescent ; 1st

longitudinal vein ends exactly at fork [p. 126.

of 4th vein trilineuta, sp. n.,

Wing surface not pubescent 5.

5. The 1st longitudinal vein ends far beyond [p. 126.

fork of 4th vein trifasciata, sp. n.,

The 1st longitudinal vein ends exactly

opposite fork of 4th vein opposita, sp. n.,

6. Larger species (6 mm.) : wings dark brown 5 LP- 1^7.

femora bright reddish yellow; 1st longi-
tudinal vein extends well beyond fork

of 4th vein .... distinyuenda, sp. u.,

Smaller species (3-5 mm.) : paler wings ; [p. 127.

less contrast between femora and tibiae ;
1st longitudinal reaches fork of 4th vein [p. 128.

in <5 , beyond it in £ rujithora.c, Wulp,

7 (a). Abdomen with red dorsum 8.

(6). Abdomen with black dorsurn, but sides

or belly red or yellow 9.

(c). Abdomen wholly black 10,

8. Larger species (5£ mm.) : 1st longitudinal

vein ends beyond fork of 4th vein ; [sp. n., p. 129.

wings blackish rufoabdominalis,

Smaller species (2j mm.) : 1st longitudinal

vein ends exactly over fork of 4th vein ; [p. U29.

wings greyish luteiventris, sp. n.,

124

9. Abdomen with belly red .............. flammiventris, sp. n.,

Abdomen with a conspicuous red lateral [p. 129.

stripe, often broken up into a row of
spots .............................. indica, Walk., p. 130.

10. The 1st longitudinal vein ends distinctly
beyond fork of 4th vein but sometimes
only shortly so ..... , .............. 11.

The 1st longitudinal vein ends exactly
opposite fork of 4th vein * .......... 14.

1 (a). All the coxse and femora bright yellow, [p. 130.

tibiae and tarsi black .............. Jlavofemorata, sp. n.,

(b). Fore femora distinctly yellow or yellow-

ish, posterior femora black or very [p. 131.

dark brown ...................... diversifies, sp. n.,

(c). All the femora black or blackish, or

at most pale brown .............. 12.

12. The 1st longitudinal vein ends at two- [p. 133.

thirds of the length of the wing ...... longinervis, sp. n.,

The 1st longitudinal vein ends at or about
the middle of the wing .............. 13.

13. Larger species (5-6 mm.); 1st longitudinal

vein ends a little beyond fork of 4th [p. 131.

vein ; wings and legs black .......... nigripennis, sp. n.,

Smaller species (4-5 mm.); 1st longitudinal
vein ends considerably beyond fork of

4th vein ; wings pale blackish, legs pale [p. 132.

dirty brown ....................... fratercula, sp. n.,

14. Shoulders black ...................... exacta, sp. n., p. 132.

Shoulders reddish yellow .............. flavicollis, sp. n.,

15. Wings with a wide infuscated band across [p. 134.

the middle ................ ........ fascipennis, sp. n.,

Wings without markings .............. 16. [p. 136.

16. Thoracic dorsum mainly reddish yellow

or brownish yellow ; with or without

stripes (the stripes in latelineata occupy-

ing nearly the entire dorsum) ........ 17.

Intermediate species between groups 17

and 24 with chestnut-brown thorax . . inconspicua, sp. n.,
Thoracic dorsum mainly black or blackish [p. 142.

brown ............................ 24

17. Flagellum of antennae black, or at most,

part of 1st joint yellow .............. 18.

Flagellum with at least the two basal
joints wholly yellow ................ 23.

18. Thorax unstriped ................... 19.

Thorax with three distinct stripes ...... 21.

19 (a). Scutellum with six long stift' hairs on

posterior margin ................ se.rse£osa,sp.n.,p.l37.

(6). Scutellum with four similar long stiff quadrisetosa, sp. n.,

hairs ............................ [p. 137.

(c). Scutellum with two similar long stiff

hairs . . 20.

* Within very close limits, a small individual variation must be allowed for.

SCI AHA. 125

20. Colour more pale yellowish pallescens, sp. n.,

[p. 137.

Colour deeper, more brownish yellow fulvescens, sp."n.,

21 (a). Stripes narrow, median, with a row of [p. 138.
stiff hairs on each. Length barely

2 mm. to tip of ovipositor setilineata, sp. n.,

(6). Stripes very broad, black, occupying [p. 138.
nearly the entire dorsum, except

narrowly on shoulders 22.

(c). Stripes in two pairs, each pair joined on

front margin, appearing like inverted [p. 139.

black U's. Length barely 1 mm. . . radicum, sp. n.,

[p. 139.

22. Length 1} mm latelineata, sp. n.,

[p. 140.

Length 3| mm impostor, sp. n.,

[p. 141.

23. Smaller species, slender, dark brown .... seymenticornis, sp. n.,
Larger species, much more robust, [p. 141.

bro wnish jrello w compactu, sp. n.,

24. Thorax with three obvious but not con-

spicuous black stripes near the centre, [p. 142.

all furnished with rows of pale hairs . . hirtilineata, sp. n.,
Thorax unstriped 25.

25. Wings extending much beyond tip of

abdomen 26.

Wings only normally longer than abdomen 27. [p. 143.

26. Tip of antennae distinctly white niveiapicalis, sp. n.,

[p. 143.
Tip of antennae concolorous longipennis, sp. n.,

27. Scutellar bristly hairs yellow jlaviseta, sp.n., p. 144.

Scutellar bristlv hairs black 28.

[p. 145.

28. Thorax shining black nitidithorax, sp. n.,

Thorax dull black 29.

29. The 3rd longitudinal vein ends nearly at

the tip of the wing, and lies almost

parallel with the costa 30.

The 3rd longitudinal vein normal 31.

30. Smaller species (1^-2 mm.) : coxae brown- [p. 145.

ish vellow or pale yellow lonyitudinalis, sp. n.,

Larger species (3| mua.) : coxae distinctly [p. 146.

reddish yellow rufaoxa, sp. n.,

[p. 146.

31. Pleurae wholly bright pale yellow flavipleura, sp. n.,

Pleurae bluish grey or blackish 32.

[p. 147.

32. The 1st longitudinal vein short evanescens, sp. n.,

The 1st longitudinal vein nearly reaches

fork of 4th vein parallela, sp. n.,

[p. 147.

126 MYCETOPHILID.E.

75. Sciara trilineata, sp. nov.

$ . Head blackish grey ; palpi and antennal scape yellow, flagel-
lum blackish with grey pubescence. Thorax : dorsum, rather sharply
divided from the slightly wider lower part ; three dark brown or
black stripes, the median one from the centre of the anterior
margin nearly to the hind margin ; the two lateral stripes much
shorter, not reaching the shoulders (in one example the median
stripe is much fainter) ; sides dark blackish brown. Two rows of
dorso-central stiff hairs, and stronger ones towards the sides.
Scutellum dark blackish brown, with four somewhat larger pale
stiff hairs and some smaller ones; metanotum dark brown.
Abdomen and belly black ; sides narrowly, but somewhat deeply
bright yellow, the colour extending more or less to the hind
margins of some of the segments both on the upper and lower
sides. Ovipositor small, black, with a pair of two-jointed
lamellae. Legs : coxae, femora and tibiae brownish yellow ; tarsi
black, tibial spines reddish yellow. Wings pale yellowish grey,
with microscopic hairs; 1st longitudinal vein ending exactly at
fork of 4th vein (in the type) or immediately beyond it (in the
second specimen) ; 2nd posterior cell 4| times as long as broad,
slightly widening at tip ; 3rd vein originating distinctly before
the middle of 1st vein ; petiole and branches of 4th subequal.
Halteres yellow, with elongated black clubs.

Length 2-2 J millim.

Described from two examples in the Indian Museum, from
Darjiling, 8. viii. 09 (type) and 6. viii. 09 (both Paiva).

76. Sciara trifasciata, sp. nov.

$. Head brownish yellow; mouth, palpi and ocellar triangle
blackish. Scape and 1st flagellar joint bright reddish brown, 2nd
flagellar joint more or less brownish yellow. Thorax shining
orange-yellow, with three moderately broad dorsal blackish
stripes (after the pattern of many TIPULID^E) ; the centre one
beginning on the anterior margin, and the two lateral ones
beginning behind the shoulders ; they extend hiudwards beyond
the median stripe but do not reach the hind border. Scutellum
concolorous, apparently no strong bristly hairs but some soft
hairs towards the sides. Sides of thorax and metanotuin more or
less concolorous, but less bright, and not shining. Abdomen
wholly black, roughened, with short black pubescence ; belly
similar ; ovipositor of moderate size, normal, black. Legs: coxae
and femora rather bright brownish yellow, the latter moderately
pubescent ; tibiae brown ; tarsi black. Wings brownish grey ;
1st longitudinal vein ending much beyond fork of 4th vein,
petiole of 4th barely as long as its branches, which are in their
distal two-thirds nearly parallel and gently curved; the 2nd
posterior cell four times as long as broad. Halteres yellow, clubs
black.

SCIARA. 127

Length 5 inillim., excl. ovipositor 1 milliui.
Described from a single female in my collection, taken by me at
Darjiling 10-16. x. 05.

77. Sciara opposita, sp. uov.

3 . Head blackish above, yellowish below, with black marks ;
palpi black; scape bright yellow, joints short ; flagellum blackish,
with black pubescence, more or less yellowish at base. Thorax :
dorsum brownish yellow ; three broad shining black stripes,
filling most of the dorsal surface, with just the shoulders and
posterior corners, and a narrow space between the stripes, pale ;
the lateral stripes widened posteriorly. Sides yellowish, pleura?
brown. Scutellum yellowish, with soft short hairs only ;
metanotum shining brown. Abdomen black, pubescent, hind
margins of segments very narrowly pale, the colour much widened
towards the side margins on underside. Genitalia large, brown,
normal. Legs : coxae and femora pale yellowish, a little
pubescent, more or less black at their junction ; tibiae darker ;
tarsi dark brown. Wings clear ; anterior cross-vein opposite
middle of 1st longitudinal vein, which ends exactly opposite fork
of 4th, the petiole of which is barely as long as the branches,
which are nearly parallel but distinctly diverge towards tips ; 2nd
posterior cell three and a half times as long as broad. Halteres
yellowish, clubs black.

Length 1| millim.

Described from one male in the Indian Museum, from Kurseong,
Darjiling, 3. vii. 08.

The antennae of the type-specimen are somewhat injured, with
the result that some of the joints appear to be enlarged ; at first
sight it seemed as if the species would have to be referred to a
different genus, but for the present I leave it in Sciara. Beyond
this damage and a slight crushing of the thorax by the pin, the
specimen is perfect.

78. Sciara distinguenda, sp. nov.

J . Head bright orange-yellow, with short black hairs. Palpi
dark brown ; ocellar triangle blackish, with a very narrow black
median line behind. Scape brownish yellow, flagellum black.
Thorax, including scutellum and metanotum, wholly bright orange-
yellow, almost bare, a few short stiff hairs laterally, and some
short soft ones about the shoulders and on posterior margin of
scutellum. Abdomen wholly dull black, with black pubescence ;
belly similar. Genitalia long, black, pubescent, consisting of a
pair of upper plates (having the appearance of an 8th and 9th
segment), a pair of two-jointed lateral claspers and a ventral
elongate organ. Legs : coxae and femora bright orange-yellow ;
former with short stiff black hairs at tip ; latter with a small
black spot below at the base. Tibiae and tarsi wholly black, tips

128 MYCETOPHILIDJS.

of tibiae with red-brown spines. Wings dark brown ; 1st longi-
tudinal vein ending distinctly beyond fork of 4th ; petiole of 4th
barely as long as its branches, which are gently curved and
divergent ; the 2nd posterior cell three times as long as broad.
Halteres black, stems pale yellow.

Length 6 millim.

Described from one male in the Indian Museum, taken at
Darjiling, 7000 ft., 12. viii. 09 (Dr. Jenkins).

79. Sciara rufithorax, Wulp. (PI. Ill, fig. 15.)

Sciara rufithorax, van der Wulp, Dipt. Sumatra Exped., p. 6, pi. i,
fig. 1.

<$ $ . Head black, vertex shining, palpi blackish ; antennae dark
brown or black, scape yellow or brownish, occasionally base of
1 st flagellar joint pale also. Thorax brownish yellow, sometimes
reddish yellow or ferruginous, shining, practically bare. Scutellum
and metanotum concolorous. Abdomen black, roughened, with a
few very short hairs. G-enitalia conspicuous and large in male, the
1st joint bright brownish yellow, the 2nd joint black, both with
short rather thickly set hairs. In female two pointed lamellae
terminate the somewhat conically shaped abdomen. Legs :
femora brownish yellow, a small black spot below at extreme
base ; tibiae a little darker, and darker still in female ; tarsi brown.
Wings blackish ; 1st longitudinal vein ending more or less at
middle of wing, opposite fork of 4th vein in male, and some distance
beyond it in female ; petiole of 4th vein a little shorter than its
branches iu male and much shorter in female, the branches nearly
parallel and slightly curved ; the 2nd posterior cell about three
and a half times as long as broad ; the 5th vein widely forked at
base ; the 3rd longitudinal vein beginning distinctly before the
middle of the wing.

Length 3-5 millim.

Redescribed from a good series of both sexes in the Indian
Museum from India, Assam, Burma, Ceylon, and probably West
China also. The species was described originally from Sumatra,
and probably occurs throughout the greater part of the Oriental
Region. There are specimens in the Indian Museum from
Eajmahal, Bengal, 5-7. vii. 09 (Annandale), at light ; G-oalbathan,
E. Bengal, 9. vii. 09 (Hodgart) ; Purneah, Bengal, 31. xii. 09
(Paiva) ; Calcutta, 21. li. 07, on steamers crossing River Ganges,
Damakdia Ghat, 30. vi. 08 (Annandale) ; Shasthancotta, Travan-
core, S. India, 8. xi. 09 (Annandale) ; Ukhrul, Manipur (Pettigrew) ;
Moulmein, Burma, 28. ii. 08 (Annandale) ; and Trincomali,
Ceylon, ix. 1910. A female in my collection is from Kandy, Ceylon,
viii. 09 (Green). A male in the Indian Museum from Tenygueh,
Yunnan, West China, taken by Mr. J. C. Brown, is apparently a
dark variety, the thorax and genital organs being nearly blackish ;
whilst another male in the same collection taken bv Mr. d'Abreu

8CIARA. 129

at Kurseong, November 1910, has a nearly black thorax, but the
genital organs are reddish yellow as in normal specimens.

Type. The location is unknown to me.

The bright yellowish thorax, the large yellowish genitalia of the
male, and the black body and wings, make .this species easily recog-
nisable. The female is rather larger than the male. Van der Wulp's
coloured plate is excellent, and de Meijere gives additional notes.

The fact seems to have escaped notice that the 1st longitudinal
vein is much longer in the female than in the male.

80. Sciara rufoabdominalis, sp. nov.

$ . Head black ; mouth-parts and scape dark reddish brown ;
(flagellum missing). Thorax, scutellum and metanotum shining
black; (scutellum crushed by pin). Abdomen and belly orange-
red ; base of 1st segment above, and whole of last segment, black.
Ovipositor small, black. Legs black, tibial spines pale. Wings
pale blackish ; 1st longitudinal vein ending much beyond fork of
4th, the branches of the latter subequal to the petiole in length,
parallel, rather curved ; the 2nd posterior cell four times as long
as wide. Halteres black.

Length 5| millim.

Described from one female in the Indian Museum from Ukhrul,
Manipur, 6400 ft. (Pettigrew}.

81. Sciara luteiventris, sp. nov.

$ . This species closely resembles the preceding one, but owing
to its being only half the size, I do not like to consider it
identical. The first two dorsal abdominal segments are wholly
blackish, the 3rd and the apical two (mainly) also blackish, the
remainder yellowish or red. The abdomen seems more hairy. A
distinct difference in the wing is that the 1st longitudinal vein
only reaches the fork of the 4th, and the branches of the 4thr
which are slightly longer than the petiole, are nearly straight and
almost parallel, only diverging a little at the tips. The 2nd
posterior cell is four and a half times as long as broad. Halteres
black.

Lengtli 2| millim.

One female in the Indian Museum from below Phagu, 7000 ft.,
Simla district, 12. v. 09 (Anna.ndale).

82. Sciara flammiventris, sp. nov.

$> . Head black ; scape bare of bristles, but flagellum normally
pubescent. Eye-facets whitish. Thorax dark blackish grey,
nearly bare, shoulders very narrowly reddish ; with a black narrow
median line, on each side of which is a large velvet-black oval
outline, incomplete posteriorly ; anterior margin of dorsum also
blackish. Scutellum (broken by pin) and metanotum black.
Abdomen dull black, broad, the segments very distinct. Belly

130 MYCETOPHILIDvE.

orange-red. Ovipositor apparently two-jointed, with a pair of
small terminal oval lamellae, black. Legs dark blackish brown.
Wings pale blackish, iridescent; 1st longitudinal vein ending
exactly at fork of 4th ; petiole and branches of 4th vein subequal ;
2nd posterior cell slightly enlarged at tip, three times as long as
broad. Halteres black.

Length 2| millim.

One female in the Indian Museum, from Darjiling, 7000 it.,
6. viii. 9 (Paiva).

83. Sciara indica, Walk.

Sciara indica, Walker, Ins. Saund., Dipt., pt. 5, p. 419 (1856).

5 . Head and body all black ; legs very dark brown or blackish.
A lateral red or reddish yellow stripe on the abdomen, which is
often broken up into spots, and bears a slight fringe of reddish
yellow hairs. Genitalia normal. A small, often indistinct (and
sometimes absent) pale yellowish spot on the shoulder. Wings
quite blackish ; 1st longitudinal vein long, extending beyond
middle of wing and beyond fork of 4th vein ; 3rd longitudinal
originating very early, before one-fourth of the wing, the vein
forming a distinct curve after the bend ; anterior cross-vein very
oblique and long; petiole and branches of 4th longitudinal vein
subequal : 2nd posterior cell nearly four times as long as broad ;
5th longitudinal vein forked very near base, the branches diverging
suddenly at half their length ; 6th vein distinctly not reaching
border of wing. The wing is normally blackish but is sometimes
brown or blackish brown, the anterior half usually darker than
the posterior. Halteres black.

Lenqili 4^-8 millim.

Eedescribed from a good series of females only in the
Indian Museum, from Darjiling, 5. viii. 09 (Paiva) ; Kurseong,
13-16. vii. 07 (common), 14. viii. 09 (Paiva); Siliguri, Bengal,
18-20. vii. 07 ; Bhim Tal, Kumaon, 19-22. ix. 06 (Annandale).

Type in the British Museum.

Walker's description of this species is quite correct, with one
exception, as he says the basal part of the 4th longitudinal vein
(" subapical ") is whitish, but I do nob find this to be the case.

84. Sciara flavofemorata, sp. nov.

cJ . Head black above ; face and mouth-parts brown, with a
little yellow, as are also the scapal joints ; flagellum black, with
distinct, rather elongated joints bearing rather dense grey
pubescence ; palpi black. Eyes black, with grey pubescence.
Thorax black, hardly shining ; reddish on humeri and below
shoulders, and a little laterally and across metanotum. Sides
reddish brown, scutellum blackish, with soft hair only. Abdomen
black, pubescent. Genitalia large, consisting of a pair of thick,

SCIARA. 131

hairy, two-jointed claspers ; the basal half of the 1st joint brown,
the remainder of the organ black. Legs : coxae and femora bright
yellow, black at their junction ; tibiae blackish brown ; tarsi
black. Wings distinctly brownish ; 1st longitudinal vein ending
distinctly beyond fork of 4th, of which the petiole and branches
are subequal; 2nd posterior cell three times as long as broad,
normal. Halteres black.

Length 4| millim.

One male in the Indian Museum from Kurseong, 5000 ft.,
8. vii. OS.

85. Sciara nigripennis, sp. nov.

c? $ . Head wholly black ; flagelluni very minutely pubescent ;
scapal joints short. Thorax black, nearly bare, except for some
long stiff hairs laterally above the wings. Scutellum with
numerous soft hairs only. Abdomen wholly black, pubescent.
Genital organs of male consist of a large dorsal, nearly semicircular,
plate and a pair of strong normally shaped claspers, all wholly
black. Ovipositor narrow, black, with two small terminal lamellae.
Legs black. Wings normally quite blackish, but occasionally a
little paler ; the 1st longitudinal A7ein ending distinctly but not
much beyond the fork of the 4th ; petiole and branches of 4th
vein subequal; 2nd posterior cell with sides either parallel or
slightly diverging, generally slightly curved, three and a half
to four times as long as broad. Halteres black.

Length 5-6 millim.

Described from a type male taken by me at Darjiling, 26. v. 10,
and females in the Indian Museum from Darjiling, 29. ix. 08
and 28. v. 10 (Brunetti) ; Kurseong, 13. viii. 09 (Paiva) ; Ukhrul,
Manipur (Pettigrew] ; Bliim Tal, Kumaon, 19-22. ix. 06 (Annan-
dale] ; Pashoke, Sikkim, 2000 ft., 5. ix. 09 ; Pattipola, Ceylon.

Types d and $ in the Indian Museum.

A male in the Indian Museum from Kurseong, 26. vi. 10, taken
by Dr. Annandale, has the 1st longitudinal vein ending some
distance before the fork of the 4th vein, but it agrees with
S. nigripennis in all other particulars. Several females in the same
collection, captured by Mr. C. W. Beebe at Kuching, in Sarawak,
Borneo, are much smaller in size (barely 4 mm. to nearly 4| mm.)
and have the legs moderately pale brown ; their dates are 23. vi. 10
to 4. vii. 10.

86. Sciara diversipes, sp. nov.

<S $ . Yery near S. nigripennis, but certainly quite distinct.
The differences are as follows : —

1. Fore femora distinctly yellow, more or less dull, but in
complete contrast with the rest of the legs, which are generally

132 HYCETOPHILID^E.

more dark brown than black ; in a few specimens the whole of the
femora are lighter.

2. The wing is distinctly less blackish ; petiole of 4th vein
equal to or slightly longer than its branches.

3. In size it is apparently a smaller species, none of the
specimens present being nearly so large as the smallest ones of
S. nigripennis.

The genitalia are large, black, pubescent, consisting of a pair
of wide two-jointed claspers, with a moderately prominent inter-
mediate organ.

Length 3|-4| millim.

Described from several males and t\vo females in the Indian
Museum from Darjiling, 10. viii. 09 (Paiva) ; Ghoom, above Darji-
ling Town, 7500 ft., 18. ix. 08 ; Kurseong, 13-16. vii. 07 ; Siliguri,
N. Bengal, 18-20. vii. 07, this latter place being in the plains at
the foot of the Darjiling Hills.

From the enlarged genital organs, in conjunction with the
yellow fore femora it appeared at first in complete accordance
with Schiner's description of S, analis, a species he attributes to
Egger, 1863 (Verh. zool.-bot. "Wien, xiii), but which I am unable
to trace, and which the Palaarktischen Diptereu Katalog refers to
Schiner himself ; but the genital organs, although enlarged, are
not exti'aordinarily so, and the probability is that it is a new
species. It does not agree in size with three European examples
named ' analis ' in the Indian Museum, being much larger; but
there is no certainty that these three specimens are correctly
identified, being females.

87. Sciara fratercula, sp. nov.

2 . This species also is very akin to & nigripennis, and may
possibly be identical with it. The differences are : —

1. The 1st longitudinal vein extends for some distance beyond
the fork of the 4th, and beyond the middle of the wing.

2. The wing is distinctly less black.

3. The legs are pale dirty brown, not black.

4. In size it is smaller and a more slender species.
Length 4—5 millim.

Described from several females in the Indian Museum from
Kurseong, 7. ix. 09 (Annandale) ; and one female from Bhim Tal,
Kumaon, 22-27. ix. 06 (Annandale).

This and the following two are almost the only species of
Sciara described in this work of the specific validity of which
there is any reasonable doubt.

88. Sciara exacta, sp. nov.

$ . Considerably resembling /S>. nigripennis, but differing by the
1 st longitudinal vein ending exactly opposite the fork of the 4th,

SCIABA. 133

and practically exactly in the middle of the wing. Legs pale
dirty brown.

Length 2-5 millim.

Described from specimens in the Indian Museum from Darjiling,
4-7. viii. 09 (type, Paivd) ; Kurseong, 7. ix. 09, 4-8. vii. 08,
and Ghoom, 7500 ft., Darjiling district, 19. ix. 08 ; Siliguri,
18-20. vii. 07 ; near Bhowali, Kumaon, 5700 ft., vii. 1909
(Imms) ; TJkhrul, Manipur, 640U ft. Also from some in my own
collection from Darjiling, 10-16. x. 05, and Shanghai, 9. v. 06 (both
taken by me), and from Ohiya, Ceylon (E. E. Green).

Types in the Indian Museum.

Two females examined by me from Kurseong, 26. vi. 10, and
Ghoom, 19. ix. 08, "Lave the prothorax distinctly yellowish.

Twenty specimens in the Indian Museum agree in venation
exactly, and mainly so in the characters they have in common
with nigripennis, being moreover uniformly less in size than
that species. The form may at least provisionally be regarded as
distinct.

89. Sciara longinervis, sp. nov.

5 . Though allied to S. fratercula in general appearance, the
single example of this form, in the Indian Museum, is distinguished
by the 1st longitudinal vein extending to two -thirds the length
of the wing, much beyond the fork of the 4th vein, being (with
the 3rd longitudinal also) rather nearer the costa than usual, also
being deeper and thicker than the remaining veins; petiole of 4th
vein very slightly longer than the branches. Femora pale dirty
brown.

Length 3£ millim.

Described from two females in the Indian Museum, from Siliguri,
18-20. vii. 07(type)&ud Kurseong, x. 1910 (D'Abreu). A female in
the Pusa collection from Mussoori, viii. 1906.

The general " facies " of the insect is that of a different species,
but it may prove to be an aberrant form of S. nigripennis.

Notes on the S. nigripennis group. — The forms I group with
nigripennis are diversifies, fratercula, exacta, and longinervis.
Their inter-relations, so far as I observe them, are comprised in
the preliminary table of species, yet they may be found difficult of
differentiation by that means, from the very nature of the
distinguishing characters, and the acknowledged variability of
these. The forms may possibly represent varieties of a single
species, although this is very doubtful, from the fact that, ex-
cepting the unique female of longinervis from Siliguri, none of them
is confined to a special locality. Of the eight localities represented
by the five forms, nigripennis occurs in five, diversipes in four,
fratercula in two, exacta in six ; these localities, be it noted, being
fairly widely separated either by distance or by altitude. More-
over, the fact that one sex (the female) is present in all the forms

134 HYCETOPHILIDJE.

tends to support the view of specific validity ; the male is known in
nigripennis and diversipes only. Were it n6t that each form, except
longinervis, is represented by several examples (nigripennis by ten,
diversipes by eight males and two females, fratercula by seven, and
exacta by twenty), I should have hesitated to describe more than
one of them ; but when arranged side by side, the impression
given is certainly that of five closely allied though distinct species,
practically little difficulty being encountered in allotting any
particular specimen to its respective species. Yet the characters
on which they are separated, namely, the length of the 1st longi-
tudinal vein, the branches of the fork of the 4th, the colour of
the legs and the size of the insect, are admittedly variable. The
first character, however, is apparently quite consistent in eocacta * ;
the yellowish femora similarly so in diversipes; and the great
length of the 1st longitudinal vein in longinervis, being greater
than in any other specimen of Oriental Sciara that I have seen ;
and these facts seem to point to specific distinctness.

There is, therefore, only fratercula which may eventually be
merged with niynpennis, the difference in the length of the 1st
vein in these species being less distinctly marked than in the
others. These two forms are provisionally regarded as distinct
only on the apparent constancy of four characters combined : —
the colour of the wings and of the legs, the length of the 1st vein,
and the size.

It will be noted that in these remark s,favofemora ta and flavicollis
are not included, although they appear in the same section in the
table of species ; this is because from their coloration they cannot
be confused with the species under discussion.

90. Sciara flavicollis, sp. nov.

c? 5 . Head black, face sometimes a little brownish or yellowish ;
palpi black ; antennae black with the scapal joints generally reddish
or yellowish. Thorax shining black, nearly bare ; shoulders and
anterior margin more or less narrowly brownish or yellowish, the
colour sometimes confined to the shoulders, sometimes spreading
along the sides of the dorsura. Scutellum dark shining brown,
nearly bare, with several stiff long black hairs. Stiff long hairs
also along the sides of the dorsum of the thorax. Metanotum
and hind pleurae dark shining brown. Abdomen black, with black
pubescence, hind margins of segments generally almost imper-

* If, however, exacta be placed in juxtaposition to oriental™ (which latter
species I have regarded as intermediate between the two principal groups),
some hesitation may be encountered respecting the specific validity of these
species, since specimens admittedly of oricntalis have the venation of exacta.
and there is therefore only the smaller size to distinguish the former species.
I should not be surprised to find them identical, in which case I propose that,
the name orientalis be retained, as more appropriate ; moreover, exacta would
in such a case be incorrect.

SCIAEA. 135

ceptibly grey. Genitalia very large; a pair of elongated, two-
jointed, thick, hairy claspers, the basal joint mainly reddish brown
or dark brown, the 2nd joint black. In the female there are two
terminal, rather large, flattened, broad lamellae. Legs pale yellow,
often a little brownish at the tips of the coxae, tibiae darker dirty
yellow, tarsi blackish. Wings pale yellowish grey ; the 1st longi-
tudinal vein reaching as far as the fork of the 4th vein or ending
a short distance before it ; petiole and branches of 4th vein
subequal ; 2nd posterior cell a little over three times as long as
broad, slightly widened at tip. Halteres black.

Length 3 millim.

Described from, four males and some females in 'the Indian
Museum. The type male from Siliguri at the foot of the
Darjiling Hills, 18-20. vii. 07 (Brunetti) ; type female from
Darjiling, 1.x. 08 (Brunetti); the other males from the latter
locality 26-29. vi. 10 (Annandale), the other female from Kurseong,
29. vi. 10 (Annandale).

Types in the Indian Museum.

The length of the 1st longitudinal in its relation to the fork is
certainly variable, one female from Kurseong, 26. vi. 10, having
it so short as technically to fall into the short-veined or second
great division of the genus; yet it seems impossible to consider
it as distinct from the present species, in view of the admitted
variability of this character in the other specimen before me and
the certain knowledge of its natural tendency to vary in very
many species.

91. Sciara orientalis, sp. nov.

8 $ . Head black ; antennae blackish, blackish brown or dark
brown, sometimes pale yellowish brown at base, including more
or less of the 2nd scapal joint ; thickly pubescent. Palpi yellowish
brown or brown. Thorax blackish, brown or dark brown, compara-
tively bare, lateral stiff hairs weak ; scutellum and metanotum
concolorous, former with soft hairs only. Abdomen black or
blackish brown ; belly similar, pubescent. Genitalia of male normal,
rather large ; of female inconspicuous. Legs varying from almost
wholly pale yellowish to dark brown or blackish, generally con-
colorous, the prevailing colour being moderately dark yellowish
brown, with the tibiae and tarsi darker. Wings yellowish brown or
yellowish grey, variable ; 1st longitudinal vein ending sometimes
some little distance before the fork of the 4th, at times approximate
to or level with it, rarely slightly beyond it ; petiole of the 4th vein
as long as, or (generally) a little longer than the branches, which
are moderately parallel, slightly curved and a little diverging at the
tip ; 2nd posterior cell normally a little over three times as long
as broad, but varying up to four times the length. Halteres brown,
variable.

Length 2-3 millim. normally.

Described from a considerable number of both sexes in the
Indian Museum from the following localities : —

Darjiling, 2-8. viii. 09 (Jenkins) ; Kurseong, 6. vii. 08 ;
Bhim Tal, Kumaou, 22-27. ix. 06 (both Annandale); Siliguri,
N. Bengal, 18-20. vii. 07 ; Mandalay, Burma, 12. iii. 08 (Annan-
dale) ; Ukhrul, Manipur (Pettigreiv) ; Sylhet, Assam, 6. v. 05
(Lt.-Col. Hall) ; Dawna Hills, Lower Burma, 2-4. iii. 08 (Annan-
dale) ; Calcutta, common January to May, and July to September
(Annandale and others) ; Lucknow, 9. ii. 08 ; Bijnor district,
United Provinces, 11. ii. 07 : on board ship, Khulna district,
Ganges Delta, 21. viii. 09 (Jenldns) ; Trivandrum, Tenmalai and
Maddathorai, Travancore State, 14-22. xi. 08 (Annandale) ;
Peradeniya, Ceylon, viii. 1910. Also in my collection from several
Oriental localities.
Types in the Indian Museum.

Three females in the Indian Museum have distinct yellow halteres,
but differ from typical specimens in no other way. The colour of
these organs being distinctly variable it is inadvisable to rank
these specimens as forming even a variety. Two are from
Kurseong, 4. vii. 08, one from Ukhrul, Manipur. Four specimens
from Kurseong, 27. vi. 10 (Annandale) have pale yellow legs and
are slightly inferior in size. One specimen from Darjiling,
8. viii. 09, is nearly 4 mm. in length.

The amount of variation in the distance at which the 1st longi-
tudinal vein terminates is greater in S. orientaiis than in any other
Eastern species, of which it is the most variable generally. The
antennae appear to vary considerably in thickness, especially in
the male, also in the amount of pubescence.

Occasional specimens are met with with yellowish or brownish
yellow shoulders, the colour sometimes running narrowly along
the anterior margin of the thorax. Such specimens do not
appear specifically distinct from the typically all black examples.

92. Sciara fascipennis, sp. nov.

5 . Head wholly dull black ; palpi and proboscis dark brownish
yellow. Antennae missing, except 1st scapal joint which is black,
and extremely narrowly brownish yellow at the tip. Thorax dull
black ; dorsum moderately shining ; scutellum with traces of some
long apical stiff hairs. Abdomen dull black ; the 1st two segments
dull reddish brown on the upperside ; belly black ; ovipositor
elongate but normal. Legs rather dark brown. Wings very pale
grey, with a moderately pale blackish band (hardly darker
anteriorly) across the middle third. Halteres black.

Length 2 millim. excl. ovipositor \ milliin.

Described from a male from Kurseong, xi. 1910 (D'Abreu).

Type in the Indian Museum.

This species is easily recognised from every other Oriental
Sciara by the broad infuscated band across the centre of the
wings.

SCIAEA. 137

93. Sciara sexsetosa, sp. nov.

$ . Head, vertex and frons dark brown ; face below antennae
bright reddish yellow. Scapal joints rather large, subglobular,
bright yellow ; flagellum black, with grey pubescence, palpi black.
Thorax bright reddish brown, shoulders slightly yellowish ; two well
separated rows of small dorso-central bristly hairs ; eight or ten
strong ones laterally, and a row of six long bristles on the hind
margin of the scutellum, which is, with the metanotum and sides
of the thorax, concolorous, the pleurae being blackish. Abdomen
black, pubescent, hind margins of segments narrowly grey ; belly
yellowish. Legs : -coxae reddish yellow, with black hairs at tip ;
femora yellowish, black at base below ; tibiae darker ; tarsi black,
Wings pale grey ; 1st longitudinal vein ending much before fork
•of 4th and barely reaching middle of wing ; 2nd posterior cell
four times as long as broad, branches of 4th vein equal in length
to petiole ; gently divergent throughout. Halteres yellowish,
base of clubs blackish.

Length 3-3^ millim.

Described from three females in the Indian Museum, from
Darjiling, 6000 ft., 20. ix. 08 (Brunetti, type} and 7000 ft., 6. viii. 09
(Paiva) ; Pashoke, Sikkim, 2000 ft., 5. ix. 09.

94. Sciara quadrisetosa, sp. nov.

d1 . Head : vertex and frons black ; face reddish yellow ; palpi
black, scape yellow (flagellum missing). Thorax brownish yellow,
humeral region a little paler. Bristles as in S. sexsetosa, but only
four long ones on the scutellum. Scutellum and metanotum
concolorous, pleurae blackish. Abdomen dark brown, hind margins
of segments very narrowly yellowish grey ; belly paler. Genital
•claspers large, thick, brownish yellow, hairy, two-jointed, the 2nd
joint elongate oval. Legs: coxae and femora pale yellow, the
former hairy at the tip, the latter black below at base ; tibiae dirty
yellow ; tarsi black. Wings nearly clear ; 1st longitudinal vein
ending shortly before fork of 4th of which the petiole and
branches are subequal ; 2nd posterior cell three times as long as
broad, slightly widening towards the tip. Halteres yellow,
streaked with black.

Length 2| millim.

One male in the Indian Museum, Darjiling, 7000 ft., 6. viii. 09
(Paiva}. A damaged specimen from. Ukhrul, Mauipur, 6400 ft.,
appears to be the same species.

95. Sciara pallescens, sp. nov.

Head blackish grey ; palpi yellowish. Antennae proportionately
rather large and long, scape yellowish, flagellum black, with grey
pubescence. Thorax, scutellum and metanotum light brownish

138

yellow. Bristly hairs normal, only two conspicuous ones on the
scutellum, but some other very small ones are present. Abdomen
pale brownish yellow, with a little intermixed black and pale
pubescence. Legs yellowish, tibiae brownish yellow, tarsi darker,
femora very narrowly black at base below. Wings clear; the 1st
longitudinal vein ending much before the fork of the 4th vein
and distinctly before middle of wing ; branches of 4th vein
parallel and much shorter than the petiole ; 2nd posterior cell
three and a half times as long as broad. Halteres yellow, base of
clubs black.

Length 1| millim.

Described from a single specimen of uncertain sex in the Indian
Museum, taken 7. iii. 08 by Dr. Annandale flying in the darkest
part of the largest of the Khayon (" farm ") Caves, nine miles
from Moulmein, Tenasserim, in company with the moth Crysitliyris
spelcea, which Meyrick (K,ec. Ind. Mas. ii, p. 399) states to be the
only Lepidopteron yet known that is adapted for a cavernicolous
existence.

96. Sciara fulvescens, sp. nov.

$ . Almost wholly brownish yellow. Vertex blackish, dorsum
of thorax and the tibiae a little darker; antennae dark brown,
joints very distinct, tarsi black. Wings clear ; 1st longitudinal
vein ending much before fork of 4th and distinctly not reaching
middle of wing ; petiole and branches of 4th vein as in S. pal-
lescens ; 2nd posterior cell with practically parallel sides, three
times as long as broad.

Length 1% millim.

Described from a single female in the Indian Museum from
Eajshai, East Bengal, 1-6. ii. 07 (Annandale).

Possibly identical with S. pallescens.

97. Sciara setilineata, sp. nov.

c? 2 . Head blackish, lower part and palpi brownish yellow ;
scape pale yellow, flagellum blackish. Thorax light reddish brown,
with three narrow median lines, the outer ones bearing the
dorso-central rows of stiff hairs, the median one with a row
of microscopic bristly hairs. Sides, scutellum and metanotum
concolorous ; scutellum with two apical long stiff hairs, and also
with softer hairs. Abdomen dark brown, pubescent ; genitalia
normal. Legs with yellow coxa3 and femora, blackish at their
junction, tibiae and tarsi dirty yellow. Wings clear, 1st longi-
tudinal vein ending much before fork of 4th vein and distinctly
before middle of wing ; petiole and branches of 4th vein subequal ;
2nd posterior cell with parallel sides, three and a half times as
long as broad. Halteres yellow.

Length 2 millim.

SCIARA. 139

Described from a type male from Simla, 10. v. 09 (Annandale}
and a type female from Darjiling, 6. viii. 09 (Paiva).

Types in the Indian Museum.

There seems little doubt that the two specimens represent the
two sexes of one species.

A specimen from Peradeniya, Ceylon, agrees closely with the
female, but has four distinct long scutellar bristles, and is slightly
smaller, whilst the hairs on the middle thoracic stripe are much
stronger ; it is possibly a variety.

98. Sciara latelineata, sp. nov.

c? . Head blackish ; palpi, scape, and major part of 1st flagellar
joint pale yellow. Thorax brownish yellow, shoulders broadly
pale yellow ; dorsum almost entirely occupied (except on the
shoulders) by three broad contiguous black stripes extending to
the brown scutellum, which bears four bristles. Abdomen dark
brown, hind margins of segments very narrowly grey. Genitalia
normal, brownish yellow. Legs pale yellow, tarsi dark. Wings
clear ; 1st longitudinal vein ending much before fork of 4th and
distinctly before middle of wing ; petiole of 4th vein imperceptible,
approximately equal to the branches ; 2nd posterior cell with
parallel sides, three times as long as broad. Halteres long, stems
yellowish, clubs blackish, elongated.

Length | millim.

One male in the Indian Museum from the western slopes of the
Dawna Hills, Tenasserim, 2000-3000 ft., 2 or 3. iii. 08 (Annandale).

99. Sciara radicum, sp. nov.

3 $ . Head wholly black, scape of antennae yellowish. Thorax
yellowish, with two black oval outlines on dorsum, incomplete
posteriorly, and a narrow median dorsal line. Scutellum yellow,
with apparently normally six long bristles on the posterior
margin, but the inner four are always longest, and there are
generally some short ones towards the sides ; metanotum darker.
Abdomen dark brown, hind margins of segments a little
blackish ; belly yellow. Grenitalia large, dirty yellow. Legs pale
yellow, with a black tinge between coxae and femora ; tibiae and
tarsi darker ; hind tibiae with a distinct row of setae on the outer
side. Wings clear ; 1st longitudinal ending much before fork of
4th and barely attaining middle of wing ; petiole of 4th much
longer than fork, the branches of which are practically straight
and gently divergent ; the 2nd posterior cell slightly over three
times as long as broad. Halteres black, stem yellow.

Length c? hardly 1 millim., $13 millim.

Described from several specimens of both sexes in the Indian
Museum, taken in the Museum gardens, Calcutta, 21. i. 10
to 24. ii. 10 (Annandale^.

140 MYCETOPHILID.E.

The larvae caused much damage in the gardens by devouring
lily bulbs and other plants of a like nature. The following notes
have been compiled by Mr. C. Paiva, of that Institution, who
observed the trans formations : —

" During February 1910, I placed a number of males and some
egg-laden females in a tube with a piece of a rotten lily-bulb, with
the object of getting them to breed. All the flies died in the
course of a couple of days. I could not tind any eggs, but I kept
the bulb damp and on about the 4th March I noticed a number
of small thread-like worms, quite transparent, with black heads,
moving about quite actively in the soft and moistest parts of the
bulb. These gradually grew larger and I preserved some in spirit.
On March 14th, at 10 A.M. I found the tube with a number of
flies similar to those which I had placed in the tube in February
for the purpose of breeding. They were very active and ran
about on the sides of the tube. At first I thought they were trying
to escape, but I watched them more closely and found that the
males were running after the females. No difference in the size
of the abdomen of the male and that of the female could be noticed
when the flies were first observed, but as the day advanced the
abdomen of the females gradually enlarged.

The most striking feature in the life of these little flies, seems
to me to be mode of copulation. The act is effected by the male
running blindly, as it were, until he approaches a female. He
gets on her back and after effecting the connection, in a few
seconds, gets off and being still attached to the female, struggles
to release himself. N"o sooner has one male left a female than
another male comes running along and attaches himself to the
same female. In this manner I have observed several males to
have connection with the same female. I have also noticed two
males attempting to copulate with one female at the same time."*

100. Sciara impostor, sp. nov.

c?. This species has a remarkably close resemblance to S.flavi-
collis, although on account of the 1st longitudinal vein ending
short of the fork of the 4th, it technically tails into the second
section of the genus. The distance between the tip of the 1st
longitudinal and the fork is, however, so small that the distinction
may easily be overlooked, owing to the close resemblance between
the two species in other respects.

The chief difference is that in S. flavicollis, the whole thorax,
except the margin, is uniformly shining black, whereas in the
present species the black colour is distinctly dull, and is composed
of three contiguous, very broad, black stripes, occupying nearly
all the dorsum. Moreover the central stripe is (in two out of the
three specimens) dark bi'own at its anterior end, which, attaining

* Mr. Dale says that he has seen in Euglancl two males of a Sciara actually
in cop. at the same time with a single female.

SCIAKA. 141

the front margin, is a little longer than the other two stripes.
The 5th vein forks at a very distinctly greater distance from its
base than in flavicollis, in which species the anterior branch is
apparently disconnected at the fork.

Leiujih 3^ millim.

Described from two males in the Indian Museum from Darjiling,
1 . x. 08 (type) and 2. x. 08, also a male in my collection from the
same locality, 10-16. x. 05 ; all three specimens taken by me.

In all other respects, except that the antennal scape is yellow,
this species is identical with flavicollis. Although the resem-
blance is so close I feel sure that the forms are distinct, and
tend to indicate that too much reliance must not be placed
on the precise mathematical point reached by the 1st longitudinal
vein.

101. Sciara segmenticornis, sp. nov.

cJ . Head blackish. Palpi, scape and 1st flagellar joint pale
yellow, 2nd joint brownish yellow, remainder dark brown, with
grey pubescence, each joint with a short transparent bare part at
the base, which gives the appearance of the joints being detached
from one another. Thorax moderately shining light brown.
Abdomen dark brown ; belly a little lighter. Genitalia concolorous,
normal, moderately large. Legs pale yellowish, tibiae and tarsi
only slightly darker. Wings very pale yellowish grey, iridescent ;
1st longitudinal vein ending distinctly before fork of 4th and
at about the middle of the wing ; petiole of 4th vein longer than
the branches of its fork, which are slightly convergent in the
middle. Halteres black, stem yellow.

Length 2 millim.

Type cf in the Indian Museum, from Bindukhera, Nairn Tal
district, in the plains, 13. iv. 09.

A second male in the same collection from Darjiling, 29. v. 10,
taken by me, is probably the same species, but has the whole
flagellum black. It is slightly larger in size.

102. Sciara compacta, sp. nov.

$ . Body mainly light brownish yellow. Head with the vertex
blackish ; flagellum blackish, except the two or three basal joints.
Thorax with the shoulders and scutellum paler yellow. Abdomen
more brownish, the tip black ; ovipositor concealed. Legs : tibiae
dirty yellow, tarsi black. Wings with "the 1st longitudinal vein
ending distinctly before fork of 4th and exactly at middle of wing ;
branches of 4th nearly as long as petiole, parallel, a little curved.
Halteres blackish brown, stem yellow.

Length 2| millim.

One example (type), from Gangtok, Sikkim, 6150 ft., 8.ix. 09 ;
and a second from Butal, Nepal, 12.ii.08, this latter being a little
more brownish in colour. Both in the Indian Museum.

142 MYCETOPHILID.E.

103. Sciara inconspicua, sp. nov.

$ . Head blackish ; palpi pale yellow, also the scape and the two
or three basal joints of the flagellum. Thorax : dorsum almost
wholly occupied, except at the shoulders and humeri, by three
contiguous broad, rather dark chestnut-brown stripes, with two
greyish, barely perceptible lines separating them. Pleurae, meta-
notum, and scutellum concolorous ; the latter pale yellow below,
and with six rather long moderately strong bristly hairs and two
or three smaller ones towards each side. Abdomen dark nut-brown,
pubescent, hind margins of segments narrowly cream-yellow ;
belly yellowish. Ovipositor small, dark brown. Legs : coxae and
femora pale yellow, a little blackish at their junction, tibiae and
tarsi darker. Wings pale yellowish grey ; 1st longitudinal vein
barely reaching as far as fork of 4th, ending almost exactly at the
middle of the wing; branches of 4th about equally long as the
petiole, nearly straight, parallel ; 2nd posterior cell nearly four
times as long as broad. Halteres brownish.

Length 3 millim.

Described from a single female in the Indian Museum from
Sylhet, 14. i. 05 (Lt.-Col. Hall).

This species is placed in my synoptical table between the two
groups 17 (thorax mainly yellowish) and 24 (thorax mainly
blackish or brown).

104. Sciara hirtilineata, sp. nov.

cJ § . Head blackish. Tip of 2nd scapal joint narrowly reddish
yellow ; flagellar joints rather elongate. Thorax black, dull, with
two median narrow grey stripes close together, from the anterior
margin nearly to the scutellum ; two broader stripes commencing
behind the shoulders and continuing nearly to the posterior
margin; this gives an appearance of three obvious but not con-
spicuous blackish lines on a dark background, but in occasional
specimens they are almost or entirely absent, in which case the three
rows of pale hairs will generally identify the species. Three
longitudinal stripes of rather closely and irregularly placed,
moderately long, brownish yellow hairs ; the central hairy stripe
between the two median narrow grey stripes, the other two hairy
stripes between these median grey stripes and the lateral wider
grey stripes ; lateral borders of dorsum with similar brownish
yellow hairs, but without distinct bristles ; a little yellow
pubescence about the shoulders, below which is a small reddish
yellow mark. Scutellum blackish, with soft brownish yellow
hairs only ; metanotum blackish. Abdomen dull black, with
brownish yellow hairs, and hind margins of segments very
narrowly reddish yellow ; belly blackish. Genitaliain male large,
normal ; in female telescopic, elongate. Legs : coxae and femora
brownish yellow, the former darker at base; tibiae rather dark

SCIA.RA. 143

brown, with red-brown spurs ; tarsi darker brown or blackish.
W ings pale grey : 1st longitudinal vein ending much before fork
of 4th, exactly at the middle of the wing ; petiole of 4th equal in
length to its branches, which are nearly straight, parallel or very
slightly diverging; 2nd posterior cell tbree and a half times as
long as broad. Halteres yellowish,

Length 2% millim.

Described from one male and several females in the Indian
Museum, taken by Dr. Annandale and others. The male (type) from
below Phagu, 7000 ft., Simla district, 12. v. 09 ; the females from
Simla, 7000 ft., 10. v. 09 ; Darjiling, 7000 ft., 6. viii. 09 ; Kurseong,
5000ft., 4. vii. 08.

105. Sciara niveiapicalis, sp. nov.

2 . Head : vertex and face smooth, shining black, with a few
short brownish yellow hairs. Palpi yellow ; antennal scape brown,
flagellum black, with grey pubescence ; last four joints wholly
white. Thorax shining black, smooth, bare or practically so ; a
few stiff hairs above the wings. Pleurae, scutellum and
metanotum concolorous, scutellutn (apparently) with only a few
soft hairs. Abdomen black, moderately shining, roughened, traces
of yellow on the hind margins of one or two segments ; the last
two segments (in type) or three (in second example) pale yellow ;
underside of abdomen with middle segment yellow. Ovipositor
blackish, with rather elongate terminal lamella?. Legs : coxae and
femora yellow ; tibiae dirty brownish yellow, tarsi nearly black.
Wings very glassy and iridescent, reaching distinctly beyond the
tip of the abdomen ; 1st longitudinal vein ending some distance
before fork of 4th, barely attaining middle of wing ; petiole of 4th
equal in length to the branches which very slightly diverge before
their middle and again on the wing-margin ; 2nd posterior cell
three and a half times as long as broad. Halteres with yellow
stems and black clubs.

Length 2 millim.

Described from two females in the Indian Museum taken at
Ukhrul, Manipur, 6400 ft. (Pettigreiv).

The very conspicuous white-tipped antennae render this species
easily recognisable from all others in the East.

106. Sciara longipennis, sp. nov.

J $ . Head wholly black, except the palpi, which vary from
yellowish to nearly black, and the tip of the 2nd scapal joint and
base of 1st flagellar joint of the antennae, which are sometimes
yellowish. Thorax black, practically bare, with slight traces of
three dorsal rows of minute hairs ; anterior or posterior corners of
dorsum in some specimens yellowish brown. Scutellum and
metanotum black. Abdomen mainly black, dull, the dorsum of the

144 MTCETOPHILID^;.

segment sometimes dull brown ; belly varying from dirty brown to-
black. Genitalia composed of a small dorsal plate, a little larger
ventral one, a normal, rather large pair of claspers, the 2nd joint
ending in a thick bifid tip, and an intermediate pair of small
organs. Ovipositor brownish yellow or dark brown, of considerable
length, ending in the two usual conspicuous lamella?. Legs : coxae
and femora yellowish ; the latter often with a small distinct black
spot below, at the base ; tibiae brown, tarsi darker. Wings very pale
grey, yellowish at base, reaching some distance beyond the tip
of the abdomen, but apparently varying in length a little. The
1st longitudinal vein ending distinctly but not much before the
fork of the 4th, and barely reaching the middle of the wing;
the 3rd vein somewhat close to and parallel with the costa, thus
being rather more curved than in most species ; petiole of 4th
vein about equal in length to the branches, which curve a little,
diverging slightly at their tips ; the 2nd posterior cell three to three
and a half times as long as broad. Halteres black, stem more-
or less yellowish.

Length 1|-2| millim., including ovipositor.

Described from a type male from the ralley of the Sutlej Eiver,
below Simla, 6. v. 10 (Annandale) • two additional males from
Kurseong, 26-27. vi. 10 (Annandale), and a male from Darjiliug,.
28. v. 10 (Brunetti) ; two females taken by me at Darjiling, 25. v. 10
(type) and 28. v. 10, respectively, also from other females from Simla,
6. v. 10 (Annimddle)'; Kurseong, 4. vii. 08 (Annandale), and Tonglu,.
Darjiling district, 10,000 ft., 22.iv.10 (C. W. Beele).

Types <S and $ (with the other specimens mentioned) in the
Indian Museum.

This species, as represented by the male and four females before
me, appears variable in the colour of the palpi, the colour at the
union of the scape and flagellum and in the corners of the dorsum
of the thorax, and in the length of the wings, but the variations
exhibited appear all to fall within the range of a single species.

107. Sciara flaviseta, sp. nov.

$ . Head black, except the brownish yellow palpi and yellowish
scape. Thorax dull black, with three rows, towards the middle,
of irregular brownish yellow hairs, aud with similar hairs laterally.
Scutellum black, with four long yellow bristles and also two or
three shorter ones on each side. Abdomen blackish brown,
pubescent ; belly and ovipositor similar. Legs brownish yellow,
tibiae and tarsi dark ; posterior femora with a small black spot
below at base. Wings nearly clear, iridescent ; 1st longitudinal
vein ending distinctly before fork of 4th, barely reaching middle
of wing ; petiole of 4th about as long as the branches, which gently
diverge. Halteres yellow.

Length If millim.

Described from one female from Simla, 10. v. 09 (Annandale),.
in the Indian Museum.

SCIARA. 145

A second specimen from the same source in the collection is
probably identical. Two others from Darjiling, 26. v. 10 (Brunetti)
and Tonglu, Darjiling district;, 21. iv. 10 (Beebe), are very close to
flaviseta, but being almost destitute of scutellar stiff hairs and in
inferior condition generally, opinion on them may be reserved.

108. Sciara nitidithorax, sp. nov.

cJ . Head wholly dull blackish ; antennae with the extreme edge
of the 2nd scapal joint whitish yellow ; flagellum normally with
thick grey pubescence. Thorax very shining black, bare except
for three very narrow dorso-central bands of very short bristly
hairs. There are stiff hairs laterally and at least two (perhaps
four) strong bristly hairs on the hind margin of the scutellum, in
addition to some shorter ones ; sides black. Scutellum and
metanotum wholly black, the former with a slight dark brown
tinge. Abdomen blackish, with some pale hairs towards the sides ;
extreme margins of segments pale yellow ; belly black. Genitalia
large, black, normal. Legs wholly dark brown. Wings pale grey ;
1st longitudinal vein ending distinctly before middle of wing and
some distance before fork of 4th vein ; the 3rd vein ending some
distance before the tip of the wing; the costa ending halfway
between the tips of the 3rd vein and the anterior branch of the
4th ; petiole of 4th vein barely as long as the branches, which are
nearly parallel ; the 2nd posterior cell three and a half times as
long as broad. Halteres black.

Length \\ millim.

Described from one male from Kalighat, 6000 ft., Garhwal
district, 4. vi. 10 (Imms).

Type in the Indian Museum.

109. Sciara longitudinalis, sp. nov.

tf . Head wholly black, including the antennae, except for a
suspicion of paleness about the scapal joints of the latter ;
sometimes the antennae, seen through a microscope, appear dark
brown ; the segments of the flagellum well separated, with rather
thick grey pubescence. Palpi dark dirty yellowish grey. Thorix
black, shoulders and edges of dorsum generally rather pale
brownish yellow. Scutellum brownish yellow, with two moderately
conspicuous longer bristles and some short stiff hairs ; metanotum
blackish. Abdomen dark blackish grey or brown ; hind margins of
segments irregularly blackish ; with soft pale hairs ; belly similar.
Genitalia of male of moderate or rather large size, brownish yellow
or blackish brown, hairy, normally shaped, the intermediate ap-
pendage distinctly bilobed. In the female the ovipositor terminates
in two distinct elongated flat lamellae. Legs pale yellowish ; tibiae
brownish yellow, tarsi blackish yellow. Wings somewhat broad-
ened on the distal part of the anterior margin ; the 1st longitudinal

146 MYCETOPHILID^E.

vein ending a little before the middle of the wing, its exact length
not constant, but terminating distinctly before the fork of the 4th ;
the 3rd vein much longer than usual, continuing nearly to the tip
of the wing, parallel with the costa for its whole length except
at its tip ; petiole of 4th vein about equal in length to the
branches, which are nearly parallel, or a little divergent at their
tips ; 2nd posterior cell three or four times longer than broad.
Halteres blackish.

Length 2 millim.

Described from a type male from Kurseong, 8. vii. 08, and a type
female from Darjiling, 28. v. 10, the latter captured by myself ; also
from four males from Tonglu, Darjiling district, 10,000 ft.,
22. iv. 10 (Beebe) : all the specimens in the Indian Museum.

110. Sciara ruficoxa, sp. nov.

2 . Head blackish ; 2nd scapal joint and base of 1st flagellar
joint brownish yellow ; proboscis black ; palpi with basal part
reddish yellow, apical part black. Thorax dull black, with stiff
bristly hairs towards sides and on hind margin of the concolorous
scutellum ; metanotum and sides of thorax dull black. Abdomen
black, with black hairs ; hind margins of segments rather narrowly
pale whitish yellow. Ovipositor conspicuous, elongated, normal.
Legs : cox* bright reddish yellow, tips blackish ; femoi-a bright
yellowish, base blackish : tibiae and tarsi brown. Wings grey,
highly iridescent ; the 1st longitudinal vein barely reaching middle
of wing, distinctly short of the fork of the 4th, the branches of
which are parallel ; the 2nd posterior cell four times as long as
broad ; the 3rd vein nearly parallel with the costa, ending a little
before the wing-tip. Halteres black.

Length 3 millim., including ovipositor.

Described from a single female taken by Dr. Annandale at
Kurseong, 25. vi. 10.

Type in the Indian Museum.

111. Sciara flavipleura, sp. nov.

cJ $ . Head black ; ocelli very large ; antennal scape pale yellow,
basal joints of flagellum more or less yellowish ; palpi pale yellow.
Thorax : dorsum black, shoulders and posterior corners broadly,
the lateral edges narrowly, bright pale yellow ; sides of thorax
wholly bright pale yellow. Two well separated dorso-central
rows of moderately large bristly hairs, and a lateral row, below
which are several much stronger ones in the neighbourhood
of the wings, and two on the posterior corners. Scutellum
blackish, yellow below, with four long strong bristles of equal
length, and some very short softer ones on each side of these ;
metanotum moderately dark brown. Abdomen dark brown, with
black pubescence; belly a little lighter. Genitalia coucolorous,

SCIAEA. 147

pubescent; 2nd joint broadly dentate, intermediate organ bilobed
Ovipositor of female small, simple, brown. Legs : coxae and femora
pale yellow, latter with a small black spot below at base ; tibiae and
tarsi brownish, the latter darker. Wings pale grey, iridescent ;
1st longitudinal vein ending much before fork of 4th and distinctly
before middle of wing ; petiole of 4th about equal to branches,
which gently diverge ; 2nd posterior cell a little over three times
.as long as broad. Halteres yellow.

Length l|-2i millim.

Described from a type male, Darjiling, 2. x. 08 (Brunetti), and a
type female, Darjiling, 6. viii. 09 (Paiva\ and a second female,
Kurseong, 3. ix.09 (Annandak) ; all in the Indian Museum.

112. Sciara evanescens, sp. uov.

d £ . Head black, palpi yellowish. Thorax black, shoulders a
little yellowish. Dorso-central and lateral bristles moderately
large. Scutellum black, with two long bristles. Abdomen blackish
brown, hind margins of segments a little blacker. Grenitalia in both
sexes normal, concolorous, but of considerable size in the female.
Legs pale yellowish ; tibiae a very little darker ; tarsi dark brown.
Wings nearly clear ; in certain lights with brilliant violet irides-
cence ; 1st longitudinal vein ending distinctly before fork of 4th,
barely reaching middle of wing ; petiole a little shorter than the
branches of 4th, the latter gently diverging; 2nd posterior cell
three times as long as broad. Halteres yellow.

Length 2 millim.

Described from six males and three females in the Indian
Museum ; the type male from Simla, 9. v. 09 (Annandale) ; the type
female from Calcutta, 25. ii. 09 (Annandale) ; other specimens from
Darjiling, 6. viii. 09 (Paiva), and Peradeniya, Ceylon, 14. vii. 10,
7. viii. 10.

Under the present species are grouped a number of specimens
which show considerable similarity, but which, on further study of
a larger amount of material, may prove to comprise more than one
species. But for the much shorter 1st longitudinal vein, these
insects might almost be united with S. orientalis, and in any case
their natural affinities appear to be certainly with that species.

113. Sciara parallela, sp. nov.

c? 5 . Head black, except the yellow palpi and the basal part
of the first flagellar joint of the antennae. Thorax black,
shoulders yellowish ; with traces of dorso-central and some lateral
stiff hairs. Scutellum brown, yellowish below, with four long
apical bristles and some shorter ones ; metanotum blackish ; sides
of thorax blackish. Abdomen blackish brown or dark brown, hind
margins of segments more or less pale, and on the belly also.
Ovipositor concolorous, of considerable size, the basal joint being
nearly as large as in the males of many species ; the second joint

148 BLEPHAROCEKIDjE.

considerably smaller, and in addition there are the usual oval, fairly
large, terminal lamellae. Legs : coxae and femora yellowish, tibiae
darker, tarsi dark brown. Wings nearly clear ; the 1st longitudinal
vein ending distinctly before, but approximate to, the fork of the
4th vein, and at about the middle of the wing ; petiole of the
4th vein a little shorter than the branches, which are parallel;
2nd posterior cell about four times longer than broad. Halteres
yellowish.

Length 2-2| millim.

Described from a single type male from Simla, 9.v. 09
(Dr. Annandale), and two females both taken by me at Darjiling,
2. x. 08 (type) and 26. v. 10.

Types in the Indian Museum.

A third female in the same collection taken by me at Darjiling,
26. v. 10, evidently belongs also to this species. It has the 2nd
scapal joint wholly yellow, and the ovipositor is not conspicuous,
but appears to be withdrawn, the lamellae only protruding.

Family BLEPHAROCERID^E.

A family of very limited extent, composed of rather small,
delicate flies, with slender bodies and long slender legs ; the insects
conspicuous chiefly by a so-called " secondary " venation, which

Fig. 12.—Blepharocera (after Kellogg).

consists merely of the folds or creases in the wing which have not
been obliterated after emergence from the pupal stage. They
frequent small rocky streams in woods in hilly and mountainous
countries.

The eyes exhibit very characteristic peculiarities and have been

BLEPHAROCEEID.E.

149

the subject of study by more than one autbor. The usual sexual
distinction in the comparative width of the frons, which obtains in
a great many families of Diptera, does not hold good in the
BLEPHABOCEBID;E. The head is usually dichoptic in both sexes,
but occasionally it is holoptic in one or both sexes. The eyes
" are usually bisected by an unfacetted cross-band or line
separating each eye into two fields, an upper and a lower one ;
the upper composed of larger and less pigmented ornmatidia (large
and brown facets) ; the lower composed of smaller and more
strongly pigmented ornmatidia (small black facets). In a few
species the eyes are bisected only in one sex. Three rather large
ocelli are present " (Kellogg). The upper eye faces dorsally and
is composed of large facets, the lower one faces ventrally, anteriorly
and laterally, and is composed of much smaller facets. Radical
structural differences exist in addition between the upper and
lower eye.*

Fig. 13. — Mouth-parts of a Blepharocerid, Bibiocephala
doanei, Kellogg (after Kellogg).

The mouth-parts are complex, elongated, " the female having in
addition to labium and maxillae, slender flattened elongate, saw-
like mandibles ; the males are without these mandibles. Both
sexes have a slender elongate labruin-epipharynx, a similar slender
elongate hypopharynx, a pair oE slender blade-like maxillae, with
5-segmented palpi, and labium with slender elongate basal sclerite,
and a pair of free fleshy terminal lobes without pseudotracheae and
with palpi " (Kellogg).

* For studies on eyes of this divided character in other groups of animals,
reference can be made to " The divided eyes of Arthropods " by Kellogg, Zool.
Anzeig. (1898). Zimmer (Zeits. f. wiss. Zool. Ixiii, pp. 236-262, 1898) on the.
eyes of EPHEMERID-E may also be consulted.

150 BLEPHABOCERID7E.

The antennae are composed of the usual two basal (scapal) joint*
and a usually elongate cylindrical flagellum of from nine to fifteen
joints, which are shortly pubescent. In some genera the flagellum
is shorter and relatively more robust.

Body practically bare ; thorax with transverse suture distinct,
broadly interrupted. The abdomen slender, generally of uniform
width. The male genitalia reach their greatest complexity in
Bibiocephala, and are most simple in Blepharocera. In the former
the principal pair of claspers is two-jointed, the secpnd joint repre-
sented by two elongate, pliable, finger-like pieces. There are
apparently (judging from Kellogg's plate) two other pairs of sub-
conical elongate claspers ; a small ventral plate, bi-emarginate on
the posterior margin, and an intermediate, rather robust organ.
The female genitalia consist mainly of a pair of small rather
blunt lamellae.

The legs are long and slender, the hind pair much longer than
the others. In some species the fore femora are curved in the
male ; the tibiae may or may not possess terminal spurs ; the
claws small, and the empodia small or rudimentary ; pulvilli
absent.

Venation generally incomplete. The auxiliary and 1st longi-
tudinal veins are united, unless one or the other is considered to be
absent. The 2nd longitudinal vein is simple or forked ; when the
latter, the forking always occurs towards the tip ; 3rd longitudinal
vein present or absent ; in the latter case the anterior cross-vein
connects the 2nd and 4th longitudinal veins. Anterior cross-vein
generally present, often appearing to be the origin of either the
2nd or the 3rd vein. The 4th longitudinal vein apparently always
present ; a lower branch of it often present, but with the basal
half of this branch obliterated. This is what Kellogg calls an
incomplete media. The 5th longitudinal vein present, simple or
forked ; posterior cross-vein present or absent ; 6th longitudinal
vein present or absent. No discal cell.

As to cells : in the genus Philoris, in which the venation reaches
its greatest development, there is a costal cell, marginal, sub-
marginal, 1st, 2nd and 3rd posterior cells (the 2nd being distally
divided by the incomplete branch of the 4th vein) ; an anal and
an axillary cell. Anal lobe of Aving generally well developed, often
exceptionally so (Philorus, Bibiocepliala, Blepliaroccra) ; sometimes
it is absent (Paltostoma). Alula?, properly speaking, absent,
tegula? always absent. Halteres well developed.

Life-history. The larvae of all known species live in clear,
running, highly aerated streams, where they fix themselves with
great tenacity to the sides of the rocks, preferring those spots
where the stream flows fastest, and they occur almost exclusively
in mountainous or hilly regions. They travel slowly and mainly
in a lateral or sideways direction. The larva consists of a head
segment (which is composed of the fused head and three thoracic
segments united), and five body segments, the last one formed of
the two anal abdominal segments united, but with an intervening

BLEPHABOCEEIDjE. 151

constriction. All the segments are very strongly constricted at
the base and apex, so as to present the extraordinary appearance of
thick rings strung on a central axis. Under each of the seg-
mental parts is a single pad-like foofc, locomotion being effected by
releasing the fore or hind three and moving slightly to right or
left, the remaining three following suit after the first three have
attached themselves again.

The pupa is ovate, strongly convex on the upper side, its lower
side being quite flat; it lies quiescent, sticking to the rocks
permanently by means of its six pads. " The wings and legs lie
folded on the ventral aspect (side), which is covered only by a thin
colourless pupal cuiicula. From the prothorax project dorsally a
pair of respiratory organs, each composed of a thin double-walled
plate, the outer plates of each set being strongly chitinized, and
acting as protecting covers for the two delicate membranous inner
ones ; (the whole arrangement like a two-leaved book, with board
covers) " (Kellogg). " The pupa is formed within the larval skin,
but the latter is subsequently cast, so that the pupa is exposed ;.
its dorsal region is horny, but the under surface by which it clings
firmly to the stones of the rapid brook, is white and scarcely
chitinised, and Dewitz considers that the chitinous exudation from
this part is used as a means of fastening the pupa to the stones Jr
(Dr. Sharp, 1899).

The emergence of the imago from the pupa is very interesting
and has been observed by Comstock and by Kellogg ; the former
thus describing it : —

"Each midge on emerging, forced its way out through a
transverse rent between the thorax and abdomen. It then
worked its body out slowly, and in spite of the swift current held
it vertical. The water covering the patch of pupae varied from
one-fourth to one-half inch in depth. In the shallow parts the
adult had no trouble in working its way to the surface, still clinging
to the pupa skin by its very long hind legs. While still anchored
by its legs, the midge rests on the surface of the water for one or
two seconds and unfolds its wings ; then freeing its legs it takes
flight. The adults emerging from the deeper water were swept
away by the current before they had a chance to take wing. The
time required for a midge to work its way ont of the pupa-skin
varied from three to five minutes."

For information on the life-history of some non-Oriental species
the following authors may be consulted : — Dewitz (Berlin. Ent.
Zeits. xxv, p. 61, 1881), and Brauer (Wien. Entom. Zeit. 1882),
on the European Liponeura brevirostris ; and Miiller (Arch. Mus.
Kio Jan. iv, p. 47, 1881), on a species of either Paltostoma or
Curupira ; Osten Sacken (Berl. Entom. Zeits. xl, p. 148, 1895),
also adds interesting notes.

The perfect insects frequent their breeding grounds, the rocky
swift flowing streams of hilly regions, lying flat on the vertical
sides of the damp rocks, and occur in greatest abundance on sunny
days. Their flight is weak. The male is apparently not predatory ;

152 BLEPHABOCEBIDJE.

the female feeds on the body -juices of small CHIBONOMID^E, which
are caught on the wing. The male seems rarer than the female as
a rule, but Bezzi records the opposite concerning a subalpine
Italian species, Hapalothrix lugubris, Lw. This species has been
observed to pair upon the surface of the water.

The BLEPHABOCEEID^E may generally be distinguished without
much difficulty from all other families of NEMATOCEEA either by the
so-called secondary venation or the lateral bisection of the eyes.

Only nine genera are known, representing nineteen species,
including my two new ones, and of these three genera are found in
India or Ceylon. They may be thus distinguished : —

Table of Genera.

The incomplete lower branch of the 4th

longitudinal vein absent.
The 2nd and 3rd longitudinal veins [p. 152.

'absent HAMMATORHINA, Loew,

The 2nd vein present, 3rd absent APISTOMYIA, Big., p. 153.

The incomplete lower branch of the 4th [p. 155.

longitudinal vein present BLEPHAROCERA, Macq.,

Hammatorhina is placed by Loew in a table as follows, and
this appears to afford the only definite characters by which
he separates it.

A. Labrum moderately short, with short
hairy labella.

B. Eyes nearly contiguous in both

sexes, the upper facets very large. BLEPHABOCERA, Macq.
BB. Eyes in one or the other sex wide
apart ; upper facets uniform in

size with the lower ones LIPONEUBA, Loew.

AA. Labrum extremely long, with very
long labella, filiform, bare.

C. Eyes divided by a broad front ; five

longitudinal veins APISTOMYIA, Big.

CC. Eyes nearly contiguous; four lon-
gitudinal veins HAMMATORHINA, Loew.

Genus HAMMATORHINA.

Hammatorhina, Loew, Bull. Soc. Ent. Ital. i. p. 94 (1
GENOTYPE, H. bella. Lw., the original and only species.

I am unacquainted with this genus, and append a translation of
Loew's description of his species.

114. Hammatorhina foella, Lw

Hammatcrhina bella, Loew,
figs. 4-6(1869).

" Velvet-black, thorax and abdomen with silvery spots ; length

Hammatcrhina bella, Loew, Bull. Soc. Ent. Ital. i. p. 96, pi. ii,
figs. 4-6(1869).

H AMM ATOBHIXA . — APISTOMYI A. 153

of body 1| to 2 lines. Velvet black. Head, proboscis and
antennae bfack ; frons dusted with silvery white. Thorax on each
side above with a white mark in the shape of a hook, of which the
broader and shorter part is situated on the transverse suture, and
the longer and thinner part reaches to above the base of the wings.
Pleurae dull blackish, with four large shining white spots, of which

Fig. 14.—Hanimatorkina bella, Lw. ; a, wing; b, antenna (after Kellogg).

one is placed higher than the others, in front of the base of the
wing, the three others being lower, and in a horizontal row. On
each abdominal segment is a very large triangular spot reaching
nearly to the posterior margin, and of a shining pearl colour, with
brilliant shining silvery reflections. Hypopygium velvet black,
only the claspers a little paler, the last joint of simple structure.
Legs blackish ; femora brownish yellow towards the base. Halteres
brownish yellow with black clubs. Wings hyaline, moderately
large, costa very black, the longitudinal veins blackish, the 1st
longitudinal thicker, the rest distinctly less strong, the last one
not attaining the border of the wing."

Length 3-4 millim.

CEYLON.

Genus APISTOMYIA, Big.

Apistomyia, Bigot, Ann. Soc. Ent. France, (4) ii, p. 109 (1862).
GENOTYPE, A. elegans,~Big., the original and only other species.

Head very rounded ; eyes pubescent, separated in both sexes by
a broad frons, and divided by an unfacetted band, as in Blepharo-
cera, separating the large upper facets from the small lower ones ;
three ocelli. Palpi probably 5-jointed.* Antennae of nine (?) or ten
joints, barely longer than the head, bare ; 1st scapal joint short,
2nd much longer ; flagellum of seven (?) or eight joints, of which the
first is the longest, the last ovate, and the intermediate ones short

* In his text Bigot says that the palpi are three-jointed (adding that they
were not clearly visible), but in his illustration the palpi are five-jointed and
exceedingly long, and Kellogg reproduces this figure. In iny new species I
can only assume that these organs have been broken off ; otherwise it possesses
only owe-jointed palpi, a complete anomaly, which would of course necessitate
a new genus.

154 BLEPHAROCERID/E.

and monilifonn.* Proboscis very thick at base, rapidly diminish-
ing to a sharp pointed rostrum (two points in elegans} ; the
tongue much longer, very slender, bifid at tip (elegans) or just
beyond the middle (indica), normally straight (geniculated in
indica). Thorax moderately arched. Abdomen slender, 6-seg-
mented ; genital organs not conspicuous. Legs very long, especially
the hind pair ; tibiae unspurred, metatarsus much elongated,
claws simple, long. Wings broad, anal angle distinct, tips rounded ;
1st longitudinal vein very close to costa, ending at three-fourths
the length of the wing ; 2nd vein beginning at a very acute
angle at a quarter of the wing's length, the anterior cross-vein
placed at or so close to its origin that both appear to emerge
simultaneously, the cross-vein slanting backwards very consider-
ably, joining the 4th vein quite near the base. The 2nd vein is
bisinuate, ending just beyond the tip of the 1st vein, at some
distance from the wing-tip ; the 4th vein straight for two-thirds
of its length, thence suddenly curving downwards, ending about
opposite the tip of the 2nd vein ; 5th vein forked at base, the
branches widely diverging, well curved ; 6th vein distinct to the
wing-margin, curved.

Range. The only previously known species, A. elegans, comes
from Corsica and Cyprus.

Life-history. Unknown, but probably closely identical with that
of Blepharocera.

115. Apistomyia trilineata,

Apistomyia trilineata, Brunetti, Rec. Ind. Mus. iv, p. 315 (1911).

3 . Head: eyes closely, microscopically pubescent, upper facets
very distinctly larger than lower ones, divided by a distinct narrow
space, the upper ones being about one-fourth the total height of
the eyes. l"rons one-third the width of the head, bare, the eye-
orbits narrowly silvery ; ocellar triangle distinct, elevated, the
three ocelli conspicuous, reddish brown. Face whitish grey,
with silvery reflections. Antenna black, bare ; 1st scapal joint
much broader at tip than at base, 2nd joint twice as long as the
1st, much broadened at tip, where it is produced on the under-

* The expression " antennas of nine or ten joints " is not intended as defining
the precise generic limits of this character, but merely indicates that there
seems much uncertainty about them. Bigot, in his original text, gives nine
joints; the 1st short, the 2nd much longer and thicker, the 3rd to the 8th
small, the last joint ovate. However, in his figure he shows only eight joints,
one of the moniliform joints having been omitted. Kellogg (Gen. Ins.) in his
figure (PL I, fig. 3) of A. elegans, Big. ("after Schnuse") shows an additional
small scapal joint. This is almost certainly incorrect. Then in PI. II, fig. 16
(A. elegans. Big., " after Bigot'') an antenna of ten joints is shown, of which
the scapal joints are in conformity with Bigot's description and figure, whilst
seven flagellar joints are shown irrespective of the ovate apical joint, and of
these seven, the first three are larger than the remaining four. It is obvious
that the two antennas given in the two plates cannot represent the same species.
In my A. indica ten joints are very plainly present.

APISTOMYIA. — BLEPHAROCEBA. 155

side into an elongate blunt point. Flagellum of eight joints, the
1st barely half as long as the 2nd scapal joint, the following
joints shaped like thickened beads, the apical joint ovate. The
proboscis consists of a long elongate-conical rostrum, moderately
stout at the base, whitish in colour, with blackish dorsum, thence
produced into a tapering, very sharply pointed, brownish yellow,
horny piece (quite separate from the proboscis proper), which is
very long, black, narrowly cylindrical and geniculated before the
middle, beyond which it is bilobed, the ends being curled up.
Thorax ash-grey, the central part of the dorsum up to beyond the
middle occupied by three broad velvet-black stripes, nearly con-
tiguous, extending laterally almost to the sides ; the median stripe
produced forwards to the anterior margin, which is wholly black
to the shoulders, leaving a narrow grey space in front. Pleurae,
scutellum, and metanoturn blackish. Abdomen velvet-black, the
anterior corners of most of the segments a little reddish brown,
with more or less silvery reflections. Belly reddish brown.
Genitalia moderately small, oval, blackish, not conspicuous. Legs :
coxae wholly and the femora more or less at the base, brownish
yellow ; remainder of anterior legs blackish ; tibi* and tarsi of
hind legs brownish yellow, extreme tips of joints black. Anterior
femora distinctly clubbed at the tips, the hind femora moderately
thickened apically ; the hind femora and tibia? each twice as long
as the anterior ones, and the hind tarsi fully as long as the hind
tibiae. Wings absolutely clear, costa very narrowly black; a
small brownish infuscation at extreme tip of wing. Venation
normal, agreeing with Kellogg's figure.* Halteres black, stems
yellowish.

Length 4 millim.

Described from a single specimen in the Indian Museum, taken
by Dr. Annandale at Kurseong, 5000 ft., 4. ix. 09, moving slug-
gishly on blades of grass.

Genus BLEPHAROCERA, Macq.-f (PI. XII, figs. 18, 19.)

Blepharicera, Macquart, Ann. Soc. Ent. France, (2) i, p. 61 (1843).
Asthenia, Westwood, Guam's Mag. de Zool. (2) iv, pi. xciv (1842),
(preoccupied).

GENOTYPE, Asthenia fasciata, "Westw. (as limbipennis, Macq.).

Head transverse, flattened above, rounded in front, as wide as
thorax in male, narrower in female ; epistoma produced into a
snout. Proboscis of moderate size. Palpi long and prominent,
of four subequal joints.t Eyes pubescent ; in male with large
upper facets facing vertically and very small ones below facing

* Gen. Ins., Fasc. 56, pi. ii. fig. 20.
t Emended by Loew (1862).

J In Kellogg's figure (Gen. Ins.) six very distinct joints are shown. Macquart
and Schiner give four, and there are certainly only four in B. indica.

156 BLEPHAROCEIUD;E.

laterally, the two kinds separated by a distinct though narrow
unfacetted band ; in female, widely separated, the frons of uniform
width ; three ocelli. Antennae of fifteen joints, the two scapal
ones slightly differentiated.* Thorax moderately arched, narrowed
in front ; the transverse suture obvious. Scutellum semicircular.
Abdomen of seven or eight segments, long and narrower than
thorax ; in male slightly curved, with clubbed tip, the genitalia
moderately prominent ; in female less curved and thicker, with
short ovipositor. Legs very long and thin, two or three times
as long as the whole body, hind pair much the longest ; tibiae
with minute spurs ; metatarsus as long as or longer than the rest
of the tarsal joints together, and in the male with some short
bristles below at base ; 4th tarsal joint shorter than 5th, the
latter in both sexes with some bunches of minute bristles below ;
claws long. Wings quite broad, tips rounded, anal lobe very
large and angular; costa ending at tip of 3rd vein. The 1st
longitudinal vein, with which the auxiliary vein is united, very
close to the costa ; the 2nd vein beginning before the middle of
the wing and barely divergent from the 1st, ending a little beyond
it and towards tip of wing ; 3rd beginning very soon after the
1st at a sharp angle, ending at tip of wing, gently curved ;
anterior cross-vein at the angle of the 2nd, slanting backwards, of
moderate length ; 4th vein beginning at base of wing, forming a
gentle curve, the lower branch incomplete for some distance at
the base ; 5th vein forked at one-third of its length, the branches
widely diverging; 6th vein nearly straight, complete. The 4th,
5th, and 6th veins spring almost simultaneously from a common
stem quite near the base of the wing; posterior cross-vein absent;
squamae absent. Halteres long.

Range. Previously known only from Europe and North America
Life-history. The papers by JDewitz, Kellogg, Weirseijski and
some others may be studied. The larvae and pupae live in clear
swiftly running water attached to the edges of projecting rocks
or stones over which the stream constantly flows. The imagos
seldom stray far from their breeding places. From Kellogg's
observations the life-cycle seems to take a month. The females
feed on the body-juices of small CHIRONOMIDJE, the food of the
male is not known.

116. Blepharocera indica, Brun.

Blepharocera indica, Brunetti, Rec. Ind. Mus. iv, p. 316 (1911).
<3 $ . Head : frons narrow, t dark grey or blackish ; ocelli

* Kellogg (/. c.) shows 17 joints. "Macquart originally gave " ? 16." In
B. indica the last joint is constricted somewhat near the tip, which might
give the appearance of a minute 16th joint.

t The head in each of the examples is either damaged or shrunken in
drying, so that the proportionate width of the frous is not easily gauged. It
is apparently quite narrow.

BIBIONID.E. 157

large and conspicuous ; face whitish. Proboscis brownish yellow,
blackish at the base on upper side ; elongate, pointed, about as
long as the height of the head. Palpi elongate, four joints of
about equal length ; pale brownish yellow, with some stiff black
hairs. Thorax : dorsum blackish ; sides, scutellum, and meta-
notum brownish yellow ; a very small yellowish mark behind each
shoulder. Abdomen blackish ; the base of each segment very

Fig. 15. — Wing of Blepharocera indica, Brim.

narrowly yellowish white. Genitalia inconspicuous. Legs brown-
ish or brownish yellow ; the hind femora slightly thickened
towards the tips, about one and a half times as long as the anterior
femora. Wings very pale yellowish grey ; unmarked ; venation
normal. Halteres : stem yellowish, club black.

Length 4-5 millim.

Described from two males and a single female in the Indian
Museum from Phagu, 9000 ft., Simla district, 12-15. v. 00, taken
by Dr. Annandale. He found this species not uncommonly on
bath-room windows in the Phagu " dak bungalow."

Both sexes are presumed to be present from the appearance of
the abdomens, which, in the two examples I consider to be males,
are blunted, with an exceedingly small projecting piece ; and in
the supposed female the abdomen is widened before the tip, with
a short pointed ovipositor-like termination.

Family BIBIONID^E.

The BIBIONID^E are the most robust of the NEMA.TOCERA, and
their heavier bodies, shorter and stronger legs, comparatively
short, non-filamentous antennae, and broad strong wings assist to
differentiate them from the ordinary nematocerous type. The
contiguity of the eyes in the males is another important character
which separates them easily from such families as the TIPITLID^E,
MYCETOPIIILIDJS, CHiEONOMiD^;, CuLiciD^E, and so on. Their
general appearance, to a beginner, may seem similar in many

158

BIBIONID^E.

respects to that of the LEPTID^E, among the BKACHYCERA, but the
very different venation and antennae, and the form of the anal
cell (wider at the distal end than at the proximal) will at once
indicate that they belong to the NEMATOCERA. They are practically
world-wide in their distribution, a good number of them being
vernal or autumnal in their appearance.

Fig. 16.—

, Meij. ; a, antenna ; b, fore leg ; c, hind leg.

Head generally much flattened, in Bibio conspicuously so, some-
times appearing more nearly horizontal than perpendicular. Eyes
rounded or reniform, irrespective of sex ; the upper facets in the
male much larger than the lower ones, the two kinds sharply
demarcated. Eyes in male very large, often occupying nearly the
whole of the head ; contiguous or practically so ; in many species
densely pubescent. In the female, the eyes are much smaller,
wide apart, the frons sometimes being half the entire width of
the head, sparsely hairy only, or bare. Three distinct ocelli
present, closely contiguous in Bibio, in the shape of a triangle,
the space on which they are placed, the " ocellar triangle," often
much elevated above the level of the (contiguous) eyes (male), or
frons (female). Proboscis short, blunt, with thick pubescent
lamellae ; palpi variable, 4- or 5-jointed, long or short. Antenna
of eight to twelve joints ; scape slightly but distinctly differen-
tiated ; flagellum of rather closely applied bead-like joints, the last
one conical.

Thorax highly arched, generally closely pubescent. In Dilophus,
armed on the dorsum with two peculiar transverse rows of strong
teeth-like spines. Scutellum semicircular; metanotum fairly
obvious.

Abdomen a little longer than the body, of seven or eight seg-
ments, broadly conical, sides sometimes nearly parallel. Genital
organs of male consisting of a well-developed pair of two-jointed
claspers, the 2nd joint rather smaller and shorter, generally more

BIBIOjSIDJE. 159

or less incurved, both joints usually highly pubescent. Ovipositor
of female withdrawn or very short, ordinarily only a pair of
small lamellae visible.

Legs relatively short and stout, compared with the usual nema-
tocerous type (except SIMTJLIID.E and OKPHNEPHILID.E). Fore
tibiae sometimes ending in a strong spine (Bibio) or circlet of
spines (Dilophus) or without either (SCATOPSINJC). Three pulvilli
in BiBioxora, one pulvillus only in SCATOPSHOS. Claws distinct.

Wings comparatively large and wide ; costal vein not produced
round the hind margin, ending before the tip of the wing. Veins
on the anterior part of the wing much more distinct than on the
posterior half. Auxiliary vein and 1st longitudinal vein present :
2nd longitudinal vein absent,* third vein forked (Plecia) or
simple (Bibio, Dilophus, Scatopse) ; 4th vein forked,f 5th vein
forked in Bibionince, simple in SCATOPSHSLE. The 6th and 7th
veins present in Plecia, 6th absent in Bibio ; only two veins
posterior to the 4th in Scatopse. it not being quite obvious which
one is absent. Schiner regarded them as the 5th and 6th, and
they are termed such in the present work. The 2nd basal cell is
present in the BIBIONIN^E, absent in the SCATOPSIKJE ; anterior
cross-vein present in Plecia, Bibio, and Dilophus. very short
or hardly visible in some species of /Scatopse, absent in others.
Posterior cross-vein present in BIBIONIIOE, absent in SCATOPSIN^E.
Anal lobe of wing prominent.

Table of Subfamilies.

A few leading characters separate the two subfamilies of
BIBIONID.J; very clearly, and they may be summarised as follows : —

Second basal cell present; the 5th longitudinal

vein forked ; posterior cross-vein present ; three

pulvilli to the tarsi ; generally densely pubescent

flies of moderate or comparatively large size . . Bibioninae, p. 160.
Second basal cell absent; the 5th longitudinal

vein simple; posterior -cross-vein absent; one

pulvilliform empodium present ; always small

flies, much less pubescent than in the previous

group Scatopsinae, p. 179.

* I am not at all sure that the 2nd longitudinal vein is not present, and
the 3rd vein absent, instead of vice versa. If we compare a wing of Culex
with that of Plecia, and simply eliminate the 3rd vein from the former and
lengthen the anterior cross-vein, we get an exact counterpart in the wing
of the latter. In CULICIDJE the 5th vein is admittedly forked. Plecia, there-
fore, seems the nearest genus in the BIBIONID^E to the CULICID.E. Besides, a
forked 2nd longitudinal vein is quite usual in the NEMATOCEKA, but much rarer
in the BKACHYCERA, whilst the 3rd vein is seldom forked in the former. The
suggested interpretation is therefore more in keeping with the general rule in
NEMATOCERA, but it is only tentatively put forward.

t Except in Aspistes, a non-Oriental genus, in which it is simple.

160

Subfamily BIBIONIN^E.

Nothing of importance can be added to the characters given in
the above table separating the two subfamilies. The species are
always larger and much more robustly built, more pubescent, and
more generally distributed than the SCATOPSIN^E.

Table of Genera.

A. Third longitudinal vein forked. Posterior
cross-vein distinctly nearer the base than
the anterior cross- vein.

B. The 3rd vein forks just beyond the an-

terior cross-vein, the upper branch almost
parallel to the lower one ; the 4th vein
forks exactly at the anterior cross-vein

or, literally speaking, below it, the cross- [p. 160.

vein connecting with the upper branch . . PLECIOMYIA, Brun.,
BB. The 3rd vein forks some little distance
beyond the anterior cross-vein, the upper
branch sometimes approximately paral-
lel to it, sometimes almost erect ; the
4th vein forked some distance beyond [p. 162.

the anterior cross-vein PLECIA, Wied.,

AA. Third longitudinal vein not forked. Pos-
terior cross-vein distinctly beyond the an-
terior cross- vein.

C. Fore tibiae in both sexes with a pro-

minent tooth-like spine at the tip;
dorsum of thorax never with a dentate

ridge BIBIO, Geoff., p. 166.

CC. Fore tibiae in both sexes with a circlet
of spines at the tip instead of the
spiny process, also often with spines
on the middle of the fore tibiae ; dorsum

of thorax with two dentate transverse fp. 176.

ridges DILOPHUS, Mg.,

Genus PLECIOMYIA, Brun.

Pledomyia, Brunetti, Rec. Ind. Mus. iv, p. 269 (1911).
GENOTYPE, Penthetria melanaspis, Wied.

Allied to Plecia, Wied., from which it differs by the 4th longi-
tudinal vein rather broadly forking immediately at the point of
contact with the anterior cross-vein. The 3rd longitudinal vein
forks almost immediately beyond the anterior cross-vein, the
upper branch lying almost parallel with the lower one. The
antenna has twelve joints, two short normally shaped basal ones
forming the scape ; a comparatively long first flagellar joint,
followed by eight others of a flattened bead-shape, with a

PLBCIOMYIA. 161

moderately long, conical terminal joint. This is not entirely
a conclusive character, as at least one other allied Oriental
species (Pleda, fulvicollis, I\) has twelve-jointed antennae, instead
of ten- or eleven -jointed as in the other allied species belonging
to this region.

At present the genotype is the only known species.

117. Pleciomyia melanaspis, Wied. (PI. XII, figs. 11, 14.)

Penthetria melanaspis. Wiedemann, Auss. Zweifl.

(1828).

Penthetria japonica, Wiedemann, op. cit. ii, p. 618 (1830).
Crapitula motschulskii, Gimnierthal, Bull. Soc. Imp. Nat. Moscou,

xviii, 2, p. 330, fig. (1845).
Plecia ignicollis, Walker, List Dipt. Brit. Mus. i, p. 116 (1848).

cJ $ . Head wholly black, vertex in male very prominent ;
frous in female one-third the width of the head, with a distinct
longitudinal ridge in the middle, velvet-black, with a little dark
greyish hair behind the vertex ; palpi with a dark greyish tinge in
some specimens. Antennae rather larger in the female. Thorax
black, velvet-black on about the anterior third of the dorsum, bright
reddish orange on the remainder. Scutellum black. Very short
black hairs cover the whole upperside of the thorax ; at the sides
the hair is a little longer. Abdomen black, with black hairs ; belly
similar. Genitalia large, shining black, very hairy, the 2nd joint
of the claspers incurved, conical. Legs black, with short black
pubescence. Wings rather deeply blackish or blackish brown,
generally darker on the basal and anterior parts. Halteres
black.

Length 6-10 millim.

Eedescribed from a long series in my own collection and in
that of the Indian Museum from a number of localities in the
Himalayas. I found it common at Darjiling, 21. ix. to 2.x. 08,
and also at Hankow, in China, 22-26. iv. 06, but sparingly at
Mussoori, 20. v. 05. In the Indian Museum specimens have
been examined from Soondrijal and Katmandu (both in Nepal),
Shillong, Sibsagar, Margherita, Mungphu ; Naini Tal, iv. and v.
1893 ; Theog, 27. iv. 07 ; Kurseong, 9. ix. 09 ; 19. vi. 10; Bhim Tal,
19-22. ix. 06; Siliguri, 18-20. vii. 07 (including a male and female
in cop.) ; Darjiling, 8. iv. 10 (C. W. Beebe), and Sadou, Upper
Burma, 5000 ft., ii. 1 1 (E. Colenso). In the Pusa collection from,
amongst other localities, the Khasi Hills, iii. 07. Outside of the
Indian Empire, the species occurs also in Siberia, China, and
Japan.

Types in the Leyden and Vienna Museums.

Even as early as 1828 Wiedemann recognised a generic difference
between this species and the species of Plecia, and placed it in
Penthetria. I have not seen any other species that can be placed
in this new genus.

L*

162

Genus PLECIA, Wied.

Piecta, Wiedemann, Auss. Zweifl. Ins. i, p. 72 (1828).

JEupeitenus, Macquart, Dipt. exot. i, p. 88 (1838).

Crapitula, Gimmerthal, Bull. Soc. Imp. Nat. Moscou, xviii, 2, p. 330

(1845).
Rhinoplecia, Bellardi, Ditter. Messicana, i, p. 16 (1859).

GENOTYPE, Hirtea fulvicollis, F. ; by designation of Blanchard
(Hist. Nat., Ins. iii, p. 576, 1840).

In general character and appearance similar to Bibio. The
differences consist of the distinct, longitudinal, rather obtuse
ridge on. the frons, also in the absence of any spine or tooth-like
process at the tip of the fore femora. The 3rd longitudinal vein
is forked, not simple ; the 4th vein is forked some distance
beyond the posterior cross-vein (which is always considerably
nearer the base of the wing than the anterior cross-vein) instead
of at its junction with it ; and there are two longitudinal veins
beyond the 5th instead of only one, that is to say, both 6th and
7th longitudinal veins are present. Antennae apparently normally
12-jointed, sometimes 10-joiuted, the last joint very small and
shaped like a flattened cone.*

Range. Probably world-wide, though only one species is actually
recorded from Africa (P. riificollis, P.). Wiedemann established
this genus for four exotic species of Fabricius (placed by the
latter author in his Hit-tea), and two new ones. All the six
species he included were South American except S.
the generally distributed and common Oriental one.

Table of Species.

1. The 3rd longitudinal vein forks some dis-

tance beyond the anterior cross-vein
(nearly at half the length of its lower
branch) and always distinctly beyond

the fork of the 4th vein 2.

The 3rd longitudinal vein forks shortly
beyond the anterior cross-vein (distinctly
before one-third of the length of its
lower branch) and approximately opposite
the fork of the 4th vein; the upper
branch lying almost parallel to the lower
one, not almost erect as in Division 2 . . 3.

2. The whole thorax reddish yellow, in-

cluding dorsurn, sides, scutellum and

metanotum ; antennae twelve-jointed . . fulvicollis, F., p. 163.

* The two scapal joints are short and are easily mistaken for a single joint,
and as tho first fiagellar joint is always larger than the others, it is easily
mistaken for the second scapal joint.

PLECIA. 163

Only dorsum of thorax and scutellum
reddish yellow, the sides and metanotum

black ; antennae ten-jointed tergorata, Rond., p. 164.

-3. Wholly black species.' 4.

Dorsum of thorax reddish yellow; antennae

twelve-jointed indica, Brun., p. 165.

4. Legs wholly black ; length 8-12 mm. ;

antennae twelve -jointed atra, Brun., p. 165.

Legs mainly brownish ; length 6-7 mm. ;
antennae ten-jointed obscura, Brun., p. 166.

118. Plecia fulvicollis, F. (PI. XII, figs. 12, 15.)

Hit-tea fulvicollis, Fabricius, Syst. Antl. p. 53 (1805).

Plecia fulvicollis, Wiedemann, Auss. Zweifl. Ins. i, p. 73 (1828).

Penthetria thoracica, Guerin, Bel anger's Voy. aux Indes-Or., Zool.,

p. 507, pi. iv, f. 9 (1833).

Plecia dorsalis, Walker, Proc. Linn. Soc. i, p. 5 (1857).
Plecia subvarians, Walker, op. cit. i, p. 105 (1857).

c? 5 . Head : in the male the vertex is more or less conspicuous ;
in the female the frons is dull black, barely one-third the width
of the head, with a longitudinal ridge in the middle from the
vertex, ending below in a small protuberance immediately above
the antennae. In botb sexes the twelve-jointed antennae vary
from reddish brown to black, sometimes the scape being reddish,
with the flagellum black, or vice versa ; in some specimens wholly
reddish or brownish yellow. Proboscis and palpi black, with
short black pubescence. Thorax wholly orange, varying a little
in tint ; the whole of the sides, scutellum, and metanotum of the
same colour. In many specimens traces of the three dorsal
stripes of the pattern common in the NEMATOCEEA can be seen,
barely darker than the ground-colour ; in some specimens they
are more obvious. Abdomen black, with short blackish hair.
Grenital organs normal. Legs mainly black ; coxae and trochanters
yellowish or brownish yellow, tibiae sometimes dark brown, pulvilli
yellowish white. Wings pale brown, only a little darker on the
anterior part, sometimes the whole wing pale blackish. Veins
distinct ; stigma absent. Halteres yellowish, clubs blackish.

Length normally 5|-7 millim. One individual examined
measured only 4 millim.

Redescribed from a considerable number of both sexes in my
own collection and in that of the Indian Museum from numerous
localities in India, Ceylon, Assam, the Malay Peninsula, Java,
and elsewhere. The Indian Museum has it from Haddo, Eoss
Island (Andamans), 3. iv. 11, at light (Paiva)- base of Naini Tal
Hills, 4.iv.lO; Purneah, Bengal, 13. x.07 (Paiva) ; Kasauli,
16.V.08, Travancore, 19-27.- xi. 08 (both Annandale); Jabalpur,
iv. 05, Meerut, 25. iv. 05 (both Brunetti) ; also Bangalore ; Kaw-
karaik, Tenasserirn, 1. iii. 08 (Annandale) ; Peradeniya, Ceylon,
21-28. v. 10 and 9.viii. 10, rf $ in cop. (Gravely}. It is also

164 BIBIONIDJE.

present from Semarang, ii. 05 and i. 06, and Eatavia, viii. x. 07,
both in Java. In the Pusa collection, from Pusa, 2. iv. 06 and
iii. 07, and Chapra, Bengal ; Kandy, Ceylon, x. 00. Outside of our
limits the species occurs also in Java, Borneo, Sumatra, Papua,
other East Indian islands, and the Philippines. It is probably
found throughout the whole of the Orient.

Type. The location of the individual type, if indeed any one
specimen was set up as such, is uncertain. The species is repre-
sented in the older collections, such as those of Fabricius, "Wiede-
mann, and Westermann.

Through the kindness of Mr. E. E. Austen, who has examined
the type male and female of subvarians, Walk., in the British
Museum, I am able definitely to allot this name synonymic rank.
From notes on P. thoracica, Gruer., supplied by the same gentleman,
I have no hesitation, knowing the variability of P. fulvicollis, in
regarding Guerin's species as also identical ; and further, I am
enabled to correct the reference to P. thoracica as given by Van
der Wulp.

119. Plecia tergorata, Rond. (PI. XII, fig. 17.)

Pkcia tergorata, Rondani, Ann. Mus. Civ. Geneva, viii, p. 462
(1875) ; Osten Sacken, op. cit. xvi, p. 397 (1881).

c? $ . Head black ; vertical triangle distinct and elevated.
Antennae ten-jointed ; scapal joints almost cylindrical, narrower at
the base, the first rather shorter ; 1st flagellar joint longer than
the others, subcylindrical, narrower at the base, the following six
joints flattened bead-shaped, apical joint very minute, flattened
conical. Frons in female over a third the width of the head ;
the longitudinal ridge not so distinct as in P. fulvicollis. Thorax :
the dorsum only, reddish orange, the anterior portion in many
examples, irrespective of sex, more or less blackish brown ; except
the dorsum and the concolorous scutellum, all the remainder of
the thorax is black, including the metanotum ; the three dorsal
stripes are occasionally quite obvious, the median one often
reduced to two thin lines ; normally they appear to be very
faint or wholly absent ; when present they reach often from the
anterior border to the middle, but never extend to the posterior
half. Abdomen black, with a little black pubescence. Geuitalia
more slender than in P. fulvicollis. Leys all black, normally
pubescent, comparatively long. Wings dark grey, the anterior
border barely darker ; veins distinct; stigma distinct, oval, dirty
brown. Halteres fuscous.

Length 3|-5 millim.

Eedescribed from several of each sex in the Indian Museum
collection from the Himalayas ; Bliim Tal, 19-27. ix. 06, Sukna,
l.vii.08 (both Annandale) ; Kurseong, Darjiling, 6-9. viii. 09
(Paiva) ; Shan Hills, Upper Burma, 26. vi. 10 (Annandale and

PLECIA. 165

«/. C. Brown} ; also a pair taken in cop. at Bhim Tal, 27. ix. 07.
In the Pusa collection, from the Khasi Hills, 17. iii. 07, Mussoori,
x. 06, Malabar, 5. viii. 07. I have seen it from Bhowali, 13. vi. 10,
taken by Mr. Imms on herbage. The species also occurs in
Borneo and Java.

Type. Presumably in the Genoa Museum.

In spite of Eondani's remark that the wing is wholly black,
without a trace of yellow at the base, three or four of the above-
mentioned specimens have the wings wholly yellowish brown;
yet there can be no doubt of their identity with this species.
In both Pleciomyia melanaspis and Plecia fulvicollis the wings are
sometimes more brown than black. The scapal joints and 1st
flagellar joint of the antennae are relatively longer than in either
of these species.

120. Plecia indica, Brun.

Plecia indica, Brunetti, Rec. Ind. Mus. iv, p. 271 (1911).

c? $ . Entire body black, with the exception of the dorsum and
the upper part of the thorax, above the ridge line about the
insertion of the wings ; this part is wholly bright ferruginous
red, and very minutely pubescent.

Antennae as in atra, but the 1st flagellar joint hardly longer
than those immediately following. Wings blackish, darker on
anterior border ; stigma and halteres black.

Length 6-9 millim.

Described from two males and several females in the Indian
Museum from Darjiling, 2. x. 08 (Brunetti) ; Theog, Simla Hills,
27. ir. 07, and Kumaon, ix. 06 (both Annandale} ; Soondrijal
(Nepal), Kangra Valley, 4500 ft., and Kimoli, 24. x. 07 ; Ukhrul,
Manipur, 6400 ft. (Eev. W. Pettigrew). I also took it at Darjiling,
10-16. x. 05. In the Pusa collection from Mussoori, x. 06, and
Khasi Hills, 17. iii. 07.

Type in the Indian Museum ; cotypes in the Pusa and my own
collection,

121. Plecia atra, Brun. (PI. XII, fig. 13, 16.)
Plecia atra, Brunetti, Rec. Ind. Mus. iv, p. 272 (1911).

$ . Entire body deep velvet-black, especially on the dorsum of
the thorax.

Antennce of twelve joints, the scapal two short and subcylindrical,
the 2nd being wider at the tip ; the 1st flagellar joint is cup-shaped
at its base ; the following eight joints of equal size, of flattened
bead-shape, the twelfth one small, conical ; the whole antenna
straight and slightly pubescent. Abdomen rough, minutely pubes-
cent. Wings blackish, anterior part much darker, stigma black ;
halteres greyish black. The 4th longitudinal vein not forked until
some distance from the anterior cross-vein ; upper branch of the 3rd

M2

166 BIBIONID^E.

longitudinal vein long, almost parallel to the lower one, originating
close to the anterior cross-vein. Legs bare, pulvilli greyish white.

Length 8-12 millim.

Described from four females in the Indian Museum (including
type) from Bhim Tal, 4500 ft., Kumaon, 19-22. ix. 06 (Annandale),
and from Soondrijal, Nepal.

This is the only wholly black Eastern species except my
P. obscura, which is more dirty black in colour, with a tendency
to brown in the legs, besides being smaller in size.

122. Plecia obscura, Brun.

Plecia obscura, Brunetti, Rec. Ind. Mus. iv, p. 272 (1911).

cJ § . Wholly dirty black, minutely pubescent.

Head : vertex in male wholly occupied by the very large cup-
shaped ocelli, which are placed, so to speak, on their sides with
their bases united. Antennae rather stout, black, scapal joints
equal in length, short ; 1st flagellar joint longer than each scapal
joint, slightly pinched in the middle; remaining seven joints
subequal, normal (no obvious minute apical joint in one example,
antennae incomplete in the other two). Thorax : on dorsum and
sides sometimes brownish (in one specimen). Abdomen : genitalia
of male forming a pair of strong hairy claspers, two-jointed, the
basal joint the longer and stronger, the 2nd joint ending apparently
in a single claw. In the female the genital organ is narrow,
cylindrical, short, ending in a pair of rather slender palp-like
appendages. Legs: femora dark mahogany-brown, remainder of
legs blackish brown. Wings blackish brown, darker on anterior
part ; venation as in P. indica.

Length 6—7 millim.

Described from two males and one female in my collection,
captured by me at Mussoori, 24. v. 05. Not in very good con-
dition, but the specific characters quite distinct enough to
recognise as representing a good species.

Types in my collection.

Genus BIBIO, Geoff.

£ibio, Geoffrey, Hist. d. Ins. ii, p. 571 (1764),
Pullata, Harris, Expos. Brit. Ins. p. 77 (1776).
Hirtea, Meigen, Illig. Mag. ii, p. 264 (1803).

G-ENOTYPE, Tipula hortulana, L. ; by designation of Latreille
(1810).

Head oval, flattened, much larger in the male than in the female.
Eyes in male contiguous or subcontiguous, the upper facets much
larger than the lower ones, and by their extent nearly over-
shadowing the latter altogether, usually densely pubescent, the
outline of the eyes being semicircular or bluntly conical ; in the

BIBIO. 167

female the eyes are oval, much smaller, bare, separated by a very
broad flat frons, often nearly of half the width of the head ; three
ocelli on a small triangular distinct protuberance. Proboscis
moderately prominent, with thickened hairy labella ; palpi varying
in length, generally five-, but in some species four-jointed, the 1st
joint small, the 3rd often thickened. Antennce rather short and
comparatively stout, cylindrical, generally of ten joints, but in
some cases only nine ; the joints set rather closely together, the

Fig. 17.— Head of Bibio : a, front view of rf • ft, side vie\
c, front view of £ .*

of

last one rounded ; the whole antenna not much longer than
the head. Thorax much elevated, generally closely pubescent ;
scutellum small, semicircular. Abdomen elongate, conical; ot
seven or eight segments. G-enitalia consisting in male of a pair
of two-jointed claspers, the 2nd joint incurved, conical ; both
generally densely pubescent. In the female the short ovipositor
terminates in two small lamellae. Legs moderately long, robust,
hardly longer than in the brachycerous families ; the hinder pair
generally longer than the others ; fore femora usually thickened ;
fore tibiae prolonged into a stout, slightly curved spine, a smaller
adjacent spine not infrequently being present. Hind femora and
tibiae often incrassated distally, the latter with two small spurs at
the tip ; hind metatarsus shorter than the remaining four joints
taken together. Pulvilli, empodia, and claws well developed.
Wings of considerable size, broad, with the costal vein ending
before reaching the tip. Auxiliary and 1st longitudinal veins
present, the 2nd absent, the 3rd present, simple,t all these
ending in the costa between the middle and the tip of the wing.

* In the figure eleven joints are incorrectly shown ; there should be, at
most, ten only.

t As stated in the introduction to this family, it seems to me that the vein
referred to may be the 2nd longitudinal and not the 3rd. 1 follow custom,
however, in terming it the 3rd. Its place of origin, length, and forked
character in allied genera (Plecia, Aspistes) all resemble the usual nature
of the 2nd longitudinal rather than the 3rd.

168 BIBIOXIDjE.

Anterior cross-vein about the centre of the wing, of moderate
length ; 4th longitudinal vein always forked, at a little beyond
the anterior cross-vein and at its junction with the posterior
cross-vein ; the 5th vein forked, the 6th nearly straight, not
reaching the wing-margin, the 7th absent ; posterior cross-vein
always distinctly beyond the anterior cross- vein. Alulae well
developed ; tegulse rudimentary.

Range. World-wide.

Life-history. The larva of Bibio lives in various substances, in
the earth, in decaying animal and vegetable matter, in the roots
of grass and corn, the stems of plants, and similar situations.
It is dirty white or brownish in colour, cylindrical, with a brownish
head which has three pairs of large bristly hairs and some smaller
ones. The body is twelve-segmented, the first narrow, with two
rows of fleshy tubercles, the remainder large, each with a single
row of six tubercles; the 12th 'segment a little smaller, with two
black dots on its dorsal surface. There are some tubercles around
the base of the anal segment, and there are also two lateral
tubercles on each segment and two rows of four in each on the
ventral surface. The larva possesses twenty spiracles.

Pupation, so far as European species go, takes place in June,
the pupa being dark brown, with a shrivelled appearance, one-
third of an inch long and very broad ; the anal segment very
small, with two divergent spines on the dorsal surface; the wing-
cases small, closely surrounding the legs, the thoracic part much
elevated.

The life-histories of several European species have been des-
cribed, that of Bibio marci, L., by Heeger (Sitzb. k. Acad. Wiss.
ix, p. 263). B. hortulanus,Ij., is known to breed in garden-earth,
and B. johannis, L., in cow-dung.

Bibio is essentially a spring genus, some species appearing,
however, in the autumn. The males love the sunshine, and
perform aerial dances beneath the boughs of trees ; the females are
more often found in woods or more shaded spots. The sexes are
frequently taken in copula, and often differ very considerably in
coloration. I have myself taken B. rnarci and B. hortulanus in
that way in England, and several paired couples of B. obscuripennis
at Darjiling.

Table of Species.

L Thorax partly or wholly reddish yellow or
brownish yellow (at "least the dorsuni
wholly red in all the species except dis-

calis, in which it is black) 2.

Thorax wholly black 3. [p. 169.

2. Dorsum of thorax yellowish hortulanoides, Brun., $ ,

Dorsum of thorax black discalis, Brun., p. 174.

-3. Abdomen wholly reddish yellow abdominalis, Brun.,

Abdomen wholly black . '. 4. [p. 172.

BIBIO. 169

4. Larger species, at least 10 inm. Basal part

of 3rd vein usually much longer than the

anterior cross-vein 5.

Smaller species, at most 7 mm. Basal part
of 3rd vein usually barely (if at all) longer

than the anterior cross-vein 6. [p. 169.

5. Species 14 mm. long hortulanoides, Brun., c?,

Species 10-12 mm. long obscuripennis, Meij.,

6. Femora wholly bright reddish or yellowish. 7. [p. 170.
Femora wholly black or dark brown 8.

7. Femora yellowish, tibiae yellow johannis, L., p. 174.

Femora reddish, tibiae and tarsi black .... ?v//?/emMr,Brun.,p. 175.

8. Hind tibiae reddish yellow ; veins on pos-

terior part of wing"distinct to hind margin,

but paler than those in the anterior half . fuscitibia, Brun., p. 175.
Hind tibiae dark brown or black ; veins
uniformly distinct, or those on posterior
half of wing paler, and either distinctly
carried to the hind margin or abbreviated. 9.

9. Veins on posterior half of wing, viewed

in certain directions, as distinct as those [p. 173.

in anterior half; hind tibiae black approximatus, Brun.,

Veins on posterior half of wing less distinct

than those on anterior half 10.

10. Hind tibiae dark brown ; lower branch of
4th vein and upper branch of 5th not
reaching border of wing defectus, Brun., p. 176.

Hind tibiae black ; all veins reaching wing-
margin proximus, Brun., p. 171 .

The above table is constructed for convenience' sake, and does
not illustrate the affinities of the species. The order in which tbe
descriptions are arranged is intended to represent their affinities.
Schiner and others have adopted the relative lengths of the basal
portion of the 3rd longitudinal vein and the anterior cross-vein as
the preliminary distinction in separating the species, but in view
of its decided variability in B. obscuripennis and the closely-allied
European species B. marci, L., it seems safer to distinguish the
species comprised in the present work by their conspicuous
differences in colour.

123. Bibio hortulanoides, Brun.

Bibio hortulanoides, Brunetti, Kec. Ind. Mus. iv, p. 274 (1911).

3 $ . Head : in the male the eyes are closely contiguous from
the vertex to immediately above the antennae, leaving a very small
frontal triangle ; the eyes with dense dark brown hair. Proboscis,
palpi, and antennae black, with thick long dark brown hairs, which
are also long and thick behind the vertex. Vertical triangle con-
spicuously elevated, bearing the three ocelli. In the female the
frons is one-third the width of the head, shining black, with some
short black hairs ; ocellar tubercle as in male. The other parts as
in the male, but the hair is more blackish than brown, whilst the

170 BIBIONIDjE.

pubescence on the proboscis, palpi, underside of head, aud behind
the eyes is yellowish. Thorax : in male, dorsurn, scutellum, and
sides shining black, densely covered with blackish brown hair.
In the female the dorsum is bright brownish yellow (with
microscopic concolorous pubescence), the colour very sharply
delimited : the remainder of the thorax black, moderately shining,
with short black hairs. Scutellum and scutellar ridge black ;
metanotum black. Abdomen : in male, shining black, wholly
covered on all sides with thick blackish brown hair ; the genital
organs shining black, obtuse, bilobed. In the female, bright
brownish yellow with short concolorous pubescence ; belly similar ;
genital organs inconspicuous. Legs shining black, pubescent,
spines on fore tibiae with a dull carmine tinge, pulvilli yellowish
white. Wings brownish in male, as in B. obscuripennis, Meij. ;
in female very pale grey, conspicuously lighter than in the male,
anterior border a little blackish in the male, but wholly deep
black in the female. Stigma large, black. Halteres black.

Length, tf 14, $ 11-12 millim.

Described from a male and female in bad condition in the
Indian Museum (labelled simply " Ind."), which were returned by
Bigot marked " hortulanus <3 $ ? " ; also a perfect female obviously
of the same species taken at Kurseong, 15. v. 10.

Types in the Indian Museum.

This is either a large and well-marked variety of B. hortulanus,
L., or distinct. The differences apparent are, the much greater-
size of the male, hortulanus being generally about 8 to 11 mm. in
length ; the brown, not whitish, wings in the male ; the black
hair in the female on the underside of the head and behind the
eyes, the hair in this position in hortulanus ( $ ) being yellowish.

124. Bibio obscuripennis, Meij.

Bibio obscuripennis, Meijere, Bijd. tot de Dierk. xvii, p. 86 (1904).

c? 5 . Head : in male, wholly covered, including the eyes,
with dense brown hairs ; vertex prominent, shining ; antennas

Fig. 18. — Bibio obscuripennis, Meij., wing.

seen from behind appearing grey-tipped at the joints. In
female the frons much more than one-third the width of the
head ; hairs black. Thorax wholly shining black, the extreme
anterior corners of the dorsum very narrowly reddish brown ;
dorsum and prothorax with dense very dark brown hair.

BIBIO. 171

Sides and scutellum similar ; metanotum sometimes very dark
brown, normally black. Abdomen black, with dark blackish brown
hair. Male genitalia black, shining, pubescent ; tips of claspers
with several reddish yellow curved horny claws. The female
abdomen has a little inconspicuous dark grey hair here and there
at the sides. Legs wholly shining black, with dark brown hair,
which is shorter and blacker on the tarsi, of which the bases and
tips of the joints are often very narrowly reddish brown ; spines
of fore tibiae tipped with dull carmine. Wings brownish grey,
anterior part much darker, costal cell nearly black, stigma
elongate-oval, black. The wing in the female barely darker than
in the male. Halteres black, tegulae with blackish grey hair.

Length, J 11-12, 2 12-15 millim.

Kedescribed from a long series of males and several females taken
by me at Darjiling, 16. x.05; also from specimens of both
sexes in the Indian Museum from the following localities : —
Kurseong, 27-28. iv. 10 (D'Abreu) ; Matiana, Simla district,
28-30. iv. 07 (Annanddle) ; Naini Tal, 26. ix. 07 ; Chitlong, Nepal,
and a male from Mt. Tahe-pum, 4000-5000 ft., on the N.E.
Burmese Frontier, xi. 10 (G. W. Beebe).

Type c? and .9 in the Amsterdam Museum.

The species was abundant at Darjiling during a few days round
the 16th October 1905, when I captured several pairs in copula.
My identification of the species has been confirmed by de
Meijere's examination of some of the specimens. Its chief
distinction from B. marci, L., to which it bears a remarkably
close resemblance, is the brown wings in the male, as in B. marci
they are nearly clear, with a whitish tinge. The basal section of
the 3rd vein in both species varies distinctly in its relative length
to that of the anterior cross-vein, in some specimens being one-
and-a-quarter times as long, in others as much as nearly double,
and it cannot be relied on as a specific character.

125. Bibio proximus, Brim.

Bibio proximus, Brunetti, Rec. Ind. Mus. iv, p. 275 (1911).

c? . Head wholly black, clothed with black hairs, including
dense pubescence on the eyes. Thorax wholly black, dull,
dorsum rather more shining anteriorly, pubescence black.
Abdomen black, with black pubescence. Legs black ; hind
femora barely incrassated posteriorly, distinctly less so than in
B. marci ; hind tibiae more incrassated towards tips than in that
species, giving a distinctly clubbed appearance ; hind metatarsus
distinctly incrassated, the second joint of the tarsi two-thirds as
long as the metatarsus. (In B. marci, the metatarsus is not at
all incrassated, and is twice the length of the next joint.) Spines
on fore tibiae tipped with carmine. Wings very pale grey, only
the anterior veins dark, those on hind part of wing normally
pale ; first section of 3rd vein barely as long as anterior cross-vein

172 BIBIONID^E.

(in B. mard it is always distinctly longer, often twice as long).
Halteres black.

Length 5 millim.

Described from a single male from Darjiling taken in November,
1910, by Mr. D'Abreu.

Type in the Indian Museum.

This species is intermediate between B. marci, L., and B. obscuri-
pennis, Meij. From the former it is distinguished by the black,
not dark brown pubescence ; the shortness of the basal part
of the 3rd longitudinal vein, and the incrassation of the hind
metatarsus. Minor differences are the lesser incrassation of the
hind femora, the greater incrassation of the hind tibiae and the
pale grey wings, as contrasted with the quite whitish wings of
B. marci. When placed by the side of a specimen of mard, these
differences appear sufficiently distinctive.

From B. obscuripennis, Meij., it differs by its smaller size and
clearer wings and in the structure of the hind metatarsus, which
in de Meijere's species is not distinctly incrassated and is twice
the length of the following joint.

126. Bibio abdominalis, Brun.

Bibio abdominalis, Brunetti, Rec. Ind. Mus. iv, p. 276 (1911).
c? $ . Head wholly black ; vertex very small, shining black,
with small distinct ocellar triangle. Eyes (which are densely
pubescent in the male with very dark brown or nearly black hair),
contiguous from vertex to antennae, the frontal triangle very
small. Antennae and palpi wholly black, moderately pubescent.
Thorax shining black, closely pubescent ; a fan-like bunch of
hairs in front of, and another one below, the root of the wing.
Scutellum and metanotum shining black, the former with long
soft black hairs on the posterior margin, with a tendency to curl
forwards ; metanotum bare. Abdomen shining black in male,
with close long black pubescence ; belly similar ; genital organs
confined in a hard squarish segment-like case. In the female the
abdomen is normally wholly reddish yellow, with minute sparse
black pubescence ; belly similar ; genital organs apparently
comprised in a flat elevation on the underside of the last
abdominal segment.* Legs shining black, anterior femora with
dense black hair, hind pair with the hair much sparser ; tibiae and
tarsi moderately pubescent. Wings dark grey in male, a little
blackish in female, in both sexes somewhat iridescent in certain
lights ; costal cell and stigma brownish ; veins dark brown. The
basal section of the 3rd longitudinal vein is almost exactly equal

* In the type male and female, which still remain united, both abdomens
are considerably stretched out, as though the insects in life had endeavoured
to separate themselves, jet no extension of any part of the male genitalia can
be seen. There is a small thick rounded organ between the two abdomen
tips of the same red colour as the female abdomen, but it is nut obvious to
which abdomen it really belongs.

BIBIO. 173

to the anterior cross-vein ; the 4th longitudinal vein forks
immediately before the posterior cross-veiu. Halteres blackish.

Length 7-8 millim.

Described from a male and female taken in cop. by Mr. A. D.
Imms at Badrinath, 10,200 ft., Garhwal district, 27. v. 10 (type*),
also from one additional male and three additional females of the
same date and locality, and a female taken by Dr. Annandale at
Phagu, Simla district, 9,000 ft., 11. v. 09.

Types in the Indian Museum (also most of the other spe-
cimens).

One of the three females referred to above has the abdomen
blackish except towards the side, where the colour is sufficiently
distinct to indicate that the specimen belongs to this species.

Very like B. marci, L., the common Palsearctic and North
American species, but in that insect the female abdomen is wholly
black, as in the male, so that in spite of the resemblance between
the males, the specific difference between the two forms is
indisputable.

127. Bibio approximates, Brun.

Bibio approximatus, Brunetti, Rec. Ind. Mus. iv, p. 277 (1911).

$ . Body wholly black, Head much flattened, slightly pubescent.
Thorax : dorsum with sparse short black hairs ; a very small
brownish yellow spot just below posterior corners of dorsum.
Scutellum and metanotum black. Abdomen with very pale
yellowish hair?. Ovipositor normal. Legs, with terminal spines
on fore tibiae, reddish brown, apical spurs on posterior tibiae
brownish yellow ; hind metatarsi not at all thickened, nearly
twice as long as the 2nd tarsal joint. Wings pale yellowish grey,
hardly darker on anterior part ; veins pale brownish yellow, but
clearly denned ; those on hinder part of wing, when viewed from
certain directions, appear almost as dark as the anterior veins.
Stigma large, well denned, oval, black ; a slight narrow blackish
suffusion over base of 5th longitudinal vein ; basal portion of 3rd
longitudinal vein almost exactly equal to the length of the anterior
cross-vein. Halteres black, but basal half of stem yellowish.

Length 5—6 millim.

Described from one female from Kurseong, November, 1910,
taken by Mr. D'Abreu.

Type in the Indian Museum.

This species must bear a considerable resemblance at first sight
to Bibio venosus, Mg., owing to the rather clear wings, the
distinctness of the veins, and the similarity in size. Though the
abdomen is given as only a little over 5 millim. in length, it is
probably more in living specimens, as the single example examined
appears to be shortened by shrinkage ; otherwise the wings are
abnormally long, their full expanse being 20 millim. The relative
length of the hind metatarsus to the following joint is practically

174

identical in both species, and it is quite possible the specimen
before me really is a variety of B. venosus, Mg., bearing about
the same relation to it as B. obscitripennis does to B. marci ; the
only suggested differences in my species from B. venosus being
the grey instead of clear wings, and the pale yellow instead of
whitish colour of the abdominal pubescence.

128. Bibio discalis, Brun.

Sibio discalis, Brunetti, Rec. Ind. Mus. iv, p. 278 (1911).

2 . Head : frons over a third the width of the head, dull black,
with sparse short black hair. Ocellar triangle normal. Pale
hairs behind the vertex. Antennae black, scape yellowish. Tip
of proboscis yellowish and the 1st joint of the palpi also, the
remainder black ; all the organs with black pubescence. Thorax :
dorsum dull black, sharply delimited from the wholly yellowish
remainder of the thorax. Prothorax considerably enlarged,
conspicuously over the anterior corners of the dorsum. Scutellum
yellowish, metanotum black. The whole thorax and the scutellum
with pale yellow hairs. Abdomen black ; pale yellow hairs on
both dorsal and ventral surfaces, extreme tip and belly yellowish.
Legs yellowish, knees narrowly black ; fore tibiae and tarsi (in
one example) with a slight pale reddish brown tinge and the
spurs tipped with carmine , tips of tarsi brown. Wings pale
grey, anterior border no darker, stigma light brown, elongate.
Halteres yellowish.

Described from two females from Phagu, Simla district, 9000 ft.,
11. v. 09, taken by Dr. Annandale.

Type in the Indian Museum.

This species has considerable resemblance to B. johannis $ ,
but the distinctly yellowish thorax, with well-defined black dorsum,
at once distinguish it from the European species, in which the
whole thorax is black or blackish brown.

129. Bibio johannis, L.

Tipula johannis, Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. ed. xii, n, p. 976 (1767).

Hirtea johannis, auctt.

Tipula pyri, Fabricius, Ent. Syst. iv, p. 249 (1794).

Hirtea pyri, auctt.

Tipula pomonce, Schrank, Fauna Boica, iii, p. 79 (1803).

Hirtea hyalinus, Meigen, Klass. i, p. 110 (1804).

Hirtea preecox, Meigen, op. cit. p. 111.

Hirtea rufipes, Meigen, Syst. Besch. vii, p. 55 (1838).

^ $ . Head, in male, with thick dark brown hair, including the
eyes. Antennae dark brown or blackish ; proboscis and palpi
black. Some hairs behind the vertex yellowish brown. Thorax
shining black, with blackish brown hair, the upper corners of the
prothorax brownish yellow. Scutellum and sides black. Abdomen
black, with dark brown hairs ; belly similar. Genitalia of male

BILIO. 175

obtusely conical, protected by a hood-shaped dorsal plate ; of
female, inconspicuous. Legs wholly brownish yellow, with a
little short black pubescence, coxae blackish, tarsi a little darker
at the tips ; fore tibial spine prominent. Hind femora club-shaped,
hind tibiae robust, gradually thickening from base to tip ; the spurs
remarkably small. Wings pale yellowish grey, the anterior border
no darker ; anterior veins blackish, the remainder pale yellowish :
stigma distinct, elongate-oval, dark brown. Halteres black.

Redescribed from two males taken by Dr. Annandale at Matiana,
8000 ft., 28-30. iv. 07, and another from Theog, 9000 ft., 2. v. 07,
both in the Simla district ; also from European specimens.

In Europe this species is common and generally distributed.

Type. The location of this is extremely doubtful.

The identity of the specimens examined with this common
European species cannot be doubted, as they agree exactly both
with the descriptions and with European specimens examined at
the same time. Probably other Palsearctic species will be found
to occur along the Himalayas, as the genus is a hardy one, with
a considerable geographical range.

130. Bibio rufifemur, Brun.

Bibio rtififemur, Brunetti, Rec. Ind. Mus. iv, p. 279 (1911).

$ . Head black ; antennae with a little blackish pubescence ;
some short grey hairs behind head. Ocelli close together on a
small triangle on extreme vertex ; frons wholly bare. Thorax
•black with a little brownish grey hair on the pleurae ; scutellum
and metanotum shining black, the former with a few short black
ihairs on the hind margin. Abdomen black, roughened, with black
and brown hairs. Legs : coxae shining black, with microscopic
yellow pubescence, and a few longer hairs ; tips reddish on the
outside ; femora bright orange-red, with sparse, very short, yellow
hairs, tips black ; remainder of legs black, with short black or
brown hairs, tips of tarsal joints narrowly yellowish brown. Wings
brownish grey, darker anteriorly ; costal cell rather dark brown ;
stigma distinctly dark brown, rather small, elongated egg-shaped,
not touching 3rd longitudinal vein ; veins on front half of wing
brown, 4th, 5th, and 6th veins brownish yellow; 4th vein forks
rather widely at junction with posterior cross-veins and just
'beyond tip of 2nd vein. Halteres black.

Length 6-7 millim.

Described from two females in my collection, taken by me at
Darjiling, 20. x. 05.

131. Bibio fuscitibia, Brun.

Bibio fuscitibia, Brunetti, Rec. Ind. Mus. iv, p. 279 (1911).
3 . Head black, with rather long and thick black hairs, mixed
with some dark brown ones ; antenna? and palpi black, mouth
greyish white. Thorax and scutellum shining black, with black

176

hair. Abdomen black, moderately shining, with blackish and dark
brown hairs ; belly similar. Legs normal ; femora black, with
brown hairs ; fore tibia3 dark brown, ending in a light brown
spine, posterior tibiae reddish brown, middle pair darker, black at
tips, shortly setose ; hind pair with softer hairs, darker towards
tips; tarsi brown, darker at tips; hind metatarsus thickened,
one-and-a-half-rimes as long as next joint. Wings nearly clear,
stigma dark brown, moderately long, and distinct; 4th longitudinal
vein forking exactly at junction with outer cross-vein, the
branches not widely separated. Halteres black.

Length 5-6 millim.

Described from a male in the Indian Museum from Phakia,
Kumaon, 10,700 ft., 3. vi. 09 (A. D. Imms), and a second male in
the same collection from Tonglu, Darjiling, 10,000 ft., 21. iv. 10
(C. W. Beebe).

This species bears a considerable resemblance to the European
B. laniger, Mg., but the latter has greyish brown, thicker, woolly
hair, and a comparison of specimens of the two species shows
them to be quite distinct.

132. Bibio defectus, Brim.

Sibio defectus, Brunetti, Kec. lud. Mus. iv, p. 280 (1911).

c? . Head and appendages wholly black, with very short pubes-
cence. Thorax shining black, with dark brown hairs ; scutellum
and sides black. Abdomen black, with brown hairs, and greyish
hairs at the tip and at the sides near the base. Legs dark brown ;
hind femora nearly black, somewhat long, distinctly though not
greatly clubbed, hind tibiae a little lighter, with darker streaks, also
clubbed. Wings pale brownish grey ; stigma moderately large
and distinct ; 4th longitudinal vein forking distinctly before the
posterior cross-vein, the branches moderately diverging ; lower
branch of 4th and upper branch of 5th veins shortened, not
reaching the wing-margin. Halteres black.

Length 3| millim.

Described from a unique male from Kurseong, Darjiling,
13. viii. 09 (PcrtVa); preserved in the Indian Museum.

This species comes into the group containing the European
species B. clavipes, B. varipes, etc.

Genus DILOPHUS, Mg.

Dilophus, Meigen, Illig. Mag. ii, p. 264 (1803).
Acanthocnemis, Blanchard, Gay's Hist. fis. polit. Chile, Zool. vii,
p. 355 (1852).

GENOTYPE, Tipula febrilis, L. ; designated by Latreille (1810).

Head semicircular in male, broader in female. Eyes of male
contiguous, large, rounded, pubescent ; those of female small,
oval, divided by the very broad flat frons, bare; three ocelli.
Proboscis rather prominent ; palpi long, 5-jointed, the 3rd joint

DILOPHUS. 177

thickened, the 4th and 5th narrow, subequal. Antennae short
and rather thick, ten- or eleven-jointed ; scapal ones slightly
differentiated, the others transverse, flattened bead-shape, the last
one flatly conical ; the terminal joints so closely applied to one
another as to be difficult to distinguish. Thorax very arched,
produced arid ernarginate on anterior margin of dorsum in the
form of a conspicuous transverse ridge, with a row of short tooth-
like points ; a second similar ridge before the middle of the
dorsurn. Scutellum semicircular, broad, short. Abdomen of seven
or eight segments, elongated. Grenitalia of male rather large and
prominent, the tip of the abdomen generally curved upwards.
Legs robust ; femora, especially fore pair, thickened ; fore tibiae
with a circlet of spines at the tip, in addition to a few spines
around its middle ; middle and hind tibiae with short apical
bristles ; metatarsus of hind legs shorter than the remaining
tarsal joints taken together ; claws and pulvilli large, empodia
distinct. Wings of moderate size, or comparatively large.
Auxiliary and 1st longitudinal veins as in liibio ; 3rd sharply
angled near the base, thence running to the costa some distance
in front of the tip of the wing. Anterior cross-vein placed at the
angle ; 4th vein forked. Posterior cross-vein at fork of 4th,
always distinctly beyond the anterior cross-vein ; 5th vein forked,
6th vein shortened, 7th absent. Alulae prominent.

Range. Diloplius occurs throughout the world, though the species
are less numerous than in fiibio.

One very common European species, D. febrilis, L. (vulgaris,
Mg.), (so called from a supposed connection between this fly and
the occurrence of fever, a supposition which probably has no
foundation), appears occasionally in immense swarms, and possibly
other species may be found in the East with a similar habit.
Such a swarm occurred in England in 1862.

Life-history. The larva of D. febrilis is apodal, cylindrical,
covered with stiff bristles, the head chestnut-brown. The larva
lives in various substances. Curtis says it is found in cow- and
horse-manure, and Theobald has reared the species from the
latter. Miss Ormerod records it as feeding on hop-stems and
the roots of grasses, corn and various plants. The pupa is whitish
or pale brown. The perfect insect emerges in May, and there
is a second brood in the autumn. It is generally distributed, but
seems partial to greenhouses and conservatories, especially those
containing vines.*

The synonym Philia, Mg., erected in 1800 without any species,
cannot take the place of Dilophus, which, although it was proposed
in 1803 without an attendant species, was justified a year later
by the allotment of three species in Meigen's " Klassification, etc."

* The above species is referred to at some length, although not Oriental, on
account of the distinct economic importance of the genus, and because the
life-history is not known of any indigenous species. The habits of Indian
species are likely to be similar.

178 BIBIONID.E.

133. Dilophus gratiosus, Big.

Dilophus gratioaus, Bigot, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, lix, p. 265
(1890).

(51. Head : eyes rather bright reddish brown, some long whitish
hairs below the head. Thorax shining, abdomen somewhat
roughened ; posterior margin of scutellum, and a scutellar ridge
below it, connecting it with the metanotum, bright brownish
yellow. The whole body with short sparse pale hairs. Legs

Fig. 19. — Dilophus gratiosus, Big.: a, wing; b, antenna; c, thorax ;
d, fore leg.

reddish brown, with yellow ish hairs (longest on the femora) ;
coxae and tips of tarsi darker. Wings (damaged) nearly clear;
stigma dark brown, distinct but ill-defined ; halteres black, rather
large, stems yellow.

Length 3 millim.

$ . Head black, shining, eyes long, antennae jet-black. Thorax
bright ferruginous, with a thin black dorsal line, which widens
anteriorly and extends along the anterior borders of the thorax
nearly to the shoulders. Abdomen dull ferruginous, dorsum of
segments blackish, the first two or three segments nearly wholly
blackish on the upperside. Belly ferruginous. Legs black, all
the coxa3, the fore femora wholly, middle femora wholly, except
the tips, and the basal half of the hind femora, bright ferruginous.
Wings uniformly yellowish grey ; stigma large, clear cut, black.

Eedescribed from specimens of both sexes in the Indian Museum
including the type male and female, which were taken in cop. by
Major Sage in September 1890 at Dharmsala, Western Himalayas.
The other specimens are from Amangarh, Bijnor district, United
Provinces, 24. ii. 10 ; Kurseong, 24. vi. 10. ; Theog, 8000 ft.,
2. v. 07 ; Phagu, 9000 ft., 11 . v. 09 (Annandale) • Kumaon district,
5700 ft., vii.09 (Imms) ; Darjiling, 21. iv. 10 (Beebe) ; Sadon,
Upper Burma, 5000 ft., 2.ii.ll, at light.

SCATOPSE. 179

A female in the same collection from Yunnan, South China,
almost certainly represents the same species, and I have seen a
pale-legged variety taken by Mr. Imms at Bhowali, 5700 ft.,
20. vi. 20, running over Iris leaves.

Types in the Indian Museum.

Subfamily SCATOPSIN^l.

The distinctive characters of this subfamily have already been
given, on page 159.

There is only one "genus that occurs in the Orient, Scatopse,
Geoff. These are small or minute flies of slender delicate
structure, generally black or with a dull reddish tinge about
the abdomen ; the wings very transparent. The very distinctive
venation renders them easily recognisable.

Genus SCATOPSE, Geoff.

Scatopse, Geoffrey, Hist. Ins. ii, p. 545 (1764).
Scathopse, Geoffrey, Hist. abrege"e Ins. ii, p. 544 (1762), (two
species mentioned without names).

GENOTYPE, Tipula notata, L. ; by designation of Latreille
(1814), as T. albipennis, P.

Head exceedingly small, rounded, enlarged behind. Proboscis
not prominent. Palpi unobtrusive, indistinctly jointed, the lasb
joint rather large. Eyes kidney-shaped bare, approximate in
male, the frons being therefore very narrow. Ocelli distinct.
Antennae porrect, as long as, or shorter thau, the thorax, ten-
jointed ; 2nd scapal joint cup-shaped, the last flagellar joint oval,
the remainder short ; bare of pubescence, the whole antenna more
or less club-shaped. Thorax arched, transverse suture absent, but
the front third of the dorsum puffed up and protuberant. Scutellum
short and broad. Abdomen approximately linear, rather wider
behind, of seven or eight segments, pointed in the female.
Genitalia generally distinctly visible. Legs very short and
comparatively robust. Pore femora obviously thickened, fore
tibise unarmed, posterior tibiae often clubbed; hind metatarsus
shorter than the four remaining joints taken together. Pulvilli
sometimes very small. Wings distinctly broad, longer than the
abdomen, folded upon each other in repose, very thin and
transparent, sometimes almost invisible. Venation somewhat
difficult of determination with exactitude, and a new interpretation
of the veins is ventured upon. The two strong veins near the
anterior border are recognised by all as the 1st and 3rd longi-
tudinals, the latter often originating from the 1st in such a way
that its basal section appears as a "cross-vein" (much as is
apparently the case in Sciara). I am disposed to consider that
the anterior cross-vein is absent and that the strong vein

180

proximad of, and in a line with, the main length of the 3rd vein
is really the 4th longitudinal,* and that it is coalescent with the
3rd vein at about the basal angle formed by the latter (as takes
place in two subfamilies of MYCETOPHTI/IDJE t) ; forking afterwards
at a varying distance according to the species. The 5th and 6th
veins present, and apparently occasionally the 7th posterior cross-
vein absent. Upper basal cell present, lower one absent. Anal
lobe of wing distinctly angular.

Range. World-wide.

Life-history. The metamorphoses of a few species are known.
The larvae live in rotting vegetable matter and human ordure,
although exceptions appear to occur, as one European species,
8. scutellata, Lw., is said to feed on the honey-dew of APHID^ in
the autumn. Scatopse larvae are apodal, cylindrical, with two
short points on the sides of the thoracic portion, and also on the
eight abdominal segments at the base, the last segment terminating
in two divergent setae. Most of the species in the perfect state
are sluggish in their movements and appear at times in immense
swarms ; nearly all the species occurring in England, for instance,
having been recorded as swarming in this manner at some time
or other. The imagos are found tolerably freely on umbelliferous
flowers, on windows of conservatories, in outhouses, near open
drains, and mope or less generally distributed. Many are spring
species, some autumnal.

134. Scatopse brunnescens, Brun.

Scatopse brunnescens, Brunetti, Rec. Ind. Mus. iv, p. 281 (1911).

5 . Whole body and legs dark shining brown, slightly yellowish,
tinged here and there with short whitish pubescence.

Head : antennae with 2nd scapal joint a little longer than the 1st,
'followed by six short, wide,
rounded, flagellar joints, with a
long (equally broad at its base),
conical terminal joint ; the
whole antenna with close
greyish pubescence. Abdomen
Fig. 20.— Scatopse brunnescens, Brun., with the dorsum nearly black,
wing. the belly dark brownish yellow.

TFm<7swith 1st longitudinal vein
ending much before middle of wing; 3rd ending some distance before

* Schiner regarded the strong vein proximad of the basal part of the 3rd
vein as the anterior cross-vein (" small cross-vein " in Schiner's words). In
this case it would resemble Sciara, but the interpretation appears to me open
to criticism. The 4th vein nearly alwavs emerges from the base of the wing,
or from the base of the 5th. not from the 3rd, in the middle of the wing.

t MACROCBRIN.E and CEROPLATIN.E.

SCATOPSE. 1ST.

tip, springing from 1st very near base of wing ; 4th quits the 3rd
immediately beyond the angle of the latter, forking at half its
length, the upper branch ending at wing-tip, the lower in a
straight line with the petiole, ending at some distance below the
wing-tip ; 5th vein nearly straight, not reaching margin ; 61 h
much curved at half its length, complete ; a short very curved 7th
vein apparently present.

Length 2 millim.

Described from one specimen from Peradeuiya, Ceylon, 9. viii. ICf
(Gravely).

Type in the Indian Museum.

135. Scatopse nigronitida, Brun.

Scatopse niyronitida, Brimetti, Eec. Ind. Mus. iv, p. 281 (1911).

d1 $ . Wholly shining black with minute black pubescence.
Leys : femora with a tinge of dark brown in certain lights.

Fig. 21. — Scatopse nigronitida, Brun. : a, wing ; b, antenna;
c, bind leg.

Wings clear; 1st longitudinal vein ending just before middle of
wing, 3rd ending just after the middle ; 4th ouits the 3rd a short
distance after the basal angle of the latter, forking very soon
afterwards, the branches widely divergent, the upper one ending
at wing-tip, the lower one at some distance below wing-tip ; 5th
vein approximately parallel to petiole and lower branch of 4th ;
Cth vein curved ; anal angle distinct. Halteres thick, brown.

Length 2-2| millim.

Described from two pairs taken in cop., and an additional male
and two females, all in the Indian Museum, from Dharampur,
5000 ft., Simla hills, 14. v.08, "on trunks of trees" (Annandale).

N2

182 SIMCLIID^.

Family SIMULIDXE.

There is only one genus in this family, namely SimuHwm, though
Prof. Williston speaks of seeing a damaged North American
specimen that probably represents a second genus.

From their short thick bodies, broad wings, short legs, and

Fig. 22. — Simulium.

•generally " squat " appearance the SIMULIIDJE are more unlike
the rest of the NEHATOCERA than any other group.*

Their peculiar venation, however, which is totally unlike that of
any other family of Diptera, with the exception of the PHOBIC
in the BRACHYCEEA, will at once separate them, even to the
beginner's eye.

Genus SIMULIUM, Latr.

Simulium, Latreille, Hist. Nat. Ins. Crust, iii, p. 426 (1802).

Simulia, auctt.

Atractocera, Meigen, Klass. i, p. 94 (1804).

GENOTYPE, according to Zetterstedt, S. reptans, Mg., but
Coquillet gives ETiagio colombaczensis, Schonb.

Hea d semicircular. Eyes usually reniform,t sometimes rounded,
bare, in life generally of a red colour ; contiguous above in the

* Excepting OEPHNEPHILID^;, which are not Oriental.

t Zetterstedt (Dipt. Scand. ix, p. 3415) says the eyes in the male are
rounded, renifortn in the female. Insufficiency of material prevents my
confirming or disputing this ; most authors speak of the eyes as " rounded or
reniform," the inference being that the shape is not dependent on the sex. As
regards their colour Schiner says " generally red in life " ; Zetterstedt says
" often red in male, obscure in female." The latter author also notes sexual
differences in both antennae and palpi which are not recorded by subsequent
•writers.

SIMULIUM. 183

male, the upper facets very much larger than the lower ones, and
sharply demarcated from them ; in the female the eyes separated
by a moderately broad, nearly linear frons, flat, about one-fourth
or one-third the width of the head, all the facets of equal size.
Proboscis moderately produced, perpendicular, conical, with two
horny labella of moderate size towards the tip. Palpi four-jointed,
elongate, cylindrical, incurved; 1st joint short, the following
three subequal, or the 4th the longest. Palpi rather longer in the
female than in the male. Antennaa short, robust, ten-jointed,*
the two scapal joints differentiated, short, the flagellar joints
rather thickly annular, subequal in length, the last one sub-conical,
all somewhat compressed; with short thick pubescence, no bristles
present. Thorax ovate, short, highly arched and robust, almost
gibbose, bare or with sparse hair. Scutellurn small, metanotum
not conspicuous. Abdomen broad, short, hardly longer than the
thorax, very shortly pubescent, of seven or eight segments, the
first being distinctly the longest, projecting somewhat over the
base of the second, and with a peculiar elevated ridge at the base
running across from side to side. The 1st segment also has a
more or less fan-shaped row of long hairs on each side towards
the lateral margin, which gives the appearance at first sight of
large tegulae with a conspicuous fringe. Genitalia inconspicuous
in both sexes. Legs quite short and stout, in contradistinction to
the usual nematocerous type. Fore coxae and four trochanters
comparatively large ; femora flattened, somewhat broad ; tibiae
normal, without apical spurs ; metatarsus greatly developed,
nearly as long as the rest of the tarsus, the four remaining joints
short, especially the last ; empodia and pulvilli rudimentary. The
metatarsus is generally dilated to a greater extent in the male, in
which sex the legs are usually rather more pubescent than in the
female. The 1st and 3rd tarsal joints generally bear two long
hairs each, the character appearing to be common to many
species. Wings very large and broad, comparatively short, incum-
bent, bare ; costal vein ending at about tip of 3rd longitudinal
vein ; auxiliary vein and 1st longitudinal ending in the costa ;
2nd longitudinal absent ; 3rd springing from the middle of the 1st
and ending in the costa much before the wing-tip, humeral cross-
vein present; subcostal cross-vein absent; anterior cross-vein
present, uniting the 3rd vein, near its base, to the 4th vein just
before it forks. The above veins, including the costa and the
basal part of the 4th longitudinal (i. «., up to the anterior cross-
vein) strongly developed and somewhat approximate to one
another. The remaining veins very faint. The 4th vein forked,,
the oth, 6th, and 7th veins simple, the 6th being strongly In-
sinuate ; all these veins attaining the border of the wing or very
nearly so. Some spurious veins or " folds '*' of the wings appear
as additional veins, and must not be confused with the real veins

* Zetterstedt is in error in describing the antennae as eleven-jointed.

184 SIMULIID,E .

These "fold" veins comprise one between the lower branch of
the 4th and the 5th veins, forking at its middle, and a second
one lying close behind and parallel to the 5th vein. The anal
lobes of the wings are fully developed, the tegulse or squamse
inconspicuous.

Range. Fossil species are recorded from the Purbeck Beds in
England, six by Loew from Prussian amber, and one by Guerin
from Sicilian amber. The recent species occur in all parts of the
world.

Simulium fully deserves the title of one of the insect pests.
The males are reputed to be harmless, occurring mostly in woods,
where they may be found performing the aerial dances under
branches of trees (sometimes at considerable heights) so common
to many kinds of Diptera. They are said to suck the juices of
leaves and the honey-dew secreted by aphides ; the females of
some species bite viciously, and as they occur occasionally in vast
numbei's they cause great suffering to cattle and often to man
himself. One European species, S. columbaczense, has frequently
been an absolute plague to cattle during brief periods in Central
Europe, especially in the valley of the Danube, the flies attacking
.•all the orifices of the body, the eyes, ears, nostrils, and so on, their
bites producing an inflammatory fever, often with fatal results.
Schonbauer, as long ago as 1795, wrote of S. columbaczense being
a scourge at times in Hungary. Fries, Zetterstedt, Wahlberg.
and other early writers also testify to their occasional excessive
abundance and to the injuries caused to men and animals by their
bite. De Geer states that some species attack caterpillars, sucking
their blood, and that this does not appear to incommode the
caterpillar. S. reptans, Mg., occurs in Lapland even during the
depth of winter, and frequently appears throughout Scandinavia
in vast numbers. Other species also occur in snowy regions.

The term "sand fly" is often applied to species of this genus,
why, it is hard to say, since they do not appear to be especially
partial to sandy localities, and they certainly do not breed in
sand.* The expression " sand fly " has also been made use of in
reference to some PSYCHODID^E, and sometimes for species of
Ceratopof/on (CmnoNOMiD^;). Though inapplicable legitimately
to any of these groups, the term has usually been employed to
•designate Simulium. •' Buffalo gnats " and " turkey gnats " are
American terms for them, but the generic term " eye fly,"
employed in India for a minute species of fly that hovers in-
cessantly in front of the eyes, is sometimes incorrectly applied to
them.f It is not, however, at all certain that there are not several

* Eiley describes the life-history of a North American species (Simulium
meridionals, Eiley) in the Eep. Dep. Agric. Ent. Wash. 1887 (1886), pp. 492-517.
This species is said to cause the death of thousands of turkeys and chickens
yearly in Virginia.

t The " eye fly " of Ceylon, according to Mr. E. E. Green, is an Acalyptrate
Muscid, determined by E. E. Austen as Siphondla (Microneurum) funicola,
Meij.

SIMULIUir.

185

species, probably of quite different families, included under the
general title of " eye fly," as from personal experience (but speaking
from memory) I think that both small CERATOPOGOXIN^ and even
miiiute EMPID.E have been brought to me as " eye flies."

Fig. 23. — Early stages of Simulium : a, group of larvae ; b, larva of S.ornatum.
Mg., a European species; c, group of pupas ; d, pupa in its case ; e, pupa
(after Miall).

Life-history. The larva of Simulium is aquatic, living mostly in
mountain streams, in the sterns of water-plants (Phellandrium,
Sium, etc.), or attached by the tail-end to rocks covered by swiftly
running water, their bodies being held vertically. Their chief
requirement is that the water shall be well aerated, but the water
itself need not necessarily be pure, as the larva of S. reptans has
been found in Europe swarming in streams contaminated by sewage.
The food of the Simulium larva is microscopic, diatoms and
desmids. The power of attachment is very considerable, its
swimming power very weak. It is cylindrical, soft-skinned,
narrowed in the middle, enlarged at the end, possessing t\vc pairs
of eye-spots, two large fan-like branched antennae, and on the
underside of the first thoracic segment a foot-like protuberance
with bristly booklets or teeth ; tins structure forms a sucker and
is constructed by the coalescence and development of the first pair

186 SIMULIID.E.

of legs. At the tail there is a similar sucker, formed in like
manner. No legs in their normal form are present. Williston
says the ultimate segment is furnished with several curved
appendages for attachment, so that probably various modifications
occur in the larvae of different species.

The pupa is generally enclosed in a membranous cocoon which
is incomplete at the upper end, much resembling an empty egg-
shell with the top cut off. This is fastened to the stems of plants.
Audouin asserts that the larva spins an entire cocoon first and
then eats away the upper portion, the presumption being that the
water may reach the eight long filiform appendages (breathing
tubes) arranged in fan-shape form on each side of its upper end.
These appendages are arranged in pairs, and a similar structure
exists in the pupa of Chironomus. The perfect insect emerges
below the level of the water, and the process has been excellently
described by Verdat as far back as 1822.* It is also graphically
portrayed by Prof. Miall,f whose account is here reproduced.

"During the latter part of the pupal stage, which lasts about a
fortnight in all, the pupal skin becomes inflated with air, which is
extracted from the water and passed, apparently, through the
spiracles of the fly, into the space immediately within the pupal
skin. The pupal skin thus becomes distended with air, and
ft&sumes a more rounded shape in consequence. At length it
eplits along the back in the way usual among insects, and there
emerges a small bubble of air which rises quickly to the surface
of the water and then bursts. "When the bubble bursts, out
comes the fly. It spreads its hairy legs and runs upon the surface
of the water to find some solid support up which it can climb.
As soon as its wings are dry it flies to the trees and bushes over-
hanging the stream."

This author adds that some species winter as larvae and are
double-brooded, the first brood appearing in April and May, the
second in August. The eggs are laid in large numbers in a
gelatinous mass on the stems of water-plants and are yellow in
colour, with a thick shell, having some resemblance to the eggs
of Chironomus.

Hagen speaks of the pupa-cases of a North-American species
(/S. pictipes, Hagen) being affixed in considerable numbers to the
rocks in swiftly running mountain streams and adds that they
resembled wasps' nests in appearance.

Eecent investigations by Dr. Sambon in Italy have practically
established the connexion between the disease pellagra and some
species of Simulium. The outbreaks of the disease are said to
be confined to those districts infested by the fly, and to those
periods during which the insect is on the wing, the exact
times of appearance and disappearance of both the disease and

* Naturw. anz. allg. Schw. Gesellsch. (1822). Translated by Osten Sacken
in the " American Entomologist," ii, p. 229.

t ' The Natural History of Aquatic Insects," p. 185 (1895).

SIMULIUM. 187

the fly synchronizing with or closely following upon the climatic,
variations from one season to another. The disease is non-
contagious, and the parasite has not been actually discovered.
It was previously thought to have been caused by eating diseased
maize, but Dr. Sambon's investigations have placed its origin with
Simulium beyond a shadow of doubt.

Simulium has a synonym in Melusina, Mg., 1800, but the latter
name is unorthodox, no species being allotted to it ; moreover,
Lntreille's name has been so loug in use that it ought not to be
changed.

Table of Species.

1. Thorax black, at most with a dull reddish

brown tinge occasionally 2.

Thorax distinctly reddish brown, with
short yellow hair ritfithorax, Bruu., p. 187.

2. Thorax with grey shoulder spots and a

wide greyish band on posterior margin, yrisescens, Brun., p. 188.
Thorax without either grey shoulder spots
or posterior bands 3.

3. Abdomen destitute of any sign of yellow

hair ." 4.

Abdomen with short bright yellow hair
or with long rather shaggy brownish
yellow hair 6.

4. Hind metatarsus much incrassated, nearly

as long and laree as the tibiae * metatarsale, Brun., p. 189.

Hind metatarsus not so conspicuously in-
crassated, distinctly less in size than
the tibiae * 5.

5. Antennae wholly black. Length 2^ mm. griseifrons, Brun., p. 190.
Antennas reddish yellow at base. Length

1J mm rujibasis, Brun., p. 190.

6. Abdomen with normal short very bright

yellow hair 7.

Abdomen with distinctly longer, shaggy
brownish yellow hair senile, Brun., p. 191.

7. Abdomen with at least the first two seg-

ments distinctly yellowish or brownish
yellow ; often several segments so

coloured indicum, Becher, p. 191.

Abdomen all black aitreohirtum, Brun., p. 194.

136. Simulium rufithorax, Brim.

Simulium rufithorax, Brunetti, Rec. Ind. Mus. iv, p. 282 (1911).

<3 $ . Head : eyes dull red, the upper facets in the male very
large, the lower ones small, sharply demarcated from each other,
the eyes being absolutely contiguous from the extreme vertex to
the antenna?. In the female, the facets uniformly small, the frons

* This is probably a sexual character, but no better one offers itself, and the
two forms may possibly be male and female of the same species.

188

dark grey, nearly blackish, covered with golden yellow hairs.
Proboscis and palpi blackish, the former with well-developed
labella at the tip, the latter with the first joint distinctly the
largest.* Antennae more or less reddish brown in the type male,
the scape and two basal flagellar joints reddish,*}" in one female
wholly red. in the other only slightly so at the base ; in all cases
•with whitish pubescence over the whole flagellum. A row of
whitish hairs behind the eyes encircling the back of the head.
Thorax wholly rather dull but obviously reddish brown on dorsum,
covered with bright golden yellow hairs ; sides of thorax wholly
blackish grey. Scutellum reddish brown, metanotum dark grey.
Abdomen blackish, the posterior margins of the segments very
narrowly whitish, dorsum with a few pale scattered hairs. Legs :
apparently normally the coxa? and femora dull reddish brown or
brownish yellow, the tibia? and tarsi blackish, but the brownish
colour extending at least to the hind femora in one of the female
specimens. Hind metatarsus much enlarged in both sexes,
especially so in the male, in both sexes as long as, or slightly
longer than, the rest of the tarsus and about two-thirds as long as
the tibia. Wings clear, venation normal. Halteres brownish or
blackish.

Length 2 millim.

Described from one male from Kanara, Bombay, viii. 07, and
two females from Karwar, Bombay, viii. 07. Two females in the
Indian Museum are from Kurseong, 10-26, ix. 09 (Lynch], and
7. ix. 09 (type female) (Annandale).

Type male in the Pusa collection, tvpe female in the Indian
Museum.

137. Simulium grisescens, Brun.

Simulium yrisescens, Brunetti, liec. Ind. Mus. iv, p. 283 (1911).

cJ . Head set very close on the thorax. Eyes with conspicuously
large facets on upperside ; a moderately narrow face below the
antennae light grey. Antennae black, with rather thick short
grey pubescence ; scape brownish yellow. Proboscis blackish,
yellowish at tip ; palpi black. Thorax deep velvet-black, evidently
originally covered with the short bright yellow hairs common to
most of the Oriental species, shoulders -with- 'a broad and square
spot of pale blue greyish dusting, the inner corner of the spot
nearly rectangular ; also a broad similarly coloured band on the
posterior margin. This rather gives the appearance of the dorsum
being of a blue-grey ground-colour, with a broad deep black
transverse baud occupying the major portion of the surface and a
contiguous perpendicular broad stripe reaching to the anterior

* In the original description the last joint was erroneously given as the
largest.

t Under a strong light, the microscope reveals the whole antenna as dull
reddish brown, though the flagellum appears mainly black to the naked eye.

SIMULIUM. 189

margin. Sides of thorax with conspicuous blue-grey dusting;
scutellum blackish, metauotum black. Abdomen black, apparently
with a little brownish yellow pubescence ; 1st segment with
blue-grey sheen, the fan-like side hairs brownish yellow. Belly
black. Legs: fore coxae pale yellowish, posterior COXJB blackish
grey ; fore femora principally brownish yellow, a little blackish
towards the tip ; posterior femora blackish, the base shortly
yellowish ; fore tibiae and tarsi shining black, the proportions of
the joints as in S. indicum, but the three first tarsal joints are
widened, although none of them to such an extent as in that
species ; 4th and 5th joints very narrow. Middle tibiae black,
narrowly yellowish at base ; metatarsus yellowish, black at tip,
rest of tarsus black, the joints narrowly yellowish at base. Hind
tibia considerably widened, black, very narrow at base, where
it is a little yellowish ; hind metatarsus much enlarged, basal half
yellowish, the rest black ; remainder of tarsus black, base of 2nd
joint a little yellowish. Hind metatarsus much longer than the rest
of the tarsus and practically as long as the tibia. Both hind tibia
and metatarsus with long hairs on the upperside. Wings quite
clear, venation normal. Halteres bright yellow, large and thick.

Length 1^ millim.

Described from a unique male in the Indian Museum from
Kurseong, taken by Mr. Lynch, 10-26. ix. 09.

This is a very distinct species, recognisable by the bluish grey
markings on the thorax and the tinge of the same colour on the
first abdominal segment. The widening of the third fore tarsal
joint is also a specific distinction, and is noticeable when specimens
of $. grisescens and S. indicum are placed side by side.

138. Simulium metatarsale, Bnm,

Simulium mctatarsalis, Brunetti, Kec. Ind. Mus. iv, p. 284 (1911).
^ . Head very closely applied to the thorax. Eyes contiguous
from vertex to antennae, upper facets very large. Proboscis and
palpi black. Antennae black, with close greyish pubescence.
Thorax black ; dorsum with close bright yellow hairs which appear
reddish orange when viewed from certain directions. Scutellum
black, with yellow hairs. Sides of thorax and metanotum black.
Lower part of thorax anteriorly with grey dusting. Abdomen
wholly black, with rather sparse black pubescence, no trace of gold
hairs. Belly similar. The hairs towards the sides of the 1st
segment light bro'wnish. Legs: fore coxae yellowish, posterior
pairs blackish ; fore femora and tibiae dull yellowish, with golden
yellow hair nearly as far as the tip of the latter, which, with the
whole tarsus, is black ; the tarsus narrow, of equal width through-
out ; in spite of the gold hair the fore tibiae viewed from above
appear whitish grey. Middle femora and tibiae slender, basal half
of each yellowish, with some yellow hair, apical half black, as are
the slender middle tarsi. Hind femora mainly black, slightly pale
yellowish at base, tibiae much incrassated, basal half yellowish,

190 SIMULIIDJE.

with golden-yellow hair ; metatarsus much incrassated also, nearly
as large as the tibia, relatively larger than in any other Oriental
species, the basal halt' yellowish ; rest of tarsus black. The
hind tibiae and metatarsi with numerous long hairs on upperside.
Wings colourless, venation normal. Halteres brownish.

Length barely 2 millim.

Described from a perfect unique male from Kurseong, taken
28. iii. 10, by Dr. Annandale.

Type in the Indian Museum.

Erorn the general resemblance between the two species, it seems
possible that 8. griseifrons may be the female of this species.

139. Simulium griseifrons, Brun.

Simulium griseifrons, Brunetti, Rec. Ind. Mus. iv, p. 285 (1911).

$ . Head : frons between one-third and one-fourth the width of
the head, grey dusted, without any vestige of gold hair; face
convex, blackish. Proboscis and labella reddish brown ; palpi
black. Antennae wholly black. Back of head blackish grey (seen
from above, whitish grey), with some black hairs, which form an
irregular fringe behind the eyes. Thorax (partly denuded) black,
apparently covered with short golden yellow pubescence. Scu-
telluui black, covered with gold pubescence and with a row of
long soft black hairs on hind margin. Sides of thorax blackish.
Abdomen black, the extreme edge of each segment pale. Legs :
fore coxae dull brownish yellow, posterior coxae black. Femora
brownish yellow, apical half black, the colour less pronounced and
less extensive on the fore pair. Tibiae, basal two-thirds yellowish,
apical third black; the outer sides of the tibiae, seen from above,
appear whitish. Tarsi black, the anterior ones with metatarsus
as long as the rest of the tarsus, but only slightly wider ; hind
metatarsus considerably incrassated, distinctly longer than rest of
tarsus, and with the basal half yellowish white. Wings clear ;
venation in accordance with the generic characters. Halteres
pale yellow.

Length nearly 2| millim.

Described from one female from Kalighat, Kumaon, 6000 ft.,
Western Himalayas, taken by Mr. A. D. Irnms, 4. vi. 10.

Type in the Indian Museum.

Possibly the female of S. metatarsale. The only distinctive
character between them seems to be the difference in the size of
the hind metatarsus, and this is probably sexual.

140. Simulium rufibasis, Brun.

Simulium rufibasis, Brunetti, Rec. Ind. Mus. iv, p. 285 (1911).

$ . Head : frons blackish grey, without trace of gold hair, face
light ash-grey. Proboscis and 'labella dull dark reddish brown ;
palpi black. Antennae black, basal two or three joints reddish
yellow. Thorax as in previous species, except that the scutellum

SIMULIUM. 191

is slightly reddish brown at the tip, and that (being denuded) no
golden yellow hair is visible on its dorsuin, though such is probably
present in perfect specimens. Abdomen wholly black, dull. Legs :
fore coxse yellowish, posterior coxae black ; all trochanters brownish
yellow. Femora black, but fore pair a little yellowish at the
base. Fore tibiae whitish yellow, except a little blackish at the
tip ; posterior tibiae yellowish on basal half, blackish on apical half.
Tarsi exactly as in the previous species. Wings clear ; venation
normal. Halteres bright yellow.

Length 1^ millim.

Describee! from a single female in the Indian Museum, taken
by Dr. Annandale at Kurseong, 18. vi. 10.

141. Simulium senile, Brun.

Simulium senilis, Brunetti, Rec. Ind. Mus. iv, p. 288 (1911).

(51 . Bead : eyes closely contiguous, the head applied very closely
to the thorax. Proboscis, palpi, antennae and underside of head
wholly black. Thorax black, with short bright yellow hair.
•Sides black, with a little greyish reflection. Scutelluni black, with
bright yellow hair; metanotum black. Abdomen black, with
moderately sparse but rather ragged yellowish or brownish yellow
hairs, which are distinctly longer than in any other Oriental species
and present an appearance of shagginess. The 1st segment has
the charactistic (generic) ridge a little pale, with, towards each
side, very long shaggy brownish yellow hair which reaches nearly
to the middle of the abdomen. Legs : fore coxae pale yellowish,
posterior coxae blackish. All femora yellowish, a little darker at
the tip, especially the hind pair. All tibiae dirty yellowish, a
little darker towards the tip ; both femora and tibiae with golden
yellow hair, which is less obvious on the latter. Anterior tarsi
black, narrow, not at all enlarged, metatarsus equal in length to
the remainder of the tarsus, the whole tarsus about as long as the
tibia ; hind metatarsus enlarged, two-thirds as long as the tibia,
yellowish, the tip black, remainder of tarsus black with the bases
of one or two of the joints a little yellowish. Wings colourless,
venation normal.

Length 3 millim.

Described from a single male in good condition in the Indian
Museum taken by Dr. Annandale, 8. v. 07, at Phagu, 8700 ft.,
Simla district.

The length and somewhat shaggy appearance of the hair on the
abdomen effectually distinguishes this species from other Eastern
-ones.

142. Simulium indicum, Bech.

Simulium indicum, Becher, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng. liii, p. 199,
pi. xiv (1884).

r? $ . Head mainly blackish. Eyes of male closely contiguous
from vertex to antennae. Frons of female about one-third of the

192

SIMULIIDJE.

head, black, with bright yellow hair ; face whitish grey, with
some yellow hairs. Antennae of male wholly brownish yellow :
of female black, scape reddish brown, or brownish yellow, but the
colour extending to more or less of the flagellum. Proboscis
black, tip brownish ; palpi black. Thorax velvet-black, with close,
short, bright yellow hair, the shoulders narrowly yellowish brown,
occasionally broadly so ; no reddish tinge to dorsum. Sides of

Fig. 24. — Simulium indicum, Becher : a, palpus ; b, front view of head.

thorax distinctly grey, occasionally with a grey-dusted band along
the lateral margins of the dorsum, which 'in such specimens,
viewed at a low angle from behind, appears wholly whitish grey.
Scutellum black, with yellow hair ; metanotum black. Abdomen
black, the basal segments always to a greater or less extent

Fig. 25. — Simulium indicum, Becher : a, fore tarsus ; b, mid tarsus ;
c, hind tarsus.

yellowish, or brownish yellow, the colour often reaching to the
middle, occasionally nearly to the tip of the abdomen. The whole
dorsum( bears bright yellow hairs as on the thorax. Belly usually
pale to the same extent as the dorsum. The extent of the yellow
on the abdomen is very variable, in the series of specimens
examined. Legs : fore coxae brownish yellow, posterior coxse
black. Femora and tibiae both normally brownish yellow on the

1 93

basal half, black on the apical half, but the proportionate extent
of each colour very variable : usually the fore femora principally
brownish yellow, in some instances wholly so. Tibi® with
shining yellowish-white sheen ; or even silvery-white, on the
outer side, seen from above. Fore tarsi of male wholly black, not
widened, metatarsus barely as long as the rest of the tarsus ; the
whole tarsus a little longer than the tibire. Hind metatarsus of
male much widened and vertically compressed, three-fourths as
long as the tibia, distinctly longer than the rest of the tarsus,
yellowish on the basal half or two-thirds, the second tarsal joint
also sometimes yellowish at the base ; middle tarsi in both sexes
about as long as the tibise, the metatarsus as long as the rest of
the tarsus. In the female the whole fore tarsus is deep black, the
metatarsus and second joint much widened, metatarsus two-thirds
as long as tibia and rather less long than the rest of the tarsus,
the whole tarsus distinctly longer than the tibia ; hind tarsi as in
male and similarly coloured. All the legs bear more or less yellow
hair, but less conspicuously so than in S. aureohirtum. On the
tarsi the hair is deep black. Moreover, the pale parts in the less
of the male are very pale yellowish, almost whitish yellow. Wings
colourless, venation normal. Halteres yejlow, rather large and
thick.

Length 2-2| millim.

Kedescribed from two males (Bombay, 25. xi. 09), one of which
may now be considered the neotype of the species, only the female
having been previously described, and the whereabouts of the
tvpical specimen, even if still existing, being unknown. Also a
small series of females in the Indian Museum collection bearing
the following data: — Darjiling, 12. viii. 09 («/. T. Jenkins] ; Kur-
seong, 10-26. ix. 09 (Lynch) • Simla, 24. iv. 07 (Annandale) ;
Sylhet, 2.iii. 05, 18. iv. 05 (Lt.-C'ol. Hall); also three from Bamou
and Thadiar, 3500 ft., Tons Yalley in the N.W. Himalayas
(C. W. Rogers) ; Khasi Hills. Two other females in the same
collection appear to represent a variety with wholly black abdo-
men ; they come from Darjiling, 10. viii. 09 (Paiva), and Ukhrul,
Manipur/6400 ft. (Pettigrew).

Type $ , location unknown. Neotype <$ in the Indian Museum.

Dr. Becher originally described this species from Indian
Museum specimens labelled merely " Assam," and had only the
female before him, There are now no specimens authoritatively
named by him in the Indian Museum collection, so that the
whereabouts of the type female is unknown. The only males are
those described by me herein, from Bombay, and preserved in the
above collection, one of which in the circumstances may be
regarded as a neotype. The second male (not the neotype) has
the pale colour on the first abdominal segment much less distinct
than is usual.

The fly is called the "potu" fly locally and it probably is
distributed along a considerable portion of the Himalayas, Assam
and the adjacent regions. In the north-western parts of India it

194 SIMTJLIIDjE.

is said to occur at times in very great numbers, causing serious
irritation and sores on the skin of persons bitten.* The chief
time of appearance is the dry season (April, May and June),
though the insect is not uncommon in the valleys during February
and March. It disappears during the rainy season. Its life-
history is unknown.

" The insect flies noiselessly and its bite in the first instance is
so painless that the creature is seldom noticed at work until its
vellow and black body is to some extent coloured with the blood
it has absorbed." (Cotes.)

Mr. de Niceville records it as plentiful at Mussoori, Western
Himalayas, in the spring and that it occurs there sparingly all the
year round. Also in Baltistan, at an elevation of from 3000 to
10,000 ft., where it bites viciously. The fly attacks chiefly the
-ears, and to a less extent the eyes ; its bite is reputed sometimes
to be fatal.

In the Western Himalayas it is called the " potu " in Hindu-
stani, " phisniari " in Pehari, and " phisho " in Balti.

It may be noted here that Dr. Becher was in error in describing
the tibiae as possessing spurs, these not being present in the genus
at all ; but the hair at the end of the tibiae frequently becomes
matted together and actually appears at times almost exactly like
a thick spur. This probably led to his mistake.

143. Sinmlium aureohirtnm, Brun.

Simulium aureohirtum, Brunetti, Kec. Ind. Mas. iv, p. 287 (1911).

J $ . Head : the large upper facets of the eye in the male
relatively smaller than in the other species, the eyes closely con-
tiguous from vertex to antennae. Antennae dull reddish brown,
varying to nearly black ; sometimes the scape and one or two
basal flagellar joints pale also, the remainder blackish ; occasionally
the whole antennae brownish yellow. Frons nearly one-third of
the head in female, blackish grey with, rather thick bright yellow
hair; face dark grey with a few yellow hairs. Proboscis arid
palpi blackish or dark brown. Thorax blackish, occasionally with
a slight dull reddish-brown tinge ; with close bright yellow hair
covering the whole of the dorsum ; shoulders sometimes reddish
brown, the colour occasionally extending narrowly along the
-anterior margin of the thorax. The sides blackish grey, bare.
•Scutellum normally black, but sometimes reddish brown, always
with close yellow hair. Metanotum blackish. Abdomen blackish,
with golden-yellow hair ; in some specimens the characteristic
ridge on the first segment is pale on the hind margin ; the usual

* Various methods of preventing their attacks and remedies after being
bitten, are detailed by Mr. de Niceville in " Indian Museum Notes," iv, no. 2,
p. 54. Deodar and eucalyptus oil have been recommended for keeping them
away.

SIMULIUM. 195

fan-shaped row of yellow hairs towards each side on the first
segment. Belly black. Legs : normally, fore coxae brownish
yellow or pale yellowish, posterior coxae black or blackish grey,
Femora principally reddish brown or brownish yellow, with a
broader or narrower apical band, this band generally wide on
the posterior legs ; often the fore femora wholly pale ; sometimes
the remaining femora also almost wholly so. Tibiae generally
with the basal half (or rather more) brownish yellow, the re-
mainder black^ sometimes wholly dark brown or brownish black ;
a slight whitish grey sheen is visible in some specimens when
viewed from above. Tarsi blackish or dark brown, basal half of
metatarsus normally pale, the extent of the colour varying con-
siderably ; fore tarsi (male and female) not widened, metatarsus
barely as long as rest of tarsus, whole tarsus distinctly longer
than tibia ; middle tarsi in both sexes about as long as the tibia,
metatarsus equal to the remainder of the tarsus ; hind tars| of
male considerably thickened, three-fourths as long as tibia, and
distinctly longer than the rest of the tarsus, the whole tarsus
a little longer than the tibia ; hind tarsus of female of the same
proportion as in the male, but less thickened. The coxae, femora,
outer side of tibiae, and the underside of the hind metatarsus
(the latter in male only) bear golden-yellow hair more or less
prominently in male, more sparsely in female. Wings clear,
venation normal. Halteres brownish or brownish yellow.

Length 2-3 millim.

Described from two males and two females from Umling, Assam,
iii. 07 (including type male), and several females from Kanai-a,
Bombay, viii. 07 (including type female), all in the Pusa
collection.

Although none of the specimens are in good condition, the
specific characters as illustrated by the full series seem to be
sufficiently distinctive from S. indicum to warrant a claim to
specific rank. The differences I perceive are, (i) the abdomen is
wholly black, instead of yellowish at the base ; (ii) the blackish
grey, not whitish grey sides to the thorax; (iii) the barely
widened fore tarsi in the female, compared with the conspicuously
widened first two joints in S. indicum. The amount of bright
yellow hair also appears greater in this species, especially on the
legs.

196

Family PSYCHODID^E.

The members of this family are all very small moth-like flies,
closely covered with thick bristly hairs which extend to the legs,
the wings also invariably being closely hairy. Scales, too, form
an important part of the vestiture, being generally present on
the legs and wings and on other parts of the body.

Head small, narrower than the thorax, set low down on the
latter, arched, in some genera considerably developed posteriorly.
Frons broad in both sexes. Eyes kidney-shaped, bare ; ocelli
absent. Proboscis rather short, inconspicuous (PsYCHODiis"^) or
long and comparatively prominent (PHLEBOTOMISE). Palpi in-
curved, four- or five-jointed. Antennae comparatively long, if
bent backwards reaching the hinder part of the thorax ; usually
of 15 or 16 joints (rarely 12) ; the two basal joints differentiated,
the flagellar joints more or less lengthened, with verticillate hairs.
Thorax convex, often greatly arched, densely pubescent in all
parts. Scutellum rounded, very small and inconspicuous ; meta-
notum well developed. Abdomen moderately arched, cylindrical,
only a little longer than the thorax, six-, seven-, or eight-segmented ;
segments in PSYCHODIS^E somewhat compressed, the abdomen
much more elongate in PHLEBOTOMLSE ; in all the species covered
with close thick hairs. Genitalia of the male consisting of two
(PSYCHODISE) or three (PHLEBOTOMIN^E) pairs of appendages ;
in the female, of a horny, slightly curved, pointed ovipositor
(PSYCHODLS^E) or withdrawn within the body (PHLEBOTOMISE).
Legs rather short (PSYCHODINYE), or moderately long (PHLEBOTO-
MI:N"JE) ; metatarsus often much lengthened ; claws small ; pulvilli
often rudimentary. Legs thickly pubescent, with more or less
bristly hairs, generally with closely applied scales also, with bands
or circlets of larger scales in many species. Wings moderately
broad, elongate or lanceolate in PHLEBOTOMIKJE, broad or very
broad in PSYCHODINJE ; the veins always with at least two rows
of divaricate depressed bristly hairs ; the surface of the wing very
often also covered with similar, but finer hairs. Scales normally
present, either covering considerable portions of the wing, or
forming small spots. In PSYCHODIN^B in a state of repose the
wings are held down close to the sides, the costal margin lower-
most, which gives them some resemblance to small pubescent
homopterous insects, as well as to very small moths.

In Phlebotomus they are held in a semi-upright position, whilst
in Brunettia they are spread out flat. Auxiliary vein very short,
1st longitudinal long ; 2nd longitudinal forked, the upper branch
again forked ; 3rd vein long, simple, always originating before the
middle of the wing and ending at the tip of the wing or just
below it ; 4th forked, 5th and 6th simple, long ; 7th present, long
, absent, or extremely short, in PHLEBOTOMISE.

PSYCHODID.E. 197

Basal cell short, anterior cross-vein present, near base of wing ;
posterior cross-vein always absent. Alulae absent.

Life-history. The early stages are known in the case of a few
European species. The larvae live in rotten vegetable matter,
stagnant water and similar habitats. They are cylindrical, with
a short, firmly chitinised stigmatic tube at the anal end ; the
maxillae not well developed ; eye-spots on the head, and the
segment behind the head without means of locomotion.

The pupa is inactive, with two long tube-like anterior stigmata.

The adult nies appear to be widely distributed and to be
common in nearly every part of the world, generally showing a
partiality for moist spots, near water-courses or drains. They
are also found running over leaves near the ground, in outhouses
and closets, on windows, and distributed generally. They are
capable of biting mammals and man, Phlebotomus having been
known as a blood-sucker for many years. Psychoda is said to
attack the ankles of persons sitting quietly at a table ; this if*
unlikely, but Pericoma might possibly do so.

The PSTCHODID^, as a family, are easily recognisable after a
little experience, from their small size, hairy wings and pubescent
bodies and (in PSYCHODIN.E) comparatively short legs. Though
similar in venation to the CULICID.E at first sight, a brief inspec-
tion enables the beginner to separate them without difficulty. In
the first place the posterior cross-vein is always absent, and the
anterior cross-vein is much nearer to the base of the wing than
to the middle (the latter being the case in the CULICID^E). In the
second place the antennae are verticillate in both sexes, never
plumose as is so conspicuously the case in male Culicids. The
short legs easily separate the PSYCHODIIOE, but the PHLEBOTOMI^
have legs almost as long and slender as have the mosquitos, and
in this subfamily the venatioual characters are the most reliable
means of ready identification. Confusion with any other family
than CULICIDJE is hardly likely. The CHIKONOMID^ and CECI-
DOMYIMS, which bear some resemblance to them, are at once
known by their much less complete venation and, less easily, by
other structural characters.

Table of Subfamilies.

The 7th longitudinal vein absent or incon-
spicuous. * The 2nd longitudinal forks
at, or only very little before, the middle
of the wing. Prongs of upper branch
always fork beyond middle of wing (in
P. malabaricus, at the middle). Genitalia

* In Phlebotomus papatasii an exceedingly short 7th longitudinal vein occurs
at the base of the 6th, running almost direct to the wing-margin. It is liable
to be entirely overlooked, but Graesi figures it, and it is found in P,perturban&
Meij.

o2

198 .PSYCHODID,*:.

of the male with three pairs of append-
ages ; ovipositor of female without a

horny scimitar-shaped pair of valves. . . . Phlebotominae, p. 199.
The 7th longitudinal vein conspicuously pre-
sent. The 2nd longitudinal forks quite
near the base of the wing ; always before
the first fourth of the wing's length.
Prongs of upper branch always fork before
middle of wing. Genitalia of the male
with two or three pairs of appendages ;
ovipositor of female consisting of a con-
spicuous horny scimitar-shaped projecting
appendage, forming a pair of valves .... Psychodinae, p. 217.

Four genera are recognised here in the PSYCHODIX^E, Psychoda
and Pericoma, which never possess conspicuously scaled wings and
conspicuous chaetae together in the same species ; * and Brunettia
arid Parabrunettia, in which both scaled wings and tolerably or
very conspicuous chaetae on the flagellar joints of the antennae are
simultaneously present. I am still much in doubt, however, as
to the limits of both these latter genera.

Eaton's genera are, to my thinking, untenable,t yet the group
of species with thickly scaled, broad wings, generally with hairs
closely covering the surface also, and with distinct chaetse on the
flagellum, seems a well-defined one ; all of these possess the vena-
tion of Psychoda except superstes, which, being the first species
described, must remain the genotype of Brunettia.

In the present state of our knowledge it appears to me that it
will eventually be found that the three genera Psychoda, Pericoma,
and Parabrunettia all possess some species with and some species
•without: (1) areas of conspicuous extent on the wings covered
with scales ; (2) hairs on the surface of the wings in addition to
those on the veins ; and (3) some species with the 2nd longitudinal
vein forking before the origin of the 3rd longitudinal vein, whilst
other species have the fork beyond the origin of the 3rd vein.
None of these can by any means be regarded as generic characters,
but they serve very well as primary divisions of the species into
groups.

The genital organs have not occupied much attention hitherto,
but Dr. Annandale is engaged to some extent on their examination.
In dried specimens their exact observation is always difficult.

The presence of the spiral chsetae on the antennae (so con-
spicuously developed in Brunettia superstes) in Psychoda distincta,
Pericoma spinicornis, and margininotata, though much inferior in

* " Conspicuous " is-emphasized, as very small chsetse (differing only in size
from those in Parabrunettia), are found by Dr. Annandale to be present in
some species of Pericoma. They appear to be absent in most species of
Psychoda.

t The creation of a number of genera in PsvciioDiDyE, based on variations
in the scales on the wings, seems wholly undesirable, as tending to reduce the
family to the level of taxonomic absurdity at present happily to be found only
in the CULICID.E.

PHLEBOTOMIX.E. 199

size, affords a further point oil which to separate or substantiate
species, but they must not be regarded as of more than specific
value. Dr. Annandale has also discovered in Psyclioda benyalensis-
and nignpennis a previously overlooked peculiarity in the shape
of a pair of very small bifid chaetse on each joint (except the last)
of the flagellum, having the appearance of two pairs of cow's horns.
They may, quite possibly, be present in some other species, but
require very minute examination, being almost transparent.

Subfamily PHLEBOTOMIN^E.

The principal characteristics of this subfamily are :— (1) the
absence of the 7th longitudinal vein, or its reduction to extreme
shortness, so much so as to be easily overlooked ; when present it
runs direct to the wing border, no part of it being parallel to
either the 6th longitudinal or the margin of the wing ; (2) the
forking of the 2nd longitudinal vein, which takes place usually at
or very little before the middle of the wing, in contradistinction
to the PSYCHODIN^E, in which it forks quite near the base of the
wing. Moreover, the prongs of the upper branch of the 2nd
longitudinal vein always originate beyond the middle of the wing.

Characters of secondary value are the structure of the male
genitalia, which possess three pairs of clasping appendages. In
the female no horny ovipositor can be seen.

The PHLEBOTOHIN.E are comparatively easily separated from
the PSYCHODLN^E, not only by their two primary distinctions, but
by their general appearance, which is always more elongate and
slender, the wings being much narrower and the legs considerably
longer than in the latter subfamily. They have a tolerably closo
resemblance to the CUIICID^E, as contrasted with the short, robust,
squat, short-legged, broad-winged PSYCHODIN^E.

Genus PHLEBOTOMUS, Eond.

Flebotomus, Rondani, Mem. prima Ditt. Ital. p. 12 (1840).
Cyniphes, G. Costa, Ann. Accad. Aspir. Natural, i, p. 4 (1843).
Hebotomus, Rondani, Ann. Soc. Ent. France, (2) i, p. 264 (1843).
Hcemasson, Loew, Stett. Ent. Zeit. v, p. 115 (1844).

GENOTYPE, Bibio papatasii, Scop.

Head small and rather elongate, prominent, somewhat flattened;
the underside produced into a blunt snout, from which issues the
fairly prominent proboscis, narrow, cylindrical, and hairy, capable
of piercing the skin of man and animals. * Palpi considerably

* Newstead fully describes the mouth-parts (Bull. Entoin. Research," ii,
p. 59, 1911); and both he and Grassi describe the internal anatomy of P.
papatasii, Scop., rather fully.

200 PSYCHODIDJE.

elongate, cylindrical, pubescent, of four obvious elongate joints. *
Antennae long and slender, 16-jointed; scapal joints short and
thick, the 2nd more or less spheroidal ; flagellar joints much
thinner and longer, the 1st usually much longer than any of the
others, which diminish gradually in length to the tip ; all the
flagellar joints distinctly verticillate. In at least some species
there is on each joint a pair of small distinctly geniculated spines
just before the middle.t Eyes oval, more or less emarginate,
separated in both sexes by a broad frons. Ocelli absent. Thorax
much arched, densely pubescent ; scutellum small ; metanotum
rather well developed. Abdomen elongate, linear, narrow, eight-
jointed, thickly haired. Genitalia of male consisting of three pairs

Fig. 26.—Phlebotcmus papatasii, Scop. $ .

of clasping appendages, proceeding from two lateral common
stems : or they rni>y be described as forming a single pair of three
(vertically) branched claspers, working horizontally. The upper
pair is two- jointed, the first joint the longer and larger one ; the
second joint generally, but not always, pointed at the distal end,
but always bearing some stout chaetse ; the intermediate pair are

* Some authors have claimed that there are five joints to the palpi, the first
•very small, but until the question is placed beyond doubt it is preferable to
regard the first section as a basal cone, or in some cases as a constriction of the
first true joint. In Newstead's drawing of the palpi of P. minutus, Bond., a
small first joint, making five in all, is clearly shown.

t Probably Grassi refers to these in his " here and there one can observe a
short hair curved and relatively thick," without recognising their true nature.

PHLEBOTOMUS. 201

one-jointed, and much smaller, generally thin and leaf-like ; the
lower pair are one-jointed, but narrow and elongate, slightly
curved. These latter arise from a subgenital plate which repre-
sents the ventral surface of the ultimate abdominal segment, the
upper parts being absent. A flexible, very slender intromittent
organ is present, projecting from between the intermediate appen-
dages, and consists of a pair of very slender delicate valves, from
which a pair of chitinous filaments can be extended. In the
female the external genitalia are simple, "consisting of two pairs
(a superior and an inferior pair) of compressed, more or less leaf-
like appendages covered with sensory hairs " (Annandale). They
become distorted in dried specimens, but may be restored by
maceration in caustic potash. * There is no horny ovipositor as in
PSYCHODI>M:. Legs long and slender, clothed with small scales
and pubescence ; coxae lengthened, tibiaB with small apical bristles.
The relative lengths of the different joints of the legs vary accord-
ing to the species, f Wings rather narrow, varying with the
species, lanceolate, or with the tip more or less pointed. Auxiliary
vein very short, ending in the costa much before one-third of the
wing's length ; 1st longitudinal vein ending at about two-thirds
of the wing ; subcostal cross-vein at tip of auxiliary vein ; the
2nd longitudinal vein forked near the middle, the upper branch
again forked at or before half its length ; 3rd vein originating
near base of -ving (at least in basal third of wing), ending at tip
of wing ; anterior cross-vein always at basal angle of 3rd vein
4th vein forked more or less near its middle, the fork sometimes
before, sometimes beyond the fork of the 2nd vein, according to
the species ; 5th and 6th veins long, 7th absent or extremely short.
All the veins nearly straight or only gently curved. The single
basal cell very short. Posterior cross-vein probably present i in
all species, but indistinct. § All the veins finely pubescent, but

* In the descriptions of the genital organs under each species I am indebted
almost wholly to the work of Dr. Annandale, and to a great extent also in the
descriptions of other specific characters.

t How ranch value may be placed on these proportionate lengths when the
differences are very slight it is impossible at present to say. It is best not to
place too much reliance on fractional differences.

J Schiner says it is absent, but so many figures have come before me with t
present that it probably does exist though seen with difficulty. It is hardly
likely to be present in some species and absent in others.

§ Newstead makes several errors in his terminology of the wings. The
" subcosta " (or auxiliary vein) does not turn down into the 1st longitudinal, but
up into the costa, the small connecting vein being the subcostal cross-vein. The
expression that the 2nd longitudinal " extends almost to the base of the wing "
is unscientific, as all veins begin at their nearest point to the base of the wing,
not vice versa. The 3rd longitudinal does not " originate from the mid cross-
vein," but turns out of the 2nd at the usual angle, the anterior cross-vein con-
necting it at the point of angulation with the 4th vein. He speaks of the 5th
vein " curving upwards and uniting with the 4th" (still apparently considering
the vein to start from the margin of the wing instead of from its basal limit) ;
whereas if there is a short vein joining the 4th and 5th longitudinal near
their bases, it is the posterior cross-vein. His remaining remarks are therefore
erroneous, consequent on his misnaming the veins from the first.

202 PSYCHODIDJE.

no hairs on the surface of the wings ; scales practically absent, or
confined to a few small ones at the base of the wings. Alulae and
anal lobe of wing absent ; squamae absent. Halteres rather large ;
clubs oval, with small concolorous scales at the base.

Range. India, Southern Europe, Northern and Tropical Africa,
the southern part of the United States, and Central and South
America.

Life-history.* The larva is known to live in crevices in stone
walls, preferring those within one or two feet of the ground
where some moisture is always obtainable, and it also occurs,
according to Grassi, in corners of cellars and in undisturbed heaps
of miscellaneous animal, vegetable, and mineral refuse. Yet it
seems to have been seldom actually obtained, Mr. E. Newstead,
who made a special visit to Malta for the purpose of finding its
breeding-places and studying more closely its life-history, having
found but two larvae after a most protracted search in all the likely
localities in the island.

The eggs hatch after nine days, but must be kept in a moist
atmosphere. t The larva is cylindrical, distinctly caterpillar-like,
white or yellowish white, the caudal bristles long and black. The
head is broadly pyrifonn, with various hairs ; the antennae have
three segments, the first two being very minute ; the mouth large,
provided with blunt teeth. The twelve segments of the body after
the head bear four or five hairy spines each on each side, and there
are two pairs of anal bristles, one pair nearly as long as the body,
the other pair very short. Length of body about 2| millim.

The pupa is somewhat S-shaped, viewed laterally; the thorax
with large wing-sheaths, apically pointed and well clear of the
body, the segments of which are distinctly visible ; the head is
elongate and somewhat triangular in outline ; the legs extend a
little beyond the wing-sheaths, and the dried larval skin with its
long anal bristles is attached to the tip of the pupa.

The species of P~hlekotomus are quite small, delicate brownish or
yellowish moth-like hairy flies, closely resembling other members
of this family. Prom their first recognition they have been known
to be blood-suckers, as testified by their generic name. They
occur in the basements of houses, bath-rooms, and out-houses,
and are in the habit of attacking the ankles whilst one is sitting
at table during the evening. Some species may be wholly sylvan,
but probably many can be taken " at light " in their respective
localities. PJdeboiomus has been proved to transmit a special
three days fever (Pappatacifieber} in Southern Europe, and this
fever is believed to occur also in some parts of Northern India. £

* The description of the larva and pupa herein offered is compiled from
Kewstead's account (Bull. Entom. Kesearch, ii, p. 47) which is most instructive.

t Newstead's report on the oviposition of P. papatasii in captivity is most
interesting, the female lying on her back and ejecting the eggs forcibly to some
distance.

{ See Doerr, Franz and Taussig, " Das Pnppatacifieler" (Leipsig and
Vienna, 1909), and Wall, Indian Med. Gazette, xlvi, p. 41 (1911).

PHLEBOTOMUS. 203

Table of Species.

1. The 2nd longitudinal vein forks nearer

middle of wing than at one-fourth.
Petiole of 1st subiuarginal cell always
much longer than one-third of the cell's
length, except in himalayensis, in which

it forks exactly at one-third 2.

The 2nd longitudinal vein forks exactly
at one-third of the wing. Petiole of 1st
submarginal cell only one-third as long
as the cell 8.

2. Tip of 1st longitudinal vein either about

half-way between fork of 2nd vein and
tip of wing, or nearer tip of wing .... 3.
Tip of 1st longitudinal vein distinctly
nearer fork of 2nd vein than tip of wing. 5.

3. Fork of upper branch of 2nd longitudinal

vein nearer fork of 2nd vein than tip of
1st vein. Wing coruparativly lanceolate ;
fork of 2nd vein beyond that of 4th vein.

Colour of insect yellowish grey. Geni- [p. 204.

talia of male with three cheetae at tip . . himalayensis, Ann.,
Fork of upper branch of 2nd longitudinal
vein nearer tip of 1st longitudinal vein
than fork of 2nd vein 4.

4. Wing broader ; fork of 2nd vein before

that of 4th vein. Colour of insect dark
greyish brown. Genitalia of male with
both the middle chsetae median. Hind
femur between one-half and three-
quarters as long as its tibia, and dis-
tinctly longer than the metatarsus,
which is shorter than the rest of the

tarsus. Length 2^ mm perturbans, Meij., p. 205.

Wing lanceolate: fork of 2nd vein and
that of 4th vein practically opposite one
another. Colour of insect silver-grey.
Genitalia of male with the middle
chastee subapical. Hind femur nearly
as long as its tibia, more than twice
the length of the metatarsus, which is
shorter than the rest of the tarsus.

Length 1| mm minutus, Rond., p. 206.

o. Fork of upper branch of 2nd longitudinal
barely before tip of 1st longitudinal
vein. * Sides of thorax conspicuously
paler than the dark dorsum. Genitalia
of male with two chsetse at tip and
three median ones. Hind femur less
than half as long as the tibia, distinctly

shorter than the metatarsus, which is [p. 207.

longer than the rest of the tarsus argentipes, Ann. & Brun.,

* Implicit reliance must not be placed on absolute precision in this point,
as occasional individual exceptions occur.

204 PSYCHODIDyE.

Fork of upper branch of 2nd longitudinal
vein some little distance before tip of
1st longitudinal vein. Thorax more
uniformly concolorous 6.

6. Length 3-3f mm. Wings comparatively

broad. Colour of insect golden grey.
Genitalia of male with two chsetse at
tip and three median ones. Hind legs

as in P. argentipes major, Ann., p. 210.

Length 2£ mm. Wings narrower or
moderately broad 7.

7. Wings narrower. Colour of insect yellow-

ish grey. Genitalia of male with three
cheetse at tip and two median ones.
Hind femur between one-half and three-
quarters as long as the tibia, and nearly
twice as long as the metatarsus, which

is shorter than the rest of the tarsus . . papatasii, Scop., p. 211.
Wings moderately broad. Colour of insect
rather dark brown. (The male un-
known.) Hind femur about half as
long as its tibia ; equally as long as the

metatarsus which is equal in length to , ti yar. in_

the rest of the tarsus \ J . *"?* onQ y

8. Length 2* mm. Wings purplish, iri- I «*"> Ann"> ?' 209'

descent. Genitalia of male with four

chtetee (2 apical, 1 subapical, 1 median), malabaricus, Ann., p. 214.
Length 3 mm. Wings uniformly pale
brownish grey. Genitalia of male with
five chsetse (2 apical, 3 median) zeylanicus, Ann., p. 215.

The variety marginatus, Ann., of argentipes is given a place in
this table of species because it falls in a different primary division
of the genus to that in which the typical form is found, and it
might otherwise easily be mistaken for a new species.

144. Phlebotomus himalayensis, Ann. (PI. IV, fig. 10.)

Phlebotomus himalayensis, Annandale, Rec. Ind. Mus. iv, p. 50,
pi. iv, fig. 2, and pi. vi, fig. 7 (1910).

cT $ . Body covered with yellowish grey bristly hairs, giving
the usual silvery reflections, the dorsum of the thorax being rather
darker than the sides.

Head : rostrum rounded at the tip, stout and elongated.
Antennae normal, with two circlets of flat scales and one
of flattened hairs on the 2nd scapal joint. Palpi five-jointed,
the last the longest. Thorax much as in P. minutus, the
dorsum rattier darker than the sides, but without the relative
difference that there is in P. argentipes. Abdomen much as in
P. minutus. Genitalia of male with the distal joint of the upper
appendages about half as long as the proximal, bearing at the tip
three pointed chsetse, each of which is slightly shorter than the
joint ; intermediate appendages simple, pointed, curved down-
wards at the tip ; lower appendages slender, distinctly elbowed,

PHLEBOTOMUS. 205

rounded and slightly clubbed at the tip, nearly as long as the
basal joint of the upper appendages and devoid of chitinous
spines ; intromittent organ with two elongate, slender valves,
which are truncated at the tip. In the female the appendages
are short and broad, the upper ones not much longer than the
lower. Legs concolorous with the body ; anterior femora, tibiae
and tarsi all about equal in length, except that the tarsi appear
rather longer ; hind femora longer than anterior pairs, their tarsi
distinctly longer and about equal to the hind tarsi in length.
Wings narrow. The 1st longitudinal vein ends at about three-
fourths of the wing; the 2nd forks a little before the middle,
barely beyond the fork of the 4th vein ; the upper branch of the
2nd vein forking at one-third of its length.

Length 2? millim.

The species occurs in the Himalayas, between 4000 and 7000 ft.,
Nairn Tal and Bhowali, Kumaon district (Imms and Lloyd) ;
Kurseong, Darjiling district. Apparently common in both
districts in May, June, and July.

Types, c? and $ , in the Indian Museum.

Closely resembling P. minutus but rather longer and more
yellowish. The anterior branch of the 2nd longitudinal vein
i'orks much sooner than in minutus, and the fork of the 2nd vein
is slightly beyond, instead of slightly before, the fork of the 4th

145. Phlebotomus perturbans, Meij. (PI. IV, fig. 11.)

Phlebotomus perturbans, Meijere, Tijd. v. Ent. lii, p. 201, pi. xii,
fig. 13 (1909) ; Annaiidale, Kec. Ind. Mus. iv, p. 47 (1910).

S $ • Body with bristly hairs reflecting silvery lights from all
parts.

Uead\ rostrum short and thick, rounded at the tip. The
1st scapal joint barely longer than the 2nd, the latter with a circlet
of curved scales. Palpi long, five-jointed ; 1st joint very short,
the 2nd and 3rd much longer than the 4th, the 5th the longest.
Thorax much as in P. argentipes except that the hairs are shorter.
Abdomen relativelv shorter than in P. major, clothed with
recumbent, bristly, brownish grey hairs and with a few upright
curved ones on both dorsal and ventral surfaces. G-enitalia of
male with upper appendages very long, the distal joint much
shorter than the proximal, bearing four chaetae, which are less
than half as long as the joint and are arranged in two pairs, an
equal pair at the tip and the other (in which the two chaetae are
not equal) on the inner surface about half-wa}r along the joint ;
the proximal chaetae are blunt, the distal ones pointed. The
intermediate appendages without a ventral lobe, slender, pointed,
with the tip curved ; lower appendages shorter than the basal
joint of the upper ones, slender, bearing at the tip a bunch of
long stout bristles ; intromittent organ very slender, the valves
rounded at the tip ; the genital filaments well developed. In the

206 PSTCHODID.E.

female the upper appendages are considerably larger than the lower
ones, both leaf-like and rounded at the tip. Legs mainly concolorous
with body, coxse and trochanters yellowish, extreme tips of femora
with a few minute silvery white scales, more conspicuous than in
P. argentipes. Hind leg two and a half times as long as the
head and thorax ; the femur a little more than half as long as
the tibia, slightly longer than the metatarsus, which latter is
distinctly shorter than the other joints together. Wings bluntly
pointed, the hairs on the costal border darker than in P. argentipes ;
1st longitudinal vein ending at two-thirds of the wing ; fork of
2nd vein distinctly before centre of wing and of fork of 4th,
which latter occurs at the middle of the wing; petiole of 1st
submarginal cell equal in length to the cell ; the 7th longitudinal
vein is distinctly present but very short.

Length 2|-3 millim.

Tt/pe in the Amsterdam Museum.

Abundant in the jungle at the base of the Eastern Himalayas
at the beginning of the rainy season, large numbers flying to light
at Sukna, 500 ft. Darjiling Hills, on the evenings of July 1st to
3rd, 1908 (Annandale). It has not been recorded from
anywhere else except, of course, originally, from Java. This
species may be distinguished rather readily from all other
Indian ones except P. malabaricus (according to Dr. Annandale)
by its dark brownish colour.

146. Phlebotomus minutus, Itond.

Hebotomus minutus, Rondani, Ann. Soc. Ent. France (2) i, p. 265

(1843).
Phlebotomus sp., Hewlett, in Maxwell Lefroy's " Indian Insect Life,"

p. 559, fig. 358 (1909).
Phlebotomus babu, Annandale, Rec. Ind. Mus. iv, p. 49, pi. iv, fig. 1,

and pi. vi, fig. 8 (1910).

c? $ . Body with silvery grey appearance and reflections (" dull
golden ochreous" according to Newstead); the thorax and
abdomen appearing darker in certain lights, clothed with re-
cumbent dull golden ochreous hairs.

Head : rostrum prominent, but somewhat short and arched.
The 2nd scapal joint with several rows of flat scales ; flagellum
nearly normal. Palpi apparently five-jointed, the 1st joint very
short but distinct, a little clubbed at the tip, 2nd twice
as long as 1st, and half as long as the 3rd, which is much
the longest, 4th thinner and shorter than the 3rd, 5th longest
of all, very narrow cylindrical. Thorax covered with pale
ochreous hairs, with a few intermingled black hairs. Abdomen
rather short, clothed with closely set, upright hairs of different
lengths, and with a dense fringe of upwardly curved hairs running
along each side of the abdomen near the ventral surface. Genitalia
of male with the upper appendage having the basal joint stout,
about twice as long as the distal one, which bears four pointed

PHLEBOTOMUS. 207

equal or subequal chaetae; the chaetae rather longer than the
joint, situated two at the tip and two at a short distance from it ;
intermediate appendage short, blunt, with the ventral lobe
represented by a short process on its ventral margin ; the lower
appendage club-shaped, distinctly elbowed, about as long as the
basal joint of the upper appendage, bearing (in addition to slender
bristles) several chitinous spines at the tip and on the ventral
surface. In the female the upper appendage is long and narrow,
somewhat curved, the lower one less than half as long, straight.
Legs concolorous ; the hind leg rather less than twice as long as
the thorax and abdomen ; the femur slightly shorter than the
tibia, which is more than twice as long as the metatarsus, the
latter less than half as long as the femur, shorter than the
remaining tarsal joints together by half its own length.
Wings narrow, bluntly lanceolate. The 1st longitudinal vein
ends at three-fourths of the wing, the 2nd vein forking just before
the middle, the upper branch forking at half its length ; the 4th
vein forking at or immediately before the middle.

Length 2| tnillim.

The species occurs in the southern part of Europe ; in the
Indian Empire probably all over the plains. Dr. Annandale has
examined specimens from Rawalpindi, September (0. W. Mason)-
Quetta, Chitral, Allahabad, October (^4. I). Imms) ; Rajmahal, on
the Ganges, Julv ; Asansol, Februarv (Paiva) ; Purneah, Pusa
(Hoivlett) : Madhupur ; Puri, Orissa ; Calcutta at all times of the
year ; Port Canning ; Igatpuri, Western Ghats, Bombay, in
November ; Poona ; Kirkee ; Rambha, N.E. Madras ; Tri van drum,
Pallode and Maddathorai in Travancore in November ; and Pera-
deniya, Ceylon.

Type, the whereabouts of this is uncertain.

The smallest of the Oriental species. It is nearly allied to
P. argentipes, in company with which it is often taken, and from
which it may be distinguished by its smaller size and narrower
wings. Newstead notes that this species, which occurs in Malta,
is extremely active and has the peculiar habit, at any rate when in
captivity, of " whirling round and round with great rapidity, so
•rapidly at times as to render itself almost invisible." Dr. Annan-
dale regards this as a silvery grey species, but according to
Newstead the prevailing colour is dull golden ochreous.

147. Phlebotonms argentipes, Ann. fy Brun. (PI. IV, fig. 5.)

Phlebotomtis argentipes, Annandale and Brunetti, Rec. Ind. Mus. ii,

p. 101 (1908).
Var. Phlebotonius marginatus, Annandale, Spol. Zeyl. vii, p. 62,

fig. 7 (1910).

(S $ . Head brownish, varying towards yellowish in individuals,
with concolorous thick bristly hairs. Eyes large, black, emarginate
above ; frons narrow. Proboscis stout, elongate ; rostrum with
upright curved bristles ; palpi five-jointed, 2nd joint more than half

208 PSYCIIODID^E.

the length of the 3rd, which is a long as the 4th and 5th together.
Antennae with 1st scapal joint short, rather slender ; 2nd sub-
spherical, bearing a circlet of about twelve slender, spatulate,
curved scales, and (nearer the base) a circlet of stiff flattened
bristles. Flagellum with three or four somewhat irregular
verticils of stiff fine hairs to each joint ; 1st joint double the
length of the 2nd, the remainder gradually diminishing in
length. Tliorax covered with brown, or brownish yellow, thick
bristly hair, with bunches of long, blackish, more or less erect,
curved, flattened, bristly hairs, \vhich. exhibit silvery reflections in
certain lights ; these arise from sockets provided with raised rims.
Sides of thorax cream-coloured, conspicuously lighter than the
dorsum, with bristly hairs around the base of the legs only.
Scutelluin dark, and, with the metanotum, covered with concolorous
hairs. Abdomen slender and cylindrical in both sexes, closely
covered with blackish bristly hairs, the emargination of the
segments often blackish. Genitalia of male with all the appen-
dages long and apparent ; the upper appendages with the distal
joint considerably shorter than the proximal one, bearing five
stout pointed chtetse, each nearly as long as the joint, arranged as
follows :— a single chaeta at a point about a third of the length of
the joint from the base, a pair of slightly unequal chsetse near the
middle of the joint, and a terminal equal pair ; the proximal joint
slightly longer than the last apparent segment of the abdomen ;
the intermediate appendages small, consisting of a stout, bluntly
pointed, dorsal lobe and a small ventral lobe which is a minute
pointed process bearing a bunch of bristles at the tip and attached
to the ventral margin of the dorsal lobe ; the inferior appendages
somewhat slender, laterally compressed, longer than the basal
joint of the upper ones, obliquely truncated, devoid of spines,
covered with stout hairs, which form a dense brush at the tip of
the appendage ; a distinct elbow not far from the base of the
appendage ; the intromittent organs are relatively long,
ensiform, consisting of two slender, pointed lateral valves,
between which a pair of long filaments can be protruded. In the
female the upper appendages somewhat widely separated from
the lower ones, which are small, pointed, and claw-shaped.
Legs very long, the hind pair being about three times as long as
the thorax and abdomen together ; femora much shorter than the
tibiae ; metatarsi in all cases at least as long as the remaining
tarsal joints combined. All the legs with strong reflections
making the tibiae and tarsi appear silvery white in certain lights ;
the femora bear narrow flattened spatulate brownish scales and
fine bristly brown hairs similar to those of the body ; the tibiae
and tarsi covered with closely impressed angularly bent scales,
and bearing, especially at the joints, slender stiff straight hairs.
Wings narrow, obtusely pointed at tip, nearly three times as long
as broad at the widest part. The 1st longitudinal vein ends just
before two-thirds of the wing's length, the 2nd forking barely before

PHLEBOTOMUS. 209

the middle, the upper branch again forking before half its length.*
The 3rd vein begins at one-third of the wing, running straight to
the wing-tip, the anterior cross-vein placed at its basal angle ; the
4th vein forks just beyond the fork of the 2nd longitudinal, its
branches being parallel ; 5th vein straight, long ; 6th sinuous,
long. Basal cell nearly one-third the length of the wing. Scales
are present at the base of the wing only, the whole wing having
an iridescent silvery grey appearance, though the colour may be
best described as smoke-grey ; in many specimens the wings are
practically clear, with pale brownish yellow or yellowish grey
hairs arranged in the usual divaricate method along all the veins.

Length about 2 inillim.

Probably distributed all over the plains of India,, as it occurs, at
least in Calcutta, at all times of the year. In the Indian Museum,
from Port Canning, Eajmahal (Feb., July), Asansol and Pusa, in
Bengal ; Poona ; Luckuow ; Madras ; and at Pallode and Madda-
thorai in Travancore State, and also at Peradeuiya, Ceylon,
1500 ft.

Types in the Indian Museum.

This species is easily distinguished, except in the case of females
distended with blood, from all other Indian forms by the strong
contrast in colour between the dorsal surface and the sides of the
thorax. In P. Idmalayensis the thoracic dorsurn is darker than
the sides, but the difference is not at all so conspicuous as in the
present species. It is found in Calcutta throughout the year
but at times is much more abundant, apparently favouring dark
spots in the basement of houses and bathrooms, being also often
attracted at night by the light of a lamp.

Var. marginatus, Ann.

$ . Body rather darker than in P. zeylanicus.

Legs : the hind leg is less that two and a half times as long as
the thorax and abdomen ; its femur about half as long as its
tibia, of the same length as the metatarsus, which latter is equal
in length to the rest of the tarsus ; coxa3 and femora rather bright
shining pale brown. Wings with the 1st longitudinal vein ending
some little way before three-fourths of the wing; 2nd longitudinal
vein forking distinctly before the middle of the wing, the
anterior branch forking distinctly beyond it ; 4th longitudinal vein
forking almost exactly at the middle.

Peradeniya, Ceylon ; a single female taken in May.

Type in the Indian Museum.

Although only a solitary specimen is known, this variety is
apparently a good one. The venation is rather like that of the
typical form of P. argentipes, but the upper branch of the 2nd
longitudinal vein forks distinctly before the tip of the 1st vein,
instead of approximately below the tip ; the wing also is narrower.

* The fork of the upper branch of the 2nd longitudinal vein is sometimes
considerably more basal than shown in Dr. Annandale's figure, and the wings
are not infrequently much less broad.

210 PSYCHODID.*;.

If the relative lengths of the joints of the leg are safe characters,
the variety marginatus holds an intermediate position between
typical P. argeniipes and P. major together on the one hand, and
the remaining species together, on the other.

148.. Phlebotomus major, Ann. (PI. IV, fig. 7.)

Phlebotomus major, Annandale, Rec. Ind. Mus. iv, p. 46, pi. v, fig. 4,

pi. vi, fig. 4 (1910).
Phlebotomus sp., Giles, " Gnats and Mosquitos," 2nd ed. p. 5, fig. 2

(1902).
Phlebotomus major, var. grisea, Annandale, Rec. Ind. Mus. iv, p. 320

(1911).
Var. Phlebotomus perniciosus, Newstead, Bull. Ent. Research, ii,

p. 70 (1911).

$ . Body covered with bristly hairs giving a uniform golden
grey appearance, with very strong silvery reflections ; disc of the
wings with a bluish iridescence. Legs sometimes darker than
the abdomen.

Head : rostrum somewhat conical, short, truncated in front.
Eyes widely separated, emarginate above. Antennae very long
(if bent backwards they would reach nearly to the tip of the abdo-
men), with scapal joints subspherical, the flagellar ones elongate,
slender, densely covered with soft whitish grey hairs. Palpi with
apparently five joints ; the basal one very short, the 2nd, 3rd, and
4th subequal, each shorter than the 5th. Thorax : in normal
specimens ground-colour brown, with bright conspicuous golden
yellow hair ; in the dark variety much as in P. argentipes, though
usually brighter yellow. Abdomen long and slender, the ground-
colour pale brownish yellow, clothed with long recumbent pale
yellow hairs and with tufts of longer, upright ones on the dorsal
surface. Genitalia of male with upper and lower appendages
similar to those of P. aryentipes, except that they are more slender
and elongate, the basal joint of the upper appendage being nearly
twice as long as the last apparent joint of the abdomen ; the
intermediate appendages devoid of a ventral lobe ; valves of the
intromitteiit organ slender and blunt ; genital filaments well
developed. Legs generally concolorous with the body, sometimes
darker. Hind leg two and a half times a, long as head, thorax,
and abdomen ; its femur less than half as long as the tibia, and
considerably shorter than the metatarsus, which is longer than
the remaining joints together. Wings moderately broad and
pointed, the hairs nearly whitish grey. The 1st longitudinal vein
«nds at two-thirds of the wing's length, the forks of the 2nd and
4th veins are opposite one another ; the fork of the upper branch
of the 2nd vein some distance before the tip of the 1st vein ; the
petiole of the 1st submarginal cell half the length of the cell.

Length 3-3f millira.

Outer Himalayas ; from the base up to 7000 or 8000 ft. ;
Paresnath Hill in "West Bengal in April ; Naini Tal, Bhowali
•(July), Kurseong (April to July), base of Nepalese Himalayas,
Simla (July).

PHLEBOTOMUS. 211

Type in the Indian Museum.

A large pale species, rather easily identified by the bright
•golden yellow hair on the thorax.

Var. griseus, Ann.

Dr. Annandale describes a variety yrisea in which the colour is
uniformly darker, greyish or brownish, from several examples
taken by him in a house at Kuraeong, Darjiling district, 4700 ft.,
in June 1910 ; and he recognised the same variety in the same
house in the following year. Of two specimens in the Indian
Museum, the "hair on the thoracic dorsum in one is brownish
yellow, in the other nearly the same as in P. argentipes.

Var. perniciosus, Newst.

A form described by Newstead as a distinct species from Malta
is, according to Dr. Annandale, only a variety of his P. major, an
opinion in which I am inclined to concur, there being no differ-
ences in either the venation or the male genitalia. It has not
been found in India, but it is well to add the general diagnosis,
which is given in the words of the author : —

" Male. Colour immediately after death : Eyes black. Thorax
with or without dull red-brown spots ; when present they are
arranged in a triangle, and there is occasionally a similar spot
on the vertex of the head. Thorax and coxre pale translucent
ochreous ; abdomen similar, but sometimes pale smoky grey.
Hairs pallid. Wings faintly iridescent in strong light ; pale drab
in subdued light ; costal fringe generally very dark or blackish
grey, though examples with pale costal fringes are not uncommon.
Legs silvery grey, in a strong light presenting a distinct metallic
lustre ; in certain lights also those segments which lie in shadow
appear almost black and show up in marked contrast to those
which are so placed that their surfaces refract the light. In some
lights the under surface of the legs appears distinctly and regularly
speckled, a character due evidently to the regular arrangement of
the scales. . . .

" Female. With the palpi, antennae, and legs similar to those of
the male. Wings very slightly larger and broader than those
of the male."

149. Phlebotomus papatasii, Scop.

Bibio papatasii, Scopoli, Delicise Faun. Flor. Insub. i. p. 55, pi. xxii,

fig. B (1786).

Cyniphes molestus, Costa, Ann. Accad. Aspir. Nat., I, p. 4 (1843)
Flebotomus papatasii, Rondani, Mem. Ditt. Ital. p. 13, pi. (1840).
Hebotomus papatasii, Rondani, Ann. Soc. Ent. France, (2) i, p. 265,

pi. x, iv, figs. 1-4 (1843).
Hcemasson minutus, Loew (nee Rond.), Stett. Ent. Zeit, v, p. 115,

pi. i, dgs. 1-5 (1844).
Phlebotomus papatasii, Schiner, Fauna Austr. ii, p. 630 (1864) ;

Grassi, Mem. Soc. Ital Sci. (3) xiv, p. 353 (1907) ; Newstead,

Bull. Ent. Research, ii, p. 73 (1911).

• -Body covered with yellowish or brownish yellow bristly hairs

212

(said by Grass! to be sometimes darker, even nearly brown, in
some females).

Head : from occiput to tip of proboscis, longer than length of
thorax. Vertex and occiput with long bristly hairs. Proboscis
elongate, rather suddenly narrowed at half its length, tip blunted.
Palpi two-thirds as long as the antennae ; situated beyond the last
of two or three small transverse bulges or folds towards the lower
part of the base of the proboscis. The 1st palpal joint elongate,
cylindrical, slightly bent at base, a little constricted below at the
bend, giving the appearance of a very short basal joint ; 2nd joint
subequal to 1st in length, a little thicker; 3rd shorter, 4th as
long as the 1st. The first two bear soft hairs, the 3rd two circlets
of scales, the 4th covered with closely impressed small scales.
Antennae rather less in length than the thorax and abdomen. 1st
scapal joint cylindrical, a little longer than broad ; 2nd flattened

Fig. 27.
Phlelotomuspapatasii, head of $.

Fig. 28.
Phlebotomus papatasii, palpus.

spheroidal, shorter than the 1st ; 1st flagellar joint twice as long
as the 2nd ; the remainder gradually diminishing, elongate-oval,
a little more pointed at the distal end, with a verticel of four long
hairs at the base of each joint, the rest of the joint irregularly and
much more shortly verticillate. Thorax considerably arched,
covered with yellowish or yellowish grey bristly hairs ; scutellum
small, with concolorous hairs ; metanotum bare. Abdomen closely
covered with short depressed concolorous hairs, and with a row of
longer bristly ones at the hind margins of the segments. Genitalia
of the male with a long 1st joint to the upper appendages, the
2nd joint being very slender, with two chsetae beyond the middle,

PHLEBOTOMUS. 213

one subapical and two apical ; all the chaetae subequal. The
intermediate appendage is trilobed, composed of two short pieces,
of which one is almost filiform, the other stouter, broader, curved ;.
the 3rd piece twice as long as the others, much curved,,
with a fringe of hairs on the concave posterior side. The lower
appendages are one-jointed, straight, slender, pointed, with fine

Fig. 29. — Phlebotomus papatasii, genitalia of

hairs, in length about equal to the basal joint of the upper
appendages but much more slender. Genitalia in female with
upper and lower appendages only, widely separated from one
another, both short, oval, inconspicuous, pubescent. Leys : fore

Fig. 30. — Phlebotomus papatasii, wing.

legs a little shorter than the middle pair, which are rather shorter
than the hind pair ; all covered with closely impressed small
scales and scattered bristly hairs. Hind leg one and a half to
one and three-quarter times as long as the thorax and abdomen ;

214 PSYCHOD1D.E.

hind femur about two-thirds as long as its tibia, which is nearly
twice the metatarsus, the latter being very nearly as long as the
rest of the tarsus ; claws very minute. Wings elongate, rather
narrow, bluntly lanceolate at tip ; 1st longitudinal vein ending
at about two-thirds of the wing ; 2nd longitudinal forking almost
exactly at the middle, immediately above or barely proximad of the
fork of the 4th ; the upper branch of the 2nd forks before half its
length ; a very short 7th vein is distinctly present towards the base
of the 6th, running to the wing-margin. Halteres normal.

Apparently generally distributed throughout South Europe and
Egypt. From India it is recorded from the plains of Eawalpindi ;

Fig. 31. — Phlebotomus papatasii ; a, pupa: b, full-grown larva.

Chitral, 6000 ft. ; Quetta ; from Pusa, North Bengal, common
in April; and from Poona and Kirkee, near Bombay, August
1907 ; Lahore. In the Indian Museum and Pusa collections."

Type. The whereabouts of this seems uncertain.

Newstead found two distinct forms of this species in Malta

a uniformly pale form, which he regards as typical, and a darker
form which differs by having a dark coloured fringe to the costa
and hind margin of the wing. Of this dark form he has only
seen the female and it is much rarer than the other.

150. Phlebotomus malabaricus, Ann.

Phlebotomus malabaricus, Annandale, Eec. Ind. Mus. iv, p. 48 (1910).

<? $ . Body with brown bristly hairs which are tinged with
iridescent ^ USUal ^^ ^^ 5 WiDgS l)UrPlish' strongly

Bead : rostrum short, rounded in front. The 2nd scapal joint
pear-shaped, with several circles of hairs and scales : 1st IWlhr
joint much longer than the second. Palpi long, o-iointed°- 1st
very short, 2nd shorter than 3rd or 4th, 3rd and 4th subeaual
Together shorter than the 5th. Thorax with dense upright curved
brown bristly hairs. Abdomen : ground-colour dark brown with

PJILEBOTOMUS. 215

bristly pale grey recumbent hairs, which are more yellowish
towards the tip of the abdomen. Genitalia of male with the upper
appendages having the distal joint less than half as long as the
proximal one, bearing four chaetae, each as long as the joint : one
pair is situated at the tip of the appendage and the other a short
distance nearer the base of the joint ; intermediate appendages
without a ventral branch ; the dorsal branch resembling that of
P. perturlans; lower appendages slender, cylindrical, slightly
shorter than the basal joint of the upper palir, bearing at the
tip (in addition to a bunch of fine bristles) seven minute, conical
chitinous spines. Intromittent organ long and slender ; the
apices of the valves club-shaped; genital filaments well developed.
The female genital organs much as in P. perturlans. Legs with
coucolorous pubescence ; coxa? and trochanters pale brown ; the
basal part of the femora distinctly lighter than the apical, the
contrast apparently more marked in the female, though, owing to
paucity of material, this may be individual variation only. Hind leg
one and a half times as long as thorax and abdomen together; the
femur nearly three-quarters the length of the tibia, and once and
two-thirds that of the metatarsus, which is three-quarters that of
the remaining joints together. Wings pointed; 1st longitudinal
vein ending at three-fourths of the wing; fork of 2nd vein
slightly before that of 4th vein, both distinctly before middle of
wing ; petiole of 1st submarginal cell very short.

Length 2| millim.

Travancore, S. India, below the western slopes of the Western
Ghats, in jungle, numerous specimens being taken "at light" by
Dr. Annandale, at Nedumangad, Pallode, and Maddathorai, in
November 1908.

Types in the Indian Museum.

Very near P. perturlans; distinguished by a different venation,
shorter legs, and better developed chaetse in the male genitalia.

151. Phlebotomus zeylanicus, Ann. (PI. IV, fig. 14.)

Phlebotomus zeylanicus, Annandale, Spol. Zeyl. vii, p. 60, figs. 4 & 5
(1910).

<3 $ . Body uniformly brown, with concolorous bristly hairs,
paler in the female than in the male; coxae yellowish, remainder of
legs silvery grey. Wings pale brownish grey.

Abdomen : the genitalia of the male with the " distal joint of the
upper appendages slightly shorter, and much more slender than
the proximal joint; its outlines are somewhat sinuous, and it
bears five long, stout, curved, sharp chaetae, which are arranged
as follows :— a pair at the tip of the appendage, a pair on the
outer margin at about half the length of the joint, and a single
chaeta on the inner margin nearer the base. The ch setae are
equal or subequal. The intermediate appendage (morphologically
the lower branch of the upper one) is slender, pointed, and turned
upwards at the tip. It bears a minute, pointed, naked lobe on
its ventral surface, and a similar one on its external lateral

216 PSYCHODID.E.

surface. The lower appendage is much longer than the proximal
joint of the upper one, it is slender, as viewed from the side, and
of almost uniform width ; the tip is narrowly obliquely truncate,
and bears a brush of very long and slender hairs ; the rest of the
appendage is sparsely covered with rather shorter hairs, but there
are no spines " (Annandale}. Legs: coxae and femora yellowish,
femora, tibiae, and tarsi with silvery grey reflections. Hind leg
more than two and a half times as long as thorax and abdomen ;
hind femur less than three-quarters, but more than half as long as

Fig. 32. — Phlebotomus zeylanicus, Ann.

its tibia, slightly longer than the metatarsus, which is distinctly
shorter than the remaining joints together. Wings shortly
lanceolate. The 1st longitudinal vein ends at three-fourths of
the wing ; the 2nd vein forks at or immediately beyond one-third,
opposite or barely beyond the fork of the 4th vein ; the anterior
branch of the 2nd vein forking at one-fourth of its length.

Length 3 millim.

Several specimens of both sexes taken at Peradeniya, Ceylon, in
May, June, July, and August.

Types, c? and £ , in the Indian Museum.

This species and P. malaharicus are differentiated somewhat
easily from all the others by the 2nd longitudinal vein forking at
approximately one-third the length of the wing. The genitalia
very closely resemble those of P. aryentipes.

217

Subfamily PSYCHODIN^E.

The chief distinctive features of this subfamily are (1) the
presence of a 7th longitudinal vein of considerable length, ahvays
as conspicuous as the 6th, and (2) the forking of the 2nd longi-
tudinal vein quite near the base of the wing instead of at or
beyond the middle, as in the PHLEBOTOMISE. The upper branch
of the 2nd longitudinal vein forks again as usual in this family,
but this second forking always occurs before the middle of the
wing.

The secondary characters are the structure of the male genital
organs, consisting of two (Psychoda and Pericoma) or three
(Brunettia and Parabrunettia) pairs of appendages. The ovi-
positor of the female consists of a conspicuous horny scimitar-
shaped projecting appendage, forming a pair of valves.

Table of Genera.

1. The 3rd longitudinal vein ending exactly

at the wing-tip '2.

The 3rd longitudinal vein ending just
below the wing-tip 3.

2. Membrane of wing never considerably cov-

ered with scales, these being confined to
those forming the small wing-spots.
Flagellar joints of antennae without con-
spicuous S-shaped chaetae. Male geni-

talia with two pairs of appendages

Membrane of wing with considerable areas
covered with scales. Flagellar joints of
antennae with distinct, fairly conspicuous
S-shaped chaetae.* Male genitalia with
three pairs of appendages

3. Anterior basal angle of wing not abnor-

mally extended ; auxiliary and 1st longi-
tudinal veins in their usual position.
Membrane of wing without scales. Fla-
gellar joints of antennae witli the S-shaped
chaetae inconspicuous or absent. Male

genitalia with two pairs of appendages . PERICOMA, Walk., p. 234.
Anterior basal angle of wing very dis-
proportionately rounded and distended,
so that the auxiliary and 1st longitudinal
veins are very much removed from the cos-
tal margin. Membrane of wing closely
and wholly covered with overlapping
scales. Flagellar joint of antennae with
conspicuous S-shaped chaetae. Male
genitalia with three pairs of appendages. BRUNETTIA, Ann., p. 248.

PSYCHODA, Latr., p. 218.

PARABRUNETTIA, Brun.,
[p. 251.

* I do not know that these have been obseryed in every species, but it
seems probable that they are generally, if not always, present, as there appears
to be a correlation between these organs and the densely scaled wings.

218

A closer study of the Indian species of Psyclioda and Pericoma
has resulted in several characters being found which were not
made use of in my first paper on this family.

Firstly, there is the presence or absence of distinct scales on
the wings — nearly always of some shade of brown, although
sometimes appearing whitish or greyish when viewed from certain
directions. These scales appear in only one species (apicalis*) of
Psyclioda, whilst in Parabrunettia they are present in some species
on both the upper and lower surfaces of the wing, and in others
on the lower surface only. In referring to these scales, allusion
is not made to a certain number of scale-like hairs or even true
scales, few in number and irregularly placed, at the base of the
wing, and which may be present in many species, possibly adven-
titiously ; but only to cases where the scales are numerous,
eminently conspicuous and arranged in regular rows, covering
thickly the whole of such portion of the wing-surface as they
may occupy.

The second character, which, like that of the scales, is quite
consistent m its occurrence or absence, is that of the hairs, com-
paratively soft or at least less bristly than usual, closely covering the
membrane of the wing as well as the veins and arranged longitudi-
nally or nearly so, so that they do not form the "criss-cross"
pattern as in the case of all those species in which the hairs are
confined to the veins. It is quite obvious at a glance to which
category any wing belongs except in the densely scaled ones.

The third consistent character is the position at which the
2nd longitudinal vein forks (always near the base of the wing) ;
whether before or after the origin of the 3rd longitudinal vein.

Further characters appear less definite and should best be
applied only to the separation of closely- allied species, being
liable to occasional variation. The three principal characters
above specified can be used in both Psychoda and Pericoma*

Genus PSYCHODA, Latr.

Psychuda, Latreille, Precis gen. Ins. p. 152 (1796).
Phalcenula, Meigen, Nouv. class. Mouches (1800).
Trichoptera, Meigen, Illig. Mag. ii, p. 261 (1803).
Tinearia, Schellenberg, Gen. des Mouches (1803).

GENOTYPE, Tipula phalcenoides, L.

Head small, rounded, much arched, much developed posteriorly,
narrower than the thorax and placed very low down on the latter.
Frons equally broad in both sexes ; eyes kidney-shaped. Ocelli
absent. Proboscis short. Palpi 4-jointed, moderately long and
prominent, the joints not greatly differing from one another in
length. Antennae moderately prominent, somewhat long, 15- or

* Probably they will be found to apply equally well to at least Para-
brunettia also, when this genus is more closely characterised and its species
better understood.

PSYCHODA. 219

16- jointed ;* the two basal or scapal joints differentiated, short
and broad ; the flagellar joints varying in shape according to the
species, usually oval, cylindrical or flask-like, each with a quantity
of verticillate hairs forming a cup- or basin-like corolla. All the
organs of the head difficult of observation without dissection owing
to the dense pubescence of the whole head, except the eyes.
Thorax robust, considerably arched, barely longer than broad ;
surface smooth, but densely covered on all sides with thick long
bristly hairs. . Scutellum very small, wholly inconspicuous, meta-
notum arched, both covered with dense pubescence. Abdomen
short, broad and thick, barely longer than the thorax ; arched,
equally densely pubescent as the thorax, with similar thick bristly
hairs ; segments somewhat compressed. The male genitalia consist
of two pairs of appendages, the lower pair being united to a
ventral plate, which latter really represents the ultimate abdominal
segment, Viewed from the side, this plate, which is always very
conspicuous, appears like the basal joint of the lower appendages,
but these latter consist of only a single joint, usually of con-
siderable size, elongate-conical, slightly curved, pointing upwards,
bearing at the tip at least one chitinous spinule. The upper
appendages are smaller than the lower pair, two-jointed, the basal
joint being the shorter, the second one tapering to a point, but
without a spinule. No chitinous intromittent organ apparent,
according to most authors, but Mr. Leonard Haseman, writing on
the North American species, mentions having observed it in one
or two species. In the female the genital apparatus consists of a
horny, upwardly curved, pointed ovipositor, constructed of two
laterally compressed valves closely applied to one another. Leys
short, robust, subcylindrical ; tibise generally rather longer than
the femora, metatarsus much longer than any other tarsal joint,
last tarsal joint small. Legs generally covered with small scales,
with some long bristly hairs on the femora and tibise ; tibiae and
tarsi often with an apical circlet or band of scales of a different
colour (white or yellowish). Wings very broad and comparatively
very large, although in some species narrower, even lanceolate ;
always covered thickly with hairs, which may cover the wing-mem-
brane as well as the veins (in which case the hairs are generally of
a rather finer texture). In other species the hairs are confined to
the veins, and are more bristly in nature, often scale-like, and
always arranged in two divaricate depressed rows, lying practically
flat on the wing-surface, the hairs being of sufficient length to lie
across those of the two immediately adjacent veins. f Erect, long,

* Some authors, Mr. Leonard Haseman for instance, speak of some species
having 17-jointed antenna; ; but it is probable that the so-called seventeenth
joint is only formed by the constriction of the sixteenth.

t No previous author appears to have noticed this radical difference in the
distribution of the hairs on the wings, yet though I overlooked its importance
in my first notes on this family, a more serious examination of the species
resolved them easily into two groups on this character alone. The species
of Pericoma are amenable to the same division.

220 PSYCHODID.S.

bristly or scale-like hairs in small groups or arcs on many of the
veins in many species. There are often small spots composed of
bristly or scale-like hairs, or of actual scales, occurring in various
parts of the wing, most frequently on or near the wing-border,
generally situated at the tips of the veins, or at the forking of the
veins. Flat, short, depressed, imbricating scales, cover parts of the
surface of the wing in some species ; rarely the whole surface
thus covered. Auxiliary vein short. 1st longitudinal vein ending
in the costa, generally beyond the middle of the wing ; 2nd longi-
tudinal forked near its base, the anterior branch again forked,
usually in the middle third of the wing. The 3rd vein arises
near the base of the 2nd, either before or beyond the forking
of that vein, and runs straight to the wing-tip. The 4th longi-
tudinal is forked, generally a little before or beyond the fork
of the anterior branch of the 2nd vein; the 5th, 6th and 7th
longitudinal veins normal, straight or gently curved. The
anterior cross-vein is always present, but is often difficult to
observe owing to its faintness in most of the species : it is
placed almost immediately after the base of the 3rd longitudinal
vein. Sometimes a distinct posterior cross-vein near the bases
of the 4th and 5th veins is discernible, the vein is therefore
presumably always present. A thick, long, uninterrupted fringe
around the whole wing-border, much more bristly or scale-like on
the costa, and often punctuated on both anterior and posterior
margins by small spots of snow-white or prismatic scales. Alulae
practically absent ; squamae (or tegulas) moderately developed or
small ; halteres distinct.

Range. Probably world-wide, though no species are recorded
from Africa (except the Mediterranean Coast), Asia (except
India) and Australasia.

Life-history. The perfect insects are commonly found in moist
situations, near streams, small drains or water-courses, in out-
houses and closets, very frequently on windows and in houses,
also generally distributed amongst low-growing vegetation.

Table of Species.

1. Membrane of wing wholly covered with

closely placed imbricating scales apicalis, Brim., p. 223.

Membrane of wing either without scales, or,
when present, the scales limited to a few
small tufts forming spots placed at the
tips of the veins : on the margin of the
wing ; or at the forking of the veins ;
never covering any appreciable extent of
the wiug-surface.* Sometimes a few,
irregularly placed, at the base of the
wings 2.

* An apparent exception \sP.orbicularis, Brim., in which scales are present
on the basal portion of the veins only, but never on the membrane of the wing,
that is to say, emanating from the membrane.

PSYCHODA. 221

2. Wing with the membrane closely covered

with hairs, as well as the veins, the hairs
placed much more long-itudinally than in
the species of section 7, giving a longi-
tudinal appearance to the wing-vestiture
instead of a '•' criss-cross " network one . . 3.
Wing with the hairs on the veins only,
arranged in two divaricate depressed
rows, one on each side, and nearly alwaj's
overlapping those of the contiguous veins,
presenting a " criss-cross " appearance
over the whole wing. No hairs whatever
on the surface of the wings. No obvious
scales, except those forming the small
spots 7.

3. Distinct spots at least near the margin of

the wing, white or black or both, com-
posed of small scales or stiff hairs 4.

No distinct spots at or near the wing-
margin. With or without two transverse
narrow bands of grey scale-like hairs . . 6.

4. The white spots on the wing chiefly con-

fined to the border, or the forking of the

2nd and 4th longitudinal veins 5.

The white spots (20 or more) distributed

irregularly along all the veins, giving the p. 223.

entire wing a spotted appearance maculipennis, Brun.,

5 («). Anterior branch of 2nd longitudinal

vein forks opposite fork of the 4th vein.

A few scales near the base of the wing.

The small white scaly hair-spots placed

at the tip of each vein, wherever they [p. 224.

occur albonotata, Brun.,

(b). Anterior branch of 2nd longitudinal

vein forks a little before the fork of the

4th vein. The white spots composed of

white hairs, not scales, and placed between

the tips of the veins, not at the tips .... distincta, Brun., p. 225.
(c). Anterior branch of 2nd longitudinal

vein forks near middle of wing, a little

beyond the fork of the 4th vein. All

three terminations of the 2nd and that of

the 3rd vein with a pair of small spots

placed very closely together, composed

of a few elongate yellow bristly hairs.

Lower branch of 4th vein, and the 5th

vein, at their tips with conspicuous black

hair-spots decora, Brun., p. 226.

6. Wing with two transverse bands of grey [p. 226.

scale-like hairs , transversa, Brun.,

Wing wholly unmarked hirtipennis, Brun.,

7. Wing with distinct black hair-spots at the [p. 227.

tips of many or all of the veins 8.

Wing without hair -spots at tips of
veins . 12.

222 PSYCHODID^E.

8. The 2nd longitudinal vein forks very

closely before or bevond the base of the

3rd vein ." 9.

The 2nd longitudinal vein forks considerably
beyond the base of the 3rd vein 11.

9. Fore metatarsus wholly white-scaled .... yeniculata, Brim.,
Fore metatarsus never wholly white-scaled [p. 227.

(at the tip only in P. albonigra and not

at all in P. bengalemis) 10.

10. Wings with thick black bushy hair on

costa, with small spots (each composed of
one or two white scales) placed along a
considerable section of it, at apparently
regular intervals. The 2nd longitudinal
vein forks immediately before the base of .
the 3rd vein; 'the fork of the anterior
branch of the 2nd vein opposite that of

the 4th vein albonigra, Brim., p. 228.

Wings with only normally blackish grey
hair; scale-spots wholly absent. The
2nd longitudinal vein forks barely beyond
the base of the 3rd vein ; the fork of the

anterior branch of the 2nd vein a little [p. 229.

beyond that of the 4th vein bengalensis, Brim.,

11. WThite scale-spots absent from tips of veins.

Tips of tibiae and metatarsi not white-
scaled distans, Brun., p. 230.

White scale-spots present at tips of veins.
Tips of tibiae and metatarsi with white
scales albopicta, Brun., p. 231.

12. Veins of wings wholly without rows or

spots of distinct scales 13.

Veins of wings with distinct scales on the [p. 231.

basal fourth of all of them orbicularis, Brun.;

13. The 2nd longitudinal vein forks beyond the

base of the 3rd vein. Hairs on veins
uniformly blackish — no conspicuous
lighter sections of hairs. The middle
veins (2nd, 3rd and 4th) nearly straight

or gently bisinuate 14.

The 2nd longitudinal vein forks before the
base of the 3rd vein. Hairs on veins
mainly blackish, but with a transverse
band of light brown hairs, formed by a
short row placed beyond the middle part
of each vein, in the distal portion of the
wing. The middle veins (2nd, 3rd, 4th)
distinctly arcuate , vittata, Brun., p. 233.

14. Thorax with blackish grey hairs. Anterior

branch of 2nd longitudinal vein forking a

little beyond the middle of the wing, the [p. 232.

4th forking a little before the middle . . nigripennis, Brun.,
Thorax with bright yellowish brown hairs.
Anterior branch of 2nd vein forks as in

P. nigripennis, but the 4th vein forks near. [p. 233.

base of wing fulcohirta, Brun.,

PSYCHODA. 223

152. Psychoda apicalis, Brun.

Psychoda apicalis, Brunetti, Rec. Ind. Mus. iv, p. 301 (1911).

? $ . Body with dark brown hairs on the thorax, a little lighter
here and there. The abdomen (subsequently lost) seems to have
been covered with small elongate \vhitish scales which, when
viewed in certain lights, show prismatic colours.

Head : antennae as in P. nigripennis, the pubescence very dense,
lying rather close, so that the outline of the flagellum appears to
have parallel sides. Legs closely covered with blackish scales ; tips of
tibiae and of metatarsi with a row of white scales, of which there are a
few on the tarsi. Wings very lanceolate and narrow, wholly covered
with closely-placed, overlapping, dark brown scales. It is difficult
to see whether hairs are present on the actual surface of the wing
or not, but apparently (and in all probability) they are present ;
some are present on the veins. The 2nd longitudinal vein forks
considerablv beyond the base of the 3rd vein ; the anterior branch
forking again distinctly beyond the middle of the wing, a good
distance beyond the fork of the 4th vein, which occurs just before
the middle of the wing. Wing-border wholly unmarked, bearing
a blackish-brown fringe, darkest on the costa and at the base of
the hind margin ; a small arc of nearly snow-white hairs at the
tip of the wing.

Length of wing 2 millim.

Described from a single female (?) in the Indian Museum
from Maddathorai, Travancore State, South India, 16. xi. 08
(Dr. Annandale).

Very distinct from all other species owing to the densely scaled
wings, with snow-white fringe at the tip. The abdomen has been
lost in mounting the specimen for the microscope, after the
description was drawn up, but the length of the insect was
overlooked. It is a small species, the wing measuring 2 millim.
in length. The sex is not quite certain, but was noted originally
as " probably female."

153. Psychoda maculipennis, Brun.

Psychoda maculipennis, Brunetti, Rec. Ind. Mus. iv, p. 299 (1911).

? 6 . Body with rich dark brown hairs towards sides of dorsum,
yellowish grey in middle and anteriorly, deep blackish brown on
abdomen.

Head: antennae with verticillate hairs thick and close, brownish,
but showing greyish reflection. Palpi black, with grey scales ;
grey scales on face, black bristly hair on frons ; grey hair on
vertex. Legs brownish, with concolorous bristly hair and scales ;
tarsi with dirty grey scales. Wings with surface as well as veins
closely covered with dark brown hairs. Wing-border with a
narrow fringe of black hairs, which is tolerably well defined from
the longer greyish fringe around the whole margin. At numerous
and apparently irregular intervals these short black hairs are

224 PSYCHODID^:.

replaced by white or greyish ones, and irregularly placed along
most of the veins, as well as at the tips, are very small spots
composed of a few white hairs, which (to the extent of twenty or
more) give the whole wing a spotted appearance that immediately
distinguishes it from all other species.

Length I millim.

Described from a single specimen, apparently a male, in good
condition, from Peradeniya, Ceylon, 17. vi. 10 (E. E. Green).

Type in the Indian Museum.

154. Psychoda albonotata, Brun.

Psychoda albonotata, Brunetti, Eec. Ind. Mus. ii, p. 373 (1908).

$ . Ground-colour black ; thorax and abdomen with whitish
grey hairs which, in certain lights, appear silvery.

Head : eyes black, facets large ; interocular space light brown,
filled with strong, rather long black bristles. Antennae sixteen-
jointed, light brown ; two basal joints cup-shaped, rather short,
with circlets of stiff black bristles ; the flagelluin of fourteen cup-
shaped joints, placed rather closely together, and bearing the usual
hairs which are both thick and long. Palpi dark brown, hairy.
Abdomen : the genital apparatus appears to be a moderate-sized,
bare, pointed, pale yellowish brown appendage, similar to that ot
this sex in other species. Legs with livid yellow femora and
tibise, the latter black towards the tips; tarsi brownish black,
covered with close brownish scales. The extreme tip of the tibiae,
of the metatarsus, and of the last tarsal joint with a few brilliant
snow-white hairs. Wings with the upper prong of the 2nd
longitudinal vein originating much before the fourth part of the
total length of the wing ; the 4th longitudinal vein bifurcates
at about one-fourth of the wing. Ground-colour dark grey, the
veins with the usual double row of hairs, which are black, giving,
with the long fringe of black hairs around the whole wing-border,
a wholly black appearance to the wing, the surface of which is
covered with hairs placed longitudinally. Some distinct shortly
elongate dark brown scales over the base of the wing. A silvery
white spot formed by a few minute, very elongate, hair-like white
scales, at the tip of all the veins, from the first to the sixth
inclusive, nine spots altogether.

Length 1 millim.

Described from a female, in excellent condition, in the Indian
Museum collection, taken in Calcutta, 5-6. i. 08.

The general appearance of this species is that of a black Psychoda
with nine snow-white spots on the wing-border and with white
spots on the legs. In certain lights nearly all parts of the body
in turn appear more or less silvery white, including the black
wing-fringe, the femora and tibiae, and nearly the whole of the
pubescence on the body ; the wiugs also, in certain lights, present
a beautiful iridescence.

A second example in the same collection, from Sylhet (Lt.-Col.

PSTCHODA. 225

Hall), 8. i. 05, is apparently the same species. The hairs on the
wing are golden brown, and those on the body more brownish
than in the Calcutta specimen, whilst the \vhite scales cover the
whole of the metatarsus. The antennae are missing, and there
are a few white, elongated, hair-like scales in the centre of the
wing towards the base. The wing-fringe is golden brown on
the distal half and black on the basal part of the costa and
on most of the posterior margin.

In a note appended to the original description is mentioned a
specimen from Sylhet with a few remaining white scales on the
surface of the abdomen near the base, but closer investigation
reveals that they must have become accidentally attached, forming
no part at all of the insect's vestiture.

155. Psychoda distincta, Brim. (PL IV, figs. 12, 13.)

Psychoda distincta, Brunetti, Rec. Ind. Mus. ii, p. 372 (1908).

$ . Body pale brownish yellow, entirely clothed with long, pale
brownish yellow, bristly hairs, with some concolorous elongated
scales, and with a few black bristles here and there. The bristles
are long, and become scale-like on the dorsum of the thorax and
towards the tip of the abdomen, where, in the latter case, the
black bristles are also more numerous.

Head: eyes black, with dense, soft, pale yellowish grey hairs
between them. Anteunse sixteen-jointed ; first joint of scape
cylindrical, second spherical ; flagellum of fourteen elongated,
pear-shaped joints, each surrounded by numerous long hairs in
the form of a rather irregular verticel. Legs with numerous
bristles, which are very long on the tibias, which, in addition, have
short scales of the same colour lying rather close, and a circlet of
rather long, scale-like bristles at the tips. The metatarsus, which
is nearly as long as the four remaining subequal joints together,
has a few irregular bristles, and the tarsi are covered by close-
lying, pale yellowish white scales, giving a whitish appearance in
certain lights. Wings : the upper prong of the 2nd longitudinal
vein forks near the base, before one-third of the wing, and the
4th longitudinal vein forks at exactly one-third. All the veins
seem to bear the usual double row of hairs, and the intervening
spaces are also covered with brown hairs rather thickly ; there is
a patch of black hairs at the tip of all the veins from the 1st to
the lower fork of the 4th (inclusive), with a trace of a patch
at the tip of the 5th ; and a patch of white hairs appears between
all these black patches, so that the border of the wing appears
spotted alternately black and white, and is fringed along its entire
length with close, long, light brown hairs. The hairs of the wing
appear lighter or darker in different specimens, according to the
direction in which the light falls on them, a brilliant iridescence
being at times visible.

Length 1J millim.

226 PSYCHODID^E.

Type in the Indian Museum, from Sylhet, .30. i. 05 (Hall] ; the
•second specimen was from the same locality.

Described originally from three specimens supposed to represent
this species ; but the one mounted on a microscopic slide, which
bore the scales at the base of the wing, was afterwards found not
to be P. distincta.

In the type-specimen (the only one now existing, as the
one dated 1. i. 05 has been accidentally destroyed) there is
absolutely no trace of any such scales, either at the base of the
wing or elsewhere on it, with the exception of the very small
-ones that compose the wing-margin spots.

156. Psychoda decora, Brun.

Psychoda decora, Brunetti, Rec. Tnd. Mus. iv, p. 299 (1911).

$ . Body covered with blackish hairs, the thorax covered with
bright yellowish brown hairs.

Head : antennae with the pubescence rather closely compressed,
as in P. nigripennis. Legs brown, normally scaled and pubescent.
Wings with dark brown and blackish hairs covering the surface as
'well as the veins. Two inconspicuous and incomplete narrow
"transverse lines passing across the wing similar in position to
those in P. transversa, con) posed of light brown or yellowish
brown hairs, placed in small sections. Two distinct black spots
near the base of the wing, composed of stiff erect long black
thickened hairs, one spot on the base of the 2nd vein just before
the fork, and the other on the anterior branch just beyond the
fork. The wing-fringe is greyish, with blacker sections here and
there ; the hairs are also darker along the costa.

Length 1 millim.

Described from one female in the Indian Museum taken by
Dr. Annandale at Tenmalai, Travancore State, South India,
22. xi. 08.

157. Psychoda transversa, Brun.

Psychoda transversa, Brunetti, Rec. Ind. Mus. iv, p. 300 (1911).

? § . Body covered with brownish grey or brownish yellow
bristly hairs.

Head with the antennae as in P. nigripennis. Legs blackish,
with the tarsi showing a lighter shade in certain lights, the tips
of the joints with small pale scales. Wings densely covered with
blackish hairs situated over the entire surface as well as on the
veins. No hair-spots or scale-spots at the tips of any of the
veins, but two narrow transverse bands composed of elongated,
thickened (almost scale-like) greyish white hairs, the first placed
just before the middle of the wing, the second just beyond three-
fourths of the wing; both bands extending from the costa to the
hind margin.

Length 1 millim.

PSYCHODA. 227

Described from a single specimen, which is apparently a female
(the genital organ not being clearly visible), in the Indian Museum,
from Kurseong, 4700-5000 feet, 20. vi. 10 (Dr. Annandale}.

The two conspicuous transverse bands of grey stiff hairs on
the wings immediately distinguish this species from all other
Oriental ones.

158. Psychoda hirtipennis, Brun.

Psychoda hirtipennis, Brunetti, Rec. Ind, Mus. iv, p. 300 (1911).

$ . Body brownish yellow, with yellowish brown or brownish
grey hair varying both in shade and intensity.

Head with the antennae practically as in P. nigripennis. Legs
with light brown scales, tarsi not obviously lighter, except when
viewed in certain directions. Wings lanceolate, the brown hairs
covering the surface and placed mainly longitudinally ; no regularly
divaricate rows of hairs on the veins. Some erect bristly hairs on
the basal fourth of the wing.

Length about 1^ millim.

Described from several specimens in the Indian Museum pre-
senting the following data : Kurseong, 5. ix. 09 (type), Bangalore,
15. x. 10, Maddathorai, 18. xi. 08, Trivandrum, 12-13. xi. 08
(Dr. Annandale) ; Calcutta, 27. xi. 10.

One example of the above series (from Maddathorai) varies
more than the others by having browner legs, brighter brown hair
on the thorax, and a tendency to patches of darker hairs on the
wing, with light greyish reflections here and there. The specimen
seems to come within the probable specific range of P. hirtipennis,
which is certainly of variable nature.

159. Psychoda geniculata, Brun.

Psychoda geniculata, Brunetti, Rec. I nd. Mus. iv, p. 294 (191 1).

Very near P. albonigra, mihi.

$ . A dark brown species with dark brown wings and con-
spicuous white spots on the legs. Wings with black and white
spots near tips of veins. Body clothed with thick blackish brown
hairs, with which are intermixed on the thorax some fan-shaped
tufts of whitish grey hairs.

Head with white bristly, almost scale-like hairs on vertex, and
bristly black hairs on frons and face. Antenna with very elongate
flask-shaped joints, verticillate as in P. bengalensis ; scape with
milk-white elongate scales ; chaetae present on flagellum, but small,
curved, not S-shaped ; pubescence of flagellum greyish white.
Legs with light brown scales and some bristly hairs ; knees nar-
rowly but distinctly white, through the presence of a few snow-
white small elongate scales ; tips of tibiae and of the metatarsi
with a circlet of small elongate snow-white scales ; front meta-
tarsi almost wholly white-scaled. Some pale stiff bristles on the

Q

228 PSYCHODID^E.

legs, but apparently no actual isolated elongate scales as in
P. albonigra. Winys with bairs situated on the veins only, ricb
brown in colour, showing golden brown with violet iridescence in
certain lights. No surface-scales on the wings, the only ones
present being the small ones forming the spots at the tips of the
veins : black bristly hair-spots at tips of practically all the veins ;
some white scaly hair-spots near tips of some of the veins, and a.
few on each of the two lower branches of the 2nd longitudinal
vein and both branches of the 4th vein, all placed at a little before
their tips ; a larger white scaly hair-spot near the base of the
costa, and some isolated erect white hairs placed irregularly here
and there on the veins. The 2nd longitudinal vein forks imme-
diately beyond the base of the 3rd vein, the upper branch of the
former forking barely beyond the middle of the wing, and very
little beyond the fork of the 4th vein.

Length about 1| millim.

Described from one female in the Indian Museum from Pera-
deniya, Ceylon, October 1910 (E. E. Green).

160. Psychoda albonigra, Brun.

Psychoda albonigra, Brunetti, Rec. Ind. Mus. ii, p. 374 (1908).

5 (?). Head : frons and face with white bristly hairs on upper
part and black scaly bristles below. Antennas with second joint
of scape short, cup-shaped, both joints encircled by white scales ;
flagellum of fourteen distinct, pale yellow, flask-shaped joints, and
an additional very minute spherical one ; each joint bearing a
thick verticel of stiff greyish white hair. Palpi black, with black
bristly hairs. Thorax covered with thick, bristly, greyish white
hairs, with some darker hairs intermixed. Abdomen (damaged)
dirty yellow, with some black hairs. Legs : femora pale dirty
yellow ; knees with a very few small white scales ; tibiae with
closely placed black scales, with black bristles intermixed, and
bearing irregular, isolated, white scales and white bristles ; the
posterior pairs with rather long black hairs behind ; tips of tibiae
with a few white scales. Tarsi covered with black scales and a
few bristles; the tips of the metatarsi with a circlet of white
scales, and of the last joint with a few white scales. Wings very
pale grey, nearly clear round the posterior border. The veins
with the usual double row of blackish grey hairs, with some white,
nearly erect hairs placed in irregular rows and patches about the
middle of and (more abundantly) across the base of the wing ;.
a small bunch of black bristly hairs at the tip of each vein, and
the costal border clothed nearly to the tip of the wing with stiff,
black, bristly hairs ; along this border, at short regular intervals,
one or two small white scales ; towards the tip of the costa the
wing-fringe becomes greyish, and from thence, round the border,
nearly to the base, it is greyish white, rather long and thick ; near
the base of the posterior margin the fringe becomes blackish grey.

PSYCHODA. 229

The bifurcations of the upper branch of the second vein, and of
the fourth vein, occur just before the middle of the wing.

Length nearly 1 milliin.

Described from a perfect unique female (?) in the Indian
Museum collection, captured by Dr. Annandale in the Museum,
30. vii. 08.

The type still remains the only known specimen.

161. Psychoda.bengalensis, Brun. (PI. IV, figs. 6 & 8.)

Psychoda bengalensis, Brunetti, Rec. Ind. Mus. ii, p. 370 (1908).

<3 $ . Body entirely clothed with hairs, varying from yellowish
grey to whitish, arid of a nature varying from, soft long hairs to
bristly ones, which latter on some parts, and around the tip of
the abdomen, are distinctly scale-like ; in certain lights some
of the scale-like bristles appear blackish or even wholly black.

Head : eyes black, with very large facets ; frontal groove very
narrow, with long greyish hairs ; lower part of head covered with
long hairs. Antennae fifteen-jointed ; scape of two larger egg-
shaped joints ; the flagellum of ten joints of nearly uniform size,
each shaped like a long-necked flask, and three further very minute
joints, invisible except under a microscope. Each joint of the
whole antenna bears a rather thick verticel of hairs. Palpi of
four joints of equal length, with some hairs ; last joint very thin,
pointed. Abdomen : the genital process of the male with superior
appendages consisting of two subequal joints, the proximal joint
cylindrical, often concealed in a vertical position in the body,
distal joint sickle-shaped, its ventral edge being somewhat sinuous.
Inferior appendages very long, arising from an elongated, broad
ventral plate; themselves sickle-shaped, clothed with long fine
hairs at their base, and bearing very minute straight bristles on
their ventral surface, each appendage terminating in a single,
short, flattened, almost triangular spinule. The ovipositor of
the female consists of a pair of very small, pointed, chitinous
appendages, which it is somewhat difficult to distinguish amidst
the hairs. Legs of the same colour as the body, clothed rather
thickly with concolorous scales and with numerous black bristles,
the former being thickest on the tibiae and tarsi. Wings with
all the veins bearing a double row of hairs, pointing respectively
anteriorly and posteriorly.* The fork of the upper prong of
the 2nd longitudinal vein originates a little before the middle
line of the wing ; and the fork of the 4th longitudinal vein
originates a little behind this middle line, but the linear space
between the two forks varies in different specimens. A few black
bristly hairs, forming a small black spot, occur at the tip of each of

* In the figure of the wing of this species (Eec. Ind. Mus. ii, pi. xxiv, fig. 1)
no auxiliary vein is shown, although it is, of course, distinctly present,
extending at least to a point beyond the fork of the 2nd longitudinal vein.

Q2

230 PSYCHODID^E.

the four veins above the 3rd longitudinal (which is unmarked) ;
also at the tip of the upper prong of the 4th, and at the tips of
the 5th and 7th. These black hairs gradually become more
scale-like towards the last spot, which is usually the deepest
of all.* The whole border of the wing is thickly fringed with
long blackish grey hairs, which extend over the tegula? also.

Length 1-1|- millim.

Described from a very large number of examples in good con-
dition in the Indian Museum collection, taken chiefly on windows,
in Calcutta during January 1908, and in Simla and neigh-
bouring places in May of the same year. Specimens are also
present from Phagu, 9000 ft., 11. v. 09 ; Barogh, 5000 ft.,
10. v. 10 ; Kasauli, 6300 ft., 15. v. 08 ; Dharampur, 5000 ft.,
13. v. 08, all in the Simla hills (Dr. Annandale). Naini Tal,
6000-7000 ft. (Lloyd). Darjiling, 5000 ft., apparently common
from at least July to October; Kurseong, 24. iii. 10 (Annandale).
Calcutta, common through most of the year ; Port Canning,
Gauges Delta, 6. xii. 07 (Annandale) ; Katihar, Purneah district,
Oct. ; Lucknow, i, ii and iv, Dum Dum, near Calcutta, 29. vii. 09
(Lord); Madhupur, 22. x. 09 (Paiva); Bangalore, 3000 ft.,
16. x. 10 (Annandale)', Trivandrum, 13. xi. 08 (Annandale);
Kulatupuzha and western base of Western Ghats, Travancore,
17-19. xi. 08 (Annandale); Peradeniva, Ceylon, 8. vi. 10 (Gravely};
Moulmein, 25. ii. 08 (Annandale) ; Eangoon, v. ; Tenasserim, v.
In the Pusa collection, from Pusa v. to xii. 1907 and 1908.

Types in the Indian Museum ; co-types in my collection.

This is the commonest species in India and probably extends
further east.

162. Psychoda distans, Brun.

Psychoda distans, Brunetti, Rec. Ind. Mus. iv, p. 296 (1911).

$ . Body covered with dark brown hair, mixed here and there
with grey, the ground-colour of the thorax yellowish brown, with
dark greyish hair.

Legs brown, the tarsi a little lighter, no white tips to tibiae or
metatarsi. Wings with the two divaricate rows of hairs on the
veins only. The 2nd longitudinal vein forks considerably beyond
the base of the 3rd ; the anterior branch forking just beyond one-
third of the wing, and nearly opposite the fork of the 4th vein.
A distinct and rather large black bristly hair-spot at the tip of
each vein ; no white scale- or hair-spots on the wing ; a distinct
though not conspicuous spot, composed of black hairs, at the

* In some specimens there is a collection of black hairs showing a tendency
to form an irregularly shaped spot at the base of the wing, and, more often,
two similar vague spots, one below the costa, the other above the hind border,
both near the base of the wing.

PSTCHODA. 231

fork of the 2nd longitudinal vein and at the fork of its anterior
branch also.

Length barely 1 millim.

Described from a single female in the Indian Museum from
Maddathorai, Travaucore State, South India, 16. xi. 08 (Dr.
Annandale).

The genital organs are not easily seen, but the specimen
appears to be a female.

163. Psychoda albopicta, Bnm.

Pmjchoda albopicta, Brunetti, Rec. Ind. Mus. iv, p. 296 (1911).

$ . Very near P. distans, but differing from that species by
very distinct though small white scale-spots at the tips of most
of the veins, including the 3rd vein. A conspicuous bunch of
black scaly hairs at the fork of the anterior branch of the 2nd
longitudinal vein and the fork of the 4th vein. Some of the
black hair-spots at the tips of the veins are much less distinct
than in P. distans. Fringe of wing dark brown on costa, lighter
brown on posterior margin, the whole appearing golden brown in
certain lights. The hairs on the wing are brown, darker towards
the base. The body is dark, with brownish yellow hairs, which
are darker brown on the thoracic dorsum, and almost yellow in
places. Antennae brown, flagellar joints flask-shaped with long
necks, the verticillate hairs widely expanded. Long sinuoua
chaetae distinctly present. The tips of the tibiae and of the
metatarsi with a narrow circlet of white scales ; the legs mode-
rately dark brown.

Length If millim.

Described from a single type female in the Pusa collection,,
taken at Pusa, Bengal, 8. i. 08.

164. Psychoda orbicularis, Bnm.

Psychoda orbicularis, Brunetti, Rec. Ind. Mus. iv, p. 298 (1911).

$ . Very near P. nigripennis, but differing by the presence of
distinct elongate brown scales on the basal fourth of all the veins.
The wing is lanceolate in shape, the entire margin very distinct^
the costal fringe blackish, but appearing lighter if viewed from
certain directions; the fringe of the posterior margin light
greyish. The 2nd longitudinal vein forks distinctly beyond the
base of the 3rd vein, the anterior branch forking immediately
before the middle ; the 4th vein forks distinctly before one-third
of the wing. The body is covered with brown or brownish-grey
hair. The antennae as in P. nigripennis, with grey pubescence.
The legs yellowish grey, with light greyish pubescence.

Length f millim.

Described from a single female in good condition from Pusa,
21. xii. 08. In the Pusa collection.

232 PSYCHODID.E.

165. Psychoda nigripennis, Brun, (PI. IV, fig. 16.)

Psychoda nigripennis, Brunetti, Eec. Ind. Mus. ii, p. 376 (1908).

c? § . Body yellow, wholly covered with greyish brown hairs,
which in certain lights appear whitish.

Head : eves jet-black, facets very large. Antennae : basal joints
short and not broader than the flagelluni, yellow, with some black
bristles ; second joint spherical ; flagellum of fourteen joints, of
which the first ten are flask-shaped (as in P. bengalensis) ; the
eleventh has no " neck," and is roughly ovate ; the twelfth,
thirteenth and fourteenth are very minute, the two former cup-
shaped, the terminal joint spherical. The verticels of greyish-
white hairs on each joint are very thick, lying closely, directed
forwards and clustering together, thus giving the antenna the
usual solid appearance, with parallel sides, of a grey colour,
marked with small black round spots. Palpi of four l^aiiy elon-
gated cylindrical joints, of equal length, except that the fourth
is slightly longer and pointed at the tip. Abdomen : genitalia of
the male very similar to those of P. bengalensis, hut the inferior
appendages decidedly shorter. In the female they consist of a
very concave (on the upper side) leaf-shaped appendage, bending
backwards, but the appendage probably consists of two symme-
trical blade-like halves as in the other species. Legs pale blackish
brown ; the femora with some white hairs below, the tibia3 rather
closely covered with snow-white hairs, the tarsi blacker, with
white hairs which, towards the tip, are replaced by small elongated
white scales. Wings having the appearance of being pale blackish,
but really pale grey, wholly unmarked ; the veins distinct, each
with the usual double row of hairs, which appear black when
viewed from above, but which appear white when viewed horizon-
tally from the tip of the wing. Fringe longest on posterior
border, grey, appearing dark in some lights and nearly white in
others. Wings with a purplish iridescence.

Length |-1| millim.

Described from a large number of both sexes in the Indian
Museum from the following localities : — Kasauli, Simla district,
6300 ft., 15. v. 08 ; Simla, 7000 ft., 10. v. 08 ; Phagu, Simla
district, 9000 ft., 11. v. 09 (Annandale) ; Kichha, ]N~aini Tal
(plains), 4. iv. 09 (Hodgart); Darjiling, 8-11. viii. 09 (Paiva) •
Kurseong, 5000 ft., vi. and vii. 08 (Annandale) ; Calcutta, common
in June, July, August ; and the following localities from South
India, collected by Dr. Annandale: — Trivandrum, 13. xi. 08;
Shasthancotta, near Quilon, 7. xi. 08, "at light"; Madda-
thorai, 16-18. xi. 08 ; Tenmalai, 22. xi. 08 ; Nedumangad, near
Trivandrum, 14. xi. 08 ; Ernakulum, Cochin, 4. xi. 08. In the
Pusa collection from Pusa, 16-17. xii. 08.

Types in the Indian Museum.

In a specimen from Calcutta (3. vi. 08) there is a slight but
distinct spot of black hairs at the tip of each of the veins, and the

PSYCHODA. 233

tarsi are more densely covered with white scales. It may possibly
be distinct, but I can detect no other differences of value.

Several specimens recently acquired by the Indian Museum
through the generosity of Mr. C. W. Beebe, are in all probability
this species, taken by that gentleman ten miles south of Kuching,
Sarawak, Borneo, 25. vi. 10. Being mounted on microscopic
slides their absolute identification is impossible, in the absence of
any previous examination.

The species has been bred in Calcutta from a partially dried
freshwater sponge from the edge of a garden pond.

At Kasauli, Dr. Annandale found the species common in
bungalows on the date given. He has also taken it on mossy
walls and at light in Calcutta.

166. Psychoda fulvohirta, Brun.

Psychoda fulcohirta, Brunetti, Rec. Ind. Mus. iv, p. 297 (1911).

2 . Body covered with blackish grey hairs, with the exception
of the thorax, where the hairs are conspicuously bright yellowish
brown, those of the alulae being more yellow.

Head : antennae as in P. nigripennis. Legs blackish, without
any ornamentation. Wings with the appearance of those of
P. nigripennis. The 2nd longitudinal vein forks distinctly beyond
the base of the 3rd vein, and its anterior branch forks a little
beyond the middle of the wing, very considerably beyond the fork
of the 4th vein, which occurs towards its base ; the 3rd vein is
gently bisinuate. The hairs on the wings are blackish grey, those
towards the base being blacker, and those of the posterior marginal
fringe somewhat greyish.

Length lg millim.

Described from two females from Darjiling, 7000 ft., 7. viii. 09,
type (Paiva), and Kurseong, 26. vi. 10 (Annandale), both in the
Indian Museum.

The bright yellowish brown colour of the hairs on the thorax
makes this species easily distinguishable from all others except
those specimens of P. margininotata with similarly coloured hairs,
but from that species the wholly unmarked wing and unornamented
tarsi will readily separate it.

167. Psychoda vittata, Bnm.

Psychoda vittata, Brunetti, Rec. Ind. Mus. ii, p. 377 (1908) ; id.,
op. cit. iv, p. 298 (1911).

<S 2 • Body pale yellow with grey and white hairs.

Head with white bristly hairs between the eyes, and black bristly
hairs below. Scape of antenna? with the joints barely broader
at the tip, both with black bristles, the second rather short ;
flagellum of ten dirty yellow, distinct, long-necked, flask-shaped
joints, each surrounded* by a thick verticel of stiff blackish grey
hairs, also a terminal conical joint which is composed of three

234 PSYCHODID^E.

small coalescing subspherical ones. The antennae have the
thickened appearance noticeable in P. nigripennis. Leys pale
yellow, with a few irregular black bristles; hind femora with a
row of long bristles, and hind tibia3 with two rows of long bristly
hairs. Tibiae with a few black spines at the tip. Wings distinctly
lanceolate, pale grey ; the veins bearing the usual blackish grey
hairs, with a wide transverse band (composed of erect light brown
hairs) across the centre of the wing, and the apical portion of the
wing is also broadly covered with similar brown hairs ; at the
base of the wing is a space covered with erect, soft, white hairs,
and some traces of a similar patch towards the costa between the
two areas of brown hairs. Fringe of wing on costa brownish grey,
on posterior margin more grey or whitish. The fringe of the
wings is darker on the section contiguous to the brownish band
of hairs, and also in the neighbourhood of the wing-tip. A good
specific character is the curved nature of the middle veins of the
wing (2nd, 3rd, and 4th with their branches), which distinguish
it to some extent from its nearest allies, P. nigripennis and
P. fulvohirta .

Length 1 millim.

Described from one male taken by Dr. Annandale at Madda-
thorai, South India, 18. xi. 08, and five females from Calcutta,
21. vi. to 2. viii. 08, also taken by the same gentleman on mossy
walls.

Types in the Indian Museum.

Of the " further specimens " referred to by me, after the original
description of the species, as being in the Indian Museum, two are
now destroyed and the other two are certainly P. vittata, one being
from Calcutta, 16. xi. 08.

Genus PERICOMA, Wall:
Pericoma, Walker, Ins. Brit., Dipt, iii, p. 256 (1856).

GENOTYPE, Trichoptera fasciata, Mg. ; by designation of Coquil-
lett (1910).*

This genus closely resembles Psychoda. The antennae are
16-jointed, the palpi 5-jointed, and the 3rd longitudinal vein ends
below the wing-tip, instead of exactly at the tip as in Psychoda.
The tegulae or squamae are much more highly developed.

As in the preceding genus, there are often small spots, formed
of scales, on many parts of the wings and legs, and occasionally
on other parts of the body. The wing-surface is usually clear of
hairs, but in some species it is closely covered with them in
addition to the hairs on the veins. Small specific differences in
the relative positions of the veins occur, as in Psychoda. The
genital organs in both sexes are similar to those in Psychoda.

Range. Probably world-wide ; though there is no record from

* I have seen no other species suggested as a genotype.

PERICOMA.

235

Australasia, South or Central Africa, or Asia, apart from those
described comparently recently from India.

Life-histoi-y. The larva? live in fungi or rotting vegetable
matter. The imagos inhabit similar situations to those in which
Psychoda is found.

The life-history of a European species (Pericoma canescens, Mg.)
has been studied. The larva is about
8 millim. in length, 11-segmented,
cylindrical, but tapering at each end.
Head small, free moving, with well-
developed month parts. Thoracic
segments distinct ; the abdominal
segments rather closely compressed,
approximately subequal in length, each
(except the last one) with three trans-
verse marks on .the dorsum. Under-
side of thoracic segments with some
transversely placed bristles ; six on
the 1st segment, eight on the 2nd and;
four on the 3rd. The abdominal
segments 1 to 7 bear in the middle
two small thickened chitinous plates ;
all the segments furnished with bristly
hairs.

The larva lives in shallow water,
where it covers itself with mud, sand
and morsels of plant-debris, leaving
the anal end in contact with the
surface of the water. It emerges
from the water to pupate ; the pupa being about 3| millim. long,
with long cylindrical transversely ringed anterior stigmata. The
wing- and leg-cases reach to the 2nd abdominal segment, all the
abdominal segments having a wreath of small teeth on their hind
borders. On the ventral side of segments 3 to 6 are two distinct
teeth, segment 7 bearing four stronger teeth.

Table of Species.

1. Wing with two rows of depressed scales on

all the veins from the base to the middle,

where they gradually develop into bristly [p. 237.

hairs squaminervis, Brun.,

Wing without scales, except small ones in
the nature of tufts forming spots at the
tips of the veins or at or near their forkings. 2.

2. Wingmembrane completely covered with com-

paratively soft black hairs, in addition to [p. 237.

those on the veins annandalei, Brun.,

Wing membrane wholly destitute of hairs
(except an isolated one or two near the
margin and a few at extreme base of wing) ;
the hairs placed exclusively on the veins. . 3.

;. 33.— J

*., a European species :
larva ; /;, pupa (after

Miall).

g.
, l

236 PSYCHODID^:.

3. Lower branch of 4th longitudinal vein with

a distinct appendix at its basal angle.
Antennae of male with six prominent erect
spines on the upperside of the 1st flagellar
joint, which is considerably lengthened.
Antennae of female without such spines,
the 1st flagellar joint riot abnormally [p. 238.

lengthened spinicornis, Brun., _

Lower branch of 4th longitudinal vein with-
out such appendix at its basal angle.
The 1st flagellar joint not abnormally
lengthened in either sex, and always with-
out the prominent spines 4.

4. Wing with small but distinct spots at the

tips of many or all of the veins, composed
of black or white hairs, scale-like hairs, or
true scales, often a black and a white spot
both present at the tip of the same vein . . 5.
Wings without distinct hair- or scale- spots
at tips of veins. Hairs on veins long
enough to overlap those of the adjacent
veins. No white scale-spots on wings . . 10.
o. A distinct section of the marginal fringe at
the tip of the wing composed wholly of
white or whitish hairs. The 2nd longi-
tudinal vein forks before the base of the

3rd vein 6.

No distinct section of white hairs in the
marginal fringe at the wing-tip 7.

6. Metatarsus normally black, except for an apical

fringe of small white scales. Marginal

fringe of wing with sections composed of [p. 240.

grey or whitish grey hairs marginmotata,Bnm.,

Metatarsus with at least the apical half
covered with whitish scales.* Marginal

fringe of wing with only one arc of whitish [p. 243.

grey hair, which is apical . metatarsalis, Brun.,

7. Distinct bright yellow hairs in short sections

on the veins, these sections so situated as
to form an irregular transverse line from
the costa to near the distal end of the
posterior margin. Costa with very thick
black bristly hairs. The 2nd longitudinal
vein forks beyond the base of the 3rd

vein mixta, Brun., p. 244.

No distinct sections of bright yellow hairs on
the veins, any hairs of such colour being
isolated and exceptional. Costa with only
normally black or blackish hairs, with
some sections of lighter coloured hairs . . 8.

8. Tarsi (apart from metatarsi) wholly white . . 9.
Tarsi black; apical third of fore metatarsi

and tips of posterior metatarsi with small [p. 245.

white scales proximo., Brun.,

* In two out of the three specimens present before me it is wholly covered
with the whitish scales, except rather narrowly at the base.

PERICOMA.. 237

9. Metatarsi wholly white. The 2nd longi-
tudinal vein forks before origin of 3rd [p. 245.

vein lacteitarsis, Brun.,

Metatarsi black with white scales at tips.

The 2nd longitudinal vein forks distinctly [p. 246.

beyond origin of 3rd vein yilvipes, Brun.,

10. Wings rather smaller than usual. The 2nd

longitudinal vein forks (apparently) beyond [p. 247.

the base of the 3rd vein impunctata, Brun.,

Wings wry large. The 2nd longitudinal

vein forks immediately beyond the base [p. 247.

of the 3rd vein unicolor, Brun.,

168. Pericoma squaminervis, Brun.

Pericoma squaminervis, Brunetti, Ree. Ind. Mus. iv, p. 303 (1911).

$ (?). Body covered with light brown and greyish hairs ;
ground-colour of thorax light brown, that of abdomen blackish.

Head: antennae as in Psyclioda bengalensis. Legs brownish
grey, tarsi distinctly lighter, almost as in P. lacteitarsis when
viewed from certain directions. Wings with a depressed row of
elongate brown scales on each side of each vein, from the base to
beyond the middle of the wing, where they gradually become
narrower until eventually, towards the margin of the wing, they
are replaced by stiff hairs ; the scales lie close together, although
not always touching one another, and are long enough to overlap
those emanating from the adjacent veins. A distinct spot of
bristly black hairs at the tip of each vein, and apparently a slightly
clearer spot in the wing immediately in front of the vein-tip.

Length 1^ millim.

Described from a single specimen (apparently a female) in the
Indian Museum taken by Dr. Annandale at Kurseong, 4. viii.08.

A very distinct species from all the others, readily distinguished
by the conspicuous, scaled veins.

169. Pericoma annandalei, Brun.

Pericoma annandalei, Brunetti, Eec. Ind. Mus. ii, p. 380 (1908).

$ . Head : frons with long greyish white bristly hairs, and a
few black bristles about the mouth. Eyes black, facets large,
those on upper border of eyes bronze. Antennal scape thickly
clothed with long white scales, and on upperside with some
blackish brown ones ; flagellum of thirteen elongated, cigar-
shaped, light brown joints, clothed rather thickly with long,
greyish white, bristly hairs. Palpi well developed, long, black,
thickly clothed with black scaly bristles and hairs. Back of head
black, bare. Thorax moderately shining black, with long black
hairs which in certain lights have a blackish grey tint. Humeral
calli bare, distinct, shining black. Abdomen black, with black
bristly hairs. Ovipositor brown, of moderate size and normal

238 PSTCHODID^E.

shape. Legs brown, with black and grey hairs, and both black
and white bristles, the latter less numerous than the black ones.
The tips of the tibise have a few white scales, the metatarsi are
nearly wholly clothed thickly with white scales, and there are
also a few at the extreme tips of the tarsi. Wings brownish
grey, rather thickly covered with black hairs, and with a fringe
of long black hairs around the whole border except at the tip of
the wing, where, for the distance between the lower branch
of the 2nd longitudinal vein and the upper branch of the 4th,
the black hairs are replaced by long snow-white bristly hairs.
Five spots on the wing-border (each consisting of a few silvery
white scales, which have a faint bluish tint) are placed as follows :
a larger one in the centre of the fore border, the second (a small
one) just beyond the first; the third at the end of the lower
branch of the 4th longitudinal vein ; and the fourth and fifth
at the tips of the 6th and 7th longitudinal veins, the fourth spot
being the largest.

Length 2 millim.

Described from a perfect unique female captured by Dr.
Annandale at Kurseong, 5. vii. 08.

Eight examples of this species have subsequently been acquired
by the Indian Museum, captured by Dr. Annandale at Kurseong,
22-29. vi. 10, where he found them running over Caladium leaves
at dusk, in thick jungle.

Type in the Indian Museum.

170. Pericoma spinicornis, Brun. (PI. IV, figs. 4 & 15.)

Pericoma spinicornis, Brunetti, Rec. Ind. Mus. ii, p. 378 (1908).
Pericoma appendiculata, Brunetti, 1. c. p. 379 (1908).

<S $ . Body blackish, rather sparsely covered above and below
with whitish grey hairs, which are thickest towards the posterior
borders of the abdominal segments, and are darker in some
specimens. The posterior part of the thoracic dorsum bears long,
black, bristly hairs.

Head : eyes bronze-black, facets very large ; palpi long,
brownish grey, with a few hairs. Antennae 16-jointed, scape
thick, 1st joint cylindrical, 2nd globular, both rather thickly
beset with some elongate whitish grey scales, with which are mixed
some long stiff black bristles, both of which are less developed in
the female. In the male a very conspicuous and unique character
occurs in the first joint of the flagellum, which is three and a
half times as long as the second, sub-cylindrical, slightly narrowed
and rounded at the base, and slightly contracted just before the
tip. This joint bears on its upper surface a row of six long,
strong, black, vertical straight spines, set in raised sockets, followed
almost at the apex of the joint by two (perhaps three) other
still longer spines springing from a common socket ; the under-
side of this joint is beset with narrow curved greyish scales. The
remainder of the flagellum consists of thirteen subeqnal, elongated

PERICOMA. 239

joints, gradually shortening to the last one, which is styliforra.
In the female the flagellutn has fourteen ovate joints, each with
a rather thin verticel of hairs ; first joint only barely longer than
the second, without spines. In the male the lace and the anterior
part of the thorax bear nearly white bristles which become
almost scale-like. Abdomen : geuitalia of male somewhat different
from the usual generic type ; the basal joint of the upper pair of
claspers being large and broad, sickle-shaped, bearing about
twenty spatulate spinules on its distal two-thirds, whilst the
second or terminal joint takes the form of cylindrical chitinous
filaments coiled in a spiral. The genital apparatus in the female
consists of a single, horny, pointed, bare appendage of moderate
size, projecting rather prominently. Legs pale yellowish white,
femora distinctly curved, especially the fore and hind pairs, the
amount of curvature variable ; the femora with some close-lying
small scales. The femora and tibiae are covered with long, pale
yellowish grey, bristly hairs ; the tips of the tibiae having a circlet
of rather elongate, whitish scaly bristles, with some short black
bristles intermixed ; the tarsi are covered with black scales and
bristly black hairs. The base of the metatarsus, and of the
following joint, and the tip of the last joint are covered with
small, cream-white scales. Wings dark grey. The lower prong
of the 4th longitudinal vein springs at right angles from the
upper, and then forms a second right angle, bearing a distinct
appendix at that spot, directed backwards. The 4th longi-
tudinal vein forks a little before the fork of the 2nd, which
itself is placed just before the centre line of the wring. The
veins, which are very distinct, all bear the usual double row of
suberect hairs, directed forwards and backwards, and at the tip
of each vein is a small bunch of stronger bristly hairs; the inter-
vening space (especially on the hind border) being nearly clear,
thus giving the border of the wing the appearance of bearing
alternate black and white spots. The hairs are in the main black,
but those on the proximal half of the disc (except those in the
immediate vicinity of the third vein) are distinctly more erect
than the others, and are distinctly grey. In the centre of the wing
are short rows of quite white short bristly hairs placed at irregular
intervals along the veins, these hairs being intermixed with black
ones towards the base of the wing. A thick row of bushy, long,
black bristly hairs on nearly the whole length of the seventh
vein. Wing-border with a fringe of black hairs which is rather
short on the apical half, longer on the basal half of the costa,
and longest and thickest on the basal half of the posterior border;
it appears lighter or darker according to the direction of the light
falling on it. Towards the end of some of the veins are a few
silvery white, irregularly placed, elongated scales.

Length l|-2 millim.

Described originally from eight males and ten females (the
former as sinnicornis, the latter as appendiculata, with a surmise
that they represented the sexes of a single species) ; the specimens

240 PSYCHODIl)^.

being from Kurseong, 5. vii. 08 (Dr. Annandale). The species is
quite common along the Himalayas from their base (Siliguri) to
an altitude of at least 9000 ft., and occurs from early in May to
October.

The Indian Museum possesses a good series bearing the
following data :— Darjiling, 7000 ft., 2. x. 08 and 26-28. v. 10,
common (JSrunetti) ; 0— ll.viii. 09 (Jenkins, Paiva) • Kurseong,
5000 ft., iii., vi., vii., ix. (Annandale, Lynch, Gravely) ; Siliguri,
base of Darjiling Hills, 18-20. vii. 07 (Hodgari) ; Simla, v., on
windows (Annandale) ; Phagu, 9000 ft., 11. v. 09 (Annandale) ;
Nairn Tal, 6000 ft., 2. vi. 09 (Hodgart).

Types in the Indian Museum ; cotypes, d" and <p , in my
collection.

This is the only species in the family known to me in which
such a striking sexual difference is found. Taken in consideration
with the appendiculation of the 4th longitudinal vein near its
base, a separate subgenus might be formed for it, but slight
appendices occur occasionally in other species when the basal
section of a vein forms a sharp angle ; in Pericoma margininotata,
for example, it is I think constant at the basal angle of the
3rd vein.

171. Pericoma margininotata, Brun.

Pericoma margininotata, Brunetti, Eec. Ind. Mus. ii, p. 381 (1908) ;

id., op. cit. iv, p. 304 (1911).
Var. Pericoma bella, Brunetti, op. cit. ii, p. 383 (1908).

3 £ . Ground-colour of thorax blackish brown, of abdomen
blackish, both covered with thick, long, pale yellowish grey, bristly
hairs, plentifully intermixed on the thorax with black hairs, and
likewise, to a less degree, 011 the base of the abdomen. The hairs
on the thoracic dorsum show a tendency to be arranged in fan-
shaped sets. On the abdomen they are arranged in a thick row
of long ones on the posterior border of every segment, with a
shorter, erect row in front of them. Pleura? light to dark
mahogany brown, bare, or nearly so.

Head : eyes bronze, with large facets. The antennae have two
large basal joints covered with short white scales and surrounded
by a cluster of longer ones ; the second scapal joint subglobular,
a little more than half as long as the first, which is cylindrical,
twice as long as wide ; flagellum of fourteen small globular or
subconical joints of equal size, last one conical, each with a circlet
of a few long black hairs, and more numerous short white ones.
Sometimes the last joint is constricted, giving the appearance of
a 15-jointed flagellum. Abdomen : genitalia of male with superior
appendages consisting of a short, stout, cylindrical basal joint,
and a distal one which is shaped like a scorpion's sting, consisting
of a basal bulb, and a slightly coiled, tube-like prolongation of
about the same length. Inferior appendages arising from a broad,
rather short basal plate, than which they are considerably larger ;

PERICOMA. 241

themselves sickle-shaped, each bearing at the distal end, on the
dorsal surface, a pair of flattened, spatulate spiuules ; the whole
joint covered with fine hairs. Legs : femora and tibiae grey,
with minute greyish white pubescence, a number of longer, white
bristly hairs (with black reflections in certain lights). These are
apparently irregularly placed on the fore legs and the femora, but
show a tendency to form longitudinal rows ; those, at least, on
the hind tibiae are often arranged in three such longitudinal rows,
one pointing outwards, the other two posteriorly. The apical
part of the tibiae is narrowly but thickly clothed with jet-black
scaly bristles, and the extreme tip with a circlet of white scaly
bristles. The tarsi are thickly covered with jet-black scaly
bristles, the tips of the metatarsus and following joint bearing a
circlet of white scaly bristles ; the metatarsus bears several very
strong black bristles, and the extreme tips of the tarsi have
minute cream-coloured scales. Wings dark grey, with all the
veins bearing a double row of spreading hairs, and without
scales. Upper fork of 2nd longitudinal vein bifurcates at two-
fifths of the wing, and the 4th longitudinal bifurcates between
one-fourth and one-third of the wing. A small spot, consisting
of numerous rather strong black hairs, at the tip of each vein, and
a similar spot at the bifurcations of the upper prong of the 2nd
longitudinal vein, 'and of the 4th vein, these two spots being
in a straight line with the last spot on the posterior margin ; the
first spot on the anterior border, the last one on the posterior
border, and the upper discal spot, are all generally larger and
darker than the others. Normally the spot at each wing-tip
consists of a black hair-spot, and a small white scale-spot, placed
very close together, the latter sometimes almost in the marginal
fringe. The hairs in some parts of the disc of the wing are
distinctly darker and show a tendency to form black patches,
and along most of the veins are short rows and bunches, here
and there, of quite white, erect, short, bristly hairs, becoming
almost scale-like in the small tuft-like spots of them on the
margin of the wing, placed alternately with the black marginal
hair-spots. These give the border of the wing a strikingly
distinct, tesselated appearance composed of black and white spots
alternately. The costal fringe comprises some short sections
composed mainly of white or whitish hairs, including generally
a section of some length just beyond the middle ; whilst the
wing-tip is always clothed with white hairs for some distance,
there being also some few short patches of white hairs in the
fringe of the posterior margin. Halteres rather large, cup-shaped,
with hairy upper edge, the stein being very narrow and short.

Length 1|-1| raillim.

Types in the Indian Museum.

Var. bella, Brun.

$ . Body covered with dense, greyish white bristly hairs ; very
dense between the eyes and on the lower part of the face ; arranged
on the abdomen in transverse rows at the base of each segment.

242 PSYCHODID^.

They are long and semi-erect, thus covering most of the abdominal
surface.

Head : antennae with both joints of the scape covered with
dense white scales, both appearing dark at their bases ; flagellum
of fourteen subconical joints, the apical one produced to a blunt
conical point, each joint bearing a verticel of hairs, the whole
nagellutn having a grey appearance. Palpi black, with white
bristly hairs ; the 4th joint the longest and thinnest. Legs :
femora with long bristly grey hairs ; hind pair thickly covered
with whitish scales. Tibise blackish brown with long, irregularly
placed bristles ; a ring of close, short, black bristles towards the
tip, and a circlet of closely packed, elongated, white scales at the
tip. Metatarsus and tarsal joints black, with a circlet of short
white scales at the tip of most of them. Wings : fork of the
upper branch of 2nd longitudinal vein and the fork of the
4th vein both occurring a little before the middle of the wing.
The upper branch of the 2nd vein, immediately after its origin,
takes a rather sudden curve upwards, descending slightly to
where it forks, and the lower branch ends only slightly above the
extreme tip of the wing ; the 3rd vein originates in a right
angle from the 2nd vein,* just beyond where the latter forks, its
basal portion very narrow but quite distinct in wings denuded of
vestiture, and there is a distinct appendix at the angle. The veins
bear the usual double row of greyish, semi -erect hairs, and patches
of black, erect, bristly hairs are distributed as follows : — at the
fork of the upper branch of the 2nd vein, and at (or just beyond)
the similar fork of the 4th vein ; also about the middle of the 6th
and along the 7th, except in its centre. The fringe round the
border of the wing is generally greyish white, with an arc of
black bristly hairs near the middle of the costa, and just beyond
the middle ; on the posterior border between the lower fork of
4th vein and the 5th ; also from the end of the 6th nearly to
the base of the wing.

Described from six females taken by me on windows at Darjiling
during the last few days of September, and on October 1st, 1908.
It was not uncommon.

Type in the Indian Museum.

The patches of black hairs on the wing are by no means of
regular size or shape, but the markings of the six examples
examined agree fairly well with the distribution of black hairs as
herein described. Small irregular patches occur in nearly all the
specimens. Sometimes the general appearance of the wing is
wholly blackish or black, with a slightly curved band of lighter
hairs across it near the tip ; a patch of white hairs in the middle
of the costa, and beyond the middle on the hind border, and also
at the tip of the wing.

* Not from the 4th vein, as erroneously stated in my original description.

PEBICOMA. 243

Although described originally as two species there can be little
doubt that the forms .P. mar</ininotata and P. bella represent but a
single species. The descriptions of the two forms are retained,
with some slight corrections as tending to facilitate recognition of
each, but intermediate forms are frequent, in fact the bella form
is much the more numerous, and is more constant in the wing-
markings. The following notes compiled from the examination
of a long series in the Indian Museum refer to the species in
general.

The species is very variable in its coloration, but it is clear
that the black hair-patches on the wing are tolerably constant,
especially those at the fork of the upper branch of the 2nd
longitudinal vein, and at the fork of the 4th vein. The hairs
at the wing-tip are generally wholly white, always mainly so.
The colour of the hairs on the dorsum of the thorax varies from
greyish white to rather bright reddish brown, all intermediate
shades being represented in different individuals. The tarsi are
best described as variable ; generally pale yellowish at the base,
darkening to dark brown at the tips ; with long irregularly placed
bristly hairs, which are pale on the basal half of the tarsi and dark
brown on the apical half, being concolorous with the ground-
colour of the limb. The rest of my description of the tarsi is
correct, but it may be added that the distance covered by the
white apical scales at the tips of the basal joints of the tarsi
varies, especially on the 2nd tarsal joint, which is in some
examples all white, the colour in all cases being that of the scales,
as the ground-colour of the whole tarsus is always black.

The Indian Museum has this species from Darjiling, 7000 ft.,
26. v. 10 (Brunetti) ; 5-11. viii. 09 (Dr. Jenlcins, Paiva) : Kurseong,
25-27. vi. 10 (Annandale) ; Simla, 25. iv. 07, 11. v. 08, 9-10. v. 09
(Annandale) ; Phagu, 9000 ft., Simla district, 11-15. v. 09
(Annandale) ; Pallode, 20 miles N.E. of Trivandrum, South
India, 1 5. xi. 08 (Annandale).

172. Pericoma metatarsalis, Brun.

Pericoma metatarsalis, Brunetti, Rec. Ind. Mus. iv, p. 305 (1911).

$ . This species differs from the bella form of P. margininotata in
only two characters, but these are practically constant in the
three examples examined.

The metatarsus is, with the exception of its immediate base,
covered rather thickly with whitish scales (in the type and in one
other specimen), or at least for more than the apical half (as in
the third specimen). In P. margininotata the last three tarsal
joints often have a greyish or blackish grey appearance, but in
the present species they are all uniformly intensely black. The
second character is that the fringe of the wing possesses no
admixture of whitish hairs either singly or in short sections,
with the exception of a broad section at the tip, comprised

244 PSYCHODIDJE.

between the lower branch of the 2nd longitudinal vein and
the upper branch of the 4th vein. The 2nd longitudinal vein
forks a short distance before the base of the 3rd vein, at
which spot is placed the anterior cross-vein ; the fork of the
anterior branch' of the 2nd vein is distinctly before the fork of
the 4th vein.

Length 1| millim.

Described from three females from Simla district, two from
Simla, 9. v. 09 (type) and 12. v. 09, the third from Phagu, 9000 ft.,
11. v. 09, all taken by Dr. Annandale.

Type and the other specimens in the Indian Museum.

In view of the close affinity of P. lacteitarsis and P. gilvipes to
P. margininotata, although they appear to be perfectly good species,
there seems no reason to refrain from establishing the present
form as a distinct species.

173. Pericoma mixta, Brun.

Pericoma mixta, Brunetti, Rec. Ind. Mus. iv, p. 306 (1911).

§ . Of the general appearance of P. margininotata var. bella.
Body with blackish and grey hairs, the former predominating
chiefly on the dorsum of the thorax and at the base of the wings.

Legs dark yellowish grey, thickly clothed with stiff bristly
hairs ; the tibia3, the metatarsi and 2nd joint of tarsi with a narrow
circlet of whitish scales at the tips of each. Wings having a
dark brown appearance. The 2nd longitudinal vein forks some
little distance beyond the base of the 3rd vein, although still
quite near the base of the wing, as the latter vein begins sooner
than in most species, its exact origin near the root of the wings
being obscured by the pubescence ; the fork of the upper branch
of the 2nd vein and the fork of the 4th vein are approximately
opposite one another. The veins are closely covered with a
double row of black or dark brown hairs, with a distinct black
hair-spot at the tip of each vein ; a few small pale hairs in front
of some of these black hair-spots ; some erect shortsnow-white
hairs towards the bases of the veins, and others on the three
branches of the 2nd vein, placed at some little distance before their
tips ; also to a less extent in short sections on the veins in other
parts of the wing. A number of bright yellow hairs, distributed : —
(1) along the veins, apparently thickest along the costa, especially
at its base, intermixing with the normal thick black or dark
brown hairs forming the fringe ; (2) at the bases of the veins, but
disposed in small sections separate from the snow-white ones in
that region of the wing ; and (3) on the three branches of the
2nd longitudinal vein before the white hairs. To an apparently
less extent they also occur on the veins in other parts of the
wing. The wing-fringe on the posterior margin is really dark
brown, although in some lights it appears light brown or even
greyish here and there. The tip of the wing bears a few whitish

PERICOMA. 245

hairs, but the area is less white and less sharply defined than in
P. margininotata var. bella.

Length 2 millim.

Described from a single female in good condition from Simla,
7000 ft., 6. v. 09 (Dr. Annandale).

Type in the Indian Museum.

174. Pericoma proxima, Brun.

Pericoma proxima, Brunetti, Rec. Ind. Mus. iv, p. 308 (1911).

? $ . Body with dark brown hairs, intermixed with grey hairs
here and there.

Head with bushy white hairs above, black hairs below and on
the palpi. Antennae with black scales on scape ; flagellum as in
Psychoda bengalensis ; the verticillate hairs widely spread out, the
hairs whitish. Abdomen with black hairs ; the genitalia covered
with bristly bright yellow hairs. Legs dark, with blackish scales,
black bristles and paler stiff hairs ; fore metatarsi with apical third
bearing white scales, posterior metatarsi with white scales at tips
only. Wings with rich, moderately dark chestnut-brown hairs
only on the veins ; very distinct and moderately large black hair-
spots at tips of veins, where there are also some small white
scaly hair-spots ; isolated groups of a few white scaly hairs placed
apparently irregularly on the veins ; a distinct arc of white scaly
hairs on the wing-fringe between the lower branch of the 4th
longitudinal vein and the 5th vein, but the wing-tip itself has
distinctly rich brown hairs and no trace of white hairs ; the
wing-fringe brownish grey ; a distinct spot of black bristly erect
hairs at the fork of the anterior branch of the 2nd longitudinal
vein, and another at the fork of the 4th vein, both spots with a
few white hairs beyond them. Anterior branch of 2nd vein
forking approximately opposite the fork of the 4th vein, distinctly
but not greatly before the middle of the wing. The pubescence
hides the base of the wing sufficiently for it not to be clearly seen
whether the 2nd longitudinal vein forks before or after the origin
of the 3rd.

Length 1^ millim.

Described from a single specimen (apparently a male) in good
condition in the Indian Museum collection, taken at Peradenyia,
€eylon, viii. 1910 (E. E. Green}.

175. Pericoma lacteitarsis, Brun.

Pericoma maryininotata var. lacteitarsis, Brunetti, Rec. Ind. Mus. ii,

p. 382 (1908).
Pericoma lacteitarsis, Brunetti, Rec. Ind. Mus. iv, p. 307 (1911).

This form, originally described by me as a variety of my
P. margininotata, with the suspicion that it might prove distinct,
is no\v, to my thinking, sufficiently established as a good species
through the acquisition of several specimens by the Indian Museum.

R2

246 PSYCHODID.I;.

The black hair-spots at the tips of the veins, the relative
positions of the forks of the 2nd and 4th longitudinal veins, and
the coloration of the tarsi are constant. The 2nd longitudinal
vein forks before * the base of the 3rd vein ; the anterior branch
of the 2nd vein forks before the middle of the wing and a little
beyond the fork of the 4th vein. There are no white hair- spots
in the fringe of the wing, nor on the absolute margin of the wing
(at or very near the tips of the veins) as in typical margininotata,
which character alone is almost sufficent to distinguish the two
forms. The whole wing has a more brownish appearance, without
the variegated appearance of P. margininotata, and the absence of
the white fringe at the wing-tip will at once identify it from that
species. A second good character that I believe separates it
from all other Oriental species is that the whole of the tarsi are
milk-white. In the allied species, P. margin inotata, P. gilvipes,
P. proxima and P. mivta, some portion of the tarsus is always
black, often the major portion.

Length 1| millim.

A specimen in the Indian Museum, taken by Dr. Annandale at
Quilon, Travancore, 9. xi. 08, has the hairs of the body, on the
tibiae and metatarsi (except the tip of the latter) darker brown,
also the lower branch of the 2nd longitudinal vein runs almost
directly to the wing-tip. The blackish hair-spots on the disc of
the wing, on the fork of the anterior branch of the 2nd vein, and
on the fork of the 4th vein, are well marked. The original three
specimens (females) were taken at Kurseong 4. vii. 08 by Dr.
Annandale.

Type in the Indian Museum.

176. Pericoma gilvipes, Brun.

Pericoma lacttitarsis var. gil^es, Brunetti, Rec. Ind. Mus. ii, p. 382

(1908).
Pericoma gilvipes. Brunetti, op. cit. iv, p. 308 (1911).

$ . Considerably resembling P. margininotatn, but smaller, the
general colour of the long hairs of the thorax and abdomen more
brownish grey. The wings resemble those of that species, with
a tendency to dark spots placed irregularly, but generally at the
bifurcations of the veins. The distinguishing character is the
absence of white hairs at the wing-tip and of white hair-spots on
the margin of the wing, also of isolated small patches of erect
white hairs on the veins. Another good character is that the
2nd longitudinal vein forks beyond the origin of the 3rd vein,
instead of before it as in P. margininotata . The anterior branch of
the 2nd vein forks a little before the middle of the wing, and a
little beyond the fork of the 4th vein. The legs have the tarsi

* This is the case in the original type specimen (a female). In a second
specimen the pubescence obscures a vein of the base of the wing. In a specimen
mounted lor the microscope, the 2nd vein forks beyond the base of the 3rd,
and for this reason it is doubtful if it is of this species.

PERICOMA. 247

entirely covered with cream-coloured microscopic scaly pubescence,
except the metatarsi, which are black nearly to their tips, this
being the most striking specific character, and one by which the
species is easily separated from P. lacteitarsis, its nearest ally.
The genital appendages as in P. margininotata, but rather longer.

Length 1| millim.

Described originally from three females in the Indian Museum
from Calcutta, dated 28. vii. 08 (type), 2. viii. 08, and 17-18. viii.,.
07. Additional specimens in the Indian Mueeuin afford the
following data :— Calcutta, 9. ii. 10, 17-18. vii. 07, 28. vii. 08,
8-23. viii. 08, 1-26. ix. 08 (all Annandale, some taken " at light ") ;
Madliupur, Bengal, 17. x. 09, "at light" (Paiva); Ernakulam,
Cochin, Malabar Coast, 4. xi. 08 (Annandale) • Quilon, Travancore,
9. xi. 08 (Annandale).

177. Pericoma impunctata, Brun.

Pericoma impunctata, Brunetti, Kec. Ind. Mas. iv, p. 309 (1911).

Body thickly clothed with long, very dark brown bristly hairs ;
the surface of the body itself also dark brown.

Head : antennae brownish yellow. Legs with dark brown
bristly hairs ; tarsi light brown but without traces of any pale
scales at tips of joints. Wings thickly clothed on all the veins
with a double row of dark brown bristly hairs, denser and more
bristly along the costa and at the base of the wing. In certain
lights the fringe of the wing and some of the stiff hairs on the
basal part appear greyish, but the true colour of practically every
part of the insect is dark brown.

Length 1| millim.

Describee! from one specimen (sex uncertain) from Tenmalai,
west side of Western Ghats, Travancore, South India, 22. xi. 08
(Dr. Annandale).

Type in the Indian Museum.

The 2nd longitudinal vein apparently forks beyond the base of
the 3rd vein, but the root of the wing is too closely covered with
hairs to admit of exact observation.

178. • Pericoma unicolor, Brun.

Pericoma unicolor, Brunetti, Eec. Ind. Mus. iv, p. 309 (1911).

This species is wholly brown in colour, only the tarsi being
rather lighter.

Head-, antennae (partly broken) with flask-shaped flagellar
joints. Wings very large, and with almost wholly dark brown
hairs which appear rich golden brown in certain lights and show
a violet tinge when viewed from different directions. The 2nd
longitudinal vein forks immediately before the base of the 3rd
vein, the anterior branch of the 2nd forking again near the
middle of the wing, much beyond the fork of the 4th, which
occurs towards the base, only shortly after the almost invisible
posterior cross-vein, which latter is situated in a line with the

248 PSYCHODIDJ5.

basal section of the 3rd vein. The hairs at the tips of some of
the veins are blacker but do not form distinct spots.

Length 1| rnillim.

Described from a single specimen (sex uncertain) in the Indian
Museum, from Kurseoug, taken by Mr. D'Abreu, in November
1910.

Although the actual difference in length between this species
and P. impunctata is so little, the present form has a much larger
appearance owing to the considerable enlargement of the wings,
which in P. impunctata are smaller than usual.

Genus BRUNETTIA, Ann *

Brumttia, Annandale, Rec. Ind. Mus. iv, p. 141 (1910).
Diplonema, Annandale (nee Loew), op. cit. iv, p. 39 (1910).

GENOTYPE, Diplonema sivperstes, Ann. ; by original designation.

Heavy, moth-like flies, with broad, thickly scaled wings, which
are held in a horizontal position during repose.

Head : mouth-parts not forming a proboscis ; palpi long, with
four joints. AntennaB 15-jointed, the scapal joints differentiated ;
each joint (except the last) of the flagellum bearing a couple of
stout S-shaped chseta? as well as the ordinary pubescence. Eyes
strongly emarginate. Abdomen : the male genital apparatus con-
sists of an upper supra-genital triangular plate, which represents
the last abdominal tergite and which projects over the genitalia
proper. Curving downwards and inwards at the sides near the
tip, it gives rise to a pair of relatively very large curved chastse.
Below these lie the upper pair of appendages, which are two-
jointed, the second being flattened and spatulate. The lower
appendages are rather long, curving upwards and inwards at their
tips, bearing numerous spatulate spinules. In the female the usual
horny ovipositor of the PSYCHODLN^: is absent. Wings very broad,
shaped like a diamond with rounded angles. A conspicuous feature
is the great distance between the costa and the 1st longitudinal vein,
due to the strong outward curve which the anterior border of the
wing takes near its base. Auxiliary vein almost obsolete ; 1st
longitudinal ending just beyond middle of wing ; 2nd longitudinal
forked quite near base, the anterior branch forked again almost
immediately ; 3rd vein ending just below wing-tip. The 4th
vein forks quite near the base, approximately opposite fork of
anterior branch of 2nd vein ; the 5th springs from the 4th, a
little before the fork of the latter ; the 6th and 7th are distinctly
present, as in Psyclioda and Pericoma. All the veins straight or
gently curved.

The principal characters of this genus are the closely scaled
wings in conjunction with the very prominent S-shaped antennal
chaeta? ; its very broad, almost heart-shaped wings; and its
Psychoda-like venation.

* For observations on this and the next genus, see Bee. Ind. Mus. iv, p. 310.

BEUNETTIA. 249

179. Brunettia superstes, Ann. (PI. IV, figs. 1, 3 & 9.)

Diplonema superstes, Annandale, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal (new

ser.), iv, p. 353 (1908).
Brunettia superstes, Annandale, Rec. Ind. Mus. v, p. 142 (1910).

<S $ . Body sooty black, with a strong white refulgence ; the
first joint of each tarsus partly white, the extent of the white
portion varying with the incidence of light.

Head : " Antennae with fifteen joints ; the basal joint cylindrical
the second almost discoidal, these two (the scape) covered with
scales ; each joint of the flagellum except the last bearing, in
addition to a broad basal band of hairs, a long, stout S-shaped
chaeta on either side ; joints of the flagellum spindle-shaped, the
distal end of each smooth, devoid of hairs ; the last joint bearing
hairs only, produced at the tip into a minute, cylindrical, blunt
process covered with exceedingly fine pubescence. Palpi four-
jointed; the 1st joint short, the others longer, subequal; the
whole organ covered with flattened hairs, which gradually take
the form of scales towards the base of the 2nd joint " {Annandale}.
TJiorax and abdomen covered with bristly hairs, some scales inter-
mixed with those of the thorax, a dense tuft of semi-erect scales on

Fig. 34. — Male genitalia of Brunettia superstes, Ann,

the anterior border of the latter. " The male genitalia can now
be described in detail, for it has been possible to examine specimens
preserved in spirit ; to give a satisfactory account of their structure
from dried specimens is very difficult. The arrangement of the
appendages, etc., is clearly shown in the text-figure, which is drawn
from a specimen mounted in canada balsam. (A) represents the
supergenital plate (last abdominal tergite), which is thin and
membranous, transverse, subtriangular, with the apex slightly

•250

emarginate. At either side it becomes chitinized and bending
downwards and inwards gives rise to a very stout chaeta(E), which
bends outwards and slightly downwards. This structure does not
appear to be homologous with any in the genitalia of Phlebotomus,
Psychoda, or Pericoma. On either side, at a lower level, however,
there is an appendage (C) evidently homologous with the superior
appendage of these genera. It consists of two joints, the proximal
of which is stout in form and somewhat conical, while the distal
joint is flattened and membranous, its sides being sinuous and its
tip truncate or very broadly rounded. There are three or four
short sensory hairs at the tip, but otherwise the appendag-e is
naked ; its integument is thin. The subgenital plate (B) projects
as a narrow triangle ; its integument is rather thick and bears a
minute pubescence. The inferior appendages (D) are borne at the
base of the subgenital plate. In the dried specimen they appear
to be short and rounded, but they are actually elongate and
pointed, with the tips curved upwards and forwards. They bear
numerous long hairs and spatulate spinules, each of which has a
fringe of minute spines round its flattened extremity. These
spines are all turned inwards towards one surface of the spinule.
The intromittent organ (F) consists, as in PMebotomus, of a pair
of narrow flattened chitiuous valves closely pressed together, the
fissure between them being vertical, with a pair of delicate chitinous
filaments that can be thrust out between them. The form of the
organ in this species is narrowly conical " (Annandale). Wings
shaped ^somewhat like a diamond with rounded corners. The

Fig. 35. — Bruncttia supcrstes, Ann., wing.

length of the wing is to its greatest breadth as 4 to 3. The
surface of the wing covered with overlapping spatulate scales,
which are narrower near the margins than at the middle and base
of the wing. The veins clothed with a double row of divaricate
hairs ; costal fringe of hairs especially long on posterior margin
and towards the base, where there is a flat tuft of very long silky
black hairs.

PARABKUNETTIA. 251

Length 3 millhn., expanse of wings 8 millim.

"The original specimens were taken at an altitude of about
6000 feet at Kurseong during the 'rains' (July) on a window-
pane and on the upper surface of a fern-frond. They rested with
the wings spread out quite flat. I have recently (June 1910)
taken other specimens at the same place. They were running
erratically on the leaves of Caladium in dense jungle at dusk."
(Annandale.)

Types in the Indian Museum.

Genus PARABRUNETTIA, Brun.
Parabnmettia, Brunetti, Rec. Ind. Mus. iv, p. 311 (1911).

GENOTYPE, Psychoda squamipennis, Brun.

This genus differs from Brunettia primarily in the fact that the
3rd longitudinal vein ends at the tip of the wing and not below it.
Its other distinctive characters are : — (1) The presence of closely
placed dark imbricating scales on at least some considerable portion
of the wings, on both their upper and lower surfaces, or on the
underside alone *. (2) The surface of the wing generally rather
thickly covered to some considerable extent with more or less
longitudinally placed hairs f. (3) Chaetse present on the flagellar
joints (possibly not on all of them), irrespective of the apical
joint, which, even in B, superstes, is devoid of them : they are
not so large or so conspicuous in any of the species as they are
in B. superstes, and appear to vary a good deal in size, according
to the species. J

In many species there is a rather noticeable patch of long smooth
depressed silky hairs extending posteriorly from the alula?, which
may probably figure as a secondary character of the genus.

Owing to the denseness of the vestiture of the wings (the basal
hairs, the surface hairs, and the opacity of the scales), it has been
impossible to note the exact position of the forking of the 2nd
longitudinal vein in some of the species, but in all those in which
it has been noted it occurs beyond the origin of the 3rd longi-
tudinal vein.

* Any species (if discovered) with scales on the upperside of the wing only,
would logically fall into the genus.

t These are absent in two species provisionally placed here ; but this may
be better regarded perhaps as a secondary character, as species both with
and without hairs on the surface of the wings occur equally in Psychoda and
Pericoma.

J Similar chcetae, but much smaller, have been detected by Dr. Annandale
in Pericoma margininotata and Psychoda distincta ; so they cannot be considered
of generic importance.

252 PSYCHODID.E.

Table of Species.

1. Hairs thickly present on surface of wing .... 2.
Hairs wholly absent from surface of wing.

The 2nd longitudinal vein forks beyond
the origin of the 3rd vein 6.

2. Upper, as well as lower, surface of wing

covered to a considerable extent with

small dark imbricating scales 3.

Upper surface of wing without any consider-
able area covered with scales ; a few may
be present at the base of the wing 4.

3. No white spots on wing-border. The 2nd

longitudinal vein forks beyond the origin [p. 252.

of the 3rd vein squamipennis, Brun.,

White spots on wing-border atrisquamis, Brun.,

4. Under surface of wing wholly covered with [p. 253.

dark scales 6.

Under surface of wing with scales covering
at most the basal half. The 2nd longi-
tudinal vein forks apparently beyond the [p. 255.
base of the 3rd vein '. 9-notata, Brun.,

5. A silvery white scale-spot below shoulder . . albohumeralis, Brun.,

[p. 254.
No such silvery white spot argenteopunctata,

6. Hairs on anterior part of thorax brighter [Bran., p. 254.

yellow flavicollis, Brun.,

Hairs on anterior part of thorax less yel- [p. 256.

lowish * longichata, Brun.,

[p. 250.

180. Parabrunettia squamipennis, Brun.

Psychoda squamipennis, Brunetti, Eec, Ind. Mus. ii, p. 375 (1908).

§ . Body blackish brown, with brownish grey hairs, which
appear much lighter when the light falls on them in a certain
direction.

Head : eyes black, large facets. Antennae : first joint elongate,
one and a half times as long as the second, which is short and sub-
spherical ; both with some bristly hairs ; flagellum of apparently
only thirteen joints, which are cup-shaped, with a central cylin-
drical prolongation, each joint bearing a thick verticel of long,
close, scale-like, light brownish grey hairs, in addition to some
ordinary hairs on each joint ; the last joint tapers to a point
and may really be separable into two. Legs with close, greyish
pubescence, and some irregularly placed bristles of various
lengths ; some stiff black ones on the metatarsus. Wings with
the surface between the veins closely covered with distinct,
moderately large, brown scales, and both veins and the inter-
mediate spaces covered with brown and black hairs. Border
of wing with a fringe of long brown hairs, which appear grey

* Not a yery definite distinction, but the species are certainly distinct.

PAEA.BRUNETTIA.

253

in certain lights, and along the extreme edge of the wing is
placed, here and there, a single, small, snow-white, scale-like
hair.

Length 1| millim.

Described from a unique female in the Indian Museum collection,
taken by Dr. Annandale in Calcutta, 5. viii. 07.

The example is apparently a female, as no trace of a genital
appendage is visible ; but from the manner in which the specimen
is mounted, it is very difficult to see the body and legs.

181. Parabrunettia atrisquamis, Brun. (PI. IV, fig. 2.)

Psychoda atrisquamis, Brunetti, Rec. Ind. Mug. ii, p. 376 (1908).
Brunettia travancorica, Annandale, op. cit. iv, p. 144 (1910).
Parabrunettia atrisquamis, Brunetti, op. cit. iv, p. 312 (1911).

5 . Near P. squamipennis and P. argenteopunctata. The wings
are entirely clothed on the surface as well as the veins with soft
black hairs, more or less longitudinally placed on the basal half
of the upperside, and the whole surface of the lower side of the
wing is covered with brown or blackish short thick scales, which
in certain lights appear partly iridescent on at least the underside.
They also appear, viewed from different points, silky black or dull
greyish white. At the tip of each vein is a small bunch of snow-
white, moderately long, scale-like hairs, placed on the absolute edge

Fig. 36.— Parabrunettia atrisquamis, Brun., wing.

of the wing, almost in the adjacent fringe. The legs are almost
wholly black, with a few small white scales at the tip of the tibiae
and (at least on the hind pair) a few at the tip of the metatarsus
and succeeding joint. The species is coal-black.

Lenqth 1| millim.

Described from a perfect unique female in the Indian Museum,
taken on the window of that building by Dr. Annandale, 22. vii. 08
(type), and some specimens taken by Mr. E. E. Green at Peradeniya,
Ceylon, 18. vii., 14. viii., and x. 1910, also in the same collection.

A specimen in the Indian Museum, unfortunately in too bad
condition to describe, certainly represents an undescribed species

254 PSYCHODID^.

allied to P. atrisyuami*, from which it differs by the scales on the
under surface of the wings covering the basal half onlv ; no obvious
patch of silky hairs on the alulae ; and by traces of small white
spots on the extreme border of the wing.

182. Parabmnettia albohumeralis. Brun.

Parabntnettia alb>>humerali$, Brunetti, Rec. Ind. Mus. iv, p. 312
(1911).

5 . Body covered with dark blackish brown hairs, which, at least
on the abdomen, appear dark greyish in certain lights. A small
but very conspicuous tuft of snow-white scaly hairs at the sides of
the thorax, nearly below the shoulders, a little in front of the base
of the wing.

Head : antennae with the general appearance of those of Psychoda
tHugalensi*. Legs with brown hairs and scales, which are darker
on the tarsi. Tips of tibiae and of metatarsi with white scales.
JFirt'/s with surface closely covered with dark brown hairs ; the
upper surface without any covering of scales except a very few at
the base and the small ones forming the white spots ; underside
of wing closely covered with small dark brown imbricating scales,
extending almost to the margin ; conspicuous, though small,
spots, composed of elongate snow-white scales, appear to be placed
normally at the tips of nearly all the veins, but in the three
examples present there is a little variability in their exact position.
In the type they occur as follows : — at a little distance before tip of
1st longitudinal vein ; shortly before the 1st ending of the 2nd
vein ; at tips of the other two endings ; at tip of 3rd vein, both
branches of 4th, the 5th and 7th. A single white hair still
remaining shows another spot to be present on the 7th vein some
little distance before its tip. Tip of 6th vein without a spot. In
one example there is a white spot behind the tip of the 6th vein ;
in another specimen the spot is at the vein-tip.

Length 1^-1 i millim.

Described from three specimens (females) from Peradeniya,
taken by Mr. E. E. Green, ix. and x. 1910.

Type in the Indian Museum.

The white shoulder-spots immediately distinguish this from all
other species.

1S3. Parabmnettia argenteopunctata. Brun.

Pfychoda arffenteopunctata,T$Twietti,Hec. Ind. Mus. ii, p. 375(1908).

Considerably resembling P. squamipennis.

$ . Head : the antennae have a flagellum of thirteen spindle-
shaped joints each bearing a thick verticel of hairs. Mouth with
rather long bristles ; the four-jointed palpi are thin, moderately
hairy, gradually tapering towards the tip, the second joint being
twice as long as the first, the rest subequal. Abdomen : the

PARJLBRUXETTIA. 255

genital appendage appears bare, conical, horny, upright. Legs
covered with brownish scales which, in certain lights, show a
greyish white sheen. The tibiae have rather long hairs of irre-
gular length, and a circlet of strong bristles of different lengths at
the tip : the apical half of the metatarsus has some white scales.
Wings : the 2nd longitudinal vein divides almost directly after its
divergence from the 3rd, and the prong forks at a quarter the
length of the wing ; the 1st longitudinal vein ends at the centre
of the costa ; the 3rd ends at the extreme, slightly blunted, tip of
the wing ; the 4th divides from apparently a common stem just
below the divergence of the 2nd and 3rd, the 4th forking a little
beyond the fork of the upper prong of the 2nd : the 7th i* curved
downward at the tip. The wings have a small spot of snow-
white scale-like bristles at the tips of all the veins (not always very
distinct), and two rather larger, similar spots on the costa. one
before the tip of the 1st longitudinal vein and the other before the
uppermost branch of the 2nd longitudinal vein. The underside
of the wing in certain lights shows a bright iridescence, due to
numerous, scattered, small scales of variegated colours.

In all remaining points as in P. squamijxnKis, but a very distinct
species.

Length nearly 1 millini.

Described from one female in the Indian Museum collection r
taken in Calcutta, 27. viii. 07.

184. Parabranettia 9-notata, B,-un.

Parabrwifttia 9-notata, Bmnetti, Rec. Ind. Mus. iv, p. 313 (1911 I.

$ . Body covered with rich dark brown bristly hairs on thorax,
blackish brown on abdomen, with a few white hairs at the tip of
the latter. Head: antennal scape with dark elongate scales;
flagellum with pear-shaped joints and brown verticillate hairs,
which appear greyish when viewed in certain directions. Distinct
long, curved chaeta? present. Legs blackish ; femora with a con-
siderable number of greyish, elongate, depressed scales ; tibiae and
metatarsi with whitish-grey scales at tips ; a few scales of a similar
nature are also present at the tips of the tarsi. TTiH<7* with the
whole surface as well as the veins covered with blackish hairs.
which are much thicker and denser on the costa. where they are
prominent and distinctly black ; around the remainder of the border
of the wing they are dark brown. A very conspicuous spot (on
the extreme edge of the wing- border) at the tip of every vein,
composed of small white scale-like hairs ; a number of white erect
hairs on most of the veins in the basal half of the wing. Anterior
branch of 2nd longitudinal vein forks opposite the fork of the 4th
vein. The pubescence prevents a clear view of the base of the
wings, but apparently the 2nd longitudinal vein forks beyond the
base of the 3rd vein.

Length 1^ millim.

Described from one female from Puri, Orissa, east coast of

256 PSTCHODID^E.

India, 12. xi. 10, taken by Dr. Annandale on a window-pane ; the
.specimen is now in the Indian Museum.

The conspicuous curved chaetae on the flagellum suggest that this
species belongs here, and the hairy surface of the wing is a second
character of the genus. However, the wing is destitute of scales,
except the small ones forming the spots ; and the species is placed
here provisionally, pending the satisfactory elucidation of this
group of forms.

185. Parabrunettia flavicollis, Brun.
Parabrunettiajlavicollis, Brunetti, Rec. Ind. Mus. iv, p. 314 (1911).

cJ . Head : vertex with bushy yellow bristly hairs ; frons and
face with black bristly hairs. Antennae with flask-shaped flagellar
joints, long-necked, the brown verticillate hairs widely spread;
long S-shaped chaetae distinctly present ; scapal joints with scales.
Thorax with rather bright yellowish hairs with some grey hairs
intermixed. Abdomen with moderately dark brown hairs. Genital
organs with close long bristly hairs, apparently normal in form.
Legs covered with dark brown scales ; some yellowish white bristly
hairs on tibiae, longest on hind pair, which latter are thickened at
their tips and bear a circlet there of yellowish grey scales. Tips
of anterior tibiae and tips of all the metatarsi with narrow circlets
of yellowish white scales. Wings with the 2nd longitudinal vein
forking considerably beyond the base of the 3rd. Anterior branch
of 2nd vein forking distinctly before the middle of the wing and a
little beyond the fork of the 4th vein. Hairs placed only on the
veins, not on the surface of the wings. A black hair-spot at tips
of the veins and a few stiff yellowish grey hairs at or just before
the tips of the veins. A black bristly hair-spot at fork of anterior
branch of 2nd longitudinal vein.

Length about ] 5 millim.

Described from a single male in the Indian Museum collection,
from Peradeniya, Ceylon, taken August 1910.

186. Parabrunettia longichaeta, Brun.

Parabrunettia longichceta, Brunetti, Rec. Iiid. Mus. iv, p. 374 (1911).

cJ . Head with brown hairs. Palpi dark brown. Antennae
.generally as in Psychoda bengalensis ; the verticels of hairs widely
spread out, light brown ; the chaetae very long and conspicuous,
although pale, S-shaped. Thorax with dark ground-colour and
yellowish bristly hairs. Abdomen with dark ground-colour with
light brownish-grey hairs. Grenitalia large and distinct, very
pubescent. Legs light brown, with concolorous scales and bristles,
also whitish scales on knees and on bases of tibiae, on tips of tibiae
and of metatarsi, and very minute yellowish-white scales on the
tips of the remaining joints. Femora and tibiae with short stiff
black hairs here and there. Wings (rather rubbed) with hairs on

DIXID^.

257

surface only ; light brown or greyish, with small patches of light
erect hairs irregularly disposed. The 2nd longitudinal vein forks
distinctly beyond the base of the 3rd vein, the anterior branch
forking a little beyond the fork of the 4th vein, both very near the
middle of the wing.

Length li millim.

Described from a single male in the Indian Museum, taken by
Dr. Annandale at Maddathorai, Travancore State, South India,
17.xi.08.

Referred doubtfully and provisionally to the present genus.
There being no hairs on the surface of the wings, and no scales, it
is questionable whether a new genus should not be erected for it.

Family DIXID^.

Body moderately slender and of moderate size. The head
rounded ; the eyes dichoptic, bare. Proboscis short, the continua-
tion of a slightly produced snout ; palpi four-jointed, of average
size. Antennae probably of about 16 joints, the exact number
unknown owing to the hair-like nature of the end of the flagellum,
rendering exact discrimination impossible. There is a distinct

Fig. 37. — Diagrammatic lateral view of a Dixa ; a, antenna.

scape consisting of the two basal joints, of which the first is some-
times very small ; the second is large, rounded, much larger than
the base of the flagellum. Neck hardly prominent, the head set
rather closely on the thorax. Thorax oval elongate, arched. No
transverse suture. Abdomen linear, subcylindrical. The whole
body very sparsely provided with hairs, most of the thorax being
bare. Legs rather long, slender, microscopically pubescent : coxae

258 DIXID^E.

rather elongate ; tibiae without spurs. Wings comparatively
broad and large, bare of hairs, veins very distinct. No discal cell ;
four posterior cells ; the 2nd longitudinal vein forked, the costa
not terminating at the wing-tip.

The venation is fully described under the generic description of
Diana, the only genus of the family.

The habitat of the DIXID^E is moist places in woods, or near the
mountain-streams in which the larvae live. Wiunertz records
seeing them in considerable numbers performing aerial dances.

The peculiar venation of this family, added to the very filiform
nature of the antennae, so that exact discrimination of the joints is
impossible, renders the members of it at once recognisable ; and
by these characters taken together it is at once separated from all
other families in the whole of the Diptera.

Genus DIXA, %.
Dixa, Meigen, Syst. Beschr. i, p. 216 (1818).

GENOTYPE, Dixa maculata, Mg.

Head somewhat rounded. Eyes round, frons wide, eyes con-
tiguous or sub-contiguous below ; no ocelli. Proboscis at the end
of a short snout, distinct but not conspicuous. Palpi of four joints.
Antennae with the two scapal joints much larger than those of the
flagellum, the basal one sometimes so short as to be easily over-
looked. Flagellum of an uncertain number of joints, being so
fragile and hair-like towards its tip that it is impossible to dis-
tinguish the exact number.* Thorax highly arched, sub-gibbous
in some species. No transverse suture. Scutellum transverse,
metanotum arched. Abdomen moderately long, of seven or eight
segments, linear, shortly pubescent. Genitalia of male of moderate
size, distinct, somewhat clubbed. In the female the abdomen is
slightly widened before the tip, the ovipositor shortly pointed.
Legs long and slender ; coxae rather elongate ; tibiae without spurs
at the tip. Wings comparatively large and broad. The auxiliary
vein ends just before the middle of the wing; tlie 1st longitudinal
vein runs close to and parallel with the costa, folloiving it round the
wing nearly to the apex. The 2nd longitudinal vein begins beyond
the middle of the wing at a very wide angle, the first part
of the praefurca being perfectly straight and moderately long ; it
then takes at an acute angle 'a wide upward sweep, this second
section being longer than the first ; the vein then forks, the vein-
lets converging together towards the wing-tip. The 3rd vein

* In the five Oriental species herein treated of, at least twelve joints are
visible (without counting the apical portion of the flagellum), all minutely but
very closely pubescent, so that I shall expect the exact number ultimately to
prove to be fourteen.

•begins at the angle in the prsefurca, almost immediately turning
outwards and running straight to the wing-tip. Anterior cross-
vein short, placed just at the bend of the 3rd vein. The 4th vein
forks just beyond the anterior cross-vein, the upper branch forking
again near its tip, the lower branch straight, simple. Basal side
of 3rd posterior cell rectangular; disced cell absent; posterior
cross-vein just beyond the base of the 3rd posterior cell. Four
posterior cells. The 6th vein nearly straight, the 7th vein absent,
•or at least abortive, as there is a faint trace of a very short vein at
the extreme base of the hind angle of the wing. The venation is
remarkably consistent in all the Indian species.

Range. Europe, Morocco, Asia Minor, Siberia, Himalayas,
China, North America and the West Indies.

So long ago as 1714 Reaumur described the larva of Diva,*
and De G-eer t later on redescribed it, adding much further infor-
mation.

Staeger has described the life-history (Reaumur's description
was of the larva only and not of the transformations) of a specier
from Denmark, D. nigra. J The transformations of several
European species are described by Meinert. §

The larva of Dixa has a habit of resting with its body in the form
of a siphon, that is to say, with its head and tail drawn up close
together, £he intervening portion of its body curved into a loop, the
top of the loop being a little anterior to the middle of the body ;
in other words, the bend does not occur half-way between the ex-
tremities, but at the fifth and sixth segments behind the head. The
head has great flexibility, as it can be bent round parallel to the
rest of the body. It is hard, with a pair of branched antennae
•and elongate, palp-like appendages about the mouth. There are
eleven segments to the body in addition to the head, the ultimate
segments bearing the caudal appendages, consisting of an elongate-
•conical central piece which ends in three filaments, and two slender
flexible hairy side-pieces. The locomotive organs (pseudopods or
prolegs) are ventral, and not dorsal as has been stated by both
Reaumur and De Geer. They are armed with hooks, and are
placed on the fourth and fifth segments. On the eighth, ninth,
and tenth segments are bunches of setae which fulfil the office of
legs, and were mistaken for such by Reaumur. In some species
the dorsal surfaces of six of the segments (the fifth to the tenth
inclusive) bear oval shields fringed with setae. In other species
this character is absent.

The larva grows to a length of less than half-an-inch. It is
found in pools overgrown with vegetation, resting on leaves just
above the surface of the water, and remains with its head and tail
close to the water's edge. If removed from the water it soon dies

* Mem. de 1'Acacl. Boy. de Paris.

t Mem. Hisfc. Ins. vi, p. 380(1776).

t Naturh. Tidsskr. iv, p. 202 (1842).

§ K. Danske Vid. Selsk. Skrift, iii, p. 452 (1886).

S

260

D1XIDJE.

and if detached forcibly and plunged into deeper water it swims
energetically, but in an erratic course, to regain as near as possible
its original position. Its food is microscopic.

Fig. 38. — Early stages of Visa : a, lateral view of larva; b, anterior
segments of larva, dorsal view ; c, terminal segments of
larva, dorsal view ; d, lateral view of pupa; c, anterior half
of pupa, ventral view (after Miall).

The pupa of Dixa is black and inconspicuous, apparently without
power of voluntary motion, lying resting in a vertical position at
the surface of still water, or surrounded by decaying vegetation
near the shore. It has a large elongate respiratory organ on each
side of the head ; the body is long and larva-like, terminated by
two moderately long pointed processes.

Table of Species.

1, Wing with more markings than a

narrow transverse streak across the

middle 2.

Wing with only a narrow transverse
streak across the middle. Thoracic
stripes dark brown ; abdomen blackish . 4.

2. Wing-tip distinctly infuscated for a

little distance. Thoracic stripes
brownish yellow ; abdomen brownish
yellow ochrilineata, Brun., p. 261.

DIXA. 261

Wing-tip not infuscated. Thoracic
stripes dark brown, abdomen brown . . 3.

3. Wing- nearly clear; only a few infus-

cated spots, mostly in basal and anal

cells ; no deeper black spots montana, Brun., p. 262.

Wing with several blackish streaks ;
and four rather deep black marks
contiguous to and below the 1st longi-
tudinal vein maculipennis, Brun., p. 263,

4. The transverse streak on the wing ex-

tending over the posterior cross-vein . bistriata, Brun., p. 264.
The transverse streak not continued over
the cross- vein bifasciata, Brun.,* p. 264.

187. Dixa ochrilineata, Brun.

Dixa ochrilineata, Brunetti, Rec. Ind. Mus. iv, p. 267 (1911).

$ . Head light yellow. Eyes separated by a frons one-third
the width of the head. Proboscis yellowish, with rather well-
developed terminal dark brown lips; palpi dark brown. Antennae;
1st scapal joint very short and indistinct, 2nd large, globular,
yellow ; flagellum of 14 to 16 joints (?), dark brown, extreme base
of first joint yellow. Thorax distinctly gibbous, prominent in front,
yellow. Three brownish yellow dorsal stripes, somewhat normally
placed, the median one attaining the anterior margin, the outer
ones distinctly curved towards and over the sides anteriorly.
Some soft long hairs in the neighbourhood of the stripes and in
front of the wings. Scutellum and inetauotum yellow, the former
a little brown at the sides, the latter in the middle. Sides of
thorax with a dark brown lateral stripe on a level with and passing
across the bases of the coxae. Abdomen brownish yellow, a little
darker towards the sides. Ovipositor small, inconspicuous, pale
yellow. Legs : cox* and femora pale brownish yellow, femora a
little lighter near the tips, the tips themselves with a blackish brown
ring; tibiae and tarsi brownish. Wings very pale grey, costal
cell wholly unmarked; tip of wing very pale blackish from beyond
the fork of the 2nd vein, the shade extending posteriorly as far as
the 2nd posterior cell and filling it ; a dark brown streak from the
1st longitudinal vein, passing over the origin of the 3rd vein, the
anterior cross-vein, then in diminished intensity to the hind margin
of the wing by way of the posterior cross-vein and the last section
of the oth longitudinal vein; a very pale blackish spot in the 1st
basal cell, near its tip, an elongate one in the basal part of the 2nd
basal cell, turning down at its proximal end into the anal cell.
Wings a little yellowish at the base. Halteres pale yellow.

Length 2 millim.

Described from a female from Kurseong, 9. ix. 09 (Annandale).

Type in the Indian Museum.

* D. bifasciata ia possibly the female of D. bistriata.

S2

262 MXID.S.

188. Dixa montana, Brun.

Dixa montana, Brunetti, Kec. Ind. Mus, iv, p. 205 (1911).

J $. Head: frons and back of head lighter or darker grey.
Proboscis robust at base, pointed, moderately long, pubescent,
brownish yellow ; palpi dark brown. Antennae: 1st joint large,
globular, yellowish brown ; flagellum apparently of twelve joints,
brownish yellow, closely pubescent, filamentous towards the tip,
making it difficult to discover the exact number of joints. Thorax :
dorsum grey, sometimes a little yellowish, sometimes almost
whitish. Three dark brown stripes, the median one, which is
very narrowly divided more or less by a longitudinal pale stripe,
runs from the anterior margin t.o beyond the middle, posterior to
which it continues, much narrowed. The two outer stripes which
are separated from the median one by a narrow space, begin some
distance behind the shoulder and continue to the posterior margin
of the dorsum ; the space between them, posterior to the broad
part of the median dark stripe, being light grey, traversed longi-
tudinally by the attenuated continuation of the median stripe.
A more or less indistinct transverse streak, or darker space, on
the shoulders, brown or grey, of a lighter or darker shade, some-
times with traces of a thin line connecting them. Scutellum
yellow ; metanotum brownish. Sides of thorax brownish or
brownish grey, irregularly tinted. Abdomen dark brown, with
very sparse pale hairs. Genitalia of male very small, yellowish,
mainly concealed ; the tips of (presumably) a pair of small
claspers are visible. Ovipositor of female small, with a reddish-
brown tip. Legs pale brownish yellow ; tips of femora and tibiae,
and the tarsi towards the tips, blackish ; the hind tibiae being very
distinctly though not greatly incrassated. Wings pale grey, with
three moderately small pale brown spots. The first embraces the
end of the praafurca, the base of the fork of the 2nd vein, and the
anterior cross-vein ; the second spot is in the middle of the basal
cell ; the third is placed across the middle of the 5th vein, thus
falling across both the 2nd basal and the anal cells. A very pale
grey, irregular, narrow, but distinctly perceptible streak joins
the fork of the 2nd vein to the fork of the 4th. In addition there
are some indistinct pale grey spots placed apparently irregularly
in the basal half of the wing. Halteres yellowish.

Length 2-3 millim.

Described from three males and two females in the Indian
Museum collection, all captured by Dr. Annaudale in the Simla
district, with the following data : — Simla, 7000 ft., 10. v. 09 (type
male); Barogh, 5000 ft, 10. v. 10; Phagu, 9000 ft., 11. v. 09
(type female).

This species must bear some resemblance to the common
European D. maculata, Mg. Of the descriptions available to me
that of this species is the only one in which the slight but very
distinct incrassation of the hind tibiae is mentioned. Tet this

DIXA. 263

character, although distinctly present in all five Oriental species
treated of here, and apparently common to both sexes, has not, so
far as I am aware, been described as generic.

In the European species, D. maculata, the thorax is described
as pale yellow, and there are stripes on the sides of the thorax,
the base of the wing is yellowish, and lesser differences also are
apparent between Meigeu's species and the present one, which,
may be regardjed as distinct.

189. Dixa maciilipe.nnis, Brun.

Dixa maculipennis, Brunetti, Rec. Ind. Mus. iv, p. 266 (1911).

c? 5 . Head : back of head, vertex, and frons light grey. Pro-
boscis yellowish, distinctly dark brown at base ; palpi dark brown.
AntennaB with two very distinct basal (scapal) joints, the 1st
circular, very short, the 2nd subglobular, both orange-yellow ;
flagellum of at least fourteen joints, possibly one or two more, as
they are not at all easily counted. Thorax rather bright yellowish.
Three dark brown thoracic stripes as in the previous species ; and
on each shoulder a distinct but not sharply defined brownish
curved transverse streak, connecting the tip of the median stripe
with the tip of the outer stripe. Prothorax forming a sort of
imperfect collar, swollen on each side into an elongate lobe, lying
close to the thorax. Scutellum dark brown, with a broad yellow
median indistinct stripe ; metanotum dark brown. A small brown
scutellar bridge with a narrow yellow upper margin joins the scu-
tellum on each side to the wing-base. Abdomen brownish, a small
blackish mark towards each side on the posterior margins, the
segments becoming blackish towards the tip of the abdomen.
Grenitalia of male black ; a pair of large, conical, fleshy claspers,
the 1st joint of which is yellowish ; the 2nd joint is also conical,
smaller, apparently pointed at the tip. (The claspers are closed,
so that the tips are not clearly visible.) Ovipositor blackish.
Legs pale yellowish ; tips of femora and tibiae, and the tarsi
towards the tips, narrowly black ; hind tibiaa slightly but distinctly
incrassated at tips. Wings pale grey, costal cell unmarked, the
brown spots beginning on the 1st longitudinal vein. Four distinct
brown spots in a row, with fairly clearly cut sides, are placed in
juxtaposition to this vein : — the first small, rounded, near the base ;
the second larger, squarish, below the tip of the auxiliary vein, both
these two spots limited posteriorly by the 4th vein ; the third spot
is a streak, beginning beyond the origin of the 2nd vein, and
ending on the 4th vein, before the anterior cross-vein ; the fourth
spot is over the fork of the 2nd vein. Much lighter pale brownish-
grey small spots are placed, possibly irregularly, over the rest of
the wing. In the single specimen present they are situated as
follows : — two in the 2nd basal cell, two in the anal cell, one in
the axillary cell ; one each in the marginal, submarginal, and the
1st posterior cells, all united more or less into a streak, placed

264

towards the tip of the wing. Two each in the basal (one basal,
one central) and 2nd submarginal cells, also in the 1st posterior
cell; one each at the base of the 3rd, 4th, and 5th posterior cells.
Halteres yellowish.

Length 2-2| millim.

Described from one male and one female, the male from Darji-
ling, 29. v. 10 (Brunetti), the female from Matiaua, 8000 ft., Simla
district, 28-30. iv. 07 (Annandale).

Types in the Indian Museum.

Easily known by its marmorated wings.

190. Dixa bistriata, Brun.

Dixa bistriata, Bmnetti, Rec. Ind. Mus. iv, p. 268 (1911).

<$ . Head, : proboscis and palpi brownish yellow, the former
brown at the tip. Antennae : 1st scapal joint very wide and
short, saucer-like, 2nd normal, subglobular ; flagellum of not less
than twelve joints, closely pubescent ; the whole antennae dark
brown, except the pale yellow extreme base of the 1st flagellar joint.
Thorax pale yellowish. Three dark chocolate-brown stripes of
normal pattern, the median one extending somewhat linearly in
front just below the shoulders ; the shoulders themselves with a
very pale blackish streak. Scutellurn and metanotuni dark brown,
a narrow yellowish stripe in the middle of the former. Sides of
thorax yellowish, with brown marks. Abdomen blackish, with a
little pale yellow pubescence. Genitalia of moderate size, con-
sisting of a pair of dark brown claspers, of which the 2nd joint
is cylindrical, much thinner, yellow ; apparently a small dorsal
plate is present in addition to the moderately large ventral one.
Legs pale brownish yellow, tips of femora and tibiae narrowly
black-ringed ; tarsi darker. Wings practically clear, a blackish
narrow irregular streak in the middle from the 1st longitudinal
vein, over the cross-veins, continued in an attenuated form along
the posterior cross-vein and the terminal section of the 5th longi-
tudinal vein. A very pale blackish streak in the basal part of the
anal cell. Halteres yellow.

Length 2£ millim.

Described from a single male taken by myself at Darjiling,
29. v. 10.

Type in the Indian Museum.

191. Dixa bifasciata, Brun.

Diva bifasciata, Brunetti, Rec. Ind. Mus. iv, p. 269 (1911).

$ . Head : the broad flat vertex dusted with light grey, through
which the dark ground-colour can be seen. Proboscis yellowish
brown ; palpi long, concolorous. Antennae with its two scapal
joints very distinct, dark brown ; flagellum brown, except the
pale yellow extreme base of the first joint. Thorax pale yellowish.

TIPULID^E. 265

Three dark brown stripes of normal pattern, the outer ones con-
tinued much further forward than in the last species ; dorsum
between the stripes greyish. Scutellum yellowish ; metanotum
dark brown. Sides of thorax yellowish, with brown markings.
Abdomen blackish, with whitish pubescence ; belly similar. Legs
pale yellowish, knees almost imperceptibly black, tarsi darker;
hind tibise with the slight incrassation at the tip as usual, but
yellowish. Wings very pale grey, a rather dark brown narrow
short streak in the centre over the cross-veins, not extending to
the posterior cross-vein. A pale blackish streak filling the basal
half of the anal cell. Halteres pale yellow.

Length nearly 3 rnillim.

Described from a single female taken by Dr. Annandale at
Phagu, 9000 ft., in the Simla district, 12.V.09.

Type in the Indian Museum.

This species is very near D. bistriata, and may possibly be
identical with it. The differences lie in the respective lengths of
the 1st scapal joint and in the lengths of the thoracic stripes ; while
the tips of the femora and tibia3 are black-ringed in one species and
practically all yellow in the other. The wing markings in the two
species may be differentiated as follows : — In bifasciata the central
streak stops before or at the posterior cross- vein, this vein itself
not being at all suffused, whilst in bistriata the suffusion is con-
tinued narrowly to the posterior margin. The basal pale streak
in the anal cell is much more distinct in bifasciata than in
bistriata. When placed side by side the two forms appear
distinct, although the descriptions may appear very similar.

Family TIPULID^E.

The members of this family are almost too well known to need
much description. In England they are generally known as
" daddy-long-legs," and in America as " crane-flies."

The" principal characters of the TIPULID.E, as enunciated by
Baron Osten Sacken, are:— (1) the presence of the V-shaped
dorsal suture transversely across the mesonotum; * (2) the
extent and completeness of the venation ; and (3) the structure
of the ovipositor in the female; these three characters being
practically constant throughout the whole family.

* In the subfamily PTYCHOPTERIN.E, the V-shaped or "transTerse" suture is
indistinct (possibly absent in some cases), but the species are comparatively
few in number and always essentially tipulidiform in character, so that their
relegation to this family is fairly obvious at first sight. This suture is present
in no other family of the NEMATOCERA, except in incomplete form in some
BLEPHAROCERID^E.

2(56 TIPULIDJE.

The principal features of the venation are the great length of
the auxiliary vein and of the two basal cells, the development
of the latter throwing the distal and posterior veins mainly into
the apical part of the wing ; also of the presence, normally, of a
discal cell, which, with the sole exception of the RHYPHIU^E, is
absent iu all the other families of this suborder. The veins in
their ultimate subdivisions along the margin of the wings are
usually ten to twelve in number, rarely nine (Toxorhina). One
genus (Ohionea) is wingless.

For the last half century or more, the TIPULID^; have always
been divided into three subfamilies, designated respectively the
PTYCHOPTERINJE, TIPULIN^, and LIMNOBIIN^E. Dixa, as a sub-
family DIXHSLE, has been included by one or two authors, even as
late as 1888 by Verrall, and placed next to the PTYCHOPTERIN^E,
and Chionea has been included by some and withdrawn by others.*
Schiuer placed Dixa with a few other genera (Blepliarocera, Macq.,
Macropeza, Mg., Spodius, Lw., Pacliyneura, Zett., Corynocera, Zett.,
and OrpTinepTiila, Hal.) which he considered anomalous, at the end
of the NEMATOCERA. Cliionea he included in the TIPULIB.E as an
anomalous genus, separating it from the three subfamilies quoted
above.

These subfamilies have been almost universally recognised until
comparatively recently, when several authors have regarded them
as separate families, Dixa also forming another family. Whether
they should rank as families or not, it seems to me that they
should be at least placed in juxtaposition in a systematic sequence
of families. They are, however, to me so essentially similar in
structure and general resemblance, that it seems imperative to
include them again under one family name.

It is impossible to assume that there is as much distinction
between the PTYCHOPTERIIOS and even the rest of the TJPULIDJE
combined, as there is between it and any other family of NEMATO-
CERA, say, CULICIDJE or CHIRONOHIDJE. There is therefore still
less difference, from a " family rank " point of view, between the
TIPULINJE and the LIMNOBIIIOE. In spite of the admitted tend-
ency of present-day zoologists to multiply families, genera arid
even higher ranks, I see, personally, in the whole of the order
Diptera, no legitimate grounds for the creation of any new
families.t

The TIPULID^E, as a whole, have always appealed to me as a
peculiarly homogeneous family with quite well-defined limits,
with the sole exception of Dixa, a genus, however, that is more
nearly allied to the TIPULID^E than to any other family.

In the recent Catalogue of Palsearctic Diptera, by Kertesz, the
PTYCHOPTERIN^, raised to family rank, with the DIXIDJE and

* This genus is now definitely recognised as belonging to the TIPULID.E.
t Vide "Taxonomic values iu CCUCID.E," in Eec. Ind. Mns. iv, p. 53 (1911),
in which I deprecate the multiplication of genera and species in this family.

TJPULIDJE. 267

, are placed between the CULICID^E and SIMU-
LIID.S:, with sevreral other families between them and their natural
allies the TIPULI>OE and LIMXOBIINJE, both of which are treated
in that catalogue as distinct families, CYLIXDKOTOMIDJE (as a
family also) following them.

The DIXIDJK and KHYPHID^E are undoubtedly the most closely
allied families to the TIPULID^.

The DIXID^E are distinguished from them by the absence of the
discal cell and the absence of the transverse thoracic suture. The
venation, though bearing a closer resemblance to that of some
PTYCHOPTEBIITS than to that of any other family, possesses a
system of its own, which a glance at the diagrams of wings will
at once show.* The filiform antenna, in which it is impossible
to discriminate the individual joints of the apical portion, is dif-
ferent from anything existing in TIPULII*^, except in Trichocera.

The RHYPHIDJE possess a link with the bulk of the TIPTJLII^E in
the presence of a discal cell, which is absent throughout the rest
of the NEMATOCEBA. Their general structure and appearance (as
also those of the DIXIDA:) are similar to those of the TIPULIDTE,.
but they are distinguished by the contiguous eyes in the male, in
conjunction with the absence of the transverse suture on the
mesonotum.

HEAD. In the large majority of the genera of TIPULID^E the
head is transverse, sometimes elongate, and rarely subglobular ;
the head itself, apart from the proboscis, being referred to in this
case; mostly bare, or nearly so, conspicuous bristles or spines
being absent, except that in some of the largest species the hairs
in places, such as the end of the proboscis, may be long and stiff,
but hardly worthy of being called bristles in the chaetotactic sense.
Short stiff bristly hairs are prevalent on the basal joints of the
antenna? in many species, but they are never conspicuous, nor of
sufficient importance to be of much value in the classification
of species. No conspicuous beard is ever present ; the frous,
vertex and back of the head bear short hairs, which in some
species of EEIOPTEEINI become comparatively long and shaggy.

The eyes are rounded or oval, never or hardly ever excised or
cut away on the inner side above, giving a reniform (kidney-
shaped) appearance to these organs, as is the case with many
CULICID./E, CHIKONOMID^:, PSYCHODID^E, SIMULIID^E, and some
MYCETOPHILID.E. The eyes are almost always separated on the
upperside of the head by a broad frons, generally from one-third
to three-fourths of the entire width of the head ; the frons being
of equal width in both sexes or only slightly wider in the female.
On the underside of the head, the eyes are nearly always con-
tiguous or subcontiguous. It has been my good fortune to

* Compare Dixa (PI. XII) and PtycAoptera (fig. 39, p. 275).

268 TIPULIDJJ:.

discover amongst the rich material of this family in the Indian
Museum, a genus with absolutely contiguous eyes in both sexes,
the first recorded instance in the family,* so far as I am aware.
Throughout the TIPULIDJE the eyes, as an almost inviolate rule,
are quite glabrous or bare, with the exception of one section of
the LIMNOBIINJE (AMALOPLNI), in which they are closely but
shortly pubescent.

The proboscis. The front of the head is practically always pro-
longed forward into a sort of snout of greater or less proportion ;
this is spoken of by many authors (especially the older ones),
under the general term of proboscis or rostrum. It varies con-
siderably in the TIPULIDJG, as indeed it does in most families.
In extreme cases it is very slender, and one and a half times the
full length of the body (Elepliantomyia). In many genera it is
considerably elongated, stiff and conspicuous (Geranomyia, Kham-
pliidia, Toxorhina) ; in the great majority of genera it is of
moderate length, being somewhat longer than broad. In the
TIPULIN.E (or TIPULID,E LONGIPALPI), the rostrum is generally
more prolonged than in the LIMXOBIIN.*: (or TIPULID^E BREVI-
PALPI), and its upper part projects at the tip somewhat over the
lower portion in the shape of a point, generally hairy. This is
known as the nasus, and is peculiar to the TIPULIN.E, being rarely
absent in this subfamily. The upper part or covering of the
rostrum or proboscis was recognised by Osten Sacken as the
epistome, which term he always employed when desirous of
speaking of it as a separate piece, apart from the whole pro-
longation of the head regarded as a single organ. t

The proboscis proper lies underneath this upper lip, epistome
or labrum, and represents the lower lip or labium:, it is generally
longer than the upper lip, projecting from below at its end, and
bearing a fleshy labelluni on each side ; these latter are sometimes
considerably developed and are usually pubescent ; often they are
inconspicuous. Between the epistome and the proboscis is a
linear pointed organ, the tongue or lingua, which reaches its
greatest development, so far as the Indian species go, in Gera-
nomyia. In Elephantomyia £ it is still longer, but whether it is
more complex remains uncertain.

Osten Sacken's description of the oral parts of Geranomyia is as
follows : — " These consist of a very long subcyliudrical epistoma,
a still longer lingua, which is slender and pointed, and a labium
divided into two branches at the tip, terminated by slender

* This genus is named CeratostepJianus, belonging to the LIMNOBIINI sec-
tion of the LIMNOBIIN.E, and is further accentuated in abnormality by the
presence of two elongate processes attached to each joint of the antennae.

t In the present work I have employed the comprehensive term proboscis
for the whole prolongation of the head, as, without dissection, it is rarely
possible to differentiate the parts of the mouth. When referring specially to
the nasus in TiPULiN^:,.tliat term is employed.

\ Oriental, but not yet recorded from India.

TIPULIDJ3. 269

flattened lobes ; these brunches are divergent, aud sometimes
curled up in dried specimens. The short palpi (bi-articulate,
according to Mr. Curtis) are inserted about the middle of the
proboscis to the anterior angles of the rostrum."

The mouth parts, it is probable, do not attain in this family any
higher complexity than that herein described, in fact it seems
probable that in many genera the organ is of much more simple
form. Meigen speaks of a pair of horny linear pointed maxillae
in Glochina, a non-Oriental genus which I have had no oppor-
tunity of examining.

The palpi. These organs are, in the large majority of genera,
four-jointed, and afford useful characters for subdividing the
family. The following table indicates how these organs differ
in the various subfamilies.

The four palpal joints all considerably elongated . . PTYCHOPTERIX^E.
The first three palpal joints moderately elongate
only, the 4th always at least as long as the 2nd
and 3rd joints together.

The 4th palpal joint very long, whiplash-like,
generally as long as or longer than the three

preceding joints taken together TIPULINJE.

The 4th palpal joint of about the length of the
2nd and 3rd taken together, or only a little
longer than this, generally not whiplash-like LIMNOBIIXJE.

In the TIPULIN^E the palpi are generally of more or less uni-
form thickness throughout, the last joint being often rather more
slender ; but in the LIMNOBIINJE this comparative uniformity is
not perceived, the 2nd joint frequently being much stouter alto-
gether than the rest, the whole palpus generally being incurved,
or bent approximately into a circle, often making it difficult to
decipher the limits of each joint. The longer and whiplash-like
(generally curved or twisted) nature of the 4th palpal joint in the
TIPULIN.E is easily recognisable after a little practice.

The antennae are always elongate, often exceptionally so, reaching,
if bent backwards, to about the root of the wings. The number
of the joints varies, the two basal joints, forming the scape, being
invariably differentiated from the remainder, which are called col-
lectively the flagellum, these generally being all alike except that
the first or basal one is sometimes slightly different, although never
to such an extent as the scapal joints. The terminal joint may
be reduced almost to a short style and is often easily overlooked.
In the subfamily PTYCHOPTERIN^E the antenna? are 16-jointed
(sometimes expressed 2 + 14). In the TIPULIX^E they are 13-
jointed ; whilst in the LIMNOBIIN^E they are 14-jointed in the
LiMNOBina and 16-jointed in the CYLINDBOTOMINI, EBIOPTERINI,
AMALOPINI (normally) and LIMNOPHILINI. The ASISOMEBINI
form a somewhat abnormal section, with antenna? of from 6 to
10 joints. Exceptions occur in most of the sections : Toxorhina

270 TIPULIDJE.

(BHAMPHIDIINI) with 12 joints, Rhapidola bis* and Dicranota with
13 joints, Via with 17 (all AMALOPINI), and so on.

The joints of the flagellum are usually well separated from one
another, sufficiently so as to be tolerably easily counted in most
instances with the aid of an ordinary microscope in the case of
quite small species, and by means of an ordinarily powerful ento-
mological hand-lens in the case of the larger species. In one
genus (Trichocera) the joints are, however, so coalescent towards
the tip of the antennae that it is quite impossible to state their
number with absolute certainty. t

Verticillate antennaB are the most common form, that is to say,
possessing a circlet of long isolated hairs on each joint, perhaps
four to six (four is a very general number, arranged two on the
upper and two on the lower side) ; these are in addition to the
close microscopic pubescence with which practically every antenna
is covered, and which itself varies in length and abundance in
different species. The verticillate row may be placed at the base
of the joint or towards its centre, and these hairs occur only on
the flagellum, never on the scape, which generally bears a few
short stiff bristly hairs irregularly placed or arranged in one or
two rows towards the tip of each joint.

The feathery (or plumose) antenna?, so common in the males of
CULICIDJE and CHIKOKOMID^:, are absolutely unknown in the TIPU-
LID^E. In some genera, CtenojjJiora^ Psellioplwra and their allies,
are found very conspicuous and enlarged pectinate and subpectinate
antennae in the males, in some instances taking very extraordinary
forms. Pselliophora is the most extensive genus of this nature
occurring in the East, whilst a genus of LIMXOBIINI that I have
recently described (CeratostepJianus) possesses a pair of palp-like
appendages to each antennal joint. Gynoplistia, Wlk., although
not Indian, has antennas of a similar fanciful shape, whilst other
foreign genera have these organs still more abnormally formed.

THORAX. Oval, always longer than broad : occasionally what
might be termed " diamond-shaped with rounded angles " (Ori-
marga, for instance), being narrowed both in front and behind ;
sometimes highly arched (TeucJwlabis) or distinctly gibbous, or
actually prolonged over the neck (Conosia). In some genera the
anterior portion is elongated sufh'ciently to form a distinct neck
(Teucholabis, Orimarga, Ehamphidid) ; in others this neck is short
and inconspicuous. In some cases the head is set closely on the

* The two new species placed in RhapMdolabis, described herein, have 15
distinct joints; possibly it may be necessary to remove them to a new genus.

t Dixa, although it belongs to a different family, is another instance of the
same peculiarity, the antenna? dwindling away at the tip almost to the size of
•A thick hair. When they are of this nature they may truly be called setaceous,
though the term is often used to designate any antenna that diminishes to a
fine point, even though the joints can be counted with certainty. Used in thi
latter sense it would apply generally to the bulk of the

TIPULID^. 271

thorax. The prothorax is generally reduced to a more or less
disc-shaped piece, conspicuously separated from the mesothorax
by a narrow groove. This piece was called the collare by Osten
Sackeu, and though a better name could not be found for it, at all
events in this family, but few authors have adopted it, and in the
present volume it is sometimes spoken of by that name, sometimes
(when least distinct) as the prothorax.

The mesothorax bears the characteristic V-shaped suture
running transversely across its middle. This is always present,
but iu some cases, specific or individual, it is rather less obvious,
whilst its indistinctness in the PTYCIIOPTERIN^ is one of the
characters of that subfamily.

A peculiar feature present in a large number of species is a
small indentation, often amounting to a small hole (generally
with a small shining black or brown spot at the bottom), placed
behind each shoulder, in which region the surface itself is nearly
always somewhat sunken. No use has as yet been assigned to
them, but Osten Sacken suggested that they might have some
connection with the prothoracic spiracles that are placed near
and immediately below them. They appear to reach their
greatest development in LimnopJdla. Another minor pecu-
liarity is the presence of "two closely approximated shining
dots, black or brown, near the point of contact of the inter-
mediate thoracic stripe with the collare." This has been noticed
by the present author also in many species.

The whole thorax usually has a bare appearance, as pubescence,
except such of microscopic proportions, is mainly confined to a
little hair around the base of the wings. There is nothing in the
TiPULiDyE of the nature of macrochcetce (or distinct stiff bristles,
arranged in some regular manner) ; but in some genera there is a
row on each side of the middle (the rows generally well separated)
of rather longer and stiffer hairs than those forming the general
pubescence. This is most noticeable in Erioptera, of the Oriental
genera, the rows (which are composed sometimes of single hairs,
sometimes of two or more abreast, irregularly placed) diverging at
the suture towards the hind corners of the dorsum.

The scutellum is always more or less semicircular and com-
paratively small, and the metanotum in the great majority of genera
is conspicuously developed.

ABDOMEX always elongate, considerably longer than the thorax,
generally cylindrical, or with the dorsum somewhat flattened ; the
sides as a rule straight and parallel, except that in the female the
abdomen is in many species slightly widened just beyond the
middle ; the tip in the male usually squarish in shape, clubbed, or
only slightly thickened, in the female drawn out conically. There
are invariably eight segments, though these are not always
obvious ; the first generally short, closely and broadly attached to
the thorax, the second, especially in Tipula, usually the longest,
the remainder more or less subequal ; the whole abdomen shortly
and inconspicuously pubescent.

272 HPULUWB.

The upper plate of each abdominal segment is known as the
tergite, the lower one as the sternite, the segments being
numbered from the base onwards.

The genitalia are by some counted as the ninth abdominal seg-
ment, but it seems preferable to regard them as appendages. The
dorsal and ventral plates of these appendages if fully developed
and supplemented by side or pleural plates certainly resemble an
abdominal segment, but these are but parts of the genital organs
varving in development with the genus and the species. The
structure of the genital organs in the male is of the most diverse
character, and affords excellent and reliable means of identifying
the species. The general plan is the same in all the groups, but
the variation in the appendages is very considerable. Normally
there is a pair of strong conspicuous ciaspers * (termed by Osten
Sacken the forceps) composed of two joints, of which the basal one
is large, stout, subcylindrical or conical : the second joint may be
single, bifid or trifid ; it may be of the same structure as the basal
joint or take the form of a coriaceous or horny hook, elongated or
blunt, straight, angled or curved ; in Limnophila two such hooks
being present ; in Gonomyia certain foreign species have a trifid
arrangement of the second joint.

When the second joint consists of two pieces they are not of
the same consistency, the outer appendage generally being of a
more horny nature whilst the inner one is of softer texture. A
second pair of inner ciaspers, or some such organs, are often
present, though not easily seen in dried specimens, and a dorsal
plate extending below the eighth abdominal tergite is, in most
cases, fairly obvious in the more highly developed genera. A
ventral plate, sometimes large and V-shaped, extends over the
sides of the genital organs, sometimes being reduced to a small
curved bottom plate, sometimes in the form of an elongated narrow
piece (termed by Osten Sacken the style). Side or pleural plates
are visible in many genera of TIPULID^E ; in others they are reduced
to a minimum or apparently absent, perhaps replaced by the
V-shaped sides of the ventral plate when this latter takes this
form. They vary somewhat in their position, being most typical
when lying one on each side of the genital organs, but they may
be exserted upon the posterior rim of the segment or may form a
small plate set in that rim.

The term hypopygium is given to the whole of the male
appendages regarded as a single organ ; the term ovipositor to
those of the female. Unfortunately some authors have used the
term hypopygium to signify the entire apical enlargement of the
male abdomen, which is quite incorrect. "The general shape of
the hypopygium in the family TIPULID^E is that of a cup, opening
posteriorly. The cavity in the cup is the genital chamber. It is

* The organs can generally be wholly or almost wholly withdrawn within
(he genital chamber, and in individual cases may be difficult of inspection.

TIPULJD.E.

produced simply by the imagination of the posterior face of the
segment " (Snodgrass).

The intromittent organ, or penis, is attached to the back or
dorsal part of the genital chamber in the TIPULIN.E, and arises
from the floor of this chamber in the LIMNOBIIN.E. It is very
slender and of great length, its tip protected by a piece acting as
a guard, the base greatly swollen ; this part being known to
Dufour, as the vesicula centralis.

The ovipositor of the female is very much less variable in
structure than the male organs of generation, being so remarkably
uniform throughout the family as to constitute one of its leading
characteristics. The standard form is that of two pairs of
elongate, pointed, greatly arcuated or quite straight valves, the
upper pair always longer than the lower (except in Trichocera), the
latter being not only shorter in actual length but set further
back. The valves lying as a rule tightly closed, the whole
organ appears as an elongated cylindrical termination to the
abdomen, and it is in most cases of a reddish, yellowish or
brownish colour, or some intermediate shade. The conspicuous
nature of the ovipositor differentiates it easily from the two
hardly projecting inconspicuous valvules that represent the female
genital organs in the other families of nematocerous Diptera.

" The external sexual apparatus of the male consists of a forceps,
by means of which the end of the female abdomen is seized from
below, a little before the ovipositor, in such a manner that the
latter organ is stretched out on the upper part of the abdomen of
the male. This done, the male, with a second, inner clutching
apparatus, seizes the orifice of the inner genital organs of the
female and adjusts thereon for copulation." *

LEGS. Always long and thin, practically always microscopically
pubescent, the pubescence being generally visible under slight
magnification ; in certain genera and species it is conspicuous to
the naked eye, but there is no instance of long hairs on the legs,,
and bristles are also entirely absent throughout the family. The
coxae are sometimes lengthened but never unduly enlarged and
never to such an extent as in the MYCETOPHILIN^E. The femora
are often distinctly but slightly thickened at the tip ; in the
genus Gymnastes very considerably so, more so than in any genus
known to me. The femora are never dentate as in the Chironomid
genus Ceratopof/on. The tibiae in many groups possess spurs at
their tips ; in all cases where these spurs occur they are present
in all three pairs of legs, often being minute and hidden amongst
the rather longer arid stiffer hairs that are generally found towards

* Oaten Sacken, Monog. N. Ainer. Tip. The notes on the genitalia of the
North American species in this monograph are very valuable, as, iu the intro-
duction to the work, the author states that most of the examinations of these
parts were from living specimens, the true form of the organs therefore being
observable.

274 TIPULlDjE.

the tip of the tibia.* In many genera they are easily seen.
The tarsi are always elongate, often being much longer than
the tibiae ; the ungues are sometimes smooth, sometimes with
teeth on the underside ; the empodia are often distinct, sometimes
absent, but pulvilli are wanting, except in PTYCHOPTERiN-E.t

WINGS, j The costa is continued right round the edge of the
wing and not terminated suddenly in the neighbourhood of the
wing-tip as in some families of NEMATOCERA (Mycetophilidai, Chiro-
nomidce, etc.). The auxiliary vein (or subcostal) is of much greater
length than usual, nearly always reaching the middle of the wing
and often extending beyond three-fourths of the wing's length.
It turns down into the 1st longitudinal vein in the subfamily
TIPULIK-S, and up into the costa in the PTYCHOPTEIUX.E and
LmjfOBiixjE. In rare cases it is merged with the 1st longitudinal
(Antocfia, Toxorhina). The 1st longitudinal is invariably longer
than the auxiliary, except, of course, when fused with that vein,
in which cases the joint vein is termed the 1st longitudinal ; as a
rule it ends in the distal third of the wing. The 2nd longitudinal
originates from about the middle of the 1st, which is also
generally at or near the middle of the wing; it is nearly
always forked, the upper branch often being so oblique or per-
pendicular as to appear like a cross- vein. Barely the 2nd vein
is absent (Toxorhina). The 3rd longitudinal is always simple, except
in PiYCHOPTERnrJE, and very rarely absent (Paramongoma spp.).
The 4th longitudinal is invariably forked and at least one of the
bi-auches (more frequently the anterior one) forked again. The
4th vein begins at the base of the wing and invariably encloses
the discal cell, when such cell is present, as is normally the case.
The 5th, 6th, and 7th longitudinal veins normally present, generally
straight or slightly curved, the 5th usually bent somewhat down-
wards at the point where it meets the posterior cross-vein. In the
PTYCHOPTERIXJE the 6th vein is absent but the 7th is present.
The humeral cross-vein is always present ; the subcostal cross-
vein generally present in LIMNOBIIN.E, placed at various points

* In many cases I have been unable to perceive these structures at all in
species belonging undeniably to genera theoretically supposed to possess them.
Osten Sacken, who was a great believer in their systematic importance, noted
that they were often very small and difficult to recognise ; but it seems to me
that they are more often absent than is generally supposed, and consequently
their biological importance is less than has usually been accorded them.

t Too much importance should not be attached to minor differences, such
as the comparative size, toothed nature or otherwise, and so on, of the ungues
(claws) ; presence or absence of empodia, etc. When Theobald's first volume
on the CCLICID^E of the world was published, great stress was laid on very
microscopic differences in the shape and size of the different pairs of claws,
and in my " Catalogue of Oriental Culicidae " the great value attached to these
structures was questioned. In subsequent volumes of Theobald's work it was
admitted that they did not possess the value at first accorded them.

\ As a Tipulid genus (Limnophila) was selected for the explanation of the
terminology of the venation in Diptera (p. 8), that portion of this work may be
studied in conjunction with the present description.

275

Fig. 39. — Wings of T

1. Ptychoptera.

2. Tipula.

3. Dolicliopeza.

4. Cylindrotoma.

5. Limnobia.

6. Libnotes.

7. Toxorhina.

8. Gonomyia..

9. Mongoma.

10. Styringomyia.

270

joining the auxiliary and 1st longitudinal veins ; it is absent in
PTYCHOPTERIXJE and TIPULIN.E. The marginal cross-vein is
absent in TIPULINJE, present in many genera of LIMNOBIIN^E, but
varying in position and intensity, its presence not always constant
in the same genus; its value as a generic character must be
regarded as comparatively small. The costal cross-vein is a term
herein proposed for the small cross-vein joining the costa to the
1st longitudinal nearly at its tip, just before it turns down into
the 2nd vein or the anterior branch of the latter. The discal
cross-vein is the short veinlet uniting the upper and lower branches
of the 4th vein, closing the discal cell and forming its distal side.
The anterior cross-vein is nearly always present, being absent
in Mongoma, and is nearly always placed over the discal cell,
when such is present, joining the 3rd and 4th longitudinal veins.
Posterior cross-vein always present, joining the 4th and 5th veins,
generally at the discal cell or immediately before it.

Marginal and submarginal cells varying in number, but normally
one marginal cell (which by the presence of the marginal cross-
vein may be divided into outer and inner marginal) and two sub-
marginal cells, due to the forking of the 2nd longitudinal vein.
In rare instances there is only one cell, formed by the coalition of
the auxiliary with the 1st longitudinal vein, and the total absence
of the 2nd vein. This is quite exceptional and exists only in one
Oriental genus, Toxorhina, the cell being known as the marginal.

Basal cells very elongated, extending practically always beyond
middle of wing, thus shortening all the posterior cells. These
latter are usually four or five in number, more frequently the
former, more rarely six, still more rarely three only.*

Anal angle of wing of various shapes, in some genera distinctly
angled, in others cuneiform, as in some species of Dicranomyia,
for which Skuse has proposed the genus Thrypticomyia.-\-

Life-history. " When the weather is favourable the eggs hatch
in little more than a week. The larvae are ash-grey or brownish,
more or less transparent, 12-segmented. The head is incompletely
differentiated and retractile, and has the maxillae and mandibles
more or less horny and stout ; there are short fleshy antennae in
most larvae, but they are long and two-jointed in the TIPULIN^.
The organs of locomotion generally consist of transverse swellings
on the underside of the body, provided with very minute stiff
bristles " ( Williston\

As a rule the larvae are terrestrial, living in the earth itself or
in decomposing wood or leaves, but a certain number are aquatic.
A few resemble the caterpillars of Lepidoptera, not only in
appearance, but in their colour and mode of life, living on the
leaves of growing plants.

* Anisomera spp., and Dicranomyia whartoni, Needham, a North American
species.

t This genus probably cannot stand, owing to intermediate forms easily
and completely bridging the gap between the more cuneiform-shaped wing's
and those of normal shape.

TIPULID.E.

277

Ptychopterinae, p. 278.

" The pupae, like those of many of the members of this suborder,
are free. The thorax has two horn- like processes which represent
the thoracic spiracles, one of which may acquire a very great
length for the purpose of breathing from the surface while under
water. The abdominal segments have transverse rows of hairs,
bristles or spines, which enable the pupa to escape from its place
of concealment when about to complete its metamorphosis."
( Williston.)

Some species-in the larval state do immense damage to grass
and other crops, Tipula oleracea, L., being at times a serious pest
in meadows in Europe. The life-histories of a number of
European species have been worked out, but little or nothing is
known of the earlier stages of any Oriental species.

Table of Subfamilies of TIPULIDJE.

Mesonotum without distinct V-shaped trans-
verse furrow or suture ; 6th longitudinal
vein absent; the four palpal joints all
considerably elongated, the last one not
conspicuously longer than the others ;
3rd longitudinal vein forked in Pty-

choptera

Me.sonotuin with distinct V-shaped trans-
verse suture always present ; 6th and 7th
longitudinal veins always present * ; the
four palpal joints unequally elongated,
the last always at least as long as the
2nd and 3rd together ; 3rd longitudinal
vein never forked.

The 4th palpal joint very long, whiplash-
like, generally as long as or longer

than the three preceding joints taken

together ; auxiliary vein generally

turned down at tip into the 1st longi-
tudinal vein ; subcostal cross-vein

absent ; 2nd scapal joint of antennae

short and not wider than the 1st

Bcapal or the 1st flagellar joint ;

epistonie produced at tip into a dis-
tinct narrow nasus, or nose

The 4th palpal joint not conspicuously long,

as long as the 2nd and 3rd joints taken

together or a little longer ; auxiliary

vein generally turned up at tip into

the costa ; subcostal cross-vein nearly

always present; 2nd scapal joint

generally robust (though short) and

broader than both the 1st scapal and

1st flagellar joints ; epistome without

nasus Limnobiinae, p. 356.

Tipulinae, p. 284.

* In one genus only in TIPULID.E is a wingless form known, Chionea, which,
however, is not Oriental.

T2

278.

Subfamily PTYCHOPTERIN^.

Latterly, this subfamily has been eleArated bv some authors to a
distinct family, as in the recently issued " Palaearctic Catalogue "
and in the " Catalogue of Diptera " by Kertesz, at present in
process of issue ; but to the writer it seems inseparable from the

TlPULIDjE.

The PTYCHOPTEEINTE form a very compact group, differing in
two strong characters from the whole of the rest of the TIPCTJDJE.
These are the indistinctness of the transverse V-shaped suture on
the mesonotum, and the absence of the 6th longitudinal vein.*

In PtycJioptera itself there can be little doubt of the short
curved vein present being the 7th and not the 6th. In Blttaco-
morpha this vein is not so curved, but its position in the wing
and distance from the 5th makes it evident that this vein is also
the 7th. But in Idioplasta, Macrochile and Tanyderus t the general
position of the one vein present behind the 5th, its comparative
approximation to the 5th and its usually nearly straight course
makes it quite possible that in these three genera the vein present
may be the 6th, instead of the 7th. There seems nothing
illogical in the 6th being absent in one genus, and the 7th in an
allied genus, considering the great abnormality shown by the
venation of these three genera. The fact that in the typical and
most extensive genus in this subfamily (though in itself com-
paratively limited in number of species) the vein present is-
obviously the 7th and not the 6th justifies the assumption, in the
absence of stronger evidence to the contrary, that the vein present
in the abnormal genera is the 7th also.

The principal genus Ptyclioptera is further distinguished from
practically the whole of the rest of the TIPULIDJE by having the
3rd longitudinal vein forked, and this feature, in conjunction with
the presence of only one vein behind the 5th, renders the genus
easy of recognition. The auxiliary vein in Ptyclioptera ends in
the costa, with no subcostal cross-vein uniting the auxiliary vein
with the 1st longitudinal, t

* I am convinced by its general position and especially by its habit of
turning in suddenly to the wing-margin, that the vein that is present is the
7th and not the 6th, being in this view supported by Osten Sacken and by
Schiner (Fauna Austr. ii, p. 495), who botli leaned to the same opinion ;
Williston, usually so correct in the terminology of the venation, being I think
incorrect in considering it the 6th. It is therefore the 6th vein which is
absent in this subfamily ; the 5th is obviously present in its usual place,
connected with the 4th by the posterior cross-vein.

t It has been necessary in explaining the above point of view, to mention
genera not known from the Orient, but at least one species of Tanyderus is
Oriental.

\ In some genera, however, the subcostal cross-vein is present, as, for
instance, in Protoplasta, Idioplasta and Tanyderus, its position in these being
similar to that in the LIMNOBIIN^E. These genera are not Indian, but Tany-
derus occurs in Amboina.

PTTCHOPTEEA. 279

In the practical absence of the peculiar fold in the wing which
I have elsewhere termed the " obliterative streak," passing from
the stigma to beyond the cliscal cell, the PrrcHOPTEiuyjE approach
the LiMtfOBiiwjs. In possessing sixteen joints to the antenna,
this subfamily also agrees with the LIMNOBIINJE, but Ptydwptera
and at least one other genus (Bittacomorpha) possess a slight pro-
longation of the epistoma into something like the nasus of the
TiPULiNJE. Ptyckoptera also rests with its wings divaricate, as
do most of the latter subfamily.

The difference in the number of the antennal joints is com-
paratively unimportant, considering the variation in this character
which occurs amongst the LIMNOJJIIN.E.

In venation the PtTCJHOPTBEiir^B show considerable variation.
A discal cell is sometimes present (Idioplasta, Os. Sac., Tanyderus,
Phil., Macrochik, L\v.), or absent (Ptychoptera, Mg., Bittacomorpha,
Westw.). One genus (Idioplasta) has no less than six posterior
cells, the normal number in the subfamily, however, being three
or four.

Beyond Ptij diopter a (of which only three species are known
from the East) only one other species of this family is Oriental —
Tanyderus ornatissimus, Dol., from Amboina.

The larval characters of the PTYCHOPTERINMS have been investi-
gated by Brauer,* and that biologist considered that as the head
of the larva is not imbedded in the thoracic skin, as is the case in
the rest of the TIPULID^E, it is justifiable to separate the group as
a distinct family. Osten Sacken has also referred to the same
subject.f

Genus PTYCHOPTERA, M<j.

Pti/choptera, Meigen, Illig. Ma#. ii, p. 162 (1803).

? Ctenoceria, Rondani, Dipt. Ital. I'rod. i, p. 187 (1856).

GENOTYPE, Tipula contaminate, L.

Head transverse, with rather prominent, round, bare eyes.
Epistome well arched, nearly perpendicular, terminating in a blunt
point. Frons broad in both sexes, flattened. Ocelli wholly absent.
Proboscis prominent, with round pubescent labella. Palpi elongate,
slender, four-jointed, the last one the longest, but not so con-
spicuously longer than the others as in the TIPULIN^E. Antenna?
16-jointed, long, prominent, slender, nearly bare ; scapal joints
short, the 1st longer than the 2nd ; flagellar joints cylindrical, 1st
joint considerably longer than the others, which gradually diminish
in length, apical joint sometimes indistinct. Thorax prominently
arched, suture almost imperceptible. Scutellurn small, metanotum
well developed. Abdomen elongate, often narrowed in middle,

* Verb, zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, 1869, pp. 844-847.

t Cat. North Amer. Dipt., 1st eel., p. 221, note 36 (1878).

280 TIPULiDJE.

and always with a clubbed tip in the male ; widened before the
end (which is pointed) in the female, with a normally shaped
horny ovipositor. Genitalia very distinct. Legs long, but less so,
comparatively, than in the other two subfamilies. Coxae broad,
moderately long ; tibiae spurred at the tip ; metatarsus very long,
claws small ; pulvilli distinct. Wings of moderate size, with
rounded tips and somewhat narrowed at the base. One marginal
and two submarginal cells ; four posterior cells. Auxiliary
vein long, ending in the costa ; 1st and 2nd longitudinal veins
also ending in the costa ; subcostal cross- vein near the tip of the
former, the 2nd longitudinal vein originating about the middle of

Fig. 40.— Early stages of Ptyclio-ptcra • a, larva; b, pupa.

the wing ; 3rd longitudinal originating soon after the beginning
of the 2nd, forked beyond its middle ; anterior cross- vein at or
near its base ; 4th longitudinal forked at or near posterior cross-
vein, which is nearly opposite the anterior cross-vein, and is short ;
the 6th longitudinal vein absent ; the 7th present, short, more or
less curved downwards. The wings are held divaricate in repose.

Range. Europe, North America, and the Himalayas.

Life-ldstory. The larva of Ptychoptera is whitish in colour, very
attenuated, of thirteen segments, including the head, with a long

PTYOHOPTEEA. 281

slender tubular tail. The head is hard and small, bearing a pair
of eye-spots and furnished with two very minute antenna?, which
are almost imperceptible. It moves by means of the stiff bristles,
directed backwards, affixed to the rather enlarged posterior rim of
each segment ; in addition, there are three pairs of pseudopods or
pro-legs. It breathes through the tail, lying near the surface of
the water (sometimes floating at full length on it) of shallow pools
or brooks, preferring stagnant and muddy water. It is said to
live, during th'e greater part of the year, imbedded in the mud of
such places, with usually only the tip of the tail projecting.

The pupa is furnished with a long respiratory tube, and floats
on the surface of the water during spring and summer. The
abdomen is provided with five circles of fine spines, by the aid of
which the pupa peregrinates to firm ground just before the
emergence of the imago.

Several of the older authors have left records concerning the
life-histories of some of the European species of this genus, in
particular De Geer, Eeaumur, and Lyonet ; whilst, more recently,
the early stages of Ptychoptera lacustris, Mg., have been described
by Beling,* and those of P. contaminate, L., by Grubben.t Brauer
also illustrates the larva of Ptyclioptera. J

Table of Species.

Wings with a dark brown cross-band .... distincta, Brun., p. 281.
Wings unmarked.

Hind femora mainly black on basal two-
thirds tibialis, Brun., p. 282.

Hind femora wholly orange-yellow .... atritarsis, Brun., p. 283.

192. Ptyclioptera distincta, Brun. (PI. V, fig. 1.)

Ptychoptera distincta, Brunetti, Eec. Ind. Mus. vi. p. 232 (1911).

$ . Head : frons, vertex and back of head black ; frons one-
fourth width of head. Epistome bulbous, shining brown, bare ;
proboscis normal, yellow ; palpi long, yellow. Antennal scape
brownish yellow ; flagellum black, shortly pubescent. Thorax
wholly shining black, bare. Abdomen black, microscopically
pubescent ; basal two-thirds of second joint and basal half of
third joint reddish orange. Tip of last segment and the ovipositor
reddish yellow. Legs : coxa? reddish yello\y ; femora at base con-
colorous, deepening to brown at tip ; tibia? and tarsi black.
Except the coxa?, which are nearly bare, the legs are wholly
covered with short thick pubescence. Wings very pale grey,
yellowish brown on the costal part ; a dark brown central cross-
band along the middle cross-veins from the origin of the 2nd vein

* Verb, zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, 1886, p. 171.

t SB. Akad. Wiss. Berlin. Ixxii (1876), plate.

+ Denk. Akad. Wiss. Wien, xlvii, p!. i, fig. 18 ; pi. ii, fig. 19.

282 TIPULLDJE.

to the tip of the 5th vein, also a large apical brown part enclosing
the forks of the 3rd and 4th veins, both these brown parts in the
wing being connected with the costal darkening. Halteres black.

Lenytli 9 inillim.

Described from one female in the Pusa collection taken by
Mr. Howlett, 3-9. vi. 09, at Darjiling, 7000 feet.

'•nil.

193. Ptychoptera tibialis, B,

Ptychoptera tibialis, Brunetti, Rec. Ind. Mus. vi, p. 233 (1911).

cJ $ . Head : f rons shining black, smooth, bare ; eyes widely
separated ; back of head brown ; face below antennae, underside of
head, and palpi all bright yellow. Antenme 15-jointed ; 1st joint
cylindrical, yellow, brown towards tip ; 2nd short, bead-like, dark
yellow, mixed with brown ; 3rd as long as the next two together;
remainder elongated, compressed at each end, black ; antennae
ininutelv and thickly pubescent, and with moderately long
scattered hairs throughout. Thorax of male aeneous black, bare,
shining ; the suture separating the prothorax (which extends
backwards through the mesothorax, so to speak, almost to the
scutellum) rather deeply cut; huineri bright yellow; a white-
dusted patch in front on dorsum of prothorax. The mesothorax
is divided from the metathorax by a distinct suture, which on
reaching the extension of the prothorax follows it posteriorly and
divides the rear portion of the metathorax by a deeply cut
suture with a small yellow V-shaped spot in the middle of it,
this suture reaching the small bright yellow scutellum. Posterior
calli raspberry-red, enlarged, elongated and extending from the
scutellum to the base of the wings. Sides of thorax shining
black ; a yellow scaly mesopleura connected with the yellow base
of the wings ; metapleurae with silvery sheen, seen from above ;
rnetanotum large, shining aeneous black, quadrate, bare. In the
female the thorax is orange, with a black stripe on each side of
the dorsum, the suture blackish, and a large black mark below
the scutellum, which latter, with the whole metanotum, is orange.
Abdomen of male bright pale orange-brown, tending towards
yellowish ; 1st segment all blackish, 2nd elongated, black at base
and tip ; the next three segments black on posterior border. In
female orange-brown, 2nd segment yellowish. Belly entirely
orange- yellow ( d $ ). The male genitalia very large, complex,
bright reddish orange, with some close black pubescence ; female
genitalia narrow, cylindrical, concolorous. Leys : coxae bright
yellow, hind pair black on the outside of the basal half: femora
bright yellow, hind pair black on the basal two-thirds except at
the extreme base ; anterior tibiae yellow, with the extreme tips
dark brown, the middle pair slightly darker on the basal half, the
hind pair with basal half black except the extreme ba*e ; on the
apical half the bright golden yellow hair is very thick; tarsi
blackish brown. The legs throughout are closely pubescent, the

FTYCHOPTEEA. 283

pubescence being concolorous with the ground-colour. Winys
yellowish grey, beautifully iridescent, unmarked, minutely pubescent
on posterior border; venation as in P. contaminata, veins dark
brown. Halteres bright yellow.

Length <$ 7-8 millim., $ 9 millim.

Described from several examples taken by me at Darjiling,
7000 feet, 7-16. x. 05 and 30. ix. 08.

Type c? in the Indian Museum ; type $ and cotype <$ 3 in my
collection ; cotype $ from Darjiling in the Vienna Museum.

Normally Ptyclioptera should have 16-joiuted antennae, but the
3rd joint in this species is as long as the next two together, and
occasionally it appears as if two joints were present, but a careful
examination convinces me that it is single. In most of the speci-
mens the whole antennae are certainly present and undamaged.
The species, however, cannot possibly be removed from this
genus, it being in every character a true Ptyclioptera.

194. Ptychoptera atritarsis,

Ptyclioptera atritarsis, Brunetti, Rec. lud. Mus. vi, p. 234 (1911).

5 . Head : whole upper part from the vertex down to the
antennae black, bare, shining ; face below antennas, proboscis,
palpi (except black tips), wholly orange-yellow. Antennae black,
but microscopically covered with hoary dust ; scapal joints orange-
yellow ; a few hairs on all the joints. Eyes black ; the orbit at
the sides brownish yellow, with a set of black hairs ; orbit dis-
appearing at the vertex. Neck yellow. Thorax orange-yellow,
practically bare, dorsum slightly ferruginous. A black stripe on
the front of the prothorax, which is carried downwards as far as
the fore coxae ; tivo small black spots on the dorsum behind the
upper end of this stripe ; a black stripe begins widely on each
humerus, extending narrowly backwards to the middle of the
metanotum, spreading inwards slightly at the base of the wings,
and narrowly interrupted immediately behind their insertion.
Underside of thorax shining coal-black, but the sides of the meso-
thorax are orange-yellow, and a thick scaly process issues from the
base of the wings, proceeds widely downwards nearly to the middle
coxae, and then bends hindwards and upwards, joining the
scutellum, and enclosing the base of the halteres in its path. A
narrow black line runs interruptedly round the posterior border
of the thoracic dorsum, replaced immediately in front of the
scutellum by two small black spots. Metanotum oblong, large,
traces of a black central streak. Scutellum oblong, elevated but
moderately small, supported at each corner by a pronounced
scutellar ridge. Abdomen orange-yellow, with a few irregular
hairs ; 1st segment with a yellowish white sheen at the extreme
base in front ; a narrow black cross-band on the dorsum near the
base of the segment, which line is continued forwards along the
sides of the abdomen as far as the base. Posterior borders of all

284 TIPULIDJE.

the segments, including the 1st, on which it is widest, but
excluding the last, with a blackish irregular band. Ovipositor in
the shape of two blades close together, orange-yellow. Belly
uniformly orange-yello\v. Legs : coxae lemon-yellow, the hind pair
having two small black spots on the hinder side at the base.
Femora and tibiae uniformly bright orange-yellow with minute
closely-set concolorous pubescence. Tarsi wholly coal-black.
Wings yellowish grey, costal cell yellow ; veins black. Halteres
yellow.

Length 8 millim (without ovipositor).

Described from two nearly perfect females in the Indian
Museum collection from Siliguri, at the foot of the Darjiling Hills,
18-20. vii. 07.

Subfamily TIPULIN^.

The TIPULIN.E are distinguished by the auxiliary vein ending
in the 1st longitudinal vein, and not in the costa. The humeral
cross-vein, close to the base of the wing, is the only cross-vein in
contact with the auxiliary vein, the subcostal cross-vein being
wholly absent. The 1st longitudinal vein nearly always turns
down into the 2nd and not upwards into the costa, the end of
the vein becoming much attenuated towards its tip. A small
cross-vein, which I propose to call the costal cross-vein, connects
the 1st longitudinal vein near its tip with the costa. The
2nd longitudinal vein has a short anterior branch that is nearly
perpendicular, and this joins the costa just beyond the costal
cross-vein, thus forming a small characteristic cell, known
as the rhomboidal cell (at first called by Osten Sacken the
trapezoidal). This cell is absent in Dolicliopeza owing to the
2nd longitudinal vein not being forked. The lower branch
of the 4th longitudinal vein forks at the inner end of the
discal cell, a little before it or towards the middle of that cell,
never beyond it ; the upper branch forks beyond, or at the
earliest, in contact with the distal limit of the discal cell.
The first longitudinal vein forks just after quitting the posterior
cross-vein ; this causes the ultimate posterior cell in such cases
to be pentagonal in shape, its inner end being always pointed.
The discal cell is nearly always pentagonal or hexagonal.

A peculiar character nearly always visible in the TIPUXLN^E,
but especially noticeable in the genus Tipula, is what may be
termed, for want of a better name, the " obliterative streak,"
running from the neighbourhood of the stigma nearly straight
across the wing, crossing the discal cell somewhere on its basal
half or about its middle, and disappearing soon after quitting
that cell. Osten Sacken refers to it as a " fold " of the wing.
Its effect is partially to obliterate, or at least to weaken, the veins
with which it comes in contact, and ils course is emphasized by

T1PUL1NJE. 285

the actual ground-colour of the wing within its track being dis-
tinctly paler. This peculiarity is indistinct or absent in most
species of Pachyrhina, and seems to be practically absent in the

The proboscis is distinctly produced, and the tip on its upper-
side is again produced more narrowly, forming what is known as
the nasus or nose. This is especially prominent in the two
leading genera Tipula and Pachyrhina, which in themselves com-
prise the balk of the species in the subfamily. It is, however,
reduced to an obtuse projection with a tuft of hairs in Ctenophora,
Pselliophora, and Dolicliopeza. Its presence is variable, being dis-
tinct in Scamboneura and Meyistocera (both Oriental genera, with
two and one species respectively), also in Brachypremna, an
exotic genus.

The neck, though not conspicuously narrowed, is very distinct
in Tipula, Pachyrhina and Brachypremna ; short in Scamboneura
and Meyistocera ; almost absent in Ctenophora and Pselliophora,
and quite absent in Tanypremna.

The frons is smooth or greatly arched (Tipula), sometimes
gibbous (Pachyrhina, Ctenophora, Pselliophora).

The antennal scape is composed of a long cylindrical 1st joint,
a quite short 2nd joint which is never (so far as I am aware)
broader than either the 1st scapal or 1st flagellar joints as is so
frequently the case in the LIMNOBII^JE. The flagellum is very
varied in construction, sometimes pectinate in the male (Cteno-
phora, etc.) or subpectinate (various genera) ; serrate, as in some
species of Tipula, or cylindrical, or with ovate joints, as in the
majority of species of both Tipula and Pachyrhina. In a few
genera it is extremely elongate and filiform, as in Meyistocera, in
which genus its length in the two sexes often varies in the same
species, the male possessing an excessively long antenna, the
female one of normal length. The flugellar joints are verticillate
in the TIPULIKI, but not so in the CTENOPHORIXI.

There are several genera with peculiarly constructed antennae,
more or less pectinate in nature, which, not being Oriental, need
not be discussed here ; yet it is as well to note that these abnormal
forms are by no means uncommon in this subfamily, mostly
coming from South America and Australia. Many of them
represent intermediate stages between Ctenophora and Tipula.

The extra length of the leg is generally considered as one of
the characters of the TIPULIN^E, as contrasted with the LIMNO-
BILNTE, but it is by no means conspicuous, although probably the
tarsus (especially the metatarsus or first joint) is proportionately
longer. Even Dolichopeza, with its excessively long and delicate
legs, is paralleled in the LIMNOBIIIST^E by such genera as Monyoma
whilst in one section of the present subfamily (CTENOPHOEINI),
the legs are comparatively the shortest and stoutest in the family.

The position of the wings in repose is not a good distinctive
character, though it has been put forward. TIPULIIS'JE are com-
monly supposed to rest usually with their wings divaricate (or

286 TIPULID^E.

spread out flat), and Tipula itself generally does so ; yet it has
been observed that in the group containing those species with
marmorated wings (as in the himalayensu group among Oriental
and the vernalis group among European species) the wings are
more often folded when resting. Moreover Padiyrldna, the second
largest genus in the subfamily, forms an important exception.
The value of the habit as a subfamily character is further dis-
counted by the fact that some LlMNOBUK^S assume the spreading
attitude of the wings when in repose.

Much difficulty is experienced when an attempt is made to
define the DOLICHOPEZINI, CTENOPHORIXI, and TIPULINI satis-
factorily one from the other, these groups, though essentially
forming one subfamily, being separated amongst themselves by
characters " perceptible to the entomological sense only," as
Osteu Sacken said.

The extreme length and delicate nature of the legs (and, in
a somewhat less pronounced degree, the body also) in Dolichopeza
and its allies is practically the chief difference between these
genera and both the Ctenophora and Tipula groups. The absence
of the anterior branch of the 2nd vein and the double forking of
the anterior branch of the 4th vein will suffice to determine
Dolichopeza itself, but in one or t\vo other genera of DOLICHOPEZIXI
the former is present, being perpendicular and not oblique, and
this feature makes the rhomboidal cell more or less square.

Between the CTEXOPHORIXI aud the TIPULINI several stronger
differences exist, although it must be remembered that there are
a number of exotic genera which, in the matter of antennae,
bridge the apparent gap between the conspicuously pectinate form
prevalent in male Ctenophora and the normal antenna of Tipula.

The following table, therefore, must be accepted with the
intimation of the existence of various intermediate and anomalous
forms, although none such are actually present in the Indian
fauna.

Table of Sections of the TIPULIN j£.

Legs not of excessive length and sleuderness, either

comparatively short and stout or normally long

and slender; the 2nd longitudinal vein forked,

the anterior branch short aud oblique.

Body stouter ; neck absent ; nasus reduced to
an obtuse hairy projection ; antennae nor-
mally pectinate or subpectinute in the male,
never verticillate ; legs distinctly shorter and
stouter ; abdomen generally broader, often
widened just before or at the tip ; genitalia
large and complex. Body colours nearly

always vivid and well marked CTEXOPBORIXI.

Body comparatively slender, elongate, normally
tipulidiforrn ; neck almost always present ;
nasus always present, elongate, narrow ;

TIPULINJB. 287

antennae normally not pectinate,* the nagellar

joints always verticillate ; legs normally long

and slender ; abdomen elongate, cylindrical,

seldom widened towards or at the tip, unless

due to the genitalia, which are generally

large and complex in Tipula, less so in some

other genera. Body colours mainly brownish
. and yellowish ; brighter in Pachyrhwa .... TIPULINI.
Legs of excessive length and slenderness, more so
than in the normal Tipulid forms ; the 2nd longi-
tudinal vein normally not forked (Dolichopeza),
if so, the anterior branch either obsolete or perpen-
dicular, thus making the rhomboid cell more or
less square ; nasus normally absent t DOLICIIOPEZIXI.

It must be remembered that probably not one of the characters
herein employed is absolutely consistent throughout anv particular
section, the nearest approach to stability perhaps being the verti-
cillate nature of the flagelluin in TIPULIXI.

Section CTENOPHOEINI.

In addition to the genera with typically pectinate antennae in
the males, this section contains several others in which this
character is less fully developed or even entirely absent. Yet as
the group is represented in the East by practically one genus only
(Pselliophora), there is no need to enumerate the peculiarities of
the exotic forms. Apart from PsdliopTiora, a species of Prionota
has been described by Van der "VVulp from Java (P. ni;/riceps).^

All the species described by the older authors correctly belonging
to Pselliophora were placed in CtenopTiora, but they have now all
been satisfactorily referred to the former genus with one exception >.
C. xanihomelana, Walk., of which only^the female was originally
described, and the species not having been seen since, it is im-
possible to decide where it should be placed, the probability being
that it too is really a Pselliophora. It comes from " East India."

As descriptive of the section, little can be added to the char-
acters given in the table above, so far as the Oriental genera are
concerned. The pectinate antennae in the males, the shorter,
stouter legs, the usually bright and sharply denned colours that
distinguish most of the species, make them easily recognisable.

* Exceptions occur, but not in Eastern genera ; one, for example, Ozodicera,
comes from South America, which is practically a Tiputa with pectinate male
antennae.

t Absent in Dolichopcza, but present iu frcamboneura and Mcgistocera, both
Oriental genera.

J Prionota may be described briefly as having the appearance of a Pachyrkina
or Tipula, the venation of a Ctenophora, and antennae markedly serrate on the
lower side in both sexes, owing to the emargination of the base of each joint of
the flagelluin except the last one. P. iiignceps, Wulp, the only known species,
has an orange-yellow thorax, an abdomen yellowish on the basal half, blackish
on the apical half, with the legs yellowish, blackish at the joints. It is 16 mm.
iu length.

288

Genus CTENOPHOEA, Mg.

Ctenophora, Meigen, Illig. Mag. ii, p. 2(53 (1803).
Taniptera, Lutreille, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat. p. 428 (1804).

GENOTYPE, Tipula atrata, L.

Read transverse, with somewhat prominent rounded bare eyes.
Epistome enlarged, snout-like towards the tip. Proboscis rather
prominent, with rounded hairy labella. Palpi four-jointed, long,
the last joint the longest, whiplash-like. Frons in both sexes
broad ; ocelli absent. Antennae long, prominent, 13-jointed ;
the flagellar joints in the male cylindrical, with twTo, three, or four
comb-like branches ; in the female rounded, or saw-like on the
underside. Thorax very arched, neck moderately distinct ; the
transverse suture moderately deep and distinct, a little emarginate
posteriorly. Scutellum small, metanotum well developed. Abdo-
men elongate, eight-segmented, clubbed at the tip in the male,
widened towards, but not at, the tip in the female. Genitalia of
male large and complex, their structure varying with the species ;
sometimes with a, conspicuous organ on the belly in addition.
Ovipositor in female broad, sword-like, prominent, horny. Leys
moderately long and stout, but about the shortest of any in the
family TIPULID^E; tibiae with strong spurs at the tip ; metatarsus
lengthened, claws distinct. Wings comparatively large, of moderate
width, the anal angle somewhat squared. One marginal, two
submarginal, and five posterior cells. Auxiliary vein more than
half the length of the wing, turning into the 1st longitudinal vein
at its tip ; the 1st longitudinal vein turning at its tip into the
short anterior branch of the 2nd vein, which is practically always
oblique or nearly perpendicular ; a short cross-vein (costal cross-
vein) unites the 1st vein, shortly before its tip, to the costal vein,
thus forming the rhomboidal cell characteristic of the TiPULiNyE ;
the 2nd longitudinal vein emerges about the middle of the wing,
generally bisinuate ; the 3rd generally before the middle of the
2nd, gently curved ; the anterior cross-vein is comparatively short,
the discal cell pentagonal, the 2nd posterior cell petiolate, the
petiole moderately long, the posterior branch of the 4th longi-
tudinal vein forking at about the middle of the discal cell, the
posterior cross-vein placed at the fork ; the 5th, 6th, and 7th
veins normal, the latter rather short.

Life-history. The metamorphoses of several European species of
this genus are known, being described by Fischer, Bouche, and
others.* The larvae live in decaying wood, but in view of the
probability of the genus not being Oriental, they are not described
here.

* Brauer has described the life-history of C. bimoculata, Kaltenbach ; also
Ferris that of C. atrata (in decaying willows). Schiner mentions a second
generation, born in captivity, of the former species.

CTENOPHORA. 289

All the Oriental species of the older authors, described originally
under CtenopJiora, are now referred to Pselliophora, and it is
highly probable that the present genus does not exist in the
Oriental region at all, being confined exclusively to Europe,
Siberia and North America, with the exception of a single species
from Persia.*

There is, however, one species, C. xanihomelana, Walk., from
" East India," of which it is impossible to decide the correct
generic position, the male being still unknown ; in fact, the
original type female (which still exists in good condition in the
British Museum) appears to be the only example in existence.

Gtenophora melanura, Walk. (List Dipt. Brit. Mus. i, p. 78) is
not even a Tipulid at all, but a large species of Sargus, as stated
by Osten Sacken after examining the type at the British
Museum.

TJo. Ctenophora xanthomelana, Walk.

Ctenophora xanthomelana, Walker, List Dipt. Brit. Mus. i, p. 77
(1848).

" Nigra, thorace ferrugineo rufo trivittato, abdomine basi fulvo,
alis fuscis.

" Head and appendages black ; feelers serrulate, much less than
half the length of the chest ; chest ferruginous, with three very
broad brownish red stripes, varied with reddish brown on each
side and behind ; abdomen black, attenuated towards the tip, and
reaching much beyond the length of the wings ; segments from
the first to the third, orange-tawny ; legs black, pubescent ; wings
brown, with a small dark brown brand near the tip of the fore
border ; veins dark brown ; poisers tawny with browrn tips.

" Length of the body 14 lines ; of the wings 22 lines.

"East India. From Mr. Children's collection." (Walker.}

The male of this species still being unknown, it is impossible to
say whether it is a true Ctenophora or not. In all probability it
will eventually prove to be a Pselliophora, a genus confined to the
Eastern tropics, with the exception of a single species (P. fumi-
plena, Walk.) from China.t Until, however, the point is decided,
both the genus Ctenophora and the species xanthomelana must
presumably figure in Oriental lists.

* Persia is, however, as much Palaearctic as Oriental. It is true that there
is yet one species of which the locality is still unknown— C. constans, Walk.
(Dipt. Saund. p. 448, $), but this hardly affects the argument.

t Unless this species comes from South China (the original reference gives
merely "China"), I should have doubted its being a PseUiophora but for Osten
Sacken's examination of the type at the British Museum, where are also some
other specimens from China which appeared to that author to represent a
variety of the same species.

290

Genus PSELLIOPHORA, Os. Sac.
Psellic>2)hora, Osten Sacken, Berlin. Entom. Zeits. xxx, p. 165 (1886).

GENOTYPE, Tipula lata, F. ; by present designation.*

Osten Sackeu's differentiation of this genus from Ctenopliora is
as follows : —

" Pselliophora (which means bracelet-bearer), gen. nov., comes
nearest to Ctenopliora, sensu stricto, represented by the European
species pectinicornis, faveolata, elegans, etc. It is easily distin-
guished, however, by the following characters : —

" (1) The four branches issuing from the same antennal joint
(in the male) are of the same length (in Ctenopliora, s. str., the
inner pair is distinctly shorter) ; (2) the branches of the male
antenna? are clothed with rather long, soft, not very dense hairs ;
(3) the 12th joint has two pnirs of branches (onlv one in Ctenopliora,
s. str.); (4) the forceps of the male has a different structure;
the long protruding adminiculum, so conspicuous in Ctenopliora,
s. str., is wanting here ; (5) the females are more difficult to dis-
tinguish from those of Ctenopliora, s. str., the most trustworthy
character, as far as I can see, lies in the structure of the 3rd joint
of the antennae (1st joint of the flagellum), which here becomes
broader from base to tip, without having the expansion on the
underside, such as exists in the females of Cttnopliora, s. str. ;
the other joints are more rounded, and thus the flagellum appears
less serrate on the underside; the latter half of the abdomen is
much less expanded here, the upper valves of the ovipositor more
straight and pointed.

" Most of the species of this group have a white ring at the
base of each tibia (hence the name of the group) ; the wings are
often brown, with well-defined white or yellowish spots ; sometimes
uniformly brown, or yellowish with brown tips. The two pairs
of branches on joints 4-12 of the male antenna are slender and
rather long, from one and a half to two and a half [times] the
length of the joints; the longest are in the middle of the flagellum.''

The present genus is identical with Ctenopliora except for the
few differences mentioned above.

Those new species of which only the females are known are
placed here only temporarily, as until their males are discovered
it is impossible to define their generic position with certainty.

Life-history. The metamorphoses of no Oriental species have
been studied, but the larvae probably live in decaying wood, as is
the case in the allied genus Ctenophora.

Table of Species.

L Tibiae with at least the hinder pair with

a pale coloured ring near base 2.

Tibiae without a pale ring on any of them. 3.

* No type species has, so far as I am aware, been indicated for this genus.
I propose P. leeta, F., because it is the most widely distributed species in the
East, the genus being essentially an Oriental one.

PSELLIOPHORA. 291

2. Wing with only two large spots and a

small intermediate one (normally)*. . lata, F., p. 291.
Wing with four large spots and generally
some smaller ones (normally) * taprobanes, Wlk., p. 293.

3. Wing with conspicuous blackish or

brownish marks 4. [p. 294.

Wing pale yellow, wholly unmarked . . immacuKpennit, Brun.,

4. Flagellum not serrate (presumably) f . . chrysophila, Wlk., p. 295.
Flagellum deeply serrate on underside . serraticornis, Brun., p. 296.

196. Pselliophora laeta, F. (PI. V, fig. 2 ; PI. VI, fig. 9.)

Tipula lata, Fabric! us, Ent. Syst. iv, p. 239 (1794).
Ctenophora ItetOj auctt.

Pselliophora Iceta, var. trilintata, Brunetti, Rec. Ind. Mus. vi,
p. 240 (1911).

c? $ . Head bright orange ; proboscis and palpi orange or
orange-yellow with a little concolorous pubescence. Antennae
of male with thirteen joints, of female eleven ; in both sexes the
1st scapal joint is very large, approximately oblong, slightly curved
upwards, orange, sometimes with black streaks on the upper-
side and sometimes wholly reddish brown or brownish orange,
the 2nd scapal joint very small, easily overlooked, especially in the
male in which it is orange, whereas in the female it is always black.
In the male the 1st flagellar joint has a blunt projection on the
lower side, making the whole joint Y-shaped, black, with a pale
yellowish white tip ; it is unbranched. The remaining joints in
the male are cylindrical, elongate, the basal two-thirds black or
blackish brown, the apical third pale yellowish ; each joint bears
two pairs of slender finger-like blackish brown branches which
droop downwards ; the first pair is situated at the base of the
joint, the second at the distal end of the black portion ; the
last joint is simple and much elongated. All the branches, and
in fact the whole antennae, are shortly pubescent. In the female
the flagellum is distinctly only of nine joints, the 1st longer than
the rest, broader at the tip, the 2nd rather similar though not so
long, the rest subannular, the apical joint conical. The whole
flagellum black, with short black pubescence. Thorax wholly
bright orange, a little yellow just below the dorsum and sometimes
on the scutellum and metanotum. Abdomen very variable ; bright
orange, with the bases of the segments more or less black ;
sometimes the greater portion of the dorsal surface blackish,
sometimes hardly any black colour present. Genitalia of male
orange, with blackish marks, these varying also ; in the female
shining black, often the last two or three segments black also.
Legs : cox 33 and femora bright orange, tips of latter broadly
black; tibise and tarsi black or blackish, a moderately wide,
distinctly pale yellow or yellowish white band on the former at or

* Both species are liable to variation in the wing-markings, but it is im-
possible to mistake one for the other if the descriptions of each are consulted,
•f It is to be presumed Walker would hare noticed the serration if present.

17

292 TlPULIDjE.

immediately beyond the base. Legs microscopically pubescent.
Wings rather deep brown or blackish brown. Two large, very
conspicuous oval orange-yellow spots, beginning on the costa and
extending nearly to the hind margin, the distal side of the first
spot being just beyond the middle of the wing ; the second spot
begins a little before the proximal side of the discal cell and
encloses the posterior cross-vein, its distal costal limit being at
the tip of the 1st longitudinal vein ; between these two large
spots a smaller one, round or oval, near but not touching the costa,
enclosing the base of the 2nd longitudinal vein. The base of the
wing is also orange-yellow, in some cases the colour wholly united
with the nearer large spot, but always joined to it on the costa.
In one example the small round spot is also united to the proximal
one of the large spots. In some specimens the small spot is
much reduced, possibly occasionally absent. Halteres orange.

Length rf 10-12, $ 15 millim.

Eedescribed from several specimens of both sexes in the
Indian Museum and my own collection from Dehra Dun (foot of
Mussoori Hills) ; Kanara, Bombay, viii. 07 ; Bangalore, 3000 ft.,
11-15. x. 10 (Annandale) ; Trivandrurn, Travancore State, iv. 89 ;
Calcutta, 13. vii. 07. Also in the Vienna Museum and my own col-
lection from Ceylon. Apparently commonly distributed throughout
India, and probably also the East generally. Van der Wulp
records it. from Bombay, Sind, and Ceylon.

Type. The location is uncertain, unless it is in the old Fabrician
collection. It is curious that although described in a few words
only, over a hundred years ago, the species is so well marked that
there does not exist a single synonym to it.

" Van der Wulp quotes ' pi. ii. 1 ' as a figure of this species in
Wiedemann, but I find no such figure. In the Pusa collection
are a male and female taken in cop. in the Shevaroys, 4000 ft..
Madras Presidency, 26. viii. 07, on coffee bushes. In the Indian
Museum are two specimens that represent well-marked varieties
of this species, to one of which a name is given. The first speci-
men is from Katihar, Purnea District, N. Bengal, and is a female
in good condition taken by Mr. Paiva, 23. iii. 09. It differs from
the typical form by all the cells on the posterior half of the wing
being pale grey in their centres : one or two centres being almost
entirely clear. The 3rd, 4th, and 5th abdominal segments have
a subquadrate black spot on the dorsum of each.

" The second specimen I term var. trilineata, from the presence
of the usual three tipuliform black thoracic stripes, the median
one extending over the anterior mai'giu on each side as far as the
front coxae. The outer stripes are replaced behind rhe suture by
a large spot on each side. There is a blackish mark on the pleura
below the wing, and the hinder side of the metanotum is shining
black. The wings have the clear spaces as in the preceding
variety, though not quite so obvious, and the last two or three
abdominal segments are blackish, some distinct darkening of the pre-
ceding segments being noticeable. The yellow colour of the legs is

PSELLIOPHOBA. 293

deep chrome, not orange. It was taken by Mr. H. L. Andrewes,
September 1910, in the Nilgiri Hills (3500 ft.).

" The yellow marks on the wing in both forms are so exactly
like those in the typical form that they cannot be regarded but as
varieties." (Bruiietti, 1. c., p. 241).

197. Pselliophora taprobanes, Wall: (PI. V, fig. 3; PI. VI,
figs. 10,. 11.)

Ctenophora taprobanes, Walker, List Dipt. Brit. Mus. i, p. 77

(1848).

c? $ . Head yellow, often lemon-yellow, a dark brown spot or
pair of spots on back of occiput, a small elongate mark over base
of each antenna or at its side. Proboscis yellow or brownish
yellow, often with a brown streak on each side above, brown
below ; palpi with 1st joint brown, the remainder yellow, wholly
pubescent. Antennae much as in P. Iceta, except that the scape
is more black (probably sometimes wholly so). The whole
antenna in female black, shaped mainly as in fata, but the joints
more flattened, not at all annular. Thorax yellow, sometimes
tinged with a little orange, sometimes lemon-yellow. Three
dorsal brown stripes of the usual pattern in TIPULIDJE, the
median one beginning on the anterior margin, generally narrowly
divided in the middle ; the outer ones consist of an oval spot in
front of the suture, joined to one, sometimes two, contig'uous
spots behind the suture ; the three (or two) form a stripe from
well behind the shoulder to the posterior margin of the dorsuin ;
a brown streak at base of collare, carried on each side right down
at the sides and continued on to the fore coxae. Scutellum and
metanotum concolorous with thoracic dorsum ; a brown spot on
each side of the scutellutn, like a continuation of the outer
thoracic dorsal stripes. The metanotum with a brown mark
(sometimes divided) on hinder side. Sternopleurae with a broad
dark brown horizontal stripe on upper part and another on lower
part, sometimes indistinct (possibly occasionally absent) ; a brown
mark here and there on the rest of the pleurae. Abdomen yellow
or orange-yellow ; bases of segments more or less dark brown or
blackish, the extent of the colour variable, and apparently more
extensive in the female. The basal segment generally wholly
yellow, the apical one or two segments generally black. Genitalia
of male shining brownish yellow, with blackish marks and
pubescence. Ovipositor of female shining black. Legs: coxae
yellow or brownish yellow, often with dark brown streaks ;
femora dirty brownish yellow ; tibiae and tarsi similarly coloured
but darker, the former with a moderately narrow whitish ring at
base. Wings moderately deep brown, with yellow marks that
are variable, usually four in number and of considerable size.
Normally, two rather large round or oblong spots just below the
costa, the first placed clear of the base of the wing, its distal side

u 2

294 TIPULID^E.

at one- third of the wing's length ; the second large spot touches
the tip of the 1st longitudinal vein, enclosing the anterior cross-
vein and the discal cell and posterior cross-vein. Between these
two larger spots a smaller round one over the base of the 2nd
longitudinal vein, as in P. Iceta, and a similar round spot on hind
margin of wing over tip of 6th longitudinal vein. Very small
spots and streaks are liable to occur in various parts of the wing,
especially at the extreme tip, the tips of the 4th and 5th veins,
and so on. Sometimes a yellow spot near, but not at, the base of
the wing, and connected with the proximal large spot on the
costa. Halteres relatively small, brownish yellow.

Length J 9-14, $ 14-15 inillim.

Redescribed from several examples of both sexes in the Indian
Museum and my own collection, all from Ceylon, where it appears
to be a common species especially in May, June and July, small
parties of them being seen flying together over the roadways and
under branches of trees. The Indian Museum dates range from
29. v. to 18. ix., but it probably occurs in Ceylon all through the
summer. Mr. Gravely has taken it at Peradeuiya " at light."

Type (a female) in the British Museum, from Ceylon.

The male is much less common than the female and I believe
has not been described, but it is present in the Indian Museum
and shows no peculiarities beyond the ordinary sexual differences.

198. Pselliophora immaculipennis, Brun. (PI. VI, figs. 7, 8.)

Pselliophora immaculij)ennis, Brunetti, Kec. Ind. Mus. vi, p. 243
(1911).

$ . Head bright shining orange-yellow, with scattered hairs ;
a frontal spot, almost bisected in the middle (just above the
antennae), shining light yellow -brown, extending from eye to
eye. Eyes small, black, and placed well forward so that the
back of the head is very wide, and joins the equally broad vertex
which is orange-yellow. Face rather considerably covered with
long yellow hairs. Antenna? concolorous, covered with microscopical
silver-grey dust : the 1st joint long, cylindrical, 2nd short, bead-
like, 3rd and rest cylindrical ; 3rd as long as 1st, remainder
gradually shortening, the last three very short and close together,
the 13th style-like. Palpi orange-yellow, tip black. Thorax
concolorous, with irregularly scattered hairs, shining, bare. The
prothorax reduced to a small circular thick disc, bright yellow ;
humeri brown. Mesothorax with three wide, shining, light brown
stripes, tapering behind, the 1st central and attaining the anterior
margin, the stripe on each side reaching the shoulders and
terminating above the mesopleurae. Behind the middle transverse
suture the dorsum widens out until the posterior corners form
sharp angles. This posterior portion bears a wide brown stripe
on each side, divided by a small longitudiual suture ; the stripes
beginning behind the ends of the two dorsal side stripes which
nre in front, and extending backwards to the small scutellurn.

PSBLLIOPHOEA. 295

which is all yellow. Metanotum of moderate size, yellow. Sides
of thorax yellow, with a shining, very dark brown triangle just
below the root of the wing, and a downward brown streak
behind and rather above it. Underside of thorax dark brown ; a
prominent, small, circular, pale yellow callosity in front of the
hind coxae. Abdomen concolorous, with irregularly scattered hairs.
Bases of all the segments brown, the part so coloured apparently
varying in breadth; 2nd segment much contracted; 3rd and 4th
suddenly widened ; the rest together tapering to a point. Ovi-
positor short, reddish brown, shining. Belly yellowish, with traces
of some transverse bands, corresponding to those on the upperside.
Legs yellowish tawny; coxae brownish yellow, tarsi blackish, bare
of long hairs or bristles, with microscopical yellow pubescence on
the femora, which is much mixed with black pubescence on the
tibiae. Wings yellowish, unmarked, stigma yellowish, indistinct,
small ; veins and halteres brown.

Length 12 millim.

Described from one male from Sylhet in the Indian Museum,
in perfect condition.

199. Pselliophora chrysophila, Walk.

Ctenophora chrysophila, Walker, Proc. Linn. Soc. Lond., Zool. i,

p. 6 0857).
Ctenophora chrysopila, Osten Sacken. Berlin. Ent. Zeits. xxx,

p. 169 (1886).

$ . Head, with scape, wholly bright orange, palpi slightly
brown, flagellum black, the form of the joints much as in
P. taprobanes. Thorax with sides, scutellum, and metanotum
wholly bright orange ; a very faint indication of three darker
stripes. Abdomen bright orange, with short concolorous pub-
escence ; posterior margins of segments a little deeper orange,
and small blackish marks (apparently the ground-colour of the
abdomen shewing through the tomentum) here and there at the
sides. Belly similar. Last segment and ovipositor shining black,
tip of valves reddish. Legs : coxae and femora bright orange, tips
of latter narrowly blackish brown, remainder of legs dark blackish
brown. Hind tibiae only with a narrow pale yellowish ring
immediately beyond the base. Wings orange-yellow ; the apical
part as far inwards as the whole of the outer marginal, sub-
marginal and 1st and 2nd posterior cells, brown; the colour
absolutely demarcated proxitnally by the veins delimiting these
cells, but extending, more indistinctly, into the discal cell and
posteriorly, also indistinctly, into the 3rd and 4th posterior cells.
Halteres orange.

Length 16 millim. to tip of ovipositor.

Eedescribed from two females in the Indian Museum from
Bhim Tal, 4500 feet, Kumaon district, 19-22. ix. 06 (Annandale).

The two examples examined are exactly similar, except that the

296 T.1PULIDJ3.

abdomen of one has a little more blackish colour than that of
the other. Dr. Aunandale says that one of the specimens was
seen by him to be laying eggs in the hollow of a tree.

200. (?) Pselliophora serraticornis, Brim.

Pselliophora serraticornis^ Brunetti, Rec. Ind. Mtis. vi, p. 24'2
(1911).

? rf . Head brownish yellow, vertex a little tinged with grey.
Palpi blackish. Antennae very conspicuous : scape brownish
yellow, 1st joint a little over twice the length of the 2nd ; flagellar
joints verv deeply serrate on underside in the shape of two-
pendent lobes to each joint, of equal size and length, the proximal
one black, the distal one brownish yellow ; the last flagellar joint
(llth) has a conical tip, with a small distinct apical style; each
joint bears a verticel of hairs (four in number) at its base.
Thorax brownish yellow, more yellowish anteriorly, with three
darker dorsal stripes ; the median one rather broad, and bisected
by a narrow dark brown line, with which all the stripes are rather
sharply delineated. Two spots behind the suture of similar colour
and delineation, of normal shape, the anterior one approximately
rounded, the hinder one more oblongo-triangular, Pleurae a little
greyish. Abdomen brownish yellow; the segments with blackish
markings on the hind margins towards the sides (the apical half
of the abdomen is wanting). Leys: coxa? and femora brownish
yellow ; tibia? and tarsi dark brown or blackish. Winys pale grey,
base and costal cell yellowish ; stigma dark brown but ill defined,
and a brownish suffusion, irregular in extent, below the stigma
extending around the discal cell ; also in less distinct manner, at
the base of both basal cells, at the origin of the 2nd longitudinal
vein and over the posterior cross-vein, and here and there over
some of the veins. Halteres brownish yellow.

Length 12 rnillim. (incomplete).

Described from a single example in excellent condition (except
for the loss of the apical half of the abdomen), taken by Felder
in 1861, in Ceylon.

Type in the Vienna Museum.

The end of the abdomen being broken off, the sex of the
specimen is undeterminable. The species is a very conspicuous
one and, as regards the antennae, quite unlike any other that I have
seen or read of. The abdomen, so far as the middle, shows
no trace of any increase in width. It may not be a PseKiophora,
but the antennae cannot by any stretch of imagination be asso-
ciated with Tipida, yet the flagellurn is distinctly verticillate, an
essentially Tipuline character.

TIPULA. 297

Section TIPULINI.

Although, as has been mentioned, several abnormally con-
structed forms belong to this section, approximating in some
degree to the CTEXOPHOEINI, none of these have as yet occurred,
in the Orient. Tipula and Pachyrhina alone represent this group
in the East, these, moreover, being the two most representative
genera of the section. Little can be added to the characters
already given in the preceding table of sections.

The coloui's in Tipula are comparatively sombre, consisting
mainly of various shades of browns, yellows and dull blacks,
whilst in Pachi/rhina the species are generally bright yellow with
black, well-defined markings.

Some European species are mainly black, with yellow markings,
one or two of this nature having been described from the East.
but not from India.

Genus TIPULA, L.

Tipula, Linne, Syst. Nat. Ed. x, p. 585 (1758).

Anomaloptera, Lioy, Atti dell Istit. Veneto (3) ix, p. 218 (1863).

Oreomyza, Pok., Wien. Entom. Zeit. vi, p. -50 (1887).

GENOTYPE, Tipula oleracea, L.

Head more or less oval. Proboscis moderately long, com-
paratively broad, the upper part prolonged narrowly in the form
of a nasus or nose, the lower part bearing well-developed hairy
labella at the tip ; palpi four-jointed, long, cylindrical, the last
joint whiplash-like, as long as the preceding three joints taken
together. Eyes separated by a frons of one-third to one-fourth
the width of the head in both sexes, rarely a little wider in the
female. Vertex slightly, sometimes considerably arched. Antennae
of thirteen joints, long, generally a little longer in the male than
in the female; 1st scapal joint elongate, cylindrical, 2nd very
short, not wider than the 1st scapal or 1st flagellar joint
flagellar joints cylindrical, often slightly enlarged at their
bases, sometimes very slightly contracted just before their tips ;
1st joint always considerably longer than the others ; each
flagellar joint bearing four verticillate hairs, the two on the upper-
side long and divaricate, those on the underside much shorter ;
scapal joints never verticillate, but bearing some short bristly
hairs at the tip of each joint, often a long hair or two in addition.
Thorax arched, practically bare, more or less elongate in front,
produced into a short conical neck. Transverse suture distinct.
Scutellum moderate in size, semicircular ; metanotum highly
developed. Abdomen, irrespective of the genital organs (which
form the 9th), of eight segments ; cylindrical in the male or
more or less incrassated at the tip, or entirely linear throughout

298 TIPULIUJE.

its length if the genitalia are small. In the female, rather more
flattened, generally a little broader, especially towards, but not
actually at, the tip. Genitalia of male nearly always large and
complex, of varied structure according to the species, consisting
usually of a moderate-sized dorsal plate, a large curved or V-shaped
ventral plate, and more or less developed side plates (often in-
visible, possibly absent) ; a pair of stoutly built conspicuous, two-
jointed claspers, the second joint taking the most varied forms ;
and inner organs of varying form according to the species, with a
long filamentous penis, generally concealed. In the female the
genital organs reduced to the normal pointed pair of horny
valves, the lower pair much shorter, set much further back at
the base and sometimes twisted round a little towards the side.
Legs very long and slender, especially the tarsi, which are generally
longer than the tibiae ; tibiae with small spurs at the tip ; claws
and pulvilli small. Wings elongate, of moderate width ; tip
narrowed, sometimes almost pointed ; anal angle generally but
not always narrowed. One marginal, two submarginal, and five
posterior cells. Auxiliary vein ending always some distance
beyond the middle of the wing ; the 1st longitudinal a little
longer, turning into the 2nd at its tip, the auxiliary turning
down into the 1st; costal cross-vein often placed at such an
angle as to make it appear like the continuation and end of the
1st vein ; the 2nd vein emerges in a gentle curve, sometimes some
little way before the middle of the wing, sometimes distinctly
beyond it, the anterior branch always oblique ; the 3rd vein issues
shortly before the middle of the 2nd vein, the distance between
its origin and the forking of the 2nd vein differing according to
the species. Sometimes there is no obvious basal section to the
3rd vein ; sometimes it is longer than the nearly upright anterior
cross-vein, with which it is usually in a line. Discal cell invariably
present, pentagonal, of moderate size; the 2nd posterior cell
always petiolate, the petiole varying in length with the species
but by no means constant in the same species. The posterior
cross-vein very oblique, nearly always at the fork of the lower
branch of the 4th vein, which forking occurs somewhere on the
hinder side of the discal cell ; occasionally the cross-vein occurs a
little before the furcation, in which case it allows of the ultimate
(5th) posterior cell coming into contact with the discal cell ;
except in these latter cases the contact of the 5th posterior ceh1
with the discal is only punctiform. The 5th longitudinal vein
nearly straight or angled at the junction with the posterior cross-
vein ; t>th vein nearly straight, lying comparatively close to the
5th ; 7th rather short, nearly or quite straight.
Range. World-wide.

A character greatly helping to distinguish this genus from
Pachyrhina is the furcation of the lower branch of the 4th
longitudinal vein. This occurs beyond the base of the discal cell,
the posterior cross-vein being situated at the fork. Thus, of the

TIPULA.

299

two portions forming the posterior or hinder side of the discal
cell, the proximal one abuts on the 2nd basal cell, and the distal
one on the penultimate posterior cell.

Table of Species of Tipula.*
TABLE OF GROUPS.

Wings either very conspicuously marked, or
else the species distinguished hy great size,

at least 20 millim. GROUP 1 .

Wings either not conspicuously marked (if
comparatively large species), or if so, then
less than 20 millim. in extreme length
(from tip of nasus to tip of genitalia).

Wings distinctly marmorated GROUP 2.

Wings with a few lighter and darker patches,

or spots ; never uniformly unicolorous . . GROUP 3.
Wings practically or actually unicolorous . . GROUP 4.

GROUP 1.

1. Tibiae and tarsi with distinct whitish rings . 2.
Tibiae and tarsi without any whitish rings . 4.

2. Femora with a whitish ring near tip ;

wing-marks practically confined to the

costa, wing-tip and cross-veins 3.

Femora without any whitish ring ; wing
with various brown markings of quite
a different pattern to venusta and
yracillima patricia, sp. n., p. 313.

3. Length 28 millim. ; antennae yellow, black

at base of each joint; cross- veins suffused
with brown, a moderate-sized brown

spot at wing-tip

Length 17-18 millim. ; antennal scape
yellow, flagellum wholly black; cross-
veins absolutely clear ; apical spot much
smaller, black gracillima, sp. n., p. 302.

4. Wings unicolorous or practically so, but

generally with characteristic markings.
(Species with wholly clear wings not

included in this section.)

Wings not unicolorous

venusta, Walk., p. 302.

5.
10.

* The present table of species of Tipula is a rather hybrid one, as it is
impossible to arrange them either satisfactorily or intelligibly in one unbroken
sequence. An absolutely arbitrary method is therefore perforce adopted, at
least temporarily, and the species roughly grouped in four divisions, which, in
a general way, are sufficiently distinct for the present study of them. This
table must be regarded more as a guide to the different species than an
absolute differentiation of them. T. vicaria, Walk. (p. 332) is not included in
the table.

300 TIPULID^E.

5. Ground-colour of thoracic dorsum mainly

yellowish (three darker stripes present

or not) 6.

Ground-colour of thoracic dorsum dark
brown (sides yellow in dives) 9.

6. Thorax with the usual three darker stripes

which are often contiguous 7.

Thorax wholly orange-yellow, unmarked. . flava, Bruu., p. SO**.

7. Sides of thorax yellowish ; a very distinct

dark brown lateral stripe froni neck to [p. 304.

root of wings fulvolateralis, Brim.,

Sides of thorax yellowish, no dark side
stripe 8.

8. Wings uniformly moderately pale t>rown,

the obliterative streak almost imper- [p. 308.

ceptible; f>th vein not distinctly suffused, majestiea, Brim.,
Wings less dark brown, obliterative streak
very pronounced, the wing just beyond
it distinctly darker ; oth vein distinctly
narrowly suffused princeps, Brun., p. 306.

9. Sides of thorax dark brown, with pale [p. 30o.

yellow lateral stripe fwnipennis, Bruu.,

Sides of thorax yellowish, a dark brown

stripe from neck to base of wings dives, Brun., p. 307.

10. Ground-colour of wings not clear 11.

Ground-colour of wings practically all

clear 12. [p. 308.

11. Antennal flagellum not serrate fumifasciata, Brun.,

Antennal ffagellum distinctly serrate on [p. 309.

underside serricorm's, sp. n.,

12. Thorax conspicuously marked, apart from

the usual three stripes 13.

Thorax without conspicuous marks, but the

usual three stripes present fuscinervis, sp. n.,

13. Wings broader, markings mainly in the [p. 312.

form of spots. Thorax with chalk-
whitish grey stripe towards each side

of the dorsum pulcherrima, sp. n.,

Wings distinctly narrower, markings main- [p. 310.
ly in the form of longitudinal dark
streaks. Thorax without any chalk-
white stripe splendens, sp. n., p. 314.

GROUP 2*
Species with " marmorated " wings, under 20 millim. long.

* It is quite beyond the bounds of possibility to tabulate the very closely
allied species in this group. A reference to the figures in Plate V, in con-
junction with the descriptions, is necessary. The species are reposifa, Walk.,
himalayensis, tessellatipennis, robust a, marmoratipennis, quasimarmoratipennis,
striatipennis, subtincta, elegans, griseipennis, and nigrotibialis, all Brunetti.

TIPULA.

30H

Length 23 millim.
Length 18 millim.
Length 10 millim.

GrltOUP 3.
(Intermediate between Groups 2 and 4.)

interrupta, Brun.,

[p. 327.

GROUP 4.

1. Species with some more or less conspicuous

differential character

Species without any specially distinctive
means of recognition

2. Wings tawny, brown spot at tip

Body orange, velvet-like, head all black,

dorsuui of thorax deep red

Body grey, wings grey, a small but distinct

darker' grey spot near tip of 2nd basal

cell and in middle of anal cell

Wings clear, thorax bright orange-yellow

with seven very distinct dark grey spots.

3. Legs mainly yellowish

Legs dark brownish yellow

Legs mainly black or blackish brown ....

4. Femora broadly blackish at tips, the colour

sharply demarcated from the pale yellow

tibiae

Femora narrowly black-tipped, or uni-
colorous

o. Costal cell of normal size

Costal cell very small, extending less than
one-fifth the distance from proximal side
of cell to wing-margin, along the upper
branch of 4th vein; thorax distinctly
brownish yellowr ; abdomen black, ex-
cept yellow at base

G. Thorax and abdomen soft yellowish grey ;
legs normal ; stigma normal, tilling all
the inner half of the marginal cell;

costal cell yellowish

Thorax yellowish ; abdomen blackish ; legs
exceptionally thin ; stigma filling only
half the inner marginal cell ; costal cell
almost clear

7. In this section are five species, impossible
to resolve into tabular form .

niyroapic all's, Brun.,

[p. 328..
continuata, Brun.,

[p. 328,

3. [p. 329.
ivalkeri, noni. nov.,*

[p. 330,
melanoment, Walk.,

[p. 330.
quadrmotata, sp. n.,

ornatithorax , Brun.,

4. [p. 335.
demarcate^ Brun.,

ochripcs, Brun., p. 334.
5.

flavescens, sp. n., p. 334.

[p. 332.
brunnicosta, sp. n.,

tenuipes, sp. n., p. 333.

divisa, Brun., p. 337.
gracilis, Brun., p. 338.
munda, sp. n., p. 336.
cinctoterminalis. sp. n.,
[p. 338.
elegantula, sp. n., p. 339.

* For T. fulvipennis, Walk., preoccupied by Do Goer in 1776.

302 TIPULID.E.

201. Tipula venusta, Walk. (PI. V, fig. 5.)*

Tipula venusta, Walker, List Dipt. Brit. Mus. i, p. 64 (1848).

" Rufo-fusca, subtus pallidior, thoracis dorso nigro univittato
fulvoque bivittato, abdoinine fulvo, disco rufo-fusco, antennis
flavis nigro cinctis, pedibus nigris, tibiis albo cinctis, tarsis albis
basi nigris, alis limpidissimis fnsco subfasciatis.

" Head reddish brown ; mouth yellow : palpi brown towards the
tip; feelers yellow, beset with short black hairs, not more than
half the length of the chest ; base of each joint black ; chest
tawny ; reddish brown on the disk, and having there a black
stripe in the middle, and a tawny stripe on each side ; the two
latter communicate in front with the tawny colour of the rest of
the chest ; abdomen bright tawny, reddish brown on the back,
excepting the base of each segment, which is tawny ; legs black,
very long ; a broad white band across each shank ; feet white,
excepting the first joint; wings colourless, very transparent,
having a large irregular brown spot near the tip, where some of
the veins are also clouded ; there is a small brown brand at the
end of the first longitudinal vein, and beneath it a narrow
interrupted brown line extends across the wing, and clouds the
sides of some of the short connecting veins ; veins very dark
brown ; poisers brown, tawny at the base.

" Length of the body 14 lines ; of the wings 24 lines.

" Silhet. From the Eev. J. Stainforth's collection." ( Walker.)

Type. Described from the British Museum collection, but no
longer to be found there.

There are evidently several species in the East which are
closely allied to this and to Wiedemann's pedata described from
Java. None of the specimens seen by me could be actually
determined as venusta.

202. Tipula gracillima, sp. nov.

$ . Head : frons and vertex pale yellowish, with a brown
median streak, the frons becoming almost whitish over the
antennae. Proboscis and palpi yellowish white, tip of proboscis
greenish. Antennal scape pale yellowish ; flagellar joints cylin-
drical, black, well separated, at least those of the basal half ; the
verticillate hairs very short. Back of head brownish above, pale
yellowish \vhite below. Thorax : dorsum brownish yellow ; a
median narrow reddish brown stripe, which is not very pro-
nounced, and an indistinct shorter stripe on each side of it, some
distance behind the shoulders. The brownish colour of the
dorsum is extended forward to the anterior margin of the thorax
and along the short neck. Scutellum and metanotum brownish
yellow. Sides of thorax pale yellowish white, with silvery white
reflections, if viewed from certain directions. Abdomen : basal

* A figure of a wing attributed to this insect was included in the Plate, as
I believed I had found the species in the Indian Museum collection. Later
studies lead me to think that I have not met with the true T. venusta, but the
figure is allowed to remain as typical of this group of species.

XIPULA. 303

segments very attenuated, the 3rd segment suddenly enlarging
towards its tip, the 4th the widest, the remaining four decreasing
gradually in width ; the first two and the base of the 3rd pale
yellowish, the remainder blackish. Each segment has a more or
less interrupted narrow white or whitish band, which on the first
four segments is placed in front of the middle, and on the last
four segments is basal. Belly yellowish on basal half, blackish
on apical half. Ovipositor rather complex : an upper short oblong
plate, of the" same appearance and colour as the last abdominal
segments, beneath which protrudes a dark grey cylindrical piece
bearing the upper pair of valves, which are blackish, narrow and
somewhat curved upwards ; the lower pair of valves are short,
stout, reddish, and enclosed by a protecting sheath on each side
rather shorter than the valves themselves, and of the same colour
as the last abdominal segments. Legs: coxa? pale yellowish;
femora dirty brown, darkening a little before the snow-white,
narrow, subapical ring which precedes the very narrowly black
tip. Anterior tibia? all black, except for an apical snow-white
ring, a little wider than that of the femora; hind tibia? black,
with two snow-white bands : the first, moderately wide, placed
soon after the base, the second apical, forming one-third of the
whole length of the tibia. The metatarsus a little longer than
the tibia, the second tarsal joint between one-third and one-fourth
of the length of the tibia, the remaining joints very short ; the
anterior metatarsi black, except for a broad apical white ring, the
rest of the tarsus being also white ; the hind tarsi have less than
one-third of the metatarsus black, the rest of the limb being snow-
white. In all cases, wherever the snow-white rings occur, the
minute pubescence is slightly denser. Wings absolutely colourless.
A dark blackish stigma, the colour of which extends very narrowly
along the base of the 3rd vein ; a small dark brown, rather sharply
defined, apical spot, embracing the tip of the 2nd and 3rd
longitudinal veins and the 1st posterior cell. Discal cell rather
large, pentagonal; pedicle of upper branch of 4th longitudinal
vein nearly as long as the termiual veinlets ; the 7th vein very
short, almost straight. The 1st longitudinal vein rather strongly
black. Halteres blackish.

Length 15 millim., excl. ovipositor 2± millim.

Described from one female from Peradeniya, Ceylon, 20. vii. 10
(E. Gravely).

Type in the Indian Museum.

A verv handsome and delicate species. The absolutely clear
wings, without the slightest tinge of greyness, with the two dark
spots in each, the well-defined snow-white rings on the legs, and
the attenuated base of the abdomen, at once stamp this species as
quite distinct from all others.

203. Tipula majestica, Brun.

Tipula majestica, Brunetti, Rec. Ind. Mus. vi, p. 248 (1911).
<5 2 • Head : back of head light brownish grey, with a verjr

•804

narrow median dark line. Frons and proboscis reddish brown,
more greyish above in female. Palpi blackish, antennal scape and
basal joints of flagellum yellowish red, rest of flagellum black ;
first three joints of flagellum elongated, remainder much shorter
and slightly enlarged below in their centres. Thorax : sides and
ground-colour of dors-din rich deep yellow ochre, bare ; dorsum
with a pair of median dark grey contiguous stripes forming the
usual centre stripe, with a shorter outer stripe on each side,
almost contiguous. The whole of the dorsurn of the posts utural
callosity occupied by a concolorous spot ; the dorsum of the
thorax just above the centre of the suture showing the bright
yellow ground colour. Scutellum and metanotum dark grey, a
narrow dark brown stripe joining roots of wings to tbe scutellum.
Pleurae gold-yellow, with shining yellow reflections in certain
lights. Abdomen dark brown, microscopically pubescent; posterior
margins of segments very slightly darker. In the female there is
a tendency to a narrow irregular dorsal stripe, formed by the
rather paler centres of the segments. Belly dark blackish grey.
Geuitalia of male consisting of a comparatively small dorsal
plate bilobed almost to its base, narrower behind, with yellow
hairs ; a pair of claspers with a very large, approximately conical,
black-haired basal joint and a much smaller scoop-shaped second
joint, with yellowish hairs. The eighth ventral segment has its
edge emarginate in the middle, bent in a sharp curve and clothed
in that part with bright golden yellow hairs. Intermediate organs
invisible. Ovipositor of female shining brown, with reddish tips.
Leys : coxae gold-yellow, rather shining, with a few hairs ; femora
and tibiae brownish yellow, tarsi rather darker ; tips of femora
with a rather narrow black ring. Wings brownish yellow, veins
of a little deeper colour. The centres of most of the cells on the
posterior half of the wing rather clearer, and an indistinct
transverse clear streak just before the hardly visible stigma.
Halteres blackish.

Length 33 millim., excl. proboscis 3 millim., and ovipositor
3 millim.

Described from a male (type) and two females, all from Darjiling,
3-9. vi. 09 (F. M. Howlett), and a female (type) from Kurseong,
24. vi. 10 (Annandale) ; a further female in the Indian Museum
from the Nilgiri Hills, 3500 ft., ix. 10 (H. L. Andrewes).

Type $ in the Pusa collection, type 5 in the Indian
Museum.

204. Tipula fulvolateralis, Erun. (PI. VI, fig. 15.)

Tipulafulvolateralis, Brunetti, Rec. Ind. Mus. vi, p. 249 (1911).

<$ $ . Head : vertex grey ; f rons one-fourth the width of the
head, yellow, with a little grev. Proboscis yellowish, dark brown
at tip and on underside, also the labella and the palpi. Antennae
yellow, brown towards the tips. Thorax: dorsum brownish grey,
forming the usual three dorsal stripes which are nearly contiguous,

TIPT7LA. 305

the middle one reaching the anterior margin and being just
perceptibly divided in front, the outer ones short, not reaching
the shoulders. Dorsum behind suture, scutellum and rnetauotum
brownish grey. Sides of thorax rather bright yellowish, the
colour extending round the front below the shoulders ; a thin
dark brown line on each side, below the yellow portion, separating
it from the lower part, which is almost livid in the type but
unicolorous yellow in the second specimen. Abdomen chestnut-
brown. Underside light yellowish grey on basal half. Genitalia of
male brownisE yellow, pubescent, complex ; a small dorsal
elongate curved plate, bilobed on the posterior half; a pair of
large claspers, two-jointed, the 2nd joint rather shorter, scoop-
shaped ; an internal pair of organs, sub-globular, with narrow
stems ; a ventral curved plate with a small semicircular piece cut
away in the centre, closely pubescent around the emargination
with golden yellow hairs. Legs brownish yellow, coxae livid, with
a few whitish hairs, tips of femora with a rather narrow black
ring. Wings moderately dark grey, costal cell brownish yellow
(in one specimen with a number of fine but distinct upright lines) :
stigma hardly distinct from the colour of the costal cell ; a small,
nearly hyaline spot just above the discal cell, of which the distal
side is nearly double the length of the proximal ; posterior cross-
vein narrowly but distinctly suffused near its junction with the 5th
vein. Petiole of 2nd posterior cell very short. Halteres blackish.

Length 31 millim. from tip of nose to tip of genitalia.

Described from several specimens of each sex. Type c? from
Bhim Tal, 4500 ft., Kumaon district, 19-22. ix. 06 (Annandale) ;
type $ from Mazbat, Mangaldai district, Assam, 11-15. x. 10
(Kemp). Other specimens in the Indian Museum from Dhikala,
Garhwal district, base of Western Himalayas, 10. iii.10; Mau-
galdai, North Assam, x. 1910 (Kemp) ; Kurseong, 23. vi. 10
{Annandale). Two specimens from Sikkim are in the Vienna
Museum, whilst I am almost sure that I have seen it at Mussoori.

Types c? and $ in the Indian Museum.

205. Tipula fumipennis, Brun. (PI. V, fig. 0.)

Tipulafumipennis, Brunetti, Rec. Tnd. Mus. vi, p. 250 (1911).

5 . Head mainly dark brown, a little yellow around the base of
the proboscis ; dark grey on back of head, except a broad median
brown part extending over the frons to the antennae, which latter
are yellowish brown ; scape paler. Palpi dark brown. Thorax :
dor sum dark brown, almost bare, and with the usual three black
stripes ; the middle one divided down its centre by a narrow pale
line ; the outer spots normal ; behind the suture, a small yellowish
spot on the base of each post-sutural elevation, the dorsum ot
which is darker brown ; the sides of the thorax immediately below
the dorsum are occupied by a distinct though rather narrow pale
yellowish stripe ; below this the pleurae are lighter, shining brown,
practically bare. Prothorax rather prominently divided from the

306 TIPULID^E.

mesothorax by a deep suture. Scutellum and metanotum brownish
yellow, with lighter reflections and some pale hairs. Abdomen
uniformly shining dark brown, bare. Belly lighter, with a few-
light hairs. Ovipositor shining dark brown. Leys : coxae light
yellowish brown, with pale yellow hairs ; femora and tibiae
yellowish ; femora with a rather broad black ring at tip. Wings
uniformly blackish brown ; posterior part slightly lighter ; veins
blackish. Posterior cross-vein somewhat thickened and infuscated,
a character in which the veins in the immediate vicinity appear
inclined to partake. Discal cell distinctly longer than the petiole
of the 4th vein, this petiole rather more than half the length of
the terminal veinlets. Halteres blackish.

Length 20 millim.,excl. proboscis 2 millim. and ovipositor 2 millim.

Described from one female in the Pusa collection, taken by
Mr. P. M. Hewlett at Darjiling, 3—9. vi. 09. I have a damaged
specimen from Mussoori that I captured there in June 1909.

206. Tipula princeps, sp. nov.

c? $ . Head' occiput and frons blackish grey, with black hairs.
Keck brownish yellow. Proboscis brownish yellow, with very
short black hairs; palpi black. Antennal scape pale yellowish,
2nd joint very short ; flagellum with oval joints, a little blackish
at base, where they have two long hairs on each side. Thorax :
dorsum soft light blackish grey, the usual stripes nearly contiguous
and filling the surface ; median stripe double ; thorax behind
suture concolorous, extreme edges of dorsum yellowish, as are the
whole of the sides of the thorax and the metanotum, except the
middle of the latter, which, with the scutellum, is concolorous
with the thoracic dorsum. Abdomen of male rather dark brownish
yellow ; an elongated blackish spot, darker anteriorly, in middle
of each segment, giving the appearance of a dorsal black stripe ;
a black line on each side of the abdomen, merging into the wholly
black apical two or three segments. Genital organs mainly con-
cealed, but the following points are visible : a blackish-brown
plate, suddenly contracted to a point posteriorly ; a large pair of
dark brown, shortly pubescent claspers, the 2nd joint of which
is conical, pale yellowish ; the ventral portion of the 8th abdo-
minal segment is large, V-shaped, with some quantity of long,
bright golden-yellow hairs at its lower extremity. There is also
a pair of curious large, pale yellowish-white, very thin, slightly
curved, sharply pointed inner plates, apparently protecting and
covering the second joint of the claspers. Some inner organs are
just visible, but are too hidden to be properly observed. Legs :
coxae pale brownish yellow ; femora at base of the same colour,
darkening gradually to the tip, where there is a distinct
though not well-defined, apical black ring ; tibiae and tarsi
blackish .or very dark brown. Wings pale grey; costal cell
yellow as far as the tip of the upper branch of 2nd longitudinal

TIPULA. 307

vein. Tip of wing above 4th vein, a small oblong spot (distinct
but ill-defined) about the middle of the anal cell, and an irregular
suffusion before the posterior cross-vein (which suffusion con-
tinues along the 5th vein to the margin of the wing), blackish.
A clear streak over the 3rd vein extending forwards a little, and
posteriorly to the inner side of the discal cell. Halteres blackish.

Length : tf 22 milliin. (including proboscis) ; $ 34 inillim. (in-
cluding proboscis and ovipositor).

Described from a unique male and female taken by Dr. Annan-
dale " at light '"* at Kurseong, 18-19. vi. 10.

Types in the Indian Museum.

207. Tipula dives, sp. nov.

<5 . Head : frons and back of head blackish grey. Proboscis
brown, a little yellowish below; palpi brown. Antennae con-
spicuous ; the scape and basal joints of the flagellum brownish
yellow, remainder of flagellum dark brown ; 1st scapal joint long,
2nd very short ; 1st and 2nd flagellar joints cylindrical, 2nd rather
shorter ; remaining joints with their uppersides quite linear, the
underside of each almost semicircular, giving a distinct serrated
appearance. Thorax : dorsum rich dark olive-brown, the colour
having a velvety appearance towards the margins and extending
over the anterior margin, covering the prothorax. The usual
three stripes (the median one distinctly divided) obvious but
suppressed, rather dark greenish grey in colour. Behind the
suture on each side are two similarly coloured spots, nearly con-
tiguous, the first smaller and triangular, the hinder one nearly
oblong ; a small, almost bluish triangular mark behind the middle
of the mesonotal suture ; sides of thorax bright yellow ; a dark
brown line from the neck to below the base of the wing. Scu-
tellurn and metanotum concolorous with the ground-colour of the
thorax ; metanotum with greyish reflections. Abdomen blackish,
with microscopic golden pubescence; dorsum of 1st segment
rather broader, dark yellowish brown. Belly mainly black, but
the base of the abdomen both at sides and on belly yellowish.
Grenital organs robust, consisting of an upper oblong plate, brown
(blackish in middle), bifid posteriorly ; a pair of large bright
golden-brown claspers, minutely pubescent, the 2nd joint of which
is comparatively small, conical, and nearly bare ; the basal joint of
these claspers is very distinctly keeled on the underside, and
there appears to be no ventral plate. The claspers in the unique
example present are closely folded, so that no smaller appendages
are visible. Legs brownish yellow ; the upperside of the femora
distinctly blackish ; tips of femora with a moderately broad black
ring ; tips of tibiae and of each tarsal joint less conspicuously
blackish. Wings uniformly moderately deep brownish yellow;
the posterior cells and the whole wing posterior to the 5th vein,

x

308 TIPTJLID.E.

a little clearer ; a distinct clearer streak above the base of the
discal cell and extending downwards to it. Halteres black.

Length 24 millim. to tip of nasus.

Described from a unique male from Kurseong, 23. vi. 10
,(Dr. Annandale).

Type in the Indian Museum.

The resemblance that this species has to my T. fulvolateralis is
most striking, especially in the bright yellowish sides to the
thorax with the distinct" lateral brown stripe, combined with the
large size of the species.

208. Tipula flava, Brun.

Tipula fiava, Brunetti, Kec. Ind. Mus. vi, 5. 252 (1911).

<$ . The whole body deep orange-yellow ; palpi, labella, and
antennae a little darker. Thorax unstriped. Abdomen : genitalia
consisting of a bilobed, oblong dorsal plate, a pair of claspers, of
which the 1st joint is very large, obtusely triangular ; the 2nd
joint elongate-triangular ; the whole organ concolorous. Legs
concolorous, tips of femora minutely black ; tips of tarsi a little
darker. Wings pale grey, veins brownish yellow. Halteres
brownish yellow.

Length 30 millim. (including proboscis).

Described from a single male taken by Mr. Fruhstorfer in
Sikkim in March or April.

Type in the Vienna Museum.

209. Tipula fumifasciata, Brun. (PI. V, fig. 7.)

Tipula fumifasciata, Brunetti, Rec. Ind. Mus. vi, p. 250 (1911).

c? $ . Head almost wholly yellowish grey. Antennae : 1st
scapal joint slightly contracted in middle, with a few hairs, 2nd
very short ; flagellum yellow, with microscopic whitish pubes-
cence, and a verticel of four or five black bristly hairs at base of
each joint. Proboscis and palpi yellow, both with short stiff black
hairs. Thorax pale yellowish grey. The three normal dorsal
stripes pale brownish grey, the median one abbreviated in front,
and continued to the anterior margin only in the form of three
very narrow lines. Sides of thorax pale yellowish grey, rather
darker behind, with a slight brownish tinge behind the wings.
Scuteiium and metanotuun very pale yellowish grey, almost with
a greenish tinge. Abdomen light brown, with microscopic golden-
yellow hairs, extreme bases of segments very narrowly black,
posterior margins of segments narrowly pale yellowish. Genital
organs concolorous, concealed, but large and apparently complex.
Legs yellowish, tips of femora and tibiae a little brownish ; tarsi
dark brown or blackish. Wings pale brown, a little darker on
anterior half. Distal third of both basal cells nearly clear, the

TIPULA. 309

hyaline part continued through the discal and 1st posterior cells
to the wing-margin. A narrow, irregular clear streak trans-
versely across the marginal cell, just beyond the barely obvious,
small blackish stigma, which clear streak joins the clear part of
the 1st basal cell. Veins brown, 3rd and oth longitudinal veins,
and the posterior cross-vein connecting the 5th with the discal cell,
deeply but narrowly suffused with dark brown. Pedicle of fork of
upper branch of 4th vein nearly as long as discal cell. Halteres
brown.

Length 15 millim.

Described from two males and one female (types) in the Indian
Museum collection from Ukhrul, Manipur State, 6400 ft., taken
by the Kev. W. Pettigrew in August 1908 ; also from a cotype
female from Central China in the Vienna Museum.

210. Tipula serricornis, sp. nov.

c? 5 . Head mainly brownish yellow, including palpi and

antennae, the former distinctly brown; the vertex much lighter.

yellowish or yellowish grey, the frons being one-third the width

of the head. The 1st scapal joint long, 2nd quite short ; 1st

flagellar joint three-fourths as long as the 1st scapal joint, but

rather narrower, cylindrical, as is the scape; remainder of flagellar

joints subtriangular, one of the angles pointing downwards, so that

the upperside of the flagellum is practically level ; very short stiff

hairs along the dorsum of the flagellum, the joints below being

quite bare. The length of the antennae is distinctly less than

twice the length from the back of the head to the tip of the

proboscis. Nasus distinct, narrow, pointed. Thorav: pronotum

rather well defined, brighter yellow than the rest of the thorax

which is brownish yellow, except the dorsum, this being occupied

by the usual three stripes and posterior pairs of spots, all of which

are contiguous to one another, greenish grey in colour, nearly

filling the dorsal surface. The colour extends to the scutellum and

metanotum, but is there a little lighter and more yellowish and

semi-translucent. A whitish baud or streak is irregularly reflected

in certain lights on the pleura? from the pronotum to just below

the wing-roots, and a similar band at a short distance below the

upper one. Abdomen brownish yellow ; a short brown streak at

each side near the base ; two or three apical segments in the male

more or less blackish, the colour less conspicuous in the female.

Genitalia inconspicuous, brownish yellow, not wider than the

abdomen; a small dorsal plate ending in two stout finger-like

appendages ; a large basal joint to the claspers, the 2nd joint being

apparently in the form of two leaf-shaped oi'gans ; a ventral plate

can be seen, completely withdrawn within the abdominal cavity.

In the female the genitalia reddish brown, shining ; two pairs of

stout valves, rather short. Legs uniformly brownish yellow.

Wings yellowish or yellowish grey, stigma almost imperceptible ;

x2

310

petiole of 2nd posterior cell practically absent ; * the two veinlet*
of the upper branch of the 4th longitudinal vein springing simul-
taneously from the discal cell, widely diverging. The 3rd longi-
tudinal vein remarkably curved, ending just below the wing-tip.
Halteres blackish.

Length: <$ 24-26 millim. (including proboscis); ? 30-32 millim.
(including proboscis and ovipositor).

Described from two males and two females in the Indian
Museum from Naini Tal, Western Himalayas, taken May and
June 1893.

A somewhat puzzling species. The antennae resemble those of
Prionota, Wulp (a genus from Java, comprising one species only)
in the narrowness of the flagellar joints at their bases, but
the species lacks the shorter, robust legs and the conical prolon-
gation of the face, which are characteristic features of that genus.
The absence of verticillate hairs on the antennal joints also con-
stitutes a distinct variation from typical Tipula, but the venation,
apart from the non-petiolate nature of the 2nd posterior cell and
the remarkably curved 3rd longitudinal vein, is strictly Tipula-
like.

211. Tipula pulcherrima, sp. nov. (PI. V, fig. 8; PL VI,
figs. 12, 13.)

cf $ . Head : frons and proboscis tawny brown. Vertex and
back of head grey, with a wide dark brown median stripe reaching
to base of antenna. Antennae reddish brown, the last few joints
blackish ; the 1st scapal joint in the male with linear indentations
making it appear to consist of five short joints, 2nd scapal joint
very short ; 1st joint of flagellum rather longer; base of all joints
with a small ridge-like expansion and a verticel of four rather
short hairs. Palpi with the first two joints reddish brown,
remainder black. Thorax: dorsum mainly on the margins and
between the markings, dark olive-brown, with rich dark brown
stripes and spots arranged as follows : the usual median stripe is
formed by two parallel, almost contiguous, moderately narrow
stripes, which are very slightly wider in front, where they attain
the anterior margin, extending posteriorly almost to the suture ;
an elongated, much shorter, oval, very slightly curved spot on
each side of this median double stripe ; a circular small spot just
behind the suture ; and posterior to this another elongated oval
spot reaching the posterior margin of the dorsum. All these spots
are of the same colour, and are surrounded rather broadly by a
light grey bordering, which occupies some considerable part of the
dorsal surface. Scutellum brownish grey or brownish yellow if
viewed from behind, with a broad blackish median stripe. Meta-
notum pale brownish yellow, with a small dark spot at its base,
the hinder part being bare, shining, and darker brown. Sides of

* It is only obviously present in the type male, in which it is extremely
short, being reduced to a point in the other three specimens.

TIPUL.1. 311

thorax mainly dark olive-brown, with a little silvery reflection ;
the margins of the various parts of the pleurae lined with grey,
and a yellow area immediately below the front part of the dorsum,
extending to the wing-base. The whole dorsal surface of the
thorax is covered with rather thick soft dark brown hairs, which
become yellowish on the scutellum and metanotum. Sides of
thorax with yellowish hairs. Abdomen of male cylindrical, yellowish
brown, darker towards tip. In female shining blackish brown,
bare, somewhat broadened just beyond the middle. Dorsum of
segments mainly rather bright ferruginous red ; the extreme side
edges of the dorsal plates, when seen from in front, with a whitish
reflection on the hinder part. Belly blackish. When seen from
in front, there is (in the female) a whitish spot in the middle of
each segment, thus forming a median white stripe. The hind
margins of the segments are also narrowly whitish. Genitalia of
the male very large and complex, yellowish brown, a little pubes-
cent ; a dorsal, gently curved, comparatively small, oblong, darker
brown plate with rounded outer corners, cut away in the middle
of the posterior margin, the resultant inner corners being pro-
duced into distinct elongate black points ; this plate continued
narrowly down the sides, where it enlarges somewhat into a small
oval terminal side-plate, immediately in front of the large ventral
plate which is V-shaped, very large, extending upwards on each
side of the genital chamber, thus forming large side-plates.
The posterior upper corners are prolonged into approximately
quadrate, comparatively small, black plates which meet and unite
(apparently) ; leaving an open space below, through which pro-
trudes a thick pointed plate of moderate size, with a faint dorsal
dividing line. The claspers are large, consisting of a strong short
obtuse basal joint and a second joint which is thin, broad, some-
what twisted, and broadly bilobed at the tip, with a small pointed,
apparently stiff, projection on the inner side, and in addition some
kind of a 'black hook. In the interior of the genital chamber can
be seen a pair of organs apparently with black hooked tips, and
in the centre a long cylindrical piece terminating in a very fine
filamentous penis. Ovipositor shining dark brown, lower pair of
valves much the shorter of the two, tips whitish. Legs compara-
tively short and thick, dark olive-brown, shining, with a few pale
yellow hairs ; femora and tibiae brownish yellow ; a very indistinct
narrow dark ring near tip of femora ; the tips of the tibiae
narrowly blackish ; tarsi darker. The whole of the legs, except
the coxae, having a bare appearance ; a few very short hairs near
tips of femora, and the tibiae with two strong short black spurs.
Wings pale yellowish grey, costal cell distinctly yellow. Below
the subcostal cell are four black spots : the first' covering just the
bases of the two basal cells ; the second just beyond, confined to the
1st basal cell ; the third circular, confined to the 1st basal cell, and
placed on the origin of the pracfurca; the fourth of rather large size,
below the tip of the subcostal vein, to the inside of, and also below
and contiguous to, the black circular stigma. Nearly all the veins

312 TIPULID^E.

a little infuscated, except the subcostal (auxiliary) and the 2nd
longitudinal, which are both yellow; the 5th also distinctly yellow
towards its tip, as also the posterior cross-vein ; the tips of most of
the veins bear a distinct but small dark grey spot ; the apical part
of the costa infuscated, rather broadly so about the upper fork of
the 2nd longitudinal vein ; a rather clear spot on the posterior
margin of the wing, at each extremity of the axillary cell. Discal
cell hexagonal ; upper branch of the 4th longitudinal vein nearly as
long as discal cell and half as long as the terminal veinlets ; 2nd
longitudinal vein originating about the centre of the wing.
Halteres brownish yellow.

Length 30 millim., excl. nasus 3 millim., and ovipositor 3-4
millim.

Described from a single type male taken by Mr. A. D. Imms
near Bhowali, 5700 ft., Kumaon, Western Himalayas, 27. vi. 10,
at light ; a type female taken by the same collector in the same
locality, July 1909 ; a second female from the same collector
and locality, 26. vi. 10 ; and a third female in the Pusa collection,
taken by Mr. F. H. Howlett at Darjiling, 3-9. vi. 09.

Types, c? and $ , in the Indian Museum.

A very handsome and striking speeies, which bears some resem-
blance to a Ctenophora. As, however, the antenna? are distinctly
verticillate, I retain it in Tipula • though it presents various
characters which are rather more in keeping with Ctenophora,
such as the comparatively stout and short legs, the tarsi being
shorter than the tibiae and the metatarsus only equal to the
remaining tarsal joints, the slight enlargement of the abdomen
just beyond the middle, and the slightly abnormal shape of the
antennal joints.

212. Tipula fuscinervis, sp. nov. (PI. Y, fig. 9.)

$ . Head : occiput, frons, proboscis, and palpi brown, antennal
scape yellow, flagellum brown. Thorax : dorsurn grey, with the
three usual brown stripes, rather narrowly separated, the middle
one reaching the anterior margin, divided in front ; the side stripes
short, pointed in front. Post-sutural dorsum all brown, also the
scutellum ; metanotum grey, dorsum brown ; edges of thoracic
dorsum grey. Sides of thorax yellowish, pleura? pale olive-grey.
Abdomen light brown, blackish towards the tip, with traces of a
dark dorsal stripe. Belly dark brown ; ovipositor small, shining,
dark brown. Legs yellowish brown ; femora lighter, with a narrow
black ring at tip ; coxae concolorous with lower part of thorax.
Wings pale grey ; veins blackish brown, yellowish here and there,
narrowly suffused with brown in some places, especially at the
junctures of the cross-veins and on the 5th longitudinal vein.
Costal and marginal cells yellowish ; stigma barely darker, not
distinct. Obliterative streak very distinct below the stigma,
ending in the discal cell, almost extinguishing the veins in its
path, including the upper and lower sides of the discal cell.

Length (extreme) 30 millim.

TIPULA. 313

Described from a perfect female captured by Dr. Annandale at
Kurseong, 21-29. v. 06.

Type in the Indian Museum.

213. Tipula patricia, sp. nov.

5 . Head yellowish, closely tomentose on occiput. Eyes widely
separated. Proboscis yellowish brown, palpi black. * Antennal
scape yellow,- 2nd joint very short ; flagellum black, the hairs
normal. Thorax yellowish, rather brighter on the dorsum, on
which are the three usual stripes, which are blackish and well
separated, the median one narrowed anteriorly, culminating on the
prothorax in a small round spot ; behind the suture two blackish
spots appear as the interrupted continuation of the outer stripes.
Scutellum shining black, with two yellow-dusted spots at base ;,
metanotum yellow-dusted, with a blackish shining median stripe.
Sides of thorax yellowish. Abdomen black, rather shining, the
sides continuously, and the posterior margins more or less nar-
rowly, yellow. Belly yellowish white. Ovipositor reddish brown.
Legs : femora yellowish, the tips broadly blackish ; anterior tibia?
brownish towards the base, becoming nearly black at the middle,
the distal half consisting of a white ring for two-thirds of this
space and an apical black ring for the last third ; hind tibiae black,
with a broad subbasal white ring and a wider subapical similar
ring ; tarsi all w7hite, except at the base (broadly) of the meta-
tarsus. All the white rings are very distinct, but without clear-
cut demarcations. Wings pale grey ; the terminations of the 4th
longitudinal vein narrowly suffused ; a blackish spot at the wing-
tip, extending inwards over the distal half of the 1st posterior
cell ; a dark brownish suffusion about the stigma, reaching to the
discal cell ; a brownish spot across the middle of the two basal
cells, and another over the posterior cross-vein. Costal cell a
little yellow ; 4th and 5th posterior cells and the wing posterior
to the 5th vein a little darker grey. Halteres blackish.

Length 24 millim. (including proboscis and ovipositor).

Described from a perfect female captured by Dr. Annandale at
Kurseong, 26. vi. 10.

Type in the Indian Museum.

This must be very near Wiedemann's T. pedata from Java
(Auss. Zweifl. Ins. ii, p. 45), the differences in the body-markings
being very slight. The brownish sides to the proboscis are not
present, and the scutellum and metanotum differ from those of
that species, though the legs agree very well. However, the
wings do not fall in with what I should expect to find from the
author's description, and as the present example comes from so
different a locality, it seems justifiable to regard it as in all proba-
bility distinct.

314 TIPULIDJE.

214. Tipula splendens, sp. nov. (PI. V, fig. 10.)

c? . Head : vertex and f'rons light grey, with a faint pinkish
tinge ; f'rons forming one-third the width of the head. Lower
part of head from just below the flat nearly horizontal vertex dark
brown, the colour sharply divided from the grey upper part.
Upper and lower sides of proboscis concolorous with the upper
and lower sides respectively of the head ; palpi blackish. Antennae
with the scapal joints very light brown, the 1st joint with three
lines of indentation making it appear as if four-jointed ; flagellum
yellowish, base of joints very narrowly black, verticillate. Thorax:
of so many colours that it is difficult to speak of any one as the
ground-colour. The margin of the anterior half of the dorsum
moderately dark brown ; a wide median yellowish-brown stripe
(composed of two nearly contiguous ones), from the anterior
margin to the suture, where it dwindles away to a point ; the
usual short outer stripes replaced by very conspicuous elongate
chalk-white spots, with a dark chocolate- brown margin on each
side ; in front of these spots the surface of the dorsum is yellowish,
much lighter than the median stripe; the whole post-sutural
dorsum chalk-white, except the moderately narrow chocolate-
brown margin, which is continued unbroken along the sides of
the scutellum and metanotum. The scutellum chalk-white, the
colour being continuous from the posterior margin of the thoracic
dorsum. The transverse suture is a little brown about its middle,
in front of which, just posterior to the end of the median
yellowish-brown stripe, is a small shield-shaped whitish-grey
spot. Metanotum grey, with a thin dark median stripe pos-
teriorly. Sides of thorax, immediately below the dorsum, yellowish
with a fawn or pinkish tinge ; below this again, blackish grey
with an intermediate, darker brown, irregular, ill-defined line
dividing this colour from the yellowish upper part ; pleura?
brownish or greyish. Abdomen brownish grey on first segment
and on the last two or three segments ; intermediate segments
yellowish ; at the sides, the lower edges of the upper plates of
the abdomen frosted with white. Underside of abdomen dark
grey, with numerous very small brown spots, from each of which
a short stiff hair emerges. Sides with very soft short pale hairs.
Genitalia dark brown ; an oblong upper dorsal plate, with a
groove in the middle above and a few yellowish hairs 011 the
posterior margin :, the basal joint of the claspers normal, of
moderate size, apparently meeting below almost in the form of a
ventral plate; 2nd joint of irregular shape, oval, crooked, and
apparently composed of a pair of leaf-shaped processes ; some
intermediate organs are visible, amongst which are one or more
hook-like (?) pieces. Legs: coxae greyish, femora and tibiae
brownish yellow, tips of each indistinctly black, tarsi blackish.
Winys almost clear, with longitudinal blackish streaks ; costal cell
and stigma brownish ; a straight blackish streak, with ill-defined
edges, along both sides of the 5th longitudinal vein from near its

TIPULA. 315

base to the posterior cross-vein ; a similar streak towards the tip,
in the upper part of the 2nd basal cell ; a third streak along the
lower side of the discal cell, with fairly distinct edges, and reaching
nearly to the wing-margin ; a narrow streak along the apical half
of the 3rd vein ; other smaller streaks below the stigma, on the
costa beyond the stigma, and along the 1st longitudinal vein just
below the costal cell. Tips of all the veins with a small blackish
spot, whilst there is a pale grey spot along the middle of the
margin of the axillary cell between the 6th and 7th veins ; the
wing behind the 7th vein wholly grey ; the veins, generally brown,
are tinged here and there with yellowish. Halteres vellow, clubs
black.

Length (entire) 28 millim.

Described from one male, in perfect condition, taken by Mr. A.
D. Imrns at Badrinath, 10,200 ft., Gahrwal district, 21. v. 10.

Type in the Indian Museum.

An exceptionally beautiful species of great size, and apparently
quite distinct from any species described from the East.

215. Tipula reposita, Walk.

Tipula reposita, Walker, List Dipt. Brit. Mus. i, p. 67 (1848).

" Pulva, abdominis vittis duo apiceque fuscis, antennis fulvis
nigro cinctis; pedibus rufo-fuscis, fernoribus fulvis, alis fulvis
maculis nonuullis limpidis.

" Allied to T. nubeculosa. Body tawny, a black ring round each
joint of the feelers, which are not longer than the chest ; a brown
stripe along each side of the abdomen, whose tip is also brown ;
legs reddish browu ; thighs tawny with brown tips ; wings tawny ;
abdomen with five or six colourless spots, various in size and in
shape and having also a brown spot near the tip of the foreborder ;
veins brown ; some of the longest veins slightly clouded. Length
of the body 8-10 lines, of the wings 16-18 lines. Nepaul."
(Walker.)

Types, 3 and $ , in the British Museum ; the male is in suffi-
ciently good condition to be useful, but the female is reduced
almost to a fragment.

I have seen no specimen which can possibly be ascribed to this
species.

216. Tipula himalayensis, Brun. (PI. V, fig. 11 ; PL VI, figs. 16

& 17.)

Tipula himalayensis, Brunetti, Rec. Ind. Mus. vi, p. 252 (1911).

c? $ . Head yellowish or yellowish grey, occasionally with a
slight greenish cinereous tinge ; a narrow fuscous stripe from
behind the head, passing over the vertex, descending to just
above the antennae, where it forms an elongated spot. Antennal
scape yellow; flagellum iiormally dark brownish black, with one
or two hairs on each side at the base of each joint ; each joint

316 TIPULID^E.

being fairly long and slightly notched on the upperside just
beyond the base. In some specimens the flagellar joints are
shorter, and when this is the case they are generally mainly
yellow, with a narrow black base ; occasional intermediate forms,
both in the matter of length of the joint and colour, prove that
the differences are not specific. Proboscis brownish. Palpi more
or less brown, first three joints subequal in length, 3rd the shortest;
2nd and 3rd stouter, 4th thin, twice the length of 2nd ; all the
joints moderately pubescent. Eyes black ; frons at narrowest
part barely one-third of head ; back of head concolorous, with a
few hairs, especially just behind, but not contiguous to the eyes,
also on lower part. Thorax mainly yellowish grey, varying to
ash-grey, often with a slight greenish tinge ; dorsum with three
stripes on anterior part, the middle one divided behind, reaching
to the suture, and with a darker middle line in front ; the outer
stripes short, forming elongate spots, all three stripes greenish
grey in colour ; each post-humeral callosity bears three similarly
coloured spots, an inner oval one, more or less in a straight line
with the outer stripe in front of the suture, and two smaller ones
just above the base of the wings ; all the three spots being con-
fluent in some specimens ; shoulders more or less lighter grey,
sutural emargination yellowish or greyish. Scutellum yellowish
or yellowish grey, with a more or less distinct narrow median
line; metanotum yellowish grey, hinder half more ash-grey, with
an indistinct median line. Sides of the thorax usually concolorous,
but always more yellowish than the dorsum. Abdomen variable ;
generally in the male the first five segments yellowish or yellowish
brown, the remainder dull black, but the latter colour sometimes
encroaches on the major portion of the abdomen, leaving only one
or two basal segments yellow. In the female, yellowish or
brownish, with three dorsal black lines, but the black colour is
even more irregular in its extent in this sex than in the male,
often covering nearly all the dorsum. In both sexes a narrow
black line on each side of the abdomen, which is sometimes lost
in the nearly wholly black abdomen in certain specimens. Male
genitalia moderately large, concolorous, composed of an outer
pair of firm conical claspers, the basal joint cut away somewhat
on the outer side, the second joint comparatively large, with
pointed tip ; a narrow dorsal plate, with yellow hairs on its
posterior margin ; an inner pair of spoon-shaped organs bearing
yellow hairs. Ovipositor of female very long (3 millim.), con-
sisting of a long basal cylindrical piece, hard, shining, blackish
brown, with at each side of it a grey plate with rounded edges,
protruding from the last abdominal segment ; these plates do not
meet above or below; to the end of the basal piece is affixed a
pair of long, pointed, slightly arcuated lateral valves, distinctly
serrate on the underside ; the lower pair of valves extremely
short, and very liable to be overlooked unless closely searched for.
Legs black ; coxae, knees, femora at the base, and a broad ring
near the tip pale yellow. Winr/s yellowish grey, veins brown,

TIPULA. 317

costal cell more or less yellowish. Clearer spots occur in the
wings, generally towards the tip of the costal cell, at the base of
and in the middle of the subcostal, surrounded bv the stigma ; a
streak just beyond the stigma, extending backwards ; a roundish
spot on the posterior part of the distal half of the second basal
cell, and sometimes small ones at the end of the 6th and 7th
longitudinal veins, all these pale spots being more or less indis-
tinct and ill-defined ; the wing occasionally being nearly wholly
clear, and having no yellow in it except in the neighbourhood of
the costa. Stigma always brownish, of varying intensity. Halteres
yellow, knobs black.

Length to tip of nasus : tf 11-14 millim. ; £ 11-20 millim.
(exclusive of the ovipositor).

Described from a good series of both sexes in good condition
taken by me at Darjiling, 22. ix. 08 to 1. x. 08, in bushes on the
hillside and attracted by the lamps in houses during the evenings.
Frequently seen in cop. I also took several in the same locality
from 10-20. x. 05, and again from 23-29. v. 10. The Indian
Museum series comprises specimens from Bhim Tal, 4500 ft.,
1 9-22. ix. 08, and Nairn Tal, 6400 ft. (Dr. Annandale). The
species is probably common throughout the Himalayas.

Types, d" and $ , in the Indian Museum ; cotypes of both
sexes are also in that collection and my own.

The species is variable, within certain limits, but can be easily
recognised by the wide pale yellow ring on all the femora about
as far from the tip as the width of the ring, a peculiarity I know
of in no other Oriental species with marmorated wings, except
T. elegans. I describe this species rather fully because it seems
typical of a small set of very closely allied, but distinct, species
frequenting the Himalayas. Three or four of these are present
in the Indian Museum. Possibly T. Mmalaijensis, or some of the
allied species referred to, may prove identical with Palaearctic
forms.

217. Tipula tessellatipennis, sp. nov. (PI. V, fig. 13.)

c? $ . Head wholly pale brownish yellow, almost pinkish in the
female on the broad vertex ; labella of the proboscis black ; palpi
dark brown. Antenna brownish yellow, extreme base of flagellar
joints black. Thorax pale yellowish, with a greyish tinge ; darker
in male, which has a brownish-grey median stripe, darker at tne
edges and in the middle ; the female with a yellowish median
stripe, which has a brownish border on each side and a brownish
median line. Two elongate oval brownish side spots, with a similar
small one of the same colour on each shoulder ; behind the suture,
on each side of the dorsum, a small round spot and an elongate
posterior one ; the narrow brownish outer lines of the median
stripe extending to the posterior margin of the dorsum ; the sides
and all the rest of the thorax pale yellowish grey, with whitish
reflections when viewed from different directions. Scutellum and

318

inetaootum rather greenish grey in male, pale yellowish grey in
female. Abdomen of male brown, with an indistinct row of
blackish dorsal spots. In the female the first segment distinctly
pale yellowish grey, the remainder rather bright yellowish, and
blackish towards the sides ; dorsum blackish towards the tip.
Belly yellowish, blackish towards the tip. Greuitalia of male
reddish yellow or brownish yellow ; consisting of a wide squarish
curved dorsal plate, with a longitudinal groove in the middle on
the upperside, giving it the appearance of two plates joined
together, terminating in the middle of the hind margin in two
small black palp-like points, on each side of which, on the margin,
are some sparse vei'y short yellow hairs ; the basal joint of the
claspers very large, approximately triangular from a lateral point
of view, reddish yellow ; the second joint elongate, narrowly
conical, moderately curved upwards ; an inner pair of small organs
with clubbed tips ; the large basal segments of the claspers joined
below, almost forming a ventral plate. Ovipositor reddish
mahogany-brown. Leas brownish yellow, tips of femora and
tibiae blackish, tarsi blackish. Wings: ground-colour very pale
grey, nearly clear ; a little darker grey colour filling the costal cell
and extending in three irregular moderately broad bands across
the wing — the first beginning just beyond the humeral cross-vein,
the second crossing the middle of the basal cell, the third beginning
over the base of the 2nd longitudinal vein ; the first two bands
end in darker grey elongate spots in the anal cell, the third is hardly
separable from the slightly darker grey tinge that fills the inner
and major portions of most of the cells in the wing. The basal
cell has a darker brownish streak towards its tip just above the
5th vein ; the stigma is brown, the region below it a little darker
grey ; the discal cell, the fork of the upper branch of the 4th
ongitudinal vein, and the tip of the 3rd are all very narrowly
infuscated ; and also to a slight degree the tips of all the endings
of the 4th vein. Pedicle of 2nd posterior cell about half the
length of the discal cell, which is large. A distinct specific
character is that there is a practically clear spot in the 2nd, 3rd,
4th, and 5th posterior cells, situated on the hind margin of the
wing ; the hind margin beyond the 5th posterior cell is also more
or less clear. Halteres yellowish brown.

Lenf/th: tf 16 millim. ; $ 24 millim. (including nasus and
ovipositor).

Described from a single specimen of each sex received from the
Lucknow Museum, taken at Naini Tal, 6400 ft., Kumaon,
Western Himalayas, in May or June 1893.

Types in the Indian Museum.

Very near T. Tiimalayensis, but easily distinguished by the
absence of the pronounced subapical yellow ring on all the femora,
and by the presence of the pale marginal spots in the 2nd, 3rd,
4th, and 5th posterior cells.

TIPULA. 3H>

218. Tipula robusta, B)-un.

Tipula robusta, Brunetti, Rec. Ind. Mus. vi, p. 254 (1911).

3 . Head dark grey ; frons one-fifth the width of the head.
Antennae brownish yellow, base of joints very narrowly black.
Proboscis and palpi dark brown, pubescent. Thorax : dorsuin
practically all blackish brown, with the exception of the suture,
hind margins of the post-sutural callosities and a broad lateral and
hind marginal- border to the metanotum, all of which parts are
reddish yellow. Metanotum with some short golden yellow hairs
towards its sides, its dorsum dark grey ; the median dorsal thoracic
stripe attains the anterior margin and is slightly darkened on its
edges. The prothorax is very distinct, brown, somewhat divided
by a depression from the mesothorax ; neck yellow. Sides of
thorax light orange-yellow. Abdomen brown, 1st segment reddish
yellow, 2nd reddish yellow on upperside, last segments blackish.
Belly lighter brown, yellowish at base, tip blackish. Genital
organs mainly dark brown, large and complex, but considerably
concealed between the two large side-plates, apparently consisting
of a small upper dark brown pubescent plate ; a pair of pale
yellow, flat, pointed organs ; the usual pair of large claspers, each
of which bears a brush-like appendage ; and there are appa-
rently intermediate organs also. Leys : coxae yellow, with a few
pale gold hairs ; femora light brownish yellow, tips rather broadly
blackish ; tibiae brownish yellow with blackish tips ; tarsi yellow-
ish brown, very long, hind pair nearly twice as long as the tibiae.
Wings pale yellowish grey, with darker brownish yellow parts,
such as the costal cell, the major part of the 1st basal cell, a large
area near the distal part of the 2nd basal cell, a squarish spot in the
middle of the 6th posterior cell, the whole of the two submarginal
cells, and the base of the 1st posterior cell; stigma yellowish
brown, well defined ; veins dark brown, 5th with a tendency to
a narrow suffusion. Halteres brownish yellow.

Length (entire) 20 millim.

Described from one male in my collection from Mussoori, taken
by me, 22. vi. 05.

219. Tipula marmoratipennis, sp. nov. (PI. V, fig. 13.)

$ . Head yellowish ; tip and underside of proboscis brown ;
palpi brownish yellow ; antennal scape yellow, flagellum blackish
brown ; vertex with a narrow brown median line. Thorax mode-
rately dark grey, with a median pair of dark greenish grey closely
approximated stripes, an elongate spot on each side and a smaller
round spot on the shoulder — ah1 these marks bordered narrowly
with dark brown ; a pair of large oval greenish grey post-sutural
spots and a narrow dark brown median line from a little behind
the suture passing unbroken over the scutelluru and metanotum.
Scutellum yellowish grey, metanotum greenish grey. Sides of

320 TIPULIDjE.

thorax yellowish, -,vith grey and greenish reflections when viewed
from different directions. Abdomen rather bright reddish yellow
on the first five segments, more or less blackish towards the sides ;
the whole dorsum of the remaining segments blackish. Pale
yellow hairs on the hind margins and the sides of the segments.
Belly mainly blackish, the central parts of the basal segments
more or less yellowish ; ovipositor small, reddish yellow; underside
of abdomen somewhat swollen at the tip. Legs brownish yellow,
femora with broad blackish tips, tibiae dark brown, tarsi blackish.
Wings very pale grey ; costal cell and stigma yellowish ; a little
darker grey in the middle and towards the tips of both basal cells,
over the origin of the 3rd longitudinal vein, at the tip of the lower
branch of the 2nd vein, on the outerside of the discal cell, at the
fork of the upper branch of the 4th vein, in the 5th posterior cell,
and on the greater part of the wing behind the 5th vein ; also
slightly but distinctly darker at the tips of all the endings of the
4th longitudinal vein. Petiole of 2nd posterior cell very short.
Halteres yellowish.

Length 14 rnillirn., excl. ovipositor 2 millim.

Described from two females from Darjiling, the type taken by
me 24. iv. 10, the second example by Mr. Paiva 7. viii. 09.

Type $ in the Indian Museum, also the second specimen.

Distinguished from T. Tiimalayensis by the absence of the yellow
subapical ring on the femora, and from T. tessellatipennis by the
absence of the pale marginal spots in the 2nd, 3rd, 4th, and 5th
posterior cells, and by the presence of the small infuscations at
the tips of the endings of the 4th longitudinal vein.

220. Tipula quasimarmoratipennis, sp. nov. (PI. V, fig. 14.)

2 . Head brownish yellow ; a narrow median brown line on
the vertex ; tip and underside of proboscis, also the palpi, dark
brown. Antennal scape yellow, also the basal joints of the
flagellum, the remaining joints dark brown, some having traces
of a little yellow at their tips. Thorax cinereous grey, with the
three usual stripes mouse-brown ; dorsnm behind suture mouse-
brown, a little paler about the suture and the edges ; sides of
thorax cinereous, a little yellowish here and there. Scutellum
and metanotum cinereous grey, with an indistinct median black
line. Abdomen yellowish, with a distinct dorsal uninterrupted
blackish stripe. On one example there is a distinct black stripe
on each side, but it is not obvious in the type. Belly blackish, a
little paler here and there. The dorsum' of the 8th segment is
cut away to the base so that the dirty brownish yellow ovipositor
appears to start from the 7th segment. The lower part of the
8th segment is complete. Apparently there is only one pair of
valves, laterally placed, long, with serrated edges. Legs brownish
yellow, femora broadly blackish, tibiae and tarsi blackish brown
Wings : prevailing colour moderately pale grey ; costal cell

TIPULA. 321

yellowish but not conspicuously so ; three dark brownish irregular
small patches placed, (1) over the base of the two basal cells,
(2) over the origin of the 2nd longitudinal vein, and (3) forming
the irregularly shaped stigma; the tip of the wing is just per-
ceptibly darker. Some slightly paler spots than the ground-
colour are placed as follows : — along the posterior side of the
2nd basal cell ; a similar, but smaller, distal one in the same cell ;
in front of, and just beyond the stigma ; at the tips of the 6th
and 7th veins, with an intermediate marginal one. None of the
veins are really iufuscated except the 5th, for a short distance in
the neighbourhood of the posterior cross-vein. Petiole of 2nd
posterior cell two-thirds as long as the discal cell and barely half
as long as the veinlets enclosing the 2nd posterior cell. Halteres
brown.

Length 18-19 millim., excl. proboscis 1| millim., and ovipositor
4| millim.

Described from a type female from Darjiling, 23. v. 10, taken
by me ; a second female from Kurseong, 9. ix. 09 (Annandale) ;
and a third female taken by Mr. W. Pettigrew at TJkhrul,
Manipur, 6400 ft.

Type in the Indian Museum.

Distinguished from T. himalayensis by the absence of the yellow
rings on the femora, from T. tessellatipennis and T. marmorati-
pennis by the absence of both clear spots on the margins of the
posterior cells, and of infuscations of the tips of the 4th longi-
tudinal vein-endings.

221. Tipula griseipennis, sp. nov. (PI. V, fig. 15.)

3 . Head : vertex and frons moderately dark grey, with short
scattered black hairs ; frons nearly one-third the width of the
head. Proboscis and palpi dark brown. Antennal scape with
1st joint of considerable length, 2nd very short, both pale yellow ;
flagellum yellowish, base of joints narrowly black. Thorax:
ground-colour ash-grey, with three broad darker grey stripes, each
bordered with a narrow line of darker colour, the median stripe
having also a pair of fine darker longitudinal lines ; on the
shoulders, in front of each of the outer dorsal stripes, a black spot
in the small indentation usually found there ; behind the suture,
a large oval, and a smaller anterior round darker grey spot on
each side of the median depression. Scutellum and metanotum
ash-grey or a little darker, with short yellow hairs on the hind
margin of the former, and scattered wholly over the dorsum of
the latter; sides of thorax just below the dorsum yellowish;
pleurse and lower part of thorax ash-grey. Abdomen yellowish,
with very short yellow hairs, becoming darker and more reddish
towards the tip, sometimes blackish on the dorsum of the end
segments ; 1st segment with two large squarish blackish spots ;
a more or less obvious black stripe along the side of the abdomen.
Underside yellowish, becoming blackish towards the tip. Grenitalia

322 TIPULTD^E.

consisting of a large, square, black, slightly curved, dorsal
plate, with bright yellow hair on the posterior margin, except
just in the very centre ; the outer side of the large basal joint of
the claspers has almost the appearance of a side-plate ; the second
joint is a hook-like pointed reddish yellow piece, slightly curved ;
a pair of broad, thin, pale yellow processes issuing apparently from
the lower part of the genital chamber, curving upwards side by
side, closing up (so to speak) the genital chamber. Inside, below
them, a narrow penis is observable ; a ventral plate is present.
Legs brownish yellow, coxae slightly dusted with grey, femora and
tibiae each with a narrow black apical ring, tarsi blackish towards the
tip. Wings pale grey, with nearly clear streaks and spots, placed
as follows : — one, of irregular width, from the 5th longitudinal
vein to the hind border of the wing, ending just behind the tip
of the 7th vein ; one across the middle of the 2nd basal and the
anal cells, zigzag in nature : a narrow clear streak, here and there
less distinct, around the inner margin of the distal half of the 2nd
basal cell ; over the base of the discal and 4th posterior cells ;
beyond the stigma and, to a less degree, more or less distinctly
before it ; in the tips of the subrnarginal and 1st posterior cells
(less distinctly), and a distinct semicircular spot on the wing-
margin in the 2nd, 3rd, 4tb, and 5th posterior cells; and finally
two on the margin of the axillary cell. A little blackish suffusion
over the base of the 2nd longitudinal vein ; another forming the
ill-defined stigma ; another over the basal veins of the discal cell
and the posterior cross-vein and about the middle of the anal cell.
Halteres yellow, clubs blackish, tips yellowish.
Length 16 millim.

Described from two perfect males from Badrinath, 10,200 ft.,
Garhwal district, 27. v. 10 (Imms).
Type in the Indian Museum.

A very distinct species, though closely allied to those of the
T. himalayensis group, being nearest to T. tessellatipennis ; yet
when a couple of specimens of each are placed side by side, their
specific distinctness is obvious at a glance. Still it is difficult to
define the differences exactly, beyond noting that in T. tessellati-
pennis the wings have a very distinct yelloiv appearance whilst
in T. ginseipennis they are as distinctly pale grey, especially if
viewed upon a dark background. The same applies to the colour
of the thorax, which is yellowish in the former, grey in the latter
species. Another difference, of perhaps less value, is that the two
clear streaks in the middle of the wing extend forward in T. tes-
sellatipennis up to the 1st longitudinal vein, but in the present
species the first streak only extends forward to the 5th longi-
tudinal vein, and the 2nd streak as far forward as the 4th vein.
That they are quite distinct is certain.

TIPULA.. 323

222. Tipula elegans, Brun.

Tipula elegans, Erunetti, Rec. Ind. Mus. vi, p. 255 (1911).

$ . Head yellowish grey, more yellow at the back, from which
a narrow, not very distinct, fuscous stripe runs over the vertex,
but terminates before reaching the base of the antennae. Nasus
rather produced, pale yellow, with a pinkish tinge, and some
yellow hairs at tip, pointing forwards. Frons one-fourth the
width of the head ; eyes black ; palpi dark brown, pubescent.
Antennae : scape yellow ; flagellum dark brown, the base of each
joint narrowly black-ringed, arid with one or two hairs on each
side, the joiuts having a microscopic pale pubescence which gives
a grey sheen when seen in certain directions. Proboscis dark
brown, tip black. Thorax : dorsum brownish grey, with the three
usual stripes shortened and confluent, thus forming a central spot
of dark blackish brown, which in certain lights has a reddish
tinge ; two almost contiguous broad grey stripes (each darkened
-on its inner side) proceeding from the front of the dorsal spot to
the anterior border of the thorax. Two dark reddish brown spots
on each side behind the suture, the upper one circular, the hinder
one oval : the hinder half of this latter one, seen from behind,
-bears a greyish sheen. A small yellowish cavity just below the
shoulders. Prothorax more or less ash-grey, with slightly darker
markings and a small brown streak on its upper part. Scutellmn
and metanotum very pale brown ; posterior half of latter with
ash-grey reflections, seen from behind, with a narrow, dark median
line, as has also the scutellum ; the scaly ridge in front of the base
of the wings yellow ; sides of thorax wholly pale greenish grey,
with a whitish grey sheen in certain lights ; a similar sheen on
the elongated metapleura. Abdomen tawny yellow, with a median
dark brown shining stripe, and a narrow side stripe, below which
the extreme edges of the 2nd to the 7th segments are distinctly
whitish on the posterior part. Belly pale yellow, with an in-
distinct median dark line. Ovipositor 3 mm. long; the first part
shining black, cylindrical, with a whitish tip ; the second con-
sisting of two elongated red-brown sheaths ; a reddish yellow
ventral plate and an intermediate grey part apparently completes
the genital apparatus. Legs almost exactly as in T. himalayensis,
but more brown than black ; the tarsi not much longer than the
tibiae. Wings generally resembling those of both T. himalayensis
and robusla in appearance. Costal cell yellow, with only a single
small clear spot near the tip ; a wide pale brown band begins on
the costa near the base, but only reaches the fifth longitudinal
vein, and there is an irregular row of nearly clear spots from the
base of the 1st basal cell hindwards to posterior margin of wing,
one spot in each cell. The darker parts of the wing are slightly
darker than in T. robusta, and the clear spots have a tendency to
be still clearer, larger, and possibly more numerous. Halteres
black, apical part of club pale.
Length (entire) 20 millim.

Y

324 TIPULID.E.

Described from a single perfect female in my own collection
taken by me at Mussoori, 18. vi. 05.

223. Tipula nigrotibialis, sp. riov.

<$ . Head : eyes considerably approximate, leaving a narrow
frons, which, with the vertex, is dark grey, both with a narrow
pale border. Proboscis dark yellowish brown, palpi darker, both
moderately pubescent. Antennae with the scape all yellowish ;
flagellum brownish yellow, verticillate, base of joints narrowly
black. Thorax : prothorax rather conspicuous (though normal in
size) owing to its detachment at the margin from the mesonotum ;
neck yellowish. Dorsuui of thorax grey ; a pair of median,
rather well separated stripes, reaching the anterior margin, and
the usual outer short stripes, all brownish grey ; the usual large
spots behind the suture present, but not very pronounced. Scu-
telluni and dorsum of metanotum dark brown ; sides of thorax
rather bright yellowish, sides of metanotum dark grey. Abdomen:
dorsum pale yellowish ; an elongated dark grey spot with parallel
sides on each segment (forming a dorsal stripe), widened on the
posterior margin, the extreme edge of which is pale ; a distinct
black lateral stripe ; the last two or three segments almost wholly
blackish. Genital organs of moderate size but very complex ; a
rather large dorsal blackish oblong plate, with black hairs on the
surface and edges, produced posteriorly into a narrow, elongate
yellowish piece, ending in two palp-like appendages ; basal joint
of claspers very large, dark brown, blackish at base, bearing three
pairs of appendages — (1) a whitish, obtusely conical 2nd joint;
(2) a jointed obtuse piece ending in a long hard shining pointed
portion, black at the base, the remainder reddish brown ; and (3)
a ridge-like projection of the underside of the basal joint itself,
bearing dense yellow hairs ; a ventral plate, very conspicuously
keeled, enclosing yet another pair of clasper-like organs, thickly
pubescent at the tips. The 8th sternite itself is distinctly V-
shaped, bearing on each side of the angle of the V, near the hind
margin of the segment, an elongate patch of thick yellow hairs.
Legs : coxae and the major part of the femora yellowish ; femora
towards the tips becoming dark brown or blackish ; remainder of
legs dark brown, nearly black on the tibiae, tarsi a little lighter.
Wings : ground-colour moderately dark grey ; costal cell yellowish,
the colour extending to the stigma, which is sharply delineated
proximally by the " obliterative streak." The wing is much paler
(though in no part is it quite clear) on the basal half of, and
narrowly at the tip of, the 2nd basal cell ; at the tip of the 1st
basal cell and on a part of the marginal cell immediately above ;
also on the basal half (or thereabouts) of the discal cell. There is
a crescent- shaped pale spot at the base of the 2nd, 3rd, and 5th
posterior cells, and an elongate pale streak on the basal half of
the anal cell, with a smaller one just beyond the middle. Discal

TIPULA. 325

cell rather distinctly rectangular ; petiole of 2nd posterior cell
barely one-third as long as the cell. Halteres dark.

Length (entire) 18 milliin.

Described from two males taken by me at Darjiling, 28. v. 10.

Type in the Indian Museum.

The second example, though undoubtedly belonging to the same
species, has the thorax darker, and the blackish colour on the
abdominal segments spreads over more than the apical half, whilst
the legs are generally darker, especially the femora. In the wing
the apical half of the posterior cell is pale, and the parts of the
wing beyond the obliterative streak, towards the tip of the 2nd
basal cell, and a spot in the middle of the anal cell, are distinctly
darker brown. In the type these darker parts are clearly visible,
but to a less extent.

This species is very near my T. quasimarmoratipennis, and they
might at first sight be regarded as male and female of the same
species. The differences, though not conspicuous, are quite con-
stant in all the specimens before me, and have every appearance
of being tolerably fixed characters.

In T. nigrotibialis there is no trace of a dark grey spot over the
origin of the 2nd longitudinal vein, which is always present in
the other species. On the other hand, all the ground-colour of
the wing immediately beyond the obliterative streak, down to the
discal cell, is distinctly darker than the general ground-colour of
the wing ; whereas in T. quasimarmoratipennis there is a distinct,
nearly clear space immediately contiguous to the stigma. In the
latter species the posterior cells are wholly grey, without any
clear spots at the base, except where the obliterative streak some-
times encroaches on the base of the 1st or 5th cells.

224. Tipula striatipennis, sp. nov. (PI. Y, fig. 16.)

2 . Head rather dark ash-grey, shortly pubescent, with a median
fuscous narrow stripe on the frons, continued to the back of the
head. Antennal scape reddish yellow ; 1st joint of flagellum long
and black, next few joints reddish, remainder darker. Proboscis
and palpi dark brown, hairy. Thorax mainly (with the sides) ash-
grey, with short pale yellow hairs ; dorsum darker, with the median
dark stripe continued to the anterior margin ; the two side spots
smaller, narrow and well separated from the median stripe ; the
two post-sutural spots small. Scutellum and metanotum con-
colorous, with a narrow somewhat indistinct median dark line.
Abdomen light brown, shining, with pale yellow pubescence and
darker posterior margins to the segments ; 1st, 2nd, and part of
3rd segments lighter brown. Ovipositor bright reddish brown,
shining; the terminal points very narrow. Legs wholly dark
brown. Wings pale grey, with three obvious, but not sharply
defined pale brown bands and an apical darkening which is not
quite so distinct ; the 1st band is basal, and reaches to the oth

T2

326 TIPULID^E.

longitudinal vein posteriorly ; the 2nd is immediately before the
middle of the wing, and attains the posterior margin, where it
widens ; the 3rd begins at the stigma, follows the cross-veins, and
continues along the 5th posterior cell ; the apical darker part
occupies about the distal half of the space between the cross-veins
and the wing-tip. The bauds are probably somewhat variable.
Stigma dark brown, but ill-defined. Petiole of fork of upper
branch of 4th vein as long as discal cell, distinctly shorter than
the terminal veinlets. Halteres brown.

Length 10 millim. ; without ovipositor (1| millim.).

Described from a single specimen in the Indian Museum from
Kurseong, 5000 ft., 6. vii. 08 (Dr. Annandale).

225. Tipula subtincta, sp. nov. (PI. VI, fig. 18.)

cJ . Head yellowish, slightly tinged with grey above near the
edges, with short stiff yellow hairs ; vertex with a narrow brown
median line ; underside yellow, with a round black spot at the
lower corner of each eye. Proboscis yellowish, dark brown on
underside and at tip, including the labella ; palpi dark brown,
Antennal scape yellow, flagellum dark brown, except the 1st joint
(wholly) and the tips of some of the basal joints which are yellowish.
Thorax yellowish grey, the three usual stripes greenish grey, the
median one broad on the anterior margin (with a slight dividing
line), narrowing to a point at the suture ; side stripes in the shape
of oval spots. Two similarly coloured spots on each side behind
the suture, the anterior one round and the hinder one sub-
triangular. Scutellum and metanotum yellowish grey, a narrow
indistinct black median line on both ; sides of thorax yellowish.
Some ragged bright yellow hairs round the posterior edges of the
dorsum, over the post-sutural depression, and along the inter-
vening spaces on the dorsum between the central dorsal stripe
and the side spots. Abdomen yellowish for about the basal half,
with a black dorsal stripe, the whole dorsum becoming blackish
from the middle to the tip ; dorsum, margins, and sides of each
segment with very short yellow pubescence. Belly very similar
to upperside. Genitalia moderately large and very complex,
enclosed by two side plates, each bearing at least one long and
one short tooth at the lower outer corner ; the main joint of the
clasper stout at the base and cut away posteriorly on the upper-
side, evidently of hard material ; below this a long, fairly stiff,
filamentous organ, and above the main joint, a palp-like smaller
pubescent organ ; enclosed between the two conspicuous claspers
is a soft narrow organ, bilobed at the tip, with a strong large
black horny hook on each side of it; the penis long, straight,
bulbous at the base, slightly enlarged and pointed at the tip, bare ;
the whole of the other organs garnished wholly or here and
there with yellow hairs. Legs : cox® yellowish grey ; femora
yellowish towards base, remainder of legs mainly blackish brown.

TIPULA. 327

Wings pale yellowish grey ; costal cell brownish yellow, stigma
brown ; a just perceptible rather clear spot before, beyond and
below the stigma ; in the discal and 4th posterior cells ; beyond
the middle of the 2nd basal cell ; and two or three other smaller
ones (probably variable in number) in the anal and axillary
cells. Halteres : stem brownish yellow, clubs black, tips brownish
yellow.

Length (entire) 13 millim.

Described from a single male from Kurseong, 7. ix. 09-
(Dr. Annandcde).

Type in the Indian Museum.

But for the few isolated semihyaline spots in the wings this
species would be classified with the "unicolorous wing" group.
It seems, however, to be better placed here.

226. Tipula interrupta, Brun.

Tipula interrupta, Brunetti, Rec. Ind. Mus. vi, p. 256 (1911).

$ . Head : frons dark brownish grey, one-fourth the width of the-
head. Proboscis dark brown; palpi black. Antennae yellowish,
last joints blackish, with a few greyish reflections. Thorax :
dorsum, scutellum and metanotum dark yellowish grey, with a
little microscopic pubescence ; the usual three dorsal stripes barely
darker than the ground-colour ; sides pale yellowish, bare ; a little
more orange immediately below the dorsum, from shoulder to
wing base. Prothorax prominent, separated by a deep suture,
brownish yellow. Abdomen blackish, with microscopic pale
yellowish and dark brown close pubescence ; bases of segments
with a fairly wide, bare, shining blackish band, not very obvious
but distinctly present. Ovipositor short, shining dark reddish
brown. Legs brownish yellow ; coxae with a few soft pale hairs ;
femora and tibiae narrowly black at tips. Wings pale yellowish ^
costal cell a little darker ; veins blackish ; the 5th longitudinal
vein infuscated towards the tip and at its juncture with the cross-
vein ; stigma yellowish brown, occupying nearly half the marginal
cell. A clear streak crosses the marginal cell, apparently cutting
away the stigma abruptly, and crosses the proximal end of the
discal cell, which latter is pentagonal. Halteres blackish.

Length 25 millim., without ovipositor (2 millira.).

Described from one female in the Pusa collection from Darjiling,.
3-9. vi. 09 (F. M. ffoivlett).

Very near T. fumipen'nis, but differing by the absence of the
distinct pale side stripe on the thorax just below the dorsum ; by
the lighter colour of the head and thorax ; by the narrow (not
wide) black tips to the femora ; the yellowish instead of blackish
brown wing ; the absence of red on the dorsum of the abdomen ;
and by the pentagonal shape of the discal cell.

328 TIPULID^E.

227. Tipula nigroapicalis, Brun.

Tipula nigroapicalis, Brunetti, Rec. Ind. Mus. vi, p. 257 (1911).

cJ $ . Head cinereous grey, frons forming one-third the width of
the head, with a not very distinct fuscous stripe, continued behind
the vertex ; underside more yellowish. Proboscis yellowish
brown, with blackish tip ; palpi blackish brown, both organs
pubescent. Antennal scape and 1st joint of flagellum yellow,
the remaining joints yellow, narrowly black at their bases, where
there is a verticel of four hairs on each. Thorax cinereous grey,
with the usual three dorsal stripes olive or greenish brown, the
middle one reaching the anterior margin, the outer stripes in the
form of elongated oval spots, almost contiguous with the median
stripe ; two post-sutural concolorous spots on each side in the
shape of two triangles placed almost base to base. Scutellum
and metanotum yellowish, with yellowish grey reflections if viewed
from certain directions ; sides of thorax yellowish ; below the
level of the wings, dark grey. Abdomen yellowish, with some soft
yellow hairs, a dorsal and a lateral blackish stripe, last two
segments black. In the female the last segment greyish, penulti-
mate segment grey on underside. Grenitalia very complex in
male, but considerably withdrawn within the two side plates,
which themselves appear to be furnished with a thick hook-like
appendage each; in addition, at least two distinct pairs of organs,
the larger pair being the usual claspers, conical, black ; the other
pair yellowish, flatter and with yellow hairs, a black edge and a
strong brown inner tooth ; a lower additional pair of black hook-
like organs visible near the ventral plate, and there appear to be
other organs not easily discernible in the present specimen.
Ovipositor shining black, with shining reddish brown valves.
Legs : coxa3 and femora yellowish, the latter with a blackish ring
at the tip ; tibiae and tarsi brownish or brownish yellow, tarsi
darker towards the tips. Wings yellowish, a little iridescent in
the male, rather paler at base of submarginal and 1st posterior
cells, also in the middle of the 2nd basal cell, and irregularly, just
before the stigma ; costal cell rather darker ; stigma yellowish in
male, brownish in female, distinct but ill-defined ; veins dark
brown. Halteres black.

Length, <5 (entire) 15 millim.; $ 16 millim., without proboscis
(2 millim.).

Described from a type male and female, 16-20. x. 05, and two
other females, 10-16. x. 05, all taken by me at Darjiling.

Types c? and $ in my own collection.

228. Tipula continuata, sp. nov.

c? $ . Head yellow, with a brown stripe from the neck to just
above the antennae. Scape yellow, flagellum grey, yellowish at
base, a narrow black ring at base of each joint. Proboscis yellow,
brown below ; palpi brown, last two joints black.

TIPULA. 329

yellowish, with short black hairs towards the margin of the
dorsura ; three very distinct stripes, the middle one attaining the
anterior margin, with a superimposed black stripe which narrows
to a point in front ; the two side stripes brown, almost touching
the median one a little behind the anterior margin. These stripes
continue uninterruptedly across the sides of the upper surfaces of
the scutellum and metanotum, both of which latter are otherwise
greenish yellow, with a narrow brown stripe on the former ; both
being shortly pubescent, except down the centre. Sides of thorax
yellow. Abdomen yellowish, with a little pale pubescence; 1st
segment with a broad, ill-defined, median fuscous stripe ; dorsum
of last three segments brown ; a narrow black stripe on each side
of the abdomen, and the posterior margins of the segments with a
tendency to paleness. Genitalia large and conspicuous ; a convex,
dark brown, bifid, dorsal plate ; a V-shaped ventral plate, from
each side of which projects a long, pale yellow, fleshy palp-like
tentacle, with long bristles ; the 1st joint of the claspers normal,
the 2nd ending conically in a thick black point ; the side plates
small and narrow. In a specimen prepared for the microscope,
the very long thin curled penis is easily visible, issuing from the
large egg-shaped central vesicle. In the female the abdomen is
rather dark brown, with an ill-defined blackish dorsal stripe, the
abdomen less yellowish at the base, where the colour is chiefly
confined to the sides. Legs : cox.se yellow ; femora brownish
yellow, tips black ; knees yellowish white ; tibiae and tarsi
dark brown. Wings very pale grey, with clearer spaces here
and there, namely : towards the distal end of the 2nd basal cell,
nearly the whole of the 6th posterior cell, and just above the tip
of the 7th vein. Costal cell yellowish, stigma brownish, well
defined ; veins brown. Halteres yellow.

Length 9-10 millim., excluding the ovipositor (1£ millim.).

Described from four males and one female in the Indian Museum,
all taken by me at Darjiling, 25-29. v. 10 and a male also taken by
me at the same place, 16-20.X.05, in my own collection.

Types <S and $ in the Indian Museum.

Two males in the Indian Museum from Chitral, 9500 ft.,
Hindu Khush Mountains, 10. x. 10 (Maj. F. Wall), appear to be
this species, though they show small differences which would
probably come within a reasonable specific variation.

229. Tipula walkeri, nom. nov.

Tipulafulvipennis, Walker, List Dipt. Brit. Mus. i, p. 67 (1850).

" Fulva, thorace f nsco trivittato, abdomine fusco fasciato,
antennis fuscis, alis fulvis, stigmate fusco.

" Allied to T. ochracea. Body tawny, eyes black, feelers brown,
tawny at the base, not longer than the chest ; every joint furnished
with a hair on each side ; chest with a darker stripe on each side
and a narrower brown stripe in the middle ; back of the abdomen
having a brown stripe, which is obsolete at the base and dilated

330 TIPULID^E.

towards the tip ; wings tawny, especially along the fore border,
near whose tip is a brown spot ; veins brown, poisers tawny.

" Length of the body 8 lines, of the wings 18 lines. JS'epaul."
(Walker.)

I have not met with this species, but as the name is preoccupied
by De Geer in 1776 for a European species, I propose to rename it
T. ivalkeri.

230. Tipula melanomera, Walk.

Tipula melanomera, Walker, List. Dipt. Brit. Mus. i, p. 68 (1850).

" Lsete fulva, eapite abdominisque apice nigris, thoracis disco
rufo, antennis nigris, pedibus rufo-fuscis, alis subfuscis, stigmate
obscuriore.

" Allied to T. ochracea. Body bright orange, velvet-like ; head
and its appendages black ; disc of the chest deep red ; tip of the
abdomen black ; legs dark reddish brown ; hips orange coloured ;
wings pale brown, with a darker spot of the same colour near the
tip of the fore-border ; veins dark brown, poisers brown, orange at
the base.

" Length of the body 8 lines, uf the Avings 20 lines. Nepaul."
(Walker.)

231. Tipula quadrinotata, sp. nov.

$ . Head dark grey, with short black hairs above and behind ;
frontal space very narrow, about one-tenth the width of the head ;
eyes practically contiguous below. Antennal scape yellow, 1st joint
long, 2nd very short ; flagellum yellowish, with the bases of the
joints black, and with a vertical of hairs. Proboscis reddish yellow,
pubescent, tip dark brown ; palpi black. Thorax : entire margin
of dorsum light grey, the whole of the remainder of the dorsum
occupied by two broad median stripes (separated by a very narrow
pale line as far as the centre of the thorax), and a broad outer
stripe on each side of them, practically contiguous ; behind the
suture the dorsum is likewise dark grey ; sides of thorax yellowish,
rather more brownish immediately below the dorsum. Scutellutn
dark grey; metanotum pale yellowish, with a greenish grey dorsum
bearing some short golden vellow hairs. Abdomen brownish grey,
with microscopic golden yellow hairs and a smooth blackish
grey posterior border; dorsum of 1st segment yeUowish. Belly
greyish yellow, with short golden yellow pubescence. Leys
brownish yellow, microscopically pubescent ; tips of femora with
a moderately broad black ring ; tips of tibia? very narrowly black ;
tarsi rather darker. Wings yellowish grey ; extreme base and
costal cell yellowish ; stigma dark brown, apparently abruptly
terminated at the proximal end by a clear obliterative streak
running across the centre of the marginal cell, along the cross-
veins up to and across the discal cell, whitening those veins in its
progress ; veins yellowish brown, but black in the vicinity of the
discal cell. The 2nd basal cell with a small fuscous spot' near its

TIPULA. 331

end, just above the oth longitudinal vein, and a similar one about
the middle of the anal cell. Pork of upper branch of 4th longi-
tudinal vein much shorter than discal cell and barely one-third
of the terminal veinlets. Halteres blackish.

Length 24 millim., exclusive of ovipositor (2^ milling.

Described from a single female in the Indian Museum taken by
the Eev. W. Pettigrew at Ukhrul, Manipur, Assam, 6400 ft.

This species answers tolerably well to the description of
T. infindens, Walk., from Celebes, except that he does not mention
the small but perfectly conspicuous fuscous spots on the wing, and
that he speaks of the stripes on the thorax as " dull ochraceous."
There is also considerable resemblance to Walker's T. vicaria, from
the East Indies, and it is possible my species may be identical
with one or the other.

232. Tipula ornatithorax, Bnm. (PI. VI, tig. 14.)

Tipula ornatithorax, Brunetti, Rec. Ind. Mus. vi, p. 258 (1911).

c? £ . Head tawny orange, tip of proboscis slightly darker ; palpi
and antennae dark brown, scape of latter orange-yellow. Thorax
uniformly tawny orange. On the dorsum are eight conspicuous
bluish grey spots, narrowly edged with black, arranged as follows :
two elongated, nearly contiguous, central ones (forming the usual
median stripe) from the anterior margin nearly to the suture ; on
each side is a shorter one, nearly contiguous ; a small circular one
at the base of each wing, with a nearly contiguous elongated one
posterior to it. Scutellum and metanotum of male light orange-
yellow, concolorous with posterior part of thorax ; in female,
scutellum slightly brownish and metanotum with two very in-
distinct brown streaks. Abdomen of male blackish, major portion
of dorsal surface of basal two-thirds tawny orange, with a small
black spot towards each side of the base of the second segment ;
in the female, blackish, yellowish above at base, the colour showing
a tendency to form a short dorsal stripe. Belly of male tawny,
except the last three segments, which are blackish ; in female,
similar to the upperside but more yellowish, the posterior borders
of the segments narrowly lined with yellow. Genital organs of
male large and complex ; a rather large squarish dorsal black plater
the posterior part bilobed, the hind margins with thick bright
golden yellow hairs ; two large blackish side plates, from within
which protrude what are apparently the second joints of a pair of
large claspers, conical and scoop-shaped, yellowish ; an inner
palp-like organ is attached to the second joint. In the female, the
ovipositor is also large, dark shining brown, with a longer upper
and shorter lower pair of yellow lateral valves. Legs yellowish
brown, tarsi darker, extreme tips of femora and tibiae blackish.
Wings light grey ; subcostal cell pale yellowish brown, ending in a
pale similarly coloured stigma. Halteres blackish brown.

Length 20 millim., exclusive of proboscis (2 millim.) and
ovipositor (4 millim.).

332 TIPULID^E.

Described from a male in the Pusa collection from Darjiling,
3-9. vi. 09 (Howlett), and two females from Bhowali, Kuinaon,
9700 ft., vii. 1909 (type) and 10. vii. 10 (A. D. Imms).

Type c? in the Pusa collection ; type $ in the Indian
Museum.

A specimen (subsequently broken) was seen by me from
Kurseong, Darjiling, 21-29. v. 06 (Dr. Annandale), and the Vienna
Museum possesses a female from Sumatra which may be this
species or a closely allied undescribed one. The markings on the
thorax are less distinctly outlined, and the whole insect is paler,
with clearer wings.

233. Tipula vicaria, Walk.

Tipula vicaria, Walker, Ins. Saund., Dipt, v, p. 444 (1856).

<3 . " Pallide cervina, cinereo tomentosa : antennae setaceoe,
subverticillato pilosae, fusco fasciatse, thorace multo breviores ;
thorax fusco subvittatus ; abdomen fusco bivittatum ; pedes
ferruginei, longi, graciles, vix pubescentes, femoribus bast coxisque
testaceis, tarsis fuscis ; alse cinereae, apud costam subluridae,
fascia albida, stigmate fusco.

" Pale fawn colour, with cinereous tomentum. Antennae
setaceous, slightly verticillate pilose, with slender brown bands,
very much shorter than the thorax. Thorax with indistinct
brown stripes. Abdomen with two darker brown stripes. Legs
ferruginous, long, slender, hardly pubescent ; femora towards the
base and coxae* testaceous, tarsi brown. Wings grey, somewhat
lurid along the costa, with an incomplete whitish band by the
stigma, which is pale brown ; veins brown, tawny at the base and
along the costa. Halteres tawny with brown tips.

" Length of the body 9 lines, of the wings 20 lines. East Indies."
(Walker.)

Type in the British Museum ; too damaged to be of any use
for comparison.

The name vicaria was preoccupied by Walker himself in 1848
for a South African species, but as the type (British Museum) is
in too bad condition for identification and no other specimen is
apparently known, I refrain from setting up a new name, as it
might be as well to let the species sink, since it would be
extremely difficult, if not impossible, to set up a new type from
the author's description.

234. Tipula brunnicosta, sp. nov.

3 $ . Head pale cinereous grey. Proboscis yellowish, palpi
brownish, both hairy. Antennae light yellow, base of each joint
of the flagellum, except the 1st, narrowly black and bearing a

TIPULA. 333

verticel of three longer hairs above and two shorter ones below.
Thorax wholly pale yellowish grey ; dorsum darker grey, without
any admixture of yellow and without any distinct markings.
Scutelluin and metanotura similar. Abdomen of male yellowish,
minutely pubescent ; the two apical segments blackish above, the
preceding segments very slightly darker on dorsum. Grenitalia
yellowish, large, conspicuous, complex, concolorous ; enclosed by
two large pubescent side plates ; consisting of a pair of large
fleshy organs, surmounted by a pair of small chitinous black
hooked claws, and with a bunch of brush-like yellow hairs just
above the ventral plate. In the female the abdomen is brownish
yellow, minutely pubescent, with a narrow median, and a wider
submarginal stripe ; base of abdomen pale yellow. Belly
yellowish, margins of segments well marked. Ovipositor light
reddish yellow, shining. Legs yellowish, tarsi brownish, tips of
femora barely darkened. Wings grey ; costal cell distinctly
brownish yellow, the colour continued to the apical half or third
of the marginal cell, forming a stigma. Pedicle of fork of upper
branch of 4th vein two-thirds as long as discal cell (male), or
extremely short (female). Halteres dark brown.

Length 13-14 millim., exclusive of ovipositor.

Described from several specimens in the Indian Museum taken
at Simla, 7000 ft., ll.v.08 (Dr. Annandale), and some from
Kalighat, Gahrwal District. W. Himalayas, 6000 ft., 4. vi. 10
{A. D. Imms).

235. Tipula tenuipes, sp. nov.

£ . Head blackish grey, the short nasus yellowish brown ;
antenme yellowish brown, base yellowish, with two or three long
hairs at the base of each joint. Thorax light brown above, nearly
greyish on the underside ; dorsum with the three usual stripes of
rather darker brown and (divided from these by the transverse
suture) two oval spots ; between these markings, the almost
pinkish brown ground-colour of the thorax can be seen.
iScutellum with a narrow dorsal black lii:e ; metanotum unicolorous
brown, with pinkish brown side edges. Abdomen light brown,
with traces of a thin dorsal black line, and the posterior edges of
the segments slightly edged with pinkish brown. Underside
yellowish. Genitalia rather small, shining brown. Legs very
slender; pale yellowish brown; tarsi darker ; tips of femora and
tibiae black. Wings very pale grey, costal border yellowish.
Stigma large and long, moderately pale brown, extending from the
costa to the 2nd longitudinal vein. Halteres brown.

Length 16 millim., excluding ovipositor (2 millim.).

Described from a female in «ood condition in the Indian
Museum taken at Sylhet (Major Hall).

334 TIPULID^E.

236. Tipula ochripes, Brim.

Tipula ochripes, Brunetti, Rec. Ind. Mus. vi, p. 260 (1911).

<$ $ . Head yellowish, vertex a little brownish grey in the middle;
back of head similar. Proboscis blackish, robust and rather long ;
palpi blackish, with base and tips of first three joints more or less
pale yellow. Antennae rather short, blackish or very dark brown :
tip of the long 1st scapal joint and the whole of the very short
2nd joint, pale yellow ; base of 1st flagellar joint, which is long
and cylindrical, sometimes yellow also ; the remaining joints
setaceous, much narrower at the base and tip on the underside of
each joint ; very minutely pubescent and with a verticel of very
short hairs in the middle of each joint. Thorax : dorsum vandyke-
brown, tinged with ochraceous here and there around the edges ;
with three narrow stripes, which sometimes appear as a pair of
closely parallel lines, the stripe itself contained by them being
practically concolorous with the dorsum. Scutellum and
metanotum similar ; sides of thorax, including the prothorax,
yellewish ; the colour rather distinctly marked off from the
dorsum. Abdomen blackish brown, with microscopic pale yellow
hairs. Sides and belly dusted with yellowish grey. Legs : coxae
yellowish ; femora brownish yellow, tips broadly blackish ; tibiae
and tarsi to their tips rather bright yellowish, sometimes the tibiae
a trifle more brownish yellow. Wings pale grey, costal cell
brownish, brownish yellow or yellowish ; a very slight dark
brown suffusion over the juncture of the posterior cross-vein with
the 5th longitudinal vein ; stigma brownish, comparatively small ;
a pale streak obliterating the veins runs from in front of the
stigma to beyond the discal cell, which it cuts just before or at
the middle. Halteres pale, clubs darker.

Length, tf 18 ; $ 20-22 millim., excluding ovipositor (2 millim.).

Described from one type male from Kandy, 20. v. 10 (Gravely),
one other male from Peradeniya, Ceylon, a type female from
Kandy, 31.x. 09 (Green), and two other females from Kandy,
v. 1907 (Green} • all these being in the Indian Museum. One
male in the "Vienna Museum from Ceylon.

This species is near T. vicaria, Walk. The discrepancies appear
to be that in Walker's species the abdomen has two darker brown
stripes, the femora have no black rings at their tips, and the tarsi
are brown. T. vicaria is described from the "East Indies," a
term which Walker used to signify India. Walker's "incomplete
whitish band by the stigma " I presume to represent my " oblitera-
tive streak."

237. Tipula flavescens, sp. uov.

$ . Head rather bright yellow ; frous barely one-third the width
of the head ; back of head yellowish. Proboscis yellowish ; palpi
pale yellow, pubescent, Antennae yellowish, pubescent, narrowly
black at the base of each joint, where there is a verticel of hairs.

TIPULA. 335

Thorax wholly brownish yellow, including scutellum, metanotum,
and sides. Abdomen with the first segment yellowish, the
remainder dark brown, with minute pale pubescence. Ovipositor
shining reddish brown, long, the lower valves shorter and set
further back than the upper ones. Legs brownish yellow ; tips of
femora narrowly black, tips of tibiae more narrowly black, tips of
tarsi blackish. Wings very pale grey; costal cell yellowish;
stigma very faint, pale blackish ; a small sub-hyaline space in
front of it, extending over the costal and marginal cells (present
in only one wing). Discal cell small, pentagonal, all the sides
comparatively short; pedicle of fork of upper branch of 4th
longitudinal vein about half the length of the nearly parallel
veinlets. Halteres dirty yellowish.

Length 17 millim., without ovipositor (2 millim.).

Described from a single female from Hakgalla, Ceylon, 29. ix. 09
{E. E. Green}.

Type in the Indian Museum.

238. Tipula demarcata, Brun.

Tipula demarcata, Brimetti, liec. Ind. Mus. vi, p. 259 (1911).

5 . Head brownish yellow ; frons dark grey or yellowish grey,
about one-third of the head in width ; in one specimen there are
two small black spots on each side, contiguous to the eye margins,
and connected thereon by a narrow black line. Proboscis brownish
vellow ; palpi thin, brownish yellow, darker at tip ; labella
blackish. Antennal scape yellowish, 1st joint with some black
hairs at the tip, making it appear darker in colour, 2nd scapal
joint very short ; flagellar joints much elongated, brownish yellow
or grey ; base of each joint very narrowly black, a verticel of four
hairs at the base of each joint, two hairs on the upper and two
on the lower side. Tliorax : dorsum mummy-brown (type) or
yellowish ; a narrow dorsal median dark brown line from the
anterior border to the suture. Scutellum concolorous ; meta-
notum pale semi-livid brownish yellow, moderately shining ; sides
of thorax very pale pinkish or whitish grey, the colour extending
across the neck ; it is sharply separated from the dark dorsum,
the line of demarcation running from just above the shoulders to
below the root of the wing, thence posteriorly to the metanotum.
Abdomen : ground-colour brownish yellow, but the greater part of
each segment blackish, including the sides, except on the sides of
the basal segments. In one specimen, an indistinct pale yellowish
narrow ring towards the base of many of the segments. A very
narrow, more or less indistinct pale brownish yellow transverse
line in front of the middle of each segment. Belly yellowish.
Ovipositor brownish yellow, sometimes marked with black, normal,
lower valves shorter than upper one. Legs : coxae pale yellowish
grey or pinkish grey, fore pair more yellowish, trochaiiters very
pale yellow ; remainder of legs dark brownish yellow; femora may

336 TIPTJLIDjE.

be darker or rather lighter, broadly blackish at tips ; tibiae and
tarsi black. Wings very pale yellowish grey, costal cell yellowish,
stigma brown, or the stigmatic region brown, merged proxirnally
in the yellowish costal cell, the basal half of the marginal cell of
the same colour as the rest of the wing. Discal cell pentagonal,
rather small, the three upper sides forming a rectangle, the two
lower sides forming a wide ^pen " y " : pedicle of upper branch
of 4th longitudinal vein one-fourth as long as the veinlets.
Halteres blackish.

Length about 15 millim., without ovipositor (1| millim.).

Described from one female from Kaudy, v. J910 (E. E. Green),
and another female from Peradeniya ; also from a cotype in the
Vienna Museum from Peradeniya, 25. xii. 01 (Dr. Uzel).

Type in Indian Museum ; cotype in Vienna Museum.

239. Tipula munda, sp. nov.

cJ 5 . Head : frons one-fourth to one-fifth of the head, mouse-
grey or dark grey ; back of head dark grey, with minute black
hairs on the region behind the eyes. Antennae rather long,
reaching back to about the suture ; yellow, with the base of each
joint of the flagellum narrowly black, and the usual one or two
basal hairs on each side ; scape moderately pubescent. Nasus,
proboscis, and palpi brownish yellow, pubescent Thorax, except
the dorsum, pale yellow, with yellowish white reflections here and
there, on the pleurse, scutellum, and metanotum ; dorsum pale
yellowish grev? with a pale greenish tinge when seen from
behind ; the usual three central stripes, which are pale brown,
the middle one (narrowly divided) reaching anterior margin ; the
usual two spots on each side behind the suture, the anterior one
smaller and rounder, the hinder one larger and more oval. Most
of these dorsal markings are almost invisible when Ariewed from
in front. Abdomen yellow ; 1st segment whitish on dorsum, with
an elongated brown mark in the middle and a smaller one on each
side. On the next five segments, a dark brown median line, with
ill-defined edges, slightly more distinct on the posterior margins
of segments, and carried upwards along the side of each segment,
nearly to the fore border, thus giving the appearance of a lateral
stripe : the absolute edges of the segments, however, distinctly
whitish. Remaining segments black, except that these also have
whitish edges to the sides like the anterior ones. The whole
abdomen lightly covered with pale yellow hairs. Genital organs
very complex. An upper curved protecting blackish plate, two
triangular side-plates, and a sort of ventral pale yellow shield,
bent inwards perpendicularly, with rather long yellow hairs;
these various pieces enclosing two or three (or more) pairs of
black, reddish, and pubescent organs, which are not sufficiently
extended to describe, and surmounted by a small elongated
reddish yellow process, bearing two short, black-tipped, palp-like
prolongations ; this process being apparently attached to the hind

TIPULA. 337

margin of the upper protecting plate. Leys dark brown to nearly
bkck ; all coxae and femora pale yellow for a short space at the
base ; tips of femora often blackish, and the knees more or less
pale. Wings pale yellowish grey; stigma brownish yellow,
occupying the distal half of 1st submarginal cell, from the centre
of which runs the somewhat indistinct but obvious obliterative
streak as far as the middle of the discal cell ; costal cell yellowish.
Halteres yellow at the rather thickened base, stem and club dark
brown or blackish.

Length (entire) 18-20 millim.

Described from several males taken by me at Mussoori, 18. vi. 05,
and six males and two females taken by me at Darjiling, 23-29. v. 10.

Type 3 and $ , with others, in the Indian Museum ; co-type
males in my own collection.

240. Tipula divisa, Brun.

Tipula divisa, Brunetti, Rec. Ind. Mus. vi, p. 261 (1911).

c?. Head: frons, at level of antenna, nearly one-third the
width of the head, yellow, as is the face and proboscis, sides of
latter brown, with some short black hairs ; palpi dark brown.
Antennal scape yellow, second joint very short ; flagellum black,
each joint microscopically pubescent, rather elongated, and slightly
swollen at base and towards tip, with a verticel of hairs just
above the base ; last joint very minute. Back of head yellowish,
with some hairs. Thorax mainly bright chrome-yellow, bare ;
dorsum with the three usual stripes, of which the median one
attains the anterior margin and is divided by a narrow line, being
much less distinct than the outer shorter ones ; these are some-
what velvet-brownish in colour. Post-sutural surfaces brownish
yellow ; a brown indistinct stripe from just below the shoulders to
the middle coxae. Scutellum, metanotum, and sides of thorax
uniformly chrome-yellow. Abdomen shining brown, base yellowish ;
posterior margins of segments with a distinct, well-defined, pale
yellowish-white border -which bears pale yellow hairs ; the rest of
the- dorsal surface bears rather thick short dark brown hairs.
Anal segments dark brown. Genitalia dark brown ; consisting of
a strong upper piece, with two small pubescent appendages ; two
side plates, meeting on the underside, enclose a complex pair of
large claspers, which bear terminal pale yellow pubescent finger-
like processes, and a strong pair each of bifid black claws pointing
upwards ; a pair of yellow- haired, comb-like processes just below
the large claspers. Le.cjs (hind pair missing) : femora brown, pale
at base and blackish towards tips ; knees a little pale ; tibiae and
tarsi black. Wings nearly clear ; costal cell and stigma brownish ;
5th longitudinal vein slightly darkened ; an indistinct hyaline
streak from just in front of the stigma to the discal cell.

Length 11 millim.

Described from a single male in the Pusa collection, taken at
Darjiling, 3-9. vi. 09 (Howlett).

338 TIPULID^E.

241. Tipula gracilis, Brun.

Tipula gracilis, Brunetti, Rec. Ind. Mus. vi, p. 262 (1911).

2 . Head : antennal scape yellow, with a few hairs on the
upperside ; flagellum black, with microscopic grey pubescence and
a verticel of hairs at base of each joint. Proboscis, palpi, frons,
and back of head brownish yellow, with a few pale haira on each
side of the centre. Thorax ferruginous brown ; the three dorsal
stripes and a large one on each post-sutural callosity, all united ;
the suture very narrowly pale. Scutellum with the basal half
yellowish, posterior half light ferruginous brown ; metanotum and
sides of thorax yellowish brown, with a little shining yellowish
grey colour about the pleurre. Abdomen dull black, with very
short sparse grey hairs ; yellowish at base, posterior border of
segments whitish. Ovipositor shining black, terminal sheaths
brownish yellow. Legs brownish yellow, microscopically pubes-
cent ; coxae with a few short hairs ; femora yellowish with black
tips ; tibiae and tarsi dark brown. Wings yellowish ; costal cell
and stigma deep yellow, the latter distinct ; an indistinct sub-
hyaline streak from the inner side of the stigma to the basal half
of the discal cell ; 5th longitudinal vein 011 its distal part apparently
double, forming a flattened triangle at its junction with the cross-
vein connecting it with the 4th vein ; 7th vein very close to
hind border of wing, and parallel to it. Halteres blackish.

Length (entire) 12 millim.

Described from one specimen in my collection taken by me at
Darjiling, 7. x. 05.

242. Tipula cinctoterminalis, sp. nov.

$ . Head : vertex blackish grey, with a narrow median darker
line ; remainder of head brownish yellow, sides and tip of proboscis
darker. Antennae brown, scape yellow. Thorax dark brownish
yellow, the usual three dorsal stripes rather indistinctly delineated.
Thorax below dorsum, the scutellum and metanotum yellowish.
Abdomen blackish, base yellowish, hind margins of segments very
narrowly grey, the 8th segment wholly yellowish grey. Ovipositor
shining dark brown at base, the valves reddish yellow. Legs :
coxae pale yellow ; femora brownish yellow, becoming nearly black
at the tips ; tibiae and tarsi blackish. Wings pale yellowish grey,
more yellowish in costal cell ; stigma dark brown, more or less
distinctly defined.

Length (entire) 16-18 millim.

Described from a type female from Kurseong, 5000 ft., Darjiling
district, 7. ix. 09 (Annandale), and a female from Bhowali, 5700 ft.,
15. vi. 10 (A. D. Imms).

Type in the Indian Museum.

TIPULA. PACHYBHIXA. 339

243. Tipula elegantula, sp. nov. (PL V, fig. 17.)

c? . Head : vertex blackish grey, a narrow median darker line ;
remainder of head brownish yellow, a little darker about the
proboscis and palpi. Antenna! scape yellow, flagellum blackish, a
single verticel of four hairs at the base of each joint. Thorax
rather deep brownish yellow on the major part of the dorsum,
with no obvious stripes ; lighter posteriorly, and the colour at the
sides fading away to a pale yellow. Scutellum and metanotum
brownish yellow, shining, the former sometimes a little darker.
Abdomen yellowish at base, changing to blackish before the middle.
Genitalia large, conspicuous ; a black bifid dorsal plate ; 1st joint
of claspers normal, 2nd joint ending in two pairs of appendages ;
the first club-shaped, with thick black hairs, the second two-
jointed, with bristly yellow hairs and a row of stiff black bristly
hairs along the inner side ; the second pair of appendages un-
symmetrically conical, black ; a large V-shaped ventral plate with
yellow hairs, and a pair of blackish finger-like inner appendages
can be seen. Legs : femora dirty yellow or blackish, lighter at the
base ; coxae pale yellow ; extreme ends of femora narrowly pale ;
tibiae and tarsi blackish. Wings very pale yellowish grey, costal
cell yellowish, stigma a little browner ; petiole of 2nd posterior cell
short, about one-fifth the length of the cell. Halteres blackish.

Length 12 millim.

Described from two males from Mazbat, Mangaldai district,
Assam, 11-15. x. 10 (Kemp).

Type in the Indian Museum.

Genus PACHYRHINA, Mac?. (PI. V, fig. 18.)

Pachyrhina, Macquart, Suit, a Buft'., Dipt, i, p. 88 (1834) ; Schiner,
Fauna Austr. ii, p. 503 (1864).

GENOTYPE, Tipula crocata, L. ; designated by Westwood (Intr.
Class. Ins. ii).

Macquart's definition of this genus is not exactly a good one,
as he lays no special stress on the only character in which it
actually differs from Tipula, this character, moreover, being by no
means absolutely constant. This is the sessile or non-petiolate
nature of the 2nd posterior cell, due to the furcation of the
anterior branch of the 4th longitudinal vein occurring at the
distal end of the discal cell and not after quitting that cell, as in
Tipula. In some species, however, the 2nd posterior cell actually
is petiolate, the petiole being very short and the character varying
to a somewhat considerable extent, comparatively speaking, in thy
same species, even in the two wings of the same individual.

Range. World-wide.

Macquart's remark about the antennas being " filiform, nearly
setaceous," is distinctly wrong, as the antennae are as compact
and the joints as easily seen as in Tipula.

340 TIPULID^E.

The prevailing colour of bright yellow, marked with black,
should be regarded as a character of secondary systematic value,
yet it is remarkably uniform throughout the genus. The exceptions
simply reverse the colours, that is to say, the ground-colour is
mainly black, the markings yellow. In either case a little
acquaintance easily differentiates a Pachyrhina from the more
sombre hues of browns, yellows, or greys in Tipula.

Another apparently constant character, which does not seem to
have been observed before, is the forking of the 4th longitudinal
vein with its attendant results. The lower branch of the 4th
longitudinal vein forks never later than at the base of the discal
cell, normally a little before it, so that the posterior cross-vein
being also placed exactly at the fork, the ivhole posterior side of the
discal cell abuts on tJie penultimate posterior cell. The ultimate
posterior cell is therefore not in contact with the discal cell when
the forking occurs before that cell, and only in punctiform contact
with it when the forking occurs exactly at the corner of the cell.*
Xormally, the furcation occurs just before the cell, sufficiently so
to give the appearance of a short cross-vein on the hinder side of
the discal cell, corresponding to the anterior cross-vein on the
front side of it.f Pachyrhina has one marginal, two submarginal,
and five posterior cells as in Tipula.

Life-history. The life-history of several of the European species
is known. The larva lives under rotting leaves or in rotting
wood ; that of P. pratensis, L., in the roots of grass, according to
Gmelin and Fabricius. Schiner records that clouds of the larvae
of this species were blown about in the air during the year 1852
in Westrogothia.

Table of Species.

1. Antennae sub-serrate on underside 2.

Antennae not sub-serrate 4.

2. Pleura with a distinct shining black spot on

the upper part of the sternopleura ; scu-

tellum black, metanotum bright lemon- [p. 343.

yellow plevrinotata, sp. n., <5 ,

Pleurae wholly yellow, no black spot ; scu-

tellum and metanotum normally all

yellow, the former sometimes with a

black median stripe 3.

?. Flagellar joints, except the 1st, wholly

black serricortris, sp. n., p. 341 .

Flagellar joints, except the 1st, yellow at [p. 343.

the base puncticornis, sp. n.,

* Obviously also, in the latter case, the 2nd basal cell is also in punctiform
contact only with the discal cell.

t Compare a similar passage concerning the 4th vein in Tipula (p. 296).
In both genera the posterior cross-vein is invariably placed at the angle
in the 4th vein, the fork of the latter occurring at, or very close to, the same
spot. No exception to this rule has come before me in any of the European,
North .American, or Oriental species examined.

PACHYBHINA.

341

4. Pleurpe with a shining black spot as in

P. pleurinotata rf

Pleurae without any black spot

5. Wings distinctly submarmorate ; the outer

brown stripe on the lateral margin of the
thorax rather conspicuously marked oft'
from the yellow sides, below which colour
lies a lateral brown pleural stripe ; the
2nd posterior cell subpetiolate ; oblite-

rative streak present

Wings never marmorate ; the side colours
(if any) ne\er so sharply denned; the
2nd posterior cell practically never petio-
late ; the obliterative streak absent ....

6. Thorax wholly bright orange-yellow, the

usual three dorsal stripes very faintly

darker

Thorax always with the usual three dorsal
black or dark brown stripes very distinct.

7. Outer thoracic stripes distinctly turned out-

wards and downwards at" their tips;
femora generally more or less blackish on

apical half

Outer thoracic stripe abruptly terminated,
clear-cut, but not curved outwards or
downwards; femora generally yellowish
with a tolerably distinct apical narrow
blackish band

8. Frons unmarked, or with a small vertical

dark streak

An inverted Y-shaped black mark on frons

9. Bright lemon-yellow species (at least the

thorax) t

Brownish yellow or ferruginous species t . .
10. Thoracic stripes clearly denned at their

anterior ends

Thoracic stripes fading away gradually at

their anterior ends .

pleurinotata, sp. n., £ .
5. [p. 3 1 3.

demarcata, sp. n.,*

[p. 344.

concoloritliorax. sp. n.,f
[p. 346.

t .

consimilis, Brun.,p. 346.
gamma, sp. n., p. 347.

javensii*, Dol.. p. 348.
10.

doraopunctata, Brun.,
[p. 350.

bombayensis, Macq.,

[p. 351.

244. Pachyrhina serricornis, sp. nov.

J . Head : ground-colour varying from bright lemon-yellow to
rather deep orange-yellow ; vertex and back of head often with a
brown or blackish streak ; frons somewhat prominent ; whole
upper part of head with very short black hairs ; eyes black.
Proboscis yellowish or orange-yellow, often with a dark brown or

* A little uncertainty attaches to the presence of this species here, as the
submarmorate wings and the obliterative streak are much more characteristic
of Tipula. As, however, the 2nd posterior cell is sessile (petiolate in one
specimen only), it should fall technically into Pachyrhina. It is the only
species about the generic position of which there is any doubt.

t This is not a very good distinction, but no other seems practicable. In
tbe case of doubtful or intermediate specimens, both sections must be searched.

z2

342 T1PTTLTD.E.

blackish streak (sometimes double) on the upperside ; tip of
proboscis sometimes, and labella always, dark brown ; palpi brown,
brownish yellow, or yellowish, with black marks. Antennae with
scape bright deep yellow, 1st joint long, cylindrical, 2nd very
short ; 1st flagellar joint long, cylindrical, sometimes a little
compressed just betore the tip, generally more or less yellowish,
sometimes wholly so ; remainder of flagellar joints black, minutely
pubescent, the upper surface smooth and the joints rather closely
united there ; on the lower side they are cut away at the base,
the centre, and the tip of each joint, giving the complete joint
the appearance of half a dumb-bell ; this character being less con-
spicuous towards the tip of the antennae ; the last joint cylindrical,
comparatively long. Two distinct diverging long hairs on upper-
side of each joint near the base, those on the underside being
very short, inconspicuous or absent. Thorax bright chrome-yellow,
lemon-yellow, or orange-yellow; dorsutn with three clear-cut,
shining black or blackish brown, moderately wide stripes, the
middle one always attaining the anterior margin, where it is often
continued on each side downwards as a very fine line behind the
collare ; the outer stripes shorter, about equal in width to the
median, and curving outwards and downwards at the tips ; behind
the suture a pair of stripes similar in shape, size, and colour, also
curving outwards and downwards at their tips, immediately above
the roots of the wings. Scutellum varying in colour, generally
pale livid yellowish brown, sometimes yellowish with a brownish
centre, occasionally wholly bright lemon-yellow ; mesonotum
normally brownish yellow, varying in tint to a considerable
extent, generally with a brownish median stripe ; sides of thorax
concolorous with dorsum, or a little lighter, unmarked. Abdomen
yellowish or brownish yellow, with a dorsal black stripe composed
of elongated spots, one on each segment, each more or less
widened on the posterior margin ; the dorsum of the apical
segments mainly blackish ; a blackish stripe along the sides of the
abdomen, very variable in intensity and continuity ; belly more or
less yellowish. The whole abdomen with short golden yellow
hairs. Genitalia fairly large, consisting of a thick oblong dorsal
plate ; the large subconical basal joint of the claspers ending
above in an elongate piece narrowed at the tip, and forming below
a large sub-globular portion to which two narrow elongate
palp-like appendages are attached, one of these terminating in
a dark horny long point ; all the organs yellowish brown, and
shortly but distinctly pubescent. Leys yellow, sometimes paler on
basal half of femora, tips of femora and tarsi narrowly black,
tarsi blackish. Whigs pale grey ; veins black, distinct ; stigma
very pale yellowish, sometimes blackish. Upper branch of 4th
longitudinal vein on quitting discal cell, with the veinlets well
separated, or issuing simultaneously. Halteres yellowish.

Length 8-11 milliin.

Described from several males from Darjiling, 6. viii. 09 (Paiva) •
Kurseong, 4. ix. 09 (type), 5. vii. 08, 22-25. vi. 10 (Annandule) ;

PACHYRHINA. 343

Gangtok, Sikkim, 6150 ft., 10. ix. 09: Siliguri, JST. Bengal, 18-
20. vii. 07; all in the Indian Museum. In the Pusa collection are
two males from Pusa taken 29. vii. 07 and 8. ix. 08. The species
also occurs in Japan.

Type 3 in the Indian Museum.

The two males in the Pusa collection have the median dorsal
stripe brownish and indistinct (semi-transparent) in front, although
equally well-defined and shining as in the typical form.

Some specimens taken by me at Yokohama, 20-26. vi. 06, have
the scutellmn all black, the black line on the mesonotum much
wider and darker, and a distinct small oblong black spot on each
side of the collare nearly in front of the median thoracic stripe.
There can be little doubt they belong to the present species.

245. Pachyrhina puncticornis, sp. nov.

This form is ranked as a separate species, but may possibly be
only a variety ot P. serricornis, with which it agrees in most of its
characters. As only one specimen is present, exact judgment is
difficult.

J . Head : the antenme are as in P. serricomis, but the base
only of each flagellar joint after the 1st is pale yellow, the 1st
flagellar joint being yellowish on the basal half. Thorax: the
median dorsal thoracic stripe is rather bright brown throughout
its entire length, the side stripes are very dark shining brown,
not curved outwards and downwards at the tip, nor carried
forward as two fine lines each ; the short post-sutural stripes are
turned downwards towards the base of the wings, where they
become much darker, but show no trace of being continued along
the side of the thorax towards the shoulder. Scutellum appa-
rently pale brownish yellow (damnged by the pin) ; metanotum
and base of abdomen, also the posterior part of the thorax, bright
light yellow. Abdomen mainly yellowish, the middle segments
and the dorsum of some of the succeeding ones blackish. Greni-
talia apparently as in P. scrricornis, perhaps comparatively a little
smaller, but as they are considerably withdrawn their exact con-
struction is not easily visible ; they are rather bright brownish
yellow in colour and considerably pubescent ; the dorsal plate, if
present, must be very small.

Length 10 inilliin.

Described from a single specimen from Siliguri, at the base of
the Darjiling Himalayas, 30. vi. 08.

Type in the Indian Museum.

246. Pachyrhina pleurinotata, sp. uov.

This species is closely allied to P. serricornis, but is certainly
distinct. The points of difference are as follows : —

c? $ : Head : proboscis xvith a small black streak on the upperside

344 TIPULID.E.

at the tip, the lahella and the palpi brown, the 1st joint pale browu ;
the back of the head with a triangular black mark ; the antennae in
the male show no difference, but in the female the emargination
on the underside of the joints is wholly absent, each joint being
simply rather narrower at its tip than at its base. Thorax with the
median dorsal stripe continued very distinctly on each side in
front, the colour extending pronouncedly over the collare for some
little distance ; the two outer dorsal stripes terminating somewhat
suddenly, but their edges continued as two very fine lines to the
side margin ; the post-sutural black shining stripes larger, almost
filling the upper surface, and, besides turning down to the root of
the wings as in P. serricornis, continued forward along the edges
of the suture itself, passing over to the side of the mesothorax,
and almost or quite reaching the shoulders. Scutellum. wholly
shining black ; the metanotum bright lemon-yellow, unmarked ;
the sides of the thorax bright lemon-yellow, as in fact is the
dorsum also, and there is a large black spot in each sex on the
upper part of the sternopleura. Abdomen with the base black,
whilst each segment has a broad black apical band, wider in the
female than in the male, the last segment or two being black in
both sexes. Genital organs of the male light brownish yellow,
apparently formed as in P. serricornis ; in the female the ovipositor
is normal, long, shining, straight, light brownish yellow. Wings :
the discal cell somewhat smaller; the veinlets of the upper branch
of the 1st longitudinal vein emerging simultaneously ; the stigma
dark brown.

Length, ^ 11 millim. ; $ 14 inillim. to tip of ovipositor.

Described from a single specimen of each sex from Namoya,
Ceylon, ix. 1909 (E. E. Green}.

Types in the Indian Museum.

247. Pachyrhina demarcata, sp. nov.

d $ . Head rather deep yellow, with a median brown stripe
on vertex extending from a little above the antennae to the neck.
Proboscis yellow above, brown below, labella brown ; palpi yel-
lowish to brown, often a little pale at juncture of joints. Antennae
with scape yellow ; flagellum black. Thorax : male with ground-
colour rather bright yellow ; dorsum occupied by three rich brown
stripes ; the median one distinctly continued over the collare and
neck till it joins the stripe on the vertex of the head ; this stripe
broadens a little before it reaches the anterior margin, narrowing
as it reaches the suture, beyond which it is continued, rather
narrower and unbroken, to the posterior margin of the yellow
scutellum ; the outer stripes join the median stripe anteriorly,
and posteriorly they are united unbroken to the post-sutural
stripes, which in their turn are continued to the hind margin of
the thorax, thence, in a paler shade over the pleurae on each side
of the scutellum, continuing again over the metanotum, leaving

PACHYHHIITA. 345

on this latter only a narrow pale yellow median space. The
general pattern therefore of the dorsal surface is that of an
elongated brown diamond extending from the neck to the end of
the metauotum, enclosing an elongate central clear yellow space,
down the middle of which runs the narrowed continuation of the
median thoracic stripe ; the outer edge of this diamond is clear cut
and strongly demarcated from the bright yellow sides of the thorax.
In the female the brown colour is not so deep on the scutellum
and metanotum", and there is a broad rich brown lateral band on
the lower part of the sides of the thorax, reaching from the neck
to the metanotum. Abdomen of male yellow at base, the rest
blackish, the basal yellow part with a blackish dorsal stripe and a
thin lateral black line. In female, practically all blackish, except
the 1st segment which is yellowish. Genitalia consisting of a
small square black dorsal plate, moderately small dark side plates,
the rest of the organs being bright yellow ; the 2nd joint of
the claspers very elongated, narrow, finger-like ; apparently
some inner organs also. Ovipositor normal, reddish yellow.
Legs yellow ; tips of femora rather broadly black or dark brown,
the extreme tips (knees) pale ; tibiae and tarsi brown. In the
female the apical half of the femora is more or less blackish.
Wings rather dark grey ; costal and subcostal cells distinctly
yellow or yellowish ; stigma oval, dark brown, conspicuous, with
a small clear space on each side of it. There are also small, ill-
defined though distinct, clear spaces beyond the middle of the
discal cell (adjoining the 5th longitudinal vein), in the 2nd pos-
terior cell, at the base of the discal cell and in front of the tip of
the 7th longitudinal vein ; a faint trace of suffusion apparent aboufc
the central cross-veins and over the 5th longitudinal vein. Hal-
teres yellow. The obliterative streak peculiar to Tipula is present.
The 2nd posterior cell sometimes shortly petiolate.

Length, <$ 10 millim., $ 12 millim.

Described from one male and four females from Darjiling,
5-9. viii. 09 (Paivd).

Types d1 and $ in the Indian Museum.

A very marked species, owing to the subrnarrnorate wings, the
only one in the genus known to me with this character. The
presence, in conjunction with this, of the obliterative streak so
peculiar to Tipula, makes it uncertain whether the species would
not be better placed in that genus ; but in more than one of the
specimens the prongs of the anterior branch of the 4th longi-
tudinal vein issue quite separately, and in only one is there a
distinct petiole to the 2nd posterior cell, and even in this case a
short one. It may, perhaps, temporarily be regarded as inter-
mediate between the two genera, the only uncertain Eastern
species in this respect that has come before me.

346 TIPULID^E.

248. Pachyrhina concolorithorax, sp. uov.

<5 $ . Head deep orange-yellow ; antennal scape bright yellow,
flagellum wholly black ; proboscis orange-yellow, Jabella and palpi
dark brown. Thorax bright orange-yellow, with faint traces of
the usual three dorsal stripes and post-sutural spots, barely darker
than the ground-colour. Slightly lemon-yellowish at sides below
wings ; scutellum and metaiiotum bright orange-yellow, unmarked.
Abdomen bright orange-yellow; a black mark on 1st segment;
the 2nd orange-yellow, black on posterior border ; the remaining
segments dull light yellow, with posterior borders rather broadly
black, and with irregular black marks on the yellow parrs ; last
segment wholly black. Belly mainly yellowish. Ovipositor
shining brownish yellow. Legs : coxa? orange-yellow, femora light
brownish yellow, tibiae and tarsi dark brown. Winys nearly clear;
stigma dark brown, well marked ; discal cell oblong, nearly twice
as long as broad, the two prongs of the upper branch of 4th
longitudinal vein issuing separately but close together. Halteres
orange, clubs blackish.

Length 12 millim., without ovipositor.

Described from a single male from the Khasi Hills, 1000-
3000 ft., iii. 07, and a female from Sylhet, 18. i. 04 (Lt.-Col.
Hall).

Types, rf in the Pusa collection, $ in the Indian Museum.

The uniformly orange thorax at once separates this species from
all other Oriental ones.

249. Pachyrhina consimilis, Brim.

Pachyrhina consimilis, Brunetti, Rec. Ind. Mus. vi, p. 268 (1911).

d 5 . Head deep chrome-yellow ; proboscis generally a little
lighter, with a wide dark brown stripe on the upperside and
dark brown labella ; palpi also dark brown. Back of head at
junction Avith thorax with a dark brown triangular mark. An-
tennal scape deep yellow, flagellum black, the joints distinctly but
only slightly thickened at the base, verticillate hairs short ; some-
times in the female the antenna is dark brown, the second joint
of the scape being also tinged with brown. Thorax deep chrome-
yellow ; the three dorsal stripes deep black, shining, very clear cut ;
the median one, which attains the anterior margin, more or less
extended downwards along the edge behind the prothorax, on
which there is often a brown spot or streak on each side in this
vicinity ; the outer dorsal stripes turning sharply down over the
sides at their tips, their limits sharply denned ; "the post-sutural
elongate spots equally deep shining black and clearly cut. reaching
from above the root of the wing to the scutellum. Scutellum
light livid brown, sometimes yellowish, with or without a brownish
or blackish mark in the centre ; metanotum bright chrome-yellow,
with a more or less distinct narrow or moderately wide brownish

PACHTEH1XA. 347

longitudinal stripe ; sides of thorax rather lighter yellow; sterno-
pleurse with a tawny brown, semi-transparent spot on the upper
and lower part, leaving the middle concolorous. Abdomen normally
bright or deep yellow, with, in the male, a longitudinal median
black stripe of moderate width, composed of a row of elongate
spots more or less united to one another, the black colour towards
the tip spreading more or less over the whole dorsal surface ;
a narrow lateral stripe similarly formed. In the female, the
abdomen is wrinkled and bears a large, more or less square,
blackish spot on each segment, generally of sufficient size to form
an apparently continuous dorsal stripe, but the posterior margin
itself of each segment is yellow and well denned ; there are also
numerous irregularly placed small black spots between the
dorsal stripe and the rather broader (than in the male) lateral
stripe on each side. Belly similar to dorsal surface. Genitalia of
male very much as in P. serricornis, but a distinct brown side plate
is present, and a small yellow V-shaped ventral plate, protecting a
somewhat conspicuous keel-like protuberance immediately above
it, joined to the large swollen base of the claspers. Legs variable,
normally yellow, the femora becoming brownish on the apical
half, sometimes quite blackish on that portion ; but often the
femora are mainly yellowish, with an indistinct brownish or
blackish ring of varying width at the tip ; the tibia3 vary from
yellowish to brownish; the tarsi generally brownish yellow or
brown. Winys pale grey ; the forks of the upper branch of the
fourth longitudinal vein vary in their emergence from the discal
cell, sometimes being distinctly separated, sometimes issuing
simultaneously, and sometimes forming a short petiole ; stigma
moderately large, varying from pale yellow to brown ; subcostal
cell varying from, yellowish to rather dark brown. Halteres
yellow.

Length 9-14 millim.

Described from a lengthy series in the Indian Museum from
Darjiling, 23-28. v. 10 (Brunetti), o-10.viii.09 (Paiva), 1. x. 08
(Brunetti); Kurseong, 19-24. vi. 10, 5.vii.08, 5-8. ix. 09, and Bhim
Tal, 17-19. ix. 06 ( Annandale) ; Mussoori, 22. v. 05 (Brunetti), and
Gangtok, Sikkim, 22.V.05. In the Vienna Museum is a female
from Sikkim.

Type, <S and ? i° the Indian Museum.

Apparently the commonest species to be found in the hilly
parts of North India, but no specimen has been received from
the plains or even from a hilly locality apart from the Himalayas.

250. Pachyrhina gamma, sp. nov.

2 . Head : vertex nearly one-third the width of the head,
orange-yellow, with a dark median narrow line ; frons yellow,
with an inverted black Y-shaped mark reaching from between
the bases of the antennas to the proboscis ; the latter yellowish

348 TIPULID.E.

marked with dark brown ; palpi dark browu ; antennal scape
yellow, flagellum brown. Thorax lemon-yellow, with the three
usual stripes very distinct, black, shining ; the outer ones turned
downwards at the anterior ends ; prothorax blackish, a black
stripe on each side extending to the shining black fore coxae.
Scutellum livid yellow ; inetanotum and sides of thorax pale
lemon-yellow. Abdomen yellowish, crinkled, with short, pale
, hairs ; a wide dorsal black stripe composed of a large spot filling,
or nearly filling, the dorsum of each segment, the spots contiguous
or subcontiguous ; an uninterrupted black stripe along- the lateral
margins of each segment. Belly similar, almost wholly black.
Legs : fore coxae shining black, posterior coxae pale yellow ;
femora brown, basal half a little lighter. Wings with the 2nd
posterior cell subpetiolate, about one and a half times as long as
the discal cell.

Length 13 millim.

Described from a unique female from the Mangaldai district,
on the Assam-Bhutan frontier, 30-31. xii. 10 (Kemp).

Type in the Indian Museum.

251. Pachyrhina javensis, Dol.

Tipulajavensis, Doleschall (nee T. javana, Wied.). Nat. Tijd. Ned.

Ind. x, p. 406, pi. iii, fig. 2 (1856).

? Pachyrhina fasciata, Macquart, Suit, a Buff., Dipt.i, p. 90 (1834).
Pachyrhina 'doleschalli, Osteu Sacken, Ann. Mus. Geneva, xvi,

p. 399 (1881).

" Body lemon-yellow. Thorax with four black lateral rounded
spots and an oval median one. Segments of the abdomen broadly
black-marked, the sixth and the eighth black ; ovipositor reddish.
Antennae blackish ; legs yellowish, blackish at the articulations.
Wings clear, stigmatic cell black.

"Length 7 lines [=14 millimetres]. Habitat: Java, in woods
(Djokjakarta)." (Osten Sacken.)

Type c? in the Vienna Museum.

The species was renamed by Osten Sacken, on the ground that
Wiedemaun in 1821 described a species under the name of
" Tipv.la " javana (Dipt. Exot. i, p. 27), which is a Pachyrhina •
but I venture to restore the name javensis, as it is not a homonym
of javana.

Hedescription.

$ . Head varies from bright lemon-yellow to rather deep orange,
with short sparse light pubescence ; frous very convex and pro-
minent. Proboscis short, broad, with or without a broad shining
black stripe ; labella large, shining brown, pubescent ; palpi with
2nd and 3rd joints equally long, but the 1st a little shorter, and
the 4th as long as the first three together, thinner, all pale yellow.

PACHYRHJXA. 349

Antennae bright yellow or orange-yellow; flagellum wholly blackish,
except 1st joint, which is sometimes yellowish, bases of all the
nagellar joints after the 1st very narrowly blacker. Thorax deep
lempn- or chrome-yellow ; the three usual dorsal stripes deep
black, shining, clear-cut ; the median one reaching the anterior
margin or not, very narrowly extended (sometimes) on each side
for a short distance ; on each side of the collare, adjacent to the
end of the median stripe, is a brown or black mark, which is
repeated on the adjoining part of the uiesothorax ; the two outer
thoracic stripes quite straight, with clear-cut rounded tips, with-
out any sign of curving outwards or downwards ; post-sutural
stripes short, wide, equally shining black, contiguous in front to
those in front of the suture, and carried forward a little along the
suture, joining a brownish spot placed immediately above the
wing-root ; posteriorly they reach the scutelluin, which may be
wholly dull yellow, or wholly shining black. The metanotum may
be lemon-yellow, the lower part bearing an orange tint, or it may be
either yellow or orange, with a wide black band on the lower
part ; the pleura? adjacent to the metanotum bear a black stripe
contiguous to it ; sides of thorax concolorous with dorsum ;
sternopleura with median third concolorous, the upper and lower
parts tinged with orange. Abdomen bright orange-yellow ; pre-
sumably the normal banding consists of a moderately narrow black
posterior border to each segment, the first segment being either
yellow at the base or more or less black-marked ; the abdominal
bands seem to he weakest on the 4th and 5th segments ; the 6th
segment is nearly or wholly black, the remainder to the tip
yellow. Ovipositor brownish yellow, shining, rather long. Legs :
coxa?, femora, and tibia? bright yellow or orange-yellow; fore
femora with a dark brown broad band (ill-defined at the edges) in
the middle, occupying about half the length, sometimes indistinct ;
tips of all femora and tibiae very narrowly blackish ; tarsi blackish.
Wings nearly clear ; subcostal cell dark brown, ending in a large
oval dark brown stigma ; petiole of 2nd posterior cell compara-
tively long or absent. Halteres blackish, tips dull yellow.

Length 17-1 9 rnillim.

Redescribed from three females in the Indian Museum, taken at
the base of the hills in the Nairn Tal district, two at Bindukhera,
3. iv. 10, and one at Gangapur Pattia, 4. iv. 10. The species also
occurs in Java, Sumatra, and Ceylon.

I think there can be no doubt that the three females in the
Indian Museum are this species and that it is very variable.
Osten Sacken surmised as much, noting the variability of the
abdominal markings and the spots on the pleura? ; whilst various
remarks in the three different descriptions of this species (Dole-
schall's, Macquart's, and Osten Sackeu's) support this view. The
three examples before me are distinctly lemon-yellow, especially
on the thorax, thus agreeing with Doleschall's " citrino-flavo."

350 TIPULLD.E.

Macquart's remark that the metathorax is all yellow is probably
an error for nietanotum, which in one of the three specimens is
very conspicuously uniform lemon-yellow, in another bright lemon-
yellow with an orange hind border, and in the third orange with a
blackish lower margin. The scutellum also varies, being in two
specimens shining black, in the third shining brownish yellow.
Again the abdominal marks are very variable. The first example
has the basal segment black, a broad black band on hind margins of
the 2nd and 3rd segments, a narrow one on the 4th and 5th, the
6th being mainly blackish. In the second specimen the only
black is on the tips of the 2nd and 3rd segments, the whole of the
6th and the base of the 7th. In the third specimen the marks
are similar, but narrower, and rather less intense. The fore
femora have a broad blackish central band which is quite distinct
in one specimen, much less so in the second, the third having
these legs missing. This character has not been noted before.
In one specimen the pleurae are slightly marked with black, in
another they are entirely lemon-yellow, except for a rather large
pale orange spot below the wing-root.

Macquart notes that the second posterior cell is nearly petiolate.
In two of the three examples before me it is quite distinctly so,
as much as in many species of Tipula • in the third it is very
shortly, but still practically so, and slightly more in one wing than
the other. All these points prove the variability of the species in
many particulars, and the comparatively small size of the discal
cell, which is emphasized in the present specimens, is also a strong
specific character.

252. Pachyrhina dorsopunctata, Brun.

Pachyrhina dorsopunctata, Brunetti, llec. Ind. Mus. vi, p. 267
(1911).

d* $• Head deep chrome-yellow; proboscis, labella, and palpi
more or less brownish ; antennal scape deep yellow, flagellum wholly
black, or 1st joint yellow. Thorax : dorsum between the stripes
orange-yellow, the colour fading at the edges of the dorsum to paler
yellow ; sometimes the whole dorsum pale yellow ; thoracic stripes
dark blackish brown, the median one sometimes a little paler
towards the anterior margin. The dark marks on the prothorax
and behind it, as in the other species, sometimes appearing as a
definite continuation of the median thoracic stripe. Post-sutural
stripes more of a flattened triangle in shape, not joined to the
outer stripes in front of them. Scutellum black or dark brown,
shining ; metanotum yellowish on upper half, with or without a
narrow dark median line, black on the lower half ; sides con-
colorous, or a little paler, upper and lower parts of sternopleuraD
a little more orange. Abdomen yellow or orange-yellow, with a
row of dorsal elongate triangular black spots in the male which
have a tendency to spread out on the hind margin, actually doing

PACHYRHINA. 351

so OQ the last two segments. In the female one specimen has
the marks as in the male but they are rather more extensive ; the
other has a black baud on the hind margin of each segment.
Traces of a black narrow side line in both sexes ; belly yellowish.
Leys wholly yellow ; tips of femora and tibiae narrowly black ;
tarsi blackish. \Vinys very pale grey; subcostal cell dark brown,
prongs of fork of upper branch of 4th longitudinal vein issuing
quite separately from discal cell. Halteres yellowish.

Length, 3 12-14 millim. ; ? 15-18 millim.

Described from several males and females in the Indian Museum
from Katihar, 30.xi.09 (type tf ), Bhoguon, 20.xii.09, both Purneah
district (Paiva); Maddathorai, Travancore State, 17.xi.08 (type $ )
( Annandale} ; Bindukhera, Naini Tal district, base of Western
Himalayas, 3. iv. 10, taken in company with P. javensis, Dol. ;
Madhupur, Bengal. 13.X.09 (Paiva)', Mangaldai district, Assam-
Bhutan Frontier, SO.xii. 10 (Kemp}; Pusa, 31. iii. and 4. iv. 11
(Gravely}. One female from Ceylon is in the Vienna Museum.

Type c? and $ in the Indian Museum.

Its bright colour, the yellow and black distinctly demarcated,
exactly resembles P. javensis, and it may be but a variety of that
species ; yet the abdominal marks seem so pronouncedly different
that I have ventured to regard it tentatively as distinct. On each
segment is a triangular rather elongate (especially on -the long
2nd segment) shining black spot which shows no tendency to form
a band on the hind margin. The base of the ovipositor is
distinctly blackish. The front femora show no sign of the broad
blackish band present in P. javensis. The two prongs of the
upper branch of the 4th longitudinal vein quit the discal cell well
separated.

Two males in the Pusa collection bred from larvae found under
the earth in rice-fields at Pusa may be this species, though they
are smaller and more slender (12 millim.). The median dorsal
thoracic stripe is entire and clearly cut to its extremity on the
anterior margin. They are dated IG.ii. and 26. ii. 1910.

253 Pachyrhina bombayensis,

Pachyrhina bombayensis, Macquart, Dipt. Exot. Supp. v, p. 35, pi. i,

fig. 1 (1854).

" cj . Length 12 mm. Ferruginous. Palpi a little brownish
at the tips. Antennae brown, the three first joints ferruginous.
Thorax with three black stripes, not reaching the anterior margin.
Abdomen with a black triangular spot, on the hind border of each
segment ; genitalia small. Femora a little blackish at the tip,
anterior tibise brownish, tarsi brownish. Wings iridescent, a little
yellowish; stigmatic region ('cellule') brownish; discoidal cell
small.

" From Asia ; Bombay. In Mr. Bigot's collection." (Mac-
quart.}

352 TIPULIDJE.

Redescription.

c? $ . Head varying from yellow to reddish brown ; proboscis
above and at tip darker brownish, palpi yellowish. Antenual
scape yellow, flagellum black, the joints slightly but distinctly
enlarged at base where they bear the usual verticillate hairs.
Thorax varying from yellow to orange and reddish brown ; the
three usual dorsal stripes, the middle one nearly always very
indistinct on the anterior part, this indistinctness sometimes
extending back to the middle of the stripe ; the outer ones often,
but not always, indistinct at their tips, never curved outwards or
downwards ; post-sutural stripes sometimes contiguous to those
in front, the narrow black streak in front of the wing and below
the edge of the dorsuin rather more conspicuous than usual.
Scutellum mainly blackish ; metanotum with upper half yellowish,
sometimes with a thin median dark line, lower half blackish.
Abdomen normally brownish yellow, but varying considerably in
shade towards entirely yellow or entirely reddish brown ; the
black markings very variable, forming sometimes an elongate black
spot on each segment, more or less widened on the hind margin,
the dorsum of the apical segment generally wholly black or nearly
so ; sometimes occupying nearly all the dorsum on u\\ the seg-
ments ; sometimes barely widened posteriorly, especially in the
male and on the basal segments. In the female, the black colour
is more extensive, often filling the entire dorsal surface. Belly
mainly yellowish but blackish towards the tip. Gemtalia con-
spicuous, brownish yellow, consisting of an oblong rather small
dorsal plate, a pair of claspers, of which the basal joint is normally
constructed, with a large flattened, almost leaf-shaped, pointed
second joint, which bears on the inner side a narrow black finger-
like appendage ; some smaller intermediate organs are apparent.
Ovipositor brownish yellow, shining, bare, normal. Leys brownish
yellow, extreme tips of femora and tibiae very narrowly black,
apical half of tarsi blackish. Wings pale grey, subcostal cell
brown ; stigma brownish, varying in intensity ; prongs of upper
branch of 4th longitudinal vein issuing generally widely separated,
occasionally simultaneously or nearly so, but 2nd posterior cell
never petiolate. Halteres dark yellowish brown.

Length 13-21 millim.

Redescribed from a good series in the Ptisa collection, all from
Pusa (except one) bearing dates of every month except May, June,
and December, the species apparently occurring there nearly all
the year. One specimen is from Chapra, Bengal, undated. One
specimen in the Indian Museum from Katihar, Purneah district,
Bengal, 7-31. viii. 10 (Paiva).

Type in the British Museum.

The principal feature of this species is its reddish brown colour,
and the obliteration of the anterior end of the median thoracic
stripe.

DOLIC110PEZA. 353

Section DOLICHOPEZINI.

As previously stated, the excessively delicate and long legs afford
the principal character by which members of this section may be'
known. They have a habit of dancing up and down in the air in
small swarms after the nature of EPHEMEBIDJE, a habit equally
affected by various genera of TIPULID.S; — Dicranomyia, Trichocera,
and in fact many others.*

Apart from the length of leg common to all, the genera in this
section are mainly contradictory, so to speak. Taking the four
Oriental genera, Dolichopeza and Scamboneura possess thirteen-
jointed antennae, Megistocera and Tanypremna less than thirteen.
The two former genera have complex genitalia in the male, the
two latter more simple ones. Dolichopeza has no nasus, but this
is distinct in /Scamboneura and Megistocera. Tanypremna has no
neck, yet Scamboneura and others have short ones. The anterior
branch of the 2nd longitudinal vein is present in Megistocera aad
Tanypremna, absent in the, other two ; the anterior branch of
the 4th vein is twice forked in Dolichopeza, only once forked in
the other three genera ; the discal cell is present in Meyistocera
and Tanypremna, absent in Dolicliopeza and Scamboneura. In
Megistocera the 5th posterior cell is not in contact with the discal
cell, as it is in Tanypremna.

The following is the only genus which occurs within our
limits : —

Genus DOLICHOPEZA, Curt.

Dolichopeza, Curtis, Brit. Entom. p. 62 (1825).
Apeilesis, Macquart, Dipt. Exot. Supp. i, p. 8 (1840).
Leptina, Meigen, Syst. Besch. vi, pi. Ixv, fig. 10 (18-30).

GENOTYPE. D. sylvicola, Curt. ; by original designation.

Head transverse ; frons arched ; eyes rounded. Proboscis
rather prominent but short, the uppersicle hairy ; no nasus ; the
palpi four-jointed, long, cylindrical, whip-like. Antennae thirteen-
jointed, the ultimate one very small ; t structure of scape and
flagellum normal. Thorax as in Tipula^ only rather more delicate.
Abdomen much as in Tipula but more slender. The genitalia
slightly swollen, bearing some resemblance to those of Pachyrhina. $

* It is curious that most insects with exceedingly long and delicate legs,
•wings, antennae, or caudal seta; possess this habit of aerial dancing, the length
of limbs presumably acting as a means of balance.

t The antenna} were originally described as possessing twelve joints only ;
Zetterstedt, Meigen, Curtis, and Walker uniting in this error. Sohiner sug-
gested that thirteen were present, this number being subsequently confirmed
by Oaten Sacken's examination of living specimens of both sexes.

} Osten Sacken observed the union of the sexes in a European species, pro-
bably D. sylvicola, Mg. "The female was hanging down from some support
to which it held on by its front legs ; it bore the whole weight of the male, who
was fastened to it merely by the forceps, hanging head downwards,. with his
legs stretched out. I have seen Bittacomorpha copulate in the same manner."

354 TIPULID.E.

Legs excessively long aud slender, especially the tarsi. Apical
spurs of tibiae very minute, hardly visible amongst the hairs on
the tip, raore distinct on the hind legs. Wings with no discal
cell ; one marginal, one submarginal, and five posterior cells.
Auxiliary vein ending some distance beyond the middle of the
wing, turning at its tip into the 1st longitudinal vein, which,
ending a little beyond the auxiliary, itself turns mto the 2nd vein
before the middle of that vein, which latter is very short, strongly
bisinuate, originating at two-thirds the length of the wing ; the
discal cross-vein short ; no anterior branch to the 2nd vein ; the
3rd vein almost of the same length and shape as the second ; the
anterior cross-vein very short ; the 4th vein forking just beyond
the posterior cross-vein, the anterior branch forking just before
its middle, the upper prong again forking about its middle, the
veinlets nearly parallel, thns making the 2nd posterior cell petio-
late ; the lower prong simple, strongly bisinuate ; the posterior
branch of the 4th vein gently bisinuate, the posterior cross-vein
very oblique ; the 5th, 6th, and 7th veins nearly straight.* The
" obliterative streak" is absent.

254. Dolichopeza orientalis, sp. nov. (PI. V, fig. 19.)

c? $ . Head : vertex and frons rather bright light brownish
yellow (darker yellow in female) ; frons one-fourth to one-third
the width of the head ; back and underside of head pale yellowish,
with short black hairs. Eyes wide apart below, with a small black
spob at their inner angles. Proboscis short, thick, yellowish ;
palpi brown or blackish, the last joint narrowed at its base, clubbed
towards its tip. Antennal scape pale or orange yellowish, 2nd
joint short ; flagellum of thirteen very elongate, brownish yellow,
cylindrical joints, the 1st one and a half times as long as the 2nd,
the rest gradually diminishing in length, the last very short, all
with close microscopic pubescence below and some longer scattered
hairs on the upperside. Thorax wholly pale yellowish, except
three short and not very distinct reddish brown narrow stripes on
the dorsum, in the usual position, the outer ones sometimes barely
visible ; two brownish irregularly shaped spots behind the suture.
Scutellum, rnetanotum, and sides of thorax concolorous. Abdomen
variable, reddish or yellowish brown, with very few pale hairs ;
posterior margins of segments more or less black, the whole of the
7th and 8th segments black, sometimes the 4th, 5th, and 6th
segments also. Grenitalia large, globular, but mainly concealed,
black ; two pairs of slender, yellow, palp-like organs, the upper
pair the longer and more slender, closely pubescent ; there are
three pairs of inner organs, one pair consisting of a slender basal

* Dolichopeza is easily recognised by its wings; the absence of the discal
cell, the simple 2nd vein, the twice forked anterior branch of the 4th and the
bisinuate nature of many of the veins form a venation quite distinct from all
else iu the TII>CLID.E.

DOLICHOPEZA. 355

piece, with a long terminal apparently chitinous filament ; another
pair short, round-tipped, pale yellow, pubescent ; the third pair
in the shape of flattened spoons, black, small, short, close to the
underside of the whole genitalia. Ovipositor in female normal,
rather small, brownish yellow or reddish brown. Legs pale
yellowish, femora brownish yellow at the base, becoming blackish
at the slightly enlarged tips ; tibiae brownish yellow, tips whitish
(in the hind pair for a considerable distance) ; tarsi wholly snow-
white. Wings -pale yellowish grey in male, wholly colourless,
glassy and iridescent in female, stigma large, dark brown, ending
just beyond the marginal cross-vein. Venation normal ; auxiliary
vein ending at a little beyond one-third of the distance between
the origin of the 2nd vein and the tip of the 1st vein ; the 2nd
vein beginning just beyond the middle of the wing, the praefurca
being nearly half the length of the vein ; the 3rd vein originating
at right angles, in a direct line with the anterior cross-vein and
equal to it in length ; the 4th longitudinal vein with the anterior
branch twice forked, thus making five posterior cells. Discal cell
absent, coalescing with 4th posterior cell ; the anterior cross-vein
would have been over nearly the middle of the discal cell, and
the posterior cross- vein much before the base of that cell, had it
been present. In the female, when the wing is viewed at a low
angle facing the light, the most magnificent brown, red and orange
iridescence is visible. Venation normal. Halteres black, stems
exceedingly slender, yellow.

Length 6 millim.

Described from a single male from Kurseong, 8. vii. 08, and two
females from the same place, 4. ix. 09 and 22. vi. 10 (Dr. Annan-
dale}.

Type 3 and £ in the Indian Museum.

255. Dolichopeza obscura, sp. nov.

c? 2 • Head dirty brownish grey in male, more yellowish in
female, in both sexes lighter on frons, which latter is about one-
third the width of the head, uniformly wide or nearly so. The
lighter colour extends more or less to the upperside of the pro-
boscis. Scape of antennas pale yellowish, flagellar joints distinctly
longer in male than in female. Thorax and abdomen dirty obscure
blackish brown, unmarked, the thorax a little lighter brown in the
female. Q-enitalia of male brownish yellow, composed of a large
V-shaped ventral plate, the claspers with large bulbous first joint,
the second ending in a black horny tip. Legs black. Wings grey,
stigma rather deep blackish.

Length 8 millim.

Described from a pair taken at Kurseong, 4700 ft., the male
14. iv. 11, the female 29. vi. 10 (Dr. Annandale).

Type tf and $ in the Indian Museum.

Dr. Annandale states that the species is common in jungle,
being mostly found flying in small parties of four or five.

2 A

356

Subfamily LIMNOBIIN^E.

The principal characters of the LIMNOBILN^E are : the ending of
the auxiliary vein in the costa, instead of in the 1st longitudinal
vein ; the presence of a subcostal cross-vein between the auxiliary
and 1st veins, which occurs in the great majority of the species ;
the presence of the marginal cross-vein in a considerable number
of genera, a vein which is absent in TIPULINJE, though it may be
considered to be therein represented by what I term the costal
cross-vein, in spite of the slightly different position it holds. This
costal cross-vein never appears in the present subfamily, and Osten
Sacken's rhomboidal cell is therefore always absent also.

Another great difference, which is practically constant, is the
ending of the 1st longitudinal vein in the costa, instead of turning
down into the 2nd vein as is practically always the case in the
TIPULINJE.* When (as is very often the case) the marginal cross-vein
is placed near the tip of the 1st longitudinal, the effect is frequently
produced of the latter turning down into the 2nd vein, with a cross-
vein joining it near its tip to the costa. The student must avoid
making this error, however apparent such a case may seem to be.
In a few abnormal genera (Antoclia and Toxorlrina, for instance),
the auxiliary and 1st longitudinal veins are united, in which case
the united veins are recognized as the 1st longitudinal, and this
itself in these genera becomes gradually merged in the costa, which
in consequence is a little thickened at that spot for a short distance.
The 2nd longitudinal vein is often forked, and one or other of its
branches again forked, thus making the number of marginal and
snbmarginal cells inconstant, and contingent on whether it is
respectively the upper or lower branch that is forked.

A very constant and characteristic feature is the position at
which the lower branch of the 4th longitudinal vein forks, which
is at or beyond the distal end of the discal cell, and not at the
basal or proximal end of this cell as in TIPULIN^E. This feature
causes several other peculiarities, which are best studied in
comparison with their relative differences in TIPULIJT^. The
obliterative streak, so conspicuous in the genus Tipula itself,
and present to a less extent in some of the other k genera of
TIPITLIN^:, is invariably absent in LIMNOBIINJE.

The antennae in LTMNOBIINJE are normally 14- or 16-jointed, but
exceptions are by no means rare ; such are the ANISOMEEINI, with
6- and 10-jointed antennae, and a few other abnormal genera with
13, 15, 17, and so on. The scape is usually much broader, espe-
cially the 2nd joint, than the basal flagellar joints. The nasus or
nose, so conspicuous a character in most of the TIPULIN^, is absent
in the present subfamily. The palpi are not so long and whip-
lash-like, although moderately elongate and generally incurved ;

* Cylindrotoma forms the only Indian exception.

357

but they are reduced to two small joints in at least one genus,
Geranomyia.

It may be observed here that the suggested substitution of the
name Limonia, Mg., for Limnobia, with the consequent alteration of
the subfamily and sectional names is wholly untenable. This and
all the other generic names set up by Meigen in his paper published
in 1800, were established without any species being indicated, and
are therefore on that ground alone inadmissible. Moreover, such
standard names as Limnobia,* sanctified by use by all authors for
over a hundred years, have earned their right to remain unaltered
as long as the science of natural history exists. Again, Meigen
himself entirely ignored the existence of the French pamphlet in
which these names appeared, when he published his authentic work
in German some three years later ; and seeing that endless con-
fusion would arise from the adoption of these genera, they can
have no just claim whatever to recognition.

Table of Sections of the Subfamily LIMNOBIINJE.

1. Only one submarginal cell 2.

Two submarginal cells (one only in some

species of Gonomyia) 4.

2. Antennae 16-jointed 3.

Antennae 14-jointed. — One submarginal cell;

four posterior cells ; subcostal cross-vein near
tip of auxiliary vein ; discal cell open or
closed ; posterior cross-vein at base of discal
cell or before it. Tibiae without spurs. Pro-
boscis long or moderately long LIMKOBIIXI, p. 362.

3. The 1st longitudinal vein generally ending in

the 2nd. Tibiae with spurs CYLINDROTOMINI,

The 1st longitudinal vein ending in the costa ; [p. <*58.
four posterior cells ; discal cell open or closed.

Tibiae without spurs. — Proboscis variable, [p. 415.

sometimes enormously produced * RHAMPHIDIINI,

4. Tibiae without spurs. — Four posterior cells (five

in Cladura and allies) ; wing often pubescent
on the veins only or on the surface also ;
subcostal cross-vein generally some distance
before the origin of the 2nd vein, but some-
times near the tip. Antennae 16-jointed ERWPTERINI,^ASQ.

Tibiae with spurs 5.

o. Subcostal cross-vein before the origin of the
2nd longitudinal vein (some distance before
the tip of the auxiliary vein). Eyes pub-
escent.— Frons generally with a moderately
distinct protuberance. Four or five posterior

* The same argument applies to the other genera.

t The EHAMPHIDIINI form the least well-defined section in this subfamily,
more exceptions occurring in it than in any other. The submarginal cell is
absent in Toxorhina ; the marginal cross-vein absent in Atarba ; the posterior
cross-vein is near the middle of the wing in Orimarga.

2 A 2

358 TIPULIDJE.

cells ; penultimate posterior cell nearly always

pointed at the base. Antennae of 17, 16, or

13 joints ................................ AxAtopiyi, p. 507.

Subcostal cross- vein beyond the origin of the

2nd longitudinal vein. Eyes bare .......... 6.

6. Antennae of 16 joints. — Five posterior cells,

sometimes only four; posterior cross-vein

often near middle of discal cell ; proboscis

very short, generally transverse, terminal [p. 520.

labella fleshy and thick ................... . Lixyopmziffi,

Antennae of 6 to 10 joints ; often elongated or

enormously prolonged. — Antennae 6-jointed in

male, 10-jointed in female; three, four, or

five posterior cells ; discal cell open or closed ;

subcostal cross-vein near tip of auxiliary vein,

beyond the origin of the 2nd longitudinal [p. 529.

Section CTLINDROTOMINI.

Eyes bare, separated above by a rather broad frons, not con-
tiguous on the underside. Proboscis short. Palpi 4-jointed.
Antennae normally 16-jointed.* The male genitalia generally
of peculiar structure, considerably differentiated in the various
genera and species. Tibiae with apical spurs, empodia distinct.
Wings with one submarginal cell, four or five posterior cells, and
' a discal cell ; the 1st longitudinal vein incurved at the tip towards
the 2nd vein, meeting it, instead of ending in the costa. t The
auxiliary vein ends abruptly, without turning into either the costa
or the 1st longitudinal vein. The marginal cross-vein, as such, is
absent, but there is present a supernumerary cross-vein joining
the costa to nearly the tip of the 1st longitudinal vein. J

This section is intermediate between the subfamilies TIPULIN^E
and LIMNOBIINJS, but is considerably more akin to the latter. Its
affinities with the LIMNOBIIN^E are as follows : —

(1) In the palpi, which, although elongate, have not the whip-
lash nature of these organs in the TIPULIN^E.

(2) In the absence of the peculiar fold in the wings, which in
most of the TIPULIN.E runs more or less across the wing trans-
versely, beginning in the region of the stigina, and which I have
termed the obliterative streak.

(3) In the length of the inner marginal cell — that is to say.
that portion of the marginal cell enclosed by the turned-down
1st longitudinal vein, which in most TIPULIIO; is much shorter. §

* Some European authors (Zetterstedt, Walker, etc.) speak of the antennae
as 17-jointed, which is incorrect; the error is due to the fact that in dried
specimens the prolongation of the 16th joint looks like an additional one.

t There is at least one exception to this form of venation (Phalacrocera
replicata, L., of Europe), and others may occur.

J This cross-rein I have proposed to call the costal cross-vein.

§ This is according to Osten Sackeu ; but I have not found it so myself,
there being, judging from my own experience only, no difference between the
two groups in this respect.

CYLINDEOTOMA. 359

(4) In the number of the antennal joints — 16, which is the
usual number in the LlMlTOBlEBrjE, whereas in the TIPULIN^E the
normal number is 18.

(5) In the number of posterior cells — four normally, but occa-
sionally five. This, however, is not so much a resemblance to the
LIMNOBIINYE, where genera with five posterior cells are by no means
rare, as a difference from the TiPULiKa:, in which the usual number
of cells is five.

There appears to be no direct affinity to the TIPULIN^E, except
the general appearance, which is much more like that of a small
species of Tipula than of a Limnobiid. Another possible point of
resemblance is that the CYLLNDBOTOMINI, though having only one
submarginal cell, have spurs to the tips of the tibiae, whereas all
those genera of LIMNOBIIITJE that possess only one submarginal cell
have no spurs to the tibiae ; but this, too, is rather a difference
from the LIMNOBIINVE than any actual affinity to the TIPULIN^E.

The abrupt ending of the auxiliary vein is in itself a character
of an intermediate nature, as in the TIPULIN^E the vein nearly
always turns downwards into the 2nd vein, whilst in the
LIMNOBILN^E it generally turns upwards into the costa.

'* The CYLIXDKOTOMIKA., with all the prevailing characters of
the TIPULID^E BKEVIPALPI, show important aberrations in the
course of the veins in the vicinity of the stigma — aberrations
which prove a leaning towards the TIPULIDJE LONGIPALPI. The
latent affinity to the latter is further proved by the presence of
spurs on the tibiae and by the general appearance." (Osten
iSacken.)

The few genera making up this section are so closely interwoven
that there is some difficulty in separating them, and from the
point of view of some entomologists a separate genus might be
established for nearly every species, owing to the range of variation
shown in the antennas, the venation, the genital organs of the
male, and other characters.

At present, however, only the genus Cylindrotoma itself has
been found in the East, with but a single species to represent it.

Genus CYLINDROTOMA, Macq.
Cylindrotoma, Macquart, Suites a Buff., Dipt. i. p. 107 (1834).

GENOTYPE, Limnolia disiinctissima, Mg. ; by designation of
Westwood (Introd. Class. Ins. ii).

Head rather broad posteriorly. Eyes bare, separated by a broad
frons. Proboscis very short. Palpi somewhat elongate, especially
the last joint. Antenna with the 1st scapal joint very short, the
fiagellum of elongate cylindrical joints, minutely pubescent, with
short thin scattered verticels ; in the female the antennae rather
shorter and less pubescent. TJiorax robust, compact, no con-
spicuous neck. Abdomen moderately long and slender, clubbed

360 TIPULID^.

at the tip in the male. Genitalia complicated and peculiar in
structure.* Legs slender, tibiae with distinct spurs at the tips ;
fore coxae short ; empodia distinct. Wings with one submarginal
cell, five (normally) posterior cells, t and the discal cell closed.
The auxiliary vein ends abruptly neither in the costa nor in the
1st longitudinal vein, but sometimes it is indistinctly connected
near its tip with the latter. The 1st longitudinal vein turns down
at its tip into the 2nd ; a more or less indistinct cross-vein connects
it with the costa. The 2nd vein begins about the middle of the
wing, the praefurca forming about half its length ; the 1st longi-
tudinal vein meets the 2nd soon after the origin of the 3rd vein,
which commences just before the middle of the 2nd vein, forming
with the 2nd vein a fork, the submarginal cell thus being
triangular. Anterior cross-vein at origin of 3rd vein, uniting
with the discal cell at one-third the length of the latter ; discal
cell closed, more or less oblong ; anterior branch of 4th vein
forked soon after quitting discal cell, the veinlets more or less
parallel ; J posterior cross-vein just beyond discal cell ; 7th vein
comparatively short.

Range. The few species known are distributed through Europe,
North America (including Alaska), and South America, in addition
to India.

Life-history. The metamorphoses of a moderately common
European species, Cylindrotoma distinctissima, Mg., have been
observed by more than one biologist. The larva has the ex-
ceptional character of living on the undersides of the leaves
of low-growing plants, like the caterpillar of a Lepidopterous
insect. It is green, elongate, flattened, linear, only a little
pointed at each end, with a longitudinal crest along its back,
consisting of a row of fleshy processes pointing backwards ; the
lateral margin is broad, with many excisions, formed by fleshy
points. The larva, before transforming, quits its food-plant and
attaches itself to a stalk of grass, on which to undergo the pupa
state. The pupa bears some resemblance to that of a Lepi-
dopterous insect, the thorax bearing several horny processes.

* Osten Sacken says : — " The long narrow linear horny lamella, which
usually protrudes when the living insect opens its forceps, ends in three sharp
points." Speaking of the ovipositor of the female, he continues: — "It is
rather large, the upper valves are lamelliforin towards the tip, and the lower
ones are curved in' such a manner as to leave a considerable empty space
between them and the upper ones."

t If my new species is correctly placed here, the generic description must
read, "four or five posterior cells."

| Schiner, in describing Cylindrotoma distinct issima, Mg., the commonest of
the European species, infers that the forking of the anterior branch of the 4th
vein is not always constant, so that specimens of this species may have four or
five posterior cells accordingly. In Needham's figure of the wing of this
species he shows the auxiliary vein very distinctly turning up into the costa,
with an equally distinct subcostal cross-vein near its tip, uniting it to
the 1st longitudinal vein near the tip of the latter. This is a mistaken
interpretation.

CYLTNDROTOMA. 361

The larva, according to Schiner, feeds on Stellaria nemorum,
Anemone nemorosa, and Allium ursinum. It is also found on
Viola. Zeller ('Isis,' 1842, p. 808) gives a good description
of the larva; whilst Schellenburg, who figures it ('Genres des
Mouches'), may also be consulted on the same subject, although
this author mistook the larva for that of a Pachyrhina.

The larva of a European species of another genus (Phalacrocera
replicata, L.) lives upon aquatic plants growing beneath the surface
of the water. "It is very hardy, as it has been known whilst in
captivity to pass the winter in this state even though ice formed
on the top of the water. In May it pupates and floats or
descends below the surface at will by means of several pairs
of hooks by which it traverses the stems of plants. DeGeer
('Insectes/ vi, p. 351, pi. xx) may be consulted on the subject.

256. Cylindrotoma quadricellula, Bmn. (PL VII, figs. 1, 2.)

Cylindrotoma quadricellula, Brunetti, Rec. Lid. Mus. vi. p. 268
(1911).

3 . Head, viewed from above, oval ; blackish, bare above ; frons
short, much wider 'on vertex, where it is about one-fourth the
width of the head. Face below antenna a little lighter ; palpi
small, black. Scapal joints of antennae short, yellowish; the
fourteen joints of the flagellum dark brown, very elongate,
somewhat difficult to distinguish from one another, especially
towards the tip, each joint being corered with very long thin
verticillate hairs, quite irregularly arranged. The antenna is
as long as the whole body. Thorax reddish brown, closely
punctured round the edge of the dorsum, a little in front of
and between the three dorsal, almost concolorous stripes, the
configuration of which is distinct, although they show only a
slightly darker shade of colour ; a narrow band, a little lighter in
colour, just below the dorsum, is free of punctures, but the sides
of the thorax, below this band, the scutellum, and the metanotum
are all closely and conspicuously punctured. Abdomen linear,
narrow, dark red-brown, a little blackish here and there, prac-
tically bare ; belly similar. Genitalia blackish, rather small ;
a pair of slightly pubescent two-jointed claspers, with some
internal organs, protected by an upper and lower plate. Legs :
coxae brownish yellow, bare; remainder of legs similarly coloured,
gradually becoming darker towards the tips, the tarsi being
blackish. Wings grey. Auxiliary vein apparently turning down-
wards into the 1st longitudinal vein at some little distance beyond
the middle of the wing, and connected, just before its tip, by a
short cross-vein with the costa. The 1st vein turns distinctly into
the 2nd a little beyond the level of the anterior cross-vein, and
a little way before its tip it is connected with the costa by a
cross-vein, presumably the marginal cross-vein. The 2nd longi-
tudinal, which begins some distance before the middle of the wing,
gently arcuating, turns abruptly up (at the point where it meets

362 TIPULID.E.

the anterior cross-vein, at a similar angle to that taken by the
4th vein in Musca and LuciUa) until it meets the 1st vein ; thence
running parallel to the costa and ending in it some little distance
before the tip of the wing. The 3rd vein, which runs nearly
straight to the exact tip of the wing, and the anterior cross-vein,
originate together from the angle in the 2nd vein where the latter
marks the end of the praefurca, this section being longer than the
rest of the 2nd vein. Discal cell hexagonal, the lower half con-
sisting of three sides, the cell twice as long as broad and about as
long as the second and third posterior cells ; anterior cross-vein
shorter than proximal side of discal cell ; posterior cross-vein just
beyond middle of discal cell ; 5th vein sharply angled at its juncture
with the posterior cross-vein, whence it runs straight to the wing-
margin ; 6th and 7th veins nearly straight. The 1st, 2nd, and
3rd veins near their tips are microscopically spiuose.

Length G-6| millim.

Described from three males in the Indian Museum from Kur-
seong, taken by Dr. Annandale, 18. v. 10 (type), 23. vi. 10, and
6. vii. 08.

Section LIMNOBIINI.

Eyes bare, separated by a comparatively narrow frons. Proboscis
moderately long, elongate in at least one genus (Geranomyia) ;
terminal lamellae linear, narrow. Palpi four-jointed, slender, cylin-
drical. Antennae of 14 joints (sometimes apparently 15); scapal

llum of ov

joints of the usual type in LiMyoBiix.i; ; flagellum of oval or cylin-
drical joints, more or less pectinate in liJiypidia. Genitalia of male
consisting generally of a pair of two-jointed claspers, the 1st joint
short, cylindrical or conical, the 2nd smaller, sometimes very much
so, bearing, or consisting of, a horny hook, a bifid claw, or similar
appendage. In the female the upper pair of valves may be shorter
than the lower ones (Dicranomyici) or subequal in length ; normal.
Legs more or less slender, stouter in Limnobia, long ; tibiae without
spurs at the tip ; empodia indistinct or absent, ungues with teeth
on the underside.* AVings moderately broad, sometimes elongate,
with only one submarginal cell, four posterior cells, and the discal
cell closed or open. Auxiliary vein ending about the middle or
before two-thirds of the wing's length ; subcostal cross-vein near
its tip ; subraarginal cell longer than 1st posterior cell. The 2nd
longitudinal vein usually begins a little before the end of the
auxiliary vein, the subcostal cross-vein being therefore sometimes

* As I have not studied this character myself, I quote Osten Sacken, who
gave it much attention : — "The teeth on the underside of the ungues of the
LIMNOBINA seem to be peculiar to this section. They must not be confounded
with the more or less square or sharp projections on the underside at the very
basis of the ungues, forming a part of the thickening which always exists there.
The tooth in the LIMNOBINA, even when single, is distinct from this thickening,
and placed before it." Antocha was the only genus known to Osten Sacken
outside of the LIMNOBIINI that possesses a form of this tooth.

JDICRANOMYIA. 363

before and sometimes beyond the origin of the 2nd vein.
Anterior cross-vein nearly always at some little distance beyond
the origin of the 3rd vein ; posterior cross-vein generally before
the discal cell or at its base ; 5th, 6th, and 7th veins nearly
straight.

Table of Genera O/LIMNOBIINI.

1. Eyes separated by a distinct irons in both

sexes * 2.

Eyes contiguous above and below antennae in
both sexes , 5.

2. Proboscis conspicuously prolonged ; always [p. 387.

longer than head '. . GEHANOMYIA, Hal.,

Proboscis shorter than head 3.

3. Origin of the 3rd longitudinal vein normally

situated, as also position of anterior cross-
vein ; the latter, with also the discal cell,
always beyond (generally considerably be-
yond) the middle of the wing; posterior

cells of normal length 4.

Origin of 3rd longitudinal vein, the position
of the anterior cross-vein and discal cell all
so proximal (about the middle of the wing)

that all the posterior cells are exceedingly [p. 410.

long .". LIBXOTKS, Westw.,

4. Auxiliary vein ending as a rule considerably

beyond origin of 2nd longitudinal vein,
generally about half-way between that
point and the tip of the 1st longitudinal
vein. Genitalia of male with the 2nd joint [p. 39(5.

of the claspers forming a horny hook LIMNOBIA, Mg.,

Auxiliary vein ending as a rule nearly opposite
to or only slightly beyond the origin of the
2nd longitudinal vein. Genitalia of male

with the second joint of the claspers gene- [Steph., p. 363.

rally large and fleshy DICRANOMYIA,

5. Antenna3 with a pair of pendant conspicuous

processes attached to each joint of the [Brun., p. 407.

flagellum on the lower side CKRATOSTEPHANUS,

Antennae normal ATYPOPHTHALMTJS,

[Brun., p. 408.

Genus DICRANOMYIA, Stepli.

Dicranomyia, Stephens, Catal. Brit. Ins. ii, p. 243 (1829).

Siac/ona, Meigen, Syst. Beschr. vi, pi. Ixv, fig. 7 (1830).

? Glochina, Meigen, op. cit. p. 280.

Nmnantia, Bigot, Ann. Soc. Ent. France (3), ii, p. 470 (1854).

GENOTYPE, Limnobia modesta, Mg. ; designated by Coquillett,
1910.

Head : eyes large, glabrous, contiguous or subcontiguous below
head, frons of moderate width. Proboscis subcylinclrical, pro-
jecting, not longer than the head ; palpi short. Antennso 14-jointed,
of moderate length, not reaching the root of the wing if bent

364 TIPULIDJE.

backwards ; scape with the 2nd joint usually, sometimes con-
siderably, enlarged ; flagellar joints subglobular, elliptical or short
subcylindrical, pubescent, the longer verticels of hairs differing
considerably in length according to the species, being sometimes
quite inconspicuous. Thorax normal, the anterior part prolonged
into a distinct though not conspicuous neck, the side view of the
prothorax triangular or subtriangular. Abdomen normal, of
moderate size, linear, usually with parallel sides and soft short
pubescence, which is often very inconspicuous or apparently
confined chiefly to the sides and posterior borders of the segments ;
the segments in some species very distinct, in others much less so.
Genitalia of male consisting of a pair of movable fleshy lobes,
oblong, often subreniform, each armed on the inside with a short
curved horny appendage, something like a beak, called by Osten
Sacken a " rostriform " appendage, and often bearing on its convex
side one or two stiff bristles. To the upperside of each of the
lobes, another horny appendage, long, slender, attenuated, curved,
is closely applied, and to these organs Osten Sacken gives the
name of " falciform " appendages, their point of attachment being
the horny, posteriorly pointed, basal plate below. Most of the
different parts of the male organ appear liable to considerable
modification in different species. In the female, the ovipositor
is generally noticeable by its comparatively small size. The upper
valves are short, narrow, arcuate, pointed, the lower ones straight.
Leys generally slender, in some species, especially those of larger
size, less so ; usually more slender and often much longer than in
Limnobia ; the pubescence very incouspicuous, often microscopic.
" Most of the species have a distinct tooth on the underside of
the ungues, near the base, sometimes followed by a smaller one "
(Osten Sacken). Wings somewhat elongate. Venation, though
typical, showing considerable modifications within certain limits.*
One subniarginal and four posterior cells ; discal cell generally
closed. Auxiliary vein ending in costa opposite, or at a little
beyond base of, 2nd longitudinal vein, that is to say, never very
much before or beyond the middle of the wing ; in occasional
species it ends a little before the origin of the 2nd vein, and in
quite exceptional cases considerably beyond this point. Subcostal
cross-vein placed in different species at different distances from
the tip of the auxiliary vein, its position, however, being constant
in the same species. The 1st longitudinal vein ends in the costa
near the end of the nearly always present stigma, more or less
beyond the inner end of the submarginal cell, sometimes ending
as far distally as the middle of this cell, t The marginal cross-
vein placed near tip of 1st vein, often more or less in a Hue with
the upturned end of the latter, but also often quite distinctly
appearing as a true cross-vein, a little anterior to the tip of the

* Especially when the species of the whole world are considered,
t Vide notes ou venation, post.

DICBANOMTIA. 365

1st vein. The 2nd longitudinal vein begins in the middle of the
wing, either at an acute angle or in a curve of varying sweep,
gently Insinuate ; its basal section (that is to say, that portion
from its origin to the emergence of the 3rd vein, or the praefurca)
straight or rather distinctly curved, varying from one-half to
one-fourth the total length of the vein. The 3rd vein with the
basal section of varying length, according to the species, but
tolerably constant in each species ; * its course also varies con-
siderably, sometimes gently bisinuate, in some species forming
nearly a rectangle both at its origin from the 2nd and at its elbow,
in most species parallel to the 2nd longitudinal vein or slightly
diverging or converging at the tip. Owing to the 3rd vein
emerging from the 2nd at some distance beyond the base of the
latter, the submarginal cell is always considerably shorter than
the marginal cell, and nearly always longer than the 1st posterior
cell. Anterior cross-vein always situated at the upper basal
corner of the discal cell. Discal cell generally present,t generally
more or less elongate, usually pentagonal, the distal side formed
(as is the general rule in TIPULID.E) of two short veinlets forming
the basal sides of the 2nd and 3rd posterior cells, of which the
3rd is generally a little longer than the 2nd. When the discal
cell is absent, it is generally coalescent with the 2nd posterior
cell. £ The 4th vein, when the discal cell is open, has either the
upper or the lower branch forked, in most cases the latter.
Posterior cross-vein placed exactly at or a little before the base
of the discal cell, but its position varies to an appreciable degree
even in the same species. The 5th, 6th, and 7th longitudinal
veins nearly straight, or slightly curved downwards at the tip.

Range. Europe, North America, West and South Africa, the
Orient, and Australasia.

Notes on the venation. — The marginal cross-vein is generally in
a line with the upturned tip of the 1st longitudinal vein, but in
some species (the feature also adventitiously occurring in an
otherwise normal species) it bends a little proximally at its upper
end, thus making it appear as if the 1st vein itself turned down-
wards at its tip into the 2nd vein, whilst being joined by a short
cross-vein to the costa.

There is a figure in Needham's plates of an American species
(D. immodesta, Os. Sac.) in which the 1st longitudinal is distinctly
shown turning down into the 2nd at its end, no cross-vein being
shown at all. This, it seems to me, may well be an error, as the

* In I). fascipennis, Brim., it is as long as the basal section of the 2nd vein;
in D. ornatipes, Brun., it is rather shorter than the auxiliary vein.

t Absent in at least two North American species (D. iinmodesta, Os. Sac.,
and cinerea, Doane), also in some Oriental species (I), abscns, Brun., kobusi,
Meij., and tcnella, Meij.).

| Osten Sacken mentions a North American species, D. pubipennis, which
normally has the discal cell closed, but out of twenty specimens of it seen
by him, five had it open, and in each case it coalesced with the 3rd and not
the 2nd posterior cell.

366 TIPULID^E.

species is one of Osten Sacken's own, and he would surely have
mentioned the fact in his monograph, yet he does not do so,
although referring to this particular species on another point.
Needhain also illustrates the wing of another somewhat abnormal
species, D. cinerea, Doane. Neither subcostal nor marginal cross-
vein is present ; the 2nd vein is comparatively short, turning
upward at its tip ; the discal cell is open, coalescing with the
3rd posterior cell, which is pointed proximally, the upper branch
of the 4th longitudinal vein being forked.

A still more abnormal venation is shown by D. ivhartoni,
Needham, which this author refers doubtfully to Dicranomyia.
The marginal cross-vein divides the marginal cell ; the subcostal
cross-vein is absent ; the discal cell is open, coalescing with the
2nd posterior cell, of which latter (posterior) cells there are only
three, through neither branch of the 4th longitudinal vein being
forked ; the posterior cross-vein is anterior to the base of the
2nd posterior cell ; the 7th vein very short, and the whole wing
more elongate than in any species I have seen.

Affinities of the yenus Dicranomyia. — Very close to both Limnobia
and Geranomyia. The latter genus is, of course, quite easily
distinguished at once from both the others by its elongated pro-
boscis, which is immediately conspicuous. Apart from this feature,
however, the three genera have much in common, the present
genus being especially akin to Limnobia.

In the venation the most conspicuous difference is the position
of the tip of the auxiliary vein, which in Dicranomyia ends in
the costa nearly opposite the origin of the 2nd longitudinal vein,
just beyond it or, iu a few cases, a little before it. In a few
exceptional cases it is continued some distance beyond the origin
of the 2nd vein ; Osten Sacken mentions this regarding four
North American species. In Limnobia the auxiliary vein nearly
always ends considerably beyond the origin of the 2nd longitudinal
vein, generally about half-way between that point and the tip of
the 1st vein.*

The differences in the male genitalia consist rather of modi-
fications of the same plan of structure than of fundamental
differences of form. The claspers in Dicranomyia are large and
fleshy, whilst in Limnobia the second joint develops into a strong
horny hook-shaped process.

The relative position of the subcostal cross-vein and the tip of
the auxiliary vein is somewhat different in the majority of species
of both genera, for though the cross-vein is in both sometimes
placed at the tip of the auxiliary vein, in Dicranomyia it is
invariably situated between the 1st vein and the auxiliary vein,
joining them together ; in Limnobia it is very often placed between
the auxiliary vein and the costa, uniting those two veins, in which

* Osten Sacken mentions only one exception known to him in 1869, the
European D. macrostigma, Schuin. I have found it so in one Oriental species,
which I am referring to Limnobia, i. e., L. f estiva.

DICBANOMTIA. 367

case the auxiliary vein ends in the 1st longitudinal and not in the
costa as usual.*

In Dicranomyia the marginal cross-vein is always at the tip of
the 1st longitudinal, and generally in a straight line with it.
In Limnobia it is often some distance before the tip, occurring in
the middle of the stigma or even at its basal end, and when this
occurs it is generally in the less typical species of the genus.
In typical Dicranomyia the marginal cross-vein is close to the tip
of the 1st longitudinal vein.

The discal cell is often open (adventitiously or as a specific
character) in Dicranomyia, but hardly ever so in Limnobia.
A difference between these two genera is also noticeable in the
larval stages, as the larvae of Dicranomyia are aquatic or sub-
aquatic, whereas at least some species of Limnobia are known to
breed in wood and fuugi.

Differential characters of minor importance may be found in
the general facies, in Dicranomyia the legs being comparatively
longer and more slender, in Limnobia generally shorter and
stouter ; further, the coloration of the present genus is generally
sombre, grey, blackish, and brownish, whereas in Limnobia there
are numerous brightly coloured yellow and orange species, with
conspicuous black marks, often on the wings as well as on the
bodies. Some species of Dicranomyia have delicately marked
wings.

Life-history. The larva is aquatic or subaquatic, some of the
species apparently preferring running water. Osten Sacken
found the larva of one species (probablv D. defuncta, Os. Sac.,
which, according to Aldrich, =simulans, Walk.) on the woodwork
ot a mill-dam, with a stream of water constantly passing over it ;
in fact, that author frequently saw the flies themselves alight on
stones and rocks over which a very thin sheet of water was running.

Winnertz records rearing the Pala3arctic species D. dumetorum,
Mg., from decaying beech-stumps (Linn. Entom. viii, p. 281).

The perfect insects are found in woods, especially near streams
and small trickling miniature water-falls. They not infrequently
occur in houses, often attracted by an artificial light at night.

Table of Species.

1. Ground-colour of wing marniorated by the

presence of numerous very small pale grey
spots, in addition to darker and more con-
spicuous markings 2.

Ground-colour of wing never marmorated . 3.

2. Legs pale yellow ; tips of femora, especially

fore pair, widely black ; wings pale grey,

with darker small spots, no larger spots [p. 369.

on costa marmoripennis, sp. n.,

* Osten Sacken notes that this latter peculiarity, viz., the subcostal cross-
vein being situated so as to unite the auxiliary vein and the costa, was not
known to him to exist in any other genera of TIPULID.E.

368 TIPULID^E.

Legs dark, tips of femora darker; wings
dark grey, with small pale spots, including
two larger yellowish grey triangular ones
on the costa demarcata, sp. n., p. 370.

3. Discal cell absent 4.

Discal cell present _ . C.

4. Upper branch of 4th longitudinal vein

forked ; discal cell coalescent with 2nd

posterior cell 5.

Upper branch of 4th vein not forked, nor
lower branch either tenella, Meij. (not

5. Femora yellow with broadly black tips; Indian).

tibiae white, with black rings ; tarsi

white kobusi, Meij., p. 371.

Legs uniformly brownish yellow, no rings ;
no white tarsi absetis, sp. n., p. 372.

6. Tarsi mainly snow-white, or hind pair only

(in lonyivenii) 7.

Tarsi unicolorous, or at least never snow-
white 8.

7 (a). Tarsi all white (presumably), including [p. 372.

metatarsus cuneiformis, Meij.,

(b). Tarsi with at least the middle pair con-
col orous with the brown femora and

tibife longivena, Edw., p. 374.

(c). Metatarsi dark on basal third or half * . saltans, Dol., p. 373.
8. Thorax with dorsum wholly deep shining [p. 385.

black : . nigritliorax, sp. n.,

Thorax never deep shining black : if black,
then dull; if shining, then not deep
black, mostly yellowish, brownish yellow

or grey 9.

9 (a). Wing with three or five very distinct

dark spots on costa 10.

(b). Wing without conspicuous dark spots
on costa, but with sufficiently numerous
distinct spots or marks to be obvious as a

pattern 12.

(c). Wing barely marked at all, such marks
faint, small, or not distinctly obvious . . 14.

10. Wing with five very conspicuous spots on [p. 376.

costa included in a general pattern .... pttlchripennis, sp. n.,
Wing with only three conspicuous spots,
not so much a part of a«y general
pattern 11.

11. Femora without apical black ring; pos-

terior cross-vein distinctly before discal [p. 377.

cell , puncticosta, sp. n.,

Femora with distinct narrow apical black
ring ; posterior cross-vein in a line with

discal cell fraterna, sp. n., p. 378.

12. Two round small grey spots in axillary [p. 379.

cell fascipennis, sp. n.,

No such spots in axillary cell 13.

* That is if I have identified the species correctly, although Doleschall says
simply " tarsi snow-white."

DICRAXOMYIA. 369

13. Femora with subapical black ring; 3rd

longitudinal vein originating at a right
angle, not in a line with the anterior

cross-vein ornutipes, sp. n., p. 380.

Femora without subapical black ring ; 3rd
longitudinal vein originating in an acute

angle, some distance before anterior [p. 380.

cross-vein subfascipcnnis, sp. n.,

14. Thorax light yellowish grey, with three [p. 381.

distinct dorsal black stripes cinerascens, sp. n.,

Thorax uniformly yellowish, or brownish
yellow, no distinct dorsal black stripes . . 15.

15. Abdomen with conspicuous white bands [p. 382.

on belly cinctoventris, sp. n.,

Abdomen without bands on belly 16.

16 (a). Base of 4th vein, base of 2nd vein, and

stigma infuscated ; species with dark

brownish grey body and legs , . , sordida, sp. n., p. 382.

(b). Base of 2nd vein and stigma and base

of 3rd vein infuscated ; delicate thin

yellow-legged species, with pale iridescent

wings delicata, sp. n., p. 383.

(c). Infuscation confined to the stigma, and

there faint ; yellow, moderately robust

species " fortis, sp. n., p. 385.

(d). Practically no stigma, wings clear ;

brownish yellow, moderately robust

species ; auxiliary vein ending distinctly [p. 384.

beyond origin of 2nd vein ; veins distinct, flavobnmnea, sp. n.,
(e). Wings clear simplex, sp. n., p. 384.

The above seems to be the best table that can be drawn up in
the present state of our knowledge, and must not be considered
as a final differentiation of species, still less as a guide to their
affinities. The order in which the descriptions are arranged is
intended to represent the affinities as nearly as can be judged at
present. It is highly probable that the total number of species
occurring in the Indian Empire is double or treble that at present
known. If the genus Thrypticomyia, Skuse, be admitted, the
species in the above table from kobusi to saltans, inclusive, will
come in it.

257. Dicranomyia marmoripennis, sp. nov. (PI. VII, fig. 3.)

cJ $ . Head dark grey, also proboscis ; palpi blackish ; antenna
all yellow. Thorax : dorsuin entirely bright brownish orange, in
which the outline of the usual three contiguous stripes and two
large post-sutural spots can be traced. In the female the colour
is much dai-ker brown, the outline of the stripes being much
fainter. Scutellum concolorous, or a little darker; metanotum
pale yellow with a very broad dark brown median stripe ; sides of
thorax pale yellow, the colour very sharply demarcated from that
of the dorsum, at a level just above the wing-base ; a wide,

370 TIPULID.'E.

deep black stripe along the middle of the whole length of the
side, and below this a thin dark reddish brown line across the
mesosternum and all the coxae. Abdomen brown or reddish brown,
with a little short pale pubescence. Belly similar. Genitalia
of male yellowish brown, consisting of a dorsal plate, concolorous
with the dorsum of the abdomen, a lower projecting flat narrow
piece, a pair of large moderately pubescent claspers, and one or
two inner pairs of organs not easily perceptible. Ovipositor of
female brownish yellow, small, with a few golden yello\v hairs.
Leys uniformly yellow, with a broad black apical ring on all the
femora and with the tips of the tibiae black ; tarsi with the apical
half of the anterior pairs and the whole of the hind pair black.
Wings pale grey, with numerous faint, grey, minute spots and
some darker spots. Auxiliary vein ending at about one-third of
the distance between the origin of the 2nd vein and the tip of the
1st; the 2nd longitudinal vein originating at the middle of the
wing, the prasfurca distinctly less than half the length of the vein ;
basal part of 3rd vein elbowed almost immediately, nearly as long
as the prasfurca, and four times as long as the 2nd and 3rd
posterior cells ; anterior cross-vein at upper corner of discal cell ;
posterior cross-vein a little before the discal cell. The whole
surface of the wing is mottled with very small pale grey spots,
in addition to which there are some darker brown marks and
suffusions as follows: — Over origin of 2nd vein and tip of
auxiliary vein ; tip of 1st vein and the marginal cross-vein, which
latter is situated near the tip of the former ; base of 3rd vein,
this being the largest mark, though actually of only moderate
size. A very slight suffusion occurs at the tip of the 2nd vein ;
over both cross-veins ; on upper part of outer side of discal cell,
and at tip of 7th vein. Halteres yellow.

Length, tf 4, $> 6 millim.

Described from a type male and female from Kurseong, 5. ix. 09
(Annandale), and other specimens from Bangali, Bengal, 14. x. 10
(Annandale), Katihar, Bengal, 7-31. viii. 10 (Paiva) • a specimen
from Darjiling, 8. viii. 09 (Paiva), of uncertain sex, the abdomen
being missing — all these being in the Indian Museum. Also
from some in the Pusa collection from Darjiling, 3-9. vi.09
(Howlett), and from Pusa.

258. Dicranomyia demarcata, sp. nov.

$ . Head dark grey ; antennae and palpi blackish. Thorax :
dorsum very dark brown, the colour produced forwards in the
centre as far as the anterior margin ; two very narrow light grey
lines, giving the dorsum, in front of the suture, the appearance
of having three subcontiguous dark stripes of the usual pattern ;
the depressions behind the suture with some greyish reflections.
Sides of thorax moderately light grey, the colour sharply delineated
from the dark dorsum ; pleurae and lower part of the thorax
blackish ; scutellum and metanotum brown or brownish yellow.

DICRANOMYIA. 371

Abdomen black, the hind margins of the segments well-defined,
slightly thickened. Belly similar but somewhat pale at base, and
the hind margins of the segments less prominent. Ovipositor
brownish yellow, rather large, slightly pubescent. Legs dark
brown, except the cox® and the basal half or two-thirds of the
femora, which are dirty brownish yellow, the tips nearly black,
and distinctly though slightly incrassated. Wings dark grey,
with very small pale grey spots and short streaks generally dis-
tributed, the two largest of these spots being on the costa,
approximately triangular in shape and with a distinct yellowish
tinge ; the first is placed just before the origin of the 2nd longi-
tudinal vein and has two small round dark grey spots in it
touching the costa ; the second is just before the blackish ill-
defined stigma. Halteres pale yellow.

Lens/th 5 millim.

Described from a single female in the Indian Museum, taken
by Dr. Annandale at Kurseong, 15. iv. 11.

A very distinct species from all other Oriental ones of the
genus, the well-defined grey part of the sides of the thorax and
the mottled wings distinguishing it at once.

259. Dicranomyia kobusi, Meij.

Dicranmnyia kobusi, Meijere, Bijd. Dierk. xvii, p. 91 (1904).

c? £ . Head yellowish ; antenna brown, 14-jointed. Thorax-
rather prominent anteriorly, dorsum darker, sharply demarcated
from the whitish sides ; metanotum brownish, with some white
reflections. Abdomen brown, posterior margins of segments often
clearer, but lighter in other parts in some specimens ; belly gene-
rally lighter. Genitalia apparently normal in both sexes, somewhat
small. Legs: fore femora brownish yellow, broadly black at tips,
posterior femora dark brown or blackish, middle pair distinctly
yellowish towards tips ; all femora slightly and gradually thickened
distally ; tibia? white, with a moderately broad blackish band just
beyond the middle and occasionally traces of a similar band near
the base ; tarsi wholly white. The white portions of the legs bear
very short snow-white pubescence. Claws with the usual bump
at base, entirely without teeth, pulvilli rudimentary. Wings long
and narrow, almost, clear, with small circular dark brown or black
stigma. Discal cell absent, coalescing with 3rd posterior cell ; the
veins much more crowded towards the tip of the wing than in
D. saltans, so that the arc formed by the basal portions of the
2nd and 3rd longitudinal veins together with the cross-veins, is
situated at two-thirds the length of the wing. Halteres pale
with black knobs.

Length 4-5 millim.

He-described from six males and one male and female in cop. in
the Indian Museum, from Kurseong, 20-25. vi. 10 and 5. vii. 08
(Annandale).

2s

372 TIPULID.E.

Type c? and $ in the Amsterdam Museum, from Java.
If Thrypticomyia, Skuse, be a valid genus, which seems doubtful,
the present species will fall into it.

260. Licranomyia absens, sp. nov. (PI. VII, fig. 2.)

£ . Head grey ; frons moderately wide, the sides parallel, grey,
with a median irregular row of small black spots ; eyes contiguous
below. Proboscis yellow ; palpi blackish. Antennal scape blackish,
flagellum yellowish brown or brown. Thorax light grey, the
dorsum mainly occupied by the usual three contiguous stripes of
brownish grey, the median one attaining the anterior margin ;
two post-sutural large unicolorous spots, the post-sutural depres-
sion greyish ; sides of thorax yellowish, with greyish reflections
here and there. Scutellum and metauotum more yellowish grey,
dusted with light grey. Abdomen dark brown, with a little pale
pubescence ; margins of segments slightly paler. Belly similar ;
ovipositor reddish yellow. Legs yellowish ; tips of tarsi a little
blackish. Wings clear, highly iridescent. Auxiliary vein ending
just after the origin of the 2nd longitudinal vein, which begins
beyond the middle of the wing ; the praefurca much shorter than
the remaining portion ; marginal cross-vein at tip of 1st longi-
tudinal vein, much before the middle of the marginal cell ; base
of 3rd vein twice as long as anterior cross-vein. Discal cell open,
coalescing with 2nd posterior cell ; 3rd posterior cell a little more
than twice as long as wide ; posterior cross-vein just before, just
beyond, or in a Hue with the basal side of the discal cell ; stigma
pale blackish, oblong, just perceptible.

Length 4| millim.

Described from two females from Kurseong, 25. vi 10, type
(Annandale\ and Darjiling, 5. viii. 09 (Paiva).

Type in the Indian Museum.

The want of fixity in the position of the posterior cross-vein is
clearly shown in the two specimens of this species, in one of
which it is just (but distinctly) beyond the base of the absent
discal cell ; in the other it is before this base in one wing of the
specimen and exactly in a line with it in the other wing.

261. Dicranomyia cuneiformis, Meij.

Dicranomyia cuneiformis, Meijere, Tijd. Entom. liv, p. 23, tf (1911).

c? $ . Head and antennae brown, palpi blackish brown. Thorax
very short, dark brown, moderately shining, yellowish behind ;
scutellum brown, shining ; sides brownish yellow. Abdomen very
narrow, blackish brown ; in female, over four times as long as
thorax. Grenitalia of male long and narrow ; of female, mode-
rately long, onion-shaped. Legs dark brown, femora brownish
yellow towards base ; metatarsus nearly as long as the tibia,
basal half dark brown, remainder of tarsi whitish. Wings very
narrow, of the same length as the abdomen (including ovipositor) ;

DICKANOMYIA. 373

the basal part extremely contracted, without vestige of alula or
anal angle, increasing gradually in width to the widest point, this
being beyond the middle of the wing. Stigma brownish, distinct
but ill-defined. The 2nd longitudinal vein begins at fully four-
fifths the length of the wing, the adjacent veins below it being
more crowded distally than even in I), kobusi. Discal cell present,
oblong, inner side nearly in a line with the cross-veins, the cell
about as long as the 2nd and 3rd posterior cells. Halteres very
long and slender, pale, clubs black.

Length, d" 7, $ 6 inillim.

In the above description the characters of the male are adapted
from Meijere, the female (previously unknown) being described
from a single example of this sex in the Indian Museum from the
Dawna Hills, 2000-3000 ft., 2-3.iii.08 (Annandale).

Type c? in the Amsterdam Museum.

Meijere only described the male from a single specimen from
Java, but from the peculiar shape of the wing and the character-
istic venation there can be no possible doubt as to the identity of
the species. The difference in the wings of D. saltans and cunei-
formis is sufficiently striking when the two species are placed side
by side. Besides being distinctly narrower in cuneiformis, the
2nd longitudinal vein originates beyond three-quarters the length
of the wing, and (reckoning from the origin of the 4th longi-
tudinal) the inner end of the discal cell is placed at four-fifths of
the wing's length, whilst in saltans it occurs very distinctly before
that distance. In Meijere's species the veins from the 2nd longi-
tudinal hindwards are much more removed to the tip of the wing
than in saltans.

It may be noted that both Doleschall and Meijere describe the
tarsi of their respective species as snow-white. This is indeed so,
but the basal part of the metatarsus (varying from a third to a
half) is dark, like the tibia. This is apparently an oversight, as
it is not always easy to define the exact limits of each tarsal
joint.

Mr. Edwards refers this species also to Fhrypticomyia, a genus
in which the basal part of the wing is extremely narrowed, without
any vestige of an anal angle. Personally I have my doubts of the
validity of Thrypticomyia on account of intermediate forms.

262. Dicranomyia saltans, Dol.

Limnolia saltens, Doleschall, Nat. Tijd. Ned. Ind. xiv, p. 390, pi. ii,
fig. 3 (1857).

3 $ . Head obscure brownish yellow ; proboscis and antenna
a little clearer ; palpi dark. Thorax brownish yellow, the posterior
half distinctly lighter, including scutellum and metanotum. Abdo-
men brownish yellow, brown or blackish ; genitalia normal. Legs
brown, a little yellowish on coxae and base of femora, the tips of
the femora very slightly thickened ; basal half of metatarsi black,
the remainder of the tarsi snow-white. Wings clear pale yellow,

374 TIPULID.I.

quite colourless at base, and slightly but distinctly infuscated at
tips ; an oval, rather large and distinct brown stigma at tip of
2nd longitudinal vein. The 2nd longitudinal vein originates
beyond middle of wing ; the 3rd begins just before middle of
2nd, so that the veins appear crowded towards the tip of the
wing. Halteres pale with black knobs.

Length 4 millim.

Kedescribed from four males and one female in the Indian
Museum from Nedumangad, Travancore State, South India,
14. xi. 09 (Annandale). The species is also known from Java
and the Philippines, and is most probably generally distributed
throughout the East.

Type. The location of this is unknown, and the probability is
that it is entirely lost.

It seems to me that the Limnobia apicalis of Wiedemann is
probably identical with one of the more recently described species
with white tarsi, or else with D. saltans, Dol. If so, the name
will take precedence of all others. Mr. Edwards * calls the
species saltens instead of saltans (the former being the name
given by Doleschall), and places it in Thrypticomyia, Skuse,
but the stability of this latter genus appears doubtful, and the
emendation of DoleschalPs name seems legitimised by long usage.

263. Dicranomyia longivena, Edw.

Thrypticomyia longivena, Edwards, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (8) viii,
p. 58 (1911).

$ . " Ochracea, alis hyalinis, tarsis pedum posticoruin albis ;
vena mediastinali post ortu prasfurcae in costa terminata.

" Head t : antenn* brownish, slightly longer than thorax ; 14-
jointed, last joint with the apical joint narrower, so that it has
the appearance of being divided. Joints of flagellum strikingly
pedicillate, the glabrous pedicels occupying from one-third to
one-half the length of the joint, and being only one-quarter as
broad as the broadest part ; broad portion more or less conical,
the apex of the cone being towards the base of the joint ; these
broad portions are provided with a verticel of fine hairs, three or
four shorter bristles and one longer dorsal bristle, the hairs being
two-thirds, the shorter bristles about one and a half and the longer
about two and a half times as long as the breadth of the conical
portion of the joint. Thorax ochreous, mesonotum with a rather
broad dark brown central stripe reaching back to the suture.
Abdomen only slightly constricted at base, brown, apical segments

* Ann. Mag. Nat, Hist. (8) viii, p. 58 (1911).

t The order of placing the descriptions of the yarious parts of the body is
slightly altered for the sake of uniformity with the remainder of the present
work.

DICRANOMYIA. 375

oehreous, venter oclireous. Legs rather dark brown, coxae and
femora towards base oehreous, posterior tarsi and apical fifth of
tibiae white, tarsi somewhat brownish-tinged at tip ; middle tarsi
brown like the femora and tibiffi. Posterior tarsi scarcely more
than half, middle two-thirds, as long as their tibiae. Anterior
legs missing. Wwcjs hyaline, with golden reflections, but less
brilliant than in the other species of the genus ; a distinct though
rather diffused stigma. The wing has the typical cuneiform
shape,* but there is a slight indication of an anal angle. Base
of basal cells at one-quarter of wing-length, mediastiual t vein
reaching costa much beyond origin of prajfurca, about half-way
between that and the apex of the 1st longitudinal vein. Sub-
costal cross-vein close behind apex of mediastinal vein. Marginal
cross-vein and tip of 1st longitudinal rather indistinct, forming
an obtuse angle about the middle of the stigma. Discal cell sub-
quadrate, great cross-vein about one-third of the way along its
lower side. Halteres rather long, stalk ochreous-brown, knob
dark brown.

Length 4*5 millim., of wing 5 millim." (Edwards.)

Described from a single female taken at Dondra, Ceylon,
3, xii. 07 (T. Bainbrif/ge Fletcher).

Type in the British Museum.

Mr. Edwards adds : " This species must apparently come in
the genus Thryptieomyia, though, like T. saltens, it shows con-
siderable divergence from the type, notably in the long mediastinal
vein, the less elongated wings and the less constricted abdomen.
Unfortunately we have no male."

A character by which this species may be easily distinguished
from the others possessing white tarsi, is that only the hind pair
(" posterior," Mr. Edwards terms it) are white, the middle pair
being concolorous with the middle femora and tibiae. The fore
tarsi (missing in the type) may be brown or white ; more probably
the former.

This species is retained in Dicranomyia in the present work, as
it seems better placed here. The wing shows a trace of an anal
angle, which in my opinion suggests that other species exist of a
sufficiently intermediate nature to break down this definition as
a generic character. The absence of a supernumerary subcostal
cross-vein also excludes the species from Thryptieomyia, Skuse.
The relative lengths of the different veins in species of Dicrano-
myia are very variable. Were it not that the typical species of
Skuse's genus is represented by six specimens the additional cross-
vein might have been presumed to be accidental.

* Edwards is of course referring to the genus Thrypticomyia, in which he
places his species, and in which the cuneiform shape of the basal part of the
•wing is a generic character.

+ Synonymous witli auxiliary vein.

376 TIPULIDjE.

264. Dicranomyia pulchripennis, sp. nov. (PI. Til, fig. 8 ;
PL XI, fig. 2.)

c? ? . Head dark brownish grey, with rather long pale hairs ;
much flattened behind vertex, produced posteriorly ; irons simi-
larly coloured, about one-fourth the width of the head (at the
level of the vertex), widening a little below. Proboscis dark
brownish grey, with minute gold pubescence ; palpi blackish,
sparsely hairy. Antennal scape dark brown, sparsely haired,
2nd joint rounded, reddish yellow ; flagellum yellow, the joints
oval, becoming more elongated towards the tip, bearing a few
hairs each. Tliorax: neck long, dark grey, a blackish stripe on
the dorsum, and blackish where it joins the distinctly produced
prothorax. Dorsum of thorax light grey, mainly occupied by
three contiguous black stripes, of the usual pattern ; the outer
ones abbreviated in front, with a faint trace of a greyish line-
dividing them from the median one ; blackish behind the suture,
the post-sutural depression rather widely grey. Scutellum and
metanotum dark brownish grey, with whitish grey reflections
seen from behind ; sides of thorax dark grev, with lighter parts
here and there. Abdomen blackish or dark brownish grey, with
Very short pale yellow pubescence. Belly similar. Genitalia of
male reddish brown with yellow hairs ; an upper plate with a
pointed bright reddish brown piece projecting from underneath ;
a pair of large claspers, each joint large and fleshy, the second one
ending in a small claw ; a ventral plate with reddish yellow hairs
on the posterior margin. Apparently there is a pair of smaller
intermediate organs. Ovipositor of female large, somewhat com-
plicated ; the upper valve bright brownish yellow, the lower one
dark brown at the base, yellow at the tip. Legs : coxae blackish ;
remainder of legs yellow ; femora with a distinct black ring at tip,
tibiae narrowly black at base and tip ; tarsi black, except the basal
half of metatarsus. Wings pale grey, with a fairly well-defined
pattern of brown marks on the anterior portion and pale grey
ones on the posterior. Auxiliary vein ending opposite the 2nd
longitudinal vein, which begins beyond the middle of the wing ;
marginal cross-vein distinctly beyond middle of marginal cell, and
at tip of 1st longitudinal ; praefurca nearly half the length of 2nd
vein ; basal section of 3rd vein very oblique, double the length of
the anterior cross-vein, which is half as long as the basal side of
the discal cell ; discal cell twice as long as broad, much wider
distally, longer than 2nd posterior cell, equal (posteriorly) to
3rd posterior cell ; posterior cross-vein some little distance
anterior to discal cell; the 7th vein rather sinuous, tip bent
down rather sharply. The markings consist of a brown spot
on the costa near the base, with a minute clear spot in the
middle. Two nearly contiguous, sub-triangular spots follow, on
the costa, extending into the 1st basal cell, each spot with a small
clear space in it, this clear space placed on the costal margin. A

DICRANOMYIA. 377

large apical brown spot of irregular shape, its inner edge nearly
parallel to, but distinctly separated from, the 2nd triangular spot ;
its lower edge running horizontally to the margin, just above the
3rd longitudinal vein ; an irregular diagonal clear streak near
the centre of this apical brown spot, one end (of the clear streak)
being near the base of the 2nd submarginal cell, the other end
being nearly or wholly on the costa; this clear space sometimes
broken up into two or more spots. On the hind margin of the
wing there are three pale grey sub-triangular spots placed almost
opposite the similar ones on the costa; also a fourth spot, situated
on and beyond the tip of the 5th vein. The remainder of the
posterior margin is also darker, and the cross -veins are infuscated,
as is also the 5th longitudinal vein throughout its length, whilst
in some specimens the 4th longitudinal is also iufuscated. Addi-
tional small spots occur adventitiously in individuals, and the
general pattern of the wing is subject to individual modifications.
Halteres pale yellow, clubs black.

Length 7|-8| millim.

Described from a good series of both sexes in the Indian
Museum from Darjiling, 5-10. viii. 09 (Paivd) ; 26-27. v. 10,
taken by me on wet bushes after rain, on the hillside; 4. ix. 09
(Annandale) ; Mussoori, 18. vi. 05 and 17. viii. 05 (Brunetti);
Mussoori, x. 06, and Simla, x. 08 (both in the Pusa collection);
Bhowali, Kumaon district, 5700 ft., x. 09 (Imms).

Types in the Indian Museum, cotypes in my collection.

265. Dicranomyia puncticosta, sp. nov. (PI. VII, fig. 7.)

cT $ . Head grey or yellowish grey, back of head with numerous
long black hairs. Frons pale yellow, one-fifth the width of the
head ; eyes very narrowly separated on the underside of the head.
Proboscis brown, sometimes black at tip ; palpi brown, 1st joint
narrow, cylindrical, 2nd broad, sub-triangular, 3rd and 4th broader
at tip than base, less wide than 2nd, subequal in length. Antennal
scape brown ; flagellum pale yellowish or brownish yellow, with
verticels of not long hairs. Thorax: neck yellowish, with the
dorsum more or less blackish. Mesonotum pale brownish yellow ;
scutellum and metanotum, and pleura? sometimes, a little paler.
From the three examples present, the normal form would appear
to possess a broad brown median stripe, which widens posteriorly,
until behind the suture it occupies nearly all the dorsum, but its
colour diminishes in intensity in that part. One example (type)
shows only a vestige of this median stripe, the whole thorax in
this individual being pale yellowish. In the female the dorsal
brown stripe is darker and carried uninterruptedly over the
scutellum and metanotum ; and there is also a distinct short dark
brown lateral stripe on each side of the thorax. Abdomen
yellowish, with a few pale hairs at the sides ; emargination of
segments a little brownish in male. Belly similar. Abdomen
of female brown. Legs : coxae and femora yellowish, the latter

378 T1PULID.E.

with the tips sometimes slightly blackish ; tibiae and tarsi
brownish. Wings pale yellowish grey, highly iridescent.
Auxiliary vein ending barely beyond tip of 2nd longitudinal,
which begins at the middle of the wing, the praefurca forming
not quite half the length of the vein ; basal section of 3rd vein
very oblique, twice as long as the anterior cross-vein ; marginal
cell much longer and wider than the submarginal ; discal cell as
long as or a little longer than 2nd and 3rd posterior cells, twice
as long as broad ; posterior cross-vein placed just before discal
cell. The several distinct brown spots with which the wing is
marked are placed as follows: — three on the costa, the 1st over
the humeral cross-vein (sometimes faint), the 2nd over the base of
the 2nd vein, the 3rd over the marginal cross-vein ; another over
the origin of the 3rd vein. The basal and distal sides of the
discal cell are infuscated, as are also both cross-veins, the 5th
longitudinal vein throughout its length, the tips of the 6th and
7th veins and, to a slight degree, the tips of some of the other
veins. Halteres pale yellow.

Length 5 millim.

Described from two males (type) and one female from Kur-
seong, 4. ix. 09 (Annandale) ; and an additional male and the
type female from Darjiling, 8. viii. 09 (Paiva).

Types <$ and $ in the Indian Museum.

In spite of the differences in the markings on the thorax,
I cannot but regard all three specimens as representing but one
species. The second male example possessing no abdomen, there
is no alternative but to make the one with the thorax nearly
wholly yellow the type of the species. The wing-markings agree
perfectly in all three examples, except that the basal costal spot is
fainter in the type male.

266. Dicranomyia fraterna, sp. nov. (PI. VII, fig. 5.)

$ . Very near D. puncticosta, but differing in the following
characters : —

Head: the frons about one-sixth the width of the head, at
its narrowest, and widening rapidly above and below the middle
line. Thorax grey, with a yellowish tinge, and three distinct
brown or brownish grey dorsal stripes (absent in one specimen),
narrowly separated, the median one attaining the anterior margin ;
the brownish grey colour continued behind the suture, and the
metanotum of the same shade. Scutellum dirty yellowish white.
Abdominal segments darker brown, with a trace of lighter brown
on the hind margins, especially towards the sides. Ovipositor
reddish yellow. Legs differing from those of D. puncticosta bv
the distinctly black tips to the femora, the tibiae being more
yellowish. Wings clear, with very pale grey spots placed as
follows : — Just below humeral cross-vein ; over tip of auxiliary
vein, embracing base of 2nd vein ; an intermediate costal spot
between these two; a comparatively large one (but no darker)

DICRANOMTIA. 379

forming the stigma, square in shape, ending just beyond the
marginal vein, and contiguous to a round one over the origin of
the 3rd longitudinal. Basal and distal sides of discal cell, with
posterior cross-vein, just perceptibly infuscated.

Length 5-6 millim.

Described from three females from Darjiling, 5-8.viii.09(P<Mva).

Type in the Indian Museum.

Although so closely related to D. puncticosta, this form seems
sufficiently characterized by the three distinct thoracic stripes
(although absent in one individual), the black ring on all the
femora, and the clear, not yellowish grey, wing, with a less
number of markings.

267. Dicranomyia fascipennis, sp. nov. (PI. VII, fig. 9.)

$ . Head : frons narrow, with back of head dark grey, the
latter with pale hairs ; proboscis dark brown, palpi blackish ;
antenna3 brownish yellow. Thorax dark yellowish grey, with a
median, barely darker brownish stripe, ending at the suture.
Scutellum and metanotum, also sides of thorax, yellowish brown.
Abdomen dark brown, with very short sparse pale hairs. Legs
uniformly brownish yellow. Wings clear. Auxiliary vein ending
immediately before the base of the 2nd longitudinal, which begins
just beyond the middle of the wing; the 1st longitudinal ending
just before the middle of the marginal cell ; marginal vein
distinct, placed exactly at the bend in the 1st vein where it
turns up to the costa, this section of it being very indistinct,
making it appear as though the 1st vein turned downwards at its
tip, meeting the 2nd vein ; praefurca less than half as long as the
remainder of the vein, tip of vein turned sharply upwards at tip ;
basal section of 3rd vein two and a half times as long as the
anterior cross-vein, which latter is as long as the basal side of
the discal cell ; discal cell nearly oblong, slightly broader towards
the tip, three times as long as broad, rather longer than the 2nd
and 3rd posterior ceils ; posterior cross-vein in a line with base of
discal cell. The markings of the wing consist of pale grey spots
placed as follows : — At the base of the 4th vein ; near the middle
of the 4th vein, situated so as to be in the middle of both basal
cells ; at the base of the 2nd vein ; on the marginal cross-vein,
forming the stigma; and near the tip of the 7th vein. All the
cross-veins are narrowly infuscated, as is also the tip of the
2nd vein and base of the 3rd vein. Halteres whitish, clubs
black, small.

Length 3 millim.

Described from one female from Kurseong, 5. vii. 08 (Dr.
Annandale}.

Type in the Indian Museum.

The example is a female, and was perfect when identified as a
new species, but before being described the apical segments of the
abdomen were accidentally lost.

380

This species must be very near D. punctulata, Meij., from Java,
and possibly identical with it, as the wing-markings agree pretty
closely, so that the only points of difference in the descriptions
appear to be the blackish brown antennae, the short side stripes
on the thoracic dorsum, the yellow coxa', and the yellow base and
the ring on each femur, in D. ptmctulata. Meijere's specimen is
slightly larger (4 millim.), and a male.

268. Dicranomyia subfascipennis, sp. nov. (PI. 'VII, fig. 6.)

c? $ . Head brownish yellow or yellowish grey. Erons narrow,
brownish yellow, eyes subcontiguous below, the dividing space
grey. Proboscis, palpi and sides of thorax brownish yellow.
Thorax yellowish, with a slight brownish grey tinge on the
dorsum ; traces of a median stripe (quite distinct in one specimen)
of a slightly brownish colour, narrowly divided for some distance
in front. Scutelltira, metanotuin and sides of thorax concolorous.
Abdomen brownish yellow, with a little whitish yellow pubescence.
Genitalia of male concolorous ; an upper and lower rather narrow
plate, the lower one with a long narrow prolongation ; a pair of
large two-jointed claspers, only slightly pubescent. Ovipositor
normal, small, concolorous. Legs uniformly brownish yellow.
Wings clear, iridescent. Auxiliary vein ending some little distance
beyond base of 2nd vein, which begins beyond middle of wing ;
marginal cross-vein in middle of marginal cell ; prafurca less than
half the length of the 2nd vein ; basal portion of 3rd vein nearly
twice the length of the anterior cross- vein ; discal cell twice as
long as broad, a little longer than, or equal to, the 2nd and 3rd
posterior cells ; posterior cross-vein in a line Avith base of discal
cell. Small, very pale brownish yellow infuscations are placed
as follows : — Over the base of the 2nd vein ; at base of 3rd vein ;
on marginal cross-vein, and on tips of 6th and 7th veins, with
traces of infuscation adventitiously here and there. Halteres
brownish yellow.

Length 3 millim.

Described from three males and a female from Kurseong,
4. vii. 08 (Dr. Annandale).

Types in the Indian Museum.

269. Dicranomyia ornatipes, sp. nov. (PI. VII, fig. 10.)

c? . Head yellowish grey. Proboscis and palpi brownish yellow
or pale yellowish. ITrons very narrow, eyes contiguous below.
Antennal scape yellow, yellowish brown, or bright reddish brown,
both joints considerably lengthened ; flagellar joints elongate,
brownish yellow, the verticel on each joint containing one very
long hair, the apical joints being apparently destitute of verticels,
or, at least, of the isolated long hairs. Thorax yellowish, dorsum
mainly brownish grey, the colour more or less in the form of
three dusky contiguous stripes of the usual nature, and wholly

DICEANOMTIA. 381

dusky behind the suture. Sides and metanoturn brownish ;
scutellum more or less yellow, wholly bright lemon-yellow in one
example. Abdomen yellowish ; the dorsum mainly brownish,
except the posterior margins and sides ; some pale yellowish hairs
at sides. Belly rather lighter. Genitalia yellowish brown, small,
concealed, apparently normal. Legs pale yellowish ; femora with
a blackish apical and subapical ring : tarsi blackish towards the
tips. Wings clear, iridescent. Auxiliary vein opposite origin of
2nd longitudinal vein, which begins at the middle of the wing ;
1st longitudinal vein running nearly to the wing-tip, gradually
coalescing with the costa, the marginal cross-vein, placed at
three-fourths of the marginal cell, meeting the costa at or about
the tip of the first longitudinal. In one specimen the marginal
cross-vein is absent. Praefurca nearly half the whole length of
the 2nd vein ; basal portion of 3rd vein equally long as the
anterior cross-vein, nearly in a line with it ; basal side of discal
cell very short, making the cell nearly triangular, half as long as
the 2nd and 3rd posterior cells; posterior cross-vein at some
little distance before the discal cell; submarginal cell wider at
tip than at base, 1st posterior cell narrower at tip than at base.
Small infuscations at base and tip of 2nd longitudinal vein, and
at base of 5th ; stigma pale blackish, the cross-vein faintly but
perceptibly infuscated. Halteres pale yellow, clubs blackish.

Length 2^-3 millim.

Described from three males taken by Dr. Anuandale in the
following localities : — Taikam (coastal region), Travancore, 5.xi. 08
(type) ; Balighai, near Puri, Orissa, 24. x. 08 ; and Dawna Hills,
Lower Burma, 2000-3000 ft., 2-3. iii. 08.

Type in the Indian Museum.

270. Dicranomyia cinerascens, sp. nov. (PI. VII, fig. 11.)

c? $ . Head yellowish grey ; frons similarly coloured, one-
fourth the width of the head. Proboscis and palpi moderately
dark brown, pubescent. Antennae dark yellowish brown. Thorax:
neck rather elongate, black above, yellowish grey below. Dorsum
of thorax bright yellowish grey; a dark olive-brown median
stripe from anterior margin to suture, and a broader similarly
coloured but somewhat paler stripe of irregular width on each
side of it, continued beyond the suture in the form of an
ill-defined large spot. Sides of thorax, the scutellum and meta-
notum light yellowish brown. Abdomen brown, a little yellowish
here and there, with pale pubescence at the sides ; emarginations
of segments distinct; belly similar. The genital organs of the
male consist of an upper and lower plate, a pair of large claspers
with u second pair of narrow appendages ; in the female, the
ovipositor is normal, blackish with yellow tips. Legs : coxa3
yellowish ; femora yellowish at base, the colour quickly darkening
to dark brown, the remainder of the legs being also of this colour.
Wings pale yellowish grey, glabrous, considerably iridescent.

382 TIPULIDA

Venation as in 1). fortis. Stigma rather large, approximately
square, ill-defined but distinct, pale brown ; the infuscation
extending over the base of the 3rd longitudinal vein, and con-
tinued weakly along the cross-veins, the distal side of: the discal
cell and the 5th longitudinal vein. Halteres brown.

Length, J 4|, $ 5% millim.

Described from a ~male from Darjiling, 8. iv. 10 (type), and a
female from Kurseong, 24. iii. 10 (type), also from four males and
one female in my own collection taken by me at Darjiling,
10-20. x. 05.

Types in the Indian Museum.

A good general resemblance to D. fortis is noticeable at first
sight in this species, but the yellowish grey thorax with at least
a distinct dark median stripe, the glassy wings and the dark
brown legs will easily distinguish it.

The type female is considerably more strongly built than the
male, but the cotype female in my own collection is no larger
than the males.

271. Dicranomyia cinctiventris, sp. iiov.

$ . Head blackish grey, antennae with tlie first few joints of
the flagellum rather wider and shorter, those of the apical half
gradually narrowing and lengthening. Thorax yellowish brown,
a little darker in the centre and just behind the suture, much
lighter and more yellowish at the sides. Soutellam and meta-
notum concolorous. Abdomen black ; a prominent, moderately
broad, well-defined whitish band on hind margin of each segment
on the belly. Ovipositor rather short, reddish yellow. Legs dark
brown ; coxae and base of femora a little yellowish. Wings pale
grey, vitreous, highly iridescent. Auxiliary vein ending nearly
half-way between the origins of the 2nd and 3rd longitudinal
veins ; discal cell large, approximately quadrate, about equal in
length to the 2nd and 3rd posterior cells ; anterior cross-vein at
inner corner of discal cell, posterior cross-vein immediately before
that cell. Halteres blackish.

Length 6 millim.

Described from a unique specimen in the Indian Museum taken
at Kurseong, 15. iv. 11 (Dr. Annandale).

Very distinct from all other Oriental species by the conspicuous
white bands on the belly.

272. Dicranomyia sordida, sp. uov.

c? $ . Head moderately dark grey ; frons very narrow, the eyes
nearly touching at its narrowest part ; back of head similarly
coloured, with yellow hairs. Proboscis dark brownish grey,
ehining ; palpi nearly black, a little pubescent. Antennae with
1st scapal joint grey, 2nd scapal joint and all the flagellar joints
brownish yellow ; the hairs comparatively short. Thorax : neck

DICEANOMTIA. 353

and ground-colour yellowish grey ; a brownish median stripe,
also present on the neck, from the anterior margin to the .suture ;
the postsutural mesonotum darker brownish grev than the rest of
the thorax; traces of a dark brownish mark or two on each side
of the median stripe. Scutellum lighter brownish grey, hinder
edge yellowish ; metanotum brownish grey ; pleura with a slight
bluish grey tinge. Abdomen brownish, with some pale hairs at the
sides ; belly similar. (The tip of the abdomen in the male example
is broken off.) Ovipositor bright reddish brown. Legs uniformly
yellowish brown. Wings clear. Auxiliary vein opposite base of
2nd vein, which begins distinctly beyond the middle of the wing ;
marginal cross-vein exactly at middle of marginal cell; prafurca
less than half the length of the 2nd vein ; basal portion of 3rd
vein moderately long, oblique ; anterior cross-vein extremely
short ; discal cell twice as long as broad, oblong, and equal to
2nd and 3rd posterior cells in length ; posterior cross-vein almost
in a line with base of discal cell. Stigma brown, but small and
ill-defined ; a trace of a small infuscation at the bases of the 2nd
and 4th veins. Halteres narrow and small, whitish yellow.

Length 5 millim.

Described from one male and two females taken as follows :—
Type male and a female, Kurseong, 4. ix. 09 and 9. ix. 09 respec-
tively (Annandale) ; type female, Darjiling, 7. viii. 09 (Paiva).

2'ypes in the Indian Museum.

273. Dicranomyia delicata, sp. nov.

c? $ . Head : vertex, back of head, and the narrow frons,
yellow, with a few hairs. Proboscis, palpi and antenna con-
colorous, the latter very slightly brownish. In the female the
whole head more brownish yellow. Thorax of male uniformly
pale, shining brownish yellow ; scutellum. metanotum and sides
concolorous. In female, brownish yellow, the dorsum light
brownish grey, as are also the metanotum and pleurae, the
scutellum being brownish yellow. Abdomen of male yellowish,
segments distinctly emarginated ; belly similar. Genitalia yel-
lowish ; a rather large square plate, bearing a few yellow bristly
hairs ; below this plate a small greenish grey palp-like organ
projects ; a pair of robust two-jointed claspers, the 1st joint
yellowish, with black hairs, the 2nd more reddish, nearly bare,
sponge-like. Legs wholly pale yellowish. Wings clear, highly
iridescent. Venation as in D. subfascipennis, except that the
auxiliary vein ends just opposite the base of the 2nd vein ; that
the discal cell is more nearly square than oblong ; and that the
posterior cross-vein is placed a little before the discal cell. Wing
unmarked except for the pale blackish stigma, which suffusion is
continued over the base of the 3rd vein ; and there is a small
slight suffusion on the base of the 2nd vein and on the marginal
vein. Halteres pale yellow.

Length, <5 3, $ 4 millim.

384 TIPCLIDJE.

Described from a single male and female taken at Darjiling, the
male on 6. viii. 09, the female on 9. viii. 09 (Paiva).

Types in the Indian Museum.

Very near D. subfasdpennis. The nearly clear wings and
the slight differences in venation are almost the only specific
characters.

274. Dicranomyia flavobrunnea, sp. nov.

<S 5 . Head yellowish grey ; frons very narrow ; proboscis,
palpi and antennas brownish yellow, normally pubescent. Thorax
brownish yellow, shining ; dorsum with three darker brownish,
not always obvious, stripes of the usual pattern, narrowly
separated, the median stripe attaining the anterior margin ;
shoulders rather lighter yellow, at least in the one male specimen ;
the stripes sometimes hardly visible. Scutellum, metanotum and
sides of thorax yellowish. Abdomen of male pale yellowish brown,
with a little pale pubescence, hind margins and sides of segments
narrowly and irregularly pale yellowish. Genitalia brownish
yellow, considerably pubescent; consisting of an upper oblong
plate, a lower plate with a very narrow chitinous yellow pro-
longation ; and a pair of large claspers with apparently an inner
pair of organs. In female, abdomen brown, with a little pale
pubescence ; ovipositor yellow. Leys uniformly brownish yellow.
Wings pale grey. Auxiliary vein ending just beyond the base of
the 2nd longitudinal, which vein begins about the middle of the
wing, the prasfurca being nearly half the entire length ; marginal
cross-vein in middle of marginal cell ; basal portion of 3rd vein
rather long, three times longer than the anterior cross-vein,
quitting the 2nd vein nearly at a right angle ; discal cell approxi-
mately square, about equal in length to the 2nd and 3rd posterior
cells ; posterior cross-vein in a line with the base of the discal
cell. Halteres brownish yellow.

Length 5-6 rnillim.

Described from one male and five females taken in Calcutta, the
type male and female on 18. xi. 07, "at light," the remaining
females on 9. vi. 07, 6. xi. 07, and 20. xii. 07.

Types and cotypes in the Indian Museum.

275. Dicranomyia simplex, sp. nov.

$ . Head blackish grey ; antennae with elongate oval joints to
the flagellum, slightly tinged with brownish yellow. Thorax
mainly brownish yellow ; the usual three dorsal dark stripes, with
two behind the suture, ill-defined but dark, giving a uniform dark
appearance to the whole of the dorsum. Scutellum and meta-
notum pale brownish yellow, with traces of a narrow median
blackish line on the latter. Abdomen dark dirty brown, the hind
margins of the segments narrowly pale ; belly more or less pale.

DICRANOMYIA. 385

Genitalia concolorous, apparently normal. Legs : coxae and some
part of the femora towards the base pale dirty yellow; the
remainder obscurely brown. Wings grey. The auxiliary vein
ending a little beyond the origin of the 2nd longitudinal vein ;
the marginal cross-vein a little beyond the anterior cross-vein ;
discal cell almost square, nearly as long as 2nd and 3rd posterior
cells ; posterior cross-vein just before inner end of discal cell.
Halteres pale dirty yellow.

Length 5 millm.

Described from one female from Calcutta, 6. xi. 10 (F. H.
Gravely).

Type in the Indian Museum.

276. Dicranomyia fortis, sp. nov/

<3 . Head dark grey ; frons very wide, two-thirds the width of
the head at the vertex, narrowing above the antenna to half this
width ; eyes contiguous below for a short space. Proboscis dark
brown, palpi blackish. Antennae brownish yellow. Thorax :
scutellum, rnetanoturn and sides of thorax uniformly bright pale
brownish yellow, shining ; neck a little blackish above. Abdomen
brown or brownish yellow, a little lighter on the belly. The 7th
and 8th abdominal segments widened. Genitalia peculiarly con-
structed ; a long upper somewhat convex plate, appearing almost
as an additional narrow abdominal segment, bearing some strong
yellow bristly hairs, tapering to a blunt point, brownish yellow in
colour ; below this a pair of elongated claspers as long as the
upper plate ; the elongate-conical 1st joint blackish, shining ; the
2nd joint forming a reddish yellow chitinous blade, without
terminal hooks or claws ; apparently no ventral plate. Legs
yellowish, femora more or less dark brown or black at tips, often
indistinctly so ; tips of tarsi blackish. Wings pale yellowish grey,
considerably iridescent. Venation as in D. fraterna, except that
the praefurca is nearly half the length of the 2nd longitudinal vein.
Stigma pale blackish, sometimes barely perceptible. Halteres
yellow, clubs blackish.

Length 4|-5| millim.

Described from six males in the Indian Museum, five of them
(including the type, 6. viii. 09) taken by Mr. Paiva, 6-9. viii. 09,
at Darjiling, the others taken at the same place by me, 9. viii. 09.

The peculiar construction of the genitalia ought to make this
species tolerably easy of recognition.

277. Dicranomyia nigrithorax, sp. nov.

c? . Head : eyes wide apart, the frons in one example (in the
other the eyes are accidentally compressed) occupying more than
half the width of the head ; vertex grey, frons whitish with silver
reflections. Antennae 15-jointed; scape dark brown, 1st joint

long and wide^ 2nd joint broad, rather large ; flagellum dark
yellowish brown, basal joints oval, gradually becoming elongated,
thirteen in number, with a few long hairs each. Proboscis and
palpi blackish brown. Thorax : the whole dorsuin very dark
blackish brown, very shining, with a little minute gold pubescence
over the post-sutural depression and on the scutellum and
metanotum. The anterior part of the dorsuin and the shoulders
also bear microscopic gold-grey dust. Sides of thorax brown,
shining. Abdomen dark brown, more or less shining ; posterior
margins of segments broadly yellowish. Belly similar ; sides of
abdomen with a little microscopic gold pubescence. Genitalia dark
brown, a little yellowish here and there ; an upper plate, ending
in two narrow, widely separated palp-like projections ; a pair
of large claspers, of which the 2nd joint appears confined to a
long hook of moderate size ; a lower pair of smaller fleshy organs
and a very long and narrow ventral plate, the tips yellowish.
The whole genitalia moderately pubescent. Legs wholly dark
brown; distinctly and closely pubescent. Wings pale yellowish
grey, glassy, highly iridescent. Auxiliary vein ending just per-
ceptibly beyond the base of 2nd longitudinal, of which the pra?furca
forms nearly half its entire length, the marginal cross-vein placed
exactly at its middle, and joined to the tip of the 1st longitudinal ;
basal section of 3rd vein three to four times as long as anterior
cross-vein, which is placed at the corner of the discal cell ; this
latter being nearly rhomboidal, two-thirds as long as the 2nd and
3rd posterior cells ; posterior cross-vein in an exact line with base
of discal cell. An apparently spurious vein, resembling that of the
STKPHID^, runs in front of the 4th longitudinal vein (in one wing
being almost as distinct as a normal vein), turning up at its tip to
meet the anterior cross-vein (in the second example this spurious
vein is not present). Stigma distinct, of moderate size, pale dirty
brown, terminating at marginal cross-vein. Halteres yellow, clubs
black.

Length 4^ millim.

Described from two males taken by me at Darjiling, 28. vi. 10
(type) and 26. v. 10, the latter specimen having the abdomen
missing.

Type in the Indian Museum.

The presence of fifteen joints to the antenna) and the very wide
frons rank this species as abnormal. It does not appear as though
an antennal joint were missing, in which case the species might be
referred to the neighbourhood of Antocha. There are no spurs to
the tibia? and it has the appearance of a rather robust Dicranomyia
with long legs. The presence of the spurious vein is, of course,
only adventitious.

GERANOMYIA. 387

Genns GERANOMYIA, Hal.

Geranomyia, Haliday, Ent. Mouth. Mag. i, p. 154 (1833).
Limnobiorhynchus, Westwood. Ana. Soc. Eut. France (1) iv, p. 683

(1835).
Ajwrosa, Macquart, in Webb and Berth. Hist. Nat. d'lles Canaries,,

Entom. Dipt. p. 100 (1838).
Plettusa, Phil., Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, xv, p. 597 (1865).

GENOTYPE, Geranomyia unicolor, Hal.; by original designation.

Head : proboscis conspicuously prolonged, longer than head and
thorax together. The mouth parts' "consist of a very long sub-
cylindrical epistoma, a still longer lingua, which is slender and
pointed, and a labium divided in two branches at the tip, ter-
minated by slender flattened lobes ; these branches are divergent
and sometimes curled up in dried specimens." (Osten SacJcen.)
The short palpi which, according to Curtis, are biarticulate, are
inserted between about the middle of the proboscis and the
anterior angles of the rostrum.* Eyes rounded or oval, approxi-
mate or divided by a tolerably wide frons. Antennre 14-jointed,
submoniliform, the joints not pedicelled. Thorax and abdomen
normal. Genitalia of the male like that of Dicranomyia ; two
fleshy movable lobes with horny appendages, and a hornv ventral
plate below them. Legs slender ; tibiae without spurs, empodia
indistinct or absent, ungues with teeth on underside. Wings
elongate. One submarginal cell, four posterior cells, and the
discal cell normally closed. Venation practically identical with
that of Dicranomyia, except that the auxiliarv vein is generally
prolonged some little distance beyond the origin of the 2nd vein,
much as in Limnobia ;• the range of variation in the characters
of the different veins and cells appears, at least in the Oriental
species before me, to be less than in Dicranomyia. The auxiliary
vein always ends distinctly beyond the origin of the 2nd vein,
often as far beyond as half-way from that point to the tip of
the 1st longitudinal vein ; the subcostal cross-vein placed near its
tip, often very difficult to perceive ; marginal cross-vein oblique,
generally at or beyond the middle of the marginal cell, near or at
the tip of 1st longitudinal vein ; discal cell pentagonal, squarish
or seldom more than twice as long as broad ; posterior cross-
vein varying from a little before to a little beyond the base of the
discal cell.

Range. The genus has been recorded from every region in the
globe except Africa, but a species is known from the island of
Bourbon, off Mauritius.

Life-history . Apparently unknown but probably similar to that
of Dicranomyia and Limnobia.

Geranomyia is represented in a fossil state by two specimens

* For a splendid plate, giving anatomical particulars of this genus, see
Curtis, Brit. Entom. p. 573 Walker, in Iris Insecta Britannica, Dipt, iii,
pi. xxvii, fig. 6, reproduces Curtis's figures of the dissected proboscis.

2c

.•388 TIPULID.E.

from the Eocene of Aix seen by Osten Sacken in the Marseilles
Museum.

Table of Species.

1 Wings clear yenitaUs, Brim., p. 388.

Wings with marks or spots, at least one or
two above the stigma 2.

2. Thorax yellow, with distinct small black

spots . " ; 3.

Thorax either yellow, without spots, or dark
brown or blackish, with three dorsal stripes
present or absent 4.

3. Thorax with five black spots on dorsum Jlavicosta, sp. n., p. 389.

Thorax with a circle of ten small black spots [p. 390.

Arranged towards the edge of the dorsum . circipunctata, sp. n.,
4 A large mark like a ' 3 ' upside down, on the

side of the thorax tridens, sp. n., p. 391.

No such mark 5.

•5. Wing spots confined to two (over the stigma,

or the stigma and praefurca) 6.

Wing spots more numerous 7.

•G. Two spots over stigma ; thorax brownish [p. 392.

yellow : wings yellowish vinaceobrunnea, Brun.,

One spot over stigma, one over pnefurca ;
thorax dark brownish black ; wings fuscous, fletcheri^ Edw., p, 393.

7. Costa with almost continuous fasciated brown

spots, with smaller spots in the remainder [p. 393.

of the wing pukhripennis, sp. n.,

Costa with seven distinct brown spots, the
apical one very small 8.

8. The oth longitudinal vein without a row of [p. 394.

small spots semistriata, Brun,,

'The oth longitudinal vein with such a row . semifasciata, Brun.,

[p. 395.

278. Geranomyia genitalis, Brun. (PI. XI, fig. 7.)

Geranomyia genitalis, Bruuetti, Rec. Ind. Mus. vi, p. 275 (1911).

3 $ . Head blackish. Proboscis nearly as long as head and
thorax together ; palpi placed at the middle, all black. Antennae
black, joints not very distinct. Thorax light grey ; dorsum
mainly occupied by a large shining black spot, projecting broadly
forwards to the anterior margin. The linear depression behind
the suture wide, light grey, as are also the scutelluin and the
.middle part of the metanotum, the sides of the latter, with the
pleurae, being shining dark brown ; sides of thorax light grey.
Abdomen : dorsum blackish, belly yellowish. Genitalia of male
.unusually formed; a small square brown upper plate with an
underlying pointed piece ; a large pair of complicated claspers, the
first joint thick, hairy, brownish black, shining; the second of
equal or greater length, rather larger, oval, of roughened, sponge-
like appearance ; the first joint bearing a small concolorous, hairy
palp-like organ on the inner side, near the dorsum, below which
is a slender yellow semi-transparent hook, and below which again

GERAXOMYIA. 389

is a rather small, bifid, interior appendage. The whole organ
lightly hairy, except the 2nd joint of the claspers, which is
practically bare. In the female the ovipositor is normal, blackish,
the terminal blades reddish yellow. Legs mainly brown ; cox*,
base of femora and basal half of tarsi yellowish. Wings pale
yellowish grey, conspicuously iridescent ; stigma oval, moderate-
sized, brown, placed over marginal cross-vein. Auxiliary vein
ending nearly half-way between the origin of the 2nd longitudinal
vein and the marginal cross-vein ; the 2nd vein originating at the
middle of the wing, the prsefurca two-thirds as long as the
remainder; base of 3rd vein three or four times as long as
anterior cross-vein; submarginal cell considerably longer than
1st posterior cell ; discal cell twice as long as broad, barely
shorter than 2nd and 3rd posterior cells ; posterior cross-vein
immediately after base of discal cell. Halteres blackish brown.

Length 5 millim.

Described from two males (including type) from Tenmalai,
Western Ghats (western side), Travancore, 21. xi. 08 (Annandale) ;
nine males (Pusa coll.) from Nongpoh, Assam, ix. 06 ; a type
female and three other females from the latter locality taken
during September also.

Type <$ in the Indian Museum ; $ in the Pusa collection.

The conspicuous shining black spot on the light grey thorax,
and the unusually constructed male geuitalia will render this
species easily distinguishable.

279. Geranomyia flavicosta, sp. nov. (PL VIII, fig. 2 : PL XI,
fig. 6.)

5 . Head raissing, except a very small portion of the neck, and
the whole proboscis, which is yellow, with a black ring at the tip.
Thorax bright brownish yellow ; two less distinct brown spots in
front of the shoulders, and, situated on the clorsum, are five very
large and distinct dark brown, approximately oval spots, placed
thus : — one behind each shoulder, one in the centre of the dorsum,
and one on each side behind the suture. Sides, scutellum, and
metanotum yellow. Abdomen missing, but writing from memory,
it was wholly yellowish, concolorous with most of the rest of the
body. Legs pale yellow ; extreme tips of femora, tibia3 and tarsi
black. Wings nearly clear ; costal cell bright yellow, the colour
extending to the tip of the wing on the costal vein itself ; five
black spots (the first three elongated) along the costa, the fourth
situated at the tip of the 1st vein, and the fifth at the tip of the
2nd vein. The preefurca narrowly suffused with dark brown, the
colour continuing along all the veins to the tip of the 5th vein,
which latter vein is itself narrowly suffused along its entire
length ; tips of 6th and 7th veins narrowly suffused ; a pale brown
streak of moderate width from the 1st posterior cell along the
outer side of the discal cell, to the hind margin of wing.
Length (from memory) about 5 .millim.

2c2

390 TIPULIDjE.

Described from an incomplete example taken by Dr. 3. T.
Jenkins on board a launch " afc ligbt," at Chandpal, Ganges delta,
26. viii. 09.

Type in the Indian Museum.

As a rule I do not care to describe a species from a single in-
complete specimen, but in the present case the very conspicuous
markings on both the thorax and the wing render the identification
of the species very easy.

280. Geranomyia circipnnctata, sp. nov. (PI. VIII, fig. 3;
PI. XI, fig. 3.)

d1 § . Head : occiput and head generally yellowish, the former
sometimes with a few blackish spots. Proboscis a little brownish,
comparatively short, being about one-and-a-half times as long as
the head and neck together, distinctly stout and snout-like at the
base, tapering gradually ; the basal half with numerous long hairs.
Palpi inserted at the middle of the proboscis, quite short, black,
two-jointed. Antennae yellow, flagellum with the basal joints
sometimes brownish ; the joints nearly oval, close together, each
with a circlet ot four comparatively short individual hairs, apart
from the microscopic pubescence ; in some specimens the scape is
brownish also. Eyes separated by a rather wide yellow frons.
Neck bearing a few long hairs. Thorax rather bright shining
yellow, with the least tinge of brown ; dorsum with a circle of
conspicuous black or brown spots, the spots approximately oval
and arranged as follows : — one on each side of the centre near the
anterior margin, placed longitudinally ; three lateral ones on each
side, rather larger and placed transversely, two being in front of
and one behind the suture, this hinder one being more or less
triangular ; on the mesonotum behind the suture is, on each side
of the middle, a brown longitudinal spot almost in the nature of
a streak, its edges being less well-defined than in the other spots.
Scutellum normally yellow, in some examples more or less
blackish ; metanotum yellow with two brownish marks, or wholly
brownish. Abdomen of male varying from yellowish to yellowish
brown, with a row of small black spots on each side, these being
sometimes indistinct or absent ; in some examples there are two
black stripes extending the length of the last two segments. In
female, lighter or darker chestnut-brown, belly similar, the side-
spots less obvious. Genitalia concolorous in male, formed of a
pair of conspicuous, fleshy, two-jointed hairy claspers, with two or
three pairs of appendages, including a strong black hook or claw
attached apparently to the inner side of each clasper at the end of
the first joint; a ventral plate is present. In the female the ovi-
positor normal, yellowish. Legs pale yellow, extreme tips of
femora, tibiae and tarsi blackish. Wings very pale yellowish grey,
with very small but distinct blackish infuscations distributed as
follows : — at the base of the praef urea ; on the 1st longitudinal
vein, a little anterior to the previous soot ; at tip of 1st vein ; at

GEEANOMYIA. 391

base of 5th vein, with a less distinct one just above this latter spot.
The cross-veins show a tendency to just perceptible suffusion.
Halteres yellowish.

Length 4|-6 inillim.

Described from several of both sexes in the Indian Museum,
which demonstrate its apparent general distribution in Lower
Bengal, the series comprising specimens from Sonarpur, near
Calcutta, 5. ii. 10, "at light" in a railway carriage, taken by
Dr. Annandale (type <$ ) ; Sorabkatti, 7. xii. 09 (type $ ) and
14. xii. 09; Bosondhur, 21. viii. 09 ; Chennia, 11. xi. 09; Sonadigee,
6. xii. 09 ; and Bologhatta, 23. viii. 09, all these places being in the
Ganges delta, the specimens having been taken " at light " on
board a launch by Dr. J. T. Jenkins. Other examples in the
Museum collection are from Port Canning, 6. xii. 07 ; Calcutta,
18. ix. 07 ; on board ship 10 miles off Masulipatam, Madras Coast,
4-5. iv. 08 (Paiva) ; and Puri, Orissa, Coast, 12. xi. 10, in house
(Annandale).

Types in the Indian Museum.

The very conspicuous circle of spots on the thorax, together
with the very delicately punctated wings, render this species very
distinct even in the whole family of

281. Geranomyia tridens, sp. nov. (PI. VIII. fig. 4; PI. XI,
figs. 4, 5.)

<S $ . Head : occiput dark grey, with a few isolated rather con-
spicuous bristly hairs; back of head yellow ; neck brownish yellow,
with a small dark transverse streak about the middle ; eyes nearly
contiguous. Antennae dark brown ; in male, the joints distinctly
separated, elongated pear-shaped, the narrow apical part much
attenuated, each joint with a circlet of four long bristles in
addition to the ordinary short pubescence ; in female, the joints
much less distinct, scape broad, 1st joint sometimes with a trans-
verse suture near base making it appear like two joints ; flagellurn
with light grey pubescence. Proboscis of considerable length, as
long as from the base of the antennae to the halteres, stout at the
base only, brownish yellow or yellow, with a few long hairs on the
basal half and very minute ones on the thin apical half; the small,
brown two-jointed palpi situated at the tip of the basal part.
Thorax yellowish, with very distinctive and conspicuous markings ;
dorsum with a broad brown median stripe from anterior margin
to the suture, somewhat indistinct about its middle ; practically
the whole of the dorsum behind the suture occupied by two very
large dark brown shining spots divided by the usual wide yellowish
depression ; on each shoulder a very dark blackish-brown moderate-
sized spot, and posterior to this a large trident-shaped blackish-
brown spot, the three prongs (approximately parallel) pointing
backwards, the spot occupying the whole of the side of the thorax
up to the wing-base. Sides of thorax yellowish ; plurse moderately
shining brown ; scutellum and metanotum shining dark brown,

392 TIPULID^E.

except for a narrow yellow part at the base of each. Abdomen
variable, considerably pubescent. In male normally dark brown,
the posterior margins pale yellowish, this colour being variable in
extent and intensity ; in one male the whole abdomen is practically
yellowish, with a lateral brown stripe on each side of the clorsum.
The abdomen in the female is generally still darker brown,
roughened, the pale marginal bands very narrow or absent.
Genitalia in both sexes brownish yellow. In the male the organs
are complex and conspicuous, consisting of a large pair of claspers
rather thickly covered with bristly hairs, with smaller inner organs
attached ; an upper small plate in the shape of two pointed pieces,
side by side, terminating in two sharp points ; and a very narrow
ventral plate curved downwards at its tip. Legs light brownish
yellow ; extreme tips of femora, tibiae and tarsi sometimes blackish.
Wings pale grey ; a pale blackish spot on the costa just beyond
the humeral cross-vein, one just above the origin of the 2nd longi-
tudinal vein and extending to it, also an intermediate one between
these two spots ; another spot over the tip of the marginal cross-
vein extending downwards to the base of the 3rd vein ; a similar
spot at the tip of the 1st vein. All the cross-veins, with the tips
of the 5th and 7th veins, faintly, narrowly, but distinctly suffused.
Halteres brownish j*ellow.

Length 5—6 millim.

Described from two males and four females in the Indian
Museum, taken by Dr. J. T. Jenkins on board a launch, " at
light," in the Sunderbuns, Ganges delta ; the type d from
Sonadigee, Sunderbuns, 6. xii. 09, and the type § from Chennia,
Sunderbuns, 11. xi. 09.

282. Geranomyia vinaceobrunnea, Brun,

Geranomyia vinaceobrunnea, Brunetti, Rec. Ind. Mus. vi, p. 274
(1911).

£ . Head dark grey ; frons narrow, narrower on vertex, whitish
grey. Proboscis black, a little longer than head and thorax
together. Antennal scape yellowish, except tip of joint which is,
with the flagellum, dark brown. Thorax -mainly brownish yellow,
witli three dorsal claret-brown stripes, the outer ones short and
quite united \vith the median oue, which is moderately wide,
attaining the anterior margin, and continuing narrowly on the
brownish yellow neck ; dorsum behind suture claret-brown.
Scutellum yellow ; metanotum grey ; sides of thorax yellowish,
with light claret-coloured reflections just below the dorsum.
Abdomen dark brown, with a few pale hairs ; posterior margins of
segments pale yellowish. Belly yellowish ; ovipositor brownish
yellow. Legs : coxae brownish yellow, with a trace of claret-
coloured reflections ; remainder of legs yellowish, tips of femora
scarcely darker. Wings pale yellowish grey, glassy, iridescent.
Auxiliary vein ending nearly half-way between the base of the

GBEANOMYIA. 393~-

2nd longitudinal and the marginal cross- vein, which latter is
placed exactly at the tip of the 1st longitudinal, and just beyond
the middle of the marginal cell ; base of 3rd vein oblique, two
and a half times the length of the anterior cross-vein ; discal cell
twice as long as broad, as long as the 2nd and 3rd posterior cells •
posterior cross-vein barely beyond base of discal cell ; veins on
distal part of wing practically parallel. Stigma light brown, ill
defined but distinct, situated over the marginal cross-vein.
Halteres brownish yellow.

Described from one female taken by Mr. Howlett at Simla,
x.08.

Type in the Pusa collection.

283. Geranomyia fletcheri, Edw.

Geranomyia Jietcheri, Edwards, Ann. Mag. Xat. Hist. (8) viii,
p. 60 (July 1911).

$ . " Fusca. alis unicoloris subfuscis, rostro thorace vix longiore.

Head, including rostrum and antennae, dark brownish black.
Antennal joints cylindrical, one and a half times as long as broad,
Eostrum slightly longer than thorax ; palpi apparently two-jointed,,
placed just before middle of rostrum. Thorax dark brownish
black, with a small ochreous-brown spot on each side of the front
margin of the mesonotum, and another above and behind the
insertion of the wings. Abdomen dark fuscous. Legs dark brown,
coxa? ochreous brown, femora somewhat lighter towards base.
Wings uniformly fuscous-tinged, unspotted except for the stigma
and a faint brown cloud at the base of the praefurca. Mediastinal
vein reaching costa considerably beyond origin of praefurca, sub-
costal cross-vein near its tip. Marginal cross-vein nearly three
times as long as the upturned tip of the 1st longitudinal, with
which it is nearly in a line. Second posterior cell with a
rectangular base, third longer than second, its upper margin
rounded towards the base. Great cross-A'ein at or just before the
base of the discal cell. Halteres with the knob brown, the stem
ochreous." (Edwards.)

Length 5 millim. (excluding rostrum), of wing 6 millim

Described from a type and two other females taken by Mr. Bain-
brigge Fletcher at " Madulsima, Ceylon, 19. v. 03 (type) and
21.xii.07.

Type in the British Museum.

284. Geranomyia pulchripennis, sp. nov. (PI. VIII. fig. 1.)

$ . Head : eyes nearly contiguous ; the narrow frons light grey
with pale hairs ; back of head yellowish, with grey reflections and
black hairs. Proboscis black, as long as the abdomen (exclusive
of ovipositor) ; palpi black. Scapal joints of antennae large, the
2nd much narrower arid shorter ; dark brown ; flagellum dark

394 TIPULID^E.

brown, with a little pale pubescence. Thorax brownish yellow ;
three reddish brown stripes, all reaching from the anterior to the
posterior margin, the median one a little broader than the others.
Shoulders depressed. Sides of thorax yellow, a median transverse
brown line ; a blackish indistinct mark with whitish dust in front
of wing-base. Scutellum very small, yellow ; metariotum yellowish,
broadly brown on each side. Abdomen dark dirty yellowish brown ;
emarginations of segments very distinct, as each segment is
apparently slightly narrower at the base. Belly similar. Ovipositor
brownish yellow, paler at tip. Legs uniformly pale yellow, barely,
if at all, darker at tips of tarsi. Wincjs nearly clear, marked with
brown spots ; two larger ones, more or less square in shape, on
basal half of costa, extending from costal margin to the 4th
longitudinal vein ; two somewhat large elongated ones placed
close together on the costa, exactly in the middle of the wing, and
joined posteriorly at about the origin of the 2nd vein ; two large
•ones placed together at the distal extremity of the costa, reaching
posteriorly as far as the 3rd vein, where they are united ; a small
•clear spot in the distal one of this pair of spots is placed just
above the tip of the 3rd vein. Smaller spots of the same colour
are placed as follows : — two on the basal part of the costa, one
situated anterior to each of the two larger costal marks ; a round
spot at the bifurcation of the 2nd vein ; a row of indistinct small
ones along the upperside of the 5th vein ; around the inner and
outer sides of the discal cell ; and around the posterior cross-vein,
which is placed distinctly anterior to the discal cell ; also at the
tip of the 7th vein. Very small indistinct spots are apparently
irregularly placed here and there, especially towards the posterior
apical part of the wing. Costal cell yellow except where the
brown spots occur. Halteres brownish.

Length 4 millim.

Described from a single female from Kurseong, 7. ix. 09
(Annandale).

Type in the Indian Museum.

285. Geranomyia semistriata, Brun. (PI. VII, fig. 17.)

Geranomyia semistriata, Brunetti, Rec. Ind. Mus. vi, p. 277
(1911).

$ . Head dark grey, frons narrow ; back of head and neck
blackish grey. Proboscis black, distinctly longer than head and
thorax together; palpi black, inserted before the middle of the
proboscis. Antenna? brownish yellow, sometimes darker. Thorax :
dorsura brownish or light grey, dusted with grey ; three narrow
reddish brown stripes : the median one from the anterior margin
to about the middle of the dorsum ; the outer ones beginning
behind the shoulders and carried over the suture without interrup-
tion to the posterior margin ; an additional narrow intermediate
stripe between them commencing behind the suture and continued

GERAXOMYIA. 395

to the base of the scutellum ; a short narrow stripe on each side
above and iu front of the wing root. Prothorax brownish yellow
in one specimen, edge of dors urn and sides of thorax (in type
specimen) light grey ; pleurae yellowish, with some grey reflections.
Scutellum and metanotum concolorous with dorsum of thorax,
edge of former brownish yellow. Abdomen dark claret-brown,
roughened ; belly yellowish ; ovipositor large, robust, black, barely
shining, terminal blades reddish yellow. Legs : coxae and femora
brownish yellow, tips of femora slightly thickened and blackish ;
tibiae and tai'si brown. Wings pale grey, with seven moderately
dark brown spots on the costa placed approximately equidistantly ;
the third enclosing the origin of the 2nd longitudinal vein ; these
first three spots extending posteriorly barely to the 4th longi-
tudinal vein ; the fourth spot terminates over the fork of the 2nd
vein ; the fifth (the largest, enclosing the marginal cross-vein)
extends posteriorly to the 3rd vein ; the seventh is very small,
triangular, placed at the extreme tip of the 3rd vein. A narrow
brown, irregular line encloses the anterior and posterior cross-
veins, with the basal side of the discal cell, and there is a small
suffusion over the proximal side of the discal cell. The venation
is normal ; basal part of 3rd longitudinal vein long, the remainder
of the vein, parallel to the 2nd ; anterior cross-vein short ; discal
cell twice as long as wide ; posterior cross-vein distinctly but not
greatly before the base of the discal cell. The 5th and 7th veins
very narrowly suffused with brown. Halteres : stem pale yellow,
knobs blackish brown,

Length nearly 5 millim.

Described from two females from Paresuath, Western Bengal,
4300-4500 ft., 15. iv. 09 (Annandale).

Type and cotype in the Indian Museum.

286. Geranomyia sexnifasciata, Brim. (PI. VII, fig. 16.)

Gcranomyia semifasciata, Brunetti, Eec. Ind. Mus. vi, p. 276
(1911).

$ . Head light grey ; f rons very narrow ; proboscis black, as
long as head and thorax together ; antennae brownish yellow,
fkgellum darker than scape. Thorax : neck yellowish, a dorsal
distinct dark brown stripe and a lateral less distinct one on each
side. Dorsum of thorax yellowish, with a brownish tinge ; three
very narrow, ill-defined, but obvious, reddish brown stripes, well
separated ; the median one barely reaching the anterior margin ;
behind the suture the space wholly occupied, except the wide
greyish post-sutural depression, by two large brownish spots, the
colour gradually merging in that of the sides ; sides of dorsum
with whitish reflections. Sides of thorax yellow ; scutellum and
metauotum brownish. Abdomen brownish yellow, posterior border
of each segment blackish, the colour extending along the sides
more or less ; ovipositor yellowish. Legs pale yellowish, tips of

396 TIPULID.E.

femora a little blackish. Wings pale yellowish grey. Auxiliary
vein ending mid-way between the base of the 2nd vein and the
tip of the 1st ; the 2nd beginning at the middle of the wing ; the
praefurca nearly as long as the rest of the vein, which is a little
sinuous and curved upwards at tip ; marginal cross-vein placed
distinctly beyond the middle of the marginal cell ; base of 3rd
vein two and a half times as long as anterior cross-vein; discal
cell much broader distally, a little longer than double its average
width, and a little longer than the 2nd aud 3rd posterior cells ;
posterior cross-vein in a line with the base of the discal cell, the
anterior cross-vein in the same straight line. The markings of
the wing are brown in colour, and are placed as follows : — three
narrow streaks begin (anterior to the middle of the wing) on the
costa, and extend posteriorly nearly to the middle of the wing, the
first streak nearly basal ; a fourth narrow costal streak begins at
the tip of the auxiliary vein and extends to the base of the 3rd vein ;
the next costal streak (the widest of all) is over the marginal cross-
vein, and is clear cut, being suddenly reduced to half its width at
the 2nd longitudinal vein, beyond which it is continued, termi-
nating abruptly at the 3rd vein ; the two remaining costal marks
are a conical (reversed) and a triangular spot, both touching the
3rd vein; the anterior cross-vein, the inner side of the discal cell,
and the posterior cross-vein bear a small spot each, these spots
being practically contiguous : the distal side of the discal cell is
suffused with brown and the 1st posterior cell contains two
lighter spots, the 2nd posterior cell containing one ; the 2nd basal
cell has three small spots ; the tip of the 7th vein is suffused.
Halteres brownish yellow, clubs black.

Length 5^ millim.

Described from a single specimen taken by Mr. F. M. Hewlett
at Darjiling, 3-9. vi. 09.

Type in the Pusa collection.

Genus LIMNOBIA, My.

Limnobia, Meigen, Syst. Besch. i, p. 116 (1818).
Limonia, Meigen, Illig. Magaz. ii, p. 262 (1803) (nom. sine sp.).
Numantia, Bigot, Ann. Soc. Ent. France (3), ii, p. 470 (1854).
Limnomyza^ Rondani, Prod. Ital. Dipt. i. p. 185 (1856).

GENOTYPE : Tipula tripunctata, F. ; according to, but not
designated by, Coquillett (1910).

Head much as in Dicranomyia. Proboscis and palpi rather
larger and stouter. Antennae of fourteen joints, which sometimes
appear as if fifteen in number, as the last joint often possesses a
cylindrical prolongation, sometimes slightly clavate at the tip,
which, even in living examples, looks like an additional joint.
The individual joints of the antennae are generally more elongate
than in Dicranomyia, especially towards the tip, and the verticels

LIMNOBIA. 397

of hair are longer. Thorax &nd abdomen practically as in Dicrano-
myia, although generally rather more robust in most of the species.
Genitalia of male with a large fleshy 1st joint, the 2nd formed
of a large horny hook ; intermediate additional organs are some-
times present ; a ventral plate. Ovipositor of female much like
that of Dicranomyia (vide ante). Legs stouter than in Dicranomyia,
but sometimes of great length ; tibise without terminal spurs,
empodia indistinct or absent, ungues with several teeth below,
giving them a pectinate appearance. Wings generally shorter and
broader than in Dicranomyia ; one submarginal cell, four posterior
cells, discal cell always closed.*

Auxiliary vein ending some distance beyond origin of 2nd vein ; f
the marginal cross-vein, generally falling very near the middle of
the marginal cell, is placed at the tip of the 1st longitudinal vein
or a little way before it, generally surrounded by the stigma. In
some species the appearance of the 1st A'ein gives the impression
that it turns down at the tip into the 2nd vein, with a cross-vein
between it and the costa, but in such cases the vein must be con-
sidered to pursue its normal course, connected as usual with the
2nd longitudinal by the normal marginal cross-vein ; the same
appearance occurs not infrequently in species of Dicranomyia (as
noted under that genus). In general the venation in Limnobia is
more uniformly consistent than in Dicranomyia ; the basal section
of the 3rd vein is more nearly of a uniform length i ; the discal
cell is shorter than in Dicranomyia, more often approaching a
square shape with one corner cut off ; the position of the posterior
cross-vein varies from distinctly before the base of the discal cell
(in festiva) to almost at its middle (longinervis).

Range. World-wide, nearly two hundred species being known.

The chief characteristics which distinguish Limnobia from
Dicranomyia are : (1) its generally more robust nature, larger size,
and brighter colouring ; (2) the position of the tip of the auxiliary
vein, which ends much further distally than in Dicranomyia, in
which it ends approximately opposite the origin of the 2nd vein ;
and (3) the different structure of the male genital organs, this
latter character being naturally the most difficult one to observe in
dried insects.

Many of the species are of considerable size, some having legs
of great length, as in the European species L. bifasciata, Schrk.,

* Personally, I have seen no species with au open discal cell, even in an
accidental case, and Osten Sacken notes the same fact, yet of course it may
occur sometimes adventitiously, if not specifically.

t The only exception among the Oriental species is festiva, Brim., in which
it ends opposite the origin of the 2nd vein, but the whole appearance of the
species is so Limnobia-like that it is, at least provisionally, placed in this
genus. The next nearest species of this nature is tinctinervis, Brim., in which
the auxiliary vein ends at the middle of the praefurca.

J At least in all the Oriental species, and such European ones as are
available for comparison.

398 TIPULID.S;.

and quadrinotata, Mg. The markings of the body are more pro-
nounced and conspicuous than in Dicranomyia, the species being
generally yellow with black stripes, with bauds and spots on the
body, and often black rings on the legs, the wings being more
brightly ornamented in those species possessing wing markings,
though many species have quite clear wings. The colours in
Dicranomyia are more obscure : greys, browns, blackish browns
and move or less sombre colours generally predominating, and the
wings in this genus, though often ornamented prettily, have these
patterns of a more delicate and less conspicuous nature.

Osteu Sacken divided the genus Limnobia tentatively into two
groups, to which he refrained from giving names as they were not
of sufficient taxouomic value to be regarded as more than con-
venient subdivisions to facilitate recognition of species. It is not
certain whether these groups are still sufficiently clearly differen-
tiated, if the species of the whole world be considered, and in
any case there are certainly intermediate species, even among the
Oriental ones.

The larger and more typical species of Limnobia, generally in-
cluding most of the brightly coloured ones, as a rule have the
marginal cross-vein near the tip of the 1st longitudinal vein.*
The ovipositor in the females of this group is shorter, more curved,
and much like that of Dicranomyia. Amongst the Oriental species
trimaculata, indica and festiva belong here.

The second group have the marginal cross-vein at some little
distance before the tip of the 1st longitudinal, and more or less
obscured by the stigma. The female ovipositor in this group is
longer, more slender and more pointed than in the first group.t

The venation, as previously observed, is much more consistent
than in Dicranomyia, only L. festiva, Brun., departing from the
generic character in having the tip of the auxiliary vein opposite
or barely beyond the origin of the 2nd longitudinal vein. In a
second species — tincAinervis, Brun. — the auxiliary vein ends oppo-
site the middle of the praefurca ; in all other species it ends more
distally than in these two. In longinervis, Brun., all the veins in
the distal part of the wing are much lengthened, the submarginal
cell and the 1st posterior cell beginning in the middle of the wing.
All the other Oriental species depart very little from the typical
venation.

Life-liistory. The larva of Limnobia usually lives in decaying
vegetable matter, especially in rotten wood and fungi. Stannius
found the larva of L. bifasciata, Schrk. (better known, perhaps, as
(vanthoptera, Mg.), in an Agaricus. It was wrapped in a sheath of
earthy matter, rough on the outside, smooth and shining on the

* The European species L. annulus, Mg., quadrinotata, Mg., and bifasciata,
Sclirk. (xanthoptera, Mg.), belong to this first group, as do also the North
American species cinctipes, Say, soliiaria, Os. Sac., and triocellata, Os. Sac.

t Amongst European species L. Jlavipes, Mg., nubeculosa, Mg., sylvicola,
Schum., and nigropunctata, Schum., belong here.

LTMNOBIA. 399

inside, and it passed its transformations underground. Van Eoser
found the larva of L. annulus in decaying wood ; it resembled an
earthworm in size as well as colour, and lined its burrows with a
kind of silken web.

The imagos occur almost anywhere, many species being found
occasionally in houses, though they prefer shaded spots in woods.

Limnobia, as originally constituted by Meigen in 1818, included
all the LIM^OBIIX^;, with the exception of Erioptera, Anisomera,
Trichocera and Rhipidia. Macquart then reduced it to species
with four posterior cells. Stephens in 1829 cut off a number of
species which he formed into the genus Dicranomyia, although,
subsequently to the creation of this genus, Zetterstedt, Walker
and others still retained Limnobia in Meigen's wide acceptation.
Osten Sacken in 1859 restricted the genus to that section which
he afterwards designated the LIHNOBLN'A. In 1869, in his classic
monograph of the North American species, he admits Limnobia,
Dicranomyia, Geranomyia, Rhipidia and Trocliobola as good genera.

Table of Species.

1. Auxiliary vein ending opposite the origin

of the 2nd longitudinal vein ; wing

maculated festiva, sp. n., p, 400.

Auxiliary vein ending distinctly beyond
the origin of the 2nd longitudinal
vein ; wing marked or clear 2.

2. Wing with distinct spots in addition to

the suffusion around the stigma .... 3.
Wing clear, or with at most the stigma
darkened 6.

3. Posterior cross-vein before the inner

side of the discal cell tinctinervis, sp. n., p. 401.

Posterior cross-vein in a line with the
inner side of the discal cell or a little
more distal 4.

4. Costa with three very distinct dark

brown spots, the wing being also
otherwise marked, or at least the

cross-veins suffused 5.

Costa unspotted, the only wing-marks
being the stigma and one over the
base of the 2nd longitudinal vein .... indica, sp. n., p. 401.

5. Yellow species; very distinct brown

spots at base, at base of 2nd vein, at
tip of 1st vein, at tip of wing and tip
of 7th vein ; most of the veins slightly

suffused .- • • trimaculata, sp. n., p. 402.

Brown species; three dull but distinct
brown spots on costa, closer together ;
also at the base of the 2nd vein, tip
of auxiliary vein and tip of 1st vein ;
cross-veins lightly suffused longinervis, sp. n., p. 403.

400 T1PULID.E.

6. Wing with stigma blackish 7.

Wing wholly clear ; posterior cross-
vein situated at middle of discal cell . centralis, sp. n., p. 403.

7. Tarsi, except metatarsi, snow-white . . niveipes, sp. n., p. 404.
Tarsi never snow-white 8.

8. Discal cell nearly as long as the 2nd or

3rd posterior cell , 9.

Discal cell only half as long as the 2nd
or 3rd posterior cell niyra, sp. n., p. 404.

9. The 3rd posterior cell approximately

oblong ; wing more or less vitreous ;
sides of abdomen with a row of whitish

spots vitripennis , sp. n., p. 405.

The 3rd posterior cell triangular ; wing
clear ; sides of abdomen without white
spots triangular is, sp. n., p. 406.

287. Limnobia festiva, sp. nov. (PI. VII, fig. 13.)

<S . Head mainly dark grey, lighter on frons ; eyes nearly con-
tiguous for a short space only ; proboscis and palpi blackish ;
anteunal scape black, flagellum blackish ; neck rather robust,
yellow, dorsuin and sides black. Thorax mainly bright chrome-
yellow, lighter yellow on sides ; a dark brown median stripe from
the neck to the scutellum. where it enlarges somewhat aod fades
away ; behind the suture two large, brown, slightly shining spots.
Scutellum shining brownish, with grey reflections ; metanotum
with a broad concolorous median brown stripe. Abdomen yellowish,
a little soft pubescence at the sides ; posterior margins of segments
distinctly blackish and the dorsum of each segment is a little
blackish here and there. Belly yellowish, blackish towards apical
half, margins of segments with well-defined border. G-euitalia
brown, with a few black hairs, apparently consisting of a pair of
moderate-sized claspers and one or two pairs of smaller organs.
Legs dark brown ; femora broadly black at tips, with a moderately
wide subapical yellowish ring. Wings yellowish. Auxiliary vein
•ending opposite the origin of the 2nd longitudinal vein, as in
Dicranomyia ; the 2nd longitudinal vein originating distinctly
beyond the middle of the wing ; marginal cross-vein distinctly
before tip of 1st vein ; praefurca half as long as remainder of 2nd
vein ; base of 3rd vein fully twice as long as anterior cross-vein ;
discal cell distinctly longer than broad, nearly oblong, slightly
wider distally than at base, distinctly shorter than 2nd and 3rd
posterior cells ; posterior cross-vein distinctly before base of discal
cell. A dark brown spot over the stigma, the praefurca darkened
also, the colour of both spots united with one over the fork of the
2nd vein. The following lighter brownish grey suffusions : — a
square spot in the middle of the very broad anterior basal cell,
which is more faintly duplicated in the posterior basal cell ; the
tip of the wing from the tip of the 2nd vein to the 3rd posterior
cell, inclusive. Wings highly glassy and iridescent. Halteres
•blackish.

LIMNOBIA. 401

Length 1 rnillim.

Described from a single male from Kurseong, taken in June,
1910.

Type in the Indian Museum.

Although the auxiliary vein ends opposite the base of the 2nd
vein as in Dicranornyia, there can be no doubt that this species is
better placed in Limnobia, from its robustness, broader wings, and
stouter legs. It has every appearance of the more compact bright
yellow and black species of Limnobia found in Europe.

288. Limnobia tinctinervis, sp. nov. (PI. VII, fig. 12.)

$ . Head blackish grey, back of head with some long hairs.
Antennal scape and 1st flagellar joint blackish, remainder brownish
yellow with whitish grey pubescence. Proboscis brownish yellow ;
palpi blackish. Thorax rather bright yellow ; two narrow median
brown stripes joined by an intermediate dark grey stripe ; these
stripes reaching from the anterior margin to the suture only.
Scutellum pale yellow ; metanotum brownish yellow, with a brown
•dorsal mark or stripe; sides of thorax yellowish. Abdomen
brownish yellow, with a little light pubescence ; posterior margins
of segments dark brown, Genitalia normal, brownish yellow.
Legs uniformly brownish yellow ; femora rather incrassated at
tips, where they are slightly blackish. Wings nearly clear.
Auxiliary vein ending at one-third of the distance between the
origin of the 2nd vein and the tip of the 1st. Veins yellow-,
except where they are narrowly and shortly suffused with black.
These suffusions are placed thus : — a rather long space beyond the
base of the costal cell; the costal vein and 1st vein shortly, just
above the base of the 2nd vein, which is also similarly darkened ;
a blackish square spot over the tip of the 1st longitudinal vein
enclosing the marginal cross-vein ; both cross-veins ; the two
veinlets forming the distal side of the discal cell ; fork of the 2nd
vein ; origin of 3rd vein ; tips of all the branches of the 4th vein,
with the tips of the 5th, 6th and 7th veins. Halteres yellowish.

Length 3^ millim.

Described from one specimen, Darjiling, 10. viii. 09 (Paiva).

Type in the Indian Museum.

289. Limnobia indica, sp. uov. (PL VII, fig. 15 ; PI. XI, fig. 1.)

<5 $ . Head mainly dark brown ; antennae pale yellow. Thorax :
neck dark brown, with some stiff hairs. Dorsum yellowish,
rather brighter in front of the suture, from which to the anterior
border runs a narrow blackish stripe ; sides of thorax pale yellow,
almost livid. Scutellum and upper part of metanotum with a
blackish tinge. Abdomen yellowish, with the dorsum more or less
occupied by a broad blackish stripe, which in the female sometimes
fills the whole surface ; on the last two segments there is on each
one a blackish mark on each side, towards the side margins.

402 TIPULID.E.

Geuitalia of male consisting mainly o£ a very large pair of hairy
yellow fleshy bifid claspers, surmounted by a pair of small black-
tipped hooks ; a small palp-like organ emerges from below the
ultimate segment of the abdomen ; these organs are not enclosed
by any protecting plates or sheaths. In the female the ovipositor
consists of a rather larger upper conical piece, ending in two
comparatively small sheaths, and below this a pair of shorter
smaller organs, which also terminate in a pair of hard chitinous
sheaths ; the upper piece bears a pair of peculiarly curved bristles
directed backwards. Legs dark brown, basal part of femora pale,
and also broadly pale beyond the middle, leaving a moderately
wide black ring at tip. Wings nearly clear ; a brownish square
stigma at tip of 1st longitudinal vein ; base of praefurca very
slightly suffused ; veins black. Halteres with the stem pale,
considerably pubescent ; knob black, bare.

Length 5 millim.

Described from several specimens in the Indian Museum from
Calcutta (September to February), where it is not uncommon,
and Katihar, Bengal, 7-31. viii. 10. I have seen it from Madhupur,
Bengal, 13. x. 09 (Paiva), and it is in the Pusa collection from
Pusa, 18-20. ii. 08 (on moss) and ix. 07.

Types in the Indian Museum.

290. Limnobia trimaculata, sp. nov. (PI. VII, fig. 16.)

<$ $ . Head entirely blackish, back of head dark grey ; antennal
scape black, flagellum pale yellow. Thorax: dorsum yellowish
white, with a broad brown median stripe from the anterior
margin, widening posteriorly until it reaches the suture, behind
which are two large oval brown spots which reach the scutellum ;
sides of thorax yellowish white. Scutellum and metanotum
brown, the former with a narrow pale median line. Abdomen
yellowish ; dorsum of each segment wholly dark brown, posterior
border of segments in female narrowly pale. Genitalia of male
pale yellow ; in the female the ovipositor is reddish yellow, with
two shining small black spots on the lower side. Legs pale
yellow ; femora and tibiae with brown tips ; tarsi brownish.
Wings nearly clear, veins brown ; three distinct, but not large,
round brown spots situated as follows : — the 1st at the base of the
marginal cells, the 2nd on the origin of the prsefurca, the
3rd at the tip of the 1st longitudinal vein. Extreme tip of wing
pale brown, cross- veins a little infuscated, as is also the tip of the
7th vein ; a tendency to slight infuscation at the tips of some of
the other veins. Halteres pale yellow, knobs blackish brown.

Length 6|-7| millim.

Described from several examples in the Indian Museum taken
at Kurseong by Dr. Annandale, 3-5. vii. 08 and 18-29. vi. 09, when
he found it common amongst ferns and low herbage, often entering
houses at night, attracted by a light.

LIMNOBIA. 403

291. Limnobia longinervis, sp. nov. (PI. VII, fig. 14.)

5 . Head : eyes nearly contiguous ; back of head on upper half
brown, on lower half blackish grey. Proboscis brownish yellow ;
palpi blackish. Antennal scape dark grey, flagellum blackish.
Thorax brownish yellow ; centre of dorsum occupied by two
contiguous concolorous stripes from anterior margin to suture.
Scutellum, metanotum, and sides of thorax concolorous, with
lighter reflections here and there. Abdomen brownish yellow, the
major part of the dorsum of each segment dark brown ; pubescence
very short. Belly mainly yellowish, with indistinct blackish
marks. Ovipositor compact, robust, apparently more complex
than usual, terminal blades short. Legs brownish yellow ; femora
becoming rather darker towards the tips, but the tips themselves
broadly of the prevailing paler colour. Wings grey. Auxiliary
vein ending half-way between the origin of the 2nd longitudinal
vein and the tip of the 1st ; the 2nd vein originating some distance
before the middle of the wing, the prsefurca rather short ; the 3rd
vein beginning just beyond the tip of the proefurca ; the anterior
cross-vein in a line with the basal side of the discal cell, which is
about twice as long as broad ; all the fine veins running to the
wing-border parallel ; posterior cross- vein just before middle of
discal cell. There are two small pale grey suffusions over the
base of the 2nd vein and the tip of the 1st, respectively ; a third,
over the tip of the auxiliary vein is indistinctly continued along
the fork of the 2nd vein, the base of the 3rd and the anterior
cross-vein, whilst there is a trace of grey suffusion over the distal
sides of the discal cell and over the posterior cross-vein. Halteres
blackish.

Length 9 million.

Described from a single perfect female from Kurseong, 5. ix. 09
(Annandale).

Type in the Indian Museum.

The peculiarity of this species is the length of the 2nd, 3rd,
and 4th veins, due to the 2nd vein originating much nearer the
base of the wing than is usual, thus giving the wing some
resemblance at a casual glance to that of a Libnotes.

292. Limnobia centralis, sp. noy.

,5 5 . Head grey ; f rons very narrow, whitish grey, Proboscis
and palpi dark brown, moderately pubescent. Antennae dark
brownish yellow, the ultimate joint elongated, sometimes giving
the appearance of the antennae being 15-jointed. Thorax varying
from greyish brown to claret-brown ; no obvious dorsal stripes.
Scutellum, metanotum, and sides of thorax coucolorous, the
scutellum a little yellowish. Abdomen blackish, a little pubescent
at the sides. Genitalia concolorous, considerably pubescent ; an
upper oblong moderate-sized plate, a small ventral one, a pair of
large bifid claspers and a pair of pointed chitiuous organs bearing

404 TIPULID.E.

red hairs at their tips. Ovipositor yellowish. Legs yellowish,
paler or darker ; femora sometimes brown. Wings narrow,
long, clear, iridescent, immaculate, without stigma. Auxiliary
vein ending half-way between base of 2nd longitudinal and the
marginal cross-vein, which latter is placed at nearly two-thirds of
the length of the marginal cell ; the 2nd vein beginning some
distance before the middle of the wing ; the preef urea being less
than half as long as the remaining portion of the vein ; basal part
of 3rd vein oblique, twice as long as anterior cross-vein ; disca
cell more than twice as long as broad, upper and lower sides
nearly parallel, the cell not so long as the 2nd and 3rd posterior
cells ; posterior cross-vein almost exactly in the centre of the
discal cell ; seventh vein short ; all the veins running to the
distal margin of the wing parallel. Halteres dirty pale yellow,
clubs blackish.

Length 6-7| millim.

Described from two males and two females from Kurseong,
18-23. vi. 10 (Annandale}.

Types in the Indian Museum.

The position of the posterior cross-vein at the middle of the
discal cell will differentiate this species from all other Oriental
ones in the genus except L. nigra and L. longinervis, from each of
which it is easily recognised by the entirely clear wings.

293. Limnobia niveipes, sp. nov.

§ . Head wholly black ; antennae wholly black, with very short
pubescence. Thorax wholly dull black, with very few hairs.
Traces of a very narrow white line between prothorax and anterior
margin of dorsum. Scutellum, metanotum, and sides of thorax
wholly dull black. Abdomen wholly dull black, nearly bare
(possibly rubbed). Ovipositor black, small, the tip yellowish.
Legs black, except the tarsi, which (with the exception of the
metatarsal joint) are snow-white. Wings dark grey. Auxiliary
vein ending before half the distance between the origin of the
2nd longitudinal vein and the tip of the 1st vein ; venation as in
L. indica, except that the posterior cross-vein is placed a little
before the discal cell. Stigma oval, dark brown. Halteres
blackish.

Length 6 millim.

Described from one female taken by me at Darjiling, 28. v. 10,
on the hillside.

Type in the Indian Museum.

This species is easily distinguished from all other eastern species
by its snow-white tarsi.

294. Limnobia nigra, sp. nov.

c? $ . Head blackish, with black hairs behind ; eyes nearly
contiguous ; proboscis and palpi black ; antenna? somewhat robust,

LIMNOBIA. 405

joints very distinct, black, with grey pubescence. Thorax dull
black, blackish brown, or blackish grey ; dorsum barely darker,
sutures barely lighter. Two widely separated rows of dorso-
ceiitral stiff hairs. Scutellum, metanotum, and sides of thorax
concolorous. Abdomen black, with a little very short golden grey
pubescence at the sides, and here and there on dorsura and belly,
the pubescence apparently sparser in the female. Belly dark
brown. Legs : coxa3 black, remainder of legs (including tro-
chanters) brownish yellow ; tips of tarsi blackish. Winys very
pale yellowish grey, nearly clear, iridescent. Auxiliary vein
ending above the fork of the 2nd longitudinal vein, which latter
originates before the middle of the wing, the praef urea being short,
considerably curved, and much less than half as long as the
remainder of the vein ; submai'ginal cell distinctly longer than the
1st posterior cell ; base of 3rd vein in a line with anterior cross-
vein and of about the same length ; discal cell twice as long as
broad, considerably shorter than the 2nd and 3rd posterior cells ;
posterior cross-vein situated just beyond middle of discal cell ; the
3rd vein and the veinlets of the 4th vein issuing from the discal
cell are all lined with very short hairs. Stigma over marginal
cross- vein (just beyond middle of marginal cell), small, brown,
narrow but distinct, yet with ill-defined edges. Halteres yellowish,
clubs blackish brown.

Length 6 millim.

Described from one male and two females taken at Pallode,
20 miles N.E. of Trivandrum, Travancore, 15. xi. 08 (Annan-
dale}.

Types in the Indian Museum.

The length of the longitudinal veins in the distal half of the
wing approximates the wing of this species to that of L. longi-.
nervis. The hairy veins are a character of this species.

295. Limnobia vitripennis, sp. nov.

$ . Head yellowish brown, including proboscis, paTpi, and
antennae, of which latter the scapal joints appear to be shortened
(head somewhat damaged). Thorax dark brownish yellow, dorsum
distinctly darker brown ; pleura slightly shining-. Abdomen
blackish grey, margins of segments broadly yellowish on under-
side. Ovipositor black, shining; valves reddish brown, short,
Legs brownish yellow ; tibiae a little darker. Wings pale grey,,
somewhat narrow, distinctly vitreous and iridescent. Auxiliary
vein ending at one-third of the distance between the origin of the
2nd longitudinal vein and the tip of the 1st ; the 2nd vein
originating at the middle of the wing, the prsefurca nearly as long
as the remaining portion ; basal part of 3rd vein longer than
anterior cross-vein ; discal cell not much longer than broad ;
posterior cross-vein distinctly before the discal cell. A brownish

400

spot over the marginal vein, and a less distinct one at the tip of
the 2nd vein.

Length 5 raillim.

Described from a female from Darjiling, taken by me on the
hillside, 30. ix. 08.

Type in the Indian Museum.

Somewhat easy to distinguish by its glassy iridescent wings.

296. Limnobia triangularis, sp. nov.

$ . Head : frons very wide, dark grey ; antennae brownish
yellow ; proboscis yellowish, palpi darker. Thorax yellowish,
with three light brown dorsal stripes of the usual pattern ; the
outer ones continued hindvvards to the posterior margin, the
median one running from the anterior margin to middle of the
•dorsum. Scutellum and metanotum brownish ; sides of thorax
yellowish, pleurae apparently not darker. Abdomen rather pale
yellowish : an indistinct narrow brown stripe on the posterior
imargins of most of the segments ; base of abdomen a little darker.
'Ovipositor moderate in size, yellow. Legs brownish yellow.
Wings clear. Auxiliary vein continued nearly as far as the
bifurcation of the 2nd vein ; the latter originating at some distance
before the middle of the wing, the prsefurca being much longer
than the remaining portion ; marginal cross-vein indistinct, opposite
anterior cross-vein ; basal part of 3rd vein about equal to anterior
^cross-vein ; discal cell twice as long as broad, equal in length to
the 2nd posterior cell ; 3rd posterior cell triangular ; posterior
cross-vein in a line with the base of the discal cell. Stigma
distinct, pale blackish, indistinctly outlined ; the 1st, 5th, and 7th
yeins somewhat pronounced. Halteres yellowish.

Length 3 millim.

Described from one specimen from Barogh, in the Simla hills,
5000 ft., taken by Dr. Annandale, 10. v. 10, at the edge of a
small stream.

Type in the Indian Museum.

Genus CERATOSTEPHANUS, Brun.

Ceratostephanus, Brunetti, Rec. Ind. Mus. vi, p. 271 (1911).

GENOTYPE, Ceratostephanus antennatus, Brun. ; by present
-designation.

General appearance and structure identical with those of
Limnobia, Mg., and Dicranomyia, Steph. Venation as in Limnobia,
•except that the auxiliary vein, ending a little beyond the middle
of the wing, is almost exactly opposite the origin of the 2nd
longitudinal vein, with the subcostal cross-vein at its tip.

Eyes closely touching on the upperside for the whole distance
from the vertex, also contiguous on the underside. Proboscis of

CERATOSTEPHANUS. 407

moderate length. Palpi stout, rather long, 4-jointed, 1st joint the
shortest. The second generic character of importance is the
extraordinary appendages to the antennae. The 1st scapal joint
is normal, moderately long, rather broader at the tip ; the 2nd is
large, wider, oval ; both joints with stiff hairs. The flagellum
consists of twelve elongate joints, each with a pair of diverging
strong long bristly hairs on the upperside, situated a little
beyond the base, and furnished on the underside at about the same
place with a pair of large elongate conspicuous palp-like pubescent
appendages. The legs are very thin and much lengthened.

Range. The genotype is the only species known.

The peculiar formation of the antenna? in this genus immediately
distinguishes it from all others known from the East. There is a
resemblance in the antennal appendages to "VVestwood's illustration
of Ozodicera gracilis,* "Westw., but that genus belongs to the
subfamily TIPTJLIN.E.

297. Ceratostephanus antennatus, Brun. (PI. XI, fig. 17.)

Ceratostephanus antennatus, Brunetti, Ilec. lud. Mus. vi; p. 272
(1911).

d1 . Head blackish at the back, with a few bristles. Owing to-
the construction of the eyes, which are absolutely contiguous from
the vertex downwards, there is no frons, but a row of irregular-
sized bristles set between the eyes shows the only line of demarca-
tion between them. Proboscis brown ; palpi dark brown, pubescent^
1st joint the shortest, the others comparatively long. Antennae
with the 1st scapal joint elongate, broader at tip, 2nd enlarged
considerably, oval, both with stiff hairs. The flagellum of twelve
elongated cylindrical pale yellow joints, each with a pair of strong
long diverging bristles on the upperside just beyond the base ; on
the underside, at about the same place are two dark brown
elongate palp-like processes, very conspicuous, pendant, and of
considerable size, with whitish pubescence. Thorax brownish,
darker on the dorsum ; scutellum and metanotum of similar colour.
Abdomen brownish yellow, sides of abdomen and posterior margins
of segments distinctly blackish; belly similar. Genitalia con-
sisting of a pair of large linear fleshy claspers of two joints of
equal length and size, below which is a horny narrow elongate
style, apparently immovable. Legs brownish yellow ; tips of
femora and tarsi barely darker. Wings : venation as in typical
Limnobia, except that the auxiliary vein ends just above the
origin of the 2nd longitudinal vein, with the subcostal cross-vein
at its tip. Colour of wing almost clear, with very numerous very
small pale grey spots and short streaks covering the surface ; a
very slightly darker grey, just sufficient to be perceptible, over
the cross- veins, the origin of the 2nd vein, tip of 1st vein, tip of

* Trans. Ent. Soc. Loud. 1881, pi. xviii, fig. 8.

408 TIPT7LID.E.

7th vein, and at two places on the costa, the first nearly basal,
the second opposite the tip of the 7th vein ; in all the darker grey
spots along the costa the 1st longitudinal vein is black ; in the
rest of the wing the veins are generally brownish, but here and
there for a short distance they are sometimes pale yellow, some-
times black. Halteres pale yellowish, clubs barely darker.

Length 4 millim.

Described from a single male from Simla, 24. iv. 07 (Annandale).

Type in the Indian Museum.

Genus ATYPOPHTHALMUS, Brim.
Atypophthalmus, Brunetti, Rec. Ind. Mus. vi, p. 273 (1911).

GENOTYPE, Atypophthalmus Jiolopticus, Brim. ; by present
designation.

Allied to Limnobia, Mg., from which it differs only in the
eyes being absolutely contiguous in both sexes from the vertex to
half-way to the base of the antenna ; they are also contiguous on
the lower side in both sexes. There is a distinct neck ; the
proboscis is about half the height of the head ; the male genitalia
are large and conspicuous.

298. Atypophthalmus holopticus, Bmn. (PI. XI, fig. 9.)

Atypophthalmm holopticus, Brunetti, Rec. Ind. Mus. vi, p. 273
(1911).

3 $ . Head : vertex and back of head yellowish grey, with long
stiff hairs. Eyes contiguous above in both sexes for a considerable
distance, below which is a very narrow short grey frons ; they
are also contiguous on the underside ; the surface of the eyes is
concave.* Proboscis, palpi, and antennae brownish yellow or pale
brown, the joints subcylindrical, a little elongated; the last joint
attenuated, constricted towards the tip, making it appear almost
like two joints. Thorax : dorsum brownish yellow, with three
brownish oval spots, the upper one taking the place of the usual
median stripe, situated just in front of the suture, but only
extending half-way to the anterior margin ; the other two spots
placed behind the suture in the usual position. Scutellum of the
same colour as these spots ; sides of thorax and metanotum
brownish yellow, the centre of the latter brownish, a lateral dark
brown stripe across the pleura. Abdomen of male blackish ; of female
more dark brownish, shining. Belly of male with the basal part of
the basal segments yellowish ; in the female, belly almost wholly
yellowish. Genital organs of male large, conspicuous, and complex :

* This may be accidental, or due to shrinking after death, but the specimens
are in perfect condition otherwise, and show no trace of damage, moreover the
feature indicated is present in both eyes of both specimens.

ATYPOPHTHALMUS. — LIBXOTES. 409

a large squarish brown dorsal plate, with the corners rounded and
the hind margin einarginate, with stiff black hairs on its clorsum
and long yellow hairs on the hind margin ; the large first joint of
the claspers is irregularly shaped, longer than broad, narrower
apically, where from an invaginated recess issue from each joint a
strong black hook and a moderately long, cylindrical, yellowish
appendage of softer texture, with a hairy tip ; a very distinct
inner pair of two- jointed claspers, the first joint approximately
ovate, narrower at the tip, the 2nd joint evidently hard, horny,
shining brown, in the shape of a long hook ; there is also a peculiar,
large central piece, apparently fleshy, yellowish in colour, with an
obtuse tip which reaches posteriorly not beyond the 1st joint of
the inner pair of claspers ; this central piece enlarged below into
a sort of cup-shaped cavity faciug hindwards, and apparently
attached to the root of the hypopygium immediately above the
ventral V-shaped plate.* Ovipositor of the female apparently
normal but somewhat large, especially the basal portion. Legs
brownish yellow, tips of femora darker. Wings pale grey ; venation
practically normal. Auxiliary vein ending nearly half-way between
the beginning of the 2nd vein and the tip of the 1st longitudinal
vein ; discal cell nearly square, about as long as the 2nd and 3rd
posterior cells, its inner side in a direct line with the posterior
cross-vein. Stigma distinct but ill-defined, blackish ; a faint small
infuscation at the base of the 2nd vein. Halteres yellow ; clubs
blackish.

Length 4^-5 millim.

Described from a male and female taken by Dr. Annandale
in Calcutta, the male (8. ix. 10) in a spider's web, the female
(20. viii. 09) in the house, at night.

Types in the Indian Museum.

Genus LIBNOTES, Westw.
Libnotes, Westwood, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1876, p. 505.

GENOTYPE, Libnotes tlnvaitesiana, Westw., by original
designation.

Head small, placed on a short neck, rounded, mainly occupied
by the, eyes which are more or less contiguous above and below
the antennae. Proboscis comparatively short : palpi short,
4-jointed. Antennae comparatively short; slender, 14-jointed,
the 2nd scapal joint very short ; flagellar joints with a single
long hair on the upperside only of each joint. Thorax compact,
oval, without conspicuous hairs. Abdomen short, depressed, linear,
about twice as long as the thorax. Genitalia small in male, short
and pointed in female. Legs very long and thin, microscopically

Beg

* This so-called ventral plate appears to be the sternum of the eighth
•ment.

410 TIPULID.E.

pubescent. Wings narrow, long, about one and a half times to
twice the length of the abdomen. One marginal, one sub-
marginal, and four posterior cells, and the discal cell always
present ; auxiliary vein ending at the middle of the wing, the 1st
longitudinal at a little further beyond still ; the 2nd longitudinal
beginning before the middle of the wing at a moderately wide
angle, and shortly after its origin taking a sudden angular turn
upwards, thence running in a gentle curve to the margin near the
tip of the wing ; the 3rd vein beginning just below the 2nd, and
after the short basal part, running approximately parallel with
that vein to the wing-tip or just below it ; the anterior cross-vein
in a line with the basal part of the 3rd vein and placed at the
proximal corner of the discal cell, which is considerablv elongate,
three or four times as long as broad ; the 4th vein has the upper
branch forked at the middle of the discal cell, the lower branch
simple, bisinuate, all the three branches being approximately
parallel to the 2nd and 3rd veins ; posterior cross-vein at about
the middle of the discal cell ; the 5th, 6th, and 7th longitudinal
veins more or less straight ; subcostal cross-vein at tip of auxiliary
vein ; marginal cross-vein always present and distinct, placed at
about the tip of the 1st longitudinal, dividing the marginal ceh1
into two more or less equal portions.

Range. The genus is known onlv from the Orient and Australia
except for a single species, L. poeciloptera, Os. Sac., which extends
from Sumatra to Japan.

Owing to the peculiar venation of this genus dipterologists were
puzzled for some time as to its correct place in the family ; but
Osten Sacken pointed out that the wing represented what might
be termed an exaggerated form of Limnolia, the same cells being
present, but through the unusual approximation of the origin of
the 2nd and 3rd veins, the anterior cross-vein and discal ceU
towards the base of the wing, the posterior cells are ah! greatly
elongated, which gives the wing its characteristic appearance.
Judging from the four or five species I have seen the venation
appears remarkably constant.

Table of Species.

1. Wing clear ; body wholly bright orange . . rufa, Meij., p. 414.
Wing with distinct marks, body grey or

dull brownish yellow 2.

2. Wing-marks on longitudinal veins of con-

siderable length, though very narrow . . fuscinervix, sp. nv p. 411.
Wing-marks on longitudinal veins reduced
to very small spots 3.

3. Surface of wing with a few very pale

grey spots, sufficiently large to reach

from one vein to another notatinervis, sp. n., p. 412.

Surface of wing without such pale grey
spots punctipennis, Meij.,p. 413.

LIBNOTES. 411

299. Libnotes fuscinervis, sp. nov. (PI. VIII, fig. 5 ; PI. XI,
fig. 8.)

c? . Head : the distinct narrow frons and face, and the whole
of the back part of the head bright yellow, with a very slight
brownish tinge. Proboscis and palpi brownish. Anteunal scape
yellow ; 1st joint long, cylindrical, 2nd short, broadly cup-shaped ;
flagellum of twelve oval black joints, slightly pubescent. Thorax :
neck pale fawn, sides light brown. Dorsum of thorax pale fawn,
with a wide light brown median stripe from the anterior border
to the suture, where it stops abruptly, being slightly subdivided,
and with a spot on each side of it ; a brown band from the root
of the wing to anterior border of thorax ; the brown colour on
the dorsum covering the whole of the thorax behind the suture,
also that of the scutellum and metanotum, except for a broad
yellowish fawn median stripe ending on the scutellar hind border ;
sides of thorax yellowish grey with light brown marks. Abdomen
light brownish yellow ; posterior borders of segments a little
lighter, distinct ; belly blackish with a pale median stripe. The
genital organs of considerable complexity : a dorsal plate, wide at
the base, narrowing to nearly half its width at about half its
length, where it is also much depressed (giving the appearance of
two doorsteps, the lower one much the narrower) ; a pair of thick
claspers, of two joints of nearly equal length, approximately
ovate but of somewhat irregular shape, the second of which
appears to possess four slender appendages, a long and a shorter
slightly curved tooth-like spine, a smaller two-jointed finger-like
piece, and a strong short curved black-tipped tooth-like spine ;
the 1st joint of the claspers bearing at its base a short thumb-like
piece towards its inner side ; a ventral plate, narrow, and slightly
contracted just before its tip. The whole genital organ is
brownish yellow and bears very few hairs. Legs brownish yellow,
microscopically serrate ; femora with a narrow ring just before
the tip ; tibiae and tarsi blackish at extreme tips. Wings pale
grey, fore border and anterior part at tip yellowish. Submarginal
cell divided by a cross-vein just before the middle, a little before
the marginal cross-vein which latter exactly divides the marginal
cell ; this feature has not been mentioned in connection with any
other species. With this exception the venation agrees precisely
with that of L. notata, Wulp (Tijd. Ent. xxi, pi. xii, fig. 5). The
veins, for the greater part of their length, carry dark brown
narrow suffusions, which (judging by the three examples before
me) appear to be regular in their distribution although varying
in intensity. The darkened portions are as follows : — the tips of
both the auxiliary and 1st longitudinal veins ; all the cross-veins,
and, for a short distance, the parts of the longitudinal veins con
nected by them ; the praafurca ; the basal fourth and last fourth
(except the extreme tip) of 2nd vein, also more or less of this

412 TIPULID^E.

vein in he region of the cross-veins ; the basal third of 3rd longi-
tudinal vein ; approximately the distal boundary of the discal
cell ; the distal half of the anterior branch of the 4th vein (after
quitting the discal cell) ; very narrowly along the 5th vein ; the
posterior margin of wing more or less from the tip of the 5th vein
to the wing-tip ; the base and tip of 7th vein, and, in a less
distinct manner, a spot or two about the wing-base.

Length 10 millim.

Described from a type male in the Indian Museum from Dar-
jiling 9. viii. 09 (Paiva), with a second from the same ' place,
5. viii. 09, and a third taken there by me, 22. ix. 08.

L. fuscinervis would come in Osten Sacken's table of the
Oriental species of Libnotes (Berl. Ent. Zeits. xxxi, p. 182) next
to L. quadrifurca, Walk., from which it is distinguished by the
cross-vein in the submarginal cell, and by the inner end of the
2nd posterior cell being much nearer the base of the wing than
that of the 3rd ; also the dark marks in the Mings are confined
to the veins, showing no signs of forming rings, as in Walker's
species.

300. Libnotes notatinervis, sp. nov. (PI. VIII, fig. 7.)

§ . Head and frons mainly blackish brown ; eyes almost con-
tiguous, leaving a dark brownish yellow interval, facets small.
Antenna with only sparse short hairs. Neck rather bright reddish
yellow, a little darker here and there. Thorax with anterior
part of dorsum and two large oval spots behind the suture dark
brown, the spots separated by a rather wide yellowish white
depression, joined to the scutellum, which is uniformly of the
same colour. Sides dark yellowish brown ; metanotum shining,
very dark blackish brown. Abdomen brownish yellow, the major
portion of each segment from the base blackish. Ovipositor dark
yellowish brown, with a little light pubescence, rather large.
Legs yellow ; a subapical, rather narrow, distinct but not deep,
black ring on all the femora; tips of tarsi blackish. Wings:
venation as in L. notata, Wulp ; clear, costal cell yellowish ; veins
yellow, marked with pale grey round and oval spots, on which
spots the veins become black and in some oases lightly inf uscated.
The more conspicuous of these spots are placed as follows : — at the
base of the pra3furca ; a spot extending from the tip of the
auxiliary vein to the 2nd longitudinal vein ; a spot encircling the
tip of the 1st vein and the marginal cross-vein ; an oval spot at
the tip of the 2nd vein ; several, more or less united, along the basal
half of the 3rd vein, one in the anterior basal cell ; along the
hind margin of the 4th posterior cell ; the apical portion of the
5th vein and the distal half of the 7th vein. Along the rest of
the veins similar (possibly irregular) small grey spots are placed.
Halteres yellowish brown.

Length 8 millim.

LIBNOTES. 413

Described from a unique female in the Indian Museum taken
by Dr. Annandale at Kurseong, Dariiling district, 5000 ft.
6. ix. 09.

Both this species and the following one, L. punctipennis,
would be associated in Osten Sacken's table with his own species,
L. pceciloptera, and with Walker's L, strir/ivena* As only one
specimen is present it is impossible to say how far the markings
of the wing are constant ; hut judging from my limited expe-
rience in the other species, the markings of any particular species
appear to vary more in intensity than in pattern.

301. Libnotes punctipennis, Meij. (PI. VIII, fig. 6.)

Libnotes punctipennis, Meijere, Tijd. Ent. liv, p. 35 (1911).

<3 $ . Head with eyes nearly contiguous ; occiput and the
very narrow interocular space yellowish grey, the former with a
few pale yellow hairs. Proboscis and palpi blackish. Antennal
scape black, 1st joint slightly incrassated towards the tip ; flagel-
luin yellow, the joints subglobular at the base, becoming much
more elongated towards the tip.t Tliorax rather elongated in
front, the shoulders considerably depressed. Pale yellowish, with
whitish reflections when viewed from certain directions ; with four
brown stripes of moderate width on the dorsum : the median
pair close together, and joined in front for some distance before
reaching the anterior margin ; outer stripes much abbreviated in
front, and widely interrupted at the mesonotal suture, reappear-
ing beyond it as a pair of elongated spots ; the median stripes
not going beyond the suture ; traces of a brownish mark behind
each shoulder. Sides of thorax pale yellowish, a narrow brown
stripe along the side of the neck reaching to the base of the
wing, and a brownish horizontal streak on the pleurae ; scutellum
pale yellowish, slightly brownish at sides ; metauotum brownish.
Abdomen yellowish brown, with a little pale pubescence ; 1st
segment at sides broadly, remaining segments at sides narrowly,
and part of the dorsum of some of the segments, dark brown ;
belly more or less similar. Ovipositor rather conspicuous,
yellowish brown. Leys brownish yellow ; tips of femora slightly
thickened, rather broadly dark brown ; tips of tibiae just per-
ceptibly darker ; tips of tarsi darker. Wings clear ; venation as
in L. notata, Wulp ; the markings somewhat resembling those of
L. notatinervis, the veins carrying numerous small pale grey spots,
mostly circular or oval ; veins yellow, except on the spots, when
they become black. Slight blackish infuscations are placed as
follows: — at the base of the praefurca; tip of 1st longitudinal,

* Berl. Ent. Zeits. xxxi, p. 182 (1887).

t The prolongation of the 12th joint of the flagellum "simulating a 15th
joint " according to Osten Sacken, is very distinct, though quite short.

414 TIPULID^E.

including marginal cross-vein ; tip of 2nd vein ; tip of anterior
branch of 4th ; tips of 5th and 7th veins ; base of 3rd vein,
the spot extending over the anterior cross-vein ; and the posterior
cross-vein. Halteres pale yellow, tips of knobs black.

Length 8 rnillirn.

Hedescribed from two males and two females in the Indian
Museum, from Darjiling, 6. viii. 09 (Paiva) ; Mazbat, Mangaldai
district, Assam, 11-15. x. 30 (Kemp) • and Peradeniya, Ceylon,
5. viii. 10 and J5. x. 09 (Green). There is a female in the Vienna
Museum, also from Ceylon.

Type c? in the Amsterdam Museum.

Meijere described only the male. The species varies con-
siderably in size.

302. Libnotes rufa, Meij.

Libnotes rufa, Meijere, Tijd. Ent. liv, p. 39 (1911).

S $ . Head bright orange-yellow ; proboscis and palpi brown ;
antennae formed as in L. fuscinervis, dark brown, except the
brownish yellow scape. Thorax and abdomen, with belly, bright
orange-yellow ; dorsum of abdomen with the faintest trace
of a very narrow black line. Genitalia resembling those of
L. fuscinervis, with a rather small, narrowly conical organ between
the claspers and the ventral sheath. Legs mainly pale orange-
yellow ; fore femora black on distal three-fourths, posterior femora
black towards tips ; tarsi black at tips. Wings clear grey ; costal
cell, as far as the dark brown stigma, and base of wing
orange-yellow in male, black or blackish in female ; veins con-
colorous. Venation as in L. notata, Wulp. Halteres yellow;
clubs black.

Length 11 millim.

Eedescribed from specimens in the Indian Museum from
Calcutta, 5. viii. 08 (Annandale), and Peradeniya, Ceylon, 13 and
17. vii. 10 (Gravely) ; also from two in my own collection from
Calcutta, taken by me. Mr. E. E. Green has also sent specimens
for identification from Ceylon.

Type 5 in the Amsterdam Museum.

In Osten Sacken's table of Oriental species the present one
would be separated from L. imponens, Walk, by the orange-yellow
(not piceous) abdomen, the yellow veins and the absence of the
long black stigma ; but this latter character would not so easily
distinguish the female. Meijere described only the female (from
Java), but there can be little doubt, the male attributed here to
his species is really the other sex, being quite identical in all
respects except for the striking difference in the colour of the
costal cell. In this species, in the specimens that have come
before me at least, the 1st longitudinal vein seems to fade away
at its tip instead of turning up as usual into the costa, and as the

KHAMPHIDIINI. 415

marginal cross-vein is quite distinct and meets the 1st longitudinal
in a curve, tbe appearance is given of the 1st longitudinal distinctly
turning down into the 2nd vein as in the

Section BHAMPHIDIINL

Proboscis normally conspicuously produced,* sometimes short
(Atarba). Antennae usually 16-jointed, in one genus (Toxorhina)
only 12-jointed. The wings with one submarginal cell (none in
Toxorhina) and four posterior cells ; the discal cell closed in all
the Oriental genera except Orimarga. The auxiliary vein ends
generally about the middle of the wing; it is longer in Antocha
and Orimarga, but barely apparent in Gymnastes. The marginal
cross-vein is present in Teucholabis, Gymnasles, and Orimarga,
being placed about the middle of the marginal cell ; it is feeble in
Antocha ; absent in Atarba. Toxorhina, and Rhamphidia. Posterior
cross-vein situated before the discal cell or before its middle ; in
Orimarga placed very far back making the 4th posterior cell as long
as the 2nd basal cell. The rest of the venation normally typical.

This is somewhat of a heterogeneous group still, and was classed
by Osten Sacken amongst his LIMXOBIKA ANOMALA, which were
admittedly the genera that would not naturally fit into any of the
other divisions of the family.

Table of Genera.

1. Proboscis conspicuously prolonged, at least as

long as head ; no marginal cross-vein . . RHAMPHIDIA, Mg.,
Proboscis shorter than head ; marginal cross- [p. 416.

vein usually present 2.

2. No submargiual cell TOXORHIXA, Lw.,

A submarginal cell present 3. [p. 420.

3. Discal cell absent ORIMARGA, Os. Sac.,

Discal cell present 4. Tp. 423.

4. No submargiual cross-vein ATARBA, Os. Sac.,

A submarginal cross- vein normally present, [p. 434.

though sometimes faint 5.

5. Submarginal cell as long as or very little

longer than the 1st pasterior cell 6.

Submarginal cell much longer than 1st

posterior cell ANTOCHA, Os. Sac.,

6. The 2nd posterior cell rectangular (approxi- [p. 425.

mately) at base ; hind femora not clubbed. TEUCHOLABIS, Os. Sac.,
The 2nd posterior cell pointed at base ; hind [p. 427.

femora distinctly clubbed towards tip GYMNASTES, gen. nov.,

[p. 432.

* In one genus, Elephant omi/ia, Os. Sac., which is Oriental but not Indian,
the proboscis is enormously prolonged to a length much greater than that of
the body. It may be noted here that in this genus the antennae are apparently
15-jointed, owing to the coalescence of the two basal joints of the flagellum.

416 TIPULIDJE.

Genus RHAMPHIDIA, Mg.

Rhamphidia, Meigen, Syst. Besch. vi, p. 281 (1830) ; Schiner, Fauna
Austr, ii, p. 558 (1864) ; Osten Sacken, Monog. Dipt. N. Am. iv,
p. 103 (1869).

Megurhina, St. Fargeau, Encycl. Meth., Ins. x, p. 585 (1825).

Helius, St. Fargeau, op. cit. x, p. 831 (1825).

Leptorhina, Stephens, Cat. Brit. Ins. ii, p, 243 (1829).

GENOTYPE, Limnobia longirostris, Mg. ; by designation of AVest-
wood(1840).

Head: eyes sepai-ated above by a narrow front, nearly con-
tiguous on underside of head. Proboscis elongate, longer than
the head, but shorter than the head and thorax together, mode-
rately stout, palpi situated at its tip ; their first two joints
very short, the 3rd but little longer, the 4th linear, slender,
about as long as the first three taken together ; when at rest,
the tip of the proboscis, pointing backwards, reaches but very
little behind the root of the 1st joint.* The antennae, if bent
backwards, would not quite reach the root of the wings; 16-
jointed, 1st scapal joint long, 2nd subglobular, both conspicuous ;
flagellum somewhat incrassated at its base, the joints subcylin-
drical, short, more elongated towards the tip, verticels moderately
long. Thorax somewhat broad in front, prolonged into a short
but distinct neck; thoracic suture deep. Abdomen normal.
Genital organs of the male consisting of a basal plate, a pair of
claspers ending in two horny hooks on each clasper. Ovipositor
of female of the usual structure. Leys long, slender, finely
pubescent ; tibiae without spurs at tip ; empodia indistinct, ungues
smooth. Wings moderately long, broader or narrower in different
species ; with one submarginal cell, four posterior cells, and a
discal cell ; 2nd longitudinal vein not forked. The auxiliary vein
ending opposite the inner end of the submarginal cell, sometimes
in the costa, sometimes turned down at the tip into the 1st
longitudinal at some distance anterior to the tip of the latter.
Subcostal cross-vein, when present, at tip of auxiliary vein ; some-
times obsolete ; t no marginal cross-vein ; stigma present or

* This is according to Osten Sacken, referring to the North American
species B.flavipes, as examined by him in a living specimen. He adds that
Meigen's illustration (Syst. Besch. vi, pi. Ixv, fig. 8) gives a correct impression
of the palpi, so presumably the characters are sufficiently definite to regard
them as generic.

t Osten Sacken says " in some specimens the subcostal cross-vein is obsolete ;
in such cases the auxiliary vein ends in the 1st longitudinal and not in the
costa." Whether by the use of the word " specimens " and not species he intends
to infer that this occurrence is adventitious, is not clear. In one of the two
Oriental species (E. ferruginea, Brun.), the auxiliary vein ends in the 1st
longitudinal vein just beyond the proximal end of the submarginal cell, at a
considerable distance beyond the origin of the 2nd vein, and some distance
before the tip of the 1st vein.

BHAMPHIDIA. 417

absent ; the 2nd longitudinal vein beginning about the middle of
the wing (somewhat before the middle in It. ferruginea) ; preefurca
longer than the remainder of the 2nd vein, but sometimes longer,
sometimes shorter than the 3rd vein ; the 3rd vein gently curved
or straight ; the submarginal cell broader at the tip than at the
base ; * basal part of 3rd vein very short (almost punctiform
in ferruginea). Occasionally the anterior cross-vein is absent,
and when this is the case the submarginal cell is in direct
contact with the discal cell.t Discal cell approximately oblong,
or of irregular shape ; posterior cross-vein just beyond base
of discal cell ; the 5th, 6th, and 7th longitudinal veins gently
curved.

Range. Europe, AVest Indies, South America, Australia, and
the East.

This genus is very closely allied to El&phantomyia, Os. Sac., of
which four species are known to exist in the Orient, although it
does not appear to have been taken within the region covered
by the present volume. The principal difference is that in
Elephantomyia the proboscis is very slender and enormously
prolonged, to a length equal to that of the whole body ; the
palpi being extremely small and very easily overlooked, and
placed near the tip of the proboscis. The venation is almost the
same as in llhamphidia, including the absence of the marginal
cross-vein.

Life-history. — The larva of one European species (H. longi-
rostris, Mg.) lives in the stems of Rumex aquaticus according to
Mr. Gercke, who believes that it lives under water.J

Four species were recorded by Loew from Prussian amber
(' Bernst. u. Bernst.-f'auna'), but Osten Sacken noted that he had
not seen them himself and that they might not belong to this
genus in his acceptation of it.

Two other names have been suggested to supplant the name
Nhampliidia for this genus : Megarhina, St. Fargeau (1825),
which in the index to the same volume he changed to
Eelius ; while Stephens in 1829 proposed Leptorhina (in
Curtis's British Entomology) for the European species longi-
rostris. Meigen described the genus under its present name in
1830 (Syst. Besch. vi, p. 281), and it is very satisfactory to at least
the author of the present work, to find that the wholesale icono-

* In 7?. flavipes, Macq., a North American species, very much broader, owing
to the wide divergence of tde 2nd and 3rd longitudinal veins.

t This occurs in the European/?, longirostris, VVied., and the North American
R. flavipes, Macq. The almost punctiform nature of the junction of the
3rd vein with the 2nd in B. ferruginea foreshadows the disappearance of the
anterior cross-vein altogether, as happens in the two non-Oriental species noted
here.

\ Verb. Ver. naturw. Unterhaltung, Hamburg, vi (1880).

418

TIPTJLID.E.

clastic overthrowing of names established in some cases for nearly
a century, indulged in by some present day writers, has spared
a well-known genus here and there.

Table of Species.

1. Larger species, 6£ millim.
Smaller species, 4 millim.

2. Pale yellow species

Darker species

ferruginosa, sp. n., p. 418.

unicolor, sp. n., p. 419.
inconspicua, sp. n., p. 419.

view of head.

303. Rhamphidia ferruginosa, sp. nov. (PI. VIII, fig. 8 ; PI. XI,
fig. 11.)

c? . Head, with neck, brownish yellow, slightly pubescent ;
eyes nearly contiguous. Proboscis brownish yellow ; palpi darker,
comparatively narrow. Antenna brownish yellow, with a row of
bristly hairs on the 2nd scapal joint, which
is rather large, and with normal pubes-
cence on the flagellum. Thorax: dorsum
and sides, scutellum and rnetanotum
ferruginous brown, nearly bare, mode-
rately shining ; traces of a vei-y narrow-
bright yellow line below the margin of
the dorsum anteriorly. Abdomen dark
brown, with a little pale yellow pubes-
cence ; belly ferruginous. Genitalia
yellowish brown, only a large pair of

claspers terminating in black hooks being perceptible. Leys
yellowish brown. Wings clear. The 1st longitudinal vein ending
gradually in the costa at about two-thirds the length of the wing ;
auxiliary vein lying very close to the 1st vein, and only perceptible
towards its tip, it being nearly as long as the 1st longitudinal ;
praefurca nearly straight, the remainder of the vein taking a wide
sweep upward, distinctly curved, a little longer than the praa-
furca, ending some distance beyond the tip of the 1st vein ; the
3rd vein originating at the tip of the praefurca, its basal portion
almost punctiform ; anterior cross-vein moderately long ; discal
cell oblong, the three veinlets issuing equidistantly from it, nearly
straight, approximately parallel ; posterior cross-vein at base of
discal cell. Halteres pale, knob brown.
Length 6| millim.

Described from one specimen from the base of the Dawna
Hills, Lower Burma, 2. iii. 08 (Annandale).

EH AMPHIBIA. 419

Type in the Indian Museum.

Osten Sacken (Monog. Dipt. N. Araer. iv, p. 104) notes the
varying position of the 3rd vein in some European and North
American species, on account of which the anterior cross-vein is
at times obliterated. Such a species (R.flavipes, Macq.) is figured
by Needham.

304. Rhamphidia unicolor, sp. nov.

J . Head with the eves approximate, leaving a distinct yellowish-
grey, moderately narrow I'rons. Proboscis light brownish yellow,
with golden yellow pubescence ; palpi concolorous, with similar
pubescence. Antennal scape brownish yellow, nearly bare, joints
elongate ; flagellum blackish, vrith grey pubescence, the joints
gradually becoming attenuated. Xeck long, pale whitish yellow.
Thorax pale shining yellow, with a slight trace of a narrow median
darker line ; sides coucolorous, less shining. Abdomen pale yellow
with whitish pubescence ; belly of similar colour, as are also the
inconspicuous and apparently normal genitalia. Leys wholly pale
yellow, barely darker towards the tips of the tarsi. Wings pale
yellow, veins deeper yellow. Venation differing from that of the
previous species by the greater length of the basal portion of the
3rd longitudinal vein, the anterior cross-vein being about as long
as in K. ferruginosa ; the discal cell shorter, and more nearly
square. Halteres yellowish white.

Length 4 rnillim.

Described from a single specimen from Darjiling, 8. viii. 09
(Paiva).

Type in the Indian Museum.

In the slightly different length of the basal portion of the 3rd
longitudinal vein, we see in this species an approach towards the
extinction of the anterior cross-vein referred to by Osten Sacken as
characteristic of certain European and North American species.

305. Rhamphidia inconspicua, sp. nov.

(J . Head blackish grey ; frons apparently about one-fifth the
width of the head (the eyes being crushed inwards). Proboscis
about as long as the head, dark brownish yellow, the black palpi,
which are rather small, situated at its tip. Basal joint of
flagellum ovate, the remainder long and slender, very in-
distinctly separated. Thorax: upper surface wholly moderately
light yellowish brown, the sides dirty yellowish. Abdomen
dirty yellowish, pubescent. Genitalia dirty brownish yellow,
large, apparently normal. Legs dark broAvnish yellow, lighter
on the coxae and at the base of the femora. Wings nearly
clear. The auxiliary vein ending in the 1st longitudinal at two-
thirds the length of the wing, the subcostal cross-vein being

2E

420 TIPULIDJS.

absent ; the 1st longitudinal vein ending at a little beyond three-
fourths the length of the wing ; the 2nd longitudinal originating
about the middle of the wing (the praefurca barely half its entire
length) taking a sudden bend upwards at the origin of the 3rd
vein, which latter is in a straight line with the praefurca, and ending
at the wing-tip ; anterior cross-vein distinct, moderately long,
placed at the corner of the discal cell ; 1st posterior cell with
approximately parallel sides ; discal cell almost oblong, shorter
than the 2nd and 3rd posterior cells, of which the former is much
the narrower, the latter widening at the \viug-margin ; posterior
cross-vein in a line with inner side of discal cell ; 5th, 6th, and
7th longitudinal veins almost straight ; no marginal cross-vein.
Halteres yellowish.

Length 4 millim.

Described from a single male from Kurseong, 16. iv. 11 (Annan-
dale).

Type in the Indian Museum.

The form of venation shown in this species, i. e., the absence of
the subcostal cross-vein and the ending of the auxiliary vein in
the 1st longitudinal, is distinctly noted by Osten Sacken in his
monograph of the North American TIPULIDJE BREVIPALPI. The
absence of the marginal cross-vein is a generic character. The
abnormal slenderness of the last few joints of the antennae is
very striking.

Genus TOXORHINA, Lw.

ToxorMna, Loew, Linn. Entom. v, p. 400 (1851).
Limnubiorhynchus, Westwood. Ana. Soc. Ent. France, (1) iv. p. 683
(1835).

GENOTYPE, Toxorhina fragilis, Loew ; by designation of Osten
Sacken, after a controversy. Loew originally described three
fossil species, presumably more or less inadequately, and subse-
quently the existing species, T. fragilis.

Head : eyes slightly emarginate ; frons narrow or very narrow.
Proboscis slender, linear, practically bare, about one and a half
times as long as the head and thorax together ; the palpi are
situated at its tip, very minute, their joints almost coalescent.
Antennae 12-jointed, hardly longer than the head ; the 1st scapal
joint very short, shorter in male than in female, the 2nd ioint
longer and much stouter, obconical ; the 1st joint of the flagellum
incrassate, possibly formed by the coalescence of two or three
others, more or less rounded in male, more elongate, subconical in
female, the remaining joints filiform ; the two apical joints in the
male elongate, slender, and longer than the preceding ones, this
difference not being so accentuated in the female; the inter-
mediate joints cylindrical, the basal ones, after the 1st flagellar

TOXORHINA. 421

joint, sometimes broader than long ; the scape with a few short
bristles, the flagellum practically bare, the apical joints with a few
long bristly hairs on the upperside.* Thorax rather long, and
" remarkable for the great and unusual development of the
mesosternura, in consequence of which the fore coxae are at a
considerable distance from the intermediate ones ; the collare
is entirely concealed under the projecting gibbosity of the meso-
notum ; on the underside the prothorax is extended into a long
narrow cylindrical neck, to which the head is fastened ; the
metathorax is also much developed, rather long and hori/.ontal "
(Osten Sacken). Abdomen normal. Genitalia of the male some-
thing like that of ItJiamphidia, consisting of a pair of claspers,
each clasper bearing two horny appendages. Ovipositor of female
long, slender, with almost straight valves. Legs long, slender,
microscopically pubescent : tibiae without spurs ; empodia imper-
ceptible ; " the last joint of the tarsus in the male shows on the
underside at the base, the excision characterizing the male sex in
many genera "(Osten Sack en~). Wings narrow, especially at the base;
?io submarginal cell, no marginal cross-vein, a discal cell (normally)
and four posterior cells ; auxiliary vein running close to the 1st
longitudinal vein and ending in the costa nearly opposite the begin-
ning of the 2nd vein, the subcostal cross-vein placed near its tip ; f
the 1st longitudinal vein short, entering the costa about the middle
of the wing, a little beyond the origin of the 2nd vein, and, instead
of running parallel to it and turning up more or less abruptly
to meet it, as is the case in most genera of the LIMNOBIIN^;,
it gradually converges towards the costa, eventually being merged
in it, the costa, just beyond the junction of the two veins, being
thus thickened ; the 2nd longitudinal vein not forked, and therefore
there is no submarginal cell ; the 1st posterior cell alongside of
the marginal cell throughout its length ; the 2nd vein beginning
just beyond the middle of the wing, and gently bisinuate, the
prffifurca forming nearly half its total length ; anterior cross-
vein of moderate length, joining the end of the prafurca to
the middle of the discal cell (when latter is present) ; the '3rd
longitudinal vein absent ; 4th longitudinal connected with
the 1st vein at their extreme bases by a distinct cross-vein ;
discal cell present or absent,* when present square, shorter
than the 2nd and 3rd posterior cells ; posterior cross-vein

* Osten Saeken says that only the last two joints bear these isolated long
hairs (referring to two North-American species, T. magna and muliebris)-, but
in the present Oriental species sdine of the other joints are equally furnished
with these characteristic hairs.

t Needham's figure of Toxorliina shows no subcostal cross-vein.

J This is an alteration from Loew's definition, to enable my species
T. incerta to be included in the genus.

2E2

422 TIPULIDJE.

at base of discal cell or before it ; * posterior branch of 4th
vein widely forked a little beyond the anterior cross-vein ; the
5th vein rather distinctly curved downwards at its union with
the posterior cross-vein, or the whole vein gently curved ; 6th vein
with the peculiar character of running closely alongside of the 5th
for nearly half its length, and then breaking away suddenly and
running straight to the margin of the wing ; 7th vein nearly
straight.

Range. The three previously recorded living species come from
Porto Eico and North America.

The affinities of this genus are with Jfltamplddia and Eleplianto-
myia, as demonstrated by the elongate proboscis and the absence
of the marginal cross-vein. Tovorhina, by its venation, which is
different from that of any other genus in the family, is easily
recognised i'rom either.

Osten Sacken, after his very ample description of this genus in
his monograph of the North American species, enters at some
length on the question of whether the generic name should stand
for the single living species known to Loe\v (fragilis, from Porto
~Kico), described in 1851, or for three fossil species described by
him (Loew) from amber in 1850, for which no generic description
was given.

306. Toxorhina incerta, sp. nov. (PI. Till, fig. 9; PI. XI,.
fig. 12.)

$ . Head moderately dark grey, including the underside ;
width of occiput one- third that of head, bare, but with some
black hairs on back of head near neck. Scapal 1st joint sub-
cylindrical, 2nd joint robust, larger, obconical; 1st flagellar joint
much enlarged, narrower at tip, nearly as broad at base as 2nd
scapal joint, remainder of flagellum narrow, cylindrical; (he
number of joints is not quite obvious : f apparently there are
nine in addition to the enlarged basal joint ; the last four joints
have one or two long isolated hairs on each ; the whole antenna)
brownish yellow. Proboscis over 2 mm. in length, black, shining,
bare ; no palpi obvious. Tliorax wholly dark blackish brown,.
including scutellum and metanotum ; pleura? similar, barely
shining. Abdomen black, dull, belly concolorous. Genitalia very
large and conspicuous, basal joints of ovipositor very robust,
the terminal blades long; reddish brown. Wings pale grey.
Auxiliary vein ending in costa just beyond origin of 2nd longi-

* In Toxorhina mulicbris,Os. Sac., from North America, this cross-vein is at
the pointed base of the 2nd posterior cell, with which cell the discal is
coalescent.

t This is in accordance with Osten Sacken's statement that there are
ten flagellar joints.

TOXORHINA. ORIMARGA. 423

tudinal vein ; 1st vein ending in costa a little beyond auxiliary
vein ; * tlie 2nd vein simple, gently bisinuate, ending exactly
at tip of wing ; no 3rd vein ; anterior cross-vein moderately
long, equal in length to the basal side of the discal cell, which
in one wing is open and coalescent with the 3rd posterior cell,
but closed in the other by a cross-vein placed just before the
fork of the posterior branch of the 4th vein ; lower branch of
4th vein forked widely near tip ; posterior cross-vein immediately
before proximal side of discal cell. Halteres black.

Length 3 millim.

Described from one female from Kurseong, 27. vi. 10 (Annan-
dale).

Type in the Indian Museum.

Though the discal cell is open and there is no mention of this
being the case in any of the three living species of the genus, there
can be no possible doubt of the present form being a Toxorhina in
the fullest sense. In every other way the venation agrees with
Osten Sacken's plate and description. The gradual absorption in
the costa of the 1st longitudinal vein, the entire nbsence of the
3rd vein (in itself a character of quite exceptional occurrence),
are very strong generic characters. Moreover, the enormously
prolonged rostrum ; the absence, so far as I am aware, of palpi
(Osten Sacken says they are very minute, with coalescent joints) ;
the enlarged mesosternum, causing a considerably larger distance
than usual between the fore and middle coxae ; and the peculiar
form of the antennae, agreeing exactly with Osten Sacken's
description, all combine to make this species a Toxorliina with
practical certainty.

Genus ORIMARGrA, Os. Sac.

Orimarga, Osten Sacken, Monog. Dipt. N. Amer. iv, p. 120 (1869).
Ningius, Wallengren, Entom. Tidskr. ii, p. 183 (1881).
'f Spyloptera, Rondani, Prod. Dipt. Ital. i, p. 181 (1856).

G-ENOTYPE, Limnobia alpina, Zett. ; according to, but not
selected by, Coquillet (1910).

Head : eyes large, glabrous, frons rather narrow. Proboscis
projecting, cylindrical, much shorter than the head. Antennae
l(3-jointed, the joints shortly oval. Thorax rather convex and
elongated in front, forming a neck ; mesosternum long. Abdomen
elongate, narrow. Genitalia of male composed of a pair of
claspers, with slender horny claw-shaped second joint ; lower plate
elongate. In the female a small slender pointed pair of valves.

* I cannot perceive any subcostal cross-vein in my species, hut it is
impossible to say for certain that it is not present.

424 TIPULIDJ2.

Leys long, slender, apparently glabrous, microscopically pubescent ;
tibiae not spurred at tip ; ernpodia distinct. Winys somewhat
narrow and elongate.' with one submarginal and four posterior
cells, and an open discal cell coalescing with the 2nd posterior
cell ; posterior cross-vein near the middle of the winy ; the
auxiliary vein ending in the costa a little before the inner end of
the submarginal cell, and some distance beyond the origin of the
2nd longitudinal vein ; the tip of this vein (auxiliary) thickened,
running obliquely into the costa and strengthening it ; the 1st
longitudinal ending some distance beyond the tip of the auxiliary,
joining the costa some little distance before the tip of the wing ;
the 2nd vein beginning about the middle of the wing, quitting the
1st at a sharp angle, thence turning suddenly and running nearly
straight to the margin, the prsefurca forming nearly or quite half
the length of the vein ; marginal cross-vein just beyond the
middle of the marginal cell ; the 3rd vein starting at an angle,
running nearly parallel to the 2nd vein ; the anterior cross-vein
situated soon after the origin of the 3rd vein, a little behind the
marginal cross-vein, joining the upper branch of the 4th vein soon
after its origin; the lower branch of the 4th vein forked, the
discal cell open, coalescing with the 2nd posterior cell ; posterior
cross-vein placed near the middle of the wing just beyond thn
origin of the 3rd vein, thus much shortening the 2nd basal cell
and correspondingly greatly lengthening the oth posterior cell,
which is twice as long as the 2nd posterior and nearly three times
as long as the 3rd ; the 5th, 6th, and 7th veins nearly straight,
the two former closely approximate for the first third of their
length.

Range. Europe, Australia, and India.

Orimarga has affinities with Dicranoptycha, from which it is
easily distinguished by the unusual position of the posterior cross-
vein and the absence of the discal cell, which in Dicranoptycha is
present. Osten Sacken sees affinities with Toxorhina in the
oblong thorax, which is narrow when seen from above ; in the
somewhat elongate neck ; and in the extra development of the
mesosternum.

308. Orimarga peregrma, sp. nov. (PI. VIII, fig. 11.)

c? . Head : eyes rather wide apart. Proboscis bright reddish
brown on basal half, dark brown on apical half; palpi black.
Antennre with 1st joint of scape long, bright reddish brown, 2nd
large, rounded, blackish ; flagellum yellowish brown, with a little
light grey pubescence. Thorax yellowish, dorsum mainly brownish,
the colour more or less in the form of the usual broad median
dorsal anterior stripe, contiguous, or nearly so, with the shorter
outer broader stripes, which latter are continued beyond the

OKIMAEGA. — AXTOCHA. 425

suture, nearly to the posterior margin. Sciitellurn pale yellowish,
metanotum brownish. Abdomen brownish yellow, sides narrowly
black. Belly similar. Genitalia brownish yellow, of moderate
size, pubescent, consisting of a large fleshy subconical 1st joint
and a 2nd much shorter, slender, hook-like joint with long stiff
black hairs on its underside. Legs', coxae pale yellowish, re-
mainder of legs brown. Wings clear, very delicately iridescent.
Auxiliary vein ending just beyond half the distance between the
origin of the 2nd vein and the marginal cross-vein ; the 2nd vein
beginning just before the middle of the wing, the praBfurca being
two-fifths of the length of the vein ; marginal cross-vein exactly
in middle of marginal cell, half-way between the tips of the
auxiliary and 1st veins ; the 3rd vein originating a little before
the marginal cross-vein, the basal portion distinctly elbowed ;
anterior cross-vein opposite marginal cross-vein, equal in length
to the basal side of the discal cell, which is open, coalescing with
the 2nd posterior cell ; posterior branch of the 4th vein forked
much before half its length, making the 3rd posterior cell nearly
elongate triangular ; posterior cross-vein in middle of wing, just
beyond origin of 2nd vein, thus making the 4th posterior cell
extraordinarily long. Halteres dirty white.

Length 4 millim.

Described from a single male taken at Kurseong, Darjiling
district, 29. vi. 10 (Annandale).

Type in the Indian Museum.

A second species of this genus has just been acquired by the
Indian Museum, collected by Mr. Beebe recently in Borneo.

Genus ANTOCHA, Os. Sac.

Antocha, Osten Sacken, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. 1859, p. 219.
Taphrophila, llondani, Prod. Dipt. Ital. i, p. 185 (1856).
Orimargula, Mikan, Wien. Ent. Zeitg. ii, p. 198 (1883).

GENOTYPE. According to Coquillett (1910) the species selected
as type is saxicola, Os. Sac., one of the original two ; but according
to .Kertesz's Catalogue of Diptera the name of the species should
be opalizans, Os. Sac., with saxicola as a synonym.

Head: eyes separated above by a narrow frons, below almost
contiguous. Proboscis cylindrical, moderately projecting; palpi
slender, rather prolonged, 1st joint elongate, 2nd and 3rd shorter,
3rd somewhat elongate. Antennae if bent backwards would not
reach the root of the wing; sixteen-jointed ; 1st scapal joint
short ; flagellar joints subglobular, apical joint rather elongate,
the flagellum bearing moderately short hairs on the upperside and
somewhat close pubescence on the underside ; no distinct verticels.
Thorax prolonged anteriorly, though not conspicuously, the suture

426 TIPULID.E.

distinct. Abdomen normal. Grenitalia of male consisting of the usual
claspers, the 2nd claw-like horny joint very small. Legs rather
shorter than usual, moderately stout ; tibiae without spurs at the
tip ; empodia indistinct, ungues very small with teeth on the under-
side at the base. Wings fairly broad, iridescent, anal lobe of wing
approximately rectangular. One submarginal cell, a discal cell,
and four posterior cells ; auxiliary vein approximating very closely
to the 1st longitudinal vein, not easily distinguished, ultimately
coalescing with it, the united veins gradually merging in the costa,
which is thickened at and beyond their junction, this taking place
near the tip of the wing ; subcostal cross-vein absent ; marginal
cross-vein feeble ; the 2nd longitudinal vein not forked, beginning
much before the middle of the wing at a very acute angle, and at
the origin of the 3rd vein, it is, in some species, angled again, the
remaining part being as long as the praefurca ; the 3rd vein as
long as, or a little longer than the apical half of the 2nd vein,
gently bisiuuate ; anterior cross-vein placed at the middle of the
discal cell or at its proximal upper corner, opposite the marginal
cross-vein ; discal cell approximately rhoinboidal or of irregular
shape (pentagonal in opalizans, Os. Sac., of North America), a
little less in length than the 2nd and 3rd posterior cells, though
this proportion probably varies with the species ; posterior cross-
vein situated at the base of or distinctly before the base of the
discal cell; the 5th vein absolutely straight, the 6th and 7th
practically so. Stigma elongate, not very sharply defined. The
wings are said to have a milky white tinge, but this is not very
apparent in the two Oriental species at present known.

Range. India, Europe, Canada, United States.

The two Indian species may be separated thus : —

Posterior cross-vein distinctly anterior to

discal cell ; thorax with three stripes .... indica, sp. n.

Posterior cross-vein at basal corner of discal
cell ; thorax with one median stripe only, unilineata, sp. n.

308. Antocha indica, sp. nov. (PL VIII, fig. 12.)

c? $ . Head yellowish, occiput dark grey ; proboscis and palpi
brown with a few bristly hairs ; eyes well separated. Antennae
blackish, rather thickly pale pubescent, joints oval, distinct ; 1st
scapal joint yellowish, 2nd very short, black. Thorax yellowish ;
the usual three dark stripes nearly contiguous ; sides of thorax
yellowish ; scutellum and metanotum brownish grey, lightly
dusted. Abdomen brownish yellow, one example (the type)
showing a dark line towards each side. Genitalia of moderate
size, yellow. Legs yellow or brownish yellow. Wings colourless;
veins yellowish, costa yellow, no stigma ; marginal cross-vein
invisible in one example ; anterior cross-vein just before middle of

ANTOCHA. — TEUCHOLABIS. 427

discal cell ; posterior cross-vein distinctly anterior to discal cell ;
veins on discal part of wings with minute hairs.

Length 4-5 millim.

Described from seven males in the Indian Museum from : —
Kurseong, 9. ix. 09 (type) and 16. iv. 11; Phagu, 12. v. 09, and
Theog, Simla Hills, 2.'v. 07 (all taken by Dr. Annandale), and two
females, Kurseong, 16. iv. 11 (type], and Mangaldai district,
Assam-Bhutan Frontier, 26.xii. 10 (Kemp).

309. Antocha unilineata, sp. nov.

$ . Head dark ; antennae brownish yellow, flagellar joints oval.
Thorax brownish yellow, dorsum barely darker ; a median narrow
distinct blackish line from the anterior margin to the suture;
scutellum and metanotum concolorous. Abdomen darker than the
thorax, otherwise apparently concolorous. Ovipositor yellowish,
normal. Legs pale yellow, tips of femora and the tarsi wholly,
darker. Wings very pale yellowish grey ; stigma very indistinct,
hardly perceptible. Anterior cross-vein opposite marginal cross-
vein ; discal cell almost exactly equal to the 2nd posterior cell ;
3rd posterior cell pointed at base ; posterior cross-vein at inner
corner of discal cell. Halteres pale yellow.

Length barely 4 millim.

Described from a single female in the Indian Museum from
Muudali, Dehra Dun district, 9000 ft., 10. v. 10.

Genus TEUCHOLABIS, Os. Sac.

Teucholabis. Osten Sacken. Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Pliilad. 1859, p. 222 ;
id., Monog. Dipt. N. Aiiier. iv, p. 129, pi. i, fig. 12, and pi. iii,
fig. 9 (1809) ; id., Berlin. Eut. Zeits. xxxi, p. 188, notes.

GENOTYPE, Teucholabis complexa, Os. Sac., the original species.

Head : eyes separated bv a distinct frons above, nearly con-
tiguous below. Palpi short, inserted at the tip of the short
cylindrical proboscis, last joint veiy short. Antennae of sixteen
joints, of moderate length ; if bent backwards they would not
quite reach the base of the wing ; scapal joints normal ; flagellum
with oblong or rounded, well-separated joints, the verticels of
which are a little longer than the pubescence. Thorax somewhat
gibbous; neck conspicuously elongated, but shorter than the head.
Abdomen of moderate size, robust. Genitalia of male con-'
siderably hairy, their structure not easily seen in dried specimens ;
consisting of two oblong lobes, somewhat resembling those of
Dicranomyia, bearing large, horny appendages on the underside ;
a ventral plate is present, drawn out posteriorly to a narrow
point. In the female the ovipositor is of moderate size, slender,
arcuated. Legs moderate in length, distinctly robust, closely and

428 TIPULIDJS.

conspicuously pubescent ; ungues apparently smooth, empodia
small but very distinct. Wings comparatively short and broad,
very clear except in the parts ornamented by brown bands ; veins
very distinct ; stigma generally short and rounded, or indistinct.
One submarginal cell, four posterior cells, and a discal cell;
auxiliary vein ending about the middle of the wing, a little before
the tip of the 1st longitudinal : the 2nd longitudinal vein begins
considerably before the middle of the wing, the praefurca generally
curved, sometimes nearly straight, about equal in length to or
much shorter than the rest of the vein ; marginal cross-vein
placed at about the middle of the marginal cell, uniting it with
the 1st longitudinal vein near the tip of the latter ; marginal
cross-vein, base of submarginal cell and anterior cross-vein often
more or less in a line, less so in the Oriental species ; the 3rd
vein gently curved ; discal cell elongate, broader distally than
proximally ; posterior cross-vein near the base of the discal cell,
approximately opposite the anterior cross-vein, and placed a little
forward or backward, according to the species ; the 5th and 6th
veins straight or nearly so, the latter sometimes slightly bisinuate,
7th gently curved.

Range. India, Ceylon, United States, Mexico, West Indies,
Brazil, and Australia.

The species of this genus have a facies peculiarly their own,
and amongst a general collection of TIPULID.E can easily [be
recognised, once the genus is understood. Their well-set, robust
appearance, subgibbous thorax, long neck, comparatively short,
robust hairy legs, very clear wings (in the hyaline parts), short
auxiliary and 1st longitudinal veins, with the general distinctness
of all the veins, characterise them as a well-defined, homogeneous
group.

Table of Species.

1. Femora without distinct rings 2.

Femora with one or with two distinct

pale yellow subapical rings 3.

2. Thorax ferruginous red, Avith three stripes

(the outer ones often indistinct, some-
times all three absent) ; wings brownish
grey with two ill-defined, subhyaline

patches fenestrata,Os.Sac.,-p. 429.

Thorax (except the orange front) wholly
shining dark blue ; wings brown, with
two large central, subhyaline patches. . insignis, sp. n., p. 430.

3. Thorax brownish yellow; femora with

two subapical pale rings ; species 6 mm.

long biannulata, sp. n., p. 430.

Thorax shining blue-black ; femora with
one pale subapical ring ; species 3£ mm.
long cyanea, Edw., p. 431.

TEUCHOLABIS. 429

310. Teucholabis fenestrata, Os. Sac. (PI. VIII, fig. 14; PI. XI,
fig. 10.)

Teucholabis fenestrata, Osten Sacken, Berl. Ent. Zeits. xxxi, p. 188,
6 $ (1887).

"Dark brown, thorax ferruginous red, shining, striped with black ;
wings brownish, subhyaline on the proximal half. Length 5-6 mm.

" Head, antennae and palpi black, front shining. Thorax
ferruginous red, shining, with black stripes ; the intermediate
stops before the collar, the lateral ones sometimes are indistinct ;
hind part of inetanotum, and sides of pectus blackish. Abdomen,
including the male genitals, dark brown ; ovipositor reddish
yellow ; halterea brown ; legs, including coxae, dark brown or
black, hairy, rather stout. Wings tinged with brown, except a
large subhyaline space on the proximal half, between the 1st vein
and the hind margin ; this hyaline space does not quite reach the
central cross-veins ; and it touches the hind margin only between
the root and the anal angle; a second, much smaller, hyaline spot,
ill-defined in outline, on the distal half of the wing, between the
2nd and 4th veins, usually covering the cross-veins at the end of
the discal cell

"Hab. Ceylon; a male and a female in Mr. Bigot's collection ;
also specimens in the Museum at Leiden.

" Undoubtedly a Teucliolabis, although of a somewhat different
type than T. bicolor. The distal cell is comparatively smaller
here, and much shorter than the 2nd posterior cell, while in
T. bicolor it is a little longer ; the collare is a little less developed ;
the 1st longitudinal vein extends a little beyond the marginal
cross-vein ; and the slight enlargement of the costal cell, near that
cross-vein, which exists in the typical species, is not visible here."
(Osten Sacken.)

From an examination of a good series of males and one or two
females in the Indian Museum, the following notes may be
appended to Osten Sacken's description.

The dorsum of the thorax is more often wholly ferruginous
than otherwise, a distinct stripe, much less three, being apparently
the exception, although there are not infrequently indistinct
brown suffusions in parts. The legs are sometimes dark yellowish
brown, the coxa? occasionally reddish yellow, and the subhyaline
spaces in the wings are mostly indistinct or absent.

The Indian Museum has it from Kurseong, 3. vii. 08 (Annan-
dale) ; Naini Tal, 14-17. iv. 07 ; Khasi Hills, Assam ; Mazbat,
Mangaldai district, Assam, 11-15. x. 10 (Kemp)-, Peracleniya,
Ceylon, 26. vii. 10 (Gravely), one of the very few females seen by
me. It is in the Pusa collection from .Darjiling, 3-9. vi. 09
(Howleti), and the Khasi Hills ; whilst it figures in Mr. Green's
collection from Ceylon, where it is common, the males hovering in
small clusters under trees overhanging roads.

430 TIPULID^E.

311. Teucholabis insignis, sp. nov. (PI. VIII, fig. 13.)

c? . Head elongated ; the very wide froiis, the nasas and the
palpi, shining black, with a few scattered hairs ; eyes nearly
contiguous below. The 1st joint of the antennal scape is cylin-
drical, cup-shaped at tip ; 2nd subglobose ; 1st joint of the
apparently only ]2-jointed flagellum robuster than the rest, which
are oval, black, with some long hairs. Thorax: neck and whole
anterior part of thorax bright orange-yellow with some long black
hairs ; remainder of dorsum, the scutellum, nietanotum and sides,
wholly brilliant shining dark blue, with scattered soft black hairs;
a dark reddish streak below, between the posterior pairs of coxae.
Abdomen wholly very dark shining blackish blue, with soft whitish
pubescence. Genitalia coucolorous, pubescent. Leys wholly deep
black (except the orange-red fore coxae and trochanters), closely
but thickly pubescent. Wings brownish, with two subhyaline
patches occupying the greater part of the discal surface, divided
by an irregular cross-band, which begins round the marginal
cross-vein and extends posteriorly nearly to the hind border of the
wing. A7enation as in Osten Sacken's Monograph of the Xorth
American Tipulidae, pi. i, fig. 12. Halteres dark blackish brown.

Lenc/tli 7 millim.

Described from a unique male in the Indian Museum collection
taken by Dr. Annandale, 22. xi. 08, at Tenmalai, Travancore
State, South India. A very pronounced and handsome species.

312. Teucholabis biannulata, sp. nov.

S . Head : eyes very nearly contiguous ; frons, occiput and
head generally, dark brown ; neck brownish yellow, bare, shining.
Scape brownish yellow, the 2nd (yellowish) joint short; flagellum
dark brown, with some long hairs on upperside only. Proboscis
and palpi dark brown. Thorax dark brownish yellow, shining,
with two distinct dorso-central rows oP short black hairs ; sides
of dorsum, a median stripe, and two large spots occupying the
whole surface behind, the suture (except the intermediate pale
whitish depression), a darker brown; sides of thorax moderately
dark brown, shining. Scutellum very shining, blackish grey ;
nietanotum yellowish, with a faint median dark line. Abdomen
mainly dark brownish yellow, with traces of a thin dorsal black
line ; with thin black pubescence. Belly lighter yellowish, the
whole abdomen appearing liable to vary iu places. Genitalia
conspicuous, brownish yellow, considerably pubescent ; a dorsal
and a ventral short broad plate ; a large pair of claspers with
what seems like a thumb-like organ attached to each ; each clasper
also furnished at the tip with two large black hooks. Leys black,
microscopically pubescent ; base of femora (more broadly so in
fore pair) yellow, also a subapical moderately broad ring and an
apical narrow ring, yellow. Winys moderately dark grey : costal
cell yellow. Black marks placed as follows :— one spreading over

TEUCHOLABIS. 431

the base of the basal cells, the colour continued forward into the
1st basal cell, leaving a small clear spot ; a square spot over base
of praefurca and extending across the middle of the 1st basal cell
almost to the 4th vein ; an irregular long spot beginning on the
costa above the tip of the 1st vein and marginal cross-vein,
extending downwards to the distal end of the 1st basal cell ; a
small, very dark spot over subcostal vein. Pale blackish irregular
markings over tip of wing, over the cross-veins and distributed
over hinder part of wing. Halteres yellowish, clubs black.

Length 6 millim.

Described from a perfect male from Kurseong, 26. vi. 10
(Annandale).

Type in the Indian Museum.

Easily recognised by its tesselated wing-markings.

313. Teucholabis cyanea, Edw.

Teucholabis cyanea, Edwards, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (8) viii, p. 61
(July 1911).

c? $ . " Cyanea, abdomine pnrpureo-cyaneo ; pedibus luteis,
femoribus apice nigris incrassatis ; alis fasciis 4 fuscis.

" Head shining dark purple, almost metallic, slightly hairy on
vertex. Antennas with the scape ochreous, the flagellura fuscous,
clothed with a rather dense pubescence; joints ovate-cylindrical,
about twice as long as broad. Thorax shining blue-black, sub-
metallic ; raesopleurae dull whitish. Abdomen with the 1st segment
and the base and sides of the 2nd shining blue-black, the remainder
of the dorsum purplish brown, somewhat shining, venter brown.
Legs: coxae, trochanters, and basal f of femora ochreous, apical
fourth of femora brownish or purplish black, preceded by a pale
ochreous ring ; the apices of all the femora are thickened, those
of the hind legs to the greatest extent. Tibiae and tarsi of the
fore and hind legs greyish ochreous, darker towards the tips,
Hind tibiae with the basal two-thirds ochreous, apical third
blackish and somewhat thickened. Hind tarsi blackish except for
basal half of metatarsus, which is ochreous. Wings hyaline,
iridescent, with four brown cross-bands, which are darker towards
the costa ; the first of these is at the base of the basal cells, the
second is mainly before, but includes the origin of the praefurca ;
the first extends only half-way across the wing and is connected
with the second by a longitudinal brown patch occupying the
space between the 5th and 7th veins ; the third and broadest
band includes the cross-veins, lying mainly beyond them ; it is
broadest in the middle of the wings, and extends to the apex of
the discal cell ; the fourth band occupies the whole of the apex
of the wing. The praefurca arises about the middle of the wing,,
and is obtusely angulated near its base. Marginal cross-vein
considerably beyond the fork of the radial vein, and near the
termination of the subcostal. Small cross-vein almost in a line
with base of submarginal cell, situated at the base of the discal

432 TIPULID^E.

cell. First posterior cell very slightly contracted at apex. Discal
cell very narrow, tapering almost to a point at the base. Sixth
vein slightly sinuous. Wing margin indented at the terminations
of the 6th and 7th longitudinal veins. Great cross-veiu a little
beyond the base of the discal cell. Halteres black, apical half of
knob white.'' * (Edivards.)

Length 3^ millim.

Described from a single male from Madulsima, Ceylon, lO.v.08
(T. Bainbrigge Fletcher} and a single female from Bentota, Ceylon,
13. vi. 90 (Lt.-Col. Yerbury).

Types in the British Museum.

The author adds : " The uniform blue-black colour of the dorsum
of the thorax will distinguish this species from any other in the
genus. It is the smallest species, except for T. polita."

Genus GYMNASTES, Brun.
Gymnastes, Brunetti, Eec. Ind. Mus. vi, p. 281 (1911).

GENOTYPE, Gymnastes violaceus, Brun. ; by present designation.

Head set closely on the thorax, without any neck. Eyes
rounded, bare, widely separated above by a very broad frons,
separated on underside by a moderately wide, parallel, rather
convex space. Proboscis stout but very short ; palpi four-jointed,
narrow, cylindrical, normal length. Antenna of sixteen joints ;
the 1st scapal joint rather short, cylindrical, 2nd much narrowed,
about the same length ; flagellar joints cylindro-ovate, the 1st
longer than the rest, about equal to the 2nd scapal joint. Tliorax
moderately arched; collare rather enlarged and distinct, suture
distinct, post-sutural depression not very pronounced ; scutellum
small. Abdomen linear, of only seven obvious segments. Genitalia
normal. Legs moderately long and slender ; anterior femora
slightly enlarged towards the tip, hind femora longer than the
others and very considerably enlarged at the tip, having the
appearance of "Indian clubs"; metatarsus more than half the
length of the tibia, the other joints short ; tibiae without spurs at
the tip, but the hairs are considerably stronger about the tip of the
tibia. Wings elongated, narrowed at base and slightly curved
inwards near the basal part of the costa. One submarginal cell,
four posterior cells and a discal cell : auxiliary vein barely apparent,
so closely approximate to the 1st longitudinal vein that it is only
visible just before the middle of the latter vein, where that vein
takes a sudden V-shaped bend downwards, forming a " kink " ;
the 1st vein sinuous towards its tip, ending beyond the middle of
the wing ; 2nd longitudinal vein beginning just before the middle
of the wing, running nearly straight to the margin ; the marginal
cross-vein a short distance from the tip of the 1st vein ; the 2nd
vein unforked ; the 3rd vein originating just before the marginal

* The order of description of the parts of the body is slightly altered from
that of Mr. Edwards to preserve uniformity with the rest of this wort.

GYMNASTES.

433

cross-vein, its basal section short, the rest of the vein straight ;
anterior cross-vein nearly in a line with the basal section of the
3rd vein, situated at the base of the discal cell, the 1st posterior
cell having approximately parallel sides ; the 4th vein emerging
from the 5th at some considerable distance from its base, forming
a right angle, and in contact with the " kink " in the 1st longi-
tudinal vein immediately above ; upper branch of 4th vein forked
immediately on quitting the discal cell, the two veinlets springing
simultaneously and diverging, making the 2nd posterior cell
pointed at its basal end; discal cell quadrangular, very narrow,
slightly broader at the tip ; lower branch of 4th vein forming,
with its basal section, a gentle curve; posterior cross-vein
situated at the base of the discal cell, making the 4th posterior cell
nearly as long as the 2nd basal cell ; the 5th vein gently curved at
the tip, the 6th nearly straight, the 7th nearly straight, moderately
short, the wing-margin a little emarginate where the vein ends.

314. Gynmastes violaceus, Srun. (PI. VIII, fig. 10.)

Gymnastes violaceus, Brunetti, Rec. Ind. Mus. vi, p. 282 (Dec. 1911).

cJ . Head : frons brilliantly shining violet-blue, with an isolated
hair here and there ; face below antenna? bkickish, dull. Proboscis

Fig. 42. — Gymnastes violaceus, Brun.

yellowish, palpi brownish. Antennae brownish yellow, becoming
a little darker brown towards the tips ; with close yellowish white
pubescence on the flagellum, the scape bearing only a few short
bristly hairs. Thorax brilliantly shining violet-blue, an irregular
row of dorso-central short yellowish hairs ; scutellum blackish

434 TIPTTLID^E.

grey, dull. Abdomen brilliant, shining violet-blue, with traces of
pale yellow, very short hairs on the posterior margins o£ the
segments, and more distinct, similar hairs at the sides of the
abdomen. Belly similar. Genitalia moderately large, consisting
of a basal pair of cylindro-ovate large fleshy claspers, with a second
joint consisting of a long narrow horny slightly curved appendage.
Legs yellowish ; a subapical broad dark brown ring on the femora
and tibia?, both bands darker and broader on the hind pair of legs ;
tarsi black except the yellowish basal half to all the metatarsi.
Wings : venation in accordance with the generic characters ;
nearly clear, with four cross-bands, moderately blackish, all
beginning on the costa; the first two narrow, beginning respectively
over the " kink " in the 1st longitudinal vein (in front of the origin
of the 4th vein), and the origin of the 2nd vein, both continuing
posteriorly as far as the 7th vein, where they meet, the 7th vein
being clouded anteriorly ; the third band is the widest and begins
on the costa widely on each side of the marginal cross-vein,
continuing posteriorly, embracing the cross-veins and the whole
of the discal cell, to the posterior margin of the wing, where it
becomes fainter ; the fourth band is apical, fairly wide, its proximal
edge a straight line, cutting the 1st posterior cell at two-thirds its
length from the base. Halteres with narrow black stem, the
clubs with conspicuous chalk-white tips.

Length 2|-2| millim.

Described from three males taken at Knndy, 22. v. 10 (type),
and Peradeniya, 15. vii. 10 (Green <$f Gravely).

Type in the Indian Museum.

A' very distinct and conspicuous species belonging to a peculiarly
distinctive genus.*

Genus AT AREA, Os. Sac.
Atarba, Osten Sacken, Monog. Dipt. N. Am. iv, p. 127 , pi. i, fig. 13

(1869).
Leiponeura, Skuse, Proc. Lian. Soc. N. S. Wales (2) iv, p. 795

(1890).

GENOTYPE, Atarba picticornis, Os. Sac., the original species.

Head: eyes glabrous, front rather narrow, proboscis but little
projecting; palpi rather long, especially the last joint. Antennas
16-jointed, rather long, reaching beyond the base of the abdomen,
if bent backwards ; 1st scapal joint short, not much longer than
the 2nd ; joints of the flagellum elongated, cylindrical, gradually
decreasing in length, clothed with a fine pubescence ; a single
somewhat longer hair is perceptible on each segment, above the
pubescence ; the antennse of the female are but little shorter than
those oE the male. Tliorax : neck short, the head rather closeiv

* This description was written some time before I had read the description of
Teucholaf)isci/aitea,T£.A\\., with which 1113' species is perhaps synonymous, though
this is not certain. In any case the genus Gymuastes appears to be a sound one,
being based on the absence of a neck and on the conspicuously clubbed femora.

AT ARE A. 435

set on the thorax ; thoracic suture distinct. Abdomen normal.
Genital organs of the male large and hairy ; the basal pieces leave
an open interval between them, even when the claspers are folded
together; the ends of the claw-shaped appendages are distinctly
bifid, showing that they consist of two closely approximated
horny pieces ; a short stump takes the place of the ventral plate,
one of the specimens having a " long curved aculeus " projecting
on the underside. Leys moderately long, comparatively stout,
finely pubescent ; ungues smooth, empodia distinct : tibiae pro-
bably without spurs at the tip.* Winc/s with one submarginal
cell, four posterior cells and a discal cell ; no marginal cross-vein ;
tip of auxiliary vein and origin of 2nd longitudinal vein at a
little beyond the middle of the wing ; praefurca short, curved,
barely one-third as long as remainder of wing ; the 3rd vein with
a short basal portion, which is approximately in a line with the
proximal side of the discal cell and the posterior cross-vein ; discal
cell approximately square, half the length of the 2nd and 3rd
posterior cells ; oth vein only slightly bent at its junction with
the posterior cross-vein ; 6th and 7th veins nearly straight.
Range. India, Australia, United States, West Indies.

315. Atarba flava, sp. nov. (PI. VIII, fig. 15.)

<$ $ . Head and all its appendages pale buff-yellow, sometimes
a little ochraceous. Frons one-fourth the width of the head, very
slightly narrower towards antennae ; eyes barely contiguous on
underside ; vertex and back of head with long yellow hairs, which
are present on the frons also. Proboscis robust, of moderate length,
palpi a little darker, both with yellow hairs. Thorax wholly
concolorous, dorsum elevated ; some long yellow hairs on the
shoulders and towards the margins. Abdomen concolorous, rather
liberally covered with long pale yellow hairs ; margins of segments
with a trace of a brownish tinge. Ovipositor brownish yellow.
Leys concolorous, with rather thick pale yellow pubescence ; tips
of femora narrowly, tips of tibiae more narrowly, and tips of
each tarsal joint almost imperceptibly black. Wings yellow ; veins
yellow, distinct. Auxiliary vein ending at some distance beyond
the origin of the 2nd longitudinal, which originates just before the
middle of the wing, the praefurca being nearly as long as the
remaining portion ; the subcostal cross-vein placed half-way
between the origin of the 2nd vein and the tip of the auxiliary ;
the 1st longitudinal vein ending about opposite the distal side
of the discal cell ; basal section of 3rd vein longer than anterior
cross-vein, which is placed at an angle of 45° with the corner of
the discal cell ; this latter a little longer than broad, about half

* Osten Sacken in his description of this genus left the question of the
presence or absence of spurs at the tip of the tibiae unsettled, as in the
specimens before him, the feet were absent, but he notes a recollection of
having seen spurs on the middle tibia before they were broken off.

2 F

436 TIPULID2E.

as long as the 2nd and 3rd posterior cells ; posterior cross-vein
placed just before the middle of the discal cell ; nil the veins
running to the distal margin of the wing, approximately parallel
Halteres pale yellow, clubs barely darker at tips.

Length 4-5 millim.

Described from four males and one female in the Indian
Museum from Darjiling, where it evidently is to be found on the
hillsides each autumn. The dates are : type male 28. v. 10, type
female 26. v. 1(X two other males 22. ix.08 and 1. x. 08, all these
being captured by me ; the remaining male taken by Mr. Paiva
at the same place, 9. viii. 09.

Types and cotypes in the Indian Museum.

This is evidently an Atarba, the discrepancies from the three
North American species of which figures are accessible being very
small. Moreover, slight differences in the venation of these
three species, A. puella, Will., pleuralis, Will., and picticornis,
O. S., are apparent. With Osten Sacken's generic description
this species entirely agrees, and it only varies in venation from
Needham's figure of picticornis by the posterior cross-vein being
placed nearly at the middle of the discal cell instead of in a line
with its basal side.

In picticornis, too, the auxiliary vein reaches some short distance
beyond the origin of the 2nd longitudinal, and the veins running
to the distal wing-margin are practically parallel, or only very
slightly divergent, both these characters coinciding with those of
flava. In the other two North American species mentioned, the
2nd vein curves distinctly upward, especially in plewalis, whilst
the 3rd vein very distinctly curves downward making the sub-
marginal cell very widely open on the wing-margin ; whereas in
both j#aw and picticornis both veins are almost exactly equidistant
from each other and from the 1st longitudinal and anterior branch
of the 4th longitudinal respectively.

Section ERIOPTERINI.

Eyes bare, separated above by a more or less wide frons,
contiguous or approximate on the underside. Antennae 16-
jointed. Tibia? without apical spurs, empodia distinct, ungues
smooth on the underside.

Wings with two submarginal cells ; four, sometimes five,
posterior cells ; discal cell closed or open (very variable in some
genera, often in the same species). In many genera the veins
are distinctly pubescent (to a varying extent in some genera,
such as Erioptera, according to the species) ; in others the
surface of the wings, as well as of the veins, is covered with
hairs.

The subcostal cross-vein is sometimes placed at a considerable
distance anterior to the tip of the auxiliary vein (Erioptera,

EEIOPTEHINI. 437

Rhypliolophus), sometimes not much before it or near its tip
(Gonomyia, Empeda, Gnophomyia, Symplecta). This difference
occurs in unquestionably closely allied genera. Tor instance, it
is quite a long distance before the tip of the auxiliary vein in
Paracladura, Brim., and Cladnroides, Brun., yet only a little
before the tip in. Cladura, Os. Sac. This very distinct differ-
ence of position of the subcostal cross-vein in undoubtedly allied
genera indicates that the importance of this character has been
overestimated by some authors.

The 2nd longitudinal vein presents a peculiarity in one group
of genera, by the upper branch being almost upright, thus having
much the appearance of a cross-vein ; in fact, some of the older
authors regarded it as such. This is the principal character of
the Gonomyia group, which includes, besides Gonomyia, Empeda,
Monogoma, and two new genera constructed by me out of the latter,
Paramonyoma and Monyomioides. An intermediate genus, Gno-
phomyia, with the upper branch of the 2nd longitudinal vein not
upright, but more or less parallel with the lower one, may be
regarded as joining the Gonomyia group to the Erioptera group,
as some authors consider ; or as forming a link between the
Gonomyia group and the section LIMNOPHILIIST, my own opinion
inclining towards this latter view.

Altogether this section is rather a mixed one, and although it
may be considered as intermediate between the LIMNOBIINI and
the LiMHOPHiMin, it may, speaking more narrowly, still be
regarded mainly as a collection of groups.

These groups (referring to the Oriental genera only) may be
considered to be three in number. One, the Cladura group, is
characterised by the presence of five posterior cells, by which the
genera may be easily differentiated from all others. They are
Cladura, Paracladura and Claduroides, with a rather aberrant
genus Conosia, Wulp, which, however, undoubtedly belongs here
by virtue of its five posterior cells. The second group is formed
of the genera surrounding Erioptera, including Rhypholophus,~K.o\.,
Molopliilus, Curt., and Mesocyphova, Os. Sac. The most con-
spicuous character of this group is the presence of stiff hairs
along at least the posterior portions of all the veins ; whilst one
genus (Ehyplioloplms) has the membrane of the wing also closely
pubescent.

The remaining group centres round Gonomyia, and is promi-
nently distinguished by the upright or nearly upright position of
the anterior branch of the 2nd longitudinal vein, which appears
almost as a cross-vein, thus making the 1st submarginal cell only
about half as long as the 2nd. The genera comprised form a
tolerably compact group ; they are, Gonomyia, Empeda, Monogoma,
and my two new genera constructed from it, with the addition of
two rather aberrant genera, which, however, undoubtedly belong
here, namely, Lechria, Skuse, previously only known by one
species from Austi'alia, and the equally abnormal genus Styrinyo-
m-uia. Lw., which till 1887 was known from a fossil species only.

2r2

438 TIPULIDJE.

In that year Osten Sacken mentions an undescribed recent
species in the Stockholm Museum from Caffraria.

These two genera, though distinctly abnormal, are eminently
related to Gonomyia and its allies by the position of the anterior
branch of the 2nd longitudinal vein and also by irregularities
concerning the 3rd longitudinal vein and the anterior cross-vein.*
Gonomyia, in certain species, foreshadows these irregularities,
including that of the absence of the anterior cross-vein, for it
comprises species possessing either one or two submarginal cells,
and exhibits a variation of venation which makes it suitable as a
central genus around which to arrange the others. This variability
also is sufficient to prevent its dismemberment, since all the
species show sufficient resemblances to retain them under one
genus.

I retain GfnopTiomyia, Os. Sac., and Symplecta, Mg., together,
in accordance with recent Catalogues, but it has often occurred
to me that Gnophomyia, with its greater degree of " parallelism "
in the veins, and its posterior cross-vein near the middle of the
discal cell, was in some way a connecting link between Gonomyia
and the LIMKOPHILINI, whilst Symplecta, bv its general appearance
and its posterior cross-vein before the discal cell, reminds one
rather strongly of the LiMis'OBiiisri, although its place in this
section cannot, of course, be questioned.

Table of Genera of ERIOPTERINI.

1. Four posterior cells (three only iu

Parnmongoma) 2.

Five posterior cells 15.

2. Wings distinctly hairy, even if only

along the veins ; often very con-
spicuously so 3.

Wings practically bare 6.

3. Wings closely pubescent over the [p. 440.

whole surface as well as on the veins . KHYPHOLOPHUS, Kol.,
Wings pubescent along the veins only . 4.

4. The 3rd longitudinal vein emerging

from the lower branch of the 2nd,
thus making the 1st submarginal

cell longer than the 2nd . MOLOPHILUS, Curt., p. 443.

The 3rd longitudinal vein emerging as
usual from the prsefurca, thus making
the 1st submarginal cell shorter than
the 2nd 5.

5. Posterior branch of 4th longitudinal

vein forked ERIOPTERA, Mg., p. 445.

Anterior branch of 4th longitudinal [p. 458.

vein forked MKSOCYPHONA, Os. Sac.,

6. The 1st submarginal cell short, not

more than half as long as the 2nd . . 7.
The 1st submarginal cell long, much
more than half the length of the 2nd. 13.

* This question is fully dealt with in the notes under Gonomyia (p. 468).

EBIOPTERINI. 439

7. Venation abnormal, only one sub-

marginal cell,* the veins in the
anterior part of the wing distorted

somewhat from their usual positions . STYRINGOMYIA, Lw.,p.459.
Venation normal (except Lechrin) • the
veins in the anterior part of the wing
bearing their usual relations to one
another 8.

8. Marginal cross-vein absent 9.

Marginal cross-vein present 10.

9. The 1st longitudinal vein turned down

into the 2nd, meeting it where it forks ;
discal cell in the middle of the wing,
the anterior cross-vein in the middle

of the discal cell LECHRIA, Skuse, p. 465.

The 1st longitudinal vein ending as
usual in the costa, clear of the 2nd ;
discal cell wholly beyond the middle
of the wing, the anterior cross-vein at
its upper basal corner GONOMYIA, Mg., p. 468.

10. Anterior cross-vein absent 11.

Anterior cross-vein present EMPEDA, Os. Sac., p. 475.

11. Discal cell present 12.

Discal cell absent. Three posterior [p. 481.

cells ; anal cell closed MONGOMIOIDES. Brun.,

12. Four posterior cells, anal cell closed . . MONGOMA, Westw., p. 476.
Three posterior cells, anal cell open . . PARAMOXGOMA, Brun.,

13. The 7th longitudinal vein straight . . 14. [p. 484.
The 7th longitudinal vein con-
spicuously bisinuate SYMPLECTA, Mg., p. 485.

14. Body slender; legs slender, minutely

pubescent in normal manner";

abdomen not narrowed at base .... GNOPHOMYIA, Os. Sac.,
Body compact, robust (rather re- [p. 487.

sembling Teitcholabis) ; legs con-
spicuously though shortly hairy ;
abdomen 'narrowed at base " *. . DASYMALLOMYIA, Brun.,

15. Anterior cross-vein placed at the [p. 494.

beginning of, or over the middle of,
the discal cell ; in the absence of
the discal cell, at the base of the 3rd

posterior cell 16.

Anterior cross- vein distinctly beyond
the distal cell " CONOSIA, Wulp, p. 496,

16. Subcostal cross-vein near tip of

auxiliary vein. Discal cell present,
proximal end rectangular ; antennal
scape long, normal ; flagellum of 14

oval joints CLADURA, Os. Sac., p. 499.

Subcostal cross-vein very far before tip
of auxiliary vein, near middle of
wing 17.

* In spite of Styringomyia having only one submarginal cell, its natural
affinity is here, with strong resemblances to Erioptera, Gonomyia and the
curious Australian genus Lcchria, Skuse.

440

17. The 1st longitudinal vein ending near
tip of wing ; discal cell present, its
proximal end rectangular; antennal
scape very short ; flagellum of 15

very elongate joints PARACLADURA, Brun.,

The 1st longitudinal vein ending at a [p. 502.

considerable distance from tip of
wing ; discal cell absent, its proximal

end pointed ; antennal scape normal ; [p. 505.

flagellum of 13 oval joints CLADUROIDES, Brun.,

Genus RHYPHOLOPHUS, Kol. (PI. XI, fig. 20.)

Jthypholophus, Kolenati, Wien. Ent. Alonats. iv, p. 393 (1860).
Iliaotnya, Kondani, Dipt. Ital. Prod, i, p. 180 (1856).
Ormosia, liondani, I. c.
Dasyptera, Schiner, Wien. Ent. Monats. vii, p. 221 (1863).

GEXOTYPE, Khypholophus pliryganoptcrus, Kol.

This genus is closely allied to Erioptera, the principal differential
character being that the wings are pubescent over the whole
surface, instead of only along the veins, as is the case in all the
other genera of the Erioptera group found in the East. There
are two submarginal cells, four posterior cells, and a discal cell,
which is open or closed. The antennae are of sixteen joints, and
are of considerable length in the males of some species,* the joints
being much elongated, strongly pedicelled and pubescent. A
discal cell is present or absent; when the cell is absent it is
generally the anterior branch of the 4th longitudinal vein that is
forked, the cell being then coalesceut with the 3rd posterior cell.f
The wing is, generally speaking, slightly broader than in Erioptera,
and the veins diverge from each other rather more distinctly, so
that they do not present the peculiar effect of parallelism so
conspicuous in Erioptera. The 7th longitudinal vein is normally
straight, or slightly arcuate, bending downwards or more or less
abruptly curved downwards in its middle, presenting its concavity
towards the 6th vein. Occasionally + it runs comparatively near
*.o the 6th vein in its basal part, but never so pronouncedly so as
m the typical Eriopterce.

Range. The previously recorded species occur in Europe and
North America, extending into the Arctic Regions, several species
coming from Greenland and Alaska.

* This does not occur in the Oriental species.

t These species were placed in the genus, Dasyptera, formed for their reception
by Schiner, but our more extended acquaintance with the Diptera has proved
that the presence or absence of a discal cell is seldom of generic value unless
accompanied by other constant characters. It is not always the anterior
branch of the 4th vein which is forked, when the discal cell is absent, as in
at least one North American species (E. holotrichus, Os. Sac ) the posterior
branch bears the fork.

} B. nigripilus, Os. Sac., from North America.

RHYPHOLOPHUS. 441

The two Indian species may be recognised as follows : —

Femora with a single apical pale band

of golden yellow hairs ; wings with

black hairs arranged in four more or

less obvious broad bands yeniculatus, sp. nov.

Femora with two pale bands, one apical,

one subapical ; wings without any

obvious bands of black hairs -pulcher, ftp. uov.

316. Rhypholophus geniculatus, sp. nov.

3 . Head : vertex and frons very broad, covered with short
golden yellow hairs ; eyes deeply emarginate ; palpi dark brown,
cousiderably pubescent. Antennal scape pale yellow; flagellar
joints elongate oval, rather thickly pubescent, with pale brownish
yellow hairs, brown, tips pale yellowish white, the joints becoming
longer and narrower towards the tips of the antennae. Thorax
yellowish, indistinctly darker along the micldle, and where the
usual shorter dorsal stripes occur ; darker also behind the suture ;
a small shining elongate black spot in a small depression on each
side of the middle, a little before half-way between the anterior
margin and the suture. Thorax pubescent, with short yellow
hairs, and a dorse-central stripe of irregularly placed longer
thicker yellow hairs along each side of the middle, well separated.
Scutellum with yellowish hairs. Abdomen black, with compara-
tively thick yellow pubescence. Genitalia large, black, the
1st joint of the claspers oval, the remaining appendages
apparently small. Legs : anterior legs dark brown or black,
with short pubescence, which in certain lights appears golden
yellow ; a moderately broad band of very short golden yellow
hair at tips of femora, extending in some cases to the base
of the tibiae ; tips of tibiae with a very narrow similar band ;
the hind tibiae changing rapidly before the middle to yellowish,
with short distinct yellow pubescence, and the whole of the hind
tarsi yellowish, with concolorous pubescence. Wings very pale
yellowish grey, rather thickly covered with short black hairs,
with whicli are intermixed, in places, short golden yellow ones,
there being no distinct stigma, but the yellow hairs are especially
prominent in that part of the wing. The black hairs are arranged
so that they form four more or less distinct, though not well-
defined, bands of about equal width, with a rather narrow interval
between each ; the first band basal, the fourth apical, the second
ending distinctly before the cross-veins, at which latter spot the
third begins ; the yellow hairs more numerous between the bands
of black hairs, llalteres yellow.

Length 3 millim.

Described from four males from Kurseoug, 16. iv. 11 (Annan-
dale).

Type (and other examples) in the Indian Museum.

442 TIPULID^E.

317. Rhypholophus pulcher, sp. nov. (PI. VIII, fig. 16.)

2 . Head flattened, elongate ; eyes very emarginate ; vertex,
back of head and frons (the latter forming one-third the
width of the head) blackish grey, with long ragged brownish
yellow hairs. Proboscis moderately long, brownish yellow ;
palpi dark brown, very pubescent. Antennae brownish yellow,
pubescent ; scape normal ; flagellum of fourteen oval joints,
the base of each joint black. Thorax: neck short, brownish
yellow. Dorsum of thorax rather dark brown, with three nearly
contiguous brown stripes, barely darker than the ground-colour ;
a narrow pale lemon-yellow collare below the edge of the dorsum.
Above the neck and below the collare, rather copious long brownish
yellow hairs ; two well-separated dorso-central longitudinal bands
of short yellow hairs, amongst which some long bristly yellow-
hairs stand out distinctly ; these two rows begin on the anterior
margin and converge at the suture, continuing over it. to the
posterior margin ; and from the suture a branch row on each
side, of both long and short hairs intermixed, runs to each posterior
corner of the dorsum. Scutellum broad, hrown, metanoturn dark
brown, both with a few short yellow hairs. Abdomen dark brown,
belly similar, both sides with yellow hairs. Ovipositor con-
spicuous, bright brownish yellow, basal portion large and shining,
pubescent ; the lower pair of valves shorter, both pairs very
shining brownish yellow. Legs brownish yellow, trochanters
nearly as long as the coxse ; the femora become brown on the
apical half and bear two pale rings, one apical, the other sub-
apical ; tips of tibiae and the tarsi darker ; legs pubescent.
Wings : the auxiliary vein ending about opposite the fork of the
2nd longitudinal vein, the 1st vein ending some way beyond this
point ; the 2nd vein beginning at about one-third of the wing,
forking before half its length, the branches nearly parallel
distinctly curved upwards at their tips, the marginal cross-
vein placed exactly at the fork ; the 3rd vein originating a little
before the fork of the 2nd, its basal part moderately long, longer
than the anterior cross-vein, the remaining portion running
straight to the wing-tip ; upper branch of 4th longitudinal vein
parallel to the 3rd until the tip when it suddenly bends down-
wards, forked at half its length, the veiulet forming a sharp
rectangle, thence being parallel to the upper branch ; 1st
posterior cell nearly as long as 2nd submarginal cell ; lower
branch of 4th vein originating just before anterior cross-vein,
emerging at an angle from the stem, thence running straight to
the hind margin of the wing ; posterior cross-vein slightly sinuate,
a little before the fork of the 4th vein ; 5th and 6th veins gently
curved, 7th distinctly bisinuate.* Ground-colour of wing very pale
grey, the whole membrane as well as the veins thickly pubescent
with short black and yellow hairs intermixed more or less in

* Eesembling that of Symplccta, except that the tip is not so abruptly
curved into the hind margin.

MOLOPHILUS. 443

patches ; the black hairs are the thicker on the veins and at the hase
of the 2nd vein, of the 3rd vein, at the fork of the 2nd vein, over
the stigmatic portion of the 1st vein, over the posterior cross-
vein, over the lower veinlet of the upper branch of the 4th vein, in
the middle of the axillary cell and towards the tip of the costa.

Length 3;j milliin.

Described from the 'type female taken by Dr. Annandale at
Phagu, Simla district, (JOOO feet, ll.v.09, and an additional
female taken by the same gentleman at Naini Tal, Kumaou
district, 6400 ft., x. 1906.

Type and second specimen in the Indian Museum.

Genus MOLOPHILUS, Curt.

Molophilus, Curtis, Brit. Entom. p. 444 (1833).
Erioptera, Scluner ''nee Meigen), "Wien. Ent. Monats. vii, p. 221
(1863).

GENOTYPE, Erioptera atra, Mg. (brevipennis, Curt.).

Molophilus possesses the general characters of Erioptera, to
which it is intimately akin, and from which the principal separative
character is the peculiar but very distinctive one of the 3rd longi-
tudinal vein issuing from the loiver branch of the 2nd longitudinal
vein, instead of from the prsefurca of that vein, as is usually the
case in the ERIOPTERINI. This causes the 1st submarginal cell
to be distinctly, though not greatly, longer than the 2nd. The
4th longitudinal vein forks much sooner than in Erioptera, much
before the anterior cross-vein, the posterior cross-vein being just
beyond the fork of the 4th vein. This causes the 2nd posterior
cell (as the discal cell is always absent, so far as I am aware) to
bejinuch longer than the 1st or the 3rd cell. Marginal cross-vein
just beyond the fork of the 2nd vein ; basal section of 3rd vein,
and the anterior cross-vein in a line. Posterior branch of the
4th longitudinal forked, the branches long and nearly parallel.
The 5th, 6th, and 7th veins nearly straight, the latter long, but
without any tendency to approach the 6th nor running parallel
to the hind margin of the wing, as is characteristic of the typical
Oriental species of Erioptera.

Range. Europe, North America, and Australia, in addition to
the forms herein described.

This genus was founded by Curtis for what he described as
M. brevipennis, Curt., but which subsequently was found to be
synonymous with Erioptera atra, Mg. * Although Osten Sacken
disagrees with the generic value of the characters f attributed to

* Osten Sacken (Monog. Dipt. N. Amer. p. 148) distinctly calls attention
to the fact that the synonymy adopted by European authorities must have
been based on a comparison with the types, because Curtis's description and
that, of E. atra, Mg., would not lead an independent worker to the opinion of
their identity.

t These were, the small size of the wing, the modified shape of the thorax
and abdomen, and the large male genitalia.

444 TIPULID.E.

Molophilus by Curtis, he acquiesces in the retention of the name
for the group of species to which E. atra belongs, and this view
is adopted in recent catalogues.

Table of Species.

Flagellav joints of antennae short, ovate .... inconspicita, sp. n.
Flagellar joints of antennae much elongated . assamensis, sp. n.

318. Molophilus inconspicua, sp. nov.

d* $ . Head : vertex, f rons and back of head grey, with pale
hairs ; the vertex narrowing rapidly into the frons, the width
between the eyes above the antennae about one-third that of the
head, but at vertex nearly one-half. Proboscis and palpi dark
brown. Scapal joints of antennae subequal in width, 1st joint the
longer, brownish yellow ; flagellum of fourteen shortly oval joints,
varying from pale yellowish to brownish, with short pubescence.
Thorax brownish yellow, shining, no distinct stripes, but in some
examples the parts of the dorsum usually occupied by the three
normal stripes and the dark spots behind the suture are rather
more brownish. Two widely separated rows of dorso-central
bristly hairs, running from inside the shoulders to the posterior
corners ; some further bristles are present, above the wings, on
the scutellum, irregularly placed, and on the pleurae, which latter
are in some specimens a little darker. Scutellum and sides of
thorax brownish yellow ; metanotum blackish brown. Abdomen :
dorsum brown, belly generally yellowish, with rather numerous
brownish yellow hairs on both sides. Genitalia of male large and
conspicuous, brownish yellow, with long brownish yellow hairs ;
a dorsal conspicuous oblong plate, the usual pair of claspers,
the basal joint of which is thick and conical, the 2nd bearing
a narrow horny hook with a black tip ; there is also an addi-
tional pair of slender black-tipped organs, and an inner pair of
claspers. In the female the sexual organ consists of two pairs
of yellow-haired, brownish yellow elongate valves, the lower pair
shorter, and slightly twisted round to the side, being also set
rather further back ; the terminal points of both pairs long. Legs
pale brownish yellow, tips of tarsi darker. Wings pale grey.
Auxiliary vein ending well beyond the middle of the wing, the 1st
longitudinal ending half-way between tip of auxiliary and tip of
wing; subcostal vein some distance before tip of auxiliary, between
origin of 2nd vein and marginal cross-vein ; the 2nd vein beginning
distinctly before one-third of the wing, prael'urca nearly straight,
nearly as long as the two branches, which fork just before the
marginal cross-vein, running parallel to the border; the 3rd vein
originating opposite the marginal cross-vein, its basal section very
short, thence running perfectly straight to the wing-tip ; anterior
cross-vein short ; the 4th vein forking in the middle of the wing,
some distance before the anterior cross-vein, the upper branch

MOLOPH1LUS. ERIOPTERA. 445

single, straight, the lower one forked just beyond the anterior
cross-vein ; all the veins on distal part of wing approximately
parallel ; posterior cross-vein placed just after forking of fourth
A'ein, in the middle of the wing ; the 5th, 6th and 7th veins
nearly straight. All the veins with a thick row of hairs. Halteres
yellowish, clubs darker.

Length l|-2 millim.

Described from several examples of both sexes in the Indian
Museum, from Simla, 7000 ft., 12. v. 08 (Annandale) ; Kurseong,
4-6. vii. 08, 18-20. vi. 10 (type tf); Maddathorai, 16. xi. 08 (type
$ ), and Terimalai, 22. xi. 08, Travancore, South India, all taken
by Dr. Annandale.

319. Molophilus assamensis, sp. nov»

<5 . Head : occiput, proboscis and palpi yellowish, the latter a
little darker. Antennae of considerable size and length ; scapal
joints very short, rounded ; flagellum of fourteen very elongated
joints, with long pubescence on each side of every joint except at
the base and the tip ; the whole antennae brownish yellow. Thorax
uniformly brownish yellow, with some long yellow hairs on each
side. Scutellum, metanoturn and sides of thorax concolorous.
Abdomen brownish ; traces of yellow here and there, especially
towards the tip, last segment yellowish ; the whole abdomen
rather freely covered with black and yellowish hairs. G-enital
organs large and conspicuous, brownish yellow, very pubescent ;
consisting of a pair of large claspers, and below these a pair of
black, very attenuated, hard, slisrhtly curved, hook-like processes ;
also two smaller pairs of sub-filamentous appendages. Legs uni-
formly yellow, with close yellow pubescence. Winys pale grey,
thickly set with long blackish hairs along all the veins and on the
borders of the wing. Venation as in J/. inconspicua. Halteres
yellowish, knob darker.

Length 2± millim.

Described from a unique specimen from Sylhet, 8. i. 06
(Lt.-Col. Hall).

Type in the Indian Museum.

Genus ERIOPTERA, Mg.

Erioptera, Meigen, Illig. Mag. ii, p. 262 (1803).

Chemalida, Roiidani, Dipt. Ital. Prod, i, p. 180 (1856).

Limncea, Rondani, loc. cit.,i, p. 180 (1856).

Limnoica, Rondani, loc. cit., Corrigenda, p. 11 (1861).

? Octavia, Bigot, Ann. Soc. Ent. France (3) ii, p. 475 (1854).

GBKOTYPE, Erioptera lutca, Mg. ; by designation of Coquillett
(1910).

Head: frons distinctly broad, varying from about one-fourth
to one-half the width of the head ; eyes glabrous, contiguous or

446 TIPCTJD.E.

subcontiguous beneath. Proboscis short, stout ; palpi compara-
tively short, the middle joints rather stouter. Antennae generally
rather short,* of sixteen joints; the 1st scapal joint varies in length
but is nearly always wider at the tip ; the lind is considerably
enlarged, much the widest of all, rounded, subcvlindrical or ovate,
occasionally of irregular shape ; 1st joint of the flagellum often
onion-shaped, and often much larger than the remaining flagellar
joints, which are oval, more or less, becoming considerably elon-
gated towards the tip of the antenna, the whole flagellum closely
pubescent, each joint bearing a vertical of long hairs. Thorax
somewhat high and convex, produced forwards conically into a
short blunt neck, which is inconspicuous in some species. Two
well-separated rows of dorso-central stiff hairs, which, beyond the
suture, generally diverge towards the posterior corners of the
dorsum.'t Thoracic suture distinct, and the post-sutural depres-
sion rather well marked. Abdomen linear, of moderate size, often
transparent, when the internal organs can be rather easily seen.
Genitalia of male consisting of a large fleshy basal joint which is
usually ovate or subcylindrical, and to which is appended some-
times a single horny hook or bifid claw, sometimes a second joint,
much smaller, bearing a terminal hard piece of some kind. Dif-
ferent intermediate small organs appear to be present in some of
the species, but they are not easily examined in dried specimens. +
The ovipositor in the female differs in length considerably ; the
upper pair of valves long, slightly curved upwards, the lower pair
set further back at their base, generally much shorter, and straight,
both pairs enlarged, in some species to a considerable extent, at
the base ; two small hornv projections are placed at the base of
the upper pair of valves. § Leys slender, of moderate length
or rather short, pubescent, often very conspicuously hairy ; the
middle pair generally shorter than the others ; tibiaa without
apical spurs, einpodia distinct, ungues smooth on the inner side ;
the last joint of the tarsus is said to project somewhat over the
ungues. Wings rather broad, tip roimded ; veins pubescent,
especially towards the apical half of the wing, but the hairs
much more conspicuous in some species than in others. Two
submarginal cells and four posterior cells, the discal cell open
or closed ; the veins mainly parallel on the outer side of the
wing ; the auxiliary vein ending beyond the middle of the wing,

* Osten Sacken observes that some species have the antennas in the female
long enough to reach to the base oi' the abdomen, but there are no species with
such long antennae in the East.

t The chaetotaxy (if such it can be called, when referring to stiff hairs
instead of bristles and spines) has not been observed closely as the above
description appears to apply to all the species, in a greater or less degree, of
this and its allied genera.

J Osten Sacken figures one North American species (E. armata, Os. Sac.)
in which the large basal joint is terminated by three horny teeth, united at
thei bases.

§ According to Osten Sacken ; but I have not searched for them myself.

ERIOPfERA. 447

sometimes at nearly three-fourths its length ; the 1st longitudinal
vein ending some distance beyond the tip of the auxiliary ; the
2nd vein beginning some distance before the middle of the wing,
at an acute angle, the first part of the praefurca (that is, up to the
origin of the 3rd vein) much longer, often double as long, as the
remainder (up to the fork) ; the vein forks soon after the origin
of the 3rd vein, tlfe branches more or less parallel, the marginal
cross-vein situated just after the fork; the 3rd vein emerging at
a wide angle, the basal section of about the same length as the
anterior cross-vein ; the 4th longitudinal forking at or almost
immediately before, the anterior cross-vein ; the anterior branch
simple, the posterior branch forked soon after quitting the cross-
vein, the veirilets sometimes parallel, sometimes diverging, their
tips having a tendency to turn upward slightly ; posterior cross-
vein lying from a little before to a little after the forking of the
2nd vein ; the 5th and 6th veins nearly straight, the 7th running
for a considerable distance close to and parallel with the 6th, and,
after turning down to the margin, running (more or less siuuouslv)
parallel with the hind edge of the wing. This character is not
invariable, as in some species it is nearly straight, in others,
although approximate in its basal half to the 6th, it afterwards
turns straight down to the wing margin without running along-
side of the latter.

Range. Europe, North Africa, North and South America, West
Indies, Java, India and Australia.

In his Monograph (p. 146) Osten Sacken goes very fully into
the question of the synonymy of Krioptera and the closely allied
genera Rhypholophus, Kol., Alolophihis, Curt., Acypliona, Os. Sac.,
and Mesocyphona, Os. Sac. He seems to have had grave doubts
about admitting to generic rank any of these subsidiary genera
except Molophilus. ^Referring to the genus Erioptera, which he
divided into the following subeenera, Erioptera, Aci/phona, Hoplo-
labis, Mesocyphona and Alolophilus, he says : " If I have retained
them in the position of groups or subgenera it is because, in my
opinion, the characters which all these species possess in common,
constitute between them a link of affinity more important than the
structural differences luhich some of them show ". * In his later
• work on the genera of TIPULIDJE he adheres to this view, with
the exception of finally accepting Molophilus as distinct, owing to
the peculiar origin of the 3rd longitudinal vein from the posterior
branch of the 2nd vein instead of from the praefurca, as in most
ERIOPTERINJ.

Erioptera, as I understand it, is now retained for species in
which the 4th longitudinal vein has its postenor branch forked,
the discal cell open, coalescent with the 2nd posterior cell, and
the 7th vein often (though not in all cases) with the peculiar
character of running alongside the 6th for some distance, and

* The italics are mine. — E. B.

448 TIPTJLIDJE.

then after turning more or less suddenly downwards towards the^
hind margin of the wing, running approximately alongside of that
also, although the apical half of the 7th vein itself in such cases
is sinuate or bisinuate.

Mesocyphona differs mainly by the anterior branch of the 4th
longitudinal vein being forked instead of the posterior one, so
that the discal cell, being absent as such, is coalescent with the
.3rd posterior cell. The 7th vein appears to be straight, the only
species other than my new one, M. niyripes, with which 1 have
the means of comparison, being M. caloptera, Os. Sac., of which
Needhain gives a figure.*

Acyplwna and ffopMabis, not being Oriental, may be passed
over with the remark that the closing of the discal cell, fore-
shortening the 2nd posterior cell, is the only generic character of
the former, whilst the appendix in the discal cell in addition to
the position of the posterior cross-vein (some distance before the
discal cell) are the characters of the latter. Of course, either or
both these forms, whether they are to be considered good gener;i
or not, may easily occur in the East. Acypliona occurs in Central
Europe, HopMabis in the United States.

Molophihis is quite a good genus by virtue of the unusual origin
of the 3rd vein, coupled with the extension proximally of both
the 2nd posterior cell and the posterior cross-vein.

Rliypholoplms is again easily separated from all the above
genera by the membrane of the wings being hairy in addition to
the veins.

In Erioptera, sensu stricto, some variation of importance in the
course of the 7th vein is recorded above, and those species in
which this vein assumes its peculiar and unusual course may be
regarded as the typical ones of the genus in the East. In the
degree of pubescence of the veins, much difference is seen, some
species appearing at once as hairy-winged, whereas in others the
wings appear at first sight practically bare.

Table of Species.

1. "Wing with distinct spots composed of

small patches of black hairs jnmctipennis, sp. n., p. 449.

"Wing without such marks 2.

2. Posterior cross-vein at some little

distance before fork of 4th longi-
tudinal vein ferruffinea, sp. n., p. 450.

Posterior cross-vein immediately before,
or actually at, fork of 4th vein 3.

Posterior cross-vein half-way between
fork of 4th longitudinal vein and fork
of its lower branch distans, sp. n., p. 451.

* Although technically M. nigripes falls into Mesocyphmia, I cannot help
thinking its affinities are not with M. calo-ptera and M. parva, Os. Sac., as it»
general facies seems quite different from that of these two species.

ER1OPTEBA. 449

3. The 7th longitudinal vein not closely

approximate to 6th at its base 4.

The 7th longitudinal vein closely ap-
proximate to 6th at its base 5.

4. Dark grey, grey-legged species ; \vings

nearly clear, veins distinct brevior, sp. n.; p. 452.

Yellowish, yellow-legged species; wings
distinctly yellowish, much more pub-
escent, veins much less distinct .... incerta, sp. n., p. 452,

5. Origin of 2nd and 3rd longitudinal veins,

with anterior cross-vein, always be-
yond middle of wing 6.

Origin of 2nd and 3rd veins, with
anterior cross-veil], distinctly before
middle of wing parallela, sp. n., p. 453.

6. Grey species, at least the body 7.

Yellowish species, at least the body . . 8.

7. Brownish grey species, 4-5 mm. long ;

wings practically clear orientalis, sp. n., p. 453.

Yellowish species, 3 mm. long ; a very
slight suffusion along the cross-veins. . sitbtincta, sp. n., p. 455.

8. Halteres all yellow Jluva, sp. n., p. 455.

Halteres with yellow stem and blackish

knobs 9.

9. Larger species, 5 mm. long yrandior, sp. n., p. 456.

Smaller species, 2|-3^ mm. long 10.

10. Genitalia extra large and more complex

in male, larger than usual in female. . yenitalis, sp. n., p. 456.
Genitalia normal in male and female . . halteruta, sp. n., p. 457.

320. Erioptera punctipennis, sp. nov. (PI. VIII, fig. 17.)

5 . Head light brownish yellow ; frons one-fourth the width of
the head, very convex, clothed with long thick bright yellow hairs.
Proboscis and palpi dark brown. Antennal scape dark brown,
1st joint moderately long, 2nd large, distinctly wider ; flagellum
of fourteen brownish yellow verticillate joints. Thorax : dorsum
rather bright shining light brownish yellow; no stripes, but with the
configuration of the usual pattern slightly delineated by somewhat
darker but ill-defined einarginations ; a sharp line of demarcation
between the dorsum and the sides of the thorax, which latter are
pale yellowish , with a brown lateral median irregular stripe. Two
well-separated rows of dorso-central black bristly hairs of different
sizes, irregularly placed, from the anterior margin to the posterior
corners. Scutellum and inetanotum brownish yellow, bare. Abdo-
men dark brown ; segments distinct, with some pale yellow hairs
at the sides. Belly similar. Ovipositor very large and con-
spicuous, shining brownish yellow, with long brownish yellow
hairs ; the basal part enlarged, normal in shape ; the lower part
of the organ, including the valves, is set rather further back, and
it is only about two-thirds the length of the upper portion,
being in addition twisted round to the side. Legs yellowish, with
bright golden yellow microscopic pubescence ; tips of all the joints

450 TIPULIDJE.

almost imperceptibly black. Wings yellowish, with numerous
dark brown marks ; pubescent, along the veins, the hairs normally
yellow, especially along the bright yellow costa, but the hairs
are black here and there, forming the dark wing-spots. The
auxiliary vein and the 1st longitudinal lie so near the costa as
to be hardly visible ; the 2nd longitudinal vein beginning at one-
third the length of the wing, forking beyond the middle, the
upper branch forming a rectangle at its origin, both branches
running parallel with the margin of the wing ; the very short
marginal cross-vein placed at the angle in the upper branch ; the
3rd longitudinal vein beginning near the middle of the wing, its
basal section in a line with the anterior cross-vein, which itself
joins the pointed basal end of the 2nd posterior cell ; the 3rd
vein and the upper branch of: the 4th longitudinal exactly
parallel ; the lower branch of the 4th vein forked just before
its middle ; posterior cross-vein situated just beyond the middle
of the wing, in a line with the anterior cross-vein ; the 5th, 6th
and 7th veins practically straight. The wing-markings are com-
posed of small patches of black hairs, and are distributed in the
following manner : — five small spots on the costa, a 6th being at
the tip of the lower branch of the 2nd longitudinal vein ; also one
at the tip of all the veins posterior to, but not including, the 3rd
vein ; an elongated spot over the cross-veins and one each over
the fork of the 2nd vein, and that of the 4th vein ; the 3rd vein,
for some distance in its middle, bears black hairs ; similar black
hair-spots occur here and there with apparently more or less
irregularity. Halteres brownish yellow.

Length 2| millim.

Described from two females taken by Dr. Annandale at
Kurseong, 26-27. vi. 10.

Type and second specimen both in the Indian Museum.

Kather easily distinguished from all other species by the black
hair-spots giving the wing a spotted appearance.

321. Erioptera ferruginea, sp. nov.

cj . Head : vertex and upper part of back of head shining light
reddish or ferruginous brown ; frons, which is rather narrow —
less than a third of the width of the head — and lower part of
head behind the eyes, yellow; post-ocular orbit silvery white.
Antennal scape and base of flagellura yellowish ; remainder of
flagellum brown. Proboscis yellow, palpi brownish. Thorax light
ferruginous brown, very shining ; dorsum with a narrow black
line in the centre, very attenuated towards the anterior margin,
which it barely reaches; it also does not continue posteriorly
beyond the suture. Some bristly hairs on the dorsum give the
appearance of the usual two well-separated rows of dorso-central
ones. Scutellum and sides concolorous or a little lighter ; metano-
tuin not shining. Abdomen bright yellowish, almost ferruginous

ERIOPTERA. 451

brown, with pale yellow hairs at the sides ; segments considerably
emarginate ; belly similar. Grenitalia brownish yellow ; a large
basal stout subovate pubescent joint, with moderately long bifid
yellow claws at the tip. Legs yellow, tibiae a little tinged with
brown. Wings nearly clear, pubescence on the veins very incon-
spicuous. Venation nearly normal ; lower branch of the 4th
longitudinal vein forked widely at half its length; posterior
cross-vein at some distance before the fork of the 4th vein ; the
7th vein short, turning down to the margin of the wing imme-
diately after quitting the proximity of the 6th vein. Halteres
yellow, clubs black.

Length 4 millim.

Described fcom a single male taken by Dr. Annandale at
Pallode, near Trivandrum, Travancore State, South India,
15. xi. 08.

Type in the Indian Museum.

This species resembles E. halterata in general appearance,
especially in the black-clubbed halteres. It is, however, easily
distinguished by several apparently good characters : by the
inconspicuous pubescence of the veins ; the ferruginous shining
thorax, lightly though distinctly striped with black ; the different
position of the posterior cross-vein ; the short 7th vein turning
down somewhat sharply to the margin instead of running parallel
with it for a considerable distance, as in E. halterata. Also the
fork of the lower branch of the 4th vein is different, lying beyond
the middle of the vein, and being widely open, with the veinlets
quite straight.

322. Erioptera distans, sp. nov.

c? . Head dark grey ; frons very broad, three-fourths the width
of the head, and with long black hairs. Proboscis, palpi, and
antennae brownish yellow ; flagellar joints oval, moderately large
and long, distinctly elongate towards the tip. Thorax : dorsurn
wholly blackish, a little greyish below the shoulders and in front ;
sides dark grey, with a little grey dusting. Abdomen : the 1st
segment pale dirty yellow, the remainder black. Genitalia some-
what concealed by a pair of large blackish curved plates; yellowish,
two-jointed, hairy, with two small filamentous appendages and an
upper pair of small brownish yellow subconical organs. Leys
brown, with much longer pubescence than usual, especially on
the femora. Wings pale grey ; pubescence very inconspicuous
but distinctly present. The auxiliary vein ending opposite the
beginning of the 3rd vein ; the subcostal cross-vein at a little
before the tip of the auxiliary vein ; the 1st longitudinal vein at
its tip, indistinct, where the wing is a little darkened, as through
the beginning of a stigma ; remainder of venation normal ; the
lower branch of 4th longitudinal vein forking rather early ; the
posterior cross-vein half-way between the fork of the 4th vein

452 TIPULIDJE.

and the fork of its lower branch ; the 6th vein nearly parallel
with the 5th throughout its length ; the 7th short, barely curved,
running straight to the wing-margin, without any tendency to
approximate to the 6th. Halteres yellowish.

Length 3 millini.

Described from a single male taken by Dr. Annandale at
Kurseong, 26. vi. 10.

Type in the Indian Museum.

323. Erioptera brevior, sp. nov. (PI. IX, fig. 2.)

3 $ . Head mainly grey, the frons forming one-third of the
width of the head. Proboscis yellowish ; palpi brown, pubescent.
Antennae brownish yellow, normally pubescent. TJiorax brownish
grey, tinged with yellowish towards the sides. Two well-separated
rows of dorso-central bristly hairs. Scutellum concolorous,
metanotum darker. Abdomen brown, reddish brown or brownish
yellow, with short pale pubescence. Genitalia of the male con-
colorous, very pubescent, the 1st joint large, oblongo-cylindrical,
the 2nd joint represented by a long bifid black claw. Ovipositor
of the female with the dorsal side of the basal portion blackish,
the upper pair of valves curved, the lower pair straight. Legs
brownish yellow, tarsi darker. Wings yellowish, pubescence of the
veins rather inconspicuous. The auxiliary vein ending in the
middle of the wing, the 1st longitudinal at three-fourths of the
wing; the 2nd longitudinal vein beginning a little before the
middle of the wing, the praefurca being nearly two-thirds the
length of the vein ; the marginal cross-vein placed at some distance
before the rather widely open fork ; the 3rd vein Originating at
the middle of the prrefurca, its basal section distinct, nearly as long
as the anterior cross-vein ; the 3rd vein and the upper branch of
the 4th longitudinal are parallel ; the basal end of the 2nd posterior
cell pointed ; the lower branch of the 4th longitudinal forked at
one-third of its length, making the 3rd posterior cell elongate-
triangular; posterior cross-vein placed immediately before the
branching of the 4th vein ; the 5th, 6th and 7th veins nearly
straight. Halteres pale lemon-yellow.

Length 2 millim.

Described from two males and two females. The type male and
female taken by Mr. Paiva at Darjiling, 11. viii.09 and 5.viii.09,
respectively. An additional male and female from Kurseong,
7. ix. 09, taken by Dr. Annandale.

Types in the Indian Museum.

324. Erioptera incerta, sp. nov.

J . Very like E.flava, but apparently quite distinct. The head
is dark grey, not yellowish, the vertex much broader than in
E.flava ; the flagellum of the antennae is much longer and stronger,

ERIOF-TERA. 453

the colour of the thorax and abdomen is darker aud more brownish
especially the abdomen, and the pale yellow hairs are more
numerous ; the thoracic dorsum has two distinct rows of long
yellow dorso-central hairs. The genitalia are a little more
elongate. The wing has the 7th vein not approximate to the 6th
near the base, but in length it is equal to that of E. jlava.

Length 2 millim.

Described from a single male taken by Mr. Paiva at Darjiling,
5. viii. 09.

Type in the Indian Museum.

325. Erioptera parallela, sp. nov.

$ . Head yellowish grey ; frons one-fourth the width of the
head, with a few hairs. Proboscis and palpi brownish yellow.
Antennae rather long; 1st scapal joint rather 'short, 2nd large,
1st flagellar joint oval, as are the rest, but slightly larger. Thorax
dirty brownish yellow, pubescence inconspicuous. Abdomen
blackish. Ovipositor rather small, dark brownish yellow, shining,
the terminal blades short, yellowish. Legs brownish, the coxae
brownish yellow. Wings pale grey, veins all distinctly pubescent.
The 2nd longitudinal vein beginning at one-fourth of the wing,
forking just beyond the middle ; the 3rd vein originating just
before the middle of the wing ; the anterior cross-vein barely
beyond the middle ; the 4th vein forking immediately before the
anterior cross-vein, the posterior cross-vein placed immediately
before the fork ; the lower branch of the 4th vein forking early ;
all these veins practically parallel, and from their extra length, due
to the cross-veins being so near the middle of the wing, the
appearance of parallelism is striking; the 7th vein running ex-
ceedingly close to the 6th vein at the base (the 5th and 6th veins
are stronger than usual, aud distinctly united at their bases), and
afterwards running nearly parallel with the wing-margin, at some
distance from it. whilst still remaining more or less parallel to the
6th vein ; the 5th, 6th, and 7th veins all seem rather closer
together in this species than in others, llalteres rather large,
with narrow yellow stems and black clubs.

Length about 3 millim.

Described from a single female from Kurseong, June 1910.

Type in the Indian Museum.

Since describing this species the abdomen has become detached
and lost. No other specimen has been seen.

326. Erioptera orientalis, sp. nov.

c? $ . Head : vertex, back of head, and the very broad frons
(the latter much elevated and measuring four-fifths the width of
the head — possibly sometimes less than this) moderately dark grey,
with long and short black hairs. The frons by its elevation affords

2o 2

454

the peculiar appearance of the vertex being drawn forward, as it
were, into a pointed flap, which hangs down between the eyes ;
the sides of the irons, near the eyes, being bent inwards ; the
occiput, near the eye-mai'gius, is whitish. Proboscis yellow, with
large yellow labella at tip ; palpi dark brown. Autennal scape
with the 1st joint long, cylindrical, yellowish ; 2nd broader and
shorter, rounded, a little greyish ; the flagellum with lighter
brownish yellow, elongate, oval joints ; distinctly pubescent, with
hairs of different lengths and a verticel of a few much longer
hairs on each joint. Thorax dull greyish brown ; a little yellow ish
about the pleura, on the shoulders and on the broad post-sutural
depression ; no distinct dorsal stripes, but there is in some speci-
mens an ill-defined indication of them. Scutellum and meta-
notum more or less concolorous, the whole posterior part of the
thorax generally more yellowish than the anterior half. Abdomen
brow^nish or brownish yellow, hind margins and sides of segments
often blackish. Some soft yellow hairs over dorsum and sides.
Genitalia of the male consisting of a pair of elongated cylindrical
claspers, of one joint only, with a small black terminal hook which
appears to represent all there is of the second joint. Ovipositor
of female brownish yellow7, normal in shape, small. Legs brownish
yellow, trochanters nearly as long as the coxae, femora with a
blackish subapical ring. Wings yellowish grey. The auxiliary
vein lying very close to the 1st longitudinal and ending in the
costa opposite the marginal cross-vein, the 1st vein ending half-way
between the marginal cross-vein and the tip of the wing ; the 2nd
longitudinal vein beginning much before the middle of the wing,
at a comparatively small angle, and forking just before the
marginal cross-vein, the branches being parallel and the praefurca
being half the length of the vein ; the 3rd vein originating a little
before the fork of the 2nd, forming a distinct angle at its bend,
thence running parallel with the lower branch of the 2nd vein
straight to the wing-tip ; anterior cross-vein moderately long, in a
line with the basal section of the 3rd vein ; the 4th vein forking
almost exactly by the anterior cross-vein, thus forming a short
basal side to the 2nd posterior cell (the discal cell being absent) ;
the upper branch of the 4th vein straight, simple, nearly parallel
with the 3rd vein, the 1st posterior cell being slightly narrow at the
tip ; the lower branch widely forked at half its length ; the
posterior cross-vein placed just before the fork of the 4th vein ;
the 5th and 6th veins nearly straight ; the 7th, after quitting the
6tr, takes a moderately wide curve and, towards the tip, again
turns downwards to the margin. The hairs on all the veins very
small and quite inconspicuous. Halteres yellowish.

Length 4-5 millim.

Described from three males and six females in the Indian

i seum from Darjiling, 5.viii. 09, including type male (Paiva),
also type female and other specimens (Annandale*) ; Kurseong,
4-9.ix.09; and Shanghai, South Chinn, 8. v.26 (Bruneiti).

Types in the Indian Museum.

ERIOPTERA. 455

327. Erioptera subtincta, sp. nov.

cf $ . Head yellowish ; frons about one-third the width of the
head, with some bristles. Proboscis yellowish ; palpi dark brown.
Antennae brownish yellow, the scapal joints of considerable size,
comparatively, especially the 2nd ; the basal flagellar joint is also
much larger than the others. In the female the colour of the
flagellum is darker brown. Thorax almost uniformly brownish
yellow, with apparently two somewhat irregular rows of dorso-
central small bristly hairs. Scutellum more or less uniform in
colour, metanotum darker ; the pleurae as well as the metanotum
with more or less of a light violet tinge, when viewed from certain
directions, and with a little white dusting. Abdomen brownish
yellow, with pale hairs ; darker in the female. Grenitalia of
male small and inconspicuous, yellowish. Ovipositor of female
yellowish, rather larger at the base, the terminal valves yellow.
Legs : coxae and femora yellow, tibiae and tarsi brownish yellow.
Wings yellowish, venation normal, veins distinctly pubescent. A
very slight and narrow suffusion over the cross-veins from the
marginal cross-vein to the end of the posterior cross-vein, also
very slightly but distinctly over the base of the 2nd longitudinal
vein. The 7th vein bisinuate on its apical half. Halteres yellowish,
clubs black.

Length 3 millim.

Described from a single male and female from Darjiling. 5. viii. 09
(Paiva).

Types in the Indian Museum.

328. Erioptera flava, sp. nov.

<$ $ . Head yellowish or brownish yellow ; frons one-third the
width of the head, with stiff black hairs. Proboscis short and
thick, brownish yellow ; palpi dark brown. Antennal scape very
large, brownish yellow ; flagellum thin, short, paler yellow, 1st
joint rather larger than the rest; the joints with very short
pubescence and verticels. Thorax wholly brownish yellow ; some
few stiff hairs more or less arranged in two rows. Scutellum,
metanotum and sides concolorous. Abdomen yellowish, with pale
yellow hair at the sides; belly similar. G-enitalia moderately
large, yellowish, with long bristly hairs ; a large ovate basal joint,
with a black hook at the end, is all that is visible. Legs wholly
yellowish ; tips of tarsi blackish. Wings pale yellowish grey ;
venation normal, pubescence distinct. The 7th vein long, nearly
as long as the 6th, running close alongside the 6th on its basal
portion and nearly parallel with the hind margin on its apical
portion. Halteres yellowish.

Length 2|-3,7 millim.

Described from three males and one female. The type male
taken at Madhupur, Bengal, 17.x. 09, "at light" (P<m/a); the
other two males at Bologhatta, near Khulna, Ganges delta on

456

board a launch "at light," 28. viii. 09 (Dr. J. T. Jenldns}; the
female taken "at light " in Calcutta, 12. ix. 07 (Annandale).

Types in the Indian Museum.

The single female present, which I take to be that of this
species, is rather larger than the males, the abdomen is a little
darker, the antennae distinctly longer ; the genital organs are
normal and yellowish.

329. Erioptera grandior, sp. nov. (PL VIII, fig. 18.)

£ . Head yellowish, with numerous bristly black hairs ; frons
nearly half the width of the head. Proboscis short, thick, brownish
yellow; palpi blackish, the 4th joint long, apparently narrowed
somewhat in the middle, giving the appearance of a 5th joint.
Antenn® brownish yellow, the scapal joints rather large, the
flagellar joints oval, but becoming gradually much more elongated
towards the tips. Tliorax : anterior part rather large, but no
apparent neck. Ground-colour of thorax light brownish yellow,
the dorsum being only slightly darker ; a narrow black streak on
the prothorax. Two rows of dorso-central bristly hairs, com-
paratively small in size, as in most of the other species. Scutellum
and the rather large metanotuin concolorous ; pleura? with a little
white dusting. Abdomen yellowish, the segments distinctly
emarginate, with rather dense; moderately long, soft pale yellow
hairs. A narrow black line towards the sides of the segments.
Ovipositor brownish yellow, somewhat swollen at the base, the
upper pair of valves curved, long, the lower pair shorter and
straight. Legs wholly brownish yellow, tarsi practically no darker.
Wings pale yellow, venation normal, veins distinctly pubescent.
The 7th longitudinal vein very distinctly bisinuate after quitting
its proximity to the 6th. Halteres yellowish, clubs black.

Length 5 millim.

Described from a single female from Simla, 10. v. 09 (Annandale).

Type in the Indian Museum.

330. Erioptera genitalis, sp. nov.

c? $ . Head : vertex very broad, yellowish grey with numerous
yellow hairs, narrowing to a very narrow frons. Proboscis and
palpi dark brown ; antennae brownish yellow. Thorax light
brownish yellow, pale yellowish grey at the margins and on the
shoulders. Two widely separated rows of yellow bristly hairs on
the dorsum. Abdomen dark brown, more or less marked with
yellow, and rather thickly pubescent, with bright yellow hairs.
Genitalia extraordinarily large and very complex in the male ;
a comparatively small dorsal hairy plate ; the first joint of the
claspers large and thick, bearing dense yellow pubescence and
having three obtuse ends, pointing respectively above, below, and
behind ; from the lower end, which is invaginated, forming a

ERIOPTERA. 457

small cup, projects the 2nd joint, which is moderately long,
cylindrical, yellow, with a slightly arcuated short black" hook ;
between the claspers or perhaps issuing from their inner side, are
four yellow tentacles (two to each clasper), apparently flexible,
one pair of which bears black hooked tips. Ovipositor of the
female large, yellow. Legs brownish yellow, sometimes quite
bright yellow on femora and tibiae. Wings practically clear,
highly iridescent ; venation normal, the veins thickly clothed with
yellow hairs. Halteres very narrow and thin, stem pale yellow,
knobs black.

Length 2|- 3 millim.

Described from three males and one female from Bhowali,
5700 feet, Kumaon (A. D. Imms); the type and two other males
taken " at light," 27. vi. 10 ; the type female, 12. vi. 10.

Types in the Indian Museum.

331 . Erioptera halterata, sp. nov.

d $ . Head : frons yellowish grey or yellowish, from one-third
to one-fourth the width of the head. Proboscis brownish yellow ;
palpi blackish. Antennae brownish yellow, normal in length,
shape and pubescence, sometimes the apical half of the flagellum
a little darker. Thorax wholly yellowish, the dorsum almost
imperceptibly darker, with two irregular rows of dorso-central
bristly hairs. Scutellum and sides of thorax yellowish, metanotum
sometimes a little brownish. Abdomen brownish yellow, with
rather numerous pale yellow hairs at the sides. In some specimens
there is a blackish streak towards the sides ; in others the narrow
internal organs can be readily seen showing black and twisted
through the transparent integument. Belly similar. Genitalia
of male brownish yellow, pubescent ; 1st joint large, subcylin-
drical ; 2nd joint short, with a long bifid claAV. Ovipositor
brownish yellow, normal, only moderately enlarged at the base ;
terminal blades long, slightly curved. Legs pale yellow, tarsi
generally no darker, but in some specimens almost imperceptibly
so towards the tips. Wings yellow, pubescence of veins distinct,
venation nearly normal ; the posterior branch of the 4th longitu-
dinal vein forks early, the veinlets both gently bisinuate (which is a
slight deviation from their usual course in this genus) and approxi-
mately in the same direction; the 7th vein, after quitting its
proximity to the 6th, runs practically parallel, though gently
bisinuate, with the hind margin of the wing. Halteres yellow,
the clubs quite black.

Length 2|-3| millim.

Described from a type male taken by me " at light " at Darjiling,
20. ix. 08 ; a type female from the same place taken by Mr. Paiva,
6-11. viii. 09 ; and other specimens of both sexes of the same
locality and dates.

458 TIPULID^E.

Types in the Indian Museum.

A male in the above collection, also taken by me at Darjiling,
1.x. 08, has the dorsum of the thorax darker, with the margin
rather paler yellow. There is a black spot on the frons and the
abdomen is dark brown; nevertheless, it would be unwise, at
present, to regard it as distinct.

Genus MESOCYPHONA, Og. Sac.

Mesocyphona, Osten Sacken, Monog. Dipt. N. Amer. iv, p. 152
(1869).

GENOTYPE, Erioptera caloptera, Say, by present designation,
being the first of the two species placed by Usteu Sacken in the
genus at its installation.

The author separates this genus (which he always regarded as
a subgenus only) f rom Erioptera as follows : — " The anterior branch
of the 4th longitudinal vein is forked ; in other words, when the
discal cell is open it coalesces with the 3rd posterior cell ; when
the discal cell is closed, the inner ends of the 2nd and 3rd
posterior cells are nearly in a line."

The 7th longitudinal vein is straight, and not approximate to
the 6th towards the base, nor more or less parallel with the hind
margin of the wing in its apical section, as is the case in the
typical Oriental species of Erioptera. In commenting upon the
two North American species on which he founds the genus,*
Osten Sacken notes their further resemblance in the position of
the two brown stripes on the thorax and in the dark bands on
the whitish femora. These characters, however, do not occur in
the new species, M. nigripes, here added to the genus. (See
footnote, p. 448.)

332. Mesocyphona nigripes, sp. nov. (PI. IX, fig. 1.)

c? . Head moderately dark grey ; frons forming one-third the
width of the head at a little above the antennae, but rapidly
widening towards the vertex, where it forms half the width of
the head ; colour grey, with rather long stiff black hairs ; back of
head dark grey, with moderately long black hairs. .Proboscis
brownish yellow ; palpi blackish, comparatively large. Antennae
with the 1st scapal joint long, cylindrical, the 2nd subcylindrical,
both blackish ; the flagellar joints oval towards the base, the middle
and apical ones considerably elongated, each with a verticel of verv
long hairs in addition to the short ordinary pubescence. Thorax
very arched, making the height, seen in profile, much greater than
usual. Dorsum black, narrowly edged with yellow, this colour

* M. caloptera, Say, and M. parva, Os. Sac.

MESOCYPHONA. — STYRIXGOMYIA. 459

extending a little on to the shoulders. Scutelluua more or less
yellowish; inetauotum black. Sides of thorax almost wholly black.
Abdomen blackish, roughened, with very sparse short pale hairs ;
belly black. Genitalia very small, black, consisting, so far as can be
seen, of an upper and a lower pair of fleshy subcylindrical one-
jointed claspers, no terminal hooks being evident ; moderately
pubescent. Legs black, shortly pubescent. Wings pale grey, veins
black, pubescence on the veins distinct but not conspicuous. The
auxiliary vein ending much beyond the base of the 2nd longi-
tudinal vein, nearly opposite the base of the 3rd vein ; the 2nd
vein beginning before the middle of the wing, forking beyond
half its length, the lower branch nearly twice as long as the
upper one ; the 1st longitudinal vein ending beyond the fork of
the 2nd vein ; the 3rd vein beginning at two-thirds of the length
of the praefurca, its basal section being half as long as the
anterior cross-vein, running to the tip of the wing ; the 4th vein
has its anterior branch forked at one-third of its length, the
branches nearly parallel, so that the 1st posterior cell has its sides
also approximately parallel ; the 3rd posterior cell with a distinct
basal side, the posterior cross-vein in a line with it ; the nth and
6th veins nearly straight ; the 7th not approximated to the 6th
at any portion of its length, and gently arcuate. Halteres dirty
yellowish white.

Length 4| millim.

Described from two males from Kurseong, 7-9. ix. 09 (Annan-
dale}, and G-hoom, 7500 ft., 19. ix. 08.

Type and other specimens in the Indian Museum.

Genus STYRINGOMYIA, Lw.

Styringomyia, Loew, Dipt. Beitr. I, in " Zu. der offentlichen Prufung
der Schuler d. Konigl. Fried. Wilh. Gymn. zu Posen," p. 6
(1845).

GENOTYPE, S. venusta, Lw. ; by original designation. Though
this is a fossil species, it is actually the original type o£ the genus.
Further extinct species in amber, from Caffraria, were described
by Osten Sacken but not named.

Head: eyes separated above by a broad frons, nearly contiguous
below. Proboscis short ; palpi four-jointed, the joints more or
less of equal length, generally the 1st joint the shortest and the
last the longest. Antennae rather long, 16-jointed ; scape with
1st joint elongate, cylindrical, the 2nd broader and much shorter;
the flagellum of fourteen oval joints, gradually diminishing in size
to the tip. Thorax oval, moderately arched ; prothorax conically
produced into a normal short neck. Abdomen long (sometimes
three times the length of the thorax), linear, composed of only
seven segments, a short basal one and six others about equal in

460 TIPTJLID^E.

length. Genital organs of male prominent and complex ; a large
pair of thick fleshy claspers with some appendages, and a secondary
pair of claspers. In the female the genital organs are also large
and rather more complex than usual. Legs comparatively short
and stout, rather conspicuously hairy; tibia) without apical spurs;
empodia distinct. Wings : auxiliary vein absent, probably united
with the basal part of 1st longitudinal vein where the latter is
slightly thickened and takes a sharp bend downwards, afterwards
ending in the costa before the middle of the wing ; 2nd vein
emerging from towards tip of 1st and forming a wide sweep, or
the apical part is turned up rather suddenly to the costa, ending
in it about half-way between the tip of the 1st vein and the wing-
tip ; 3rd vein originating at two-thirds the length of the 2nd and,
after the usual bend, running straight to above the wing-tip ;
anterior cross-vein of moderate length, in a line with the basal
section of the 3rd ; discal cell approximately obloug, twice as long
as broad ; upper branch of 4th vein forked at or immediately
beyond discal cell, the veinlets diverging, lower branch simple ;
posterior cross-vein at middle of discal cell ; 5th, 6th and 7th
veins all long and nearly straight. Through the absence of the
auxiliary vein there is a cell less than usual in the anterior part
of the wing, those present being the costal, marginal, and sub-
marginal (one only) with four posterior cells.

Ranc/e. Hawaii, Java, India, Ceylon, and Tropical Africa.
Fossil species in amber from Zanzibar and Caffraria.

The genus was described by Loew in 1845 from a specimen in
amber, and was for many years considered an extinct genus. The
late Baron Osten Sacken, in his Monograph of the North
American TIPULID.I BEEVIPALPI (p. 102), describes a second
species (without naming it) from a piece of copal from Zanzibar.
He figures a wing, copied from Loew's figure, and characterises
the genus, adding from Loew's original description such details
as were not distinctly visible in his own species. He suggested,
but did not assume, the relationship of the genus to Toxorhina.
Later on (1887) the same author, in his historical " Studies on
Tipulidre," ii (Berl. Ent. Zeits., xxxiii, p. 185). records the exis-
tence of recently captured specimens from Caffraria taken by
Wahlberg, in the collection of the Stockholm Museum. Needham
(New York State Museum, Bulletin 124, pi. xxvi, fig. 6) repro-
duces an enlarged figure of Osten Sac-ken's copy of Loew'"s wing.
Prof. Kertesz in his exhaustive catalogue of the Diptera of the
"World, now in progress of publication, does not mention the genus,
from which I presume that the Caffraria specimens were not
named. Loew's original species was S. venusta, § .

Incidentally it may be noted that there exists another genus
with a very similar name — Steritigomyia, Pokorny — erected in
3889 (Verb*, zool-bot. Ges. Wien, xxxix, p. 568) for a single
species from the Alps, allied to the genus of MUSCID^E, Cynomyia,
Eob. Desv.

STTEINGOMYIA. 461

De Meijere places the genus in the RHAMPHIDIINI, but it seems
to me much more nearly related to the Gonomyia group, with
Mongoma. Lechria, and the closer allies of Gonomyia.

Table of Species.

Wings with small pale grey infuscations on

the cross-veins and elsewhere ceylonica, Edw., p. 461.

Wings quite clear.

Brown species, wings pale grey obscura, Brim., p. 463.

Yellowish species, wings pale yellow .... Jlava, Brun., p. 464.

333. Styringomyia ceylonica, Edw. (PI. IX, fig. 3; PI. XI,
fig. 18.)

Styrinyomyia ceylonica, Edwards, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (8) viii,
p. 62 (July 1911) ; Brunetti, llec. Ind. Mus" vi, p. 298 (1911).

c? $ . Head and the rather short blunt proboscis, yellowish ; the
wide t'rons bearing several long strong bristly hairs. Eyes black,
almost contiguous below the head, for a short space. Antenn*
yellowish, with somewhat sparse, moderately long hairs ; scape
brown, 1st joint elongate, 2nd wider at tip ; flagellum of fourteen
oval joints, narrowing in size towards tip. Palpi yellowish, with
some hairs, 4-jointed, each of about the same length, the 1st rather
the shortest, the 4th slightly the longest, with a blackish tip which
is sometimes bent at a right angle ; 2nd broadest and widening
towards tip, which is black. Thorax : neck moderately long, with
strong stiff black hairs on upperside. Thorax brownish on upper
half, yellowish below, with two irregular rows of short bristly hairs,
separated by a father wide median space. Some stiff hairs on the
sides, a long one on each posterior callus and two in each humeral
region. Scutelluui and inetanotum brown, bare. Abdomen about
three times as long as the thorax, linear, consisting of the usual
short basal segment, and six other longer ones of about equal length,
moderately pubescent. Variable in colour ; in male mainly dirty
yellow with posterior borders of segments a little blackish, or with
an indistinct dorsal stripe ; in female dark brown. Genital organs
of male prominent and highly complicated, consisting of two large
basal segments (wider than the terminal abdominal segment), the
2nd pointed posteriorly above ; this latter segment bearing a pair
of large subchitinous claspers of which the upper arm is bluntly
conical, terminating in a black sharp elongated point ; the lower
arm being attenuated, elongated, nearly transparent, apparently
flexible and terminating in a very long black filamentous bristle ;
below this upper pair of large claspers is a second, much smaller
pair, the upper arm of each being bifid and stout, the lower arm
longer, comparatively thin, and ending in a small expansion
bearing four blunt strong teeth, there being two small black

462 TIPULIDJE.

spines at the middle of this lower arm ; between this lower pair
of claspers is a small bristly organ, apparently the penis, and
below all the organs is a rather large ventral plate. In the female
the genitalia are also large and complicated, consisting of a pair of
nearly perpendicular sheaths, terminating in filamentous points,
and enclosing two internal lamella) and two bristly fleshy organs,
the whole being supported below by a ventral plate which
possesses a small appendage towards the tip, below. In both sexes
the genital organs are conspicuous and large, generally concolorous
or a little lighter in colour than the abdomen. Legs mainly
yellow, with black rings, pubescent ; coxae rather strong ; tro-
chanters rather well developed, half as long as the coxae : fore
coxae with some strong bristly hairs on the upperside: all coxae with
scattered short hairs ; fore femora with a few long hairs (longer
than the general pubescence) : middle femora with an irregular row
of short bristly hairs on upper and anterior sides, including several
rather longer ones placed near together towards the tip of the
anterior side : hind femora with four rows (one on each side, also
above and below) of long soft hairs : all the femora distinctly
broader at tip than at base ; fore tibae with a row of five or six long
equidistant bristly hairs on the front side, and a row on the outer
side: middle tibiae with a row of five or six bristly hairs on hinder
side, and a row of five or six on outer side : hind tibiae with a row of
ten or twelve stronger stiff hairs on hinder side, and a row of five or
six stiff long hairs on outer side, in addition to rows of longer, soft
hairs, which are also in addition to the general pubescence. All the
tarsi with some longer hairs ; hind metatarsus, which is as long
as the rest of the tarsus, with a row of five or six pairs of diverging
bristly hairs on outer side; 2nd, 3rd and 4th tarsal joints with some
longer hairs in sets of from two to four, on outer sides ; claws
black. In coloration, all the femora have two blackish rings on the
apical half, the tips also being uarrowlv black ; the tibia? have a
narrow ring in the middle and a rather broad one at the tip ; all
the tarsal joints are black-tipped ; all these rings on the legs
being variable in width and still more so in intensity. Wings
clear grey ; considerably iridescent ; costa very shortly bristly,
quite bare at base ; posterior margin of wing with soft short
hairs, longest at base of wing and shortest towards tip of wing.
1st longitudinal vein with a row of distinct, rather long bristly hairs
throughout its entire length, deflected suddenly downwards near
its base, shortly afterwards merged in the costa, just after the
origin of the 2nd longitudinal, which, distinctly before half the
distance from its origin to the wing-tip, turns up almost at right
angles to the costa ; the 3rd longitudinal springing from the
small cross-vein, nearly straight; the upper branch of the 4th
vein forked, the two prongs slightly divergent near base and at
tip ; discal cell rhomboidal, twice as long as broad, rather broader
at apical end ; posterior cross-vein exactly below middle of discal
cell ; the 5th and 6th longitudinal veins nearly straight, 7th

STTKINGOMTIA. 463

bristly at the base, rather more than half as long as the 6th,
sharply curved near its tip towards the border. A slight brownish
suffusion over the anterior cross-vein, the outer side of the discal
cell, and the posterior cross-vein. Halteres dirty yellow; knobs
blackish.

Length 3-6 millim.

Originally described by Mr. Edwards from a single male from
Weligama, Ceylon, 9.ii.08 (T.Bainbriyye Fletcher); here redescribed
from a pair in the Indian Museum taken in cop. at Sukhwani,
Nepal, 15.-16.ii. 08 ; a pair in cop. horn Puri, Orissa, 10. xi. 10
( Annan J ale) ; a pair in cop. taken at light 30. vii.10 (Gravely);
a pair taken at Sukna, Darjiling district, 500 ft., 1. vii. 08 (Annan-
dale) ; and from other specimens.

Type 3 in the British Museum.

The above description was written some months before the
publication of Mr. Edwards' S. ceylonica, under the assumption
that it was a new species, having been drawn up from a
series of more than a dozen specimens representing both sexes.
The species shows considerable variation, and a form which
I had intended to describe as a variety has the wings more
yellowish, the veins paler and the tip of each one very slightly
but distinctly darkened at the wing-margin. In the Indian
Museum, are one male and three females from Sukna, 500 ft.,
1. vii. 08, Puri, Orissa, 22. x. 08 (both Annandale), and Calcutta,
9. xii. 07. I took it at first for a " plains " variety of my
supposed new species, but intermediate individuals connect it
with the typical form. Dr. Annandale says it rests with its
anterior legs stretched out flat in front and its hind legs behind.

The precise mathematical distinctions appertaining to the
bands on the legs, as given by Mr. Edwards do not hold good, as
they exhibit considerable variation. The "bristly hairs" men-
tioned in the above description are sometimes (especially those
on the neck, shoulders and pleuras) sufficiently strong to be
termed real bristles.

334. Styringomyia obscura, Brun.

Styringomyia obscwa, Brunetti, Eec. Ind. Mus. vi, p. 300 (1911).

3 . Head : frons brownish yellow, antennal scape dark brown ;
flagellum (of fourteen oval joints) yellowish, pubescent ; palpi dark
brown, pubescent ; proboscis brown ; back of head light reddish
brown, with some bristly hairs. Thorax: neck (with strong
bristles), dorsum of thorax, scutellum and metanotum uniformly
dark brown ; traces, on hinder part of dorsum, of a pale median
line, extending over the scutellum and metanotum. Two rows of
dorsal bristles as in S. ceylonica, and a few bristly hairs above and
in front of the wings. Sides and lower part of thorax brownish
yellow. Abdomen moderately dark brown, minutely pubescent,

464 TIPCLID^E.

blackish towards tip, emargination of segments black ; belly con-
colorous. Genital organs conspicuous and large, consisting of
a rather large upper part, with two small terminal lamellae bearing
long hairs ; a pair of large fleshy claspers and a pubescent ventral
plate, bilobed at tip. Legs (middle pair wanting) : coxae and
trochanters reddish yellow, with some black hairs on anterior
pairs, and yellow hairs on hind pair. Femora (fore pair distinctly
but not greatly, thickened towards the tip) yellow; apical
fourth black, and with a black ring in the middle which is very
wide on the fore pair and moderately wide on the hind pair.
Tibiae blackish brown, pale at extreme base. Pore tarsi blackish
brown, hind pair yellowish white, claws black, apart from the
minute pubescence of the whole legs. The only stiff hairs are a
row of weak ones on the outside of the hind tibiae, and on the
lower side of the hind tarsi ; a few stiffer hairs on fore tibiae.
Wings grey, unmarked ; venation as in S. ceylonica, but the veins
dark brown and much more distinct. Halteres black, stern
brownish yellow.

Length 5 millim.

Described from a single male in the Indian Museum from
Thamaspur, Nepal, base of Himalayas, 18-20. ii. 08.

335. Styringomyia flava, Brun.

Styrinyomyiajlava, Brunetti, Rec. Ind. Mus. vi, p. 301 (1911).

<S . Whole body mainly pale dirty yellow. Head : 1st joint of
scape dark brown on underside ; flagellum of fourteen joints,
more elongated than in the other species. Thorax : a strong long
spiny bristly hair just above the wing, four small dorso-central ones
arranged in a curve, two long ones on the scutellum and a large
one on each shoulder ; also a strong one a little below each wing ;
pleurae with some minute stiff hairs. Abdomen with rather longer
soft pubescence ; posterior margins of abdominal segments with
a moderately wide brown band, interrupted in the middle. Geni-
talia concolorous, conspicuous ; a pair of large pubescent fleshy
claspers, each bearing at its end a long, filamentous semitrans-
parent tentacle and three strong black spines ; on the inside of
each clasper is a slightly prominent comb-like organ and also
possibly a pair of lamellae ; above, and almost between these large
claspers a smaller fleshy projecting pubescent organ ; below all, an
onion-shaped ventral plate, which, as well as the whole genitalia,
is covered with long bristly hairs. Legs pale yellow, minutely
pubescent, especially on the tibiae ; coxae with stiff hairs ; femora
with a faint trace of the two apical black rings as in S. ceylonica,
fore pair barely enlarged at tip, with a row on upper and under-
sides of longer, stiff hairs ; posterior femora with rows of stiff
hairs, mainly on upper and outer sides, but with a tendency to
general distribution, especially on hind pair. Fore tibiae with
some bristly hairs on front side and a double row of more numerous

LECHEIA. 465

ones on outer side ; posterior tibiae with bristles on outer and
Milder sides. Tarsi with a few bristly hairs below. Wings dis-
tinctly pale yellow, very iridescent, quite unmarked ; venation
exactly as in S. ceylonica, and the costa with a distinct fringe of
short bristly pale hairs, which are nearly absent at the base, both
on front and hind margins. Halteres pale dirty yellow.

Length 5 millim.

Described from a single male taken at light, 22. xi. 08, at
Tenmalai, Travancore State, South India (Annandale).

Type in the Indian Museum.

Genus LECHRIA, Skuse.

Lechria, Skuse, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales (2) iv, p. 830 (1890).
GENOTYPE, L. singular is, Skuse ; by original designation.

" Two submarginal cells, the first verv short, sub-triangular ;
four posterior cells ; no marginal cross-vein, but inner marginal
cell closed by first longitudinal vein, which ends at inner end of
first submarginal cell ; small cross-vein situated some distance
before inner end of second submarginal cell ; praefurca
originating beyond the middle of the wing ; discal cell closed,
elongated, its inner half cuneate, and its inner end situated
before origin of prsefurca ; wings glabrous. Antennae 16-jointed,
short. Feet long, slender ; tibiae with spurs ; ungues small,
smooth ; empodia indistinct. Male forceps with two horny
appendages ; an outer linear one, and a longer somewhat hooked
inner appendage ; also five long, horny, needle-like processes of
the internal apparatus. Rostrum nearly half the length of the
head ; palpi of moderate length, the first joint apparently
slightly the longest, the last three rather thicker, equal. The
antennas little longer (if any) than the head ; joints of scapus
somewhat thick, subcylindrical, the first rather longer than the
second ; flagellar joints subcylindrical, with very short hairs.
Eyes contiguous above, and almost so on the underside.
Collare inconspicuous. Legs clothed with only a microscopic
pubescence. Wings very cuneiformly narrowed towards the base,
with only a slight anal angle ; covered with microscopic dots,
visible only under a high power ; the veins at apical end of wings
densely beset with minute hairs ; stigma narrow, elongate,
enveloping terminal portion of first longitudinal vein. The tip
of auxiliary vein is opposite the end .of the prsefurca and the
small cross- vein ; the subcostal cross-vein at its tip ; praefurca
very short, originating at an angle ; the first longitudinal gently
arcuated into the second longitudinal, joining at the base of its
fork ; the first submarginal cell is very short ; the anterior branch
of the second longitudinal fork about half the length of the
posterior, the latter converges towards the tip of the third

466 TIPULIDvE.

longitudinal, and is equal in length to the petiole ; second sub-
marginal cell also with a short petiole ; the small cross-vein
situated a little beyond middle of discal cell ; the latter closed,
elongated, its inner half cuneiformly narrowed, and its inner end
a little before the origin of pra?iurca ; the great cross-vein a short
distance beyond inner end of discal cell ; fourth longitudinal vein
originating in fifth longitudinal at a little before one-third the
length of the wing, joined at its base to first longitudinal by a
short cross-vein ; fifth, sixth, and seventh longitudinal veins
straight.

" The most striking peculiarities in the venation are, the course
of the first longitudinal which terminates in the second, the
absence of the marginal cross-vein, the first and second sub-
marginal cells being both petiolate, the position of the small
cross-vein, and lastly the shape and position of the discal cell.

" This genus seems undoubtedly related to Gonomyia."
(Skuse.)

Range. Australia and India.

The prffif'urca (that is, the basal section of the 2nd longitudinal
vein from its origin to its fork) is shown in Skuse's own plate as
beginning just before the middle of the wing and not after it, as
he says in his description of the genus. It originates in my new
species at the same spot as in L. singularis, Sktise.

The auxiliary vein ends at the middle of the wing ; the 1st
longitudinal vein extends to about three-fourths of the wing and
turns down, meeting the 2nd longitudinal at (kingularis) or just
beyond (lengalensis) its fork, thus dividing the marginal cell into
two parts. The 2nd vein begins a little before the middle of the
•wing at a rather wide angle, turning up rather angularly before
the middle of the pra3furca, and forking at a little beyond ils
entire length (bengalensis) or at two- thirds of its length (singu-
7cmY), the branches diverging at their tips. The upper submargina.1
cell is subtriangular (singularis) or elongate-conical (berigalensis).
The 3rd vein originates at the angle in the pra3furca and is nearly
straight, ending at about the wing-tip or just below it ; the
anterior cross-vein placed distinctly before the origin of the 3rd,
of ordinary length, and over the middle of the discal cell, which
latter is elongate, about three times as long as broad, rather
irregular in shape with its inner end pointed. The 4th vein has
the upper branch forked, the lower prong with a rectangular basal
section which forms half the distal side of the discal cell, the
discal cross-vein forming the remaining half. The lower branch
of the 4th vein simple, slightly sinuous in both the known species;
the 5th, 6th and 7th veins nearly straight. Posterior cross-vein
just beyond base of discal cell (singularis) or a little before its
middle (bengalensis}. Anal angle of wing somewhat rounded.

LECHRIA. 467

336. Lechria bengalensis, Brun. (PL IX, fig. 4.)

Lechria bengalensis, Brunetti, Rec. Ind. Mus. vi, p. 301 (1911).

c? 5 . Head blackish grey ; frons rather broad and flat, with
short sparse hairs ; proboscis yellowish, palpi dark. Antennae
black ; 1st joint of scape long, 2nd short, both broader than the
14-jointed flagellum, which has traces of white at the tip of each
joint and at the base of the 1st joint. Thorax yellowish, well
arched, mesonotal suture deep, posterior to which the colour of
the dorsum is pale livid brown, as is the scutellum ; rnetanotum,
blackish grey. Sides of thorax yellowish, pleurae a little dusted
with white. Abdomen moderately dark yellowish grey, with short
yellow hairs ; belly concolorous, genitalia in both sexes small,
brownish yellow. Legs brownish yellow, thin and long ; femora
with some stiff black hairs at the tip which, if viewed from
certain directions, give almost the appearance of two black spines ;
tibiae unspurred. Wings clear yellowish grey, veins distinct.
Auxiliary vein ending just beyond middle of wing, the subcostal
cross-vein at its tip ; the 1st longitudinal ending in the 2nd at
the point where this latter vein forks ; the 2nd vein originating
at or just beyond the middle of the wing, at a sharp angle and
turning at one-fifth of its length suddenly upward, forking
beyond its middle, w-here it meets the tip of the 1st vein, the
upper branch shorter than the lower one ; the 3rd vein issuing
from the 2nd at the angle in the praefurca, the anterior cross-vein
placed just before this point ; the latter of moderate length,
placed over the middle of the discal cell, which is in the middle
of the wing, three times as long as broad, the proximal end
pointed, emitting three nearly parallel veins to the wing-margin ;
posterior cross-vein near base of discal cell ; 5th, 6th, and 7th
veins nearly straight.

Length 4 millim.

Described from a male and three females dated respectively Pusa,
15. viii. 08 (type d ) ; Calcutta, 19. viii. 07 (type ? ) and 18. vi. 09;
Bangalore, 3000 ft., 12. x. 10 (Annandale) • Pusa, 16. vii. 10.
Dr. Annandale has found it on tree-trunks in gardens.

Type <5 in Pusa collection, $ in Indian Museum.

The venation of this genus is distinctly abnormal, the only
previously known species, L. singularis, Skuse,* coming from
Australia. The 1st longitudinal vein ends in the 2nd at the
point where the latter forks widely, thus giving the appearance of
two long veins crossing one another at an angle of 45°, the point
of contact in singularis being pnnctiform, In my species the
point of contact appears almost as a small cross-vein.

* With the exception of L. lucida, Mcij., recently described from Java;
Tijd.Ent.liv, p. 53(1911).

468 TIPULI.J)JE.

Prof. Kertesz places Leckria in the ERIOPTERIXI, near Gonomyia,
to one species of which, G. incomplete^ Brun., it bears a
remarkable resemblance in this part of the wing, and to which
genus, L. bengalensis, as a species at any rate, is eminently akin.

The only other possible interpretation of the wing, as figured
by Needham, would be to consider the 1st vein as angled towards
the tip and continuing to the wing-margin, meeting at the angle
the 2nd vein, which in this case would be simple, not forked, thus
making only one submarginal cell, which in its turn would
necessitate the genus, theoretically at least, being removed to
another section of this subfamily ; but its position near Gonomyia
seems hardly questionable.

Genus GONOMYIA, Mg.

Gonomyia, Meigen, Syst. Beschr. i, p. 146 (1818).

Taphrosia, Eondaui, Dipt. Ital. Prod, i, p. 182 (1856).

Goniomyia, Osten Sacken, Monog. Dipt. N. Amer. iv, p. 177 (1869).

i« tenella, Mg. (according to Coquillett, 1910).

Head : Eyes separated by a frons about one-third to one-fifth
the width of the head. Palpi and proboscis both short, joints of
the former subequal. Antennae of sixteen joints ; if bent back-
wards they would not quite reach the root of the wings ; scape
normal, flagellum with the joints subcylindrical or oval, verti-
cillate. Thorax oval, moderately arched, only slightly narrowed
anteriorly ; neck not very pronounced. Abdomen linear, more or
less flattened, sometimes slightly broader about the middle in the
female. Genitalia of male consisting of the usual pair of bi-
jointed claspers of various shapes, according to the species, to
which smaller appendages are attached.* Legs long, slender,
slightly or almost microscopically pubescent ; tibiae without spurs,
empodia generally distinct, occasionally wanting. Wings varying
in length, and, to a less extent, in width and general shape,
usually more or less glabrous, but in some species a very short
but distinct pubescence is discernible. Venation peculiar.f
Normally two submarginal cells, but in some species only one.
Auxiliary vein ending opposite beginning of 2nd longitudinal

* Describing a North-American species, Osten Sacken says of the male
organs " more simple than that of the two species I have figured (blanda and
cognatella). There are two lateral, elongated, subcylindrical (digitiform) lobes,
converging, but not lapping over each other in repose ; immediately above and
parallel to them is a single long horny style, the tip of which reaches beyond
the tip of the lobes ; below the lobes, some small black horny organs are per-
ceptible."

t This genus may be regarded as the centre one of a small group of genera
possessing the character of the peculiar forking of the 2nd longitudinal vein
making the short upper branch appear almost or quite like a cross-vein. These
genera are Empeda, Mongoma, Mongomioides, and Paramongoma.

GONOMYIA. 469

vein, a little before or beyond it, the subcostal cross-vein placed at
its tip or near it ; the 2nd vein beginning about the middle of the
wing, arcuated, sometimes considerably so, or nearly straight,
sometimes simple, but generally widely though shortly forked.*
The 1st submarginal cell very short, more or less triangular,
owing to the anterior branch of the 2nd vein being so much
shorter than usual, and so obliquely placed as to appear almost
like a cross-vein, this appearance being more conspicuous in some
species than in others ; its petiole long, and its inner end generally
beyond the tip of the 1st longitudinal vein, or nearly opposite it ;
yet in the commonest Oriental species it is considerably anterior
to this tip ; marginal cross-vein absent ; the 3rd vein with a very
short or quite moderately long basal section, varying with the
species, remaining portion nearly or quite straight ; anterior cross-
vein varying in length, placed a little forward or backward,
generally in a line with the base of the 3rd vein and the proximal
side of the discal cell. Discal cell open or closed ; when open, it
coalesces with the 3rd posterior cell, which proves it is the
anterior branch of the 4th vein that is forked ; four posterior cells :
the 1st equal in length to, or shorter than, the 2nd submarginal
cell, varying in width with the species : the 2nd petiolate when
the discal cell is open, the petiole about as long as the cell ; when
the discal cell is closed, the 2nd and 3rd cells subequal, approxi-
mately normal in shape. Posterior cross-vein at some distance
before the proximal side of the discal cell, or in a line with it ;
the 5th, 6th, and 7th longitudinal veins nearly straight.

Range. Europe,- Kirghis Desert, Central Africa, North America,
Brazil, the Orient, and Australia.

In characterizing the genus Gonomyia,, Mg., in his ' Monograph
of Norih American TIPULID.E,' Osten Sacken described the genus
as possessing two submarginal cells, noting, however, two examples
in which the anterior branch of the 2nd longitudinal vein being
absent, the 1st submarginal cell was obliterated ; and he expressed
his opinion that if other species occurred with this character, a
new genus might be founded on them. He, however, retained
the form provisionally in Gonomyia, emending in a footnote
(p. 178) his definition of the genus to warrant the inclusion of
species with one submarginal cell only.

In studying the question of the nomenclature of the veins in
the Gonomyia group, it will be seen that in this genus the 2nd
longitudinal veiu may (in the case of my two species G. incompleta
and G. flavomarginata) be considered to be forked as usual, but
the 3rd vein would, under this theory, be absent, and the anomaly
of the anterior cross-vein joining the 2nd and 4th veins, instead of
the 3rd and 4th as usual, would be seen.

* In a North-American species (G. blanda, O. S.) it even forms a rectangle
at its base, with an appendix.

2n2

470

Of course, a different interpretation might be offered, namely,,
tp consider the 2nd vein as being forked and the 3rd vein present,
what I recognise as the anterior cross-vein being considered its
basal section ; in this case the 2nd vein would end at the tip of
the wing, the anterior cross-vein being obliterated, and the 3rd.
vein forming the whole upperside of the discal cell. But this
interpretation would only cause more confusion in the identifi-
cation of the ramifications of the 4th vein.

A close study of the venation of Gonomyia, especially of the
4th longitudinal vein with its branches, convinces me that the
delineation of the veins as admitted in this work is correct. This
is proved by such species as C. proxima and aperta, in which the
2nd longitudinal vein is forked, whilst the 3rd vein and the
anterior cross-vein are both present. In support of this may be
quoted Osten Sacken's remarks in his elaborate ' Monograph 011
the North- American TIVTTLIDJE ' : " whenever the discal cell is
open, it coalesces with the 3rd posterior cell, and thus it becomes
apparent that it is the anterior branch of the 4th longitudinal
vein which is forked'"'; to which he adds a footnote, " Exceptions
are merely individual : thus I have seen a specimen of G. sub-
cinerea, the discal cell of which was coalescent with the 2nd
posterior cell."

Individual variation in this genus, it may be remarked, is
rather common. Moreover, Osten Sacken (1. c. p. 178), noted
that the anterior branch of the 2nd vein was occasionally very
faint, and whilst his work was in the press, he discovered a new
species, G. manca, in which the 2nd longitudinal vein was simple,*
and he suggested that a new genus might reasonably be created
for it. Nevertheless, I refrain from doing so at present, as it is
evident that the genus Gonomyia forms a tolerably well circum-
scribed group of species, Avhich it would be undesirable to dis-
member for each modification of venation.

Table of Species.

1. The 2nd longitudinal vein not forked ;

discal cell present 2.

The 2nd longitudinal vein shortly but
distinctly forked ; discal cell present
or absent 3.

2. Posterior cross-vein at base of discal

cell ; 1 st posterior cell much narrowed
at tip ; margin of thoracic dorsum

concolorous incomplete!, sp. n., p. 471.

Posterior cross-vein distinctly before
base of discal cell ; 1st posterior cell
barely narrowed at tip ; margin of
thoracic dorsum yellowish Jlavomarf/inata, sp. n., p. 472.

* Exactly as in my two new species G. incoiypleta &\\Aflavomarginata.

GCXJTOMYIA. 471

3. Discal cell present, oblong, emitting

three straight equidistant veinlets . . affinis, sp. n., p. 472.
Discal cell absent; base of 3rd pos-
terior cell more or less pointed ; an-
terior branch of 4th longitudinal vein
forked 4.

4. Posterior cross-vein at base of discal

cell aperta, sp. n., p. 473.

Posterior cross-vein much before base
of discal cell; anterior branch of
L'nd longitudinal vein sometimes in-
distinct, appearing almost like a
marginal cross-vein proxima, sp. n., p. 474.

337. Gkmomyia inconipleta, sp. nov. (PI. IX, fig. 5 ; PI. XI,
fig. 19.)

c? 5 • Head : occiput blackish grey ; frons and proboscis yel-
lowish ; palpi blackish; antennae blackish, rather thickly pubescent ;
eyes black, facets large. Thorax yellowish, dorsum a little tinged
with chestnut-brown, sometimes taking the form of the three usual
Tipulid stripes, the outer ones being distinctly interrupted at the
suture, behind which they each enlarge into a spot of considerable
size ; the thoracic sutures light coloured, the anterior lower part
of the neck pale yellow. Scutellum yellowish, traces of a darker
triangular mark at base; metanotum brown, just perceptibly
dusted with grey. Dorsum of thorax sometimes with traces of
light dust ; the sides yellowish or brownish yellow ; pleurae con-
colorous or tinged with brown, generally more or less dusted with
grey. Abdomen yellowish, the dorsum with a greater or less
admixture of brown ; belly generally lighter. The whole abdomen
with light pale pubescence. Legs uniformly pale yellow. Wings
very pale grey, somewhat iridescent. Auxiliary vein ending in
the costa at about the middle of the wing; the subcostal cross-
vein placed immediately before its tip ; the 1st longitudinal vein
ending at three-fourths the length of the wing, often becoming
faint at the tip, being approximately parallel with the costa ; the
2nd longitudinal vein originating just before one-third of the
distance between the tip of the subcostal vein and the tip of the
1st, taking, at half its length, a sudden turn upwards, and ending
in the costa some little distance beyond the tip of the 1st vein :
the 3rd vein originating at the angle of the 2nd, its stem or base
being very short, the rest of the vein taking a very slight curve
downwards, and ending just above the wing-tip ; anterior cross-
vein of very unusual length, curved, its convexity towards the
base of the wing, its lower end reaching the upper inner corner of
the discal cell. This cell is pentagonal, approximately triangular,
its inner side very short, its two distal sides about equal in length,
and its anterior and posterior sides about equal to one another ;
the three veinlets issuing from it are equidistant at their origin,
the outer ones greatly diverging ; the. 4th posterior cell has

472 TIPULID.E.

almost parallel sides. The fifth vein is very gently curved, the
6th slightly sinuous, the 7th nearly straight, curved downwards
towards the tip ; the 1st posterior cell is about twice as wide at its
base as at its tip. Halteres yellowish.

Length 3| millim.

Described from a long series of both sexes iu the Indian
Museum in excellent preservation.

Types in the Indian Museum.

338. Gonomyia flavomarginata, sp. uov. (PI. IX, fig. 6.)

J $ . Head : in male bright orange, in female orange or orange-
yellow, with a dark brown median stripe. Proboscis and palpi
very dark brown. Antennal scape brownish yellow ; flagellum
blackish brown in male with long scattered hairs, in female with
white pubescence. Thorax : dorsum blackish, dull ; a bright
lemon-yellow line just below the dorsum, passing in front from
wing-root to wing-root ; sides of thorax reddish yellow or yellow,
with a more or less distinct median transverse violet-brown stripe,
which is, in at least one specimen, absent. Pleurae, especially the
sternopleurse, which are large and shining, violet-brown. Abdomen
dark brown, emargination of segments distinct ; 1 st segment
sometimes black, with a little light pubescence ; belly yellow.
Genital organs of male conspicuous, yellow, with a pair of black
palp-like processes. Ovipositor of moderate size, yellow. Leys
brownish yellow, tibia? and tarsi darker. Wings pale grey, rather
vitreous and moderately iridescent. Venation considerably like
that of G. incompleta ; auxiliary vein riot attaining middle of
wing ; 3rd longitudinal vein with a much longer base than in that
species, and originating before the middle of the 2nd vein ; anterior
cross-vein shorter than in G. incompleta, so that there is not so
great a difference in width between the basal and distal ends of
the 1st posterior cell as there is in incompleta. Halteres yellowish,
dorsum of clubs blackish.

Length 2-3 millim.

Described from three males and seven females in the Indian
Museum : Kurseong, 20. vi. 10 (type male), 18 and 22. vi. 10, two
other males ; 6. ix. 09 (type female), and two other females,
20. vi. 10; all taken by Dr. Annandale ; and one female from
Darjiling, 7. viii. 09 (Jenkins).

Types in the Indian Museum.

In most specimens the very distinct orange colour of the upper
and back part of the head makes this species easily distinguishable,
but the length of the base of the 3rd vein, which is a distinct
specific character, appears to be slightly variable.

339. Gonomyia affims, sp. nov. (PI. IX, fig. 7.)

c? $ . Head : dark grey. Proboscis yellowish, palpi black.
Antennae dark yellowish brown or dark brown, rather shortly and

GONOMYIA. 473

moderately pubescent. Thorax : dors urn dark brownish grey, the
colour almost taking the form of: three longitudinal contiguous
stripes ; mesonotal suture pale yellowish, as is also the longi-
tudinal depression on the post-sutural part of the dorsum ; side
margins below the level of the dors urn pale yellowish white, but
not so distinctly continued round in front as in G . flavomarginata ;
sides of thorax yellowish, especially posteriorly, microscopically
dusted with bluish-black. Scutellum bright lemon-yellow, with a
small dusky triangle at base. Abdomen d&rk brown, emarginauons
of segments moderately distinct, with pale hairs, which are
more conspicuous at the sides ; belly more yellowish ; ovipositor
yellowish. Legs brownish yellow, coxa? and base of femora paler.
Wings clear, moderately glabrous. Auxiliary vein ending a little
further beyond the origin of the 2nd longitudinal vein than in
the previous two species ; 2nd vein forked, the upper branch
bisinuate, the lower one nearly straight ; base of 3rd vein (placed
at the angle of the 2nd) almost punctiform, running straight to
immediately above the wing-tip and almost parallel with the
upper branch of the 4th ; the 1st posterior cell being, however,
distinctly though not greatly wider at the base than at the tip ;
anterior cross-vein straight, shorter than in the two previous
species ; discal cell pentagonal, the three veinlets straight, the
outer ones diverging. Stigma distinctly present, pale blackish,
elongated, but without sharp delineation. Halteres pale dirty
yellow.

Length 2|-3| milliin.

Described from one male and several females in the Indian
Museum; type male from Kurseong, 13-16. vii. 07, type female
from Darjiling, 5. viii. 09 (Paiva) • other females from Darjiling,
9. viii. 09 (Jenkins], Kurseong, 25-28. iii. 10, on window, 5-7. vii. 08,
and 22. vi. 10 (all Annandale).

The last specimen mentioned has the posterior cross-vein near
the middle of the discal cell.

340. Gonomyia aperta, sp. nov. (PL IX, fig. 8.)

c? . Head mainly yellowish, neck dark. Proboscis and palpi
blackish ; autennal scape yellowish ; flagellum blackish, with pale
pubescence. Thorax: doraum and dorsum of scutellum medium
grey with a slight brownish tinge, lighter along the sutures ; sides
in front of wing whitish grey, posteriorly yellowish, with a trace
of whitish dust; sternopleurse brownish. Edge of scutellum and
the metanotum yellowish. Abdomen yellowish, a little black at
base and tip. Genitalia conspicuous, brownish yellow, consisting
apparently of a pair of large claspers, a ventral elongated piece
and two pairs of filamentous appendages, the upper ones being
much the shorter. Leys yellowish, darker towards the tips.
Wings pale yellowish grey, nearly clear, distinctly glabrous.
Stigma distinct but ill-defined, pale blackish. Auxiliary vein ending
at the origin of the 2nd longitudinal ; lower branch of fork of

474 TIPULIDJ-;

2nd vein twice as long as its upper branch ; base of 3rd vein
short, vein nearly straight ; anterior cross-vein rather long, nearly
straight; discal cell incomplete, coalescing with 3rd posterior cell;
upper branch of 4th vein rather widely forked. Halteres yellow.

Length 2| millim.

Described from a unique male from Katihar, Purneah district,
29-31. xii. 09 (Paiva).

Type in the Indian Museum.

Although only a single specimen is present, there is no doubt
that it forms a distinct species, as proved by the venation, its
only ally being G. -proximo,, from which the position of the
posterior cross-vein easily distinguishes it.

341. Gronomyia proxima, sp. nov. (PI. IX, fig. 9.)

d 2 , Head dark grey or blackish. Proboscis and palpi dark
brown or black, antennas light to dark brown : the latter robust,
with three or four long hairs on each joint in addition to the short
black pubescence. Thorax : neck black ; dorsiun moderately dark
grev or brownish, the sutures a little lighter; sides yellowish,
with a more or less distinct dark lateral stripe ; pleurae apparently
not darker. Scutellum concolorous with thorax ; metanotum a
little darker. Abdomen brown, darker in female, with a little pale
pubescence; genitalia in both sexes of moderate size, yellowish.
Legs yellowish, darker towards tips, closely pubescent, more so than
in any of the other Oriental species. Wings pale grey ; venation
considerably like that of G. aperta, yet distinctly forming a different
species. Stigma as in aperta. Auxiliary vein extending to rather
beyond the origin of the 2nd longitudinal vein ; basal portion of
3rd vein much longer than in aperta, the latter vein distinctly
curving downwards towards the tip ; posterior cross-vein placed
much before the inner side of the discal cell, which is incomplete,
coalescing with the 3rd posterior cell. Halteres blackish.

Length 4-6 millim.

Described from a male and female taken in cop. by Mr. B. L.
Chaudhuri, of the Indian Museum, at Chotajulla, Rajmahal,
Bengal, 14. ii. 10. Also from a damaged specimen which I -refer
to this species, from Tirvani, base of Nepalese Himalayas, 27. xii. 09,
sent by Mr. B. Warren ; a female from Bajshahi, Eastern Bengal,
1-6. ii. 07 (Annandale), and one from JVoalpur, base of Nepalese
Himalayas, 15, ii. 08.

Types in the Indian Museum, also most of the other specimens
referred to; cotype $ in the Pusa collection.

EMPEDA. 475

Genus EMPEDA, Os. Sac.

-Empeda, Osten Sacken, Monog. Dipt. X. Amer. iv, p. 163 (1869).
Ilisophila, Rondaui, Dipt. Ital. Prod, i, p. 180 (1856).

GENOTYPE, E. stigmatica, Os. Sac. ; by original designation.

Closely allied to Gonomyia, Mg., but differing from it in the
following particulars : —

Marginal cross-vein present, but, owing to the shortness of the
anterior branch of the 2nd longitudinal vein, it is not this branch,
but the petiole of the 1st submarginal cell which the marginal
cross-vein connects with the 1st vein. The cross- vein is thus
placed between the origin of the 3rd vein and the fork of the 2nd,
nearer to the former than the latter. The auxiliary vein is longer,
extending distinctly beyond the base of the 2nd vein for some
distance, instead of ending about opposite that point, as in
Gonomyia. When the discal cell is open it coalesces with the
2nd posterior cell, not the 3rd, showing that it is the posterior
branch of the 4th vein that is forked, and not the anterior one, as
is the case in the preceding genus. The male genitalia are of
different construction.*

Range. Europe, North America, Greenland, Java, and India.

Although closelv allied to Gonomyia, this genus should not be
difficult of identification, the most conspicuous characters being
its longer auxiliary vein, the presence of the marginal cross-
vein, and the forking of the posterior, not anterior, branch of the
4th vein.

342. Empeda inconspicua, sp. nov. (PI. IX, fig. 10.)

<5 $ . Head : occiput light grey. Proboscis and palpi dark
yellowish brown. Scapal joints of antennae large, black ; flagellum
dark, the joints narrow and elongated, practically bare except for
a single hair on each side of each joint. Thorax : dorsum dark
mouse-grey, sometimes tinged with brown ; a pale yellow line is in
some specimens rather conspicuous just below the grey colour of
the dorsum ; sides of thorax brownish yellow : pleurae a little
bluish, with microscopic grey dust. Scutellum rather bright
yellow, dorsum more or less darker : metanotum blackish. Abdo-
men : dorsum dark brown, a little paler on the belly ; short
sparse gold hairs dorsally and ventrally. Genitalia of the male
large and conspicuous, yellow, hairy, consisting of a pair of two-
jointed claspers and. apparently, two pairs of considerably smaller
ones. Ovipositor of the female normal, of moderate size, brownish
yellow. Legs brownish yellow, darker towards tips ; coxae com-
paratively shorter than usual, the trochanters being longer than
usual, nearly as long as the coxae. Wings clear, iridescent.

* According to Osten Sacken, who, however, never critically examined' th«
in a living specimen, they are of more simple structure than in Gonomyia.

476 TIPTTLIDjE.

Auxiliary vein ending some distance beyond origin of 2nd vein:
2nd vein forked just before half, its length ; marginal cross-vein
joining the 1st to the 2nd vein, some distance before the forking
of the latter, and not much beyond the origin of the 3rd, the base
of which is short, the vein running parallel with the lower branch of
the 2nd vein ; anterior cross-vein moderately long ; 1st posterior
cell with parallel sides. "Discal cell absent ; lower branch of
4th vein forked early, the veinlets diverging rather widely ; the
5th, 6th, and 7th veins nearly straight, the latter rather widely
diverging from the 6th. Halteres yellow.

Length 2-3 millim.

Described from four males and four females in the Indian
Museum ; some taken at Darjiling, 7000 ft., 25-29. v. 10, by me in
grass on the hillside in shady places ; others taken at the same place,
6-8. viii. 09, by Mr. Paiva, and two females from Kurseong,
22-26. vi. 10 (Annandale), and one male from Darjiling, 3-9. vi. U9
(Howlett).

Types in the Indian Museum.

Genus MONGOMA, Westw.
Moni/oma, Westwood, Trans. Ent. Soc. Loud. 1881, p. 364.

GENOTYPE, M. fragillima, "Westw. ; by original designation.

Head rather small; proboscis short, palpi small and short,
4-jointed. Antenna? slender, 16-jointed, pubescent, reaching (if
bent backwards) just beyond the root of the wings ; scape with
the 1st joint elongate or oval, the 2nd very short, of about equal
width ; the flagellar joints elongate oval, approximately equal.*
Thorax oval, a little compressed anteriorly, neck short. Abdomen
elongate, slender, linear, sides approximately parallel in the male
and slightly broader beyond the middle in the female. Genitalia
small and inconspicuous. Legs extremely long and slender, three
or four times the length of the body ; front femora with two
small spiues above near the base projecting outwards ; tibiae with
apical spurs ; ungues acutely elongated, rather curved and a little
dilated near the base ; empodia absent. Wings with two sub-
marginal cells, four posterior cells, a discal cell, anal cell closed ;
anterior cross- vein absent. Auxiliary vein ending distinctly
beyond middle of wing ; the 1st longitudinal vein ending only

* Westwood's description of the antennae runs " 1st joint broadly oval, 2nd
very short indeed, 3rd. 4th, and 5th about equal in length to the 1st and
thicker than the remainder, 6th and rest very slender and nearly equal." It
is, however, inadvisable to regard such minute differences as of generic value,
since the joints are found to show some degree of variation in many species in
this family. In my new species M. pallidiventris, the 2nd scapal joint is
nearly half as long as the 1st, in M. tenera all the flagellar joints are about
equal, except the first, which is slightly longer, a character present in many
species of TiPULin^;.

MONGOMA. 477

a little beyond the tip of the auxiliary ; the 2nd longitudinal vein
beginning at the first third of the wing, the praefurca being two-
thirds the length of the vein, the fork very wide, the upper branch
approximately at an angle of 45°, the lower branch ending just
above or below the wing-tip ; marginal cross-vein very distinct,
oblique, leaning backwards, joining the 1st vein just before its
tip, and the 2nd vein just before it forks ; the 3rd vein appearing
almost as a continuation of the first section of the 2nd vein, that
is to say, it emerges at the first third of the 2nd vein, losing itself
in the 4th longitudinal vein at the upper basal corner of the
discal cell ; the anterior cross-vein is therefore absent. Upper and
lower branches of the 4th longitudinal both forked, the veinlets
parallel (pennipes) or gently diverging (fragillima). The 1st
posterior cell is absent, through the absence of the anterior cross-
vein, the uppermost of these cells is therefore the 2nd, which,
with the 4th, is pointed at the base (fragiUima), or approxi-
mately rectangular (pennipes}. Discal cell longer than broad,
hexagonal ; posterior cross-vein at or just before the base of the
discal cell, short ; 5th vein bent suddenly downwards at its junc-
tion with the posterior cross-vein, until it meets the 6th vein
(which is nearly straight) before its tip, closing the anal cell;
7th vein very short, gently curved.*

Range. As restricted by me, the genus occurs in Tropical Africa,
Madagascar, Borneo, Philippine Islands, India and Ceylon.

Mr. Edwards resurrects Bigot's genus Trentepohlia to take the
place of Mongoma, but this genus cannot stand, being insufficiently
characterised ; in fact, its simple inclusion in a table with such
incongruous material as Dixa (a separate family), Ptyclioptera, and
Dolicliopeza (the latter appearing a second time as Apeilesis\ both
representing totally different subfamilies ; with such genera as
Anisomera, Ula, Erioptera (as Octavia), each belonging to a dif-
ferent section of LIMNOBIIN.*;, and finally with " Ligonevra "
(=Lygoneura,'Mg., belonging to the MYCETOPHILID.I: !), is most
certainly no characterisation whatever. Moreover, the nomi-
nation of a type species in itself does not, in my opinion,
constitute a generic diagnosis.

As M. fragillima, Westw., was the original type of Hongoma,
Westw., that species must of course remain the type of the
restricted Mongoma. Two other Oriental species belong here
also, tenera, Os. Sac., and pennipes, Os. Sac., the former from
the Philippines and India, the latter from Borneo, India, and
Ceylon.

Out of the material previously comprised in Westwood's genus
Monguma, I established recently t two additional genera, Para-
mongoma and Monyomioides, based on well-defined and apparently

* Westwood does not mention the 7th vein in his description, though it is
clearly shown in the plate.

t Vide Eec. Ind. Mus. vi, p. 291 et s«q., for full discussion of the three
genera in detail.

478 TIPULID.E.

constant differences in venation. Pantmongoma need not here be
discussed, since the only Oriental species is the P. albitarsis of
Doleschall, described many years ago from Java and apparently
never recognised since.

The other two may be easily separated as follows : —

Four posterior cells ; * discal cell present Mont/oma, Westw.

Three posterior cells ; discal cell absent Monyomioides^ Brim.

Mongoma (sensu Into] is highly interesting as presenting one of
the most conspicuous variations from the normal type of venation
in this family. Previous to describing the genus Prof. Westwood
wrote to Osten Sacken for his opinion, and the latter' s reply is
indicative of its abnormality in his words: "The systematic posi-
tion of this species (M. fragillima) is very puzzling . . . ." He
pointed out that the apparent resemblance between its venation
and that of Paratropeza, Sch.,t was only superficial and that it was
certainly a new genus.

Westwood's figure of the original species, M. fragillima. from
Central Africa, is excellent, and clearly portrays the distinctive
features of the genus ; the long auxiliary vein ending only just
before the tip of the 1st longitudinal ; the wide forking of the
2nd vein, which, with the marginal vein, gives a first impression
of the marginal cell being divided by two cross-veins into three
portions ; t/ie merging of the 3rd longitudinal vein in ilie 4th,+ at
the upper basal corner of the discal cell, thereby causing the
absence of the anterior cross-vein ; the abrupt curve downwards of
the end of the 5th vein, closing, in most cases (speaking sensu
lato), the anal cell ; the shortening of the two basal cells and the
very short 7th vein, — all characteristic features of this singular
genus.§

Even Osten Sacken, than whom no better authority on TIPULID^E

* As regards the names of the posterior cells, it must be remembered that,
as the anterior cross-vein is wanting, the first posterior cell is absent, and that
the uppermost of the posterior cells, whether four or only three be present, is,
strictly speaking, the second and not the first. This view is confirmed by
Williston.

t For description of 'Paratropeza see Verh. zc/ol.-bot. Ges. Wien, xvi, p. 932
(1866).

{ This view is in accord with Williston's opinion (Tr. Ent. Soc. 1896,
p. 292), but I only recently saw this author's paper, long after I had studied
the question personally.

§ Of course, if the short vein joining the 2nd vein with the discal cell (or
the corresponding part of the 4th vein when the discal cell is absent) be con-
sidered the anterior cross-vein instead of the 3rd longitudinal vein, it follows
that there would be only one submarginal cell in any of the three genera
concerned, and the cell exterior to the anterior cross-vein will become the
1st posterior cell. This would give Mongolia five posterior cells, and Mongo-
mioides and Paramongoma four posterior cells each. In support of this
suggestion it may be urged that the 3rd vein is not known elsewhere to ter-
minate in the interior of the wing. Personally I know of no case where it
does so, but it must be remembered that excessive abnormalities are not rare

MONGOMA. 479

is known, recognised the difficulty in allotting to the veins their
correct names (Berl. Ent. Zeits. xxvi, p= 90), and in describing
his first new species in the genus, M. tenera, from the Philippine
Islands, he says in a footnote (referring to the words "the presence
of the two cross-veins inside the marginal cell " used in the text) :
" I call them cross-veins merely for shortness' sake, because one
of them may also be considered as a branch of the 2nd vein."
He spoke of the genus as representing " a form of venation which
is of very rare occurrence among Diptera, and we must suspend
our judgment on this point * until we have an opportunity of
seeing the insect from Java described by Doleschall."

At this time he was accepting three species as congeneric,
fragiUima, Westw., albitarsis, Dol. (which latter it is evident from
the above quotation he had never seen), and his new species tenera.
In pointing out the difference of Doleschall's species in having
only three posterior cells instead of four, as in fragiUima and
tenera, it is obvious that he was guided by Doleschall's figure-
alone. The Dutch author's remark " two marginal cells " does not
help in the question of terminology.

Table of Species.

Middle tibiae with conspicuously thickened
tips through the presence of short snow-
white pubescence pennipes, Os. Sac., p. 479.

Middle tibise without such adornment.

Legs mainly yellowish ; femora whitish

at tips . ". tenera, Os. Sac., p. 480.

Legs mainly blackish ; femora pale at

base pallidiventris, sp. n., 481.

343. Mongoma pennipes, Os. Sac. (PI. IX, fig. 14; PI. XI,

fig. 13.)

Monyoma pennipes, Osten Sacken, Berl. Ent. Zeits. xxxi, p. 204
(1887).

<$ $ . Body bright brownish yellow or yellowish, very much like
Mongomioides trentepoklii,but't\\e proboscis, palpi, and antenna are
yellowish, the latter more or less darker. Thorax: in some speci-
mens three shining rather brownish thoracic stripes are distinctly
visible, the side ones much abbreviated in front, but continued
beyond the suture ; in other specimens the whole thoracic dorsum
is 'almost unicolorous. Abdomen with a little pale pubescence,

in TIPULID,E. It may also be urged in analogy that in Sciara, a very extensive
and dominant genus of MYCKTOPIIILID.H, the anterior cross-vein invariably
takes a longitudinal position. To my thinking, however, the vein has every
appearance of the 3rd longitudinal vein by its manner of origin, its superior
length to the usual anterior cross-vein, and the cell concerned has much more
the appearance of a subinarginal cell than of that of the 1st posterior cell.
* /. «., the correct identification of the veins.

480 TIPULIDJE.

concolorous to the tip. Grenitalia of both sexes small. Legs
pale brownish yellow, the tibiae becoming blackish on the apical
half, but the actual tips are broadly snow-white, and the middle
pair have the snow-white portion thickened, much longer in
extent, and with a fringe of snow-white hairs on each side ; tarsi
snow-white. Wings clear ; halteres pale yellow.

Length 7-8 millim.

Kedescribed from several specimens of both sexes in the Indian
Museum, with localities as follows : — Calcutta, 22. ii. 10 (at light),
26.iii.07, 28.V.07, 29. vi. 09, 28, vii. 07 to 29. viii. 07, 26-30.
ix. 07 ; Sukna, 500 ft., 1. vii. 08 ; the specimens mostly collected
by Dr. Annandale ; Peradeniya, Ceylon, 12-16. vii. 10 (Green),
and 16. ix. 09, at light.

Type <$ in the Berlin Museum.

Apparently by no means an uncommon species in Calcutta
throughout a considerable part of the year.

The conspicuous snow-white thickening of the tips of the middle
tibiae easily differentiates this species from all others in this
group. It was originally described from the single type male
now in the Berlin Museum, taken at Tumbong Hioug, Borneo.
Apparently the female has not been noted before.

344. Mongoma tenera, Os. Sac.

Monyoma tenera, Osten Sacken, Berl. Ent. Zeits. xxvi, p. 89 (1882) .

c? § . Head small, blackish or dark brown ; proboscis short,
yellowish ; palpi dark brown ; eyes separated by a narrow frons.
Antennas dark brown, with a little pale pubescence, if "bent
backwards, they would reach a little beyond the root of the wings;
joints of the flagellum long, of nearly equal length, except the
first, which is a little longer; short- verticillate " (Osten Sacken).
Thorax light brown or reddish brown, paler at the sides. Pro-
thorax well developed, prolonged into a short neck. Abdomen
darker brown, with pale pubescence, the tip blackish • belly yel-
lowish. Genital organs of both sexes small, black. Legs : coxae
very pale brownish yellow ; femora brown, extreme tips whitish ;
tibiae very pale brownish yellow, becoming whitish towards tips ;
tarsi wholly white. Wings clear or very pale greyish ; halteres
brown.

Length 3|-5 millim.

liedescribed from two males and a female in the Indian Museum,
the former bearing labels, Sukna, jSorth Bengal, 1. viii. 08, and
Nedumangad, South India, 14. xi.09, and the single female, Sukna,
1. vii. 08, all taken by Dr. Annandale.

Type. The location is uncertain ; originally in Osten Sacken's
own collection.

Osten Sacken's original description is incorporated with the
present redescription.

In the three examples herein described, there is a slight variation
from the original description of the species, as the base of the
3rd posterior cell is distinctly more proximal than that of the

MOXGOMA. — MOXGOMIOIDES. 481

2nd, and is pointed (as it is in J/. fragittima, Westw., from Africa).
The bases of these two cells should be in a line according to the
author of the species. Again, in two of the present specimens
the posterior cross-vein is in a line with the base of the discal
cell, and occurs a little before it in the third, but this character is
known to be variable in the family, and there is little reason
to doubt the identity of the present form with Osten Sacken's
species.

345. Mongoma pallidiventris, sp. nov.

£ . Head black; back of head conical, with bristly hairs ; eyes
contiguous above. Proboscis conical, elongated, bilobed, hairy; palpi
yellowish brown. Antennal scape yellow, 1st joint cylindrical,
rather long, 2nd half as long, wider at tip ; flagellum of fourteen
equal elongated dark brown joints ; the whole antennae minutely
pubescent, each joint bearing a few long hairs. Neck shortly
conical, with a single transverse row of strong hairs. Thorax :
dorsum dark mahogany-brown with a black middle stripe in front
of the suture ; the post-sutural mesonotum divided by a wide
post-sutural yellowish depression; sides of thorax wholly yel-
lowish, also the scutellum, which is sometimes tinged with brown,
bearing a few hairs ; dorsuin of nietanotum dark brown, quite
bare. An irregular row of hairs on each side of the thoracic
dorsum, extending nearly to the suture ; behind the suture a row
of longer bristly hairs on each side, also two fan-shaped sets of
hairs below the root of each wing. Abdomen brown, shortly
pubescent ; blacker at base, and more or less on posterior borders
of segments ; tips yellowish. Belly uniformly livid yellow. Ovi-
positor yellow, rather long, slightly curved, apparently encased at
will in a sheath-like arrangement on the ventral side of the last
segment. Leys black, minutely pubescent ; coxae and trochanters
livid yellow ; femora pale at base, with a few long hairs at tip,
hind pair with minute serrulation below at base ; tibiae whitish at
tips ; tarsi whitish. Wings clear, veins distinct, black ; stigma
indistinctly brownish ; discal cell present ; venation as in M. pen-
nipes, Os. Sac. Halteres brown.

Length 5-6 millim.

Described from four females (including type) in the Indian
Museum from Pallode, 20 miles N.E. of Trivandrum, Travancore,
S. India. 15. xi. 08 (Annandcde).

MONGOMIOIDES, Brun.

Mongomioides, Brunetti, Rec. Ind. Mus. vi, p. 296 (1911).
Trentejwhlia, Bigot, Ann. Soc. Ent. France, (3) ii, p. 473 (1854).

GENOTYPE, Limnobia trentepohlii, Wied. ; by present designation.

Differs from Mongorna by possessing only three posterior
cells instead of four, and by the discal cell being absent. It
agrees with Mongoma in the presence of the 3rd longitudinal vein,
and in the anal cell being closed at a greater or less distance
before the border.

482 TIPULID^E.

The marginal cross-vein (in the four species known to me) is
more distal than in Moiu/oma ; and the 1st section of the 2nd
longitudinal vein (i. e. that portion up to the origin of the 3rd
vein) is shorter than in Monyoma, being not longer than one-third
the length of that vein. Upper branch of 4th longitudinal vein
nearly straight, or gently curved ; posterior cross-vein distinctly
but not much before the fork of the 4th longitudinal vein. (This
may be found a variable character, when additional species are
discovered.) Remainder of venation and all other characters as
in Monyoma.*

Eanye. Sumatra, India, and Ceylon.

Bigot's genus Trentepohlia is synonymous with Monyomioides, but
was hopelessly uncharacterised (vide p. 447), and it is to be regretted
that Dir. Enderlein has attempted to revive it. But for Bigot's
mention of M. trtntepolilii as the type species, it would never have
been identified.

Table of Species.

Wing-tip distinctly though sometimes

faintly blackish trentepohlii, "VViecl.

"Wings pale grey, with lighter spaces . . marmorata, sp. n.

Wings clear nigroapicalis, sp. n.

346. Mongomioides trentepohlii, Wied. (PI. IX, fig. 13.)

Limnobia trentepohlii, Wiederuann, Auss. Zweifl. i, p. 551, pi. vi£r
tig. 12(1828).

<S $ . Body wholly yellowish, occasionally a little tinged with
brownish, especially on the abdomen, the tip of which is generally
blackish. Head greyish, with black hairs. Antennae and palpi
more or less dusky, especially the former, which often has the tip
of the 1st joint blackish, and sometimes wholly so. Thorax
slightly shining, with the merest trace of a dusky median stripe.
Abdomen with short, very pale hairs. Legs wholly concolorous.
Wings clear, veins distinct; tip of wing blackish, especially along
the end of the 2nd longitudinal vein with its upper branch ; the
cross-veins in the middle of the wing are also more or less suffused ;
the darkening of the wing-tip is distinctly variable, both in extent
and intensity. Halteres pale yellow.

Length 5-6 millim.

Eedescribed from several specimens of both sexes in the Indian
Museum from the following localities : — Kushlea. Bengal, 7-8. x.
09 (Jenkins); Bhogaon, 2.x. 08, and Katihar, Purrieah, 1-24.
ix. 10, 2-12. x. 07 (Paiva); Shamnagar, E. Bengal, 25. viii. 07
(Caunter); Port Canning, 9.x. 08; Puri, Orissa Coast, 23-26. x.
08, and 13. xi. 10, at light in railway carriage (Annandale); Maz-
bat, 11-15. x. 10 (Kemp); Shasthancottah, Travancore, 8.xi. 08;

* For a full discussion as to the interpretation of the veins and cells, see
Rec. Ind. Mus. vi, p. 291 et seq., -where my line of reasoning is given in full,
with corroborative opinions of various authorities.

MONGOMIOIDES. 483

Kangoon, 25. ii.08 (all Annandale) ; Sylhet, 5. ii. 05 (Lt.-Col.
Hall).

Types originally in Dr. Trentepohl's and Wiedemann's collec-
tions, presumably now in the Vienna Museum.

This species is likely to prove to have an extensive distribution
in the East, and is probably fairly common in Bengal and the
south-eastern parts of India. The clouded wing-tip makes it easily
recognisable from all other species in this group.

347. Mongomioides marmorata, sp. nov. (PI. IX, fig. 11.)

5 . Head black ; eyes contiguous, face black ; proboscis, antennae,
and palpi yellowish ; back of head with few hairs. Thorax yel-
lowish, practically bare ; dorsum more orange, with traces of a
median dark line on anterior part. Scutellum and metanotum
apparently concolorous (damaged by pin). Abdomen yellowish
brown, dorsum with a tendency to dark marks; minutely pubescent.
Grenitalia very large, yellow, hairy ; consisting of upper and lower
halves, the lower terminating in a sheath, the upper in a two-
bladed, rather short, stiff ovipositor. Legs uniformly pale yellow.
Wings pale grey, with lighter spaces ; the fore border shows four
such, of which the first reaches to the posterior border at the end
of the 7th vein ; the second extends to the basal part of the mar-
ginal cell ; the third reaches the submarginal cell ; and the fourth,
a smaller one, is towards the end of the wing ; the base of the
wing and the 3rd posterior cell are also nearly clear. Venation
as in trentepohlii, Wied. Halteres brown, stem pale yellow.

Length 4 millim.

Described from a unique specimen, Calcutta, 28. xi. 07, in the
Indian Museum collection.

348. Mongomioides nigroapicalis, sp. nov. (PI. IX, fig. 12.)

rf . Head blackish grey ; back of head brownish yellow. Pro-
boscis brownish yellow ; palpi comparatively long and stout, dark
brown, nearly black, pubescent. Antennas brownish yellow,
scapal joints large, remainder oval, pubescent. Thorax: neck
rather long, blackish. Dorsum and sides uniformly brownish
yellow ; a narrow median black stripe on dorsum ; posterior part
of dorsum, scutellum and metanotum (apparently*) rather darker.
Abdomen brownish yellow. Legs: coxae and femora moderately
bright yellow, rather broadly black at the tips ; tibiae very pale
yellowish white, very narrowly black at the tips ; tips of tarsi
blackish. Wings elongate, practically clear, unmarked. Auxiliary
vein ending at middle of wing, the 1st longitudinal a little
beyond ; the 2nd longitudinal beginning before the middle of
the wing, rather widely bisinuate, forked at a little beyond its
middle, the upper branch short and nearly perpendicular, as

* Specimen damaged in this part.

2l

484 TIPULIDJ-:.

usual ; the lower branch ending just above the wing-tip ; the
short, upright marginal cross-vein joined to the 1st vein, where
it turns suddenly upward at its tip into the costa; pnefurca
divided into about three equal sections, the origin of the 3rd vein
being at the end of the first section, the marginal cross-vein at the
end of the second ; the 3rd vein emerging at a rather wide angle,
in a line with the basal section of the pra?furca and for about as
long as that section, afterwards merged in the 4th longitudinal
vein at the upper basal corner of the 2nd posterior cell ; upper
branch of 4th vein forked at one-third of its length, the veinlets
parallel ; the 4th vein forking a little beyond the origin of the
3rd vein ; the basal side of the 2nd posterior cell rectangular ;
the lower branch of the 4th vein nearly in a line with the basal
section, the whole vein describing a gentle curve ; posterior cross-
vein situated just before fork of 4th vein, joining the 5th vein
(which is much fore-shortened) at the point where it suddenly
bends down and joins the 6th, thus closing the anal cell ; the
short terminal portion of the 5th vein practically in a line with
the posterior cross-vein ; the 6th vein quite straight, the 7th very
short, only one-third as long as the 6th, curved suddenly into the
margin of the wing. Halteres pale.

Length 4 millira.

Described from a type-specimen from Lucknow, 5. iii. 11, two
others with the same data, and one from Peradeniya, Ceylon, v. 09.

Type in the Indian Museum.

Genus PAR AMONG OM A, Brun.

Paramongoma, Brunetti, Rec. Ind. Mus. vi, p. 295 (1911).
Mongomella, Enderiein, Zool. Jahr. xxxii, p. 61 (1912).

GENOTYPE, Cylindrotoma albitarsis, Dol.; by present designation*

This genus differs from Mongoma, Westw., also in the venation
only ; principally by the punctii'orm contact of the 2nd longitudinal
vein with the discal cell, thus obliterating the 3rd vein. The
discal cell emits only three veins, for arguing from analogy and
comparing the wing with that of Mongoma, it should be the anterior
branch of the 4th longitudinal vein that is forked, thus making
only three posterior cells, of which the 1st and 2nd are of equal
length, and with pointed bases. The anal cell is open somewhat
narrowly but distinctly.

Range. Java.

The only Eastern species that at present is referable to this
genus is P. albitarsis, Dol. (Nat. Tijds. Ned. Ind. xiv, p. 391, pi. iv,
fig. 1), which has not yet been found in British India, being
originally described from Java, and apparently not having been
seen since.

Doleschall's figure is rather carelessly drawn, as the 1st longi-
tudinal vein is shown emerging from the auxiliary vein near its
tip ; the 2nd vein is straight after the bend, which takes place at

PARA.MONGOMA. — SYMPLECTA. 485

the exact corner of the discal cell, there being neitJier 3rd longi-
tudinal vein nor anterior cross-vein. There are only three posterior
cells, of which the first two are subequal, with obtuse-pointed
bases; the posterior cross-vein is a little beyond the base of the
discal cell, which is about twice as long as broad. The anal cell
is open ; apart from this, the 5th and 6th veins bear the same
relation to each other as in Mongoma. The 7th vein is not
shown, perhaps owing to the full insect being illustrated, with
the wings rather close to the body ; in this position the 7th vein
would be easily obscured by the proximity of the wing to the
abdomen.

As P. albitarsis, Dol., will probably be found to occur in South
India or Ceylon, and has been made the type of a new genus, it is.
advisable to append a brief description of it.

The species is greyish brown in colour, with short pubes-
cence ; head globular : eyes large, black, kidney-shaped ; proboscis
moderately long. Flagellum of antennae of fourteen subequal
cylindrical joints becoming smaller towards the tip of the antennas.
Abdomen narrow, tip pointed and black. Legs very long, tarsi
snow-white. Doleschall speaks of only two posterior cells, but
this is only due to a different method of naming them. Found
on \vartn damp days dancing in the air. I have not seen the
species myself.

But for the difference in venation it must be very like Mongoma
pennipes, Os. Sac., but the conspicuously thickened tips of the
white middle tarsi will at once distinguish the latter species.

Mongomella, End., is an absolute synonym of Paramonyoma.

G-enus SYMPLECTA, Mg.

Symplecta, Meigen, Syst. Beschr. vi, p. 282 (1830).
Helobia, St. Fargeau, Encyl. Me'th., Ins. x, p. 585 (1825)s..
Idioneura, Philippi, Verb, zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, xv, p. 615" (1865):"-
Symplectomotyha, Mik, Wien. Ent. Zeit. v, p. 318 (1886).

GENOTYPE, Limnobia hybrida, Mg. (a synonym of punctipennis,
Mg.) ; by designation of Westwood (Intr. Class. Ins. ii, Synops
p. 128).

Head : eyes separated above by a broad frons, nearly contiguous
below. Proboscis and palpi moderately short. Anteunse 16-
jointed, moderately long or somewhat short ; if bent backwards
they would not reach the root of the wings ; scape with 1st joint
cylindrical, 2nd shorter and rather broader, both stout ; flagellar
joints, especially the basal ones, short, oblong or subcylindrioal, with-
moderate verticels. Thorax and abdomen normal. Male genitaiia>
consisting of two elongate subcylindrical basal pieces with two-
blunt horny appendages attached to each of them. Ovipositor
of female curved, upper valves poioted, the lower ones- short.
Legs rather long, pubescent, in some species conspicuously so ;
femora in some species distinctly, though moderately, iucrassated
at tip ; middle pair of legs rather shorter than the others ; tibiae

2i2

486 TIPULID.E.

without spurs, ungues small, em podia distinct. Wings glabrous,
also the veins. Two submarginal cells, four posterior cells, and a
discal cell. Auxiliary vein long, ending some distance before the
tip of the 1st longitudinal ; 2nd vein beginning before the middle
of the wing and some distance anterior to the subcostal cross-vein,
forking about opposite the tip of the auxiliary vein, the sub-
marginal cross-vein being opposite the latter point ; the prsefurca
a little less than half the full length of the vein ; the 3rd vein
originating just before the fork of the 2nd vein, close to the
anterior cross-vein, which is at the pointed proximal corner of
the discal cell ; the latter being subtriangular and as long as, or
slightly shorter than, the 2nd and 3rd posterior cells ; posterior
cross-vein distinctly before the fork of the 4th longitudinal;
5th and 6th veins nearly straight ; 7th vein conspicuously
bisinuate.

Range. Himalayas, Persia, Europe, and North America.

Near Trimicra, Os. Sac., but that genus differs from Symplecta
by the last joints of the antenna? being suddenly and conspicuously
reduced in size ; moreover, in Trimicra the 2nd longitudinal vein
issues from the 1st at an acute angle, not in a gentle curve ; and
the 7th vein is straight. The basal part of the male genitalia is
more thickened in Trimicra.

Helobia, St. Farg. (1825), antedates Symplecta and is'synonymous
with it, but has not been adopted, the reason not being known to
the present author. It does not appear to be preoccupied.

349. Symplecta punctipennis, Mg. (PI. IX, fig. 15.)

Limnobia punctipennis, Meigen, Syst. Beschr. i, p. 147, pi. v.

figs. 2, 3, 7 (1818).

$ § . Head blackish grey, shortly pubescent ; frons moderately
broad, blackish grey. Proboscis yellowish, palpi blackish.
Antennae dark blackish brown, with a little light pubescence.
Thorax somewhat elevated ; dorsum rather restricted, blackish
grey, with a blacker dorsal line from the anterior margin, dis-
appearing gradually before the suture, the space on each side of
this line and the sutures narrowly lighter grey ; sides of dorsum
narrowly yellow ; sides of thorax blackish grey, with a narrow
yellow line above the hinder pleurae. Scutellum and posterior
corners of mesonotum yellow, the former a little darker at the
base ; metanotum blackish, basal corners minutely yellow.
Abdomen dark blackish grey, with a little pale pubescence;
posterior margins of segments normally yellowish white on both
dorsum and belly in both sexes, but sometimes indistinct or
absent. Genitalia of male moderate in size, reddish brown, the
claspers bearing some smaller appendages ; upper and lower
plates short, nearly as broad as the last abdominal segment.
Ovipositor normal, of moderate size, brownish yellow. Legs
blackish or blackish brown ; tips of femora slightly but quite
distinctly enlarged. Wings nearly clear, with very small, blackish
infuscations placed as follows : — just below the base of the prae-

GNOPHOMYIA. 487

furca ; on the 1st longitudinal vein (very small) a little beyond
the previously mentioned spot; at the tip of the 1st vein ; and a
small one at the base of the wing between the 4th and 5th longi-
tudinal veins ; also narrowly over all the cross-veins. Halteres
rather robust, stem yellow, clubs black.

Length 3|-4 millim.

Eedescribed from several of both sexes in the Indian Museum,
taken as follows: Darjiling, 22-30. ix. 08, captured by me, as
well as one (20. ix. 08) taken there "at light"; Darjiling, 5-6.
yiii.09 (Paivci), and Matiana, Simla district, 8000 feet. 28-30.
iv. 07 (Annandale). The species occurs also throughout Europe.

Type. The location of this is unknown to me, unless it be in
the Meigen collection at Paris.

Genus GNOPHOMYIA, Os. Sac.

Gnophomyia, Osten Sacken. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. p. 223

(1859).'
Furina, Jaenuicke, Abhandl. Senck. Ges. vi, p. 318 (1867).

GENOTYPE, G. tristissima, Os. Sac., his second species ; by
designation- of Coquillett (1910).

Head: eyes glabrous, nearly contiguous below, but separated
above by a broad convex f'rons. Proboscis short ; palpi moderate
in size, terminal joint longer. Antennae 16-jointed, reaching
backwards to the root of the wing in both sexes ; 1st scapal joint
long and cylindrical, 2nd always much shorter, of varying width
according to the species; flagellum of elongate subcylindrical
joints, shorter in some species and more globose, the length of the
verticillate hairs varying with the species. Thorax prolonged
anteriorly, or shorter, according to the species ; suture distinct.
Abdomen normally elongate, linear, subcylindrical. Genitalia of
male consisting of claspers, in which the first joint is much more
slender than in Gonomyia, the 2nd (horny) joint being in some
species almost linear and pointed ; a second pair of horny appen-
dages below the first, shorter and stouter. In the female the
ovipositor is peculiarly formed, the upper valves being incrassated
and arcuate on the lower side towards the base, the lower pair
being very short, about half the length of the upper ones, the
whole ovipositor having thus rather an unusual appearance.
Legs long and slender, microscopically pubescent ; tibiae without
spurs; empodia distinct; middle pair of legs rather shorter than
the others. Wings normally glabrous.* Two submarginal cells,
four posterior cells ; discal cell open or closed. The auxiliary
vein ending at a good distance beyond the origin of the 2nd vein,
with the subcostal cross-vein a little more or less distant from its
tip. The 2nd longitudinal begins about the middle of the wing,
form ing a moderate angle, the praefurca, which often turns abruptly
upward just beyond its middle, generally about half the length of

* In at least one foreign species ( G. luctuosa, from North America) micro-
scopic pubescence occurs towards the tip of the wing.

488 ' TIPULIDjE.

the vein but sometimes much shorter ; the marginal cross-vein near
the inner end of the 1st submarginal cell, or at about the middle
•of it, occasionally exactly at the fork of the 2nd vein, and, in rare
•cases, absent altogether;* the 3rd vein generally originating
from the angle in the praefurca, being almost (apparently) a con-
tinuation of the basal section of the prsefurca, and curved down-
wards towards its tip ; f the anterior cross-vein immediately
beyond the origin of the 3rd vein, moderately long, joining the upper
basal corner of the discal cell, which latter is oblong, with pointed
•ends, the posterior cross-vein being situated before the middle
of it ; the 5th, 6th, and 7th veins gently curved towards their tips.
Range, Europe, South and East Africa, Australia, New Zealand,
North and South America and the Orient.

Table of Species.

1. Wings wholly unmarked, of normal

length ; antennae not lo-jointed 2.

Wings with several conspicuous brown

marks, considerably longer than the

abdomen ; antenna? 15-jointed lonyipennis, sp. n., p. 489,

-2. Marginal cross-vein present \ 3.

Marginal cross-vein absent ; anterior

branch of 4th longitudinal vein forked,

posterior branch simple ; discal cell open,

coalescent with 3rd posterior cell ;

posterior cross-vein at base of 3rd

posterior cell ; a dark blackish species

with distinct black veins in the wing . . nigra, sp. n., p. 494.
3. Marginal cross-vein exactly at the foot of

the 2nd longitudinal vein (or even very

slightly before it) ; genital organs of

male very large and conspicuous ; antenna

13-jointed genitalis, sp. n., p. 490.

* The marginal cross-vein is very inconstant, even in the same species,
both as regards its exact position and its presence or absence, as Osten Sacken
mentions a German species of which many specimens were seen by him without
it, although normally it should have been present in that species. In this
species, too, the abdomen is more clubbed at the tip, and the geuitalia are of
different construction. He also possessed another species, from Italy, in
•which there was no marginal rein at all, and the discal cell was open, being
coalescent with the 3rd posterior cell. This species he thought might be
Erioptera lateralis, Mcq., but it is to be noted that in Prof. Kertesz's recent
* Catalogue of Diptera ' lateralis is referred to Gonomyia. It is, of course,
possible that Osten Sacken's identification of the species was erroneous.

The fact that the marginal vein is occasionally absent in this genus may be
considered likely to cause confusion between it and Gonomyia, the species
having considerable resemblance to one another, but in the present genus the
branches of the 2nd longitudinal vein (which is always forked) are much too
approximately parallel to be readily confounded with the very widely opened
fork of Gonomyia.

t Exceptions occur; for instance, in G. flavomarginata, Brun., a compara-
tively long basal rectangular section is present.

\ This cross-vein is occasionally absent, but no better or more reliable
distinctive character is available. Such exceptions must be allowed for in
determining specimens.

GNOPHOMYIA. 489

Marginal cross-vein distinctly beyond the
fork of the 2nd vein, either at a moder-
ately short distance beyond, or very
considerably beyond it ; antennas not
13-jointed 4.

4. Marginal cross-vein a little, but distinctly,

beyond the fork of the 2nd vein ; prae-
furca about half the length of the vein,
originating normally at an acute angle or
in a gentle curve ; discal cell present . . 5.
Marginal cross-vein at middle of upper
branch of 2nd longitudinal vein ; prso-
f urea less than half the length of the
2nd vein, arising abruptly in a distinctly
rounded angle 6.

5. Anterior branch of 4th longitudinal vein

forked ; a pale yellow slender species

with yellow wings furcuta, sp. n., p. 491.

Anterior branch of 4th vein simple ;
robust black species with distinct black
veins in wing strenun, ?p. n., p. 492.

6. Both branches of 4th longitudinal vein

forked aperta, sp. n., p. 492.

Upper branch of 4th longitudinal vein
simple incompleta, sp. n.; p. 493.

350. Gnophomyia longipennis, sp. nov. (PI. IX, fig. 17.)

$ . Head brownish grey ; proboscis and palpi dark. Antennae
brownish yellow, 15-jointed ; scapal joints normal, 1st sub-
cylindrical, long, 2nd much shorter, barely wider; 1st flagellar
joint elongated, much narrowed at base, followed by eleven
subequal oval joints and a long thin apical one. Thorax : dorsum
brown, with the usual three dark stripes indistinctly defined ;
the posterior part of the thorax, scutellum, and metanotum more
reddish brown, also the sides. Abdomen dull brownish yellow,
blackish towards tip, and with a blackish lateral stripe ; belly
brownish yellow. Ovipositor rather shortened, reddish yellow.
Leys uniformly brownish yellow, tarsi barely darker. Wings very
pale grey, much longer than the abdomen, highly iridescent, with
pale brown marks. Auxiliary vein long ; subcostal cross-vein some
distance before the beginning of the 2nd longitudinal, which origi-
nates at the middle of the wing in a strong curve, the praefurca
much less than half the length of the vein, the forks of which are
nearly parallel ; the distinct marginal cross-vein placed at the
middle of the upper branch ; the 3rd longitudinal vein bent sharply
at a right angle near its base, thence running straight to the wing-
tip ; both branches of the 4th vein forked, rather widely, the front
branch beyond and the hinder branch before its middle ; discal cell
open, coalescent with 3rd posterior cell, the base of which is pointed ;
posterior cross-vein beyond the base of the 3rd posterior cell ;
5th, 6th, and 7th veins nearly straight. The wing-markings are

492 TIPULID;E.

almost punctiform, and the anterior branch of the 4th vein is not
forked. In the event of other species being discovered showing
consistency in these variations, a new genus might well be founded
for them.

353. Gnophomyia strenua, sp. nov. (PI. IX, fig. 19.)

$ . Head blackish grey ; irons wide, widening towards vertex,
yellowish grey at the sides, the middle part broadly black, and
somewhat convex. Antennae rather dark brownish yellow ; joints
of flagellum considerably elongate, with pale microscopic pubes-
cence, and brown hairs of greater length. Proboscis stout, dark
shining brown, pubescent; palpi nearly black, pubescent. Thorax :
dorsum very dark brown, barely shining ; shoulders narrowly
yellowish, with a brown streak ; suture and post-sutural depression
narrowly greyish. Scutellum and metanoturn lighter brown and
more shining ; sides of thorax blackish brown, more or less shining.
Abdomen dark brown, with sparse pale pubescence ; belly similar.
Ovipositor of the same colour, tip yellow. Leys pale yellowish ;
tips of femora and tibiae, and the tarsi towards the apical part,
blackish. Wings yellowish grey, wholly unmarked. Auxiliary
vein ending opposite the marginal vein ; the 2nd longitudinal
vein beginning at some distance before the middle of the wing ;
the pra3furca less in length than the remainder of the vein,
distinctly elbowed at the origin of the 3rd vein, which is not bent
at its base, springing in a straight line from the tip of the junction
of the anterior cross-vein with the 2nd vein ; the 2nd vein forking
soon after the elbow ; marginal vein situated very soon after the
fork, joining the 1st vein some distance before the tip of the
latter ; the 3rd vein almost wholly straight ; anterior cross-vein
twice the length of the proximal side of the discal cell, which is
somewhat elongate, much broader distally, the posterior cross-vein
being situated a little before its middle; the two branches of the
2nd vein, the 3rd vein, and the upper branch of the 4th vein,
approximately parallel ; the 5th and 6th A eins nearly straight,
7th gently bisinuate. Halteres black.

Length 5 milliin.

Described from a single female from Kurseong, 5. ix. 09
(Annandale).

Type in the Indian Museum.

354. Gnophomyia aperta, sp. nov. (PI. X, fig. 1.)

J . Head light grey ; frons moderately broad, the middle part
blackish ; vertex with stiff bristly yellow hairs ; back of head
light grey. The J st scapal joint with bluish grey dusting, 2nd
rather large, yellowish ; flagellum much narrower than scape,
blackish brown ; pubescence sparse. Proboscis and palpi dark
brown. Thorax moderately dark ash-grey ; the three usual
stripes are present, brown, the median one reaching from the
anterior margin nearly to the suture, being narrowly bifid behind ;

GNOPHOMYIA. 493

the side stripes short, pointed in front ; rest of dorsum con-
colorous, grey, with two indistinct brownish spots behind the
suture. Scutellum grey ; metanotum and sides of thorax grey.
Abdomen light brownish grey, barely pubescent; belly similar.
Genitalia small, blackish. Legs uniformly pale brown; coxae
darker at base, slightly dusted with bluish grey. Wings clear,
very iridescent. Auxiliary vein ending towards the tip of the
1st vein ; the 2nd vein beginning just beyond the middle of the
wing ; prsefurca only half as long as the lower branch, the
3rd vein springing from an angle in it, just beyond its middle;
marginal vein situated in middle of upper branch of 2nd vein,
joined to tip of 1st vein ; basal portion of 3rd vein nearly as long
as the anterior cross-vein ; discal cell absent ; upper branch of
4th vein forked near its tip; lower branch springing simultaneously
with the upper from the end of the anterior cross-vein, and
forking before half its length ; posterior cross-vein just beyond the
bifurcation of the 4th vein. Halteres very long, thin, yellow.

Length 3| millim.

Described from a single specimen, Darjiling, 8. viii. 09 (Paiva).

Type in the Indian Museum.

355. Gnophomyia incompleta, sp. nov. (PI. X, fig. 2.)

c? . Head grey ; proboscis and palpi brown, pubescent ; antennal
scape brownish yellow, flagellum dark brown. Thorax light
grey ; the three usual stripes distinctly present, but not con-
spicuous, slightly darker grey ; the dorsum behind the suture also
of the same shade. Scutellum and metanotum whitish grey,
especially when viewed from behind ; sides of thorax dark grey with
a slight brownish tinge. Abdomen blackish grey ; segments distinct,
nearly bare ; belly similar. Genitalia small, concealed. Legs :
coxae and basal part of femora brownish yellow, the colour quickly
darkening towards the tips of the femora to blackish, the rest
of the legs being of the latter colour. Wings clear, iridescent.
Auxiliary vein ending before the beginning of the 2nd longitudinal,
which begins distinctly beyond the middle of the wing, the prse-
t'urca taking a considerable downward curve, and the 3rd vein
issuing from its lowest point ; the 2nd vein forking soon after ;
the whole praefurca nearly as long as the lower branch of the 2nd
vein ; the marginal cross-vein placed at two-thirds of the length
of the marginal cell, uniting with the absolute tip of the 1st
longitudinal; the 3rd vein with no distinct basal section and
parallel with the upper branch of the 4th vein ; the anterior
cross-vein moderately long, joining the 4th vein at its fork;
discal cell open; lower branch of 4th vein forked at half its
length, the posterior cross-vein just beyond that fork. Stigma
light brown, small, oval, placed around the tip of the 1st vein.
Halteres blackish.

Length 3| millim.

Described from one male from Kurseong, 7.ix. 09 (Annandale).

Type in the Indian Museum.

492

almost punctiforin, and the anterior branch of the 4th vein is not
forked. In. the event of other species being discovered showing
consistency in these variations, a new genus might well be founded
for them.

353. Gnophomyia strenua, sp. nov. (PI. IX, fig. 19.)

$ . Head blackish grey ; frons wide, widening towards vertex,
yellowish grey at the sides, the middle part broadly black, and
somewhat convex. Antennae rather dark brownish yellow ; joints
of flagellum considerably elongate, with pale microscopic pubes-
cence, and brown hairs of greater length. Proboscis stout, dark
shining brown, pubescent; palpi nearly black, pubescent. Thorax :
dorsum. very dark brown, barely shining ; shoulders narrowly
yellowish, with a brown streak ; suture and post-sutural depression
narrowly greyish. Scutellum and metanotum lighter brown and
more shining ; sides of thorax blackish brown, more or less shining.
Abdomen dark brown, with sparse pale pubescence ; belly similar.
Ovipositor of the same colour, tip yellow. Leys pale yellowish ;
tips of femora and tibiae, and the tarsi towards the apical part,
blackish. Wings yellowish grey, wholly unmarked. Auxiliary
vein ending opposite the marginal vein ; the 2nd longitudinal
vein beginning at some distance before the middle of the wing ;
the praefurca less in length than the remainder of the vein,
distinctly elbowed at the origin of the 3rd vein, which is not bent
at its base, springing in a straight line from the tip of the junction
of the anterior cross-vein with the 2nd vein ; the 2nd vein forking
soon after the elbow ; marginal vein situated very soon after the
fork, joining the 1st vein some distance before the tip of the
latter ; the 3rd vein almost \vholly straight ; anterior cross-vein
twice the length of the proximal side of the discal cell, which is
somewhat elongate, much broader distally, the posterior cross-vein
being situated a little before its middle; the two branches of the
2nd vein, the 3rd vein, and the upper branch of the 4th vein,
approximately parallel ; the 5th and 6th veins nearly straight,
7th gently bisinuate. Halteres black.

Length 5 millim.

Described from a single female from Kurseong, 5. ix. 09
(Annandale).

Type in the Indian Museum.

354. Gnophomyia aperta, sp. uov. (PI. X, fig. 1.)

c? . Head light grey ; frons moderately broad, the middle part
blackish ; vertex with stiff bristly yellow hairs ; back of head
light grey. The ] st scapal joint with bluish grey dusting, 2nd
rather large, yellowish ; flagellum much narrower than scape,
blackish brown ; pubescence sparse. Proboscis and palpi dark
brown. Thorax moderately dark ash-grey; the three usual
stripes are present, brown, the median one reaching from the
anterior margin nearly to the suture, being narrowly bifid behind ;

GNOPHOMTIA. 493

the side stripes short, pointed in front ; rest of dorsura con-
colorous, grey, with two indistinct brownish spots behind the
suture. Scutellum grey ; metanotum and sides of thorax grey.
Abdomen light brownish grey, barely pubescent; belly similar.
Genitalia small, blackish. Legs uniformly pale brown; coxae
darker at base, slightly dusted with bluish grey. Wings clear,
very iridescent. Auxiliary vein ending towards the tip of the
1st vein ; the 2nd vein beginning just beyond the middle of the
wing ; praefurca only half as long as the lower branch, the
3rd vein springing from an angle in it, just beyond its middle ;
marginal vein situated in middle of upper branch of 2nd vein,
joined to tip of 1st vein ; basal portion of 3rd vein nearly as long
as the anterior cross- vein ; discal cell absent ; upper branch of
4th vein forked near its tip; lower branch springing simultaneously
with the upper from the end of the anterior cross- vein, and
forking before half its length ; posterior cross-vein just beyond the
bifurcation of the 4th vein. Halteres very long, thin, yellow.

Length 3| millim.

Described from a single specimen, Darjiling, 8. viii. 09 (Paiva).

Type in the Indian Museum.

355. Gnophomyia incompleta, sp. nov. (PI. X, fig. 2.)

c? . Head grey ; proboscis and palpi brown, pubescent ; autennal
scape brownish yellow, flagellum dark brown. Thorax light
grey ; the three usual stripes distinctly present, but not con-
spicuous, slightly darker grey ; the dorsum behind the suture also
of the same shade. Scutellum and metanotum whitish grey,
especially when viewed from behind ; sides of thorax dark grey with
a slight brownish tinge. Abdomen blackish grey ; segments distinct,
nearly bare ; belly similar. Genitalia small, concealed. Legs :
coxae and basal part of femora brownish yellow, the colour quickly
darkening towards the tips of the femora to blackish, the rest
of the legs being of the latter colour. Wings clear, iridescent.
Auxiliary vein ending before the beginning of the 2nd longitudinal,
which begins distinctly beyond the middle of the wing, the prae-
furca taking a considerable downward curve, and the 3rd vein
issuing from its lowest point ; the 2nd vein forking soon after ;
the whole praefurca nearly as long as the lower branch of the 2nd
vein ; the marginal cross-vein placed at two-thirds of the length
of the marginal cell, uniting with the absolute tip of the 1st
longitudinal; the 3rd vein with no distinct basal section and
parallel with the upper branch of the 4th vein ; the anterior
cross-vein moderately long, joining the 4th vein at its fork;
discal cell open; lower branch of 4th vein forked at half its
length, the posterior cross-vein just beyond that fork. Stigma
light brown, small, oval, placed around the tip of the 1st vein.
Halteres blackish.

Length 3| millim.

Described from one male from Kurseong, 7. ix. 09 (Annandale).

Type in the Indian Museum.

494 TIPULID^.

356. Gnophomyia nigra, sp. nov. (PI. X, fig. 3.)

$ . Head: the broad vertex and frons (with long bristly hairs),
the proboscis and palpi, and the antennae, all dark brownish
yellow ; the 2nd scapal joint barely wider than the flagellar
joints. Thorax blackish, the lateral margins of the dorsuin and
the posterior corners narrowly yellowish ; sides blackish. Scu-
tellum with a little reddish brown towards the edge, inetanotum
blackish. Abdomen rather short and stout, dark brown, wrinkled,
with pale brown pubescence; belly similar. Ovipositor small,
consisting of two conical thick grey pubescent pieces. Leys dark
brown, femora a little yellowish towards the base. Wings
yellowish grey, veins black and very distinct. Auxiliary vein
ending at middle of wing; ]st longitudinal vein ending a little
way beyond it ; the 2nd vein beginning before the middle of the
wing, the praefurca gently curved, forming half the length of the
vein, which forks rather widely ; no marginal cross-vein ; the 3rd
longitudinal vein beginning a little before the fork of the 2nd at
a rectangle, in a line with, and about as long as, the anterior
cross-vein ; discal cell absent, being coalescent with 3rd posterior
cell ; anterior branch of 4th vein forked before one-third of its
length ; posterior cross-vein in a line with the base of the 3rd
posterior cell; the 51 h and 6th veins nearly straight, the 7th
gently curved. Halteres blackish.

Length 5 millim.

Described from a type female from the Bhim Tal, 4500 feet,
Kumaon, 22-27. ix. 06 (Annandale) ; and one from the Xilgiri
Hills, 3000 ft,, iv. 10 (Andrewes).

Type and second specimen in the Indian Museum.

I do not hesitate to include this species in GnopJwmyia, in spite
of the absent marginal cross-vein, the presence of which is
regarded as a generic character, because its whole appearance
is that of this genus, the species both in general " facies" and in
the distinct black veins closely resembling G. strenna ; because the
forking of the 2nd longitudinal vein is that of Gnopliomyia (i. «.,
the branches gently diverging or nearly parallel), and not that of
Gonomyia in which the branches very widely diverge ; and because
Osten Sacken has already drawn attention (Monog. K. Amer. Tip.
p. 173) to an undescribed species from Germany and a single
example of another species from Italy, both seen by him, and in
both of which the marginal cross-vein was absent. It seems
therefore likely that this character is also as plastic as many
others in the EBIOPTEBIKT.

Genus DASYMALLOMYIA, Brun.
Dasymallomyia, Brunetti, Rec. Ind. Mus. vi, p. 304 (1911).
GENOTYPE, D. signata, Brun. ; by original designation.
Head, thorax and abdomen of the normal Eriopterinid type,
with light conspicuous hairs on thorax and abdomen. Eyes

DASIMALLOMTIA. 495

separated above by a hairy frons, less than one-third the width of
the head, contiguous below for a short space. Antennae missing,
except the scape, which is normal but rather less in size, and the
three basal joints of the flagellum, which also have every appear-
ance of normality, being rounded and verticillate. Abdomen
narrowed at base, widened beyond the middle ; genitalia of
moderate size, normal. Legs conspicuously pubescent throughout
with moderately long hairs. Wings moderately broad, anal angle
rounded but distinct ; two submarginal cells, four posterior cells ;
discal cell open, being coalescent with the 3rd posterior cell.
Auxiliary vein lying close to 1st longitudinal, ending at about the
middle of the wing, the 1st longitudinal ending a little beyond :
the 2nd longitudinal beginning at one-third of the wing, forked ;
marginal cross-vein just before tip of 1st vein ; the 3rd vein
beginning a little before the fork of the 2nd ; the 4th forking
close to the anterior cross-vein, both branches forked ; posterior
cross-vein just beyond fork of 4th vein ; 3rd posterior cell pointed
at base, 6th and 7th veins slightly sinuous.

Range. Darjiling district.

Although this genus stands out as quite distinct from others, it
is difficult to define its peculiar characters. Perhaps the robust-
ness of the body (affording some general resemblance to Teucho-
labis), the narrowed abdomen near the base, and especially the
somewhat shortened, thickened, very hairy legs, are the best
distinguishing features from Gnoplwmyia, Os. Sac., which seems
to be its nearest Eastern ally.

357. Dasymallomyia signata, Brun. (PI. X, fig. 4.)

Dasymallomyia signata, Brunetti, Rec. Ind. Mus. vi, p. 304 (1911).

5 . Head : frons forming one-fourth the width of the head,
grey, with some long, rather shaggy yellow hairs ; back of head
similar. Proboscis brownish yellow, short, rather stump-like;
palpi normal, elongate, four-jointed, pubescent. Antennae with
apparently two scapal joints nearly alike, rather short, slightly
wider at the tip, the flagellar joints oval (only three are remaining,
the rest being broken off) ; scape dark, flagellum brownish yellow.
Thorax : dorsum yellowish ; a moderately broad, very shining
black stripe in the middle from the anterior margin to the suture,
slightly narrowed in front ; a short, very shining, black stripe on
each side of the median one, with an isolated black spot in front
of it near the shoulders ; behind the suture, near the dorsal
margin on each side is a very black shining triangular spot, and
on the dorsum (behind the suture) a pair of normal wide blackish
stripes reaching to the scutellum, which latter is small and yellow,
with the base a little blackish. Sides of thorax with a pinkish
tinge ; some short yellow hair on the pleura? and near the wing-
roots ; metanotum blackish. Prothorax moderately large, produced
into a short stout neck. Abdomen black, roughened; posterior

49G TIPULID^.

margins of segments narrowly pale yellowish ; belly similar.
Ovipositor brownish yellow, enlarged at the base, the lower pair
of valves much shorter than the upper ones, straight, and set a
little further back. Legs : coxae and trochanters both somewhat
small ; legs comparatively robust, yellow, with rather long close
pubescence ; the femora a little incrassated at the tip, and bearing
a subapical blackish not very well-defined ring ; tips of tibiee and
tarsal joints narrowly blackish. Wings nearly clear, very iri-
descent, with a faint yellowish appearance caused by the yellow
veins ; the " cross-veins " rather black. Auxiliary vein lying close
to the 1st longitudinal Arein, ending at about the middle of the
wing, the 1st longitudinal ending a little beyond ; the 2nd longi-
tudinal vein beginning at one-third of the wing, and forking at
about half its length, just below the tip of the 1st vein, with the
marginal cross-vein just before the tip of the latter ; the 3rd
longitudinal vein originating a little before the fork of the 2nd,
at a right angle, thence forming nearly another right angle before
proceeding almost straight to the border, parallel with the veins in
front of and behind it; basal section of 3rd vein fairly long,
nearly in a line with the anterior cross-vein, which is of about the
same length ; the 4th vein forking close to the anterior cross-
vein, the upper branch forking at about its middle, the branches
parallel ; the lower branch of the 4th vein simple, parallel with
the 5th ; posterior cross-vein just beyond fork of 4th vein ; 3rd
posterior cell pointed at base ; 6th and 7th reins slightly sinuous.
A small indistinct stigma over the tip of the 1st vein.

Length 7% millim. to tip of ovipositor.

Described from a single female in the Indian Museum from
Kurseong, 7. ix. 09 (Z). F. Lynch}.

Genus CONOSIA, Wulp.
Conosia, Wulp, Tijd. Entom. xxiii, p. 159, pi. x, figs. 5-7 (1880).

GENOTYPE, Limnobia irrorata, Wied. ; by original designation.

Head relatively very small, very flat and broad. Occiput
greatly produced backward in an obtuse form, the vertical hump
continued backward also, well defined, to the hinder limit of the
head, the occiput being practically in a plane with the vertex.
Eyes oval, contiguous below for a considerable distance, widely
separated above in both sexes by a broad frons which is longi-
tudinally conspicuously humped. Antennae barely longer than
the head ; the 1st scapal joint long, thick, cylindrical, the 2nd
broader and shorter, both robust ; flagellum of twelve joints, with
the 1st joint stout at the base, the remainder very filiform,
pubescent. Proboscis short ; palpi short, four-jointed. Thorax :
anterior part of dorsum conspicuously produced forward over the
prothorax and head in a conical obtuse form ; transverse suture
rather less distinct than usual. Scutellum small, metanotum well
developed. Abdomen long, cylindrical, four times as long as the

CONOSIA. 497

thorax ; tip obtuse in male, pointed in female. Genitalia of male
small and inconspicuous. Legs long and slender, microscopically
pubescent. Wings very much shorter than the abdomen, com-
paratively broad, bare of pubescence. Two submarginal, five
posterior cells, and a discal cell ; anterior cross-vein distinctly
beyond the discal cell • auxiliary vein ending beyond middle of
wing, the 1st longitudinal ending just beyond it ; 2nd vein
beginning before middle of wing, forking at about half its length,
the marginal cross-vein just beyond the fork; the 3rd vein begins
at the fork of the 2nd, gently bisiuuate; the 4th vein with upper
branch forked well beyond the discal cell, the lower branch forked
at distal end of that cell, which latter is pentagonal ; anterior
cross-vein distinctly beyond discal cell, posterior cross-vein before
its middle, oblique ; 5th, 6th and 7th longitudinal veins nearly
straight ; anal angle of wing somewhat rounded.

Range. The Orient, China, Japan, and Australia.

The most pertinent characters of this genus, which possesses
but a single widely distributed species, are the conical production
of the thoracic dorsurn over the head, and the position of the
anterior cross-vein distinctly beyond the discal cell.

358. Conosia irrorata, Wied. (PI. X, fig. 5.)

Limnobia irrorata, Wiedemann, Ausser. Zweifl. i, p. 574 (1828).
Limnobia substituta, Walker, List Dipt. Brit. Mus. i, p. 39 (1848).
Limnophila crux, Doleschall, Nat. Tijds. Ned. Ind. xiv, p. 388,
pi. iv, fig. 3(1857).

cJ $ . Head: eyes well separated above, contiguous below for a
short distance ; . from vertex to back of head rather bright
yellowish grey. Proboscis and palpi brownish yellow or brown,

Fig. 43. — Conosia irrorata, Wied., lateral view of head and thorax.

both short. The 1st scapal joint of antennae cylindrical, elongated,
with some stiff hairs, 2nd joint short, but of good size, rounded,
with very few hairs ; the 1st flagellar joint obconical, with micro-
scopic grey pubescence, smaller than 2nd scapal joint but much
larger than the other flagellar joints, the basal ones of which in
the male are shortly cylindrical, the remainder elongated, all with
a few very long hairs each, the shorter pubescence being more
pronounced on the basal joints. In the female all the flagellar
joints after the 1st are uniformly shortly cylindrical, all bearing

498 TIPULID^E.

short pubescence. Thorax of male from yellowish grey to rather
dark brownish yellow ; a rather broad brown median line, with a
row of about nine or ten small dark brown spots on each side of
it ; a narrow median line is present on the concolorous scutellum,
which is furnished with moderately long golden yellow hairs on
the posterior margin ; posterior corners of dorsutn with a few
similar yellow hairs and a few are placed in front of the scu-
tellum ; a less distinct grey stripe on each side of the median one,
beginning some distance behind the shoulder and interrupted at
the suture, behind which it takes the form of a spot and a pointed
elongated stripe which attains the posterior margin ; on the rest
of the dorsurn and towards and on the sides (which are con-
colorous) are small spots and marks irregularly placed ; metanotum
rather more grey than yellow, with traces of a dark median line.
In the female, on each side of the narrow median thoracic stripe
is a close series of irregularly placed small brown spots, two or
three abreast, reaching from the anterior margin to the suture ;
there is also a patch of similar spots towards each side, in front
of the wing. Abdomen yellowish or brownish yellow, the segments
clearly emarginated, with short yellow hairs at the sides ; a narrow
black stripe often runs along each side of the dorsuin ; belly
yellowish. Genitalia of male consisting of an upper plate, a pair
of thick brown claspers marked with small brown spots and
bearing golden-yellow hairs, terminating each in a bifid yellow
claw ; there is also a pair of internal spine-like yellow organs.
In the female the abdomen is darker brown, the ovipositor reddish
yellow. Legs uniformly yellow, with distinct yellow pubescence ;
claws black. Wings yellowish grey. Auxiliary vein ending a little
before tip of 1st longitudinal vein, both being distinctly beyond
the middle of the wing; the 2nd vein originates much before
middle of wing, forking in a peculiar manner just below tip of
1st vein ; the upper branch apparently springs at a right angle
from the lower one (which latter is in a straight line with the
prsefurca), thus having the appearance of a cross-vein, then turns
suddenly outward, running parallel with the lower branch ; prae-
furca longer than upper branch, but distinctly shorter than lower
one ; marginal cross-vein very oblique, uniting the 1st vein (at a
little before its tip) with the angle made by the upper branch of
the 2nd vein ; basal portion of 3rd vein obliquely placed, straight
in itself, appearing almost as a cross-vein, nearly twice as long as
anterior cross-vein, which latter is also very abnormally placed,
being distinctly beyond the discal cell ; discal cell cylindro-conical ;
anterior branch of 4th vein forked half-way between the discal
cell and wing-margin, the branches parallel, as are all the veins,
practically, with the exception of the branches of the 2nd vein,
which distinctly diverge at their extremities ; discal cell rather
more than half as long as the 3rd and 4th posterior cells, both of
which are equal in length ; posterior cross-vein placed at the first
third of the discal cell. In colouring the anterior margin of the
wing is more or less broadly brown, but the pattern varies in detail ;

CONOSIA..- CLADT7BA. 49£L

in some specimens the costal cell is nearly clear, but occupied!
throughout its entire length with brown spots, some confluent,,
especially in the neighbourhood of the stigma, beyond which the
costal part of the wing is mainly brown or brownish; the wing
is brownish down to the 2nd longitudinal vein ; the whole of the-
veins in the clear part of the wing bearing a row of minute dark
brown spots, which in some examples are considerably fainter
than in others ; the browiiish colour extending from the costal
cell is generally somewhat enlarged over the base of the 2nd veini
and below the stigma, and the cross-veins are sometimes suffused.
with grey. In some individuals the tips of the veins on the
posterior margin of the wing are slightly inf uscated, the 7th having,
often a distinct dark grey spot of moderate size at its tip.

Length 5-12 millim., without ovipositor.

Jiedescribed from a considerable number of both sexes in the
Indian Museum, the Pusa collection and my own, from Calcutta,
Darjiling, and other parts of India, Assam, Rangoon, and from
Java. The species extends throughout the whole of the Orient,
occurring also in China, Japan, and Australia.

Type presumably in "Westermaun's collection in the Vienna
Museum.

In one specimen in the Indian Museum collection there is a
supernumerary cross-vein in the 2nd basal cell, a little before
the posterior cross-vein. This is probably the most widely
distributed species of the family in the East.

Genus CLADURA, Os. Sac.
Clndura, Osten Sacken, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad., 1859, p. '229\.

GENOTYPE, Cladum flavoferruginea, Os. Sac.; by original
designation.

Head : eyes separated above by a moderately broad, distinctly
convex frons ; nearly contiguous below. Proboscis short ; palpi
short, last joint robtfst. ' Antennae 16-jointed, just reaching the
root of the wings ; scape with 1st joint subcylindrical, of moderate
length, 2nd joint shorter and broader; flagellar joints subcylindrical,
slightly incrassated at base, verticels of moderate length. Thorax
and neck normal. Abdomen with "the upperside of the ultimate
segment horny, convex, having a rounded excision between two
projecting points on its posterior margin" (Osten Sacken}. The
male genital organs consist of a long cylindrical basal joint,
the terminal appendages being very small and filiform. The
female ovipositor has flattened, rather broad valves. Legs of
considerable or of moderate length, pubescent; tibiae without
spurs; empodia distinct, ungues smooth on the underside. Wings
somewhat narrow and rather long, glabrous: veins on apical part
of wing bearing a distinct though short pubescence. Two sub-

2K

500 TIPULIJ^E.

marginal cells, five posterior cells, and a discal cell. Auxiliary
vein ending at some distance beyond the middle of the wing, at,
or a little beyond, the inner end of the 1st submarginal cell ; the
latter cell shorter than the 2nd submarginal, its petiole about
equal to the length from the fork to the (sometimes indistinct)
marginal cross-vein, which is placed beyond the middle of the
marginal cell or just at the fork ; subcostal cross-vein shortly
before the tip of the auxiliary vein, joining the 1st longitudinal,
which ends some distance beyond the auxiliary vein ; the 2nd vein
begins distinctly before the middle of the wing, the well arcuated
prsefurca about equal in length to the lower branch ; an additional
cross-vein (in at least one North American species) occasionally
found in the 2nd submarginal cell ; 3rd vein origiaating rather
sharply from the 2nd just anterior to the fork, practically straight,
its base, the anterior cross-vein, and the basal side of the discal
«ell more or less in aline; discal cell pentagonal, broader distally,
its basal end rectangular, its distal sides forming an angle. " The
pentagonal shape of the discal cell plainly shows that it is the
forking of the posterior branch of the 4th vein which forms one of
Its sides " (Osten Sacken). Five posterior cells, of which the 1st is
subequal to the 2nd submarginal in length, the 2nd varies in
shape with the species, the 3rd and 4th are subequal, the 5th
normal ; posterior cross-vein a little before or after the base of
the discal cell ; the 5th, 6th, and 7th longitudinal veins nearly
straight.

Range. Previously known only from. North America.

The characters which distinguish this genus from the allied
genera, Paracladura and Claduroides, may best be shown by the
following table : —

A. Subcostal cross-vein placed near the tip of

the auxiliary vein. Discal cell present,

its proximal end rectangular. Antennal

scape long, normal ; flagellum of fourteen

oval joints. The 7th longitudinal vein

normal CLADURA, Os. Sac.*

AA. Subcostal cross-vein placed very far before

the tip of the auxiliary vein, just after the

origin of the 2nd vein, near the middle

of the -wing.

B. The 1st longitudinal vein nearly as long
as the anterior branch of the 2nd vein,
ending close to it near the wing-tip.
Marginal cross-vein placed soon after
the fork of the 2nd vein, at a consider-
able distance from the tip of the 1st vein.

* See my " Eevis. Orient. TIPULID.E" (Eec. Ind. Mus. vi, p. 285) with
regard to Cladoneura, a fossil genus figured by Needham, which appears to
have been the immediate ancestor of this group of genera.

CLADUBA. 501

Discal cell present, its proximal end
pointed. Antennal scape very short,
the joints almost annular ; flagellum of
fifteen very elongate joints. The 7th
longitudinal vein less than half the
length of the 6th, turning sharply into

the'margin at its tip PARACLADUKA, Brim.

BB. The 1st longitudinal vein ends (turning
sharply up to the costa) just beyond the
tip of the auxiliary vein and some dis-
tance from the tip of the anterior
branch of the 2nd vein, also a con-
siderable distance from the wing-tip.
Marginal cross-vein at the tip of the
1st longitudinal vein. Discal cell
absent, coalescent with the 2nd posterior
cell, the proximal end of which is
pointed. Antennal scape normal (long) ,
flagellum of thirteen oval joints. The
7th longitudinal vein normal, as in
Cladura CLADUROIDES, Brun.

359. Cladura flavescens, Brun. (PI. X, fig. 6.)

Cladura flavescens, Brunetti, Kec. Ind. Mus. vi, p. 284 (1911).

tf $ . Head : frons broad, more than one-third the width of
the he'ad, vertex convex, both brownish yellow ; back of head
concolorous, with long stiff brown hairs. Proboscis brownish
yellow, palpi a little darker. Antennal scape brownish yellow ;
1st scapal joint moderately long and stout, subcylindrical, 2nd
joint shorter and broader ; flagellum of fourteen oval joints,
gradually diminishing in breadth but increasing in length as the
tip of the antennae is reached ; with minute whitish pubescence,
each joint having a single verticel of apparently three or four
long hairs. Thorax elongate and rather convex above, produced
forward into a distinct, but short, stout neck. Brownish yellow,
shining, unmarked ; some black hairs on the posterior part of
dorsum above the wings. Scutellum and metanotum concolorous,
the former with a few hairs ; sides of thorax brownish yellow.
Abdomen of male yellowish brown, with sparse pale yellow hairs ;
in female dark brown on dorsum, yellowish on belly. Genitalia
of male brownish yellow (not easily seen, as the claspers in the
single male are tightly closed), apparently consisting of the
normal pair of claspers, of which only the thick subconical basal
joint can be seen. In the female the ovipositor is brownish
yellow, rather long, conically produced at the base, to which are
attached two pairs of nearly straight, elongate valves, the lower
pair being much shorter and twisted round somewhat to the side.
Legs uniformly brownish yellow, slightly darker towards the tips
of the tarsi. Wings pale yellowish grey, moderately iridescent,

2 K2

502 TIPITLIDjE.

unmarked. Auxiliary vein ending at some distance beyond the
middle of tlie wing, the subcostal ci'oss-vein placed shortly before
its tip, connecting it with the 1st longitudinal, which latter ends
a little before half the distance between the tip of the auxiliary
vein and the tip of the wing; the 2nd vein begins distinctly
before the middle of .the wing, well arcuated, forking before the
tip of the 1st vein; the prsefurca fully as long as the lower
branch ; the marginal cross-vein, which is not very distinct, but
obviously present, placed just at the fork of the 2nd vein, the
upper branch of which is a good deal shorter than the lower one ;
3rd vein originating at right angles from a little anterior to the
fork of the 2nd, its basal part short (shorter than the anterior
cross-vein), thence running straight to just below the wing-tip y
anterior cross-vein and base of discal cell practically in a line
with the basal part of the 3rd vein ; discal cell pentagonal, much
broader distally, its proximal side somewhat oblique, about as
long as the 4th posterior cell ; anterior branch of 4th vein forked
near tip, making five posterior cells, of which the 1st is of the
same length as the 2nd subinarginal, the 2nd is triangular, the 3rd
and 4th subequal, the 5th normal, the posterior cross- vein being
situated a little before the middle of the discal cell ; the 5th, 6thr
and 7th longitudinal veins nearly straight. Halteres pale brownish
yellow.

Length 3-3^ millim.

Described from a single specimen of each ssx taken, respectively,
7. viii. 09 and 6. viii. 09. at Darjiling (Paiva).

Types in the Indian Museum.

The wing agrees exactly with that of the Xorth American
species C. indivisa, Os. Sac., except that the marginal cross-vein
in my species is a little more proximal and the 2nd posterior
cell is triangular, instead of what may be described as attenu-
ated bell-shaped, as in indivisa. Incidentally this figure show*
no subcostal cross-vein, which, however, is distinctly present in
C. flavescens, placed, as stated by Osten Sacken, near the tip of
the auxiliary vein.

Genus PARACLADURA Brun. (PI. X, figs. 9, 10.)
Paracladura, Brunetti, Rec. Ind. Mus. vi, p. 286 (1931).

GENOTYPE, Paracladura yrarilis, Brun. ; by original designation.

Two subinarginal cells, five posterior cells, a discal cell.

Differing from Cladura in the face being distinctly though not
conspicuously gibbous. The antennae are of a totally different
construction altogether ; the scapal joints both being very short,
subglobular, no longer than broad, whilst the flagellum is composed
of fifteen joints, a very unusual number throughout the family

PARACLADURA. 503

All the joints are very elongated, minutely pubescent.
The whole antenna if bent backwards would reach the basal
segments of the abdomen. The venation affords several very
marked differential characters. The subcostal cross- vein is situated
a long distance before the tip of the auxiliary vein, only a short
distance beyond the base of the 2nd longitudinal. The auxiliary
vein ends gradually in the costa at about two-thirds the length of
the wing. The 1st longitudinal vein is very long, following the
line of the costa nearly to the tip of the upper branch of the 2nd
longitudinal vein, and parallel to that section of that vein ; thus
ending much nearer the tip of the wing than is usually the case.
The subcostal cross-vein is placed near the middle of the wing,
joining the auxiliary vein to the 1st longitudinal, not very far
beyond the beginning of the 2nd vein. The 2nd vein commences
almost before the first third of the wing, at a moderate angle,
forking just opposite the tip of the auxiliary vein, the branches
practically parallel ; the praefurca longer than the lower branch,
which itself Is rather longer than the upper one. Marginal
cross-vein 'just beyond the fork, and a little beyond the tip of the
auxiliary vein. The 3rd vein originates a little before the fork
of the 2nd vein in an almost puuctiform manner, meeting the
anterior cross-vein at the same point. The 3rd longitudinal vein
runs straight to immediately below the wing-tip. Anterior cross-
vein of moderate length, meeting the discal cell before its middle,
which cell is pointed at its proximal end. Upper branch of 4th
longitudinal vein forked at half that portion of it lying beyond
the discal cell, the veinlets nearly parallel. Lower branch of 4th
vein acutely forked in the discal cell, the posterior cross-vein
situated just beyond the fork. The 5th longitudinal vein bent at
its union with the cross-vein ; 6th vein nearly straight. The 7th
longitudinal vein remarkably short, much less than half the length
of the 6th vein, its tip bent sharply to the wing-margin.

Range. India.

The two Indian species may be separated easily as follows : —

Wings clear yraci/is, Brun.

"Wings with an infuscated band across the middle. . elegans, Brun.

360. Paracladura gracilis, Brun.

Paradadura yracilis, Brunetti, Eec. Ind. Mus. vi, p. 287 (1911).

c? $ . Head : eyes separated above by a frons wider than one-
third the width of the head; face above antennae distinctly
gibbous. Proboscis rather long, narrow, pale yellow, a little
hairy ; palpi with 1st joint pale yellow, 2nd, 3rd, and 4th black.
Antennal scape pale yellow, slightly pubescent, joints very short,
almost annuliform ; flagellum of fifteen very elongate joints,
closely but shortly pubescent, with one or tvvo longer hairs at the

504 TIPULID^.

tip of each. Thorax considerably gibbous, uniformly pale yellow,
quite bare. Scutelluin, metanotum, and sides of thorax con-
colorous. Abdomen brownish yellow, with a few pale hairs at the
sides ; segments in the male towards the tip of the abdomen, both
above and on belly, with more or less distinct blackish irregular
marks. Grenitalia "of male rather longer than usual, especially the
second joint, which is nearly as long as the first, the latter being
less robust than usual, the second equally fleshy, subcylindrical,
pointed, both bearing numerous soft hairs ; some further append-
ages are visible below the claspers, also a large ventral V-shaped
dark brown plate ; the upper plate is also dark coloured, narrow.
The female has a pair of moderately long lateral valves, blackish
at the tip ; below these, a pair of pale yellow, soft, hairy, short
conical appendages, Avith apparently a pair of small claspers.
Legs uniformly very pale yellow. Wings : venation in accordance
with the generic description ; very pale yellowish, unmarked,
veins yellow ; halteres yellowish, knobs a little dusky.

Length 2| millim.

Described from a single specimen of each sex taken by me at
Darjiling, 28 and 29. v. 10.

Types in the Indian Museum.

361. Paracladura elegans, Brun.

Paradadura elegans, Brunetti, Rec. Ind. Mus. vi, p. 288 (1911).

.9 . Head rather bright yellow ; frons fully one-third the width
of the head ; face above antennae gibbous ; on the vertex a blackish
streak joining the upper angle of the eyes. Proboscis yellowish ;
palpi blackish, pubescent, basal half of 1st joint yellowish. Scapal
joints of antennae very short, pale yellowish, with a few hairs ;
flagellum blackish brown, closely and shortly pubescent. Thorax
almost wholly brownish yellow ; a trace of a dusky median stripe.
Scutellum, metanotum, and sides of thorax concolorous. Abdomen
brown, hind margin of the distinctly emarginated segments very
pale yellow, with pale hairs at the sides ; belly similar. Ovi-
positor of moderate size, resembling that of P. gracilis. Legs pale
brownish yellow. Wings : venation in accordance with the generic
description, the 7th longitudinal vein being only one-third as long
as the 6th. Colour pale yellow, veins yellow, apical part of wing
with slight pubescence. A narrow blackish infuscation runs from
the costa, beginning just beyond the tip of the auxiliary vein and
passing over the marginal vein, the fork of the 2nd, the base of
the 3rd, and the anterior cross-vein ; the infuscation, here shortly
interrupted, is resumed on the posterior cross-vein and along the
last section of the 5th longitudinal vein to the wing-margin.
Halteres yellowish, clubs dusky.

Length 2-3 millim.

CLADUltOIDJBS. 505

Described from two females taken by me at Darjiling, 26 and
29. v. 10.

Type (and second specimen) in the Indian Museum.

Whilst exhibiting all the generic characters, this species is
easily distinguished from the previous one by the light but very
distinct infuscation running across the middle of the wing.

Genus CLADUROIDES, Brun.
Claduroides, Brunetti, Rec. Ind. Mus. vi, p. 288 (1911).

GENOTYPE, Claduroides fascipennis, Brun. ; by original design-
ation.

Two submarginal cells, five posterior cells, discal cell open.

Antennae practically normal in the scape, which consists of the
usual elongate cylindrical 1st joint and a shorter broader 2nd joint,
but the flagellum shows a distinct peculiarity in possessing the-
unusual number of thirteen joints, oval and well separated, with
minute pubescence and with verticels. Face above antennae-
prominent as in Paracladura. Thorax equally gibbous as in that
genus. In venation the present genus is also distinctly character-
istic. The 1st longitudinal vein is shorter than in Cladura, the
marginal cross-vein being at its exact tip, where it turns up into
the costa somewhat abruptly. The subcostal cross-vein is at
one-third the length of the wing, as in Paracladura, situated at a
great distance from the tip of the auxiliary vein, and a considerable
distance before the origin of the 2nd vein, which takes place in
the middle of the wing. Discal cell open, pointed at proximal
end, coalescent with 3rd posterior cell ; anterior branch of 4th
vein forked acutely and widely near its tip, the 2nd posterior cell
being triangular, not elongate bell-shaped; posterior cross-vein
situated just beyond the proximal end of the 2nd posterior cell ;
the posterior branch of the 4th vein similarly forked as in Cladura ;
the 7th longitudinal vein normal, as in Cladura.

Range. India.

Only two species are Indian, and they may be distinguished
thus : —

Wings with several small infuscations fascipennis, Brim.

Wings clear except for an indistinct stigma . . swdida, Bran.

362. Claduroides fascipennis, Brun. (PI. X, figs. 7, 8.)

Claduroides fascipennis, Brunetti, Rec. Ind. Mus. vi. p. 289 (1911).

$ § . Head grey ; frons one-fourth the width of the head,
considerably convex. Proboscis brown, palpi blackish. Antennae
dark brown ; 1st scapal joint subcylindrical, wider at tip, 2nd
shorter, elongate oval, narrower at base; flagellum of thirteen

506 • TIPFLIDJE

oval joints, the 1st the longest, all very distinctly separated, with
close pubescence and each with a verticel of longer hairs. Thorax
distinctly gibbous and high ; the short neck placed at the lowest
point of the underside (seen best in profile). Thorax, including
dorsutn, scutellum, metanotum and sides, mainly dark grey, the
dorsum in one specimen with a moderately wide blackish brown
stripe from anterior margin to suture ; a blackish brown smaller
mark on each shoulder connected by a very thin line on the
anterior margin ; two small stripes in front of the suture, with
two spots behind it, irregularly shaped, of the usual nature,
occupying most of the post-sutural dorsum. Scutellum somewhat
produced and thickened; metanotum a little brownish. Abdomen
dark blackish brown, emargination of segments distinct, with
some pale hairs at the sides; belly similar. Genitalia of male
blackish brown, a little pubescent, composed of an upper plate,
a pair of claspers, with a second pair of appendages below. The
female ovipositor barely thickened at the base, terminal valves
reddish brown. Legs brownish yellow, tarsi darker; coxae slightly
dusted with brownish grey. Wings : venation in accordance with
generic description. Pale grey ; a small pale blackish brown spot
on the costa, near the subcostal cross-vein ; another over the base
of the 2nd vein ; a large oblong stigmatic spot, ending at the
marginal cross-vein, proximally continued along the cross-veins
narrowly but uninterruptedly to the 5th longitudinal vein, along
which the colour runs to the hind margin of the wing; tips of all
the veins (except the 3rd and 6th) and the bases of the forks of
both branches of the 4th longitudinal, slightly irifuscated. Hal-
teres yellowish.

Length, J 3|, $ 5| millim.

Described from three males and two females in the Indian
Museum with the following data : Darjiling, 9. viii. 09, type male
and female taken by Mr. Paiva, and an additional male and female
taken by Dr. Annandale at Phagu, 12. v. 09, and Kurseong,
7. ix. 09, respectively.

363. Claduroides sordida, Bnm.

Cladurpides sordida, Brunetti, Rec. Ind. Mus. vi, p. 290 (1911).

cT $ • Head dark grey, with scattered hairs. Proboscis brownish
yellow ; palpi dark brown. Antennae brownish yellow ; 1st scapal
joint cylindrical, moderately long, 2nd shorter and broader as
usual ; flagellum of thirteen oval joints, diminishing in size towards
the tip, the 1st being distinctly but not conspicuously larger than
the rest. Thorax, dark grey, with no obvious marks on dorsum,
though the impression is given that in some specimens there may
be indistinct stripes. Scutellum and metanotum similarly coloured ;
sides of thorax with a very slight brownish tinge. Abdomen dark
brown. Genitalia of male consisting of a pair of rather large

AMALOPIXI. 507

brownish yellow claspers, with small narrow horny appendages
towards the tips, and a narrow dorsal plate. Ovipositor of female
as in preceding species. Legs brownish yellow, darker towards
tips of tarsi. Wings : venation in accordance with the generic
description. Pale grey, iridescent ; an elongate blackish stigma
is indistinctly but obviously present over the tip of the 1st
longitudinal vein, ending rather sharply at the marginal cross- vein.
Halteres brownish.

Length 4-5 millim.

Described from two males and one female. The type male and
female, taken respectively at Simla, 10. v. 09, and Kurseong,
4. ix. 09, by Dr. Annandale ; an additional male from Simla,
12.V.09.

Type male and female (also additional male) in the Indian
Museum.

Section AMALOPINI.
Pediciinas, KerWsz, Catal. Dipt, ii (1892).

Eyes pubescent ; frons generally with a more or less prominent
gibbosity, which is often much less conspicuous in dried specimens.
Antennae normally either 16- join ted, or 13-jointed ; in one non-
Oriental genus (Ula) the unusual number of 17 joints is found.
Wings with two submarginal cells, and four or five posterior cells ;
discal cell open or closed. Subcostal cross-vein ending at a
considerable distance anterior to the tip of the auxiliary vein and
also before the origin of the 2nd longitudinal vein.* Penultimate
posterior cell nearly always pointed at the base (except in Ula}.
Tibiae with spurs at the tip, often minute.t

This section of the TIPULIDJE BUEVIPALPI forms a small compact
group distinguished by the pubescent eyes and the frontal
gibbosity.

Osten Sacken suggested the division of this section into two
natural groups, but apart from the character of the difference in
number of the antennal joints, the dividing line between them is

* Except in Trichocera, which is here removed to this Section from the
LIMNOPIIILINI, its affinities to that Section being, to my thinking, much less
than to the AJIALOPINI. In this genus the subcostal cross-vein occurs a little
way beyond the origin of the 2nd longitudinal vein, but before the middle of
the wing.

t Personally I have often been unable to discern any spurs at all.^nd it
seems to me that they are more often completely absent than Osten Sacken
(who placed considerable reliance on this character as one of the primary
means of classification) suspected. At any rate, when they are so microscopic
that an ordinary observer with an ordinary microscope fails to perceive them,
they are very unsafe characters on which to separate sections or subfamilies.

508 TIPULID^E.

rather frail and subject to slight modifications which would render
it almost valueless.

The characters of the first group were : — antennae of 16 joints ;
the 2nd submarginal cell never longer than, but generally a very
little shorter than the 1st posterior cell ; the prsefurca rather
elongate; the palpi rather more elongate than in the next group.
This group contained only Amalopis, Hal., and Pedicia, Latr.
This second genus is not Oriental, but it contains a widespread
European species, P. rivosa, L., which may easily extend to
Western or Northern India.

The second group was characterised by a 13- jointed antenna :
the 2nd submarginal cell never being shorter than the 1st posterior
cell, but generally a little longer, and the prsefurca very short;
the palpi rather shorter than in the first group.

Table of Genera.

1. Antennas filamentous, 16-jointed, joints

almost inseparable at tip ; 7th longi-
tudinal vein much shortened, incurved

strongly at tip TRICHOCERA, Mg., p. 508.

Antennae normally nematocerous, the
exact number of joints being easily
counted j 7th longitudinal vein neither
shortened nor incurved at tip 2.

2. Anterior cross-vein connecting the 2nd

longitudinal vein (either its prsefurca
or the lower branch) not with the 3rd
vein as usual, but with the 4th longi-
tudinal.* Antennae of sixteen joints . AMALOPIS, Hal., p. 513.
Anterior cross vein connecting 3rd and
4th longitudinal veins as usual 3. [p. 517.

3. Antennae 16-jointed AMALOPINA, gen. nov.,

Antennse 13-iointed t RHAPHIDOLABIS, Os. Sac.,

[p. 517.

Genus TRICHOCERA, Mg.

Trichocera, Meigen, Illig. Mag. ii, p. 262 (1803).
VPetaurista, Meigen (1800), sine sp.

GENOTYPE, Tipida Jiiemalis, De Geer (teste Coquillett, 1910).

Head : eyes large, convex, pubescent, separated above by a
broad or very broad Irons, contiguous or subcontiguous on under-
side, flattened; two distinct ocelli on each side of a gibbosity just
above the antennas. Proboscis short ; palpi elongate, especially
the last joint, which is narrowed at its middle, sometimes
appearing as two joints. Antennae 16-jointed, longer than the

* In other words, the 3rd longitudinal vein emerges from the 2nd beyond
the anterior cross-vein, instead of before it as usual.

t In the two new species referred here to this genus there are fifteen very
distinct joints.

TKICHOCERA. 509

head and thorax together, very slender; scapal joints very short;
the flagellum of cylindrical joints, fourteen in number, becoming
very attenuated towards the tip, the joints being almost indistin-
guishable.* Thorax moderately oval and convex, suture distinct,
post-sutural longitudinal depression very wide and shallow.
Abdomen normal, linear. Genital organs of male consisting of a
basal subcylindrical joint and a second movable elongate fleshy
cylindrical joint. Ovipositor of female peculiar, owing to the
convex side of the arcuated valves being uppermost, the concave
side being below. t Legs slender, practically bare ; tibiae with
spurs at the tips, empodia distinct. Wings moderate in size,
comparatively broad. Two submarginal cells and five posterior
cells ; discal cell present, generally pointed at the proximal end ;
subcostal cross-vein before the middle of the wing, but a little
way after the origin of the 2nd longitudinal vein ; the marginal
cross-vein just after the fork of the 2nd vein, of which the
prsefurca forms about half its entire length ; emergence of 3rd
vein from the 2nd sometimes rectangular, sometimes almost
punctiform. Anterior branch of 4th longitudinal vein forked,
posterior cross-vein situated near the end of the discal cell. The
7th vein very short, curved suddenly into the margin of the wing
at its tip ; 1st posterior cell with nearly parallel sides, 4th
posterior cell sometimes pointed at the proximal end, normally
rectangular.

Range. Europe, Asia Minor, the Orient, North America,
Auckland Is.

After considerable deliberation I venture to remove this genus
from the LIMNOPHILINI to the AMALOPIKI, to which section I am
convinced it is much more closely allied : (1) by the pubescent
eyes, a peculiar character of the AHALOPIXI only ; (2) by the con-
spicuous frontal gibbosity, also almost peculiar to this section ;
(3) by the position of the subcostal cross-vein, which in this
section is normally before the origin of the 2nd longitudinal vein,
whereas, although in the present genus it is situated a little
beyond the origin of the 2nd vein, it is still nearer its technical
position than it would be in LIMKOPHIUNI, where it is always
situated at or near the tip of the long auxiliary vein. .Finally,
the general appearance of Trichocera appears to me more akin
to Amalopis than to any other genus; the broader wings, the
often pointed shape of 'the bases of both the discal cell and
the penultimate posterior cell in some of the species, being also
points in common.

* Most authors have either quoted the number of joints of the antenna)
incorrectly, or left the number doubtful.

t Osten Sacken says of this organ : " The ovipositor of the female is distin-
guished from all the ovipositors of the TIPULID,E by being reversed," and
observes that it is strange that no previous author had noticed that fact.
Moreover, the pubescence of the eyes, a very distinguishing character, con-
sidering that the eyes in most TIPULID^E are bare, was also overlooked by
various authors for many years after its announcement by Meigeu.

510 TIPULIDJE.

By placing Trichocera here it loses much of the abnormality
attributed to it by Osteu Sacken.

Life-history. The larvae live iu fungi, according to Bremi, or iu
rotting vegetables, according to Walker.

Table of Species.

Wings marked with pale grey spots, only
a little darker than the exceedingly
pale grey ground-colour.

The darker grey spots arranged more or
less in ocelh

ocellar form ocellata, Wlk., p. 510.

The darker grey spots not arranged in

ocellar form punctipennis, sp. n., p. 511.

ino-s absolutely clear of markings of any

kind.
The 4th posterior cell pointed at its

basal end flava, sp. n., p. 51:2.

The 4th posterior cell rectangular at its

hasal end montana, sp. n., p. 513.

364. Trichocera ocellata, Walk.

Trichocera ocellata, Walker, Ins. Saund., Dipt. pt. v, p. 433 (1856).

$ . Head dark grey ; the closely pubescent eyes separated by a
broad dark grey frons of about oue-third the width of the head,
with some pale hairs. Proboscis brown ; palpi dark brown.
Antennas moderately dark brown, with close pale pubescence.
Thorax cinereous grey, darker grey on dorsum, with a pair of very
narrowly separated median dark brown lines attaining the anterior
margin. Abdomen brown, with short pale yellow pubescence, the
segments well emarginated ; the ovipositor brownish yellow,
normal. Legs brownish yellow, femora brownish towards tips but
extreme tips pale ; tips of tarsi darker. Wings very pale grey ;
venation normal. Very numerous small pale grey elongate spots
placed irregularly but mostly perpendicularly between the veins ;
rather large pale grey spots over the origiu of the 2nd vein over the
marginal cross-vein, including the fork of the 2nd vein on the origin
of the 3rd vein, including the anterior cross-vein ; and one spot
spreading over the two submarginal cells towards their tips ; the
spots in the axillary cell along the hind margin of the wing are
also much larger. Halteres long, pale yellow ; clubs black.

Length 5 millim.

Eedescribed from a single female from Theog, Simla Hills,
2. v. 07 (Annandale), in the Indian Museum.

Type in the British Museum, in indifferent condition, although
the wing-markings are sufficiently well preserved for comparison
to be possible.

This is probably the Trichocera ocellata of Walker, although he

TRICIIOCEIIA. 511

speaks of the grey spots in the wings forming parts of circles,
presumably after the fashion of the markings in the Tabanid genus
Hcematopota. The rest of his short description would apply very
well. The present description is based on the individual specimen
herein referred to, no part of Walker's description being incor-
porated ; so that in the event of my identification being incorrect,
all that will be required will be to provide a ne\v name for the
species described here.

365. Trichocera punctipennis, sp. uov. (PL X, fig. 13.)

tf $ . Head : vertex, f rons, back of head and proboscis dark
grey or cinereous grey ; frons from one-half to one-third the
width of the head ; eyes contiguous below, flattened. Palpi dark
brown, considerably elongated. Antennal scape reddish brown
or brownish yellow, flagellum brownish yellow or dirty black,
very attenuated towards tip. Tliorax cinereous grey or dark grey,
dorsum darker grey, normally with a median pair of narrow
well-defined and rather widely separated dark brown lines
attaining the anterior margin ; a shorter dark brown narrow
stripe on each side ; a small dark grey spot near the tips of the
median stripes, on the outer side. In some specimens no distinct
dorsal stripes are visible, in some the dorsum is rather darker
grey, the colour carried forward as a wide median stripe to the
anterior margin ; in these cases the dorsum behind the suture is
darker grey, the median post-sutural depression and dorsum of
scutellum greyish, the edges of the scutellum pale, the metanotum
darker. Sides of thorax more or less yellowish grey. Abdomen
dark brown, with rather numerous pale hairs, posterior margins
of segments more or less broadly yellowish ; belly similar. Genital
organs of male brown, elongate, with a pair of slender yellowish
flexible appendages. In the female the ovipositor is small,
normal. Leys brownish yellow, with a pale blackish subapical
ring on the femora ; tips of tarsi darker. Winys very pale grey,
with pale grey or brownish grey spots. Auxiliary vein ending at
or just before three-fourths of the length of the wing, exactly
opposite the marginal cross- vein ; the 1st longitudinal vein ending
a short distance beyond, half-way between the marginal cross-
vein and the tip of the anterior branch of the 2nd vein ; the 2nd
vein begins at a little before the middle of the wing, nearly at a
right angle, the prsefurca being rather more than half the whole
length of the wing, the fork occurring just before the marginal
cross- vein, the branches parallel ; the 3rd vein begins beyond the
middle of the praBfurca, at a right angle, running parallel with
the 2nd vein ? anterior cross-vein nearly in a line with the basal
section of the third vein, and of about the same length ; discal
cell actually pentagonal, but approximately triangular ; upper
branch of 4th longitudinal vein forked before the middle (after

512 TIPULIDjE.

quitting the discal cell), the veinlets nearly parallel, slightly
diverging towards the tips ; a veinlet issues from the middle of
the outer side of the discal cell nearly parallel with the lower
branch of the 4th vein, all the vein endings of which are approxi-
mately equidistant ; posterior cross-vein placed towards the end.
of the discal cell ; 5th vein rather sharply bent, 7th vein greatly
curved, very short. The wing-markings are slightly brownish
grey or pale grev ; all the cross-veins narrowly suffused, and pale
grey spots are distributed as follows : — at the tip of the marginal
cell; a distinctly oblong spot in both submarginal cells, beyond
the middle ; a smaller spot in the middle of all the posterior cells,
from the 1st (in which it is usually oblong) to the 5th, but in
some specimens one or more of these spots may be wanting ; a
spot over the origin of the 2nd vein, another over its fork, and
two in the anal cell (one basal, one median) ; the spots, especially
the smaller ones, are sometimes reduced in size, sometimes
absent. Halteres yellow, stem long, clubs black.

Length 4-5 millim.

Described from several examples of both sexes taken by
Dr. Annandale at Simla, 23-25. iv. 07, where he found it tolerably
common.

Types in the Indian Museum.

366. Trichocera flava, sp. nov.

5 . Head wholly pale yellow, except flagellum of antennae
which is pale brown ; the joints very elongated and indistinctly
separated towards the tip, where they are by no meaus lessened
in length. Eyes shortly and densely pubescent ; vertex and the
broad frons very convex, produced forward, forming a large cavity
below, from which protrude the antenna. Thorax pale yellow,
with a narrow distinct but not well-defined blackish stripe. Front
of mesothorax rather elevated and foreshortened, whilst the
anterior corners or shoulders are depressed and somewhat enlarged.
Abdomen uniformly pale brownish yellow, with pale yellow
pubescence ; belly similar. Ovipositor pale yellow, short, partly
withdrawn. Legs wholly pale yellow, tips of tarsi barely darker.
Wings uniformly very pale but distinctly yellow, wholly unmarked,
veins yellow. Venation normal ; the 1st longitudinal vein very
long, reaching nearly to the tip of the upper branch of the 2nd
vein ; all the veins with bristles of moderate length, but not very
thickly placed ; the 4th posterior cell pointed at its inner end,
with the posterior cross-vein just after the base of the cell.

Length 3 millim.

Described from a single female taken by me at Darjiling,
28. v. 10.

Type in the Indian Museum.

TKICHOCERA. AMALOPIS. 513

367. Trichocera montana, sp. nov.

<3 . Head brownish yellow ; vertex and the broad frons very
convex, as in T. Jlava ; eyes shortly and densely pubescent.
Proboscis and palpi brownish, antennae brownish yellow. Thorax
brownish yellow, the dorsum brown. Abdomen brownish yellow,
with a little pale pubescence, the tip darker. Genitalia large,
brownish, hairy, the only easily visible parts being the large basal
joint of the claspers, and the oval, brownish yellow, moderate-
sized second joint.* Legs brownish yellow, tarsi darker. Wings
clear. Venation nearly as in T. Jlava ; veins yellow, 1st longi-
tudinal vein not so long proportionately as in Jlava • branches of
the 2nd vein rather wider apart ; the 4th posterior cell rectangular
at the base, with which the posterior cross-vein is in an exact
line. All the veins minutely spinose, as in Jlava, but the bristles
are shorter and more perpendicular. Halteres brownish yellow.

Length 3 millim.

Described from a single male from Badrinath, 10,200 ft.,
Garhwal district, 27. v. 10 (A. D. Imms).

Type in the Indian Museum.

Genus AMALOPIS, Hal

Tricyphona, Zetterstedt, Ins. Lapp., Dipt. p. 851 (1838).
Amalopis, Haliday, in Walker's Ins. Brit., Dipt, iii, p. xv (1856).
Bophrosia, Rondani, Dipt. Ital. Prod, i, p. 183 (1856).
Cnmobia, Kolenati, Wien. Ent. Monats. iv, p. 391 (1860).
? Nasiterna, Wallengren, Entom. Tidskr. ii, p. 179 (1881).

GENOTYPE, Limnobia occidta, Mg. (teste Coquillett, 1910).

Head : frons moderately wide, with a small but perceptible
gibbosity above the antennae ; the eyes pubescent, narrowly
separated below. Proboscis short, with large hairy labella ; palpi
comparatively long, 4th joint longer than the 3rd but generally
shorter than the 2nd and 3rd together. Antennsa l(J-jointed,
short, a little longer than the head ; scape normal ; the flagellum,
which is sometimes incrassated at base, has the joints often almost
coalescent, tapering and slender towards the tip ; in some species
the joints are well separated, without any incrassation at base ;
the upperside of the antennae with longer verticillate hairs, the
lower side with close short pubescence. Thorax normal, neck
moderate, suture distinct. Abdomen rather long, sometimes
narrow at base, and more or less club-shaped towards the tip.
Male genitalia with the first stout conical joint of the claspers
of a coriaceous nature, the second joint bearing a bifid horny

* The tip of the abdomen is bent over the back, and the geuitalia twisted
round, so that it is very difficult to make out the structure.

514 TIPULID.E.

appendage, also a blunt fleshy lobe of moderate size; a pair of
interior small horny appendages are present. The ovipositor of
the female normal, moderately long, rather broad, consisting of a
nearly straight pair of valves. Legs moderately stout ; tibiae with
spurs, which are sometimes not very distinct ; empodia distinct,
ungues smooth. Wings moderately broad, tips rounded, in some
species slightly broader in the female ; with two submarginal
cells, five posterior cells, and the discal cell open or closed ; tip
of auxiliary vein at a long distance beyond the beginning of the
2nd longitudinal vein, and distinctly beyond the middle of the
wing ; subcostal cross-vein before the beginning of the 2nd vein,
which originates at or immediately before the middle of the wing ;
the 1st longitudinal vein ends about or before half-way between
the tip of the auxiliary and the tip of the wing, the marginal
cross-vein being at or very near this tip ; * the praefurca originates
either at an angle or in a gentle curve, and is as nearly as long as,
or in some species, distinctly shorter than, the upper branch of
the 2nd vein, the lower branch of which is parallel to the 3rd
vein. " The relations between the two branches of the 2nd vein,
the 3rd vein, and the anterior cross-vein, are very peculiar in this
genus, and deserve particular attention, The small cross-vein
(=anterior cross-vein) always connects the 4th longitudinal vein
with the 2nd vein or the posterior branch of chat vein ; never
with the 3rd vein, as is almost universally the case among the
Diptera ; in other words, the 3rd veiu in the genus Amalopis (at
least, in all the instances observed by me) always issues from the
2nd, beyond the small cross-vein" (Osten Sacken)."^ The 1st
submarginal cell is in some species longer, and in others shorter,
than the 2nd. The discal cell is present or absent ; when present
it is either four-sided, kite-shaped, pointed or nearly so at the
base, or else it is pentagonal ; but sometimes it is six-sided,
generally elongate ; the anterior cross-vein in a line with its
upper basal corner ; the posterior cross-vein placed at or just
beyond its base. When the discal cell is closed, the 2nd
posterior cell is usually petiolate, that is to say, the anterior
branch of the 4th longitudinal vein in such cases is forked,
generally near its tip. In some species + the 4th posterior cell
has its base in a line with the proximal side of the discal cell.
The 5th, 6th, 7th veins straight, or nearly so, the 5th slightly
curved at the junction with the posterior cross- vein.

Range. Europe, North America and Australia, to which is now-
added India.

* In Amalopis inconstans, Os. Sac., a North American species, it is placed
before the middle of the anterior brancli of the 2nd vein.

t The position of the anterior cross-vein referred to above, is the same as
i n Ptychoptera and Bittacomorpha, in the subfamily PTYCHOPTERIN.E.

J A. occulta, Mg., gmundensis, Egg., opaca, Egg., from Europe, and at least
one North American species, A. vernalis, Os. Sac.

AMALOPIS. 515

This genus is allied to Pedicia, Latr., Dicranota, Zett., EJiapJd-
dolabis, Os. Sac., Ple-ctromyia, Os. Sac., and Ula, Hal.

A correspondence carried on between Osten Sacken (Berl. Ent,
Zeits. xxxi and xlii) and Bergroth (Wien. Ent. Zeit. vii and
xvii) as to the question of priority and suitability between
Amalopis, Hal., and Tricyphona, Zett., resulted in the former-
name being permanently retained.* Osten Sacken pointed out
that " the almost absolute rules of priority recognised for specific
names are not equally applicable to the generic ones. Zetterstedt's
definition of Trieyphona is not applicable to Amalopis, as it is
principally based upon the absence of the discal cell, a character
of mere casual importance." Haliday, in 1856 (in Walker's
Insecta Britannica, Diptera, vol. iii), noted the pubescent eyes,
the frontal tubercle and the absence of the discal cell, to which
Osten Sacken added (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. 1859) the
position of the subcostal cross-veiu, and upon these characters
founded his group AMALOPINA.

Variation in the venation in this genus appears to be common ;
the discal cell being very inconstant in the same species, whilst in
some European and North American species t the second basal
cell is divided by a supernumerary cross-vein.

Table of Species.

Wing wholly clear ; discal cell closed r/labripennis, sp. n.

Wing with cross-veins and tips of longitudinal

veins a little iufuscated elegans, sp. n.

368. Amalopis glabripennis, sp. nov. (PL X, fig. 12.)

J . Head : eyes contiguous below ; frons very broad, mode-
rately dark grey, as are also the neck and the back of the head.
Antennae dark brown, rather pubescent ; palpi dark brown.
Thorax grey, with three dorsal stripes ; the median one broad,
attaining the anterior margin ; the outer ones short, pointed m
front, and (except for the narrow pale suture) joined to the
single postsutural oval spot on each side ; sides of thorax
yellowish, with some grey on the underside. Scutellum and
metanotum yellowish grey ; the former a little brownish on
dorsum. Abdomen dark brown, blackish towards tip, with pale
pubescence at the sides ; belly yellowish on basal two-thirds.
Genitalia blackish, consisting mainly of a pair of rather large
black pointed claspers, with dark brown hairs, also a small

* See also Osten Sacken's notes (Eerl. Ent, Zeits. xxxi, p. 224) on the
synonymy of this genus, with special reference to Trieyphona, Zett, Bophrosia,
Kond., and Nastier na, Wallg.

t A varinervis, Zett., and A. hyperborea, Os. Sac., respectively.

2L

516 TIPULIDJE.

blackish ventral plate. Legs : coxae pale yellow, fore pair black,
slightly thickened towards tip ; posterior femora brownish
yellow ; tibiae and tarsi brownish yellow with blackish tips.
Wings clear, very iridescent ; venation normal, discal cell closed,
veins yellow ; stigma represented by only a very slight brownish
yellow darkening. Halteres rather long-stemmed, yellowish and
distinctly pubescent throughout.

Length 5-5| millim.

Described from two males taken by me, 1. x. 08, at Darjiling.

Type in the Indian Museum.

369. Amalopis elegans, sp. nov. (PI. X, fig. 11.)

c? $ . Head : antenna and palpi yellowish, with barely a tinge
of brown ; occiput with a few short golden hairs ; eyes widely
separated. Thorax pale yellowish, with white dusting; three
•dorsal pale brown stripes, the median one double, not quite
attaining the anterior margin and terminating indistinctly before
the sutui'e ; outer ones shorter ; mesonotum behind suture
slightly tinged with brownish ; sides of thorax dirty yellowish,
pleurse a little dark. Scutelluui pale whitish yellow ; metanotum
rather elongate, a little darkened. In the female the thoracic
stripes are less distinct. Abdomen of male darker, of female
lighter, brown, in both sexes with distinct yellow pubescence at
the sides ; belly concolorous. Grenitalia of both sexes brownish
yellow, moderate in size, apparently normal. Legs very pale
yellow, extreme tips of all the joints a little blackish ; femora
with a little pubescence on the underside. Wings very pale
grey. Venation normal, but the posterior cross-vein placed at
the basal corner of the discal cell, the latter being four-sided and
kite-shaped ; all the veins, except on the basal half of the wing,
very narrowly infuscated, just sufficient to be distinctly per-
ceptible ; at the praefurca, the cross-veins, tip of the auxiliary
and of the upper branch of the 2nd longitudinal vein, the
darkening is slightly more noticeable; stigma, limited by the
tip of the auxiliary vein and the marginal vein, pale brownish
yellow, the tip of the marginal cell being slightly more hyaline
than the rest of the wing. Halteres blackish.

Length 3|-4 millim.

Described from two males and a female all taken at Kurseong
by Dr. Annandale, the type male on 28. vi. 10, the type female
20. vi. 10, the other male'lS. vi.10.

Types in the Indian Museum.

AMALOPTNA. — KHAPHIDOLABIS. 517

Genus AMALOPINA, gen. nov.

This genus agrees with Amalopis except for the position of the
anterior cross-vein, which unites the 2nd and 3rd longitudinal
veins, as usual in Diptera, and not the 2nd and 4th as in
Amalopis. This is the chief generic difference. Other characters,
which may or may not be constant in subsequently discovered
species, are the open discal cell coalesceut with the 3rd posterior
cell, and the presence of a supernumerary cross-vein across the
middle of the 2nd submarginal cell. There is only one species.

370. Amalopina elegantula, sp. nov.

cJ . Head : antennae yellowish ; palpi rather large, dark brown.
(Beraainder of head discoloured by some liquid, but apparently it
is yellowish.) Thorax pale yellowish ; a single brown, moderately
wide, distinct median stripe from anterior margin to suture, where
it vanishes ; and an outer stripe on each side commencing behind
the suture, and continued posteriorly to the metanoturn ; sides
of thorax pale yellowish. Abdomen, brownish, posterior margins
of segments darker ; belly similar. Genitalia brownish yellow,
moderate in size, slightly pubescent, two-jointed, terminating in
hooks. Legs very pale yellow, tarsi whitish; middle femora dark
brown (fore legs missing). Wings nearly clear. The 2nd longi-
tudinal vein forking soon after the origin of the 3rd vein ; the
2nd submarginal cell with a supernumerary cross-vein (situated
in one wing of the type specimen distinctly before the middle, and
in the other wing exactly at the middle) in a line with the mar-
ginal cross-vein ; discal cell open, coalescent with 3rd posterior
cell, 2nd posterior cell petiolate; posterior cross-vein just beyond
base of discal cell ; the base of the discal cell made up of two
short veins forming the bases of the actual forking of the 4th
longitudinal vein. Halteres pale yellowish white.

Length 2| millim.

Described from a single male taken by me at Darjiling,
26. v. 10.

Type in the Indian Museum.

I 'would not have described so imperfect a specimen but that
its characters seem to render the species easy of recognition.

Genus KHAPHIDOLABIS, Os. Sac.

Rhaphidoldbis, Osten Sacken, Proc. Ent. Soc. Philad. 1865, p. 225 ;
Monog. Dipt. N. Am. iv, p. 284 (1869).

GENOTYPE, Eliaptiidolabis tenuipes, Os. Sac., by original de-
signation.

Head : eyes distinctly pubescent, approximate on underside of
head ; frons rather broad ; a small bump over the antenna, which
becomes much reduced in size in dried specimens. Proboscis

2L2

518

short palpi short, 1st joint somewhat attenuated, the other
three joints stouter. Antennae with the unusual number of
thirteen joints ; * if bent backwards they would barely reach the
dorsum of the thorax ; the joints of the fiagellum oblong ;
antennae of the male with dense delicate pubescence, the
alternate joints with short verticels. Thorax with the anterior
part produced into a short neck, moderately broad ; the dorsum
moderately arched, the suture distinct. Abdomen elongate.
Genitalia of male club-shaped, consisting of the usual large basal
pair of claspers surmounted by horny terminal appendages ; one
pair of these appendages is elongate needle-shaped,t conspicuous
in, at least, living specimens, apparently shrivelling up in dried
ones. The female ovipositor has the upper valves rather long,
broad, arcuated and blunt; the lower ones being shorter and
moderately broad. Legs long and slender ; tibiae with minute
spurs ; + empodia distinct, ungues very minute. Wings rather
elongate or moderately broad ; two submarginal cells and five
posterior cells ; the discal cell closed or open. The auxiliary
vein ending at about three-fourths the length of the wing, the
1st longitudinal vein a little beyond ; the subcostal cross- vein at
about one-third of the wing ; the 2nd longitudinal vein begins in
a curve, about the middle of the wing, the praafurca from one-
third to one-half the length of the vein, the branches approxi-
mately parallel; the 3rd vein issuing either from towards the end
of the praefurca or from the beginning of the lower branch ; the
anterior cross-vein nearly or quite in a line with the basal section
of it, joining the 4th vein at or very near its forking ; upper
branch of 4th vein practically in a straight line with the basal
section, forked near its tip ; the lower branch forked before its
middle, the proximal end of the 3rd posterior cell pointed ; the
posterior cross-vein just beyond the fork of the 4th vein ; the
5th, 6th, and 7th longitudinal veins nearly straight.

Range. The only three species previously known are from
North America.

Only two Indian species are referable to RhapTiidolabis. and
there seems no reasonable doubt that they belong to this genus
as the venation and other characters agree, though each has dis-
tinctly 15-jointed antennae, whereas Osten Sacken specifies 13 as
the normal number. The generic diagnosis may advisably be
altered to embrace 15-jointed species.

The two species may be distinguished as follows : —

Wings wholly unmarked indica, sp. n.

Wings with several small blackish infuscations . fascipennts, sp. n.

* This is on the authority of Osten Sacken, referring to B. ienuipes, Os.

Sac., of which he examined a living specimen.

t From which the generic name is derived, meaning " needle-forceps.''

\ These may easily be overlooked, according to Osten Sacken ; personally

I have not been able to detect any.

EHAPHIDOLABIS. 519

371. Khapidolabis indica, sp. nov. (PI. X, fig. 15.)

<5 $ . Head : vertex and the rather long neck cinereous to ash-
grey ; underside of head yellowish ; eyes shortly and sparsely
?ubescent. Proboscis yellowish, palpi brownish grey. Antennae
5-jointed, light brown or brownish yellow, shortly verticillate
and minutely pubescent; 1st scapal joint elongate, cylindrical,
2nd cup-shaped ; 1st flagellar joint elongate, the remaining joints
oval, tapering. Thorax light grey or cinereous grey ; shoulders
yellowish ; a dorsal blackish stripe, broadening in front, with
traces of a median dividing pale line, the stripe reaching the
suture only ; on each side the usual shorter stripe ; these
stripes hardly visible in at least one specimen. Scutellum
light grey, scutellar ridge a rather prominent yellowish liga-
ment on each side uniting it to the thorax; metanotum dark
grey ; sides of thorax darker grey. Abdomen dark blackish grey
or yellowish grey, the hind margins of the segments well marked,
yellowish ; belly similar ; sparse greyish hair on both surfaces of
the abdomen. Genitalia yellowish, elongated. Legs brownish
yellow, minutely pubescent, femora a little darker ; tibiae with no
trace of spurs at the tip ; tips of tarsi black. Wings very pale
grey, unmarked. Venation normal, stigma rather faint. Halteres
grey.

Length 3i-4| millim.

Described from a male and female from the Simla hills, the
male taken at Theog, 8000 feet, 27. iv. 07, the female at Matiana,
8000 feet, 28-30. iv. 07, both captured by Dr. Aunandale.

Types in the Indian Museum.

Rhaphidolabis, as created by Osten Sacken, should have only
thirteen joints to the antennas, whereas both these specimens have
fifteen very distinct and obviously separated joints. Whether sub-
sequent species added to the genus vary from the orthodox number
of antennal joints I do not know, as, so far as I arn aware, only
one species has been added to the two original ones established
by Osten Sacken, all three species being North American. How-
ever, the pubescent eyes and the exact agreement in venation, in
addition to an agreement in all other generic characters, tempt
me to leave both species here, at least temporarily, in preference
to establishing a new genus on the number of joints iu the
antennae alone.

372. Rhaphidolabis fascipennis, sp. nov. (PI. X, fig. 14.)

$ . Head light grey ; eyes contiguous below. Antennae 15-
jointed, scape light grey; flagellum black, with short greyish
pubescence. Proboscis yellowish ; palpi dark brown. Thorax
dark blackish grey, with a well-defined median black stripe, and
two very short outer ones, the latter pointed in front ; a post-
sutural, nearly oval spot on each side. Sides of thorax, scutellum

520

and metanotum, blackish grey. Abdomen uniformly dull blackish
grey, with very minute grey pubescence; margins of segments
very narrowly pale. Belly concolorous, with margins of segments
also very narrowly pale. Legs dull yellowish brown, tarsi darker.
Wings nearly clear ; a pale blackish spot in middle of costa, on
origin of praefurca, at tip of upper fork of 2nd longitudinal vein,
and a streak along the cross-veins from the stigma to the oth
vein, \\ hich itself is slightly infuscated ; a spot at the tip of the
7th vein, and the tips of most of the veins, except the 6th,
slightly infuscated ; stigma black, distinct, oblong, large. Halteres
whitish.

Length 5g millim.

Described from a slightly damaged specimen in the Indian
Museum collection taken by me at light, 20. ix. 08, at Darjiling.

Section LIMNOPHILINI.

Trichocerinee, Kertesz, Catal. Dipt. ii. p. 218 (1902).

Eyes bare, frons narrow. Proboscis short or very short, often
broader than long ; terminal lamellae thick and broad. Antennae
16-jointed, joints sometimes very elongate.

Genital organs of male represented normally (Limnophila, sensu
strictoi) by an elongated basal joint with a pair of hooks or claws
at the tip, a dorsal plate of varying shape, and inner appendages;
whilst in some of the other genera or subgenera two distinct
joints, in addition to a thick claw-like tip, are apparent in the
claspers, which vary vet again in other genera.* In the female
the ovipositor is simple, the valves approximately equal.

Legs long and slender ; tibice tvith spurs ; empodia distinct,
ungues smooth.

Wings with two submarginal cells, normally five (but sometimes
only four), posterior cells ; discal cell nearly always present, rarely
absent. Marginal cross-vein present, its exact position varying,
being placed sometimes just beyond the fork of the 2nd longi-
tudinal vein, sometimes near the tip of the 1st longitudinal, or
at any intermediate distance according to the species. Marginal
cell varying considerably in length, as the 2nd longitudinal vein
arises from considerably before, to a little after, the middle of the
wing. Subcostal cross-vein generally at tip of auxiliary vein ;

* The varying characters of the groups of Limnophila, admitted by Osten
Sacken as subgenera only, are fully enunciated by him in his ' Monograph of
the North American TIPULID.E.'

LIMXOPHILA. 5*21

upper branch of 4th longitudinal vein usually forked ; 6th vein

nearly straight, 7th moderately long ; posterior cross-vein

generally near the middle of the discal cell, never before the
cell.

Table of Genera.

Xo cross-vein in either 2nd submarginal

or 2nd basal cell LIMXOPHILA, Macq., p. 521.

A cross-vein in one or the other of the

cells mentioned.
Supplementary cross-vein in 2nd sub- [p. 524,

marginal cell DICRAXOPHRAGMA, Os. Sac.,

Supplementary cross- vein in 2nd basal

cell EPHELIA, Sch., p. 525.

Genus LIMNOPHILA,

Limnophila, Macquart, Suit, a Buff., Dipt, i, p. 95 (1834).
Limnomya, Rondani, Dipt. Ital. Prod, iv, Corrigenda, p. ii (1861).
Pilaria, Sintensis, Sitzgsb. Xatuif. Ges. Dorpat, viii, p. 398 (1888).

GEXOTTPE. Coquillett ('Type species of Amer. Dipt.' 1910)
sets up Limnobia ferruginea, Mg.. as the type of the genus, but
he adopts the generic name Phylidorea, Big., possibly because
Limnophila is apparently preoccupied in Mollusca by Menke in
1828, although the Kertesz Catalogue still retains it. Coquillett
makes Limnophila, Macq., the same as Pcecilostola, Sch., of which
latter Limnobia pictipennis, Mg., is the type ; but Macquart's name
has stood for too rnanv years to be altered now.

Head: eyes bare. Proboscis short, almost transverse; palpi
4-joiuted. Antennae 16-jointed, the joints varying in length with
the species ; in some species filiform, much longer in the male
than in the female, and also of a different structure ; in some
species as long as the whole body, iu others of equal length in
both sexes. Thorax normal, the neck more prominent in some
species. Abdomen normal. Genitalia of male comparatively long,
1st joint fleshy, 2nd consisting mainly of a pair of short strong
hooks in some species, and a narrow, short (quite small in
relation to the 1st joint), less horny hook in others. Wings com-
paratively broad, tip moderately rounded, clear or marked. Two
submargi'nal cells, generally five (occasionally only four) posterior
cells ; discal cell closed ; auxiliary vein ending about opposite the
base of the 2nd submarginal cell: subcostal cross-vein beyond
origin of 2nd vein, near tip of auxiliary vein ; marginal cross-
vein technically present, jnore or less oblique, but in some
species practically invisible; origin of 2nd longitudinal vein a
little before or after the middle of the wing ; the praefurca
(generally beginning in a curve) varying in length from barely
one-third to almost one-half the total length of the 2nd

522 TIPULID^E.

vein ; the 2nd vein forking soon after the origin of the 3rd,
the suhmarginal cross-vein placed soon after the fork, but
the relative spot at which it joins the 1st vein is variable, owing
to the varying length of the 1st vein in different species ; the
3rd vein always * with a short basal section ; anterior cross- vein
at the upper proximal corner of the discal cell which is five- or
six-sided, not often more than twice as long as broad ; the 2nd
submarginal cell and the 1st posterior cell subequal, or the latter
slightly shorter ; anterior branch of the 4th vein forked or not ;
posterior cross-vein generally beyond the base of the discal cell,
sometimes as far distant as the middle of that cell ; the 5th, 6th
and 7th veins comparatively straight, the latter sometimes a little
sinuate, all turned down somewhat at tip.

Range. Probably world-wide, though none seem to have been
recorded from Africa.

The difficulty, in fact, the impossibility of breaking up this
genus into subdivisions has been fully dilated on by Osten
!3acken.t The difference in length of the antennae in the sexes
of some species, as compared with their uniform length in both
sexes in other species, has no systematic value, as it would
separate obviously closely allied species.

The number of the posterior cells is a character of at most
specific importance, open to adventitious variation ; the presence
of the additional cross-vein in the 2nd basal cell is accordingly
to be regarded as of doubtful generic value. J The venation
varies to some extent, often in specimens of the same species,
especially in the position of the posterior cross-vein and the
relative length of the petioles of the 1st submarginal cell and of
the 2nd posterior cells. "When the discal cell in isolated indi-
viduals is adventitiously open, the anterior branch of the 4th vein
bears a double fork, similar, to that of DolicJiopeza, the posterior
branch not being forked at all.

Life-history. The larval stages are passed in rotting wood, or
in growing plants, according to the species, the metamorphoses
of several European species having been observed. Ferris describes
those of L. dispar, Mg., § as occurring in the dry stems of Angelica
sylvestris, through which the larvae drive longitudinal furrows.
The larva is cylindrical, shining livid grey in colour, with a horny
black head ; its structure closely resembles that of the typical
Tipulid larvae. L. punctata, Mg., is noted by Schoffer |i as living

* In all the species I have seen.

t Monog. Dipt, N. Amer. iv, p. 197.

J The recent Palsearctic Catalogue, however, admits Idioptera, Macq.,
Dactylolabis, Os. Sac., Ephelia, Sch., and Poecilostola, Sch., as good genera.
All the new species described herein appear to belong to Linrnophila in a strict
sense.

§ Ann. Soc. Ent, France, 1849, p. 331, pi. vii, fig. 5.

|| Verb, zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, 1873, 1878, 1886.

LIMNOPHILA. 523

in decayed beech wood ; Bel ing's work may also be consulted
on the early stages of species of this genus.

Limnophila appears to be a genus of ancient origin, as several
species are recorded from Prussian amber, some of them under
other generic names.

Table of Species.

Larger species, 5 millim. ; sides of thorax not

dusted with grey pallidicoxa, sp. n.

Smaller species, 3^ millim. ; sides of thorax dusted

with grey simplex, sp. n.

373. Limnophila pallidicoxa, sp. nov.

$ . Head cinereous grey, more yellowish below"; back of head
dark grey, with some short hairs ; frons nearly one-third the
width of the head, at the nearest approach of the eyes, which
latter are approximated on the underside. Antennal scape with
the 1st joint dark grey, 2nd black; flagellum with 1st joint
yellow, rest dark brown, each joint distinctly pubescent and with
a verticel of about four long hairs placed around the centre of the
joint. Palpi blackish. Thorax cinereous grey, wholly bare ; the
usual three fuscous stripes, narrow, and not very well marked ;
post-guttural callosities chiefly fuscous on dorsum ; sides of thorax
pale bluish cinereous, bare. Scutellum and metanotum bare
cinereous grey, with a very indistinct median darker line on
both. Abdomen dark brown, shortly pubescent, with very narrow
black edges and a thin black dorsal stripe, all more or less indis-
tinct. Belly lighter, posterior edges of segments pale. Ovipositor
shining dark brown, with long light brown shining ends. Legs:
coxae and trochanters yellowish, both with the tips narrowly black;
femora, tibiae and tarsi yellowish brown, minutely pubescent; tips
of tarsi darker. Wings yellowish grey ; venation normal ; stigma
consisting of a slight yellowish brown suffusion at tip of 1st longi-
tudinal vein. Halteres yellowish, clubs brown.

Length 5 millim.

Described from specimens from Kurseong, 4. vii. 08 (Annandale),
26. iii. 10 (Gravely), and Bhowali, Kumaou, 14. vi. 10, at light
(Imms).

Type in the Indian Museum.

374. Limnophila simplex, sp. nov.

$ . Head : the large flat vertex and rather narrow frons light
grey ; back of head darker, with some long pale hairs. Proboscis
short, broad, rounded at tip, brown ; palpi blackish. Antennae
brownish yellow; basal joint of flagellum apparently considerably
flattened, broad. Thorax light greyish brown, with grey dusting

524 TIPULIDjE.

posteriorly and at the sides, and also on the scutellum and meta-
notum. Abdomen brown, with pale hairs ; belly similar. Ovi-
positor with the basal part dark grey, the blades brownish yellow,
the two pairs of valves of equal length. Legs uniformly yellowish
brown. Wings clear, moderately iridescent, Venation tolerably
normal ; auxiliary vein ending opposite the fork of the 2nd vein,
which forks rather widely at half its length, the marginal cross-
vein, which is very faint, placed at the fork ; the 3rd longitudinal
nearly straight, its basal section very short, the anterior cross-vein
moderately long ; upper branch of 4th longitudinal vein forked at
half its length after quitting discal cell, the veinlets diverging ;
discal cell twice as long as broad, the posterior cross-vein situated
just before the middle. Halteres dirty yellow.

Length 3| millim.

Described from one female from Bhowali, Kumaon, 5700 feet,
29. vi. 10 (A. D. Imms).

Type in the Indian Museum.

Genus DICRANOPHRAGMA, Os. Sac.

Dicranophragma, Osten Sacken, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. 1859,
p. 240.

GENOTYPE, D. fuscovaria, Os. Sac. (North America); by original
designation.

This genus differs from Limnophila only by the presence of a
cross-vein in the 2nd submarginal cell. When erected by its
author it was regarded as a subgenus only, but most authors to-
day give it generic rank.

375. Dicranophragma pulchripennis, sp. nov.

c? . Head : frons narrow, yellow, as is also the vertex and back
of head. Antennae shining yellowish brown, shortly pubescent ;
scapal joints large. Proboscis rather short, brown ; palpi blackish ;
both moderately pubescent. Thorax : neck and dorsum of dark
ground-colour, with close greyish yellow microscopic pubescence.
Scutellum and metanotum similar. A few short hairs towards
wing-bases, on post-sutural callosities and on posterior part of
scutellum. Abdomen brownish yellow to blackish, dull, slightly
hairy ; a blackish line on each side of the dorsum, and the
posterior margins of segments slightly pale ; belly similarly
marked. Genitalia of male brownish yellow ; apparently con-
sisting of a large upper and a lower hairy plate, between which is
a pair of elongated claspers, ending in sharp points. Legs uni-
formly pale yellow, distinctly but shortly pubescent throughout ;
femora sometimes with a narrow indistinct black ring just before

DICRANOPHRAGMA. — EPHELIA. 525

the tip ; coxae shining brown, nearly bare ; tibiae with distinct,
soft pubescence ; tips of tarsi black. Wings clear, with brown
marks ; a stripe on the marginal cross-vein from the costa to the
5th longitudinal vein ; a stripe from the costa to the 4th vein,
just before the middle of the wing ; a stripe, narrowing hind-
wards, from the costa diagonally to the inner side of the discal
cell, with a small spot on the costa just in front of it, and a
shorter stripe beyond the longer one, and joined to it by a narrow
costal band ; a Y-shaped spot on costa near tip, the stem of the
latter reaching the 3rd longitudinal vein ; a very small apical spot,
and a small spot at tip of each vein on the posterior margin of
the wing, with a larger, longer one behind the 7th longitudinal
vein. The cross-veins are narrowly clouded, as are most of the
veins on the posterior half of the distal part of the wing.
Halteres yellowish.

Length 3 millini.

Described from a type male from Kurseong, 4-9. ix. 09 (Annan-
dale), a type female from Darjiling, 8-11. viii. 09 (Paiva), and
other specimens of both sexes from the same localities, with one
from Kurseong, 27. vi. 10 (Annandale).

Types in the Indian Museum.

Genus EPHELIA, Sch.

Elacophila, liondani, Dipt. Ital. Prod, i, p. 182 (1856).
Ephelia, Schiner, Wien. Eat. Monats. vii, p. 222 (1863).
? Nasiterna, Wallengren, Ent. Tidskr. ii, p. 179 (1881).

GENOTYPE, Limnobia marmorata, Mg., the first of the two species
placed in his genus by Schiuer; by present designation.

This genus differs from Limnophila only by the presence of a
supernumerary cross- vein in the second basal cell ; and a different
structure of the male genitalia, of which the outer horny appendages
are stout, blunt, and bifid at the tip. The antennae are short
in both sexes, the wings comparatively broad and spotted with
darker marks. The male genitalia have the terminal (second)
joint of the claspers bifid ; in the female the ovipositor is long,
slender, and gently curved as usual.

Range. Europe only (except for the two new species now
introduced).

A genus of limited extent, built on a rather slender character,
unless the male genitalia prove to be consistently different from
those of Limnopliila in all the species.

The two Indian species are immediately recognised by their
difference in size : —

Length 4£ millira fascipennis, sp. n.

Length 9 millim ornata, sp. n.

526 TIPULID^E.

376. Ephelia fascipennis, sp. nov. (PI. X, fig. 16.)

d1 . Head : vertex, frons, and back of head light ash-grey, with
scattered yellow hairs ; frons a little more than one-third of the
width of the head. Antennal scape brownish yellow, 1st joint
moderately long, 2nd nearly globular ; flagellurn pale yellow, the
basal half of each joint black, the 1st flagellar joint yellow ; all
the joints with verticillate hairs and close yellow pubescence.
Thorax considerably arched and elongate, produced forward into a
stout conical neck. Dorsum brownish grey, with some indistinct
darker marks and spots ; sides brownish yellow. Abdomen brownish
yellow ; sides with a blackish stripe, and posterior margins of
segments more or less black. G-enitalia consisting of a bi-jointed
pair of claspers, protected by a dorsal concolorous plate, the 1st
joint of the claspers moderately stout, the 2nd joint narrower.
Legs : coxa3 brownish yellow, with black marks ; femora yellowish,
with a broad light brown apical ring ; tibiae and tarsi yellowish,
tips of tarsi a little darker ; all the legs distinctly and shortly
hairy. Wings nearly clear, with some bright brown marks on the
costa and a number of pale grey spots scattered over the rest of
the surface. Auxiliary vein ending some distance beyond the
middle of the wing, the ] st longitudinal vein ending some distance
beyond that, the subcostal placed at very nearly the tip of the
auxiliary vein ; the 1st longitudinal vein very uneven in its course
towards its tip ; the 2nd Arein begins at a right angle distinctly
before the middle of the wing, forking just at its middle, the
branches diverging, the upper one much shorter ; the 3rd vein
begins a little before the fork of the 2nd, at a right angle, the
basal section being about as long as the anterior cross-vein, which
is almost in a line with it ; all the veins in this part of the wing
practically parallel, except that the 1st posterior cell is narrower
at its tip, through the forking (at half its length) of the upper
branch of the 4th vein ; discal cell much wider at the tip than at
the base, the basal side rather short, jojning the anterior cross-
vein; veinlets of the upper branch of the 4th longitudinal vein
practically parallel, all the vein endings of the 4th vein approx-
imately equidistant ; posterior cross-vein placed just beyond the
base of the discal cell; the supplementary cross-vein in the 5th
posterior cell placed at its middle, some little distance beyond the
origin of the 2nd vein ; the 5th and 6th veins gently curved, the
7th gently bisinuate. The wing-markings may be described as
consisting principally of five brown spots on the costa ; the first
three squarish, the 1st nearly basal, the 3rd enclosing the base of
the 2nd vein ; the 4th and 5th are the two largest (the latter
apical) and have a central clear space in each, very narrow in the
4th, much larger in the 5th ; the first three of these brown costal
spots terminate posteriorly about the 4th longitudinal vein ; the

EPHELIA. 527

4th is pointed posteriorly, just reaching the 4th vein ; the 5th
spreads irregularly, gradually breaking up into small spots over
the tips of the 4th vein. All the cross-veins are rather broadly
and distinctly suffused with brown ; the spot over the supple-
mentary vein in the 5th posterior cell being continued broadly to
the hind margin of the wing ; that over the posterior cross-vein
continued in a bifurcate manner to the margin of the wing ; the
intervening clear parts of the wing covered with very numerous
quite small brownish grey or pale grey spots and streaks.
Halteres yellow, clubs black.

Length 4k mi Him.

Described from a single male from Kurseong, 13. viii. 09
(Paiva).

Type in the Indian Museum.

377. Ephelia ornata, sp. nov.

5 . Head : vertex rather bright yellowish brown in front, with
pale hairs, becoming blackish grey posteriorly, with a dark median
line. Scapal joints of antennae dark brown, 1st flagellar joint pale
yellowish white, the remaining joints dark brown with rather long
verticillate hairs. Proboscis and palpi brownish yellow. Thorax :
ground-colour of dorsum brownish yellow, the margin on the
anterior half dark brown, the colour spreading upwards over the
shoulders in the form of two stripes, with an intermediate trian-
gular spot in the middle of the anterior margin ; and also forming
a rather large oval spot on each side in front of the root of the
wing ; in front of the suture is a transverse row of four nearly
contiguous dark brown spots extending the whole width of the
thorax, the median two oval, the outer two more or less circular ;
an indistinct brownish spot on each side behind the suture.
Scutellum brownish, metanotum brownish yellow ; sides of thorax
dark brown, with some grey reflections here and there. Abdomen
rather dark brownish yellow, with very short pale pubescence ; a
black side-stripe, on which is placed a whitish spot on the side of
each segment. Ovipositor large, yellowish, with yellowish hairs ;
the valves reddish yellow, subequal in length, the lower pair some-
what twisted round. Legs brownish yellow, coxae brown, with
darker marks here and there on the underside ; a very faint
indication of a subapical brownish ring on the femora. Wings
pale grey. Auxiliary vein ending distinctly beyond the middle of
the wing ; subcostal cross- vein placed at its tip ; 1st longitudinal
ending a little beyond ; the 2nd longitudinal vein begins at a
rectangle (with a short appendix) just before the middle of the
wing, forking before the tip of the 1st vein, the branches parallel
nearly to their tips ; the 3rd longitudinal vein originating a little
before the fork of the 2nd, its basal section distinct but short, with

528 TIPULIDjE.

the anterior cross-vein in a line with it, as is also the base of the
discal cell, which latter is longer than hroad ; the 2nd posterior
cell with a petiole two-thirds as long as the cell ; the 3rd and 4th
posterior cells subequal, the posterior cross-vein placed a little
after the base of the discal cell ; the 5th and 6th longitudinal
veins straight, the 7th gently sinuous. The wing-markings, which
are of a dark grey or brownish grey colour, are rather difficult to
describe satisfactorily.* A complete circle of narrow marks is
formed near the middle of the wing, constructed as follows : — an
oblong spot in the costal cell immediately above the base of the
2nd vein, two perpendicular marks in the marginal cell and 1st
basal cell respectively, and a semicircular mark (with the convexity
hindwards) of rather greater width in the 2nd basal cell, the inner
upper end of which is joined to the costal spot first described by a
narrow band across the 1st basal cell ; all these marks together
form approximately the circle referred to ; a spot in the costal cell
near the base, and one in the anal cell below it, joined on the
distal side by a semicircular narrow band, thus forming about
three-fourths of another circle nearer the base of the wing ; below
the first circle is a large, contiguous, round spot which reaches
the hind margin of the wing, with two smaller spots nearer the
base and also on the hind margin ; a large irregularly shaped
spot spreading over the fork of the 2nd longitudinal vein, the
origin of the 3rd vein and the anterior cross-vein ; an elongate
one at the tip of the 1st posterior cell, and the tips of the veins
infuscated ; two narrow parallel marks in the anal cell just
below the posterior cross-vein, and some similar small spots
variously distributed about the remainder of the wing. Halteres
blackish.

Length 9 millim.

Described from a single perfect female from Bhowali, Kumaon,
27. vi. 10 (A. D. Imms).

Type in the Indian Museum.

* There being only a single specimen it is impossible to judge whether the
markings as afforded by this example are constant or not.

ANISOMEBINI. 529

Section ANISOMERINI.

The chief distinguishing characteristic of this Section lies in the
antennae which are abnormal in the number of joints, containing
generally six in the male, and generally ten (not more) in the
female.* In the male the antennae are sometimes no longer
than in the female ; in other species, otherwise closely allied, the
antennae in the male attain a length twice that of the body, whilst
in the female they are no longer than usual. This fact indicates
that differences in the relative lengths of the antennas in the sexes
have only a specific, and not a generic, value. This variability is
present in at least three genera, including the two principal ones,
A nisomera (which is not Oriental) and Eriocera. "f*

Two subraarginal cells are normally present, rarely one only
{Cladulipes, a non-Oriental genus) ; normally there are four or five
posterior cells, sometimes three only ; £ discal cell closed or open ;
subcostal cross-vein near the tip of the auxiliary vein, beyond the
origin of the 2nd longitudinal vein.

Tibiae with spurs at the tip ; empodia distinct ; ungues generally
smooth.

Genitalia of male consisting of a pair of elongated, subcylindrical
basal pieces, each bearing two appendages, one of which is claw-
shaped and horny, the other being coriaceous and blunt. Ovipositor
in Anisomera rather peculiarly constructed, the valves being short
and blunt, the upper ones considerably shorter than the lower
ones ; in the other genera the ovipositor normally constructed. §

This Section is rather closely allied to the LIMNOPHILINI, the
resemblance between the venation in Eriocera and Limnophila
being considerable. In the male genital organs there is also much
resemblance between the two genera.

* Tbe exact number of joints in the female antenna is not easy to determine
in dried specimens, but Osten Sacken counted ten joints on living female
specimens of Anisomera and Penthoptera.

t Eriocera in addition to being represented by about fifty Oriental species,
appears to be extensively distributed throughout the tropical regions of the
globe, nearly thirty species being recorded from the equatorial regions of
the New "World, besides numerous others from tropical latitudes in other
countries.

| There are three only in the two non-Oriental genera Anisomera and
Cladulipes.

§ Occasional exceptions are known, as Osten Sacken speaks of a North-
American species of Eriocera with an ovipositor constructed like that of
Anisomera.

530 . TIPULID^E.

Genus ERIOCERA, Macq.

Caloptera, Guerin, Voy. de la Coq., Zool. Ins. pi. xx (1830).
Evanioptera, Gu6rin, /. c., Zool. ii, p. 2 (1830).
Eriocera, Macquart, Dipt. Exot. i, 1, p. 74 (1838).
Pterocosmus, Walker, List Dipt. Brit. Mus. i, p. 78 (1848).
Oligomera, Doleschall, Natuurk. Tijds. Ned. Ind. xiv, p. 387 (1857).
Physecrania, Bigot, Ann. Soc. Ent. France, (3) vii, p. 123 (1859).
Arrhenica, Oaten Sacken, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. p. 242
(1859),

GENOTYPE, Limnobia nigra, Wied. ; according to Coquillett,
and apparently by Macquart's designation.

Head : eyes widely separated above by a broad frons which has
often a more or less conspicuous gibbosity, which is sometimes
bituberculate, the swelling placed behind the antennae ; the eyes
widely separated below. Proboscis short and broad, sometimes
not easily seen, the terminal labella sometimes very large and con-
spicuous. Palpi moderately long, sometimes as long as the head ;
1st and 2nd joints elongate, 3rd shorter, 4th longest of all,
the relative lengths varying in the different species. There are
two types of antennae in the male, in which sex there are only six
joints, whilst in the female there are ten. In the males of some
species (E. longicornis, Walk., of North America, for example) the
antennae are over twice the full length of the body, but in any
case much longer than in the female of the same species. In the
second type, the male antenna is practically no longer than that
of the female. The antennae of the elongated type vary much
according to the species, not only in their actual and relative
lengths as compared with the females, but also in their structure
and in the nature of their pubescence. The 1st scapal joint is
(in the male antennae of the elongated type) subcylindrical, rather
stout, the 2nd joint being very short, annular; the flagellum
filiform, gradually attenuated towards the tip, the 1st joint being
about as long as the thorax, the 2nd a little longer, the 3rd about
equal to the first two taken together, the 4th being still longer
than the 3rd ; the flagellar joints beset on the underside, at more
or less regular intervals, with strong spine-like bristles, which
gradually become less bristly and more hair-like towards the tip
of the antennae ; the upperside of the flagellum glabrous in some
species, in others with even pubescence like that on the under-
side, some additional longer irregular hairs appearing towards
the tip of the antennae. The male antennae of the shorter type
would, if bent backwards, just reach the root of the wing : they
are rather coarsely hairy, without verticels ; the scape is of the
normal form, and in the flagellum the first joint is the longest.
In the female the antennae appear to have a general resemblance
to those of the male of the short type, namely a subcyliudrical
basal joint to the scape, followed by a shorter second joint, the
1st joint of the flagellum being the longest in the whole antenna.

ERIOCERA. 531

In dried specimens the joints, by shrinking somewhat, are not at
all easily distinguished. Thorax: neck very short and narrow,
the head closely applied to the thorax, which is elongate, normally
arched, the suture distinct. Abdomen of the male linear, long,
occasionally very long (E. elonyatissima, Bran.), cylindrical, in
some cases almost subclavate. In the female generally widened
a little bayond the middle, the tip conical. Genitalia of the male
consisting of a pair of fleshy claspers, bearing two small terminal
pieces, one horny and hook-like, the other obtuse, apparently
softer. Some species have a pair of bifid hooks, which Osten
ISackeu, referring to E. spinosa of North America, calls a clutching
apparatus. Ventral plate narrow, pointed. In the female the
ovipositor takes the normal form of two elongate, pointed, rather
narrow, nearly straight upper valves, and a pair of shorter lower
ones. Legs long, comparatively stout, pubescent ; the anterior
pairs of femora shorter in some species;* tibiaB without spurs ;
empodia distinct. Some species have a small projecting tooth
at the extreme base of the uugues belo\v, not easily visible.
Wings sometimes of normal shape and size, in some species
considerably elongated, generally brownish or blackish in colour,
with or without hyaline or whitish spots and marks. Two sub-
marginal cells, generally four but sometimes five posterior cells,
and a discal cell. The auxiliary vein ending about opposite the
beginning of the 2nd submarginal cell, the subcostal cross-vein
near the tip of the auxiliary or at a short distance before this tip.
Marginal cross-vein a little before the tip of the 1st longitudinal
vein ; its relative position to the inner end of the 1st submarginal
cell depends on the length of the latter, the anterior cross-vein
being situated sometimes at the proximal end of the cell, and
sometimes beyond this point; prsefurca long, straight, arcuate at
base only ; inner end of 1st submarginal cell pointed, its petiole
varying in length, sometimes shorter than the posterior cross-
vein, sometimes considerably longer ; anterior cross-vein placed
generally beyond the base of the 2nd submarginal cell, thus
making the 1st posterior cell in such species shorter than the
2nd submarginal ; discal cell approximately square, normally pen-
tagonal, but six-sided in species in which the posterior cross-vein
is anterior to the end of the discal cell, in addition to the lower
branch of the 4th longitudinal vein being a little bent, sufficiently
to form a slight angle ; the 5th vein gently angled at junction
with cross-vein ; the 6th and 7th veins straight.

Range. The entire tropical regions of the earth, apparently,
extending to China and Japan in the case of two species, and also
to North America in the case of several species.

* Osten Sacken speaks of a North-American species in which the anterior
femora were but little more than half the length of the hind ones.

2M

532

Table of Species.

1. Thorax red (deep reddish brown in

badia) 2.

Thorax black (brownish grey in
bicolor, dark brown in tennis) .... 9.

2. Entire abdomen, or at least the

ground-colour, black (bluish grey

bands in huinberti) 3.

Abdomen mainly reddish yellow,
orange or ferruginous (reddish
brown in badia} 8.

3. The 2nd posterior cell closed on the

wing margin ctenophoroidcs, Edw., p. 533,

The 2nd posterior cell always open . 4.

4. Length 15-20 millim ." 5.

Length 7-10 millim 7.

5. Thorax unstriped 6.

Thorax with three blackish brown

stripes scutellata, Edw., p. 534.

6. No clear spot in 1st basal cell .... i-ufithorax, sp. n., p. 534.
A clear spot in this cell fenestruta, Brun., p. 535.

7. Wings pale brown, with a broad

brown median cross-band humberti, Os. Sac., p. 536.

Wings subhyaline, with a median
cross-band of bluish opalescent spots, meleagris, Os. Sac., p. 537.

8. Wings greyish with opalescent spots . pachyrrhina, Os. Sac., p. 537.
Wings dark brown badia, Brun., p. 538.

9. Abdomen mainly blackish or brown-

ish, at all events the ground-colour

never pale * 10.

Abdomen mainly yellowish or testa-
ceous (half yellowish and half
blackish in bicolor and semilimpida ;
two or three basal segments yellow
in albonotata) * 19.

10. Abdomen without bands 11.

Abdomen mainly black, but with

pale bands (shining plumbeous in
plumbicincta &ndjiavipes) 15.

11. First two abdominal segments

orange-yellow rufibasis, Brun., p. 538.

Abdomen wholly black or blackish . 12.

12. Length 28-30 niillim tennis, sp. n., p. 539

Length 10-16 millim 13.

13. Legs mainly brownish yellow .... areenii, Brun., p. 539.
Legs mainly blackish 14.

14. Legs black ; antennae wholly black . atemma, sp. n., p. 540.
Legs bluish black ; antennae with an

ochreous tinge fusca, Edw., p. 541.

15. Wings clear crystallate crystalloptera, Os. Sac., p.'541.

Wings blackish or brownish 16.

10. Five posterior cells plumbicincia, Brun., p. 541.

Four posterior cells 17.

17. Length 25-28 millim : elongatissima, sp. n., p. 542.

Length 20 millim 18.

ERIOCERA. 533

18. Wings distinctly bright yellow at

tho base nepalensis, Westw., p. 543.

Wings not yellow at the base .... flavincs. sp. n., p. 544.

19. Length 6-12 millim 20.

Length 17-24 millim 21.

20. Thorax with three black bands bicolor, Macq., p. 545.

Thorax unmarked semilimpida, Brim., p. 546.

21. Frons with two conspicuous tubercles tuberculifera, Edw.; p. 547.
Frons without .obvious tubercles . . 22.

22. Basal half of abdomen lemon-yellow, albonotata, Lw., p. 547.
Abdomen brownish testacea, sp. n., p. 548.

The descriptions of the species follow in the order in which they
appear in the above table merely for the sake of convenience.

The genus is evidently an extensive one in the East and many
more species must remain to be discovered, so that any attempt at
an arrangement according to affinities would be premature.

378. Eriocera ctenophoroides, Edw.

Eriocera ctenophoroides, Edwards, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (8) viii,
p. 64 (July 1911).

" Head black, with a black pubescence. Antennae 8-jointed in
both sexes, but the last four joints indistinctly separated ; scape
dark fuscous, flagellum ochreous brown. Palpi blackish. Thorax
entirely brick-red, velvety in appearance, except for a line round
and just below the mesonotum, which is shining and translucent.
Post-alar calli and protuberance below root of wing with tufts of
black hairs. Abdomen deep black, except the 1st segment and the
ovipositor which are reddish ; for the most part brilliantly shining,
but there are apical velvety bands on segments 2 to 6, these are
broadest on segments 2 to 4, and broader in the female than in
the male. Venter entirely dull. The abdomen is much broader
in the middle. Leys uniformly dark brown, except for the red
coxa? ; densely covered with somewhat accumbent black pubes-
cence ; stouter and shorter than usual in Eriocera, giving the
insect a very CtenopJiora-like appearance, which is heightened by
the form and colour of the abdomen. Wings dark brown, lighter
towards the anal margin and in the centre of some of the cells ;
a small, long and narrow, more or less crescent-shaped spot in
the outer marginal cell, a very small triangular spot in the 1st
submarginal, and a large semicircular spot in the outer portion of
the 2nd submarginal and 1st posterior, white, all reaching the
wing-margin.

" There are some very interesting features in the neuration ;
the uppermost of the three veins proceeding from the discal cell
is curved downwards, in the type male to such an extent that
the 2nd posterior cell is completely closed at its apex ; in the type
female the small cross-vein is absent, the 1st basal cell being
open. I have not met with either of these variations in any other
Tipulid. Halteres brown, knob somewhat darker, stalk hairy.

"Variety. One female has the thorax entirely velvet-black and
the legs darker.

534 TIPTTLID.E.

"This species is allied to E. selene, Os. Sac., and E. albo-
notata, Lw. From the former it differs in its larger size and in
the absence of the central lunule of the wings." (Edwards.)

Length 16 millim. (without ovipositor) ; of wing 15 millim. ;
of legs 27-28 millim.

Described from a type male from Kandy, 19. v. 92, a type
female from Kottawa, Ceylon, 29. iv. 92, and another female
from Pallamadulla. Ceylon, 17. vi. 92 (Lt.-Col. Yerbury).

Types in the British Museum.

379. Eriocera scutellata, Edw.

Eriocera scutellata, Edwards, Ann. Mag. Xat. Hist. (8) viii, p. 65
(July 1911).

" Head orange, darker brown behind the eyes, dark-haired.
Front with two prominent tubercles. Scape of antennae dark
brown, flagellum ochreous, blackish towards the tips. Thorax
ferruginous orange ; mesonotuin with three longitudinal black-
brown stripes ; the median one is narrowed behind and extends
almost back to the suture, where it is seen to be double ; the
lateral stripes broaden out behind the suture and extend as far
as the scutellum. Scutellum orange-yellow. Metanotum dark
brown. Abdomen : in male deep orange, 1st segment brown,
segments 2 to 4 with black lateral borders, segments 5 to 7
all black except for a narrow apical orange border; in female
lighter orange with a black lateral line. Legs : femora ochreous
with blackish tips ; tibiae and tarsi blackish, tibiae more ochreous
towards the base. Wings a uniform ochreous brown. In the
female the discal cell of one wing is open. Halteres brownish."
(Edivards.)

Length, <$ 18 millim., $ 15 millim. ; wing, 3 24 millim.,
£16 millim.

Described from a single male and female from Pundaluoya,
Cevlon, taken September 1892 and October 1897 respectively
(E. E. Green).

Types in the British Museum.

Mr. Edwards says : — " There is little doubt that the two
specimens belong to the same species, though they differ in the
colour of the abdomen and the length of the wing."

380. Eriocera rufithorax, sp. nov.

Head blackish grey, very shortly pubescent ; frons nearly one-
third width of head, narrower towards antenna?. Proboscis and
the robust palpi black, shortly pubescent. Antennal scape very
dark brown, 2nd joint one-fourth as long as the 1st ; flagellum
brownish yellow, pubescent ; the whole length of the antennae
about equal to that of the thorax from the projecting mesonotum
to the tip of the scutellum. Thorax, including scutellum and
rnetanotuin, wholly bright reddish orange. Neck very short,

EEIOCEEA. 535

dirty orange colour. Abdomen black, with a steely lustre when
viewed from behind ; posterior margins of segments with a velvet-
black border. Belly dull black, bases of segments steely. Genital
organs of male rather small, dark brown, shortly pubescent, an
upper narrow plate, a normal pair of claspers, with some inter-
mediate appendages. Ovipositor normal, blackish, terminal valves
reddish yellow. Legs : coxa3 bright reddish orange ; remainder of
the legs brownisb yellow, with distinct close black pubescence ;
tips of femora and tibiae narrowly black : tarsi darker. Winys
dark brown. Auxiliary vein ending opposite the base of the
1st submarginal cell ; the 2nd longitudinal vein begins much
before the middle of the wing, the prtefurca forming nearly half
the length of the vein ; the vein forking opposite the anterior
cross-vein, the branches diverging rather widely ; the 2nd mar-
ginal cell is thus considerably longer than the 1st, and widens
considerably towards the tip ; the marginal cross-vein situated
beyond two-thirds of the marginal cell and beyond the forking of
the 2nd vein ; basal section of the 3rd vein nearly in a line with
the praefurca, two and a half times as long as the anterior cross-
vein ; discal cell nearly rhomboidal, equal to the 2nd and 3rd
posterior cells ; posterior cross-vein placed nearly at the tip of the
discal cell. A clear elongate spot in the marginal cell between
the marginal cross-vein and the costa ; a very minute clear spot
in the 1st submarginal cell near the margin, and a semicircular
larger clear spot on the wing-margin, spreading over the 2nd
submarginal and 1st posterior cells. Halteres black.

Length 17 millim.

Described from a single male sent me by Mr. E. E. Green,
taken at Kandy, October 1907, and one male and two females
collected by the same gentleman, August 1906 and September
1902.

Types in the Indian Museum.

Very near E. plecioides, Walk. ; but that author does not, in his
"description" of one and a half lines, mention the steely lustre
of the abdomen (which he characterises as deep black, the wings
being also blackish in his species), the yellowish legs, or the
clear spots in the wings. It seems therefore justifiable to con-
clude that the present species is not identical with his. Walker
describes E. plecioides from Singapore.

381. Eriocera fenestrata, Brun. (PL XI, figs. 14, 15.)

Eriocer a fern-strata, Brunetti, Kec. Ind. Mus. vi, p. 312 (1911).
Head : frons broad, flat, dull black with sparse hairs ; ocellar
triangle small; proboscis, antennae and palpi dark brown. Thorax:
dorsum orange-red, not shining, the colour at the sides sharply
ending on a level with the wing-roots, but gradually becoming
bright oranjre on scutellum and rnetanotum ; pleurae semitranslucid
brown, slightly tinged with orange. Abdomen with the basal half
of each segment sublucid leaden grey, shining, posterior half dead

536 TIPULID,E.

black ; gradually widening from the base to the 6th segment,
which is the widest, thence sharply narrowing. Ovipositor some-
what robust, dark brown, practically bare, the long terminal
points shining red-brown. Legs wholly very dark mahogany
brown, nearly black. Wings brown on anterior half, the colour
gradually fading away posteriorly to the grey hind margin ; a
small, roughly crescent-shaped, hyaline spot across the 1st basal
cell, entering the cell above and below, and situated close to the
origin of the 3rd vein. .Four posterior cells ; discal cell 5-sided,
the veinlets from its outer upper side almost parallel ; anterior
cross-vein opposite fork of 2nd vein ; posterior cross- vein at lower
corner of discal cell; upper branch of 2nd longitudinal vein
forking just before its middle. Halteres black.

Length 20 millim.

Described from a type male in the Vienna Museum from Central
Tonkin and a single female (type) in the Pusa collection, taken in
April 1905 in the Khasi Hills, Assam, at 1000 to 3000 feet
altitude.

382. Eriocera humberti, Os. Sac.

Eriocera humberti, Osten Sackea, Berl. Eut. Zeits. xxxi, p. 221
(1887).

" $ . "Wings brownish, with two broad hyaline bluish-opalescent
cross-bands ; thorax red ; abdomen velvet-black with grey cross-
bands. Length 9-10 mm. (without ovipositor).

" Head and 1st joint of antennae ferruginous red ; the rest
of the antennas brown. Thorax ferruginous red with a faint
darker stripe in the middle ; scutellum and metathorax blackish.
Halteres black. Abdomen velvet-black ; each segment, beginning
with the 2nd, with a bluish grey plumbeous cross-band at the
base ; the last segment ferruginous red ; ovipositor reddish brown.
Legs (only the right hind leg is left) brownish red : tibiae and
tarsi darker. Wings pale brownish at the extreme base ; a broad
brown cross-band in the middle ; it occupies, on the anterior
margin, the interval between the origin of the 2nd vein and the
tip of the auxiliary ; on the posterior, between the tips of the
6th and 7th veins ; the last quarter of the wing is pale brown.
The two hyaline spaces (or cross-bands) thus remaining between
the brown portions of the wing have a beautiful bluish opalescence;
four posterior cells.

" Hub. Ceylon (Pundel Oya Valley, 3800-3900 ft. alt,, 26. xi.
to 27. xii. 1859, Mr. Alois Humbert, from Geneva).

"A single female in the Museum at Geneva.

" The tip of the auxiliary vein a little anterior to the proximal
end of the 2nd submarginal cell ; the 1st submarginal cell and the
1st posterior cell are of equal length ; the great cross-vein at the
very base of the discal cell." (Osten Sacken.}

This must be a very striking species, but I have not seen it.

ERIOCERA. 537

383. Eriocera ineleagris, Os. Sac.

Eriocera meleayris, Osten Sacken, Berl. Ent. Zeits. xxxi. p. 221
(1887).

" $ . Thorax orauge-recl, with black stripes ; wings subhyaliue,
with a cross-band formed by four opalescent spots ; two similar
•spots near the basis. Length 7-8 mm. (without the ovipositor).

'; c? . Head reddish brown, more brown on the vertex ; antennae
and palpi brown. Thorax yellowish orange; the usual dorsal
stripes well defined, brownish black, with narrow orange lines
between them ; a black stripe on each side between the root
of the wings and the humerus. Halteres black. Abdomen
black, last segment orange; the colour of the abdomen is
somewhat obliterated, perhaps by mould or moisture ; I believe
there are plumbeous cross-bands at the base of the segments.
Legs (including coxae) brown. Wings subhyaline, with a slight
yellowish tinge ; four bluish opalescent spots form a cross-band in
the middle : the first about the middle of the inner marginal cell,
the second and third at the end of the two basal cells ; the fourth
in the 4th posterior cell ; two similar spots near the base of the
wings (one in the proximal end of the 1st basal cell, the second in
the proximal end of the spurious cell); four posterior cells.

" Hob. Ceylon (between N. Ellia and Gampola, Dec. 13 and 14,
1859, A. Humbert).

" Museum in Geneva. A single female.

" The tip of the auxiliary vein is slightly anterior to the
.proximal end of the 2nd submarginal cell; the 1st submarginal
cell is a trifle shorter than the 1st posterior cell ; the great cross-
vein is a trifle before the discal cell." (Osten Sacken.)

No specimen has appeared before me that 1 could refer to this
species.

384. Eriocera pachyrrhina, Os. Sac.

Eriocera pachyrrhina, Osten Sacken, Berl. Ent. Zeits. xxxi, p. 222
(1887).

" 6 $ • Yellowish orange ; hind borders of abdominal segments
black, or brownish ; wings subhyaline, with a slight bluish
opalescence. Length, d, about 0 mm.; $, 7-8 mm. (without
ovipositor).

" Yellowish orange ; antennae, except the scapus, brown.
Halteres with a brown knob; abdomen with rather narrow
black or brown hind borders of the segments; the segment
preceding the genitals is almost altogether black or brown.
Legs brownish yellow, ends of tibiae and the tarsi darker. Wings
subhyaline, with a slight yellowish tinge and a bluish opalescence ;
four posterior cells.

"Hob. Ceylon (Kaduganawa, Oct. 8, Mr. A. Humbert);
<? and $ , found in copula.

538 TIPULID^E.

" Museum in Geneva.

" The tip of the auxiliary vein is nearly on the same line with
the proximal end of the 2nd submarginal cell ; the 1st sub-
marginal cell is a little shorter than the 1st posterior cell; the
great cross-vein a little anterior to the middle of the discal cell."
(Osten Sacl-en.)

I have seen no specimen of this species.

385. Eriocera badia, Brim.

Eriocera ladia, Brunetti, Rec. Ind. Mus. vi, p. 310 (1911).

$ . Head wholly blackish grey? vertex, underside of head, and
proboscis with black hairs. Antenual scape blackish grey ; flagellum
pale yellow, short, of eight distinct joints. Palpi a little greyish
white at the emargination of the joints on the underside. Thorax
rather deep reddish brown, with traces of four somewhat darker
stripes. Scutellum and metanotum on the upper part a little lighter.
Sides of thorax darker and more brownish. Abdomen reddish
brown, a little yellowish towards the sides of some of the segments ;
2nd and 3rd segments wholly yellow on dorsum, with very narrow
black hind margins ; base of each of the rest of the segments with
a shining black baud. (The abdomen has the appearance of being
rather stretched longitudinally, and possibly a considerable part of
these basal black banes would be invisible normally.) Ovipositor
reddish brown, of moderate size. Legs: coxae dark brown, pub-
escent; trochanters brownish yellow; femora and tibiae yellow
with blackish tips ; tarsi yellowish, blackish towards the tips..
Wings moderately dark brown ; four posterior cells. A minute
white spot or two near the tips of the marginal and 1st submarginal
cells, and a small one lying across the tips of the 2nd submarginal
and 1st posterior cells. Halteres pale brownish grey.

Length 18 millim.

Described from a single female from Peradeniya, Ceylon, taken
by Dr. Uzel, 25. xii. 01.

Type in the Vienna Museum.

386. Eriocera rufibasis, Brim.

Eriocera rvfibasis, Bruuetti, Rec. Ind. Mus. vi, p. 310 (1911).

$ . Head, antenna?, proboscis, palpi, all dark blackish grey.
'Fliorax wholly deep velvet-black. Abdomen wholly deep velvet-
black, except the first two segments which are orange-yellow.
Belly similar to dorsum. Ovipositor black, the valves shining
brownish yellow. Legs dark brown, femora, tibiae and tarsal
joints blacker. Wings brown, darker anteriorly, clearer on hind
margin ; four posterior cells. Clear spots are placed as follows : — •
a rather large one extending over the apical part of both basal
cells; two smaller round spots, one over the base of the 2nd longi-

EBIOCEKA. 539

tudinal vein, the other above the fork of the 2nd vein ; one at the
tip of the marginal cell ; two small ones (possibly in some specimens
united) in the 1st submarginal cell ; a larger one extending over
the 2nd submarginal cell and 1st posterior cell, all these latter
spots placed on the border. All the posterior cells are somewhat
clear, as is also the wing to some extent behind the 5th longitudinal
vein. Halteres small, black.

Length 16 millim.

Described from a single female in the Vienna Museum from
Tandong, 4000 ft., Tenasserim, May (Fruhstorfer).

387. Eriocera tennis, sp. nov.

<$ . Head blackish ; the 1st scapal joint of the antenna? dark
grey, the remainder black. Thorax dark mahogany-brown, with
three blackish dorsal stripes of the usual pattern, and with blackish
marks here and there. Pleura? slightly dusted with grey, and
traces of grey dust on the anterior margin of the thorax and else-
where. Scutellum and metanotum reddish brown. Abdomen :.
1st segment and base of 2nd light reddish brown; remainder of
2nd, the whole of the 3rd and 4th, and the greater part of the 5th
pale yellow ; remainder of abdomen blackish, the centre of the
6th segment dark brown ; the 5th segment widening towards the
tip, the 6th considerably wider, the remaining segments diminishing
rapidly in width. Legs : coxa? blackish brown, dusted with grey ;
femora yellowish brown, rather broadly blackish at tip ; tibia? and
tarsi darker brown, the latter black towards the tips. Wings
coffee-brown : a very small white spot on the margin of the wing
extending from the tip of the lower branch of the 2nd longitudinal
vein to the 3rd vein. Four posterior cells. Halteres brownish
black.

Length 31 millim.

Described from a single type male from the Nilgiri Hills, South,
India, 3500 ft., April 1910 (//. L. Andreives).

Type in the Indian Museum.

388. Eriocera greenii, Brun.

Eriocera greenii, Brunetti, Rec. Ind. Mus. vi, p. 313 (1911).

$ . Head dark grey, with black hairs. Erons broad, but very-
short, of uniform width, one-third the width of the head, Pro-
boscis dark brown, with two peculiar large, pale yellow, flattened,
two-jointed labella at the tip. Palpi dark blackish brown.
Antennal scape blackish, with stiff black hairs, the tip of the
1st joint with a circlet of stronger ones ; 2nd joint short ;
flagellum brownish yellow, becoming brown at the tip, covered
with irregularly placed black hairs. Thorax : dorsum very dark
rich velvet-brown, with a few isolated short black hairs on the
anterior part ; two short blackish stripes towards the sides ; no-

540 T1PULID.E.

trace of a median stripe. Scutellum, rnetanotara, and sides cou-
colorous. all bare of pubescence ; the region round the root of the
wing blackish. Abdomen rich dark brown ; extreme base of 1st
segment with a slightly yellowish grey tinge ; base of 2nd and 3rd
segments and posterior margins narrowly of remaining segments
blackish. The abdomen bare except for a few short pale hairs on
the hind margins of some of the apical segments. Ovipositor
conical, blackish, dull, bare, terminal blades reddish yellow. Leys :
coxa? rich dark brown ; trochanters bright, lighter reddish
brown ; femora and tibia? bright brownish yellow, tips of both
black, tarsi darker; all the legs with fine black pubescence.
Wings wholly dark brown, a little darker on the costa near
the base, and a little lighter in the anal and axillary cells ; a
small white spot near the tip of the marginal cell, and a still
smaller similar one in the 1st submarginal cell ; a larger (but still
small) marginal white spot extending transversely over the tip of
the 3rd vein. Venation as in E. semilimpida, except that the
upper branch of the 4th vein not being forked, there are only four
posterior cells. Halteres all black.

Length 16 millim.

Described from a single specimen from Kandy, 24. xi. 09
•(E. E. Green}.

Type in the Indian Museum.

This species has some general resemblance to at least three
•others, namely, K albonotata, Lw., from which the all-brown
abdomen separates it, and E. rufitliorax and E. fenestrata, Brim.,
from which it may be distinguished by its brown thorax and
yellow legs. Three specimens (of which two are in very poor
condition) in the Vienna Museum, from Ceylon and Java, are
probably referable to this species.

389. Eriocera aterrima, sp. nov.

$ . Whole body deep black, not at all shining, minutely
pubescent ; abdomen nearly bare.

Head : a single rather large conical protuberance on the frons
immediately above base of antennae, which latter are of similar
«hape to those of E. plumb icincta, minutely pubescent, wholly
black, the tips very slightly clubbed. Leys wholly black, very
shortly and closely pubescent. Wings with four posterior cells,
entirely blackish ; anal margin barely a little clearer. Halteres
black. Ovipositor small, black.

Length 11 millim.

Described from a perfect unique specimen in the Indian Museum
from Maddathorai, Travancore State, 18. xi. 08 (Annandale).

This must be near Edwards' E. fusca, described from Ceylon,
but the absence of both a bluish tinge to the legs and an ochraceous
tinge to the antennae, with other minor differences, make it appear
•as a distinct species.

ERIOCERA. 541

390. Eriocera fusca, Edw.

Eriocera fusca, Edwards, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (8) viii, p. 66
(July 1911).

d1 $ . " Head, thorax, and abdomen nearly uniform dingy
fuscous. Front rather produced, but not bituberculated. Legs
dark fuscous, with submetallic bluish reflections in some lights.
Wings uniform fuscous. Neuration, as usual in this genus,
is rather variable ; in the type male there is a supernumerary
•cross-vein in the 2nd posterior cell, which in the right wing is
bifurcated, so that the left wing has two discal cells and the right
wing three. The antennae are tinged with ochreous, and there
are indications of two paler stripes on the thorax alternating with
three dark ones." (Edwards.}

Length 10-13 millim. ; of wing 8-11 inillim.

Described from a type male and female, with two other males,
from Pundaluoya, Ceylon, April 1889 (E. E. Green).

Type in the British Museum.

Mr. Edwards says : — " This species seems to be most closely
allied to E. morosa, Os. Sac., from which it differs (judging from
Osten Sacken's description) in the less intense black colour, in the
bluish reflections on the legs, and in the shape of the discal cell ;
the 3rd posterior cell is here, as usual, longer than the 2nd."

391. Eriocera crystalloptera, Os. Sac.

Eriocera crystalloptera, Osten Sacken, Berl. Enfc, Zeits. xxxi,
p. 222 (1887).

" c? • Velvet-black, frontal tubercle and humeral callosities
reddish; antennae brown; abdominal segments, beginning with
the 3rd, with broad shining steel-blue cross-bauds, occupying
nearly the whole basal half of the segments. Wings of a
crystalline clearness, with black veins. Legs brown. Length
about 6 millim.

" Hah. Rambodde, Ceylon (Nietner) • Berlin Museum.

" A single imperfect male specimen." (Osten Sacken.)

I have seen no specimen of this species.

392. Eriocera plumbicincta, Brun. (PI. XI, fig. 16.)
Eriocera plumbicincta, Brunetti, Eec. Ind. Mus. vi, p. 311 (1911).

c? . Head : frons and back of head deep velvet-black, with a
little black pubescence ; frons with a cone-like projection above
each antenna ; eyes black, bare. First joint of scape long,
cylindrical, black; 2nd very short, globular, yellowish; flagellum
yellowish, with short black hairs, of five very elongated joints of
diminishing length, the last one black. Palpi black, pubescent,
2nd joint the widest, 1st and 4th the longest. Thorax deep
velvet-black, with short black pubescence ; a slight dark reddish
tiu<*e above the neck. Scutellum deep black. Dorsum of meta-

542 TIPULID^E.

notum bright reddish orange, bare. Abdomen deep velvet-black ;
on the 2nd, 3rd, 4th, and 5th segments a broad shining lead-
coloured band extending round the whole segment and covering
it with the exception of a posterior marginal band of a widtli of
one-fifth of the segment ; 6th segment wholly deep black ;
7th, basa! half occupied by a similar leaden band, apical half
black ; seen from behind, there is a silver sheen on the sides
of the segments. Genitalia conspicuous, bright orange-red,
protected below by a blackish plate. Whole abdomen nearly
bare. Legs : cox»3 black, pubescent ; femora and tibiae orange-
yellow (the latter rather darker), both with black tips; tarsi
dark brown ; all the legs minutely pubescent. Wings brown,
darker in the centre ; costal border to just beyond the 1st longi-
tudinal vein distinctlv orange-yellow, the colour ending at tip of
the auxiliary vein; wing grey from just in front of the 6th vein
to posterior margin ; a good-sized white spot (approximately
oval) placed obliquely across the basal cells, towards the distal
ends, but quite clear of the discal cell ; a smaller circular white
spot just above, and a little in front of, the larger one. situated
just beyond the middle of the marginal cell, and a white oval spot
at apex of wing, just covering the tips of the two marginal cells.
Five posterior cells. Halteres black.

Length 13 millim.

Described from one male in the Indian Museum (type) from
Ukhrul, Manipur, captured by the Rev. W. Pettigrew, viii. 08 ;
and a cotype (in the Pusa collection) taken by Mr. F. M. Howlett
at Darjiling, 3-9. vi. 09.

393. Eriocera elongatissima, sp. nov.

d1. Head blackish, blackish grey behind; with sparse hairs;
frons a little prominent over the antennae ; eyes black. Scape
black, cylindrical ; 1st joint with a few hairs, 2nd very short,
bare ; flagellum of five very elongate pubescent joints. Palpi
dark brown. Proboscis and underside of head brown. Thorax:
scutellum and metanotum chestnut-brown, light at the sides, and
with a very slight pinkish grey reflection on the shoulders and
pleura? when viewed from certain directions ; three blackish in-
dentations, placed in triangular form, one behind the wings,
one at the base of the side of the metanotum, and the third
in front of the latter. Abdomen bright chestnut-brown, nearly
ferruginous, darker towards tip ; bare. The 1st segment very
short; basal two-thirds of 5th and basal half of 6th almost
golden yellow, the remainder of these segments blackish ; a
narrow black side stripe to the abdomen. Genitalia composed of
a pair of dark brown claspers, bearing some short hairs, and
a jointed tip. Legs brown ; tips of femora and tibiae black ;
tibiae a little lighter brown. Wings uniformly rather dark
brown ; extreme tip whitish, extending narrowly over only the
tips of the two submarginal and 1st posterior cells. Four
posterior cells. Halteres dark brown.

EniocERA. 543

Length 25-28 rnillim.

Described from two males in the Indian Museum, one from
Trivandrum, Travancore State, June 1893, and the other from
some part of South India, taken June 1893.

The great length of this species makes it easily recognisable.

394. Eriocera nepalensis, Westiv.

Caloptera nepalensis, Westwood, Ann. Soc. Ent. France, iv, p. 681

(1835) ; id., Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1881, p. 379.
? Pterocosmus velutinus, Walker, List Dipt. Brit. Mus. i, p. 79 (1848).

c? $ . Head blackish grey, with black hairs ; vertex con-
siderably prominent ; back of head velvet-black, with black hairs.
Antennae and palpi blackish, shortly pubescent. Thorax velvet-
black, with very short brown hairs ; scutellum, metanotum, and
sides of thorax concolorous. Abdomen velvet-black. In male, 1st
segment short, black ; 2nd, 3rd, 4th, and 5th elongate, the basal
third of each occupied by a dull steel-coloured band, the middle
third by a whitish or bluish grey band, sometimes more or less
distinctly divided by a narrow black line into two bands ; the
hinder third velvet-black ; remainder of abdomen velvet-black.
Genitalia dull steel colour. In the female the steel bands are not
obvious ; the basal half or two-thirds of the 2nd segment has a
whitish or bluish grey band; a similar band, generally broadly
interrupted in the middle, on the basal half of the 4th segment,
and an entire similar band on the base of the 5th ; the rest of
the abdomen velvet-black. Ovipositor bright reddish orange.
The markings of both sexes are liable to a little variation, the
grey and the steel bands in the male at times taking a sort of
intermediate shade. One male in the Indian Museum has the
abdomen almost wholly black ; one of the females in the Vienna
Museum has the 3rd segment with a whitish grey longitudinal
streak. Leas wholly black ; coxae with a little very soft hair.
Wings moderately dark brown ; bright orange-yellow at the base
up to a little beyond the humeral cross-vein ; and with a clear
transverse somewhat narrow streak from the 1st longitudinal
vein, reaching barely or quite to the hind margin, where it
narrows ; this band being situated so that its distal margin is very
close to (sometimes a little beyond) the origin of the 3rd vein, the
discal ceil and the posterior cross-vein. The 2nd longitudinal
vein forks at about half its length : the anterior cross-vein is at
or just before the middle of the discal cell, and opposite the fork
of the 2nd vein ; the posterior cross-vein more or less in a line
with it. Halteres blackish.

Length, <S 18-25 millim., $ 15-18 millim., excl. ovipositor
3 millim.

Eedescribed from a male and female in cop. from Nagarkot,
Nepal (the male only 16 mm. long), five other males and seven
other females, all in the Indian Museum ; two females from
Assam, in the Vienna Museum ; and two females from the Khasi
hills, Assam, 3000 to 5000 feet, 15. v. 05, in the Pusa collection.

544

The Indian Museum localities are as follows : — Kurseong, Dar-
jiling district, 15. viii. 09 (Paiva), 8-9. ix. 09 (Annandale) ; Naiui
Tal, v. & vi. 1903 ; Bhim Tal, 4500 feet, 19-22. ix. 06 ; Dharam-
pur, Bengal, and Simla, 5000 feet, 6-8. v. 07 (both Annandale) ;.
Shillong (La Touclie) ; Soondrijal and Xagarkot, Nepal.*

Type in the Hope Collection at the Oxford University Museum.

There seems hardly any doubt that E. vehitina, Walk., is an
absolute synonym of this species, the description applying exactly,
except that Walker speaks of a broivn transverse mark on the
already brown wings, which seems obviously an error for dear or
opalescent. As a matter of fact I had already identified the
Indian Museum specimens and others as vehitina before I received
the Vienna specimens, where the same species was given as
nepalensis. Westwood's description is of course far too short for
anything like accurate identification, but takes priority of Walker's.

Walker notes that the male is longer than the female. This is
further corroboration of identity as the reverse is usually the case-
in TlPULID^E.

395. Eriocera flavipes, sp. nov.

c? . Head dark grey, with stiff black hairs on frons, vertex and
back of head ; frons nearly one-third the width of the head, its.
sides parallel. Proboscis and palpi dark grey, nearly black,
considerably pubescent. The 1st scapal joint of antennae dark
brown, 2nd small, yellowish brown ; fiagellum yellow, last joint
black. Thorax : dorsum soft dark grey, covered rather thickly
with soft, moderately long, dark brown hairs ; three median
narrow black stripes from the anterior margin, converging but not
uniting at the suture ; an additional short stripe outside each
outer stripe, beginning at its middle and ending at the suture.
Thorax behind the suture, scutellum, metauotum and sides of
thorax blackish grey, all with soft dark brown hairs except the
metanotum. Abdomen dull black, with soft brown hairs; base of
each segment with a dull leaden band, not noticeable at first
sight, except that of the 5th segment which fills the whole doraum
and is of a bright shining lead -colour, with a narrow median
black stripe that widens somewhat on the posterior border. Belly
all dull black, underside of 1st segment dark brown. Genitalia.
dark brown, pubescent ; a pair of two-jointed claspers (the 2nd
joint forming a black horny hook) and a small upper piece are all
the parts that are visible. Legs : coxa? black ; femora and tibia>
and the first three tarsal joints yellow, except the tips of each,
which, with the last two joints of the tarsi, are black. All the
legs distinctly and rather closely pubescent. Wings dark brown,
costal part a little yellowish, and the area posterior to the 5th
longitudinal vein a little less dark ; an elongate oval clear streak
across the middle of the wing from the 1st longitudinal vein to

* Assuming the identity of E. vehttina, Walk., with E. nepalensis, Westw.,
it figures in the British Museum from Nepal, Assam, Sikkim, Khasi Hills,.
Kangra Talley, Darjiling, Simla, and Chin Fu San in West China.

ERIOCEBA. 545

the 6th, and just proximad of the 2nd submarginal and discal
cells. Venation normal ; four posterior cells ; posterior cross-vein
beyond the middle of the discal cell. Halteres black.

Length 12 millim.

Described from one male from Kurseong, 9. ix. 09 (Annandale)*.

Type in the Indian Museum.

A distinct and rather handsome species considerably resembling
my E. plumbicincta owing to the silvery leaden abdominal bands, the
yellow legs and the size. It is, however, at once distinguished by
the dark genitalia, and more readily still by the presence of only
four posterior cells.

396. Eriocera bicolor, Macq.

Limnophila bicolor, Macquart, Dipt. Exot. i. p. G6, pi. vii, fig. 2

(1838).
Eriocera bicolor, van der Wulp, Mid.-Sum., Dipt. p. 11, pi. i,figs. 5, 6-

(1892).

"Head grey. Proboscis brownish; palpi blackish; 1st joint
narrowed, the remainder moderately thickened. Antennae : 1st
joint rather long, brownish, the 2nd cvathiform (the remainder
missing). Thorax brownish grey, with three black almost
contiguous stripes ; a small round black spot in front of these
stripes. Abdomen : the first three segments yellowish orange,
the rest black ; ovipositor yellowish, elongate. Legs : femora*
yellowish, with ash-grey dusting (remainder missing). Halteres
brown. Wings : the two marginal cells divided by a cross-vein »
the two submarginal [cells] divided by a longitudinal vein ; the
outer one shorter than the inner one ; the 2nd posterior cell
rather small, with a long petiole ; base of wing, the front margin,,
and a wide transverse band behind the discal cell, yellow ; the
remainder brown.

" From Bengal (Messrs. Diard and Duvancel), Paris Museum."
(Maeqwart.)

Van der Wulp, in the Mid-Sumatra Expedition Jtesults, notes
this species, recording two females from Koetoer, Sumatra, taken
in June. His specimens are 14 to 17 millim. in length, MacquartV
example being only 10 millim. However, this would not preclude the
two forms being identical. Van der Wulp's coloured plate of the
wing shows the species to be allied in this respect to E. nepalentis,
Westw., the brown of the wing being lighter in colour.* The-
venation is very similar, except that the anterior and posterior
cross-veins are not so nearly in a line, and both lie distinctly before
the fork of the 2nd longitudinal rein. There are, moreover, fiv&
posterior cells. The transverse stripe is twice as broad, is broader
on the hind margin, and is yellow and not white. The centres of
most of the cells are a little paler, a character I have not seen in
E. nepdlensis. Macquart's reference to the division of the two
marginal and two submarginal cells is not clear. The subcostal

* Possibly due to the fading of the colours, which occurs in some species.

• 540 TIPULIDJE.

cross-vein divides the marginal cell into an inner and outer cell,
the latter the longer one of the two ; but even this cross-vein
is absent in van der Wulp's coloured figure. The t\vo submarginal
cells are naturally separated by the lower branch of the 2nd
longitudinal vein, the upper cell being the shorter. The petiole
of the 2nd posterior cell is much shorter than the cell.

397. Eriocera semilimpida, Brim. (PL X, fig. 17.)

Eriocera semilimpida Brunetti, Rec. Ind. Mus. vi, p. 311 (1011).

cJ . Head wholly black, vertical protuberance with some black
hairs ; antenna? black, shortly pubescent ; palpi nearly black.
Thorax shining black, with some dark brown hairs about the sides ;
mesonotal suture deeply cut ; greyish reflections behind and below
base of wing ; scutellum shining black, with soft black hairs ;
metauotum shining black. Abdomen : 1st segment livid on basal
half, remainder black ; next four segments reddish orange, hind
borders a little darker, that of 5th blackish ; rest of abdomen
black, including the genitalia, which are of moderate size, the only
obvious parts being a tolerably large pair of claspers. Belly
mainly as dorsum, 1st segment all black, 2nd black except at
base. Legs wholly black, shortly pubescent. Wings dark grey,
slightly tinged with yellowish ; costal cell, 5th longitudinal vein,
and distal part of wing from about the inner side of discal cell,
rather dark brown, the colour extending not quite so far
proximally into the marginal and 5th posterior cells ; hind basal
corner of wing more or less brown. Inner cross-vein placed soon
after origin of 3rd vein, and before fork of 2nd ; branches of 2nd
rather close together, fork of upper branch occurring before one-
fourth the length of that branch ; discal cell 6-sided ; upper
branch of 4th vein forked near tip, making five posterior cells ;
the three veinlets from the discal cell equidistant ; outer cross-
vein just beyond middle of discal cell. Halteres black.
Length 12 millim.

Described from one male in the Pusa collection, taken in the
Khasi Hills, ix. 1906, and a second specimen from Nongpoh,
Assam, vi. 06.

Type and second example in the Pusa collection.
This species bears close general resemblance to E. bicolor,
Macq., but there are several quite good points of difference
between them. In E. semilimpida the head is black, not
greyish ; the thorax shining black unmarked, not brownish
grey with three black bands and some small spots ; the basal
segment of the abdomen is black, not orange ; the coxa3
black, not tawny ; the costa dark brown throughout its length,
not clear on the whole proximal half, as distinctly mentioned by
Macquart and illustrated in his plate ; and the whole proximal
two-thirds of the wing (apart from the costa) in my species is
pale grey, whereas in E. bicolor the whole wing is brown, with a
broad clear median band, and a narrower one at the base. The
venation is identical in the two species.

EfilOC'EKA. 547

398. Eriocera tuberculifera, Ediv.

Eriocera tuberculifera, Edwards, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist (8) viii.
p. 66 (July 1911).

$ . " Head orange yellow. Front with a pair of very prominent
tubercles just above the antennae, and above these with a smaller
median tubercle. Antennae with the basal half ochreous yellow,
the apical half dark fuscous. Thorax fuscous brown ; mesonotum
yellow in front, the yellow colour not extending as far back as the
suture. Abdomen orange ochreous, with a dark lateral line. Legs
uniform ochreous. Wings uniform ochreous brown, very like
those of the preceding species." * (Edwards.)

Length\4-l7 millim.( without ovipositor) ; of wing 14-17 millim.

Described from two females at Pundaluoya, Ceylon (E. E. Green),
taken in Nov. 1888 (type) and July 1889.

Type in the British Museum.

399. Eriocera albonotata, Lw.

Limnobia albonotata, Loe\v, in Peters' Naturwiss. Reise nach
Mozambique, Zool. v (Insecten) (1862).

<$ $ . " Head black ; rostrum, palpi, and antennal scapus
brown ; flagellum yellowish ; thorax black or deep brown (in the
female specimen) ; halteres brown. Legs brownish yellow ; coxae
black ; tip of femora, extreme tip of tibiae and the tarsi (especially
at the tips of the joints) brown. Abdomen : 1st segment black or
brown ; the two ( $ ) or three ( d1 ) following segments yellow,
with a more or less black line along the lateral edge of the
segments ; the rest black ; in the female the ovipositor and the
segment bearing it are ferruginous. Wings of a rather uniform
brown, slightly paler in the axillary and spurious cells ; (in the
male specimen the centre of nearly all the cells is a little paler) ;
a small white drop near the margin of the wing, between the tips
of the 1st and 2nd veins; a similar drop, but much smaller,
between the tips of the two branches of the second vein ; an
almost semicircular spot, just below the apex of the wing ; on the
margin at the distal ends of the second submarginal and of the
first posterior cells ; four posterior cells.

" Length 19-20 millim. '

"Hob. Ceylon: rf, Peradeniya, Oct. 10 (Mr. A. Humbert);
2 , Cannia, near Trincomalie, July 30. Two specimens, 3 $ ,
Museum of Geneva.

" Two specimens from Ceylon in the Berlin Museum (Nietner)
agree with the above description exactly, except that the abdomen
is of a uniform colour, deep black in one specimen, brown in the
other ; I suppose it is merely a variety." (Osten Sacken.)

From a male and female in the Indian Museum the following
notes are drawn up : —

* E. scutellata, Edwards.

2s

548 T1PULID.E.

LengthVl millim. (+3 mm. ovipositor in female). Head blackish
grey, irons forming one-third the width of the head, moderately
prominent; palpi black. Antennal scape black, 2nd joint very
short, flagellutu reddish yellow each of the first two joiuts about
as long as the 1st scapal joint, Dhe four remaining joints shorter.
Thorax wholly deep black. Abdomen mainly black, flattened,
considerably widened towards, but not actually at, the tip ; 2nd
and 3rd segments ( d" $ ) bright lemon-yellow, 4th yellow, with
narrow posterior black border ( tf ) or mainly yellowish about its
dorsum ( § ) ; rest of dorsum black, except that in the male the
base of the 5th segment is a little yellowish ; a very narrow black
line along the sides of the two yellow segments, which are also
wholly yellow on the underside ; rest of belly black. Ovipositor
black at base, rest reddish yellow ; upper valves much the longer.
Legs with coxae black, femora and tibiae brownish yellow, both
with a very narrow black apical ring ; tarsi black. Wings dark
brown ; a small semicircular white spot over tip of 3rd vein ; a
much smaller one towards tips of both marginal and 1st sub-
marginal cells, the latter one very minute. Posterior cross-vein
nearly at the end of the discal cell in one wing and exactly in a
line with its base in the other.

The two specimens from Maskeliya, Ceylon (E. E. Green).

400. Eriocera testacea, sp. nov.

$ . This species, although differing from E. tennis in general
appearance, is difficult to differentiate in detail from it, and as it
was taken in the same locality and month by the same collector,
it may possibly be the female of that species. The antenna!
flagellum is pale yellow ; the thorax is black, more dusted with
grey at the sides ; the scutelluin and metanoturn grey. The 1st
abdominal segment is black, the remainder brownish, the tip
blackish, the ovipositor reddish brown. The legs as in E. tennis,
but paler yellow. The wings coffee-brown ; the venation identical,
but no apical white spot, and the centres of .most of the cells on
the posterior half of the wing are rather clearer.

Length 24 millim. to tip of ovipositor.

One female in the Indian Museum from the Nilgiri Hills,
iv. 1910 (H. L. Andrewes).

549

Family RHYPHIDJE.

Flies of moderate size, or small, with an appearance partaking
of that of the TIPULID.E, as well as of the MYCETOPHILID^:.
Head hemispherical, eyes rounded, contiguous in male and wide
apart in female (in Wiyplms) ; in one genus * the frons is wide in
both the sexes. Ocelli present. Proboscis moderately prominent
(Khyplius) or hardly at all prominent (Olbiogaster) ; labella small.
Palpi 4-joiuted, rather long (lihyphus), or short (Olbiog aster).
Antennae about as long as the thorax, 16-joiuted, the two basal
joints differentiated; the flagellum in EJiyplms composed of com-
pact annular or cylindrical joints placed rather closely together,
whilst in Olbiogaster., a Mexican genus, the flagellar joints in the
male are filiform. Thorax without transverse suture, oval, arched ;
scutellum transverse, moderate in size ; metanotum well developed.
Abdomen flattened, cylindrical, seven-segmented ; genital organs
hardly prominent. Legs moderately long and slender; tibiae
without terminal spurs, or the hind pair sometimes with minute
ones; pulvilli absent, empodium pulvilliform. Wings compara-
tively large and broad, folded over the abdomen, when in repose ;
in most species they are faintly marmorated or marked with pale
grey and darker brown spots and short bands. Auxiliary vein
present ; 2nd longitudinal vein simple, discal cell always present ;
4th vein with both its upper and lower branches forked ; 5th, 6th
and 7th veins distinct, long, the latter moderately abbreviated.

The family is represented in Europe, North and South America,
West Africa, the Orient, Tasmania and New Zealand.

The BHYPHID.E, as compared with the other families of
NEMATOCEKA, except many TIPULID.E, are distinguished by the
presence of the discal cell in the wings ; the TIPULULE, in which
it is normally and generally present, being the only other family
in this suborder possessing it. In addition the present family
has a peculiar venation, which in some respects appears as if it
were related to that of the LEPTID^E, amongst the BRACHYCERA.
The resemblance is further heightened by an apparent affinity
between the antenna of Rliyplms and those of one or two genera
of LEPTID.E, Xylopliayus for example; but the student may at
once distinguish between the two by the shape of the anal cell,
which in RHYPHID.E is wider towards the posterior margin, whereas
in LEPTIDJ-; it is much narrowed distally or actually closed.

* Olbiogaster, Os. Sac., a non-Oriental genus, to which is allied a very
similar one, Lobogaster ; these three genera comprising the whole of the

550 RHYPHID.E.

Genus KHYPHUS, Latr.

Sylvicola, Harris, Expos. Engl. Ins. p. 104 (1770).

Anisopus, Meigen, Illig. Mag. ii, p. 264 (1803).

Rhyphus, Latreille, Hist. Nat. Crust, et Ins. xiv, p. 291 (1804).

G-EIJTOTTPE, Tipula fenestralis, Scop.

Head nearly hemispherical. Eyes large, bare, nearly round ;,
contiguous in the male, widely separated in the female. Ocelli
distinctly present. Proboscis moderately prominent, with small
labella ; palpi rather long, four-jointed, the 2nd joint the longest
and broadest. Antennae about as long as the thorax, 16-jointed ;
the two basal or scapal joints differentiated ; those of the flagellunv
cylindrical, moderately short, placed rather closely together,
shortly pubescent. Thorax arched, oval, with but little pubescence.
Scutellum semicircular, short and broad ; metanotum well de-
veloped. Abdomen somewhat flattened, subcylindrical, of seven
segments. Geuitalia hardly prominent. Leys slender but com-
paratively long, nearly bare, unspined ; tibiae without apical spurs,
or at most the hind pair with very small ones ; metatarsus
lengthened, empodia pad-like, pulvilli absent. Winys compara-
tively large and broad, folded over the abdomen in repose.
Auxiliary vein ending about the middle of the wing ; the 1st ani
2nd longitudinal veins both ending at short distances beyond, all
terminating in the costa, the 1st nearly parallel to the auxiliary,
the 2nd trisinuate, originating some distance before the middle of
the wing (in Ii. maculi^ennis, "VVulp, only very shortly before the
middle) ; the 3rd vein emerges from the 2nd at a little beyond
the base, being gently bisinuate or nearly straight and ending at
or before the tip of the wing ; anterior cross-vein very short but
distinct, always above the middle of the discal cell ; the 4th vein
with both branches forked, the upper one at the outer corner of
the discal cell, the lo\ver branch at or before the middle of that
cell, which latter is six-sided ; the cell twice or three times as
long as wide, the four endings of the 4th longitudinal vein gently
divergent or parallel ; the 5th vein sinuate beyond the posterior
cross-vein which is always placed just beyond the fork of the lower
branch of the 4th vein; 6th vein gently curved or nearly straight ;
7th rather short, nearly straight.

Life-history. The works of Reaumur,* Latreille and Dufour t
may be consulted on this subject, and especially that of the more
recent writer Perris,J who describes the larva and pupa of
jR. fenestralis, Scop.

The larva lives in decomposing damp vegetable matter and is
about 10 millim. long (Dufour said 14 to 15), apodal, cylindrical,,
s mooth and shining dirty white in colour. It is of thirteen segments,

* Memoires pour serv. a 1'hist. cles insectes (1734-42).

t Ann. Soc. Ent. France, (2) vii, p. 195, pi. vii, pt. 3, figs. 1-7 (1849).

\ Ann. Soc. Ent. France, (4) x, p. 190, pi. ii, figs. 54-61 (1870).

1UIYPHUS. 551

•according to Dufour, but Ferris illustrates fifteen, those three
following the head being regarded as thoracic segments. These
latter are ornamented by four elongated black marks on each,
longitudinally placed (Ferris does not show them). The head is
bluntly oval, horny, ferruginous, possessing on each side a thick
blunt projection bearing a minute one-jointed antenna. A pair
of two-jointed elongate palpi, a middle lip-like piece below the
somewhat projecting centre of the anterior border of the head, and
a pair of small palp-like organs outside of the palp, complete
the head appendages. Two small black eye-spots on the dorsum
of the head.

The larva emerges from its food-bed to pupate, fixing itself to
something for the purpose. The pupa is lU millim. long, bare,
obvolute, elongate subcylindrical, reddish in colour, with rows of
short bristles around the segments. A broad thoracic portion,
of which the anterior third is depressed, forming the head, which
is flattened considerably and bears below a radiating circle of stiff
hairs. A large ear-like projection on each side of the thoracic
section. Dufour gives good figures of the pupa.

The perfect insects are found generally distributed, one species,
11. fenestralis, being fairly common, though rarely abundant, on
the windows in houses in Europe and North America. Other
species are sylvan and perform aerial dances under trees by the
side of roads in woody regions.

No less than six species of llhyplms from the East have come
before me, including the only one previously recorded (R. maculi-
pennis, Wulp) ; a European species, 21. punctatus, F., about the
identification of which there can be little doubt ; and also a variety
of the common European fenestralis, Scop.

All these forms are rather easily separated by the following
•characters : —

Table of Species.

1. Antennae conspicuously vari-coloured. 2.

Antennae wholly black 3.

5. Subapical clear spot in wing (at tip of
2nd longitudinal vein) elongated,

and entirely clear maculipennis, Wulp, p. 552.

The above spot nearly circular, and
enclosing a distinct round dark spot, pulchricornis, Brim., p. 553.

3. Thorax bluish ash-grey with chocolate-

coloured stripes 4.

Thorax yellow, or brownish yellow,
with reddish brown stripes 5.

4. Wing more deeply and extensively

marked; distinct blackish spot at

tip, whole distal margin more or [Brun., p. 554.

less light bladdsh grey fenestralis, Scop., var. indicus,

Wing much less deeply marked, and
quite clear on distal portion, beyond
the cross-veins ; no apical spot what-
ever punctattts, F., p. 555.

552 BHYPIIIDJE.

5. Costa darker, towards tip of wing
showing distinctly a quite clear
square spot, only descending to the
3rd longitudinal vein, with a smaller
contiguous spot below ; a distinct,
narrow brown streak beyond pos-
terior cross-vein ; distal part of wing
below 3rd longitudinal nearly clear,
with posterior veins very lightly

suffused distinctus, Brun., p. 556^

Costa much lighter, showing towards
tip of wing only one, much less clear,
oval spot, always descending below
3rd longitudinal vein, without any
second spot adjacent ; no brown
streak outside posterior cross-vein;
distal part of wing below 3rd longi-
tudinal very slightly darker grey,
and this towards the" margin only,
the posterior veins not individually
suffused divmts, Brun., p. 557.

401. Rhyphus maculipennis, Wulp. (PI. XII. fig. 1.)

Rhyphus maculipennis, van der "Wulp, Notes Leyd. Mus. vii, p. 14
(1885) ; id., Tijd. Ent. xxviii, p. 87, pi. iv, tig. 9, and op. cit.,
xxxviii, p. 41, pi. ii, fig. 8.

c? $ . Head brownish yellow ; ocellar triangle dark brown ; a
narrow line extending from it nearly to the base of the antennae.
Frons with a few black hairs on vertex, and pale yellow hairs
below ; a small brown spot on the face between the base of the
antennae and the eye-margin. Antennae vari-colourecl ; scape
and basal half of flagellurn brownish yellow, more or less marked
with brown, at least on the upperside ; 7th and 8th joints
blackish, 9th and 10th pale yellowish white, llth to 14th black,
apical joint yellowish. Proboscis dark brown ; palpi brownish
yellow. Thorax yellowish with some pale yellow hairs and with
three dark brown stripes of the usual pattern, the median one
attaining the anterior margin ; an indistinct and irregular narrow
brown streak along the edge of the dorsum. Scutellum brownish.
Abdomen pale yellowish, with a black posterior border to each
segment, narrow on the 1st and 2nd, half the width of the 3rd
segment and nearly filling the dorsum of each of the remaining
segments ; a little pale pubescence on the abdomen. Belly
practically the same as the upperside. Leys yellowish ; tips of
femora and tibi*, and the major part of the tarsi brown or
brownish. Wings pale grey, beset with very small but distinct
short hairs ; three moderately wide brown bauds from the costa,
the first ending at the discal cell, the third apical, the second
intermediate between the two ; the second and third fading away
at about the same distance from the costa as the first ; costal cell
a little yellowish, as is also the base of the 1st basal cell ; a short

EHYPHFS. 553

brown band across the middle of this cell ; the borders of the
discal cell and the 5th longitudinal vein narrowly suffused with
brown. The veins appear generally liable to a slight suffusion,
and the hinder part of the wing is a little darker grey distally,
Halteres yellowish with brown tips.

Length 3f millim.

Described from a female in the Indian Museum collection,
dated 30. vii. 10 (no locality given, but probably Assam), and one
in my own collection from Peradeniya, Ceylon, xii. 07 ; in the
former specimen both the hind legs are missing.

The wing agrees perfectly with van der "Wulp's plate. The
antennas and abdomen in his type specimen were injured and he
described the male only. Of the antenna?, the first three joints
(not two, as he says *) are yellow, joints 4 to 8 yellow with
brownish marks, or wholly brownish, 9 and 10 quite black, 11
and 12 yellowish white, 13 to 16 quite black, the 16th with a short
white style. The two basal abdominal segments are mainly dirty
yellow, with black posterior borders, the remainder being brownish
yellow with broadly black borders ; the apical segments wholly
blackish. Belly similar. The palpi are black. Wulp described
his male from Java.

402. Rhyphus pulchricomis, Brun. (PL XII, fig. 2.)

Rhyphus jmlchricomis, Brunetti, Rec. Ind. Mus. iv, p. 260 (1911).

$ . Head : frons fully one-third width of head, reddish yellow,
bare ; vertex with a few hairs ; ocellar triangle small, black,
isolated. Antenna? long, 16-jointed, variegated, the joints mostly
reddish yellow and black, with a short white style and two or
three bristles at the apex ; joints 1, 2, 3 reddish yellow ; 4, 5
quite black ; 6, 7, 8 reddish yellow; 9, 10 black ; 11, 12 brownish
yellow ; 13 to 16 black ; the appearance of the antenna sug-
gesting that it is liable to variation. Palpi bright reddish yellow,
with a few bristles ; proboscis very short, yellow. Thorax yel-
lowish, with three wide, dark, soft reddish-brown stripes; sides
yellow, with black streaks ; some bristles on the dorsum. Scutel-
ium yellow, with a few bristles. Abdomen brownish yellow, blackish
towards tip, posterior borders of basal segments widely black.
Belly apparently concolorous. Legs brownish yellow, minutely
pubescent; tips of the femora, of the tibiffi, and of the tarsal
joints blackish. Wincjs pale grey ; anterior border a little yel-
lowish on the basal half ; posterior border pale blackish, slightly
deeper at tip ; a dark irregular band from the costa, reaching to
the discal cell, and another, of about equal width, placed between
the first and the infuscated wing-tip ; the clear space immediately
adjoining the infuscated wing-tip encloses a pale blackish oblong
spot placed lengthwise on the costa ; outer side of the discal cell
with a black suffusion ; a black round spot in the 1st basal cell ;

* Quite possibly a variable character.

554 RHYPHID.E.

posterior cross-vein and the anal vein narrowly suffused with
black. Halteres pale yellowish brown.

Length 3| millim.

Described from a specimen in good condition in the Indian
Museum collection, from Siliguri, 18-20. vii. 07.

This species is very near R. maculipennis, Wulp, but I believe
it is quite distinct, differing in the wing marks and in the wholly
yellowish hind femora, these joints in Wulp's species having a
black ring in the middle. The palpi, too, in Wulp's species are
blackish, and the thorax is described as yellow with black stripes.

403. Rhyphus fenestralis, Scop. var. indicus, Brun. (PI. XII,
fig. 4.)

Rhyphus fenestralis, var. indicus, Brunetti, Itec. Ind. Mus. iv,
p. 201 (1911).

References to typical form.

Tipula fenestralis, Scopoli, Entom. Cam. p. 322 (1763).

Sylvicola brevis, Harris, Expos. Engl. Ins. p. 104, pi. xxxi. fig. 3

(1776).

Anisopus nebulosus, Meigen, Klass. i, p. 103, $ (1804).
Rhyphus fenestralis, Scliiner, Fauna Austr., Dipt. ii,p. 495 (1864).*

3 $ . Head dusted with light grey. Eyes in male quite con-
tiguous for a considerable distance, in female separated by a frons
about one-fourth to one-fifth the width of the head ; ocelli placed
on a small protuberance ; proboscis and palpi blackish brown.
Antenna black. Thorax pale bluish ash-grey, varying to yellowish
grey, with three chocolate-coloured stripes of the usual pattern,
the median one attaining the anterior margin ; sides of thorax
concolorous, with a more or less distinct brownish line from
the base of the wing to below the shoulder. Scutellum yellowish,
more or less dusted with grey ; rnetauotum dusted with grey or
bluish grey. Abdomen dark brown, with pale yellow pubescence,
posterior borders of segments narrowly yellowish, often the whole
abdomen blackish, but in most specimens the basal segment quite
pale. Belly yellowish. Legs yellow, posterior femora and tibiae
narrowly black at tips, hind femora often with a broad brownish
more or less distinct band in the middle ; tarsi blackish towards
tips. Wings nearly clear ; stigma dark brown (or black in life),
enclosed oy the turned-up tip of the 2nd longitudinal vein ; the
apical (more correctly, subapical) spot encloses the 3rd vein just
before its tip, and above this vein the spot reaches the wing-
border, but below the vein the spot ends abruptly a little way
before the wing-border.f The wing is dark brown, narrowly

* For full references to this frequently described species, see Katalof. Dipt,
i, p. 305.

t In some specimens the spot is roughly triangular, as in typical fcnestra lis,
which serves to prove that the present form is more likely to be a variety only
than a distinct species.

-BHYPHUS. 555

infuscated over the 2nd longitudinal vein just beyond the prsefurca,
on the base of the 3rd vein, on the anterior and posterior cross-
veins, and on the outer side of the discal cell ; whilst very pale
brownish infuscations of larger extent occur below the stigma,
contiguous to it, more or less over the middle portions of the
longitudinal veins from the 4th, more conspicuous on the two
upper branches of this vein, and on the two branches of the 5th.
Halteres pale yellowish.

Length 4-5 millim.

Described from several specimens of both sexes in the Indian
Museum from Simla, 7000 ft., 24. iv.07 and 10. v. 09, and Matiana,
Simla district, 8000 ft., 28-30. iv.07 (both Annandale); Darji-
ling, 5-9. viii. 09 (Paiva); Kurseong, xi. 1910 (D'Abreu) • also
from Ukhrul, Mauipur, Assam, 6400 ft. (Pettigreivi).

The main difference in this variety, which I am almost inclined
to rank as a separate species,* from typical fenestralis is the colour
of the thorax, with its stripes, and the wing-markings. The apical
wing-spot in fenestralis (typical) (PI. XII, fig. 3) is brownish, its
inner sides forming a right angle, and at the edge of the wing the
spot extends distinctly below the 3rd longitudinal vein; whereas
in indicus (in life) it is much blacker,t the edge is much more
clearly cut, and the distal half of the spot does not extend below
the 3rd longitudinal vein, although above this vein it reaches the
wing-tip as usual, so that the inner sides of this spot do not
form a right angle, but are irregular.

404. Rhyphus punctatus, F. (PL XII, fig. 5.)

? Mmca nigricans, Linnaeus, Fauna Suec. ed. ii, p. 553 (1761).

Rhagio punctatus, Fabric! us, Mant. Ins. ii, p. 333 (1787).

M usca Ulineata, Gmelin, Syst. Nat. v, p. 2860 (1792).

Anisopus nebulosus, Meigen, Klass. i, p. 103, pi. vi, tig. 5, J (1804).

Sciara punctata, Fabricius, Syst. Antl. p. 59 (1805).

Rhyphus marginatus, Say, Jour. Acad. Sci. Philad. iii, p. 27 (1822),

and Compl. Writ, ii, p. 50 (1859); Weidemann, Auss. Zweifl.

i, p. 82 (1828).
Rhyphus punctattts, Schiner, Faun. Austr., Dipt, ii, p. 495 (1864).

c? 2 . Head : vertex blackish grey, with a few bristles. Pro-
boscis and palpi blackish brown. Antennae black, extreme tips of
scapal joints slightly whitish. Thorax moderately light grey,
with pale hairs ; the usual three dorsal dark stripes, the outer
ones considerably shorter, the median one attaining the anterior
margin ; the hinder part below the dorsum yellowish ; scutellum
grey. Abdomen moderately dark brown, with rather numerous
yellow hairs ; hind margins of segments pale yellowish. Belly

* The comparison was made between the set of Indian examples mentioned,
about twenty in number, and a number of European female specimens in the
Indian Museum, and my own collection from England, Wales, Scotland, and
Austria.

t The colour fades to brown in specimens a year or more old, and perhaps
this is the case with most species of Hhyphus.

556 BHTPHID^.

similarly marKed ; the lateral edges of the segments with a
narrow yellow stripe. Winys pale grey, nearly clear; stigma
dark brown, distinct, a slight brownish streak below it ; a small
deep blackish-brown longitudinal streak below the auxiliary vein,
near its tip, the colour continued in diminishing intensity across
the tip of the 1st basal cell ; a brownish spot at about the middle
of the 1st basal cell ; the " cross-veins " are a little darkened and
thickened. Halteres pale yellow.

Length 4 millim.

Eedescribed from specimens in the Indian Museum, which in-
clude three females from Kurseong, 9-26. ix. 09 (Lynch, Annan-
dale) ; also from a male and female from Burley in ~WI>arfdaler
England, vii. 1900, and a female from Morningside, near Edin-
burgh, 19. ix. 94 (P. U. Grimsliaw).

The species is moderately common throughout Europe, and
occurs also in North America (Virginia), where it is said to have
been bred from cow-dung.*

Type. The location of this is unknown to me.

405. Rhyphus distinctus, Brun. (PI. XII, fig. 6.)

ius distinctus, Brunetti, Rec. Ind. Mus. iv, p. 262 (1911).

<5 5 . Bead: eyes absolutely contiguous in male from the con-
spicuously raised ocellar triangle, which occupies the whole vertex,
almost to the base of the antennae ; underside of head blackish
grey. Frons in female one-fourth the width of the head, and,.
with vertex and face, whitish grey ; underside of head somewhat
yellowish. Antennae wholly black, with a little short grey
pubescence, tips of both scapal joints sometimes narrowly brown-
ish yellow ; palpi black. Back of head with some soft long hairs ;
proboscis yellowish. Thorax brownish yellow, with three mode-
rately broad, somewhat reddish brown stripes, the outer ones
extending from just below the anterior margin nearly to the
posterior one ; the middle stripe extends from the anterior margin
nearly to the scutellum, tapering gradually, often narrowly divided
in front ; there is also a small unicolorous transverse mark just
below each shoulder. A dorso-central row of stiff hairs, gradually
diminishing in length, extends from the posterior margin forwards,
thence curving towards and over the humeral swellings ; a lateral
row of six or seven long stiff hairs above each wing, and some post-
alar ones. Scutellum brownish yellow, with a broad median brown
band, and the extreme edges brow n ; metauotum shining dark
brown. Abdomen dark reddish brown, with a moderate amount
of soft short yellow hair ; hind margins of segments more or less
narrowly yellowish, sometimes the posterior corners also ; basal
segment sometimes lighter coloured. Belly yellowish, with more
or less dark markings ; genitalia inconspicuous. Legs light brown-
ish yellow ; tarsi dark ; extreme tips of posterior femora black ;

* Howard, Canad. Ent. xxxiii, p. 43.

KHYPHUS. 557

there is generally a more or less distinct broad irregular blackish
band occupying about the middle third of the hind femora, and
the hind tibiae are more or less blackish for some distance at both
base and tips ; legs minutely pubescent. Wings very pale grey,
with brownish markings ; the cross-veins rather deeply but nar-
rowly brown, whilst moderately dark brownish markings occur as
follows : — a square mark in the middle of the upper basal cell ; a
well-defined brown streak from the middle of the costa, narrowing
grail ually, passing between the above-mentioned square mark and
the anterior cross-vein, crossing the base of the discal cell and
continuing narrowly along the 5th longitudinal vein ; a broader,
also well-defined, stripe from the costa (narrowing hindwarcls)
passing clear of the posterior cross-vein, terminating at the
upper fork of the lower branch of the 4th longitudinal. The tip
of the wing down to the 3rd longitudinal vein is brown, leaving
in front of it a distinct square-shaped, quite clear spot, touching
the costa and contiguous to the previously described stripe. It
may be described differently by saying that the whole of the costa
is brownish, deepening towards the tip, with a quite clear square
spot placed just touching the tip of the 2nd longitudinal vein,
extending from the costa to the 3rd longitudinal. The distal part
of the wing, from below the 3rd longitudinal down to a little
beyond the lowest branch of the 4th, is light brownish grey,
leaving a clearer streak across the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd posterior cells,,
just before their centres and almost below, but a little previous
to, the clear square costal spot. Nearly below this latter spot,
but a little beyond it, yet just touching it in the 1st posterior
cell, is a nearly upright, oblong, quite clear spot, on the outer
side of which the brown colour is distinctly deeper for a very
small space. The 6th longitudinal vein is very narrowly and not
deeply suffused. Halteres yellowish.

Length 3-4 millim.

Described from a number of both sexes from Darjiling, 7000 ft.,,
5-8. viii. 09 (Paiva), and a female from Kurseong, 2000 ft. below
Darjiling, 4. ix. 09 (Annandale). I have also seen a specimen from
Kowpati, Mangaldai, Assam, 12. xii. 10 (Kemp}.

Types in the Indian Museum.

406. Rhyphus divisus, Brim. (PI. XII, fig. 7.)

Rhyphus divisus, Brunetti, Ilec. Incl. Mus. iv, p. 263 (1911).

c? $ . This species considerably resembles R. distinctus, but
differs in some minor characters, and very essentially in the wing
markings. The row of stiff hairs behind the eyes and across the
vertex is stronger ; the basal abdominal segments in the male are
more yellowish on their posterior borders, and the middle line on
the thoracic dorsum is very distinctly divided ; the blackish band
on the hind femora is confined to the male, whereas in K. distinctus
it is sometimes present, though indistinctly, in the female. The
wing markings are entirely different : on a pale grey ground-

558 RHYPHID.S.

colour, the cross-veins are deeply but narrowly infuscated, as is
also the 5th longitudinal vein ; the proximal two-thirds of the
marginal cell is rather deeply blackish, with a slightly paler spot in a
line with the posterior cross- vein; the distal part of the wing is light
blackish grey, much deeper at tip just above the 3rd longitudinal
vein and a little below it, leaving a nearly clear oval spot touching
the costa, at the tip of the 2nd longitudinal and extending down-
wards into the 1st posterior cell ; a second, much fainter and more
irregular clear spot occurs just beyond the posterior cross-vein ;
the praefurca appears slightly obliterated about its middle.
Halteres yellow.

Length 3|-5 millim.

Described from a good series of both sexes in the Indian
Museum from the following localities : — Darjiling, 7000 ft., 5-12.
viii. 09 (Jenkins and Paiva, common) ; Kurseong, 10-26. ix. 09
(Lynch) ; Gangtok, Sikkim State, 9. ix. 09 ; also two pairs taken
in cop., Darjiling, 5. viii. 09, and Gangtok, 6150 ft., 8. ix. 09. An
apparently immature specimen from Phagu, Simla hills, 12. v. 09
(Annandale).

Types in the Indian Museum.

A male and two females, taken at Darjiliug in company with
the others, have the thoracic markings almost obliterated, and the

Fig. ^.—Rhyphus divisus, Brim.

clear parts of the wing more extended, but they apparently belong
to the same species.

Of the three species ( R. fenestralis, distinctus, and divisus) taken
by Mr. Paiva at Darjiling in August 1909, he says that some
were taken on windows and others along the roads of the town,
where they were hovering in small swarms under the shade of
the trees, but it would be impossible to say now whether all
the species occurred in both habitats or not, as at the time of
•collecting identification was impracticable.

APPENDIX

Family MYCETOPHILID.E.

Subfamily CEROPLATIN.E.

Isoneuromyia rufescens, sp. nov.

$ . Very near /. annandalei, Brun.

This species differs in the following characters : (1) the antennae-
are wholly black, not reddish brown, being a little shorter and
their tips less pointed ; (2) the palpi (except the brownish yellow
1st joint) are black, not wholly light brownish yellow; (3) the
underside of the head is black with very little white tomenturn or
dust, instead of (as in /. annandalei) brownish yellow with
conspicuous snow-white dust below the antennae for a considerable
space ; (4) there is much less yellow about the shoulders ; (5) the
basal half of the anterior femora is black ; (6) the abdomen, after
the two basal segments, is reddish brown, not black, with only
traces of pale basal bands on the segments, except on the 2nd
segment, where the band is tolerably obvious.

Described from one female in the Indian Museum from Simla
7000 ft., 20.vii.ll (Annandale).

Possibly a variety of /. annandalei,, but I think distinct.

Subfamily MYCETOPHILIN^E.
Genus EURYSCHALIS, gen. nov.

GENOTYPE, EuryscTiaUs spectralis, sp. nov.

Near Ccelosia, Winn., and Phronia, Winn.

Head rounded, flattened in front, not placed low on the thorax.
Eyes oval, emarglnate at base of antennae ; three ocelli, arranged
in the form of a flattened triangle, equidistant from one another,
the outer ones at some distance from the eye margins. Palpi

560 APPENDIX.

incurved, four-jointed, cylindrical, slender, the joints approximately
equal in length. Antennae with very short scapal joints, bead-like ;
flagellum long, of fourteen cylindrical pubescent joints, the first one
distinctly the longest. Thorax highly arched, ovate, with
moderately strong bristles towards the margins of the dorsuin ;
scutellum small, semicircular ; metanotum high. Abdomen six-
segmented, slender, linear, flattened; genitalia large and prominent.
Lec/s long and slender; fore tibiae without setae; posterior tibiae
with two rows of weak, short, but distiuct setae ; all tibiae with two
apical spurs of unequal length. Winr/s reaching to about the tip
of the abdomen, oval, normal. Auxiliary vein distinct, ending in
costa approximately opposite origin of 3rd vein ; 1st longitudinal
vein long and straight, ending at about two-thirds of. the wing ;
3rd vein beginning near middle of wing at a sharp rectangle,
thence running straight to the wing-margin, which it reaches
before the wing-tip and a little before the termination of the costa ;
anterior cross-vein rather long and oblique ; 4th longitudinal vein
forking a little after origin of 3rd vein, the branches gently
diverging ; 5th vein forking beyond fork of 4th vein, the branches
very widely diverging ; 6th and 7th veins incomplete, not reaching
more than half-way to the wing-margin, the former close to and
parallel with the 5th vein, the latter close to and parallel with the
anal lobe of the wing.

Euryschalis spectralis, sp. nov.

cj . Head and palpi moderately dark dusky brown, the occiput
with stiff pale yellow hairs. Antennal scape yellow, the flagellum
with the two or three basal joints yellowish, the remainder dusky
brown with whitish grey pubescence. Thorax yellowish, with
three dark brown dorsal stripes of the usual pattern, the median
one only reaching the anterior margin, and composed of two stripes
closely attached. Two dorso-central rows of pale yellow hairs,
situated between the dorsal stripes, whilst a 3rd row of microscopic
seta3 is placed along the middle of the median stripe ; strong bristles
placed laterally on the thoracic margins and two or three bristles
occur below each shoulder ; three are placed on each hind corner
of the dorsum, the middle one at the extreme corner, and two
strong bristles are on the hind margin of the scutellum, which is
yellowish, with some smaller ones ; metanotum yellowish, hind
surface brown. Abdomen yellowish, but dark brown about the
basal half of each segment, the whole of the 6th segment brown
above ; belly more or less similar to upperside. Genitalia large and
conspicuous, yellowish ; a very large pointed dorsal plate ending
in a black, apparently horny tip, and a pair of large two-jointed
claspers, the basal joint approximately ovate, the 2nd much smaller,
more cylindrical but nearly as long ; some inner appendages are
apparent, and the whole of the genital organs are pubescent.
Legs brownish yellow, knees and tarsi blackish ; setae in accordance
with the generic characters. Wings pale yellowish grey ; an

APPENDIX. 561

indistinct narrow linear infuscation giving the appearance of an
additional vein, between the 3rd vein and upper branch of the 4th,
between the two branches of the 4th, and between the lower
branch of the 4th and the 5th vein ; the apical half of the "5th vein
before the fork and the whole of its lower branch very narrowly
but distinctly tinged \\ith dark brown. Halteres yellowish.

Described from a single male in the Indian Museum from
Kurseong, 16. iv. 11 (Annandale).

Family BIB1ONIIXE.

Bibio flavoliirta, sp. nov.

(5 . Head black ; eyes sparsely and shortly hairy ; back of head
and underside with black pubescence. Antennae missing, except
the black scape ; palpi black, hairy. Thorax black ; dorsum
shining, with moderately dense dark brown hairs ; scutellum similar,
metanotum bare ; sides of thorax with yellowish hairs. Abdomen
black, rather dull, with rather long and dense yellow hairs on
dorsum and sides ; sparsely hairy on belly except towards tip.
Genitalia black, normal. Leys shining dark brown with short
black hairs except on the coxae, where the hair is yellow ; knees
pale. Wings grey, anterior part a little darker : costal cell with
a slight yellowish tinge ; stigma distinct, dark brown, oval, of
moderate size. Veins on posterior half of wing pale yellowish ;
basal sections of 3rd vein equal in length to the auterior cross-vein.
Halteres dark brown, with a few pale hairs.

Described from a single male in the Indian Museum from the
Darjiling district (Lynch).

Family SIMULIID^E.

Simulium striatum, Brun.

Simulium striatum, Brimetti, Spol. Zeyl. viii, p. 90 (1912).

<? . Head : frons shining leaden grey, with a few pale hairs,
face of similar colour ; back of head light grey with sparse short
pale hairs. Antennas blackish, with light grey pubescence, the
basal segments distinctly yellowish for some little distance, the

562 APPENDIX.

whole antennae appearing in certain lights tinged with reddish
yellow. Proboscis shining reddish yellow, with large oval grey
hairy labella placed at the base. Palpi long, slender, blackish, the
1st joint not much thickened. Thorax : dorsurn ash-grey, with
scattered short bright yellow hairs, and three moderately narrow
black stripes beginning just behind the anterior margin but not
continued to the posterior one. Viewed from a low angle in
front the dorsuni appears blackish, with four ash-grey stripes of
which the two outer ones are constricted in the middle on their
outer edges. Sides of thorax blackish grey, with ash-grey reflec-
tions on the pleurae. Abdomen dull black (apparently denuded
of pubescence). Legs: coxae and femora yellowish or brownish
yellow, the latter more or less brown towards the tips, especially
on the posterior legs. Tore tibiae dark brown ; posterior tibiae
pale yellowish on basal half, brownish or dark brown on apical
half, the proportions being variable. Fore tarsi black, the meta-
tarsus, 2nd and 3rd joints large ; middle tarsi brownish yellow at
the base, the joints very narrowly black-tipped, the last two or
three joints wholly black, with no undue dilatation of any of the
joints ; hind metatarsus considerably incrassated, pale whitish
yellow, with black tip, the next joint pale, narrowly black- tipped,
the remainder black, the joints, except the apical one, dilated.
Wings colourless, venation normal ; halteres lemon-yellow.

Length 2 millim.

Described from five specimens taken by Mr. E. E. Green and
Mr. Gravely at Peradeniya, 1500-1600 ft., Ceylon, vii. 1911 (type),
xii. 10 and 2. vi. 10.

Type in the Indian Museum.

In one specimen the frons is of equal width throughout, in the
others of triangular form, broad at the vertex and narrowing
gradually to just above the antennas. This is the case with the
other species previously described by me, and it may be a question
of shrinkage, the eyes in most females being much sunken in dried
specimens. The striped thorax will distinguish this species at
once from all other Oriental ones.

Family TIPULID.E.
Subfamily TIPULIN^E.

Genus CTENACROSCELIS, End.
Ctenacroscelis, Enderlein, Zool. Jahr. xxxii, p. 1 (1912).

GENOTYPE, Ctenacroscelis dohrnianus, End.

Head : antennae of only twelve joints, the 12th not shortened
nor club-like, and not bearing at the tip any minute 13th joint.

APPENDIX. 563

Clypeus conically produced as in Tipula. Leys: all the femora
bear, on the upperside, towards the tip. a transverse row of
distinct strong comb-like equidistant deep black spines. Wings :
the 1st longitudinal vein ending in the 2nd longitudinal vein just
before tbe latter forks, and not in its short upper branch as in
Tipula ; the usual small cross-vein (costal cross-vein) between the
costa and the 1st longitudinal vein (near its tip), present; the 2nd
longitudinal vein (following its whole course from its base to the
tip of the lower branch) is conspicuously trisinuate, the lowest
part of the lower branch being closely approximate to the middle
of the 3rd vein; the 7th vein much shorter than in Tipula, but
attaining the wing-margin. Venation otherwise as in Tipula,

Itange. Sumatra, Darjiliug.

The spined femora afford a very clear distinction fron Tipula.

It has seemed advisable to redescribe this genus, partly because
Dr. Enderleiu adopts the (to me) objectionable Cornstock-Needham
system of venation ; and also because he has mistaken the tip of
the 1st longitudinal vein for a continuation of the small cross-vein
connecting that vein with the costa. The 1st longitudinal vein in
TIPULIX^E turns down into the 2nd vein, meeting this latter
usually just beyond the fork, near the base of its upper branch, as
explicitly stated by Osten Sacken in his Monograph of the North
American TIPULID.E BUEVIPALPI (p. 290). Moreover, Dr. Enderlein
speaks of the discal cell being " petiolate," an expression which
seems misleading, unless he refers to the petiole of the 2nd
posterior cell.

Ctenacroscelis sikkimensis, End.

Ctenacroscelis sikkimensis, Enderlein, Zool. Jahr. xxxii, p. 4 (1912).

J . " Head clear brownish yellow ; frons more ochraceous, with a
median impressed line ; the elongate proboscis nearly twice as long
as the rest of the head. Palpi brown; antenme 12-jointed, clear
brownish yellow, the first two joints [=the scape] ochraceous, the
inner side of each scapal joint curved, the outer side straight.
Antenna? 4£ niillim. long, the head 5 millim. long. Thorax clear
ochraceous yellow ; dorsum on anterior half, except at the sides,
dark greyish brown, with three indistinct yellowish stripes ; at the
sides of the prothorax a narrow brownish stripe towards the base
of each wing. Metapleura with a brown spot anteriorly ; pro-
thorax wholly ochreous. Scutellum very flat, clear. Metanotum
clear brownish yellow, with a greyish tinge. Abdomen greyish
brown above, with a median yellowish stripe; belly pale brownish
yellow. Legs clear brownish yellow, tips of femora brown ; claws
black, rather strong, with a moderately thick tooth at the base ;
all the other basal joints * somewhat emarginate on underside.
Wings grey brownish, costal cell a little darker ; the space between

* Presumably exclusive of tbe ultimate joint.

2o

564 APPEXDIX.

cu. 1 and cu. 2 [=5th posterior cell] tinged with brown ; on
the pterostigraa [stigma] an elongate oval, sharply defined, clear
brown spot ; veins yellowish brown. The veinlet dividing the 4th
and 5th posterior cells infuscated, together with the discal cell to
a somewhat greater length than in G. dohrnianus. ' Membrane bare,
with only a trace of reddish or greyish lustre.

" Length of body 30| mm., of wing 37 mm., of fore femur 21 mm.,
of fore tibia 23 mm., of fore tarsus about 34 mm., of hind femur
24| mm., of hind tibia 24| mm., of hind tarsus 37g mm.

" SIKKIM : Darjeeling, one $ (liolle)." (Enderlein.)

Type in the Stettin Zoological Museum.

Dolichopeza postica, sp. nov.

d1 $ . Head dark brown to blackish, more or less yellowish
above and below the autennse, and sometimes the lower part of
tlie head yellowish also. Proboscis, palpi, and antenna? blackish
brown, the latter normal, of thirteen joints, the last one very
minute and not always obvious. Thorax : dorsum deep black,
with three shining dark brown stripes of the usual Tipulid pattern,
nearly contiguous ; the median one occupying the whole anterior
margin, barely narrowing at the suture ; the outer, much shorter
stripes also reach the suture. These stripes are in some specimens
nearly black, in others rich shining dark brown. Behind the
suture the dorsum is concolorous brown, with the sutural depres-
sions blackish; the scutellum and metanotum are alsoconcolorons;
sides of thorax blackish brown. Abdomen blackish, minutely
pubescent above ; belly similar. Genitalia large, dark brown,
pubescent ; a pair of claspers with a very large basal joint and a
slender finger-like second joint ; there are also two pairs of slender
inner hairy yellowish organs. Ovipositor of female normal, smali,
brownish yellow. Legs wholly moderately dark brown, micro-
scopically pubescent ; tips of femora and tibia? blackish. Whigs
dark grey ; stigma distinct, oval, blackish brown. The hinder
branch of the upper branch of the 4th longitudinal vein is forked ;
the 3rd posterior cell about two and a half times as long as its
petiole; posterior cross-vein in a line with origin of 2nd vein.
Halteres black.

Length 5-7 millim.

Described from four males and two females, including the type
male and female in cop., from Ghumti, Darjiling district, 6000 ft.,
vii.1911 (F. H. Gravely).

Types in the Indian Museum.

The peculiarity of this species is that instead of the anterior
veinlet, it is the hinder veinlet of the anterior branch of the 4th
vein which is forked. This differentiates it from the other
Oriental species, D. orientalis, obscura, and infmcata ; also from
.D. sylvicola, Curt., of Europe, and at least D. longifurca, Skuse,
and varipes, Skuse, from Australia. As, however, the rest of the
venation agrees, and the antenna? are peculiarly typical of Doli-
cJwpeza, it is impossible to separate it generically.

APPENDIX. 565

Dolichopeza infuscata, sp. nov.

d1 . Head yellow, with short stiff black hairs towards the sides
of both irons and occiput. Proboscis yellowish, dark brown at
tip, palpi dark brown. Scapal joint of antennae pale yellow, with
a few slender stiff black hairs ; flagelltim dark brown, of eleven
joints, the last one very small ; pubescence short, whitish, each
joint with about four long stiff black hairs on upperside. Thorax
brownish yellow, with three not very distinct darker stripes ;
pleurae a little darker ; scutellum and metanotum dusky. Abdo-
men brownish yellow, posterior half (approximately) of segments
blackish, apical segment and genital organs wholly blackish and
pubescent. Belly mainly yellowish. Legs : coxae and femora
yellowish, blackish towards tips ; tibiae and tarsi blackish. Wings
grey. Upper veinlet of anterior branch of 4th longitudinal vein
forked just before half its length ; 4th vein forking immediately
before the anterior cross-vein ; the 2nd longitudinal vein beginning
much before the origin of the 3rd vein, the basal part of which is
in a line with the anterior cross-vein ; posterior cross-vein placed
at a distance about midway between the origin of the 2nd vein
and the anterior cross-vein. Stigma brown, oval, at the distal
end of the inner marginal cell ; small but distinct dark suffusions
over the origin of the 2nd vein, the basal part of the 3rd vein,
and both the anterior and the posterior cross-veins. Halteres
dirty black.

Length 7| millim.

Described from one male from the Nilgiri Hills, 6000 ft., v. 1911
(H. L. Andrewes).

Type in the Indian Museum.

The four Indian species of Dolichopeza may now be separated
thus :—

Anterior branch of upper branch of 4th

longitudinal vein forked.
Wings unmarked except for the \ oriental^, Brim., p. 354.

stigma \ obscura, Brun., p. 355.

Wings with infuscations on the cross-
veins infuscata, Brun., p. 565.

Posterior branch of upper branch of 4th

longitudinal vein forked posticata, Brun., p. 564.

Subfamily LIMNOBIIN^.

Dicranomyia subtessellata, sp. nov.

J ? . Wholly blackish grey, the dorsum of the abdominal
segments with the exception of the sides and posterior borders,
a little dirty yellowish, the belly also somewhat of the same shade.

2o2

566 APPENDIX.

Genitalia in both sexes small, reddish yellow. Legs pale brownish
yellow, femora a little lighter, the tips a little irregularly obscured.
Wings nearly clear, with a ground- work of very small and ex-
tremely pale grey spots, mainly circular or roughly quadrate, and
more or less arranged in longitudinal rows ; a few darker spots
along the costa, a rather larger blackish darkening over the
marginal cross-vein, contiguous to a small ill-defined stigma, and
weak, but obvious, slight infuscations over the forks of the veins,
the " cross" veins (speaking broadly), and the tips of most of
the veins in the distal part of the wing. Halteres small, pale
yellow.

Length 5 1 millim.

Described from a unique pair from Pattipola, Ceylon, 6000 ft.,
14. x. 11 (Annandale).

Types in the Indian Museum.

This species is distinguished from D. marmoripennis, Brun., by
the entirely dark sides of the thorax, instead of the conspicuous
whitish grey sides with a broad dark lateral stripe, as in that
species.

Dicranomyia bicinctipes, sp. nov.

tf. Head brownish yellow, antennae and palpi dark brown.
Thorax rather more arched than usual, brownish yellow, with a
pale median line from about the middle of the dorsum, carried
continuously across the scutellum to the rear of the meta-
notum. Sides and underside of thorax pale whitish yellow, a
brown stripe between and across the anterior coxae. Abdomen
dark brown, the posterior part of many of the segments paler.
Belly wholly whitish yellow ; genitalia brown, apparently of
normal structure. Legs pale brownish yellow, tips of femora and
two narrow rings on the tibiae, black ; these rings situated just
before the first and second thirds respectively ; tarsi snow-white ;
tibiae becoming white towards and at their tips. Wings cuneiform,
pale grey, iridescent. Auxiliary vein endingabout half-way between
the origins of the 2nd and 3rd longitudinal veins ; stigma large,
oval, black, well defined ; discal cell absent ; upper branch of 4th
longitudinal vein forked at one-third of its length, the veinlets
parallel ; posterior cross-vein in a line with the base of the 3rd
posterior cell ; the endings of the 2nd, 3rd, and 4th longitudinal
veins approximately parallel. Halteres dirty yellow, tips darker.

Length 5 millim.

Described from three males in the Indian Museum from
" Thingannyinaung to Sukli," Dawna Hills, 900-2100 ft.,
23-27. xi. 11 (Gravely).

This species belongs to what may be termed the saltans group ;
those with cuneiform wings and snow-white tarsi, the Thrypti-
comyia of Skuse.

APPENDIX. 567

Dicranomyia columbina, sp. nov.

$ . Head : eyes almost contiguous ; occiput and frons grey,
antennae also; palpi more or less blackish. Thorax brownish
grey, apparently variable in shade ; a wide median stripe from
anterior margin, of varying intensity ; two shorter adjacent but
not contiguous side stripes, of less distinctness, and a large more
or less dark oval spot on each side behind the transverse suture ;
tbe depressions in the dorsum pale yellowish. Abdomen blackish
or dark brown, ovipositor reddish yellow. Legs brownish yellow ;
femora and tibiae barely darkened towards the tips, knees pale,
tips of tarsi darker. Wings very pale grey ; subcostal cell a little
yellowish ; the 1st longitudinal vein yellowish, with four very
narrow but distinct black marks, placed approximately equi-
distantly : the first over the humeral cross-vein, the fourth over the
origin of the 2nd vein ; there is a fifth, at the tip of the auxiliary
vein, the base of the 3rd vein also being just perceptibly infus-
cated. Venation normal ; halteres brownish yellow.

Length 5| millim.

Described from three females from Peradeniya, Ceylon,
22. vii. 10 (type), 7. ii. 10 and 3. x. 10 (E. E. Green).

Type in the Indian Museum.

This species is closely allied to D. subfascipennis, Brun., and
punctulata, Meij.

Dicranomyia approximata, sp. nov.

$ . Head: dark grey, antennae brownish yellow, palpi blackish.
Thorax: dorsum rather bright shining yellowish, bare; scutellum
and metanotum concolorous ; sides pale yellowish. Abdomen
moderately dark brown, practically bare, emarginations of
segments a little darker ; belly pale yellowish. Ovipositor large,
basal part pale yellowish, upper pair of valves brown, lower pair
black at base, tips reddish yellow. Legs long; femora brownish
yellow, with blackish tips ; tibiae and tarsi darker brown. Wings
pale yellowish grey, vitreous ; stigma distinctly brownish, of
moderate size, but not sharply defined. Auxiliary vein ending a
little beyond origin of 2nd longitudinal vein. Venation normal;
halteres small and slender, black.

Length 5 millim.

Described from a single male in the Indian Museum from
Grhumti, Darjiling district, 4000 ft., vii. 1911 (F. H. Gravely).

This species comes near D. cinerascens, Brun., being dis-
tinguished by the entirely yellow (not grey) thorax ; by the more
\ellowish femora; and by the auxiliary vein ending distinctly
some little distance beyond the origin of the 2nd longitudinal
vein, whilst in cinerascens it ends exactly opposite the origin of the
2nd vein. There is also no suspicion of the slightest infuscation
over any of the veins, whereas in cinerascens there is often a
tendency to this.

568 APPEXDIX.

Dicranomyia innocens, sp. nov.

3 ?. Head: occiput and the moderately narrow frons light
grey, with some stiff black hairs. Antennae normal, moderately
dark brown ; palpi dark. Thorax dark brownish, mainly covered
with microscopic yellowish hairs. Scutellum brownish yellow,
metanotum blackish, both with microscopic yellowish hairs as on
dorsum and sides of thorax. Abdomen blackish, the dorsum of
many of the segments with a tendency to paleness in their centres ;
some whitish hairs towards sides; belly similar to dorsum in male,
pale on basal half in female. Genitalia ( <5 ? ) normal, brownish
yellow. Legs : coxae and about the first fourth of the fore femora,
and the basal half oC the posterior femora, brownish yellow, the
remainder of the legs dark brown. Wings clear grey. The 2nd
longitudinal vein begins a little, but distinctly, beyond the tip of
the auxiliary vein, and is bisinuate ; 2nd and 3rd posterior cells
subequal and each about as long as the oblong discal cell ; posterior
cross-vein at base of or distinctly before base of discal cell.
Marginal cross-vein so slightly infuscated as to be almost
imperceptible. Halteres : stems brownish yellow, knobs blackish.

Length 4-5 millim.

Described from four males and a single female from Alinora,
Kurnaon, 18-25. vi. 11 (Paiva~).

Types in the Indian Museum.

Gonomyia antica, sp. nov.

cJ . Head almost wholly dark grey, varying to yellowish.
Thorax dark grey, brownish grey or bluish grey, or of some
intermediate shade, the lower margin of the dorsum often very
narrowly pale yellowish. Abdomen brown or blackish brown,
with yellow hairs ; belly yellowish. Genitalia large, furnished
with a pair of large black shining bind claws. Legs wholly
yellowish, tips of tarsi blackish. Wings very pale grey, iridescent.
The 2nd longitudinal vein begins distinctly before middle of wing,
in a rather large curve ; forked at about half its length after
origin of 3rd vein ; the marginal cross-vein a little beyond the
origin of the 3rd vein, joining the 1st longitudinal some distance
before its tip ; 3rd vein normal, its basal section nearly in a line
with the anterior cross-vein, which is rather short; the 1st
posterior cell with nearly parallel sides ; upper branch of 4th
longitudinal vein simple, straight, practically in a line with basal
part of same vein ; the lower branch widely forked at about one-
third of its length ; discal cell open, coalescent ivith the 2nd posterior
cell; posterior cross-vein long, at base of 2nd posterior cell or
nearly so ; 5th, 6th, and 7th veins normal. Anal angle of wing
well develoyed. Halteres yellow.
Length 2| millim.

APPENDIX. 569

Described from a series of twelve males from Ghutnti, 4000 ft.,
Darjiiiug district, vii. 1911 (F. H. Gravely).

Type in the Indian Museum.

In my table of species G. antica will be separated from
•f-f. aperta, and proximo, taken together by the lower branch of the
4th longitudinal vein being forked instead of the upper one.

Mongomioides albogeniculata, sp. nov. '

cJ . Head brownish yellow, as are also the antenna? and palpi.
Thorax and abdomen brown, the latter the darker, being in one
specimen nearly blackish ; the posterior margins of the segments
faintly pale in one specimen. Sides of thorax yellowish white ;
underside of abdomen yellowish, sometimes whiter towards the
base. Scutellum and metanotum brownish yellow. Legs mainly
dark brown ; coxa3 and base of femora whitish yellow, tips of
femora and bases of tibiae rather broadly snow-white ; apical part
of tibiae (about one-third to one-half), and all the tarsi snow-white.
Wings pale grey, unmarked; halteres blackish.

Length 5 millim.

Described from two males in the Indian Museum, labelled
"3rd Camp to Misty Hollow," Dawua Hills, 400-2400 ft.,
22-30. xi. 11 (Gravely).

The clear wings separate this species from both M. trentepohlii,
Wied., and marmorata, Brim., whilst from M. nigroapicalis, the
only other species with clear wings, it is distinguished at once by
•i lie snow-white knees.

Limnophila multipunctata, sp. uov.

Head: occiput and frons almost greenish grey, with a few stiff
black hairs ; proboscis and palpi dark brown. Scapal joints of
antennae large, dark brown ; flagellum yellowish, normally
pubescent. Thorax grey, anterior part more yellowish ; sides
pale blackish grey ; ecutellum and metanotum more or less con-
colorous with dorsum of thorax ; a narrow median dark line, not
very pronounced, from about the transverse suture, carried con-
tinuously over the scutellum and metanotum. Abdomen dark
brown above, with a little pale pubescence ; belly similar. Legs
pale yellow, with comparatively long, paie yellowish white, soft
hairs; a subapical rather narrow brownish ring on femora ; tips
of tibiae barely darker. Wings pale grey ; a row of very small
brown spots on each side of each vein, the spots often contiguous
for a short distance or those on opposite sides of a vein joined
together in pairs ; a row of very small dark brown spots along
the costa, and a distinct small black spot at the tips of the
auxiliary and 1st longitudinal veins and at both ends of the 2nd
longitudinal vein ; stigma brown, oval, surrounded by the brownish

570 APPEXDIX.

suffusion which extends rather indistinctly and (apparently) irre-
gularly along the " central cross-veins " to the hind border of the
wing, by way of the posterior cross-vein and the apical section of
the 5th longitudinal vein. Anterior cross-vein a little before the
middle of the discal cell, the posterior cross-vein exactly at the
middle ; the 3rd longitudinal vein begins a short distance before
the fork of the 2nd, its basal section being in a line with the
anterior cross-vein ; the petiole of the 2nd posterior cell distinctly
shorter than the cell ; the 3rd and 4th posterior cells nearly twice
as long as the discal cell ; all the veins on distal part of wing
approximately parallel and equidistant. Halteres brown.

Lenr/th 6 millitn.

Described from a single specimen from the Nilgiri Hills,
6000 ft., v. 1911 (//. L. Andreives).

Type in the Indian Museum.

The sex is uncertain, owing to the tip of the abdomen being
broken off. This species is easily known from the other two by
the conspicuously marked wings.

Limnophila honesta, sp. nov.

$ . Head wholly moderately dark grey, with some black hairs
above ; antennae and palpi browrnish yellow. The head is rather
elongate behind, and placed on a distinct neck. Thorax mode-
rately dark grey, with three rather indistinct brownish stripes,
the median one attaining the anterior margin ; a black spot placed
in a small pit-like depression behind the shoulders; sides of thorax
lighter yellowish. Seutellum concolorous with dorsum of thorax ;
mesonotum darker. Abdomen moderately dark brown, with very
sparsely scattered short pale hairs. Belly yellowish ; ovipositor
brownish yellow. Legs brownish yellow ; coxae and femora
towards base lighter, tarsi darker. Winqs pale grey. Anterior
branch of 4th longitudinal vein simple, so that there are only four
posterior cells ; marginal cross-vein a little before the fork of the
2nd longitudinal vein ; posterior cross-vein a little beyond base of
discal cell, nearly opposite the anterior cross-vein ; 2nd and 3rd
posterior cells subequal, about one and a half times as long as the
oblong discal cell.

Length 6 millim.

Described from one female from Almora, 5500 ft., Kumaon,
5. vii. 11 (Paiva),

Type in the Indian Museum.

This species is easily recognised from all other Indian ones by
possessing only four instead of five posterior cells.

Eriocera cingulata, sp. nov.

$ . Head blackish grev, the subconical protuberance on the
frons apparently bisected in front, and with a little grey sheen
below. The 1st scapal joint of the antennae long, black, the 2nd

APPENDIX. 571

annular, with yellowish tip; flagellum of apparently only five
yellowish joints ; palpi black. Thorax all black, 'except the
dorsum, which is rich dark reddish brown, with a little sparse
vshort dark hair. Scutellum, metanotum, and sides of thorax
black. Abdomen dull black ; basal half or two-thirds of shining
lead-colour, much resembling E. plumbicincta, Brun. Genitalia
bright reddish orange. Leys : coxas black, femora yellowish
except for the narrowly black tips; remainder of legs dark Brownr
tips of joints just perceptibly black. Legs apparently bare, owing
to the microscopic nature of the pubescence. Winys black,.
axillary and spurious cells dark grey ; a roughly oblong clear spot,
with a distal triangular projection about its middle, placed
transversely at about three-fourths of the length of the basal cells,
extending across both of them ; a small circular white spot at
about two-thirds the length of the inner marginal cell ; a very
small apical white spot extending over the tips of both of the
submarginal cells and the 1st posterior cell. Five posterior cells;
the uppermost branch of the 4th vein forked ; anterior cross-vein
just before the middle of the discal cell; posterior cross- vein at
middle of discal cell. Halteres black.

Length 12 millim.

Described from a unique male from Ghuinti, 4000 ft., Darjiling
district, vii. 1911 (F. H. Gravely}.

Type in the Indian Museum.

This species will come in my table between the two groups
containing (1) rufithorax, Brun., fenestrata, Brun., and scutellata,
Edw. ; and (2) humberti, Os. Sac., and meleagris, Os. Sac. These
groups are distinguished for the sake of convenience by the
relative lengths of the 'species, the first being those of 15 to 20
millim. in length, the second those of 7 to 10 millim. long.
E. cinyulata, being 12 millim. in length, is intermediate, but may
be distinguished from all these, except E. fenestrata, by the dorsum
only of the thorax being red instead of the whole thorax. From
fenestrata it is separated by having five, not four, posterior cells,
and by the presence of a small clear apical spot on the wing.

Eriocera nigerrima, sp. nov.

$ . Head wholly blackish grey. Antennae black, with seven joint*
to the flagellum ; palpi black, the joints rather thick and strongly
pubescent. Frons with a moderate-sized subvertical hump, and a
transverse protuberance below it. Thorax dark grey, with three
black contiguous stripes of which the median one attains the front
margin ; shoulders moderately dark grey ; collare distinct- Dark
grey pubescence about the shoulders, and a row of black hairs on
each side of the median stripe. Scutellum and metanotum black ;
pleurae moderately dark greyish, with black and grey hairs.
Abdomen black above, almost dull and almost bare, unmarked ;
belly similar. Ovipositor bright reddish orange. Legs all black,.

572 APPENDIX.

with microscopic pubescence. Wings dark brown, axillary and
spurious cells a little paler ; a clear, irregularly oval spot lying
across the basal cells towards their tips, its upper corner just
encroaching on the inner marginal cell. Four posterior cells ;
anterior and posterior cross- veins placed just before the middle of
the cliscal cell. Halteres black.

Length 12 millim.

Described from a single female from Ghumti, 4000 ft., Darjiling
district, vii.1911 (Gravely}.

Type in the Indian Museum.

In my table of species E. niyerrima will be separated from
E. aterriina by the clear oval spot in the middle of the wings.

Eriocera triangularis, sp. nov.

c? . Head black, with black hairs, the frontal hump fairly con-
spicuous. Antennae with six nagellar joints, black, pubescent.
Thorax wholly black, with black pubescence ; a little greyish below
the shoulders and about the sutures. Scutellum and metanotuin
wholly black ; pleurae dark grey. Abdomen black, the 2nd to the
5th segments ochraceous yellow, with a triangular black mark on
the posterior border of each, the apex reaching to the middle of
the segment, from which it is carried anteriorly in a dorsal line or
in the form of a row of two or three spots ; the 6th segment a
little yellow on each side at the base ; the yellow segments bearing
a very narrow lateral black line. Genitalia black. Legs wholly
black. Wings wholly coffee-brown, the axillary cell barely lighter.
Four posterior cells ; posterior cross -vein beyond the middle of the
discal cell. Halteres black.

Length 21 millim.

Described from two males in the Indian Museum from the
Nilgiri Hills, 6000 ft., v. 1911 (H. L. Andreives).

In my table of species of Eriocera, this species will come with
E. albonotata, Lw., and lestacea, Brim., being distinguished from
them by the wholly black legs.

LABELLING DIPTERA. 573

ON LABELLING DIPTERA FOR THE CABINET.

Labelling specimens for the cabinet is a very important matter,
since a precisely dated and localised collection of well-preserved
uniformly mounted insects is of much superior value to one in
which the localities given are vague or indefinite. The widest
record that should be allowed in a standard collection is the month
of capture, county (or province, etc.), with an abbreviation of the
country, such as " June, Sussex, Engl.," or " vii, Orissa, India."
Care must be taken in making abbreviations to avoid confusion ;
for instance, Middlesex and Surrey are counties in Jamaica as
well as in England, and there are scores of towns bearing well-
known English names in Canada, the United States, Australia
and elsewhere. Moreover, each of the American States has
its definitely accepted abbreviation and these must be adopted
without change. The student should always label specimens so
that if they ultimately find their way into a general collection of
Diptera there may be no ambiguity as to their origin.

The more complete the data the more scientific value has the
collection, but little exception can be taken to the first and last-
day only being given of a short period, as "3-10. viii. 07,"
*' 1st week. viii. 09." I have been accustomed, when not more
than three days collecting has to be labelled, to date all the
specimens for the middle day, because a single day can make
no material difference in the appearance of a species, and if the
specimens be numerous the saving of time is worth more than
the minute precision.

It is desirable that the date should be written in the logical
sequence of day, month and year ; and if the month is indicated
by figures, which is the more preferable method, it is of importance
that Eoman numerals should be used for it (the day and year
being in Arabic), in order to prevent any possible confusion
between the day and the month.

Printed labels are always to be preferred to written ones ; they
are more legible, do not fade so quickly, and are usually more
compact, but the date may be written in by hand if more con-
venient, care being taken to write clearly. Additional information
is always welcome, such as " on sunny bushes," " salt marsh,"
"sea shore," etc., or still more precise details peculiar to the
species, as, " in aerial dances under trees at sunset," " on under-
side oak leaves at dusk " ; or if the species is especially partial to
a certain kind of plant, the name of the latter may advantageously
be added.

Again, collectors' names should invariably be written sideways
to the rest of the data, so that they may be recognised as such.
The collector's name, if the latter be well established, is a valuable
asset in the opinion of most entomologists.

574 LABELLING DIPTEBA.

Specimens named by specialists should be so labelled, the-
customary contraction being " det. Kertcsz," " det. F. W. Theob."
and so on ; and on the same label should be written the name
of the species, and, if confirmed by the specialist, other dala such
as sex, type, co-type, etc. A separate label should be used for
" Jones coll.," " Brown coll.," etc.

Regard must be had to the size and nature of the labels. White
stiff paper only should be employed, a variety of colours to designate
zoological distribution destroying the general effect of a collection,
and they should be cut as small as conveniently possible, according
to the size of the insect, and should always be attached face
uppermost so that the information can be read without removing
the specimen. In the case of copious details, two or more labels-
must be employed ; large, unwieldly labels must be avoided, and
especially folded labels, except in very special instances. The
uppermost label should bear the date and locality, with the
collector's name placed sideways ; further details, if provided, on
a second label, the name of the species on a third, and (if desired)
the name of the collection on a fourth ; but space must be left
beneath the lowermost label to enable the forceps to grasp the
pin. All the labels should be placed so as to be read from the
right-hand side of the insect.

It is hardly necessary to add that any system of numbers only
or hieroglyphics, bearing reference to a catalogue for details, is
entirely out of the question, as the catalogue once lost, the
collection loses a great part of its value.

In arranging specimens in the cabinet, divide a drawer of
16 or 18 inches square into five or six vertical columns by means
of pencilled lines and then place in each column the males to the
left and the females to the right, two or three of each side by side
in n horizontal row, following with successive rows till the series
of that species is exhausted, under which place the specific namer
with its author. Generic names are placed at the top of each
column. The plan of thus dividing the sexes greatly facilitates
reference.

Some preservative is necessary to prevent mites and mould
from ruining one's collection, and in temperate climates camphor
or naphthaline keeps away the former and a little carbolic acid or
creosote on cotton wool prevents the latter. In tropical climates
a collection of Diptera is extremely liable to mould during the
long rainy season and requires constant attention.

ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

All names printed in italics are synonyms.

When more than one reference is given, the page on which the description
occurs is indicated bv thickened numerals.

abdominalis (Bibio),

annandiilei (Pericoma),

atra (Plecia), 165.

172.

237.

Atractoccra, 182.

absens (Dicranomyia),

annulicornis (Rhymosia),

atrata (Tipula), 288.

372.

105.

atricauda (Acrodicrania),

Acanthocnemis, 176.

Anomala, 90.

92.

Acrodicrania, 92.

Anotnalomyia, 90.

atriequamis (Parabru-

affinis (Gonomyia), 472.

Anomaloptera, 297.

nettia), 253.

aflinis (Platyura), 62.

antennatus (Cerato-

atrisquamis (Psychoda),

agarici (Mycetophila),

stephauus), 406, 407.

253.

113.

antica (Gonomyia), 568.

atritarsis (Ptychoptera),

albipennis (Tipula), 179.

Antocha, 425.

283.

albitarsis (Cylindro-

Apeilesis, 353.

Atypophthalmus, 408.

toma), 484.

aperta (Gnophomyia),

aureohirtum (Simulium),

albogeuiculata (Mongo-

492.

194.

mioides), 569.

aperta (Gonomyia), 473.

albohumeralis (Para-

apicalis (Gnoriste), 82.

brunettia), 254.

apicalis (Psychoda), 223.

babu (Phlebotomus),

albolateralis (Rhymosia),

apicipennis (Platyura),

206.

104.

61.

badia (Eriocera), 538.

albonigra (Psychoda),

Apistomyia, 153.

basalis (Mycomyia), 73.

228.

Aporosa, 387.

basilinea (Exechia), 113.

albonotata (Eriocera),

ap'pendicula (Pericoma),

bella (Hamm-atorhina),

547.

238.

152.

albonotata (Limnobia),

approximata (Dicrano-

bella (Pericoma), 240.

547.

myia), 507.

bengalensis (Lechria),

albonotata (Psychoda),

approximatus (Bibio),

4l»7.

224.

173.

bengalensis (Psychoda),

albopicta (Psychoda),

arcuata (Leia), 99.

229.

231.

argenteopunctata (Para-

biannulata (Teucholabis),

Allactoneura, 88.

brunettia), 254.

430.

Allodia, 107.

argenteopunctata (Psy-

Bibio, 166.

alpina (Limnobia), 423.

choda), 254.

BIBIONID.E, 157, 561.

alternata (Macrocera),

argentipes(Phlebotomus),

BIBIONIN^E, 160.

52.

207.

bicinctipes (Dicrano-

Amalopina, 517.

Arrhenica, 530.

myia), 566.

AMALOPINI, 507.

assamensis (Molophilus),

bicolor (Eriocera), 545.

Amalopis, 513.

445.

bicolor (Leia), 100.

ANISOMEKINI, 529.

Asthenia, 155.

bicolor (Limnophila),

Anisopus, 550.

Atarba, 434.

545.

.aniiandalei (Isoneuro-
myia), 67.

aterrima (Eriocera), 540.
atra (Erioptera), 443.

bicolor (Sciophila), 70.
bifasoiata (Dixa), 264.

576

ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

bifascipennis (Myco-

CnepJiceophila, 70.

distans (Erioptera),

myia), 72.

collaris (JJelopsis), 119.

451.

bilineata (Musca), 555.

colombaczensis (Rhngio).

distans (Psychoda), 230.

binotata (Mycetophila),

182.

distincta (Palasoana-

118.

columbina (Dicrano-

clinia), 85.

bistriata (Dixa), 264.

myia), 567.

distincta (Psvchoda),

Blepharicera, 155.

compacta (Sciara), 141.

225.

Blepharocera, 155.

complexa (Teucholabis),

distincta (Ptychoptera),

BLEPIIAROC'ERIDvE, 148.

427.

281.

bombayensis (Pachy-

concolori thorax (Pachy-

distinctissima (Lim-

rhina), 351.

rhina), 346.

nobia), 359.

Bophrosia, 513.

Conosia, 496.

distinctus (Rhyphus),

Brachycampta, 107.

consimilis (Pachyrhina),

556.

BRACHYCERA, 41.

346.

distinguenda (Sciara),

Brachy diorama, 112.

contaminata (Titmla),

127.

brevio'r (Erioptera), 452.

279.

diversipes (Sciara), 131.

brevirostris (Guoriste),

contimiata (Tipula), 328.

dives (Tipula), 306.

83.

Crap it ula, 162.

divisa (Tipula), 337.

brevis (Sylvicola), 554.

crocata (Tipula), 339.

divisus (Rhyphus), 557.

Brunettia, 248.

CrunMu, 513.

Dixa, 258.

brunnea (Macrocera), 53.

crux (Limnophila), 497.

DIXID.E, 257.

brunnescens (Scatopse),

crystalloptera (Eriocera),

dohrnianus (Ctenacro-

180.

541.

scelis), 562.

brunnicosta (Tipula),

Ctenacroscelis, 562.

doleschalli ( Pachyrhina),

332.

Ctenoceria, 279.

348.

Ctenophora, 288.

Dolichopeza, 353.

CTENOPIIORINI, 287.

DOLICIIOPEZINI, 353.

Caloptera, 530.

ctenophoroides (Erio-

dorsalis (1'lecia), 163.

caloptera (Erioptera),

cera), 533.

dorsopunctata (Pachy-

458.

cuneiformis (Dicrano-

rhina), 350.

centralis (Limnobia),

myia), 373.

dubiosa (Polylepta),

403.

curvilinea (Mvcetophila),

79.

Ceratostephanus, 406.

116.

CEKOPLATINvE, 55, 559.

curvilinea (Mycomyia),

Ceroplatus, 56.

77.

ElacopMla, 525.

Cerotelion, 56.

cyanea (Teucholabis),

elegans (Amalopis),

cevlonica (Styringomyia),

431.

516.

461.

CYCLORRIIAPIIA, 39.

elegans (Apistomvia),

Chemalida, 445.

Cylindrotoma, 359.

153.

chrysophila (Ctenophora),

CYUNDROTOMINI, 358.

elegans (Macrocera),

295.

Cyniphcs, 199.

54.

chrysophila (Psellio-

elegans (Paracladura),

phora), 295.

504.

chrysopila ( Ctenophora )

Dasymallomyia, 494.

elegans (Tipula), 323.

295.

Dasyptera, 440.

elegantula (Amalopina),

cincta (Allactoneura),

decora (Psychoda), 226.

517.

88.

defectus (Bibio), 176.

elegantula (Tipula),

cinctiventris (Dicrano-

delicata (Dicranomyia),

359.

myia), 382.

383.

elongatissima (Eriocera),

cinctiventris (Myceto-

Delopsis, 118.

542.

phila), 115.

demarcata (Dicrano-

Empeda, 475.

cinctoterminalis (Tipula),

myia), 370.

Empheria, 70.

338.

demarcata (Pachyrhina),

Kpbelia, 525.

cinerascens (Dicrano-

344.

Eriocera, 530.

myia), 381.

demarcata (Tipula),

Erioptera, 443, 445.

cingulata (Eriocera), 570.

335.

ERIOPTERINI, 436.

circipunctata (Gerano-

Dicranomyia, 363.

Eupeitenm, 162.

myia), 390.
Cladura. 499.

Dicranophragma, 524.
Dilophus, 176.

Euryschalis, 559.
evanescens (Sciara),

Claduroides, 505.

Diplonema, 248.

147.

Clastobasis, 94.

discalis (Bibio), 174.

Evanioptcra, 530.

ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

577

exacta (Seiara), 132.

flavicollis (Parabrti-

furcata (Gnophomyia),

Exechia, 112.

nettia), 256.

491.

flavicollis (Seiara), 134.

Fur ilia, 487.

flavicosta (Geranomyia),

fusca (Eriocera), 541.

fasciata (Asthenia), 155.

389.

fuscinervis (Libnotes),

fasciata (Pachyrh ina\

flavicosta (Macrocera),

411.

348.

53.

fuscinervis (Tipula), 312.

fasciata (Platyura), 58.

flavipennis (Delopsis),

fuscitibia (Bibio), 175.

fasciata (Rhymosia).

118.

fuscovaria (Dicrano-

102.

flavipes (Eriocera), 544.

pbragma), 524.

fasciata (Trichoptera),

flavipleura (Seiara), 146.

234.

flaviseta (Seiara), 144.

fascipennis (Claclu-

flavithorax (Mycomyia),

roicles), 505.

77.

gamma (Pachyrhina),

fascipennis (Dicrano-

flaviventris (Mycomyia),

347.

myia), 379.

72.

Geneja, 49.

fascipeunis (Eplielia),

flaviventris (Platyura),

geniculata (Psychoda),

526.

62.

227.

fascipeunis (Leia), 96.

flavobrunnea (Dicrano-

geniculatus (Rhypholo-

fascipennis (Rhaphido-

myia), 384.

phus), 441.

labis), 519.

flavobrunnea (Leia), 99.

genitalis (Erioptera),

fascipennis (Seiara),

flavofemorata (Seiara),

456.

136.

130.

genitalis (Geranomyia),

fascipes (Rhymosia),

flavoferruginea(Cladura),

388.

106.

499.

genitalis (Gnophomyia),

febrilis (Tipula), 176.

flavohirta (Bibio), 561.

490.

fenestralis (Rhyphus),

flavohirta (Pakeoaua-

genitalis (Rhymosia),

554.

clinia), 86.

104.

fenestralis (Tipula), 550,

flavolimbata (Rhymosia),

Geranomvia, 387.

554.

103.

gilvipes (Pericoma), 246.

fenestralis var. indicus

flavomarginata (Gonom-

glabripeimis (Amalopis),

(Rhyphus), 554.

yia), 472.

515.

fenestrata (Eriocera),

flavomarginata (Platy-

Glapht/roptcra, 96.

535.

ura), 66.

Glochina, 363.

fenestrata (Teucholabis),

Flebotomus. 199.

Gnopbomyia, 487.

429.

fleteheri (Geranomyia),

Gnoriste, 82.

ferruginea (Acrodi-

393.

Goniomyia, 468.

craiiia), 93.

fortis (Dicranorayia),

Gonomyia, 468.

ferruginea (Erioptera),

384.

gracilis (Paracladura),

450.

fragilia (Toxorhina), 420.

502, 503.

ferruginea (Limnobia),

fraoillima (Mongoma),

gracilis (Tipula), 338.

521.

476.

gracillima (Tipula), 302.

ferruginea (Macrocera),

fratercula (Seiara), 132.

grandior (Erioptera),

55.

fraterua (Dicranomyia),

456.

ferruginea (Mycomyia),
74.
ferruginosa (Rham-

378.
fulvescens (Seiara), 138.
fulvicollis (Hirtea), 163.

granclis (Platyura), 60.
gratiosus(Dilophus), 178.
greenii (Eriocera), 539.

phidia), 418.
festiva (Limnobia),

fulvicollis (Plecia), 163.
fulvipennis ( Tipula), 329.

Greenomyia, 87.
griseifrons (Simulium)

400.

'fulvobirta (Psycboda),

190.

flammiventris (Seiara),

233.

griseipennis (Tipula),

129.

fulvolateralis (Tipula),

321

flava (Atarba), 435.

304.

griseolateralis (Myceto-

flava (Erioptera), 455.

fumifasciata (Tipula),

phila), 116.

flava (Stvringoinyia),

308.

grisescens (Simulium),

464.

fumipennis (Tipula),

188.

flava (Tipula), 308.
flava (Trichocera), 512.
flavescens CCladura),

305.
fumipes (Platyura), 66.
funerea (Platyura), 65.

griseus (Phlebotomus),
211.
guttata (Mycetophila),

501.

Funffivora, 113.

91.

flavescens (Tipu]a), 334.

fungorum (Tipula), 112.

Gymnastes, 432.

578

ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

H&masson, 199.

indeflnita (Mycomyia),

Leiponeura, 434.

balterata (Erioptera),

76.

Lejomya, 96.

457.

indica (Anomalomyia),

Lcjosoma, 96.

Hammatorbina, 152.

91.

Leptina, 353.

Hebotomus, 199.

indica (Antocba), 426.

Leptomorphus, 84.

Helius, 416.

indica (Blepharocera),

Leptorhina, 416.

Helobia, 485.

156.

Libnotes, 409.

biemalis (Tipula), 508.

indica (Limnobia), 401.

Limneea, 445.

himalayensis (Myceto-

indica (Mycomyia), 76.

Limnobia, 396.

phila), 117.

indica (Odontopoda), 90.

LIMNOBIIN.E, 356, 565.

himalayensis (Pbleboto-

indica (Plecia), 165.

LlMNOBIINI, 362.

mus), 204.

indica (Rhapbidolabis),

Limnobiorhynchus, 387,

bimalavensis (Tipula),

519.

420.

315."

iudica (Sciara), 130.

Limnoica, 445.

hirta (Sciopbila), 68.

iudicum (Simulium), 191,

Limnomya, 521.

Hirtea, 166.

indistincta (Platyura),

Limnomyza, 396.

hirtilineata (Sciara), 142.

65.

Limnopbila, 521.

birtipennis (Psvcboda),

infuscata (Dolicbopeza),

LIMNOPHILINI, 520.

227.

565.

Limonia, 396.

holopticus(Atypopbthal-

innocens (Dicranomyia),

lineatus (Cerotelion)

mus), 408.

568.

(Tipula), 56.

bonesta (Limnopbila),

insignis (Leia), 101.

longicbaeta (Para-

570.

insignis (Teucbolabis),

brunettia), 256.

hortulana (Tipula), 166.

430.

longicornis CTipula), 49.

hortulanoides (Bibio),

interrupta (Tipula), 327.

longicosta (Macro-

169.

irrorata (Conosia), 496,

bracbius), 109.

humberti (Eriocera), 536.

497.

longifurcata (Platyura),

humeralis (Rbymosia),

irrorata (Limnobia), 497.

65.

106.

Isoneuromyia, 66.

longinervis (Limnobia),

hyalinus (Hirtea), 174.

403.

hybrida (Limnobia), 485.

longinervis (Sciara), 133.

japonica (Pentnetria"),

longipennis (Gnopho-

161.

myia), 489.

javensis (Pachyrhina),

longipennis (Sciara), 143.

Idioneura, 485.

348.

longirostris (Limuobia),

iqnicollis (Plecia), 161.

javensis (Tipula), 348.

416.

ilisomya, 440.

'johannis (Bibio), 174.

longitudinalis (Sciara),

Ilisophila, 475.

johannis (Hirtea), } 74.

145.

immaculipennis (Psellio-

johannis (Tipula.), 174.

longivena (Dicranomyia),

phora), 294.

374.

impostor (Sciara), 140.
impunctata (Pericoma),

kobusi (Dicranomyia),

longivena ( Thrypti-
comyia), 374.

247,
incerta (Acrodicrania),

371.
kowarzii (Macrobra-

lugens (Mycetopbila),
107.

93.

chius), 108.

lutea (Erioptera), 445.

incerta (Erioptera), 452.

luteiventris (Sciara), 129.

incerta (Polylepta\ 79.

incerta (Toxorbina), 422.

lacteitarsis (Pericoma),

incompleta (G-nopho-

245.

Macrobracbius, 108.

myia),493.

lacteitarsis var. qilvipes

Macrocera, 49.

incompleta (Gronomyia),

(Pericf>?na),24(i.

MACROCERIIUB, 49.

471.

IcBta (Ctenophora), 291.

Macroura, 49.

inconspicua (Empeda),

Iceta (Pselliopbora), 291.

maculata (Dixa), 258.

475.
inconspicua (Macrocera),

l(Bta( Tipula), 291.
lee/a var. trilineata (Psel-

maculipennis (Dixa),
263.

54.

liophora), 291.

maculipennis (Myceto-

inconspicua (Rbamphi-

Lasiosoma, 68.

phila), 98.

dia), 419.

latelineata (Sciara), 139.

maculipennis (Psychoda),

inconspicua (Sciara), 142.

laticornis (Platyura), 56.

223.

inconspicuns (Molopbi-

Lecbria, 465.

maculipennis (Rhyphus),

lus), 444.

Leia, 96.

552.

ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

579

•majestica (Tipula), 303.

multipunctata (Limno-

notatinervis (Libnotes),

major (Phlebotomus),

pliila),569.

412.

210.

miinda (Tipula), 336.

9-notata (Parabrunettia),

major var. grisea (Phle-

Mycetina, 113.

255.

botomus), 210.

Mycetopbila, 113.

Xumantia, 363, 396.

malabaricus (Phleboto-

MYCETOPIULID^;, 44,

musj, 214.
marginata (Mycomyia),

559.
MYCETOPHILIN.E, 80,

obscura (Dolichopeza),
335

70.
inarginata (Platyura),

559.
Myeomi/a, 70.
Mycomyia, 70.

obscura (Pleeia), 166.
obscura (Styringomyia),

•marginatus(Phlebotomus),
207.

Mt/cozetaa, 113.

obscuripennis (Bibio),
170

maryinatus (Rhyplnts),
555.
margininotata(Pericoma),

Nasiterna, 513, 525.
nebiilosus (Anisopus), 554,

i i\j,

occulta (Limnobia), 513.
ocellata (Tricliocera),
510.

240.

marginiontata var. lac-
teit arsis (Pericomn}.

555.
NEMATOCERA, 40.
Neoempheria, 70.

ochrilineata (Dixa), 261.
ochripes (Tipula), 334.
Octftvict 445

245.

marmorata (Limnobia),

Neoglaphyroptera, 96.
nepalensis (Caloptera),

octosegmeiitata (Platy-
ura), 64-.

525.
inarmorata (Mongo-
mioides), 483.

543.

nepalensis (Eriocera),
543.

Odontopoda, 89.
oleracea (Tipula), 297.
OJ utonicra 530

marmoratipennis (Ti-
pula), 319.

iiio-errima (Eriocera),
571.

opalizans (Antocha),
425

mariuoripennis (Dicra-
nomyia), 369.
Megarhina, 416.

nigra (Gnopbomvia),
494.
nigra (Leia), 101.

opposita (Sciara), 127-
orbicularis (Psychoda),
231

meianaspis (PentJietria),

uigra (Limnobia), 404,

Oreomyza, 297.

161.

530.

Orfclia, 58.

melanaspis ( Pleciomyia),

nigricans (Musca),
555.

orientalis (Dolichopeza),
354

melaiiomera (Tipula),
330.

riigricoxa (Greenomyia),

87.

orientalis (Erioptera),

meleagris (Eriocera),537.
Mesocyphoiia, 458.

nigripennis (Psychoda),
232.

orientalis (Sciara), 135.
Orimarga 423.

metatarsale (Siinulium),
189.

nigripennis (Sciara),
131.

Orimargula,. 425.

matatarsalis (Pericoma),

nigripes (Mesocyphona),

ornata (Ephelia), 527.

243.

inctatarsalis (Simulium),

458.
nigrithorax (Dicrano-

. ^ OQ 4

ornata (Macrocera), 51.
oruatipes (Dicrauomyia),

189.

myia). o84.

380.

mimitus (Hceniasson), 211.
minutits (Hebotomus),

nigi-oapicalis (Mongo-
mioides), 483.

ornatithorax (Tipula),
331.

206.
minutus (Phlebotomus),

ni<m>apicalis (Tipula),
328.

ornatus (Leptomorphus),
85.

206.

nigrot'asciata (Allodia),

ORTiiOKiuiAriiA, 39, 40.

mixta (Pericoma), 244.

108.

modesta (Limnobia), 363.

nigroiiitida (Scatopse),

unolcstus (Cyniphes), 211.
Molobrm, 120.

181.
nigrotibialis (Tipula),

Paehyrhina, 339.
pacliyrrhina (Eriocem),

Molophilus, 443.
Mongoma, 476.
Mongomella, 484.
Mongomioides, 481.
montana (Dixa), 262.
montana (Tricliocera),

324.
Xingiia, 423.
nitidithorax (Sciara),
145.
niveiapicalis (Sciara),
143.

537.

Palseoanaclinia, 85.
pallescens (Sciara), 137.
pallidicoxa (Limno-
phila), 523.
pallidiventris (Mon-

513.

niveipes (Limnobia),

goma), 481.

motschnlskii (Crapitula),

404.

papatasii (Bibio), 199,

161.

notata (Tipula), 179.

211.

f 1 «.

580

ALPHABETICAL JXDEX.

papatasii (Flebotomus),

PSYCHODID.E, 196.

Rhaphidolabis, 517.

211.

PSYCIIODIN.E, 217.

Jthinoplecia, 162.

papatasii (Hcboto/mis),

Ptcrocosmus, 530.

Rhymosia, 102.

211.

Ptychoptera, 279.

RIIYPHID.E. 549.

papatasii (Phlebotomus),
211.
Parabrunettia. 251.

PTYCIIOPTEIUN.E, 278.
pulcher (Rhypholophus),

Rhypholophus, 440.
Rhyphus, 550.
robusta (Tipula), 319.

Paracladura, 502.

pulcherrima (Tipula),

rui'a (Libnotes), 414.

parallela (Erioptera),

310.

rufescens (Isoneuromyia),

453.
parallela (Sciara), 147.

pulchricornis (Rhypbus),
553.

559.

rufibasis (Eriocera),

Paramongoma, 484.
Parexechia, 112.

pulchripennis (Dicrano-
myia), 376.

538.
rufibasis (Simulium),

patricia (Tipula), 313.

pulchripennis (Dicrano-

190.

Pediciinee, 507.

phragma), 524.

ruficornis (Platyura),

pennipes (Mongoma),
479.

pulchripennis (Gerano-
myia), 393.

r>4.

ruiicoxa (Sciara), 146.

peregrina (Orimarga),

Pullata, 166.

rufifemur (Eibio), 175.

424.

punctata (Sciara), 555.

rnjipes (Hirtea), 174.

Pericoma, 234.

punctatus (Rhayio),

rufithorax (Eriocera),

pcrniciosus (Phlebotomus),

555.

534.

210.

punctatus (Rhyphus),

rufithorax (Sciiira), 128.

perturbans (Phlebo-

555.

rufithorax (Simulium),

tomus), 205.

puncticornis (Pachy-

187.

Petaurista, 508.

rhina), 343.

rufoabclominalis (Sciara),

phalaenoides (Tipula),

puncticosta (Dicrano-

129.

218.

myia), 377.

rustica (Phronia), 110.

Phaleenttla, 218.

punctipennis (Erioptera),

PlILEBOTOMIN.E, 199.

449.

Phlebotomus, 199.

punctipennis (Libnotes),

saltans (Dicranomyia),

Phronia, 110.

413.

373.

phrvganopterus (Rhy-

punctipennis ( Limnobia),

saltens (Limnobia), 373.

pholophus), 440.

486.

saxicola (Antocha), 425.

Physecrania, 530.

punctipenuis (Sym-

sayi (Odontopoda), 89.

picticornis (Atarba),

plecta), 486.

Scathopse. 179.

434.

punctipennis (Tricho-

Scatopse, 179.

Pilaria, 521,

cera), 511.

SCATOPSIN.*, 179.

Plaitatella, 120.

pyri (Hirtea), 174.

Sciara, 120.

Planetes, 120.

pyri (Tipula), 174.

SCIARIN.E, 119.

Platyura, 58.

Sciobia, 70.

Plecia, 162.

Sciophila, 68.

Pleciomyia, 160.

quadricellula (Cylindro-

SCIOPHILIN^E, 68.

Plcttusa, 387.

toma), 361.

scutellata (Eriocera),

pleurinotata (Pachy-

quadrifasciata (Myceto-

534.

rhina), 343.

phila), 115.

segmenticornis (Sciara),

plumbicincta (Eriocera),

quadrinotata (Tipula),

141.

541.

330.

semifasciata (Geraiio-

Polylepta, 78.

quadripunctatus (Cero-

myia), 395.

pomonee (Tipula), 174.

platus), 57.

semifumata (Phronia),

postica (Dolichopeza),

quadrisetosa (Sciara),

111.

564.

137.

semilimpida (Eriocera),

prtscox (Hit-tea), 174.

quasimarmoratipennis

546.

princeps (Tipula), 306.
Proanaclinia, 89.

(Tipula), 320.

semistriata (Gerano-
myia), 394.

proxima (Gonomyia),

senile (Simulium), 191.

474.

radieum (Sciara), 139.

senifis (Simulium), 191.

proxima (Pericoma),

reposita (Tipula), 315.

serraticornis (Psellio-

245.

proximus (Bibio), 171.

reptans (Simulium),
182.

phora), 296.
serricornis (Pachyrhina),

Pselliophora, 290.

Rha.nphidia, 416.

341.

Psychoda, 218.

RlIAMPIIIDIINI, 415.

serricornis (Tipula), 309.

ALPHABETICAL IXJ)EX.

581

•setiliueata (Sciara), 138.

superstes (Diplonema) ,

tridens (Geranoiuyia),

sexsetosa (Sciara), 137.

249.

391.

Siagona, 363.

Sylvicola, 550.

trifasciaia (Leia), 98.

signata (Dasymallomyia),

svlvicola (Dolichopeza),

trif'asciata (Sciara), 126.

494, 495.

353.

trilineata (Apistomyia),

sikkimensis (Ctenacro-

Symplecta. 485.

154.

scelis), 563.

Syniplectomorpha, 485.

trilineata (Mycomyia), 75.

simplex (Dicranomyia),

trilineata (Sciara), 126.

384.

trimaculata (Litnnobia),

simplex (Limnophila).

Taniptera, 288.

402.

523.

Taphrophila, 425.

tripunctata (Tipula), 396.

simplex (Phronia), 111.

Taphrosia, 468.

tristissima (Gnopho-

Simulia, 182.

taprobanes ( C'fcnopkora),

myia), 487.

SIMULIID.E, 182, 561.

293.

tryonii (Clastobasis), 94.

Simulium, 182.

taprobanes(Pselliophora),

tuberculifera (Eriocera;,

singularis (Leclma), 465.

21)3.

547.

sordida (Claduroides),

tenella (Limnobia), 468.

506.

tenera (Mongoma), 480.

sordida (Dicranomyia),

tenuipes (Rhaphidolabis),

uudulata (Polylepta), 78.

382.

517.

unicolor (Geranomyia),

spathulata (Gnoriste),

tenuipes (Tipula), 333.

387.

84.

tenuis (Eriocera), 539.

unicolor (Pericoma), 247.

spathulata (Leia), 101.

tergorata (Plecia), 164.

unicolor (Rhamphidia),

spectralis (Euryscbalis),
559, 560.

tessellatipennis (Tipula),
317.

419.
unilineata ( Antocha), 427.

spinicornis (Pericoma),

testacea (Eriocera), 548.

238.

Teucholabis, 427.

splendens (Tipula), 314.
Spijloptera, 423.

thoracica (Pcn/hctria),
163.

veliitiimtt ( Pterocosmus),
543.

squaminervis (Pericoma),

thwaitesiana (Libnotes),

venusta (Platyura), 63.

237.

409.

venusta (Styringomyia),

Fquamipennis (Parabru-

tibialis (Ptychoptera),

459.

nettia), 252.

282.

venusta (Tipula), 302.

•squamipennis (Psyehoda),

tinctinervis (Limnobia),

vicaria (Tipula), 332.

252.

401.

vicina (Platyura), 63.

stigmatica (Empeda),

tinctipennis (Mycomyia),

vinaceobrunnea (Gerano-

475.

74.

myia), 392.

strenua (Gnophomvia),

Tinearia, 218.

violaceus (Gymnastes),

492.

Tipula, 297.

432, 433.

striatipennis (Tipula),

TIPULID.K, 265, 562.

vitripennis ("Limnobia),

325.

TIPULIN.E, 284, 562.

405.

striatum (Simulium),

TIPULINI, 297.

vittata (Psyohoda), 233.

561.

Toxorhina, 420.

vittigera (Clastobasis),

Styringomyia, 459.

f.ransversa (Psychoda),

95.

subfascipennis (Dicrano-

226.

myia), 380.

travancorica (Brunettia),

subsiituta (Limnobia'),

253.

walkeri (L3ptomorphus),

497.

Trent epohlia, 481.

84.

subtessellata (Dicrano-

trentepohlii (Limnobia),

walkeri (Tipula), 329.

myia), 565.

481, 482.

winthcini Glophyra-

subtincta (Erioptera),

trentepohlii (Mongomi-

ptera), 97.

455.

oides, 482.

winthemi (Leia), 97.

subtincta (Tipula), 326.

triangularia (Eriocera),

subvarians (Plecia), 163.

572.

suffusa (Mycetophila),

triangularis (Limnobia),

xan thorn elan a (Cteno-

117.

406.

phora), 289 .

suffusinervis (Platyura),

Trichocera, 508.

60.

TrichocerincR, 520.

.superstes (Brunettia),

Trichoptera, 218.

zevlanicus(Phlebotomus),

249.

Tricyphona, 513.

215.

PRINTED BY TAYLOR AND FKANCIS,
RiCI) I.ION COUKT, KLEKT STREET.

PLATE I.
MYCETOPHILID^E.

Pig. 1. Macrocera ornata, sp. n., p. 51.

2. „ alternata. sp. n., p. 52.

3. „ jlavicosta, sp. n., p. 53.

4. „ eleyans, sp. n., p. 54.

5. ,, brunnea, sp. n., p. 53.

6. Ceroplatus quadripunctatus, sp. n., p. 57.

7. Platyura grandis, sp. n., p. 60.

8. „ apicipennig, sp. n., p. 61.

9. „ siiffusinervis, sp. n., p. 60.

10. Sciophila bicolor, sp. n., p. 70.

11. Mycomyia tinctipennis, sp. n., p. 74.

12. „ ferruginea, sp. n., p. 74.

13. „ basalis, sp. n., p. 73.

14. Polylepta, Winn., p. 78.

15. Gnoriste, Mg., p. 82.

16. Odontopoda, Aldr., p. 89.

17. Allactoneura cincta, Meij., p. 88.

NEMATOCERA Parti,

PLATE I.

MYCETOPHILID/E

PLATE II.
MYCETOPHILID^.

Fig. 1. Leptomorphus, Curt., p. 84.

2. Leia ivinthemi, Lehm., p. 97.

3. „ arcuata, sp. n., p. 99.

4. „ nigra, sp. n., p. 101.

5. Clastobasis, Skuse, p. 94.

6. Anomalomyia, Hutt., p. 90.

7. Palceoanaclinia, Meun., p. 85.

8. Greenomyia nigricoxa, sp. n., p. 87.

9. Phronia, Winn., p. 110.

10. Rhymosia annnlicornis, sp. n., p. 105.

11. Allodia nigrofasciata, sp. n., p. 108.

12. Exectda basilinea, sp. n., p. 113.

13. Mycetophila quadrifasciata, sp. n., p. 115.

14. „ curvilinea, sp. n., p. 116.
*15. Sciara, Mg., p. 120

•1«- »
*17. „

* Three typical forms of venation in Sctara.

NEMATOCERA. Parti

PLATE

10.

9.

MYCETOPHiLID/E

PLATE III.

MYCETOPHILTD^.

Fig. 1. Macrocera ornata, sp. n., tf genitalia, dorsal view; p. 51.

2. Ceroplatus quadripuncfatus, sp. n., abdomen, dorsal view ;

[p. 57.

3. Platyura marginata, sp. n., c? genitalia ; p. 62.

4. „ apicipennis, sp. n., dorsal view of head; p. 61.

5. Isoneuromyia annandalei, sp. n., p. 67.

6. Mycomyia bifascvpennis, sp. n., tf genitalia, side view ;

[p. 72.

7. Gnoriste brevirostris, sp. n., head, front view ; p. 83.

8. ,, spathulata, sp. n., head, side view ; p. 84.

9. Greenomyia niyricoxa, sp. n., c? genitalia/ dorsal view ;

[p. 87.

10. Phronia semifumata, sp. n., dorsal view ;

[p. 111.

11. Macrobrachius Jonyicosta, sp. n., „ side view;

[p. 109.

12. Ehymosia fascipes, sp. n., ,, dorsal view;

[p. 106.

13. „ annulicornis, sp. n., ,, side view ;

[p. 105.

14. „ „ antenna ; p. 105.

15. Sciara rufithoracc, Wulp, <$ genitalia, dorsal view ; p. 128.

NEMATOCERA. Part

PLATE

D.Bagchidel.

E. Wilson lith.

MYCETOPHILID/E.

PLATE IV.

PSYCH GDI DM.

Fig. 1 . Brunettia superstes, Ann., p. 249.

2. Parabrunettia atrisqiiamis, Brun., p. 253.

3. Brunettia superstes, Ann., front view of head ; p. 249.

4. Pericoma spinicornis, Brun., base of antenna; p. 238.

5. Phlebotomus argentipes, Ann. & Brun., c? genitalia ; p. 201

6. Psyclioda bengalensis, Brun., antenna ; p. 229.

7. Phlebotomus major, Ann., c? genitalia; p. 210.

8. Psyclioda bengalensis, Brun., J genitalia ; p. 229.

9. Brunettia superstes, Ann., antenna; p. 249.

10. Phlebotomus himalayensis, Ann., <5 genitalia; p. 204.

11. ,, perturbans, Meij., <f genitalia; p. 205.
12 PsycTioda distincta, Brun., wing ; p. 225.

13. „ „ antenna.

14. Phlebotomus zeylanicus, Ann., c? genitalia ; p. 215.

15. Pericoma spinicornis, Brun., wing ; p. 238.

16. Psychoda nigripennis, Brim., flagellum ; p. 232.

NEMATOCERA. Parti.

PLATE IV.

16.

D.Bagohi del.

PSYCHODID/E

PLATE V.

TlPTJLIDJE.

Fig. 1. Ptychoptera distincta, Brun., p. 281.

2. PselliopTiora Iceta, F., var., p. 291.

3. „ taprobanes, Walk., p. 293.

4. Tipula pedata, Wied. (Java), p. 302.

5. ,, sp. near venusta, Walk., p. 302.

6. „ fumipennis, Brun., p. 305.

7. „ fumifasciata, Brun., p. 308.

8. „ pulcherrima, sp. n., p. 310.

9. „ fuscinervis, sp. n., p. 312.

10. „ splendens, sp. n., p. 314.

11. „ himalayensis, Brun., p. 315.
*12. „ tessellatipennis, sp. n., p. 317.

13. „ marmoratipennis, sp. n., p. 319.

14. „ quasimarmoratipennis, sp. n., p. 320.

15. „ griseipennis, sp. n., p. 321.

16. „ striatipennis, sp. n., p. 325.

17. „ elegantula, sp. n., p. 339.

18. Pachyrhina, Macq., p. 339.

19. Dolichopeza orientalis, sp. n., p. 354.

* The reference in the text is erroneously given as fig. 13.

NEMATOCERA. Parti

PLATE V.

E. Wilson lith.

TIPULID/t

PLATE VI.

TlPULID^E.

Fig. 1. Ptychoptera tibialis, Brun., abdomen ; p. 282.

2. „ „ c? genitalia, dorsal view.

3. „ „ „ side view.

4. „ ,, hind leg.

5. „ atritarsis, Brun., body, side view ; p. 283.

6. „ „ hind leg.

7. Pselliophora immaculipennis, Brun., p. 294.

8. „ „ antenna.

9. „ Iceta, F., antenna ; p. 291.

30. „ taprobanes, Walk., genitalia ; p. 293.

11. „ „ „ posterior view.

12. Tipula pulcherrima, sp. n., thorax, dorsal view; p. 310.

13. „ „ J genitalia, side view.

14. „ ornatithorax, Brun., thorax; p. 331.

15. ,, fulvolateralis, Brun., J genitalia, side view ; p. 304.

16. „ himalayensis, Brun., ,, dorsal view; p. 315.

17. „ „ „ side view.

18. „ subtincta, sp. u., „ side view ; p. 326.

NEMATOCERA. Part

PLATE VI.

D. Bag chi del.

TIPULID/€.

E .Wilson lith .

PLATE VII.

TIPULID.E.

Kg. 1. Cylindrotoma quadricellula, Brun., wing ; p. 361.

2. „ „ „ antenna.

3. Dicranomyia marmoripennis, sp. n., p. 369.
*4. „ absens, sp. n., p. 372.

5. ,, fraterna, sp. n., p. 378.

6. ,, subfascipennis, sp. n., p. 380.

7. „ puncticosta, sp. n., p. 377.

8. „ pulchripennis, sp. n., p. 376.

9. „ fascipennis, sp. n., p. 379.

10. ,, ornatipes, sp. n., p. 380.

11. „ cinerascens, sp. n., p. 381.

12. Limnobia tinctinervis, sp. n., p. 401.

13. „ festiva, sp. n., p. 400.

14. ,, longinervis, sp. n., p. 403.

15. ,, indica, sp. n., p. 401.

16. „ trimaculata, sp. n., p. 402.

17. Geranomyia semifasciata, Brun., p. 395.

18. ,, semistriata, Brun., p. 394.

* The reference in the text is erroneously given as fig. 2.

NEMATOCERA. Parti

PLATE VII.

TIPULID/E

PLATE VIII.

TlPUUDjE.

Fig. 1. Geranomyia pulchripennis, sp. n., p. 393.

2. „ fiavicosta, sp. n., p. 389.

3. „ circipunctata, sp. n., p. 390.

4. „ tridens, sp. n., p. 391.

5. Libnotes fuscinervis, sp. n., p. 411.

6. „ punctipennis, Meij., p. 413.

7. „ notatinervis, sp. n., p. 412.

8. EfiampTiidia ferruginosa, sp. n., p. 418.

9. Toxorhina incerta, sp. n., p. 422.

10. Gymnastes violaceus, Brun., p. 433.

11. Orimarga peregrina, sp. n., p. 424.

12. Antoclia indica, sp. n., p. 426.

13. Teucholabis insignis, sp. n., p. 430.

14. „ fenesirata, Os. Sac., p. 429.

15. Atarba, flava, sp. n., p. 435.

16. Rhypholophus pulcJier, sp. n., p. 442.

17. Erioptera punctipennis, sp. n., p. 449.

18. „ grandior, sp. n., p. 456.

NEMATOCERA. Part

PLATE VIII.

E. Wilson lith.

TIPULID/E.

PLATE IX.

TlPULIDJE.

1. Mesoeyphona nigripes, sp. n., p. 458.

2. Erioptera brevior, sp. n., p. 452

3. Styringomyia ceylonica, Edw., p. 461.

4. Lechria bengalensis, Brun., p. 467.

5. Gonomyia incompleta, sp. n., p. 471.

6. „ flavomarginata, sp. n., p. 472.

7. „ affinis, sp. n., p. 472.

8. „ aperta, sp. n., p. 473.

9. „ proximo., sp. n., p. 474.

10. Empeda inconspicua, sp. n., p. 475.

11. Mongomioides marmorata, sp. n., p. 483.

12. „ niyroapicalig, sp. n., p. 483.

13. „ trentepohlii, Wied., p. 482.

14. Mongoma pennipes, Os. Sac., p. 479.

15. Symphcta punctipennis, Mg., p. 486.

16. GnopJiomyia genitalis, sp. n., p. 490.

17. ,, longipennis, sp. n., p. 489.

18. ,, furcata, sp. n., p. 491.

19. „ strenua, sp. n., p. 492.

NEMATOCERA. Part

PLATE IX

E. Wilson lim.

TIPULID/C

PLATE X.

Fig. 1. GnopTiomyia aperta, sp. n., p. 492.

2. „ incompletely sp. n., p. 493.

3. „ nigra, sp. n., p. 494.

4. Dasymallomyia signata, sp. n., p. 495.

5. Conosia irrorata, Wied., p. 497.

6. Cladura flavescens, Brun., p. 501.

7. Claduroides fascipennis, Brun., wing ; p. 505.

8. „ „ antenna.

9. Paracladura, Brun., wing ; p. 502.

10. „ „ antenna.

11. Amalopis elegans, gp. n., p. 516.

12. „ glabripennis, sp. n., p. 515.

13. Trichocera punctipennis, sp. n., p. 511.

14. Rhaphidolabis fascipennis, sp. n., p. 519.

15. „ indica, sp. n., p. 519.

16. EpTielia fascipennis, sp. n., p. 526.

17. Eriocera semilimpida, sp. n., p. 546.

NEMATOCERA. Parti.

PLATE X.

E.Wilson lith.

TIPULID/E.

PLATE XI.

TlPULID^E.

Fig, 1. Limnobia indica, sp. n., d1 genitalia, side view ; p. 401.

2. Dicranomyia pulchripennis, sp. n., c? genitalia, side view ;

[p. 376.

3. Geranomyia circipunctata, sp. n., thorax, dorsum ; p. 390.

4. ,, tridens, sp. n., thorax, dorsum ; p. 391.

5. „ „ „ ,, side view.

6. „ flavicosta, sp. n., thorax, dorsum ; p. 389.

7. „ genitalis,~Br\m., 3 genitalia, side view; p. 388.

8. Libnotes fmcinervis, sp. n., <S genitalia, dorsal view; p. 411.

9. Atypophihalmus hoJopticus, Brun., c? genitalia, dorsal view ;

[p. 408.

10. Teucholabis fenestrata, Os. Sac., c? genitalia, side view;

[p. 429.

11. RhampJiidia ferruginosa, sp. n., c? genitalia, side view;

[p. 418.

12. Toxorliina incerta, sp. n., $ genitalia, side, view ; p. 422.

13. Mongoma pennipes, Os. Sac., J genitalia, side view ; p. 479.

14. Eriocera fenestrata, Brun., part of wing; p. 535.

15. „ ,, „ abdomen, dorsal view.

16. „ plumbicinct a, Brun., abdomen, side view; p. 541.

17. Ceratostephanus antennatus, Brun., antenna ; p. 407.

18. Styringomyia ceylonica, Edw., J genitalia, dorsal view ;

[p. 461.

19. Gonomyia incompleta, sp. n., d" genitalia, side view;

[p. 471.

20. RhypholopTws, KoL, antenna ; p. 440.

NEMATOCERA Parti.

PLATE XI.

18

D.BagcMdel.

E.Wilson lith.

TIPULID/E

PLATE XII.

Fig. 1. Rliyphus maculipennis, Wulp, p. 552.

2. ,, pulchricornis, Brun., p. 553. [p. 555.

3. „ fenestralis, Scop., typical form, tip of wing ;

4. „ „ var. indiais, Brun., tip of wing ; p. 554.

5. „ punctatus, F., p. 555.

6. „ distinctus, Brun., p. 556.

7. „ divisus, Brun., p. 557.

8. Dixa ochrilineata, Brun., p. 261.

9. „ montana, Brun., p. 262.

10. „ maculipennis, Brun., p. 263.

11. Pleciomyia melanaspis, Wied., p. 161.

12. Plecia fulvicollis, F., p. 163.

13. „ atra, Brun., p. 165.

*14. Pleciomyia melanaspis, Wied., antenna; p. 161.

15. Plecia fulvicollis, F., antenna; p. 163.
f!6. „ atra, Brun., „ p. 165.

17. „ tergorata, Bond., „ p. 164.
$18. Blepharocera, Macq., head ; p. 155.
J19. „ larva.

* The apical joint should be considerably more elongate in the figure,
t There are 8 annular joints in the flagellum, uot 7, as shown in the figure.
J These two figures are reproduced from the ' Genera Insectorum,' Fasc. 56,
BLEPHAROCEBID.E, by Prof. V. L. Kellogg.

NEMATOCERA. Parti

PLATE XII.

18.

D.Bagchidel.

E. Wilson lith.

DIXID/E, RHYPHID/E, ETC.

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including Ceylon and Burma.

Mammalia. By W. T. BLANFOKD, F.R.S. Numerous illustrations. £1.

Fishes : Vols. I. & II. By F. DAY, C.I.E., LL.D. „ „ £1 each.

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Vols. III. & IV. By W. T. BLANFORD, F.R.S. ., „ ) II.-IV. 15s. each.

Reptilia and Batrachia. By G. A. BOULENGER, F.R.S. ,, „ £1 .

Moths: Vols. I.-IV. By SIR G. F. HAMPSON, BART. „ ,, £1 each.

Hymenoptera: Vols. I. & II. By Lt.-Col. C.T. BINGHAM . „ „ £1 each.

and i) plates.

Arachnida. By R. I. POCOCK. Numerous illustrations. 10*'.

Rhynchota : Vols. I.-V. By W. L. DISTANT. „

Butterflies : Vols. I. & II. By Lt.-Col. C. T. BINGHAM. ,, „ £1 each.

and 20 plates.

Coleoptera : Vol. I. (Ceratttbycidts). By C. J. GAHAN. Numerous illustrations. 10*.
Vol. II. (Chrysomelidee). By M. JACOBY. „ „ £\.

and 2 plates.
(Lftmellicornia). Vol. I. By G. J. ARROW. Numerous illustrations

and 2 plates. 10*.

MoUusca (Testacellida and Zonitidce). By the late W. T. BLANFORD, F.R.S.,

and Lt.-Col. H. H. GODWIN-AUSTEN, F.R.S. Numerous illustrations. 10«.

Dermaptera (Earwigs). By M. BURR, D.Sc., M.A., &c. „ „

and 10 plates. 10x.

Freshwater Sponges, &c. By N. ANNANDALE, D.Sc. Numerous illustrations

and 5 plates. 10«.

Coleoptera (Gen. Introd., and Ctctttdelida and Paussidce). By W. W. FOWLEB,

M.A., D.Sc., &c. Numerous illustrations. £1.

Fauna of British India.

IN the "FAUNA OF BRITISH INDIA" Series
Mr. E. Brnnetti's work on the Nematocerous Diptera
(excluding the Chironomida'tmd the Culicidce) is now published.,
and this will be followed by a volume on the Ichneumonldce
by Mr. Claude Morley.

The remaining volumes which the Editor, Dr. A. E.
Shipley, with the assistance of Mr. Guy A. K. Marshall, and
with the sanction of the Secretary of State for India, has
arranged for in this Series are : —

Volumes on the Orthoptera (AcridndcB and Locustidw}
by Mr. W. F. Kirby : on Butterflies (Lyccenidte and Hes-
periidce) by Mr. H. H. Druce : on the Curculionidai by Mr.
G. A. K. Marshall : on the Longicorn Beetles by Mr. C. J.
Gahan : on the Ilelicidce by Lieut.-Colonel H. H. Godwin-
Austin : on the Lcodidce and Argasidcc, by Mr. C. Warburton :
on Leeches by Mr. W. A. Harding : on the Meloidas by
Professor Creighton Wellman : on the Bracliyurous Crus-
tacea by Lieut.-Colonel A. Alcock, M.D. : on the Unionida;
by Mr. H. B. Preston : and a final volume on the Rliynchota
by Mr. AV. L. Distant.

October 1912.

UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY

Los Angeles
This book is DUE on the last date stamped below.

Form L9-25m-8,'46 (9852 ) 444