THE LIBRARY

OF

THE UNIVERSITY
OF CALIFORNIA

LOS ANGELES

THE FAUNA OF BRITISH INDIA,

CEYLON AND BURMA.

PUBLISHED UNDER THE AUTHORITY OF THE SECRETARY OP
STATE FOR INDIA IN COUNCIL.

EDITED BY A. E. SHIPLEY, Sc.D.Cantab., HON. D.Sc. Princeton,

HON. LL.D. Michigan, F.B.8.
ASSISTED BY GUY A. K. MARSHALL, HON. D.Sc. (Oxon.), F.Z.8.

DIPTERA BEACHYCEKA.

VOL. I.

BY

E. BRUNETTI.

LONDON:
TAYLOR AND FRANCIS, RED LION COURT, FLEET STKEET,

CALCUTTA :

THACKER, SPINK, & CO.

BOMBAY:
THACKER & CO., LIMITED.

May, 1920.

I'RINTKD BY TAYLOR A N' D FUANCIS,
RED LION COURT. Fl.KKT STHKET. LO.VPON.

PREFACE.

OWING to the war, the difficulties of communication, and the
loss of ships coining from the East, there has been an
unusual delay in the issue of the present volume, and it has
unfortunately been found impossible to incorporate in it
certain corrections which the author wished to make.
Further, owing to the difficulties under which publishers and
printers now labour, it was felt by the Editor necessary to
publish Avithout further delay.

Another difficulty which has arisen in the preparation of
the volume is due to the fact that the MS. ran to a far larger
volume than the Indian Government contemplates, and it
was therefore reluctantly decided to publish the following
families : Stratiomyidse, Leptidjr, Nemestrinidfe, Cyrtidee,
Bombyliidce, Therevida?, Scenopinidse, Mydaidse, Empidoe,
Lonchopteridac, and Platype/idse ; leaving the remainder,
i. «., the families Pipunculida?, Syrphidse, Conopidse, and
Oestridse for a second volume. This proceeding is, I gather,
against the wishes of the author, but no other solution of
the difficulty appeared possible.

A.E. SHIPLEY.
1st May, 1920.

SYSTEMATIC INDEX.

Page
Order DIPTEBA 1

Suborder BR ACHY CERA .. 1
Fain. 1. STRATioMYiixas .... 17

Subfam. 1. Pachyyastrinte .... 19
1 Pachvo-nster Mq 20

P
2 Eudmeta Wied

age

41
42
43
48
44
44
45
46
47
47
48
4!)
lit
50
52
52

58
58

55

56

57
57

58
59
(iO
60
61
68
64
65
65
67
67
68

1. maiginHta, Fabr
2. brunnea, Meij.
3 flavida Brun ....

1. longispinus, Brun
4. Epnippiuin, Latr
1. bilineatum, Fabr
5. Negritomyia, Big
1. macnlipennis, Macq. ..
6 Ruba Walk

1 annulipes Brim

21
21
21
22
23
24
24
24
24
25
26
26
28
28
29
29
30
31
32
32
33
33
34
36
37

38
30
40

2. Zabrachia, Coq
1. albipes, Brun
2. annul! femur, Brun
3. Monaoantbomyia, Brun. . .
1. annnndalei, Brun

1 infl.-ta Walk

7. Clitellavia, Mg
1. hen-.inopla. Wied
2. bistriata, Brim

1 felderi Brauer

8. Lasiopa, Brittle
1 . villosa, Fabr.,\&\\ hima-
layensis, Brun
9 Oxyceva Mq

5 Wallacea Dol

1. argentea, Dol
6. Acanthina, Wied

1. sicjnnta, Brim

2. argeiitibirla, Brun
7. Craspedometopon, Kert. . .
1. frontal a, Kert
8 Tin da If 'afk

2. albomicans, Brun

Subfam. 3. Stratifmtyintc ....

1. Cvphoniyia, Wied
1. indica, Brun

1. javana, Macq
9. Evaza, Walk..
1 flavipes Biq

2. Stratiumyia, Geoff.
1. barcai Walk
2. mioropilosa, Brun
3. fulvescens, Brun
3 Odontomyia, Mq

2. bipars, Walk
3 indica Kert

10. Ptilocera, Wied
1. fastuosa, Gerst
11. Strat.iospbecomyia, Brun. .
1 variegata, Brun

1. cyanea, Brun. . . .

2. rufoabdominalis, Brun. .
3. pulcherrima, Brun
4. minuta, Fabr

Subfam. 2. Clitellariinee

I. Hermelia, La.tr
1. Iseta. Meii. .

5. rubrithorax, Macq
6. kashmirensis, Brun. . .
7. dorsoang-ulata, Brun. . .

VI

SYSTEMATIC IKDEX.

Odontornyia (con.). Page

8. soleimis, Walk 69

9. lutatius, Walk 70

10. transversa, Brun 71

11. viridana, Wied. 72 j

2. nigrieornis, Brun. .

3. unicinctus, Bnm. ,

Subfam. 2. Arthroceratinte

Page
. 105
. 106

. 107

Suh
1.

2.

3.
4.
5.
6.

Sul

3.

Su
1.

Fa

Su
1

fam. 4. Sargince ..........
Ptecticus. Lw ....

72

73
75
75
76

77
77
78
79

80
81
81
82
83
84
84
85
85
86
86
87
88
88

89

90
91
92
92
93
93
94
95

96

96
98
98
99

100
104

104
105

1. Desmomyia, Brun

107
107
108
109

110

110
111

112

112
114
115
115
116
117
118
119
120
120
121
121
122
122
123
124
125
126
126
127
128
131
131
132
133
133
134
135
135
136
137
137
138
138
138
139
140
140
141

1. thereviformis, Brun. . .
2. Pararthropeas, Brun
1. thereviformis, Brun. . .

Subfam. 3. Coenomyina

1. Coenomyiodes, Brun
1. edwardsi, Brun

1. longipennis, Wied

3. aurobrunneus. Brun. . .
4 wulpii Brun

5. apicalis, Lw

7. australis, Sch

Subfam 4 Le tin*

8. cingulatus, Lw., var.
ceylouicus, Bnm
Sargus, Fabr
1. gemmifer, Walk
2. metallinus, Fabr
3. mactans, Walk
Chloromyia, Dune
1. sapphirina, Walk
Brachycara, Thorns

1. Atrichops, Verr
1 . calopa, Brun
2. lanopyga, Brun
3. limbata, O.-S.

4. int frmedia, Brun
5. metatarsalis, Brun
/ 6. cincta, Brun

7. caerulescens, Brun
2. Atherix, Mg
1 labiata Biq

1. ventralis, Thorns

1. vitripennis, Dol

3. Suragina, W«lk
1. elegans, Karsch
| 4. Macellopalpus, Big
1. f ul v id us, Brun
2. fascipennis, Brun
5. Leptis, Fabr

1. flaviventris, Wied
2. calopa, Bnm

)fam. 5. Berina

Beris, Lair
1. geniculata, Curt
"1. annul ipes, Brun
Chlorisops, Rond
1. tibialis, My
Allognosta, O.-S.
1. vagans, Lw
2. assamensis, Brun

)fam. 6. Xylomyince

Xylomyia, Rond
l'. flavipes, Dol
2. calopodata, Biy
3. nigricornis, Brun

m. 2. LEPTID^E . .

1. apicipennis, Bnm
2. discoidali^, Brun
3. imicolor, Brun
4. triangulata, Brun
6. Chrysopilus, Macq
1. marmoratus, Brun
2. albopictus, Brun
3. ornatipennis, Brun
4. luctuosus, Brun
5. flavopnnctatus, Brun.. .
6. opalescens, Brun
7. humeral!*, Bnm
8. segmentatus, Brun
9. cochinensis, Bnm
10. birmaneiisis, Brun

12. similis, Brun
13. magnipennis, Brun
14. flavopilosus, Brun
15. yerburyi, Brun
16. albobasalis, Brun
17. insularis, Sch.

bfam. 1. Xylophityince

Rliachicenis, Walk
1. bicolor, Bnm

18. ferrugiDosus, Wied.

SYSTEMATIC INDEX.

Chrysopilus (con.).
19 unicolor Brun

Page

141 3 frmtnliis Vnhv

Page
181

20. atigma, Brun
21. latus, Brun
22. sordidus, Brun
23. alternates, Brun. . . .

Fam. 3. NEMESTRINID.S: . . .

1. Hirmoneura, My
1. annandalei, Licht. . . .
2. basalia, Licht
3. opaca, Licht

. 142
. 143
. 143
. 144

. 144

. 147
. 149
. 149
. 150

4. chrysolampis, Jaeii. .
5. flaviventiis, Dol. . . .

.. 182
183

6. ceuomaus, Rvnd. . . .
7. aurautiaoa Guer.

.. 185

186

8. sphinx, Fabr
9. suft'usipennis, Brun.
10. semifuscata, Brun. .
2. Exoprosopa, Mncq. . . .
1. flavipennis, Brun. .
2. flammea, £run. . . .
3. lar, Fabr.

.. 187
.. 188
.. 188
.. 189
... 192
.. 193
. . . 194

4. cingulata, Licht
5. brunnea, Licht

. 151
. 151

4. pennipes, Wied. . . .
5. latipennis, Brun. . . .
6. lateral is, Brun.
7. annandalei, Brun. .
8. maculiveutris, Brun.
9. stylata, Brun
10. insulata, Walk. . . .
11. puerula, Brun
12. bengalensis, Macq. .
13. brahma, Sch
14. niveiventris, lirun. .
15. vitripennis, Brun. .
16. vitrea, Biy
17. basifascia, Walk. .
18. alex.m, Walk
19. semilucida, Walk. .
20. auviplena, Walk
21 albida Walk

... 197
. . . 198
.. 198
.. 199
.. 200
.. 201
.. 203
.. 205
.. 206
.. 206
.. 207
.. 209
.. 210
.. 211
.. 211
212
.. 212
212

6. ochracea, Licht
7. austeni, Licht
8. coffeata, Licht
2. Trichopsidea, Wesf.w. . . .
1. duhrni, Wand
3. Atriadops, Wand
1. javana, Wied.

. 151
152
. 152
. 153
. 153
. 154
. 355
155

4 Ceylunia, Licht

1. magnifica, Licht
Fain. 4. CYBTIDJE

. 156
. 157

Subfam. 1. Philopotina

1. Philopota, Wied
1 viridaenea. B'run

. 158

. 158
. 159

Subfam. 2. Panopints

1. Pialea, Erichs
1. auripila, Brun

Subfam. 3. Cyrtina

1. Lasia, Wied
1. aurata, Brun
2. Pterodontia, Gray

. 160

. 160
. 161

. 163

. 163
. 164
. 165
. 166
. 167
. 168
169
. 170
171

. 171
. 171

173

176

. 178
180
. 180

3. Spog< stylum, Macq. . . .
1. austeni, Brun
4 Argvramoeba Sch

.. 213
.. 213
214

1 bipunctata, Fabr.. - .

. 217

2 di-tigma, Wied

218

3. obscurifrons, Brun. .
4. limitaris, Brun. . . .
5. intermedia, Brun. .

.. 220
.. 220
.. 221
222

1. kashmirensis, Licht. .
2. dorsolineata, Brun. . . .
3 Oncodes Lair

7 gestroi, Brun

222

8. niveicauda, Brun. .
9. duvaucelii, Macq. . .
10. argentiapicalis, Brun
11 instituta Walk. . . .

.. 224
.. 225
.. 227
227

2. octomaculatus, Brun. .

12. claripennis, Brun. .
13. niveisquamis, Brun.
14. nigrofemorata, Brun.

. . 228
.. 229
.. 230
230

4. angustimarginatus,

5. rufomarginatus, Brun.
Fam. o. BOMBYLIID^;

Subfam. 1. Anthracina
1. Hyperalonia. Rond
1. dives, Walk
2. tristis. Wuln .

5. Lepidanthrax, O.-S
1. compacta, Brun
2. transversa, Brun.. . .
6. Anthrax, Scop
1. fletcheii, Brun
2. guttatipennis, Brun.
3. himalayanus, Brun.

.. 232
.. 233
.. 233
.. 234
.. 236
,. 237
.. 238

SYSTEMATIC INDEX.

Anthrax (con.).
4. afra, Fabr

Page
. 240 8. Phtbiria, Mg
241 1. oT»<>.ilis. Walk.. .

Pago

. . 284
285

6. manifest, Walk. . . .
7. clara, Walk
8. approximata, Brim. .
9 aperta Walk

. 242
. 243
. 244
. 245
. 246

. 247
248

Subfam. 4. Toxophorina ....

1. Toxophora, Mg
1. javana, Wied.

Subfam. 5. Si/stropince

. . 280

. . 287
. . 287

. 289

10. fuscotimbata, Brun. .
11. hottentotta, var. clari
pennis, Brun

1 . Systropus, Wied

. 289
. . 291
. 294

13 dia Wifd . • • .

250

1. ophioneus, Westw. . .
2. edwardsi, Brun

14. baluchianus, Brun
15. albofulva, Walk
16. aureohirta, Brun. . . .

. 250
. 251
. 252
. 253
. 254

3. eunienoides, Westw.
4. flavipleura, Brun. . .

; Fam. 6. THEREVIDJE

. 294
. . 295

. 295

. 297

. 298

18 troflodvta, Fabr

19! iucida/JFaa

. 254
. 255
255

20. limpida, Walk
21 referens Walk

1. kempi, Brun

Subfatn ^ Ltnnatiinee

255

. 256

. 257

259

. 260

260
261
263
2H4
265
267
267
268
270
270
270
271
272
273
273
274
275
276
277
277
278
278
278
279
279
280
281
282
283

2. nigella, Wied. . .
3. flavolineuta, Brun. . .
4. bilineata. Brun
5. cylindrica, Walk. . .
6. indica, Walk

299
. L>99
. 300
. 301
. 301
301

1. Aplioebantus, Lw
1. ceylonicus, Brun. . . .

Subfam. 3. Bombylima

1. Empidideicus, Beck
1. indicia, Brun

8. invaria, Walk

. 302
. 302
. 303
. 304

2 Psilocephala, Zett

1. albina, Wied
2. indica, Big

2. Bombylius, Linn

3. ceylonica, Krob

. 304

2. wulpii, Linn
3. major, Linn
4. erectus, Brun
5. maculatus, Fabr
6. comastes, Brun

4 sequa Walk

305

5 affinis Krob.

306

3 Phycus, Walk

306

1. brunneus, Wied
2. argentiventris, Brun.
3. atripes, Brun

. 307
. 309
. 309

8 vicinus, Brun

Fam. 7. SCENOPINIDJE ....

. 310

. 311
312

9. terminalis, Brun
10. fulvipes, Big

11. propinquu.s, Brun. . . .
'•]. Dischistus Lw.

1 fenestralis, L

Fam. 8. MYDAIDJE

. 314

1. resplendens, Brun. . . .
2. ardens, Walk

1. Mvdas, Fabr

. 316
. 317
. 318

1. socius, Walk

1. ruticornis, Wied. . . . ..
2. carmichaeli, Brun. . . .

3. flavospinosus, Brun. .
4. eupogonatus, Biy. . . .

3. annulata, Brun
2. Leptomydas, Gerst
1. indianus, Brun

. 319
. 320
. 320

1. longirostris, Wulp. . . .
6. Geron, Mg
1. arjjentifrons, Brun

Fam. 9. EMPIDJE
Subfam. 1. Hybotince.

. 321
. 325

7 Usia Latr

1. Synecbes, Walk
1. immaculatus, Brun. .
2. biaroti. Bezzi . .

. 327
. 328
. 329

1. sedophila, Brun
2. marffinata, Bnm.. .

SYSTEMATIC INDEX.

Syueches (con.).
3. inaequalis, Brnn
4. minutus, Brun
5. rusticus, Brun
6. palliditarsis, Brun
7. Iratellus, Brun
8. insicmia Tirun. . . .

Page
330
330
331
331
332
332
333
333
333
334
334
334
336
335
336
338
338
339
340
340
340
341
341
342
342
343
343
343

344

345
3-15
346
34(5
347
349
360
351
352
352
363
353
354
355
356
356
367
357
358
359
S59
360
368
:!()!

]
Subfam. 3. Ofiydromiina

1. Leptopeza, M.aeq

Page
362

362
368

363

364
365
366
366
367
367
368
369
370
371
371
372

373
374
375
37C.
377
377
378
378
379
379
380
381
382
382
383
383
383
384
384
385
385
386
386
387

387

388
339

390

391
392

1. vitripemiis, Brun

Subfain. 4. Hemerodromiinee . .
1. Clinocera, ~M.g . .

2.
8.
4

5.

9. fuscipennis, Brun
Syndyas, Lw

1. fluviatilis, Brun
2. obscura, Brun
2. Microdromia, Big
1. dorsalis, Brun
3. Phyllodromia, Zett
] . flavida, Brun
2. indicata, Brun
4. Dolichocepbala, Mncq.

1. parvicellulata»2?«K:/ ..
Harpamerus, Big
1 . signatus, Big
Acarterus, Lw
1 . pallipes, Bezzi

2. fuscipennis, Brun
Hybos My

1. bisetosus, Bezzi

1. septemnotata, Brun. . .
5. Trichopeza, Rond
1 fusca Brun

2. tenuipes, Brun
3. gagatinus, Big
4. apicis, Brun
5. genie ulatus, Wulp . . . .
6. niger, Brun. . .

Subfam. 5. Tachydromiina; . .
1. Tachydromia, My
1. latifascipennis, Bnm. . .
2. ferruginea, Brun
3. nepalensis, Brun
4. gentilis, Brun
5. orientalis, Brun

1 Riiriups Hnni

8. nitens, Brun
9. flavipalpi8, Brun.
10. nigronitidus, Brun
11. brunnipps, Brun
6. Parahybos, Kert
1. flavipes, Brun

Subfam. 2. Empinte

1. Rbamphomyia, My
1. unifasciata, Brun. . . .
2. bimalayana, Brun. . . .
3. griseonigra, Brnn. . . .
9 Tfrrmis T,imn

2. Tachjpeza, Mg
1. palliditibiae, Brun
2 incisa Brun.

3. Drapetis, My
1. variegata, Brun

2. discoidalis, Bezzi . . . .
3. bre'vior, Brun
4. fascifemorata, Brun. . .
5. rotundicornis, Brun. . .
6. rufipes, Brun
4. Elaphropeza, Mncu

8.

4.

] . amplitarsie, Brun
2. albobalteralis, Brun. . .
3. carbonaria, Brun
4. squaniata, Brun

1 . basalis, Bezzi . .
'2. bicoloripes, Brun
3. fulvitborax, Wulp
4. ferruginea, lirun
5. metatarsata, Bezzi ....
6. variegata, Brun

Fam. 10. LONCHOPTERIDJE . .
1. Lonchoptera, My

5. ceylonica, Bezzi
6. griseonigra, Brun
7. centralis, Brun
8. subcilipes, Brun
9. rostrata, Brun
10. raarginata, Brun
11. elegans, Brun
12. iuconspicua, Brim
Hilara Mg .

1. luU'a. Panz. . . . . .

Fan). 11. PLATYPKZIDJE

1. Platypeza, My
1. argyrogyna, Meij

1. conipacta, Brun
2. bares, Walk
3. rutithorax, lirun. . . .
4. peshawarensis, Brun. .
Howlettia, Brun
1. flavipes, Brun

OEDER DIPTEEA.
SUBORDER BRACHYCERA.

INTKODUCTION.

IN the first volume devoted to the Diptera in the "Fauna of
British India" Series, the two great suborders, ORTHORRHAPHA
and CYCLORRHAPHA, into which the order is now generally divided,
were sufficiently characterised, and a comparison was also given
between the NEMATOCERA and BRACHYCERA, into which the first
suborder is subdivided. The earliest writers divided the Diptera
into NEHOCERA and BRACHTCERA, of subordinal rank based mainly
on palpal and antennal characters, and not on those of the
venation or early stages, this classification finding favour until
towards the close of the last century. Nowadays the old series of
hrachycerous families is split at or near the LO^CHOPTERID^;, all
those from the STRATIOMYIDJE to that family being included in the
ORTHOREHAPHA BRACHYCERA ; the remainder, consisting of the
PLATYPEZID^E, PIPTJNCULID^E, SYRPHID^E, CONOPID.E and CEsTRLoa:,
the enormous family MUSCID^E (sensu latissimo), and the pupiparous
Diptera (the last-named forming in themselves a separate group of
uncertain rank) constituting the CYCLORRHAPHA. One anomalous
family, the PHORID^E, is by some placed next the LONCHOPTERID^E
in the ORTHORRHAPHA BRACHYCERA, and by others next to the
MUSCID.E in the CYCLORRHAPHA.

The formation of groups of higher rank than families has
received the attention of many dipterologists of note, and Verrall
gives an excellent resume of Brauer's (1883) and Osten-Sacken's
(1896) views. Verrall himself admitted that there were several
points in Brauer's tables that were not clear to him and others with
which he could not agree, and it may here be observed that
Brauer's primary divisions or suborders of ORTHORRHAPHA and
CYCLOHRHAPHA have been criticised as lately as 1907 by Prof.
Miall. Verrall, in noting this in a footnote, adds, " I quite
agree with this distinguished savant in considering the two
divisions, ORTHORRHAPHA and CYCLORRHAPHA, at present incom-
prehensible" (Dec. 1908). I find myself in the same predicament,
and, personally, biological affinities notwithstanding, I have an
instinctive leaning towards regarding all the families from the
STRATIOMYIDJE to the MUSCID^E, and the PHORID^E, as more closely
related one to the other than are a certain number of them related

2 BRACHYCERA.

to the NEMATOCERA ; in other words, I hesitate to abandon the
" old-fashioned " classification of NEMATOCERA and BRACHYCERA,
pur et simple, with the PUPIPARA as a third group, either of equal
rank with the other two or as a subordinate section of the
BRACHYCERA.

The NEMATOCERA and BRACHYCERA are certainly natural
divisions, and Osten-Sacken believed that the characters distin-
guishing them were of more fundamental importance than those
separating the ORTHORRHAPHA and CYCLORRHAPHA ; he regarded
them as of equal ordinal rank with the CYCLORRHAPHA.
Williston, on the other hand, considers there is " no distinct
limitation between the NEMOCERA and BRACHYCERA,"* but,
according to Verrall, the shape of the anal cell provides an
infallible character in all those cases in which doubt could possibly
arise. It is quite evident, however, that these two groups have
always been perfectly clear to most dipterologists from the.fact that
no dispute has ever arisen as to the group to which any particular
family belonged ; whilst, on the other hand, authors are by no
means in agreement as to where the ORTHORRHAPHA NEMATOCERA
end and the BRACHYCERA, in the restricted sense, begin. How-
ever, these questions of biological affinities amongst the higher
divisions can only be approached by those possessing an intimate
knowledge of all the families, and it Mould be out of place to
attempt any discussion of the subject in a work restricted to the
consideration of a limited number of families.

For the purposes of the present work it will be sufficient to
give, in abbreviated and slightly modified form, Brauer's divisions
of his CYCLORRHAPHA : —

1. Head not flattened, more or less hemispherical,

placed perpendicularly to longitudinal axis of
body; mouth placed below. Eyes always pre-
sent. Dorsal and ventral segments of abdomen
well developed, the connecting membrane con-
cealed. Imagines living; free, non-parasitic .... 2.
Head flattened, placed in longitudinal axis of body ;
mouth similarly placed, projecting forward. Eyes
present or absent. Dorsal and ventral plates of
abdomen very small or absent, owing to pre-
ponderance of connecting membrane. Imagines
parasitic PCPIPARA.

2. Frontal bladder-seam running round only upper

side of base of antennae, narrowly surrounding
the lunule, the bladder -seam being therefore
restricted, the bladder existing or rudimentary.
Jowls not separated from the superiucumbeiit
cheeks. Anal cell long and pointed 3.

* Manual N. Amer. Dipt. 3rd ed. p. 59.

INTRODUCTION. 3

Frontal bladder-seam semicircular, forming above
the lunule a distinctly margined upright arch,
usually running steeply downwards over middle
of face, usually separated and distinctly sepa-
rating the cheeks and jowls at the sides. Anal
cell generally short and often subequal in length
with 2nd basal cell EUMYID.S:.

3. First posterior cell always closed. Vena spuria

present . SYKPHIDJE.

First posterior cell always open. Vena spuria

absent 4.

4. Arista terminal PLATYPEZID^;.

Arista dorsal PIPUNCULHXS:.

The two latter families were left in the same divisional group
by Brauer, but are easily separated by the character given above.
It must be confessed that the table of groups is difficult to put
to practical use, especially by a beginner. The EUMY.IDJE, unfor-
tunately given a family termination, is a combination of the
CONOPIDJE, (ESTBID^, arid MUSCID^E, all of which are regarded in
the present volume as good and separate families.

The PUPIPARA, it is understood, consist of three distinct
families, HIPPOBOSCID^E, NYCTEBJBIIDJE, and STKEBLID^E.

The superfamilies herein admitted are those recognised by
Verrall in his second published volume on British Diptera, and
the following table of them is wholly drawn from that work : —

Table of Superfamilies.

Three equally well-developed pad-like pulvilli.

Species absolutely eremochaetous (i, e., strong

bristles on head and thorax entirely absent) .... EREMOCHJETA.
Two pad-like pulvilli only, the empodium being

sometimes absent or sometimes represented by a

bristly hair. Species not truly eremochtetous . . 2.
Basal cells long, the anal cell being open or long

and pointed, because the branches of the 5th vein

only gradually diverge, and the upper branch is

usually connected with the discat cell by the

posterior cross-vein, though sometimes (BoMBY-

LIID^E, SCENOPINIDJE, etc.) it forms a part of the

lower margin of the discal cell : wing-venation

usually elaborate. Cephalic bristles on frons and

vertex not strongly developed, though sometimes

visible in ASILIDJE. Often large or very large

species and seldom small, and when small

usually with long pubescence among the stronger

bristles 3.

Anal cell short except in a few EMPID^E (HYBO-

TiN-ff;) and shorter than the preceding basal cell

(when that is present), and the upper basal cell

rather long in the EMPID^: only ; 5th vein

with its lower branch recurrent (except in the

HYBOTINJE) and its upper branch quickly lost

4 BKA.CHYCEKA..

in the 4th vein ; 3rd -vein simple except in a few
EMPIM3 ; posterior cross-vein quite absent ;
posterior cells apparently never more than four,
but usually less ; wing- veins altogether few and
simple; alula obsolete. Face bare or only
slightly pubescent in the MICHOPHONA, but
with peristomal bristles in LONCHOPTERIDJE and
side or genal bristles in PHORID^E, but with
no face beard or pubescence as in ASILIDJE.
Cephalic bristles usually strongly developed.
Species always small and distinctly chseto-
phorous • 5.

3. Aerial species, almost always clothed with dense

furry pubescence. Legs thin and only suitable
for alighting, and consequently armed with little
more than spicules (not true bristles) on the
femora and tibise. Eyes nearly always touching
in the c? (holoptic) and never bulged out because

of a sunken vertex TROMOPTEUA.

Pedestrian species, usually armed with strong bristles
and only occasionally (Laphria, Isopogon, etc.)
clothed with dense coarse pubescence ; or (!)ER-
MATINA) bare of both pubescence and bristles.
Legs strong, usually armed with strong bristles
on at least the tibise and tarsi. Eyes almost
always widely separated in both sexes (dichoptic),
and frequently bulging out because of the deeply
sunken vertex 4.

4. Eremochsetous species in the sense that there are

no strong bristles on any part of the thorax or

scutellum DERMATINA.

Chsetophorous species in the sense that there are
strong and usually numerous bristles on the
thorax, scutellum, and legs, or at least on the
sides of the metauotum, except in the few cases
in which dense coarse pubescence is substituted. ENERGOPODA.

5. Wing-veins (including cross-veins) fairly normal, or

else the 2nd and 3rd veins extended almost to
the wing-tip. Antennae with three (or rarely
two) joints obvious, besides any style or arista. . 0.

Wing-veins extremely abnormal and quile distinct
from those of any other Diptera ( except A spistes
in the BIBIONIDJE) ; anterior veins up to the
3rd vein strong and conspicuous, running into
the basal half of the costa, but the subsequent
veins very faint and incomplete and abnormally
directed ; 4th, oth, and anal veins very difficult
to trace. Palpi porrect, not jointed. Eyes
widely and equally separated in both sexes.
Antenna? apparently composed of one large joint,
which bears a very long apical or dorsal arista.
Hind legs long and the femora flattened HYPOCERA.

Wing rounded at the tip ; venation fairly normal,
with the 2nd vein ending considerably before
the wing-tip, and with at least one apparent
cross-vein well out towards the middle of the
wing, causing the discal cell to be present even if

extended back to the wing-base. Face, rnouth-
margin, and jowls without strong bristles.
Thorax rarely with a soft pubescence. Eyes of
the J sometimes touching or approximated.

Imagines always predaceotis MICROPHONA.

Wings pointed at the tip ; venation abnormal, as
the 2nd and 3rd veins end close together almost
at the wing-tip ; no obvious cross-vein, and the
discal cell absent or reduced to a short middle
basal cell. Face with strong bristles round the
niouth-margin. Thorax with bristles but no
pubescence. Eyes widely and equally separated
in both sexes. Antennae short and porrect, with
a long subdorsal arista. Colour always dull
yellowish, brownish, or greyish, but never green
or metallic ACROPTERA.

Verrall incorporates in the above table the sixteen families of
BRACHTCERA which occur in Britain, as well as the seven super-
families, which accounts for characters of minor value often being
added, but it has seemed better to give his actual diagnoses of the
higher groups in full than to attempt to abbreviate them. One or
two terms in the venation and so on are changed for the purpose
of preserving uniformity with ray previous volume. His table
(pp. 14 to 30) is illustrated with typical figures and is a veritable
epitome of the salient characters of the BRACHYCERA.

Coming to families, there has been less difference of opinion
amongst authors than as regards the higher groups, probably
because the characters are drawn solely from the perfect insects.
The exact rank of the CCENOMYID.E and XYLOPHAGID.E as families
has been questioned, and the affinities of the LONCHOPTERID.S; and
PHORIDJE have given rise to considerable discussion. Notes on
these points will be found under the respective family headings.
I follow Osten-Sacken and Verrall in placing the XYLOMYIN^E
subfamily of XYLOPHAGID.E in the STBATIOMYIDJE, and the remain-
ing subfamily, the XYLOPHAGINJE, in the LEPTID^, to which
family also the COZXOMYIDJE are referred as a subfamily.

Some authors have desired to remove the MYOPINJE subfamily
from the CONOPID.E to the MUSCID^; and also to disband the
CEsTRiD-j; altogether and spread the genera amongst the MusciDjE,
but with these views I cannot concur.

Of two other families the taxonomic rank has been occasionally
disputed, the ACANTHOMERIDVE and APIOCERID.E, but as neither
group occurs in the Orient they need not be discussed here. The
former family contains the most gigantic flies known, so far as
bulk goes, measuring up to 40 millimetres in length and 80 milli-
metres in expanse of the wings, and they are confined to the
Neotropical liegion. They are allied to the STRATIOMYID^E,
LEPTIDVE, and TABANID.*:. The APIOCERID.E are akin to both the
MTDAID^E and ASTLIDJE. Both these groups are now admitted to
be of family rank.

BRAC1IYCEKA.

Table of all Families of Diptera except the NEMATOCEKA.

1. Body not of leathery texture. Head free ;

mouth generally well developed, with a
more or less prominent proboscis. Two
palpi and at least two oral bristles present.
Femora approximate at base. Abdomen
distinctly segmented. Oviparous or larvi-
parous ; in perfect state never parasitic on

warm-blooded creatures 2.

Body of leathery texture. Head placed in a
curved excavation of the thorax or bent
back upon the thorax. Mouth very imper-
fect ; palpi absent. Abdomen indistinctly
segmented. Femora at base remote, through
the broad mesothorax ; claws well deve-
loped. Parasitic during pupal and imaginal
stages in warm-blooded creatures (mammals
and birds) 23.

2. Three distinct pulvilli. Absolutely eremo-

chsetous species (i. e., no strong bristles on
head or thorax as compared with pubes-
cence) 3.

Two pulvilli (sometimes obsolete or absent).*
Species not truly eremoehaetous, and often
with dense furry pubescence, or bristly . . 8.

3. Third antennal joint annulated, Eyes in $

normally contiguous or very approximate
(except in most NKMESTRINIDJE) ; in $

wide apart 4.

Third antennal joint not annulated (except
XYLOPHAGINJE). Eyes in $ generally
contiguous 7.

4. Posterior cells not parallel with hind margin

of wing t- " Diagonal " vein never present.

Eyes in $ normally contiguous 5.

Posterior cells parallel with hind margin of
wing. " Diagonal ' ' vein generally present ;
wings often reticulate. Eyes in <5 gene-
rally separated ." Nemestrinidae,

5. Tibiee with at least middle pair spurred [p. 144.

(indistinctly in ACANTHOMKRIDJE). Veins
not crowded together in anterior part of
wing. Ambient vein present (thin in
ACANTHOMKRIDJE). Scutellum unspined. 6.
Tibiae without spurs (except in XYLOMYINJE
and some BERING). Veins crowded to-
gether anteriorly (except XYLOMYIN^:
and BERINJE). Ambient veiii absent or

* Middle one sometimes shorter in NEMESTRINID.E, but always pad-like.

t Some CYRTID,K form exceptions, but the enormous thoracic squamae,
globular bodies, and general appearance of this family at once distinguish
them.

INTRODUCTION. 7

incomplete. Scutelluru often with two or

four (rarely six or eight) spines on margin. Stratiomyidae,

6. Antennae flagellilbrm. Fourth posterior cell [p. 17.

closed. Wing with marginal space of last
submarginal cell at most twice that of
immediately adjoining cells. Squamae
almost obsolete. Perfect insects never

blood-suckers Acanthomeridae.

Antennae normally sickle-shaped, rarely fla-
gelliform or otherwise formed. Fourth
posterior cell nearly always open. Wing
with marginal space of last submarginal
cell at least three or four times that of
immediately adjoining cells. Squamae
very large. Adult females always blood-
suckers ". Tabanidae.

7. Posterior tibiae always spurred. Body gene-

rally elongate, abdomen never balloon-like.
Eyes in <$ contiguous, in $ wide apart ;
head of normal size and shape. Thoracic
squamae normal. Venation as in TABA-
NIDAE, except that the anal cell is some-
times open Leptidae, p. 100.

All tibiae unspurred or with very short blunt
ones. Body short, rounded ; abdomen
often balloon-like. Eyes in both sexes
contiguous ; head very small, inconspi-
cuous, depressed, nearly all eyes. Thoracic
squamae enormous. Venation eccentric and
complex Cyrtidae, p. 157.

8. Basal cells long, at least one-third the length

of the wing. Anal cell (sometimes called
the third basal) open, or long and pointed. 9.
Basal cells short (except in HYBOTIX^E).
Anal cell shorter than preceding cell, when
that is present. Third vein never forked,
except in some EAIPIDJE 18.

9. Posterior cells parallel with hind margin of

wing. Second longitudinal vein (and some-
times upper branch of third also) ending
in first longitudinal near its tip. Antennae
generally clavate at tip. Eyes in tf dis-
tinctly separated Mydaidae. p. 314.

Posterior cells not parallel with hind margin
of wing. Second longitudinal vein ending
in first only in APIOCKRIDJE and some
ASILIDJE ; in all other families ending in
wing-margin. Antennae not clavate at
tip. Eyes in J contiguous or well sepa-
rated 10.

10. Upper branch of 4th vein ending before

wing-tip 11.

Upper branch of 4th vein ending below
wing-tip 12

11. Venation more complex. Five posterior cells,

the 4th closed. Eyes in tf always wide

8 BRACIIT.CEKA.

apart, but less so than in £ . First longi-

tudinal vein receiving others in it before

its tip. Thorax and scutelluni with strong

bristles arid pubescence ................ Apioceridae.

Venation simple and reduced. Three pos-

terior cells. Eyes in <$ contiguous or

very approximate. First longitudinal vein

never receiving others in it. Species quite

destitute of bristles or pubescence ...... Scenopinidae,

12. Five posterior cells. Chsetophorous species, [p. 310.

generally very pubescent also .......... 13.

Three or four posterior cells. Eremochsetous

species, except BOMBYLIIDJE and some

* 14.

13. Vertex of head deeply sunken between the

eyes, leaving the latter very prominent.

Eyes in <^ always separated ............ Asilidae .

Vertex not sunken, therefore eyes not pro-
minent. Eyes in cT contiguous or closely
approximate .......................... Tnerevidae, p. 295.

14. Third longitudinal vein generally forked.

Posterior cross-vein absent. Eyes in $
normally contiguous in typical groups, but
distinctly separated in ANTHRACIN^: ; con-
tiguous in both sexes in Systropus. Often
densely furry species .................. Bombyliidae, p. 173.

Third longitudinal vein never forked. Pos-
terior cross-vein present. Eyes in tf con-
tiguous or approximate, except rarely; but
in CONOPIDJE wide apart in both sexes.
Normally not densely furry species, except
in some SYRPHID^E .................... 15.

15. Proboscis rigid and geniculate. First pos-

terior cell closed ; antennae with apical
style (CONOPIN^E), or first posterior cell
open ; antennae with dorsal arista
(MYOPIN.S:) .......................... Conopidae.

Proboscis soft. First posterior cell closed or
open. Antennae of very various formation. 16.

16. First posterior cell closed. Vena spuria pre-

sent (sometimes very faint). Eyes in both

sexes of normal size and nature .......... Syrphidae.

First posterior cell open. Vena spuria absent.
Eyes in both sexes very large (especially
in PIPUNCUI.IDJE) ; some of the facets
often enormously enlarged .............. 17.

17. Arista dorsal, 3rd longitudinal vein well

curved ; * apical section of 4th vein curved
downwards; hind tarsi never dilated .... Pipunculidae.
Arista apical, 3rd vein nearly straight ; apical
section of 4th vein curved inwards. Hind
tarsi dilated .......................... Platypezidae,

18. Venation abnormal ; t no obvious cross- vein [p. 390.

* Nearly straight in Chalarus.

t Except in Opetia, a non-Oriental genus.

INTRODUCTION*. 9

well out on disc of wing. Eyes in both

sexes wide apart 19.

Venation fairly normal (reduced in DOLICHO-
PODIDJE) ; at least one obvious cross-vein
well out on disc of wing. Eyes in rf con-
tiguous, approximate, or wide apart 20.

19. Second and third longitudinal veins long,

nearly parallel. Wings Idng, tips pointed ;
venation different in the sexes ; no wing-
less species - Lonchopteridae,

Second and third veins united in one rather [p. 387.

short strong vein. Wings short, tips well
rounded ; venation similar in both sexes ;
some species wingless Phoridae.

20. Discal cell united to 2nd basal cell ; basal

cells very short or obsolete. Third longi-
tudinal vein diverging from a swelling
near base of wing; anterior cross-vein at
same spot ; third vein never forked. Pro-
boscis soft. Arista or stvle dorsal or apical.
Abdomen normally 5- or 6-segmented. . . . Dolichopodidae.
Discal and second basal cells separate (except
in a few EMPID^:). Basal cells generally
long enough to be obvious. Second and
third veins diverging well away from base
of wing ; third vein not forked, except in
some EMPIDJE. Proboscis rigid or soft . . 21.

21. Antennal style present or absent ; arista, if

present, generally dorsal. Proboscis gene-
rally rigid, pointed. Abdomen normally
7-segmented. Second and third longi-
tudinal veins diverging at one-third of the

wing ; third vein often forked Empidae, p. 321.

Antennal style never present ; arista, when
present, nearly always dorsal. Third vein
never forked 22.

22. Proboscis rudimentary ; palpi rudimentary or

absent. In larval stage always parasitic

on mammalia '. CEstridae.

Proboscis and palpi always distinctly pre-
sent. In larval stage rarely parasitic on
mammalia Muscidae (s. hitiss.}.

23. Head folding back on dorsum of thorax.

Wingless species. Parasitic on bats .... Nycteribiidae.
Head not folding back on thorax. Winged
or wingless species. Parasitic on birds and
mammals , 24.

24. Antennae reduced. Wings with distinct

parallel veins ; cross-veins often present.
Claws simple. Nearly all the species

parasitic on bats Streblidae.

Antennae generally more elongate. Wings,
when present, with veins crowded together
anteriorly; cross-veins short and near base
of wing. Claws large. Parasitic on
mammals and birds Hippoboscidae.

10 BEACHYCEEA.

The external characters of the BEACHYCEEA and CYCLOEEHAPHA
exhibit as much, it' not greater variation than those of the
NEMATOCEEA. As the introduction to the previous volume on
Diptera dealt with characters common to 4he order generally,
those pages may be consulted in conjunction with the present
summary, which is confined to the BEACHYCEEA and those families
of the CYCLOEEHAPHA treated of herein.

The eyes in the higher BEACJIYCEEA and higher CYCLOBEHAPHA
are generally contiguous or subcontiguous above in the male, and
such flies are said to be holoptic, the eyes in the female being
distinctly separated hy a comparatively broad Irons, but exceptions
are numerous. Diptera in which the eyes are well separated in
the c? are called dichoptic. The CYETID/E have contiguous eyes
in both sexes (with rare exceptions), and in some cases the eyes
are contiguous both above and below ; the MYDATD^, ASILLIXI;,
DOUCHOPODIM:, LONCHOPTEEIDA-, and COXOPIDJE have the eyes
equally conspicuously separated in both sexes. The lower ANTHO-
MYJNJE and practically all the ACALYPTEATA are also dichoptic.
The eyes may be pubescent or bare, this being sometimes a sexual
character, and iu life they are often green (Hcematopotci) or golden
green (Chrysopihts), and in many species of TABANIDJE, ASILID^E
and some other groups bear brown or purple bands. In many
groups the front facets are from just perceptibly to very con-
siderably larger than the rest in the c? , and of uniform and
smaller size in the 5 , but in the PIPUNCULID.E the front facets,
though enlarged more than usual in the d , are yet more enlarged,
and to an enormous extent, in the 5 . In some PUPIPAEA the eyes
are absent ; in CYETID.E and PIPUNCULID.E they occupy practically
all the head, no other parts except the antenna? being visible in
profile in some species of both families.

Three ocelli are normally present in all the BEACHYCEEA, but
they are occasionally absent (CONOPIN^E).

The lower part of the head, or epistome, exhibits a wide range
of shape and size, from being barely or not at all produced beyond
the eyes in profile either forwards or downwards (as in most
PIPUNCULIDJE) to forming a long strong conical rostrum (Nemotehts
in STEATIOMYIDJE ; Khingia, Volucella, Lycastris in SYEPHIDJE).
The face frequently has a central bump, as in most SrEpHiD^E, or
it may be less prominent, gently curved, or flattened. The mouth-
parts attain their highest development in the TABANID.E, a family
in which the females of all the species have the reputation of
being blood-suckers. The parts of the female Tabanid mouth
consist of the labiuin or lower lip, a pair of maxilla? and of
mandibles, strong piercing organs, and a pair of large, fleshy,
conspicuous, approximately conical maxillary palpi.* The pro-
boscis in the BEACHYCEEA is usually soft, and formed for sucking
the juices of plants or animal matter, but it is not infrequently
of enormous length, longer than the whole body and of extreme

* Compare ' Indian Diptera,' i. p. 18.

INTRODUCTION. 11

slenderness, and in this state either adapted for piercing
the skin (PANGONIA) or for imbibing the juices of flowers
(NEMESTRINID.E, CYRTIILE, and many BOMBYLID^E). Occasionally
it is long, rigid, and geuiculate (CONOPID.E). Biting flies are
distributed throughout many brachycerous and cyclorrbaphous
groups. S>/niphoromyia, in LEPTIDJE, has been definitely proved
to bite man severely on occasions ; the TABANIILE generally confine
their unwelcome attentions to the larger mammals, though one
genus, Hcematopota, widely distributed throughout the world, its
natural home being apparently Africa, is very prone to attack
man. The strong horizontal horny proboscis of the Stomoxys
group of true Muscinids is well known, as are also the tsetse-flies
(Glossina) inhabiting Africa, these being the carriers of sleeping-
sickness. Philtematomyia, a genus of Muscinid flies, possesses a
circlet of teeth-like projections at the tip of the proboscis with
which, even if unable actually to pierce the skin, it can easily
enlarge an abrasion already made. The proboscis in not a few
genera is rudimentary, in some almost obsolete, as in (EsTRiDTE,
the members of which family cause cattle instinctively the greatest
terror on their approach for the purpose of depositing their eggs
on the animals' mouths, nostrils, etc. An isolated case occurs
here and there of a genus with a strong rigid proboscis in a group
in which the organ is normally soft arid fleshy, as Drymeia in the
ANTHOMYINJE. The ASILID^E and EMPIIXE are two other extensive
families generally possessing a rigid horny proboscis, with which
they easily pierce and carry off their prey, consisting of softer
Diptera and other insects. The labella, sometimes called " sucker-
flaps," vary in size, shape, and strength, sometimes being small
and soft, in other cases acting as organs of attrition to rub off
small particles of food.

• The palpi, apart from those of the NEMATOCERA, consist usually
of two joints, in some highly specialized families of one only, these
being the maxillary pair, the labial palpi being considered to be
absent in the Diptera. Though large and prominent in some families
(TABANID^), it is often difficult in others (BOMBYLILU^E, THEUE-
VID^E, ASILULE) to examine them without removing the dense
furry or bristly pubescence characterising these groups. However,
in most of the BRACHYCERA the location of any genus or species
can be readily ascertained without reference to these organs.
They are normally porrect, i. e., directed horizontally forwards,
especially in the blood-sucking Muscids, but frequently project
more or less downwards, and they may be present or absent,
respectively, in genera of considerable affinity, whilst in the
CYRTIDJE they are generally obsolete.

As regards the antennae, a gradual change takes place from the
many-jointed elongate flagellum of the NEMATOCERA to the compact
three-jointed form of the bulk of the remainder of the Diptera,
the 3rd joint often being the only conspicuous one.* In the

* For comparative notes on the antenna; in NEMATOCERA and BRACHTCERA,
see ' Indian Diptera,' i. p. 20.

12 BRACHYCERA.

earlier families of the BRACHYCERA (STRATJ.OMYID.E, TABANIIWE,
some LEPTHLE, etc.) the third joint is usually anuulated, that is,
faintly separated by more or less distinctly impressed lines into
several divisions, generally eight or five, and in this character
considerable resemblance is apparent to the nematocerous families
BIBIONID^E, SiMULiiDJE, and liiiYPHiD^. These annulations in
subsequent familes of BIIACHYCERA gradually disappear in an
obviously single elongate joint, as in many BOMBYLIID^;, THERE-
TID^E, and ASILIDJE, with or without a more or less distinct one-
or two-jointed apical style ; and in later families still, the 3rd
joint is further shortened and may bear either a style or arista.

The arista, the bristle-like hair situated on the upper side of
the 3rd joint, makes its appearance in the very first brachycerous
family, the STRATIOMYID^,* and is present in one or more genera
in probably all the subsequent families, with a few exceptions

(TABANIDjE, ACANTIIOMERIUJE, SCENOPJUSTD^, MYDAIDjK, and APIO-

CEKIUM), and of these, all except the first are groups of quite
limited extent. The arista is at first (STRATIOMYID./E, LEPTID^E)
mainly apical or subapical, afterwards either apical or dorsal in
the same family, and, finally, mainly dorsal (DOLICKOPOUID.E), which
is its normal nature in the remaining brachycerous families and
in the CYCLORRHAPHA. The arista may be quite bare, pubescent to
a varying degree, or conspicuously plumose. In the great majority
of BRACHYOERA the two basal antennal joints are differentiated
from the 3rd in the na.ture of the scapal joints in NEMATOCERA, and
are usually short, bearing short bristles, cylindrical or, especially
the 2nd, more or less cup-shaped ; but in the 3rd joint the most
varied forms exist even in a single family, this being especially the
case in the STRATIOMYJD^E, BOMBYLIIDJE, and SYRPHIDJE. Briefly,
the 3rd joint may be elongate-cylindrical (annulated or not), strap-
shaped, filiform, tapering, conical, tooth-shaped, oblong, rounded,
oval, renit'orm, globular, or of irregular shape. In one aberrant
genus (llhachicerus in LEPTID.E) it is strikingly pectinate, recalling
Pstlliopliora in the NEMATOCERA, whilst in Talnrocera, a genus
of North American Tachinids, the 3rd joint in the female is
of an extraordinarily fantastic shape. In the CYCLORRHAPIIA the
two basal joints are normally as in the BRACIIYCERA, though
the 3rd joint again shows the same extreme range of variety in the
two largest families, SYRPHID.E and MUSCID^E, but remains of
remarkably uniform, though peculiarly characteristic, form in
others (PIPUNCULIDJE, PLATYPEZIDJEJ. In these groups it may
bear a short style or an arista. The 1st and 2nd antennal joints
sometimes depart from their more or less general form, the
former being exceedingly long and cylindrical in Systropus and
conspicuously so in Stmtiomyia, the 2nd showing unusual develop-
ment in certain genera.

Coming to venation, it will be observed that in the BRACHYCERA

* The only nematocerous family in which the arista appears is the OUPIINE-
piiiLiD.E, a group of about hall' a dozen species, and as it consists of several
joints it is perhaps not truly identical.

IXTKODCCTION. 13

several characters adopt nearly the opposite form to that in the
NEMATOCEEA. Of these perhaps the principal is the anal cell,
which is always wide open in the NEMATOCEBA, normally widening
towards its tip, whereas in the BBACHYCEBA, it normally contracts
towards its tip, frequently very strikingly so ; and in a large
number of genera it is completely closed more or less near the
wing-margin, either by the gradual approximation of the 5th and
6th veins or by the lower branch of the former turning down,
frequently at ar sharp angle or well-rounded curve, often in the
latter cases closing the cell some distance from the margin of the
wing. In the higher families of BBACHYCEBA the anal cell is very
elongate, extending generally to the wing-margin, but in sub-
sequent families, notably the EJIPIDJ:, it is considerably shortened
through the almost or quite recurrent ending of the lower branch
of the 5th vein in the anal vein at or before the middle of the
latter, whilst in DOLICHOPODIDJE and LOXCHOPTEBIP^; it is shorter
still. It increases in length again in two out of the three first
families of the CYCLOBBHAPHA, though it is short in one of them
(PLATYPEZIDJE), whilst in the higher Muscids it is always com-
paratively short, and in the lower MUSCIDS normally short or
absent, although conspicuous exceptions occur (some OETALIN^E
and TBYPETIN.E, for example). In the CONOPID^;, one of the two
families* that may be regarded as forming the transition from the
BBACHYCEEA-like CYCLOREIIAPHA to the MUSCIDJE (s. latiss.) it is
long in the CONOPIXJE and short in the MYOPI^E, which tends to
prove the intermediate nature of the COXOPID.!.

The auxiliary and 1st vein are generally obviously present,
separate and simple, but in some groups of ACALYPTEATA they
are frequently coalescent.f The 2nd vein is nearly always very
prominent and simple ; the 3rd, which is nearly always simple in
NEMATOCEBA, is normally forked in the higher families of BEACHY-
CEEA. The 4th and 5th veins in these latter families are generally
both forked, but in the highest three families of the CYCLOREHAPIIA
(PLATYPEZIDJE, PIPUNCULLELE, and SYEPHiDJE) there are normally
only three endings to the two veins, in which cases it is the 5th
vein that is considered forked, its upper branch forming part or
the whole of the hinder side of the discal cell. This cell in the
NBMATOCEEA is confined to the TIPLTLID.E and BHYPHID.E — that is
to say, the two families generally placed next to the BEACHYCEEA,
in which latter the cell is a standard feature, though exceptions
occur (some EMPIIXE), — and it is prominently retained in the
calyptrate Muscids and the bulk of the ACALYPTEATA. The
anterior cross-vein is nearly always present, though rudimentary
in some STBATIOMYID.E ; bufc the posterior cross-vein disappears
after the higher families are passed, if the theory of the forked
5th vein be upheld.J

* The other being tiie CEsriun.E.

t They are then called the 1st vein, following Schiner.

J It may as well be stated here that I am by no means convinced that this
is the correct interpretation.

14 BRACHYCERA.

The brachycerous venation attains its most perfect form perhaps
in the TABANID.E, and it is elaborated most in the ASILIDJE,
NEMESTRINID.E, MiDAio.£, and CYRTiD*! (despite the latter
family also exhibiting some very simple venational types), being
quite eccentric in the last three families, many of the longi-
tudinal veins in the hinder part of the wing running more or
less pai-allel to the hind margin; whilst in certain genera of
NEMESTRINID^ an additional character is the net-like system of
very numerous small cross-veins. An isolated instance of a cell
being subdivided hy numerous cross-veins occurs in Lycastris
(SYRPHID^), in which the subcostal cell is so divided.

After the BRACHYCERA the venation becomes more simplified,
and is, speaking broadly, remarkably uniform in type throughout
the MUSCID.S, in the higher groups of which (Tachinicls, Dexiids,
Sarcophagids, and Muscinids) the 1st posterior cell is quite or
nearly closed by the upturned apical section of the 4th vein,
whilst in the ANTHOMYINJE and the various subfamilies forming
the ACALYPTRATA that cell is broadly open. Numerous minor
differences occur in these groups, but the type of venation
remains the same. Passing on to the PUPIPARA, some genera
may be observed to possess peculiar venation, but they need not
be discussed here.

The general form of the body exhibits the widest diversity.
The head may be variously proportioned to the body, perhaps
attaining its minimum of size in the CYRTIDYE and its maximum
in PIPUXCULID.E, but normally it is approximately of the same
width as the thorax and usually more or less semicircular. The
thorax and abdomen both vary greatly in length and breadth in
relation to one another, and range from the flattened form in some
STRATIOMYIDJE to the humped thorax in many EMPID.T; and to the
globular or balloon-like abdomen in most CYRTID.I, the whole
body in many species of the latter family being practically
spherical. As regards vestiture, a short pubescence over the
greater part of the thorax and abdomen is common to the vast
majority of genera in BRACKYCERA, a few restricted groups being
for all practical purposes absolutely bare (Scenophins). The earlier
families are erernochsetous — that is, possess no distinct bristles of
a chaetotactic nature on the head or thorax ; but such bristles
gradually appear in successive families, as witnessed by the apical
spurs on the tibiae in LEPTID.E, spicules or stick-like spines on the
legs in some BOMBYLIIDJE, and real bristles and spines in that family,
in DOLICHOPODID^, EMPID.E, and THERETID;E, culminating in the
powerful chsetotactic system in most ASILIDJE ; after which these
characters gradually diminish or practically disappear (as in
PIPIINCULIDJE and SYRPHIDJS), reappearing and attaining probably
their greatest development in the order in the TACHININ.E, the
highest group of the MTTSCID^E («. latiss.). The pubescence,
always soft in STRATIOMYIDJE, attains its greatest development
perhaps in BOMBYLIID^:, THEREYID.E, and ASILIDJE ; and true

INTRODUCTION. 15

scales, covering sometimes extensive parts of the body or legs, are
common in many genera of BOMBTLIID.S and TIIEREVID^E.

The vestiture of the legs varies from practical bareness, through
the whole gamut of soft and fine to a long and ragged pubescence,
bristles, spines, scales, and tooth-like serrations (the latter generally
confined to the underside of the femora), all of them often forming
good generic or specific characters. As a rule, aerial species (that
is, those that are frequently on the wing and addicted to hovering)
possess soft pubescence on the body and weak legs devoid of
strong bristles, as they are presumably employed mainly for
alighting ; whereas, on the contrary, pedestrian (which frequently
means predatory) species mostly possess strong bristles or spines,
and powerful legs capable of running swiftly and surely and of
holding their prey when captured, and possessing comparatively
reduced powers of flight. Compare, for instance, a Bombylius
with an average Asilid. A peculiar character called " touch
hairs " is present in certain genera of LEPTID.E, TABANID^;, and
some other widely divergent groups, and this is dealt with under
the genus Leptis.*

The genitalia in the BRACIIYCBRA are usually more or less con-
cealed in most families or are of simple form, but they afford in
the <5 good taxonomic characters in ASILID.I: and DoLicHOi?ODiD^E,
being fully free in the latter family ; but the genitalia are always
more uniform in the $ and of little value lor classification in
that sex.

Life Histories.-^

Although the metamorphoses of the Diptera in general are still
but imperfectly understood, considerable progress in their study
has been made since the older writers (Keaumur, JJe Geer, etc.)
first broke the ice, and the early stages of a comparatively large
number of common species have been worked out. Taking the
order as a whole, the larva may be described as maggot-like,
though extreme forms of shape are far from uncommon. It
generally consists of a head segment and twelve others, of which
the three anterior ones are presumed to represent the thorax
of the perfect insect. The head segment is often so indefinitely
presented that Brauer sometimes uses the expressions " head
capsule" and "jaw capsule." Even when obviously present the
head is sometimes most disproportionately minute or placed below
the anterior end of the body so as to be invisible from above ;
also not infrequently in the flesh-feeding maggots no head can be
detected with certainty. These latter forms are called acephalous,

* These notes on vestiture are compiled chiefly from Verrall.

t These remarks on the early stages are wholly culled from Dr. Sharp's
paper (v. Verrall, p. 31). This article should certainly be studied by nil
interested in the subject. In addition to a preliminary general resume of
brachycerous larvae, it offers a translation of Brauer's classification of the
fumilies in BRACHYCERA. based on larval characters, and, lastly, more detailed
information is given on each family or group of families separately.

1G BRACIIYCERA.

whilst at the other end of the scale, i. e., those larvae with unduly
large heads, the term eucephalous is applied. The eucephalous
kinds are the less common, but they are the normal form in the
nematocerous family CULJCIM:. The head in the larvae of the
majority of brachycerous families exhibits an intermediate type
between the extreme forms. Many kinds of larvse have retractile
heads, the front part being completely withdrawable inside the
following segment or segments,

Kegarding tlie mouth-parts Brauer, roughly speaking, described
the lanse of the NEHATOCERA as having the jaws moving
horizontally, except in cases where the mouth-parts are quite
rudimentary, when the larva is peripneustic and 13-segmented.
He claims for the BRACIIYCERA vertically moving jaws — sucking
and boring groups coming also under this division, the head being
not well developed. Brachycerous lar\ 03 with rudimentary mouth-
parts are amphipneustic or metapneustic, with ten to twelve
obvious segments.

The number of body-segments is frequently by no means easy
to ascertain, Dr. Sharp stating that there is "no morphological
criterion yet discovered by which the segments can be numbered."
In some cases, of course, they are obvious enough, whilst in others
there are what have been termed intercalary segments, apparently
consisting of the undue development of the integument between
the orthodox segments, the larva? of the THEREVID.S: and SCEXO-
PIKIM; being instances in which tlie apparent number of segments
approximates to about twenty. The larva with the smallest
number of segments appears to be that of the nematocerous
family BLEPHAROCERIDJE, in which only five or six are present.

Locomotion is usually effected by means of pseudopods, as
jointed legs are unknown through the whole order of the Diptera,
these pseudopods being transverse swellings on the under (or
sometimes both upper and under) surface of the body, and they
may also be furnished with rows of bristles or small wart-like
projections, placed on a varying number of segments according to
the species.

The spiracles in Dipterous larvae consist of a posterior pair
placed near or at the tip of the body, where there is often some
special development for their protection. Larvae with only one
pair of spiracles, the posterior ones, are called metapneustic ; but
if in addition there is a pair of anterior ones placed a little behind
the head, they are termed amphipneustic: whilst when intermediate
spiracles are also present, making, so to speak, three sets in all,
they are known as peripneustic.

The pupa-case is ordinarily the dried larval skin, the imago
escaping through a longitudinal split occurring between two
transverse splits, normally on the ord and 5th segments re-
spectively.

Further detailed information will be found under the respective
families or genera concerned.

STKATIOMYIIXE 17

Family STRATIOMYID^E.

Head hemispherical or flattened, rather short, usually ahout as
broad as thorax, generally bare. Eyes contiguous in rf (occasion-
ally very narrowly separated, Saryus, etc.), wide apart in $ ; if
hairy in <3 , nearly always bare in $ ; sometimes upper facets
enlarged in tf , all facets equal in $ ; posterior orbits often very
broad aiid conspicuous. Jb'rons seldom prominent, but lower part
of head forming a conspicuous snout in some genera (Nemotelus] ;
three distinct ocelli. Proboscis usually short and fleshy, some-
times rudimentary, occasionally long aud thin (Nemotelus), rarely
conspicuous ; palpi 1- to 3-jointed, iuconspicuous. Antenna?
porrect, approximate at base, showing, perhaps, greater diversity
of form than in any other family of Diptera, 3-jointed ; 3rd joint
annulated, forming apparently several (up to eight) annulations ;
an apical style, often very large, or an apical or subapical arista
often present.

Thorax generally quadrangular or roughly obloug or oval, more
or less pubescent, moderately or considerably arched ; scutellum
semicircular or broadened, unarmed or with 2, 4, 6, or 8 spines,
occasionally produced into a prominent erect bluut coue or spine
(Monaco, nthomy ia, Ceratothyrea). A strong spine on each side of
thorax in some genera (Ephippiwn, Negritomyia).

Abdomen of five to seven, sometimes eighr, segments ; of very
varied shape, globular, much broader than thorax (Pachygastei ,
Acanthina, Cyphomyia) ; broader and shorter than thorax (Culena) ;
quadrate (titratiomyia, Odontomyia) ; oblong or oval, and about as
long as thorax (Evaza, Tinda, aud many others) ; or very elongate,
linear, cylindrical, or flattened (iSargus, Jlermetia, Stratio-
sphecomyia). Genital organs usually inconspicuous.

Legs normally of moderate length and strength, or rather weak ;
destitute of bristles or spines (except for a serration below hind
femora in some XYLQMYIXJE) ; generally bare or with pubescence
mainly confined to the femora ; tibia? unspurred, except in
XYLOMYIN^ and some BEKINJE.

Wings generally with the characteristic venation of the family
(except XYLOMYIN.E and BEHIND) ; anterior veins (subcostal, Isi,
2nd, and 3rd longitudinals) crowded together in fore part of wing
and the posterior veins very faint, often not reaching wing-margin.
In typical genera costa nob reaching wing-tip, ambient vein
absent ; 3rd vein simple or forked, fork occurring at some distance
beyond discal cell, both branches ending in costa before wing-tip ;
discal cell always present, lower side often formed of upper branch
of 5th vein, in which case posterior cross-vein absent ; anterior
cross-vein present, not distally further than middle of discal cell,
joining, except in SAUGINJE, 3rd vein to discal cell. In. CLITEL-
LARIIXJE, 2nd vein apparently anastomosed with 3rd or may be
considered absent, lu SARGIXJE, anterior cross-vein joining
praefurca and discal cell, as 2nd vein originates much later than

c

18 STRATIOHYID^E.

usual. Prsefurca originating in this family about opposite base
of discal cell (except in BEKINTE and XYLOMYIN.-E), whereas in all
other families of BRACHYCERA it originates much sooner. In
BERHNOE and XYLOMYINJE all the veins attain the wing-margin ;*
praefurca quite distinct ; costa nearly or quite reaching wing-tip ;
ambient vein more or less distinct: 4th posterior cell closed in
XYLOMYIN^E. In all subfamilies, membrane of wing always ribbed
or wrinkled ; squama variable in size, thoracic pair sometimes
absent.

The STEATIOMYID^E are invariably bare of bristles or spines
(except the side thoracic spines in a few genera), but often possess
dense soft pubescence extending over the whole body and the
femora. The crowding together of the anterior veins and the
extremely wide variation of form in the antennae (perhaps greater
than in any other familv of Diptera) are their principal characters.
In the BERING and XYLOMYIN^E the venation takes the form of
the other allied families and the antenna? are more uniformly
constructed, elongate or subconical, with distinctly annulated
3rd joint. The family is closely allied to the LEPTID^E and
TABANID^ and to the small family of gigantic flies, the ACAN-
THOMERJD^:, known only from South America.

Life-Mstory. — The larvae show considerable variation, though
easily recognised when once seen, and those of some species are
popularly known as rat-tailed maggots, as are also those of the
ERISTALINYE. They are 12-segmented, including head, herni-
cephalous or conical, very elongate, rather leathery, and more or
less flattened. They live in earth, dung, semi-liquid or decaying
matter, and many are aquatic ; in the latter case the eggs are laid
on plants above the surface of the water. No pseudopods ;
terminal spiracles not visible, placed wholly inside a chamber
which has generally a closed or obscure aperture. Pupa coarctate,
in whicli character this family differs from all other BRACHYCERA,
the imago escaping through transverse slits on the 3rd and 5th
segment and a longitudinal slit between them.

Many species hibernate in North Europe, but very possibly do
not do so in the Tropics. The life-histories of several European
species are well known. The imagines frequent grass and low
herbage in marshy situations and, generally speaking, are sluggish
in habits, though some have a very rapid flight in hot sunshiue.f

Table of Subfamilies.

1. Abdomen of at least seven obvious segments. ... 2.
Abdomen of five, or at most six, segments 3.

2. Prsefurca beginning at about opposite base of

discal cell ; 4th posterior cell wide open .... BERING, p. 89.
Prtefurca beginning considerably before base of [p. 96.

discal cell ; 4th posterior cell closed XYI.OMYINJE,

* Except for an abortive branch of the 4th vein in some BEHIND.
•*• Additional and more detailed information occurs under the various sub-
families or genera concerned.

STRATIOMYIDJE. 19

3. Fourth vein with only two terminations (i.e.,

only two true veinlets issuing from discal cell,

the apparent 3rd veinlet being the upper [p. 19.

branch of the 5th vein) PACHYGASTRINJE,

Fourth vein with three terminations (i. e., three
true veinlets issuing from discal cell); upper
branch of 5th vein either separated from discal
cell by the posterior cross- vein being present,
or in punctiform contact with that cell when
posterior cross-vein is absent 4.

4. Anterior cross-vein joining prrefurca to discal cell. SARGIN^E, p. 72.
Anterior cross-vein joining 3rd vein, as usual, to

discal cell ' 6. [p. 56.

5. Posterior cross-vein present STRATIOMYIN.S:,

Posterior cross-vein absent CLITELLARIINJE,

[p. 38.

The line of demarcation between the two last subfamilies is
very indefinite, and, as more than one author has suggested, they
might well be united into a single subfamily. The posterior cross-
vein is often a variable quantity even in groups in which it is
technically present — for instance, it is absent in Ptecticus australis,
Sch., though present in the other Indian species. Williston sinks
the alleged subfamily HERMETIIX^E in CLITELLARIIK/E and his view
is adopted here.

Subfamily PACHYGASTHIN^.

Head comparatively small ; eyes generally bare ; antennae of
very varied form, branched (Ptilocera), elongate (Tinda, etc.)
filiform (Stratiosphecomyia) , globular (Pachyyaster), or of irregular
shape.

Thorax subquadrate, oval ; scutellum unarmed or with two or
four marginal spines ; sometimes produced upwards or hind wards
into a strong blunt cone. Abdomen 5- or 6-segmented, of very
varied shape ; often exceedingly broad, much broader than thorax,
globular ; sometimes oval or oblong, or much elongated and more
or less cylindrical. Legs comparatively short, slender, smooth.
Wings with 3rd vein simple or forked ; posterior cross-vein absent
through 5th vein forming hinder side of discal cell ; 4th vein with
only two veinlets. Four posterior cells, united on wing-margin.

The essential character of this subfamily is the presence of
only three veins apparently issuing from the discal cell, the lower
one being the upper branch of the 5th vein. Mostly bare
species.

Table of Genera*

[p. 33.
1 . Antennae branched PTILOCERA, "Wied.,

Antennae of various forms, never branched. 2.

For table of Oriental genera, vide Brunetti, Rec. Ind. Mu?. i, p. 89.

c2

20 STRATIOMYIDJK.

2. Eyes pubescent . ACAXTHIXA, Wied.,

Eyes entirely bare 3. [p. 26.

3. Scutellum unspined, or produced conically

upwards 4.

Scutellum 2- or 4-spined, never conically
upturned 8,

4. Abdomen elongate, linear, much longer

than thorax ; antennae conspicuously [Brim., p. 36.

long, filiform STRATIOSPHECOMYIA,

Abdomen very short, thick, rounded ;
antennal 3rd joint rounded or shortly

elongate, never conspicuously so 5. [p. 21.

5. Third vein unforked ZABRACHIA, Coq.,

Third vein forked 6. f p. 20.

6. Scutellum not upturned PA CHYG ASTER, Mg.,

Scutellum distinctly couically upturned . . 7. [p. 24.

7. Antennae filiform, longer than head ACRASPIDEA, Brauer,

Antennal 3rd joint large, round MONACANTHOMYIA,

[Brun.,p. 23.

8. Scutellum with two very short spines .... WALLACEA, Dol.,
Scutellum 4-spined ...." 9. [p. 24.

9. Third antennal joint with elongate style . . TIXDA, Walk., p. 29.
Third antennal joint with pubescent arista. 10.

10. Abdomen barely broader than thorax .... EVAZA, Walk., p. 31.

Abdomen much broader than thorax CRASPEDOMETOPON,

[Kert., p. 28.

Genus PACHYGASTER, My.

Pachygaster, Meigen, 111. Mag. ii, p. 266 (1803).

Tappo, Latreille, Hist. Nat. Crust. Ins. xiv, p. 343 (1804).

Neopachyffcater, Austen, Ent. Month. Mag. xxxvii, p. 245 (1901).

GENOTYPE, Nemotelus atra, Panz. ; by original desiguation.

Head semicircular ; eyes large, contiguous in rf (except in rare
instances), practically bare, posterior orbits broad. Proboscis and
palpi small and inconspicuous. Antennae short, 3rd joint rounded,
with four indistinct anuulations and long subapical pubescent
urista. Thorax large, broadened hindwards, transverse suture
deep, V-shaped, behind which the surface is somewhat inflated on
each side ; scutellum subtriangular, unspined. Abdomen much
broader and barely longer than thorax, subglobular, 5-segmented ;
genitalia small. Legs simple, nearly bare ; femora and metatarsi
long. Winys with 1st and 2nd veins short, the latter ending
barely beyond middle of costa ; 3rd vein normally forked, both
branches ending well before wing-tip ; discal cell large ; 4tli vein
with only two terminations ; posterior cross-vein absent, as 5th
vein forms hinder side of discal cell; anal cell closed far from
wing-border.

lianr/e. Europe, North America, Orient.

Life-history. That of several European species is known. The
larva lives in rotting tree-trunks and probably ft-eds either on
the decaying wood or the frass produced by wood-boring Coleoptera.

1'ACHYGASTER. — J5ABIIACHIA. 21

There is only one Indian species in the restricted genus Pacliy-
g aster, namely, P. annulipes, =p. nov. Macquart's P. rujitarsis*
from Pondicliery, cannot belong to this subfamily, as, according to
the plate, ifc possesses three endings to the 4th longitudinal vein,
apart from the upper branch of the 5th vein.

1. Pachygaster annulipes, sp. nov.

2 . Head : irons between one-third and one-fourth of the head,
shining black ; face, which is conspicuously invaginated, with
greyish dust ; back of head shining black. Antennae with 1st joint
black, the remainder wholly bright yellow, with long arista.
Proboscis dark. Thorax and scutellum shining black, dorsum of
both with very short yellowish pubescence, which does not quite
extend to the anterior margin of the former. Abdomen shining
black, witli sparse short pale yellowish pubescence ; venter black,
with sparser but slightly longer pubescence. Legs yellowish to
tips of tarsi ; a rather broad subapical black or blackish brown
ring on all the femora. Winr/s pale yellowish grey ; stigma
darker yellow ; halteres yellowish.

Length^ 2^ mm.

Described from a single $ from Margherita, Assam.

Type in the Indian Museum.

Genus ZABRACHIA, Coq.
Zabrachia, Coctuillett, Bull. X. Y. State Mus. xlvii, p. 585 (1901).

G-EXOTYPE, Zobraclda polita, Coq. (North America).

Differing from Pachyc/aster in the unforked 3rd vein. Some
degree of latitude must be allowed in my revised Ariew of this
genus, in which the species are chiefly united by the above
primary character. Eyes in d contiguous (minutissima, Zett., a
European species) or narrowly separated (annulifetnur , albipes).
Scutellum not upturned (minutissima), barely upturned and
thickened (albipes), or produced upwards into a short blunt cone
{(tnwulifemur). Third antennal joint transversely elliptical (jpoliUt\
the type-species from New York) or as in. Pad tyy aster.

Range. India, North America.

Z. albipes has wholly pale yellow legs, while Z. annidifemur has
a broad dark band on all the femora.

2. Zabrachia albipes, Brun. (PI. I, figs. 1, 2.)

PacJiyyaster albipes, Erimetti, Ilec. Ind. Mus. i, p. 102, $ (1907).
Pactitjyaster infurcata, de Meijere, Tijd. v. Ent. 1, p. 232, 5 (1907).

$ . Head and front shining black, with a brilliant white streak
on each side of lower part of head ; antennas and proboscis orunge-

* Dipt. Exot. Supp. i, p. 57, pi. vi, fig. 3 (1846).

22 STRATIOMIIPJE.

yellow. Thorax and abdomen shining black, with short, sparse,
silvery grey hair, which is a little thicker and mixed with gold
hairs on dorsutn of thorax ; abdomen uniformly black. Leys pale
yellowish white, tips of tarsi faintly blackish. Wings quite clear ;
veins on anterior part and the stigma pale yellowish ; halteres
white.

Length, 2-2 1 mm.

Described from four 2 9 in the Indian Museum from Calcutta.

My original description was insufficient, and my not noting the
unforked 3rd vein probably prevented de Meijere from recognising
my species in his infurcata, described from Java. The white tomen-
tose stripe on the side of the thorax mentioned by de Meijere is
present, though liable to be not readily distinguished from the
general whitish pubescence of the pleurae.

3. Zabrachia annulifemur, sp. nov.

J $ . Head shining black, bare ; frons at level of antennae about
one-fifth of the head in d1 , in $ one-fourth width of head, sides
parallel except near vertex and towards antennae ; visible only
from above, a pair of moderate-sized oval silvery-white spots
placed lengthwise, nearly contiguous, one above each antenna ;
face with broad white-dusted band contiguous to lower inner eye-
margins. Antennas brownish orange, upper side of 3rd joint
blackish at tip. Thorax, scutellum, and inetanotum shining black,
all with very short whitish pubescence ; scutellum produced
upwards into a short blunt cone. Abdomen shininsr black ; dorsum
and venter with similar pubescence to that of thorax, but less
obvious ; genitalia brownish orange, with a few stiff hairs. Legs
yellowish, front coxae more brownish at base ; all femora with a
broad blackish ring leaving base broadly, and tips narrowly, pale.
Wings colourless, veins and stigma pale yellow ; halteres yellowish,
clubs shining milk-white.
Length, barely 3 mm.

Described from three tf rf in the Pusa collection (including
type sent to British Museum) from Annandale, Simla District,
"on leaves," x. 1911 ; and one $ in the Indian Museum from
Simla, 7000 ft., 9. v.09 (Annandale}.

This species must be near the femorata variety of de Meijere's
P. infurcata, but should be distinct. In P. albipes the <S frons is
one-sixth the width of the head, with practically parallel sides,
including the face also, there being only the very slightest widen-
ing towards the vertex and towards the mouth-opening. In the
$ the frons and face form one-third of the head, being distinctly
but slightly broader towards vertex and mouth. In P. annuli-
femur, $ , the frons is one-fifth the width of the head with less
parallel sides, and in the $ one-fourth. * These differences should
effectually separate the species and prevent the latter from being
confused with the femorata variety of infurcata, Meij.

MONACANXIIOMYIA. 23

Genus MONACANTHOMYIA, Brun.

Monacanthomyia, Bruuetti, Kec. Ind. Mus. vii, p. 448 (1912).
GENOTYPE, Monacanthomyia annandalei, Brun.

Allied to Pachygaster, Mg., from which it differs by the for-
mation of the scutellum, which is produced
upwards so as to form a very large conical
hase, from which it is continued upwards
in the form of a long strong spine with
blunted tip. It differs from the allied
Acraspidea, Brauer, by the 3rd antennal
joint being large and round instead of fili-
form and longer than the head. The type- L_ Monacanthomyia
species is the only one known, 6 annandalei, Brun.,

Range. India. scutellum in profile.

4. Monacanthomyia annandalei, Brun.

Monacanthomyia annandalei ', Brunetti, Rec. Ind. Mus. vii, p. 448
(1912).

c? . Head with vertex triangular, elevated, the three ocelli
distinct, reddish ; frons between one-fourth and one-fifth width of
head, nearly linear, shining black, with (seen from above) two
small, nearly contiguous, oval, silvery-grey-dusted spots a little
above the antennae ; eyes with very small uniform facets ; face
shining black, lower eye-orbits silver-dusted ; back of head black-
ish, lower posterior eye-orbits with silvery reflections and a few
very short snow-white hairs. Proboscis short, narrowed at base,
pointed at tip, yellow, microscopically pubescent. Antennae
yellow ; third joint very large, round, with a rather long apical
thickened bristle. Thorax shining black, with microscopic grey
hairs, which on the dorsum are intermixed with (or possibly wholly
replaced by) yello\v hairs, all microscopic. Scutellum shining
black, with microscopic whitish arid a few yellow hairs. Abdomen
shining black, with microscopic snow-white hairs; venter similar;
genitalia very minute. Legs with basal half of coxae and a broad
band occupying nearly all the femora, except base and tips, black
or blackish brown, remainder of coxae and femora yellowish ; tibia?
and tarsi white. Wings very pale grey, highly iridescent ; stigma
yellow ; basal halt' of costa and 1st longitudinal vein much blacker
than the remainder of the veins ; halteres with the stem yellowish,
the club milk-white, rather large.

Length, 2 mm.

Described from a perfect d in the Indian Museum, captured
by Dr. Annandale at Kurseong, Darjeeling District, 4700 ft.,
15. iv. 1911, on a window.

24 STRATIOMYID^E.

Genus ACRASPIDEA. Brauer.
Acraspidea, Brauer, Denks. K. Ak. Wiss. Wien, xliv, r. 75 (1882).

GENOTYPE, Acraspidea felderi, Erauer.

" Body oval, with short weak legs ; antennas longer than head,
filiform, pubescent, placed at middle of head in profile ; l«r
antennal joint longer than the short 2nd ; 3rd long, narrow, with
four indistinct annulations, and with a terminal, shortly plumose,
long, filiform bristle ; scutellum unarmed, parabolic, obliquely
upturned. Abdomen 5-segmented, round ; all tibiae without
spurs. Only three endings to 4th vein (1st, 2nd, and 4th) ; four
posterior cells.

" Diffr-rs from Rosapha by the unarmed scutellum and from Tinda
by the position of the antennae." *

Range. Ceylon.

The genotype is the only known species.

5. Acraspidea felderi, Bra

tier.

Acraspidea felderi, Brauer, Denks. K. Ak. Wiss. Wien, xliv. p. 76

(1882). '

" c? • Head black, with short black pubescence ; face broad and
long, shining ; eyes contiguous above ; ocelli on a tubercle ; 1st
and 2nd antennal joints yellow, base of 3rd and the flagelluiu
brown, or entirely black, with concolorous short pubescence.
Thorax robust, inflated, dorsum roughened and punctate j :i
triangular spot of short pale yellow pubescence extending from the
suture down to the whole breadth of the hind border. Abdomen
black, broader than thorax ; genitalia small but prominent, brown.
Leys yellow, femora with a brown ring ; metatarsi very long,
middle pair very thin but shorter than the tibiae. Wings clear ;
costa brownish, submarginal cell distinctly smoke-grey nearly up
to the clear wing-tip, so that the marginal cell forms a white'spot
on the costa between the darker parts ; anal cell broad, closed at
some distance from the border ; veins brown ; halteres pale
yellow.

" Length, 5-6 mm.

" Eambodde, Ceylon (Nictner}."

Genus WALLACEA, Dot.

Wallacea, Doleschall, Nat. Tijd. Ned. Ind. (4) svii, p. 82 (1858) ;

de Meijere, Tijd. v. Ent. 1, p. 234 (1907).
Gabaza, Walker,' Proc. Linn. Soc. Lond. iii, p. 80 (1859).

GENOTIPE, Wallacea argentea, Dol. ; by original designation.
Head about semicircular, as broad as thorax ; eyes bare, in c?
contiguous for some distance ; frons broad in $ , sides parallel

* A translation of Brauer's description.

WALL ACE A. 25

Antennae placed just above middle of head, first t\vo joints short,
normal ; 3rd elongate, twice as long as first two together, 5-annu-
lated, with a style as long as the 3rd joint itself. Proboscis and
palpi small. Thorax subquadrate, very arched, slightly inflated on
each side behind the very distinct suture ; scutellum large, thick,
bluntly pointed at tip and projected somewhat upwards, with two
hardly distinct short blunt spines. Abdomen rounded, thick, as
long as but distinctly broader than the thorax. Leys short, simple,
slender. Wings -normal ; discal cell very large.

Range. India and Ceylon.

The genotype is the only known species.

C. WaUacea argentea, Dol. (PL I, fig. 3.)

Wallacea araentea, Doleschall, Nat. Tijd. Ned. Ind. xvii, p. 82 (1858) ;

Brunetti, Kec. Ind. Mus. i, p. 101 (1907).
Gabaza argentea, Walker, Proc. Liuu. Soc. iii, p. 80 (1859).
Pachygastei' ntgrofemorata, Bruuetti, Rec. Ind. Mus. vii, p. 499

(1912).

<3 $ . Head with the eyes in rf practically contiguous for about
one-third of the distance from vertex to antennae, leaving a slightly
elongate vertical shining black triangle and a much smaller frontal
triangle which is shimmering white, as are the sides of the face ;
rest of face and lower part of head black ; proboscis dark brownish
yellow ; antennae orange or yellowish ; 3rd joint rather broader
in $ than tf , with six annulations, the two basal ones the broadest ;
style whitish, 2-segmented, 1st very minute, tip of 2nd curved.
In $ , frons shining black, sparse short whitish hairs on upper
part ; two small round white hair-spots contiguous to eyes just
above level of antennae ; margins of face with a thin line of snow-
white hairs. Thorax shining black, in <3 with broad band of
golden yellow, almost tomentose pubescence on hinder half of dor-
sum, generally but not always reaching side-margins and always
extending as far as the scutellum, which is wholly black ; the
whole dorsum similarly covered in $ , as is the scutellum also ;
sides with very sparse inconspicuous pale pubescence. Abdomen.
moderately shining black, with very short whitish pubescence,
which is sparser in the $ ; venter shining black, bare. Leys
yellow ; femora black, tips narrowly yellowish ; tibiae a little
brownish about the middle ; extreme tips of tarsi brownish ;
femora with soft hairs, tibiae and tarsi minutely pubescent.
Wings clear ; stigma, anterior veins, and halteres yellowish.

Length, about 3 mm.

Described from a long series in the Pusa and Indian Museum
collections. Pusa, 22. v. 1908, in bark of Erytlirissa sp.,
17. xii. 1914, under bark of Ficus lavica, 15. ii. 1916, on rotten
papaya stem; Katihar, 12. x. 1907; Bombay, vii-ix. 1912; Cal-
cutta, 8. i. 1906, 22. i. 1908, 14. iii. 1907, 6.ii. 1908; Pollibetta,
Coorg, 15-26. v. 1914, 24. x. 1915, 16. xi. 1915 (Fletcher).

26 STEATIOMYID^.

Genus ACANTHINA, Wied.

Acnnthina, Wiedemanu, Auss. Zweifl. ii, p. 50 (1830) [preocc. Fiscb.

(1806)].

Aranthinia, Macauart, Hist. Xat. Dipt. i. p. 240 (1834) [lapsus].
Artemita, Walker, List Dipt. Brit. Mus. v, Supp. 1, p. 61 (1854).
Acanthinomyia, Hunter, Tr. Am. Ent. Soc. Phil, xxvii, p. 129 (1901).
Cibetogaeter, Enderlein, Zool. Anz. xliii, p. 305 (1914;.

GENOTYPE, Clitellaria elonyata, Wied. ; by Brauer's designation
(1882).

Ilead more than semicircular, as broad as anterior part of
thorax ; eyes hairy, contiguous or subcontiguous for a short
distance in rf , facets of uniform size in botli sexes ; frons in $
rather narrow, sides nearly parallel, postocular orbit in $ broad.
Antennae placed low down on head at tip of frontal prominence,
barely above level of lower part of eyes ; 1st and 2nd joints short,
.'ird elongate, cylindrical, with short apical style. Proboscis and
palpi small. Thorax moderately arched, much broader behind,
anterior corners rounded ; scutellum broad, nearly semicircular,
4-spined. Abdomen rounded, thick, much broader than thorax ;
genitalia small. Legs slender, simple, moderately long. Winys
with normal venation.

Ranye. Orient, Mexico, Central and South America.

As the name Acanthina is preoccupied in Mollusca, Artemita,
Walk., should be used, but I decline to accept changes in well-
known names of such long standing. Cibotor/ aster, Ender., erected
on slight differences in the last antennal joint, and the shape of
the thorax and abdomen, does not appear generically distinct.

The two Indian species are easily known by their size, azurea
being 8 to 9 mm. long and aryentihirta only 3 mm.

7. Acanthina azurea, Gerst.

Acnnthina azurea, Gerstaecker, Linn. Entom. xi, p. 335 (1857) ;

Brunetti, IJec. Ind. Mus. i, p. 100 (1908).
Acanthina auricoUis, Bigot; Brunetti, Rec. Ind. Mus. i, p. 100 (1907)

(nom. nud.) ; Brunetti, op. cit. vii, p. 449 (1912), d $•
Cibotoyaster azurea, Enderlein, Zool. Anz. xliii, p. 305, fig. 11

(antenna, rf) (1914).
? Clitellaria olesa, Walker, Proc. Linri. Soc. Lond. v, p. 232 (1861);

Osten-Sacken, Ann. Mus. Gen. xvi, p. 411 (1880), xviii, p. 17 (1882>

<5 5 . Head with eyes in J with dense yellow pubescence
above and brown pubescence in front, nowhere actually touching
but extremely near each other for a considerable distance, and
separating upwards very gradually, leaving a very narrow elongate
greyish triangle below the large black ocellar triangle which fills
the space from eye to eye ; above this the rather large vertical
space is orange-brown with a few black bristles ; frontal triangle
smooth, shining, bare, orange ; proboscis, palpi, and labella all
bright orange-brown ; antennae with first two joints orange, 8rd

ACA^TIIINA. 27

blackish, microscopically pubescent, sometimes orange at extreme
base with four distinct ammlations and a short two-jointed style ;
occiput considerably concave, dark, with a little grey pubescence.
In $ frons -g- width of head, barely broader at vertex and lower
end ; frontal triangle large, very prominent, shining, bare, bright
orange-brown, as is also the very broad posterior border to the
eyes; a small brown spot on frons just above the suddenly
widened frontal triangle. Thorax dark shining blue, punctate,
with microscopic .black bristles ; in c? a single median stripe of
yellow pubescence, not reaching anterior collar but leaving a shining
black spot bare of pubescence, the stripe extending hindwards to
middle of dorsum ; in $ two very narrow longitudinal median stripes,
rather approximating to one another, formed of minute whitish
pubescence, continued beyond suture a little, where they diverge
and broaden, reaching posterior corners of dorsum ; a moderately
broad transverse stripe of similar pubescence along suture,
narrowest in middle ; a patch of short golden yellow pubescence
on each shoulder and along anterior margin; pleurae as dorsum,
similarly punctate and with a little grey or whitish pubescence,
which is silvery white and thickest above front coxa3, on meso-
pleura just below wing, and on lower part of sternopleura.
Scutellum concolorous, similarly punctate, and with greyish
pubescence ; spines brownish, rather short. Abdomen dark shining
blue, punctate as thorax ; a little grey pubescence about front corners
and sides and denser and longer about centre of hinder part of
4th segment and also about base and centre of 5th ; genitalia
small, brown, two short telescopic cylindrical joints in c? , two
short filaments in $ ; venter deep blue, punctate, with a little
greyish pubescence. Legs : femora black, with a slight blue or
violet tinge and a little whitish-grey hair below ; knees narrowly
dark brown ; tibias black or dark brown, tips very narrowlv a
little paler; tarsi blackish brown, middle pair distinctly paler.
Wings dark brown, stigma and veins darker ; costal cell, discal cell
mainly or wholly, base of 4th posterior cell (sometimes base of 3rd
or even 2nd also), anal and axillary cells (sometimes hinder part
of 2nd basal cell also), clear or nearly so ; halteres brownish yellow.

Length, 8|-9 mm.

Described from six c? d1 and one 2 i11 perfect condition
from Tura, Garo Hills, Assam, 1500 ft., vii. 1917, and above
Tura, 3500 ft., viii. 1917 (Kemp}; a ^ from Sadiya, Assam; a
$ from Karkur Ghat, Nilgiri Hills, 1500 ft., v. 1911 (H. L.
Andrcwes) ; and a second c? from TCohima, Assam, all in the Indian
Museum ; and a specimen from Coorg, S. India (T. B. Fletcher).

This species was given in my first paper on STRATIOMYIDJE as
"auricollis, Bigot," which afterwards proved to be merely a MS.
name.

The gold pubescence on the front of the thorax and that
forming an approximate cross on the thorax in the $ rubs off
very easily.

28 STRATIOMYIDJE.

8. Acanthina argentihirta, Bran. (PL I, fig. 4.)

Acanthina aryenteu, Brimetti, Ifec. Ind. Mus. i, p. 132 (1907) ;
emended in Corrigendum slip of same date to argentihirta
(aryentea preocc. Ost.-Sack. 1880).

3 . Head with eyes extending whole height of head, shortly but
not thickly pubescent, subcontiguous at nearest point of approach,
as the froiis at this point is receding, but attains the surface of
the eyes towards the vertex, which is considerably raised, occupied
by the ocelli ; facets rather large, of uniform si/e ; frons both
above and below nearest approach of eyes, shining white; occiput,
underside of head, and inner orbit of eyes below antennae white.
Antenna? with first two joints black, 3rd reddish brown with
blackish marks ; style thick. Proboscis shorr, yellowish, with a
few hairs. Thorax with dorsum, sides, and .scutellum black,
uniformly covered with short silvery-grey pubescence ; scutellum
with four rather large whitish spines. Abdomen black, with short
silvery-grey pubescence ; venter Mack, with short grey hairs.
Le</s yellowish white ; femora black, extreme base and tips pale ;
tibiae with a broad black band, leaving only the basal fourth and
the tip pale. Winr/s quite colourless, veins distinct, pale ; no
stigma apparent ; squama? very small, brownish white ; halteres
brownish yellow, clubs white.

Length, 3 mm.

Described from a perfect J in the Indian Museum, from
Calcutta, 22. v. 1907 ; Itangoon, 18-30. ix. 1914 (Fletcher).

Genus CRASPEDOMETOPON, Kert.
Craspedometopon, Kertesz, Ann. Mus. Hung, vii, p. 373 (1909).

GENOTYPE, Craspedometopon frontale, Kert.

Head hemispherical ; eyes bare, contiguous in J for a consider-
able distance ; upper facets larger than lower, no distinct dividing-
line ; in 5 , frons -i- of head, sides parallel, bare, shining ; a narrow
ridge on each side close to eye-margin, continued at vertex
around upper corners of eyes and gradually disappearing, con-
tinued downwards to some little distance above base of antenna?,
meeting a similar transverse ridge ; a median ridge in centre of
frons, dying away at. upper and lower extremities, and an oblong
depression with pointed lower end just above antennae ; face
retreating; mouth-opening large ; occiput slightly concave, shortly
pubescent. Proboscis with large labella; palpi 2-jointed. a little
shorter than labella; 1st joint rod-shaped, 2nd long elliptical.
Antenna) placed on lower part of head, smaller in J than $ ;
1st joint cup-shaped, contracted beyond base; 2nd cup-shaped;
3rd subconical, with seven distinct aunulations and a very long
terminal pubescent arista. Thorax robust, narrower in front
than head, broader than head behind, finely punctate ; dorsum
arched, suture distinct, broadly interrupted in middle ; scutellum
flush with dorsuro, large, arched, hind border truncate, with four
strong equidistant spines: sometimes an extra pair, or occasionally
five spines asymmetrically placed. Abdomen 5-segmeuted, robust,

CRASPEDOMETOPON. — TIXDA. 29

broader than long, finely punctate ; 1st segment very short, 2nd
three times as long as 1st, 3rd rather longer than 2nd, 4th and
5th subequal to 3rd ; genitalia small, concealed. Legs moderately
strong, simple, pubescent. Wings normal ; costa ending at tip
of 3rd vein ; axillary vein present.

Range. India, Formosa.

C. frontale is the only known species.

9. Craspedometqpon. frontale, Kert. (PI. I, figs. 5, 6.)

Craspedometopon frontnle, Kertesz, Aim. Mus. Hung. vii. p. 375,
pi. viii, tigs. 3, 4, 10 (1909).

cJ 5 • Head black, vertex and ocellar bump with yellow hair,
which is shorter in $ ; frons in c5 dull black, with a yellowish-
white hair-spot on each side above antennae contiguous to eye-
margin ; in $ grey, with a median shining black oval depression
with its lower end pointed ; white hair-spots as in tf ; epistoma
with yellowish pubescence; ccciput with yellowish tomentum.
Antennae with 1st and 2nd joints chestnut-brown, moderately
shining, 3rd darker, with yellow tomentum. Proboscis brownish
yellow ; 1st joint of palpi yellow, 2nd black. Thorax black above,
slightly shining ; in d1 the greater part with very short whitish
pubescence, anterior margin and sides with short black hair ; in $
pubescence brassy yellow, thicker ; in certain lights can be seen
three longitudinal stripes, connected in front, of which the
median one reaches the scutellum, outer ones diverging towards
side-margins; pleura? black, more shining, but less punctate and
pubescent than dorsum; humeri reddish brown at tips. Scutellum
concolorous with thorax, equally pubescent ; spines yellowish
brown at tips. Abdomen black, slightly shining, closely punctate,
with similar, but shorter, yellow ish-white pubescence. Legs brown,
pubescence yellow : femora (except tips), upper side of front
tibiae, the middle and hind tibiae (except bases and tips) almost
black ; front tarsi with black pubescence on upper side. Wings
and veins basally, up to middle of discal cell, blackish, remainder
yellowish ; halteres brownish yellow.

Length, 4f-8 mm. ; wings, 44-8-2 mm.

The above is a free translation of Kertcsz's description from a
large number of specimens from Formosa, iii-v. 1908 (Sauter). A
cj and $ named by him are in the Indian Museum ; also two
d" <5 from Tenasserim (Dolierty) and a c? from the Darjiling
District, 1000-3000 ft., v. 1Q12 (Lord Carmicliael).

Genus TINDA, Walk.

Tinda, Walker, Proc. Linn. Soc. Lond. iv, p. 101 (1860).
Biaslts, Walker, Ins. Saund. Dipt, i, p. 80 (1851) [wecPanz., 1806".
Phyllophora, Macquart, Me?m. Soc. Sci. Lille, 1834, p. 507 (1835). J
Enisma, Jaennicke, Abh. Senck. Nat. Ges. vi, p. 322 (18C7).

GENOTYPE, Bictstes indica, AVulk. (as Tin da modifera); by
original designation.

Head more than semicircular, as wide as thorax ; eyes bare,

30 STRATIOMYIDJE.

contiguous in c? for a long distance ; frons moderately broad in
$ , wider at vertex ; proboscis and palpi very short. Antennae
elongate, cylindrical, longer than head (in type-species); 1st joint
twice as long as 2nd, 3rd three times length of first two together
(in indica), indistinctly annulated. Thorax elliptical, wider behind,
rather flattened ; scutellntn nearly semicircular, with four spines.
Abdomen elliptical, slightly broader but barely longer than thorax ;
genitalia inconspicuous. Leys short, slender. Wings rather
narrow, a little longer than abdomen, venation normal.
Range. The Orient and West Africa.

10. Tinda javana, Macq. (PI. I, figs. 7, 8.)

Berisjavana, Macquart, Dipt. Exot. i, 2, p. 188 (1838).
Tinda javana, de Meij. Tijd. v. Knt. 1, p. 232, liv, p. 273.
Biastes indicus, Walker, lus. Saund.Dipt. i, p. 81, pi. iii, tifr. 8 (1851).
Tinda modi/era, Walker, Proc. Linn. Soc. Lond. iv, p. 101 (I860;.
Phyllophora bispinosa, Thomson, Eug-. Resa, Dipt. p. 4-54 (1869).
Tinda indica, Brunetti, Rec. Ind. Mus. i, p. 92 (1907).

J $ . Head with eyes contiguous in <$ for greater part of distance
from vertex to antennae, leaving a very small vertical triangle
wholly occupied by the black ocellar triangle and a few short
brown hairs ; upper facets much larger than lower ones : frons
shining black, nearly wholly occupied by two spots composed of
short snow-white pubescence ; face whitish grey, the colour
spreading more or less along inner lower orbits of eyes ; rest of
lower part of head black; vertex black, no postocular margin
whatever ; proboscis yellowish ; palpi yellowish, with large spatu-
late tips. Antennal 1st and 2nd joints yellowish, 1st twice as
long as 2nd, cylindrical ; 2nd cup-shaped, both with sparse short
stiff black hairs ; 3rd fully two and a half times as long as 1st
and 2nd together, bare, yellowish at base ; remainder blackish ;
only a few basal annulations well defined. In $ , frons at vertex
5 to i width of head, narrowing rapidly to a little above antennae,
where it is less than half as wide, black and slightly shining ;
postocular margin very broad, bare, slightly shining. Thorax
black, rather closely punctate, hardly shining, with tomentose
yellowish pubescence on dorsumj sides more or less similarly
clothed ; humeri tipped with brownish orange ; a very narrow
concolorous ridge thence to wing-base. Scutellum similar to
thoracic dorsum ; hind margin yellowish, with four rather short
yellowish spines. Abdomen black, barely shining, closely punc-
tate ; venter similar ; genitalia small, yellowish, ending in a
small cylindrical tube in d and two finger-like lamellae in $ .
Legs all yellow ; last tarsal joint brownish. Wings grey, anterior
margin rather darker ; stigma distinct, pale brown ; halteres
brownish yellow.

Length, 5|-6 mm.

Described from a long series in the Indian Museum and the
Pusa Collections : Chapra, Bengal, often in rotting plantain stems,
16. iii. 1917, 29. iii. 1908, 27.iv. 1913 (Hoivlett), 28. v. 3913, 11. v.
1908, v. 1907 ; Katihar, 8-9. iii. 1909 (Paiva); Calcutta, 2. iii. 1907,

EVAZA. 31

12. vi. 1907, 5. vii. 1907, 9. viii. 1907, 26. ix. 1907 ; Dibrugarh,
N.E. Assam, 17-19. xi. 1911 (Kemp); Tura, 1200-1500 ft., Assam,
vi. 1917 (Kemp) ; Batavia, Java, viii. & x. 1907 (Jacobson) ; Senia-
rang, Java, i. 1906 (Jacobson) • Andaman Is., 27. iii. 1911 (Paiva).

The pupa-case is about 8 mm. long, pale pinkish brown, covered
with whitish granulated dust, and 13-segmented ; head end very
pointed ; from 4th segment onward, sides nearly parallel, flattened,
last segment the longest, with rounded tip ; ou upper and lower
sides a row of yellow bristles across middle of each segment.

For many year's this species has been known as Tinda indica,
Walk., but de Meijere supports its identity with the Beritjavanu
of Macquart described from Java. B.javana, Wulp, from Sumatra,
is a different species and a true Beris.*

Genus EVAZA, Walk.

Evaza, Walker, Proc. Linn. Soc. Loud, i, p. 109 (1857) ; Kertesz,
Ann. Mus. Hung, iv, p. 276; Brunetti, Rec. Ind. Mus. i,p. 97 (1907).
Evasa, Auctores.

Nerua, Walker, op. cit. iii, p. 81 (1859).
Nerna, Walker, op. cit. iv, p. 97 (I860).

GENOTYPE, Evaza bipars, Walk. ; by original designation.

Head as broad as thorax ; eyes large, contiguous in <3 ; upper
facets much larger than lower ones ; frons narrow in $ , facets of
uniform size. Antennae short, 1st joint longer than 2nd, 3rd oval,
with four annulations. longer than 2nd, with apical arista. Pro-
boscis short, projecting barely beyond mouth-opening; palpi
hardly as long as proboscis. Thorax elliptical, microscopically
pubescent, slightly narrower anteriorly, longer than head, very
slightly arched ; scutellum semicircular, with four moderate-sized
spines. Abdomen elliptical, 5-segmented, a little broader and
longer than thorax, slightly arched, microscopically pubescent ;
rather broader in $ . Legs simple. Wings with normal venation
of subfamily; 3rd vein forked; three veins issuing from discal
cell,t and cell closed at some distance from wing-margin.

llange. Only known from the East.

1'rom Kertesz's description there are not enough data to include
E. indica satisfactorily in a table of species. The frons at its
narrowest part in the $ is one-thirteenth the width of the head.
In E. bipars it is one-tenth or thereabouts at that part, being
about 2| times wider at vertex. In E.flctvipes the frons of the 9
is four times as wide at vertex as at its narrowest part.

Table of Species.
Legs all yellow, at most tips of tarsi brownish.

Scutellum with only spines yellow Jhivipes, TJijr.

Scutellum with hind margin yellow a^ well as spines, bipars, Walk.
Legs yellow, but with femora and tibiae darker in part. . indica, Kert.

* See Brunetti, Eec. Ind. Mus. i, p. 89 (1907), and cle Meijere, Tijd. v. But.
1, p. 232 (1907).

t The lower one being the upper branch of the oth vein.

32 STRA.TlOMYID.cE.

11. Evaza flavipes, Big.

Kcaza Jlavi-pes, Bigot, Ann. Soc. Ent. France, (5) ix, p. 219 (1879) ;
Bruuetti, llec. Ind. Mus. i, p. 98 (1907), vii, p. 451 (1912).

$ . Head with eyes only approximate at nearest approach ;
frons widening to four times as wide at vertex, shining black,
bare ; ocelli brownish yello\v, rather close together on slightly
elevated black ocellar triangle; frontal triangle with yellowish-grey
pubescence ; underside of head and proboscis yellow, with a little
yellow pubescence; postocular orbits moderately wide, black,
with traces of microscopic golden -yellow pubescence. Thorax
moderately shining black, with rather dense, very short, yellowish
pubescence ; sides of thorax and the scutellum similar ; latter
with four yellowish-brown, rather long spines, which bear a few
long yellow hairs. Abdomen moderately shining black, micro-
scopically pubescent ; genitalia small, telescopic, brownish orange,
ending in two cylindrical lamella) bearing a few pale hairs. Leys
all orange, microscopically pubescent ; tips of tarsi brownish.
Win</s grey, brownish on anterior part, veins dark brown ;
halteres yellowish.

Length , 7 mm.

Described from a single $ in the Pusa collection from Darjiling,
viii. 1908 (Mddleton).

12. Evaza bipars, Walk. (PI. I, fig. 9.)

Evttza bipars, Walker, Proc. Linn. Soc. Lond. i, p. 110, pi. vi, fig. 2

(1857) ; Bruuetti, llec. Ind. Mus. i. p. 98 (1907).
Evaza flavipes, Wulp (nee Bigot, 1879), Term. Fu'zet. xxi, p. 416

(1898).

<S 5 . Head with eyes contiguous in tf for greater part of their
length, leaving a very narrow and elongate vertical triangle,
shining black ; upper and front facets much larger than others ;
ocellar tubercle very elevated, black ; ocelli very distinct, large,
reddish ; the small frons and lower part of head ash-grey, with a
little whitish pubescence ; occiput black. Antenna? placed much
below middle of head in profile, orange-yellow, arista black ; pro-
boscis and the large iabella and the palpi orange-yellow. In $ ,
frons double as wide (or rather more) at vertex as at point of
nearest approach of eyes, at which latter point it is -^ width of
head. Tliorax shining black; suture very distinct; dorsum with
very short yellow pubescence, which extends to the scutellum ;
humeri orange-brown, a yellowish ridge from humeri to wing-base ;
posterior corners of dorsum rather sharply cut away, orange-
urown ; pleurae shining black, sternopleuraa with yellow pubes-
cence. Scutellum black, spines brownish yellow ; metanotuui
shilling black. Abdomen dull shining black, with short black
pubescence ; a little yellowish pubescence at sides ; genitalia very
small, mainly concealed ; venter black, shortly pubescent. Legs
pale yellow, with soft short concolorous pubescence. \Vings pale

EVAZA. — PTILOCEKA. 33

yellowish grey ; stigma large, yellow ; veins yellowish brown ;
halteres yellow.

Length, 5-6 mm.

Described from three or four of each sex in the Indian Museum
and rny own collection ; Darjiling, 7000ft., 12. vi. 1914 (Gravely);
Lebong, Darjiling District, 13. vi. 1914 (Gravely). It occurs also
in Papua, Borneo, and Sumatra.

13. Evaza indica, Kert.

Evaza indica, Kerte"sz, Ann. Mus. Hung, iv, p. 289 (1906).

<S $ . Head with frontal triangle shining black, except upper
part, which is silvery-white tomentose ; frons in $ shining
black, broad above, much narrower below, only one-thirteenth of
breadth of head at narrowest part ; frons on lower half somewhat
impressed at the termination of the fine ridge that starts from
the ocellar tubercle ; occipital ridge strongly produced ; epistome
black, with silvery-white tomentum ; proboscis and palpi brownish
yellow, with concolorous hair ; occiput black, with grey hair on
lower part. Antennae brownioh yellow ; arista black, appearing
thick on account of the dense short pubescence — moreover, it is
shorter than in any other species, being only a little longer than
the antennae. Thorax with nearly parallel sides, dorsum flat,
black, finely punctate, with sparse yellowish tomentum-like
pubescence, which is a little thicker on posterior half ; humeri as
well as the narrow ridge up to wing-base brown ; pleurae shining
black, pubescence short, rather thick, greyish white. Scutelluui
black, on a level with thorax, punctate and pubescent like dorsum
of thorax, only extreme margin and spines brownish yellow.
Abdomen only a little longer and broader than thorax, black,
finely but closely punctate; dorsum with yellowish brown, de-
pressed, short pubescence ; venter with sparser greyish pubescence.
Legs pale yellow, femora darker towards tips ; fore tarsi and last
two joints of middle and hind legs blackish brown ; pubescence
on legs very short, yellowish white. Wings slightly brownish;
anterior margin of subcostal cell brown up to the wing-tip, but
greater part of marginal cell clear.

Length, 6-6| mm. ; wings, 4 mm.

Described from two c? 3 and a $ from Bombay, 3. viii. 1902
(Biro).

Types in the Budapest Museum.

The foregoing is a translation of Kertesz's description.

Genus PTILOCERA, Wied.

Ptilocera, Wiedemann, Nova Dipt. Gen. p. 7 (1820) ; Brunetti, Rec.
Ind. Mus. i, p. 90 (1907).

GENOTYPE, Stratiomi/s quadridentata, E. (Malay Archipelago) ;
by original designation.

Head semicircular or slightly flattened in front, as broad as
thorax ; eyes bare, contiguous in d" for a considerable distance,

D

34 STRATIOMYID^.

upper facets distinctly larger than lower ones; frons in $
moderately broad; proboscis barely protruding from mouth-
opening; palpi small. Antennae very characteristic; in d" first
two joints short, minutely bristly, 2nd rather shorter than 1st;
3rd with seven annulatious, 1st and 2nd annulations short, bare,
cylindrical, about the size and length of the first two antennal
joints ; 3rd annulation in the shape of a two-pronged fork with-
out stem ; 4th and oth annulations similarly shaped but with
stems; 6th annulation elongate, much broader at tip than base;
7th annulation somewhat like 6th but shorter and more linear ; a
long terminal style of about half as long as whole antenna, com-
posed of very dense microscopic feather-like pubescence. In $ »
two basal joints and first two annulatious of 3rd joint as in j ,
except that from inner or under side of tip of 2nd annulation
emerges a long feather-like ray, the double row of plumes
drooping downwards ; 3rd annulation very short, cylindrical,
much narrower than 2nd, bearing two similar rays ; 4th and 5th
annulations very elongate, narrow, cylindrical, each bearing two
such rays ; 6th and 7th very elongate, about as long as 4th and
5th, rather wider towards tips, without rays but microscopically
pubescent ; style as long as in rf , but apparently of a sponge-like
texture, generally white, with microscopic pubescence. Thorax
elliptical, broader behind, moderately arched ; scutellurn nearly as
long as broad, more than semicircular, with four distinct sub-
equal spines. Abdomen of five segments, not longer than thorax,
slightly broader, almost rounded, anterior corners rather angular,
rather thick ; J genitalia very small, barely projecting ; those of
the £ apparently telescopic, cylindrical, of two pieces and with
two small finger-like terminal lamellae. Legs moderately long,
slender, without conspicuous pubescence. Wings of normal sub-
family venation ; 3rd vein forked ; three discal cell veinlets
equidistant, including the upper branch of the 5th vein ; anal cell
closed at some distance from border ; wings folded over abdomen
at rest, longer than abdomen.

Range. The Orient and South Africa.

Only one species is definitely known as Indian, P. fastuosa,
Gerst., though the Indian Museum possesses two specimens in
bad condition from the Andaman Islands which Bigot named
" continua, Walk." ; but they cannot be this species and are pro-
bably P. quadridentata, P., a species easily recognised by the large
golden-haired spots with angular inner corners on the anterior
margin of the thorax.

14. Ptilocera fastuosa, Gerst. (PL I, figs. 10, 11.)

Ptilocera fastuosa, Gerstaecker, Linn. Ent. xi, p. 332 (1857).
? Ptilocera smaragdina, Suellen v. Vollenhoven, Tijd. v. Ent. i,
p. 92 (1857;.

$. Head: frons one-fourth of head or a little more (nearly
3 ram.), shining black, flush with eyes, very slightly sunken in

PTILOCERA. 35

middle ; sides parallel, except for a very slight contraction about
the middle ; about the upper halt' closely punctulate, with minute
bristles ; these bristles also cover the ocellar triangle, which is
elevated above eye-level ; ocelli reddish brown ; a large dark
chestnut-brown shining bare callus above antennae, not easily
distinguishable from the frons, and just above it a grey tomentose
spot (seen only in certain lights) on each side, contiguous to inner
eye-margin ; face with practically parallel sides, as wide as frons,
black, with a shimng bare spot just below antennae ; a little
whitish pubescence, which is rather longer along lower eye-margins.
Aritenrial first two joints shining black, first two annulations of
43rd yellowish-grey tomentose ; rays dark shining blackish brown ;
terminal style yellowish white, sponge-like. Proboscis, palpi, and
occiput black, the latter with a little greyish-white pubescence,
longer on posterior orbits, especially on lower part. Thorax black,
very closely punctulate, with minute black spines and with very small
scales that exhibit emerald-green and mauve reflections according
to the light ; these scales, in addition to general distribution,
form in good specimens four distinct equidistant longitudinal
stripes from anterior to posterior margins, the two outer ones
along side-margins of dorsum ; the scales also occur below the
wing-base, on the mesopleura, and on the scutellum ; shoulders
rounded, burner! inconspicuous ; sternopleura with greyish-white
tomentose pubescence ; scutellar spines black. Abdomen shimng
indigo-blue or violet, entire surface closely punctulate and covered
with minute bristles like the thorax ; anterior corners of 2nd seg-
ment with a little, very short, whitish pubescence, and a small
whitish hair-spot towards upper outer corners of 3rd and 4th
segments ; 5th segment depressed longitudinally in middle, most
of its middle surface with short whitish pubescence, or the hind
margin only, or the pubescence in the form of two circles separated
by the median depression. Genitalia small, brown, mainly con-
cealed. Venter like upper side, with very minute soft whitish
pubescence. Legs shining black, with microscopic grey pubescence ;
a little shining brown about trochanters and base of femora and,
perhaps, extreme tips of femora ; underside of hind tibiaa with
golden -brown pubescence. Wings blackish brown; base of 4th
posterior cell, greater part of anal and axillary cells, alulaa, and
base of wing clear ; a yellow streak from costa about stigma, con-
tinued hindwards to outer side of discal cell ; veins dark brown ;
halteres black.

Length, 9-1 0| mm.

Described from six $ $ in the Indian Museum : Darjiling
District, 1000-3000 ft., v. 1912 ; Singla, Darjiling District, vi. 191 3 ;
Sukua,base of Darjiling Hills, 500 ft., 1. vii. 1908; Parambikulam,
Cochin State, 16-24. ix. 1914 (Gravely); Kandy, Ceylon, vii. 1910;
Peradem'ya, Ceylon, 20. v. 1910; Pollibetta, Coorg, 15-26, v.
1915 (Fletcher) ; Hopin, Upper Burma, viii. 1914 (Fletcfier); above
Tura, Assam, 3900 ft., vii. 1917 (Kemp).

D2

36 STRATIOMYIDjE.

1 have not seen the male with certainty, and the following notes
are from Gerstaecker s description of that sex. Very distinct from
2 , much smaller. Head considerably broader than thorax, deep
black, with one white hair-spot above antennae ; the latter with 2nd
scapul joint and first two annulations of 3rd joint reddish yellow,
rest black. Thorax with ground-colour dark blackish brown, side-
margins and two very indistinct median stripes of emerald-green
scales. Scutellar spines, especially middle pair, much longer than
in $ and mainly reddish yellow. Abdomen deep black, with paler
sides, white spots as in $ , but posterior ones absent. Winys as
in $ , pale spot on inner border absent.

A c? from Coorg, S. India, in the Pusa collection, may be this
species: also a 3 from Pashok, Darjiling, 2000ft. 11. vi. 191ft
(//. C. Hartleys), though neither of them agrees quite with
Gerstaecker' s description.

Genus STRATIOSPHECOMYIA, Brun.
Stratiospliecomyia, Brimetti, Rec. Ind. Mus. ix, p. 261 (1913).

GENOTYPE, Stratiospliecomyia variegata, Brun.

Head flattened, semicircular, narrower than greatest width of
thorax, nearly bare ; occiput not at all projecting behind eyes ;
ocelli on small, very distinct prominence, equidistant ; eyes in tf
quite contiguous for a moderate distance, hinder and lower facet*
distinctly smaller than anterior and upper ones. Proboscis thick,
apparently moderately long but mainly concealed within the-
mouth-opening, probably producible; palpi elongate, a little
pubescent, apparently of one joint only. Antennae elongate^
nearly filiform, two-thirds as long as head and thorax together ;
1st joint about twice as long as broad, 2nd about half this length ;
flagellum with eight distinct annulations, subequal, except the
last which is rather longer and pointed. Thorax approximately
oval, widest at level of wings, only slightly arched ; microscopically
pubescent here and there. Scutellum of moderate size, semi-
circular or subtriangular, unspined. Abdomen with a little soft
pubescence towards sides at base, apparently 5-segmented, the
emargination between the 2nd and 3rd segments extremely in-
definite, possibly these forming but a single segment ; the 1st very
short, transverse, 2nd as wide as 1st at base, thence suddenly
narrowing at half its length to cylindrical form, the 3rd at base
as wide as tip of 2nd, rapidly widening to tip; the abdomen
widening to tip of 4th segment, thence rapidly narrowing, the tip-
rounded, the 2nd to the 5th segments subequal in length.
Genitalia exposed, fairly complex, consisting of a dorsal plate and
a pair of two-jointed hairy claspers, with apparently at least one
other pair of appendages. Leys quite slender, moderately long,,
minutely pubescent ; hind legs longer and slightly stouter, hind
femora barely thickened towards tips, hind metatarsi distinctly

8IKA.TIOSPIIECOMYIA. 37

incrassated, broader and longer than the remainder of the tarsus ;
4th tarsal joint of all the tarsi distinctly shorter than any others.
Wings well developed, fairly broad, a little longer than abdomen,
venation as in Pachy gaiter ; halteres large.

15. Stratiosphecomyia variegata, Brwi. (PI. I, figs. 12, 13.)

Stratiosphecomyia varieyata, Brunetti, Eec. Ind. Mus. ix, p. 261
pi. xiv, tigs. 14, 17 (1913).

c? $ . Head : eyes in <$ contiguous for one-fourth the distance
from vertex to antennae, vertex rather depressed, with conspicuous
ocellar prominence, wholly black; frontal triangle brownish yellow,
bare, shining, flush with eyes ; face lighter brownish yellow, with
almost microscopic whitish pubescence and two large circular
black spots below base of antennae ; the hinder part of the lower
part of the head black ; proboscis and palpi brownish yellow,
withdrawn, with a little pale pubescence; antennae cylindrical,
nearly filiform, scape brownish yellow, bare, 1st joint twice as
long as 2nd ; flagellum black, with eight annulations, subequal,
except that the last one is a little longer and pointed. In $ ,
irons and face greenish yellow, shining, with very short soft
whitish pubescence; former at level of antennae nearly i width of
head, with parallel sides ; a blackish transverse streak from eye to
«ye a little below vertex, embracing ocellar triangle, the latter
shining black, slightly elevated ; face rapidly broadening from
below antennas ; a thin black ring on face around base of each
antenna ; a conspicuous round black spot on each side immediately
below antennae ; a transverse narrow black band a little lower,
from eye to eye ; underside of head retreating, greenish yellow,
smooth, shining, with whitish pubescence, and two longitudinal
blackish-brown marks in each side of mouth-opening ; posterior
orbit of eyes distinct, but rather narrow, yellow, bare. Thorax
black, microscopically pubescent, with bright lemon-yellow mark-
ings as follows : — On anterior margin of prothorax ; the humeral
calli ; a large triangular mark at each end of the transverse suture,
in front of root of wing ; a broad band from shoulder to wing-
base ; the posterior margin of dorsum of thorax broadly yellow, in
the form of four contiguous triangles, the outer ones approximate
to wing-bases ; a large spot placed diagonally on the sternopleura ;
a curved one between it and the wing-base and lastly one behind
the wing, almost contiguous to the metanotum. Sides of thorax
with extremely short and rather sparse pubescence, which is black
or yellow in accordance with the colour of the surface. Abdomen
with basal segment reddish brown ; 2nd, except perhaps at extreme
tip, black ; remainder of abdomen reddish brown, with a narrow
indistinct transverse blackish streak at base of 4th, and a similarly
coloured subquadrate large spot on base of 5th, filling the major
part of the segment. Legs with coxae black, tips sometimes a little
paler ; anterior legs yellowish, tibiae indistinctly a little darker,

38

fore tarsi black, except metatarsus, middle metatarsi yellowish
white, rest of tarsus brownish yellow. Hind legs browuisb
yellow, with indistinct traces of brown here and there, base of
femora narrowly pale yellow ; tibiee rather flattened at base and
slightly pinched beyond the middle, with two indistinct, though
fairly obvious, moderately broad, blackish rings, one just beyond
base, the 2nd suhapical ; tarsi brownish yellow, last two or three
joints black ; the 4th joint in all the tarsi much shorter than any
of the others. Wings pale grey, gradually darker on apical half,
stigmatic region moderately dark brown, ill-defined ; halteres
large, yellow. Venation as in Pacliyy aster.

Length, 11-12 mm.

Described from five d J, Darjiling, '1000-3000 ft., v. 1912;
one $ from above Turn, Garo Hills, Assam, 3900 ft., vii. 1917
(Kemp) ; a pair from Shillong, 4900 ft., 31: v. 1918 (Rao).

Subfamily CLITELLARIIN^.*

Head comparatively larger than in PACHYGASTKIX.E ; eyes often
densely hairy : antemue variously shaped ; 3rd joint annulated, elon-
gate (Lasiopa), conical (OUteUaria), or somewhat clubbed or oval
(Oxyeera, Nemotelns). Thorax stout, subquadrate or widened in the
middle, occasionally with a strong spine on each side (Ephippium,
Neyritomy'ui) • scutellum spined or not. Abdomen about as long
as tborax, 5- or 6-segmented, varied in form, generally subquadrate
or oblong. Legs moderately long and strong, with soft pubescence
or bare. Winys with 2nd vein often apparently anastomosed
with 3rd ; 4th vein with three terminations ; 5th vein forming
hinder side of discal cell, therefore posterior cross-vein absent.
In some cases the 5th vein touches the discal cell for so short a
space that the connection almost appears as the posterior cross-
vein ;f 5 posterior cells, all united on wing-margin.

This subfamily is characterised by the absence of the posterior
cross-vein, therefore the discal cell apparently emits four veins.
The normal absence of an antennal arista and apparent union of
the 2nd vein with the 3rd are also good characters. The species
are moderately or rather densely pubescent, or quite bare.

Life-history. Larva, in addition to the eleven body-segments,
with an apical tip at the posterior end, bearing a few bristles
instead of a fringe of hairs. The metamorphoses of some European
species of Oxycera are well known, the larvae living in mud or
water ; and that of Ephippium also, it being parasitic in nests of
formica fuliyinosa.

* For table of Oriental genera, vide Brunetti, Eec. Ind. Mus. i, p. 113: for
HERMETIIN.K, id. I. r. p. 120 (1907).

t According to Verrall, in such cases the species are regarded as belonging
to the CLITELLARIIN.E. The presence of the posterior cross-rein would place
them in the STRATIOMYIN.E. this character being the only structural dividing-line
between them. It would perhaps be better to unite both groups under
STRATJOMYIN.K.

HERMETIA. 39

The HEBMETIIN^ have by some authors been separated from
the CLITELLARIINJE proper, but it seems better to retain them
under one subfamily.

Table of Genera.

1. Thorax with a strong side-spine 2.

Thorax without such spine 3.

2 Antennal style bare EPHIPPIUM, Latr., p. 45.

Antennal style thickly pilose, conspi- [p. 47.

cuous. ,...." NEGRITOMYIA, Big.,

3. Scutellum 2-spined 4.

Scutelluni unspined 6.

4. Antennal 3rd joint very long, filiform . . AMPSALIS, Walk., p. 44.
Antennal 3rd joint elongate or conical,

not filiform 5. [p. 49.

5. Third anteunal joint with distinct style CLITELLARIA, Mg.,
Third antennal joint with arista OXYCERA, Mg., p. 53.

6. Abdomen globose, much broader than

thorax BUBA, Walk., p. 48.

Abdomen elliptical or linear 7.

7. Antennae not longer than head; 3rd joint

conical LASIOPA, Brulle, p. 52.

Antennae longer than head; 3rd joint
very elongate or nearly filiform 8.

8. Abdomen linear, considerably longer

than thorax ; antennae cylindrical or

rather flattened HERMETIA, Latr., p. 39.

Abdomen elliptical, barely longer than
thorax ; antennas cylindrical, subfili-
form EUDMETA, Wied., p. 41.

Genus HERMETIA, Latr.

Henrietta, Latreille, Hist. Crust. Ins. xiv, p. 338 (1805) ; Brunetti,

Bee. Ind. Mus. i, p. 121 (1907).
Thorasena, Macquart, Dipt. Exot. i, pt. 1, p. 177 (1838).

GENOTYPE, Musca illucens, L. (Tropical America) ; by original
designation.

Head transverse, distinctly wider than thorax ; eyes micro-
scopically pubescent ; frons broad in both sexes. Antennas with
1st and 2nd joints cylindrical, 2nd half as long as 1st ; 3rd very
elongate, cylindrical, 5-annulated, with au about equally long,
densely pubescent style, shaped like an elongated club. Proboscis
rather short, with large prominent labeila ; palpi short, cylindrical.
Thorax subquadrate, moderately arched ; scutellum semicircular,
unspined. Abdomen linear, arched above, considerably larger than
thorax, 5-segmented in <S , 6 or 7 in $ . Genitalia in <5 charac-
teristic, attached to ventral side of 5fch segment, consisting of a
piece broadened at base, pointed at tip, apparently membranous,
bearing on each side a two-jointed palp-like organ, also mem-
branous ; two horny oval valves, probably for euclosiug the

40 STRATIOMYIDJE.

membranous organs, and bearing a spine on the underside. In
the $ the 6th and 7th segments are narrow, telescopic and with-
drawable into the 5th ; genitalia consisting of a triangular bifid
piece, with a small filamentous two-jointed appendage on each
side. Leys moderately long, slender, simple. Wings with normal
venation of subfamily.

Range. India and the East ; North, South, and Central America ;
Africa.

16. Hermetia laeta, Meij. (PI. I, figs. 20, 21.)

Hermetia Iceta, de Meijere, Bijd. tot Dierk. xviii, p. 93, pi. viii,

tig. 8 (1904); Brunetti, Rec. Ind. Mus. i, p. 122 (1907).
Hermetia cerioides, Brunetti, /. c.

<3 ? . Head yellow ; a blackish cross-band above middle ; on each
side contiguous to eyes a blackish triangular spot above level of
antennae ; vertex more or less blackish ; occiput black ; antennal
1st and 2nd joints brownish yellow, 3rd blackish. Tliorax black,
slightly shining ; an indistinct whitish median line on anterior
part, only reaching to suture ;* humeri, a contiguous triangular
spot on each side of anterior margin ; a short contiguous or sub-
contiguous side-stripe from humeri, reaching suture and thereat
slightly upturned, posterior calli and scutellum, all bright yellow ;
latter sometimes narrowly black at base. On sides of thorax a
horizontal oval yellow spot between 1st and 2nd pairs of coxa?,
and a vertical oval one just in front of it, reaching wing-base.
Abdomen with first three segments mainly black, remainder reddish
brown ; a pair of large, approximately oval, yellow spots near
each other, placed longitudinally on anterior margin of 2nd
segment (the spots much smaller in $ ), with a small spot at each
side on extremity of hind margin ; 3rd and 4th segments with
distinct yellow hind margin ; 5th with an elongate triangular spot
at tip, which in $ is narrower and longer, nearly reaching anterior
margin ; sides of abdomen yellow down to about end of 3rd
segment. Venter with basal three segments mainlv black, 2nd a
little pellucid at sides and tip, remainder reddish brown ; hind
margins of 3rd and 4th segments narrowly yellow. Leys yellow ;
femora blackish brown, narrowly pale at tips, more broadly so on
front pair ; tips of tibiae a little darker, tarsi yellowish white. In
one specimen the basal half of all the femora is pale. Winys
yellowish grey, veins pale brownish yellow ; halteres yellowish.

Length, 8-12 mm.

Described from two 3 <5 and eight $ $ in the Indian
Museum in bad condition, probably the same set from which
de Mejiere compiled the original description, as he records the
species as " bred from a betel-nut palm in Backergunge, Bengal ;
in Indian Museum, 2 d c? , 3 $ $ ."

* I do not perceive this.

HEBMETIA.. — EUJDMETA. 41

These insects bear no history and were named " cerioides, Walk."
(I do not know by whom) ; and from the set I selected one as
Iceta, Meij., and recorded it in my first paper on STRATIOMYID^E,
referring the remaining specimens to cerioides, Walk. A closer
examination reveals them all to be Iceta, as they agree with the
description exactly.*

Osten-Sa^ken notes that fresh specimens of cerioides, "Walk.,
have green (as recorded by Walker) instead of the yellow spots in
dried ones, but this change after death is frequent in this family.
H, cerioides, Walk., differs by the legs being (presumably) black,
with lurid knees and white tarsi, by its blackish-brown wings, and
the absence of the single spot on the 5th abdominal segment.

Genus EUDMETA, Wied.

Eudmeta, Wiedemann, Auss. Zweifl. ii, p. 43 (1830).
Toxocera, Macquart, Dipt. Exot. Supp. iv, p. 44 (1849).

GENOTYPE, Hermetia marginata, F. ; by original designation.

Head about as broad as widest part of thorax, rather more
than semicircular; eyes very large, bare, contiguous in <3 for a
considerable distance ; upper facets larger than lower in c? » of
uniform size in $ . Antennae inserted below middle line of head ;
1st and 2nd joints subequal, normal, short ; 3rd longer than
head, cylindrical, of eight indistinct annulations. Proboscis short ;
palpi small, cylindrical. Thorax rather elongate, oval in front,
broader behind, moderately arched; scutellum subtriangular,
rounded at tip, unspined. Abdomen elliptical, comparatively
broad at base, as long as or a little longer than thorax, flattened,
depressed towards tip ; genitalia in tf distinct, small. Legs
moderately long, thin, simple ; tarsi long. Wings with normal
venation ; discal cell triangular.

Range. The Orient.

Wiedemaun describes the anteniue as 5-jointed and Macquart
follows suit, both illustrating these organs ; but it seems only a
question of the distinctness or otherwise of the annulations of the
3rd joint, which is not infrequently an individual matter, some
specimens showing them clearly and others very indistinctly.
The same occurs in many individuals and species in this family.

Table of Species.

Shorter, brownish-yellow species ; abdomen distinctly
broader than thorax; 3rd antennal joint as long as

half width of head favida, Brun.

Elongate blackish-brown species, abdomen no broader
than thorax ; 3rd anteimal joint nearly as long as
width of head.
Abdominal side-margins green (in life, yellow in dried

specimens) marginata, F.

Abdomen without differently coloured side-margins. . 6rM«we«,Meij.

* Mr. Bainbrigge Fletcher bred it from larvte found in rotting stems of a
betel-nut tree at Karimganj, vii. 1918.

42 STRATIOMYID^E.

17. Eudmeta marginata, F. (PL I, fig. 17.)

Hermetia marginata, Fabricius, Syst. Antl. p. 63 (1805).

Eudmeta maryinata, Wiedemanu, Auss. Zweifl. ii, p. 43, pi. ix, fig. 4

(1830) ; Macquart, Dipt. Exot. Supp. iii, p. 16, pi. i,ng. 9 (1848) ;

Brimetti, Rec. Ind. Mus. i, p. 123 (1907); de Meijere, Tijd. v.

Ent. liv, p. 262 (1911) ; Kertesz, Ann. Mus. Hung, vii, p. 388

(1909).

Hermetia cingidaris, Guerin, Voy. Coq., Zool. ii, 2, p. 290 (1830).
Hermetia singularis, Gu6rin, Icon. Regn. An. vii, p. 543, pi. 98,

fig. 1 (1835).
Toxocera limbiventris, Macquart, Dipt. Exot. Supp. iv, p. 45, pi. v,

fig. 3 (1849).

c? $ . Head : eyes in 3 contiguous for a considerable distance,
leaving a moderate-sized vertical triangle and small frontal
triangle ; upper facets very much larger than lower ; vertical
triangle wholly occupied by ocellar tubercle and brownish ocelli ; a
few brownish or greyish hairs ; frontal triangle very small, sbiniag
dark brown ; face dull brownish grey, M'ith white pubescence, two
small contiguous pale spots with a small orange longitudinal streak
below them, immediately below base of antennae ; the latter orange-
brown, 3rd joint with eight annulations, darker towards tips ;
underside of head blackish, with white pubescence ; proboscis
dark, with very large, brownish orange labella ; occiput black,
with whitish microscopic pubescence on upper part, a little longer
on lower part. In $ , frons moderately narrow, \ or g of head,
sides nearly parallel, brownish orange, nearly bare. Thorax rather
dull black, with short brownish pubescence on dorsum, more
whitish and sparser at sides ; a small callus on shoulder, joined to
an elongate stripe on lower margin of dorsum ending at suture ;
hind corners of dorsum with a similar callus, contiguous to an
elongate one immediately below, placed vertically ; a moderate-
sized oval spot on sternopleura and a subtriangular one just in
front of wing-base ; all these spots orange or yellowish (possibly
apple-green in life), and slightly variable in shape and extent ;
scutellum black, with a moderate-sized rounded pale yellow spot
at tip. Abdomen dark bluish black, microscopically pubescent,
slightly shining ; extreme side-margins orange-vellow (green in
life) ; vertex blackish. Legs all dark brown or blackish ; a little
soft pubescence behind, at least, front femora. Wings grey ; a
rather brown streak across the middle from the small brown
stigma to anal cell ; a large apical brown suffusion beginning
distinctly beyond discal cell ; halteres brownish yellow.

Length, 11-13 mm.

Described from five 6" c? and one $ in the Indian Museum
from Darjiling, 1000-3000 ft..vi. 1912; Pyinmana, Burma, vi. 1910
(H. L. Andrewes). The $ bears no locality. The specimens
appear to have been in spirit and are consequently unreliable for
descriptive purposes, especially in the matter of pubescence : but
they are undeniably E. manfinata. The species occurs in Singa-
pore, Java, Borneo, Amboina, and North-east Sumatra.

EUDMETA. 43

18. Eudmeta brunnea, Meij.

Eudmeta brunnea, de Meijere, Bijd. tot Dierk. xviii, p. 94, pi. viii,
fig. 10 (1904).

c? $ . Head with frons at level of antennae, one-fourth of head,
a little narrower at vertex and a little wider at lowest part of face ;
yellowish brown ; antennae blackish brown. Thorax yellowish
brown, sides a little darker. Abdomen yellowish brown, 2nd
segment in middle with two blackish- brown longitudinal stripes
near side-margins ; 4th and 5th segments with hind borders
blended together so that the whole surface is blackish brown,
except that in the 4th is a triangular middle spot of the ground-
colour ; anterior border of this segment narrowly yellow ; venter
yellowish brown, tip darker. Abdomen in $ lighter in middle.
Legs : anterior tarsi darker at tip ; hind tibiae and tarsi black ;
rest of legs yellowish brown ; hind metatarsi in $ as long as
tibiae, whereas they are shorter in the <S . Wings rather dark,
more yellowish on anterior border ; tip and a band across the
middle blackish brown, more or less connected with a dark patch
in anal cell ; halteres brown.

Length, 14 mm.

Described mainly from a specimen in the Indian Museum from
Kohima, Assam, augmented by de Meijere's description of a c?
and 2 $ $ from Darjiling.

The only discrepancy is the fact that the thoracic dorsum is
darker than the sides instead of vice versa ; also the dorsum of
the abdomen is mainly blackish brown, except towards sides on
anterior half, where it is lighter brown.

19. Eudmeta flavida, Brun.

Eudmeta rtatida, Brunetti, Rec. Ind. Mus. vii, p. 454 (1912).

c? . Head with eyes contiguous for two-thirds the distance from
the very small vertex to the frons ; upper facets rich red-brown,
much larger than the lower ones, which are nearly black ; ocellar
triangle small, black, slightly elevated, with a few hairs, lower mar-
giu of eyes white ; froiis and face smooth, bare, livid yellow. Mouth
and proboscis brown ; palpi small, black, oval at tip. Antennae
yellow, almost bare, except a few hairs at tips of the first two joints,
which are very short ; 3rd joint elongate, with a little greyish
shimmer towards the rather narrowed tip, ending in a distinct,
moderately long, black, cylindrical style, which is 3-jointed and
very closely black pubescent, the first two joints very short.
Occiput not projecting beyond hinder margin of eyes, much in-
vaginated in the middle ; yellowish, with very short hairs.
Thorax rather dull brownish yellow ; sides, scutellum, and meta-
notum concolorous, except that the scutellum is rather reddish.
Whole dorsum, sides, and scutellum covered with soft, dense, pale
yellow hair. Abdomen rather shorter and more globose than
E. bntnnea, Meij. ; ferruginous brown, blackish on the edges and

44 STUATIOMYIDJE.

towards tip ; whole surface with close, short, yellow pubescence.
Venter similar, pubescence very short. Leys brownish yellow, a
dark brown ring on apical half of hind tibiae ; tarsi tips black.
The legs are minutely yellow pubescent, the colour brightest on
the tarsi. Wings pale yellow, veins brownish ; a stigma-like oval
black spot towards tip of upper basal cell ; the end of the wing
mainly occupied by a brovvu suffusion which dies away towards
posterior margin ; halteres yellow.

Length, 8 mm.

Described from a single c? in good condition in the Indian
Museum collection from Margherita, Assam.

The abdomen is much shorter and more rounded than in
E. marginata, which makes me doubtful whether it is well placed
in Eudmetd.

Genus AMPSALIS, Walk.
Ampsalis, Walker, Proc. Linn. Soc. Lond. iv, p. 98 (1860).

GENOTYPE, Ampsalis geniata, Walk. (Celebes) ; by original
designation.

" Body elongate, nearly linear. Head a little broader than the
thorax ; eyes prominent ; palpi very short. Antenna) filiform,
much longer than the breadth of the head ; flagellum linear, about,
twice the length of the scape ; joints indistinct. Thorax elongate
elliptical; scutellum armed with two obliquely ascending spines.
Abdomen elliptical, a little broader but not longer than the thorax.
Legs rather long. Wings narrow, 1st cubital vein about one-
fourth the length of the 2nd,* four externo-medial veins complete ;f
subanal vein curved, joining the anal vein at some distance from
the border ; discal areolet elongated and attenuated exteriorly,
exterior side very short."

Range. The only other species than A. longispinus comes from
Celebes.

20. Ampsalis longispinus, Jlrun. (PI. I, figs. 18, 19.)

Ampiulis lonffispimu, Brunetti, liec. Iiid. Mus. ix, p. ->64, pi. xiv,
figs. 2, 4, Itt (1913).

d $ . Head twice as broad as long ; eyes in <$ contiguous for
greater part of distance from vertex to antennae ; f rons shining
black in J , one-fourth to one-fifth width of head in $ , less
shining, bare ; ocelli on distinct prominence, yellowish ; occiput
black, minutely pubescent. Antennae black, 1st and 2nd joints
subequal, cylindrical, barely broader at the narrowly brown tips,
minutely spinose ; 3rd joint cylindrical, almost filiform, pointed,
with eight annulations. Thorax dull black, with microscopic
pubescence, Avhich in perfect examples is probably blackish or dark

* 2nd and 3rd longitudinal veins respectively,
t 4th longitudinal rein-endings.

AMPSA.LIS. — EPJU1PPIUM. 45

grey ; traces of a little brownish colour behind the wings ; hind
corners of dorsum distinctly so coloured. Scutelhnn of normal
size, shining aeneous or blue-black, with soft (? pale) hairs aud two
very long, powerful, conspicuous, reddish-brown apical spines half
as long as the abdomen, diverging and directed slightly upwards.
Abdomen brownish yellow ; 1st and 2nd segments mainly black,
hind border of latter brownish yellow, 3rd and 4th each with a
rounded or subquadrate blackish spot of considerable size towards
each side but clear of the margins ; these four spots in the $
nearly filling the surface of these segments ; 5th and 6th segments
in both sexes mainly black, but sides and hind margins brownish
yellow. Venter with 1st, 2nd, 4th, and 5th segments mainly black,
remainder brownish yellow ; the black colour a little more ex-
tended in <5 ; whole surface of venter in both sexes with very
short yellowish pubescence. Genitalia in d concealed ; in $ a
narrow cylindrical tube, with a pair of rather long brownish-
yellow hairy filamentous appendages. Legs yellow; hind tibiae
iucrassated on apical two-thirds, black ; hind tarsi longer than
tibia?, the hind metatarsus black for two-thirds of its length and
as long as the remaining joints taken together. Wings distinctly
yellowish, very shining, apical third and hind margin grey ; stigma
black or blackish brown, veins blackish ; halteres yellow.

Length, 10-13 mm.

Described from three <$ J and four $ $ from Darjiling,
1000-3000 ft., v-vi. 1912, and Siiigla, iv. 1913, in fair condition ;
Shillong, 4900 ft., 31. v.l 918(7fao); 5000 ft.,vi-vii. 1918 (Fletcher).

There is nothing material to prevent this species from coming
in Ampsalis. The head is barely as wide as the thorax at its
widest part, and Walker says the scutellum is armed with two
oblique ascending spines, but does not mention their great length.
The only apparent discrepancy is that he says the flagellum is
about twice the length of the scape, whereas in the present species
it is fully three times as long, but this difference would not be
generic.

Genus EPHIPPIUM, Lair.

Epldppium, Latreille, Gen. Crust. Ins. iii, p. 448 (1802-3), and xiv,

p. 341 (1804).
EpAippiomyia, Bezzi, Zeits. Hym. Dipt, ii, p. 191 (1902); Brunetti,

Rec. Ind. Mus. i, p. 115 (1907).

GENOTYPE, Stratiomys ephippium, L. (Europe) ; by original
designation.*

Head comparatively small, as wide as front part of thorax ; face
arched, not projecting in profile, densely pubescent ; palpi long
and thickly pubescent ; eyes densely hairy in both sexes, in 3

* [Latreille did not actually designate n genotype ; in vol. iii he mentions
two species as belonging to his genus, viz., microleon, L., and cpJiiyypium, L. ;
in vol. xiv lie gives the same two species in reverse order. — ED.]

46 STRATIOMYIDjE.

contiguous for a considerable distance, facets of equal size ; in
$ , i'rons broad. Antennae as long as broad, 1st and 2nd joints
subequal, 3rd elongate ; indistinctly annulated, with long pointed
bare apical style. Thorax a little longer than broad, narrower in
front, with a conspicuous spine on each side, just before the base ;
humeri elevated; scutellum higher at base than hind part of
thorax ; with two long thick hairy spines. Abdomen ovate,
flattened, a little longer and broader than thorax and scutellum
together. Legs strong, moderately long ; front coxse large.
Wings strongly rippled, but not ribbed ; traces of posterior cross-
vein, as upper branch of 5th vein is in almost punctiform contact
with discal cell ; discal cell-veinlets distinct ; alulse unusually large ;
alar squamse absent, thoracic pair small.

Range. Europe, Japan, South Asia.

Life-history. That of the European E. thoracicum, Panz., is
known ; a conspicuous but hardly a common species. The larva?
are parasitic in nests of the ant, Formica fulif/inosa. Koser
records finding one in a rotten nut-tree, and thinks they must take
about four years to reach maturity.

The alleged preoccupation of Ephippium by Bolten in Mollusca,
on which Bezzi suggested Ephippiomyia, is very doubtful, accord-
ing to Verrall, and the original name is of too old standing to be
altered.

21. Ephippium bilineatum, F. (PI. I, figs. 15, 16.)

Stratiomys bilineata, Fabricius, Syst. Antl. p. 79(1805).
Clitellaria bivittata, Wiedemann, Zool. Mag. i, p. 3 (1819) ; Auss.

Zweifl. ii, p. 46 (1830).

Ephippium angustum, Macquart, Hist. Nat. Dipt, i, p. 252 (1834).
Rhaphiocera spinithorax, Macquart, Dipt. Exot. Supp. iii, p. 17,

pfi, fig. 7(1848).
Clitellaria tenebrica, Walker, List Dipt. Brit. Mus. iii, p. 522

(1849).
Ephippium spinigerum, Doleschall, Nat. Tijd. Ned. Ind. x, p. 407.

pi. ix, fig. 2(1856).

Negritomyia bilineata, Wulp, Notes Leyd. Mus. vii. p. 95 (1885).
Ephippiomyia bilineatum, Brunetti, Rec. Ind. Mus. i, p. 115 (1907).

c? $. Head: eyes of c? with rather dense brown pubescence,
contiguous for about the same distance as from lowest point of
contact to base of antennae ; vertical triangle rather small, with
blackish-brown hairs ; frons and face black, with dense, white or
whitish, rather long pubescence ; occiput black, margin with
minute snow-white pubescence, which nearly disappears at the
sides and becomes longer on lower part ; proboscis with very large
dark brown labella ; palpi blackish, pubescent. Antenna? with first
two joints black, bristly ; 3rd to extreme tip of style about one and
a half times as long as 1st and 2nd together, dull brown, elongate,
conical, with three distinct broad annulations, bare, after which
it narrows abruptly and bears some distinct hairs and is produced
into a very narrow terminal style. In $ , frons about one-twelfth

EPHIPP1UM.— NEGEITOMYIA. 47

width of head, sides parallel, shining black, with a small patch of
white pubescence in middle. Thorax shining black or blue-black,
closely punctulate ; dorsnm with blackish-brown pubescence and
two moderately wide well-separated stripes from anterior margin
to hind margin, or even indistinctly carried over part of the
scutellum, composed of very short whitish-grey pubescence ;
hutneri rather prominent, shining bright brown, bare ; sides of
thorax shining black, mainly covered with longer or shorter whitish-
grey pubescence. Scutellum concolorous with dorsum, hind mar-
gin with a little grey pubescence ; the spine at each hind corner
strong, long, black, and pubescent. Abdomen shining black or
blue-black, closely punctulate, with dark brown pubescence on
dorsum and longer whitish-grey pubescence at sides and on the
concolorous venter ; a tendency to form a hair-spot towards sides
of each segment, especially on 3rd and 4th ; underside of last
segment bare, shining. Legs black, shortly grey pubescent ; tips
of tarsi brown below. Wings with base narrowly, costal cell,
base of 1st basal cell and the axillary cell, clear ; rest of wing
dark brown, a little paler on hind margin; 5th vein rather more
deeply infuscated ; halteres pale yellow.

Length, 9-14 mm.

Described from several specimens in the Indian Museum :
Tenasserim (Dolierty} ; Semarang, Java, viii. 1909, and Depok,
Java, x. 1907 (Jacobson).

Genus NEGRITOMYIA, Big.

Niyritomyia, Bigot, Bull. Soc. Ent. France, (5) rii, p. Ixxiv (1877).
Negritomyia, Bigot, Ann. Soc. Ent. France, (5) ix, p. 190 (1879).

GENOTYPE, Ephipplum maculipenne, Macq.; by original de-
signation.

Antennae nearly cylindrical, base a little pubescent, 1st and 2nd
segments subequal, 1st much shorter than 3rd, arista apical, about
as long as the whole antenna, densely, shortly, and uniformly
pubescent. Eyes contiguous in tf , distinctly apai-t in $ , densely
pubescent in both sexes. Thorax with a long spine on each side ;
scutellum with two long spines. Wings with four endings to the
4th longitudinal vein, all reaching the border.

Range. Africa, Ceylon, Malay Archipelago, Australia.

22. Negritomyia macnlipennis, Macq.

Ephippium maculipenne, Macquart, Dipt. Exot. Supp. iv, p. 54

(1849), rf.

Negritomyia maculipennis, Brunetti, Rec. Ind. Mus. i, p. 114 (1907),
& vii, p. 451 (1912).

$ . Head black, with a little short whitish pubescence ; eyes
black, shortly pubescent ; frons at vertex about one-fifth the width
of the head, widening at level of antennae to nearly one-third ; an
indistinct whitish mark above each antenna ; palpi black, with

48 STRATIOMYIDjE.

short yellow pubescence ; back of head black ; posterior orbit of
eyes with narrow silvery-white pubescence. Antennae blackish,
inner side of 3rd joint pale; style closely pubescent. Thorax
black, moderately shining, with very short black hairs ; covered
with microscopic grey hairs, except along a broad median line and
on two large spaces towards each side of the dorsnm, i. e., one
behind the shoulder and above each wing ; sides of thorax shining
black, with microscopic grey pubescence below shoulders and some
short snow-white hairs above the fore coxae ; there is also a rather
wide perpendicular side-stripe of similar pubescence above the
middle coxae, joining the dorsal pubescence in front of the wing ;
side-spines short, strong, black. Scutellum black, with short black
hairs and concolorous grey pubescence, and two broadly separated,
strong, short, black spines on hind margin. Abdomen black, with
grey pubescence forming a broad dorsal line on hinder half and a
subtriangular spot towards each side of each segment. Venter
shining black, practically bare. Legs black, with very minute
whitish pubescence ; basal fifth of anterior femora and basal fourth
of hind pair, also major portion (from the base) of .'ill the tarsi,
pale yellowish white. Wings subhyaline ; stigma dark brown,
roughly oval, very distinct ; tip of wing from outer side of discal
cell, thence in a straight line to the costa and extending hind-
wards, until filling the 2nd posterior cell, distinctly brown, the
colour filtering more or less into the 3rd posterior cell ; halteres
with stem yellow, clubs dark brown.

Length, 11 mm.

Kedescribed from a single perfect $ in my collection from
Kandy, Ceylou, viii.1908 (Green) ; Pollibetta, Coorg, x-xi. 1915
(Fletcher). Loew's maculipennis (1856) from South Africa is a
different species.

Genus RUBA, Walk.
Ruba, Walker, Proc. Linn. Soc. Lond. iv, p. 100 (1860).

GENOTYPE, Ruba injlata, Walk. ; by original designation.

Body thick and broad ; head much narrower than thorax ;
proboscis and palpi very short. Antennae nearly as long as
breadth of head ; " 3rd joint broader and longer than the flagellum,
of which the joints are short, compact, and minutely setulose ".*
Thorax a little longer than broad, scutellum unarmed ; abdomen
globose, very much broader and a little longer than thorax. Legs
short. ' Wings moderately broad ; " 1st cubital vein not one-third
of length of 2nd ; four complete externo-medial veins ; subanal
vein curved, joining the anal vein at some distance from the
border ; discal areolet elongated exteriorly, irregularly triangular,
exterior side very short."

Range, India, Celebes, Papua.

* Walker's '' flagellum " is the style.

EUBA. — CLITELLAHIA. 49

23. Ruba inflata, Walk.

Huba inflata, Walker, Proc. Linn. Soc. Lond. iv, p. 101 (1860).

2 . Head : frons and face one-third of head, uniformly wide
except tor a slight contraction slightly above base of antennae ;
oc^lhir triangle very small, black; an oval brown longitudinal
mark on fro us just above the orange antennae, of irregular shape,
continued as a tine line to the ocellar triangle ; whole head
brownish orange; proboscis with very large labella; tips of palpi
rounded, flattened, rather large, deep black;* whole head with
rather short, moderately dense, but not conspicuous, yellow pubes-
cence. Thorax and scutellum all brownish orange, \\ ith rather dense
yellow pubescence; traces of three longitudinal narrow blackish
lines on dorsum. Abdomen brownish orange, with yellow pubes-
cence. Ley* yellowish orange, with yellow pubescence ; apical
hiilt' of hind tibiae black, with black pubescence ; the tiny bristles
at the tips of the tarsi give them a blackish appearance Wings
pale yelloxv, apical half (except extreme tip) rather bright brown,
darker anteriorly ; a quadrate dark brown spot of modera'e si/e
at tip of 1st basal cell, extending to the costa ; anterior margin
of basal half of wing a little deeper yellow.

Length, 9 mm.

Described from a perfect female in the Indian Museum from
Ghumti, Darjiling District, 1000 ft., vii.1911 (Gravely) ; and one
in inferior condition from Kohima, As*am.

Walker described the species from Makassar, in Celebes, and
the only descrepancy is that he says nothing about the black
apical half of the hind tibiae.

Clitellaria, Meigen, Illig. Mag. ii, p. 265 (1803).
Adoxomyia, Kert6sz, Ann. Mus. H

Genus CLITELLARIA., Mg.

. 265 (1803).

ung, v, p. 499 (1907) ; nom. nov.
for Clitellaria, Sch., nee Mg.

GENOTYPE, Clitellaria dahlii, Mg. (Europe) ; designated by
Bezx.i, Wien. ent. Zeit. xvii, p. 75 (1908). f

Head: eyes densely pubescent, contiguous in male, wide apart
in female; proboscis retracted, with moderately broad labella;
palpi 2- jointed, 1st joint thick, kidney-shaped, ^nd narrow, conical;
epistoma slightly arched. Antennae elongate, 1st and 2nd joints
subequal ; 3rd elongate conical, with four annulations, with two-

* The palpi lie along the lower side of the face and the conspicuous black
tips look like two black spots on it, Walker evidently mistaking them Cor such
as he mentions " a black sj ot on each side of the mouth."

t [It seems necessary to point ou' that this designation is entirely at variance
with the generally accepted rules of zoological >;omenclature. Meigen, when
describing Clitellaria. definitely designated ephipptum, F., as the genotype,
and no subsequent action on the part of Meigen himself or anyone elt-e can
alter that fact. The correct designation for the present genus is therefore
Adoxomyia, Kert., and the species described above (p. 46) as Ephippium biliiie-
atum should stand as Ciitellaria biliiieata, F. — ED.]

E

50 STEA.TIOMYIDJE.

jointed apical style, 1st very short, 2nd long. Thorax elliptical,
moderately arched ; scutellum with two spines, often small and
indistinct. Abdomen a little broader than thorax, oval or elliptical,
rather well arched, 5-jointed ; genitalia small. Legs moderately
long and strong. "Wings with normal venation ; 3rd vein distinctly
forked, 4th vein with three endings; posterior cross-vein abseni,
as upper branch of 5th vein forms part of lower side of discal cell.

Range. Europe, Western Asia, North Africa, Orient, North
America.

Life-history. That of the common Indian 0. heminopla, ^\ied.,
has been worked out at the Pusa Institute.

Some confusion has arisen over the name Clitellaria. Verrall
notes that it was established by Meigen in 1803 for ephippium, F.,
and that that author subsequently (1822) enlarged the scope ot
the genus, including in it villosa, F., calva, Mg., and pacifica, Hfg.,
as well as epliippium,T?. Latreille in 1804 erected Epliippium for
the species of that name,* and, as was customary iu those days
in such cases, changed the specific name to thoracicum to avoid
redundancy. Therefore the name Clitellaria must stand for the
remainder of the species placed in it by Meigen or, at the very
least, for one of them. C. pacifica is an Odontomyia and synony-
mous with limbata, Wied., which leaves only villosa and calva, one
of which should be the type of Clitellaria, Mg. Kertesz retains
Meigen's original sense of th*e genus (i. e., for ep7iippium, F.) in
his Kat. Dipt. (1908), but adopts the inadmissible name Potamidu
(Mg. 1800) for it. Meigen added dahlii in 1830 to Clitellaria and
Kertesz has renamed this group of species Adoxomyia. Lasiopa,
Brulle (1832), differs from Clitellaria, Mg., in having an unspined
scutellum, and both villosa and calva have been placed in it.
Therefore Clitellaria, as understood by Meigen, was by this time
reduced to the single species dahlii, and this species is designated
by Bezzi as the genotype. Kertesz's " Potamida, Mg." must con-
tinue to be known as Ephippium, Latr. ; Adoxomyia, Kert., is the
true Clitellaria, Mg., and must retain this latter name; and Lasiopa,
Brulle, is a good genus.

The two Indian species are separated thus : — -

Thorax without definite hair-stripes, but with a
darker median stripe surrounded by four spots
arranged in a square heminopla, Wied.

Thorax with two distinct stripes of short golden-
brown hairs bistriata, Brun.

24. Clitellaria heminopla, Wied. (PI. I, fig. 14.)

Clitellaria heminopla, Wiedemann, Zool. Mag. iii, p. 30 (1819) ; id.,
Ausfl. Zweifl. ii, p. 48 (1830) ; Brunetti, Kec. Ind. Mus. i, p. 120
(1907).

c? £ . Head : eyes in c? practically contiguous for about half
the distance from vertex to frontal triangle; black, upper facets

* [This is not strictly accurate (see footnote on p. 45). — ED.]

CLITELLAEIA. 51

barely larger than lower ones, not clearly demarcated, with
moderately short dense pubescence, which appears grey or brown
according to the point of view; vertex black, with a few long
whitish hairs ; ocelli reddish ; frontal triangle black, with rather
long soft whitish hair ; face and lower part of head black, with
greyish-white pubescence ; proboscis dull yellowish ; palpi reddish
brown; autennal 1st and 2nd joints black, 3rd joint reddish
brown to yellowish, first four anuulations much broader and more
distinct than the rest, which form a narrow blackish cylindrical
tip; a reddish-brown ring round base of antennal prominence.
In $,frons forming | to i width of head, a little narrower at
vertex, with short whitish-grey or brownish-grey pubescence ;
lower part of frons shining, practically bare, except for a bunch
of drooping whitish hairs near each eye-margin above level of
antenna ; the four basal annulatious of 3rd joint rather broader
than in <5 • Thorax black, dorsura wholly covered with whitish-
grey tomentose pubescence ; in perfect specimens, if viewed from
in front, a median stripe surrounded by four spots arranged in a
square can be seen, composed of gold-brown tomentose pubescence ;
•some longer whitish-grey hairs below shoulders. Scutellum large,
with grey and golden-brown admixture of tomentose pubescence ;
spine placed at each hind corner, yellowish brown ; a fringe of
white hairs depends from the hind margin. Abdomen black ; 2nd
segment wholly, 3rd narrowly on hind margin and more broadly
towards sides and along side-margin of segment, 4th broadly
on hind margin (especially towards and along the side-margins),
5th with a large median triangular spot (its base on hind margin
of segment), very shortly but distinctly whitish (occasionally rather
golden) pubescent ; ground-colour of extreme side-margins of
segments brownish orange ; venter blackish, with extremely short
whitish pubescence. Legs : coxae black, brownish orange at tips ;
hind pair brownish orange behind ; femora and tibiae rather shining
black, the former brownish orange at base and narrowly at tips ;
tibiae broadly brownish yellow at base, narrowly brown at tips ;
t'r.nit tarsi blackish, posterior metatarsi yellowish, remaining
joints brown ; all legs with short greyish pubescence, which is
more brownish yellow on tarsi, especially the front pair. Wings
grey, yellowish brown about the centre ; stigma slightly darker
brown ; halteres yellow.

Length, 6^-9 mm.

Described' from a long series of both sexes in the Indian
Museum, Pusa collection and my own, from many parts of India
and Ceylon, where it appears to be generally distributed and
common from March to October on rotten papaya-stems, plan-
tains, and melons.

Mr. Hewlett has taken it " at sex play around dead leaves,
Pusa, 15. iii. 1912."

Larva. This is 11 mm. in length, whitish, oblong, the 4t,h seg-
ment truncate, the three anterior segments much narrower and
apparently withdrawable into the 4th ; 1st segment rather elon-
gate, verv narrow; 4th to 12th segments about equal in length,

E2

52 STJIATIOMYIDJE.

anal segment longer, rounded at tip ; each segment bearing a
transverse row of rather long curved yellow bristles on both upper
and under sides, one or more being also present along the sides.
The surface is covered with minute white particles, apparently
purposely attached to its body. Found in rotten papaya-stems.

25. Clitellaria bistriata, Brun.

Clitellaria bistriata, Brunetti, Eec. Ind. Mus. vii, p. 452 (1912).

<S . Head with vertex wholly occupied by the ocellar tubercle,
black, shortly black pubescent ; occiput blackish, the orbit bare,
but a little whitish-grey hair on lower part ; eyes closely contigu-
ous, with dense dark brown hair ; frontal triangle black, a little
whitish-grey hair on its uppermost part ; underside of head with
whitish hair. Antenna? black, normal. Thorax black, with
minute black pubescence ; the anterior margin and two mode-
rately wide dorsal stripes extending from the anterior margin to
the scutellum, bearing very short golden-brown hairs, these hairs
also appearing on, behind, and below the shoulders ; at the extreme
lower anterior corner of the dorsum is a reddish-brown, bare, pro-
minent, but very small callus ; some greyish hair on posterior
corners of lower part of thorax. Scutellum rather broad, black,
with microscopic black pubescence, some longer black hairs above
and ragged dirty grey hair on underside; a slightly curved,
moderately long, obtusely pointed spine at each extreme posterior
corner. Abdomen black, microscopically pubescent, with some
very short greyish pubescence towards the sides, rather more
extensive on first two segments, on posterior margin of penul-
timate segment, and covering most of the last segment. Venter
black, with very short greyish pubescence. Legs black, with
microscopic pubescence, and some very short greyish-white hair on
underside of anterior femora ; the pubescence on the lower side of
the tarsi dark brown. Wings with anterior part deep brown,
becoming a little lighter on posterior two-thirds, but still dark
brown ; stigma small, blackish brown, veins deep black : halteres
black, stem yellowish.

Length, 8-9 mm.

Described from a 3 from Bhowali, Kumaon District, 5700 ft.
(J)r. A. D. /MINIS), now in the Indian Museum ; Shillong, 4900 ft.,
31. v. 1918 (Rao).

Genus LASIOPA, Bridle.

Lasioptt. Brulle, Exped. Moree, iii, pt. ] , p. 307 (1832).
Ci/clv</aster, Macquart, Hist. Xnt. Uipt. i, p. 230 (1834,).
'? Inermyin, Bigot, Ann. Soc. Ent. France, (3) iv, p. 82 (1856).
? Inermia, Bigot, op. cit. (3) vii, p. 210 (18o9).

GENOTYPE, Lasiopa pdeteria, Brnlle (Europe).

Head with epistome arched, but not snout-like. Antenna; rather
long ; 1st and 2nd joints subequal ; 3rd elongate, couicnl, with four
annulations, ending in a two-jointed style. Eyes very hairy, quite

LAS1OPA. — OXTCERA. ">3

or practically contiguous in tf , broadly separated in $ . Proboscis
short or lengthened, porrect, with moderately large labella; palpi
with three distinct joints. Thorax elliptical ; scutellum unarmed.
Abdomen broader than thorax, elliptical, arched, five- segmented.
Leys moderately long and stout. Wings with 3rd vein distinctly
forked ; 4th longitudinal vein with four faint veinlets, of which
the 4th originates near or directly from the 2nd basal cell.

Range. Europe, West Asia, North Africa, South Africa, Orient,
New Zealand, South America.

Life-history unknown. The perfect insects occur 011 umbelli-
ferous and other flowers, and often become rather sluggish in their
habits.

26. Lasiopa villosa, /"., var. himalayensis, Brun.

Xe.motelus villosa, Fabricius, Ent. Syst. iv, p. 270 (1794).
Lasiopa villosa, var. himalayensis, Brunetti, Ilec. Ind. Mus. i, p. 117
(1907).

J 5 . Head black, with rather long, shaggy, yellowish-grey
hair ; eyes in J not quite contiguous ; frons in $ one-third width
of head, sides parallel, with rather Jong golden-yellow pubescence ;
face similar, with a rather small elongate spot on each side in $
at level of antennae, contiguous to inner margin of eye ; proboscis
dark brown, not prominent ; underside of head with greyish
pubescence ; antennae blackish brown. Thorax black, with yel-
lowish-grey pubescence, which is shorter in the $ . Abdomen
black: an elongate yellowish spot towards each side* on hind
border of 2nd, 3rd, and 4th segments, all the spots subequal ; 5th
segment with distinct yellow hind margin. Legs blackish brown.
Wings brownish grey ; halteres whitish yellow.

Length, 9-10 mm."

Described from three specimens in my own collection from
Mussoorie, v. 1905 (Brunetti), and others from Kumaon, W.
Himalayas, 6300 ft., ll.v. 1911 (Kemp}-, Nairn Tal, vi. 1893
[Lucknow Museum]; Dungagali, Hazara Dist., 8000 ft,, 21-24.
v. }Q15 (FletcJter).

The only difference from typical European specimens is that
the abdominal yellow spots are not turned up and widened at
their inner ends.

Genus OXYCERA, %.

Oxycera, Meigen, Illig. Mag. ii, p. 265 (1803).

Hypoleon, Dumeril, Expos. Meth. Natur. (1801).

lletcroxycera, -Bigot, Ann. Soc. Ent. France, (3) iv, pp. 6-'> & 85

(1850).

GKKOTYPE, Jfusca hypoleon, L. (Europe) ; by designation of
Curtis, 1833 (as trilineata, F.).

Head with epistoma smooth, a little arched ; eyes from bare in
both sexes to densely pubescent in $ (in which case $ has some
pubescence too), contiguous in J for a considerable distance, the

54 STEATIOMTID^E.

upper facets much larger than the small lower ones and generally
sharply delimited from them ; in $ wide apart, with uniform
facets ; occiput- with lower half considerably puffed out. Pro-
boscis retracted, with broad labella ; palpi rather inconspicuous.
Antennae elongate, first two joints subequal, 3rd spindle-shaped
or peg-shaped, with four annulations and a two-jointed apical or
subapical bristle. Thorax oblong, rather arched, moderately
pubescent; humeri and posterior calli prominent; scutellum with
two spines. Abdomen short and round, very arched, 5-segmented.
Legs simple, short, weak. Wings with normal venation ; 3rd
longitudinal vein forked or simple ; 4th vein with three endings,
the 3rd often weak or absent ; posterior cross-vein absent, upper
branch of 5th vein forming part of lower side of discal cell, the
latter often indistinct : alulae well developed.

Range. Europe, Asia, North America, and one species from
Caffraria.

Life-history. The larva lives in moist mud among Conferva.
The flies frequent leaves and flowers in the sunshine near streams
and damp situations, where they are very active ; on sunless days
they settle on the underside of leaves near the ground. The
metamorphoses of several European species are well known.

These insects are rather small, nearly bare, flies, generally of a
black colour with conspicuous yellow spots.

0. siynata is mainly a black species and 0. albomicons a yellow
one.

27. Oxycera signata, sp. nov.

d . Head : eyes with dense brown pubescence, contiguous for
a considerable distance, leaving vertical and frontal triangles
about equal in size, black ; former with black hairs and three
brownish ocelli on an elevated prominence ; latter bare, shining ;
face black, with a long oval patch of short snow-white pubescence
adjacent to the eye-margin on each side ; no postocular orbit ;
occiput black ; proboscis orange-yellow ; underside of head with
short white hairs. Antennae black, first two joints subequal, 3rd
as long as first two together, with four annulations and subapical
arista. Thorax shining black, with moderately dense brownish-
grey pubescence; a pair of widely separated, pale yellowish,
narrow, longitudinal dorsal stripes, nor quite reaching either
anterior or hind margin of dorsum ; an elongate bright lemon-
yellow spot on each side of dorsum from prothorax up to the
suture, and a large oraiige-yellow one on each posterior angle of
dorsum ; pleurae bkck, with whitish pubescence and a callus-like
long yellow stripe from prothorax (where its end is contiguous to
the stripe on the side of the dorsum immediately above it) to root
of wing. Scutellum bright lemon-yellow, with brown pubescence,
hind margin black ; metanotum shining black, microscopically
pubescent. Abdomen black, moderately shining, with micro-
scopic brown pubescence and a little white hair at sides of 1st
segment, which latter is narrowly yellow at base ; a large subtri-

OXTCEEA. 55

angular spot on 3rd segment on each side-margin reaching from
anterior nearly to posterior margin; a smaller oblong one placed
endways at middle of side-margin of 4th segment ; and a small
semicircular apical one on last (5th) segment ; venter black, with
a little sparse pale pubescence. Legs black, with the following
parts yellow : tips of femora broadly and posterior pairs indis-
tinctly at base, front tibiae broadly at base, middle pair wholly
and hind pair narrowly at base and tip, also posterior metatarsi
and 2nd joint of^hind tarsi ; all legs microscopically pubescent.
Wings colourless ; anterior veins and stigma pale yellowish ;
halteres bright yellow.

Length, 5 mm.

Described from a single tf in the Pusa collection from India,
probably from Mussoorie.

Type presented to the British Museum.

28. Oxycera albomicans, sp. riov.

$ . Head wholly bright sulphur-yellow. Erons and face fully
one-third of head, very slightly narrower at about middle of frons ;
frons rather broader on lower part; eyes bare; upper eye-margins
of frons narrowly black ; a thin line running from the corner of
each eye diagonally to vertex at each side of vertical spot ; an
elongate black spot on vertex, embracing the ocelli, pointed at
anterior end ; an oval or leaf-shaped one of moderate size in
middle of frons and a small elongate, vertically placed one imme-
diately above base of antennae ; tlie latter wholly brownish orange,
of normal size ; arista black ; lower sides of face (viewed from
above) with snow-white shimmer; mouth-region and proboscis
brownish orange ; postocular orbit very broad, lower part with
whitish shimmering tomentum and microscopic pubescence ; occi-
put black. Thorax sulphur-yellow, microscopically punctate, with
very short yellow pubescence; dorsum with three longitudinal black
stripes, the median one slightly the widest and reaching front
margin, the side-stripes just failing to reach it — all three narrow
and united on hind margin ; a small black vitta just above wing-
base. Lower part of thorax, front part of sternopleura and a
contiguous triangular spot on mesopleura, black ; pleurae and
lower part of thorax with a little microscopic white pubescence.
Scutellum yellow, with a little microscopic black pubescence ;
spines rather long, tips a little darker. Abdomen sulphur-yellow,
microscopically punctate, ernarginations of segments very indis-
tinct; two broad black transverse bands, broader still in the
middle of each, lying apparently over the junctions of 2nd and
3rd segments and of 3rd and 4th segments respectively, united
by a short black median stripe ; the anterior transverse band
broadly united to the convex side of a semicircular band, which
has its ends on the anterior corners of the 1st segment, but just
failing to attain the actual margin : hinder transverse band united
by a median black longitudinal stripe to an arched narrower black

56 STBA.TIOMYJ.DjE.

transverse band placed on base of 5th segment, the middle part
encroaching over hind margin of 4th segment. Venter yellowish,
with microscopic pale \ ellow pubescence. Lec/s vellow or brownish
yellow j front tarsi wholly, apical half of middle pair, hind tibiae
(except at tips), and last four joints of hind tarsi dark brown.
Wings colourless; veins yellowish; 3rd vein forked towards tip;
halteres bright yellow.

Length, 4| mm.

Described from two $ $ from Abbottabad, N.W. Frontier
Province, vi. 3916 (Fletcher).

Type sent to the British Museum ; co-type in Pusa collection.

The abdomen might equally well be described as black with the
base narrowly and tip more broadly yellow, and three pairs of
yellow side-spots, the first pair triangular, the 2nd and 3rd pairs
much larger and irregularly oblong.

Subfamily STRATIOMYI1SLE.

Head short, rather flattened in front ; antennae with 3rd joint
elongate, no arista. Thorax subquadrate, often only slightly
arched; scutellum generally with two spines. Abdomen 5 to b'-
segmented, generally subquadrate, not much longer than thorax,
often much flattened and frequently with obvious pale markings.
Legs of moderate length and strength, or somewhat weak. Wings
with 3rd vein generally forked, ending far before wing-tip; 4ih
vein with three terminations or veinlets, seldom reaching v\ ing-
margin, one or more often absent or extremely weak ; posterior

Fig. 2. — Stratiomyia, antenna. Fig. 3. — (

cross-vein present, so that the 5th vein never forms any part of
the discal ceil ; anal cell closed near wing-border ; 5 posterior
cells, united on wing-margin. Wing in repose folded closely
over middle of al'domen, leaving side-margin* exposed; alar
squamae small, thoracic pair large, pubescent.

The principal cha'-acters of this subfamily taken in conjunction
are the subquadrate abdomen of the typical genera (Stratiomyia,
Odontomyia), the elongate antennae devoid of arista, and the
presence of the posterior cross-vein. Larva peripneustic, last
segment more or less long and narrow.

Table of Genera.

1. Third antennal joint with at most six

annulations 2.

Third antennal joint with seven or

eight annulatioiis CYPHOMYIA, Wied., p. 57.

CYFHOMYIA. 57

2. First antennal joint three or more

times longer than 2nd STBATIOMYIA, Geoff., p. 58.

First antennal joint less than three
times as long as 2nd, generally
much less ODONTOMYIA, Mg., p. 61.

The above distinctions are purely arbitrary, but each genus has a
facies peculiarly its own, which the student will soon recognise.

Genus CYPHOMYIA, Wied.
Cypliomyia, Wiedemann, Zool. Mag. i, p. 3.(1819).

GENOTYPE, C. auriftamma, "Wied. (Tropical America); designated
by Brauer, 1882.

Head as broad as thorax, semicircular ; eyes bare (occasionally
just perceptibly hairy), in J closely contiguous for a considerable
distance ; frons in § rather broad, sides approximately parallel ;
postocular orbits in $ broad. Antennae with 1st joint moderately
long, broader at tip; ind cup-shaped, half as long as 1st; 3rd
cylindrical, tapering, of eight subequal annulations, practically
bare. Thorax considerably elongate, much narrowed in front,
moderately arched, anterior corners rather angular; in many
species with three lighter longitudinal stripes. Scutellum rather
large, broader than long, trape/oidal, with two spines that are
longer and more divergent in d than $ . Abdomen subglobular,
thick, about as long as thorax, 5-segmented ; 1st segment very
short, mostly hidden by scutellum. A generic peculiarity is the
presence of hair-spots towards the sides of the last segment,
placed on its anterior margin. Legs rather long, especially the
femora, simple, slender ; tarsi generally longer than tibiae. Wings
fully developed, considerably longer than abdomen and folded over
it when ab rest.

Range. North, Central and South America, South Africa, India,
Sumatra.

29. Cyphomyia indica, sp. nov.

Head wholly bright orange, bare, including the thick postocular
orbits, which are distinctly demarcated from the vertex by a
narrow groove ; frons about one-third width of head, barel)r
broader at vertex ; underside of head with a little short white
pubescence towards the eye-margins ; eves and proboscis black.
Antennae with 1st and 2nd joints dark reddish brown, 3rd black,
•with eight distinct annulations, three times as long as 1st and 2nd
together. Thorax deep black, with rather dense short grey and
brownish-grey pubescence, which is a little longer and more
whitish posteriorly and on the concolorous, rather large, nearly
oblong scutellum ; spines of latter tipped with brown ; pleurae
blackish with a little whitish pubescence. Abdomen much broader
than thorax, nearly circular, brilliantly shining violet-blue, with
very short whitish pubescence; venter similar. Legs black, with
whitish pubescence ; knees barely perceptibly brownish orange ;

58 STRAXIOMYID^E.

more than basal half of front metatarsus, and the hind metatarsus
wholly, and most of the succeeding joints brownish orange;
pubescence of legs black. Winys uniformly rather dark brown, a
little lighter at base and darker about the stigma ; halteres pale
dull orange.

Length, 9 min.

Described from a unique specimen (genital organs missing) in
the Indian Museum from Kalhnpong, 600-4500 ft., Darjiliug
District, iv-v. 1915 (Gravely}.

Genus STRATIOMYIA, Geo/.

Stratiomys, Geofl'roy, Hist. d. Ins. ii, p. 475 (1704). *

Stratiomys, Fabricius, Ent. Syst. iv, p. 262 (1704); Meigen, Illig.

Mag. ii, p. 265 (1803).
Stratiomyia, Macquart, Dipt. Exot. i, pt. 1, p. 179 (1838) ; Brunetti,

Rec. Ind. Mus. i, p. 125 (1907).
Hoplomyia, Zeller, Isis, xi, p. 882 (recte 828) (1842).
Stratiotomi/ia, E. L. Arribalzaga, Bol. Acad. Nat. Cienc. Cordoba,

iv, p. 128(1882).

GENOTYPE, Musca cJiamceleon, L. (Europe) ; by designation of
Latreille, Consid. Gen. (1810).

Head semicircular, face arched, postocular orbits thickened,
especially in $ ; proboscis comparatively small ; palpi small ;
eyes in d practically contiguous, the upper facets often much
larger than lower ones, wide apart in $ ; in both sexes either bare
or hairy, sometimes a sexual character. Antenna approximate at
base, diverging after 1st joint, which is very much longer
than 2nd ; 3rd joint elongate, cylindrical, bare, with live or six
anuulations (occasionally an annotation subdivided). Thorax sub-
quadrate, broader behind, pubescent ; scutellum two-spined.
Abdomen broader than thorax, slightly arched, subquadrate,
shoulders angular; whole doratim sparsely, moderately, or some-
what densely pubescent ; wings folded one above the other at
rest, lying within the side-margins of the abdomen ; genitalia
small. Leys moderately stout, shortly pubescent. Wings mainly
as in Odontomyia; 3rd vein forked, 4th vein terminations (three)
long, curved, nearly reaching wing-margin, the hindmost more or
less parallel with upper branch of 5th vein ; posterior cross- vein
present but sometimes small; anal cell closed near wing-margin;
alar squamae small, thoracic large and pubescent.

llanje. World-wide except Au.-traliaand the Ethiopian Kegion.

Life-history. Metamorphoses of more than one European species
known. Larvae fusil orm, broadest before the middle; known as

* [In this work Geoffroy did not accept the binnry system of nomenclature
upon which all our modern zoological classification is based ; it has therefore
been ruled that all generic names therein proposed by him are just as invalid a»
pre-Linnyean names. Tlie authorship of Stratiomys should thus be attributed
to Fabricius. — Ei>.]

STRAT1OMYIA. 59

" rat-tailed maggots ;" some are aquatic, hanging head downwards
by their tails, probably living on minute organisms ; some live in
mud or moist sand. The pupa floats free. The imagines frequent
Umbelliferae in moist situations.

Table of Species.

1. Hind margin of 3rd and 4th abdominal segments

with uninterrupted yellow band fulvescens, sp. n.

Hind margin oford aud 4th abdominal segments
with a pair of elongate spots, well separated . . 2.

2. Thoracic pubescence moderately thick and long;

scutellum black, except the narrow yellow hind
margin and spines; $ with two conspicuous
yellow po.stvertical spots, sometimes united . . barca, Walk.
Thoracic pubescence extremely short and sparser ;
scutellum all brownish yellow; $ with no
postvei tical yellow spots micropilosa, sp. n.

30. Stratiomyia barca, Walk.

Strut iomys barca, Walker, List Dipt. Brit. Mus. iii, p. 530 (1849).
Statiomyia barca, Brunetti, Rec. Ind. Mus. i, p. 125 (1907).

J $ . Head : eyes contiguous in J for more than half their
height ; shortly and sparsely pubescent ; upper facets distinctly
but not greatly larger than lower ones ; vertical triangle black,
Avith a few yellow hairs ; ocelli large, brownish ; antenna? black ;
irons, face (punctulate), and lower part of head black, with long,
rather shaggy, bright yellow hair ; occiput black, with very sparse
pale pubescence ; hind margin of eyes with a fringe of microscopic
yellow pubescence. In § , frons aud face nearly half width of
head, sides parallel, black ; behind vertex two conspicuous bright
yellow oval spots, sometimes united as a large semicircular spot ;
two very large elongate yellow calli on frons placed diagonally, the
inner ends nearly contiguous, the outer ends touching eyes and
descending below level of antennae ; colour of calli extended to
sides of face broadly ; a broad median black stripe on face, which
is covered with whitish pubescence ; posterior margin of eyes
with merely an extremely short fringe of whitish pubescence ; a
considerable thickening of the orbit on lower half, where it is
yellow. Thorax black, puuctulate, slightly shining; closely clothed
with dense, rather long, brownish-yellow pubescence, which is
much paler on pleurae ; scutellum similar, hind border and spines
brownish yellow. Abdomen black, slightly shining, with an elon-
gate moderate-sized yellow spot on hind border at sides of 2nd
segment, and elongate spots similarly situated on 3rd and 4th
segments ; 5th segment with a elongate yellow spot, often paler
than the others, placed longitudinally, not attaining anterior
margin but extended at lower end for a short distance each way
on hind margin of segment. Pubescence in c? brownish yellow,
dense and fairly long over all the surface ; in $ black, dense but

60 STIUTIOMYID.*;.

very easily overlooked ; a little pale yellowish-white pubescence
about the shoulders, sides, and tip. Venter in d1 with greater
part of centre of each segment and the hind border yellowish,
rest black ; in £ the yellow part is much paler or even whitish,
and of much less extent ; in some specimens almost confined to
hind borders except on the 2nd segment. Legs mainly black ;
knees more or less broadly hrownish yellow ; hind tibiae pale
brown with a more or less distinct, moderately narrow ring at
middle and tip ; all tarsi brownish yellow, a little darker above :it
lips ; pubescence on legs yellow. Wings pale grey : anterior and
basal parts brownish or yellowish brown, limited by discal cell
and anal cell ; halteres pale yellow, occasionally green.

Length, 10-12 mm.

Described from several of each sex in the Indian Museum ;
Jhelum Valley, 5200 ft., and Srinagar, 0000 ft., Kashmir, vii-ix.
1916 (H. T. Pearse). Described originally from China.

Type in the British Museum.

31. Stratiomyia micropilosa, sp. nov.

$ . Very near barca, Walk., differing as follows : —

The large yellow postvertical spot is entirely absent, as are the
two elongate frontal ones, the latter being replaced by a rather
obscure subqu;idrate median chestnut spot just above antennae;
lower posterior orbit of eyes whitish, not yellow. The dull
yellowish pubescence on dorsum of thorax almost microscopic and
much sparser ; scutellum wholly yellowish, with concolorous
tomentum. Abdominal spots brownish orange; side-spots on
2nd segment more triangular, their upper angles only just touch-
ing front corners of segment; those on 3rd segment similar but
slightly smaller; those on 4th segment smaller still, but partaking
more of the nature of a triangular spot than a linear one as in
barca. Tibiae more narrowly pale at base; hind pair similar to
anterior tibiae.

Length, 12 mm.

Described from a single $ in the Indian Museum from Maymyo,
Burma, v. 1910 (//. L. Andmves).

32. Stratiomyia fulvescens, sp. nov.

<3 . Head with eyes shortly but not conspicuously pubescent,
the very narrow inner orbits contiguous for about half the distance
from vertex to frontal triangle ; vertical triangle black, elevated,
with some brownish-yellow hairs ; ocelli dull yellowish ; frontal
triangle small, black \\ith brownish hairs; face and head below
antennae wholly black, with rather thick and long whitish-yrey
pubescence; occiput black, with grey pubescence, no definite
posterior orbit to eyes ; proboscis brownish yellow. Antennae
black, tip of 2nd joint dark brown ; 1st joint about five times as
long as 2nd; 3rd a little longer than first two together. Thorax

STRATIOMYIA. ODONTOMYI A . Gl

\\holly black, dorsuin entirely covered with dense yellowish-grey
pubescence, and sides with the pubescence a little paler. Scu-
tellum black, with yellowish-grey pubescence ; hind margin
broadly brownish yellow ; spines concolorous, with rather long
\vhitish-grey pubescence about their bases. Abdomen moderately
shining black, with rather dense, brownish-yellow pubescence on
dorsuin of 2nd, 3rd, and 4th segments, the pubescence paler on
anterior corners and whitish on 5th and Gth segments. A rather
large triangular orange spot on hind border towards each side of
2nd segment, the inner end of each narrowed to a fine point, the
base of the spot placed on the side-margin but extending only
halfway to the anterior margin ; hind margin of 3rd segment
orange, the colour very narrow in centre of segment, much
broader towards sides but narrowed again just on side-margin ; a
similar orange hind margin to 4th segment and a fair-sized orange
triangular spot on £th, with its base on hind margin ; Gth segment
all orange; the extreme side-margin of all segments orange,
except the anterior half of 2nd segment. Genitalia brownish
orange, small, apparently consisting of a median cylindrical piece
and a small lamella on each side. Venter with 2nd segment
wholly, 3rd broadly, and 4th narrowly on hind margins, brownish
orange. Legs black, with grey pubescence on femora and tibia?,
yellowish on tarsi ; tips of all femora, basal half of hind pair, base
and tips of anterior tibiae, hind tibiae wholly, and all tarsi
orange. Wings pale brownish grey, veins a little darker ; halteres
orange.

Length 12 mm.

Described from a single c? from Taro, Peshawur District, N.W.
India, 16-19. v. 1915 (Fletcher); presented by him to the British
Museum.

Near 8. barca, Walk., but in that species the abdominal orange
(" tawny ") spots are riot united to form a band ; the tibias are
piceous and the legs have tawny pubescence.

Genus ODONTOMYIA, Mg.

Odontomyia, Meijren, Illig. Mag. ii, p. 265 (1803); Brunetti, Eec.

Ind. Mus. i, p. 126 (1907).

Opseoyymnus, A. Costa, II Giamb. Vico Napoli, ii, p. 443 (1857).
Psellidotus, Rcmdani, Arch. p. 1. Zool. Modena, iii, p. 78 (1863).
Eulalia, Kertesz, Kat. Dipt, iii, p. 62 (1908).

GENOTYPE, Musca hydroleon, L. (Europe); by designation of
Westwcod (1840).

Head about as broad as thorax, transverse ; eyes rather flattened,
bare or hairy, contiguous in <$ , upper facets larger than lower
ones, broadly separated in $ ; face prominent, pubescent ; pro-
boscis rather long; palpi small, cylindrical. Antennae with first
two joints short, 1st longer than 2nd ; 3rd much longer, cylin-
drical, tapering, with four to six annulations, last two sometimes

62 STBATIOMYIDJE.

forming an apical style, with or without a minute terminal bristle
(fig. 2). Thorax subquadrate or oblong; scutellum with two
spines. Abdomen o-segmented in cf , 6- or 7-segmented in 5 ,
normally barely broader, sometimes much broader than thorax,
generally nearly bare ; genitalia small. Leys simple. Wings of
normal Stratiomyid type; anterior veins crowded together; 1st
and 2nd veins almost anastomosed, rather short, 3rd vein normally
forked, both branches ending far before wing-tip ; 4th vein with
three endings, of which one or more may be incomplete or absent ;
posterior cross-vein present ; squamae distinct, thoracic pair
pubescent.

Range. World-wide.

Life-history, One or two European species have been bred, and
0. cyanea at Pusa. Larva much as in Stratiomyia, but without
spine- shaped protuberance. The imagines occur in moist situa-
tions, with a partiality for settling on TJmbelliferae.

Talle of Species.

1. Shining metallic-blue species (with a general

resemblance to the Muscid, Chrysomyia

dux} cyanea, sp. n., p. (53.

Never metallic ; always yellow or brownish,
with markings 2.

2. Abdomen as well as thorax conspicuously [p. 64.

pubescent rufoabdominalis, Jirun.,

Abdomen practically bare, normal ; thorax
generally considerably pubescent 3.

3. Thorax with sharply denned spaces of shin-

ing black and reddish brown, and a short
golden tomentose stripe from anterior
margin ; a conspicuous and rather ab- [p. 65.

normal species pulchcrriina, sp. n.,

Thorax dark, with yellowish or grey pubes-
cence ; species of normal appearance .... 4.

4. Some of the femora with distinct broad black

bands 5.

No distinct femornl bands, legs generally
wholly pale 6.

5. All femora with broad black median band ;

hind tibiae with broad apical band minuta, F., p. 65.

Hind femora not banded rubrithorax, Macq.,

C. (a) Abdomen wholly orange ; postocular [p. 07.

orbits in § mo'derately broad lutatius, Walk., p. 70.

(b) Abdomen with distinct dark transverse

bands; postocular orbits in $ mode-
rately broad transversa, sp. n., p. 71 .

(c) Abdomen with dorsal row of spots, more

or less forming a median stripe .... 7.
7. Frons in J black ; facial bump small,

blackish ; postocular orbits in $ mode- [p. 67.

rately broad kashmirensis, sp. n.,

ODONTOJITIA. 63

Frons in tf orange, or if black, then facial
bump more or less orange ; postocular

orbits in $ inappreciable 8. [p. 68.

8. Frons and face all orange in both sexes .... dorsoangiulata, sp. n.,
Frons and face black in both sexes ; 5 with
facial bump brownish orange solennis, Walk., p. 69.

It is impossible to include viridana, Wied. (p. 72), in the table,
but it falls into section G, and my transversa may be identical with it.

33. Odontomyia cyanea, sp. nov.

c? $ . Head in c? with eyes bare, contiguous for nearly half the
distance from vertex to frontal triangle; upper facets rich brown
or violet-brown, lower ones black ; vertex black, with a few black
hairs ; the small frons and the face and lower part of head bright
orange, bare, shining ; antennae orange, 3rd joint from dull
orange-brown to blackish, tip generally darker, twice as long as
first two joints together, with four annulations and small yellowish
apical style ; proboscis black ; eye-margins developed on inner
lower edge of eyes, orange, with a little greyish pubescence ; no
postocular orbits, the facets running out to the extreme margin
above and at sides. In $ , frons one-third of head, orange, bare,
just perceptibly broader at vertex and towards antennas ; latter
rather longer than in c?; no postocular orbits. Thorax deep
blue, brilliantly shining metallic, closely punctulate, with micro-
scopic grey pubescence ; scutellum similar ; pleuras more blackish,
more or less tomentose pubescent, with a little longer grey
pubescence on mesopleura and sternopleura and below shoulders.
In £ four longitudinal, silvery-grey, subequai and equidistant
tomentose stripes, the two middle ones united on anterior margin ;
scutellum also covered with silvery tomentose pubescence. Abdo-
men in <$ deep blue, shining, minutely punctulate ; side-margins
and tip of abdomen apple-green, sometimes only narrowly (but
always continuously) so, but varying in width up to one-third of
the abdomen on each side. In $ as in g , but the green side-
margins always very narrow though continuous, but not including
the tip. which is always blue in this sex, whereas in 3 the green tip
of the abdomen is always continuous with the green side-margins.
Venter wholly apple-green in both sexes. Legs black, a little
silvery pubescence on outer sides of anterior tihise ; front tarsi
(especially the metatarsi) distinctly broader, thicker and shorter
than middle tarsi. Wings quite clear ; veins in anterior part of
wing brownish orange or yellowish ; stigma brownish ; the 3rd of
the faint veinlets issuing from the discal cell practically absent ;
halteres bright apple-green.

Length, 6^-8 mm.

Described from a long series of both sexes, mostly bred at Pusa,
26.iii. 1908, 2.ii. 1909, 3-18. iii. 1909. Types sent to British
Museum ; co-types in Indian Museum and my collection.

64 STRATIOMYIDjE.

34. Odontomyia rufoabdominalis, Brun. (PL I, fig. 24.)

Odontomyia rufoabdominalis, Branetti, Rec. Ind. Mus. ix, p. 205
(1913).

<$ 5. Head black, a little shining: eyes bare, absolutely' con-
tiguous for a short space, leaving a very elongate narrow vertical
triangle ; vertex considerably prominent, with a few black hairs ;
ocelli pale yellowish ; face but little prominent, with short black
and grey hairs ; antennae black, 1st and 2nd joints normal, 1st
black, 2nd dull brownish (3rd missing) ; two small tufts of grey
hairs immediately above antennae, and a trace of grey hairs along
the sides of face. In $ . frons one-third of head, sides parallel,
and with face wholly slightly shining black, with sparse short
black pubescence ; the ground-colour similar to that of the thorax ;
ocelli very distinct, wide apart, brownish yellow, ocellar bump
large, moderately elevated; mouth-opening, proboscis, palpi, and
lower part of head black. Thorax black, with minute white
patches, slightly shining, dorsum and sides with moderately thick,
not long, black and grey hairs, set in minute black sockets, which
give the dorsum a granulated appearance, often two or three
hairs emerging from the same socket ; small patches or bunches of
grey hairs occur around the base of the wing and on the pleurae.
Scutellum clothed like the thorax, with a fringe of rather ragged
grey hair on posterior border and a short blunt spine at each hind
corner. Abdomen: ground-colour of 1st and 2nd segments and
major portion of 3rd, 4th, and 5th black, a little shining ; the sides
of the dorsum, nearly from the shoulders to the extreme tip, and
the hind margins of the 3rd, 4th, and 5th, and the bulk of the 6th
segment all bright reddish orange with concolorous pubescence ;
the black parts with sparse black pubescence ; a small patch of
greyish hairs on hind corners of 2nd segment, and some yellow
hairs extend along the narrow red side-edges of the abdomen,
nearly or quite to the shoulders. A7enter dull reddish orange,
becoming brighter towards tip ; central part of most of the seg-
ments more or less black ; pubescence wholly reddish orange,
j-hort, depressed. Leys black, with a little short greyish hair ;
under and inner sides of tibiae towards tips and about the apical
half of the anterior and the whole of the hind tarsi (the latter
lengthened), orange-yellow, with short golden pubescence. Wings
yellowish grey ; stigmatic region black ; major portion of middle
of wing from anterior to posterior border darker brown, the colour
fading away gradually; halteres buff; thoracic squamae milk-
white, with concolorous soft hairs.

Length, 17 mm.

Described from a J, Darjiling, 1000-3000 ft,, vi. 1912, and
a $, Siugla, Darjiling Dist., 1500 ft.,, v. 1913, in the Indian
Museum.

A very handsome and conspicuous species.

ODONTOMYIA. 65

35. Odontomyia pulcherrima, sp. nov.

5 . Head distinctly broader than thorax; vertex and frons fully
one-third the width of head, the latter slightly wider towards
antennae, with short black hairs ; whole head below antennae
paler yellow, with soft golden hairs ; antennse black, 3rd joint
about 2^ times as long as 1st and 2nd together ; proboscis black ;
occiput yellow, blackish in centre ; posterior orbits of eyes
narrowly yellow ; vertical triangle black, small ; ocelli pale orange.
Thorax with greater part of dorsum down to the suture, except
anterior and side-margins, occupied by a large shining black spot,
bare except for a broad short stripe of golden pubescence, begin-
ning just behind the anterior margin but reaching only halfway
to the suture ; on each side behind the suture (just clear of the
side-margins) a semicircular black spot (the straight side inwards)
and contiguous to the large black spot above the suture, thus
leaving an approximately square space occupying more than half
the surface behind the suture, and reaching the posterior border
of the dorsum with sharply defined sides; this space is reddish
brown, and the large anterior black spot just perceptibly encroaches
on the anterior margin of it. Scutellum large, reddish brown, as
are the spines and the metanotum ; sides of thorax wholly pale
yellow with bright golden-yellow pubescence. Abdomen mode-
rately shining black, bare ; basal half of 1st segment, a large sub-
triangular spot on each side of 2nd extending from anterior to
hind margin, an elongate transverse spot towards each side on
hind margins of 3rd and 4th segments (those on latter rather
smaller), and a long spot narrowed to a point anteriorly on 5th
segment, all light yellow. Venter wholly yellowish. Legs with
coxae yellowish or yellowish brown, with yellow hair ; front legs
black, brown at base of femora ; on apical half of outer side of
tibiae a fan-like row of stiff black hairs ; middle legs black, basal
half of femora yellowish white, a similarly-coloured band on
middle tibiae ; hind legs black, basal half of femora yellowish
white. Pubescence on all legs generally concolorous with ground-
colour, some fairly coarse black pubescence at base of middle
tibia? ; tarsi with golden-brown pubescence below ; pulvilli
brownish orange ; claws orange, blai-k-tipped. Wings pale
yellowish brown; costal cell and extreme base of wing, also
beyond discal cell, pale grey ; stigmatic region blackish brown ;
veins dark brown ; 3rd vein forked very near tip ; halteres pale
dull yellow.

Length, 10 mm.

Described from a unique $ in the Indian Museum from the
Peshoke District, Darjiling, 2000 ft., 26. v.-14. vi. 1916 (Gravely}.

36. Odontomyia minnta, F.

O'lontomyia minuta, Fabricius, Eut. Syst. iv, p. 268 (1794X
Odontomyia ochracea, Brunetti, Kec. Ind. Mus. i, p. 129 (1007).

GO STEATIOMYID^E.

Odontomyia submutica, Brunetti, loc. cit. p. 130 (1907).
Oxycera indica, Brunetti, loc. cit. p. 119 (1907).
? O.pusilla, Eabricius, Ent. Syst. iv, p. 271 (1794).

3 $ . Head with eyes in ^ microscopically pubescent, barely
contiguous at nearest approach, and for a very short distance only,,
gradually separating to vertex ; i'rons shining black, with yellowish
hairs ; ocelli yellowish ; frontal triangle with yello \vish -grey
pubescence ; face and underside of head yellowish, with a little
whitish pubescence ; proboscis large, black ; antennae with 1st
joint distinctly longer than 2nd, orange-yellow, 3rd brownish,
4-annulatecl, tip black ; occiput black. In $ , whole head, in-
cluding the rather broad postocnlar orbits, yellow or orange-
yellow ; a broad shining black band across vertex from eye to eye,
sometimes with the appearance of being formed of three large
contiguous spots ; a pair of large oval shining black spots on frons,
placed transversely and slightly diagonally ; a pair of similar
smaller rounded spots below level of antennae and just below the
larger ones. Thorax black, with very short golden or greyish
pubescence ; sides black, a large pale yellow oblong spot below
shoulders, another in front of wing-bass, the two spots generally
connected above ; a third yellow spot below wing-base. 8cutellum
yellow, base black, spines generally extremely small, occasionally
normal in size. Abdomen of d1 normally yellowish, with a large
rounded or somewhat diamond-shaped spot spread over middle of
first two segments ; a spot on middle of 3rd segment from anterior
to hind margin, narrowed behind ; on anterior margin towards
sides of 2nd segment, a small spot ; a similar larger one an each
side of 3rd segment ; on 4th and 5th segments a broad band on
anterior margin tilling about half the surface, the two bands con-
nected by a short median stripe ; all the above markings black.
In some males the marks are reduced to a dorsal row of small
detached rounded or angular spots ; in one d the abdomen is
wholly yellowish except for a single small black spot on 2nd seg-
ment. In $ a large spot similar to that of the d spread over
middle of 1st and 2nd segments, with a small spot towards each
side in a line with it; sometimes the three spots more or les»
united by a short connecting stripe ; in one $ the spots were re-
placed by a definite uninterrupted broad band ; abroad black band
on anterior margin of 3rd, 4th, and 5th segments nearly filling the
sufraces and sometimes united in the median line by a dorsal
stripe. Venter in both sexes mainly yellowish. Leys brownish
yellow; femora with a broad median dark brown band; hind tibiae
with a similar band on apical half, generally leaving the lip pale ;
tips of tarsi barely darker. Witu/s absolutely colourless, anterior
veins and stigma very pale yellow; discal cell unusually small,
occasionally larger in individuals ; discal cell veinlets almost
invisible ; halteres yellowish.

Length, 4-5 mm.

Described from several specimens of each sex, including types of

ODONTOMYIA. 67

ochrace(^,sulm^ltica,Sind^ndic(l : Siliguri ; liampore, Chaka, United
Provinces, 23-31. ii. 1907 ; Eanchi ; Bareilly ; Calcutta, 21.iii.
J907, 14. vi. 1907, 22. vi. 1907 (Paiva), 23. viii. 1907, 28. ix. 1907.
My indica was described from Chapra, Bengal (Mackenzie}.

The four prominent black spots on the front of tlie head, the
bands on the legs (though these are sometimes much paler than
usual), the very reduced discal cell, and very small scutellar spines
all combine to characterize very distinctly this variable species.
The form with wholly yellow abdomen, except for a single small
black spot at base of 2nd segment, is represented by a <S in the
Indian Museum, and 0. pusilla, !\, is probably identical.

37. Odontomyia rubrithorax, Macq.

Odontomyia rubrithorax, Macquart, Dipt. Exot. i, pt. 1, p. 185
(1838) ; Brunetti, Bee. Ind. Mus. i, p. 128 (1907) ; de Meijere,
Tijd. v. Ent. 1, p. 224 (1907).

Odontomyia immaculata, Bruuetti, loc. cit. p. 130.

d1 § . Head in c? black, with short pale hair beloAv ; a shining
black tubercle immediately below antennae, which are dark reddish
brown, tips black, 1st and 2nd joints tawny ; eyes large, bai*e,
upper facets much larger than lower ones, contiguous tor a short
distance ; vertical triangle small, black ; frontal triangle small,
reddish brown. In $ , frons forming one-third of the head, very
slightly broader at level of antennae than at vertex, shining black,
with very short silvery-white pubescence. Thorax dull black,
with short, meagre, golden or brassy pubescence ; sides black, with
a little white pubescence ; scutellum black, gold-dusted, spines
very short. Abdomen pale greenish or yellowish, more or less
brownish on apical half ; sometimes wholly pale. Legs orange-
yellow ; front femora with a narrow brown ring in middle or a
streak on underside ; middle femora with a brown streak on under-
side which is sometimes continued as a ring up the sides ; all tips
of tarsi slightly darker. Wings almost colourless, anterior veins
pale yellowish, the rest almost invisible; halteres yellow.

Length, 5 mm.

Described from various Indian specimens : Bareilly (Brunetti) -,
Asansol, 13-14. ii. 1910; Calcutta, 12. iv. 1908, 5.iv. 1907; Port
Canning, 24. xi. 1907 ; Java.

38. Odontomyia kashmirensis, sp. nov.

rf $ . Head of d" with eyes bare, contiguous for only a short
space ; frons widening gradually to vertex, shining black, practi-
cally bare, except for a patch of yellowish-grey pubescence at
extreme vertex ; ocelli brown, on a black elevated triangle ;
occiput black ; face black, with considerable yellowish-grey pubes-
cence, the median space slightly prominent, more or less shining
black, sometimes dark brown, with less pubescence ; mouth-region
and palpi yellowish ; proboscis black ; antennae orange, 3rd joint

68 STEATIOMYIDjE,

with four annulations, a little more brownish with blackish tip.
1'rons in $ as in 0. dorsoangulata, microscopically punctate,
except for a rather wide postocular orange margin which bears
very short, almost tomentose, yellow pubescence. Thorax black,
with rather dense, moderately long, yellowish -grey pubescence,
which extends below shoulders and over upper part of sides ;
lower part of sides with white pubescence. Scutellum bright
orange-yellow or greenish yellow, with yellowish pubescence, base
narrowly black; spines yellow. Abdomen yellowish or brownish
yellow ; an uninterrupted moderately broad median dorsal black
stripe composed of an elongate spot on middle of 1st segment and
a large squarish spot (narrowed towards hind margin) on both 2nd
and 3rd segments, a similar rather broader spot on 4th segment
rounded behind and encroaching on 5th segment. In the § the
dorsal stripe slightly broader. Venter brownish yellow, more or
less darker towards tip. Legs orange, with very short whitish
pubescence ; coxae a little brownish, front pair blackish, with white
pubescence ; tarsi a little darker. Wings quite colourless ;
anterior veins and stigma pale yellowish ; halteres yellowish, some-
times apple-green.

Length, 8-10 mm.

Described from a few specimens of both sexes in the Indian
Museum (including types) from Kashmir, 1915 (H. T. Pease) ;
one $ from the Jhelum Valley, Kashmir, 5200 ft., vii-ix. 1915
(Pease).

This is very like 0. solennis, Wlk., especially in the d1 , but the
difference in the 5 $ proves them to be quite distinct species, as
0. Jcaskmirensis has broad postocular orbits and in 0. solennis
these are practically absent. The $ 0. kashmirensis has the
facial prominence normally black ; in 0. solennis it is brownish
orange and more conspicuous.

39. Odontomyia dorsoangulata, sp. nov.

<S $ . Head of J with eyes bare, contiguous for half the
distance from vertex to frontal triangle ; vertical triangle narrow,
black, with a few short yellow hairs ; ocelli distinct yellow or
brown; frontal triangle and face orange, with a little whitish
pubescence ; lower part of head pale yellow, with short white
pubescence; proboscis blackish; palpi pale yellow; antennae
orange, 3rd joint a little more brownish, with four annulations
and a rather long narrow pointed style ; occiput blackish, con-
siderably concave. Frons in $ at middle one-third width of head,
very slightly narrower at vertex, orange; face and lower part of
head orange-yellow ; frons a little more bright yellowish brown ;
postocular orbits inappreciable. Thorax black, dorsum with very
short close golden yellow or brassy pubescence, which, except
towards the sides and shoulders, becomes almost tomentose ; sides
of thorax mainly black about the centre, with short whitish

ODONTOMYIA. 69

pubescence ; pale yellowish pubescence on prothorax, and short
golden-yellow pubescence broadly just below dorsu.ni and around
base of wings ; uietathorax with a tuft of dirty grey pubescence.
Scutellum bright apple-green or yellowish, narrowly black at base;
bare, except for a small white fringe on hind margin ; spines pale
yellow. Abdomen in 3 pale yellowish, varying from greenish
yellow to brownish; 1st segment with an elongate transverse
black spot on middle of hind margin ; 2nd, 3rd, and 4th each with
a large black spot in the centre reaching from anterior to hind
margin, broader in" front ; 5th with a more or less similar spot not
reaching hind margin ; all the spots contiguous, forming an
angular black median stripe. In one of the two $ $ before me
the spots are as in the <$ , in the other they are much enlarged,
leaving only a moderately broad pale side-margin. Venter
yellowish or brownish yellow, sometimes a little marked with
brown or with a very narrow median line. Legs orange, tips
of tarsi barely brownish. Wings clear, the stronger veins pale
yellow ; halteres brownish yellow or apple-green.

Length, 8-11 mm.

Described from four rf J and two $ $ in the Pusa collection,
and a number of both sexes in the Indian Museum : Pusa, 10.
viii. 1915 ; Chapra, Bengal ; Calcutta, iii., iv., ix., x., xii., common
on chrysanthemums ; Port Canning, 24. xii. 1907, on Euphorbia ;
Coiinbatore, Madras, " bred from aquatic larva," 7. & 10.x. 1913 ;
Bangalore (Cameron).

Types in Indian Museum, from Calcutta, 18. iii. 1907 ( 6 ) and
23. iv. 1907 ( $ ).

Larva of at least 12 segments, with perhaps an additional one,
too retracted to be visible, following the narrow 1st (head) seg-
ment ; dark nut-brown, with darker marks; venter rather
flattened, vellowish, with a few short hooks on hind margin of
the last five segments, apart from the ultimate segment which
bears a tuft of whitish curling breathing-tubes. Length, 21 mm.,
exclusive of breathing-tubes.

Three previously-described species must be very near the above,
and though none of the descriptions quite apply, it may possibly
prove identical with one of them.

40. Odontomyia solennis, Walk.

Odontomyia solennis, Walker, Ins. Saund., Dipt, i, p. 79 (1856).

J 2 • Head with eyes of c? bare, practically contiguous for
only a short distance ; Irons widening very gradually to vertex,
which is black, with very short yellow hairs and reddish-brown
well- separated ocelli ; frontal triangle very small, black, with
silvery-white pubescence ; face and underside of head (except
broadly around mouth) bluck, with pubescence that appears dark,
viewed from above, and silvery white viewed from below ; lower
orbits of eyes with white pubescence; mouth-opening broadly

70 STJJATIOMYinvK.

pale yellow; proboscis black ; facial tubercle reddish brown,
moderately prominent, more or less bare, shining : antennae
orange, 3rd joint more brownish, tip blackish ; occiput black. In
5 , frons one-third of head, approximately of uniform width
throughout, shining black, with short golden pubescence about
antennae; face similar, with white pubescence; a pair of large
bare shining orange-brown or dark brown contiguous spots im-
mediatelv above and contiguous to antennal prominence ; rest as
in c? . Thorax black, with short golden-yellow, greyish, or whitish
pubescence, which is almost lomentose in centre of dorsum and
longer towards sides; sides of thorax black, with rather longer
though s'ill comparatively short pubescence; occasionally just
below dorsuui the pubescence is concolorous with pubescence of
that region ; scutellum narrowly margined with orange, spines
brownish orange. Abdomen yellowish to brownish ; 1st segment
with a small elongate spot on middle of hind margin, of variable
width ; 2nd and 3rd segment with a large median spot on each
from anterior to hind margin, narrowed in middle; 4th with a
large spot, generally broader than the others, placed on anterior
margin, rounded behind, not reaching hind margin ; all the spots
contiguous to one another, forming a more or less angulated
dorsal stripe. Considerable variation occurs in the width of the
spots on the 2nd and 3rd segments, which are often very narrow
or obsolete ; in some specimens (one 2 from Cliapra, Bengal) the
abdomen is brownish, bearing only an indistim-t narrow blackish
stripe on 3rd and 4th segments ; in some specimens the abdomen
is brownish, with indistinct and irregular blackish marks over the
whole centre. Venter brownish or yellowish, with more or less
darker marks. Legs yellow, tips of tarsi from barelv darker to
distinctly brown ; occasionally a shining brown streak, varying in
sue, on middle of outer side of hind tibiae (in one specimen from
Chapra, Bengal, extending to more than the middle half of the
tibiae ; in this example tips of tarsi dark brown ; hind tarsi dark
brown, last three joints black). Wings quite colourless ; anterior
veins pale yellow ; halteres yellowish.

Length, 7-10 mm.

Described from a number of both sexes in the Pusa collection,
taken at Pusa, 29. ii.-28. v. in various years onJusticia, indigo, and
sugar-cane. Also occurs at Chapra, Bengal; a tf in the Indian
Museum from Balugaon, Puri District, Orissa, 21.-30. vii. 1913
(Annandale), and a $ taken by me at Bareilly.

41. Odontomyia lutatius, Wall-.

Stratiomys lutatius, Wnlker, List Dipt. Brit. Mus. iii, p. 532 (1849).
Odontomyia hitatius, Brunetti, Rec. Ind. Mus. i, p. 129 (1907).

5 . Head distinctly broader than thorax ; eyes bare ; frons
rather more than one-third of head, sides parallel, upper half
black, moderately shining, with short golden pubescence ; ocelli

ODOXTOMYIA. 7 L

brownish yellow, ocellar triangle barely elevated ; lower half of
irons with a median impressed line, shining, bro\vnish yellow ;
face and lower part of head more yellowish, with short golden-
yellow pubescence ; occiput black, postocular orbits moderately
broad with close golden tomentose pubescence. Antenna) orange,
2nd joint slightly longer than 1st ; 3rd reddish brown, 4-annu-
lated, last one slightly darker ; the two-jointed style orange-
brown. Thorax black, with very short dense golden almost
tomentose pubescence ; sides black, pale yellowish for an inde-
finite space below'wings, wholly covered with very short golden
pubescence. Abdomen above and below wholly orange-yellow,
microscopically pubescent ; a faint median impressed line. Legs
all orange, with minute pale pubescence; tips of tarsi brown.
Wings colourless, 3rd vein let from discal cell absent ; veins and
stigma verv pale yellow ; halteres orange.

Length, 10 mm.

Redescribed from a $ from Chapra, Bengal, and one from
Siliguri, foot of Darjiling Hills.

42. Odontomyia transversa, sp. nov.

$ . Head with frons fully one-third of head, sides parallel,
orange, nearly bare; vertex small, black; ocelli yellowish ; a pair
of rather large diagonally placed brownish spots on each side of
upper part of frons with indistinct outlines (possibly sometimes
forming a median brown spot of irregular shape and size) ; face
and lower part of head and postocular orbit bright yellow, bare,
except for a few scattered short yellow hairs; antenna? orange,
1st and 2nd joints subequal. Thorax with dorsum black, with
almost tomentose golden pubescence; margins of dorsum, except
the anterior one, broadly yellow ; sid^s mainly yellowish ; lower
part of sternopleura black ; a large brown spot on mesopleura ;
a similar smaller brown spot in front of wing-base. Scutellum
wholly chrome-yellow, very narrowly black at base; spines very
small, yellow. Abdomen yellow, anterior margins of 2nd, 3rd,
and 4th segments each with a broad chestnut-brown band ex-
tending nearly to the hind margin ; a darker, nearly black spot at
sides of 2nd, 3rd, and 4th segments contiguous to anterior margin,
diffused hindwards into the brown colour ; 5th segment mainly
dark brown ; a small dark brown spot towards each side of 1st seg-
ment ; venter yellowish. Leys orange to tips. Wings pale yellowish
grey ; anterior veins and stigma yellowish ; halteres orange-yellow.

Length, 9 mm.

Described from a single $ from the Pusa collection taken at,
Palur, Madras, viii. 1915 ; sent to the British Museum.

It is just possible that this may be viridana, Wied., though
his description of the abdomen does not correctly apply ; yet
species in Odontomyia are often so variable that the two may
be identical.

72 STRAT10MYI1XE.

43. Odontomyia viridana, Wied.

Odontomyia viridana, Wiedemann, Analec. Entom. p. "29 (1824).

"Antennae and legs reddish yellow, epistome and lower part of
frons green, rest of i'rons ochraceous ; thorax black, apex, sides
and two stripes clothed with rather golden hairs ; posterior corners
and sides of thorax green, latter with two reddish-yellow spots ;
scutelluin black in middle at base ; abdomen black, with somewhat
reddish-yellow segmerital margins ; at each side of each segment a
green transverse spot, which sometimes extends across the whole
segment : venter green ; wings quite clear, veins pale reddish
yellow ; halteres yellowish, clubs green; all the green colour
emerald-green. Bengal. Westermamrs collection."

Subfamily SARGIN^E.

Head semicircular, attached by a thin, rather long, very fragile
neck ; eyes large, bare or hairy, generally contiguous in tf ;
antenna) with 3rd joint not elongate, rounded or rather flattened,
always with a distinct arista. Thorax roughly oblong ; scu-
tellum generally unspined. Abdomen 5- or 6-segmented, generally
distinctly longer than thorax, in most genera with approximately
parallel sides ; generally of brilliant metallic-green, blue, violet, or
brassy shades ; sometimes short and rounded (Microchrysa). Legs
weak and simple. Winc/s with costa nearly reaching wing-tip ;
3rd vein generally forked, both branches ending before wing-tip,
anterior cross-vein joining prsefurca instead of 2nd vein with
discal cell — an exceptional character; posterior cross-vein present,
so that the 5th vein forms no part of the discal cell ; 4th vein
with three terminations, which do not reach the wing-margin ;
5 posterior cells, all open ; anal cell closed near border of wing ;
squamae small.

The only character distinguishing this subfamily from the
others is that of the anterior cross-vein joining the praefurca and
discal cell, instead of the 3rd vein and discal cell as is usual. The
more or less rounded 3rd antennal joint with distinct arista,
the parallel-sided elongate abdomen, and the brilliant metallic
colour of most of the species are other characters mainly applying
to this subfamily. The species are thinly pubescent or nearly
bare.

Life-history. That of several European species is partly known,
but the exact identity of some of them is doubtful, the accounts
of them having been written before the species were clearly
distinguished. Larva with sides nearly parallel, not tapering
behind ; each segment with about six rather long bristles trans-
versely placed on both upper and lower surfaces. Lundbeck
thinks the metathoracic spiracles may be absent. The larv»
occur in dung and garden mould. The perfect insects are
generally distributed and fly with rapidity in hot sunshine.

PTECTICUS.

Table of Genera.

1. Third vein uuforked

± Third vein forked

Second anteunal joint with a thumb-like

expansion over the 3rd on inner side . .

Second anteunal joint without any such

expansion

3. Eyes densely pubescent in both sexes ....
Eyes bare or practically so

4. Third anteunal joint with six annulations.
Third antennal joint with four annulations.

5. Abdomen elongate ; eyes in tf not quite

contiguous ; discal cell veinlets distinct .
Abdomen short, rounded ; eyes in c? con-
tiguous ; discal cell veinlets very faint. .

PROSOPOCHRYSA, Meij.,

2. [p. 86.

PTECTICUS, Lw., p. 73.

3. [p. 84.
CHLOKOMYIA, Duuc.,

4. [p. 85.
BRACHYCARA, Thorns.,

SARGUS, F., p. 81.

[p. 87

MlCROCHRYSA, Lw.,

Genus PTECTICUS, Lw.

Ptecticus, Loew, Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, v, p. 142 (1855);

Brunetti, Rec. Ind. Mus. i, p. 108 (1907).
Plecticus, Loew, loc. cit. v, p. 147 (1855).

GENOTYPE, Sargus testaceus, F. ; by original designation.

Mainly of the normal Sargid type, but technically non-metallic
large yellowish flies, with darker markings and often yellow wings.
The 2nd antennal joint distinctly overlapping 3rd on inner side

Fig. 4. — Ptecticus, antenna, inner side.

by a thumb-like extension ; * 3rd joint short and broad, arista
very thin ; head rounded ; eyes in <J approximate only and for
only a short distance; frontal triangle inflated. Thorax and
abdomen as in Sargus, but perhaps less pubescent; genitalia
in c? rather large and free. Wings long; anterior cross-vein
exactly at tip of prafurca ; f posterior cross-vein occasionally
absent or abortive (australis).

Ranye. Central and South Asia, Japan, Orient, South Africa,
Madagascar, North, Central, and South America.

With rare exceptions, according to Williston. It is very pronounced in
he]
In
generic.

all the Indian species.

t In all Indian species except cyancm. This character is not necessarily

74 STHATIOMYID.E.

Table of Species.

1. Body seneous or metallic "2.

Body never metallic; yellowish, with darker

markings ; anterior cross-veins at tip of

praefurca 3.

1}. Anterior cross-vein at tip of prajfurca; body

reneous blue, green, or black ; femora orange ; [p. 75.

wings exceptionally long hmyipenmo, Vv ied.,

Anterior cross-vein much before tip of prae-

furca; body shining violet ($); femora

black ; wings of normal length ci/anens, Brun., p. 75.

3. Wings wholly dark brown aitrobnuineus, sp. n.,

Wings never wholly dark brown, either [p. 76.

yellowish on basal "and blackish on apical
half or practically uniform yellowish grey . . 4.

4. Wings yellowish on about basal half, blackish

on remainder 5.

Wings uniformly yellowish or yellowish grey
(or practically so*) " ". 7.

5. Genitalia black; tarsi always more or less

dark; wings yellow only up to just beyond

discal cell 6.

(lenitalia fulvous ; tarsi orange to tips; wings

yellow nearly up to halfway between discal

cell and wing-tip mtfpii, 1'run., p. 77.

0. First four abdominal segments orange, with or

without darker transverse spots or bands,

these segments generally similarly marked ; [p. 78.

rest of abdomen black aitrifer, Walk.,

First four abdominal segments orange, 4th with

a large round black spot, conspicuously dif-
ferent from the other segments apiculis. Lw., p. 77.

7. Front metatarsus nearly as long as tibia; whole

front tarsus proportionately much longer than

in ceylonicus, and brown from tip of 1st joint

to tip of tarsus ; hind tarsus all white, except

extreme base of metatarsus; 1st abdominal

segment with blackish band ; posterior cross- [p. 79.

vein practically absent; long. 10-1 '2 mm. . . imstrah's, Sch.,
Front metatarsus much shorter than tibia ;

whole front tarsus proportionately much

.shorter than in austral itt, and only last

three joints brown ; hind metatarsus all

black ; 2nd joint and part of 3r<l yellowish

white or white, rest dark brown or black ;

1st abdominal segment without cross-band,

but sometimes a little darker in middle;

posterior cross-vein distinctly present ; long.

14-18 mm cingulatus, Lw.,

[var. ceylonicus, nov., p. 80.

PTECTICUS. , 5

44. Ptecticus longipennis, Wied.

Sargus longipennis, Wiedemann, Analec. Entoni. ]). 31 (1824);

id., Aus8. Zweifl. ii, p. 34 (1830); Macquart, Dipt. Exot. Supp. 5,

p. 67, pi. i, %. 11 (1855).
Ptecticus longipennis, de Meijere, Tijd. v. Ent. liv, p. 205 (1911).

d . Head with eyes not absolutely contiguous at any point, but
nearly so immediate]}' above the bright lemon-yellow, very inflated
frontal triangle, which bears a lew yellow hairs ; the shining black
irons widening gradually to vertex, which bears a few brown hairs ;
face bright yellow ; mouth-opening, proboscis, and neck orange ;
antenna) yellowish ; lower part of head with pale hairs. Thorax
shining metallic dark blue, or brassy, pubescence pale yellow ;
a rather broad orange-yellow callus-like stripe from the yellow
shoulder to wing-base ; hind corners of dorsum orange ; prothorax
orange, sternopleura shining yellow, rest of sides of thorax aeneous
brown or blackish, with short pale hairs ; scutellum metallic blue,
hind margin narrowly orange ; mctanotum metallic blue. Abdomen
metallic black, 1st segment, reddish yellow at extreme base, 2nd to
4th segments with reddish-yellow bands on hind borders, some-
times extending over the bases of the next segments. Legs orange-
yellow; hind tibiae wholly black, hind tarsi all yellowish. Wings
exceptionally long, very pale yellowish ; anterior cross-vein exactly
at tip of praefurca ; posterior cross-vein absent, 5th Arein in puncti-
form contact with discal cell ; 2nd and 3rd veinlets from discal
cell parallel, 3rd a little foreshortened ; a brown cloud on apical
part of wing extending inwards halfway to discal cell ; halteres
yellow, clubs brown.

Length. 12 mm.

The above description is from a c? (without abdomen) in the
Indian Museum from Sadiya, Assam, Bigot's description being
also incorporated. Recorded by de Meijere from N.E. Sumatra.

The 2nd antennal joint has the peculiar shape characteristic of
Ptecticus. so the species must be removed here from Sargus, as
noted by de Meijere (I. c.).

45. Ptecticus cyaneus, Brun.

Ptecticus cyaneus, Bruiietti, Rec. liid. Mus. vii, p. 453 (1912).

$> . #mtZwith frons almost linear, brilliantly shining violet and
blue, with short soft black hairs ; ocelli placed much below the
vertex, small, pale yellowish brown, ocellar triangle very slightly
elevated; the slight protuberance above the antennae pale whitish
yellow ; face blackish, with black hairs, lower part of head reddish
brown, prominent ; back of head black, with a fringe of white hairs.
Antennae with 1st and 2nd joints black, shining, 3rd joint and
the overlapping inner side of the 2nd joint coffee-brown; arista
black, apical. Thorax dorsally and scutellum brilliantly shining
violet, with rather copious brownish-grey hairs ; thorax below

76 STttATIOMYIDJE.

dorsuin brilliantly shining peacock-green, with short whitish
hairs ; a small brownish-yellow spot on the shoulders is connected
with the wings by a very narrow brownish-yellow ridge delimiting
the dorsal and ventral surfaces. Abdomen brilliant shining violet,
with pale grey hairs ; venter similar. Legs : femora black, with
short white hairs, a little brownish yellow at base ; the knees of
similar colour and the coxae with a mark or two of the same shade ;
tibiae black, more or less yellowish on apical part, the whole surface
with short pale yellow hairs ; tarsi dark, with pale hairs ; under-
side of hind tarsi with short, very dark golden-brown pubescence.
Wings grey ; stigma ill-defined ; this region of the wing brownish ;
veins dark brown ; halteres yellowish,

Length, 14 mm.

Described from one $ in the Indian Museum from Ukhrul,
Manipur, Assam, 6400 ft. (Rev. W. Pcttiyrew).

46. Ptecticus aurobrunneus, sp. nov.

c? . Ifead with vertex and frons down to its narrowest part deep
orange ; former with golden and brown hairs intermixed, latter
with golden hairs only; frontal triangle bright lemon-yellow,
nearly bare ; oeellar triangle black, ocelli with a reddish tinge ;
face, mouth, and proboscis orange-yellow ; antennae orange, arista
black, orange at base ; eyes black ; occiput yellowish, reduced,
owing to the margins of the eyes themselves curving backwards
considerably. Thorax dorsally and scutellum dark chestnut-
brown, with just a suggestion of three darker stripe?, wholly
covered with short, dense, though inconspicuous, golden pu-
bescence ; propleura, pteropletira, metapleura, and metanotum
lighler chestnut-brown ; mesopleura and sternopleura shining
blackish ; whole sides of thorax, even to the mesopleura, with
short dense golden pubescence, though at first sight they appear
to be bare. Abdomen with 2nd to oth segments dark chestnut-
brown, with short dense golden pubescence, which is invisible
when viewed from in front, but from that view a large irregularly
shaped black spot is seen in the centre of each segment, almost
forming a dorsal stripe; 1st segment and tip of abdomen black,
with some yellow or golden hairs ; genitalia and vertex dark
brown, the latter with microscopic golden pubescence, only visible
when viewed from in front. Leys with front coxa3 brownish
orange ; posterior coxae dark brown, all with a little golden hair ;
rest of legs bright orange ; posterior femora black on basal half ;
tips of tarsi a little darker. Whigs rather dark brown ; a small
space in both basal and discal cells slightly paler, and traces of
similar lighter spaces in the centres of some of the other cells;
halteres pale yellowish.

Length, 21 mm.

Described from a unique J in the Indian Museum from
Purambikulam, Cochin State, 1700-3200 ft., 16-24. ix. 1914
(Gravely}.

PTECTICUS. 77

47. Ptecticus wulpii, Erun.

Ptecticus wulpii, Brunetti, Rec. Ind. Mus. i, p. Ill (1907); id.,

op. cit. ix, p. "263 (1913).
Ptecticus apicalis, Wulp (nee Loew), Notes Leyd. Mua. vii. p. 62

(1885).

c? $ . Differing from P. aurifer. Walk., as follows : —

Abdomen normally all orange to tip, 1st segment a little darker,
and often, if viewed from behind, a large blackish spot is seen in
the middle of each-segment, sometimes diamond-shaped, sometimes
irregular in shape, covering nearly all tho surface of each segment ;
genitalia brownish orange, this latter being the best specific dif-
ference of all. Another difference, which seems equally constant,
is in the legs, which are all orange to the extreme tips except for
the moderately dark brown posterior coxae and basal half of the
posterior femora. The black apical part of the wing is of much
less extent, not beginning till some distance beyond the discal
cell ; some specimens have the wing darkened from the tip only
up to midway between the discal cell and the wing-tip.

Same size as aurifer.

Described from two d1 d1 in the Indian Museum, one rf one $
in the Pusa collection : Darjiling District, 1000-3000 ft., v. 1912 ;
Singla, iv.1913; Nilgiri Hills, 3500 ft. (Andreives), 7000 ft.,
v. 1904 (llowson); Panunbikulam, Cochin State, 1700-3200 ft.,
16-24. ix. 1914 (Gravely),

Unless P. aurifer,W&\k., should prove to have fulvous genitalia,
P. ivulpii is easily separated from all the other species in this
group bv that character alone. It presents an extraordinary
resemblance to the Tipulid, Pselliopliora compedita, Wied., and
both have been seen by me from the same locality.

48. Ptecticus apicalis, Lw.

Ptecticus apicalis, Loew, Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, v, p. 142, pi.,

figs. 3, 4 (1855) ; Brunetti, Rec. Ind. Mus. i, p. 110 (1907).
Sargus hiridus, Walker, Proc. Linn. Soc. Lond. i, p. 8 (1856).

Brownish red-yellow, shining ; 4th abdominal segment with a
very large black spot, the next wholly dull black, the rest deep
black, rather shining; venter much as upper side of abdomen.
Frons very narrow, reddish yellow; lower part whitish yellow;
ocelli placed on a blackish cross-band; frontal triangle whitish
yellow, puffed up. Antennae light reddish yellow, 3rd joint barely
visibly annulated, tip truncate. Legs concolorous with body ;
hind tibiae always darker towards tip ; front and middle tarsi with
last two joints darker, also hind metatarsus. Wings large, reddish
yellow up to beyond discal cell, becoming grey towards hind
margin ; a large blackish-brown spot filling more than apical
third of wing.

STRATIOMYiDJt.

Lemjtli, 15 mm.

Described from Pulo Penang ; in "Westermann's collection,
Vienna Museum.

49. Ptecticas aurifer, Wall:

Sargus aurifer, Walker, List Dipt. Brit. Mus. v, p. 96 (1854).
Ptecticus aurifer, Brunetti, Rec. Ind. Mus. i, p. 110 (1907).

3 2 ' Head with eyes in <$ with their point of nearest approach
distinctly below halfway between vertex and base of antennae,
the space between them perhaps ^ to \ of a millimetre ; thence
upwards frons widening gradually till at vertex it is almost 1 milli-
metre broad ; bright orange with orange pubescence ; frontal
triangle elevated, shining, smooth, lemon-yellow, bare, except for
a smull tuft of orange hairs just above base of antennas ; face very
small, yellowish, as are the very narrow inner lower eye-margins
near the very large mouth-opening ; occiput black, upper margin
with yellow pubescence ; ocelli yellow on a black ocellar triangle ;
proboscis and the very large labella orange-yellow, with a few
hairs. Antenna? orange, tip of upper side with a black mark,
arista black, orange at base. Frons in $ at narrowest part dis-
tinctly broader than in c? , so that it is only about two and a half
times broader at vertex than at frontal triangle. Thorax : sides,
scutellum, and metanotum bright orange, all with a little very
short yellow or orange pubescence, which is a little longer on the
sternopleura, metapleura, and metanotum ; dorsum sometimes with
a little more brown in it and sometimes, especially in the $ ,
traces of three longitudinal brownish stripes can be seen. Ab-
domen normally with first four segments bright orange, remainder
(including genitalia) black, but the orange segmentsof ten have more
or less brown in them, sometimes in the form of large transverse
spots occupying neaily all the segments; sometimes the whole
dorsum is uniformly more brownish ; the first four segments with
very short inconspicuous golden-yellow pubescence, the rest with
almost microscopic greyish pubescence. Yenter mainly orange on
first four segments, remainder black, but 4th, and sometimes 3rd
also, often bear large blackish patches. Legs all orange, with short
yellow pubescence ; last two joints of anterior tarsi brown ; about
apical halt' of hind tibiae brown ; hind tarsi blackish brown,
especially first two joints, underside with rich golden-brown
pubescence. Wings with basal half up to just beyond discal cell
bright orange-yellow, remainder moderately dark brown ; veins a
little deeper orange, veinlets from discal cell dark brown, 3rd only
moderately sinuous ; halteres orange.

Lemjtli , 1 2-20 m m .

Described from a series in the Indian Museum, Sarawak
Museum, and Pusa collections: Mussoorie, 6500 ft. (Bond};
Darjiling, 1000-3000 ft., v-vi. 1912 ; Peshoke Spur, Darjiling

PTECTICUS. 79

Distr., 4000 ft., v-vi. 1916 ; Lebong, Darjiling Distr., 4500 ft.,
2-9. v. 1909 (Hoivlett) • Singla, Darjiling Distr., 1500 ft-., iv. 1913 ;
Siliguri, base of Darjiling Hills, 18-20. vii. 1907 ; Sikkim ; Mar-
gherita, Assam; Nongpoh, Khasi Hills, Assam, 1000-3000 ft.,
vi. 1905 ; also from Matang, Trusan, Klinhang, and Kuching
(all Borneo).

This is the commonest Indian species, apparently.

50. Ptecticus anstralis, Sch.

Ptecticus austraKs, Schiner, Novara Reis., Dipt. p. 65 (1868) ;
Brunetti, Rec. Ind. Mus. i, p. 113 (1907).

<$ $ . Head : eyes in <S with upper facets very little larger than
lower ones, no clear dividing-line, barely contiguous at point of
nearest approach, and for a very short distance only ; frons
widening gradually to vertex, shining black, with a few brown
hairs; ocelli rather close together, ocellar triangle small, only
slightly elevated; frontal triangle elongate, whitish yellow, bare
(in one specimen a pair of dark oval spots in the middle placed
longitudinally side by side) ; face, proboscis, and palpi orange-
yellow, labella very large ; antennae orange, arista black ; occiput
dark, very concave. In $ , frons comparatively narrow, dull
brownish orange or blackish, shining. Thorax, scutellum,. and
metanotum wholly orange, with very short coucolorous pubescence.
Abdomen orange, normally with a transverse deep blue or violet
band just behind anterior margin of first four segments, the bands
sometimes not reaching the side-margins ; 5th segment mainly
blue-black, except anterior margin ; the bands vary considerably
in width, but generally have parallel edges ; in one $ the bauds
are replaced by a pair of elongate transverse spots on each
segment ; occasionally the last two or three segments are almost
wholly violet or blackish ; genitalia in <S prominent, rather large,
concolorous ; in 5 very small ; venter brownish yellow. Legs
orange-yellow ; hind tibiaa all black ; hind tarsi wholly white ;
anterior tarsi with brownish tips. Winys pale yellowish grey ;
1st veinlet from discal cell considerably bent downwards 'at
or just before middle; 2nd nearly straight; 3rd foreshortened,
near and parallel with 2nd ; posterior cross-vein absent, so that
upper part of 5th vein is in punctiform contact with lower
corner of discal cell ; halteres orange, knobs blackish.

LengtJt, 10-12 mm.

Described from several of each sex in the Indian Museum,
Pusa and other collections : Kurseong, Darjiling Distr., 5000 ft.,
4. vii. 1908 (Annandale); Soom, Darjiling Distr., 4000-5000 ft.,
16. vi. 1914 (Gravel;/) ; Kalimpong, Darjiling Distr., 600-4500 ft.,
24.iv.-10.v.l915 (Gravely) ; Sukna, N. Bengal, 500 ft., 1. vii. 1908
(Annandale) ; Kungpo, Sikkim, 1400 ft., 6. ix. 1909 ; various
localities in Bengal, vii., ix. ; Pinjore, Patiala State, 17. vii. 1911 ;
Calcutta, 23. vii. 1907 (Annandals) • Pollibetta, Coorg, S. India,

80 STBATIOMTIDJE.

15-25. v. 1914 (Fletcher) ; Coonoor, Nilgiri Hills, S. India, vi. 1912
(Capt. Sewell) ; Peradeniya, Ceylon, 26. vii. 1910; Margherita,
Sadiya, Assam; Tura, Garo Hills, Assam, 1917 (Kemp).

51. Ptecticus cingulatus, Liv., var. ceylonicus, nov.

Ptecticus cingulatus, Loew, Verb, zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, v, p. 143
,(1855).

Allied to P. aurifer, Walk., except in the wings and genitalia.
J $ . Head : frons shining black, with black pubescence, from
vertex to point of nearest approach of eyes where they are almost
actually contiguous ; frontal triangle lemon-yellow or orange-
yellow ; rest of head as in aurifer. Thorax as in aurifer ; traces
of three faint longitudinal dorsal stripes in some specimens.
Abdomen orange, with a transverse oval black spot on each segment
from the 2nd to the 5th, placed just behind fore border and quite
clear of side and hind margins ; the spots larger in the $ , prac-
tically placed on anterior margins, also reaching side-margins on
2nd segment. Genitalia quite differently constructed from those
of aurifer and wulpii • much narrower, composed of a pair of two-
jointed claspers and a large curved dorsal plate ending in a narrow
style and two lamellae ; the organs placed sideways ; geuitalia in £
small, concealed. Legs orange, a brownish streak on outer side
of hind femora which curves round to the upper side towards tip,
where it dies away ; it is not at all conspicuous and is easily over-
looked, yet it seems one of the principal characters of the species ;
hind tibiae and hind metatarsi black ; 2nd and 3rd joints of latter
whitish, remaining joints blackish ; anterior legs all orange, except
the tips of the tarsi, which are a little browner. Wings uniformly
pale yellowish grey ; 3rd veinlet from discal cell more strongly
Insinuate than in aurifer.
Length, 14-18 mm.

Described from 6 c? rf and 1 $ in the Indian Museum from Kandy,
v-vii. 1910 ; Santi Koppa, N. Coorg, S. India, 4-9. v. 1914.

From the peculiar white 2nd and 3rd hind tarsal joints and the
curved streak on the hind femora I am compelled to regard this
form as cingulatus, Loew, as these characters do not appear in
anv other species. From his description, however, I originally
assumed the wing to be half yellow and half black, as in the
aurifer group ; but it may perhaps be understood to mean
yellowish brown at the base and in front, and the remainder
more of a smutty brownish colour, although this does not
properly agree with the wings in the above-described form.
I have seen four specimens in the Sarawak Museum collection
from Borneo that agree still more (apart from the same doubt
as regards the wings) with Loew's description, as the black
abdominal bands are of uniform width and actually reach the
side-margins in all cases.

SA.RGUS. 81

Genus SARGUS, F.

s, Fabricius, Ent. S37st. Supp. pp. 549, 066 (1798) ; Brunetti,
Rec. lud. Mus. i, p. 104 (1907).

GENOTYPE, Musca ciipraria, L. ; by designation of Latreille
Consid. Gen. (1810).

Head hemispherical, attached to thorax by a slender neck, as
wide as broadest part of thorax ; face slightly projecting, pu-
bescent; ocelli placed well forward on vertex in a short isosceles
triangle, equidistant in some species ; eyes bare, separated in
c? by a narrow frons, wider apart in $ , upper facets in tf
scarcely larger than lower ones. Antennae short, in profile placed
below middle of head ; first two joints bristly, short, subequal ;
3rd joint shortly conical or roughly rounded, with four annula-
tions ; arista subapical, long, bare, except at base. Thorax with
anterior part oblong, widened towards base of wings, posterior
part of dorsum rounded ; scutellum unarmed, usually concolorous
with the metallic-green dorsum and bearing the same short
pubescence. Abdomen much longer than thorax, with parallel
sides or broader posteriorly, brilliantly shining metallic, the
c? usually green or golden brassy, the $ more often blue or
violet, moderately pubescent ; genitalia small. Legs simple,
rather long and thin; metatarsi long. Wings generally longer
than abdomen, over which they fold when at rest ; of the usual
tStratiomyid type ; costal vein nearly reaching wing-tip ; anterior
cross-vein connecting the prsefurca (instead of the 3rd vein) with
the discal cell, thus creating the appearance of the 3rd vein being
twice forked ; 4th vein with three terminations, barely or not
reaching wing-margin ; posterior cross-vein distinct. Alar
squarasB of moderate size, thoracic pair elongate, very prominent.

Range. World-wide.

Life-history. That of several European species is known, the
larvae living in garden-mould, cow-dung, and in the elm.

Some attempt has been made to supplant the name tiargus on
the ground of its being preoccupied, but the name is too old to be
changed now. Verrall also disputes the validity of the alleged
preoccupation.

Table of Species.

1. Wing's dark brown ; length 14-18 nun yemmifer, Walk.

Wings yellowish 2.

2. Legs all yellow metallinus, F.

Hind tibise with broad blackish basal band mactans, Walk.

2. Sargus genunifer, Walk.

Saryus gemmifer, Walker, List Dipt. Brit. Mas. iii, p. 516 (1840).
Sanjus magnificus, Bigot, Ann. Soc. Ent. France, (5) ix, p. '222
(1879) ; Brunetti, Rec. Ind. Mus. i, p. 106 (1907).

c? $ . Head with frons, though very narrow, parallel-sided for

G

82

a considerable distance, widening gradually to vertical and frontal
triaugles, with black hairs throughout its length ; upper part blue
or violet, merging into green at its narrowest part, and thence to
yellow on frontal triangle; antennae brownish orange: face
brownish, with moderately dense yellow pubescence; proboscis
brownish orange; occiput dark with marginal fringe of pale hairs.
In $ , frons no wider than in <3 . Thorax in J brilliantly shining
metallic green, with rather dense short yellow pubescence ;
scutellum similar; front and hind corners of dorsum, and a stripe
from shoulder to wing-base, brownish yellow ; sides of thorax
almost wholly metallic green, with yellow pubescence and violet
reflections. In $ , thorax deep blue, with soft white pubescence.
Abdomen in c? brilliantly shining metallic cupreous green, with
dense deep orange pubescence, winch is rather thicker towards
sides ; venter darker or with violet tinge, shining, with pale
yellow microscopic pubescence. In 5 , brilliant violet with a
bronze tinge and white pubescence. Genitalia in rf consisting
of a pair of orange-brown claspers and two upper short dark
hairy cylindrical lamellae. Leys in <$ brownish orange ; posterior
coxae shining blackish ; hind femora broadly at tips and hind tibia;
broadly at base, blackish ; tarsi blackish on upper side, especially
hind pair; all legs with minute pale pubescence. In $, legs all
black, except brownish knees and underside of front tibiae ; tarsi
with brown pubescence below. Wings distinctly brown, a little
darker anteriorly ; venation normal ; halteres yellowish.
Length, 17-18 mm.

Described from four d1 c? in the Indian Museum : Mergui,
Tenasserim (Doherty) • Pyinmaua, Burma, vi. 1910 (//. L.
Andrewes) ; Sylhet ; and one $ from Tura, Garo Hills, Assam,
1500 ft., vii.1917 (Kemt>).

Easily known from all other Indian species by its great size and
splendour. The Indian Museum specimens from Tenasserim
were named by Bigot as his maytiifaus, but. I now feel sure they
are synonymous with Walker's yemmifer, and possibly pubesccns,
Wulp. may be another synonym.

53. Sargus metallimis, F. (PI. I, tigs. 22, 23.)

Sar</its metallinus, Fabricius, Syst. Antl. p. 258 (1805) ; Brunetti,
liec. Ind. Mus. i, p. 106(1907); Wiedemann, Auss. Zweifl. ii,
p. 30 (1830) ; de Meijere, Tijd. v. Ent. liv, p. 265 (191 ]).

Saryus formica formis, Doleschall, Nat. Tijd. Ned. Ind. xiv, p. 403,
pi. iii, tig. 5 (1857).

Sargus paltipes, Bigot, Ann. Sue. Ent. France, (5) ix, p. 222 (1879).

c? $ . Head : frons in tf extremely narrow, with sparse
greyish pubescence ; slightly wider towards vertex and distinctly
broadening towards antenna? ; the upper narrower part varying
from bronze to bright metallic green, the lower part brownish
yellow or brownish : vertex with some brownish yellow hairs.
In the $ , frons at its middle one-seventh width of head, distinctly

SABGUS. 83

though not greatly wider towards vertex and antennae ; varying
from brilliant metallic violet-blue to bright green, bearing mode-
rately dense grey pubescence on upper part, and more brownish
about the middle ; above the antennae the frons takes the form of
a large, bare, shining, pale yellow (sometimes brownish) callus.
Pace and lower part of head, including proboscis, varying from
brownish orange to pale yellowish, with light yellowish pu-
bescence; occiput black ; postocular fringe whitish, continuous.
Thorax with dorsum and scutellum brilliantly shining metallic
green, bronze-green, or cupreous in <S , and bluish green or green
in $ , with dense fiue yellow ( rf ) or whitish ( <J> ) pubescence ;
pletirce concolorous, with shorter pubescence. Abdomen metallic
shining yellowish bronze or cupreous in tf , violet or blue in $ , with
dense though not conspicuous yellow pubescence towards sides in
(5 , the dorsal region often nearly bare ; whole surface in $ with
short white pubescence, a little longer towards sides ; venter
generally dark brown or aeneous, shining, with microscopic
pubescence. Legs pale yellow, with very short pale yellow ( d1 )
cr white ( $ ) pubescence. Wings pale yellowish grey or pale
brownish, stigma a little darker; halteres pale yellowish or
white.

Length, 9-10 mm.

Described from a considerable number of both sexes in the
Indian Museum, Pusa, and Dehra Dun collections and my own.
Common and widely distributed in India in May and July to
October up to 5000 ft. ; also generally distributed in the East,
Rangoon, Singapore (both Srunetti); Borneo, Java, Amboina,
Aru Islands, Shanghai.

Bigot in 1887 described a second species, coming from North
America, under the name pallipes.

54. Sargus mactans, Walk.

Saryus mactans, Walker, Proc. Liun. Soc. Lond. iv, p. 97 (1860) ;
Bruuetti, Reo. Ind. Mus. i, p. 107 (1907) ; de Meijere, Tijd. v. Ent.
liv, p. 263 (1911).

cJ . Head with frons extremely narrow, the sides never parallel,
widening gradually above and below from point of nearest
approach, aeneous yellow or brassy, with yellow pubescence on
vertical and frontal triangles ; ocelli at some distance below
vertex, upper ones contiguous to eye-margins ; face, mouth-
opening, and proboscis yellowish orange, with a little yellowish
hair ; antennas orange ; occiput black, a fringe of whitish hairs on
lower margin. Thorax with dorsum, pleurae, scutelluiu, and
metanotum brilliantly shining cupreous green, with rather dense
soft yellow pubescence, which becomes whitish on anterior margin
of dorsum ; a shoulder-spot, a narrow stripe thence to wing-base,
extending over upper part, of sternopleura, brownish or yellowish.
Abdomen brilliantly shining cupreous, sometimes with a green
tinge, with rather dense yellow pubescence towards and at sides,

G2

84 STKATIOMYID.?;.

the pubescence in the middle of the segments almost microscopic ;
venter blackish, shining, with short soft yellow pubescence ;
genitalia with a violet tinge, rather small, with two terminal,
cylindrical, palp-like lamellae. Legs yellow, coxae more or less
black at base, especially hind pair ; hind tibiae slightly constricted
just beyond middle, with nearly basal half black; hind tarsi with
tips dark ; all legs with minute bright yellow pubescence, which
is longest on hind tibise. Wings uniformly yellowish grey ;
stigma a little darker, brownish yellow ; halteres yellowish.

Length, 9-11 mm.

Described from several specimens in the Indian Museum :
Bhim Tal, Kumaon, 4500 ft., 19-22. ix. 1906 (Annandale) ;
Almora, Kumaon, 5500 ft,, 10-21. ix. 1911 (Paiva)- Shillong,
4900 ft., l.vi. 1918 (.K«o); Katmandu, Nepal. It occurs also in
Ceylon and the Malay Archipelago.

A variety with a black streak on the posterior femora (two
specimens)'was taken at Shillong, 5000 ft. (Fletcher) and 4900 ft,,
30. v. 191 8 (.Rao).

Genus CHLOROMYIA, Dune.

Chloromyia, Duncan, Mag. Zool. Bot. i, p. 164 (1837).
Chrysomyia, Macquart, Hist. Nat. Ins. Dipt, i, p. 262 (1834).
Myochrysa, Rondani, Dipt. Ital. Prod, iv, p. 11 (1861).
Myiochrysa, Verrall, apud Scudder, Nomeu. Zool. p. 204 (1882).

GENOTYPE, Musca formosa, Scop. ; by Verrall's designation
(1909).

Differing from Sargus mainly in the densely pubescent eyes,
which are contiguous for a considerable distance in the d , the
upper facets larger than the lower ; and wide apart with equal-
sized facets in the $ ; 3rd antennal joint longer than in Sargiis :
abdomen rather broader also, especially in the $ ; venation rather
more indistinct,

Range. Europe, South Africa, Asia, North America.

Life-history. The common C. formosa, Scop., of Europe, has
been bred from garden-mould and from Jirassica rufa.

Some confusion has arisen over the generic names Chloi'om>/ia
and Ghrysomyia (under which formosa was known in Europe for
many years), which is concisely cleared up by Verrall (Brit. Flies,
v, p. 1ST). Coquillett claimed designation of the same species as
generic tvpe in 1910, presumably unaware of Verrall's priority.

55. Chloromyia sapphirina, DW/r.

tiaryus sapphirimts, Walker, List Dipt. Brit. Mus. iii, p. 519 (1^49).

" Body bright blue, tinged with purple ; head as broad as
chest ; clypeus white ; eyes dark bronze ; mouth and feelers black ;
chest and abdomen finely punctured, thinly clothed with short,

13RACITYCARA. 85

hoary hairs ; abdomen nearly elliptical, a little broader and longer
than the chest ; legs blue, clothed with short hoary hairs; shanks
and feet piceous ; shanks pale yellow beneath ; wings colourless ;
wing-ribs and veins dark tawny ; poisers pale tawny. Length of
the body 4 lines, of the wings 7 lines.

"East Indies. From Archdeacon Clerk's collection. In the
British Museum."

Though described from the East Indies, it is probably from
East India.

Genus BRACHYCARA. Thorns.
Brachycara, Thomson, Eug. Eesa, p. 460 (1868) (1869).

GENOTYPE, Brucliycara ventralis, Thorns.

Very near Cliloromyia. Head slightly narrower than thorax,
nearly hemispherical ; face not prominent, convex ; mouth-
opening large ; proboscis short, labella broad ; eyes bare.
Antennae short, 3rd joint almost transverse, obconical, a little
shorter than 2nd, six-ringed, last two annulations abruptly
narrower. Thorax with humeri distinct. ; scutellum semicircular,
unspined. Abdomen oval, broader than thorax, 8-segmented ;
last three segments narrower, retracted. Legs moderately strong,
slightly pubescent ; anterior coxae small, subovate, very little
distant from middle pair ; hind pair subtriangular ; femora
clavate fusiform ; tibiae hardly shorter than femora, unspurred ;
tarsi hardly longer than tibiae, 1st joint longer than the remaining
joints together. Wings longer than abdomen.

Range. B. ventraHs is the only species.

56. Brachycara ventralis, Thorns.

Brachycara ventralis, Thomson, Eug. Resa, p. 461 (1869) ; Brunetti,
Eec. Ind. Mus. i, p. 104 (1907).

c? $ . Head shining, with silvery-white pubescence, thicker
below ; frontal triangle shining black, a small subtriangular white
spot contiguous to each eye ; irons with a median furrow ; eyes
in 3 broadly contiguous, bare ; proboscis yellowish white ;
antennae brown, yellow in middle. Thorax and scutellum black,
with depressed pubescence, which is golden brown and almost
scale-like on the humeri ; a narrow line on mesopleurae whitish
yellow. Abdomen yellowish red, a basal and apical blackish- brown
spot ; venter wholly shining yellowish red, with very short
pubescence. Wings subhyaline, veins yellow ; halteres pale
yellow, clubs large. Legs yellowish red, all the tarsi and tips
of hind tibiae blackish brown.

Length, 5 mm.

Cocos-Keeling Islands.

The foregoing is a translation of Thomson's description,

86 STBATIOMYID^B.

Genus PROSOPOCHRYSA, Meij.
Prosopochrysa, de Meijere, Tijd. v. Ent. 1, p. 220 (1907).

GENOTYPE, Chrysochlora vitripennis, Dol. ; by original de-
signation.

Near Microclirysa. Eyes bare, narrowly separated in d , facets
of equal size ; occipital orbit extremely narrow ; frons prominent ;
antennae rather short, 1st and 2nd joints subequal, 3rd as long as
first two together, with four annulations, the 4th the smallest,
pubescent ; arista practically apical. Thorax and abdomen sub-
equally long, latter 5-segmented ; scutellum unarmed. Third
vein simple, 2nd nearly erect ; discal cell 5- sided, only two veinlets
issuing from it ;' the 3rd absent, and 3rd and 4th posterior cells
therefore united.

Range. India, Java.

The absence of the 3rd veinlet from the discal cell might make
the species appear to belong to the PACHYGASTRINVE, but in that
subfamily the fifth posterior cell is in full contact with the discal,
through the posterior cross-vein being absent.

57. Prosopochrysa vitripennis, Dol.

Chri/sochlora vitripennis, Doleschall, Nat. Tijd. Ned. Ind. x, p. 408,

pi. xi, fig. 2 (1856).
Microchrysa albitarsis, Brunetti, Eec. Ind. Mus. viii, p. 156 (1913).

c? $ . Head of tf with upper part of frons shining black or
dark green, very elongate, and narrowed to point of nearest
approach of eyes; below this point broad and prominent,
brilliantly shining blue or violet ; head below antennae metallic
bronze-green, \\ith black or dark brown pubescence; cheeks

Fig. 5. — Prosopochrysa vitripe-nnis, Dol., lateral view of head.

white-haired ; proboscis black ; occipital orbit very narrow, black,
with whitish grey shimmer. Antennae wholly brown, sometimes
1st joint blackish, 2nd and 3rd yellowish; latter with four
annulations ; arista long, practically apical, a little thickened
basally where there are a few hairs on underside. In ? , frons

PROSOPOCH HYSA . — M ICIIOCHBYSA . 87

one-fifth width of head, slightly tinged with blue, brilliant violet
immediately above anteuriae. Thorax punctate, wholly brilliantly
shining metallic blue or blue-green, with very short whitish
pubescence. Abdomen metallic black or dark bronze-green, with
very short sparse whitish pubescence, which is a little longer
round margin and tip ; venter darker, nearly black. Legs black,
with microscopic pubescence ; all the tarsi yellowish white except

Fig. 6. — Prosopochrysa vitripeimis, Pol., wing.

at tips. Wings clear, veins and stigmatic region yellowish ; 3rd
vein simple, straight, ending at some distance before wing- tip ;
halteres apple-green.

Length, 5 mm.

Redescribed from two c? d1 and three $ $ in the Indian
Museum, and some in the Pusa collection.

Genus MICROCHRYSA, Lw.

Microchrt/sa, Loew, Verb. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, v, p. 146 (1855) ;

Brunetti, Rec. Ind. Mus. i, p. 103 (1907).
Clorisoma, Eondani, Dipt. Ital. Prod, i, p. 168 (1856).
Chlorosia, Rondarii, op. cit. iv,p. 11 (1861).

G-ENOTYPE, Musca polita, L. (Europe) ; by original designation.

Head broader than thorax, face small, slightly pubescent ;
occiput concave in J , posterior eye-orbits distinct in $ ; ocelli
equidistant ; eyes bare, in d1 contiguous, upper facets larger than
lower ones, in $ widely separated, facets equal in size. Antennae
of typical Sargid form, 3rd joint with four annulations, arista
practically apical. Thorax longer than broad, slightly wider
behind, shining metallic, with short dense inconspicuous pu-
bescence. Abdomen very short, rounded, shining ; pubescence
extremely short, though sometimes dense. Legs simple, tibiae
sometimes slightly dilated apically. Wings of normal Sargid type,
terminations of 4th vein less parallel ; thoracic squamae more
normally shaped than in Saryus, pubescent.

Ln all minor characters mainly as in Sargits.

Itange. Europe, Asia, South Africa, North and South America.

Life-history. The common M. polita, L., of Europe, seems to
breed freely in cow-dung and decaying vegetable matter.

M. ca1oj>a differs from M.jlaviventris, in which the abdomen is
imicolorous, by a narrow pale border along the sides and tip,

STRA.TIOMYM>.E.

58. Microchrysa flaviventris, \V\ed.

Sargusflaviventris, Wiedemann, Anal. Ent. p. 31 (1824).
Microchrysa Jlaviventris, Brunetti, Kec. Ind. Mus. i, p. 103 (1907).
Sargus affinis, Wiedemaun, luc. cit. ; Brunetti, loc. eit.
Chrysornyia annulipes, Thomson, Eugen. Resa, p. 461 (1869).
Microchrysa gemma, Bigot, Ann. Soc. Ent. France, (f>) ix, p. 231
(1879) ; Brunetti, Rec. Ind. Mus. i, p. 103 (1907).

c? $ . Head in <$ , vertex black, shining, with a few black hairs ;
ocelli distinct, red ; e3res contiguous for rather more than half the
distance from vertex to frontal triangle ; upper facets bright
brown, much larger than the blackish lower ones ; frons blackish,
with a few short pale hairs ; face brilliantly shining metallic
green, bare ; proboscis and palpi rather bright yellow ; antenna?
pale yellow, with 1st and 2nd joints subequal, 3rd rather longer
than 2nd, with pale yellow arista ; occiput black, very concave ;
no definite postocular orbit. In $ , frons forming one-third of
the head, rather broader at vertex, brilliantly shining metallic
blue-green, carried over the vertex to the blackish occiput and
bearing a little short grey pubescence ; remainder as in J .
Thorax brilliantly shining metallic green, with very sparse pale
yellow pubescence on dorsum and parts of the pleurae ; scutellnm
similarly coloured. Abdomen in c? brownish yellow, varying to a
little lighter or more reddish individually, with microscopic pale
yellow pubescence, 5th segment blackish ; venter yellowish, often
more or less marked with black. In 5 , brilliantly shining green,
with microscopic pale yellow pubescence ; venter generally
brownish, sometimes yellowish or even metallic green. Legs
pale yellow ; hind femora with broad median brown band and
hind tibia? with broad apical band, both bands sometimes much
paler. Wings colourless ; veins and the rather large stigma pale
yellow ; halteres yellow.

Length, 3^-4 mm.

Described" from a considerable number of both sexes in the
Pusa and Indian Museum collections and from other sources from
many parts of India, dated March and from June to October.
Also from Peradeniya, Ceylon, 15. vii. 1910 ; Java (Jacobson) ;
Sibu, Sarawak, 2. vii. 1910 (Beebe). I have taken it myself in
Mussoorie and Darjiling. Common and widely distributed in
India and the East. Van der "Wulp records it from Papua.

M. affinis, Wied., from East India, and M. gemma, Big., from
Ceylon, are probably synonyms.

59. Microchrysa calopa, Bnm.

Microchrysa calopa, Brunetti, Rec. Ind. Mus. vii, p. 453 (1912),

$ . Head with frons broad, bright metallic green on vertex,
changing insensibly to brilliant violet-blue just above antenna),
with very short pale yellow pubescence ; face metallic green ; oral
opening brown ; eyes dark brown, the upper corners rounded off,

UEBINJE. 89

thus widening the vertex considerably : occiput dark ; antennae
pale yellow, tip of 3rd joint, which has a slight reddish tinge,
shortly pubescent ; 1st and 2nd joints with one or two micro-
scopic hairs. Thorax with dorsum brilliant metallic green, with
very short pale yellow pubescence ; venter similarly coloured and
pubescent, sharply delimited from the dorsum by a narrow yellow
side-ridge at the level of the Avings ; posterior calli yellowish.
Scutellum and metanotum brilliant green, the former with pale
yellow hairs and yellow underside. Abdomen dorsally violet, not
intense, shining, and with a bluish tinge in certain lights, with
pale yellow pubescence ; the colour covers all the surface except
a narrow, irregular, yellow border round the edges ; venter yellow,
shortly pubescent. Legs wholly yellow, except a broad brown
ring on distal half of hind femora, and the blackish hind meta-
tarsus. Wings clear, stigmatic area pale yellow ; halteres deep
yellow.

Length, 3 mm.

Described from two $ $ in good condition in the Indian
Museum, from Margherita, Assam, arid Paresnath, Chota Nagpur,
4400 ft., v. 1909 (Dr. Jenkins).

Subfamily BERING.

Head semicircular ; eyes large and prominent, bare or hairy ;
antennae with 3rd joint moderately elongate and more or less
cylindrical, but not conspicuously so, with eight annulations and
no apical style or arista. Thorax roughly oblong; scutellum
generally with four or six marginal spines, occasionally eight, and
in individuals an odd number may occur ; pubescence of thorax
continued over spines. Abdomen with at least seven obvious seg-
ments, longer than thorax, dorsum flattened, sides approximately
parallel. Leys simple, moderately strong; 1st joint of hind tarsi
generally dilated in tf ; spurs on middle tibize in rare cases.*5
Wings not of the normal Stratiomyid type, all the veins, except an
occasionally obviously abortive one, running out to wing-margin :
2nd vein short, beginning opposite base of discal cell, ending near
tip of 1st ; 3rd vein forked, both branches ending before wing-
tip; 4th vein with only two terminations (as in PACHYGASTRIN.E),
as the 5th vein forms the hinder side of the discal cell ; posterior
cross-vein therefore absent ; anal cell closed at some distance
from wing-border ; squamse small.

This subfamily is easily distinguished from all others except
XYLOMTTKYE by the 7-segmented abdomen and by the anterior
veins not being crowded together ; whilst from the XYLOMYIN;E it
is separated by the 2nd vein (prffifurca) originating opposite the
base of the discal cell instead of at some considerable distance
before it, also by the open 4th posterior cell. Their usually

* Acanthomyia. for instance, a European genus.

90 STKATIOMYID.E.

aeneous or metallic colour also renders them conspicuous, and
though in this they resemble the SABGIN-E, the latter are always
easily known by the anterior cross-vein connecting the discal cell
with the praefurca instead of with the 3rd vein. The frequently
dilated hind metatarsus in the cJ is & further character of the
BERING.

The life-histories of a few European species are known, but
not that of Bens. That of Chorisops tibialis has been described
by Handlirsch. The larvae live in the earth and decaying matter.

Table of Genera.

Scutellum unspined AM.OONOSTA, Ost.-Sack., p. 93.

Scutellum spined.

Palpi minute or obsolete ; eyes con-
tiguous in cJ " BERIS, Latr.. p. 90.

Palpi rather long ; eyes not con-
tiguous in rf CHORISOPS, Rond., p. 92.

Genus BERIS, Latr.

lierit, Latreille, Hist. Nat. Crust. Ins. iii, p. 447 (1802).
Oplacantha, Itondani, Arch. Zool. Modena, iii, p. 87 (1863).
He.racantha, Lioy, Atti 1st. Yen. (3) ix, p. 586 (1864).
Octacantha, Lioy, loc. cif.

GENOTYPE, Musca clialybeata, Forst., as Stratiomys 6-dentata,
F. (Europe) ; by original designation.

Head almost semicircular, transverse, as broad as thorax ; face
short, pubescent ; eyes large, contiguous in tf (with rare excep-
tions), wide apart in $ , densely hairy in tf , upper facets larger
than lower, less hairy in $ with all equal facets. Proboscis well
developed, palpi rudimentary. Antennae porrect, nearly as long
as head; two basal joints short, subeqnal, bristlv; 3rd elongate
with eight annulations, the first and last being the longest.
Tlwrax rather arched, closely pubescent in <5 , less so in $ ;
scutellum with four to eight spines bearing pubescence (occasion-
ally an odd number in individuals). Abdomen hardly broader than
thorax, flattened, sides nearly parallel, at least 7-segmented ;
genitalia more developed than in the other subfamilies. Legs
simple, of moderate si/.e ; hind metatarsus dilated in <$ and
elongate in both sexes. Wings longer than abdomen, not of the
typical Stratioinyid nature; anterior veins not crowded together,
all veins distinct and generally reaching wing-margin ; 2nd vein
rather short, enclosing the conspicuous large dark stigma ; 3rd
vein rather widely forked, both branches ending before wing-tip ;
4th vein with only two terminations and occasionally an abortive
third ; posterior cross-vein absent as upper branch of 5th vein
forms hinder side of discal cell ; anal cell closed at some distance
from border of wing. Alar squamae of moderate size ; thoracic
ones undeveloped.

BERIS. 91

Range. Europe, Orient, Australia, North and South America.

Life-history. The European B. chalybeata has been bred from
moss, but the metamorphoses of the genus are not well known.
The perfect insects prefer marehy situations, but are generally
distributed. Col. Yerbury records the males of some British
species as performing a rather wild aerial dance.

The two Indian species of Berts are easily distinguished : —

Legs mainly dark brown yeniculata, Curt.

Legs yellow ; femora and hind tibiaa with brown bands, annulipes, Brun.

60. Beris genicnlata, Curt.

Beris geniculata, Curtis, Brit. Ent. via, p. 337 (1830).

c? $ . Head : frons in <$ rather large, shining black, with a de-
pressed median channel on upper part ; face and lower part of head
shining black ; frons and face with rather dense blackish-brown
pubescence ; vertex wholly occupied by the considerably elevated
ocellar triangle, bearing blackish-brown hairs; proboscis black,
labella orange, palpi black ; eyes contiguous for a considerable dis-
tance, with dense blackish-brown pubescence on front part, less
dense on rest of surface, facets of upper half much larger than
the others ; antenna? black ; 3rd joint not quite twice as long as
the 1st and 2nd put together,* gr-eyish on inner side about
the middle, tapering to tip after about 3rd or 4th annulation,
extreme tip with two or three minute bristles. In $ , frons nearly
one-third of head, shining black, as is the face, both with short
pale pubescence ; eyes with very short pubescence. Thorax and
scutellum metallic shining green or blue-green, the former dis-
tinctly punctate except towards hind margin; scutellum impunc-
tate ; both with rather dense blackish pubescence, which is less
dense on scutellum ; the latter with eight shining green spines
(normally in European specimens only six). In the $ , pubescence
on dorsum of thorax pale and short, rather depreised. Abdomen
very dark brown, nearly black, with rather long pubescence
towards sides, which is brownish in tf , pale yellowish and much
shorter in $ ; venter shining brown ; genitalia rather small. Legs
very dark brown, tips of femora narrowly orange ; base of tibia?
orange to about one-third on anterior legs and to a quarter on hind
pair ; anterior metatarsi pale, rest of tarsi black, hind metatarsi
pale, considerably and equally dilated throughout their length
except at base and tips, longer than four remaining joints
together, the latter black. Wings brown, costal cell a little paler ;
stigma large, dark brown, oval ; in $ wings clearer ; halteres
brownish orange.

Length, 4—5 mm.

* A slight error as to the length of the 3rd autennal joint seems to have
crept into Yen-all's usually scrupulously correct writings, as he contradicts
himself in the tahle ot species and the description. The discrepancy may not
be important.

02 8TRATIOMTIDJ5.

Described from a J and two $ $ in the Indian Museum taken
by me at Darjiling, 6900ft., 2.x. 1908.

Whether this species is the true B. geniculata of Curtis is not,
quite certain, as though it agrees in practically all other points,
the difference in the width of the frons in the $ is important :
less than one-fourth the width of the head in true yeniculata and
nearly one-third in the present form. My specimens are also
distinctly a size smaller, 4-5 mm. against about 6. B. genieulafa,
Curt., is recorded from Central and Southern Europe.

61. Beris annulipes, Brun.

Beris annulipes, Brunetti, Itec. Ind. Mus. vii, p. 455 (1912).

$ . Head with frons nearly one-fourth the width of the head :
brilliantly shining, dark blue, uniformly wide ; occiput shining
black, with a little grey hair on posterior ocular orbits ; eyes very
shortly but distinctly pubescent ; proboscis reddish yellow. An-
tennae with first two joints black, with bristly hairs ; 3rd joint
yellowish on basal, black on apical half ; a little grev hair about
the base of the antennae. Thorax brilliantly shining violet-blue,
with yellow pubescence on dorsum ; scutellum brilliantly shining
peacock (greenish) blue, with six strong equidistant shining darker
green spines on hind margin. Abdomen violet, moderately shining,
sides with brownish yellow pubescence ; venter darker, with short
yellow hairs. Legs yellow ; tips of anterior femora with an indis-
tinct brown band; hind femora and tibiae with u distinct broad
brown apical band on each ; tarsi marked extensively with brown.
Wings grey, upper part (except costal cell), as far hindwards as
to include the anterior basal and first posterior cells, brown ;
halteres yellow.

Length, 6J mm.

Described from one example taken by me at Darjiling, 7000 ft.,
27. v. 1910 ; in the Indian Museum.

Genus CHORISOPS, Uond.

CJiorisops, Rondani, Dipt. Ital. Prod, i, p. 173 (1856).
Clilontopn, Brauer, Denks. Ak. Wien, xliv, p. 72 (1882).

GENOTYPE, Beris tibialis, Mg. ; by original designation.

Differing from Beris by the palpi being elongate, as long as
proboscis, and the eyes in the d distinctly though rather narrowly
separated. Eyes bare in both sexes. Scutellum with four yellowish
spines. Genitalia in c? very protruding. Hind tibife incrassaled
after the base, especially in d1 . Wings with 3rd vein more shortly
forked ; 4th vein with an abortive 3rd termination ; lower branch
of 5th vein much curved, closing anal cell far before the wing-
border ; stigma very distinct.

Range. Europe, India, Chile.

CHOBI80PS. ALLOGNOSTA. 93

Life-history. The metamorphoses of C. tibialis have been well
described by Handlirsch.*

02. Chorisops tibialis, %.

Beris tibialis, Meigen, Syst. Beschr. ii, p. 3, pi. xii, fig. 8 (1820).
Chorisops tibialis, Brunetti, Rec. Ind. Mus. vii, p. 456 (1912).
Actina hyaUventris, A. Costa, II Giamb. Vico Napoli, ii, p. 455 (1857).

d1 $ . Head : irons shining in tf , blue-black or dark green, one-
eighth width of head at vertex, narrowing to half that width on
lower half; in $ about one-fifth of head at vertex, slightly narrow-
ing downwards, greenish black; vertex with black hairs, frons
with pale pubescence ; face shining white ; proboscis dull orange,
palpi yellowish, porrect, distinct; eyes bare, facets all equal.
Antennas rather longer than head (longer still in $ ), brownish
black, pale below towards base, variable ; 3rd joint 8-annulated.
Thorax and scutellum brilliant shining green, finely punctate,
with fine yellow pubescence ; pleurae with pale pubescence, middle
part of mesopleura bare ; scutellar spines yellow, with a long apical
hair (besides other hairs); humeri yellowish in $. Abdomen
black, moderately shining, more or Jess yellowish on the disc
(especially in the $ ), including generally the greater part of the
3rd and 4th segments ; pubescence short and dark ; pale yellow at
sides down to 4th segment ; venter more yellowish than dorsum ;
genitalia very distinct, and protruding, connected with last abdo-
minal segment by a short neck. Legs yellow to dull orange : tarsi
blackish from tip of 1st joint ; hind femora brownish yellow,
variable ; hind tibiae mainly blackish brown, considerably incras-
sated after the base ; hind tarsi rather short, 1st joint incrassate,
as long as remaining joints together ; pubescence of legs pale
yellow ; 5 with legs paler than in the d . Wings with a faint
brown suffusion ; stigma large, dark brown, sometimes paler in
2 ; halteres yellow, with large knobs.

Length, 6 mm.

The above description is abridged from Verrall.t

Binsar, Kuinaon Distr., W. Himalayas, 28, v. 1912 (Dr. A. D.
Itnms).

Genus ALLOGNOSTA, 0. S.

Alloynosta, Osteu-Sacken, Berl. Ent. Zeits. xxvii, p. 297 (1883).
Metoponia, Loew (nee Macq.), Dipt.-Faun. Siidafr. i, p. 1 (1860).

GENOTYPE, Beris fuscitarsis, Say ; by designation of Coquillett,
1910.

cJ $ . Head transverse, rather flattened, as broad as thorax ;
eyes contiguous in d* ; frons in $ rather prominent, convex (in
assar.iensis), between one-third and one-fourth width of head.
Antennas set at middle of head in profile ; scapal joints subequal,

* Yerh.iool.-bot. Ges. Wieu, xxxiii, p. 243 (1883).
t British Flies, Stratiomyidte, &c., v, p. 214 (1909).

94 STRATIOMTID.S:.

cylindrical, 3rd with eight annulations, 1st the largest, about as
large as 2nd scapal joint, remainder annular, slightly narrowing
in width towards tip. Proboscis and palpi short, latter not extend-
ing beyond epistonia. Thorax subquadrate, corners rather angular,
rather broader behind. Scutellum fully semicircular, convex,
unarmed. Abdomen longer and slightly wider than thorax, ovate,
with tip rather pointed, 8-segmented ; geuitalia small. Leys simple,
moderately long and strong. Wings with normal Berid venation ;
2nd vein rather sharply upturned towards tip ; anterior branch of
3rd vein nearly erect ; only three endings to 4th vein ; discal cell
large, hexagonal ; anterior cross-vein just beyond base, posterior
cross-vein at about the middle ; anal cell large, closed a long way
before border.

Ranye. Europe, India, America.

Ho previous description of the genus appears to have been
given. Loew placed certain new species in what he took to be
Metoponia, Macq., but Osteii-Sacken in pointing out his mistake
merely renamed Metoponia, Lw., as AUognosta, without character-
ising it, as he had no specimens available of the genus at the
time. *

In A. vayans the legs are all black except at the knees; in
A. assamensis the anterior femora and middle tibiae are yellow.

63. Allognosta vagans, Lw. (PI. I, figs. 25, 26.)

Metoponia vayans, Loew, Besch. Europ. Dipt, iii, p. 71 (1873).
Alloynosta inermis, Brunetti, Rec. Ind. Mus. vii, p. 455 (]912).

J . Head with vertex very small, occupied by the three ocelli ;
eyes with uniform, very small facets, bare, contiguous; frons an
equilateral triangle, moderately large, blackish seen from above,
but with grey reflections viewed from other directions ; occiput
blackish. Antennae black, normal, as in Beris ; the 3rd joint
with seven annular impressions, appearing as if composed of eight
closely compressed joints. Palpi and proboscis black; the under-
side of the large labella yellowish. Thorax &\\A scutellum blackish,
with a slight aeneous tinge, microscopically roughened, and with
microscopic yellow hairs ; the anterior margin and shoulders with
;i very little short yellowish hair, which extends also over the
pleurae to some extent. Scutellum unspined, with microscopic
yellow hairs. Abdomen dull black, barely shining, the sides with
very short yellow hairs; venter similar, with very minute yellow
hairs. Genitalia consisting of a pair of blackish, fairly thick
claspers, each with a small narrow appendage ; there being also
an upper pair of yellow, hairy, linger-like appendages. Leys
black, the knees distinctly but not broadly yellowish brown ;
pulvilli pale yellowish. Wings blackish brown ; stigma large,
well defined, brown ; halteres black.

* As to the supposed identity of Metoponia, Macq.. aiid Metoponia, Lw., see
Bruiietti, Rec. Ind. Mus. vii, p. 455.

AlLOGKO&TA. 95

Length, 44 mm.

Described" from a unique r? in the Indian Museum taken by
me at Darjiling, 7000 ft., 29. v. 1910. I found the species not
uncommon at Hankow, China, 22-26. iv. 1906.

64. Allognosta assamensis, sp. nov.

$ . Head as broad as thorax ; frons very retreating, slightly
swollen on upper corners, where it projects above eyes in profile,
forming half width of head, black, shining, parallel-sided, closely
punctulate, and with almost microscopic brownish pubescence ;
lower part smooth, vertical triangle small and low; ocelli incon-
spicuous ; face as broad as frons, sides parallel, shining black, bare ;
two large, dull grey tomentose spots placed diagonally just below
base of antennae, their upper corners nearly touching; proboscis
brownish black, palpi black, rather long ; occiput black; eyes bare,
small, only a little over half height of head ; posterior orbits on
upper half only, rapidly diminishing and disappearing at about
middle of eye. Antennae placed below middle of head in profile ;
first two joints subequal, cylindrical, pale yellow; 3rd with eight
anuulations, 1st annulation broadest and longest; basal part of
fiagelluin brownish yellow, gradually becoming blackish at tip.
Thorax subquadrate, barely wider behind, front corners rather
angular, hind corners cut away by the very distinct brown posterior
calli ; dorsum thickly punctnlate, with very short soft yellowish-
brown pubescence; the moderate-sized semicircular scutellumand
the pleura similarly clothed, black ; a broad yellowish-white stripe
on upper part of latter from anterior margin to wing-base; meta-
notuin small, dull brown. Abdomen 8-segmented, practically
bare ; 1st and 2nd segments almost coalescent, 6th distinctly
narrower than 5th, and the 7th and 8th narrower than 6th ; all
blackish brown, or even slightly violet-tinged; middle half of 1st,
2nd, and 3rd yellowish (the pale part probably variable in extent);
venter mainly yellowish, but blackish at sides and tip. Legs mainly
yellow; apical three-fourths of front tibiae and all front tarsi, last
three joints of middle tarsi, apical half of hind femora, hind tibiae
(except narrowly at base), and last two joints of hind tarsi black.
Wings pale smoke-grey, a very little darker at tip ; stigma large,
black, conspicuous, clearly demarcated and filling all marginal cell
except extreme tip, which is slightly yellowish, as is also the
costa for a very short distance at this point : 1st submarginal cell
practically clear, except at the very narrow base and extreme tip,
thus in striking contrast to the dark contiguous stigma ; extreme
base of wing clear; 5th and 6th veins yellow, remtu'nder dark
brown ; halteres with stem yellowish white, clubs large, oval,
black.

Length barely 5 mm.

Described from a single $ in the Indian Museum from above
Tura, Garo Hills, Assam, 3500-3900 ft., viii. 1917 (Kemp).

96 STRATIOMYIDJ:.

Subfamily XYLOMYIN^.

Head with eyes separated iu both sexex ; face depressed in
middle ; palpi elongate and upturned ; antennal 3rd joint elongate,
with eight annulations and generally a minute apical bristle.
Thorax practically bare, subquadrate ; scutellum unspined. Abdo-
men of 7 to 9 segments, elongate, longer than thorax, with nearly
parallel sides ; genitalia of d conspicuous. Legs moderately long
and stout, bare or nearly so, hind femora often incrassate or
spinose below ; posterior tibiae with two spurs. Wings not of
the normal Stratiomyid type, all the veins reaching wing-margin,
the anterior veins not crowded together ; 2nd vein (praefurca)
originating some distance before base of discal cell, the latter
much more elongate than in any other subfamily ; costal vein
complete, ambient vein present for at least some further distance ;
3rd vein with an elongate fork, lower branch ending at about
wing-tip ; 4th vein with three terminations ; 4th posterior cell
closed near wing-border, a special character of this subfamily ;
five posterior cells ; posterior cross- vein normally present, but in
some species the contact of upper branch of 5th vein with discal
cell is practically punctiform, in which case cross-vein absent ;
alar squama? very small, thoracic squamae absent.

The XYLOMYIN^ resemble the BERINJG more than any other sub-
family, and the principal distinguishing characters are given under
BEHIND. Further characters of the XYLOMYI^^E are the depressed
face, the much more elongate discal cell, the unspined scutellum,
the non-metallic or aeneous nature of the species, and the undilated
metatarsus in the <S • They are mostly yellow, somewhat Ichneu-
mon-like flies, and sparsely pubescent.

Genus XYLOMYIA, Rond.

Xylomya, Roiidani, Dipt. Ital. Prod, iv, p. 11 (1861).
Siibula, Megerle in Meigen, Syst. Besch. ii, p. 15 (1820).
Solva, Walker, Proc. Linn. Soc. Loud, iv, p. 98 (1860).
Macroceromys, Bi<rot,Bull. Soc. Ent. France, (o) vii, p. Ixxiii (1877).
Subulaomyia, Williston, Mail. N. Amer. Dipt. p. 43 (1896).
Xylomyia, de Meijere, Tijd. v. Ent. i, p. 217 (1907).

GENOTYPE, Xylomyia is a uom. nov. for Subula, Mg., of which
Eondani gave varia, Meg. in Mg., as type.

Head transverse, as wide as thorax ; frons flush with eyes or
slightly depressed ; face distinctly depressed about the middle ;

Fig. l.—Xyloiiiyiu, antenna.

eyes bare, well separated in <$ , still more so in $ ; proboscis
prominent ; palpi 2-jointed, cylindrical, rather long, directed
upwards. Antennae elongate, as long as or longer than liead ; first

XYLOMYIA. 97

two joints short, subequal, 3rd with eight anuulations and usually
a very small apical bristle. Thorax oval and subquadrate, slightly
arched ; seutellum uns pined. Abdomen longer than thorax and
about as wide, 7-segmented ; genitalia distinct. Legs rather long,
simple, except for the slight incrassation of the femora, especially
the hind pair, which are considerably thickened in some species
and often with a row of small spines on underside ; posterior tibiae
with two spurs. Wings longer than abdomen, not of the normal
Stratiomyid type ; veins riot crowded together anteriorly, all
distinct and attaining wing-margin ; costal vein reaching wing-
tip ; ambient vein present for some distance ; 2nd vein beginning
distinctly before base of discal cell, 3rd vein originating shortly
after, the fork elongate, the lower branch ending at wing-tip ;
discal cell much more elongate than in any other subfamily ; 4th
vein with three terminations, the lowest one closing the 4th pos-
terior cell at wing-border ; posterior cross-vein very short or
absent ; anal cell closed distinctly but not considerably before
wing-border ; alar squamae small, thoracic pair absent.

Fig. 8. — Xylomyia, wing.

Range. Europe, the Orient, North, Central, and South America,
Canary Isles, and Natal.

Life-history. Larva amphipneustic (though Lundbeck doubts if
it is truly so), broad, brown, leatliery, with parallel sides, upper
and lower surfaces with bristles placed transversely on segments,
12-segmented, including head, which is broadly conical; mouth-
parts normally Stratiomyid ; last body-segment semicircular;
orifice of respiratory chamber forming posterior extremity of body.
It lives in old trees or decaying wood.

Xylomyia is a genus of yellow and black, rather Ichneumon-like
flies, with considerable outward resemblance to Xylophagus
(LEPTID./E), but the closed 4th posterior cell will easily distinguish
them. The species seem to be much rarer in the adult than in
the larval stage. Solva, Walker, antedates Xylotnyia by one year,
but as the subfamily name is constructed from the latter it should
be retained.

Table of Species.

Leg's practically wholly yellow ; length, 4 mm. . . flavipes, Uol.
Legs with distinct dark bands or markings ; length,

9-11 mm.
Hind tibice yellow, tips broadly black ; length,

9 mm calopodata, Big.

Hind tibire black, upperside pale at base ; leugtli,

11 mm , nigricornis, sp. nov

H

65. Xylomyia flavipes, Dol.

Subidajlavipes, Doleschall, Nat. Tijd. Ned. lud. xvii, p. 85 (1858).
Xylomyia flavipes, Brunetti, Rec. Ind. Mus. i, p. 87 (1907).

Head with irons one-sixth width of head, barely \vider on lower
]>art than at vertex, black, with a little bright yellow pubescence
and some whitish pubescence just above antennae ; face black,
with a little whitish pubescence, more conspicuous near eye-
margius ; occiput black, practically bare ; antennae and palpi
wholly orange-yellow. Thorax black, dorsum and pleura3 with
very short yellow pubescence, minutely punctulate ; humeri and a
ridge thence to wing-base, also the scutellum bright yellow.
Abdomen yellow, punctulate like thorax ; a large dark blackish-
brown spot on each segment, leaving only the sides and hind
margin of each narrowly pale ; genitalia very small ; venter much
as dorsum, but the yellow of gi-eater extent. Legs yellow, extreme
tip of underside of hind femora very dark brown. Winys nearly
clear ; venation normal, veins brown ; halteres yellow.

Length, 4 mm.

Described from several specimens in the Pusa collection from
Chapra, Beiigal (Mackenzie).

66. Xylomyia calopodata, Mg.

Subula calopodata, Bigot, Ann. Soc. Eut. France, (5) ix, p. 195

(1879).
Xylomyia calopodata, Brunetti, Rec. Ind. Mus. i, p. 87 (1907).

Head with frons above antennae one-fourth width of head, a
little narrower at vertex, black, with grey or yellowish grey
pubescence ; ocellar triangle slightly elevated, rather large, black ;
ocelli yellowish ; face apparently dark, with a little whitish

E1 scence ; labella very large, dark reddish brown ; palpi very
and prominent, sharply upturned, hiding all the face, bright
rt' ; occiput dark, grey-dusted, with a friuge of whitish
pubescence, which dies away on upper margin and is longest on
lower part ; antennae dark brown, underside, especially on basal
half, yellowish. Thorax black, slightly shining, closely punctulate,
with minute black bristles and very short yellowish-grey pubes-
cence, which also covers the greater part of the pleurae ; humeri
prominent, bright yellow, with a ridge thence to wing-base ;
scutellum yellowish ; metanotum black. Abdomen black, slightly
shining : closely punctulate, with minute black bristles and soft
short yellow pubescence ; hind margin of each segment except 1st
narrowly but distinctly yellow, bare and shining ; venter similar ;
genitalia rather small. Legs bright yellow, with microscopic pale
pubescence, tips of femora (and for a rather greater distance on
underside) also very narrowly at base, tips of hind tibiae broadly,
anterior tarsi on apical half, and hind tarsi entirely black. Wings

XTLOMTIA. 99

clear, highly iridescent ; venation normal, veins dark brown ;
halteres yellow.

Lenyth, 9 mm.

Described from a single specimen in the Indian Museum, from
Xaini Tal, W. Himalayas, 6000 ft., 5. vi. 1909 ; a second speci-
men from Shillong, 5000 ft. (Fletcher}.

67. Xylomyia nigricornis, sp. nov.

$ . Head with irons gradually widening from vertex to aboVe
antennae, where it is barely one-fifth the width of the head, wholly
covered with yellowish pubescence, except immediately above
antennas, where the pubescence is yellowish white ; vertex dark
grey tomentose, with golden-yellow pubescence ; ocelli not very
conspicuous ; face with nearly parallel sides, fractionally wider
than lower part of frons, black, with greyish or yellowish grey
pubescence : inner margin of eye slightly cut away a little above
antenna?, at a spot where there is a peculiar and conspicuous
shining, black, smooth, elongate, triangular space devoid of facets ;
antennae blackish brown, a little pale about inner and under side
ot 2nd scapal and 1st flagellar joints ; proboscis orange-brown;
palpi bright lemon-yellow, very large and erect, nearly hiding the
face ; occiput grey-tomentose, with some golden-yellow hairs on
margin, and longer ones just behind vertex. Thorax black, thickly
punctulate, with black bristles ; seen from the front only there
are three longitudinal stripes of almost microscopic golden-yellow
pubescence ; humeri conspicuous, bright yellow, a thin dull yellow
line thence to wing-base ; hind corners of dorsum margined with
brown ; pleurae black, closely punctulate, with black bristles and
very short whitish pubescence ; scutellum bright lemon-yellow,
witli lemon-yellow bristles, the base narrowly black ; metanotum
black. Abdomen distinctly 7-segmented, 1st and 2nd scarcely
separable except by the fringe of hairs on hind border of 1st;
1st segment orange-yellow, hind border broadly black : 2nd orange-
yellow, with a large round black spot in middle just clear of the
margins, hind margin vellovvish white ; rest of segments black,
hind margin of 3rd to 6th inclusive yellowish white, clearly demar-
cated ; sides of very small 7th segment yellowish ; all the black
parts of abdomen closely punctulate, with minute black bristles,
the yellow parts with short pale yellow hairs ; genitalia very small,
a pair of small brownish-yellow lamella? ; a little pale, rather long
pubescence at sides of 1st segment, and shorter similar pubescence
on sides of whole abdomen ; venter black, 2nd segment and hind
margins of remainder yellowish. Leys mainly yellow ; hind cox*
(except a patch on hinder side), hind trochanters, underside of
hind femora narrowly, inner and outer sides of same towards base
(the colour almost united on upper side), also extreme tips, black ;
anterior tarsi brownish black ; hind tibiae and tarsi black, except
upper side of former at base. Wings uniformly yellowish grev ;

100 LEPTIDJE.

stigma small, brownish ; 4th posterior cell closed distinctly but
shortly before wing-border ; halteres brownish yellow.

Length, 11 mm.

Described from a unique perfect $ in the Indian Museum, from
above Tura, Garo Hills, Assam, 3900 ft., viii. 1917 (Kemp).

Family LEPTID^E.

Head semicircular, short, rather flattened in front, as broad as
or narrower than thorax ; frons at vertex nearly level with the
eyes ; face short, " usually with a socketed middle part (epistoma)
on which there is usually a rounded raised tubercle " ( Verrall) ;
cheeks more conspicuous in some genera than others. Eyes bare
(except in one non-Indian genus Coznomyia and in Coenomyiodcs,
gen. nov.) ; contiguous or subcontiguous in <3 , distinctly, some-
times widely separated in the $ ; in a few cases the frons of
about equal width in both sexes ; upper facets in d often much
larger than lower ones ; the eyes in life in some species brilliant
green ; three ocelli. Proboscis generally robust, sometimes very
large, though short ; labella prominent ; palpi moderately long,
slender. Antenna? very variable; in the typical LEPTID^ with
3rd joint simple, short-conical, round, or renJform, with a bristle
or style which is usually terminal, but in some genera is dorsal ; *
third joint flagelliform and annulated in XYLOPHAGIX^E. Thorax
a little longer than the head, roughly oval or oblong, with rounded
corners, generally widest at the middle ; scutellum moderately
large, rounded or semicircular ; metanotum larger and more con-
spicuous in XYLOPHAGIN.E than in most LEPTIN^. Abdomen
7-segmented, elongate or conical, longest and nearly cylindrical in
some d XYLOPHAGIN.E. Leys rather long and slender, often
minutely bristly on the tibiae or below the femora ; front coxa)
rather elongate ; fore tibiae with or without a single spur, middle
tibiae always with two spurs, hind tibiae always with one or two
spurs, exceptions being rare ; pulvilli three, empoclium pad-like.
Wings glabrous, but minutely pubescent under high microscopic
power, somewhat broad, with more or less rounded tips. Auxiliary
and 1st longitudinal vein somewhat approximate, always ending
beyond middle of wing ; '2nd longitudinal beginning at from one-
third to one-half the length of the wing, ending not far beyond
tip of 1st, often dipped towards tip to embrace the generally
obvious stigma ; 3rd vein begins a little beyond the 2nd, (almost
always) practically in a line with the base of the discal cell ;
always forked, the fork varying in length f and in width of

* Williston figures the antenna* of Atherix with the arista absolutely basal ;
Verrall evidently claims the most distant point horizontally as the true tip
and considers the 3rd joint produced downwards. Most authors, I believe,
regard as the tip the extremity of its greatest length, as I do here ; it can be
accepted either way, but misunderstandings may arise.

t It is long and narrow in 8tfmphonrmyia,sund short and wide open in
Hilarimorphu, neither of these genera being Oriental.

LEPTI1XE. 101

opening, but always embracing the wing-tip.* Discal cell always
present, except in Hilarimorpha (non-Oriental) ; anterior cross-
vein near basal end of discal cell, always before its middle ;
4th longitudinal with anterior branch forked, lower branch
simple ; posterior cross-vein nearly opposite anterior cross-vein ;
5th longitudinal forked at about its middle, the upper branch more
or less curved or angled at the point where it meets the posterior
cross-vein ; 6th vein complete. Two submarginal cells, 5 posterior
cells; anal cell open or closed; alulae of moderate size, generally
well developed, absent in XYLOPHAGINJE ; alar squamae rather
small, thoracic squamae absent, " but the frenum distinct and
developing a rattier broadened membrane near the angle ; "
halteres distinct, stem rather long.

The whole body in LEPTID^E is usually clothed with soft
pubescence, microscopically so on the often apparently bare legs.
There are no bristles of a chffitotactic nature, though a few short
ones or bristly hairs often occur about the thorax, wing-roots, and
metapleurae.

Life-history. The metamorphoses of many European species
are more or less known.f Larva amphipneustic, with parchment-
like skin, generally living under bark, in moss, or earthy matter,
predaceous on Coleopterous larvae and other soft-wood insects,
though some are aquatic. Twelve-segmented, including head,
which is exserted though small, long, pointed, the mouth-parts
very small ; the three thoracic segments with strongly chitinized
dorsal areas, the prothoracic segment also hardened beneath ; last
segment with a strongly chitinized area on hinder part, with two
strong hooks, this area also bearing two spiracles. Abdominal
segments often with transverse swellings on lower surface, loco-
motion being effected by means of these, which take the form of
roughened intercalated spaces between the segments, though
Brauer affirms that true pseudopods exist in Aiherix.

The perfect insects are found usually in open woods and the
meadow-lands in their vicinity, or in marshy and soft places,
being fond of resting on tree-trunks.

With the exception of one or two North- American biting
species of Symphoromyia, which bite like TABANID^E, the LEPTIDJE
are harmless to mankind. J

The LEPTIDJE are rather closely allied to both the STRATIOMYIDTE
and the TABANID^E, but the former are easily known by the
crowding of the venation on the front part of the wing (except
in BERING) and by the shape of the discal cell, which is always
small, and seldom much longer than wide (except in Xylomyia), at

* In one or two European species of Xylophagus, the lower branch of the
3rd vein may in individual specimens occasionally end barely above the wing-tip.

t Atherix ibis, Xylophagus ater, Leptis tringaria, L. scolopacea, etc.

I [Five species of blood-sucking Leptids have been described by White and
Ferguson from Australia and Tasmania, all belonging to the genus Spaniopsis,
White ; Trichopalpus obscurus, Phil., has been noted as a greedy blood-sucker in
Chile, and Leptis scolopacea, L., and L. strigosa, Mg., have been recorded as
biting man in France. — ED.]

most about one and a half times. In LEPTID^E the discal cell is
distinctly oblong and always more than twice as long as wide.
The only two genera about which doubt might arise would be
Xylophagus and Xylomyia* The TABANID^E, though possessing
the same venation as the LEPTIDTE, may at once be recognized
by the characteristic antennae and their more robust structure
throughout.

Table of Subfamilies.

1. Third antennal joint flagelliform, more or less

elongate, simulated, without arista 2.

Third antennal joint not flagelliform, short, or
but little elongated, rounded, conical, or
reniform, never distinctly annulated ; arista
always present 4.

2. All tibiae with spurs , 3.

Front tibiae without spurs ARTHROCERATIN^E.

3. The 5th posterior cell in broad contact with

discal cell ; face with rounded socketed
epistoma, margined by broad side-cheeks ;
eyes in c? contiguous ; scutellum with two

short blunt spines COENOMYTX.S:.

The 5th posterior cell not touching discal cell ;
face flat, epistoma not socketed or margined
by broad side-cheeks ; eyes in c? well sepa-
rated; scutellum unarmed XYLOPHAGIN^E.

4. Eyes in $ wide apart ; 3rd vein widely forked

at much beyond half its length ; face not at

all socketed VERMII.EONINA:.

Eyes in <$ contiguous ; 3rd vein less widely
forked before, or at latest at, half its length;
face with rounded socketed epistoma LEPTIN^;.

In few families of Diptera is there such diversity of opinion
with regard to the subfamilies as in the present one. Prof. Kertesx,
in his ' Catalogue of Diptera,' admits none at all, but ranks
XYLOPHAGIDJE (including Xylomyia and CCENOMYIJ)^;) as separate
families. Verrall recognises the four last subfamilies presented
here with CHHYSOPILIN^E as a fifth ; Williston divides the LEPTIDJ-
into three (dealing with North-American species only), XYLO-
PHAGINJE (including Ccmomyia], ARTHROCERATIN;E (including
Xylomyia), and LEPTIN.E. Beling has shown the affinity between
Ccenomyia and Xylophagus in their larval stages.

Verrall divides the XYLOPHAQIN^E and VERMILEONIN^E, taken
together, from the C<ENOMYIN,E and LEPTIN*; (with CHEYSOPILIN.T:
as an additional subfamily), taken together, by the characters of
the face, afterwards distinguishing those of each group from one
another by antennal characters ; but the system herein presented
is adopted on account of less indecision being likely to arise as to
the nature of the antennas than the degree of prominence of the
face

The ARTHROCERATINJE as a subfamily are rather difficult for me
to judge personally, since no example is available for actual

* See XvLOPHAGiNjE (p. 104) and Xylomyia (p. 96) respectively.

KKPTID.Y. 103

examination, except two genera of my own that I have attributed
to it. Williston admits the subfamily, but includes Xylomyia,
which is essentially a Stratiomyid ; whilst Glutops, the only other
North- American genus, except Arthroceras itself, has given rise to
some discussion as to its exact position.

The CCENOMYIN.-E are large, heavy, rather bare, and Tabanid-
like flies with comparatively short legs.

The VfiUOEKOimrjR are not Oriental, so only a passing note
need be given them- here. They differ from the LEPTIN.E by the
eyes being wide apart in both sexes, by a different structure 'of
the face, and, to a less extent, the body. The 3rd longitudinal
vein forks later and more widely, and the wings are cuneiform at
their bases, without alulae ; the venation, though technically
normal, shows minor variations.

Table of Indian Subfamilies and Genera.

1. Antennae palpably elongate ; 3rd antennal

joint distinctly" annulated ; no arista 2.

Antennae not palpably elongate ; 3rd antennal
joint never annulated, but rounded, conical,
or reniform ; arista present. (LEPTIN^E.) . . 5.

2. All tibiae spurred: 3rd antennal joint without

style 3.

Fore tibiae without spurs ; 3rd antennal joint
with a style-like prolongation (absent in
Pararthropeas). (ARTHROCERATIN^E.) . . 4.

3. Fifth posterior cell in broad contact \vith

discal cell ; face with rounded socketed
epistoma margined by broad side-cheeks ;

eyes in $ contiguous; scutellum with two [nov., p. 110.

short blunt spines. (C<ENOMYINJE.) .... CCENOMYJODES, gen.
Fifth posterior cell not touching discal cell ;
face flat, epLstoma not socketed or mar-
gined by broad side-cheeks ; eyes in c?

well separated ; scutellum without spines. [p. 104.

(XYLOPHAGIN.S:.) RHACHICERUS, Walk.,

4. First antennal joint much the longest ; 4th [p. 107.

posterior cell open DESMOMYIA, Brun.,

Third antennal joint more than double as

long as 1st and 2nd together; 4th posterior [nov., p. 108.

cell closed PARARTHROPEAS, gen.

5. Third antennal joint kidney -shaped ; arista

dorsal, subdorsal, or apical (>.

Third antennal joint round, oval, or pointed ;

arista alwaj's apical 9.

(i. Arista apical; palpi wholly bare, much en- [p. 122.

larged, spatulate M

Arista dorsal or subdorsal ; palpi slender,

always pubescent, generally bisinuate, more

conical and pointed than in Leptis and

Chrysopilus 7.

7. Eyes in d separated by about the width of

the ocellar tubercle, or actually contiguous

for a short distance ; in $ the frons three

times as wide as the ocellar tubercle .... 8,

104 LEPTIDJE.

Eyes in tf contiguous for a considerable

distance ; frons in $ only as broad as [p. 1 til .

ocellar tubercle .". SURAGINA, Walk.,

8. Frons and side-margins of face (c? $) dis-

tinctly hairy ATHERIX, Mg., p. 120.

Frons in tf and side-margins of face (c? $) [?• 112.

bare ATRICHOPS, Verr.,

9. Anal cell open ; hind tibiae with two spurs . . LEPTIS, F., p. 124.
Anal cell closed ; hind tibiae with one spur [p. 128.

only CHRYSOPILUS, Macq.,

Subfamily XYLOPHAGIN^].

Face flat, no socketed epistome margined by broad side-cheeks.
Palpi long, curved upwards ; the 3rd antenna! joint flagelliform,
generally divided by annulations into seven parts, but in Eliaclii-
cerus into many more. Eyes in c? distinctly separated, in $
rather wider apart. Body and legs almost bare. Scutellum
smaller and metanotum more conspicuous than in normal LEP-
TID^E. Abdomen considerably elongated or cylindrical ; the male
genitalia rather complex, those of the $ long and telescopic. All
tibiae spurred. Wings with auxiliary and 1st veins long, 2nd
shorter than in LEPTINJE, 3rd with fork rather short, widely open,
lower branch ending above or at wing-tip; anterior cross-vein
very short, situated towards base of discal cell ; posterior cross-
vein exceedingly short or absent, anal cell normally closed at wing-
border ; axillary vein indistinct or absent ; alulae absent.

Life-history. " Larva amphipneustic, allied to those of C(ENO-
MYINJE and LETTING ; carnivorous ; living under the bark of dead
trees and preying upon other (probably dead) larvae occurring
there, especially those of wood-boring Coleoptera, or upon the
debris and detritus left by those larvae" (Verrall). Birch, alder,
and pine are the trees mostly favoured. The imagos are usually
found about their breeding-places in woods.

Only one genus of this subfamily (Rhachicerus) occurs in India.

Xylophagus, Xylomyia, and one or two other genera were for
many years regarded as a separate family, but the resemblance
between them is more apparent than real ; and^ Osten-Sacken,
who very closely criticised Brauer's paper on the characters of the
NOTACANTHA (Berl. ent. Zeit. xxvi, p. 363), showed satisfactorily
that they (Xylophagus and Xylomyia) cannot both come in the
same ultimate subdivision.

Genus RHACHICERUS, Walk.

Rhachicerm, Walker, List Dipt. Brit. Mus. v, Supp. i, p. 103 (1854).
? Rhyphomorpha, Walker, Proc. Linn. Soc. Lond. v, p. 275 (1861).
Antidoxion, Snellen v. Vollenhoven, Versl. Meded. Kongl. Akad.
van Wetensch. Afd. Natuurk. xv, p. 1 (1863).

GENOTYPE, Ehachicerus fulvicollis, Walk.; the original species.
" Body slender, nearly linear, cylindrical. Head transverse,
nearly as broad as thorax, vertex narrow. Eyes large, with small

RHACHICERTJS. 105

facets, deeply iiotched and including a smooth space on each side
by the base of the antennae. Ocelli approximate. Proboscis not
prominent ; palpi short. Antennae with 34 or 35 joints, tapering
slightly, much more than half the length of the body, deeply
serrated on each side; joints transverse, very short, cyathiform,
petiolated. Thorax elongate -quad rate ; abdomen pubescent,
8-segmented, hardly tapering from base to tip, about twice as
long as thorax. Legs rather slender, moderately long ; hind
tibiae with very minute spurs ; ungues and onychia very small.
Wings narrow."

Range. North and Central America, Cnbn, India, Malay Archi-
pelago, and one species in Europe.

Life-history unknown.

Table of Species.

Thorax orange nigricornis, sp. n., p. 105.

Thorax black.

Dorsum of first three abdominal segments

mainly yellow bicolor, Brim., p. 105.

Dorsum of abdomen all black, except a

transverse yellow band on 2nd segment, unicincta, sp. n., p. 10G.

68. Rhachicerus bicolor, Brun.

Bhachicerus bicolor, Brunetti, Rec. Ind. Mus. vii, p. 461 (1912).

$ . Head with frons nearly one-third width of head, shining
black, bare ; three small yellow ocelli at vertex ; eyes blackish,
bare ; proboscis bright yellow, palpi of similar colour, very small ;
a whitish triangular spot on each side between the eyes and the
base of the antennae. Antennal 1st and 2nd joints black, 2nd
with a circlet of black and yellow bristles around its tip ; tlagellar
1st joint much wider than the rest, which are blackish brown, the
comb-like prolongations on the underside bright yellow. (The
antennas being incomplete, the exact number of joints cannot be
given.) Thorax and scutellum wholly shining black, practically
bare ; humeri conspicuous, bright yellow. Abdomen black, dorsum
of first three segments mainly yellow, the borders being black, the
4th segment being more or less yellow in the centre ; venter
principally yellow on the first three segments, remainder blackish.
Legs bright yellow, hind coxae black. Wings with venation as in
Xylomyia, grev, with a hardly perceptible darkening from the
costa partly across the wing, and again towards the tip ; halteres
bright yellow.

Length, 8| mm.

Described from one $ in good condition in my collection from
Kandy, v. 1909 (E. E. Green).

69. Rhachicerus nigricornis, sp. nov. (PI. II, fig. 1.)

cJ . Head black ; frons at vertex less than one-fourth width of
head, widening to one-third at level of antennae, with some
whitish dust around base of antennae ; scape of latter yellow, with
short black bristles, flagellum black for 23 joints, with the comb-

106 I.KPTID.E.

like prolongation of each yellowish white, last seven joints
(making with scape 32 in all) with their comb wholly yellowish
white ; proboscis orange-yellow. Thorax and abdomen orange ; a
large black spot on pleurae in front of wing-base and another just
behind wing-base; sternopleura shining black; abdomen with
'2nd segment much the longest ; hind border of each narrowly
black, less distinctly so on 5th and 6th segments. Legs orange-
yellow ; hind coxae shining black ; hind femora and tibiae with
basal two-thirds of each black ; hind tarsi all black. Wings grey,
subcostal and marginal cells blackish ; halteres yellow.

Length, 9 mm.

Described from a unique d in t.he Indian Museum from
Peshoke Spur, Darjiling, 2000 ft., vi. 1916 (L. 0. Hartless).

70. Rhachicerus unicinctus, sp. nov. (PI. II, fig. 2.)

$ . Head with frons brilliantly shining black, longitudinally
furrowed, at vertex one-third of head, slightly wider just above
level of antennae ; face dull black seen from below, but at least
upper part brilliantly white seen from above, narrowing towards
mouth ; proboscis short, thick, bulbous, orange, as are the up-
turned cylindrical palpi, slightly thickening towards tips ; eyes
brown; occiput moderately shining black, with a little short
brown pubescence towards margins. First two joints of antennae
blackish above, orange below ; 3rd with upper side and tips of
rays black, the intermediate part of rays orange-yellow ; 20 or
21 joints present in flagellum, according to whether the small
terminal prolongation is part of the last rayed joint or not: the
flattened irregularly-shaped elevation on which the antennae are
placed lemon-vellow. Thorax shining black, dorsum finely punc-
tate, with extremely short yellowish pubescence ; humeri and
mesopleurae dull shining yellowish ; scutellum like thoracic
dorsum. Abdomen slightly shining black; 1st segment very
short; 2nd longest, with a yellowish transverse band of moderate
width, of which the hind border lies just in front of middle of
segment and is punctuated by a row of small indentations, almost
giving the appearance of two segments; 3rd and 4th segments
barely narrower than 2nd ; 5th rapidly narrowing from base to
tip ; 6th, 7th, and 8th extremely narrow and very elongate, having
a telescopic appearance, the last one possibly forming two segments
(making nine in all) in addition to the two pale yellow elongate
lamellae ; whole abdomen with sparse short yellowish-white
pubescence; venter black, 2nd segment mainly dull yellowish.
Legs mainly orange-yellow ; trochanters, about basal halt of
femora, and hind tibiae wholly black. Wings yellowish grey,
vitreous, stigmatic region a little yellowish brown, a slight infus-
c.'ition at wing-tip ; halteres yellowish.

Length, 8 mm.

Described from one $ in the Indian Museum from Peshoko,
Darjiling, 1000 ft., 26, v.-M, vi. 1916 (Gravely),

DESMOMYIA. 107

Subfamily ARTHROCERATIN^E.

Auteunae obviously elongate, 3rd joint flagelliform, with distinct
annulations, arista absent. Front tibiae without apical spurs.

Only two genera occur in India, and they may be distinguished
as follows : —

First autennal joint as long as 2nd and 3rd

together ; 4th posterior cell open DKSMOMYIA, Brim.

Third antennal joint much more than double

as long as 2nd and 3rd together ; 4th pos- [gen. nov.

terior cell closed . . PARARTHROPKAS,

Genus DESMOMYIA, Brun.

Desmomyia, Brunetti, Rec. Ind. Mus. vii, p. 462 (1912).
GENOTYPE, Desmomyia thereviformis, Brun. ; the original species.

Apparently near, but quite distinct in several characters from
Arthroceras* Five posterior cells, 4th without any trace of
contraction towards wing-border; anal cell closed just before wing-
border ; remainder of venation in accordance with Williston's
figure of the wing of Arthroceras. f Antennae elongate, 1st joint
as long as 2nd and 3rd together, cylindrical, 2nd broadly annular,
3rd elongate with an apical style-like prolongation. Eyes con-
tiguous for a considerable distance, bare ; three ocelli. Proboscis
rather short, stout, cylindrical; palpi elongate, narrow. Face
with two dividing furrows below antennae and rather bulbous
cheeks, as in Arthroceras. General appearance of whole insect
that of a Thereva, with soft pubescence on thorax and abdomen,
the latter with seven distinct segments. Legs slender, like those
of -Thereva • fore tibiae unarmed, posterior tibiae with two distinct
pale spurs each.

71. Desmomyia there viformis, Brun.

Desmomyia thfreriformis, Brunetti, Rec. Ind. Mus. vii, p. 462 (1912).

c? . Head with vertex small, dark ; occiput of a lighter grey
than the dark blackish-grey face; proboscis and palpi blackish
grey ; the whole head with stiff black hairs ; eyes bare. Antennae
dark grey; 1st joint elongate, cylindrical; 2nd broadly annular,
half the length of the 1st; the 3rd joint is best described as
diamond-shaped, with rounded angles, the greatest breadth being
beyond the middle ; the tip produced into an elongate narrow
style with blunted tip, the style as long as the whole antenna.
Tnorax dark grey above, with three separated, moderately broad,
blackish stripes, the outer ones with a tendency to an interruption
in front of the middle; sides and scutellum moderately dark grey,

* The description of this genus is not accessible in India.
t ' North-American Diptera' (3rd ed.), p. 161, fig. 18.

1 08 LEPTIDvE

with soft pale yellowish-white pubescence. Abdomen 7-segmented,
2nd the broadest, dark blackish grey with soft pale yellowish-
white pubescence ; genitalia small, inconspicuous. Legs black ;
knees and femora more or less brownish yellow at base, the
colour on the fore pair extending beyond the middle ; hind tibiao
widened towards tips, hind metatarsus distinctly incrassate ; the
whole of the legs shortly pubescent; anterior tibiae unarmed,
posterior tibiae with two distinct yellowish spines. Wings as in
Leptis, except that the anal cell is closed just before the border,
pale grey ; stigma blackish, very elongate ; two indistinct pale
blackish suffusions, the first, from the origin of the 2nd vein,
embracing the anterior cross-vein, the base of the discal cell, and
the posterior cross-vein ; the second runs from the fork of the
3rd vein to the hinder side of the discal cell, along its outer side ;
costal cell rather broad, the costa curving outwards slightly;
halteres brownish yellow.

Length, 5-6 mm.

Described from two d" c? in the Indian Museum from Badrinath,
Garhwal District, 10,200 ft., 27. v. 1910 (Dr. A. D. Imms).

Genus PARARTHROPEAS, nov.
GENOTYPE, Pararihropeas thereviformis, sp. nov.

Head transverse, as broad as thorax ; eyes bare, with very small
facets of uniform size ( § ) ; proboscis rather short, thick ; palpi
as long as proboscis, cylindrical, straight, bare, porrect ; frons
narrow, with parallel sides ; face broader, with nearly parallel
sides, not projecting beyond eye-margins ; occiput flattened, or
slightly concave ; antennae longer than breadth of head, cylindrical,
barely appreciably narrower towards tip ; 1st and 2nd joints short,
bristly ; 2nd shorter than 1st, as broad as long ; 3rd divided
by eight impressed lines into nice annulations of equal length,
except the 1st, which is considerably the longest; last joint
bluntly pointed, without style. Thorax oblong, humeri promi-
nent, nearly bare, with no obvious bristles, minutely pubescent ;
scutellum transverse, unarmed. Abdomen subcylindrical, about
twice as long as thorax, slightly flattened, with nearly parallel
sides for some distance, gradually narrowing to tip, 7-segmented,
the last segment very short. Legs of moderate size and strength ;
hind femora considerably incrassate, with a row of small blunt
spines on underside ; posterior tibiae with two spurs, front tibiae
apparently unarmed; tarsi as long as tibiae, front pair distinctly
longer ; claws distinct, three pulvilli. Wings with auxiliary vein
ending at about middle of costa, 1st longitudinal ending a little
beyond ; 2nd vein beginning at about middle of wing, ending a
little beyond 1st vein ; 3rd vein beginning shortly after 2nd,
forked at half its length, the branches gradually diverging, the
lower branch ending at wing-tip ; anterior cross-vein near base of
discal cell, which is twice as long as broad ; 5 posterior cells,
1st gradually widening from base to tip, 2nd and 3rd truncate at

£ARABTHROPEAS. 109

base, 4th closed distinctly before wing-margin ; posterior cross-
vein present ; anal cell closed.

c? unknown.

Range. Assam.

This genus differs from Arthropeas, L\v., by (1) the 1st flagellar
joint not being differentiated from the others, except that it is
longer, and the whole antennae boing practically cylindrical
throughout instead of gradually narrowing to tip ; (2) the abdo-
men being much narrower and longer relatively to the thorax ;
(3) the 4th posterior cell being distinctly closed before the border.;
and (4) the hind femora being distinctly incrassated and bearing
a row of small blunt spines on the underside.

Williston, in his table of genera of North-American LEPTID.E,
emphasizes the absence of contact of the 5th posterior cell with
the discal cell, but in Loew's figure of the genotype such contact
is only punctiform. These cells may be more separated in the
other two North-American species ; they are distinctly apart in
Pararthropeas.

72. Pararthropeas thereviformis, sp. nov. (PI. II, figs. 5, 6.)

$ . Head as broad as thorax ; eyes bare, black, facets small, of
uniform size ; frons about one-seventh of the head, almost flush
with eyes, blackish, with short pale pubescence, which is a little
thicker just above antennae ; face not projecting beyond eyes,
flattened, with nearly parallel sides, dark grey, practically bare ;
occiput blackish, bare, except for some short whitish pubescence
behind lower margin of eyes. Proboscis short, thick, not pro-
jecting beyond base of antennae, brown, bearing a few hairs ; palpi
as long as proboscis, bare, brownish yellow. Antennae longer
than breadth of head, cylindrical ; 1st and 2nd joints black,
bristly, 2nd shorter than 1st, as broad as long ; 3rd bare, divided
by seven impressed lines into eight anuulations, of which the 1st
is the longest, tip bluntly pointed; 3rd joint black, except the
brownish-yelloxv 1st annulation and base of 2nd. Thorax oblong;
dorsutn black, rather flattened, with microscopic, depressed, grey-
ish pubescence, which is a little more obvious in front of the
scutellum ; the latter black, with centre and hind margin yellowish,
sparsely and shortly pubescent ; humeri prominent, yellowish
brown ; pleurae black, with very short grey pubescence. Abdomen
subcylindrical, nearly Phycus-like, 7-segmeuted, the first six
subequal, the last very short; black, with minute grey pubescence,
hind margins of segments yellow ; genitalia ending in two small
cylindrical yellowish pieces, which are all that is externally
visible. Legs Therevid-like, comparatively stout and strong ; coxae
black, with minute grey pubescence; fore femora brownish yellow,
with upper side and distal half of lower sides black ; middle pair
black, except narrowly at base and tips ; hind pair black, with a
broad yellow band just before middle ; tibiae black, except that
anterior pairs are very narrowly brownish yellow at base and tips ;
front tarsi distinctly longer than tibiae, posterior pairs subequal to

110 LEPTIDJ«.

tibiae ; all tarsi black, with reddish-brown pubescence on underside
of hind pair; all legs with minute grey pubescence; two obvious
spines oil middle and hind tibiae, arid it is just possible that a small
one may be present on fore pair just .be fore the slightly narrowed
tips, though apparently it is absent. Wings pale grey, veins
dark brown ; halteres brownish yellow.

Length, 10 mm.

Described from a perfect unique $ in the Pusa collection from
Khasi Hills, 1000-3000 ft., iii. 1907.

Type sent to British Museum.

Subfamily CCENOMYIN^E.

Head', antennal 3rd joint nagelliform and annulated, with sty li-
forui tip and no arista. Palpi long, thin, pointed, porrect, 2-jointed.
Eyes hairy or bare, contiguous in cf • Thorax and abdomen
robust, shortly pubescent or bare ; meso- and metapleurae with
tufts of pubescence ; scutellum with two short blunt spines or
unarmed ; genitalia small. Legs comparatively short and strong ;
fore tibiae with one spur, posterior tibiae with two spurs. Basal
wing-cells long ; discal cell present ; two submarginal cells, the
2nd long, with bell-mouthed tip ; five posterior cells, 5th in broad
contact with discal cell.

The CffixoMYis^E and XYLOPHAGIN^E are easily recognised by
the annulated 3rd antennal joint, and the latter are distinguishable
from the former by the four characters previously given in the
table of genera of LEPTIDJE.

Only a few genera and species of CffiNOMYiN^E are known
throughout the world.

Life-history. That of Ccenomyict ferruginea, Scop., a widely
distributed European and North -American species, is known.
The larva is amphipneustic, cylindrical, 12-segtnented ; the head
conical, brown, chitinized ; the rest of the body with chitinized
spots and bands. Pupa free. The species breeds in decaying
poplars and at the roots of trees, especially beeches ; the larvae are
carnivorous and voracious ; their total development may last over
a year.

The adult insects are rather sluggish, frequenting woods.

Genus CCENOMYIODES, gen. iiov.

GENOTYPE, Ccenomyiodes edtvardsi, sp. nov. ;, the only species
known.

Head comparatively small, narrower than thorax ; placed some-
what low down ; occiput flattened ; epistoma separated from
cheeks by an impressed hue ; eyes hairy, separated by moderately
broad frons in $ ( <$ unknown) ; antennae 3-jointed, the 3rd
flagellate, with eight annulations, ending in stylate form, arista
absent ; palpi long, thin, labella broad ; proboscis rather short.

C&NOMYIODES. Ill

Thorax broad, robust ; abdomen similar, rather longer, pointed ;
both shortly pubescent or nearly bare ; scutellum with t\vo blunt
apical spines ; genitalia small. Leys as rioted previously. Winys
as noted above, in rest covering abdomen, posterior cross-vein
absent ; alulae well developed, alar squama small, thoracic squama
very narrow.

c? unknown.

Range. Assam.

This genus differs from Ccenomyia, Latr., by the broad frons in
the 5 , by the anal "cell being closed distinctly before the wing-,
margin, and by the 4th posterior cell also being closed at some
distance from the margin, rounded apically, and sending no veinlet
to the margin.

73. Ccenomyiod.es edwardsi, sp. nov. (PI. II, tigs. 3, 4.)

$ . Head chrome-yellow, a little darker on frons, which bears
a transverse streak just above antennae, not quite reaching eye-
margins ; ocellar triangle black, also a stripe from it passing over
vertex and part of occiput ; mouth-opening pale yellowish ; head
bare, except for some hardly visible pale hairs on occiput, about
the eye-margins. Antennae with 1st and 2nd joints yellow, with
some very short black bristles, giving the joints a partly blackish
appearance ; 3rd joint divided by impressed lines into eight
annulations, brownish yellow, with a black streak on upper side.
Thorax mainly chrome-yellow, although the yellow and black
parts are about equal in extent ; a broad black median stripe
from anterior margin, where it is slightly dilated, to hind margin,
narrowing shortly after passing the suture ; a black stripe on
each side of the median one, leaving a narrow intermediate space,
extending forwards barely to the humeri, and narrowing gradually
behind the suture but reaching hind margin, on which all three
stripes are joined ; sides of thorax yellow, underside black, with
a broad black stripe running from just behind the fore coxae,
curving forwards, narrowing to a point a little below the humerus ;
a similar stripe joins the underside of the thorax with the wing-
base, spreading out hindwards to the hind coxae and upwards
narrowly to the scut ell um, which latter is yellow, the metanotum
being black; dorsum covered with microscopic yellow pubescence,
with a little on parts of the pleurae. Abdomen with first four
segments bright chrome-yellow, with a fairly wide black dorsal
stripe with irregular edges, dilated on hind borders of 1st and
2nd segments, occupying two-thirds of the width of 3rd and 4th
segments ; rest of segments reddish brown, the black dorsal stripe
carried over all but the last one, dilated on hind borders ; 8th
segment canary-yellow on apical half ; a small curved yellow
mark towards each side of 6th segment ; a email indistinct yellow
spot on 7th segment on each side of the middle; venter
reddish brown, a small yellow mark extending over 6th and
7th segments ; genitalia yellowish brown, with two rather short

112

projecting lamellae. Legs practically bare, bright chrome-yellow,
middle coxae obscured ; a short blackish-brown streak at tip of
hind side of middle femora ; hind legs with tip of coxae, extreme
base of femora, and a broad apical band on femora and tibiae black.
Winys yellow, veins brownish black ; halteres bright yellow.

Length, 20 mm.

Described from a single § in the British Museum from the
Khasi Hills, Assam.

Subfamily LEPTIN^E.

Face with a rounded socketed epistoma ; eyes bare, generally
contiguous in the $ , facets of uniform size ; proboscis often
swollen, conspicuous, though never very long; palpi distinct,
moderately long, porrect, or pendant. Antennae with 3rd joint
simple, rounded, oval, or reniform, always with a long apical,
subapical, or subclorsal arista. Abdomen elongate-conical; genitalia
of moderate size. Legs slender ; tibiae with rows of minute
bristles, middle pair with two spurs at tip, hind tibiae with one or
two spurs.* Alulae well developed ; alar squamae of moderate
size, thoracic pair absent.

The genera have already been tabulated on p. 103.

Genus ATRICHOPS, Verr.
Atrichops, Verrall, Brit. Flies, v, p. 291 (1909).

GENOTYPE, Aiherix crassipes, Mg. (Europe) ; by original de-
signation.

Head semicircular, a little narrower than thorax, more rounded
and less tilted forwards than in Atherix • face with a quite bare,
rounded, socketed epistoma ; cheeks large, bare in both sexes ;
t'rous in c? nearly or quite bare, slightly narrowing from vertex to
antennae ; in £ with a little sparse pubescence ; occiput promi-
nent, especially on lower part in c? ; eyes bare in both sexes,
contiguous or practically so in <5 , facets uniform in size ; the
eyes in $ separated distinctly. Proboscis prominent, thick, with
long oval hibella ; palpi two-jointed, prominent, slightly drooping.
Antennae rather short, the space above their base bare; 1st joint
cup-shaped, 2nd more or IPSS rounded, rather short, both bristlv ;
•3rd kidney-shaped, with a dorsal arista.f Thorax slightly arched,
with close short pubescence ; pleurae partly pubescent ; scutellum

* The apparent disagreement here with Verrall, who states that two spurs
are found on all the posterior tibiae, is due to his ranking Chrysopila as a
separate subfamily, in which genus the hind tibise possess only a single spur.

t Verrall speaks of it as "terminal, which from the shape of the 3rd joint
(deepened downwards) appears to be dorsal." This author regards the tip of
the 3rd joint as its furthest point in a straight line, in which case the arista is
terminal, but I am regarding its tip as the extremity of its greatest length, in
which case the arista is dorsal.

ATRICHOPS. 113

normally also pubescent ; metanotum mainly concealed, with bare
sides. Abdomen oblong, narrower than thorax and barely double
as long ; male geuitalia prominent, in $ the tip of the abdomen
pointed. Leys with front pair, and especially front tarsi, longer
and thinner than in Leptis ; front tibia? shorter than, middle pair
equal to, and hind tibiae rather longer than, the corresponding
tarsi ; front coxse rather long ; front tibiae unspurred ; middle
tibiae with two spurs, of which the front one is considerably the
longer; hind tibiae with two nearly equal spurs; the "touch
hairs " beneath the front tarsi obvious. Wings with the auxiliary;
1st and 2nd longitudinal veins ending at or a little beyond middle ;
2nd starting well before the discal cell ; 3rd beginning opposite
base of discal cell, forked at a more or less acute angle rather
soon after quitting anterior cross-vein, the branches gradually
diverging and embracing the wing-tip ; discal cell elongate ; upper
branch of 4th longitudinal vein forked at tip of discal cell ; lower
branch simple ; posterior cross-vein proximad of anterior cross-
vein ; 5th vein forked just before posterior cross-vein, the branches
separating widely, lower branch always curved downwards, meeting
6th vein at or just before wing-border, closing anal cell.

Range. Europe, India.

Life-history unknown.

The genus Atrichops was unfortunately wholly overlooked by
me in describing the species herein referred to it, which were
placed in Aiherix at the time of description. Atrichops is quite
well founded, the species having the cheeks distinctly bare. Set
up by Verrall for Atherix crassipes, Mg., a European species, I
know of no others belonging to it except those I have myself
recorded from the East.

Table of Species.

1. Abdomen with distinct reddish or yellow

markings 2.

Abdomen practically all black, at most
a bluish-grey baud at base or 1st seg-
ment pale yellow 5.

2. Hind femora without distinct band near

tip 3.

Hind femora brownish yellow, with a
broad brown baud before the tip 4.

3. Basal half of abdomen tawny ; wings with

distinct wide median band calojw, Brun., p. 114.

Abdomen mainly black, but reddish tawny
towards sides at base ; wings pale brown,
with indistinct darker band in middle. . . . lanopyga, Brun., p. 115.

4. Sides of thorax yellowish grey posteriorly,

without white stripe ; middle femora
Hack only at base and tip, hind fe-
mora black at t>ase and tip in addition
to broad median baud limbata, O.-S., p. 115.

114 LEPTIDjE.

Sides of thorax all black, with oblique

whitish stripe; middle femora with

basal half black and apical half yellow, [p. 110.

Avith a broad mediau white band intermedia, Brun.,

£. Hind metatarsus not thickened ; apical

half of wing infuscated 6.

Hind metatarsus distinctly thickened;

wing pale, with approximately three [p. 117.

darker bands .metatarsalis, Bruu.,

6. Apical half of wing without narrow pale

band in the infuscated portion ; 4th pos-
terior cell nearly closed ; length, 10 mm. . . ctncta, Brun., p. 118.
Apical half of wing with such a pale band ;

4th posterior cell widely open ; length, [p. 119.

6 mm ccerukscens, Brun.,

74. Atrichops calopa, Brun. (PL II, tig. 7.)

Atherix calopa. Brunetti, Rec. Ind. Mus. ii, p. 420, pi. xii, fig. 2
(1909).

3 $ . Head with vertex black ; frons blackish, with bluish grey
shimmer; proboscis and palpi blackish, the latter hairy below;
antennae brownish yellow, with a trace of bluish grev dust on
upper side of two basal joints ; occiput blackish grey, with a thick
fringe of long whitish-grey hair, which is absent on the upper
part ; lower facets of eye barely smaller than upper ones. Thorax
dark brownish black, moderately shining ; humeri sbining brown ;
sides of thorax brown, dusted with light bluish grey ; scutellum
dark brown, with erect brown hairs. Abdomen with first four
segments mainly yellow, but dark brown on the upper side of 1st.
at the base, and a narrow dark brown dorsal line, with a narrow
line at each side of the abdomen, these three lines extending over
the four segments ; posterior border of 4th segment dark brown,
the colour extending forward in the centre, till it joins the dorsal
stripe ; remainder of abdomen dark shining brown, tbe posterior
border of each segment bearing a little bluish grey dust ; venter
yellowish ; the whole abdomen with moderately long hairs of
similar colours to that of the respective parts on which they are
placed ; genitalia moderately large, dark brown, shining, with
black hairs. Legs with very short black hairs ; coxae dark brownish,
with bluish grey shimmer ; femora yellow, basal third in fore
pair, basal half in middle pair, and basal two-thirds in hind pair
black ; tibiae yellow, knees brown ; basal half of tarsi yellow,
apical half black. Wings very pale grey, apical half a little
darker ; discal cell three times as long as broad ; no distinct
stigma ; a brownish irregular streak from the centre of the fore
border, reaching to about halfway across the wing; halteres
yellow, knobs black ; tegulae blackish with yellow edges.

Length, 8-10 mm.

Described from three <3 3 in fairly good condition, in the
Indian Museum collection. The type is from Sadiya, Assam, and
the others from Tenasserim.

ATEICHOPS. 1 15

75. Atrichops lanopyga, Brun. (PI. II, fig. 8.)

Atherix lanopyga, Brunetti, Rec. Ind. Mus. ii, p. 420, pi. xii, fipr. 3
(1909).

5 . Head with rather more than the upper half of frons velvet-
•black, remainder of frons, the vertex, and face below antennae
blackish, with bluish grey reflections; antennae with two basal
joints brown (third missing) ; eye-facets of uniform size ; proboscis
and palpi blackish, the latter pubescent above and below ; occiput
blackish grey, with a continuous fringe of short grey haiiv
Thorax black, with whitish grey reflections at the sides and on
the humeri ; scutellum black, with black hairs, posterior border
brown. Abdomen mainly black; 1st segment dark brown, the
-colour extending as a wide dorsal stripe across the 2nd ; sides of
first t\vo segments occupied by a large, light yellow, translucid
spot ; 3rd segment velvet-black, with a bicoloured spot at the
sides of the posterior border, the anterior half of this spot being
orange and the posterior half grey, the orange-colour extending
along the sides of the abdomen in a streak, until it reaches the
large translucent side-spots in front of it ; remaining segments
black, whitish grey posteriorly, the sides of 6th and 7th being
light orange-brown ; anal process black ; dorsum of abdomen with
yellowish hair, which at the tip becomes brown ; venter yellow,
with soft yellow hair, the middle segments with some irregular
black marks. Legs : coxae brown, with bluish white shimmer, and
silky white hair ; femora yellow, base of fore pair arid basal half
of middle and hind pairs light brown ; tibiae brownish yellow,
hind pair darker ; tarsi brownish black ; the femora have a little
pale yellow hair, which is brown on the tibiae, bright golden brown
on hind pair, and black on the tarsi. Wings pale grey, with a
faint brown streak from the elongated brown stigma reaching
nearly to the posterior border ; a small elongated clear spot in the
middle of the discal and of the fifth posterior cells ; discal cell
3| times as long as broad; halteres yellow, knobs black; tegulae
pale yellow, transparent.

Length, 10 mm.

Described from one 6" in good condition in the Indian Museum
-collection from Sadiya, Assam.

76. Atrichops ? limbata, O.-S. (PI. II, fig. 10.)

Atherix limbata, Osten-Sacken,Berl. ent. Zeits. xxvi, p. 100 (1882) ;
Brunetti, Kec. laid. Mus. ii, p. 418, pi. xii, tig. 4 (1909).

$ . Head : vertex cinereous grey, with a few blackish hairs,
upper halt' of frons dull coal-black, lower part bluish grey with
•(seen from above) a central small black spot, lower part of face
blackish grey, proboscis brown ; antennae blackish grey with a
few hairs at base, 3rd joint tawny, arista long ; eyes blackish ;
•occiput bluish grey, with a fringe of light hairs, which are longest

i2

116 LEPXIDJ3.

behind the sides of the eyes ; palpi black, hairy below. Thorax
aeneous black above, the colour not attaining anterior margin
except as a wide stripe in the centre, but extending to both
wings and to the scutellum ; humeral calli tawny, with a whitish-
grey tomentose spot, contiguous to each, on the anterior border ;
a bluish grey spot in front of each wing, placed almost on the
dorsum ; sides of thorax yellowish grey posteriorly ; mesopleur8&
bluish grey ; scutellum yellow, base blackish ; metanotum blackish
grey. Abdomen brownish yellow, with a black dorsal stripe on
first three segments, which spreads out over the greater part of
the 4th and 5th segments ; tip of abdomen yellow, sides with a
blackish line and a fringe of black hairs mixed with some paler
ones; venter yellowish; some short pale hairs over the dorsal
surface of the abdomen. Legs : fore coxae yellowish with bluish-
grey reflections, posterior coxae blackish, all of them black at th&
junction with the femora, which are yellow, with the tips narrowly
black, the middle pair having a very small black streak on the
underside near the base, and the hind pair a wide black ring in
the middle ; remainder of legs black, but middle tibiae dark
brownish yellow. Wings pale grey, rather strongly iridescent,
with a rather dark brown middle stripe from the centre of the
costa, narrowing posteriorly and reaching hind margin of wing at
tip of anal cell ; distal part of wing dark grey down to the fifth
posterior cell, the centre of which is pale grey (reaching to th&
border), but a rather wide pale grey space remains between the
dark brown stripe and the distal dark grey part, this clearer part
ceasing at the fifth posterior cell; fifth longitudinal vein dark
brown suffused ; upper transverse vein placed just before one-
third of the discal cell ; halteres yellowish, knob black.

LenytJi, 8 mm.

I describe under the above specific name a $ specimen (now in
the Indian Museum collection) captured from the base of the-
Dawna Hills, Arnherst District, Lower Burma, 1. iii. 1908 (Annan-
dale), which I at first thought was a new species. It differs from
limbata, O.-S., by the presence of the clearer space in the dark
distal part of the wing and by the hind femoral band being in the
middle, not near the tip, other minor differences hardly being^
specific. My augmented description may enable others to identify
it definitely either as limbata or as new.

77. Atrichops intermedia, Snm. (PI. II, figs. 11, 12.)

Atherix intermedia, Brunetti, Rec. Ind. Mus. iii, p. 211 (1909).

c? . This species closely resembles both limbata, O.-S., and
calopa, Bruu., and takes an intermediate position between the
two.

From limbata it is distinguished by an all-black thorax, with a
little whitish shimmer on the humeral parts, round the edges of
the dorsum, and in front of the insertion of the wings ; also by
an oblique whitish stripe on the sides of the thorax, which
otherwise are wholly black, as is also the scutellum. The legs are-

ATKICIIOPS. 117

black ; the fore femora (except base and tip), the apical half of
the middle femora, the middle tibiae wholly, and the hind femora
are yellow, but the latter bear a broad deep black band, occupying
about the middle half of their length. The wing has a large, very
distinct, blackish-brown stigma, whilst the cross-band on the wing
is much darker. The abdomen is differently coloured, closely
resembling that of calopa, except that the posterior half of the
4th and 5th segments is occupied by a whitish band, which is
invisible from certain points of view ; the basal half of the 5th,
and the whole of the 6th, segment is black.

Prom calopa the broad band on the hind femora easily separates
it, this character being consistent in the ten specimens examined.
The wing-marks also distinguish it, owing to the prominent
stigma and the much more distinct apical part.

Length, 8| mm.

Described from ten c? c? in excellent condition taken by Dr.
Annandale, 16. iv. 1909, on Paresnath Hill, West Bengal, 2000 ft.,
on rocks at the edge of a small jungle-stream, where it was
present in large numbers ; Bojiaghat, 12. vi. 1915.

This is evidently a good species, the ten specimens agreeing
exactly in all particulars, whilst the three examples of my calopa
are also consistent ; limbata of Osteu-Sacken, however, according
to him, appears to be variable. The present species is best
described as possessing the abdomen of calopa with the wing of
limbata, with the addition of an all-black thorax and a large black
•stigma.

78. Atrichops metatarsalis, Brun. (PI. II, fig. 14.)

Atherix metatarsalis, Brunetti, Rec. Tnd. Mus. ii, p. 422, pi. xii,

figs. 5, 6 (1909).

<S . Head : vertex small, prominent, with a few bristly hairs ;
•eyes contiguous for a moderate distance, the facets of the lower
third much smaller; antennae pale yellow, with a few bristles and
nearly straight arista; face bluish grey, palpi black; lower side
-of face with some long black hairs ; occiput grey, encircled with a
row of irregular bristly hairs of different lengths. Thorax rich
shining brown, with a semi-livid tinge towards the sides in front ;
sides writh bluish grey reflections ; scutellum concolorous, with a
row of minute black bristles on posterior border ; dorsum of
thorax with scattered minute black bristles. Abdomen with 1st
segment pale yellowish, with a few black hairs and bristles ;
remainder shining black ; dorsum of 2nd with a slight pale
yellowish tinge ; whole abdomen with black bristly hairs ; venter
black, pale yellow at base ; genitalia black, hairy, apparently in
three pieces, moderately prominent. Legs pale brownish yellow,
posterior coxae shining brown, middle femora brownish except at
base and tip, hind femora with distal half dark brown, hind tibiae
dark brown ; hind metatarsi much thickened ; all the legs shortly
pubescent, the hairs being softer and longer below the femora
and shorter and more bristly on the tibiae (especially the hind pair)

118 LEPTID^E.

and tarsi. Wings clear, with three distinct broad brown bands-
from the costa towards the hind margin : the first beginning at
the basal cross-veins, filling one-half of the basal cells and one-
third of the anal cell, thence disappearing ; the second is rather
narrower and exactly in the middle of the wing, reaching from
the costa almost to the hind border, enclosing the inner cross-
vein and nearly filling the basal half of the discal cell ; the third
is joined on the costa to the second by the stigma, extends nearly
to the tip of the wing, leaving a narrow clear margin, and reaches
the posterior border, filling the whole of the second, third, and
fourth posterior cells. Stigma very dark brown, filling all the
cell as far inwards to just above the origin of the third longi-
tudinal vein ; halteres rather long and prominent, pale yellow ;
clubs black, elongated.

LenytJi, 5 mm.

Described from a perfect unique specimen in the Indian Museum
from the Dawna Hills, 2000-3000 ft., 2-3. iii. 1908 (Annandale).

A very distinct species, with the appearance of a Chrysopilus.

79. Atrichops cincta, Brun. (PI. II, fig. 9.)

Atherix cincta. Brunetti, Kec. Ind. Mus. ii, p. 421. pi. xii, fig. 1
(1909).

$ . Head with frons dull black, bare, the part immediately
above antennae with ash-grey reflections and a few hairs ; vertex
blackish, only slightly indented ; ocelli dull red-brown, eyes brown,
with a bronze reflection, facets of uniform size ; occiput grey,
with a fringe of short black hairs on upper half, which are
replaced by longer scattered white hairs on lower half ; antenna>
dark brown, normal, first joint hairy above only, second joint
hairy above and below ; face below antennae ash-grey ; palpi and
proboscis cinereous grey, with scattered hairs, the former with
some strong black hairs at tip. Thorax blackish, with traces of
close cinereous grey pubescence, which in perfect examples pro-
bably covers all the dors urn and sides ; with also some scattered
longer hairs over the whole thorax. Scutellum blackish, with
scattered yellowish grey hairs and reddish-brown posterior border
carrying a fringe of black and grey hairs. Abdomen shining dark
blackish brown, shoulders prominent, forming tawny-brown calli
with grey hair ; underside of 1st segment continued in front as a
yellow scaly process extending downwards till it reaches the hind
coxaa; 1st and 2nd segments occupied by a pale bluish-grey
transverse band, narrowly interrupted in the middle, extending
over the sides to a considerable extent, and clothed with pale
concolorous hair which is continued along the lower sides of the
whole abdomen to the tip ; dorsum clothed with short black
pubescence which, beginning with the 3rd segment, extends round
the sides until it meets the line of grey side-hairs ; a very narrow
bluish-grey border to 4th and 5th segments, the extreme edge of
5th and 6th segments being orange-brown. Leys blackish brown,.

ATRICIIOPS. 119

minutely pubescent ; apical half of all femora and the whole of
the middle tibiae reddish tawny : some whitish-grey hairs below
femora ; hind tibiae shortly pubescent, with reddish-bronze reflec-
tions. Wings pale grey, apical half pale brownish; no distinct
stigma, but a rather broad ill-defined brown band runs from the
stigmatic portion of the costa towards the posterior border, but
fades away before reaching it ; discal cell three times as long as
broad ; anal cell closed just before the border ; by a strong con-
vergence of the veins the fourth posterior cell (termin, O.-S.) is.
almost closed, thus (if a stable specific character) separating this
species from all other Oriental species in this genus ; halteres
yellowish, knobs black, rather large ; tegulae cinereous grey.

Length, 10 mm.

Described from one £ from Margherita and two $ $ from
the base of the Dawna Hills, Amherst District, Lower Burma,
1. iii. 1908, all in the Indian Museum (Annandale) ; Bojiaghat,
12. vi. 1915 ; Ivathgodam, 16. vi. 1915.

80. Atrichops caerulescens, Brun. (PL II, fig. 13.)

Atherix c&rulescens, Brunetti, Kec. Ind. Mus. vii, p. 463, pi. xxxvii,
fig. 3 (1912).

$ . Head blackish, mainly dusted with bluish grey; frons, from
the ocelli downwards for three-fourths of the distance to the
antennae, shining black, bare, in which colour is inset a deep dull
velvet-black triangle, its base on the lower margin of the shining
part : antennae black, dusted with bluish grey, 3rd joint dull
reddish yellow : mouth-parts dusted with bluish grey. Thorax
blackish, with a shining bluish-grey reflection ; two not very obvious
whitish dorsal stripes, and there are greyish reflections on the
shoulders, posterior corners, and elsewhere, viewed in certain lights;
a few soft black hairs on dorsum ; sides, pleura?, and scutelium
concolorous, a little yellowish behind the thoracic stigma. Abdomen
blackish, barely shining, with short sparse greyish pubescence;
1st segment dusted with bluish grey, 5th and 6th with light
bluish-grey hind margins; venter mainly blackish. Legs black,
minutely pubescent, coxae dusted with bluish grey. Wings very
pule «rey; across the centre a reversed triangular brown spot
reaching from the costa to the hind margin, where its apex meets
the tip of the closed anal cell, the colour filling most of the discal
cell and crossing the tip of the upper basal cell ; following the
discal margin of this brown triangle (at a distance leaving a
moderately wide intermediate clear band) is the proximal margin
of a second large brown band, which fills thence the whole of the
discal part of the wing ; a brown streak in the middle of each
basal cell; stigma dark brown, filling distal half of cell; halteres
yellow, clubs black.

Length, 6 mm.

Described from a perfect $ in the Indian Museum from
Kurseong, 5000 ft., 6. ix. 1909 (Annandale).

120 LEPTID.E.

Genus ATHERIX, Mg.

Atherix, Meigen, Illig. Mag. ii, p. 271 (1803).
Ibisia, Rondani, Dipt. Ital. Prod, i, p. 154 (1856).
Peleckoidocertt, Bigot (p.p.}, Ann. Soc. Ent. France, (2) ii, p. 91
(1856).

GENOTYPE, Atherix ibis, F. ; by general acceptance.*

This genus differs from Atrichops, Verr., chiefly in the pubes-
cent frons and face. In A. ibis, a well-known European species,
both these parts bear dense long pubescence, whereas in Atrichops
they are bare.

Verrall, in describing Atrichops, adds a number of minor charac-
ters which, though illustrative of the type-species (crassipes, Mg.),
may possibly not occur in all the species that it may be advisable
to refer to the genus.

The characters therefore allotted in this work to Atrichops may
be considered to apply to Atherix also.

Only one species is Indian, labiata, Big.f

Range. World-wide.

Life-history. It has been said that the larva has tracheal gills,
whilst Brauer states that it possesses true pseudopods instead of
the roughened intercalated areas generally present in this family.
The $ $ of A. ibis, a European species, cluster on a bough and
lay their eggs all together in a mass, dying on the cluster, the
larvae when hatched falling into the water.

81. Atherix labiata, Big.

Atherix labiata, Bigot, Bull. Soc. Zool. France, xii, p. 117 (1887) ;
Brunetti, Rec. Ind. Mus. iii, p. 212 (1909).

$ . " Proboscis at least as long as height of head ; labella
distinctly enlarged ; palpi bare, a little dilated, dark brown : frons
black, with a few black hairs, face whitish-tomentose. Thorax
and scutellum moderately shining black, the former with grey
reflections, tomentose on anterior part, sides grey-tomentose.
Coxae black; halteres chestnut, with tips blackish. Abdomen
shortly pubescent, grey at the sides ; 1st segment black at base
and middle, with a half band of grey dust on each side ; 2nd
segment dull tawny, with a triangular basal black spot, and at the
middle of each side a brownish transverse half-band ; 3rd segment
with a transverse reddish line in middle. Legs all black, except
base of hind femora which is tinged with pale yellow. Wings
nearly clear at base, posterior half brownish grey, with three

* Coquillett adopts Rhagio diadema, F., as genotype, but Verrall successfully
establishes ibis as such (British Flies, v, p. 285).

t My thanks are due to Mr. Collin for the information that labiata, Big., is
truly an Atherix after an examination of the type, otherwise, as all the species
that have come before me belong to Atrichops, I should have been tempted to
include labiata also in that genus.

SURAGINA. 121

broad contiguous hyaline spots ; stigma oblong, brown ; veins with
brownish int'uscation ; anal cell closed before the border." (Bigot.}.

Ceylon.

Type in Bigot's collection.*

Genus SURAGINA, Walk.

Suragina, Walker, Proc. Linn. Soc. Lond.'iv, p. ] 10 (1860).
GENOTYPE, Suragina illucens, Walk. ; the original species.

$ . "Body linear, moderately broad. Head almost as broad as
the thorax; vertex and front of equal breadth. Proboscis porrect,
compressed, a little shorter than the breadth of the head. Palpi
lanceolate, contiguous to the proboscis. Antennae very short ;
3rd joint round ; arista slender, bare, longer than the antenna;.
Thorax a little narrower in front. Abdomen somewhat flat, less
than twice the length of the thorax, obtuse at the tip. Legs bare,
unarmed, rather long and slender. Wings moderately long and
broad ; radial vein slightly curved ; forks of the cubital vein a
little longer than the preceding part ; 3rd externo-medial vein
inclined beyond the discal areolet towards the 4th, which is
straight ; subanal and anal veins united close to the border ;
discal areolet nearly six times longer than broad, its fore side
hardly angular." ( Walker.)

Range. Ceylon, Celebes, Gilolo.

It is necessary to reproduce Walker's own description of this
genus unaltered, since no example has been available for re-
description.

Osten-Sacken drew attention t to the fact that, in setting up
Suragina, Walker omitted to note its close affinity to Atlierix,
and observes that that author had labelled as a Suragina a species
which Osteu-iSacken himself subsequently described as Atherix
limbata (loc. cit.). Yet Walker certainly knew of Atlierix, a not
uncommon European, even British, genus.

Karsch admits the great affinity between the two genera, but
seems to have successfully differentiated them.J

Only three species are known.

82. Suragina elegans, Karsch.

Suragina elegans, Karsch, Berl. ent. Zeits. xxviii, p. 174 (1884).

<S $ . Blackish blue, black-haired. Thorax with two short
white longitudinal stripes, and with white tomentum at the sides.
Abdomen in c? broadly red towards the sides on the 2nd to the

* A specimen in my own collection from Maskeliya, Ceylon, taken in March
is probably this species, but unfortunately the type is uot available for com-
parison in India.

t Berl. ent. Zeits. xxvi, p. 101 (1882).

J See table of genera, p. 104. It must be remembered that Atlierix and
Atrichops differ only in the hairy and bare cheeks respectively.

122 LEPTIDjE.

5th segments, in $ only on the 2nd and 3rd ; 4th and 5th seg-
ments with broad white posterior border in both sexes ; venter
yellowish red. Leys very long; in d wholly brownish black, in
$ with base of hind femora yellowish. Wings in c? pale grey.
in middle clear, with a broad irregular dark brown longitudinal
stripe ; wings in 5 clear, only the tip greyish, and the brown
stripe darker. Frons in $ velvet-brown, with white pubescence
above antennae ; occiput white-haired; tip of abdomen in <$ pointed
and forked, in $ flat, obtuse.

Length, 8-8-8 mm.

Ceylon (Nietner}.

The foregoing is a translation of Karsch's description.

Genus MACELLOPALPUS, Big.

Macellopa!pus,~Bigot,~Bu\L Soc. Ent. France, (6) vi, p. xlviii (188G).
GENOTYPE, Macellopalpiis jlaveolus, Big. ; by original designation.

This genus differs from Atrichops in having a smaller 1st an-
tennal joint, the 3rd (damaged) " apparently hardly dilated on
underside." Palpi quite bare, large, and conspicuously oval
on upper side, nearly straight below. Eyes bare. Pulvilli very
small. Anal cell closed before the border.

Range. India, New Guinea.

M. fascipennis is distinguished from M. fulvidus by the brown
streak across the wings.

83. Macellopalpus fulvidus, Brim. (PI. II, fig. 15.)

Macellopalpus fulridus, Brimetti, Rec. Ind. Mus. ii, p. 424, pi. xii,
fig. 8 (1909).

2 . Head with frons parallel-sided, slightly less than one-fifth
of the head in width, with a deep vertical central groove, ter-
minating before reaching the vertex, on which the three brownish-
yellow ocelli are very prominent ; frons just above antennae grey-
dusted, the remainder of it shining black, quite smooth ; face
below antennae, and cheeks, grey-dusted : antennae brownish
yellow, 3rd joint darker, with long arista ; proboscis light brown
(tip broken off) ; palpi blackish brown, lighter at base ; eyes black,
facets of uniform size ; occiput bluish grey, with fringe of yellow
hair, which behind the vertex is replaced by two or three irregular
rows of stout black bristles. Thorax light brown, with sparse
short hair; sides with a slight yellowish tinge: metanotuin
lighter; scutellum light brown. (Though in the unique type the
scutellum is bare, there are traces of it having borne bristles along
the posterior border, and others, to a less extent, on the dorsum.)
Abdomen light brown, nearly bare; posterior borders of segments
narrowly blackish ; venter light brown, with a central blackish

MACELLOPALPl'S. 123

stripe. Legs missing, except the coxae, iincl the femur and tibia of
one hind leg; all these are uniformly light brown, the femur
having a very narrow black ring at the base. Wings pale yellow,
costal border darker yellowish brown ; stigma brown, distinct ;
halteres light brown, with a black spot on upper side of knob.

Length, 10 mm.

Described from one specimen in the Indian Museum from
Sibsagar.

Bigot's description oE his flaveolus is very short, and would-
apply to the present species, but as he marked fulvi.dus himself as
a new species I presume it to be distinct.

Some considerations on the possible synonymy of this genus
with Leptipalpus, Rond., and Heliomyia, Dol., have been set forth
by me.* Of the three genera, Leptipalpus (1850) would take
precedence. Apart from the two species described by me, only
one other is known, Jiaveolus, Big., from New Guinea.

84. Macellopalpus fascipennis, sp. nov.

$ . Head with frons and face between one-third and one-
fourth the width of the head, of nearly uniform width, dusted
with greyish brown ; ocellar triangle slightly raised, concoloror.s,
with a few bristles, ocelli very distinct, whitish, with black nuclei ;
occiput greyish brown, with short bristles on at least upper half;
antennae brownish yellow, 3rd joint black, grey-dusted, rounded,
with blunt tip and a dark brown, very long arista. The bulbous
epistome, rather short proboscis with large hairy labella, and large
spatulate palpi all brownish yellow, latter black at tips. Thorax
and scutellum wholly brownish yellow (bristles broken off).
Abdomen with 1st segment brownish yellow ; 2nd moderately dark
brown, graduating into yellowish on posterior half ; 3rd and 4th
dark brown, with distinct yellowish hind margins; 5th much
narrower, short ; following segments still narrower, all dark brown
with indistinct yellowish hind margins. Dorsuin with uniform,
but neither conspicuous nor dense, short black pubescence, which
becomes bristly towards sides at base of abdomen. Venter
yellowish on basal half, blackish on posterior half, hind margins
of segments pale. Leys brownish yellow, tibiae very slightly
darker, tips of tarsi blackish. Wings yellowish grey, stigma
dark brown, large, clear-cut ; a narrow brownish streak from it
nearly to hind margin, embracing fork of 3rd vein and outer side
of discal cell; extreme wing-tip just perceptibly clouded; an
indistinct suffusion over lower branch of 5th vein ; halteres large,
stem thick, brownish yellow, knobs brown.

LengtJi, 5 mm. (excl. ovipositor).

Described from a unique female in the British Museum from
the Khasi Hills, Assam.

* Ecc. Ind. Mus. ii, p. 425 (1909).

124 LICPTIDjE.

Genus LEPTIS, F*

Leptis, Fabricius, Syst. Antl. p. 69 (1805).

Rhagio, Fabricius, Syst. Entom. p. 761 (1775).

Syloicola (Sylvicolce) , Harris, Expos. Engl. Ins. p. 100 (1782).

GENOTYPE, L. scolopacea, E. (as Rhayio scolopaceus) • by definite
selection by Fabricius at the erection of Leptis.

Head transverse, about as broad as thorax ; face very short,
quadrangular, bare, socketed between the large eye-margins (or
side-cheeks), the latter separated from the face itself by a deep
channel, and bearing long, rather conspicuous pubescence. Pro-
boscis prominent, thick, cylindrical, short, with distinct ribbed
labella ; palpi 2-jointed, distinct, with bristly pubescence, rather
drooping. Eyes bare, contiguous or subcontiguous in <$ , facets of
uniform size, or nearly so ; in $ well separated, the frons with a
shallow transverse suture a little above the antennae. Antennae
short, porrect ; 3rd joint short, conical or almost renifonn ; arista
apical, rather long, fine, and upturned. Thorax practically
quadrangular, with rounded corners, slightly arched ; pubescence
on the disc short, well distributed, rather bristly, with depressed
pile intermixed ; pleurae mainly bare ; prothorax and metapleurae
Avith rather long distinct pubescence. Abdomen nearly twice as
long as thorax, elongate-conical, with at least seven obvious seg-
ments ; pubescence fairly abundant, often rather bristly, but never
like adpressed pile, short except at the basal corners. Geuitalia
in <$ rather prominent, knobbed, and blunt; ovipositor of $ jointed,
appearing like an 8th segment, with two pairs of ovate lamellae.
Legs rather long, especially the hind pair ; hind femora slightly
thickened ; coxae rather long ; front tibiae without spurs ; front
tarsi with "touch hairs" below.f Wings as in Atricliops, but the

* The name Leptis is of too old standing to be changed, and Verrall
thoroughly explains all questions of synonymy concerning it (Brit. Flies,
v, p. 2H2).

t In a paper by Mik (Wien. ent. Zeit, xviii, p. 230, 1899) it has been sug-
gested that there exists an organ of touch below the front torsi in some genera
of LEPTID.E, TABANID.G, DOLICHOPODIDJS, EMFID.E, and some groups of ACALYP-
TRATA and NEMATOCERA, in the shape of several long fine hairs, curved
towards the tips, which project beyond the normal short stiff pubescence and
the rather longer, regularly arranged, stiff bristles. He has noticed that some
species of Leptis, when resting on leaves, sometimes support the body on the
four posterior legs and make a sweeping curved movement with the front
tarsi, as though brushing up minute particles from the surface, after which
they appear to hold the collected matter between the tarsi, and bending down
the head seem to imbibe it through the proboscis. These " touch hairs "
occur mainly below the front tarsi, though existing to a less extent, on the
middle pair also, where they are not longer than the ordinary pubescence and
bristles, whilst they are absent on the hind tarsi. In Atherix marginata, F., a
not uncommon European species, these hairs are abundant, though almost
absent in A. ibis, F., whilst in other Leptid genera, including Cnrysoptins,
closely allied to Leptis, they are not present. They exist, however, in Tabanus.
and in this character Mik sees an additional kinship between LEPTID^. and
TABANID.*:. Verrall gives a translation of this interesting paper (Brit. Flies,
T,p.236).

LEPTIS. 125

basal cells shorter, the anterior cross-vein nearer base of discal
cell and anal cell open.*

Range. Apparently almost world-wide, except Africa and
Australia, but one species comes from Algeria.

Life-Jristory. The larva of Leptis has the mouth-parts well
developed, and possesses two-jointed antennae. It is "very active,
and is distinguished by having the stigmatic orifice surrounded by
four quite equal, quadraugularly placed prominences, and at the
other extremity of the body a blackish naked triangular plate ; on
the inner side of each of seven of the abdominal segments there
is a band of spines" (Cambridge Nat. Hist.). The larvae live in
the earth, feeding on cockchafers and other beetles, some, the
common European L. tringaria for instance, living on earthworms.
Bonche has described the metamorphoses of some European
species. The pupa is mummy-like ; the perfect insects occur on
trees and shrubs in more or less shady spots, and are generally
distributed.

Table of Species.

Wings with obvious suffusions ; species not

nearly unicolorous.
Length 6 mm. ; wings pale grey, broadly

darkened apicipennis, Bruu., p. 125.

Length 3 mm. ; wings pale brown, with

clearer parts , . . . discoidalis, Brun., p. 126.

Wings clear.

Nearly wholly unicolorous species ;

length 5 mm unicolor, Brun., p. 126.

Abdomen with distinct triangular spots

on 3rd, 4th, and oth segments ; length

7-8 mm triangulata , sp. n., p. 127.

85. Leptis apicipennis, Brun. (PI. II, fig. 16.)

Leptis apicipennis^ Brunetti, llec. Ind. Mus. ii, p. 423, pi. xii; fig. 7
(1909).

$ . Head : irons and face grey-dusted, with a large, shining
black, inverted heart-shaped tubercle in the middle, and extending
on each side to the eyes ; ocelli reddish tawny, semi-transparent,
situated on the extreme vertex ; first antennal joint bright tawny
(rest absent) ; proboscis shining chestnut-brown, bare, grey-dusted
at sides ; palpi large, tawny brown, hairy ; occiput semicircular,
with a weak irregular fringe of short grey hairs. Thorax brown
above, moderately shining, sides dark greyish ; scutellum yellowish
tawny, with a very few short irregular black hairs. Abdomen
tawny, with scattered pale hairs ; with a wide, irregular, blackish-
brown dorsal band, which occupies the whole of the last two or
three segments ; and with a blackish irregular line on the sides

* Kare exceptions are known (as L. ft nebri?, Mg., of Europe), but not
amongst Oriental species.

126 LEPTIDJE.

of the abdomen. Legs tawny yellow, fore tibiae yellowish white;
hind tibiae rather brownish, paler towards tip ; tarsi tawny brown
(middle pair wanting). Wings pale grey; a moderately dark
brown apical spot begins on the costa in a straight line with the
fork of the third longitudinal vein, extends thence to the tip of
the wing, and posteriorly until it fills half the first posterior cell,
also the whole of the second posterior cell, and then, by bending
slightly outwards, the greater part of the third posterior cell ; a
brown streak also begins at the inner cross-vein, passes over the
basal part of the discal cell, passes longitudinally through the
fourth posterior cell, nearly tilling it, and spreading over part of
the fifth posterior cell also, and on attaining the border extends
each way, meeting on one side the hind part of the apical spot,
and extending on the inner side towards the anal lobe of the
wing; no distinct stigma; halteres tawny yellow.

Length, 6 tnm.

Described from one 5 in the Indian Museum from Margherita,
Assam.

86. Leptis discoidalis, Brun.

Leptis discoidalis, Brunetti, Eec. Ind. Mus. vii, p. 463 (1912).

5 . Head blackish, vertex black, f rons dusted with blue-grey ;
antenna and proboscis moderately dark brown, palpi black ; occi-
put bluish grey. Thorax and scutellum clear shining brown ;
humeri, sides, and ruetanotum a little lighter. Abdomen darker
brown, with short pale pubescence ; posterior margin of segments
with a not very distinct blackish band ; genitalia small short-
cylindrical, with two small terminal lamellae. Legs pale brownish
yellow, microscopically pubescent. Wings pale brown ; discal
cell, 2nd basal cell, 5th posterior cell, and all the wing posterior
to these cells nearly clear ; no distinct stigma, but the region
along both sides of the 1st longitudinal veins blackish ; halteres
dark brown.

Length, 3 mm.

Described from two $ $ in the Indian Museum, Kurseong,
5000ft., 7. vii. 1908 (type), and Darjiling, 7000 ft., 7.viii. 1909
(C. Pciivo).

87. Leptis unicolor, Brun.

Leptis unicolor, Bruuetti, Rec. Ind. Mus. vii, p. 404 (1912).
cJ . Head with eyes contiguous for half the distance from vertex
to antennae; frons dark blackish grey, ocellar triangle small, ocelli
distinct, the vertex grooved on each side of the middle, near the
eye ; occiput grey, posterior ocular orbit with a fringe of delicate
pale yellow hairs. Antennae yellow, tip of 3rd joint, with its
arista, black ; 1st and 2nd joints short, 3rd subconical. Proboscis
relatively small, and much more slender than in most species,

LEPTIS. 127

yellow, as are the rather distinct elongate palpi, bearing black
bristly hair. Thorax uniformly light brownish yello\v ; in certain
lights small quadrate grey reflections on the shoulders, and a
distinct broad whitish-grey horizontal stripe across the pleurae.
Abdomen concolorous ; both thorax and abdomen with very sparse
short pale hairs; venter similar. Legs with coxae and femora
concolorous ; knees narrowly brown ; tibiae a little darker brownish
yellow, becoming nearly or quite brown at the tips ; tarsi dark
brown ; legs minutely pubescent. Wings uniformly pale yellowish
grey. The 2nd posterior cell narrow, the sides almost parallel ;
anterior cross- vein before one-fourth of the discal cell ; branches
of 4th longitudinal vein issuing from discal cell well separated,
and cell widely open ; halteres light brownish yellow.

Length, 5 mm.

Described from a single perfect 3 in the Indian Museum from
Darjiling.

88. Leptis triangulata, sp. nov.

rf . Head with vertical triangle small, black, shining, bare,
extreme vertex with a few short, black, bristly hairs ; ocelli dull
reddish brown ; eyes black ; frons, epistoma, and cheeks whitish
grey, slightly shimmering, the last with pale yellow hairs ; antennae
orange, 1st and 2nd joints slightly bristly, 3rd approximately
conical, with long black arista ; proboscis brownish yellow ; palpi
blackish with numerous bristles ; back of head greyish, with short
pubescence above and longer yellow hairs below. Thorax brownish
yellow ; dorsum with three shining black stripes, the median
one broad, beginning on anterior margin, the outer ones nar-
rower, beginning later, their posterior ends gradually diminish-
ing, all three stripes dying away before reaching the scutellum ;
sternopleuraand pteropleura with a slight silvery-white shimmer in
certain lights ; whole thorax bare, except for a few black bristly
hairs on shoulders, along the margins, and on the wholly brownish-
yellow' scutellum. Abdomen brownish yellow ; a small rounded or
pear-shaped black spot in middle of 2nd segment; 3rd, 4th, and
oth segments with a large triangular black spot at base, the angles
not quite attaining side and hind margins ; hind margin of 5th
and all the 6th and 7th segments black or blackish, more or less
shining ; venter brownish yellow, hind margins of segments
narrowly blackish brown ; upper and lower surfaces of abdomen
with short black pubescence, which is longer towards the sides ;
genitalia small, yellowish, mainly concealed. Leys brownish yellow ;
tips of coxae, femora, and tibiae more or less towards tips, and all
tarsi, brownish or dark brown ; legs minutely black pubescent,
coxae with mainly yellow hairs on basal half and longer black
bristly hairs towards tip. Wings yellowish, slightly darker
anteriorly ; stigma indistinctly a little deeper yellow ; halteres
brownish yellow.

Length, 7-8 mm.

128 LEFIID2E.

Described from a small series of males in perfect condition
collected by me in undergrowth on hillside at Darkling, 13-18. ix.
1913.

Type in my collection, co-types in the British and Indian
Museums.

Genus CHRYSOPILUS, Macq.

Chrysopilus, Macquart, Kecueil Soc. Sci. Agric. Lille, p. 403 (1826).

Chrysopila, Macquart, Suites a Buff. i. p. 429 (1834).

? Slyrex, Scopoli, Ent. Cam. p. 367 (1763).

? Heliomyia, Doleschall, Nat. Tijd. Neder. Ind. xiv, p. 402 (1857).*

Leptis (pt.), auc tores.

GENOTYPE, Musca diadema, L. ; by designation of Westwood
(1840).

Head with face socketed like a dimple. Palpi porrect or slightly
upturned, not drooping. Eyes with upper facets much larger
than lower ones,f generally sharply demarcated, and of a different
colour ; in life eyes often brilliant golden green. Antenna? much
as in Leptis, but 3rd joint onion-shaped, rarely longer than 2nd ;
arista apical, long and thin. Thorax " with coarse golden or pale
yellow depressed pile or scales, amongst which there may be some
longer, thinner, erect hairs "; mesopleurae, metapleurse and sides
of metanotum with pubescence. Abdomen shorter than in Leptis;
dorsum with a considerable amount of golden pubescence as on the
thorax. Leys long and thin ; coxae moderately large ; femora with
closely applied small golden or pale yellow scales, most con-
spicuous behind the anterior pairs, except at the tip, and in front
of the hind pair ; fore tibiae unspurred, middle tibiae with two
apical equal-sized spurs, hind tibiae with a single spur ; front tarsi
without " touch hairs." Wings rather broader than in Leptis ;
venation as in that genus, except that the anal cell is always
closed at or a little before the border ; subcostal vein with very
small bristles ; alar squamae moderate, a single row of hairs on
posterior margin.

Range. World- wide.

Life-history. The larvae live in rotten wood or vegetable mould.
Beling has described the metamorphoses of several European
species, which are similar to those of Leptis. The perfect insects
occur in woods, meadows, and shady places. The colours fade
somewhat after death and the golden pubescence is especially
easily rubbed off.

* C.fcrruginosus, Wd., a rather widely distributed Oriental species and the
only one referred to Heliomyia, is somewhat aberrant in the palpi, and may
require removal to a new genus or possibly to Macellopalpus. See my notes
under this genus and the further notes herein referred to.

•f In femtginosus the lower facets are barely perceptibly smaller than the
upper ones, and by no means clearly demarcated. There is, however, some
probability of this species having to be removed to a different genus.

CHEYSOPILUS. 129

Table of Species.

1. Win^s distinctly or darkly mottled (some-

what Trypeta-\\\Q), or uniformly dark

brown 2.

Wings never mottled or uniformly dark
brown ; somewhat yellowish or (humeralis
only ) pale brown 6.

2. Wing* more or less mottled 3.

Wings uniformly dark brown 5.

3. The pale spot beyond but contiguous to the

stiguid quite clear and sharply defined; 1st
and 2nd subrnarginal cells 'and all pos-
terior cells with a well-defined clearer
spot Hi tip of each, but the outlines not [p. 131.

sharply demarcated marmoratus, Brun.,

The pale spot adjacent to the stigma very
indefinite, not sharply defined; no wing-
bordt-r spots distingui.-hable fr« >m the rather
clearer middle parts ol most of the cells . . 4.

4. Prongs of upper branch of 4th longitudinal

vein issuing from discal cell well sepa-
rated ; grou .d-c<>lour of hind border of
wing of same shade as remainder of wing;
stigma brown, rather ill-defined; length, [p. 131.

3 mm albopictus, Brun.,

Prongs of upper branch of 4th longitudinal
vein issuing from discal cell united or
nearly so ; hind part of wing nearly clear,
except for the infuscatious along the veins ;

stigma nearly blcick, more shai'ply defined ; [p. 132.

length, 4 mm ornatipennis, Brun.,

5. The long dark brown stigma uninter- [p. 133.

rupted luctuosus, Brun.,

Stigma interrupted by an elongate yellow [p. 133.

spot Jlavopunct(itus,Brnn.,*

6. Wii.g with six bluish opalescent spots ; 2nd

posterior cell much longer than 3rd opalescens, sp.n.,p. 134.

Wing without traces of opalescent spots;
2i,d posterior cell subequal to 3rd, at least
in ad my species 7.

7. Mainly black species, at least the thorax . . 8.
Mainly yellowish or brownish species, at

least the thorax almost nlways so 18.

8. Wings with a di-tinct suffusion in addition

to stigma ; (wings pale brown in humeralis

only) 9.

Winers unmarked except for the stigma .... 13. [p. 135.

9. Wings uniformly pale brown humeralis, Brun.,

Wing- never uniformly pale brown ; prac-
tically clear, w;th more or less distinct

suffusions 10.

10. Wing-tip clear, a distinct brownish suffu-
sion from stigma to beyond middle of [p. 13?.

wing segmentatus, Brun.,

Wing-tip always distinctly infuscated .... 11.

K

130 LKPTIDjfi.

11. Wing-tip blacldsh from near stigma up to

and including 3rd posterior cell 12.

Wing-tip suffusion consisting of infuscation [ p. 136.

of both branches of 3rd vein cochinensis, sp. n.,

12. Second and third antenual joints and palpi

black ; abdomen all black ; wing-tip suf-
fusion stronger gravelyi, sp. n., p. 137.

Second and third antennal joints and palpi
yellow ; abdomen yellowish at base ; wing-
tip suffusion less distinct similis, sp. n., p. 138.

13. Antennae black 14.

Antennae yellow 16. [p. 138.

14. Stigma large, dark brown, well-defined. . . . maynipennis, Brun.,
Stigma brownish yellow, diffused or ill-
defined 15.

15. Femora all yellow, except the narrowly

black base ; stigma pale brownish yellow, [p. 138.

ill-defined flavopilosus, sp. n.,

Femora all yellow, except the black basal

half of anterior pairs; stisrma yellowish [p. 137.

brown, suffused . . 1tirmanensisy sp. n.,

16. Legs yellow yerbunji, sp. n., p. 139.

At least basal half of anterior femora [p. 140.

black albobasatis, Brun.,

17. Stigma pale yellow; two shining white

spots above antennae insularts, Sch., p. 140.

Stigma conspicuous, dark, but not always

with well-defined limits 19.

18. Wings distinctly yellow 20.

Wings grey 21.

19. Lower eye-facets barely smaller than upper

ones; tibiae more or less darkened soon [p. 141.

after the base ; length, 8-11 mm ferruginosus, Wied.,

Lower eye-facets very much smaller than
upper ones; tibiae practically all yellowish ;
length, 5| mm unicolor, Brun., p. 141.

20. Third antennal joint black 22.

Third antennal joint yellow 23.

21. Basal half of abdomen yellowish, except for

a dorsal dark stripe and dark hind margins ;
rest of abdomen black ; wings practically
clear, except for a small dark brown
stigma and faint transverse suffusion to-
wards tip; narrow, graceful, nearly linear
species ; anal cell closed at some distance

before border stigma, Brun., p. 142.

Abdomen dark shining brown, hind margins
of 2nd, 3rd, and 4th segments broadly
yellow ; wing distinctly grey, almost yel-
low-tinged ; large brown stigma ; broader,
comparatively shorter species; abdominal
segments after 4th suddenly contracted ;
anal cell closed just before border latus. sp. n., p. 143.

22. First antennal joint black; legs darker brown. sordidus,sp.i\.,p. 143.
Antennae wholly yellow ; legs yellow, tibiae

and tarsi a little darker a#ema<MS,sp.n.,p.l44.

CHRTSOPILUS. 131

89. Chrysopilus marmoratus, Brun. (PI. II, fig. 17.)

Chrysopilus marmoratus, Branetti, Rec. Ind. Mus. ii, p. 429, pi. xii,
fig. 10 (1909).

c? . Head with vertex much elevated, light brown, the ocelli well
separated and very distinct, semi-transparent, with black centres;
eyes light chestnut-brown, upper facets rather large, lower ones
very small and much darker brown ; eyes contiguous almost down
to the antennae, the t'rons receding so much as to be invisible;
the inner sides of tife eyes (seen from in front), also the face
below the antenna?, blackish grey ; antennae, proboscis, and palpi
brownish yellow. Thorax moderately dark brown, with sparse
golden-yellow hairs on dorsum ; slightly paler at sides, and with
concolorous scutellum and inetanotum, the former bearing some
moderately long brownish hairs. Abdomen dark brown ; 2nd seg-
ment and posterior border of 1st segment lighter ; venter brown ;
whole abdomen lightly covered with brownish hairs. Legs with
coxa3 light brown ; the single leg of the (unique) type (fore leg)
is concolorous. Wings rather dark brown, with pale grey spots,
of which the clearest is an oval one just beyond the stigma,
reaching from the costa to the fork of the 3rd longitudinal vein ;
below this follows a spot in each of the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd pos-
terior cells ; there is a small one in the centre of the discal cell,
which, with a small one in the 4th posterior cell and a large one
in the 5th posterior cell, form a row ; a small spot is at the tip
of the marginal cell, and a larger one at the tip of the submar-
ginal ; whilst the whole posterior border of the wing is pale grey,
spreading out somewhat in the cells and in the axillary cell.
The veinlets forming the upper fork of the 4th longitudinal vein
emerge practically together from the upper corner of the discal
cell, the outer side of which is practically quite straight. Halteres
light brown, with large blackish-brown knobs.

Length, 4mm.

Described from one specimen from Sadiya, Assam, in the
Indian Museum.

90. Chrysopilus albopictus, Brun. (PI. II, fig. 18.)

Chrysopilus albopictus, Brunetti, Rec. Ind. Mus. ii, p. 428, pi. xii,
fig. 9 (1909).

5 . Head wholly black, f rons about one-fourth width of head ; a
vertical indentation just above antenna;, with slight greyish
tomentum ; antennae, proboscis, and palpi tawny yellow. Thorax
(denuded) light tawny brown, sides sublivid; scutellum con-
colorous, with some longish hairs on posterior part. Abdomen
dark brown, conical, posterior borders of segments lighter ; venter
dark brown. Legs tawnv yellow, femora and coxa) brighter, tarsi
darker. Wings moderately dark brown, with pale grey patches;
that take the form of three irregular light bands, commencing at.,
or just below, the costa, of which the first begins junt beyond the

"

132

stigma and terminates posteriorly on reaching the fork of the 3rd
longitudinal vein ; the second crosses the middle of the discal cell
and attains the hind border ; the third crosses the second basal
and the anal cell, and is merged in the light colour of the base of
the wing ; the centres and hind borders of the posterior cells are
also pale grey. The upper fork of the 4th longitudinal vein
emerges frem the upper corner of the discal cell as t«o separate
veins, the outer side of that cell forming a distinct angle. Siigma
dark brown, proportionately large, and there are trares of yellow
just before it and also in the basal cells ; halterts brownish
yellow.

Lenytli, 3 mm.

Described from a specimen in the Indian Museum from Mar-
gherita, Assam.

Walker's guttipennis must be near this species, but appears
distinct, and is larger.

91. Chrysopilus ornatipennis, Brun. (PI. II, fig. 19.)

Chrysopilus ornatipennis, Brunetti, Rec. Ind. Mus. iii, p. 212 (1809).

$ . Head with frons blackish grey, grooved down the centre,
one-fourth of width of head, only slightly wider towards vertex ;
ocelli on a concolorous, slightly elevated triangle, black, with
a narrow pale herder and a few microscopic bristles ; antennae
with 1st and 2nd joints livid brown, 3rd with greyish pube-
scence, bristle very long; proboscis shining, livid brown at
bnse, bright yellow on narrow part, with two very minute, dark
brown, hairy lamellae; occiput yellowish grey above, bluish grey
below, with numerous minute black bristles, especially towards
the vertex. Thorax yellowish brown, the dorsum covered with
microscopic scales, which, seen from behind, are brilliantly emerald-
green on the centre and bright blue towards the sides, the pos-
terior part, and over the whole of the scutellum ; in addition to
the scales the entire surface of the thorax and the scutellum
is covered with long curved bristly hairs ; sides of thorax uni-
formly shining tawny yellow. Abffomen brownish, becoming
yellow on posterior border, covered on entire upper surface rather
closely with soft black hairs, which extend round the sides and
are very short on the yellow venter; they are rather thicker and
longer on the fore corners of the abdomen. The 5th segment is
much reduced in size, blackish grey ; 6tli and 7th stylate, blackish
grey, with a broad distinct pale yellow posterior border, supple-
mented by a long thick cylindrical blackish-grey ovipositor. Leys
\\ith coxa? and femora bright tawny yellow, tibiae pale brown,
tarsi black ; coxae with some bristly hairs on and around them,
hind pair with a black streak on apical border; middle and hind
tibiae with two short yellow spines at extreme tip. Wings pale
blackish grey, posterior part nearly clear, and light grey or nearly
clear in the following places : distal ends of basal cells ; middle of
anal cell ; a ralher narrow pale yellowish band from the middle

CHRYSOPILUS. 133

of the fore border (adjacent to the black stigrua) to the distal end
of the discal eel], thence becoming pale grey ; a yellowish-grey
diffused spot just beyond (and contiguous to) the stigma; all the
cells below the 3rd longitudinal vein are pale grey or clear in
their centres. The upper branch of the 3rd vein bears a small
appendix at the bend, which is rectangular ; the inner cross-vein
is placed at one-third of the discal cell, and the two forks of the
upper branch of the 4th vein spring almost simultaneously from
the upper corner of the discal cell. Halteres yellow.

Length, 4 mm.

Described from a single perfect $ from Tenmalai in the
Western Grhats, Travancore, South India, 22. xi. 1908 (AnnandaU),
in the Indian Museum.

92. Chrysopilus luctuosus, Brun.

Chrysopiltis luctuosus, Brunetti, Eec. Ind. Mus. ii, p. 430 (1909).

c? . Head with vertex, frons, and face blackish ; antennae dark
brownish vellow ; proboscis aud palpi blackish ; occiput blackish,
with rather long greyish hair at the sides and below ; eyes bright
brown, lower facets much smaller than upper ones. Thorax
mouse-colour, nearly bare ; scutellum concolorous, with a row
of long hairs on posterior border. Abdomen dark brown, with
some yellowish-grey pubescence ; venter dark brown. Legs \
coxae dark brown, with brownish-grey hair ; femora and tibiae
light brownish yellow, with sparse hair on underside of femora,
aud a row of minute bristly hairs on outer side of hind tibiae ; tarsi
brownish yellow, tips black. Wings with anterior half rather dark
brown, the colour gradually fading away posteriorly to the
pale brown hind border ; mediastinal cell, nearly to its tip,
darker brown, no separate stigma. Upper fork of 4th longi-
tudinal vein issuing as two separate veins from the discal cell, the
outer side of which thus contains a distinct angle. Halteres pale
yellow, knobs black.

Length, 5mm.

Described from one tf in the Indian Museum from Margherita,
Assam.

93. Chrysopilus flavopunctatus, Brun.

Chrysopilus flavopunctatus, Brunetti, Rec. Ind. Mus. iii, p. 213
(1909).

cJ . Head with vertex very small, elevated, the ocelli as in ornati-
pennis ; facets in upper half of eyes rather larger than those in
lower half ; frous deep black ; face dark grey ; antennae brown,
3rd joint black, bristle long, microscopically hairy; proboscis
dusky yellowish brown ; palpi rather robust, pale brown, hairy.
Thorax and scutellum dark brown, with microscopic hairs, which
appear bright green when seen from behind ; scutellum with some
rather long black hairs ; sides shining dark brown, nearly bare.
Abdomen dark brown, nearly black towards tip, with short blackish

134 LEPTID7E.

hairs ; venter concolorous. Legs dark brown ; fore coxae and fore
femora wholly, posterior femora towards the tips, pale ; knees
black ; all coxss with black hairs ; hind tibiae with two pale yellow-
spines at tip. Wings blackish brown ; stigma in marginal cell,
elongated, deep black, extended to costa on the outer side of a
short, bright yellow stripe which intersects it in the middle, this
stripe also reaching to the costa ; there is a pale parti-coloured
irregular spot (yellowish and pale grey) at the distal end of the
1st basal cell, and extending below into the 2nd ; posterior border
of wing fading into light grey, the veins in this part being nar-
rowly suffused with black ; halteres pale yellow.

Length, 5 mm.

Described from a perfect <$ in the Indian Museum from Madcla-
thorai, Travancore State, South India, 18. xi. 1908 (Annandale).

94. Chrysopilus opalescens, sp. nov.

$ . Head with frons shining black (type) or dark brown
and less shining ; ocelli dirty pale yellow with a central black
spot, tubercle dull blackish ; a few short black bristles across
vertex ; face less shining than frons, dark ; proboscis similar, with
hoary dust; labella large, yellow ; palpi black, with a few bristles ;
antennae all black, with black arista, 3rd joint shortly conical, with
rather longer pubescence than usual ; occiput grey-dusted, with
short yellow bristly hairs and some whitish pubescence behind
lower eye-margin. Thorax and scutellum brownish yellow ; pleurae
a little paler ; thoracic dorsum with traces of three brown stripes
(type) or without them. Abdomen brownish yellow, 1st segment
all yellow, or darkened in middle; 2nd, 3rd, and 4th with a broad
median dark brown band, enlarged broadly across the hind margin
of each ; remaining segments very narrow, more or less brownish
above; venter and genitalia mainly yellow. Legs yellow, tibiae
dark dirty yellow, tarsi darker. Wings pale yellowish, with
distinct bluish opalescent spots placed as follows : two transverse
rows across the wings, the inner rowr formed by a spot in the
1st submarginal cell before forking of 3rd vein, a second in discal
cell, a third in 5th posterior cell; the outer row by a spot towards
end of 1st submarginal cell, one towards end of 1st posterior cell
and one towards tip of 4th posterior cell ; the wing- tip is occupied
bv another opalescent spot extending across the two submarginal
cells and the 1st posterior cell; there is also a similar spot in the
centre of the anal cell and another near base of costal cell, thus
making nine spots in all; halteres yellowish.

Length, 4|-5 mm.

Described from a type and two other $ $ in the British
Museum from Pundaluoya, Ceylon (E. E. Green).

Taken in the same locality by Mr. Green is a d" in the British
Museum possessing the same two transverse rows of opalescent
spots, the other spots not being obvious (the wings being slightly
damaged). The thorax, scutellum, and abdomen are blackish,

CHRYSOPILUS. 135

except for a paleness at the sides of some of the segments of the
latter. The face, antennae, and palpi are all black, and the legs are
as in the female specimens. The body may possibly have been
accidentally discoloured and the specimen may be the d1 of
opahscens, as no other species known to me possesses the pecu-
liarity of the opalescent wing-spots.

95. Chrysopilus humeralis, Brun.

Chrysopilus humeralis, Brunetti, Rec. Ind. Mus. vii, p. 466 (1912).

c? . Head with eyes practically contiguous for the greater part
of their length above the antennae, leaving a narrowly elongate
frons of the shape of an isosceles triangle, which is bluish grey ;
ocellar protuberance blackish, occiput dark grey; face narrowly
triangular, bluish grey ; antennae brownish yellow ; proboscis and
palpi similar, the latter rather darker, both with yellow hairs,
Thorax shining blackish, with pale yellow hairs ; shoulders livid
yellow ; pleurae dark bluish grey varying to blackish ; scutellum
and metanotum blackish. Abdomen blackish, with pale pubes-
cence ; the major part of the basal half yellowish, leaving
generally a narrow anterior and posterior blackish margin of
varying width to each segment; about the apical half of the
abdomen all black ; venter similar to upper side. Legs with coxae
and femora yellowish, apical half (more or less) of fore and hind
femora blackish or quite black ; remainder of legs dark brown.
Wings grey, no stigma ; a very slight brownish darkening about
the fork of the 3rd longitudinal vein, continued in diminished
intensity along a further or lesser part of the marginal cell ;
halteres yellowish, with blackish-brown knobs.

Length, 6 mrn.

Described from three <3 tf in the Indian Museum from
Chumbi, Darjiling District, 4000 ft., vii. 1911 (Gravely).

96. Chrysopilus segmentatus, Bran.

Chrysopilus seymentatus, Brunetti, Rec. Ind. Mus. ii, p. 430, pi. xii,
figs. 11, 12 (1909).

c? . Head with vertex jet-black, prominent ; ocelli small, equi-
distant, whitish ; eyes very large, occupying practically the whole
of the head, lower facets much smaller than upper ones ; whole of
face grey-dusted ; antennae tawny ; proboscis large, shining brown,
lower part grey-dusted ; palpi dark brown, with some hair ;
occiput grey-dusted, studded with black hairs. Thorax dark
blackish brown, with two narrow longitudinal yellowish-grey
stripes on dorsum, dividing the surface into three equal parts
and a silvery-grey reflection on the sides behind the wings (seen
from behind); humeral calli light yellowish brown. Abdomen
shining black, the segments well separated, with a telescopic
appearance ; posterior border of first segment shining steel-blue-
grey ; second wholly black ; rest of segments, seen in certain

136 LEPTLDjE.

lights, steely aeneous, highly shining, with, a dull jet-black,
moderately wide posterior border ; the whole abdomen moderately
thickly clothed with soft black hairs. Leys blackish brown ; base
of hind femora, tips of four anterior femora, and the anterior tibiae
wholly, pale tawny brown. Wings pale grey ; stigma brown, but
ill-defined, elongated and spread over both mediastiual and sub-
costal cells, and from this stigmatic spot a brownish-grey band
proceeds posteriorly, rapidly narrowing, and disappears on reach-
ing the outer cross-vein, thus forming what at a short distance
appears to be a brown triangular cloud, darkest in front. The
lower branch of the upper fork of the 4th longitudinal vein issues
from below the middle of the outer side of the discal cell, which
latter has the appearance of having the upper outer corner cut off
by the upper branch.

Length, 10 mm.

Described from one c? in the Indian Museum from Gowchar,
Nepal.

97. Chrysopilus cochinensis, sp. uov.

$ . Head with eyes separated bv a very broad frons occupying
fully half the width of the head, the upper red-brown and lower
black facets well demarcated, but of uniform size ; frons mainly
of uniform width, except for the widening towards vertex, dark
brownish yellow, with darker patches; vertex scarcely elevated,
ocelli yellowish, prominent;* frons slightly but suddenly
depressed just above antennae, the latter blackish, 2nd joint
reddish brown, 3rd joint with a little grey pubescence, arista
black ; face and cheeks dusted with whitish grey ; epistoma brown,
covered with whitish dust ; proboscis brownish yellow ; palpi dark
brown, bristly ; occiput dark brownish yellow, with sparse short
stiff black pubescence ; underside of head with a little black
softer hair. Thorax black, dorsum with short adpressed bright
yellow scale-like pubescence ; sides brownish grey, with a little
yellow pubescence here and there ; scutellum brownish grey, with
yellow pubescence as on the thoracic dorsum. Abdomen dull
blackish, barely shining ; 1st segment wholly, 2nd, 3rd, and 4th
segments on about basal third, with soft white pubescence ; black
pubescence on the remainder ; the 5th, 6th, and 7th segments are
suddenly narrowed, their hind borders slightly wider than else-
where, but the broadest part of the 5th segment is barely half as
wide as the 4th segment at base ; ovipositor elongate, black ;
venter black, with a few scattered hairs. Legs blackish grey, with
a little black pubescence ; femora brownish yellow, tips of hind
pair slightly blackish; tibiae and tarsi dirty yellow, apical half of
latter blackish. Wings very pale yellowish grey, almost clear;

* In the unique type only two ocelli are obvious, the lower on« being
hidden, except for its extreme upper rim, by an apparently slight distortion
of the frons.

137

stigma dark brown, elongate ; both branches of 3rd vein rather
broadly but lightly infuscated ; an appendix at tbe fork ; halteres
yellow, basal half of clubs blackish.

Length, 5| rntn.

Described from a single specimen in the Indian Museum from
Parambikulam, Cochin, 16-24. ix. 1914 (Gravely).

98. Chrysopilus birmanensis, sp. nov.

Very near C. cochinensis, differing as follows : — Head bluish
ash-grey, except the centre of the frons, which is of the same
shade of brown as in C. cochinensis ; 3rd antennal joint brown,
the whitish pubescence rather more conspicuous; occiput with
distinct whitish pubescence towards side-margins. Suutellum
wholly dead-black, like the thoracic dorsum. Pubescence of
abdomen at base of 2nd, 3rd, and 4th segments more golden
yellow than whitish. Basal half of anterior femora black. Wing-
tip without suffusion; stigma yellowish brown, more diffused, the
suffusion not extending below 2nd longitudinal vein.

Described from a unique $ in the British Museum from
G-okteik Gorge, Northern Shan States, Upper Burma, 26. vii.
1900 (Col. C. T. Bint/ham).

This is remarkably like C. cochinensis, and may possibly be a
variety of it.

99. Chrysopilus gravelyi, sp. nov.

c? . Head with vertex prominent, black, ocelli brownish ; front
of head and epistoma brownish grey ; proboscis brownish yellow ;
palpi dark brown, with concolorous long bristly hairs ; antennae
and arista blackish ; occiput dark ; underside of head with long
pale yellow hairs. Thorax black and, with scutellum. covered
with very short bright yellow adpressed scale like pubescence;
hind margin of scutellum with a row ol' long bla.-k hairs. Abdomen
black, covered with pubescence like the thorax, which is replaced
on the base and hind part of each segment by black hairs, which
latter also cover the whole dorsum of the last segment. Legs with
coxa? dark grey, slightly yellowish in places, with some soft
bright yellow hairs towards tips ; femora uniformly pale yellow ;
tibiae dirty yellow; tarsi brownish towards tips. Wings pale
grey, iridescent ; a darker infuscation at tip from stigma hind-
wards, reaching inwards sufficiently to fill the 2nd submarginal
and 2nd and 3rd posterior cells, the inner outline ill-defined, and
a paler space just beyond the elongate dark brown stigma;
halteres yellow, Knobs black.

Length, 6 mm.

Described from a single c? in the Indian Museum from the
Darjiling Himalayan Railway, 5500 ft., 23. v. 15 (Gravely).

138 LEPT1DJS.

100. Chrysopilus similis, sp. nov.

Very near C. yravelyi, differing in the 2nd and 3rd antennal
joints and the palpi being yellow, not black ; labella bright
brownish yellow ; 1st abdominal segment and base of 2nd
yellowish ; ernarginations of segments yellowish brown ; sides of
abdomen and venter mainly so also ; suffusion at wing-tip lighter
and less well defined proximally.

Length, 7 5 mm.

Described from a single 6 in the British Museum from Madul-
sima, Ceylon, 15. v. 1908 (T. B. Fletcher).

101. Chrysopilus magnipennis, Brun.

Chrysopilus maynipennis, Brunetti,Eec. Iiid. Mus. iii, p. 213 (1909).

$ . Head mainly brownish yellowish grey, a little darker here
and there, especially just above the base of the antenna ; ocellar
triangle distinct ; antennae black, the joints subequal in length,
2nd narrowly white at tip, 3rd with grey hair, style long ; palpi
blackish brown, with brownish-grey dust ; proboscis blackish
brown, with a few hairs ; underside of head with a little black
hair. Thorax (denuded) black, also at sides ; traces of grey hairs
and some golden-yellow hairs around base of wings and on
scutellum. Abdomen black, with moderately close grey hairs, with
which are intermixed some golden-yellow ones ; venter with grey
hairs. Legs wholly yellowish, except coxae, a very narrow ring at
base of femora, and the tarsi tips, which are black. Wings
practically clear ; venation as in my G. segmentatus, except that
the upper branch of the 3rd longitudinal vein takes towards its
tip a slight downward curve, thence curving rather sharply up-
wards to the costa, and enclosing a well-marked, large, dark
brown stigma ; halteres black, club yellowish.

Length, 4| mm. ; wing, 6§ mm.

Described from a $ in my collection from Maskeliya, Ceylon
(E. E. Green).

102. Chrysopilus flavopilosus, sp. nov.

c? . Head with eyes contiguous for a considerable space, upper
facets dark chocolate-brown, lower ones black ; ocellar triangle
dark grey, bare except for a few microscopic bristles behind ;
frons, face, and cheeks, which are very receding, ash-grey, as is
also the basal half of the proboscis ; palpi brown, with yellow
hairs : lower (cylindrical) part of proboscis yellowish or brownish,
with a little pale pubescence ; antennae blackish, a little ash-grey
about the tips of the joints, arista grey ; occiput ash-grey, with
some pale pubescence, lower part of head with pale yellow hairs.
Thorax, with scutellum, blackish grey, wholly covered with very

139

short, bright golden-yellow, coarse scaly pubescence ; pleurae a
little lighter grey, nearly bare ; scutelluin with long hairs on hind
margin. Abdomen dark blackish grey (base of 1st segment some-
times lighter) ; dorsum wholly covered with similar yellow
pubescence to that of the thorax, which appears to be sparser
along the einarginations of the segments, and with some longer
finer black hairs intermixed ; venter lighter or darker grey,
with sparse pale pubescence ; genitalia dark grey, a rather large
dorsal plate, a pair of 2-jointed dark grey claspers, brownish
yellow towards tips. Legs pale or brownish yellow ; coxse dark
grey in places, with some pale yellow pubescence ; tips of hind
femora slightly brownish ; tibiae and tarsi yellowish, tips of tibiae
minutely black, hind tarsi blackish, darker towards tips. A high
microscopic power reveals the usual adpressed yellowish scales
on all the femora, so pale and closely applied to the surface as
to be easily overlooked. Wings clear ; stigma pale brownish
yellow, elongate, distinct, but not sharply defined ; halteres rather
large and long, brownish yellow with blackish knobs.

Described from a <5 (type) from Almora, Kumaon District,
5500 ft., 29. vi. 1931 (Paiva), and another 6" from .Kurseong,
5000 ft., 8. vii. 1908 ; both in the Indian Museum.

The differences between this species and the European splen-
didus, Mg.,* are as follows : — The coxae are yellow, the hind pair
more or less blackish and bare; in splendidus the coxae are ash-
grey, the hind pair bearing long yellow hairs on the apical half.
In my species the femora are bright yellow, with minute yellow
scales ; in splendidus they are blackish, with blackish scales. In
flavopilosus the palpi are thinner and shorter than in splendidus,
also with fewer and shorter hairs. In flavopilosus the first two
antennal joints are dark yellowish brown ; in splendidus they are
black.

103. Chrysopilus yerburyi, sp. nov.

cJ . Head with face and proboscis moderately dusted with dark
grey, labellae brownish yellow ; palpi brownish yellow, black-tipped ;
antennal 1st joint blackish, 2nd and 3rd brownish yellow ; ocellar
triangle distinct; occiput grey, with a little pale hair on lower
part. Thorax and scutellum black, covered with golden-yellow scaly
pubescence ; pleurae grey ; humeral region somewhat yellowish.
Abdomen brownish yellow, hind margin of 2nd and 3rd segments
narrowly or broadly, of 4th broadly black, remaining segments
all black ; the major part of each segment (except perhaps
the 1st) from the base apparently covered with golden-yellow
scaly pubescence and thin yellow hairs; venter yellow ; genitalia
black. Legs yellow, tarsi darker, tips of hind femora above

* In my note on " ? C. lielvnhis, Mg." (Rec. Ind. Mus. vii, p. 464) I used in
error the specific name hclvolus instead of splendidus.

140 LEFflDJE.

with numerous tiny black bristles ; coxae with soft golden-yellow
hairs. Wings pale yellowish, barely appreciably darker at tips ;
stigma large, dark brown, well defined ; halteres yellow.

Length, 7 mm.

Described from three d cf in indifferent condition in the
British Museum from Ceylon : Hakgala, 24. v. 1891 (type) and
4. v. 1891 ; Trincoinali Hot Wells, 17. viii. 1890 (Col. Yerbunj).

Two $ $ in the same collection from Pankullam, 12. iii. 1891,
and Hakgala, 13. v. 1891, may represent the other sex of this
species.

104. Chrysopilus albobasalis, sp. nov.

Head with vertex very prominent, dark grey, with a few
bristles behind ; the brownish ocelli conspicuous ; upper eye-
facets bright brown, lower ones very much smaller, dark red;
antennae yellowish, 3rd joint grey-pubescent, arista dirty yellow ;
frons, cheeks, and epistoma grey -dusted; proboscis brownish yellow,
palpi dark brown, both with strong bristles ; occiput grey-dusted,
nearly bare, lower part of head with some longer pule hairs.
Thorax and scutellum very deep brown, velvet-like, nearly bare;
pleura? dark grey, sides of scutellum a little yellowish. Abdomen
with 1st segment black, hind border yellowish, with a fringe of
conspicuous soft white hairs; 2nd segment and base of 3rd pale
yellowish, former with some conspicuous \\hite hairs; rest of
abdomen black or dark brown, dull, with very sparse black hairs ;
venter coloured as dorsum, but without the white hairs. Legs
Avith coxae black, rest pale yellow ; basal half of anterior femora
and a ring before the tip of the hind pair, black; tips of tarsi
blackish. Wings quite clear; a small dark brown well-defined
stigma ; halteres brownish yellow, clubs blackish.

Length, barely 5 mm.

Described from one specimen from Parambikulam, Cochin
State, 3700-3200 ft., 16-24. ix. 1914 (Gravely), in the Indian
Museum.

The peculiar white base of the abdomen and the entirely clear
wings distinguish this species from all the others.

105. Chrysopilus insularis, Sch.

Chn/sopilus insularis, Schiner, Reise Novara, Dipt. p. 199 (1868).

$ . Eeddish yellow, the whole upper side deeper, with a pale
shimmer towards sides of thorax and the emargiuatious of the
abdominal segments ; pleurae fawn-colour, shining. Ovipositor
prominent, the joints indistinct. Head black; frons rather broad,
very shining, with two shining white spots above the antennae ;
occiput dusted with whitish grey; epistoma in middle vesiculose,
horn-yellow ; antennae reddish yellow, 3rd joint black, very short,
quite round, arista long. Palpi approximated, porrect, reddish
yellow, nearly bare, as long as the reddish-yellow proboscis. Legs
ochraceous yellow, tibiae and tarsi brown. Wings tinged with

CHKYSOPILUS. 141

brownish yellow, stigma honey-yellow ; the two upper veins from
the discal cell very approximate at their bases, the upper one a
little turned downwards ; anal cell i-losed well before the border.

Length, 8 mm.

Described originally from a single $ from Tillangchong, Nicobar
Islands.

This species, which has not been seen by me, is said by Schiner
to differ from C. ferruginosus, Wied., by the absence of the
brownish wing-tip and the honey-yellow stigma. The two shining
white spots above the antennae seem characteristic, otherwise the
differences from Wiedemaun's species appear slight.

106. Chrysopilus ferruginosus, Wied.

Leptis ferruyinosus, Wiedemann, Zool. Mag. i, pt. 3, p. 4 (1819);

id., Auss. Zweirt. i, p. 224 (1828).
Heliomyia ferrur/inea, Uoleschall, Nat. Tijd. Ned. Iiid. xiv, p. 402,

pi. vi'i, fig. 5 (1857).

Chrysopilus frater, Brunetti, RFC. Ind. Mus. ii, p. 431 (1909).
Chrysopilus ferruyinosm, de Meijere, Tijd. v. Ent. liv, p. 287,

pi. xviii, fig. 8 (1911).

cJ . Head with vertex and frons blackish or dark grey, lighter
above antennae, with black hairs on vertex : proboscis and palpi
tawny, face below antennae grey ; antennae brownish yellow, 3rd
joint sometimes a little brownish ; lower facets of eyes only
slightly smaller than upper ones, not always clearly demarcated;
occiput blackish, with whitish hair behind eyes. Thorax and
scutellum light tawny brown, with minute golden-yellow impressed
pubescence; sternopleurae sometimes nearly livid; scutellum with
pnle yellow hairs on hind border. Abdomen light tawny brown
to deep orange, darker towards the tips, with yellowish-grey
pubescence and some black hairs intermixed ; posterior borders of
segments ^especially the hinder ones) narrowly black; venter
similarly marked. Legs tawny; coxae with golden-yellow hairs;
tibiae and tarsi gradually becoming darker and browner up to the
tips of latter. Wings yellowish grey, sometimes slightly darker
towards tips; 2nd posterior cell pointed at base; outer side of
discal cell quite straight ; stigma dark brown, oval, distinct ;
costal cell yellowish ; halteres yellow, knobs brown.

Length, 10-11 mm.

Described from the two specimens forming the tvpes of my
frater from Tenasserim and two ferruc/inosus from Batavia,
x-xi. 1907 (Jacobsori], named by Dr. de Meijere ; all four speci-
mens in the Indian Museum.

107. Chrysopilus unicolor, Brim. (PI. II, fig. 20.)

Chrysopilus unicolor, Brunetti, Rec. Ind. Mus. ii, p. 432, pi. xii,
fig. 13 (1909).

<S . Head with vertex very small, raised, dark brown ; ocelli
shining, brownish white, semi-transparent ; face grey-dusted ;

142

antennae, proboscis, and palpi bright tawny brown ; upper two-
thirds of eyes rich brown, with large facets ; lower third black,
with very much smaller facets. Thorax and scutellum bright
tawny brown, with scattered golden-yellow hairs, and with black
hairs on the scutellum. Abdomen concolorous ; bases of segments
(except first and second) narrowly brown ; the whole abdomen
covered irregularly with black hairs, including a row on the
posterior border of every segment ; venter concolorous, with black
hairs. Legs (fore pair, except coxa3, missing) uniformly bright
tawny brown, practically bare; tarsi darker brown. Wings pale
gre\ , almost clear; stigma distinct, but with ill-defined edges; a
very light brownish band extending from it posteriorly, partly
across the wing ; veins tawny brown ; halteres tawny.

Length, 5 mm.

Described from one d" in the Indian Museum from Margherita,
Assam.

108. Chrysopilus stigma, Srun. (PI. II, fig. 21.)

Chrysopilus stigma, Brunetti, Kec. Ind. Mus. ii, p. 43:?, pi. xii,
fig. 14 (1909).

J. Head with vertex reduced to a very small elevated black
triangle, on the angles of which are the three prominent ocelli ;
eyes dark reddish brown, contiguous for a considerable distance,
the facets much larger lor a considerable space in front above
the- antennae, with a greenish-black tinge and (in certain
lights) a narrow, bright green, horizontal stripe across the
middle; face much withdrawn between the eyes, light grey above
and below antennae ; antennae yellow, 3rd joint blackish, with
some hairs and a rather long arista, which is microscopically
pubescent; proboscis cinereous grey, lower part tawnv yellow;
the palpi tawny yellow, with tips broadly black and hairy; a
fringe of light, hairs around the eyes ; back of head light grey.
Thorax greenish, with a dorsal narrow brown stripe in front and
two small indistinct brown spots in middle of dorsum ; sparse
yellow hairs over the whole dorsum ; sides of thorax cinereous
grey, yellowish at base of wing; scutellum grey; centre with a
slight greenish tinge. Abdomen yellowish, 1st segment blackish
grey, segments 2, 3, and 4 with a blackish, rather wide posterior
border and dorsal stripe, remainder of segments blackish ; venter
yellow, tip blackish ; a few yellow hairs scattered over dorsum of
abdomen, black hairs at tip; genitalia bi-lobed, tawny yellow,
with stiff black hairs. Legs with coxre and femora pale yellow,
with a few yellow hairs near the tip on underside of latter, and
with generally distributed microscopic black hairs ; tibiae blacki^-h
yellow, with microscopic black hairs and some stronger bristles;
tarsi similar, tips black; middle tarsi with two long spines at tip.
Wings quite clear; stigma distinct, dark brown, but without
well-defined limits; traces of a pale yellowish stripe towards tip
of wing. Inner cross-vein placed before one-fifth of the discal

CHRYSOPILTJS. 143

cell ; anal cell closed well before wing-border ; halteres yellow,
knobs black.

Length, 5-6 mm.

Described from a single <S in the Indian Museum from the base
of the Dawna Hills, Lower Burma, 2. iii. 1908 (Annandale).

109. Chrysopilus latus, sp. nov.

2 . Head with frons yellowish grey, one-fifth of the head in
width just above antennae, slightly broader on upper part; the
brownish ocelli on an elongate, barely elevated tubercle ; frons
whitish immediately above base of antennae ; antennas blackish,
2nd joint yellowish, arista black ; proboscis yellowish, with soft
short pale hairs; palpi brownish yellow, pubescent; occiput grey,
with short sparse bristly black hairs. Thorax yellowish brown ;
two narrow whitish well-separated median lines and the whitish
edges of the dorsum give the appearance of three almost con-
tiguous yellowish-brown stripes ; traces of short golden-yellow
pubescence towards sides and hind margins ; pleurae grev-dusted ;
sctitellum yellowish brown, with traces of vellow pubescence.
Abdomen dark chestnut-brown ; 1st segment wholly, 2nd, 3rd and
4th segments with hind margins broadly and rather irregularly
yellow ; remaining segments much contracted, yellow ; ovipositor
brownish yellow, with two small terminal yellow lamellae ; venter
similar to dorsum, both surfaces with limited short dark brown
pubescence ; some pale finer hairs towards sides of 1st segment.
Legs with coxae brownish yellow ; femora yellow, hind pair a
little darker above towards tips ; tibiae dirty yellow ; tarsi brown,
black at tips. Wings pale yellowish grey ; stigma large, dark
brown, not clearly outlined ; halteres brownish yellow, knobs
more or less darkened.

Length, 5k mm.

Described from a single § in the Indian Museum from Guiudy,
Madras.

110. Chrysopilus sordidus, sp. nov.

5 . Head with frons practically parallel-sided as far as antennse,
one-fourth width of head, dusted with light grey dust ; ocelli and
oc-ellar triangle darker; face and proboscis grey-dusted, former
with soft whitish hairs near eye-margins; labella brownish yellow,
palpi rather darker ; autennal 1st joint hlacldsh, 2nd and 3rd
brownish yellow, arista black; occiput grey-dusted, with some
whitish hairs. Thorax rather dark brown, with two well-separated
narrow indistinct grey dorsal stripes and short whitish sparse
pubescence ; scutellum concolorous. with similar pubescence ;
metanotum dark brown ; pleurae moderately dark grey. Abdomen
dark brown, hind margins of 1st and 2nd segments broadly, and
of the remaining segments narrowly, yellowish; some whitish
pubescence, more conspicuous at sides ; venter dark brown, base

144 KEMESTRINID^E.

yellowish, hind margins of segments narrowly yellowish ; genitalia
yellow, with two rat her exposed terminal lamellae. Legs yellowi.-h ;
coxae, femora (except base and tips), tips of hind tibiae brosidly
and all tarsi (except base of middle pair) dark brown. Winys
grey ; two slightly darker streaks over the " cross-veins " ; stigma
larjje, dark brown ; halteivs large, dirty yellow.

Lenytli, 5 mm.

Described from a single 2 in the British Museum in fair
condition from Naini Tal, 7000 ft., vi. 1900 (Lt.-Col. Giles}.

A rather thick-set species.

A $ taken by Mr. T. B. Fletcher may be this or a very closely
allied species, differing in possessing distinctly longer, wholly
blackish-grey antennae, no signs of yellowish margins to abdominal
segments, and being wholly more grey than yellowish ; Ha/ara
District, Dungagali, 8000 ft., 21-24. v. 1915.

111. Chrysopilus alternatus, sp. nov.

c? . Head with the lower and hinder facets of eyes slightly
smaller than front ones, but not sharply demarcated and of the
same dark brown colour ; vertical triangle small, blackish, ocelli
inconspicuous ; frous and front of head greyish ; antennae bright
ye'low, 1st joint greyish, arista hlack ; epistorca blackish ; pro-
boscis and palpi bright yellow, with some soft hairs; some pale
yellow h:iirs on inner side of head; occiput grey, with short hairs
towards margin. Thorax and scutellum yellowish brown, with
short, rather coarse, bright yellow pubescence ; pleurae greyish.
Abdomen with 1st segment and base of 2nd yellowish; ot the
remainder, rather more than basal half of ench blackish brown,
the remaining part yellowish ; the whole dorsum with short pale
yellow hairs ; venter similar. Legs yellow, tibiae and tarsi very
slightly but uniformly duskier. Wings pale yellowish grey ;
stigma 1'irge, dark brown, its outline not clearly defined; halteres
yellow, knobs brownish.

Length, 8 mm.

Described from a single <$ in the Indian Museum from Guindy,
Madras; and two subsequent specimens from Coorioor, 5.ix. 1911
(Fletcher); and Lebong, 4500 ft., 2-9. vi. 1909 (Uowlett).

Family NEMESTEINID^.*

Head transverse, as wide as or a little narrower than thorax,
set close upon it ; eyes generally widely separated in both sexes,
but in some cases narrowly separated or contiguous lor some dis-
tance in d and then only narrow ly separated in $ , generally bare,
occasionally with dense or long pubescence; facets gtneially of
uniform size ; three ocelli. Proboscis varying from very long
(porrect or bent down) to very short and thick ; labella variable

* This family has occasionally been called the Hirmojicurtdee, but the
claims of the title here retained have been fully established.

NEMESTKIMD.E. 145

in size ; palpi 1- to 3-jointed, often indistinct. Antennae remote
at their bases, small ; the two basal joints with stiff hairs, 3rd
barelv longer, onion-shaped or pointed, with a long bristle-like,
generally 2-pointed style, which is longer than the antenna?, and
sometimes pointed at tip.

Thorax approximately quadrate, humeri inconspicuous, seutel-
lum oval, variable in size, unarmed.

Abdomen comparatively short, a little longer or shorter than
and about as wide as the thorax.

Leys comparatively slender, moderately long; tibiae unspurred ;
three pulvilli, slightly variable in form, cla\vs long.

Wings of moderate size, often narrowed and elongate, always
with very characteristic venation, all the veins in the distal half
of the wing being practically parallel with its longitudinal axis,
except the so-called " diagonal vein," and all the veins ending
above the wing-tip, except the tips of two or three. This pecu-
liar venation gives a general resemblance to that of the MYDAID^,
but there is no close affinity between the two types. Auxiliary
and 1st longitudinal veins long and straight, ending towards
wing-tip ; prsefurca very short, beginning a little before middle of
wing, 2nd and 3rd veins diverging almost immediately ; 2nd nearly
straight, undulating, simple, but sometimes joined by an addi-
tional veinlet to upper branch of 3rd vein (FaUenia, Nemetlrina);
3rd vein projected diagonally and turning up suddenly before or
at about half its length, shortlv afterwards forked, the branches
either parallel (Nemestrina, Hirmoneura, Rhynclioceplialus) or
widely open, reuniting to form a small subtriangular cell (Fal-
lenia). Anterior cross-vein absent, as the 3rd and 4th veins
always anastomose at that spot* (i. e. at about two-thirds the
length of the discal cell) ; 4th vein with upper branch forked, the
two prongs parallel and ending above wing-tip ; lower branch
ending in (or united with) upper branch of 4th vein (just before
it forks) at distal angle of discal cell ; posterior cross-vein nor-
mally present (absent in Fallenia] • 5th vein forked, both branches
forming rather pronounced curves; upper one joining upper
branch of 4th vein between its upper and lower prong, thence
diverging and running for the very short remaining space to the
wing-margin ; lower branch of 5th vein turning down to wing-
margin after quitting posterior cross-vein, sometimes meeting
anal vein, closing anal cell ; anal vein undulating ; axillary vein
short or rudimentary. First basal cell long, narrow, pointed at
the tip; 2nd broader, shorter, roughly speaking three-sided;
anal cell long, narrow, open or closed just before wing-margin ;
two submarginal and four orfive posterior cells, 4th always closed.
There is an apparent vein running diagonally across the wing,
beginning with the prafurca and ending in the hind margin of

* I am not quite sure about this point. Even if a short cross-vein occurs
here I do not think it is the anterior cross-vein, but an entirely supernumerary
•vein. (See notes under Lasia in CYRTID/E.)

L

146 NEMESXRIXIDjE.

the wing some distance before wing-tip. This is no real indi-
vidual vein, but is composed of the praefurca, the basal portion of
the 3rd vein up to its junction with the 4th, the outer side of the
discal cell (upper branch of 4th vein), the continuation of the same
branch and, finally, the united ends of the lower branch of the 4th
vein and upper branch of 5th vein. The last two sections of
this "diagonal" vein (as it is conveniently called) are occasionally
joined by a very short veinlet, which may be regarded as the upper
prong of the lower branch of the 4th vein. It has no parallel in
any other family of Diptera. Additional veinlets occur in some
genera and species connected with the 3rd vein, the exact identi-
fication of which is perhaps unimportant, especially as no such
cases are known amongst Oriental species. In Nemestrina, a non-
Oriental genus, but one which may possibly occur in India, the
most characteristic venation in the family is reached, presenting a
curious, somewhat dragonfly-like network of veins, owing to all
the spaces between the 2nd vein and the lower prong of the upper
branch of the 4th vein containing a number of transverse veinlets,
dividing that part of the wing into a considerable number of small
squares. A few similar additional veinlets occur between the
lower branch of the 4th vein and the wing-margin.

Life-ldstory. Larva amphipneustic ; head very small, retractile;
twelve body-segments ; posterior spiracles terminal, well separated,
placed in a transverse fissure. Of the only species of which the
life-history is known, a Ilirmoneura, the larva is parasitic on
the early stages of the common Europeau beetle, liliizotrogus
solstitiaUs.

This family is sometimes divided into two subfamilies, (1) the
NEMESTRININ^E, with a very long proboscis and short palpi, and
(2) the HiRMONEURiNJE, with a very short proboscis, to which
character Verrall adds " palpi very long and upturned," but this
latter does not hold good. The erection of subfamilies therefore
merely on the length of the proboscis does not seem advisable.
In any case all the Oriental genera would fall in the Hm-
MONEURijO*;.

Talle of Genera.

1. Ocelli present 2.

Ocelli absent (auxiliary vein very short,

not extending much beyond origin of [p. 154.

4th vein) ATRIADOPS, Wand.,

2. Palpi moderately long, and with mouth-

opening always obvious (auxiliary vein [p. 147.

nearly as Ions1 as 1st vein) HIRMONEURA, Mg.,

Palpi, proboscis, and mouth-parts wholly

indistinct 3.

. Auxiliary vein united to 1st longitudinal fp. 153.

until beyond middle of wing TRICHOPSIDEA, Westw.,

Auxiliary vein distinctly separate, nearly [p. 155.

as long as 1st longitudinal CEYLONIA, Licht.,

H1RMONEURA.

147

Genus HIRMONEURA, Mg.

Hirmoneitra, Meigen, Syst. Besch. ii, p. 132 (1820) ; Blanchard, Hist.

Nat. Ins. iii, p. 587 (1840).

Hyrmoiieura, Rondani, Archiv. Zool. Modena, iii, p. 50 (1863).
Myrmopkksba, Rondani, op. cit. p. 51 (1863).
Hennoheura, Pbilippi, Verb. z.-b. Ges. Wien, xv, p. 655 (1865).
Parasymmictus, Bigot, Bull. Soc. Ent. France, (5) ix, p. Ixvii (1879).

GENOTYPE, Hirmonewa obscura, 3Ig. (Europe) ; by original
designation.

Whole body of about uniform width. Head transverse ; eyes
bare or pubescent, in c? contiguous, in ? wide apart, or distinctly
though narrowly separated in rf , in which case they are less
widely separated in $ ; three ocelli. Proboscis very short, hardly
extended beyond mouth-opening ; palpi moderately long, curved

Fig. 9. — Hirmoneura opaca, Licht., and enlarged figure of antenna.

upwards. Antennae short, porrect, remote at base, 3-jointed, 1st
and 2nd suhglobular or cylindrical, subequal in length, 3rd onion-
shaped, longer, produced in a long arista-like style longer than
the antennae. Thorax suhquadrate. Abdomen rather longer
than thorax, the tip pointed in both sexes, more so in $ ; whole
body and legs devoid of any strong bristles, but bearing longer or
shorter soft pubescence of varying extent. Legs moderately long,
slender, minutely pubescent. Wings moderately or rather long ;
auxiliary. 1st, and 2nd longitudinal veins long, ending towards
wing-tip ; 2nd beginning about or before middle of wing, nearly
straight ; 3rd beginning near base of 2nd, projected diagonally
across the wing, anastomosing (even if only in a punctifonn
manner) with 4th, thence bent suddenly upwards, shortly after-
wards forking, the branches long and approximately parallel,

L2

148 NEMESTRIN1DJE.

gently curved ; 4th vein forked ; upper branch again forked, the
branches straight, parallel with those of 3rd vein and with hind
margin of wing ; lower branch forming basal and lower sides of
discal cell, meeting upper branch and thence turning down to the
hind margin, receiving the upper branch of the 5th vein just
before ; 5th vein forked ; posterior cross-vein technically present
but very short. Two subinarginal and five posterior cells, 4th
always closed; a discal cell, wider at base than tip, elongate;
1st basal cell reaching nearly to tip of discal ; 2nd basal long;,
anal cell long and narrow, open. Squamae small.

Range. Central and South Europe. North, Central, and South
America, South Africa, Central Asia, the Orient, and Australasia.

Life-history. This is known to some extent of U. obscura, Mg.,
a European species, as described by Handlirsch.* The eggs have
been found in holes in the bark of silver firs, and the fully
developed larva has been found in the pupa of a beetle, llliizotrogus
solstitialis. The larva? resemble those of the LEPTID^E.

As regards the spelling of the generic name, ffermoneura has
been suggested, but " Dr. A. W. Verrall is of opinion that Neme-
strina and Hirmoneura are so impossible as Greek compounds
as to be beyond correction" (G. H. Verrall).

Table of Species.t

1 . Eyes bare 2.

Eyes pubescent J 3.

2. Legs all yellowish ; eyes narrowly sepa-

rate in (^ annandalei, Licht., p. 149.

Hind tibije and tarsi dark brown ; eyes

contiguous in c? basalts, Licht., p. 149.

3. Legs black (tibiae with thick brownish

pubescence) opaca, Licht., p. 150.

Legs principally yellowish 4.

4. Smaller species ; 11-12 mm 6".

Larger species ; ] 6-20 mm 6.

•5. Small grey species with abdominal bands

of pubescence cinf/ulata, Licht., p. 151.

Larger coffee-brown, rather bare species . brwuiea, Licht., p. 151.

0. Eyes with yellow hair ochracea, Licht., p. 151.

Eyes (presumably) with black or dark

brown hair 7.

7. Body deep dark brown, with longer woolly

pubescence austeni, Licht., p. 152.

Body coffee-brown, rather bare coffeata, Licht., p. 152.

* Wien. Ent. Zeit. i, p. 224, and ii, p. 11 (1882. 1883).

t It has been difficult lo draw up a satisfactory table owing to the close
affinity of all the species, and from my knowledge of most of them being
limited to German descriptions. In the case of the eight species included
herein, annandalei, cingulata, and hasalis are redeseribed from Indinn Museum
specimens (all seen by Lichtwardt), that author's descriptions being also
incorporated. The descriptions of the remaining species are the best trans-
lations of Lichtwardt I can offer.

J Presumably ; no definite statement is given in the descriptions of coffeata
and bruiniea.

HIBMONEURA. 149

112. Hirmoneura annandalei, Liclit.

Hirmoneura annandalei, Lichtwavdt, Rec. Ind. Mas. ix, p. 333
(1913).

d1 5 . Very like E. cingulata in size and colour, but separated from
all other species except II. basalts by the bare eyes. Head with
frons hardly narrower in d1 than $ , more than twice as wide at
level of antennae (where it forms a little more than one- fourth the
width of the head) than at vertex ; frons with long soft black
hairs, face with y el tow hairs ; antennae and proboscis both bright
yellow ; sides of face narrowly yellow. Thorax blackish, with
blackish pubescence in middle of disc, yellowish and thicker on
anterior margin and towards sides, on shoulders, and in front of
and just below wing-base ; soft yellow pubescence on sides
of thorax and scutellum ; metanotum pale grey. Abdomen with
black anterior half and slate-grey hinder half of 1st segment;
remainder of segments blackish ; 1st segment with black hairs on
the black part and thin pale yellowish hairs on the slate-grey part;
remainder of segment with thick, long, bright yellow pubescence
on anterior halt' and shorter black pubescence on hinder half;
venter blackish, with short uniform pale yellow pubescence, hind
margins of segments yellowish. Legs entirely bright yellow.
Wings grey, anterior border brownish; halteres blackish brown.

Length, 11-13 mm.

Described from several of each sex in the Indian Museum from
Simla, 7000 ft.. 9. v. 1910 and 16. v. 1910 (Annandale), 3. v. 1914
and 29. v. 1914 (Capt. Evans); KuEti, Simla Hills, 11. v. 1909
(Annandale) ; Kufti to Phagu, 21. v. 1916; Mahabaleshwar,
Satara Distr., 4200 ft., 13-16. iv. 1912 (Gravely}.

This species is extremely like H. cingulata, but in addition to
the bare eyes it may be recognised by the black hairs on the
abdomen being much shorter than the yellow ones, whereas in
H. cingulata they are nearly or quite as long as the yellow ones.

In the present description of this species I have incorporated
Lichtvvardt's main characters.

113. Hirmoneura basalis, Licht.

Hirmoneura basalts, Lichtwardt, Dent. Ent. Zeits. p. 595, fig. 3
(1910); id., Rec. Ind. Mus. ix, p. 333 (1913).

c? . Head with eyes bare, closely contiguous for a considerable
distance, leaving a grey frons of the shape of an isosceles triangle,
covered with long black pubescence ; vertex reduced to the very
small ocellar tubercle, with a few black hairs ; face blackish, with
yellow margins and pale yellowish hairs; blackish hairs round
base of antenna; ; latter yellowish brown, basal joint with long
stiff black hairs, 3rd joint onion-shaped. Thorax greyish brown,
shortly pubescent at sides ; on breast the hairs more greyish
white ; scutellum with dense yellowish-brown pubescence. Ab-
domen characteristically coloured ; anterior half of 1st segment

150 HEMESTBlJftDjE.

black, hind half of 1st and anterior half of 2nd ivory-white, with
pale yellowish- white pubescence ; remaining segments cinnamon-
brown, with short blackish-brown pubescence; a little yellowish
or whitish pubescence at sides of abdomen from 4th segment to
tip; venter reddish brown, with some short yellowish pubescence.
Legs : anterior pairs wholly brownish yellow ; hind femora
brownish, hind tibise and tarsi dark blackish brown. Wings
pale brownish grey, darker anteriorly ; venation typical, as iu
H. obscura, Mg.

Length, ] t> mm.

Described originally by Lichtwardt from a type J in his col-
lection, which, purchased from a dealer, bore the label " Ecuador,
iii. 1899." This author subsequently received from the Indian
Museum for examination the c? specimen from which the above
description is drawn up — from the Dawna Hills, Burma, 2000-
3000 ft., 3. iii. 1908 (Annandcde).

Type in Herr Lichtwardt's collection.

114. Hirmoneura opaca, Liclit. (PI. II, fig. 22.)

Hinnoncura o))aca, Lichtwardt, Deut. Ent. Zeits. p. 643, $ (1909) ;
id., Rec. Ind. Mus. ix, p. 334, <j (1913).

cJ $ . An obscure, blackish, grey-dusted species, with thin soft
grey pubescence. Head with eyes dark brown, pubescent ; frontal
stripe in $ not at all broad, barely wider above antennae than
at vertex, with thick black pubescence, which is longest above
antennae; proboscis, palpi, and antennae black, 1st and 2nd joints
of latter grey-dusted and with yellowish-grey hairs ; similar
hairs on epistoma, underside of head, and sternum. Thorax
with the pubescence more yellowish and longer at the sides ;
entire dorsal surface with soft greyish blue hoary dust. Abdo-
men with a hardly discernible pattern on the middle of each
segment, consisting of a central spot and two oblique lateral
spots of a dull blackish-grey colour; ovipositor rather long,
with pale hairs. Leys black ; tibiae, especially hind pair, with
such dense bright brown pubescence, that they appear brown.
Wings with a blackish tinge and a brownish shading on anterior
border.

Length, lomm.

Described originally from a single $ from the Kangra
Valley, N.W. Himalayas, 4500 ft., xi. 1899 (Dudgeon). Fur-
ther notes and the <$ described by Lichtwardt in the Bee. Ind.
Mus. (I. c.). Several specimens are in the Indian Museum from
Mussoorie, the Kangra Valley, 4500 ft., xi. 1899 (Dudgeon},
and Simla, but are in very bad condition, nearly all appear to
have been immersed in spirit; it also occurs atDehraDun, x. 1911
(Hoivleli).

Type in the British Museum.

The above description is almost entirely Lichtwardt's.

HIHMOXET1RA. 151

115. Hirmoneura cingulata, Licht.

Hirmoneurn tinyulata, Lichtwardt, Deut. Ent. Zeits. p. 644, $>
(1909) ; id., Rec. Ind. Mus. ix, p. 333, $ (1913).

<$ 2 . A small grey species with abdominal bands. Head
with eyes thickly pubescent, especially in •$ , narrowly separated
in c? ; frons scarcely wider in $ , bearing sparse black hair,
around the antennal base with thicker yellowish-grey hair ;
antennae, palpi, and legs all yellowish red,* tarsi hardly darker.
Thorax blackish, wifh grey pubescence, which at the sides is longer
and more yellowish. Abdomen with basal part of 1st segment
dark brownish, apical part pale slate-grey; rest of segments grey,
with thin yellow pubescence and brown margins ; in the tf the
rows of abdominal pubescence are more erect and prominent,
forming in both sexes on the side-margins almost bunches of
yellow and black hairs intermixed. Wings grey, light brown
anteriorly ; halteres blackish brown.

Length, 11-12 mm.

Described originally from the $ sex only from India; the tf
subsequently described from two specimens from Phagu, Simla
Hills, 9000 ft., 12. v. 1909.

Type ( $ ) in the British Museum, from the Saunders collection ;
of the c? c? referred to, one is in the Indian Museum.

The above description is mainly Lichtwardt's, to which I have
added a note or two from the Indian Museum specimen.

116. Hirmoneura brunnea, Licht.

Hirmoneura brunnea, Lichtwardt, Deut. Ent. Zeits. p. 645, £
(1909).

$ . Near H. coffeala, possibly a seasonal form of it.

In this species the wings are proportionately much shorter, being
only 11 mm. long to a body of 11 mm., plus ovipositor of 2 mm. to
3 mm. Apart from the difference in the proportions, the charac-
ters are mainly as in II. coffeata ; the pubescence on the sides of
the thorax and at the base of the abdomen is yellow, not pale
brown ; legs all yellowish red; wings rather duller in colour, and
the fore border darker.

Described by Lichtwardt from a single $ in the British Museum
from Trincomali, Ceylon, 3. iv. 1892 (Col. Yerbury).

117. Hirmoneura ochracea, Licht.

Hirmoneura ochracea, Lichtwaidt, Deut. Ent. Zeits. p. 643, <^
(1909).

c? . Very near H. austeni. Body pale brown, with short velvety
yellow pubescence, which is longer behind the scutellum and at
the base of the abdomen. Eyes with distinctly yellow hairs,

* According to Lichtwardt ; I call the legs bright yellow, as in H. annandalei.

152 NEMESTBINID^E.

closely contiguous, so that only a very small frons remains, which
latter is clothed with yellow ochre and dark brown hairs inter-
mixed. Antennae brownish ; eye-margins bent, reaching to base
of antennae. Legs wholly yellow ochre. Wings yellowish grey,
fore border yellow ochre.

Length, 18mm.

Described by Lichtwardt from a single 3 from the Tau Plateau,
Burma, 4000 ft., ii. 1890 (Col. C. T. Bingluam).

Type in the British Museum.

118. Hirmoneura austeni, Licht.

Hirmoneura austeni, Lichtwardt, Deut. Ent. Zeits. p. G43, rf (1909).

c? . A large robust species. Body deep dark brown, evenly
clothed with long, erect, woolly, pale brown pubescence, which is
thicker on the sides of the thorax and abdomen, where in certain
lights it has a kind of bronze tinge. Head semicircular; eyes
closely hairy ; frons broad, forming one-sixth the width of the
head with dense deep black pubescence ; epistome a little broader,
black, with concolorous pubescence ; a few light, brown hairs only
about the mouth-opening and around the short proboscis ; antennae
and palpi black ; the latter curving upwards, lying close along the
eye-margins and reaching to base of antennae. Lower surface of
head and sternum with yellowish hair; venter with yellowish
pubescence ; the extreme base of abdomen writh a narrow band of
deep black hairs. Legs stout, reddish yellow: anterior femora
brownish, with dense pale pubescence, which makes them appear
even thicker. Wings brown, anteriorly darker.

Length, 18-20 mm.

Described by Lichtwardt from five 3 <3 in the British Museum
from the Khasi Hills, Assam.

119. Hirmoneura coffeata, Licld.

Hirmoneura coffeata, Lichtwardt, Deut. Ent. Zeits. p. 644, $ (1909).

? . A large species with coffee-hrown body, rather bare, with
some pale brown pubescence only on sides of thorax between the
shoulder and wing-base ; underside of thorax with patches of
pale hairs above the front coxae and under the wing-base ; every-
where else, including the venter, only very thinly pubescent. The
pubescence on frons rather longer, and towards vertex it is
blackish brown, at base of abdomen a narrow band of all black
hairs. Wing surface uniformly coffee-brown, with bronze and
cinnamon-brown reflections ; alulae very reduced so that the wing
is almost clavate; legs paler brown than the body.

Length, 16mm. H- ovipositor 4mm.; wing, 24mm., breadth of
wing, 5| mm.

Described by Lichtwardt from a single $ from Eambodde,
Ceylon (Nietner).

Type in the Berlin Museum.

THICHOPSIDEA. 153

Genus TRICHOPSIDEA, Westw.

Trichoptidea, Westwood, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. ii, p. 151, pi. xiv
(183G) ; Maequart, Dipt. Exot. ii, pt. 1, p. 397, pi. iii, fig. 1
(1840);* Wandolleck, Ent. Nach. xxiii, p. 250 (1897).

GENOTYPE, Trichopsidea cestracea, Westw. ; by original desig-
nation.

Of the normal Nemestrinid type ; the species smaller than
those of Atriadopz, with exceptionally long wings, allied to
Triclioplitlialma and Meyistorliynclius. Three ocelli on a small
conical tubercle ; epistome (Estrid-like, mouth-parts very reduced
and indistinct, mouth itself very rudimentary ; abdominal seg-
ments puffed up ; genitalia in male clubbed ; $ unknown. First
and Just tarsal joints each as long as the other three together.
Auxiliary and 1st longitudinal veins apparently united until
beyond middle of wing, the former then turning up to costa rather
suddenly ; upper branch of 3rd vein turned up suddenly, meeting
2nd vein about its middle; both branches of 4th vein apparently
united at tip of discal cell, upper branch eitlier single or, if forked,
the lower prong may consist also of the tips of both the lower
branch of the 4th vein and upper branch of the 5th. If this
reading of the veins be correct there is a somewhat long posterior
cross-vein. Anal cell open, axillary vein and squamae absent.

llanye. Except dolirni from the Andamans and Sumatra, the only
other known species (cestracea, Westwood) is from Australasia.

120. Trichopsidea dohrni, Wand.

Trichopsidea dohrni, Wandolleck, Ent. Xacli. xxiii, p. 251, figs. 7, 8
(1897) ; Liclitwardt, Deut. Ent. Zeits. p. 648 (1909).

3 . Ground-colour reddish brown, with not very reddish-
yellow hairs. Head rather broader than thoi-ax, shining golden
brown ; eyes contiguous below vertex, upper facets much larger
than lower ones; three yellowish-brown ocelli on prominent
vertical tubercle, with black and reddish-brown hairs : epistome
(Estrid-like, with thick reddish-brown pubescence ; antennae
3- jointed, 3rd joint rod-shaped, with undulating outline; at tip
with some very short fine pellucid hairs ; mouth-opening indistinct.
Thorax brown, with fine velvet-like tomentum, showing several
darker and lighter indistinct longitudinal stripes ; in front and at
sides with long thick reddish-yellow pubescence ; scutellum pale
brown, anterior margin darker ; squama3 absent ; halteres greenish
yellow. Wings pale yellowish brown, with six clear-cut hyaline
spots, which in certain lights show a pearly lustre; 1st longi-
tudinal vein present ; anal vein absent. Abdomen yellow, with
velvet tomentum; 1st segment pale yellowish, 2nd with a pale

•* Macquart's figure shows the broad elongale-conical labrum ; the longer,
concave, round-tipped labium ; and the long filamentous organs, all as
described by Westwood, who assumed the latter to be "analogous to palpi"
and stated that the mouth was rudimentary and concealed. Wandolleck also
describes the mouth as rudimentary.

354 NEMESTRINID-S.

band interrupted in middle and with two pale side-spots ; these
spots occur on each succeeding segment also, and are visible, with
the interrupted band, through absence of tomentum ; venter pale
yellowish red, with a darker mark at sides of each segment. Legs
with coxa?, trochanters, and femora of both anterior pairs yellowish
red, with moderately long concolorous pubescence ; tibiae fawn-
yellow with reddish-brown tips ; hind femora long, thin basally,
thence distinctly clubbed; the thin part fawn-coloured, the
clubbed part reddish yellow ; last tarsal joint and pulvilli reddish
yellow, the other joints fawn-colour with darker tips ; claws
dark brown.

Length, 10mm ; wing, 11'4 mm.

Described by Wandolleck originally from a type tf from
Sumatra, and Lichtwardt subsequently recorded another 3 from
Boss I., Andaman Is., v. 1904 (Col. C. T. Bingham}.

Type in Herr Dohrn's collection at Stettin ; the second speci-
men in the British Museum.

Genus ATRIADOPS, Wand.

Atriadops, Wandolleck, Ent. Xach. xxiii, p. 245 (1897).

Colax, Wiedemann (nee Hiibner, 181G), Analec. Ent. p. 18, pi. i,

fig. 8 (1824); id., Auss. Zweifl. ii, p. 260, pi. ix, fig. 11 (1830) ;

Macquart, Dipt. Exot. ii. pt. 1, p. 34, pi. iii, fig. 2 (1840);

Westwood, Cab. Orient. Entom. p. 38, pi. xviii, fig. 5 (1847) -r

Walker, Ins. Saund., Dipt. pi. v, fig. 4 (1850).

GENOTYPE, Colaxjavana, Wd., or C. macula, "Wd.*

Moderate-sized species with peculiar tomentose-like pubescence
and dark-coloured and spotted wings. Epistome (Estrid-like ; eyes
in cf subcontiguous for a short space ; ocelli absent ; proboscis
not. obvious, if projecting from mouth-opening, hidden in the long
hair of the face ; antennae 3-jointed, much as in Hirmoneura.
Thorax subquadrate, rather broader than long ; abdominal seg-
ments somewhat puckered-up just before the hind margins, forming
a blunt ridge ; genitalia in c? short, tip with a broader base, in £
longer with sabre-shaped lamella. Hind femora slightly thicker ;
first and last tarsal joints each as long as remaining three together.
Wings with auxiliary vein short, ending free at about opposite
origin of 4th vein ; 1st longitudinal and greater portion of vein
" diagonal " considerably thickened ; 3rd vein forked ; 4th vein
forked, anastomosed as usual for some distance with 3rd ; lower
prong of upper branch not always reaching wing-margin ; f anal
cell open, axillary vein present; thoracic squama? well developed ;
two submarginal and four posterior cells, 1st sometimes divided

* Both originally described together on the same page. I cannot per-
sonally decide and have seen no species set up as genotype.

f It does not do so in the one example of A. javana that I have seen, but
Waiidolleck figures it running to the wing-margin, with also a short cross-vein
between it and the vein in front (Ent. Nacb. xxiii, p. 246, fig. 1, 1897).

AT1UADOPS. — CEYLONIA. 155

by a cross-vein, 3rd closed ; discal cell sometimes narrowly
open ; * anal cell open.

Range. The very few species known come from China, Brazil,
Ceylon, Sumatra, Java, and South and West Africa.

121. Atriadops javana, Wied.

Colax javana, Wiedemann, Analec. Ent. p. 18 (1824) ; id., Auss.

Zweifl. ii, p. 261 (1830).
Atriadops javanaj Walker, Ins. Saund., Dipt. pi. v, fig. 4 (1850) ;

Wandolleck, Eut. Nach. xxiii, p. 246, fig. 1 (1897).

c? . Head with eyes contiguous for a short space ; frons pale
brownish grey, with greyish-white hairs ; antennae pale brownish
yellow. Thorax (?) blackish (discoloured, probably brownish in life),
sides with longer whitish-grey hairs. Abdomen brighter brown,
each segment towards hind border drawn up slightly, forming a
slight ridge ; anterior half of each segmeiit with fine golden-grey
pubescence, which towards sides becomes longer, thicker, and
whiter, and laterally on the hind margin of each segment is some
long black pubescence. Wings dark brown, the darker parts
blackish, hind margin rather broadly greyish, except at extreme
wing-tip, at tips of lower prong of upper branch of 4th vein, tips
of both branches of 5th vein, two or three intermediate spots
situated rather close together, and at tips of anal and axillary
veins, at each of which is a small blackish-brown spot ; similar
dark spots occur on the distal side of the diagonal veins, at the
juncture of the veins, and larger ones at the forking of both
4th and 5th veins ; at the distal end of the 2nd basal cell is an
ill-defined clearer space, and a similar subtriangular one extending
from the 3rd vein just before it meets the 4th, which, inclining
distally and diagonally, nearly reaches the costa. Thoracic
squamse considerably developed, with long greyish fringe.

Length, 8 mm.

Ee- described from a single c? in the Indian Museum from
Trincomali, Ceylon, 10. ix. 1909 (Col. Yerbury}, presented by
Herr Lichtwardt, the species having been originally described
from Java.

Genus CEYLONIA, Licht.

Ceylonia, Lichtwardt, Deut. Ent. Zeits. p. 646 (1909).
GENOTYPE, Ceylonia magnified. Licht. ; by original designation.
Body robust, linear. Proboscis hidden by the long hair of the
face; palpi small, thin; "j" epistome pointed, as in Trichopsidea,

* In Wandolleck's figure of A. macula, Wd. (/. c. p. 247, fig. 2), a Brazilian
species, the discal cell is prolonged narrowly to the wing-margin, remaining
open through the failure of the lower branch of the 4th vein to meet the lower
prong of the upper branch. The species seems abnormal, as the 2nd longi-
tudinal rein is either absent or the 3rd vein must be unforked. Also in the
basal angle of the last posterior cell is a very small quadrate additional cell.

t I follow Lichtwardt in sfating that the face has long hair, but I have not
noted this fact in describing my nivea. In any case in my type of that species
the palpi are perfectly obvious.

156 NEMESTRINID^.

Dicrotrypana, and Symmictus. • Eyes in J contiguous for some
distance, upper facets larger than lower ones ; vertex very small,
tliree ocelli on small prominent tubercle. Antennae short, of normal
Nemestrinid type ; 1st joint cylindrical, 2ud half; as long as 1st,
3rd globular, with apical bristle longer than the whole antenna.
Wings with auxiliary and 1st longitudinal veins verv long, straight,
close together, ending at a little distance before wing-tip ;
2nd vein beginning at half the wing's length, straight ; 3rd begin-
ning immediately afterwards, projected diagonally downwards,
anastomosing as usual with 4th vein, forking shortly beyond;
4th vein with upper branch forked, the branches of 3rd and
4th veins all parallel with 2nd vein and with hind margin of
wing; all ending above wing-tip, except the lowest, which ends
exactly there ; lower branch joining upper one just before forking
of latter; 5th vein rather peculiarly forked, so that the shape of
the last posterior cell at base is that of a slightly curved cone ;
posterior cross- vein absent; anal cell open, axillary vein long.
Two submarginal and five posterior cells, 4th closed.

122. Ceylonia magnifica, Licht. (PI. II, fig. 23.)

Ciylonia magnifica, Lichtwardt, Deut. Ent. Zeits. p. 646, rf (1909).
Atriadops n'ivea, Brimetti, Rec. Ind.fMus. vii, p. 477, tf (1912).

J . Head blackish grey ; palpi thin, small, of same colour ; eyes
brown, very large, contiguous for half the distance from the very
small vertex (bearing tliree small ocelli) to base of antenna?, the
lirst two joints of which are brown (3rd joint missing); underside
of head with some grey hairs. Thorax thickly clothed with pale
yellowish-grey hairs, which become white on the sides. Abdomen
thickly clothed with pale yellowish-white hairs, which, seen in
front, appear silvery white ; venter dark grey, with grey hairs.
Legs dark reddish brown. Winys clear, narrowlv dark brown at
base; also a narrow, irregular but clearly-cut, stripe across the
middle from the costa nearlv to the hind border; a second wider
similar band towards tip, which reaches the hind margin, spreading
over both sides of the "diagonal" vein, and connected along the
costa with a small apical spot, and proximally less distinctly with
the median band, leaving a well-marked clear oblong spot between
the 1st and 2nd longitudinal veins ; a small brown spot on wing-
margin at tip of 5th longitudinal vein and a larger one at tip
of 6th.

Length, 12 mm.

The species was described originally by Lichtwardt from a single
J from Pundaluoya, Ceylon (Green}, in the British Museum.
At the time of describing my nivea I had overlooked this author's
paper on Oriental NEMESTRIXID.T:, and the description given
here is that of the type of my species from a single S in mv
collection from Haldumulla, Ceylon (Green").

157

Family CYRTID^E.

Head very small, subglobular, almost wholly consisting of the
enormous eyes, which tire contiguous in both sexes ; vertex very
small ; frons generally very small. Proboscis varying from very
thin and elongate (MS in some BOMBYLIID.E) to very short or
obsolete; palpi generally obsolete. Antennae approximate at
base, placed in some genera well above, in others well below the
middle line of the -head, 3-jointed, variable in shape, 1st joint
sometimes minute.

Thorax greatly humped ; prothorax sometimes (PHILOPOTIN^E,
non-Oriental) enormously developed ; pubescence moderately
thick, sometimes furry ; scutellum lai-ge, without bristles ; rneta-
uotum generally concealed by it.

Abdomen very broad and gibbous, often quite globular and
pellucid, normally 5-segmented ; pubescence variable ; genitalia
inconspicuous.

Legs simple, comparatively short, rarely with a short blunt spur
on middle tibiae, or with one developed and one less developed spin-
on posterior tibiae, or a circlet of very short spines on front tibiae :
3 pulvilli; empodium as pad-like as outer pulvilli; claws long.
The entire body is wholly devoid of spines or strong bristles.

Wings diverging and deflexed when at rest, longer in § than in
J ; venation very characteristic, but a general interpretation of
its varied forms would be out of place here, as only four genera
are Oriental. Ambient vein at times quite absent, even above
the wing-tip ; auxiliary and 1st veins long, 2nd vein often absent;
praefurca beginning about opposite the base of the discal cell ;
anterior cross-vein near base of discal cell, sometimes very short
or absent; 3rd longitudinal vein generally forked ; posterior cross-
vein present or absent, 4th vein with manifold ramifications ; 5th
vein generally forked; anal vein present, sometimes weak and, with
the axillary vein, possibly absent. Technically two submarginal
cells and from three (sometimes apparently only two, owing to
the dividing vein being obsolete) to five posterior cells. The
venation in this family is, perhaps, not thoroughly understood
yet.* Thoracic squamae enormously developed and very promi-
nent, wrinkled, and generally pubescent, their size being one of
the chief characters of the family.

Life-history. The metamorphoses of several species are knownf,
the larvae being parasitic in the egg-cocoons or the abdomens of
spiders. The larva is amphiueustic (though Konig describes that
of Oncodes as metapneustic), short, thick, 12-segmented, with very

* See Verrall, Brit. Flies, v, p. 447 et seq.

t At-tomclla linden it, Ericlis., Brauer, Verh. zool.-hot. Ges. Wien, xix, p. 737,
pi. xiii, figs. l-(i (1869), and in Denks. Ak. \Viss. Wien. xlvii, pi. v, figs. 89-92
(1883). Oncodes pallipes, Lntr., Menge, Schrift. Danzig. Natur. Ges. i, p. 37
(18C>6); Oncodes fumatiis, Erichs., Brauer, Verb, ssool.-bot. Ges. Wien, xix,
p. 737 (186'J). Henops brit,
List, xx, p. 100, pi. x(1888).

158 CYIlTIDjE.

small head and small mouth-parts ; the posterior spiracles accom-
panied by peculiar large plates. Pupa free, with a median longi-
tudinal row of spines on dorsum of thorax. Lundbeck writes
of one species : — " The larva was lying in the abdomen of a Cteniza
ariana with the terminal spiracles in one of the lungs of the
Cteniza. Before pupation the larva left the now dead Arachnid
and transformed in the nest." Stein and Konig state that the
eggs of some species are deposited on branches of trees, also that
the young larvte possess considerable leaping powers.

The globular shape of the CIBTIDJE with the very large
squamae and characteristic venation stamp the members of this
family with a facies peculiarly their own, except for a few short,
hump-backed BOMBYLIID^, but from these the three (not two)
pulvilli and the venation at once separate them.

This family is by some authors called the ACUOCEIUD^, but the
name is " absolutely contradictory to most of the genera "
(Verrall). The term CYRTLD.E was used as far back as 1841, the
genus Gyrtus antedates Acrocera, and the family name is sup-
ported by Verrall, Osten-Sacken, and others.*

The range of the family is world-wide, but only about two
hundred species are known.

Table of Subfamilies.

Prothoracic plates enormously developed, united
dorsally, forming a. large shield between meso-

notum and neck , PHiLOPOTiN^E,p.l58.

Prothoracic plates not conspicuously developed.
Third antennal joint long and strap-shaped ;

no trace of style or apical bristle PANOPIN^:, p. 160.

Third antennal joint generally short ; apical

bristle or stiff hairs always present .... CYETIN^:, p. 163.

There are different views as to the location of some of the
genera, as to their synonymy and their limits. I follow Verrall
in keeping Pterodontia in CYRTIN^E.

Subfamily PHILOPOTIN^l.

The principal character is the enormous development of the
prothoracic plates. Only one species is Oriental.

Genus PHILOPOTA, Wied.

Philopota, "Wiedemann, Ausser. Zweifl. ii, p. 17 (1830).
GENOTYPE, Philopota conica, Wied. (Brazil).
Head much puffed out behind eyes; three ocelli t; eyes con-

* The family has been called by various other names by different authors;
INFLATE, for instance, and ONCODID*, Kertesz even retaining this latter name
to the present day.

t According to Wiedemann ; the lower ocellus in my species is not discernible,
but it is impossible to state definitely that it is not present.

PHILOPOTA. 159

tiguous, pubescent ; frons slightly prominent on lower part ;
antennae elongate, porrect, approximate and bulbiform at base,
situated immediately above base of proboscis, 3rd joint with apical
bristle. Proboscis very long and thin, projected below the body
to a considerable distance. Thorax with prothoracic lobes enor-
mously developed, prominent, their inner angles touching one
another. Abdomen conical (conica, Wied., type) or rounded
(viridcenea). Legs of moderate length and size, of the normal
Cyrtid type. Wings with auxiliary and 1st longitudinal veins
long, nearly parallel, prsefurca beginning just before middle of
wing; 2nd longitudinal vein long, ending much above wing-tip;
3rd vein simple, dying away a long distance from border of wring ;
anterior cross-vein present ; 4th vein simple, nearly straight,
almost attaining border; 5th vein simple, twice bent towards tip;
anal vein long, reaching wing-border.*

Range. South Europe, Asia Minor, India, Japan, Mexico, and
South America.

The above is an attempt at an augmented description of the
genus, as Wiedemann's was so short.t When additional species
are known a further description may be given.

123. Philopota viridsenea, sp. nov.

Head much extended behind the eyes, the surface shining aeneous
green, closely punctured, covered with rather dense, moderately
short, vellow pubescence ; eyes touching from just below the
small vertex bearing the ocelli,]; and with moderate! v short, not,
dense, dark brown pubescence, facets of uniform size; frons of
moderate size, flush with eyes at apex, but rather prominent on
lower part, dark shining blackish brown, more or less yellow on
lower margin; antennae elongate oval, dark shining brown, with
long, yellow, translucent stvle; cheeks blackish grev ; the large,
smooth, oval, shining black base of the proboscis beginning just
below the antenna? ; the rest of the proboscis bright yellow, bnre,
in length reaching under the body to tip of abdomen, the tip
widely bifid. Thorax with the entire surface of dorsum and sides,
and of scutellum, shining aeneous green, closely punctured, covered
with very short yellow pubescence. Prothoracic lobes very large
and prominent, subt ri angular, their inner angles contiguous, the
upper angles tipped with yellow. Abdomen aeneous green, closely
punctured, with very short yellow pubescence, which on the last
two segments and towards sides of previous segment is changed
to greyish ; extreme side-margins of most of the segments

* Verrall suggests a different reading of the veins, calling them in order,
auxiliary, 1st and 3rd longitudinals, and 4th vein (forked, the anterior cross-
vein being therefore absent).

t " Antenna; porrect, approximate, small, inserted above base of proboscis,
bulbiform, bristles apical. Proboscis elongate, deflexed before thorax. Eyes
contiguous, hairy. Three ocelli. Abdomen conical."

} Only the two upper ones are obvious; there should be three.

160

narrowly brownish yellow ; venter dull aeneous, with short whitish
pubescence ; geuitalia concealed, somewhat yellowish. Legs black-
ish with short grey pubescence ; femora black, extreme base and
nearly the apical halt' yellow ; rest of legs wholly yellow ; ail legs
with very short inconspicuous pale pubescence ; the three yellow
pulvilli and the black claws distinct. Wings yellowish grey,
considerably iridescent and rippled ; veins in anterior part of
wing black and distinct, the remainder yellowish and less distinct.
Thoracic squamae enormous, grey, with short greyish pubescence
on disc arid edge, sufficiently transparent for the brownish-yellow
halteres concealed below them to be seen.

Described from a perfect unique from Dungagali, 8000 ft.,
Hazara District, 21-22. v. 1915 (T. B. Fletcher).

Type sent to British Museum.

Subfamily PANOPIN^E.

Little can be added to the characters given in the table. The
basal and discal cells are generally well defined.

Genus PIALEA, EricJis.
Pialea, Erichson, Entomographica, i, p. 160 (1840).

GENOTYPE, Pialea lomata, Erichs. ; by original designation.

Body of the normal Cyrtid type. Head very small, mostly
occupied by the densely pubescent, contiguous eyes ; occiput
flattened, three ocelli ; proboscis very short, no obvious palpi.
Antennae deflected, placed on the underside of a distinct tubercle
in the middle of face between the eyes ; 1st and 2nd joints short,
bristly, 3rd very large, elongate, leaf-shaped with obtuse tip, much
longer than two basal joints together. Thoracic squamae enor-
mously developed. Abdomen thick, oblong, conical, longer than
thorax, densely pubescent, 6-segmented. Legs of normal Cyrtid
type, tibiae ending in a small blunt tooth-like projection on inner
aide. Wings of moderate size, slightly elongate ; costa ending at
tip of lower branch of 3rd vein, immediately before wing-tip ;
auxiliary vein ends at from two-thirds of wing (aurifrila) to nearly
end of wing (lutescens) ; 1st longitudinal vein very long; 2nd
begins at one-fourth of the wing, straight or gently curved towards
tip, ending just beyond 1st; 3rd begins very near origin of 2nd,
widely forked towards tip, nearly straight, with lower branch
ending below wing-tip (lutescens), or bent upwards, both branches
ending before wing-tip (aurtpt&s); anterior cross-vein very near
origin of 3rd vein, at basal end of the elongate discal cell; 4th
vein with apparently both branches forked, upper prong of upper
branch closing the 1st posterior cell and giving the appearance of
another discal cell in front of and parallel with the true one. In
lutescens upper prong of lower branch throwing off a veiulet

PIALEA. 161

closing discal cell (or it may be regarded as a discal cross-vein) ;
in auripila, if such veinlet is a discal cross-vein, the 4th vein's
lower branch is not forked, joining upper branch of 5th a little
before margin of wing. Posterior cross-vein short; 5th vein
forked, lower branch closing anal cell ; axillary vein present (at
least in auripila). Three submarginal cells ; three or four posterior
cells (first and last closed).*

Range. The only other known species (P. lomata) is from
Brazil. " .

Life-history unknown.

124. Pialea auripila, Brun. (PL II, figs. 24, 25.)

Pialea auripila, Brunetti, Rec. lud. Mus. vii, p. 472 (1912).
cJ . Head about half the full height of the thorax ; eyes closely
touching from the extremely small vertex to the base of the
antennae, rather densely covered with long brownish-yellow hair;
vertical triangle with three ocelli, slightly elevated; occiput much
flattened, with brownish-yellow hairs ; proboscis very short, sub-
conical, blackish, with some yellow hairs at tip; palpi not obvious ;
frontal triangle black, very small, projecting over basal joints of
antennae, which are short, a little broader at tip, blackish, with
black bristles; the third joint of the shape of an elongated leaf,
flattened, with obtuse tips, three times as long as the two basal
joints together, yellowish, with dark brown lower margins.
Tliorax higli, robust, nearly quadrate; ground-colour dark shining
brown, closely covered with rather long thick bright golden-yellow
hair. Scutellum and metanotum concolorous in ground-colour and
hair with the dorsum ; sides of thorax dull yellowish, with long
thick golden-yellow hair; a little brownish hair is intermixed here
and there with the yellow hair of the thorax. Abdomen robust,
thickened, longer than thorax, oblongo-conical, tip pointed.
Brownish yellow; 1st segment, very short; the dorsum of each
segment, mainly occupied by a large semi-circular dark brown
spot at base, and extending in the middle of the segment to the
hind margin, leaving the sides of the segments mainly yellow;
5th and 6th segments all black, the latter very small. Venter
blackish brown, practically bare, emargination of segments
narrowly yellow. The whole upper side of the abdomen with
bright golden-yellow hair, which is brownish towards the tip.
Legs with coxae half as long as femora, yellowish, with pale yellow
hairs. Tibiae (which are a little longer than the femora) and tarsi
black, with blackish-brown hairs ; underside of tibiae brownish
yellow, and ernargi nations of the tarsal joints below narrowly
yellowish ; tibiae a little broadened at tips, where they end in a
small blunt tooth-like projection on the outer side. Tarsi a little
longer than tibiae, base of metatarsus (which is equal in length to

* My reading of the venation in my description of P. auripila was slightly
faulty, the present interpretation being more probably correct.

If

162 CYBTIOS:.

the rest of the tarsus) pale yellow. Winys barely as long as
abdomen, rather broad, tip rounded, pale grey ; costal vein very
distinct, ending at tip of lower branch of 3rd vein, immediately
before the extreme tip of the wing; auxiliary (subcostal) and 1st
longitudinal veins thick, the former ending at about two-thirds
of the wing, the latter a little beyond it, both nearly straight,
distinctly separate (though approximate) from just beyond the
humeral cross-vein ; the 2nd and 3rd longitudinals with the
anterior cross-vein have the appearance of springing from a
common stem (or else the 3rd longitudinal and the anterior cross-
vein spring simultaneously from the 2nd vein at a little beyond its
base) ; 2nd vein nearly straight, but curved upward at its tip, to
thecosta; 3rd vein nearly straight, and in a straight line with
the praefurca, forking widely towards its tip, and becoming
suddenly much thinner, both branches ending in the costa
distinctly before the wing-tip; anterior cross-vein short, near
base of discal cell; 4th longitudinal vein forking just before
anterior cross-vein ; upper branch nearly straight for more than
half its length, thence with a slight curve, forked, the upper

Fig. 10.--Pialea auripila. Brim., Fig. ll.—Pialca auripila, Brun.,

antenna. wing.

prong erect, closing 1st posterior cell, lower prong running to
wing-margin ; lower branch of 4th vein also comparatively
straight, forked so widely towards its tip that the prongs are
nearly in the same straight line with one another, upper one
closing discal cell, lower one joining upper branch of 5th vein
towards its tip, closing 3rd posterior cell. Posterior cross-vein
very short, placed at about middle of discal cell ; 5th vein
thickened, forked near its junction with posterior cross-vein ;
lower branch closing anal cell. First basal cell rather large and
broad, bounded distally by the anterior cross-vein ; 2nd basal
cell much longer and narrower, bounded distally by the posterior
cross-vein; discal cell elongate, about 3^ times as long as its
greatest breadth. The 1st submarginal cell nearly as long as the
marginal and narrowed at wing-margin; 2nd submarginal cell
small, subtriangular. The 1st posterior cell embraces the wing-
tip, but the upper prong of the upper branch of the 4th vein
divides the cell at two-thirds of its length; 2nd posterior cell
large, of irregular shape; 3rd closed, much wider distally; 4th
subtriangular, formed by the branches of the 5th vein ; anal vein
slightly curved ; axillary vein short, axillary cell large. Alulae

LAS1A. 163

very small ; squamae pale yellowish, the upper ones small, the
lower ones very large and pubescent. Halteres yellowish.

Length, 12 mm.

Described from a single perfect <$ in the Indian Museum from
Kurseong, 6000 ft., 26. viii. 1909 (D'Alreu).

This species is undoubtedly a Pialea, though it offers a slight
variation from the venation of the type species,* and the shape
of the abdomen is different. In my remark after my original
description of auripiki. about Westwood's figure of the antennae,
I overlooked his statement in his description of the tubercle on
the face and the fact that the antennae are placed on the under-
side of it. This fact further convinces me that my species is
correctly placed in Pialea.

Subfamily CYRTIN.E.

Prothorax not forming a dorsal shield in front of mesonotum.
Third anteunal joint normally short, with apical arista or hair-
like rays.

Three genera are Oriental, and are easily distinguished as
follows : —

An additional cell in wing above the discal and

about as long LASIA, Wd., p. 163.

No such cell.

Costa with an angular projection at tip of 1st

longitudinal vein; antenual tip with three fp. 165.

stiff' hairs, or a style bearing three such hairs. PTERODONTIA, Gray,
Costa without such projection ; antennae ending [p. 168.

in a long arista ONCODKS, Latr.,

Genus LASIA, Wiedj

Lasia, Wiedemann, Analec. Entom. p. 11 (1824); id., Ausser. Zweitl.

i, p. 329 (1828).
Mesophysa, Macquavt, Dipt. Exot. i, pt. 2, p. 166 (1838).

Feriexutemma,aiyot) Ann. Soc. Ent. France, (3) iv, p. 65 (1856).

Verticistemma, Bigot, op. cit. vii, p. 200 (1859).

GENOTYPE, Lasia splendens, "Wied. (Brazil).

Body of the usual Cyrtid type. Head with eyes bare, con-
tiguous in both sexes, facets very small, of uniform, size ; no
ocelli ; proboscis from a little shorter to a little longer than the
body, narrow, cylindrical ; palpi apparently absent or obsolete.
Antennae 3-jointed, porrect, approximate at base, diverging; 1st
joint cylindrical, short ; 2nd broader than 1st, wider towards the

* P. lomata, Erichs. (as P. lutescens, Westw., sp. nov.) Trans. Ent. Soc.
Lond. (1876) pi. vi. This is the only other known species, and is from Brazil.

t Kertesz in his catalogue ranks Ijasia as synonymous with Panops, Lam.
(Ann. Mus. d'Hist. Nat. iii, p. 263, 1804). Nearly all the species have been
described under Lasia, and, as Verrall accepts it without comment, I follow
him. It is a moot point if Lasia should belong to the PANOPIN*; or OYETINJK,

M2

164 CYRTIDjE.

bluntly truncate tip; 3rd elongate lance-shaped, bare, shining,
produced into a long style, which is longer than the entire
antenna. Tlioracc and abdomen densely pubescent. Leys of
moderate length, simple. Wings with auxiliary vein ending
about middle of eosta ; 1st longitudinal ending towards wing-tip,
nearly straight; 2nd starting soon after humeral cross- vein,
nearly parallel with 1st, both slightly upturned at tips; 3rd
beginning immediately beyond base of 2nd, descending in a
straight ine diagonally across the wing, forking abruptly beyond
its middle, the two branches curving upwards, practically parallel,
ending above wing-tip; 2nd stibuiarginal cell truncate at base;
anterior cross-vein just beyond origin of 3rd vein, very near base
of discal cell, short ; upper branch of 4th longitudinal vein
forked at tip of discal cell, at which point a short transverse vein
connects with the forking of the 3rd vein; lower branch of 4th
vein simple, suddenly recurrent towards tip, ending jointly with
upper branch of 5th vein at about middle of hind border of wing ;
di^cal cross-vein long, closing discal cell ; 5th vein forked at half
its length ; upper branch meeting 4th vein at middle of discal
cell ; lower branch closing anal cell well before margin ; posterior
cross-vein absent, axillary vein foreshortened. Two submarginal
cells ; five posterior cells, 1st divided by a transverse vein,* 4th
closed. Squama) very large.

llniige. Europe, India, Australia, North and South America.

Life-Tit 'story apparently unknown.

The present description is built up mainly on L. aurata, as the
genus does not appear to have been diagnosed since Wiedemann
founded it. Some of the characters herein given may require
modification, as no other species is available for comparison.

125. Lasia aurata, sp. nov.

Send with vertical triangle black, roughened, elevated, with
long chrome-yellow, rather drooping, bristly hairs; eyes black,
facets very small, of uniform size, with no trace of any transverse
channels ncross the discs; frontal triangle elevated, black, shining,
bare. Antennal 1st and 2nd joints bright yellow, short; 2nd

* In his notes on the genus Lasia (Brit. Flies, v, p. 450) Verrall distinctly
states that the extra cell "is a second portion of the upper basal cell and not a
basal part of the 1st posterior cell," and he compares the venation with that
cf the NEMESTRINID./E. but I venture to think that the anterior cross-vein (also
recognised by Verrall as such) cannot be pluced in the biisal cell, but must,
when present, invariably divide the 1st basal from the 1st posterior cell. It
seems to me that the short, cross-vein connecting the 3rd and 4th veins in
Lasia and one or two other genera in this family (Eulonchus, P(ernpe.nts,
etc.), represents the point at which in the NEMESTRTNID.B the 3rd and 4th veins
anastomose, which in that family occurs in contact with the discal cell and
not distinctly beyond it as in CYKTID*. Even if in NEMESTRINID/E this
usually punctiform contact is replaced by a short cross-vein, it should be
regarded as identical with the same extra cross-vein in CYETID^. and
not as the anterior cross-vein, which would, therefore, be wholly absent in
NKMESTKIKID*.

LA.SIA. — PTEIIODONTIA. 165

subcylindrical, narrower at base, tip almost rounded; 3rd shining
chestnut-brown, base yellowish, lance-shaped, the tip drawn out
into a long concolorous style, which is about as long as the whole
antenna; 2nd joint with yellow hairs. Face, except immediately
below antennae, deeply sunken between the eyes, shining bla«-k,
bare, narrower on upper part; occiput grey, covered along the
margin apparently with long bristly bright yellow scale-like
pubescence.* Thorax moderately shining black on disc, with
apparently a slight aeneous tinge, the dark colour extending
forward in a broad b'and to anterior margin ; rest of dorsum
bright yellow, including shoulders, humeri, and mesopleurae ;
ground-colour of scutellum brownish yellow, that of remainder
of the pleurae grey or yellowish grey ; whole thoracic dorsum,
scutellum, and pleurae covered with dense long bright yellow
bristly scale-like pubescence, which becomes a little paler over-
shoulders and lower part of sides of thorax, and more orange over
scutellum and on hinder part of thoracic dorsum. Abdomen
yell.nvish brown, lighter on 1st segment and deeper on 3rd and
4th; a'l segments with a well-defined lemon-yellow hind border
of moderate width, broadest and least well-defined on 1st, and 5th
segments, on which latter it occupies more than half the surface.
"Whole dorsal surface covered with moderately short light brown
pubescence, and towards tip some microscopic pale yellow depressed
hairs. Venter mainly yellowish, with a blackish median band on
hinder part and some transverse black marks on 3rd and 4th and
following segments ; genitalia inconspicuous, hidden. Legs * holly
lemon-yellow with short soft concolorous pubescence. Wings
practically clear to base, distinctly ribbed; veins brown ; thoracic
hquuuae pain yellow, with long bright yellow fringe.

Described from a single specimen in the British Museum,
labelled simply "Ind."

Genus PTERODONTIA, Gray.

Pterodont.ia, Gray in Griffith's Anira. Kingd. xv, p. 779 (1832).
Plerethntin, Macquart, Hist. Nat. Dipt, ii, p. 514 (1835).

GBNOTYPE, Pterodmtia ftnvipcs, Gray ; by original designation.

Body of the normal Cyrtid type, pubescent. Head extremely
small, nearly wholly occupied by the eyes, which are very large,
contiguous in both sexes, densely pubescent; three ocelli; mouth-
opening more or less concealed; proboscis short. Antennae
situated at bottom of h -ad, 3-jointed; 1st cylindrical, 2nd short,
3rd conical, with (according to Macquart) a long bare style, but
in P. <tor*alis with three very long fine stifl' hairs.t Thoracic
lobes developed ; thoracic squama? enormously so. Abdomen

* The head is so closely affixed to the thorax that it is difficult to state
whether the adjacent pubescence belongs to the thorax or the occiput.

t These might easily cling together, giving tho appearance of a long bare
style.

166

short, rounded, very thick, 6-segmented. Leys of normal Cyrtid
type; tibiae ending in a well-developed blunt spine on front side,
with a smaller less developed one on inner side. Three pulvilli
greatly developed ; claws long and strong. Wings with a very
conspicuous singular projection in the costa at tip of 1st longi-
tudinal vein, at about three- fourths the length of the wing, the
costa being considerably thickened at the spot ; auxiliary vein
ending in costa at about middle of wing; 2nd vein beginning just
before middle of wing, curving upwards towards its tip and
ending only just beyond tip of 1st vein ; 3rd vein beginning soon
after origin of 2nd, simple, forming a decided upward curve and
ending much before the wing-tip, at which spot the costa ends;
anterior cross-vein absent ; forking of 4th vein enclosing a discal
cell, closed distally by the discnl cross-vein ; posterior cross-vein
absent; 5th vein forked, the upper branch forming lower side of
disc.-il cell ; anal cell closed ; axillary vein absent. One sub-
marginal and two posterior cells, the 1st exceedingly large,
embracing wing-tip.

Range. Europe, N. and Cent. America, Brazil, Somaliland,
Australasia.

Life-history unknown.

Macquart gives a figure of a wing and head of Pterodontia* in
his Hist. Nat. Dipt. (pi. xxi, figs. 5 b and 5 a, respectively), but
while the wing is of this genus, though very incorrectly drawn,
the head is that of an acalyptrate Muscid, and he acknowleges
this error later (Dipt. Exol. ii, p. 1), where he gires (pi. i, fig. 2)
a correct wing, and states that the acalyptrate previouslv figured
is Triyonosoma perilampiformis.

126. Pterodontia kashmirensis, Licht.

Pterodontia kaehmirensM. Lichtwardt. Deut. Ent. Zeits. p. 124
(1909).

The two species described here are evidently very closelv
allied, if not Identical. Their only distinctions appear to be as
follows : —

Sides of thorax clay-yellow, with a round black

spot ; coxte all pale kashmirensis, Licht.

Sides of thorax black, except mesopleura, which

is brownish yellow with a square black

spot ; coxae blackish dorsolineata, Brun.

rf . " Distinct by the globular body, the low-placed head, and
the remarkably shaped wing; a conspicuous clay-yellow species
with black markings. From the head hindward runs a narrow
black stripe up to about one-third of the thorax, where it widens
into an oval spot which reaches to the scutellum ; sides of thorax
clay-yellow, with a distinct round black spot directly in front of
the wing-base ; scutellum bearing an elongate transverse middle

* /'. macquarti, Westxv. (Jlavipes, Macq., nee Gray).

PTEKODONTIA. 167

spot, leaving a pale margin all round of uniform width ; underside
of thorax shining black. Abdomen with 1st segment wholly black ;
2nd broadly black in the middle, se that about one-fourth of the
segment on each side remains pale ; 3rd and 4th segments each
with a blackish triangular mark, with rounded angles and with the
apex directed backwards, both segments bearing also a black
rounded spot towards the anterior angles ; 5th segment wholly
black, except for a narrow yellow hind border with a tooth-like
extension in the middle ; 6th segment similar, with rather stout
genital organs. The' yellow antennae, which are placed so low
that they touch the front coxae, consist, so far as can be seen, of
a cylindrical joint and a globular one, half as large as the 1st ; on
the latter is a yellow bristle, which at a magnification of '27 (Zeiss)
is seen to be composed of two hairs separated at the base. The
distinct ocelli are placed on the occipital margin almost directly
over the antennse ; eyes very hairy. "Whole body with short
pale pubescence, with which some darker hairs are intermixed
only on the blackish markings and on the middle coxae. Legs
wholly pale ivory-yellow, with large yellow empodia, the claws
wide apart, black on the apical half. Wings hyaline, with yellow
veins, the costal projection rather pointed.

" The species is distinct from Pt. ivaxelu, Klug, with the type
of which in the Berlin Museum I have compared it, and from
flavipes, Macq.,by the entirely pale coxae and femora." (Lichtwardt.)

Length, 8 mm. ; wings, 8 mm.

Xulu, Kashmir, 5000 ft.

Type (presumably) in Lichtwardt's collection.

127. Pterodontia dorsolineata, Brun. (PI. II, figs. 26, 27.)

Pterodontia dorsolineata, Brunetti, Rec. Ind. Mus. vii, p. 475,
pi. xxxvii, figs. 8, 9, 10 (1912).

$ . Head with eyes very large, black, closely contiguous, rather
thickly pubescent ; occiput moderately puffed out, dark grey ;
vertex small, three dull red ocelli. Antennae yellowish, the three
joints nearly equal in length, but the 3rd rather the longest, with
three very long straight bristly hairs at tip. Proboscis distinct,
but short, cylindrical, pale yellow. Thorax brownish yellow, the
dorsum mainly occupied by a large black shining spot, which is
continued forward as a stripe as far as the anterior margin ; sides
of thorax black, except the mesopleura, which is brownish yellow,
with a square black spot in the middle. The whole thorax
covered with brown or yellowish hair, concolorous with the colour
of the surface. Scutellum brownish yellow, pubescent, with a
large basal, nearly circular, black spot. Abdomen brownish yellow ;
1st segment all black ; 2nd all black, except towards the sides ;
3rd, 4th, and 5th with a black spot on each segment, widest in
front, extending from fore to hind margin, except on the 5th
segment, where the spot fails to reach the latter; these spots

168 , CYBTIDJE.

form, with the black colour of the 2nd segment, a conspicuous,
clear-cut, dorsal band of irregular width ; 6th segment wholly
black; on each of the 2nd, 3rd, 4th, and 5th segments is u
subquadrate black spot placed contiguous to the anterior and
lateral margins. Venter yellowish, the segments faintly emar-
ginate with brown, unmarked. The whole abdomen bears brown
or yellow pubescence, concolorous with the colour of the surface.
Leys wholly yellowish, except the blackish coxae. The middle
femora and tibiae are distinctly longer than the fore pair, and the
hind pair are proportionately longer than the middle pair. Tarsi
long; the anterior ones about equal in length, but the hind pair
are distinctly longer, proportionately. The tibiae end in a well-
developed (almost Bibio-like) blunt spine on the front side, with
a smaller one (easily seen on the hind legs only) on the inner side.
The pulvilli, three in number, elongate, very greatly developed ;

Fig. 12. — Pterodontia dorsolineata, Brun., wing.

the claws very long and strong, curved. Wiwjs colourless, veins
yellow, venation normal ; upper squamae quite small, nearly
circular, lower pair very large, with a short yellow fringe, both
practically colourless; halteres black.

Length, 7 mm.

Described from a single specimen in the Indian Museum from
Mayinyo, 3800 ft., near Mandalay, Upper Burma, v. 1910 (H. L.
Andrewes).

This species must be very near and possibly identical with
Tcaslimirensis, Licht.

Genus ONCODES, Latr.

Oncodes, Latreille, Precis Caract. Gen. Ins. p. 154 (179G).
Henops, Meigen, Illig. Mag. ii, p. 226 (1803).

GENOTIPE, Musca yibbosa, L.; by original designation.

Head nearly all eyes, which are larger in c? than $ , bare ;
vertex very small ; two ocelli ; frons slightly produced ; proboscis
and palpi apparently absent, the aperture closed by a membrane.
Antennae placed at extreme lower part of head, 2-jointed ; 1st
joint short, thick, cylindrical ; 2nd oval, ending in a long thin
arista-like style, dilated at base, and with a hair-like bristle at
tip. Thorax spherical ; humeral, prealar, and postalar calli large,
but not very conspicuous ; pubescence moderately dense ; scutel-
lum large, with very deep rounded margin, leaving only a small
disc ; metanotum rather small. Thoracic squama3 enormous, with

ONCODES. 169

dense pubescence ; alar squamae with soft down ; balteres short.
Abdomen dorsally arched, lower side more or less flat, 5-segmented ;
short ovate in c? , short and round in $ ; pubescence moderate ;
genitalia concealed. Legs rather short and stout, simple, no
spurs, tarsi with 1st and 5th joints longer than the others ;
pulvilli and claws distinct. Wings in rf short, in J larger and
longer, venation imperfect, the veins failing to reach the margin;
2nd longitudinal vein absent, 3rd nearly straight, unforked,
projected in a direction much below wing-tip; anterior cross-
vein apparently present, though weak; 4th vein forked, lower
branch again forked; 5th vein forked widely, the upper branch
sharply angled, at which point it seems anastomosed with the
lowest branch of the 4th vein, so it is difficult to say if the
posterior cross-vein is present or not ; * anal and axillary veins
present, wenk. Two basal cells, fairly distinct ; no discal cell ;
posterior cells merged in the open hind part of wing ; anal cell
open owing to the foreshortened anal vein.

Range. Europe, N. America, N. Africa, Asia, Australasia.

Life-history of two or more European species more or less
known.f

Table of Species.

1. Abdomen without bands fuscus, Brun., p. 171.

Abdomen with pale transverse bands 2. [p. 170.

2. Conspicuous pale spots on abdomen octomaculatus, Brun.,

Without abdominal spots 3.

3. Posterior corners of thorax and hind margin [p. 171.

of scutellum distinctly pale rufomaiyinatttt, sp. n.,

These parts not pale 4.

4. Thorax unmarked; wings brownish yellow; [sp. n., p. 171.

basal half of tibiae tawny ; length 5 mm. . . atu/ustimarffinatus,
Thorax with two tawny stripes ; wings clear ;
legs black, except coxae below and knees ;
length 3 mm costalis, Walk., p. 169.

128. Oncodes costalis, Walk.

Henops costalis, Walker, Ins. Saund., Dipt. pt. 3, p. 203 (1852).

"Head black; feelers tawny ; chest and breast pitchy, clothed
with pale tawny hairs ; chest adorned with a tawny border and
two tawny stripes ; abdomen pitchy ; hind borders of the segments
whitish; legs pitchy; hips beneath, knees, and fore feet tawny ;
wings colourless, wing-ribs and veins dark tawny ; veins partly
pitchy along the fore border ; scales pale grey, with tawny borders.
Length of the body 1.* lines, of the wings, 3 lines. East Indies."
(Walker.)

A specimen is in the British Museum, labelled simply " lnd.,:'
and I am informed that it probably came from India proper.

* Verrall says it is absent.
t See p. 157.

170 CYRTLDJE.

129. Oncodes octomaculatus, Brim. (PI. II, figs. 28, 29.)

Oncodes octomaculatus } Brunetti, Ilec. Ind. Mus. vii, p. 476 (1912).

3 . Head with eyes very dark reddish brown, bare ; vertex and
back of head blackish ; two ocelli present. Antennae normal
(apparently, as they are not properly visible), terminated by a long
arista, which is slightly thickened at the base, and is thinnest in
the middle, the tip provided with two minute stiff hairs. Thorax
brownish yellow, with three dorsal clear-cut black stripes of
moderate and equal width, the median one attaining the anterior
margin , the outer ones considerably foreshortened ; hinder part of
dorsuin all blackish, the colour extending to the scutelluin ; the
metanotum brownish yellow ; a short black streak (which in one
specimen forms nearly a complete circle) on each side in front,
below each shoulder, sometimes joined to the tips of the outer
dorsal stripe ; a small blackish mark afc base of wing, and the
underside of the thorax mainly blackish. Thorax with a little
light yellow pubescence generally distributed both on dorsuin and
sides. Abdomen mainly blackish, with light yellowish pubescence ;

Fig. 13. — Oncodes octomaculatus, JBrun., wing.

hind margins of segments narrowly pale yellowish white, the
colour widest on 5th segment ; 2nd segment with two large oval
greyish-white spots nearly filling the clorsum, b'.it quite clear of
the borders in all directions ; 3rd and 4th segments each with a
pair of moderate-sized brownish-yellow spots, one on each side of
the middle ; 5th segment with an elongated similarly coloured
spot, clear of the borders in all directions, and nearly filling the
segment ; 6th segment much smaller, practically a replica of
the 5th ; lateral margins of each segment occupied by a shining
black elongate spot, which does not overlap the pale hind margin.
Venter pale yellowish ; sometimes (iu one example) a black spot
towards the lateral margins as on dorsal surface. Leys brownish
yellow ; hind pair with coxae more or less at base, femora at base
and a broad subapical band, and tibiae and tarsi almost wholly,
brown or blackish. Wings yellowish grey ; venation normal ;
squamse dirty grey, shortly and closely pubescent, and of the
normal enormous size.

Length, 4 mm.

Described from two c? d" in the Indian Museum, from Igat-
puri, Western Ghats, Bombay Presidency, 20. xi. 1909 (Annan-
dale}; Nasik, Bombay Pres., iii. 1911.

OX CODES. 171

130. Oncodes fuscus, Brun.

Oncodes fuscns, Bruuetti, Rec. Ind. Mus. vii, p. 477 (1912).

? $ . Head wholly blackish ; eyes closely contiguous ; vertex a
little prominent; two ocelli; some black hairs on the rather
puffed-out occiput. Arista pale yellowish, nearly transparent,
shaped as in 0. oclomaculatus, Brun. Thorax wholly dark shining
brown, with greyish-brown pubescence. Abdomen dark nut-
browu, with greyish-brown pubescence ; the sides and venter a
little darker; hind margins of segments with a trace of a narrow
black border. Legs uniformly brownish yellow ; coxse darker
brown. Winys colourless, the stronger veins brownish yellow.

Length, 3 mm.

Described from a single specimen in the Indian Museum from
Sahelwa, Bahraich District, United Provinces, India, 2. iii. 1909.

Prom the relatively smaller size of the head and the more
puffed-out occiput 1 infer that the present specimen is a $ .

In the Pusa collection is an Oncodes representing a new species
allied tofuscus from Bengal, but the abdomen is missing.

131. Oncodes angustimarginatus, sp. nov.

Head with f rons and antennae brownish yellow ; eyes and vertex
black ; occiput blackish, with a row of bristly black hairs towards
the margin. Thorax moderately shining black, covered . with
moderately short, rather deuse, brownish-yellow pubescence ;
scutellum similar. Abdomen moderately shining black, with
minute black pubescence ; hind margins of all segments clearly
denned, narrowly cream-yellowish ; venter mainly yellow, basal
part black. Legs shining black, minutely pubescent ; basal half of
all tibife brownish yellow, the colour rather more extended on inner
side ; tarsi dark brownish black, more than the basal half of meta-
tarsi brownish yellow, claws black. Wings distinctly brownish
yellow, veins very dark brown ; thoracic squama? shining black,
with minute yellow pubescence ; halteres yellow, knobs black.

Length, 5 mm.

Described from a single specimen in the British Museum from
Pirivipancheram, Ceylon, 21. i. 1892 (Col. Yerbury). A note
adds: — " Only example seen; at top of hill, found near form of
a sambur." A second specimen from Pusa, 6.xii. 1911, with the
thorax all black.

132. Oncodes rufomarginatus, sp. nov.

Head with eyes black ; the triangular frons blackish, with
microscopic grey pubescence; extreme margin white-dusted.
Antenna) with 1st and 2nd joints black, with microscopic grey
pubescence; 3rd of normal shape, basal swollen part shining
brownish black, remainder brownish yellow. Thorax moderately
shining black ; dorsum wholly covered with fairly dense, pale

172 CYRTID.t.

yellowish-grey pubescence, which extends over the upper pleurae
and the scutellum ; the large posterior calli reddish brown, as is
the posterior margin of the scutellum wholly (type) or in part
(cotype) ; a similarly coloured spot on pleurae about halfway
between base of wing and middle coxae ; lower part of pleura;
blackish grey, bare of pubescence, but with microscopic grey dust.
Abdomen with ground-colour black, surface slightly roughened ;
the very short 1st segment with an extremely narrow bone-white
hind margin ; remainder of segments with similarly coloured hind
margins, narrowest on 2nd segment, especially in the middle,
broadest on 3rd, 4th, and 5th segments ; the white margin does
not reach the actual sides of the dorsal plates (except on 5th and
perhaps 6th segments), thougli a fine pale yellowish-white line
does actually continue right through to the extreme edge. The
side-margin of the dorsal plate is occupied by a moderately broad
black baud, which practically dies away just beyond middle of
5th segment. Venter mainly bone-white ; base of most segments
blackish brown, narrowly in middle and broadly towards sides,
leaving a whitish stripe below the black side-margins ot the dorsal
plates ; towards each side of the 2nd, 3rd, 4th, and 5th segments
is a rather large reddish-brown spot, fairly well demarcated from
the black and bone-white parts. Legs with coxa? and about basal
two-thirds of anterior femora and three-fourths of hind pair
shining black, remainder reddish brown ; tibiae reddish brown,
aboutMniddle half of hind pair blackish ; all tarsi black. Wings
absolutely clear and transparent practically to the extreme base ;
veins yellow, costa dark brown ; thoracic squamae pale dirty
white, with whitish microscopic pubescence and a very narrow
pale yellowish border; halteres brownish yellow.

Length, type 6 mm., cotype 4£ mm.

Described from two specimens in the British Museum from
Nuwara Eliya, Ceylon, IS. v. 1891 (type), and 14.viii. 1891
(Yerbury).

In the cotype the reddish-brown spots towards the sides of the
abdomen are less well delimited; the general ground-colour of
the abdomen is more nearly very dark brown than black ; the
pale hind border on the 2nd segment is broader than in the type;
and the red on the scutellar hind border is confined to the central
part. This specimen bears a label: " rare, seated on grass stalks.''

On comparing the present form with the very lengthy description
of O. gibbosus given by Verrall, the agreement is certainly striking ;
but, though that author says he examined a large number of speci-
mens, he makes no mention of the very conspicuous reddish-
brown posterior calli and hind margin to the scutellum. Jt seems
justifiable, therefore, to regard the present form as a distinct
species.

BOMBYLIIDJE. 173

Family BOMBYLIID^].

Head rounded or transverse, generally narrower than, some-
1 imes as wide as, rarely wider tlian thorax, and set closely on it ;
frons and face not sunk between the eyes, occiput generally en-
larged posteriorly, except in SYSTROPINJE ; ocelli present. Eyes
bare, usually contiguous or subcontiguous in the tf , but in
ANTHRACITE always considerably separated in both sexes, but
sometimes more so in the $ ; in SYSTROPIN^E contiguous in both
sexes. Proboscis generally very long, slender, and porrect, in
some genera and in AXTHRACINYE short and thicker ; labella small
or very small, rarely of moderate size ; palpi with one or two
joints, often inconspicuous. Antenna? porrect, approximate or
remote at base ; 3rd joint not annulated, but in some species with
a suture near the base of the joint ; style generally present, even
if minute, sometimes with a constriction in the middle ; some-
times it is replaced by a pencil of stiff hairs (Argyr amoeba).

Thorax in Bonibylius and some other groups of genera with
dense furry pubescence, often thicker and scale-like about the
wing-roots ; chaetotactic bristles frequently present. In AN-
1'HRACiN^E clusters of distinct scales often present, generally
about the wing-roots, and when abundant the furry pubescence
usually less dense. Metapleura? generally densely pubescent, but
hypopleuraa usually bare. Scutellum generally clothed like the
thorax, sometimes with bristly hairs or with scales ; metanotum
small, hidden.

Abdomen in BOMBYLIINJE " almost globular and clothed with
dense furry pubescence, intermingled with which may be some
longer straggling hairs ; or (A:NTHRACIIO<:) more elongate, with
almost parallel sides and less furry pubescence on at least the
disc ; or (Cyllenia, Midio) with strong hind-marginal bristles ; or
(Sijstropus) very elongate, slender, and bare ; the 6th to the 8th
segments often difficult to trace under the furry pubescence "
(Verrall). Genitalia inconspicuous ; in the c? sometimes turned to
one side ; in ANTHRACIN^; the ovipositor in many species with a
circlet of spines.*

Legs generally rather long, slender, and weak, used for alighting
only. Thickened bristles " like little sticks " occur sometimes on
the femora, especially on the hind pair ; rows of inconspicuous
spicules on the tibia?, in Toxopliora replaced by stick-like bristles;
tibiae generally with an apical circlet of bristles ; tarsi with
numerous short, bristles; pulvilli two, often vestigial, empodia
minute, claws of moderate size or small, or the front pair only
smaller than the others.

* It. has not, always been possible to examine the genitalia satisfactorily.
In such cases I have assumed the sex from the comparative width and shape
of the frons.

174 UOM.BYLIIDJB.

Wings of moderate size or elongate. Venation conspicuous by
the absence of the posterior cross-vein, the upper branch of the
5th vein forming for a longer or shorter distance (rarely puncti-
form) the lower side of the discal cell. Subcostal cell usually
narrow, the auxiliary and 1st longitudinal veins sometimes almost
touching. Submarginal cells normally two or- three, rarely one
only (Cyrtosia), sometimes four (Hypcralonia) ; * 3rd vein simple
or forked, when the latter, the fork encloses the wing-tip. Discal
cell normally present, rarely absent.f Three or four posterior
cells ; anal cell open or closed. Wings bare, but the costa bears
small spines at the base, where there is often a patch of them of
considerable size, often intermixed with scales. Alulae small :
alar squamae rather large, with a thickly-set, rather long, broad,
flattened scale-like fringe (Anthrax), or with a woolly, long mar-
ginal fringe, or moderately developed, with a short delicate fringe.
JFrenum sometimes distinctly widened before the angle, and
bearing long hairs similar to those surrounding it, but otherwise
the thoracic squamae absent. Halteres small, often not easily
seen.

Life-history. That of many species is more or less known.
They are mostly parasitic on Lepidoptera, especially on the genus
Acjrotts and other Noctuids : also on the larvae of bees, wasps,
ichneumons and Tachinids that are themselves parasitic on Lepi-
dopterous larvae. Callistoma is parasitic in the egg-capsules of
a locust. The Bombyliid larva is amphipneustic, cylindrical,
rather flattened, 13-segmented ; an obvious, though small, re-
tractile head with well developed mouth-parts, papillate antennae,
and no eyes. The young larva is elongate, each thoracic seg-
ment with a pair of long setae, the penultimate segment with two
spiracles: the adult larva is obese and without setae. Pupa free,
mummy-like, with strong spines on head and anterior part ;
abdominal segments with chitinous booklets. The pupa has pro-
thoracic and seven pairs of abdominal spiracles, some species
bearing transverse rows of spines on most of the segments. The
BOMBYLIIDJE contain many of the most brilliantly coloured Diptera
and attain considerable size, the wings being frequently verv
prettily marked, whilst the body is often adorned with bright
tufts of gorgeous pubescence or patches of coloured scales. The
family is a very large one and is of world-wide range, occurring
mostly in dry sunny or sandy localities, many of the species being
exquisite hoverers. The members of the family may be recognised
by absence of the posterior cross-vein (although this is not alwavs
obvious to the inexperienced), the few posterior cells, and the
furry pubescence of most of the species. They are most nearly
related to the CYRTID.E and the THEREVIDJE.

* Additional cross-veins occasionally cause five submarginal cells in indi-
viduals, or, more rarely, in species,
t Cyrtosia, and Apolysis, for example, amongst Paltearctic genera.

BOMBYLIID.E. 175

Table of Subfamilies.

1. Praefurca comparatively long, 2nd longitu-

dinal vein originating in knee-shaped form
from it, approximately opposite anterior
cross-vein __ (at most half-way between
origin of praefurca and the cross-vein, and
this onlyin some species of Argyramceba);*
antennae widely separated at base ; frons

in $ nearly as wide as in $ ANTHRACIN^E, p. 176.

Praefurca comparatively short, 2nd vein ori-
ginating acutely (not in knee-shaped form),
always much nearer origin of praefurca
than of anterior cross-vein ; antennae
nearly always approximate at base ; eyes
in J normally contiguous or nearly so,
sometimes distinctly separated, but irons
always much narrower than in $ f

2. Abdomen, hind legs, and antennae conspi-

cuously long; eyes normally contiguous

. in both sexes; only three posterior cells;

thorax not unusually humped ; occiput

concave ; bare species SYSTROPINJE, p. 289.

Abdomen, legs, and antennae (taken together)
not conspicuously long; eyes normally
contiguous in J , wide apart in $ ; pos-
terior cells usually four; thorax often
considerably humped ; occiput generally
inflated ; bare, moderately or densely
pubescent species 3.

3. Abdomen rounded or oblong ; often furry ;

antennae never conspicuously long 4.

Abdomen more or less cylindrical, bare or
with bristly hairs ; antennae very long,
especiallv 1st joint ; proboscis nearly
always 'long. (Thorax more or less
humped, generally with conspicuous
bristles ; abdomen drooping ; prothorax
sometimes forming a shield ; body often
with scaly pubescence) TOXOPHOUIN^:, p. 286.

4. Abdomen short and rounded; thorax and

abdomen generally with dense furry pu-
bescence ; proboscis long and with small
labella;! thorax generally arched ; 2nd
longitudinal vein never with a strong loop
near tip : head generally narrower than

thorax .' BOMBYLJIJWE, p. 2o9.

Abdomen oblong, rather flattened, seldom
really furry ; proboscis generally short
and with larger labella ; thorax generally

* At least two (European) exceptions are known, Callistoma &ndMulio
t Some species of Usia have the eyes in the rf widely separated, bu
are easily recognised by their short, rounded bare abdomen.
| Except in a few non-Oriental genera.

] 76 BOMBTLIID^.

flattened, thinly haired, but with some
strong bristles towards sides ; 2nd vein
generally with a strong loop near tip ;
head generally as wide aa thorax. (Four
posterior cells ; anterior cross- vein often
sloping) LOMATIIN^E, p. 265.

The exact limits of the subfamilies is still to some extent a
matter of opinion, as is also the location of certain genera.
"Williston ignores subfamilies altogether, and Verrall discusses
their affinities in some detail.*

Subfamily ANTHRACIN^E.

Head broadly rounded or transverse, closely applied to the
thorax, even though the occiput be enlarged ; nearly as wide as
thorax. Three ocelli. Eyes widely separated in both sexes ; frons
often barely narrower in $ than § , and often with an indentation
in the middle of the hind margin. Proboscis porrect, short, rather
thick; palpi inconspicuous, labella of moderate size. Antennae
widely separated at base, short, never elongate, 3rd joint conical
or onion-shaped.

Thorax barely arched, oblong or nearly quadrate, with rounded
corners, moderately or often densely pubescent. No bristles on
dorsum, but presutural, supra-alar, and post-alar bristles frequently
present, mingled with the pubescence. Scutellum semicircular,
usually similarly clothed to the thoracic dorsum, sometimes with
conspicuous bristles (Hyperalonia, Exoprosopa); metanotum usually
hidden.

Abdomen a little longer than the thorax, slightly arched, gener-
ally approximately oblong, not infrequently obconical, but never
tubular or depressed, usually with sparse or dense pubescence like
the thorax, often with bands of scales on some of the segments
and at the extremity or underside, and frequently with bunches
of such scales or thick scale-like hairs at the basal corners.

Leys moderately long, comparatively slender ; femora often with
small spines on lower side; tibise nearly always with rows of small
spicules and an apical circlet of small spines ; tarsi with the joints
more distinctly defined in some genera than others ; pulvilli small
or absent; ungues with or without a small tooth at the base.

Wings with prsefurca long, extending nearly or quite to anterior
cross-vein, the 2nd longitudinal vein originating in a knee-shaped
angle, the 3rd vein being in a straight line with the prafurca.
Auxiliary vein long ; 1st longitudinal vein long, 2nd vein often
forming a loop towards its tip, as does often the upper branch of
the always forked 3rd vein. Two, three, or sometimes four
(Hyperalonia) submarginal cells ; t three or four posterior cells,

* ' British Flies,' v, p. 478.

t An additional veinlet adventitiously or specifically sometimes causes five
submarginal cells.

BOMBYLIIDJE. 177

the first usually open, this character not being of generic value.
Upper branch of 5th vein forming a considerable portion of lower
side of discal cell ; the contact occasionally only punctiform. Anal
cell always open to wing-border.

This subfamily is easily recognised from all others by the com-
paratively long praefurca and the sharp angle at the base of the
2nd longitudinal vein. The body is flattened and broad, the eyes
well separated in both sexes, and the antennse comparatively wide
apart at the base.

Table of Genera.

1. Four submarginal cells HYPEBALONIA, Rond.,

Three submarginal cells 2. [p. 178.

Two submarginal cells , 3.

2. Third antennal joint elongate conical,

with terminal style bearing microscopic [p. 189.

bristle EXOPROSOPA, Macq.,

Third antennal joint short onion-shaped,

with styliform prolongation bearing a [p. 213.

distinct pencil of hairs at tip SPOGOSTYLTJM, Macq.,

3. Third antennal joint short onion-shaped

(sometimes more conical), with styliform

prolongation always bisected near tip, [p. 214.

and bearing an apical pencil of hairs . '. ARGYRAMCEBA, Sch.,
Third antennal joint forming a style-like
cone with microscopic apical bristle ; no
pencil of hairs 4.

4. Contact of discal cell with 3rd posterior

not greatly longer than with 4th pos- [p. 232.

terior. ... , LEPIDANTHRAX, O.S.,

Contact of discal cell with 3rd posterior at
least twice as long as with 4th, the latter
contact sometimes merely pnnctiforni . . ANTHRAX, Scop., p. 234.

Several authors have endeavoured to split up some of the above
genera, but such groups must be adopted with much caution.

When Osten-Sacken wrote on Hyperalonia in the 'Biologia
Centrali-Americana,' his knowledge was admittedly confined
practically to North and Central American species, and though
Verrall, possessing the late Mr. Bigot's collection, in which
numerous exotic species of both this genus and Exoprosopa are
represented, includes the character " claws not toothed near the
base " as generic in Hyperalonia, and " claws toothed near the
base " in Exoprosopa, I am compelled to omit it as being incorrect.
In three species of the former genus (chrysolampis, sphinx; and
sujfusipennis) a pair of perfectly distinct teeth are present on the
posterior tarsi, and they are present, though small, in tantalus. In
some other species they are absent, though I have not examined
specimens of all the species available. It may be observed that
Loew, in his treatise on the South African species, noted that
some species of Exoprosopa had this tooth at the base of the ungues,
but declined to regard it as a generic character. In those species of
Exoprosopa that I have specially examined for this character the

x

178 BOMBTLI1D.E.

teeth are present. The development or otherwise of the pulvilli
in Argyramceba and Anthrax is likely to be inconstant, as it is
hard to believe that species of an intermediate nature do not
exist. After a more critical study of the species in this subfamily
at my disposal and an examination of additional specimens, it has
been possible to offer improved descriptions of some of my own
species.

Genus HYPERALONIA, Rond.

Hyperalonia, Rondani, Archiv. Zool. Modena, iii, p. 57 (1863) ;
Osten-Sacken, Biol. Cent.-Amer., Dipt, i, p. 89 (1886) ; Brunetti,
Eec. Ind. Mus. ii, p. 438 (1909).
Velocia, Coquillett, Can. Ent. xviii, p. 158 (1886).

GENOTYPE, according to Coquillett (1 910), " Stomoxys morio, F.
(Anthrax erythrocephalus, P.), the 5th species, by present designa-
tion."

This genus differs from the other genera by having four sub-
marginal cells ; in some non-Oriental species even five are present.
There are also four posterior cells. Further general characters
are : the face moderately projecting ; the third antennal joint
forming an elongate cone with a distinct suture demarcating it
from the style, which latter is nearly as long as the cone, with a
minute appendage at its tip. The posterior legs are as strong as
in Exoprosopa ; the fore tarsi indistinctly jointed, without stronger
bristles, but with delicate erect hairs on both sides ; ungues
minute.

Range. South Europe, Asia, North and South Africa, Australia,
and North and South America.

As regards the Indian species of ffyperalonia, the general plan
of chsetotactic bristles is : several on the humeral calli (of different
lengths), a few prealar ones and about four very powerful spines
on the posterior calli, directed backwards, whilst there is always a
row of strong bristles on the hind margin of the scutellum.

The vestiture of the legs consists generally of closely applied
scales on the femora (often less easily discerned on the middle
pair) and at least on the posterior tibise, being most conspicuous
on the hind pair* The front legs generally bear soft pubescence
only, the posterior femora and tibia? with a row or rows of bristles.

One species, H. Jlaviventris, Dol., is described at additional
length for the purpose of emphasising the generic characters.

Table of Species.

1. Wings dark blackish brown, without any con-
siderable clear or nearly clear part ; the clear
part confined to a well-defined limited space

in tristis and dives only 2.

"Wings with apical part and a considerable
portion of the posterior half, wholly or prac-
tically clear, but without any clear line of
demarcation " 7.

HYPERALONIA. 179

2. Wings very dark brown, but always with a

single limited clear space " 3.

Wings very dark brown, violet- tinged, no clear
spaces whatever ; in one species wings mo-
derately dark smoke-brown 4.

Wings pale or dark grey 6.

3. Hind margin of wing narrowly clear; remain-

der of wing wholly dark dives, Walk., p. 180.

Wing-tip rather broadly clear ; remainder of
wing wholly dark ; 2nd posterior cell much
broader at base than tip tristis, Wulp, p. 180.

4. Wings uniformly very dark blackish brown,

posterior part hardly lighter ; 2nd posterior

cell much broader at base than tip (except in

semifuscata) 5.

Wings very dark blackish brown, fading to dark

grey towards hind border ; 2nd posterior cell [p. 180.

not' greatly wider at base than tip , aurantiaca, Guer.,

Wings moderately dark smoke-brown (vari-
able) ; 2nd posterior cell much broader at

base than tip sphinx, F., p. 1 87.

o. Median stripe of pubescence on venter white ;

antennae all black tantalus, F., p. 181.

Median stripe of pubescence on venter yellow ; [p. 182.

1st antennal joint reddish brown chrysolampis, Jaen.,

6. The 2nd posterior cell slightly narrower

at base than tip; wing colour fading gradu- [p. 188.

ally from costa to hind margin semifuscata, Brim.,

The 2nd posterior cell nearly twice as wide

at base as at tip ; wing colour pale grey, with [p. 188.

small darker suffusions suffusipennis, Brun.,

7. Median stripe of pubescence on venter bright [p. 183.

reddish yellow ; antennae red-brown faviventris, Dol.,

Median ventral stripe of pubescence snow-white: [p. 185.

antennae all black cenomaus, Roud.,

Though the characters adopted in the foregoing table may be
somewhat difficult to follow, especially by the inexperienced
student of: this family, they are actually more reliable than any
drawn from the coloration of: the body or pubescence, and more-
over are much more lasting. The following further notes may
prove of assistance in separating these closely allied but perfectly
valid species, of nearly all of which I have seen more than one
example. Of the ten species in the table, only the last two,/an-
ventris and cenomaus, have any considerable extent of clear or
practically clear surface of the wing, this being confined to the
apical and posterior portions, and without any clear-cut line of
demarcation, the dark part of the wing being the baso-costal band
so common in ANTHHACI^. Secondly, of the remainder, tristig
and Mori have wholly dark wings, except for a very definite and
clearly-cut pale space, in the former at the wing-tip, in the latter
on the hind border.* Of the remaining species, tantalus, chryso-

* As regards dives, Walker is my authority, because if the clear part is not
so sharply defined as he says, the species will fall into the group containing
Jtavivcntris and cenomaus, and a doubt as to its exact identity may then ar.se,

x 2

180 BOMBTLIIDJE.

lampis, and aurantiaca stand out by the deep blackish brown,
violet-tinged wings, and of these the latter has a strikingly marked
abdomen, whilst the other two are quite definitely separated from
one another by the colour of the stripe of pubescence on the belly.
H. sphinx, F.,*has wings of a smoky-brown shade that is not easily
confounded with the violet-brown of the species of the tantalus
group ; whilst the two remaining species, semifuscata and suffusi-
pennis, have dark grey wings, and are somewhat easily recognised.
As regards H. purp uraria, Walk. (Anthrax), recorded in Van der
Wulp's catalogue from East India, it is probably not Indian.
"Walker described it from Java, but it has not been recorded since,
and the specimen is not in the British Museum.

133. Hyperalonia dives, Walk.

Anthrax dives, Walker, List Dipt. Brit. Mus. ii, p. 40 (1849).

c? . " Head black, with an orange-tawny tuft above between the
eyes, which are dark red ; there are also a few tawny hairs about
the mouth, which, like the feelers, is black ; chest brown, clothed
with short brown and a few long black hairs, and adorned with a
fringe of orange-tawny along the fore border and along each side ;
breast brown, having also a fringe of orange-tawny hairs along the
fore border, and some hairs of this colour extend into the disc and
mingle with the long black hairs that clothe it; scutcheon
ferruginous, beset with stout black hairs and on the hind border
with long black bristles ; abdomen black above, clothed, especially
towards the tip, with brown hairs and adorned along each side
with orange-tawny hairs ; these latter are most thick at the base,
and there they slightly extend across the back ; a band of white
hairs occupies nearly the whole breadth of the 3rd segment ; the
tip of the abdomen and the whole of the underside are also
clothed with orange-tawny hairs ; legs ferruginous, clothed with
short black hairs ; hips, knees, and feet black ; wings dark brown
at the base and along the fore border till near the tip, the outline
of this colour is regular and very oblique, and runs nearly to the
base in a line almost parallel to the hind border ; rest of wing
colourless ; veins black ; poisers piceous.

" Length of body 8 lines, of the wings, 18 lines. Sylhet."

Type in the British Museum.

134. Hyperalonia tristis, Wulp.

Exoprosopa tristis, Wulp, Tijd. v. Ent. xi, p. 107, pi. iii, fig-. 11
(1868).

c? . Head with frons not much narrower at vertex than above
antennae, where it is distinctly less than one-fourth the width of
the head; blackish, with black hairs only on upper part, but with
very small narrow yellow scales as well as'black hairs on lower part ;
face reddish orange, the colour encroaching for a little distance on

HYPEKALONIA. 181

the frons along the eye-margins, clothed with stiff black hairs and
small yellow scales and some short bright yellow hairs around
the yellowish mouth-opening ; proboscis black ; antennae black ;
occiput black, with small yellow scales, at least near eye-margins,
probably extending much further hindwards also, with a fringe of
yellow hairs on the hinder margin. Thorax dark olive-brown,
nearly black ; anterior margin with thickly placed, long orange-
yellow scales ; a bunch of reddish-orange scales below the
shoulders, and also apparently in the same places as they occur
in H '. flaviventris : short yellow hairs above the wings and on hind
margin of dorsum ; posterior calli reddish brown ; scutellum red-
brown, base more or less black, hind margin with short yellow
hairs ; macrochaetae of thorax and scutellum as in H.flaviventris.
Abdomen black, with a slight violet tinge ; a bunch of elongate
orange scales at sides of 1st segment and traces of a few silvery-
white scales on 6th towards the sides ; venter black, with some
scale-like yellow hairs and much longer fine yellow hairs, forming
together a median stripe; genitalia very dark brown, shining,
knob-like, with a row of spines at tip. Legs dark yellowish
brown; femora and tibiae with small bristles, strongest on hind
tibiae; femora with closely applied small concolorous scales.
Wings rather dark brown ; outer fourth of marginal cell and the
three outer submarginal cells wholly or nearly wholly pale grey;
alulae and alar squamae with a fringe of dark brown scales;
halteres blackish brown, tips of knobs paler.

Length, 11—12^ mm.

Eedescribed from one d1 in the Indian Museum from Tenmalai,
Travancore, 22. xi. 1908 (Annandale).

135. Hyperalonia tantalus, F.

Anthrax tantalus, Fabric! us, Ent. Syst. iv, p. 260 (1794) ; Wiede-
maiin, Auss. Zweifl. i, p. 255 (1828); Macquavt, Hist. Nat. Dipt,
i, p. 401 (1834).

Exoprosopa tantalus, Macquart, Dipt. Exot. ii, 1, p. 37 (1840) ;
Kerte"sz, Kat. Poloearc. Dipt, ii, p. 169; de Meijere, Tijd. v. Ent.
1, p. 239 (1907).
Hyperalonia tantalus, Rondani, Ann. Mus. Geneva, vii, p. 453

(1875); Brunetti, Rec. Ind. Mus. ii, p. 438 (1909).
Anthrax cceruleopomis, Doleschall, Nat. Tijd. Ned. Ind. xiv, p. 400,

pi. ix, fig. 2 (1857).

c? $ . Head with frons barely one-third the width of the head
above antennae, narrowing to two-thirds of this width at vertex ;
black, with black hairs on upper part, and with black hairs mixed
with yellow scale-like hairs on lower part ; face reddish brown,
with a blackish median longitudinal stripe, irregular in extent;
mouth-border varying from reddish brown to yellowish white;
proboscis and palpi black, concealed; antennae wholly black;
occiput black, with small yellow depressed hairs. Thorax black,
with black pubescence, bearing bright orange or yellowish-orange
scaly hairs on anterior margin and in bunches and patches as in

182 BOMBYLIID^E.

H.fftviventrisand chrysolampis, and yellow hairs above wing-base
and on hind margin of dorsum ; macrochaetae as in those species ;
posterior calli reddish brown. Scutellum reddish brown, base
more or less black, with black pubescence and with a row of spines-
and short yellow hairs on hind margin. Abdomen almost entirely
as in H. clirysolampis, but the silvery-white scale-spots on 6th and
7th segments more elongate, nearly attaining the side-margins ;
a median ventral stripe of small whitish scaly hairs, no yellow
hair whatever being present ; genitalia concealed, yellowish brown,
with black bristles in d , and yellowish with an apical circlet of
short black spines in $ . Legs black, sometimes a very dark
brown tinge to the tibiae ; vestiture as in H. clirysolampis. Wings
very dark brown, with a violet tinge; alulae, alar squamae, and
halteres as in H. clirysolampis.

Length, 13-16 mm.

Eedescribed from several specimens in the Indian Museum.

Ranjitsing, Darjiling Distr. ; Jvhatgoelam. Naini Tal Distr.,
23. ix. 1915 ; Katmandu and Soondrijal, Nepal ; Sadiya and
Sibsagar, Assam ; Tranquebar ; Tenasserim ; Sumatra ; Java ;
Berlinhafen, Papua ; Borneo ; Celebes ; China ; Japan.

Type in the Wiedemann collection.

136. Hyperalonia clirysolampis, Jaen.

Exoprosopa clirysolampis, Jaennicke, Abh. Senck. Xat. Ges. vi,

p. 344, pi. xli'ii, fig. 8 (1867).
Hyperalonia chrysolampis, Brunetti, Rec. Ind. Mus. ii, p. 439 (1909) ;

de Meijere, Tijd. v. Ent. liv, p. 295 (1911).

d1 2 . Head with frons barely one-third width of head above
antennae, narrowing to two-thirds of this width at vertex ; dark
olive-brown, with short black pubescence, with which is mixed on
the lower half small bright yellow scale-like hairs ; ocellar triangle
small, reddish brown ; face" darker, blackish, more or less reddish
brown along inner margin of eyes, clothed with more bristly black
hairs than the frons, and yellow scale-like hairs ; mouth-opening
with short yellow hairs ; proboscis and palpi black ; 1 st antennal
joint reddish brown, 2nd and 3rd black, two basal joints
bristly ; occiput with short yellow hairs, its hind border with a
fringe of similarly coloured hairs. Thorax black, with short black
pubescence ; thick bright orange-yellow scale-like hairs on an-
terior margin, and bunches or patches of concolorous hairs
situated as in H. flaviventris, a few short yellow hairs above the
wing-base and on hind margin of dorsum ; sides and lower part
black; scutellum black, with posterior part more or less dull
reddish brown, black pubescent, hind margin with short yellow
hairs and a row of spines. Macrochaetje as in H. flaviventris.
Abdomen black, with short black depressed pubescence; 3rd
segment with a distinct basal band of small silvery-white narrow
scales which is narrowest in middle, and more than half the
length of the segment towards the sides ; a basal spot of similar

HYPEEALONIA. 183

scales on each side of the middle on 6th and 7th segments ; at
sides of 1st segment a bunch of bright orange elongate scales,
sides of the remaining segments with long black bristly pubes-
cence. Venter blackish, with very short black pubescence ;
towards middle of hind margin of most of the segments are some
small bright yellow scales and a median band, not attaining tip
of abdomen, of long, fine hairs of similar colour ; genitalia
concealed, apparently much as in H. flaviventris. Legs black ;
fore femora and tibite with soft pubescence, posterior pairs with
black bristles ; all femora with closely applied minute black
scales ; tarsi with short black pubescence ; general vestiture of
legs much as in H. flaviventris. Winrjs wholly dark brown, with
a distinct violet tinge ; alulae and alar squamse as in H. flaviventris ;
halteres dull brown.

Length, 13-20 mm.

Redescribed from several specimens in the Indian Museum :
Sikkim; Bhim Tal, 22-27. ix. 1906 (Annandale) ; Java; Kina
Balu, Borneo ; Moluccas.

Type in the Frankfort Museum.

Jaennecke's original description of this species is wonderfully
accurate. It may be recognised by the trio of characters, the red
1st antennal joint, the yellow stripe of hairs on the venter, and
the wholly black legs.

137. Hyperalonia flaviventris, Dol.

Anthrax flaviventris, DoleschalJ, Nat. Tijcl. Ned. Ind. xiv, p. 400

(1857).

Hyperalonia flavicentris, Osten-Sacken, Berl. Ent. Zeits. xxvi,
p. 112 ; Brunetti, Rec. Ind. Mus. ii, p. 441 (1909).

(51 $ . Head with frons above antennae one-third of the width
of the head, narrowing to half this width at the vertex, dull
mouse-brown, clothed with rather numerous short erect black
hairs, with some small narrow yellow scale-like hairs intermixed,
the latter preponderating on lower part ; ocellar triangle dull
reddish brown ; face orange, liberally besprinkled with short blacl-
hairs and some soft golden-yellow hairs around mouth-opening;
lower part of head immediately below eyes (where it joins the
occiput) yellowish white, bare. Antennae reddish brown ; 2nd
joint barely half as long as 1st, both with black bristles ; 3rd joint
elongate conical, bare, nearly as long as 1st and 2nd together, and
with a style three-fourths as long as the joint, bearing a micro-
scopic apical appendage. Proboscis blackish brown, with large
reddish-brown labella, slightly pubescent. Occiput much puffed
out, mouse-brown, covered with small narrow bright yellow
scales or scale-like hairs, closely affixed; posterior edge o
occiput with a fringe of light yellow hairs. Thorax blackish, with
sparse short blackish hairs ; ' anterior margin with dense, long,
narrow, bright fiery reddish-orange scales, and dense bunches of
similar orange scales or scale-like bristly hairs occur below the

184 BOMBYLII.DJ3.

anterior margin, on the mesopleurse and inetapleurae, and below
the posterior calli; while short bristly concolorous hairs occur
above the wing; humeral calli greyish, with some long black
hairs ; some powerful black spines in front of and above the wing-
base ; posterior calli brownish, with short black hairs and about
six powerful black spines directed posteriorly; scutellum reddish
brown, with soft short black pubescence and a row of slightly
curved black spines on hind margin. Abdomen black, with short
black bristly depressed pubescence; 3rd segment nearly covered
from the base with small yellowish-white scales, 6th and 7th
segments with similar though narrower bands. A bunch of long
narrow reddish-orange scales at the sides of the 1st and the base
of the 2nd segments, and coarse bristly concolorous hairs ex-
tending along the sides of all the segments to the tip, where they
are continued across the posterior margin of the last segment ;
ground-colour of 2nd segment a little dull reddish brown at the
side : venter brownish grev, hind margins of segment with short
yellow scale-like hairs ; there is also a more or less distinct
median stripe of much longer similarly coloured hairs, and a few
of such longer hairs are scattered irregularly over the surface.
Genitalia bright orange, placed sideways, with yellower parts ; an
oblong dorsal plate with rounded, rather projecting, carmine-tinted
hind corners, a pair of claspers and an upper tubular piece are
apparent, all with yellow pubescence, but the whole organ is
withdrawn considerably. Legs with coxa3 blackish grey, with
some stiff black bristles, especially on hinder pair, and a few
reddish-orange hairs ; femora and tibia? ferruginous, tarsi blackish ;
femora covered with small closely applied yellow scales, and with
tiny black bristles, the fore pair with a moderate amount of longer
soft black hairs, the posterior pairs with a row of obvious black
spines of moderate size below ; fore tibia? with a few closely
applied yellow scales, black pubescence, and a fe\v bristles ; middle
and hind tibia? with more obvious scales and distinct rows of short
black bristles, both scales and bristles stronger, and the former
more outstanding on the hind pair; tarsi with very short bristly
black pubescence. IVinys clear, hyaline, ribbed ; a powerful
curved black spine at base of costa, which latter as far as the humeral
cross-vein is closely set with short black spines, as well as the
upper basal corner of the wing-surface itself ; venation normal,
veins reddish brown ; an oblique dark brown band extends from
the tip of the auxiliary vein (though the colour fills out the sub-
costal cell to its tip) to the anal border of the wing, embracing
the anterior cross-vein, basal half of discal cell, 2nd basal cell
wholly, basal half of anal cell and less than basal half of axillary
cell, the limitation of the colour approximately parallel with hind
border of wing ; anal angle distinct, with fringe of dirty brownish
elongate scales ; alar squama? large and compact, with a similar
fringe of longer brownish-yellow elongate scales : lialteres
brownish yellow.
Length, 13-20 mm.

HYPEEALOKEA. 185

Redescribed from 3 tf <f and 2 $ $ in the Indian Museum in
hidiffei-eut condition, the characters drawn mainly from a <5
from Mergui, Tenasserim ; Trivandrum, S. India ; Amboina.

138. Hyperalcmia oenomaus, Bond.

Hyperalonia oenomaus, llondani, Ann. Mus. Gen. vii, p. 453 (1875) ;
Brunetti, Eec. lud. Mus. ii, p. 442 (1909).

c? $ . Head with frons (slightly narrower in o than $ ) and
face dark mouse-brown or blackish, with black hairs on upper
part of former, and the same, mixed with thin scale-like yellow
hairs, on rest of frons and on face ; frons in 5 only a little
narrower at vertex than above antennae, where it is distinctly less
than one-third the width of the head ; face sometimes a little
reddish at margins ; mouth-opening from reddish brown to pale
brownish yellow ; proboscis dark brown ; antennae black or nearly
so, sometimes tinged with dark reddish brown ; remainder of head
as in H.flaviventris. Thorax black, with black pubescence,
adorned with orange scaly pubescence and bristles as in H.flavi-
ventris ; scutellum black, posterior half more or less reddish
brown, vestitureas in H.flaviventris. Abdomen black, with black
pubescence ; a bunch of long orange-yellow scales at sides of
2nd segment, and from thence to the tip the sides with coarse
black bristly hairs ; 3rd segment with a transverse band as in
H.flaviventris, but the colour of the scales graduates from yellow
(in the median line) to white (towards the margins of the
segment) ; the 6th and 7th segments each bear a pair of white or
yellowish-white scale spots, which are more remote from each
other than in H. chrysolampis and nearer the edges of the abdomen.
In the d1 the whole dorsum of the 5th, 6th, and 7th segments is
covered with silvery-white scales. Venter black, 2nd and 3rd
segments covered nearly to the side-margins with small whitish
scales, and these scales continued in the median line only on the
next two segments ; over the four segments is a median stripe of
fine long white hairs ; genitalia apparently as in other species,
placed completely sideways in tf . Legs very dark brown, almost
black, vestiture as in allied species. Wings in $ nearly clear,
•with the dark oblique band with a less well-defined margin than
in H.flaviventris, running irregularly from tip of 1st longitudinal
vein, passing well beyond anterior cross-vein to anal angle of
-wing, thus filling the "inner submarginal cell and the 2nd basal
cell, and half filling the discal, anal, and axillary cells : 2nd
posterior cell about as wide at base as at tip. In one specimen
the brown band fades away more gradually and extends further
posteriorly. In the d1 the hinder limit of the dark colour is
practically straight, the discal half (diagonally) of the marginal
•cell is clear, as is also the 1st submarginal cell, except at its base ;
the clear part of the wing is more hyaline in the d .

Length, 13-15 mm.

186 BOHBYLIIDJE.

Eedescribed from a <$ from Peshoke Spur, Darjiling Distr.
(Lister) ; 3 $ $ from Kungpo, Sikkim, 1400 ft., 6. ix. 1909 ; 2
$ $ from "Sikkim"; 1 $ from Mergui; and two c? d from
Sadiya — all in the Indian Museum ; Sarawak ; Philippines.

Type in Genoa Museum.

139. Hyperalonia aurantiaca, Gutr.

Anthrax aurantiaca, Guerin, Icon. Regne Anini. iii (Ins.), p. 539,

pi. xcv, fig. 6 (? 1843).
Ht/peralonia aurantiaca, Brunetti, llec. Ind. Mus. ii, p. 440 (1909,1.

Head with f rons a little narrower on vertex than above antennae,
where it is barely one-third the width of the head ; dark olive-
brown with black pubescence, intermixed with small narrow
bright yellow scale-like hairs, which are most numerous on the
lower part ; face yellowish, becoming pale creamy white about
mouth-opening and on lower part of head ; rather closely covered
with similar yellow pubescence to that of the frons, but more
hair-like, especially round the mouth-opening; proboscis as long
as height of head, blackish brown, with a few whitish hairs ;
antennie black, 1st and 2nd joints bristly ; occiput black, with
short yellow scale-like hairs around eye-margins. Thorax black,
with bright yellow pubescence as in H. sphinx ; paler hairs on
sternopleurae ; posterior calli dark reddish brown ; scutellum dark
reddish brown, blackish at base, covered with short yellow hair,
and the usual marginal row of spines. Abdomen black, with black
pubescence, clothed almost entirely with yellow scale-like hairs,
which ai-e apparently absent from a broad median space from base
to tip ; a bunch of concolorous elongate scales at each side of
base of abdomen, and a patch of silvery-white scale-like hairs at
each side, contiguous to the margins, of the tith and 7th segments ;
sides of abdomen with coarse black hairs. Venter black, with
silvery-white scales; almost wholly covering 2nd and 3rd seg-
ments and continued broadly in the median line over 4th and 5th
segments, a median line also of sparse long fine white hairs ;
genitalia concealed, apparently normal. Leys very dark brown,
nearly black; coxae ash-grey, with long pale yellowish hairs and
some strong long black spines ; femora and tibiae with small
closely applied grey scales, difficult to perceive on middle femora
and fore tibiae ; fore femora and tibia3 without obvious bristles,
but these are present on posterior femora and tibiae ; tarsi black,
pubescent. Wings moderately dark brown on anterior half, the
colour fading to grey posteriorly, with a violet iridescence in
certain lights ; sometimes the discs of the cells on the hinder
half of wing a little paler; 2nd posterior cell distinctly wider at
base than tip ; halteres brownish yellow ; alar squamae with a
fringe of long yellow scales.
Length, 11-13 mm.

Eedescribed from a perfect $ from Siripur, Saran, North
Bengal, 25. ix. 1910 ; it occurs also at Chapra, Bengal (Mackenzie).

HYPERALONIA. 187

140. Hyperalonia sphinx, F.

Bibio sphinx, Fabricius, Mant. Ins. ii, p. 329 (1787).
Anthrax sphinx, Fabricius, Syst. Antl. p. 126 ; Wiedemann, Auss.
Zweifl. r, p. 258 (1828) ; Macquart, Dipt. Exot. ii, 1, p. 37(1840).
Hyperalonia sphinx, Brunetti, Eec.Ind. Mus. ii, p. 440 (1909).

$ . Head with frons not greatly wider above antennae, where
it forms one-third of the width of the head, than at vertex ; dark
reddish brown; face of similar colour, both closely covered with
short elongate bright yellow scale-like hairs, some broader con-
colorous definite scales near eye-margins below antennae, and some
concolorous soft hairs around mouth-opening, which latter is pale
yellowish white ; frons with black bristles from vertex nearly to
antenna? ; proboscis dark brown ; palpi elongate, filiform, pale
yellow, with a few concolorous hairs ; antennal 1st and 2nd
joints yellow, 1st with rather long yellow hairs, 2nd with a row
of small black spines above at tip ; 3rd joint black ; occiput
blackish, with small depressed vellow hairs. Thorax andscutelluin
dark reddish brown ; dorsum of both, with the humeral calli,
wholly covered witii close bright yellow scale-like hairs : anterior
margin, mesopleursD, sternopleura?, and metapleurae covered with
dense yellow elongate scales : a bunch of similar scales just below-
posterior calli ; some isolated long black hairs on anterior part of
dorsum and about hind margin ; three or four powerful black
spines in front of wing-base, and four exceptionally strong ones
on each posterior callus, directed backwards. Abdomen dull dark
reddish brown, covered with short black bristly hairs and short
yellow scale-like hairs, and with rather thick longer concolorous
hair at sides ; a bunch of concolorous elongate scales at sides of
1st segment ; venter lighter reddish brown, with a moderate
amount of rather long yellow hairs placed mostly towards hind
margin of segments. Lef/s rather bright ferruginous ; femora and
tibiae with closely applied small elongate pale yellow scales, some-
times not readily discernible on middle femora, and apparently
absent from apical part of fore femora ; middle femora rather
broadened and flattened vertically, with several distinct short
black spines near tip on front side ; front femora with soft yellow
hairs, both front and middle femora with a few small black
bristles ; hind pair with rows of black bristles of moderate size
below ; tarsi black, with normal pubescence. Wings uniformly
smoke-grey, sometimes with a slight yellowish-brown tinge and
a similar fringe at base ; 2nd posterior cell twice as wide at base
as at tip ; alula; with a fringe of elongate smoke-grey scales ; alar
squama? with a similar fringe of yellowish scales ; halteres small,
bright tawny yellow.

Lenqth, 9—12 mm.

Eedescribed chiefly from a perfect $ in the Indian Museum
from Puri, Orissa, 16-20. viii. 1911, and an example from Bulsar,
Bombay, 20. vi. 1904 ; near Bombay City, 21. iii. 1905, on sea-
weed ; 'Chapra, Bengal ; Chandipore, Orissa Coast, 3-7. vi. 1915

138 BOMBYLIIDJE.

(Gravely}-, Trivandrum, 13. xi. 1908 (Annandale) ; Coimbatore,
S.India, 29. vii. 1912; Colombo, 1. vii. 1904 (Brunetti), vi. 1894
(E. E. Green) \ Trincomali, 17. vii. 1890 (Col. Yerbury).
Types in Fabricius's and Wiedemann's collections.

141. Hyperalonia suffusipennis, Brun. (PL III, fig. 1 .)
Hyperalonia suffusipennis, Brunetti, Rec. Ind. Mus. ii, p. 462

(1909).

Head with vertex dark grey to blackish ; frons orange, paling
gradually to the yellow face, or face also all orange, both with
elongate chrome-yellow scales, with black hairs intermixed on
upper part of frons ; lower part of frons and the face with yellow
pubescence ; mouth-opening with pale yellow hairs ; proboscis
blackish brown ; palpi long, thin, yellow ; antennae orange-red,
1st and 2nd joints with bristly yellow hairs on each side and some
short black bristles above ; 3rd joint black. Thorax black, with
rather thick short yellowish depressed hairs on dorsum, and thick-
long bristly whitish hairs below the wings ; elongate yellowish
scales thickly on anterior margin, below shoulders, and on posterior
calli ; scutellum tawny brown, with short thick yellow hairs and
a row of stiff long black spines on posterior border. Abdomen
blackish, dark reddish towards the sides of the 2nd and 3rd
segments ; dorsum covered with moderately thick yellowish scale-
like hairs, intermixed with black pubescence ; a large fan-like
bunch of elongate dirty yellowish scales at sides of 1st and 2nd
segments ; venter with whitish hairs. Legs brownish tawny,
coxae with whitish hairs, tarsi nearly black. Wings pale grey,
darker and more yellowish on anterior margin and at base ; a
slight but distinct suffusion at nearly all the junctures of the
veins and cross-veins; halteres pale yellowish white; alulae and
alar squarn» with a thick fringe of yellow scales.

Length, 15 mm.

Described from two $ $ in good condition, in the Indian
Museum, from the Purneah District, India, and one from
Jaulasal, Nairn Tal Distr., 11. iv. 1910; a fourth specimen from
Dehra Dun, v. 1914 ( Chatto-jee) • and a darker variety from
Coorg, S. India, 1. xi. 1915 (Hannyngton).

A very distinct species.

142. Hyperalonia semifuscata, Brim. (PI. Ill, fig. 2.)

Hyperalonia semifuscata, Brunetti, Eec. Ind. Mus. vii, p. 266
(1912).

$ . Head much developed behind eyes ; frons one-third of
width of head at level of antennae, narrowing at vertex to half
this width, blackish, with yellowish scales and long black hairs;
face with brighter and thicker yellow hairs ; mouth-border broadly
orange-yellow, with yellow hairs ; proboscis dark brown ; antenna?
reddish brown,* 3rd joint very elongate-conical, with a distinct
* The 2nd and 3rd joints of the antennae haTe since turned blackish.

HYPEBALOITIA. — EXOPROSOPA. 189

style ; occiput blackish, with some pale yellow scales on orbital
margin and yellow hairs over the hind border. Thorax black ;
front part of dorsum and around and below shoulders with thick
long bright yellow scales ; centre of dorsum with only sparse
short yellow and black hairs ; below the wing the hairs are nearly
white and bristly, behind the wing some long bright yellow
scales; some strong and very long black bristles on posterior
corners of dorsum, and two or three (or thereabouts) before the
wing; some long stiff black hairs on humeral calli; scutellum
dull reddish brown, with sparse depressed short yellow hairs,
erect short black hairs, and a row of black bristles along hind
border. Abdomen black, with uniformly distributed short black
hairs ; 3rd, 6th and 7th segments each with a band of small dirty
white scales (those of the 3rd more yellowish) occupying the-
greater part of their dorsal surfaces, the bands on the 6th and
7th segments less conspicuous ; sides of 1st and 2nd segments
with long scale-like yellow hairs ; venter blackish, with yellowish
pubescence, the basal part a little paler, with whitish hairs. Leys-
with coxae black ; femora brownish yellow, hind pair blackish
towards tips ; tibiae a little darker brown, hind tibiae and all tarsi
black ; fore femora with some black hairs on hinder side ;
posterior femora and tibiae with rows of short black bristles. All
femora and posterior tibiaa with closely applied yellow scales ; the
whole of the tibiae and tarsi with minute black microscopic
pubescence. Wings dark grey, the anterior half (about), except
at tips, moderately dark blackish brown, the colour insensibly
dying away along the veins behind the middle of the wing ;
halteres yellowish.

Length, 10 mm.

Described from two $ $ from Mahabaleshwar, Satara District,.
Bombay Presidency, 4200 ft., 13-16. iv. 1912 (Gravely); in the
Indian Museum.

Genus EXOPROSOPA, Macg.

Exoprosopa, Macquart, Dipt. Exot. ii, pt. i, p. 35 (1840) ; Brunettv

Rec. led. Mus. ii, pp. 443, 447 (1909).
LitorJnjnchus, Macquart, Dipt. Exot. ii, pt. 1, p. 78 (1840).
Trinariu, Mulsant, MǤm. Acad. Sci. Lyon, (2) ii, p. 20 (1852).

Argyrospila, Verrall apud Scudder, IS omen. Zool. p.
Exoptata, Coquillett, Can. Ent. xix, p. 13 (1887).

GENOTYPE, Bibio capucina, F. (as pandora, F.) ; by Eondani s-
designation.

Head approximately semicircular, as broad as or a little broader
than the thorax; occiput inflated, often considerably so; eyes
moderately approximate on vertex or wide apart ; irons barely
narrower in rf : ocelli present ; face generally conically projecting.

190 UOMBYLIIDJE.

sometimes convex only ; proboscis variable in length, often with-
drawn ; palpi small, thin. Antennae porrect, short, wide apart
at base ; 1st joint short, cylindrical ; 2nd short, wider at tip than
base ; 3rd forming an irregular elongate cone, with a longer or
shorter style,* separated from the 3rd joint by a distinct suture,
with a microscopic bristle at the tip. Thorax quadrate or short
oblong, with rounded corners, often with fan-like bunches of
distinct scales or scale-like bristly hairs in front, below the
humeri, around the wing-roots, on the pleurae, and occasionally
on other parts; scutellura broad, rather large, generally with
bristles on posterior margin ; metanotum concealed ; thorax and
scutellum generally with rather thick pubescence. Abdomen
slightly curved, longer than thorax, but often not greatly so,
oblong, in a few species almost obconical, usually with depressed
short pubescence and with transverse bands of scales or scale-like
hairs on dorsum and frequently on underside also, the pubescence
generally longer and thicker on each side at the base. Leys
rather long and always slender ; all tibiae without spinules ; tarsi
rather indistinctly jointed ; fore legs shorter, posterior legs
stronger and longer, in some species with scaly pubescence;
ungues small, generally with a small tooth at their base ; pulvilli
absent or vestigial. Wings with three submarginal cells ; often
a short space along the base of the costa with brilliant white or
coloured scales ; venation otherwise as in Hyperdlonia.

Range. World-wide.

It is probable that some of the characters admitted as generic
are more or less plastic, such as the distinctness of the tooth at
the base of the ungues, which Osten-Sacken claims to be always
present, even if very small. He also asserted that the front tarsi
are more tapering towards the tip in the cJ than in the $ , and
that "the length of the antennal style is variable, usually in
inverse ratio to the length of the 3rd joint." His characters
were drawn up on North and Central American species, a few
European and two Australian forms. I have not ventured to
include all these points as definite generic characters.

Table of Species.

1. First posterior cell closed 2.

First posterior cell open t 3.

1. Wings wholly bright yellow to beyond

middle, a narrow brown band in apical f p. 192.

Part favipennis, Brun.,

Wings yellow at base, with two broad

brown bands, one before, one bayond, the [p. 193.

middle flammea, Brun.,

* Exceptions occur. E. stupida, Rossi, a European species, has no distinct
antenna! style, the 3rd joint being a long tapering cone ending in a microscopic
bristle. Probably there are also other exceptions.

t Often closed adventitiously in E. insulata.

EXOPEOSOPA. 19J.

3(a). Wings wholly black or blackish brown,
or with a very small clear spot only .... 4.

(6). Wings clear, with a broad basal and
median transverse band, the latter some-
times reaching hind border, both bands
joined on the costa ; a somewhat isolated
species lar, F., p. 194.

(c). Wings dark or light grey, yellowish, or
nearly clear; always with a pattern of
darker marks, with small infuscations, or
with baso-costal band 5.

(d). Wings clear, or at most with a very
narrow dark anterior margin 12.

4. Hind tibiae with dense black hairs penntpes, Wied., p. 197.

Hind tibiae without such hairs latipennis, Brun.,p. 198.

5. Second posterior cell twice as wide at base

as tip lateralis, Brim., p. 198.

Second posterior cell as wide at tip as at
base or wider 6.

6. Baso-anterior half of wing considerably

dark, with or without small infuscations

on the veins in the clear part 7.

Baso-anterior half of wing barely darker
than the pale grey remainder; slight
suffusions only on some of the veins .... 11.

7. Abdominal ground-colour chestnut-brown ;

antennae yellowish ; legs brown ; no abdo- [p. 199.

minal white scale-spots annandalei, Bruu.,

Abdomen and antennae black 8.

8. Dorsum of abdomen with white scale-spots 9.
L>orsurn of abdomen without white scale-
spots 10.

9. Larger species, 14 mm. ; aatennal style [p. 200.

normal maculiventris, sp. n.,

Smaller species, 8 mm. ; antennal style as
long as 3rd joint stylata, sp. u., p. 201.

10. Clear part of wing with several isolated dark

spots insulata, Walk., p. 203.

Clear part of wing without any isolated
dark spots puerula, sp. n., p. 205.

11. Scutellum and antennae black; all the

abdominal segments with a band of yel- [p. 206.

lowish white pubescence benyalensis, Macq.,

Scutellum and antennae reddish yellow or
brown ; the 2nd abdominal segment with
basal band of whitish pubescence* .... brahma, Sch., p. 206.

12. Length 20 mm niveiventris, Brun.,

Length 7-10 mm 13. [p. 207.

13. Antennae reddish brown ; pubescence on

anterior margin of thorax whitish ; scu-
tellum all black; wing wholly clear;
venter with small snow-white scales at [p. 209.

bases of segments , vitripennis, Brun.,

Antennae black ; thorax with bright yellow
thick scale-like pubescence; scutellum

* After Schiuer; E. bengalensis and brahma may possibly be synonymous.

192 BOJIBYLIIDJE.

reddish brown ; wing clear, costal and
subcostal cells pale yellowish grey;
venter with soft snow-white hairs in

middle vit>'ea> BiS-» P- 21°-

Antenna} black, ferruginous at base;
"thorax with tawny hairs"; scutellum
and thorax ferruginous ; dorsum of abdo-
men with fringe of pale yellow hairs on
fore border of each segment, and " more
completely clothed on the underside " ;

wings a little greyish, slightly tawny at [p. 211.

base and on fore border basifascia, Walk.,

143. Exoprosopa flavipennis, Bnm.

Exoprosopaflampennis, Brunetti, Rec. Ind. Mus. ii, p. 465 (1909).

2 . Head with frons and ocelli as in flammea ; frons orange,
with close short golden-orange hairs ; mouth-border yellow :
proboscis brown, shorter than the head; eyes reddish brown,
bare, with small, uniform facets ; back of head reddish orange,
bare, considerably prominent, with a narrow fringe of very short
bright yellow hairs on the margin of the cavity behind. Antennae
orange; first two joints sub-cylindrical, wider at tip, with yellow
hairs ; 2nd shorter than 1st ; 3rd joint twice as long as first two
together, bare, the upper side quite straight, the underside rapidly
narrowing from base to tip, a very distinct cylindrical style at
tip. Thorax ferruginous orange, with black dorsum and blackish-
grey underside ; a fringe of long yellow hair-like scales on
anterior margin ; a bunch of fiery orange-red bristly scale-like
hairs on shoulders, and shorter similar ones on the humeral calli ;
the dorsum clothed with moderately close, short orange hairs ;
several long fiery orange-red bristles, directed backwards on the
posterior calli ; underside nearly bare, a few blackish hairs here
and there. Scutellum orange-red, covered with short, similarly
coloured pubescence ; posterior margin with a horizontal row of
concolorous strong bristles. Abdomen sub-conical ; ground-colour
black, apparently with short, close, black pubescence. A bunch
of elongate orange-red scales at the shoulders of the 1st segment ;
sides of 2nd segment dull reddish ; venter black, unmarked ;
genital apparatus in one specimen, orange, subspherical, slightly
protruding, and apparently twisted to the left. Leys with coxa?
and femora dark brown ; anterior tibiae brownish yellow, hind
pair black ; all the knees pale ; tarsi black ; fore legs practically
bare, posterior ones minutely pubescent and with distinct black
bristles, which are stronger on the hind pair; posterior tarsi
closely pubescent, with black bristles .on underside. Wings with
first posterior cell closed some distance before the border ; rather
more than the proximal half bright orange-yellow, apical part and
a narrow border along the posterior margin almost to the base,
quite clear; an intermediate dark brown, ill-defined cross-band,
commencing at the upper edge of the marginal cell opposite tip

EXOPEOSOPA. 193

of auxiliary rein, the width of the baud being about one-third of
the length of the 1st submargiual cell, across the middle of which
it passes ; continuing across the middle of the closed portion of
the 1st posterior cell, the distal half of the discal cell, and the
bases of the 2nd and 3rd posterior cells, after which it is narrowed
to a streak and turning, extends towards the base of the wing,
separating the yellow part from the clear margin. Alulae with
fringe of dirty grey elongate scales ; alar squamae reddish orange,
with a short dense fringe of concolorous elongate scales.

Length, 14-18 mm.

Described from two specimens from Pusa, Bengal. One (type)
in the Pusa collection, taken 19. iv. 1907; the other in the Indian
Museum collection, taken 25. v. 1906, now partly greasy.

E. flammea, Brun., and flavipennis, Brun., are distinguished
from all the other Eastern Exoprosopa known to me by the 1st
posterior cell being closed at some distance before the border, the
4th longitudinal vein meeting the 3rd before the origin of the
anterior branch of the latter (\i\flammea\ or just below it (in
flavipennis). They therefore belong to the group for which
llondani established the genus Argyrospyla (emended by Verrall
to Argyrospila), but which the late Baron Osten-Sacken says
(Biol. Cent.- Am., Dipt, i, p. 78) cannot be sustained, this character
in various species showing all stages between a closed and open
cell, sometimes even in the same species.

144. Exoprosopa flammea, Brun.

Exoprosopa Jiammea, Brunetti, Rec. Ind. Mus. ii, p. 466 (1909).

$ . Head with entire frons and face orange-yellow, covered
with short golden-yellow hairs ; lemon-yellow round the mouth,
•\yjth short bright yellow hairs; frons at level of antenna} one-
third the width of the head, narrowing towards vertex: ocelli
small, close together in front of the vertex; antennae missing,
except 1st joint which is reddish ; proboscis brown, shorter than
length of head ; eyes dark reddish brown, facets very small,
uniform ; occiput brick-red, rather prominent, with sparse short
golden-yellow hairs. Thorax cinereous ; humeral and posterior
calli orange-tawny, the latter bearing five or six concolorous
spines pointing backwards; the anterior border and shoulders
are covered with thick long fiery reddish-yellow bristle-like scales,
which are also abundant below the shoulders and behind the
wings ; the dorsum (slightly denuded) is evidently lightly clothed
with short orange-yellow hairs ; underside of thorax cinereous,
with a moderate amount of orange-yellow hair. Scutellutn red-
dish brown, the posterior margin bearing a row of concolorous
strong bristles directed backwards ; dorsum with sparse yellowish
hairs. Abdomen sub-conical ; ground-colour chiefly reddish brown ;
2nd segment with a narrow anterior and rather wider posterior
baud connected by a thin dorsal stripe ; a rather wide irregular,

o

194 BOMBYLIID^.

not well-defined black transverse band on 3rd segment, which is-
repeated less distinctly on the following t\vo or three segments.
The extreme posterior border of all the segments is reddish
brown, and the whole dorsum is covered lightly with short,
bright orange hairs, which become brightest, longest, and fiery red
at the abdominal tip ; a bunch of fiery-orange elongate scales at
sides of 1st segment. Venter cinereous, covered with short orange
hairs; posterior borders of all the segments orange-yellow.
Legs with coxa3, femora, and most of the tibiae reddish orange ;
the tibiae towards the tips (especially the hind pair) and all the
tarsi black ; the middle femora have a few black short spines
below, the hind pair a row of stronger ones ; the posterior tibiae
are beset with short black bristles (longer on the hind pair) and
have a circlet of strong black spines at the tip, and the whole
legs, especially the tibiae and tarsi, are minutely but densely
spiuose. Wings clear ; first posterior cell closed at some distance
before the border, the 4th longitudinal vein joining the 3rd half-
way between fork of latter^ and the wing-border. Two broad
dark brown bands ; base of wing bright orange-yellow, the colour
extending across the wing from the costa to (and including) the
alula, and reaching distally to just within the two basal cells ; the
costal cell orange-yellowish, also a spot on and over the discal
cross-vein, and another small spot in the centre of the upper
basal cell. The first brown band begins in the upper basal cell,
which it fills, extending posteriorly, filling the 2nd basal cell
and basal fourth of discal cell, thence narrowing to the hind
border of the wing, leaving about the distal fourth of both the
anal and axillary cells clear ; the second band begins approximately
on the costa, blending with the orange colour of the costal cell*
fills three-fourths of the 1st submarginal and 1st posterior cells>
thence narrowing somewhat, it fills nearly the distal half of the
discal cell and terminates distinctly deal of the posterior margin
of wing, entering the 2nd and 3rd posterior cells ; a small round
quite clear spot is in the extreme upper angle of the lower basal
cell. A few very short stiff black bristles at the base of the
costa, and some short close yellowish-orange hairs on the margin
of the alulae and the orange tegulae ; halteres yellow.

Length, 18 inm.

Described from a single 5 (now headless) in the Indian Museum
collection, taken at Pusa, Bengal, 17. iv. 1907 ; other specimens
are from Pusa, l.v. 1911, at light (Hoivlett) ; Pusa, 3.iv. 3914;
Trincomali, Ceylon, 25. vi. 1891 (Col. Yerbun/).

This species closely resembles E. Zar, K, in the shape of the
wing-markings.

145. Exoprosopa lar, F. (PL III, fig. 3.)

Bibio lar, Fabricius, Sp. Ins. ii, p. 414 (1781).
Anthrax lar, Wiedenmnn, Auss. Zweifl. i, p. 268 (1828).
Anthrax collaris, Wiedemann, Auss. Zweifl. i, p. 271 (1828)
Walker, List Dipt. Brit. Mus. ii, p. 247, 2 (1849).

EXOPSOSOPA. 195

Litorhynchm collaris, Macquart, Dipt. Exot. ii, 1, p. 80 (1840).
Anthrax ruyicollis, Saunders, Tr. Eiit. Soc. Lond iii n 59 iil v

tig. 5 (1841).

Exoprosopa binotata, Macquart, Dipt. Exot. Supp. 5, p. 89 (1855)
Exoprosvpa collaris, Brunetti, Rec. Ind. Mus. ii, p. 444 (1909).

c? . Head with f rons distinctly narrower at vertex than above
antennae, where it equals one-third the width of the head; dark
nut-brown, with a slight pink or orange tint, covered with short
black pubescence, and a few minute elongate pale brownish -yellow
scales or scale-like hairs on lower part; face of similar colour to
frons, with black pubescence and similar scales ; proboscis dark,
withdrawn ; anteunal 1st and 2nd joints ferruginous, 3rd black •
occiput yellowish brown, with minute black bristles, which con-
tinue over the vertex nearly to the ocelli; and with whitish
scales forming a band of irregular width contiguous to the eve-
margins. Thorax black, with sparse black pubescence, covered
with very short depressed yellowish (almost pinkish) brown
scale-like hairs ; anterior margin with a thick fringe of very long
narrow brownish-yellow (varying to bright ferruginous) hair-like
scales; a bunch of similar scales below the humeri, on prothorax,
and below posterior corners of dorsum : coarse hairs of similar
colour cover the mesopleurae, with some black hairs intermixed
below wing base; sides of thorax dull orange-brown; humeral
calli reddish brown, with^numerous black bristles ; posterior calli
reddish brown, covered with pubescence like that of the thorax,
with several long strong spines projected hindwards. Scutellutn
uniformly dark reddish brown, with similar pubescence to the
thoracic dorsum ; hind margin with a row of spines. Abdomen
black, the sides often more or less reddish ; posterior margin of
1st segment narrowly, 2nd and 3rd segments from base to tip
(covering one-third of the surface on each side) dull but distinct
reddish brown ; the whole dorsum with short depressed blac-k
pubescence ; a fan-like bunch of rather dirty white very elongate
scales at sides of 1st segment ; a patch of long yellowish-white
scales towards each side of 3rd segment, contiguous to the
margin, and 6th segment (and possibly 7th also) covered with
similar scales ; the sides of the abdomen from 2nd segment to tip
with coarse black bristly hair. Venter moderately dark brown,
barely tinged with vellowish, but with paler hind margins to the
segments and a few soft yellowish hairs ; genitalia rather largo,
ferruginous. Legs reddish brown, metatarsi more or less darker,
rest of tarsi black ; fore legs, apart from the usual minute
pubescence, with rows of very short bristles on tibiae ; middle
femora with at least two rather strong bristles of unequal length
on inner side towards tip ; hind femora with a row of stronger
bristles below, posterior tibiffi with the usual rows of small
bristles; tarsi with short stiff black pubescence below. Wings
best described as pale grey with the basal third dark brown,
filling the anal and axillary cells except their tips, the colour
continued along the costa nearly to the tip of the 1st longitudinal

c>2

196 BOMBYLIID.E.

vein and extending bindwards to the upper side of the discal cell,
thence spreading out and embracing the apical third of that cell,
the base of: the 2nd posterior, and just entering the 3rd posterior,
the colour sharply delimited distally by a line drawn from its
costal limit to where it ends posteriorly in the 3rd posterior cell ;
.a small clear spot at upper corner of 2nd basal cell, with a small
yellowish spot immediately above it, and a slight pale yellowish
tinge about the middle of the 1st posterior cell ; the brown
colour is only very slightly variable in its extent. Alulze and
alar squamae with a fringe of dirty brown scales ; halteres black.
Length, 14-16 mm.

Bedescribed mainly from a 3 in good condition in the Indian
Museum from Bara Banki, United Provinces, 14. x. 1910, and
others iu less good condition from Kangra Vallev or Sikkim
(Dudgeon] ; Allahabad, i. 1910 (Chatterjee) ; Bandhara^ Cent. Prov.,
India, l.xii.1912 (Imms); Sahibganj, Bengal; Bellary, South India,
10. viii.-ll. ix. 1913 ; Surat, Bombay, 11. xi. 1911 (Fletcher);
Bangalore ; Trivandrum ; Mahagany, Ceylon, 15. ii. 1891 ; Nila-
velli, Ueylon, 30. v. 1891 (Col. Yerbury).

Types in Fabricius's, Westermaun's and Wiedemann's collections.
It must be remembered that the foregoing description is chiefly
from an individual specimen. Wiedemaun noted the close affinity
between collaris and lar, claiming for the former the more fox-red
collar, the absence of white tomentum at the tip of the abdomen,
the absence of white pubescence towards the sides at the base of
the abdomen, the wholly black ground-colour of the body, the
black-haired abdomen, and the shortening of the second trans-
verse black band (so to speak) on the wing, so that it does not
reach the hind border.

Most of these characters are more or less variable, especially
the distance to which the more distal of the two extensions of the
costal dark border reaches, and the reddish-brown colour of the
sides of the abdomen. Saunders's figure of his rugicollis shows
the limits of variation in three characters, the ferruginous collar,
the shortened wing-band, and the all-black abdomen. Wiede-
mann's characters of the absence of white vestiture at the base
and tip of the abdomen are negative ones, and it may reasonably
be supposed that his specimen was somewhat worn.*

Two specimens in the British Museum from Mahagany, Ceylon
{Col. Yerbury), appear to represent an undescribed species allied
to E. lar, but are not in sufficiently good condition to describe
properly.

One of the specimens bears a label : " ? E. binotata, Macq."
This hitter I concluded t to be synonymous with collaris, Wied.,J
beinu; further convinced by a specimen of the latter in the Indian

* As the nrst few examples of this species seen by me answered fully to
Wiedemann's collaris, a certain number of specimens were identified by me as
such and returned to correspondents. These should bear the name of lar.

t Eec. Ind. Mus. ii, p. 444.

\ E. collaris, Wied., is now regarded by me as synonymous with lar, F.

EXOPEOSOPA. 197

Museum, labelled " E. bimaculata, Macq." in Bigot's handwriting.
Bigot evidently wrote bimaculata in mistake for binotata, but the
two specimens described above are certainly distinct from lar. In
the event of binotata, Macq., being a good species, they may be
representatives of it.

146. Exoprosopa pennipes, Wied.

AntJtra.r pennipes. Wiedemann, Dipt. Exot. i, p. 129 (1821) : id..

Auss. Zweifl. i, p. 272 (1828).
Exoprosiipa pennipes, Macquart, Dipt. Exot. ii, 1, p. 49 (1840);

Bruuetti, Kec. Ind. Mus. ii. p. 443 (1909).
Hyperalonia pennipes, Rondairi, Ann. Mus. den. vii, p. 452 (1875).

Head with frons more than twice as wide above antennae (where
it equals one-third the width of the head) as at vert ex, blackish, with
black hairs on upper part, and below with black hairs mixed with a
number of short silvery scales of rather greater width ; face black,
with black bristly hairs and small silver scales ; proboscis yellowish
brown ; antennae black, possibly sometimes reddish brown at base ;
occiput black, with small silvery scales at least near the eye-
margins, probably a considerable part of the surface thus covered
in perfect specimens. Thorax black ; dorsum with a dark indigo-
blue tinge, caused bv the whole surface being covered in perfect
specimens with brilliant small subquadrate blue scales, longi-
tudinally striated, black pubescent ; anterior margin with long
narrow black scales ; bunches of similar scales or bristly hairs
below shoulders, on mesopleurae and metapleurae, and below hind
corners of dorsum ; apparently some black bristly or coarse hairs
around the wing-base. Scutellum black, covered with scales like
those of the thorax, pubescent, dull dark brown towards hind
margin, which bears a row of spines. Abdomen black, covered
with blue-green or green scales, with black pubescence; some
long, thin, very dark brown scales in a bunch at sides of 1st seg-
ment ; venter dark blackish indigo, with a little black pubescence
and no trace of scales. Legs black; fore tibiae and metatarsi
yellowish brown ; middle tibiae very dark brown ; hind femora
towards tips and hind tibiae from base to tip with rows of dense
long dark brown narrow scales. (No distinct bristles are visible
on the legs, but this may be due to the bad preservation of the
specimens.) Wings deep brown, violet-tinged, fore border about
the middle a little yellowish, also just a little paler about the
cross-veins ; tip of wing quite clear, limited by tip of 2nd longi-
tudinal vein, and hindwards on the wing-border by the proximal
side of the 2nd posterior cell.* Alulae and alar squamae fringed
with long narrow dark brown scales ; halteres blackish brown.

Length, 11-18 mm.

* In the second specimen (from Karachi) the wing is pale along the hind
margin of the 3rd posterior cell.

198 BOMBYLIID-S.

Eedescribed mainly from a specimen (? <J ) from Koliima, Assam,
in the Indian Museum ; a second specimen from Karachi and
other specimens from Pusa; and lower ranges, X. Khasi Hills,
IMS (Chemnett).

The Karachi specimen shows the following differences : — The
1st antennal joint (the only one remaining) is distinctly reddish
brown, there is a bunch of dirty white scales at the sides of the
1st abdominal segment; the abdomen is longer, narrower, and
more pointed, the last segment distinctly reddish brown, with the
ovipositor protruding considerably, and the venter has indis-
putable traces of a median row of white scales. The only remain-
ing leg is a hind one, on which the scales are identical with those
of the Kohima specimen.

147. Exoprosopa latipennis, Brun.

Exoprosopa latipennis. Brunetti. Rec. Ind. Mus. ii, p. 404 (1909).

c? . Head with frons barely one-third width of head at level of
antennae, two-thirds of this width at vertex ; dark olive-brown,
rather velvety, with a few scattered hairs ; lower part and face
with small elongate pinkish-yellow scales ; ocelli on a minute
protuberance on vertex ; antennae blackish brown : underside of
head blackish brown ; mouth-border narrowly yellowish. Thorax
black, with thick bright orange hairs on lateral margins ; black
bristly hairs on lower part in front ; anterior margin and below
both shoulders and posterior calli with thick bunches of elongate
orange scales ; scutelluin black, with a row of black hairs or tine
bristles on hind margin. Abdomen black, elongated, sides parallel,
tip rounded, with sparse black pubescence ; sides of 2nd, 3rd, and
4th segments narrowly brick-red ; a bunch of pale yellowish elon-
gate scales at sides of 1st segment; sides of abdomen with rather
thick yellow hairs, which become thinner and paler towards tip ;
venter black, with black hairs, central segments paler in middle.
Legs dark brown ; hind femora with a row of long bristles below.
Wings uniformly rich dark brown, unusually wide across the
middle.

Length, 18 mm.

The present description is from the type, from Shillong, in the
Indian Museum (which is a J , not a $> ), and two <5 tf in the
British Museum (Khasi Hills and Cherrapunji, Assam).

148. Exoprosopa lateralis, Brun. (PI. Ill, fig. 7.)

Exoprosopa lateralis, Brunetti, Rec. Ind. Mus. ii, p. 467, pi. xii,
tig. 17 (1909).

$ . Head with frons and face dark olive-brown, becoming more

or less orange towards the lower part of the latter, both covered

, with black pubescence and (except the upper part of the frons)

with small pinkish-yellow scales ; proboscis dark brown, palpi

EXOPBOSOPA. 199

yellow; antennae brown, 1st and 2nd joints bristly; occiput dark
grey, with yellowish scales around eye-margins. Thorax black, with
long bright ferruginous scales or bristly hairs on anterior margin,
below shoulders, and on posterior calli ; dorsum (denuded) evi-
dently more or less covered with very short yellow scale-like hairs
closely applied, which towards the "sides and hind margin are
thinner and longer ; lower part of thorax bare, with ferruginous
marks.* Abdomen elliptical ; black, the sides more or less broadly
brick-red ; this coloration is very variable in quantity, as in one
specimen it only moderately narrowly borders the abdomen, and in
another one it extends so far inwards as to reduce the black part
almost to a dorsal row of spots. Bunches of ferruginous elongate
scales at each side of 1st and 2nd segments, and a small tuft of
stiff black hairs at the sides of each segment ; dorsum thinly covered
with short tawny yellow scales and black hairs ; last segment red-
dish, black at the middle of the base ; Tenter brownish brick-red,
with sparse yellow hair-like scales. Leys (mainly missing) tawny
brown : fore coxae with rather long yellow hairs ; hind femora and
tibiae with short black spines. IVinys dark brown, tip and
posterior border nearly to the base irregularly and indistinctly
clear, the clear part extending into the discal cell ; traces of a
small round clear spot in upper corner of 2nd basal cell : alulae
and alar squama? with dirty brown elongate scales.

Length, 14-18 mm.

Described from three £ ? in the Indian Museum from Calcutta ;
and Talewaddi, N. Kauara Distr., 3-10. x. 1916 (Kemp).

149. Exoprosopa annandalei, Brun. (PI. Ill, tig. 8.)

Kvoprosopa annandalei, Brunetti, Rec. Ind. Mus. ii, p. 469, pi. xii,
tig. 20 (1909).

$ . Head with vertex, frons, and face blackish, with short sparse
yellowish hairs, and some stiff bristly black hairs on frons, which
is considerably narrowed on the vertex, where the ocellar triangle
is very small ; mouth-opening yellowish, proboscis dark brown ;
palpi black, short, filamentous, with a single row of hairs ; antennae
yellowish, first joint hairy, third rather elongated, with moderately
long style ; back of head dark grey ; eyes dark brown, with some
yellowish hairs, which are whitish behind the eyes. Thorax
blackish ; tawny-yellow hairs rather thickly placed on fore border,
and on the sides, where there is a pale tawny spot on the pleurae ;
dorsum nearly bare (? denuded). Scutellum light brown, posterior
border with a row of black spiny bristles and short sparse
yellowish hairs ; metanotum bidden. Abdomen ovate, chestnut-
brown (ground-colour), with a row of irregularly oval dorsal
black spots at the base of each segment, and with traces of a
narrow black line almost on the posterior borders of some of the
segments ; a sparse band (interrupted in the middle) of short

* Possibly due to discoloration.

200

whitish hairs on the anterior part, and a similar band of blackish
hairs on the posterior part, of each segment ; the second segment
possessing a basal row of short sparse tawny hairs and a bunch oi
longer white hairs on each side at the base ; the short whitish hairs
on the dorsum may possibly extend over the greater part of the
surface, and appear more like scales than hairs. Venter chestnut-
brown, with irregular black marks and with short white scaly hairs
generally distributed over it. Legs tawny brown, fore coxae similar,
posterior coxa3 blackish brown ; hind femora with a few hairs
below, posterior tibise moderately covered with short bristles ;
tarsi blackish brown, minutely pubescent below. Wings pale grey,
with a dark brown oblique baso-costal band, which has an indenta-
tion on the lower side : the brown colour extends along the costa
to the tip of the first longitudinal vein, its outer edge extending
posteriorly to just behind the second posterior cell, the colour thus
filling slightly more than half the first longitudinal and discal cells,
and extending in an irregularly straight line from the latter cell
to the base of the wing, filling half the anal cell ; round brown
spots, all of equal size, are placed at the tip of the second longi-
tudinal vein, at the base of the fork of the third longitudinal and
at the tip of the veinlets dividing the second, third, and fourth
posterior cells; on the upper corner (adjoining the base of the
discal cell) of the lower basal cell a small bluish opalescent spot ;
at extreme base of wings and along the stronger veins a distinct
tawny colour ; halteres yellowish white.

Length, 9-12 mm.

Described from the two original females in the Indian Museum
from Moulmein, Lower Burma, 6. iii. 1908 (Annandale).

150. Exoprosopa maculiventris, sp. nov.

J . Head wholly blackish grey ; frons about half as wide again
at level of antennae as at vertex, with fine black hairs, intermixed
with short yellow ones on lower part ; face with sparse short
yellow hairs and on lower part with rather short black hairs ;
antennae and mouth-parts black ; the considerably puffed-out
occiput with a few short yellow hairs, and on hied border a
narrow fringe of them. Tliorax and scutellum black, with mode-
rately short black pubescence, which is longest on the scutellum ;
anterior border narrowly with short yellow hairs, and a con-
spicuous bunch of long bright yellow pubescence below each
shoulder ; some yellow hairs along the sides below the wings and
a large bunch below the posterior angles of the dorsum ; the
posterior calli themselves having a few much shorter and paler
yellow hairs on the hinder side. Abdomen black, surface of seg-
ments (except 1st) mainly covered with small closely-set black
scales, and bearing long fine black hairs, except at base and hind
margins ; 1st segment dark blackish grey, unsealed, with short
yellow hairs on dorsum and a bunch of long bright yellow hairs

EXOPEOSOPA. 201

towards and over each side ; on the 2nd segment towards each
anterior corner is a circular spot of yellowish- white scales ; this
pair of spots is duplicated on the 3rd and 4th segments, the scales
forming them being less yellow on the 3rd segment and nearly
white on the 4th ; oih segment bearing no white spots, but 6th and
7th each with a similar pair of white scale-spots ; sides of 2nd
segment with long yellow hairs anteriorly (as in 1st segment) and
black hairs posteriorly ; sides of remaining segments with thick
black pubescence. Venter black, with small closely impressed
black scales and thin black pubescence ; sexual organs too con-
cealed for observation. Leg* wholly black, with ordinary pubes-
cence ; tibia? with obvious closely impressed small black scales and
two distinct rows of bristles on hind pair, with numerous others
more or less arranged in longitudinal rows ; hind femora with a
little soft black hair and a row of distinct, fairly long bristles on
underside. Wings with about anterior half deep blackish brown,
the colour filling the marginal cell except the tip, thence running
parallel to the hind margin of the wing, filling half the 1st
posterior cell ; thence retreating, filling barely half the discal cell ;
thence extending to the hind angle of the wing, filling half the
anal and axillary cells. An oval spot at tip of 2nd vein, joining
the costa and also the extremity of the costal darkening ; a spot
at fork of 3rd vein, another over the cross-vein joining the 2nd
vein, and another over the posterior cross-vein ; all the spots
concolorous and contiguous to the main expanse of colour. Alar
squamae black, with short fringe of bright yellow hair; halteres
black.

Length, 14 mm. ; expanse, 34 mm.

Described from a single perfect specimen in the Indian Museum
from Kousauie, Garb wal State, 6075 ft.,22. vii.1914 (Col. Tyiler).

The wing-markings are very nearly similar to those of E. annan-
dalei, figured in Rec. Ind. Mus. ii, pi. xii, fig. 20, except that in
this latter species the colour is of a much lighter brown.

151. Exoprosopa stylata, sp. nov.

tS • Head with f rons at vertex about two-thirds as wide as at level
of antenna?, where it is less than one-third the width of the head ;
covered with dull brownish tomentnn or dust with a tinge of yellow,
sparsely beset with stiff black hairs ; lower part of f rons with
depressed black scales, which in certain lights exhibit a silvery
lustre; face distinctly produced into a blunt cone, covered thickly
with similar black scales (shining silvery) and long bristly hairs
as on frons ; upper edge of mouth-opening furnished with very
long, thin, dark brown scales ; mouth-opening and proboscis brown,
latter extending forward as far as tip of antennas. Antenna?
black, 3rd joint elongate conical, as long as 1st and 2nd together,
with a style as long as the joint itself, bearing a pale elongate thick
bristle at, tip. Thorax black, faintly shining ; at least hinder part
with small impressed black scales (which possibly cover the entire

202 BOMBTLIID^I.

surface) : dorsum also with stiff black pubescence of moderate
length ; anterior margin with a thick fringe of very elongate
bright yellow scales projecting forwards, forming a sort of dense
collar ; shoulders entirely covered with a dense bunch of very
elongate black scales, which extend (diminishing in strength) over
the mesopleura, and continue as short stiff hairs over part of the
sternopleura ; pteropleura bare, shining, but the metapleura with
a thick bunch of black scales on its posterior part ; sternopleura
with a slight greyish tinge on lower part. Scutellum black, with
minute adpressed black scales covering its entire surface, and a
row of curved black bristles on hind margin. Abdomen black,
faintly shining, entirely covered with minute adpressed black
scales, which, if viewed at a low angle from in front, show a silvery
sheen ; and with a row of black bristles on hind margins of at least
the last two or three segments, the hind margins of which bear a
row of rather short but obvious dark brown scales ; the outer two-
tliirds of 1st segment with a dense covering of very elongate,
bright chrome-yellow scales, the actual sides with elongate black
scales ; sides of other segments also with elongate very narrow
dark bro\vu scales, and a few other quite broad dark brown ones,
intermixed posteriorly with black bristly hairs ; six spots coin-
posed of scales, which, viewed from in front, appear silvery, and
from behind dull milk-white, are placed as follows : one towards
each side of the dorsum on 3rd segment, one at base in centre of
4th, one towards each side of 6th, and an elongate one at base of
7th extending over the greater part of the segment. Venter
covered uniformly with minute brownish-black scales that appear
silvery when viewed at a low angle either from in front or behind ;
a row of bristles on hind margin of each segment. Genitalia
rather large, apparently consisting of a small sub-globular reddish-
piece and a greyish cone-shaped piece of larger size, pubescent.
Legs black, coxse with bristly hairs ; femora closely covered with
black scales that appear silvery in certain lights ; tibiae apparently
reddish brown, but in certain lights the scales shine silvery; tarsi
brown, Wings pale grey, iridescent ; a brown baso-costal band,
limited distally by tip of 1st longitudinal vein, the hinder margin
of the band nearly a straight line thence, through the anterior
cross-vein and extreme base of 4th posterior cell, and thence to
base of wing, encroaching narrowly on anal cell; discal cell
nearly clear, a darker brown spot jointly over tip of praef urea and
anterior cross-vein ; another over base 'of discal cell and forking
of 5th vein, a small one at base of 3rd posterior cell.

Length, 8 mm.

Described from a unique specimen from Hadagalla, Ceylon
(T. Bainbrigge FletcJier).

Type in the British Museum, presented by Mr. Fletcher.

The conspicuous silvery-white spots on the abdomen placed
like the " 5 " of a playing card, in addition to the exceptionally
long antennal style, render this species easily recognisable.

EXOPEOSOPA. 203

152. Exoprosopa insulata, Walk. (PI. Ill, fig. 4.)

Anthrax (s. g. Litorhi/nchus) insulata, Walker, Ins. Saund., Dipt.
pt. iii, p. 11-2 (1852)'.

, Brunetti, Rec. Ind. Mas. ii, p. 440 (1909).
Head with frons about half as wide again above antennae, where
it forms one-third the width of the head, as at vertex ; dull olive-
brown (in well-preserved specimens, otherwise blackish), with black
pubescence and minute elongate pinkish-yellow scales or scale-like
hairs ; face concolorous, but yellowish about the mouth-opening,
with similar hairs and small scales ; proboscis black, projecting
some distance beyond tip of antennae ; antennas black ; occiput
dark grey, with very small yellow scales in the neighbourhood of
the eye-margins, hinder edge with a fringe of short yellow hairs.
Thorax dark olive-grey or olive-brown (in perfect specimens),
with short black pubescence and very minute elongate yellow
scales, which perhaps are sparser about the centre of the dorsum ;
anterior margin with long brownish-yellow scales, which are also
fairly abundant from below the shoulders to below the wing-base,
and, again, below the posterior corners of the dorsum. Lower
part of prothorax, the mesojileurge, pteropleurae, and sternopleurse
with long black bristly hairs; scutellum concolorous with thoracic
dorsum, with small yellow scales and a few black hairs, arid a row
of rather sinuous thin black hairs on posterior margin. Abdomen
rather dull black, slightly shining: 1st segment with a bunch
towards each side of comparatively short, very erect, elongate,
brownish-yellow scales, and a narrow band of such erect scales
extends across the segment on the anterior half ; 2nd segment
with broad band on anterior half of small elongate closely-applied
yellow scales, the posterior half being covered with black scales of
similar nature ; 4th and following segments with similar black
scales on anterior part and yellow scales on hinder part ; 4th seg-
ment with a pTitch of silvery-white scales towards each side, and
7th segment mainly covered with such scales ; sides of abdomen
with long brown scales and long black hairs ; venter black, with a
little black pubescence and covered with minute yellow scales.
Legs black ; tibiae more or less dark brown ; femora with small
closely-applied pale scales, posterior femora and tibiae with the
usual bristles. \Vin(/s pale grey, with a broad oblique dark brown
or blackish-brown band extending on the costa to tip of 1st longi-
tudinal vein, and distinctly beyond bifurcation of 2nd and 3rd
veins, and anterior cross-vein, embracing basal third of discal cell
and crossing anal and axillary cells about their middles ; several
blackish spots are present, variable in number and size, four on
the clear part of the wing being always present, placed respec-
tively (l)near tip of 2nd vein, (2) at fork of 3rd vein, (3) on
2nd "vein at the junction of the veinlet joining this vein to the
•3rd, and (4) over outer side of discal cell, generally elongate and
sometimes reduced to two separate spots ; on the brown part of
the wing, the spots being much darker in colour, there are
generally one over the anterior cross-vein, one at the fork of the

204 BOMBTLIID^.

4th vein, and at the base of both the 3rd and 4th posterior cells ;
adventitious spots freely occur about the tips of the 2nd and 3rd
longitudinal veins, and occasionally in other parts, and the 3rd
posterior cell is often more or less bisected longitudinally by an
additional incomplete veinlet. The 1st posterior cell is not infre-
quently closed just before the border. Htilteres black.
Length, 7-10 mm.

Redescribed from several specimens, mostly in inferior condition,
in the Indian Museum from Soondrijal, Chitlong, Nagorkote,
Pharpiug, and Khumdhik, iii. 1909 — all in Nepal ; Dehra Dun, xi.
1907 [Lt.-Col. Wyville Thomson'] ; Nairn Tal District, 4. iv. 1910 ;
Mussoorie, ix. 1906 ; Simla, x. 1911 ; Allahabad, v. 1911 and xii.
1910 (Chatterjee); Bandhara, Central Provinces, l.xii.1912 (Imms};
Mahagany, Ceylon, 17. i. 1912 (Col. Yerbury); Castle Eock, K".
Kanara District, 11-26. x. 1916 (Kemp); Madhupur, Bengal,
16. x. 1909 (Paiva); Pipera, Gondo District, United Provinces,
9. iii. 1909; Ootacamund, S. India, 24-31. xii. 1913 (Fletcher) ;
lower ranges, N. Khasi Hills, 1878 (Chennell).

There seems no reasonable doubt of this being Walker's
insulata, described originally from the " East Indies." It is
common through Nepal and extends to the Indian plains.
Walker says the sides of the abdomen are fringed alternately
with black and yellow hairs, but this does not appear to be the
case, though possibly in perfect specimens the white scales on
the 4th and 7th segments may overhang the margin sufficiently
to produce this effect. His description also of the wing-spots
does not quite agree with mine, but these markings are admittedly
variable.

A specimen in the Indian Museum from Dehra Dun labelled
" E. S-notdta, Big., sp. nov/' is certainly identical, and is
apparently merely a MS. name ; a second specimen with precisely
similar markings is from Calcutta.

A further specimen from " Thingaunyinaung to Myawadi,"
Lower Burma, 900 ft,, 24-26.xi. 1911 (Gravely), has tha spot* in
the clear part of the wing all so enlarged and blurred that hardly
any grey surface remains.

Some notes of mine on the variation of the wing-markings
appeared recently (Eec. Ind. Mus. ii, p. 446).

In comparing the descriptions of insulata, Walk., bengalensis,
Macq., and brahma, Sch., it will be seen that they are somewhat
similar. The latter I have not seen, but a number of specimens of
both insulata and bengalensis in the Indian Museum (both iden-
tified by me, but, I think, without possibility of doubt) prove that
at least these two are quite good and distinct species. E. insulata
is known by the black or deep blackish-brown colour of the baso-
costal band, which, though not actually clearly defined, stands
put if a number of specimens be glanced at collectively ; whereas
in bengalensis the colour is brown, without any trace of' black, and
there is no apparent line of demarcation between the anterior
half and the posterior half, the latter being only a little lighter.

EXOPROSOPA. 205

The spots in insulate stand out distinctly, especially those nearest
the wing-border ; they are black or blackish brown, and some of
them are placed elsewhere than on the cross-veins. The "spots"
in bengalensis are small, moderately light brown infuscations, and
occur only on the cross-veins, although the veius themselves are
often lightly infuscated for considerable distances. E. brahma
has distinct spots, apart from infuscations of cross-veins, and
should therefore in this character approximate to insulata, but
Schiner distinctly describes the anterior part of the wing as only
smoke-brown. Again, in brahma the scutellum and antennae are
reddish yellow or brownish, whereas in both Insulata and bengalensis
these parts are black. The presumption is that all three are good
species.

153. Exoprosopa puerula, sp. nov. (PI. Ill, fig. 9.)

Head with frons distinctly broader at level of antennae, where it
is one-third the width of the head, than at vertex ; both frons and
face blackish, former more or less cinereous grey towards vertex,
latter orange yellowish around the mouth ; the lower half, or rather
more, of the frons and the major part of the face covered with
closely-applied yellowish scales and a little fine black pubescence ;
some yellow hairs about the lower part of the face ; proboscis
blackish ; antennae blackish grey ; occiput blackish, with a con-
siderable amount of dirty white scales, closely applied. Thorax
blackish, thickly covered with very thin yellowish hair-like scales ;
anterior border with a fringe of long brownish-yellow scales ;
some long bristly black hairs on lower part of prothorax ; pleurae
with bristly scale-like brownish-yellow hairs ; scutellum black,
about the apical half reddish brown, the whole dorsum (apparently)
covered with short yellowish scales like those of the thorax.
Bristles of thorax normal. Abdomen blackish, dull ; hind border
of segments rather narrowly brownish yellow, the colour spreading
out considerably towards sides of 2nd and 3rd segments ; the
whole dorsum covered with black hairs and closely-applied small
brownish-yellow scales, which towards sides of 3rd segment are
whitish ; a bunch of elongate pale brownish-yellow scales at sides
of 2nd segment and a similar bunch of shorter small black scales
at sides of 3rd segment. Venter yellowish, marked here and there
with black, and mainly covered with small yellow scales. Legs
black ; femora and tibiae with yellowish scales and the usual bristly
hairs ; tarsi black. Wings clear, the dark oblique band running
diagonally from tip of auxiliary vein, crossing the centres of the
anal and axillary cells ; a loop extending from the middle of the
1st posterior cell, along the outer side of the discal cell ; the colour
also encroaches well into the base of the 4th posterior cell ; a pale
yellowish spot around the anterior cross-vein and base of 4th
posterior cell, a semi-hyaline small spot about the base of the
discal cell; halteres brown ; clubs dull yellow.
Z/ength. 4|-6 mm.

Described from two specimens in the Indian Museum from
Madras (Capt. Cragg).

206 BOMBTLIIDJB.

154. Exoprosopa bengalensis, Macq. (PI. Ill, fig. 5.)

Exoprosopa bengalensis, Macquart, Dipt. Exot. ii, p. 49, pi. xviiir
fig. 4 (1840) • Brunetti, Rec. Ind. Mug. ii, p. 445 (1909).

c? $ . Head with frons at vertex half as wide as at level of
antennae, where it is barely one-third the width of the head ; dull
olive-brown or cinereous, the amount of yellowish tinge variable ;
whole frons and face with black pubescence in moderate amount,
also (except towards vertex of former) covered with short narrow
yellowish scales, closely applied to the surface ; mouth-border
brownish yellow, with black hairs ; proboscis blackish brown,
labella narrow ; palpi black, thin, with fine black hairs ; antennal
1st and 2nd joints brownish yellow, with black bristles, 3rd joint
black ; occiput blackish, with yellowish scales around eye-margins.
Thorax brownish grev, dorsum covered with short coarse yellowish
scale-like hairs ; anterior margin with elongate orange-yellow
scales, thickly placed, and bunches of similar or slightly paler
scales below the shoulders, on the mesopleurse, and around and
behind the wings ; black spines on humeral and posterior calli ;
scutellurn blackish, hind margin more or less reddish brown,
covered with short yellowish hairs and with a row of black
bristles on posterior margin. Abdomen blackish (?) or reddish
brown, wholly covered with very small elongate yellowish scales
and black bristly hairs ; a bunch of elongate yellowish scales at
sides of 1st segment ; venter blackish or reddish brown, with a
few long yellow hairs ; hind margins of segments more or less
pale, with some yellowish scales. Legs blackish ; femora and
tibiae with rather thickly -placed, closely-applied, yellow scales,
which extend over the upper side of the metatarsi, and apparently
occasionally to the remaining joint also; the whole of the legs
with black bristles, the tarsi with black pubescence. Winr/s
yellowish grey; a slight infuscation over practically all those
parts of the veins that, lie transversely; the veins themselves
more or less darkened basally ; halteres yellowish, knobs a little
darker; alulae and alar squamae with a dirty brown and yellowish
fringe of scales respectively.

Length, 10-12 mm.

Described from several examples in bad condition in the Indian
Museum, labelled "? India"; Hadagalla, Ceylon, ix, x. 1911 ;
Trincoraali, 14. i. 1891, and Mahagany, Ceylon, 15. ii. 1891 (Col.
Yerbury).

The genitalia are quite hidden ; the sex of the specimens is
therefore uncertain, and no difference in the width of the frons
in any of them is apparent.

Type in the Paris Museum.

155. Exoprosopa brahma, Scli. (PI. Ill, fig. o.)

Exoprosopa bralima, Schiuer, Reise ' Novara,' Dipt. p. 199 (1868).

"Brown ; venter and scutellurn reddish yellow, latter at base

blackish, \\hole ground-colour of body can be seen to be pale

EXOPROSOPA. 207

brown through the dense pale pubescence. Thorax in front and
at sides with longer golden-yellow hairs ; in front of and around
wing-base with black bristles. Abdomen at the base with thick
and long golden-yellow hair; 2nd segment on fore border with a
whitish- yellow cross-band. Head reddish brown, epistome paler,
frons darker; pubescence short, bright golden yellow; frons
black on hinder part. Antennas brown, 3rd joint very elongate,
gradually tapering and produced into the style. Legs reddish
yellow, knees rather darker ; tarsi brown ; femora with shining
scales ; all bristles black ; pulvilli rudimentary. Wings sooty
brown, darker on front margin and more reddish, with eight
black spots : two at base of outer marginal (cubital) cell,.
two at base of 2nd posterior cell, one each at bases of 3rd and
4th posterior cells, one on outer side of discal cell, and the last
one suffusing the anterior cross-vein. Cross-vein joining upper
branch of cubital vein to subcostal vein, with a recurrent
appendix ; only three submarginal cells. Length 4 lines. Two
specimens ; Ceylon."

The above is Schiner's description ; he compares it with
E. alexon, Walk., and punctulata, Macq.

Type presumably in the Vienna Museum.

156. Exoprosopa niveiventris, Brim.

Exoprosopa niveiventris, Brun. Rec. Ind. Mus. iii, p. 214 (1909).

2 . Head : froiis at widest (level of antennae) one-third the
width of the head, narrowing at vertex to half this width ; dark
brown, covered with close, light brownish-orange scales, which
become lighter coloured below the antenna ; the whole frons
covered with short black hairs ; ocelli small, black, close together,
placed on a small tubercle ; mouth-border yellow, proboscis dark
brown. Antennae black; 1st and Und joints thickly beset
above and at the sides with strong black bristles ; 3rd joint
rather long, absolutely bare, with a very distinct style, which
itself bears a microscopic but distinct apical joint. From the base
of the antennae obliquely to the edge of the eye there is on each
side of the frons a narrow groove, quite destitute of scales or
pubescence. Back of head broad behind the eye, with minute
black pubescence, and covered towards the sides with soft
yellowish-white scales, which may perhaps extend over nearly all
the back of the head in some specimens; a fringe of short, bright
orange-yellow hairs encircles the back part of the head, meeting
the dense pubescence of the thorax. Thorax dull black, with
some short black hairs towards anterior border, and in front of
the scutelluni ; front part of thorax (not extending to the dorsum
proper) covered densely with narrow, elongate, bright yellow
scales, which also extend to the sides of the thorax, and form fan-
shaped bunches below each shoulder and behind each wing;.
these scales become almost thick pubescence at the sides of the
dorsum, being especially thick above each wing. The true dorsum-

208 BOMBTLIID.E.

is very sparsely covered with very short yellowish scales, which
probably even in perfect specimens never wholly cover the surface;
scales at sides of thorax more yellow than orange. Posterior calli
prominent, ferruginous, covered with irregular small black bristles,
with some long yellowish-white scaly pubescence on the outer
side, and there are four powerful long black spines placed close
together and directed horizontally backwards. Scutellum ferru-
ginous brown, with an irregular double row of black spines on
posterior margin, and short yellow scales round the dorsum, which
is quite bare in the middle, both of scales and hairs. Abdomen
black, covered with microscopic black scales ; thick, scaly, whitish
pubescence at the sides of the 1st segment; at the base of the
'2nd segment (which is the widest) a wide band of scaly yellowish-
white pubescence ; the remaining segments also bear similar bands
at their bases of more whitish scaly pubescence, this being
shortest on the 5th segment ; on the posterior borders of the 1st,
6th, and 7th segments a row of rather strong black bristles,
directed backwards. Genital organ distinct, black, encircled
towards the posterior part and at the sides by a rather thick
fringe of orange hairs ; the tip itself more greyish, and bearing
two vertical rows (containing seven in each) of rather long,
roseate scales, like the teeth of a comb. Venter black, nearly
covered, except towards the tip, with close, nearly snow-white,
scaly pubescence, the tip with black bristles. Legs black ; coxae
with yellowish-white scales and distinct black bristles; femora
with similar scales and short black hairs, the middle pair with
two rows of short, distinct spines on underside ; the hind pair
with a similar row ; fore tibiae bare, middle tibiae beset somewhat
irregularly with four rows (one on each side) of conspicuous but
moderately short bristles ; hind tibiae closely beset with elongate
dirty white scales, lying close to the surface, and intermixed with
strong, moderately short, black bristles, and with an irregular circlet
of black spines at tip, most of them on the underside ; tarsi minutely
but closely pubescent, with a row of minute spines below, being
longest on hind pair. Wings pale grey, costal cell and the basal
parts of all the veins ferruginous brown ; costal vein apparently
bare, but viewed microscopically, it presents a very closely-placed
row of minute black spines, which are conspicuous on the extreme
base of the costa, where they are larger and are intermixed with
clo?e-lying, dark greyish scales ; at the extreme base of the costa
is a very powerful, thick, black, curved spine. Tegulaa bright
orange, with a fringe of elongated scales, which are black on
outer part of the edge and dirty white towards the base; alula
of wing grey, with a fringe on posterior border of grey scales,
which continue for a short distance along the posterior margin of
the wing ; halteres with stem brownish, club very pale creamy
orange.

Length, 13-20 mm.

Described from two $ 2 in the Indian Museum, taken by
Dr. Annandale at the base of Paresnath Hill, West Bengal,

EXOPEOSOPA. 209

16. iv. 1909 (1000 ft.) ; South Coorg, S. India, 15-26. v. 1914
(Fletcher) ; Trincomali, 15. ix. 1890 ; and Mabagany, Ceylon,
8. ii. 1891 (Col Yerbury).

A conspicuous species, resembling a Ilyperalonia of my fourth
group (Kec. Ind. Mus. ii, p. 443).

A single <S was taken by Dr. Annandale in company with
niveiventris $ , of which species I conclude it to be the tf . The
frons is barely appreciably narrower, therefore the narrowness of
the back of the head above, the difference in shape of the genital
organs, and the nearly clear wings are the only points in which it
materially differs from the previously described species.

Head almost exactly as in niveiventris, except that the first joint
of the antennae is pale, and the back part of the head is less puffed
out behind the eyes, where it is covered closely with very small
creamy-orange scales ; mouth -border whitish, bare. Thorax dusky
olive-brown, with two faint but distinct, narrow, widely separated,
blackish lines ; anterior part and sides with pubescence as in
niveiventris, except that it is whitish below the posterior calli ;
scutellum as in. niveiventris. Abdomen as in niveiventris. The
genital organ is concealed within the body, but is covered with
whitish shimmer and fine black bristles, its tip apparently con-
sisting of a pair of rather complex orange-coloured claspers, the
upper side of the tip being covered with thick, black, bristly
spines. Legs with the underside of the fore femora pale and the
spines below the hind tarsi less conspicuous. Wings wholly very
pale grey, including costal cell ; the veins in the middle at the
base of the wings are pale orange, as are also the subcostal, third
and fifth longitudinals ; halteres cream-coloured.

Length, 16 mm.

157. Exoprosopa vitripennis, Brun.

Exoprosopa vitripennis, Brunetti, I»ec. lud. Mus. vii, p. 469 (1912).
c? . Head : frons above antennas nearly one-third the width of the
head, lessening to one-third of that width at the vertex, shining
black, with short black pubescence and pale whitish-yellow scales
above the antennae and over the shining black face also ; these
scales show prismatic colours in certain lights ; antennas dark
brownish yellow, 3rd joint ending in a fine point; oral opening
whitish yellow, bare, or with a few very short pale yellow hairs ;
proboscis rather long, blackish ; palpi black, carved, very slender,
with short hairs ; occiput and underside of head black, a few
scales closely pressed to the surface, behind the eyes. Thorax
shining black, with milk-white bristly hairs on the sides, anterior
border of dorsum, and around the wings. Scutellum dull coffee-
brown, some small white scales below its hind margin, closely
applied. Abdomen black, moderately shining, almost bare; small
milk-white scales at the bases of the segments towards ihe sides ;
venter black, with the basal part of most of the segments covered
with small snow-white scales. Legs wholly black, except for a

210 BOMBTLIIDJ3.

slight dull brown reflection on the tibiae in certain lights. Wings
absolutely clear, vitreous, highly iridescent ; costal, auxiliary, and
1st longitudinal veins and those at base of wings yellowish, the
remainder black ; halteres yellow.

Length, 10 mm.

Described from a single J in the Indian Museum from Maha-
baleshwar, Satara District, Bombay Presidency, 4200 ft., 13-16.
iv. 1912 (Gravely}; in the British Museum, from Trincomali,
4.iv.l892, and Mahagany, Ceylon, 12. ii. 1891 (Col. Yerbury).

Very near E. vitrea, Big., differing by the wholly reddish-brown
antenna, the whitish hair on anterior margin of thorax, the
wholly black scutellum, the wholly clear wings, and the absence
of any reddish colour towards the sides of the dorsum.

158. Exoprosopa vitrea, Big.

Exoprosopa vitrea, Bigot, Ann. Soc. Ent. France, Ixi, p. 344 (1892) ;
Brunetli, liec. Ind. Mus. vii, p. 468, pi. xxxvii, fig. 5 (1912).

<3 $ . Head : frons at level of antennae barely one-third the
width of the head, narrowing to nearly one-third of that width at
vertex in c? and to half that width in $ , black, with black hairs,
the lower half with short bright yellow scales ; face with similar
scales and a few short bright yellow hairs ; facial bump fairly large ;
mouth-border pale whitish yellow; proboscis black ; antennae black,
no trace of lighter colours ; back of head moderately protruding,
black, with an irregular narrow fringe immediately behind the
eyes of very small greyish- white scales lying close to the surface ;
hind margin of head with a fringe of short yellow or yellowish-
white haird. Thorax dark blackish brown ; anterior margin and
shoulders with thick bright yellow scale-like hairs, which are
continued around the whole of the prothorax, but in the tf they
are quite black for a considerable space on the lower part (imme-
diately below the mouth), whereas in the £ they are sometimes
uniformly yellow and sometimes similar to those of the cf ; surface
of dorsutn covered with short depressed brownish-yellow hairs ;
pleurae with yellowish-grey or grey hairs, and some around the
base of the wing. Abdomen black, with very short depressed
bright yellow hairs and black pubescence in the cf ; the sides of
the 2nd, 3rd, and 4th segments are broadly and completely
covered with small snow-white depressed scales, which also form
an entire band across the basal half of the two latter segments ;
these scales are practically absent in the $ , but a few are usually
present. Venter blackish, the middle part a little paler, generally
with a considerable space covered with soft short white hairs ;
tip inclined to be reddish. A considerable amount of white hairs
in both sjxes at anterior corners of abdomen. Legs wholly black,
with the usual fine pubescence and very short black bristles.
Wings clear, costal and subcostal cells very pale yellowish grey ;
halteres pale yellow.

Length, 7-13 mm.

Eedescribed from a cf and $ in cop. from Helwak, Koyna

EXOPROSOPA. 211

Valley, Satara District, Bombay Presidency, 2000 ft., 28-30. iv.
1912, and several others of both sexes from other localities in the
same neighbourhood, up to 3500 ft., and from the 23rd to the
30th ; Khemsa, Western Ghats, 2650 ft., 5. v. 1913.

The amount of yellow hair on the abdomen and the extent of
the white scales are both variable.

159. Exoprosopa basifascia, Wall-.

Anthrax basifascia, Walker, List Dipt. Brit. Mus. ii, p. 248 (1849).

" Head. ta\vny and clothed with tawny hairs ; mouth black •
«yes piceous ; feelers black, ferruginous at the base ; chest piceous,
clothed with tawny hairs, which form a fringe along the fore
border and on each side ; scutcheon and breast ferruginous, the
latter clothed with tawny hairs ; abdomen dark piceous, with a
fringe of pale yellow hairs on the fore border of each segment
and more completely clothed on the underside ; legs black, thighs
piceous ; wings slightly grey, tawny at the base and on the fore
borders and along the margins of the veins ; wing-ribs and veins
ferruginous, the latter piceous towards the tips ; poisers tawny.

" Length of body 8 lines, of the wings 18 lines. Xorth Bengal."

Type in the British Museum ; unique.

The following four species are probably from India, although
recorded by Walker merely from the " Ea&t Indies " : —

180. Exoprosopa alexon, Wall:

Anthrax alexon, Walker, List Dipt. Brit. Mus. ii, p 246 (1849).

" Body ferruginous ; head and chest piceous ; head thickly
covered with ferruginous down ; eyes very dark red ; feelers
tawny ; chest clothed with tawny hairs ; breast with longer pale
yellow hairs ; scutcheon ferruginous ; back of the abdomen clothed
with tawny and white hairs, aud along the hind borders of the
segment with piceous hairs and thereby banded ; underside rather
paler aud clothed with white hairs; legs ferruginous; thighs and
shanks clothed with very short pale yellow hairs and beset with
black bristles ; feet piceous, clothed beneath with short black
bristles ; wings brown, which colour passes into brownish grey
towards the hind border near the base, and the disks of some of
the areolets in the middle of the wing are also grey ; the brown
has likewise a very oblique branch, which becomes grey and
irregular as it approaches the hind border, which, like the tips of
the wings, is grey, with the following exceptions : a brown spot
on the 1st and sometimes another on the second of the longitu-
dinal veins where their upward curve approaches the fore border ;
two brown spots on the cross-veins near the tip, one of them
mostly on the brown part, from which it is distinguished by its
darker colour; \\ing-ribs and veins ferruginous; poisers tawny.

" Length 5 lines, expanse of the wings 13 lines. East Indies.

"From Archdeacon Clerk's collection."

Type in the British Museum.

*2

212

161. Exoprosopa semilucida, Walk.

Anthrax semilucida, Walker, Ins. Saimd., Dipt. pt. iii, p. 170
(1852).

$ . " Black ; head grey above, hoary beneath, clothed in front
and beneath with tawny hairs ; feelers black, dark ferruginous at
the base ; 1st joint short, hardly twice the length of the 2nd, 3rd
slightly tapering from the base to the tip, about thrice the length
of the 1st ; 4th slender, linear, not more than one-fourth of the
length of the 3rd ; chest and breast clothed with tawny hairs ;
scutcheon dark ferruginous ; abdomen slightly obconical, a little
broader but not longer than the chest ; each segment adorned
with a band of pale yellow hairs ; the hairs beneath are hoary
and occupy a large part of each segment ; wings pale grey, tawny
at the base and along the fore border for full three-fourths of the
length ; wing-ribs tawny ; veins black, tawny towards the base
and along part of the fore border ; poisers tawny, with paler
knobs. Length of the body 8 lines, of the wings 18 lines. East
Indies."

162. Exoprosopa auriplena, Walk.

Anthrax auriplena, Walker, Ins. Saund., Dipt. pt. iii, p. 171 (1852).

$ . " Black, clothed with tawny hairs ; head adorned with a
tawny covering, clothed with short black and taw:ny hairs ; peri-
stoma yellow ; mouth and epistoma prominent ; breast hoary,
clothed with pale hairs ; scutcheon ferruginous ; abdomen nearly
elliptical, a little longer than the chest; fore borders of the
segments adorned with bands of yellow hairs ; hind borders
slightly ferruginous above, distinctly so beneath, which is clothed
with hoary hairs ; legs clothed with short black hairs, armed with
black spines ; shanks dark tawny towards the base ; wings grey,
bright tawny at the base beneath the fore border and along the
borders of most of the veins, adorned with eight grey spots,
which are mostly on the cross-veins ; there are also two paler
and indistinct grey spots towards the base ; poisers tawny, with
yellow knobs. Length of the body 4| lines, of the wings 10 lines.
East Indies."

163. Exoprosopa albida, Walk.

Anthrax albida, Walker, Ins. Saund., Dipt. pt. iii, p. 171 (1852).

$ . « Black, thickly clothed with pale yellow hairs ; head
clothed above with yellow hairs ; peristorna whitish yellow ; epi-
stoma prominent; 1st joint of the feelers pale tawny': breast and
underside of abdomen clothed with white hairs ; scutcheon ferru-
ginous ; abdomen mostly ferruginous, slightly obconical, not longer
than the chest, clothed with whitish-yellow hairs ; legs tawny,
armed \vith black spines, clothed with pale yellow hairs ; feet

SPOGOSTYLUM. 213

and hind shanks black ; wings whitish, yellow at the base and
along the fore border ; disks of the areolets very pale grey ; an
irregular very oblique grey band extending from three-fourths of
the fore border to one-sixth of the hind border, on approaching
which it becomes very indistinct ; wing-ribs tawny ; veins black,
tawny towards the base and along the fore border ; poisers pale
yellow. Length of the body 9 lines, of the wings 16 lines. East
Indies."

Genus SPOGOSTYLUM, Jlacg.

Spogostylum, Macquart, Dipt. Exot, ii, 1, p. 63 (1840).
Spongostylttm, Kertesz, Cat. Dipt, v, p. 68 (1909).

GENOTYPE, Spogostylum, mystaceum, Macq.

$ . Generic characters of Anthrax. Pace not prominent, with
rather short hairs: frons tomentose ; 3rd antennal joint short,
tip rounded, style of two distinct segments, cylindrical ; 1st joint
as long as 3rd, 2nd rather shorter, with a few hairs at tip.
Wings three times as long as abdomen ; three submargiual cells,
1st and 2nd cells with an appendix.

Range. North Africa, Asia Minor, India, Chile.

Macquart specially notes the " moustache " covering the face,
the antennal style, the shortness of the abdomen, and the length
of the wings. The genus is allied to Exoprosopa by the three
submarginal cells and to Aryyramcela by the antennal style, the
shortened abdomen, and the long wing.

164. Spogostylum austeni, sp. nov.

? $ . Head : in profile, frons and face only slightly projecting ;
former at level of antennae rather less than one-third the width of
the head, diminishing to two-thirds of that width at vertex ; black
(or blackish grey?), covered with depressed small brownish-yellow
scales and rather dense stiff black hair; face blackish, with dense,
very elongate yellowish-grey scales and long bristly pubescence
intermixed; mouth-opening large, proboscis short, labella large;
antennae black, 3rd joint short, onion-shaped, style black ; occiput
yellowish, upper and side eye-margins with a broad fringe of
minute yellowish-grey scales. Tliorox blackish, dorsuin (appar-
ently) covered with minute depressed brownish-yellow hair-like
scales ; anterior margin with a rather thin collar of very narrow
and elongate milk-white scales ; humeri with black bristles, and
behind these a number of strong black well-curved bristles and
spines nearly reaching to the wing-roots ; further strong bristles
occur along margin of thorax from wing-roots to hind corners ; *
a number of bristles curving hindwards along posterior margin of
dorsuin ; pleura with grey pubescence intermixed with black
bristles. Scutelluin with brownish-yellow minute depressed

* There are probably iu perfect, specimens some very strong spines on the
posterior calli, and the scars of these are visible in the present example.

214 BOMBVLIID^E.

scales aud black hairs, traces of a marginal fringe of not very
strong bristles ; a bunch of yellowish-grey elongate scales below*
each posterior callus. Abdomen black, 1st segment short, covered
at each side with a bunch of elongate, dirty milk-white scales ;
2nd and following segments covered (except, perhaps, more or less
narrowly at base) with whitish hair-like scaly pubescence, and
with a transverse row of black bristles along, or just behind, the
middle of each segment; some parts of the surface seem to be
covered with minute black scales ; a bunch of elongate dark brown
scales on hinder half of sides of 2nd segment, a similar bunch of
blackish-brown scales on sides of 4th segment, and others around
the tip of the abdomen ; sides of abdomen (except when occupied
by brown scales) covered with elongate whitish scales. Venter
blackish, hind margin of segments narrowly pale brown ; basal
half of surface with ragged whitish scaly pubescence and black
bristles, hinder half apparently with less pubescence, but tip with
long black bristles. Genitalia concealed, but covered with dense
long bright orange scales. Legs black ; femora with more or les»
greyish minute depressed scales on hinder sides and a row of
black bristles below ; tibiae with usual bristles and covered closely
with dark brown scales. Wings pale grey ; costal and subcostal
cells brownish yellow, the colour spreading more faintly hindward*
and basally ; veins dark brown, those in centre of wing distinctly
and narrowly infuscated, the remainder just perceptibly suffused
also, except tips of 2nd aud 3rd veins ; lialteres black, with milk-
white clubs.

LengtJi, 15 mm. ; expanse, 42 mm.

Described from a single specimen (probably a $) in the
British Museum, from Lahore, 1910 (G. H. Ganger}.

Genus ARGYRAM(EBA, Sdi.

Argyromceba, Schiner, "VVieii. Ent. Monats. iv, p. 51 (1860) • E & L
Coucke, Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg. xxxviii, p. 286 (1894)

Agyramvba, Kertesz, Cat. Dipt, v, p. 59 (1909) ; Brunetti, Rec.
Ind. Mus. 11, p. 448 (1909).

sP°ff<Myto^ gWilliston (nee Macq.), Man. X. Amer. Dipt, 2nd Ed.

Coquilkttia, Williston, Man. N. Amer. Dipt, 2nd Ed. p. 65 (1896). !

- ; by Coquillett's designa-

This genus differs from Antlirax in the following characters :
(1) the presence of a style to the 3rd antennal joint, distinctlv
bisected by a suture and with a pencil of hairs at its tip, this
being the most constant generic character ; (2) the face is shorter
not at all protruding, but rather withdrawn; (3) the male*
gemtaha are practically symmetrical, not asymmetrical as in
Anthrax and Exoprotopa ; (4) the ovipositor, the tip of the abdo-
men being covered with rather long silky hairs as in Bombylius

AEGYEAM(EBA. 215

etc. ; (5) the fore tibiae are beset with spinules ; the tarsi have
distinct joints, the ungues are rather large ; in the d1 the front
tarsi are generally longer and more slender than in the $ ; (6) the
knee-shaped basal angle of the '2nd longitudinal vein and the fork
of the 3rd vein generally each bear a short appendix directed
backwards.

The basal antennal joints are very short, the 3rd short, cone-
shaped, or flattened onion-shaped, bearing a more or less slender
but distinct style, which is bisected about its middle, the relative
lengths of the proximal and apical portions being often a good
specific character.

** Sometimes the stout basal portion of the 3rd joint is more
elongate, more gradually attenuate, with a short pencil- bearing
style at the end, thus showing that the portion of the style before
the suture in the ordinary ArgyramoebcB is nothing but a portion
of the 3rd joint, and that the style beyond the suture alone is
homologous to the style of Exoprosopa " (Osten-Sadceri).

Range. World-wide, except Australasia.

Life-history. The larva of one European species, A. trifasdata,
Mg., feeds on the larva of a mason-bee (Clialicodomci), to which it
has to find its way through any small crack or gap in the masonry,
after which it undergoes a complete change of form. The pupa
is provided with special apparatus for penetrating the masonry
to escape.*

Table of Species.

1. Anal cell closed f/entilis, Brun., p. 230.

Anal cell open 2.

2. Wings very dark blackish brown at base,

the colour diminishing distally and poste-
riorly, but the lightest part of the wing

at least pale brown bipunctata, R, p. 217.

Wings always with some clear surface,
with or without various markings 3.

3. Wings with distinct baso-costal oblique

band, with or without isolated spots .... 4.
Wings without distinct baso-costal oblique

band 10.

4. Wings with isolated spots on the clear part 5.
Wings without such isolated epots 6.

5. Distal margin of dark wing-band limited

to enclosing anterior cross-vein and bases
of discul and 4th posterior cells ; spot on
fork of 2nd vein and that at base of
3rd posterior cell quite isolated from the
band itself and of some size ; spot at
base of 2nd posterior cell smallfindistiuct
or absent distiyma, Wd., p. 218.

* An excellent translation of Fabre's description is given by Dr. Sharp
(Camb. Nat. Hist., Insect?, pt. ii, p. 486) and by Verrall ( ' British Flies, v, p.475).

216

BOMBYLIlDjE.

Distal margin of dark wing-band including
the spot on fork of 2nd vein and filling
basal half of 1st posterior cell (with two
lighter patches), also filling half of discal
cell and including spot on base of 3rd

posterior cell ; spot on base of 2nd poste- IP- •""•

rior cell large and distinct obscnrifrons, Brim.,

6. Legs principally yellow ; * tip of abdomen

without white scales ' •

Legs all black ; t tip of abdomen with con-
spicuous white scales 8.

7. Legs practically wholly yellow; bifur-

cation of 2nd and 3rd veins only just

before anterior cross-vein limdans, Bran., p. ^U.

Basal half of anterior, and all hind femora,
black ; bifurcation of 2nd and 3rd veius
lialf-way between base of discal cell and
anterior cross-vein intermedia, sp. n.,p. 221.

8. Wing-band extending to middle of marginal

cell, enclosing fork of 2nd vein, all the

discal and anal cells, and nearly all 4th [p- 2-7.

posterior cell argentiapicalis, Bruu.,

Wing-baud extending (apart from costal
and subcostal cell) only to anterior cross-
vein, base of discal cell, and nearly all the

anal cell ;•;•••• °-

9. Outer margin of wing-band distinctly
oblique, lighter or darker Jtroicn, with a
few lighter parts ; anal and axillary cells
always with tips quite clear for a" short

distance yestroi, Brun., p. 222.

Outer margin of wing-band practically
transverse, nearly black, with no lighter

parts ; anal and axillary cells with barely [p- 224.

their extreme tips clear ". niveicauda, Brun.,

10. Wings clear, costa slightly darker ; several [p. 225.

isolated spots present \ duvaucelii, Macq.,

Wings practically or absolutely clear .... 11. [p. 228.

11. Femora and tibiae wholly yellow claripennis, Brun.,

Femora mainly or wholly black 12.

12. Larger species, 7-8 mm. ; abdomen appa- [p- 229.

rently covered with snow-white scales . . niveisqnamis, Brim.,
Smaller species, 5 mm. ; abdomen with

short yellow pubescence, no snow-white [p- 230.

scales nigrofemorata, Brun.,

A. varia, F., was introduced to the Indian fauna by me
(Eec. Ind. Mus. ii, p. 450) on a single specimen from Bhim Tal
in the Indian Museum. The example is now headless, and it is
therefore impossible to describe the species, no other specimens

* A. appendiculata, Big., comes here ; it is impossible to plac« it any closer
from the description.

t Occasional specimens of gestroi have the legs pale brown.

\ A. instituta, Walk. (p. 227), comes with duvaucelii, and is possibly iden-
tical, but must be regarded for the present as requiring confirmation as Indian.

ABOYRAMCEBA. 217

being available. It seems wiser to await further material rather
than give an unsatisfactory description, though I still believe the
Bhim Tal specimen to be correctly identified. Should varia really
occur in India, it will be distinguished from duvaucelii, Macq., by
the yellowish tibiae.

A. degenera, Walk. (Anthrax) also comes here, but requires
confirmation as Indian. It was introduced by me on three speci-
mens in my collection from Kandy, which were identified as
probably this species, but they have been sent to England and are
not available for comparison.

165. Argyr amoeba bipunctata, F.

Anthrax bipunctata, Fabricius, Syst. Antl. p. 118 (1805) ; Wiede-
manu. Auss. Zweifl. i, p. 286 (1828) ; Brunetti, Kec. Ind. Mus
ii, p. 448(1909).

Anthrax- carbonaria, Walker, Ins. Saund., Dipt. pt. iii, p. 173 (1852).

cJ $ . Head : frons blackish grey with black hairs, in rf at
vertex less than half as wide as it is just above antennae, where
it is rather more than one-third the width of the head ; in $ less
narrow at vertex and almost exactly one-third of the head just
above the antennae ; face of similar colour, with black hairs and a
considerable number of black bristles in the region of the mouth,
the border of which is brownish yellow ; proboscis dark, with dark
brown labella; antennae blackish, 3rd joint reddish brown ; ocellar
triangle reddish brown ; vertex blackish crey, rather shining, with
some brown hairs on hind margin. Thorax black, moderately
shining, with very sparse pubescence ; long black bristly hair on
anterior margin, carried downwards, forming a complete collar :
also on and below shoulders and on mesopleurae ; humeral and
posterior calli dark brown, latter with strong black spines ; some
spines towards sides of thorax ; pleurae blackish grey, sparsely
pubescent. Abdomen black, with short sparse black pubescence and
a patch of small elongate snow-white scales towards each side of
dorsum of 1st segment ; a bunch of scale-like black bristles on the
actual sides of that segment ; sides of all segments with stiff black
hairs ; venter black, with moderately long stiff black hairs.
Genitalia in c? large and complex, turned slightly but distinctly
to the left, shining bright brown, with sparse hairs, a little blackish
here and there ; consisting of an oblong slightly curved dorsal
plate, a pair of claspers, the 1st joint large and conical, the 2nd
very small, finger-like, horny, pointed, slightly curved ; a large
bulbous lower piece ; an intermediate pair of pale yellow
filamentous organs, and a very large semicircular ventral plate;
genitalia in $ concealed. Legs black, tibiae often more or less
dark mahogany-brown ; coxae with numerous black bristly hairs,
femora and tibiae with small grey scales closely applied, and Avith
black bristles : both scales and bristles more conspicuous on hind
legs; tarsi with black pubescence and short bristles, which are
stronger on hind pair. Wings dark blackish brown on anterior

218 BOXTBYLlIDjE.

part fop three-fourths of their length, the coloiu- gradually
diminishing in intensity hindwards to the wing-margin, which is
dark grey ; halteres dark brown.

Length, 15-16 mm.

Described from four tf 6 and two $ 2 in the Indian Museum,
mostly in inferior condition, from Karachi, Calcutta, and Purneah
(Bengal); also seen from Kumaon, v. 1910 (Chatterjee) ; Pusa,
Bengal, 16. vi. 1909, 3. vii. 1906 ; Chapra, Bengal ; Surat, Bombay,
14. iii. 1904 ; Assam, v. 1913; Konau Kuppam, 16-20. vi. 1913.
This is a very marked species, and cannot be confused with any
other in the family.

Types in the Copenhagen and Vienna Museums.

166. Argyramceba distigma, W-ied. (PL III, fig. 10.)

Anthrax distiyma, Wiedemnnn, Auss. Zweifl. i, p. 309 (1828).
Sfiof/ostylwn distigma, Coquillett, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. xxi,

p. 318(1898).
Aryyramceba distigma, de Meijere, Tijd. v. Ent. 1, p. 241 (1907)

Brunetti, Rec. Ind. Mus. ii, p. 449 (1909).
Anthrax argyropyya, Doleschall, Nat. Tijd. Ned. Ind. xiv, p. 401

(1857) and xvii, p. 93 (1858).
Anthrax tripunctata, AVulp, Tijd. v. Ent. xi, p. 109, pi. iv, fig. 1

(1867) ; Osteu-Sacken, Ann. Mus. Gen. xvi, p. 433 (1882).

6 $ • Head : frons a little more than one-third the width of the
head above antennae, about three-fifths of this width at vertex,
blackish grey, with black pubescence, and over more than the lower
half the usual small grey scales ; face dark grey, with fine black
hairs at sides and bristly hairs around mouth-border, which latter
is yellowish white ; proboscis dark brown, with large dark brown
labella ; occiput blackish grey, with greyish -white scales near eye-
margins and a fringe of dark brown hair on hind border. Antennae
black; 1st and 2nd joints very short, with black bristles ; 3rd short,
stumpy onion-shaped, the produced part very narrow at base,,
cylindrical; the style distinct, rnther long, with a conspicuous
pencil of hairs at tip. Thorax black ; dorsum wholly covered with
minute ad pressed hairs like grey scales ; a rather thick collar on
anterior margin of elongate very narrow grey scales, behind which
are numerous rather long bristly black hairs; a large patch of
similar elongate grey scales over the humeral region and in front
of the wing-base ; hind margin of dorsum with a little longer grey
pubescence mixed with bristlv black hairs, and a row of curved
black bristles near the edge ; black bristles of various sizes occur
along both side-margins of the dorsum, whilst the hind corners of
the thorax bear fine powerful black spines directed backwards ;.
pleurae covered with short grey pubescence, with black bristly
hairs intermixed. Scutellum black, with minute adpressed grey
hair-like scales and a row of ten or more strong black bristles on
hind margin, besides numerous irregularly-placed black hairs.
Abdomen black ; 1st segment rather dark bluish grey, with fine
black pubescence, and at each anterior corner a large "conspicuous

AKGYRAM(EBA. 219

bunch of very elongate narrow milk-white scales ; rest of dorsum
covered with minute black adpressed scales, with numerous black
hairs intermixed, and a row of longer curved ones towards hind
border of each -segment ; towards and over the sides of each seg-
ment after the 1st, a bunch of long dark brown scales with longer
black hairs ; a small white scale-spot occurs towards each side on
hind borders of 2nd and 3rd segments ; along the base of 3rd and
hind margins of 3rd, 4th and 5th segments are small silvery-white
scales irregularly placed, or sometimes forming a narrow complete
band ; tip of abdomen more or less covered with long broad white
scales, extreme tip with copious long black hairs ; genitalia mainly
concealed, the surrounding pubescence long, light brownish yellow.
Leys black; upper side of femora more or less with minute
adpressed whitish scales ; posterior pairs with some black bristly
hairs below, which are much stronger on hind pair ; tibiae and
tarsi dark brownish yellow, latter blackish towards tips ; anterior
tibia) with minute whitish scales, middle pair with dark brown
overlapping scales. Winr/s nearly clear, with dark brown baso-
costal band, extending from towards end of costa, leaving extreme
tip of subcostal cell clear, slightly irregularly to anterior cross-
vein, thence encroaching narrowly over the edges of basal half of
discal cell, thence to anal margin, cutting anal and axillary cells
about their middles, generally leaving anal margin itself nearly
clear. The outline of the brown colour is thus in general direction
straight, yet actually always more or less zigzag. A small
roundish brown spot over fork of 3rd vein and reaching to 2nd
vein ; a similar smaller spot over base of 3rd posterior cell ; and
distal margin of discal cell narrowly infuscated ; halteres dark
brown, with yellowish-white knobs.

Lemjih, 6-11 mm.

Described from a good series of both sexes in the Indian
Museum, Pusa, Dehra Dun, and my own collections. It is
generally distributed in India from February to May, and in
September and October, so that it may be two-brooded yearly.
Eecorded from Pusa practically all the year round. Darjiliug,
1000-3000 ft. ; Singla, Darjiling Distr. ; "Eunjit Valley, ^Sikkim ;
Naini Tal ; Calcutta ; Lucknow ; Parasnath ; Siripur : Kushtea ;
Medha ; Purneah ; Pophli ; Chiplun ; Hamirpur ; Guindy, Madras ;
Ootacainund, S. India, 7500 ft. (Fletcher); Mettupalaiyam, S. India ;
Bangalore ; Khasi Hills ; Moulmein ; Kawkareik, Ainherst Distr.,
Tenasserirn ; Kandy, Ceylon.

Type in the Ley den Museum.

This species shows considerable variation, mainly in the extent
of the small white scales on the abdomen and in the wing-
markings, the three isolated spots being often much reduced in
size, or one or more may be absent ; in one specimen, taken on
board ship 10 miles off the Madras coast, all three are absent.
The variety tripunctata, Wulp, has these three spots reduced
exceedingly, and the dark band fills the whole of the anal and
axillary cells.

220 BOMBYLIID.E.

167. Argyramceba obscurifrons, Brun. (PL III, fig. 11.)

Argi/ramceba obscurifrotis, Brunetti, Rec. Ind. Mus. iii, p. 216
(1909).

$ . Head : frons moderately wide at vertex, increasing to
double the width at level of antennae, where it forms one-third
the width of the head, grey, with blackish patches, covered rather
thickly with black hairs and with some whitish scales intermixed
just above the antennae ; ocellar triangle distinct, small, with
some hairs ; antennae with 1st and 2nd joints black, bristly ; 3rd
grey-dusted, bare, apical style rather short ; underside of head
blackish grey, with a moderately thick band of bristly hairs across
lower part of face ; proboscis withdrawn, apparently dark brown ;
occiput dark grey, minutely pubescent, with some minute pale
scales just behind the eyes, which latter are black. Thorax
blackish grey, with a rather thick fringe of bristly hairs in front,
reaching over the shoulders and continued below ; bristly hairs
between the shoulders and the roots of the wings ; sides lighter
grey, with occasional whitish reflections, nearly bare ; scutellum
blackish grey, with soft black hairs. Abdomen black, covered
mainly with sof1; black hairs ; a thick bunch of white hairs on each
shoulder, behind which, on the posterior border of the 1st segment,
near eacli side, are a few snow-white scales ; there is also a row
of white scales (more or less interrupted in the middle) on the
posterior border of the 2nd segment, and another on the last
segment. Venter black, softly pubescent, with some whitish hairs
in centre, and a longitudinal stripe of short yellowish hairs near
the tip. Legs black, minutely pubescent ; femora with a few soft
black hairs below ; posterior tibiae with short bristles on outer
and hinder sides. Wings very pale grey, with the oblique baso-
costal dark brown band occupying nearly half the wing, passing
across the middle of the discal cell (where it is somewhat extended)
to the hind margin of the wing, which it reaches just before the
tip of the anal cell ; the colour is extended also from the costa to
about the middle of the first posterior cell, enclosing a clear spot
near the base of the first submarginal cell, and another near the
base of the first posterior cell ; on the outer cross-vein there is a
circular spot, and a trace of a small one on the costa, near the tip
of the marginal cell ; halteres yellowish.

Lenytlt, 7 mm.

Described from a single specimen in the Indian Museum from
Phagu, 9000 ft., Simla District, 14-15. v. 1909 (Annandale).

168. Argyramceba limitaris, Brun.

Argwarnaeba limitaris, Brunetti, Rec. Ind. Mus. iii, p. 217
(limitarsis, lapsus) (1909).

$ . Head : frons one-fourth of head and vertex, widening to
one-third at level of antennae, with rather thick brownish-black

ARGYRAMCEBA. 221

hairs ; ocellar triangle inconspicuous ; face blackish, with hairs
which from above appear whitish grey ; antennae with 1st joint
black (remainder missing) ; proboscis withdrawn, with mouth-
border reddish brown ; back of head only slightly puffed out,
blackish grey, with some whitish hairs. Thorax shining black,
with some yellowish-white hairs and stiffer bristles towards the
posterior corners ; sides of thorax black, with some whitish hairs ;
scutellum dark cinereous grey, with vestiges of some short yellow
hairs, and a few pale yellow bristles on posterior margin.
Abdomen blackish grey, with a slight brownish fringe, covered
more or less sparsely with short pale yellow hairs, most con-
spicuous on borders of segments ; a bunch of whitish hairs on
each shoulder of the 1st segment ; venter with whitish hairs.
Legs : coxae yellowish grey, with whitish pubescence ; femora and
tibiae pale yellow, the latter with minute bristles ; tarsi blackish
towards tips. Wings nearly clear; a rather bright yellowish-
brown baso-costal band extends along the costa just beyond the
middle, thence extending posteriorly along a line comprising the
inner cross-vein, the base of the discal cell, and the outer side of
the second basal cell ; below this cell the colour immediately fades
away to a pale grey, which covers the anal and axillary cells.
Appendix of the upper fork of the 2nd vein short but distinct.
Halteres creamy yellow.

Length, 5 mm.

Described from a perfect specimen (except for the missing
antennas) in the Indian Museum from Hatbikund, Garhwal
District, base of Western Himalayas, 3. v. 1909.

169. Argyramoeba intermedia, sp. nov.

c? $ . Closely resembling ApJia'bantus ceylonicus, Brun. An-
terinal 3rd joint short onion-shaped, prolonged into a long style,
with the tip bisected, bearing the normal pencil of hairs and
a central microscopic bristle ; 1st nntennal joint flattened and
spread out, whitish, with white, not black, bristles.

It differs from ceylonicus as follows : — (1) In the subfamily
character of the comparatively long prrefurca, which in ApJicebantus
is relatively short ; in intermedia the 2nd and 3rd veins diverge
opposite half-way between base of discal cell and the anterior
cross-vein. (2) Trons in J of appreciable width at vertex (in
ceylonicus the eyes are almost contiguous there) ; frontal pubes-
cence more whitish than yellow. (3) General pubescence of
thorax, pleura, and abdomen yellowish grey or whitish, never
bright yellow. (4) Abdomen wholly blackish grey. (5) The
baso-costal half of wing rather bright brown ; the line of demar-
cation running from tip of 1st vein to tip of anal cell, cutting the
discal cell at about its middle ; the outline mainly straight, but
not sharply defined. (G) Basal half of anterior femora, and all
the hind femora (except narrowly at base and, perhaps, tip)

222 BOMBYLIIDJE.

blackish grey, though covered with white scales and pale
pubescence.

Length, 6 mm.

Described from two specimens in good condition in the Indian
Museum from Puri, Orissa Coast, 24-28. i. 1918 (type) (Annan-
dale and Gravely) ; Allahabad, iii. 1916 (Hoivlett). Two other
specimens in bad condition in the British Museum are from
Trincomali, 24. ix. 1891 (Yerbury).

The four examples in the Indian Museum from Allahabad differ
from the typical form by the sides of at least the 2nd and 3rd
abdominal segments being more or less yellowish ; and by all the
legs being yellow, except the black band at the base of the fore
femora and a broad apical or subapical one on the hind femora.
The specimens are also slightly larger.

Two 5 5 in the Indian Museum differ from typical Intermedia
only in all the legs being orange, with at most the extreme tip of
the hind femora on the upper side with a very small black streak
and a few tiny black bristles. The wings are wholly clear, the
costal cell pale yellowish. In one specimen a faint basal suffusion,
extending only a short distance, is apparent. The 1st antennal
joint is as in true intermedia.

170. Argyr amoeba bigoti, nona. nov.

Argyramceba ajipendiculata, Bigot, Ann. Soc. Eut. Fr. Ixi, p. 347
(1892).

" Antenna?, face, and frons black ; thorax black, with a little
grey pile and some black hairs, bright in front as well as on the
sides ; scutellum dark brown, with a little grey pile ; halteres
tawny, knobs yellowish white. Abdomen (denuded) black, some
black hairs at tip, also at sides ; legs reddish, except the femora,
which are black nearly to the tip. AVings hyaline, at base broadly
dark brown, this colour extending to two-thirds of the anal cell,
covering by a light extension the external transverse vein ; the
angles formed by the 3rd vein and the forking of the 4th
(Roridani)* with rather long appendices.

" Pondicherry, 2 specimens."

Type in the Bigot collection.

The name appendiculata has been used twice before in this
genus, on both occasions by Macquart, firstly in 1849 for an
Algerian species described as a Lomatia, and secondly in 1855 for
a species from North China under the genus Anthrax.

171. Argyramceba gestroi, Srun. (PI. Ill, fig. 12.)

Argyramceba qestroi, Brunetti, Rec. Ind. Mus. vii, p. 470,
pi. xxxvii, fig. 7 (1912).

d1 . Head: froris immediately above antenna? one-third the
width of the head, diminishing to half that width at vertex,
* Meaning Rondani's terminology.

AKGYHAMffiBA. 223

covered not very closely with elongate bright yellow hair-like
scales, these being absent towards the vertex ; also with stiff
black hairs from vertex down to and below antennae. Antennae
blackish grey, 3rd joint shortly conical, with rather long style, and
the usual pencil of short hairs at tip. Underside of head black,
some stiff black hairs and a small quantity of deeper yellow hair-
like scales on each side below, but not contiguous to, base of
antennae ; mouth-opening small, black ; occiput rather widely
produced behind eyes, black, with a patch of small yellow scales
behind the middle of each eye, and a fringe of very thick short
dark brown hairs at hinder margin of occiput. Thorax (somewhat
denuded) Mack, with moderately thick bright yellow and whitish-
grey bris:ly scale-like hairs intermixed around the shoulders, the
sides and anterior margin of dorsum, the whitish-grev scalv hairs
in this latter part being more prominent ; dorsum with verv short
recumbent bright yellow hairs ; the usual strong bristles towards
the sides ; a certain quantity of stiff black hairs on anterior and
posterior parts of thorax, whilst the dorsum is lightly covered
with softer sparser black pubescence. Scutellum blackish, some-
times dull reddish brown, with very short recumbent bright
yellow hairs and soft black pubescence, arid a row of about twelve
long curved brownish-yellow bristles on posterior margin. Abdo-
men blackish, with short bright yellow recumbent hairs and longer
yellow bristly hairs, more or less in a row towards the hind border
of each segment ; at each side at the base of the abdomen a
large bunch of long milk-white scale- like bristly hairs, the edges
of the segments bearing rather thick yellow bristly hairs, with
some similar long black hairs about the middle of the actual edges
of each segment ; the last three or four segments bear some large
elongate milk-white scales, and isolated similar scales are attached
here and there towards the sides of the posterior margins of some
of the other segments. Venter blackish, with rather thick yellow
and white hairs on the posterior borders of all the segments;
genitalia rather large, concealed, brownish yellow, apparently
consisting of a pair of plates. Legs with coxa? and femora dark
brown ; fore coxae, at least, with some yellow hairs and black
bristles; tibiae and tarsi brownish yellow, both, with tlie femora
also, with very short bristles. Wings hyaline; basal half blackish
brown, the limits of the colour forming an irregular diagonal line
from the fork of the 2nd longitudinal vein (which is immediately
above the anterior cross-vein) towards the anal margin ot the wing
(though the colour dies away at the border), and just enclosing
the base of the discal cell and the posterior cross-vein; costal and
subcostal cells blackish brown to their tips; a semi-hyaline elongate
spot in marginal cell immediately proximad of fork of 2nd longi-
tudinal vein, another similar spot just below it, in first basal cell,
in which same cell there is a third similar spot towards its base ;
an irregularly-shaped semi-hyaline spot of some little size at, upper
outer angle of 2nd basal cell ;"halteres yellowish, with whitish clubs.
Lenyth, 6-8 mm.

224 BOMBYLIIDjE.

Described from several specimens in the Indian Museum from
Medha, Yenha Valley, Satara District, 2200 ft., Bombay Presi-
dency, 17-23. iv. 1912 (Gravely— type) ; Pallode, Travancore,
13. xi. 1908 (Annandale) ; Bangalore, iii. 1910 ; Chapra, Bengal
(Mackenzie).

This species is very near A. (Anthrax) eor&o, Rond., but
Prof. Gestro has very kindly compared a specimen with Eondani's
type in the Genoa Museum and pronounced it quite distinct, in
spite of the similarity of characters contained in the description
of that species. It is with pleasure, therefore, that I name the
present species after Prof. Gestro.

The legs are sometimes much paler, occasionally wholly pale
brown.

172. Argyramceba niveicauda, sp. nov.

cJ $ . Head: frons in <S two and a half times, in 5 less than
twice as wide at level of antennae as at vertex, dark grey, covered
rather thickly with stiff black hairs, and on lower part with small
elongate snow-white scales intermixed ; face dark grey, with
black bristly hairs and some pale softer hairs around mouth-
opening; antennae black, 3rd joint microscopically grey-dusted;
occiput considerably puffed out, with a fringe of short brown
hairs around hind margin, and some minute snow-white adpressed
scales around eye-in argins. Thorax black, clorsum with short
black pubescence ; anterior margin with collar of whitish-grey
scaly pubescence, with a fringe of long black scales immediately
behind it ; some whitish scaly pubescence from shoulder nearly
to wing-base, surmounted by a fringe of black bristly pubescence ;
pleurae blackish grey, with black softer pubescence. Scutellum
black, with black pubescence and apparently a few minute
whitish scales ; hind border with black bristles. Abdomen black,
with recumbent black bristly pubescence and (apparently) the
surface covered, except where scales are present, with minute
dead-black adpressed scales ; 2nd and 3rd segments, at least
towards sides, with small snow-white scales on hind margins,*
5th segment with a small patch on hind margin near each side ;
6th and 7th wholly covered with larger brilliant snow-white scales;
hind borders of all segments, including the last two, with a row of
h'ne bristly hairs ; genitalia light brown ; venter black, with some
fine pubescence; actual sides of abdomen, except 6th and 7th
segments, with very long dark brown scaly or bristly pubescence.
Legs dark brown ; femora and tibia) with closely-impressed dull
greyish scales that shine in certain lights ; pulvilli white. Wings
clear, distal half highly iridescent ; basal half brown or blackish
brown, the colour filling costal cell, and otherwise limited by a
slightly irregular line from tip of 1st vein to tip of anal cell,
embracing anterior cross-vein, but not encroaching on 3rd posterior
cell. Anal cell just closed on border in type d1 and second $ ,

* In more perfect specimens these scales may form a complete transverse
band.

ABGYHAMCEBA. 225

narrowly open in type $ : halteres dark brown, with dull creamy-
yellow knobs.

Length, 6|-7inm.

Described from three specimens in rather good condition :
Pallode, Trivandrum, Travancore, 15. xi. 1908 (Annandale),
type c? ; Calcutta, 1. vi. 1909, type $ ; Sylhet (Maj. Hall) ;
Chapra, Bengal.

Types in the Indian Museum.

This species evidently bears some resemblance to de Meijere's
fallux, from Java, and was recorded erroneously by me as that
species (Eec. Ind. Mus. ii, p. 449, and iii, p. 221).

173. Argyramceba duvaucelii, Macq. (PI. Ill, fig. 13.)

ArqyramcRba duvaucelii, Macquart. Dipt. Exot. ii. 1. p. 63, pi. xx.

tig. 7 (1840).
Anthrax- duvaucelii, Brunetti, Rec. Ind. Mus. ii, p. 452 (1909), and

iii, p. 219 (1909).

cJ $ . Head : frons at level of antenuaB one-third the width of
the head, narrowing at vertex to one-third of this width ( c£) or
about half this width ( $ ), blackish grey, with short soft black
hairs ; face with moderately long and thick white hairs ; mouth-
border very narrowly yellow; proboscis dark brown, shining,
hairy. Antennae black, with a slight greyish-white shimmer ;
first two joints with black bristles ; third bare, prolonged into the
usual style, which is pale at the tip, the pencil of hairs quite
distinct. Vertex of head with a distinct but short and deep
indentation, from which a central dark grey hairy protuberance
arises, bearing the red ocelli, placed closely together. Thorax
dark cinereous, the dorsum with sparse yellowish short hairs round
the edges ; anterior part with a dense fringe of very narrow long
greyish-white scales, intermixed behind with long soft black hairs,
these latter continuing more or less over the whole dorsum, but
rather shorter ; sides of thorax with long thick greyish-white scaly
pubescence, thickest and most scaly below the humeral region,
thinner, shorter, and whiter posteriorly, and extending somewhat
sparsely above the insertion of the wings. Scutellum blackish
cinereous, covered with ratherspar.se but long soft black hairs and
with traces of short yellow hairs around the whole scutellum ; a
row of stiff hairs on posterior margin. Several strong black spines
below the edge of the dorsum anterior to insertion of wing; the
posterior calli also moderately conspicuous and bearing a few stiff
long bristles. Abdomen blackish grey ; 2nd segment distinctly
but not greatly longer than the five remaining ones ; the whole
dorsum apparently covered with small yellowish-white or quite
white scales, which may be thickest at the bases and posterior
margins of the segments ; the whole surface is also covered
lightly with moderately long soft black hairs, and there is a
bunch of long whitish scaly pubescence at each side of the first
segment, which is continued along the sides of the abdomen.
Venter blackish, with short white hairs ; longer white pubes-
cence towards the base, and the last segment (in the 6 only)

Q

226 BOMBYLIIDjB.

with rather closely-placed, somewhat large, and elongated snow-
white scales, which sometimes spread over the last two, or
even three, segments and extend round over the sides. In the
$ these white scales below the abdomen are absent, and are
replaced by long black hairs on the ultimate segment. The
genital organs in the <J consist of a pair of stout upper claspers (?},
the apical half tapering to a blunt point, each with a small lamella
at the tip ; this large organ is rufous brown, a little blackish above
at the baseband with some reddish-yellow hairs on the inner sides ;
below these large claspers are some further, apparently complex
organs, which are not easily visible, the whole being protected by
a large black curved ventral plate, bearing on its margin reddish
hair near the base and black hair posteriorly. In the $ the
genital organs consist of a rather large subconical process with
dense reddish or yellowish hair; in one example this organ is
almost wholly withdrawn within the abdomen. Legs black ; coxae
with rather long silky white hairs ; femora and tibiae with small
whitish scales, which extend, more sparsely, to the tarsi ; all the
femora with soft hairs below and some irregular weak bristles :
the tibia? generally with small, apparently irregularly-placed
spines, the most regular being a row on the outer side of the hind
tibiae; all the legs minutely pubescent. Wings almost clear, first
posterior cell rather widely open ; fifth generally narrowly open,
but in two specimens closed exactly on the margin ; the lower
side of the discal cell occasionally with the beginning of a very
small appendix. Costal cell and extreme base of wing brownish
yellow; subcostal cell dark brown, very narrow. Fork of the
third longitudinal vein sharply angled, and with only a tendency
to appendiculation (which actually occurs only in two or three
specimens, in two of which, moreover, there is an additional
veinlet in one wing only, this veinlet producing the cell usually
characteristic of Hyperalonia). A dark brown suffusion, distinct
but small, occurs at the base of the second vein, joined to that of
the inner cross-vein ; suffusion also at the angle of the fork of the
third vein ; over the outer cross-vein the colour carried upwards
along the inner side of the discal cell; also over the lower
extremity of the veinlet, connecting the two branches of the
fourth longitudinal. Costa minutely spinose, with the usual spiny
portion at the base. Halteres light brown, tip of club creamy ;
tegulae milk-white, with snow-white hair ; alulae concolorous with
wing, bearing a fringe of minute black hairs.

Length, 8-1 Omm.

Described from several of each sex taken at Bhogaon, Purneah
District, N. Bengal, 19-26. iii. 1909 (Pawa) ; the Indian Museum
also has a specimen from Sahelwa, Bahraich District, United
Provinces, 11. iii. 1909 (Hodcjart) ; and the British Museum one
from the Kangra Valley, 4500 ft., vii. 1899 (Dudgeon). Other
specimens seen by me are from Pusa, iii, iv, ix, x (common), bred
from cells of the wasp, ScelipJiron coromandelianum ; also taken
at light: Lahore, 29. iii. and 16. iv. 1909; Dum Dum, vi.1913
(Chatterjee), 4. viii. 1913, 9. vii. 1913; Murree Hills, 4500ft,,

ARGYRAMCEBA. 227

2. vi. 1913 (Beeson) ; Chapra, Bengal (Mackenzie) ; Allahabad,
24. iii, 7. iv. 1906 (Howlett).
Type in the Paris Museum.

174. Argyramceba argentiapicalis, Brun. (PI. Ill, fig. 14.)

Arqyramccba argentiapicalis, Brunetti, Rec. Ind. Mus. vii, p. 470
pi. xxxvii, fig-. 6 (1912).

$ . Head : frons at level of antennae rather less than one-third
width of head, black with black hairs, with which are intermixed
on the lower part some dirty greyish scales ; antennas black,
normal ; face black, with thick black bristly pubescence and some
greyish scales ; proboscis dark ; mouth-opening very narrowly
pale; occiput wholly black. Thorax blackish or blackish grey,
with very short black pubescence and with mainly black bristly
hairs on anterior margin, around the wings, and about the shoulders
and pleurae ; a few grey hairs intermixed adjacent to the head.
Abdomen black, shortly black pubescent ; a spot formed of silvery-
white scales towards the sides on the hind borders of 1st and 2nd
segments ; a few intermediate scales suggest the possibility that in
some specimens the whole hind border of at least the 2nd segment
may be similarly scaled ; the tip of the abdomen (two segments)
covered with very conspicuous, elongate, shining silvery-white
scales, which are sparser or nearly absent on the median line ;
venter black, black pubescent ; genitalia comparatively prominent,
dull brown, consisting of a pair of large lamellae and other parts ;
anterior corners of abdomen with copious greyish-white hairs;
sides with black hairs. Legs : femora black, bearing a little sheen
through the presence of very small, greyish, closely-impressed
scales ; tibiae and tarsi reddish brown ; the usual pubescence.
Wings clear, more than the basal half dark brown ; the line of
demarcation, which is emarginate at each of the veins it crosses,
running from the tip of the 1st longitudinal vein to the middle
(on wing-margin) of the posterior cell, thus passing distad of the
base of the 3rd vein and the discal cell. Anal cell closed just
before or actually on the wing-margin ; the endings of the
4th longitudinal vein are liable to variation, as in the type there
is an extra cell formed below the discal cell (in one wing only),
caused by the upper prong of the lower branch of the 4th vein
curving towards and joining the lower prong, thus closing the
4th posterior cell. In the dark part of the wing are small lighter
yellowish spaces irregularly disposed ; halteres black.

Length, 5-7 mm.

Described from three $ $ in the Indian Museum from Maha-
balesh\var,Satara District, 4200 ft., Bombay Presidency, 13-16. iv.
1912 (Gravely}.

175. Argyramceba instituta, Walk.

Anthrax instituta, Walker, Ins. Saund., Dipt. pt. 3, p. 183 (18o2).

5 . u Black, narrow, head clothed above with brown hairs, in

front with tawny hairs; chest beset with black bristles; breast

228 BOMBYLIIDJ2.

hoary, clothed with whitish hairs: abdomen grey, obconical, a
little shorter than the chest, beset with a few black bristles,
clothed on each side and at the base with dull pale yellow hairs ;
legs black, clothed with short black hairs and bristles; shanks
pitchy, thighs tinged with grey ; wings grey, rather long and
narrow, adorned Avith four brown spots which cloud the cross-
veins ; wing-ribs pitchy, veins black, pitchy at the base and along
the fore border; poisers pitchy, witlrtawny knobs.

"Length of body 3| to 4| lines, of the wings 10-12 lines.
East India." (Walker.)

Type in the British Museum.

176. Argyramceba claripennis, Brun.

Argyramaiba claripennis, Brunetti, Kec. Ind. Mus. iii, p. 218 (1909).
Argyramceba hottentotta, L., var. claripennis, Brunetti, Rec. Ind.

Mus. ii, p. 452 (1909).

cJ . Head : frous one-fourth width of head at vertex, broadening
at level of antennae to one-third, dark grey, with yellowish hairs,,
which on the face become greyish or nearly white ; ocellar triangle
inconspicuous. Antennae black, with the uppersides of the joints
greyish ; basal joints with rather thick hairs ; bisection of style
obvious, pencil of hairs small. Proboscis dark, withdrawn;
occiput dark grey, with thick yellowish -grey hairs in the middle.
Thorax blackish grey, with short yellow hairs, of which a bunch
of a paler colour is placed on each shoulder ; a long and a shorter
yellow spine in front of each wing, and five or six long yellow
bristles towards each posterior corner, also some yellow bristles-
towards posterior margin of dorsum. Scutellum dark grey, with
short yellow hair, and some yellow bristles on posterior margin.
Sides of thorax ash-grey, white-dusted, with a bunch of greyish-
white hairs below each shoulder and whitish hairs below this
again. Abdomen blackish, hardly shining; posterior margins of
segments with rather wide, light brown bands ; whole dorsal
surface apparently covered with short, soft, bright yellow hairs,
which become longest towards the sides on the posterior margin
of the anal segments, where the brown segmental margins are
also widened. Venter blackish grey, with minute elongated
whitish scales, and becoming reddish yellow towards tip ; there are
two long pendent bristles towards the posterior margin about the
middle of each ventral segment. Genitalia not conspicuous,
but withdrawn. Legs uniformly pale yellow, except the blackish
tips of the tarsi ; the coxae and femora rather thickly, the
tibiae slightly, covered with minute whitish woolly scales, the
tibiae bearing moderately short black bristles in addition, as do
also the hind femora near the tip ; there is a row of microscopic
bristles on the hinder side of the hind tibiae. Wings quite clear ;
submarginal cell brownish yellow ; appendiculation not obvious ;
2nd vein originating half-way between base of discal cell and
anterior cross-vein, its upper branch forming a very distinct
downward loop towards its end ; halteres yellow.
Length, 7 mm.

ARGYEAM(EBA. 229

Described from a single perfect example in the Indian Museum
from Lahore, 8. v. 1908.

177. Argyramceba niveisquamis, Bntn.

Argyramccba niveisquamis, Brunetti, Rec. Ind. Mus. ii, p. 472
(1909).

$ . Head : frons widening gradually from one-fifth the width
of the head on the moderately wide vertex (where the ocelli are
very close together on a very reduced tubercle) to fully one-third
the width at the level ot the antennae ; frons and face densely
covered with long drooping snow-white scales, with a few longer
thin black hairs intermixed, also (more numerously) white bristles,
which are longer than the scales ; oral orifice oblong, white ; pro-
boscis (in one specimen, the other is headless) wholly withdrawn ;
antennae black, second joint very short, third blackish grey, onion-
shaped, tip drawn out into a blunt definite style; (there is no
trace of the usual pencil of hairs, but the antenna?, of which only
one remains, may be incomplete) ; back of head and underside
dark grey, thickly covered with snow-white scales. Thorax
black, almost wholly covered witli snow-white bristly hairs, which
are longest in front (below), in front of the wings and below
them ; the hairs become scaly in places, and on the posterior
border of the scutellum is a moderately thick band of white scales.
Abdomen black, the segments covered thickly with short creamy-
white and snow-white scales; a fan-shaped bunch of sno*v-white,
comparatively softer, long hairs on the anterior corners; a few
long scattered black bristles on the dorsum, and, rather more
numerously, along the sides of the abdomen. Venter with scaly
and bristly hairs mixed ; tip of abdomen with a few rather long
brownish-yellow bristly hairs, with some longer fine black hairs
below. Leys: femora dark brown, with closely-set small snow-white
scales ; posterior femora with isolated strong black bristles ; tibiae
pale brown, with silvery snow-white scales and more numerous
short black spiny bristles ; tarsi brown, with scattered small white
scales, tips of each joint blackish, claws black. Wings clear, at
the base of the costa a bunch of snow-white scales with some
black bristles intermixed; a very small brown suffusion at the
base of the third vein and on the discal cross-vein; mediastiual
and marginal veins brown, also the narrow intervening space.
A strong appendix at the base of the second vein and at the base
of the fork of the third vein; discal cell rather long; second
posterior cell two-and-a-half times as wide on wing-border as at
base. Halteres pale brown, club much lighter; tegulae whitish,
nearly transparent, with a fringe of very short white hairs.

Length, 7—8 mm.

Described from two specimens in the Indian Museum from
Baluchistan (one headless).

I thought this might be nivea of Koss or perhaps Griffini s var.
lioiji, but no mention is made by them of the scales with which it

230

is covered ; moreover, the other differences are sufficient to warrant
regarding my species as distinct.

178. Argyramceba nigrofemorata, Brun.

Arffyramceba nigrofemorata, Brunetti, Rec. Ind. Mus. iii, p. 219
(1909).

c? . Head: irons very narrow, about one-twelfth of the width
at vertex, enlarging to nearly one-third at level of antennae, dark
grey in colour, becoming gradually ash-grey on the face below the
antennae, with moderately thick black hair ; face with thick soft
white hair ; antennae black, normal, bisection of style distinct,
pencil of hairs very short ; proboscis brown ; back of head ash-
grey, with minute pubescence and some rather short thick
yellowish hairs towards lower part. Thorax blackish grey, with
short yellow hairs intermixed with stiff short black bristly hairs ;
anterior margin with rather long bristly yellow hairs ; a longer
and a shorter yellow spiny bristle in front of each wing-base ;
sides of thorax light grey, with pale yellowish or whitish hairs ;
scutellum concolorous with thoracic dorsum, and with some longer
bristles towards posterior margin. Abdomen subconical, blackish
grey, with soft short yellow hairs; venter mainly yellow, with longer
yellow hairs ; genitalia apparently large and complicated, but with-
drawn. Legs: coxao blackish, with reddish-yellow tips and whitish
hairs ; femora black, with bases and tips reddish yellow, whitish-
grey scales, and a little soft whitish hair below ; tibia; reddish
yellow, with small black bristles, and with thicker shorter black
bristles on hinder side, all the bristles on the hinder pair being
stronger than on the other pairs ; tarsi brown, closely pubescent,
black towards tips, pulvilli yellow. Wings quite clear; subcostal
cell yellowish brown ; 2nd vein originating in a knee just beyond
half- way bet ween baseof discal cell and anterior cross-vein : appendi-
dilation distinct ; upper branch of 2nd vein forming a very distinct
downward loop towards its end ; halteres rather deep yellow.

Length, 5 mm.

Describedfrom a perfect 3 in the Indian Museum taken at Hathi-
kund, Garhwal District, base of Western Himalayas, 3. v. 1909.

A second specimen in the Indian Museum is probably this
species, but the black on the anterior femora only extends to a
little beyond the middle, and the sides of the abdomen are
distinctly orange; from Helvak, Koyna Yalley, Satara Distr.»
Bombay, 4. v. 1913.

179. Argyramceba gentilis, Brun. (PI. Ill, fig. 15.)

Arffyramceba gentilis, Brunetti, Eec. Ind. Mus. ii, p. 470 (1909).
c? $ . Head : frona and face dull black, with black hairs ;
antennae black, third joint much flattened, forming an irregularly
oval disk; style distinct, black, no apparent bisection, with small
pencil of short hairs at tip ; proboscis short, thick ; back of head
blackish grey, bare. Thorax black, with a collar of stiff black

AEGYBAM(EBA. 231

hairs on anterior margin, and soft black hairs on dorsum and
sides, intermixed with some black bristles on the shoulders and
posterior calli ; posterior margin with some long black bristles
deflected backwards ; scutellum black, with short black pubescence,
and some longer, curved bristles on posterior border. Abdomen
dull black, with short, rather sparse, black pubescence, and a
bunch of long black hairs on each shoulder ; some black hairs at
the sides and some longer thicker black hairs at tip ; venter black.
Legs black, minutely pubescent; tibiae a little lighter, with short
black bristles (including fore pair). Wings clear, elongated, anal
cell closed ; a blackish-brown band from the base, extending along
the costa to just above the fork of the third longitudinal vein; the
rather irregular external border of this band extends to the
posterior wing-border, just in front of the anal cell, which the dark
band wholly fills ; the band does not quite reach the fork of the
third vein nor the outer cross-vein ; near the wing-tip an oblong
(almost subtriangular) blackish-brown spot on the costa, barely
united to the broad band, and extending downwards and outwards
to just below the proximal end of the fork of the third rein, thus
leaving the absolute wing-tip narrowly clear. The second longi-
tudinal vein forms a distinct angle at the commencement of
the downward loop, somewhat as in Lepidanthrax.

Length, 4| mm.

Described from a 6" (type) in the Pusa collection, taken,
24.iii. 1906, at Larksom, Bengal, and from a $ in the Indian
Museum collection from Margherita, Assam.

I retain this species under Argyramoeba, mainly because the
pencil of hairs at the tips of the antennal style is regarded by
Osten-Sacken as the most important generic character, and, though
email, these hairs are present in this species. The bisection of
the style is, however, not apparent, nor does the fork of the third
vein show the usual appendix. The very flattened, irregularly
oval, third antennal joint, the long, rather narrow abdomen, and
the long wings approximate it to Aryyramceba rather than to
Anthrax. In one or two respects it resembles Astrophanes, O.-S.,
a genus containing but one species (from Mexico); these are the
" almost rudimentary development of the base of the costa and
the closed anal cell." These two characters, in conjunction with
the contiguity of the eyes on the vertex in the c? , are regarded as
the main generic distinction of the genus. As, however, I believe
both sexes to be before me, my species cannot be an Astrophanes.
The angled loop of the second vein approximates it to Lepidanthrax,
O.-S.. so that "for the present it should be regarded as a some-
what aberrant species. It seems to bear some resemblance to
Bigot's Argyramoeba appendiculata, and it is just possible it may
be identical with it, but the $ in the Indian Museum collection
is labelled as a distinct species by Bigot (erroneously as a 6\
and I therefore treat it as such. When the two sexes are placed
side by side the difference of width in the frons is sufficiently
noticeable.

Genus LEPIDANTHRAX, O.-S.

Lepidanthrax, Osten-Sacken, Biol. Cent.-Amer., Dipt, i, p. 107

(188

232

GENOTYPE, Anthrax clisjuncla, Wied. ; by designation of
Coquillett (1910).

" Antennae widely separated at base, inserted quite near the
orbits ; 3rd joint short, onion-shaped, with a long filiform style,
undivided by a suture, and with a microscopic bristle at the tip.
Front comparatively broad in both sexes ; proboscis considerably
prolonged beyond oral margin, slender. Front tibiae with a
series of distinct spinules on uppersicle, front tarsi varying in
structure, stout or slender, always with distinct, joints; the
minute hairs and bristles of the underside distinctly differentiated
from those of the upper ; no pulvilli, ungues without teeth. The
contact of the 4th posterior cell with the discal cell unusually long,
about as long as the 3rd vein issuing from the discal cell ; the
distal end of the discal cell is not expanded, its sides being more
or less parallel ; anal cell open. The sides of the abdomen are
fringed, not with hairs only but with real scales.

" Lepidanikrax will be easily recognised from the genus Anthrax,
not only by the general appearance and colouring, but by its
long proboscis, the more distinct spinules on the front tibiae, and
the venation." (Osten-Sacken.)

The exact generic characters as set up by Osten-Sticken are
quoted, but those of the antenna! 3rd joint and the base of the
4th posterior cell appear variable. The first species referred here
to Lepidanthrax possesses a considerably elongate 3rd antennal
joint, with a moderate-sized style ending in a nearly transparent
microscopic stumpy thick bristle. In all other characters com-
pacta fulfils the generic requirements. In the second species the
3rd joint and its style are nearly normal. I have not examined
the pubescence of the front tarsi, as being of little value, but the
comparatively elongate proboscis and the slight though distinct
difference of venation will distinguish the species. The proboscis
reaches forwards (in the c? specimen) as far as the tip of the
face, or downwards (in the 5 specimen) to a distance equal to
the height of the head. The face is considerably produced, and
the contact of the 4th posterior cell with the discal is very
nearly equal to that of the 3rd, whereas in all Indian species of
Anthrax it is never more than half that length, often ^ or \ only.
In Z. transversa this generic difference is less pronounced. The
species of Lepidanthrax known previously come from Central
America.

The two Indian species may be differentiated thus : —

Third abdominal segment with band of whitish
scales ; base of wing more or less infuscated,
sometimes up to anterior cross-vein compacta, sp. n.

\Vhole abdomen without whitish scales ; wing

clear, except the yellowish subcostal cell °. transversa, sp. n.

LEPIDANTHRAX. 233

150. Lepidanthrax compacta, sp. nov.

6 $ . Head of d with frons half as wide at vertex as at level
of antennae, where it forms rather more than one-fourth of the
head, (apparently) dark brownish grey, covered with yellowish-
grey scales, with which some fine black hairs are intermixed ;
face similarly clothed ; mouth-opening very large, with some
golden-grey hairs round anterior margin ; proboscis dark brown,
with long yellow bristles at tip ; antennae black, first two joints
very bristly ; occiput blackish, with small yellowish-grey scales.
In $ , frons rather broader at vertex, and forming nearly one-third
of head at level of antennae. Thorax blackish, with very short,
yellowish-grey, flat-lying scales on dorsum, and with brownish-
yellow or yellowish elongate scaly pubescence on anterior margin
and towards sides; the usual fan-shaped bunches of similar
structure below shoulders and below hind corners of dorsum ;
some light yellowish pubescence on pleurae ; scutellum with
yellowish-grey scales and some black bristles on hind margin.
Abdomen blackish, covered with short yellowish-grey depressed
scales ; those at base of 3rd and towards sides at bases of 5th
and 6th segments are whitish ; on 7th segment they are longer
and almost silvery ; some sparse soft brown hairs on abdominal
dorsum and stiffer ones on hind margins of segments ; venter
blackish, covered with short yellow scales and hairs. Legs black,
tibiae brown ; hind legs with rather broad, very thin, short,
yellowish-white ( d ) or yellow ( § ) overlapping scales covering
entire surface, except underside of tarsi, giving in the <j> a
distinct yellow colour to the legs. Wings clear, costal and
subcostal cells and extreme base of wing yellowish brown ;
halteres pale yellow.

Length, 5—7 mm.

Described from a few specimens in the Indian Museum and
Pusa collections from Allahabad, 26. iii. 1906 (type d ), 10. iv. 1906
(type $ ), 14. x. 1905 (Hoivlett).

Type d and $ sent to British Museum.

151. Lepidanthrax transversa, sp. nov.

? $ . General characters as in L. compacta. Head : frons
gradually widening from vertex to level of antennae, where it is
rather narrower than in compacta ; covered with small yellowish
depressed scales and erect black pubescence ; face covered with
dense elongate pale yellowish scales, no black bristles; 3rd
antennal joint short onion-shaped, black, with long black style ;
proboscis lying along mouth-opening, but apparently long enough
to project as far as in compacta if pointed forwards ; occiput
black, with small white scales around eye-margins and yellowish
scales in the middle. Thorax as in compacta. Abdomen with a
broad basal band of small depressed yellowish scales on each
segment except the 1st ; rest of dorsal surface with depressed
dull black scales; posterior margins of 5th and 6th segments

234

with black bristles ; latter also with a fringe of yellowish scales,
which become white at their tips ; 7th segment covered with
yellowish scales and black bristles, hind border with a dense
fringe of long snow-white scales ; venter black, wholly covered
with small pale yellowish scales. Legs black ; femora and tibiae
covered with yellowish scales, middle tibiae brownish yellow-
tarsi black, joints distinct. Wings quite clear, vitreous, subcostal
cell brownish yellow ; base of 3rd posterior cell more sinuous
than in cornpacta ; halteres chalk-white.

Length, 9 mm.

One specimen (? $ ) in the British Museum from Dehra Dun,
Western Himalayas, 1907 (Lt.-Col. Wyville Thomson).

Genus ANTHRAX, Scop.

Anthrax, Scopoli, Ent. Cam. p. 358 (1763) ; Brunetti, Rec. Ind.

Mus. ii, pp. 451, 455 (1909).

Villa, Lioy, Atti Istit. Veneto, (3) ix, p. 732 (1864).
Hemipenthes. Loew, Bevl. Ent. Zeits. xiii, p. 28, note (1869).
Dipalta, Osten-Sacken, Bull. U.S. Geol. Surv. iii, p. 236 (1877).
Chrysanthrax, Osten-Sacken, Biol. Cent.-Amer., Dipt, i, p. 121

(1886).

Isopenthes, Osten-Sacken, op. cit. pp. 80, 96.
Pcecilanthrax, Osten-Sacken, op. cit. p. 119.
Stonyx, Osten-Sacken, op. cit. pp. 80, 94.
Thyridanthrax, Osten-Sacken, op. cit. p. 123.
Hyalanthrax, Osten-Sacken, op. cit. p. 134 (1877).
Aspiloptera, Kiinckel, Bull. Sci. France et Belg. xxxix, p. 145, note

(1905).
? Paranthrax, Bigot, Bull. Soc. Ent, France, (5) vi, p. Ixvi (1876).

GENOTYPE, Anthrax morio, F. ; by Rondani's designation.

Head semicircular, inflated behind, but slightly inarched at the
middle, as broad as or a little broader than thorax ; face very
short, sometimes conically projecting or gently convex ; proboscis
short, withdrawn into the large mouth-opening, labella rather
broad ; palpi small, thin, cylindrical, apparently one-jointed ; three
ocelli ; eyes in both sexes wide apart ; frons rather narrower in
c? , an indentation at middle of hind margin in both sexes.
Antennae porrect, short, wide apart at base ; 1st joint short,
cylindrical; 2nd cup-shaped; 3rd varying from elongate conical
to flattened onion-shaped, with an apical microscopic bristle,
never with an apical pencil of hairs. Thorax quadrate, with
rounded angles, broadest behind, with indistinct preesutural but
distinct postalar bristles. Scutellum broad, short, bare of bristles ;
metanotum concealed. Abdomen flat, oblong, longer than thorax,
7-segmented. Genitalia small, mainly concealed, placed asym-
metrically ; ovipositor with a circlet of short blunt spines. Legs
moderately long, hind pair lengthened and often bearing con-
spicuous scaly pubescence ; all femora and tibiae with short
scaly pubescence in some species ; fore tibiae sometimes quite
bare, sometimes with small spicules; posterior tibiae with

ASTHBAX. 235

an apical circlet of spines ; fore tarsi variable in shape and
pubescence ; front claws varying in size ; pulvilli very small or
absent, occasionally well developed. Wings Avhen at rest half
open. Venation as in the other Antbracine genera; only two
submarginal cells ; 3rd vein sometimes with a short appendix at
its fork ; 2nd vein not infrequently with a recurrent veinlet at
its rectangular bend; both 2nd vein and upper branch of 3rd
often sinuous and parallel towards their tips. A prealar hook
near base of wing, generally hidden by the pubescence.

Ifange. World-wide ; a very extensive genus.

Life-history. Larva amphipneustic, 13-segmented, nearly cylin-
drical, a little flattened below, tapering at each end. Several
European and North American species have been bred from
Lepidopterous larva?, and one from the egg-cases of a locust,
others being known to live in the cocoons of Hymenoptera. "In
cases where the Anthrax larva lives in other Iarva3 these latter
pupate before they are destroyed, and the Anthrax larva lies in
the pupa of its host " (Lundbeck). The images occur in sandy
or dry districts, bare open spots and pathways ; their flight is
short but swift.

Several subgenera of Anthrax were suggested by Osten-Sacken,
founded primarily on the wing-markings : Thyridanthrax for
species with brown wings with more or less hyaline spots; Anthrax
(s. sir.) for those with clear wings, except for a broad baso-costal
dark baud ; Hyalanthrax for those with practically wholly clear
wings or at most an inf uscated costal margin ; and one or two others.
It was urged that these characters were supported by others, and
also by the fact that the species of each group were parasitic on
a totally different group, or even order, of insects. As, however,
intermediate forms are sure to occur, and the subgenera have not
been adopted by subsequent authors, they are herein ignored. So
far as the Indian species go, fletcheri and guttatipennis belong
to a group with wholly dark wings; afra, semifuscata, and
himalayanus would fall in Anthrax (s. s.) ; whilst all the other*
belong to Hyalanthrax.

Table of Species.

1. Anal cell closed clttusa, Brun., p. 253.

Anal cell open 2.

2. Wings nearly wholly dark brown .... 3.
Wings always with an appreciable

clear part 4.

3. No clearer spots in any of the wing-

cells fletcheri, sp. n., p. 23G.

Clearer spots on basal half of wing . . guttatipennis, sp. n., p. 237.

4. A distinct oblique baso-costal wing-

band 5.

No such distinct band ; costa generally
narrowly, dark, light brown, or yel-
lowish, the colour not extending
behind anterior cross-vein (nor-
mallv) ; or wings practically clear . . 7.

236 BOMBYLIIDJE.

•5. Hind margin of \ving-baud nearly

straight C.

Hind margin of wing-band with deep
indentations himalayanus, Brim., p. 238.

6. Wing-band filling less than g of the

wing; hind margin clear cut afra, F., p. 240.

Wing-band filling fully half the wing ;

hind margin indistinct semifuscata, sp. n., p. 241.

7. Legs mainly yellow 8.

Legs all black 9.

8. Femora with a considerable part black ;

wings practically clear albofulva, Walk., p. 251.

Femora all yellowish ; basal half of
wings brownish aureohirta, Brun., p. 252.

9. Abdomen uniformly densely pubescent,

without obvious transverse bands of

scales 10.

Abdomen with transverse bands of
yellowish, grey, or white scales ;
pubescence sparser II.

10. Wing with deep brownish-black costa ;

larger species, 14-16 mm manifesto, Walk., p. 242.

Wing less extensively brown ; smaller
species, 10A-11 mm dara, Walk., p. 243.

11. Pubescence on sides of abdomen

wholly snow-white, except for few
bunches of scales on each side near

tip aperta, Walk., p. 245.

Pubescence on sides of abdomen never
as wholly white as in aperta,
generally yellowish grey or black
and white, and not arranged as in
aperta 12.

12. Ground-colour of abdomen or tomen-

tum (apparently) reddish brown. . . . dia, Wied., p. 250.
Ground-colour of abdomen black 13.

13. Costal cell yellowish baluchiattus, sp. n., p. 250.

Chottentotta vav. clanpennis,
\ [Brun., p. 247.

Costal cell lighter or darker brown*. .•( paniscus, Rossi, p. 248.

| fuscolimbata, Brun., p. 246.
^ approximate, Brun., p. 244.

Four species that appear to require confirmation as Indian
are not included in this table, but descriptions are appended
(pp. 254, 255).

182. Anthrax fletcheri, sp. nov.

c? . Head black ; frons at level of antennae between one-third
and one-fourth width of head, less than half this width at vertex ;
frons and face (apparently) covered with bright chrome-yellow

* These species are too closely allied to be satisfactorily differentiated in
tabular form.

ANTHRAX. 237

small impressed scales, with the addition of black hairs on the
former : antennae all black ; apical end of proboscis brown ;
occiput (apparently) with minute yellow impressed scales and
very short concolorous pubescence ; a fringe of such pubescence
on hind margin of occiput. Thorax black, with small bright
chrome-yellow impressed scales on dorsum and with bright
concolorous long scaly pubescence on anterior and side margins
and on pleura, where it is a little paler below shoulders and
wings. Scutellum black (denuded), apparently with small yellow
scales as on thorax and a row of black bristles on hind margin.
Abdomen black, surface apparently covered with minute black
impressed scales, which are longest on the 2nd segment ; an upper
clothing of bright yellow small impressed scales ; sides of first
four segments with bunches of concolorous elongate scales ; sides
of oth and most of the sides of the 6th with elongate black scales,
hind part of sides of 6th with bright yellow elongate scales; 7th
segment with elongate black scales on hind margin. Venter
black, with minute black scales ; some fine yellow hairs at base
and small yellow scales on hind margins of most of the segments.
Legs black ; coxa3 with some fine yellow hairs ; femora and tibiae
with traces of small yellow scales (mostly denuded) and the usual
black bristles ; middle femora with some pale fine hairs on inner
side. Wings wholly dark brown, the anterior part still darker ;
anterior cross-vein distinctly before middle of discal cell ; anal
cell narrowly open ; halteres creamy yellow.

Length, 12 mm.

Described from a unique $ from Mysore, 4400 ft., 25. iii.-
29. v., sent for examination by Mr. T. Bainbrigge Fletcher, and
presented by him to the British Museum.

183. Anthrax guttatipennis, sp. nov.

Head : f rons at level of antenna? one-third width of the head,
diminishing to one-third as wide at vertex, black, covered
(apparently), as is the face also> with bright chrome-yellow
elongate scaly pubescence, intermixed (at least on frons) with
long black hairs ; antenriaB black, 1st joint bristly, 3rd short
onion-shaped, with long style ; occiput black, with minute greyish-
white scales on eye-margins. Thorax black (denuded), with
bright chrome-yellow scaly pubescence forming a collar and
towards sides of dorsum, covering shoulders and extending over
pleura; scutellum black, with minute bright yellow scales on
posterior margin and some concolorous bristles, with which are
mixed some long black ones. Abdomen black ; 1st segment with
a little ragged bright yellow bristly pubescence; all segments
except 4th* with broad basal bands of depressed small bright
yellow scales, the bands narrowest at the centre of each segment ;
rest of dorsal surface apparently covered with depressed small

Possibly an individual aberration.

238 BOMBYLIID^E.

dull black scales ; a few long black bristles on hind margins
of at least last two segments ; sides of first four segments with
long shaggy bright yellow scaly pubescence ; venter black, basal
halt' covered with small depressed bright yellow scales and some-
what longer concolorous pubescence, and apparently two or more
narrow transverse rows of similar scales on apical half. Leys
black ; coxae with long yellowish hairs and black bristles at tip,
directed backwards ; femora, at least on hinder side, with minute
pale yellowish adpressed scales and a few black bristles below ;
tibiae with some yellow scales on hinder side, rest of surface with
closely-impressed, very dark brown scales and the usual bristles ;
tarsi 'black. Wings dark brown, darker anteriorly ; centre of
both basal cells, discal cell, and 3rd arid 4th posterior cells
narrowly pale : a small elongate pale streak in marginal cell just
before bifurcation of praefurca, and another towards tip of that
cell ; two similar streaks in 1st submarginal cell ; halteres
yellowish.

Length, 13 mm.

Described from a unique specimen (sex uncertain) in the British
Museum from Trincomali Hot Wells, Ceylon, 15. x. 1891
(Yerbury).

184. Anthrax himalayanns, Brun.

Anthrax liimalayanus. Brunetti, Rec. Irid. Mus. ii, p. 222, figs. 1, 2

(1909).
Anthrax maura, Brunetti, op. cit. ii, p. 451 (1909).

S $ • Head black : frons in J and £ fully or over one-third
width of the head at level of antennae, between one-third and one-
fourth this width at vertex in J and about two-fifths in $ ; frons
and face with prominent long black pubescence and minute
elongate yellow scales, which latter are rather longer on face, where
there are also a few yellow hairs ; antennae black, 3rd joint short
onion-shaped, witli a long style ; proboscis black, withdrawn ;
occiput black, with minute yellowish-white scales. Thorax black,
with rather long, fine, very dark brown hairs; the surface apparently
sparsely covered with minute depressed elongate yellow scales ;
anterior margin with a row or fringe of long brownish-yellow
scales ; side margins with long, pale yellow, almost scale-like
pubescence. Sides of thorax light grey, with elongate brownish-
yellow scales and coucolorous pubescence on lower part ; an elon-
gate bunch of long black scales below shoulders and a fringe of
similar scales in the centre of the lower anterior margin, imme-
diately below bead, with elongate brownish-yellow scales on each
side. Scutellum black, with minute orange-yellow depressed
scales on dorsum and with fine black hairs; a row of black
bristles on hind margin. Abdomen black ; 1st segment with
some long yellowish-grey scaly pubescence towards sides, which
stretches across the anterior margin also, posterior margin with a

ANTHRAX. 239

narrow row of minute orange-yellow (varying to yellowish-grey)
scales ; surface of 2nd and 3rd segments, posterior half of 4th, hind
margins, and more or less of the clorsum of 5th, 6th, and 7th with
minute reddish-yellow depressed scales ; anterior half of 4th seg-
ment occupied by a transverse baud of whitish scales ; hind margins
towards the sides of 6tli and 7th segments with similarly coloured
scales. Whole surface of abdomen with fine long black pubescence,
there being apparently no row of bristles on hind margins of any
of the segments ; sides of 1st, anterior lialf of 2nd, and all the
4th with white scaly pubescence ; hind half of 2nd and all the
3rd, 5th, and 6th with black scaly pubescence. Venter rather light

frey, with minute yellow scale-like depressed hairs and long tine
lack pubescence, with longer more bristly black hairs towards
tip; genitalia blackish, tip brown. Legs dark brown: fore coxae
with a few fine yellow hairs, hind pair with black hairs : femora
with minute depressed yellowish-white scales ; tibise with similar
but apparently less numerous scales ; some fine black hairs on
underside of femora ; femora and tibiae with the usual rows of
bristles ; tarsi blackish. Wings very pale grey, with a broad
deep brown baso-costal band occupying about half the surface ;
the colour extending along all the costa to tip of upper branch
of 3rd vein ; posteriorly the colour filling axillary and anal cells
except their tips, nearly half the 4th posterior cell, less than a
third of the 3rd posterior cell, and basal half of discal cell ; a
downward extension (blob) stretching across the 1st posterior cell
and filling half of the 2nd posterior cell, the colour limited by
the outer side of the discal cell ; the colour also fills the basal
half of the 1st submarginal cell and the whole of the marginal
cell, except a small space in a line with the proximal limit of the
clear half of the marginal cell ; a small oval sub-hyaline spot in
upper corner of 1st basal cell, with a narrow longitudinal (not
transverse, as I erroneously noted in my first description of the
species) streak above it.*

Length, 7-11 mm.

Described from three J rf and three $ $ in the Indian Museum,
Kufri to Phagu, 18. v. 1916 ; Phagn, Simla Distr., 9000 ft,,
12. v. 1909, type rf ; Simla, 7000 ft,, 16. v. 1909, type $ (both
Annandale) ; two rf <5 , Naini Tal, v-vi. 1893 (Lucknow Museum );
two $ $ , Simla, 16. v. 1909 and 9. v. 1910, on the flowers of the
white stonecrop (Annandale) ; Khasi Hills, Assam (Brit. Mus.).

This species is very close to A. maura, L., of Europe, and was
referred to under that name in my first paper on this family (I. c.).
I have already detailed the differences between the two species
(llec. Ind. Mus. iii, p. 222).

* A more rough-and-ready description of the wing would be: antero-
proxiuial half dark brown, tlie colour cutting the 4th posterior and discal
cells about their middles ; a large blob from the dark part at two-thirds the
wing-length reaching nearly to the hind margin, a similar smaller blob falling
the curve in the 2nd longitudinal vein, and a minute 3rd blob between the
2ud one and tip of upper branch of 3rd longitudinal vein.

240 BOMBYLIIDyE.

185. Anthrax afra, F.

Anthrax afra, Fabricius, Ent. Syst. iv, p. 258 (1794) ; Schiner,
Fauna Austr. i, p. 50 (1862) ; Brunetti, llec. Ind. Mus. ii, p. 451
(1909;.

Anthrax fimbriatus, Meigen,Klass. i, p. 205 (1804) ; id., Syst, Beach.
ii, p. 154, pi. xvii, %. 13 (1820).

cJ $ . Head : frons one-third as wide at vertex as at level of
antennae, where it forms one-third the width of the head, dark
olive-brown or blackish, with black hairs and small elongate
yellow scales ; ocelli pale, ocellar tubercle quite clear of eye-
margins; face clothed as frons ; eyes dark brown ; antennae black,
2nd joint often dull red, 1st joint with long, 2nd with short black
bristles ; proboscis marked with blackish brown ; occiput black,
with very small yellow scales and minute white scaly pubescence
in centre and around upper half of margin. Thorax from dark
olive-brown to blackish, more or less covered on upper surface
with very small yellow flat-lying scales ; towards the sides with
from pale yellow to brownish-yellow bristly pubescence, which
on anterior margin changes to very narrow elongate yellow
bristle-like scales, a large fan-shaped bunch of which (of deeper
yellow) occurs below the shoulders, extending nearly to the wing-
base ; on the shoulders and extending posteriorly for a short
distance the scales are often yellowish white and nearly silky
in nature ; on the posterior calli a large fan-shaped bunch of
bright yellow- elongate bristle-like scales, with some whitish
ones in front of them. Sides of thorax with some black hairs
and apparently a few yellow hairs around wing-base ; scutellum
with short flat-lying yellow scales and a row of long black bristles
towards hind margin. Thorax with usual macrochsetae. Abdomen
black, 1st segment with small yellow and white scales inter-
mixed ; anterior half of 3rd and 6th segments with small white
scales ; most of the 2nd segment and a band on hinder part of
3rd to 6th segments, yellow-scaled ; rest of dorsal surface with
black scales ; the 7th segment bears white and black scales, and
there is a large fan-shaped bunch of very elongate milk-white
scales on anterior corners of abdomen. Genitalia with a circlet of
reddish-yellow spines ; venter mainly with black scales and a few
long pale hairs, a narrow row of small yellow scales on hind
borders of segments. Leys black or dark brown ; femora with
small, dark-brown, closely-applied scales and others that reflect
a greyish lustre in certain lights ; fore femora with a few stiff,
moderately long hairs below, hind pair with a row of moderate-
sized bristles below ; anterior tibiae with short pubescence, hind
pair with dark brown and greyish-lustred scales and rows of
small black bristles ; tarsi blackish. Wings clear ; a dark brown
oblique band on anterior margin extending nearly to tip of costal
cell and defined posteriorly by a line drawn, with slight angu-
lations at the veins, from that spot diagonally to the base, cutting
the anal cell at one-third of its length ; halteres yellow.

Length, 4g-7 mm.

ANTHRAX. 241

Described from a good number of specimens in the Indian
Museum, Pusa, my own, and other collections. A widely distri-
buted species in India : Dehra Dun, iv. and ix. 1904 (Chatterjee) ;
Anamalai Hills, 4000 ft., 24. i. 1912 (Fletcher) • Allahabad, 24-29.
iii. 1906, 6 and 19. x. 1905 (Hoivlett) ; Satara Distr., 3200 ft.,
Bombay, 23. iv. 1912 (Gravely); Puri, 24-28. i. 1911 (Annandale,
Gravely), 29.ii.1908 and 2.iii. 1908 (Paiva) ; Gonda Distr., United
Prov., 26. ii. 1907, 9. iii. 1909 ; Madhupur, Bengal, 14. x. 1909 ;
Pusa, common, ii, iii, iv, vi, xi : Pipera, Gonda Distr., United
Prov., 9.iii. 1909 (Hocl/art) ; Muttra, 22. iv. 1905 ; Meerut, 25. iv.
1905; Ferozepore, 28. iv. 1905 (all Bnmetti) ; Guindy, Madras
(Capt. Cragg) ; Dawna Hills, Burma, 2000-3000 ft., 2-3. iii. 1908
(Annandale) ; Trincomali, Ceylon, 21.viii. 1890 (Col. Yerbury)-y
Port Blair, Andaman Is., 15. ii. to 15. iii. 1915 (Kemp).

186. Anthrax semifuscata, sp. nov.

cJ 5 . Head : frous at level of antennae less than one-third width
of the head, at vertex less than half this width, blackish grey,
with minute bright yellow scaly pubescence, which latter also
covers the face ; antennas black, 3rd joint short, with long style;
occiput blackish grey, a fringe of small snow-white scales on
lateral eye-margins. Thorax black (denuded), hind corners of
dorsum dull reddish brown; in good specimens the dorsum,
anterior margin, and sides of thorax are probably covered with
bright chrome-yellow scaly pubescence, which extends to the
scutellum also. Abdomen black ; 1st segment with a band of
depressed bright yellow scales ; 2nd, ,3rd, 4th, and 6th segments
each with a basal band of similar scales, broadening towards and
at the sides, where it is augmented by concolorous long scaly
pubescence covering all the sides of the 2nd, 3rd, and 4th
segments ; 5th segment apparently devoid of such a band ; dorsal
surface of abdomen not covered by yellow scales, furnished with
small depressed black scales; venter black, basal half with
depressed bright yellow scales, concolorous scales about the tip.
Legs black ; femora with whitish scales on hinder side (those on
fore pair appear more yellowish); tibiae with some yellowish-
white scales ; tarsi black. Wings pale grey, basal and anterior
parts moderately dark brown, the colour fading away distally,
its approximate limit running from tip of 1st vein, just escaping
fork of 3rd vein, filling discal cell and bases of 3rd and 4th
posterior cells and filling anal and auxiliary cells; halteres
pale yellow.

Length, 7—8 mm.

Described from three specimens in indifferent condition in the
British Museum from Trincomali, Ceylon, 2. x. 1890 (type a <? ),
9 and 15. x. 1890 (Col Yerbury).

Although not one of the three specimens is in good condition,
the species is a quite a well-marked one by the extent of inf uscation
of the wing. A noticeable point is the variability in the exact
position of the bifurcation of the prsefurca.

187. Anthrax manifesta, Walk.

Anthrax manifesta, Walker, Ins. Saund., Dipt. pt. 3, p. 178 (1852).

c? $ . Head: frontal sexual differences as in A. aperta ; frons
at level of antenna forming one-third the width of the head,
black, with dense short stiff black hairs, which become denser
round base of antenna) and are continued along the middle of the
face ; frons also with very small recumbent hair-like bright
yellow scales ; face, except just below antennae, covered with
bright chrome-yellow or orange-yellow elongated scales, inter-
mixed with yellow hairs. Antennae black, 1st joint broader at
tip, with long black bristles on outer and inner sides and yellow
hairs below ; 2nd and 3rd joints normal ; proboscis blackish ;
occiput black, upper margin with very small whitish scales,
centre with short yellowish pubescence. * Thorax black, dorsum
with soft dark brown hairs, and some small yellow scales about
middle of hind margin, opposite which are some dead-black thin
scales on the scutellum. Anterior border, shoulders, and sides of
thorax with long dense chrome-yellow or orange bristly, almost
pcale-like pubescence, which becomes paler or sometimes even
whitish on underside; fan-shaped brushes of this pubescence
occur as in A. aperta. Abdomen black ; base of first four seg-
ments with small short flat-lying bright yellow scales, thickest on
2nd and 4th segments ; 5th and remaining segments with longer
similar scales; the rest of the dorsal surface with small dead-
black flat-lying scales and sparse long black or brown hairs. Sides
of abdomen with dense scale-like bristly pubescence or very thin
real scales, this vestiture varying from deep orange to yellowish
in different specimens, and being, generally speaking, deeper
coloured on anterior half and paler, sometimes whitish, on hinder
half of abdomen ; sides of 5th and 6th segments with elongate
dark brown scales and longer dark brown or blackish thick bristly
pubescence. Venter black, covered with small bright yellow
scales and sparse fine yellow hairs, both scales and hairs 'longer
and denser towards tip ; hind margin of last segment with elongate
dark brown scales. Legs scaled as in A. aperta ; femora with soft
yellow hairs below; hind tibiae with numerous dark brown or
black elongate scales, intermixed with black spines and some
smaller yellow scales, which latter appear to occur more or less
on the middle tibiae also and to cover most of the femora. Wings
pale grey; costal and subcostal cells dark brown, the colour ex-
tending in diminishing intensity into the marginal and filling the
1st basal cell ; halteres dull yellowish, variable ; squamae brownish,
with a fringe of elongate orange or yellowish scales.

Lcnf/th, 14-16 mm.

Reclescribed from two rf c? and three $ $ from Mussoorie
ix. 1906; Jhajjur, Kashmir, 22.xi.1911; Simla, 26. v. 1914 (Capt
Evans) ; Lower Eanges, Khasi Hills, 1878 (Chennell).

Type in the British Museum.

ANTHHAX. 243

188. Anthrax clara, Walk.

Anthrax cltira, Walker, Ins. Saund., Dipt. pt. 3, p. 179 (1852) ;
Brunetti, Rec. lud. Mus. ii, p. 452 (1909).

c? $ . Head: frons in d six times, in $ three times as wide at
level of antennae (where it forms nearly one-third the width of the
head) as at vertex, black, and, as is also the face, covered thickly with
dense erect stiff black pubescence, amidst which numerous small
bright yellow depressed scales are visible, more numerous on the
face, where they are intermixed with yellow hairs; antennae black,
3rd joint moderately elongate, with rather long style ; mouth-
parts reddish brown or blackish ; hind margin of eyes with a narrow
fringe of small white impressed scales, which perhaps may extend
over most of the occiput. Thorax black, dorsum covered with
minute bright yellow impressed scales, either placed on top of
(forming an upper layer) or intermixed with similar dull black
scales;* fine long black hairs are scattered irregularly over the
dorsum ; margins of dorsum with thick bright yellow scaly
pubescence, a few black bristles at sides in front of wings and
three or four brownish-yellow spines on posterior corners, directed
backwards. Scutellum like thoracic dorsum ; hind margin with a
row of long yellow hairs and (apparently) some yellow bristles
and some elongate black scales. Abdomen : integument between
thorax and abdomen whitish grey ; dorsum of abdomen black,
mainly (or entirely ?) covered with very small impressed black
scales, and apparently the greater part covered in good specimens
with small yellow scales ; margins of dorsum. and sides of abdomen
with dense long fine scaly pubescence, the dorsum covered more
thinly, though, when viewed at a low angle from behind that part,
it appears almost as thickly covered as the sides ; this pubescence is
rather darker yellow in the $ ; on hinder part of dorsum in $
the pubescence is black. Hind margin of 6th segment narrowly,
and basal three-fourths of 7th, with yellow scales ; remainder of
7th with black scales ; sides of 5th and 6th segments with thick
bristly black pubescence ; ground-colour of side margins of first
three' segments in £ yellowish; venter black, with minute black
and yellow impressed scales and some fine yellow pubescence.
Legs black ; femora with closely-placed small black scales, which
in certain lights have a greyish tinge ; small yellow scales also
present; tibiae and tarsi with small black scales and bristles.
\Vinys practically clear; costal and subcostal cells dark brown,
the colour extending irregularly over praefurca and also at extreme
base proximadto basal cells; anterior cross-vein just before middle
( 3 ) or at first 3rd ( 2 ) of the discal cell ; halteres pale yellow.

Length, 10£-llmm.

Eedescribed from a rf from Majkhali, Western Himalayas,

* The dorsum of the c? specimen is mainly denuded, that of the £ partly
so, but probably a double covering of scales is present in perfect specimens.

B 2

244 BOMBYLIID^.

6000ft., 4.x. 1907, and a ? from Naini Tal, 6300ft, 11. v. 1911
(Kemp), both in rather inferior condition but with all the charac-
ters fairly obvious, and both in the Indian Museum, as are also
two others— one named by Bigot from Dehra Dun, the other
from the Garhwal Distr., 21. x. 1907. These two specimens have
been compared by Mr. P. W. Edwards with the types in the
British Museum, where the species also figures from Dehra Dun,
xi. 1907 (Lt.-Col. Wyville Thomson), and the Khasi Hills, Assam.
Type in the British Museum.

189. Anthrax approximata, Brun.

Anthrax approximata, Brunetti, Rec. Ind. Mus. xiii, p. 74 (1917).

$ . This species is very close to A. clara, "Walk., yet certainly
distinct. The scales on the frons and face vary from yellow to
snow-white, in one specimen only being yellow on both parts,
in others yellow on frons and white on face, those of the latter
colour encroaching to some extent on lower part of frons ; in one
example snow-white on practically the whole of both frons and
face ; sometimes some yellow scales around the mouth-parts amidst
the white ones. Abdomen not uniformly pubescent, as is pro-
bably the case in clara, hut with distinct transverse bands of
yellow or whitish scales at base of segments, those on the 2nd and
4th being widest, extending on the former segment nearly to the
middle, and on the latter much further, especially towards the
sides ; hind borders of 6th segment with conspicuous snow-white
scales and a large bunch of longer ones on about the hinder half
of each side; sides of 5th segment and anterior half or more of
6th with long very dark blackish-brown scales ; dorsum of abdo-
men, except for the transverse bands, with black scales, wholly
covered with soft fine pubescence, and with a row of black bristles
on hind borders of 5th, 6th, and 7th segments, becoming stronger
on each successive segment ; a row of fine yellow hairs before the
hind border on first four segments and a few fine yellow hairs on
dorsum of basal segments. Costal cell clear or faintly obscured ;
subcostal cell dark brown, the colour not extending further hind-
wards ; anterior cross- vein a little before middle of discal cell,
the exact position apparently rather variable. In all else as in
A. clara.

Described from five rf 3 in the Indian Museum : Simla, 7000-
8000ft., 28. v. 1914, type (Cap*. Evans), and 16. v. 1909 ; Siliguri,
base of Darjiling Hills, 28. iii. 1910 ; Dawna Hills. Tenasserim,
2000-3000 ft., 2-3. iii. 1908 ; Kawkareik, Amherst Distr., Tenas-
serim, 5. iii. 1908,* and 23. iii. 1910 (Annandale). In the British
Museum from Khasi Hills, 1878 (Chennell); Trincomali, Ceylon,
12.x. 1890, 12. xi. 1890 (Col. Yerbury); Nilaveli, Cevlon,
19. vii. 1891 (Col. Yerbury).

* Erroneously quoted as 5. ii. 1908 in Eec. Ind. Mus. ii, p. 474.

ANTHBAX. 245

The two specimens alluded to by me in my first paper on
BOMBYLIIDJE as allied to A. dam, Walk., are amongst those now
referred to approximata.

190. Anthrax aperta, Walk.

Anthrax aperta, Walker, Ins. Saund., Dipt. pt. 3, p. 180 (1852).

3 <j> . Head : f rons in tf sufficiently narrow at vertex for the
small ocellar tubercle to touch the eye on each side, in $ broad
enough for this tubercle to be quite clear of the eyes ; in both
sexes frons broadening to base of antennae, where it forms one-
third of the head, black, covered wholly with black bristles and on
the lower part with elongate black or dark brown scales and some
shorter yellow or yellowish-white scales intermixed ; face in c?
wholly and thickly covered with elongate bright yellow scales,
with which are intermixed long black hairs, and in the median line
from base of antennae to mouth-opening a stripe of dark brown
scales : in $ the face-scales mostly whitish, those in the median
line yellowish ; eye-facets small, uniform ; antennas black, 1st and
2nd joints bristly, 3rd onion-shaped, produced into a long bare
style. Thorax black, covered with moderately short blackish-brown
hairs ; anterior margin with a thick fringe of reddish-tawny
bristly hairs, which extend to a considerable portion of the under-
side. Sides of thorax with long whitish-grey scale-like pubescence,
forming fan-shaped bunches about the humeral and posterior calli,
near the wing-base and on the pleurae ; this pubescence varies
from nearly white to dirty grey and yellowish. Along the hind
border of the mesonotum there 'is always, in the narrow depression
occurring just before the extreme margin, a row of very small flat-
lying bright yellow scales.* Scutellum black, with some soft
black hairs and (probably) with whitish pubescence.f Abdomen
black ; at base of 2nd segment a moderately wide band of very
small flat-lying white scales; a similar but narrower band of
yellow scales at base of 3rd segment and a row of yellowish or
whitish (or apparently both intermixed) at base of remaining
segments; rest of surface covered with small flat-lying black
scales ; entire dorsum covered with rather long fine dark brown
hairs, which along the basal bands of pale scales appear to be
replaced by whitish ones. Sides of abdomen thickly clothed
on first two segments with long bushy scale-like whitish hairs ;
on 3rd segment with long very dark brown scales and hairs, which
extend a little over the sides of the 2nd segment; on 4th segment
with elongate white scales, connected with the basal cross-baud

* A few of these generally remain even in badly-denuded specimens, but
there seems no reason to infer that they extend beyond the narrow space

t This is conjecture, not one of the specimens before me bearing any
pubescence.

246 BOMBYLILD.S:.

of whitish scales (which, after those on the 2nd segment, are the
most conspicuous of these transverse scale-bands) ; on 5th and
6th segments with elongate dark brown scales and hairs ; and on
the 7th segment with white scales. This vestiture of the sides
of the abdomen is quite distinct from the dorsal, and of much finer
pubescence. Genitalia dark brown or blackish, with some line
black hairs. Yenter black, with flat-lying dull black scales and
sparse black hairs; hind margins of segments with a more or less
broad border of whitish or yellowish scales. Legs black ; coxae
with long yellowish-grey hairs ; femora with closely-placed very
dark brown scales and a further clothing on underside of yellowish-
white scales, also with some long fine hairs ; tibiae with very short
bristles, hind pair with short but distinct very dark brown scales.
Wings quite clear ; base of costa with thick dark brown scales,
over which lies a covering of elongate silvery snow-white scales;
costal cell dark brown up to humeral cross-vein ; subcostal cell
wholly brown, the brown colour also extending very narrowly
across the wing at the extreme base ; halteres dull pale yellow.

Length, 8-14 mm.

Eeclescribed from several specimens fi-om both Mussoorie,
ix. 1906, and Simla, 16. v. 1909 (Annandale) ; Simla, x. 1911 ;
Dehra Dun, xi. 1907 (Lt.-Col Wt/ville Thomson"); Sukli, Dawna
Hills, 2100ft., 22-29. xi. 1911 (Gravely); Khasi Hills. Found
on Sedum and the common marguerite.

Type in the British Museum.

This species is fully redescribed here from four c? c? and five
$ § , mostly in tolerably good condition, and this must super-
sede my former description, drawn up from a single specimen.

191. Anthrax fuscolimbata,

Anthrax fuscolimbata, Brunetti, Kec. lud. Mus. xiii, p. 75 (1917).

$. Head: frons one-third width of head at level of antennae,
less than half this width at vertex, covered with yellowish
impressed scales and black pubescence, the scales near the antennae
sometimes becoming gradually whitish ; on face all snow-white in
type, and yellowish white and yellowish respectively in the other
two specimens ; antennae black, 1st joint with long black bristles,
2nd with a ring of shorter bristles, 3rd elongate conical, tapering
to a rather long style; proboscis dull yellowish or obscure;
occiput with a border of snow-white minute scaly pubescence
behind eyes, and some yellow scales on upper part. 'Thorax black,
more or less covered with small impressed yellow scales ; anterior
and side margins, shoulders, and pleurae covered with dense elon-
gate brownish-yellow scales, which are paler on the mesopleura
and sternopleura or sometimes altogether paler; a rather short
fine sparse black pubescence on dorsum, sometimes remaining after
nearly all the yellow scales have been worn off. Scutellum black,
with small yellow impressed scales ; a few fine yellow hairs and a

ANTHKA.X. 247

row of black bristles on hiud margin. Abdomen black, with trans-
verse bauds of small yellowish, yellowish-grey, or whitish scales,
broadest on 2nd and 4th segments, where, especially towards sides,
they reach up to .and beyond middle of segment ; a narrow basal
band on 3rd segment and a narrow band on hind margins of 5th
and 6th ; a large bunch of elongate brownish-yellow scales towards
and on sides of 1st, 2nd, and 3rd segments ; dorsum of 1st with
sparse concolorous fine hairs. Sides of 3rd and 4th segments
with elongate brownish-yellow scaly pubescence, which is paler
on the latter ; sides of 5th and 6th segments with numerous
elongate dark brown scales and long black bristles ; posterior part
of side of 6th segment with a conspicuous bunch of elongate
snow-white scales ; 7th segment with black scales only ; all the
dorsal surface of abdomen, not occupied by pale scales, covered
with minute impressed black scales ; sparse fine pale hairs on
about basal half of dorsal surface, replaced on posterior half by
black ones ; hind margins of segments with a row of black bristles.
Venter with a broad transverse band of yellowish scales beyond
middle ; remaining segments with white scales ; whole surface of
venter plentifully covered with long yellowish or yellowish-grey
hairs, with fine black hairs towards tip. Genitalia brownish
yellow, with a circlet of blunt reddish-brown spines and black
pubescence. Leys black, coxae with rather long grey or whitish
pubescence; femora and tibiae with small white or yellowish-grey
scales and rows of black bristles. Winys nearly clear, the brown
suffusion on anterior part in type-specimen limited to subcostal
cell ; in 2nd and 3rd specimens extending from costa up to but
not encroaching on discal cell, dying away towards tip; anterior
cross-vein just before middle of discal cell ; halteres cream-
yellow.

Described from three paratype $ ? in the Indian Museum,
neither one being in sufficiently good condition to regard as the
ultimate type; Simla, 7000-8000 ft., 26. v. 1914 (Copt Evans);
Mussoorie, 6500 ft. (Bond) ; Guindy, Madras (Capt. Patton).

192. Anthrax hottentotta, //., var. claripennis, Brun.

Anthrax hottentotta var. claripennis, Brunetti, Rec. Ind. Mus. ii,
p. 452 (1909).

$ . Head : f rons half as wide at vertex as at level of antennae,
where it is one-third of the head, black, covered (at least on lower
part) with minute yellow impressed scales, and wholly covered
with stiff black pubescence ; face black, wholly covered with dense
elongate yellowish-white scales ; antennae black, 3rd joint con-
siderably elongate ; proboscis obscure, withdrawn ; occiput black,
apparently covered with minute scales, which are yellow behind
the vertex and white near the lower eye-margins. Thorax black,
dorsum (apparently) covered with minute elongate yellow scale-
like depressed pubescence ; anterior margin, sides of dorsum, and
the shoulders with dense elongate upright brownish-yellow scales;

248 BOMBYLIIJXE.

sides with similar scales of a yellowish-white colour or concolorous
long hairs. Scutellum black, hind border (probably whole surface,
more or less) with minute impressed yellow scales (no bristles
present on hind margin, but these have probably been broken off).
Abdomen black, base of 2nd, 3rd, and 4th segments with broad
transverse bands of minute pale yellow impressed scales, the band
on 2nd segment the broadest ; 5th, 6th, and 7th segments nearly
wholly covered with yellowish-white scales, which are longest on
the hind margins ; 7th segment with a thick fringe on hind
margin of very elongate yellowish-white scales ; surface of abdo-
men which is not occupied by yellowish scales, covered with
similar minute black scales. Sides of 1st segment with elongate
yellowish-grey scaly pubescence, which extends as long fine con-
colorous hairs across the dorsum ; sides of 2nd segment with scaly
pubescence as on 1st, this pubescence being continued along
sides of rest of abdomen, but in gradually diminishing quantity.
Tenter obscure, with minute snow-white impressed scales and long
yellowish hairs on basal part, and with white hairs towards tips ;
genitalia brownish yellow. Leys black ; coxae with rather long
yellowish or grey pubescence ; femora and tibiae with minute
yellow and whitish impressed scales, often intermixed ; the white
ones predominating at base of middle femora and below hind
femora. Wings entirely clear, hyaline ; subcostal cell yellowish
brown ; bifurcation of 2nd and 3rd veins exactly in a line with
anterior cross-vein, which latter is just before middle of discal
cell ; halteres pale creamy yellow.

Length, 12% mm.

Described from the unique type in the Indian Museum from
Bhura, in the plains of the Naini Tal District, Western Hima-
layas, 14-17. iv. 1907.

The differences distinguishing this variety from typical A. hot-
tentotta of Europe are the clear wings, the wholly black-haired
frons, the whitish scales on the face, and minor characters.

193. Anthrax paniscus, Rossi.

BiUo paniscus, Rossi, Fauna Etrus. ii, p. 256 (1790).
Anthrax bimaculatus, Macquart, Suites a Buff, i, p. 403 (1834).
Anthrax cingulatus, Meigen, Syst. Besch. ii, p. 145 (1820).
Anthrax hottentottus, Walker, List Dipt, Brit. Mas. ii, p. 259 (1849).

<S . Head : frons narrow, at vertex less than one-twelfth the
width of the head, widening to nearly one-third of the head at
the antennae, dull black, with abundant black hairs and dark
orange scales ; face not projecting over mouth, dull black, with
long yellow or orange scales and some long yellow hairs ; mouth-
border with some black scales; erect inconspicuous black hairs
on upper eye- margins and on face ; mouth-opening long, black.
Occiput considerably puffed out, slaty black, lower part with
whitish scales, which become silvery and less numerous behind
upper eye-margin; extreme back of occiput with dense short

ANTHRAX. 249

yellow pubescence. Proboscis long, narrow, labella brown ; palpi
long, narrow, black, concealed. Eyes with facets equal. Antennae
black, basal joints with dense black bristly hairs ; 3rd joint
slightly brownish, in the shape of a blunt triangle, tip produced
to a long point with a minute apical bristle. Thorax dull black,
with dense tawny scaly pubescence, which is thinnest on the disc,
the latter bearing numerous adherent black scales and blackish-
tawny hairs ; furry pubescence extending from shoulders to wing-
base and along dorsal side margins and hind margin ; posterior
calli with three to six long yellow spines or bristles, and about
five smaller ones above the wings ; a snow-white patch of scales
in front of the absolute wing- base, not easily visible; pleurae with
dense tawny pubescence, thinner and more greyish on the lower
parts. Scutellum with closely-adhering black scales and pale
tawny pubescence, a row of black bristles on hind margin,
and some small yellow scales towards side margins. Abdomen
black, sides of first two segments rufescent ; first four segments
densely covered with tawny pubescence, paler and thinner on
disc, the whole of which is covered with closely adhering black
scales ; side pubescence on 5th and 6th segments deep black ;
on 7th snow-white, the middle of the hind margin bearing black
scales. Venter black, with closely adhering black scales, and
with pale yellow pubescence and some elongate black scales
and long black hairs towards side margins ; hind margins of 2nd
to 5th segments with some pale scales ; genitalia very small,
orange. Legs dull black ; coxae with pale yellow pubescence in
front, more brownish behind, and bristly black hairs at tip ;
anterior femora with inconspicuous yellowish or blackish pubes-
cence behind and beneath, hind femora with such at base only ;
pale scales on fore femora in front and behind, on posterior
femora nearly over all the surface, and on basal half of posterior
tibife and to a less extent on parts of the fore tibiae; pulvilli
absent. Wings quite clear or very pale grey, iridescent ; base
and fore margin yellowish brown down to 1st longitudinal vein or
sometimes a little further, basal parts of veins black or brown ;
dense black scales on broadened base of costa, sometimes with
some pale ones intermixed ; occasionally a black spine at extreme
base of fore margin ; squamae brownish yellow, margin darker,
root black, fringe yellow or orange ; halteres small, orange.

$ . Pubescence 'sparser than in J ; 2nd. 3rd, and 4th abdominal
segments with a band of pale scales. Frons at vertex one-eighth
the width of the head, fully one-third at level of antennae, Ayith
more numerous golden scales than in rf . Silvery patch at wing-
base absent. Abdominal pubescence longer; pale tut'ts at tip
more yellowish than silvery, pubescence on disc thinner ; a con-
spicuous band of golden scales on 2nd, 3rd, and 4th segments, the
first one the widest, that on the 3rd segment the narrowest, all
the bands narrower in middle ; 6th segment with a narrow hind
marginal band of scales, which is sometimes present on the 5th
also ; 7th segment with black scales on the disc, and yellow scales

250 BOMBYLIID-ffi.

and long yellow hairs on basal corners, besides conspicuous black
pubescence. Venter black, white scales on 4th, oth, and 6th
segments, less abundant 011 7th ; hind margins of segments more
or less with a narrow band of yellow scales and hairs ; ovipositor
orange.

LengtJi, normally 12 mm., varying from 10 to 14 mm.

Nttini Tal, 6000-7000 ft. (R. E. Lloyd). One specimen in the
Indian Museum from Simla, x. 1906 (Lefroy).

The above description is an abbreviated one from Verrall, as the
only Indian specimen and the three European specimens before
me are in very indifferent condition, though there seems no doubt
as to the identity of the species.

194. Anthrax dia, Wied.

Anthrax dia, Wiedemann, Anal. Ent. p. 23 (1824) ; id., Auss»
Zweifl.i, p. 293(1828).

" cJ. Antennae black (3rd joint missing). Epistoma and frons
sparsely, the vertex a little more densely clothed with grey hairs.
Occiput blackish, grey-haired, margins of eves white. Collar
grey; thorax with reddish-brown pile and grey hairs, mixed at
sides with whitish hairs. Scutellum blackish, with traces of
reddish-brown pile ; sides of thorax with whitish hairs. The
1st abdominal segment with reddish -brown pile on the hind
margin, with whitish hairs at sides ; 2nd reddish brown with
whitish band at base ; 3rd with a narrow baud across the middle ;
4th with a very broad whitish band, so that only the reddish
brown hind border remains ; 5th and 6th whitish, only at the
base narrowly reddish brown ; 7th and 8th, on the contrary, only
whitish at sides ; venter blackish, with whitish hairs. Wings
quite clear ; brownish at extreme base and in the costal cell, the
colour extending a little below this cell ; halteres yellow. Legs
black, with yellowish pile. Length 5| lines. Tranquebar."
( Weidemann.)

Type in "Westertnann's collection.

195. Anthrax baluchianus, sp. nov.

<5 $ . Head : frons in c? from a quarter to one-fifth, in $ one-
third, as wide at vertex as at just above antennae, black, covered
with yellowish-grey depressed scales and erect long fine black
hairs ; ocelli dull reddish brown ; face clothed similarly to frons,
but the scales longer and with yellow hairs instead' of black;
proboscis reddish brown; antennae black, 1st joint with long
black bristles, 2nd with shorter ones, 3rd elongate onion-shapedr
with moderately long style, which becomes reddish brown towards
tip ; occiput covered exclusively with short depressed yellowish-
grey scales. Thorax blackish, dorsum covered with minute
yellowish-grey depressed scales ; a thick collar of long yellowish
scaly pubescence on anterior margin; side margins and the whole
of the pleurae similarly clothed ; sides of dorsal margins with long

ANTHRAX. 251

yellow bristles and a bunch of them on each posterior corner ;
scutellum with depressed small yellowish-grey scales and a row
of strong deflexed yellow spines on hind margin. Abdomen black,
each segment closely covered (in good specimens) with very small
greyish depressed scales, which occupy about the basal half or
rather more of the first two or three segments, covering more and
more of each successive segment till the last ones are nearly
wholly covered, the remainder of the dorsal surface bearing small
black closely-impressed scales ; before the hind margin on each
segment is a row of strong black bristles ; the moderately long;
pubescence sometimes yellowish (in the type $ it is wholly bright
yellow on head, thorax, and abdomen) ; venter black, covered with
depressed greyish scales and rather loug concolorous fine hairs.
Legs black; coxae with pale yellowish -grey depressed scales and
long concolorous hairs ; femora and tibia? with a close covering of
small overlapping yellowish-grey scales ; both femora and tibiae
with rows of black bristles ; tarsi with a little short rich brown
pubescence on underside. Wings practically clear ; costal cell
yellowish, the colour basally extending a little further hindward ;
another cross-vein just before middle of discal cell ; a small bunch
of short silvery-white scales at extreme base of costa and posterior
to the strong black scales on the adjacent costal margin ; halteres
pale brownish cream-colour, hidden in the pubescence.

Length, 13 mm.

Described from several specimens, mostly in inferior condition,
except the type c? and $ , in the Indian' Museum, from Balu-
chistan (Cle'ghorn), and several others in good condition from
Kashmir, 1915 (H. T. Pease) : Bahisht Khal, 6 and 8. ix. 1908
(Nadir Khan) ; Bhittani, on camel.

196. Anthrax albofulva, Walk.

Anthrax albofulva, Walker, Ins. Saund.,Dipt. pt. 3, p. 182 (1852) ;
Brunetti, Rec. Ind. Mus. ii, p. 454 (1909).

d $ . Head : frons in both sexes at level of antennae barely one-
third width of head, less than one-fourth of that width at vertex in
rf, and half that width in $ , dark grey, with long, rather dense
pale yellow scaly, almost bristly pubescence, and a space in the
middle with long black similar pubescence ; face with similar
pubescence, which is sometimes yellowish on upper part and
white on lower part, or wholly snow-white throughout ; antenna?
black, first two joints with bristly yellow pubescence, 3rd joint
elongate onion-shaped, with a minute pale style-like thick bristle
at tip ; mouth-opening very large, proboscis obscure, withdrawn ;
occiput dark grev, with more or less minute scaly pubescence
round hind bonier of eyes. Thorax blackish, with minute yellow
depressed scales on dorstun ; anterior and side margins with pale
yellowish-grey elongate scaly pubescence, which (apparently) is
not dense ; two or three long yellow spines on posterior corners ;
sides of thorax bluish grey, with nearly whitish pubescence.

252 BOMBYLIID.J;.

Scutellum concolorous with dorsum, with minute yellow depressed
scales and some longer pubescence and a row of yellow bristles on
hind border. Abdomen dark grey or blackish, wholly covered with
minute yellow depressed elongate scale-like pubescence ; a large
fan-shaped bunch of nearly white long scaly pubescence towards
sides of 1st segment, extending inwards across the disc ; sides of
rest of segments with soft whitish outstanding hairs ; ground-
colour of sides of first five segments more or less orange or
brownish yellow, the colour sometimes entirely absent. Y enter
varying from pale yellowish to dark grey, with darker marks,
some depressed minute white scales and some longer whitish
hairs; genitalia large, brownish yellow, with long pale hairs.
Legs yellowish ; coxa3 more or less bluish grey, with a little
whitish pubescence ; in the d the basal half of the anterior
femora and nearly all the hind femora black, with minute whitish
scales ; in the $ basal half of fore pair narrowly at base in
middle pair, and apical half or less of hind femora black, with
minute whitish scales ; apical third or half of tarsi in both sexes
blackish. Wings clear, subcostal cell yellowish ; 2nd longitudinal
vein normally with a distinct upward curve, followed by a distinct
downward one just before tip ; anterior cross- vein at one-third
(or a little beyond) of discal cell, placed some distance beyond tip
of praefurca ; anal cell rather narrowly open.

Venation rather variable : in one specimen from Allahabad the
anal cell is very broad, and equally so for the whole of its length
to the wing-border ; in others the degree of curvature on apical
half of 2nd vein varies considerably, as does also the exact
position of the anterior cross-vein in its relation to the discal
cell.

Length, 4|-6£ mm.

Described from several specimens of both sexes in the Indian
Museum and Pusa collections.

Type in the British Museum (the head missing).

197. Anthrax aureohirta, Brun.

Anthrax aureohirta, Brunetti, Rec. Ind. Mus. iii, p. 223 (1909).
J. Head: frons at vertex one-eighth width of head, widening
to barely double this width at the level of the antennae, black,
slightly shining ; ocelli on small raised tubercle ; face black ; some
white dust on each margin of the lower part of frons and of the
face, and yellow and black short hairs intermixed above and below
the antennas, which are wholly black, the first two joints bearing
some stiff black hairs, the third with soft white microscopic
pubescence ; proboscis somewhat large, blackish at base, brownish
towards tip, with some hairs; eye-margins rather deeply cut
away at the middle of the side ; occiput considerably puffed out,
black, with golden-yellow hairs at the sides and a fringe of stiff
bright yellow hairs at the back, and with microscopic black hairs
on the remaining portions. Thorax black, with short, not thick,

AXTHBAX. 253

bright golden-yellow hairs, also a bunch of bristly yellow hairs on
each side, just behind the shoulder, with some yellow bristles ;
some yellow haius on anterior margin. A large reclinate yellow
spine above each wing-base and three or four black bristles on
posterior portion of dorsurn. Sides of thorax ash-grey, with some
patches of whitish hairs ; scutellum black, with golden-yellow
hairs and some black bristles towards posterior margin. Abdomen
moderately shining black, rather closely covered with short, bright
golden-yellow hairs, which form a large fan-shaped bunch on each
side of the 1st segment, where they become almost scaly ; there
are short black hairs intermixed with the yellow towards the
sides of the dorsum ; venter with close, soft, bright yellow hair.
Legs : coxae black, with whitish hairs ; femora and tibiae yellow,
with short black bristles, which are longest on the latter and
form a circlet at the tips of the tibiae ; tarsi black, with very short
pubescence and bristles. Wings very pale brown up to just
beyond the middle, where the colour fades away ; halteres creamy
yellow.

Length, 5 mm.

Described from a unique specimen in perfect condition in the
Indian Museum collection, from Calcutta, 1. vi. 1909.

This species does not fall quite naturally into any of my
temporary divisions of this genus, as the darkening of the wing
does not partake of the usual oblique form, the coloration ex-
tending over the whole basal half of the wing.

198. Anthrax clausa, Brun.

Anthrax clausa, Brunetti, flee. Ind. Mus. ii, p. 477 (1909).
<$ . Head slightly broader than thorax and abdomen ; frons and
face black, clothed with dense short black hairs ; eyes distinctly
separated at vertex, the ocelli being placed well forward, the frons
widening very rapidly, until at the insertion of the antennas it
occupies half the width of the head. Antenna? black ; first joint
cylindrical, second sub-spherical, much shorter than first ; third
onion-shaped, with long style, small, narrower, and shorter than
second. Underside of face uniformly black, proboscis almost
invisible; back of head dark grey, with a few \\hitish hairs.
Thorax dull black ; anterior border with a rather thick fringe
of grey hairs, which apparently cover both dorsum and sides.
Abdomen linear, with conical tip, of same width as thorax ; dull
black (denuded), probably when in good condition the whole abdo-
men is covered with whitish-grey hairs. The present specimen
has bunches of such hairs at the sides of the abdomen towards the
base, also at the tip ; the dorsum shows little traces of hair, and
on it the hair is probably always sparser ; at the sides of the
abdomen towards the base are patches of all-black hairs ; venter
black, nearly bare. Legs blackish, the inner sides of^ the anterior
tibiaa with a brown tint ; femora below with some soft moderately
long blackish hairs ; fore tibiae with a single row of small black

254 BOMBYLIID.I;.

bristles, middle pair with a similar row on both outer and inner
sides, and hind pair rather thickly clothed with them. Wings
clear; anal cell closed immediately before the border; discal
cross- vein placed just beyond one-third of the discal cell ; first
posterior cell widely open ; fork of the third vein showing a ten-
dency to form an appendix; halieres cream-white; tegulae small,
dirty white, transparent, with a fringe of short grey hairs.

Length, 8| mm.

Described" from a unique c? in the Indian Museum from Moul-
.mein, Lower Burma, iii. 1908 (Annandale).

The only species described from the East with the anal cell
closed.

The following species have been recorded from " East India,"
(but may be regarded as requiring further confirmation. They are
therefore not included in the table of species : —

i

199. Anthrax troglodyta, F.

Bibio troglodyta, Fabricius, Syst. Ent. p. 759 (1775).

Anthrax troglodyta, Wiedemann, Auss. Zweifl. i, p. 306 (1828) ;

Wulp, Notes Leyd. Mus. vii, p. 83 (1885); de Meijere, Tijd. v.

Ent. 1, p. 240 (1907).
Anthrax hyalina, Wiedemann, Dipt. Exot. i, p. 141 (1821) ; id.,

Auss. Zweifl. i, p. 297 (1828) ; Wulp, Tijd. v. Ent. xxiii, p. 165

(1889).
Anthrax lucens, Walker, Ins. Saund., Dipt. pt. 3, p. 180 (1852).

" Black, head tawny beneath : chest and breast clothed with
tawny hairs ; a tuft of white hairs on each side above the base of
the wing ; abdomen obconical, a little shorter than the chest,
clothed on each side with alternate patches of black and white
hairs : legs clothed with very short black hairs. Wings colourless,
dark brown at the base, adorned on each shoulder with a patch of
silvery-white hairs ; wing-ribs and veins black. Length 4^ lines,
wings 12 lines. East India." (Walker.)

Type in Fabricius's collection.

The above is Walker's description of lucens, which is said to be
jdentical with troglodyta.

200. Anthrax lucida, Walk.

Anthrax lucida, Walker, Ins. Saund., Dipt. pt. 3, p. 179 (1852).

" $ . Black ; thickly clothed with bright tawny hairs ; head
• clothed above with black hairs ; abdomen nearly linear, truncated
at the tip, hardly shorter than the chest ; tip clothed with black
hairs and adorned on each side with a tuft of yellowish-white
hairs ; wings colourless, brown along the fore border for two-
thirds of the length ; wing-ribs and veins black, the latter pitchy
beneath the fore border ; poisers yellow. The brown on the wing
•of this species is much narrower than that of A. manifesto,.
Length 6 lines, wings 14 lines. East India." (Walker.)

Type in the British Museum.

ANTHBAX. 255

501. Anthrax limpida, Walk.

Anthrax limpida, Walker, Ins. Saund., Dipt. pt. 3, p. 179 (1852).

" Black ; head clothed above with short tawny, and longer black
•hairs, beneath with longer tawny hairs ; chest clothed with bright
tawny hairs ; abdomen slightly obconical, somowhat truncated at
the tip, shorter than the chest, clothed with pale tawny hairs ;
legs clothed with short black hairs ; wings colourless, with a very
narrow brown stripe along the fore border for more than two-
thirds of the length ; wing-ribs pitchy, veins black, pitchy at the
base and along the fore border ; poisers pale yellow. Length
5 lines, wings 12 lines. East India." ( Walker.)

Type in the British Museum.

202. Anthrax referens, Walk.

Anthrax referens, Walker, Ins. Saund., Dipt, pt. 3, p. 189 (1852).

'•' Black ; head clothed with short ferruginous hairs, and on the
•crown with some black hairs ; mouth pitchy, each side of the
chest adorned with a stripe of white hairs ; breast grey, clothed
with ferruginous hairs. Abdomen obcouical, much shorter than
•chest, adorned towards the tip with two interrupted bands of
white hairs ; base clothed with pale tawny hairs ; hind borders
of segments clothed with short ferruginous hairs ; sides adorned
with alternate tufts of black and white hairs ; underside ferru-
ginous; legs pitchy, clothed with very short black hairs and bristles ;
thighs and shanks adorned with a tawny tinge. Wings dark
brown from the base along the fore border to the tip and along
the hind border to the end of the interior part ; this brown part
includes a nearly colourless dot, and its outline has two deep and
irregular inward curves ; wing-ribs and veins black ; poisers
pitchy, with pale yellow tips. Length of body 4-41 lines, wings
11-12 lines. East India." (Walker.)

Type in the British Museum.

Subfamily LOMATIIN.E.

Praefurca ending, that is to say, 2nd and 3rd veins separating,
•nearly opposite base of discal cell. Antennae more or less approxi-
mate at base ; proboscis usually short, sometimes porrect ; abdomen
rather oblong, but not cylindrical. Head hardly transverse, closely
applied to thorax; face generally produced ; eyes in c? approximate
•or contiguous, wide apart in $ ; occiput generally puffed out.
Thorax not humped, with few or no bristles ; scutellum large,
without strong bristles. Abdomen longer than broad, geuerallv
oblong, without bristles. Legs with few or no bristles, except
-epicules on tibiae. Wings with 2nd vein and upper branch of 3rd
strongly looped, more or less parallel to each other towards tips ;
.anterior cross-vein placed considerably beyond middle of discal

256 BOMBYLIID.E.

cell, often sloping ; two or three subraarginal cells, four posterior
cells, 1st either open or closed ; anal cell generally open.

This subfamily is by no means properly understood, nor its
limits satisfactorily defined.

The present acceptance of it is in Verrall's sense, and only one
genus with a single species is Indian.

Genus APH(EBANTUS, Lw.

AphoKbanttis, Loew, Berl. Ent. Zeit. xvi, p. 253 (1872).
Triodites, Osten-Sacken, Bull. U.S. Geolog. Survey, iii, p. 245
(1877).

GENOTYPE, ApJioebantus cervinm, Loew ; by original designation.

Body and whole appearance Anthrax-like ; wings long. Bifur-
cation of 2nd and 3rd longitudinal veins at some little distance
(but not greatly) before anterior cross-vein. Frons in $ com-
paratively wide. Antennae remote at base ; 1st joint short, 2nd
very short ; 3rd short, more or less onion-shaped, with styliform
prolongation, not separated by a suture, with or without a bristle
at tip. Labella large, fleshy. Angulation of 3rd vein with or
without appendix. Small but distinct pulvilli ; generally a long
bristle at end of hind metatarsus.

Range. All the previously known species come from North
America, except one occurring in Central America.

At the time of describing Argyramceba ceylonica the possibility
of it being an Aphcebantus did not occur to me, as the genus was
unknown from any part except North America and a single
species from Central America. An unnamed specimen of my
species in the British Museum, labelled " ? Aphcebantus" first called
my attention to the genus, but no authenticated specimen definitely
referred to the genus has been available for comparison, so I adopt
it with some hesitation.

The species agrees with Osten-Sacken's characters of the
bifurcation of the 2nd and 3rd veins, occurring at " some distance
before " the anterior cross-vein ; as a matter of fact, it occurs in
a line with or just beyond the base of the discal cell. The
antennal 3rd joint shows no sign of any pencil of hairs, but a
suture (about as far from the tip as in Argi/ramceba) is more or
less obvious under a microscope in all the twenty or more
specimens, mostly in good condition, examined, and the minute
bristle at the extreme tip is apparent. This, however, is hardly
my interpretation of Osten-Sacken's words "a minute, sometimes
scarcely apparent joint," which seems to refer rather to size than
distinctness of outline.

A. ceylonicus is admitted to Aphcebantus herein on the strength
of the proximal bifurcation of the 2nd and 3rd veins, in conjunction
with the absence of the antennal pencil of hairs.

The existence of my Argyramoeba intermedia and a probable
second closely-allied species with nearly clear wings somewhat

APHXEBAXTUS. 257

complicates matters, as these two forms possess a distinct pencil
of hairs, whilst the bifurcation of the 2nd and 3rd veins takes
place half-way between the base of the discal cell and the anterior
cross-vein, its exact position not being constant.

203. Aphcebantus ceylonicus, Brun.

Arqyramceba ceulonica, Brunetti. Rec. Ind. Mus. ii, p. 471, pi. xii,
fig. 24 (1909).

<5 $ . Head : irons in tf at vertex very narrow, one-fifth or
one-sixth of its width at level of antennae, where it is less than a
third the width of the head and widens from the vertex very
rapidly ; frons in $ one-third as wide at vertex as it is at level
of antennae, where it forms less than one-third of the head ; frous
and face dark grey, face sometimes lighter, covered rather densely
with bright yellow elongate scaly pubescence, which is generally
paler on face, even whitish or quite white ; antennae black, 3rd
joint onion-shaped, with a moderately long style, basal joints with
black bristles ; proboscis brownish, withdrawn ; occiput ash-grey,,
much puffed out behind, especially in the $, covered with minute
impressed bright yellow scales ; side indentation of eye-margins
very considerable. Thorax black, dorsum covered thickly with
very minute bright yellow depressed scales and scale-like hairs,,
and with long pale yellow hairs rather thinly interspersed ; a
collar of very long elongate pale yellow scales on anterior margin,
a bunch of slightly shorter and paler ones on shoulders ; several
large yellow spines in front of wing-base and on posterior corners
of dorsum, and a row of yellow bristles towards hind margin ;.
sides of thorax ash-grey, with a bunch of pale yellowish pubes-
cence below shoulders, also in front immediately below head ;
sternopleurae with silky white pubescence ; scutellum with yellow
pubescence as on thorax, and a row of yellow bristles on hiud
margin. Abdomen normally with middle part longitudinally to a
greater or less width black, remainder of dorsum brownish yellow ;
often the black colour covering nearly the whole surface, whilst
sometimes reduced (at least on anterior half of abdomen) to the
middle third ; hind margin of abdomen more or less yellowish ;
1st segment mainly black, yellowish towards sides, with a thick
bunch of yellowish scales covering each outer third, leaving the
middle third bare ; hind margin with minute bright yellow scales ;
whole surface of abdomen covered with minute bright yellow
semi-depressed thick hairs, with longer black thin hairs inter-
spersed ; sides of abdomen with moderately long thin pale yellow
hairs, no trace of scales. Venter yellowish, more or less blackish
in middle or towards base, sometimes nearly all blackish, covered
with minute yellow pubescence ; genitalia brownish yellow, mainly
concealed. Leys : coxae ash-grey, with long whitish pubescence ;
femora and tibiae yellow ; about apical half of anterior tarsi and
all the hind tarsi black, at most the latter a little pale at base in

258 BOMBYLIIDJE.

individuals ; hind femora with a row of black bristles behind; all
tibiae with the usual rows of small black bristles ; hind femora with
a number of small black bristles on upperside at tip, giving the
appearance of the tip being blackish. Winys nearly clear, costal
and subcostal cell yellowish or dusky, the colour sometimes ex-
tending a little posteriorly, or in some specimens faintly or more
distinctly across the wing, even to the hind margin ; tip of wing
generally clear ; 2nd longitudinal vein rather deeply looped
towards tip ; upper branch of 3rd vein with or without appendix ;
halteres mainly yellow.

Length, 5-8 mm.

Redescribed from several of each sex in the British and Indian
Museums and the Pusa collection : Kalimpong, Darjiling District,
800-4500 ft., 24.iv.-10.v.l915 (Gravely); Allahabad, 21-29. iii.
1906 (Howlett) ; Pusa, Bengal, not uncommon, i, iii, vii, xi, parasitic
in cells of Pseudayenia clypeata (G. E. Dutt}\ Chapra, Bengal;
Calcutta, 4. iv. 19 13 (Gravely}, l.vi.1909; Kandy, v.1892 (Yer-
ftwry) ; Heneratgoda, Ceylon, 26. vi. 1892 (Yerlury); Pundaluoya,
Ceylon (Green).

Types in the Indian Museum.

This redescription varies somewhat from the original, bub must
be taken as an improved one, built on the study of considerably
more specimens, mostly in good condition.

Description of Hie pupa-case. Pale yellowish, 10-segmented, the
1st with a brown prolongation, bearing six very strong blunt black
spines arranged two in an upper and four in a lower row ; two
similar but much smaller black spines in middle of underside of
segment ; 1st segment smooth and bare ; 2nd similar, but with
three or four very long filamentous pale yellow strong curved
hairs on each side ; 3rd segment bare, except for a row placed
just behind front margin, of very long, closely-placed, similar
curved hairs, which are almost 'spine-like at base, but taper
gradually so that the major portion is flexible ; there are also
three very long yellowish similar bristly curved hairs (their bases
not spine-like) on each side of the segment. Dorsum of each
remaining segment with a transverse row, placed at about middle
of segment, of twelve or more strong bright brown hooks, about
three-fourths of the length of each being fixed to the surface, and
the tips curved upward and forward, evidently designed to hold
the pupa-case tightly, enabling the imago to draw itself free and
escape. These hooks are largest in the middle of the row, and
gradually diminish in size towards the sides, where are several
very long bristly hairs as on 3rd segment ; also between each two
hooks, its roots near the upturned portion (of the hooks), is a
similar rather shorter (though still actually very long) bristly
curved hair. On 4th, 5th, and 6th segments the hooks are very-
large and strong, on the 7th considerably smaller, and on the next
three segments smaller still; but the "long bristly pale yellow
hairs are equally long on all the segments, except the 10"th, or.
which they are distinctly shorter. Tip of 10th segment formed

BOMBYLIIISLE. 259

into a blunt cone with two short strong brown blunt spines at
•extreme tip and a similar smaller spine above them, placed a little
anteriorly. Venter with a transverse row of moderately long
pale hairs placed behind the middle of each segment.

Length, 10-12 mm., measured along dorsal line from tip to tip;
probably variable.

Subfamily BOMBYLIIN^E.

Head smaller than in ANTHRACIJTJE, rarely transverse or wider
than thorax ; back of head much puffed out ; eyes contiguous or
subcontiguous in tf , distinctly separated in $ ; if wide apart in
c? , then abdomen short and broad. Antenuse approximate at
base, variable in structure, with an apical style of variable form,
sometimes imperceptible. Proboscis variable in length, generally
elongate and porrect. Thorax generally well, often considerably,
arched, usually with dense furry pubescence ; in some genera
nearly bare. Abdomen usually short, broad and rounded, rarely
conical ; frequently with dense furry pubescence. Legs generally
long and thin, sometimes bare or apparently so, often with stick-
like spines below the femora, or with spicules, or with a circlet of
epical spines to the tibiae. Two pulvilli. Wings with the prae-
furca short ; one to three subrnarginal cells ; three or four
posterior cells ; 2nd and 3rd longitudinal veins usually emerging
at an acute angle, the latter approximately opposite base of discal
cell ; 3rd vein nearly always forked ; discal cell rarely absent ;
anal cell open or closed.

This subfamily differs from the ASTHRACIN./E by the divergence
of the 2nd and 3rd veins at an acute angle at some distance
before the anterior cross-vein, from the TOXOPHOEIN^E and
SYSTBOPINJE by the short rounded abdomen, and from the
LOMATIIN.E (less distinctly) by the rounder abdomen, the longer
proboscis, and less upturned 2nd vein.

Table of Genera.

1. One submarginal cell only EMPIDIDEICUS, Beck.,

Two or more such cells 2. [p. 260.

2. Four posterior cells 3.

Three posterior cells 7.

3. First and second antennal joints sub-

equal '. PHTHIBIA, Mg., p. 284.

First autennal ioint much longer than
2nd ' 4.

4. First basal cell distinctly longer than

2nd ; anterior cross-vein towards or

at middle of discal cell 5.

The two basal cells suboqual, through
anterior cross-vein being near base of
cell 6.

5. First posterior cell closed BOMBYLIUS, L., p, 261.

First posterior cell open DISCHISTUS, Lw., p. 273.

s2

260 BOMBYLIID.T:.

6. Underside of head moderately pubescent. SYSTOECHUS,LW.,P. 275.
Underside of head densely pubescent ANASTCECHUS, O.-S.,

7. Abdomen rather long, conical, or narrow ; [p. 278.

eyes in rf contiguous ; scutellum more

or less triangular GEKON, Mg., p. 279.

Abdomen short and broad ; eyes in rf
generally narrowly separated ; scutel-
lum shorter and broader USIA, Latr., p. 281.

Genus EMPIDIDEICUS, Beck.

£mpididcicus, Becker, Zeits. f. Hymen, u. Dipt, vii, p. 97, fig.
(1907).

GENOTYPE, Empidideicus carthaginiensig, Beck. ; by original
designation.

Very small bare species. Head placed low on the thorax ;
antennae with 1st joint microscopic, 2nd extremely short, 3rd
comparatively large, elliptical, with small apical thickly pubescent
style ; occiput more or less puffed out. Thorax considerably
arched. Abdomen of six distinct segments. Legs simple,
moderately long, bare. Wings with distinctive venation : aux-
iliary vein short, ending free ; 1st vein ending at about middle of
costa ; 2nd vein absent (genotype) or present (indicus) • when
present, very short, turning sharply upwards and ending in 1st
vein near its tip ; 3rd vein simple, ending at some little distance
before wing-tip ; 4th vein forked, sometimes indistinct on the
portion dividing the basal cells ; 5th vein forked, base of upper
branch forming lower side of 2nd basal cell ; 6th vein attaining
wing-border ; anterior cross-vein present ; discal cell absent ;
one submarginal, three posterior cells ; anal cell open ; squamae
absent.

Allied to Glabelhda, Cyrtosia, and Apolysis, only one other
species (from the Tunisian coast) except indicus being known.

204. Empidideicus indicus, Brun.

Empididdcus indicus, Brunetti, Rec. Ind. Mus. xiii, p. 77 (1917).

$ . Head : irons apparently about one-fourth width of head,
yellowish ; antennae black ; proboscis more than 1^ times height
of head. Thorax black, practically bare ; humeri bright yellow.
Abdomen black, hind margins of segments pale jellow, and a
transverse yellow line across middle of 1st and 2nd segments.
Legs black, kiiees and tips of tibiae yellowish. Wings pale grey ;
auxiliary vein short, ending free ; 1st vein ending at middle of
costa ; pnefurca beginning at middle of 1st vein ; 2nd vein very
short, directed abruptly upwards, ending in 1st vein near tip";
3rd vein in line with praefurca, simple, ending a little before
wing-tip ; 4th vein forked at half its length after quitting basal
cells, the section dividing those cells hardly less distinct ; 5th
vein forked, base of upper branch forming lower side of 2nd basal

EMPIDIDEICUS. — BOJIBYLIUS. 261

«eil ; 6th vein reaching wing-border ; 1st basal cell a little longer
than 2nd ; bifurcation of praefurca opposite tip of 2nd basal cell.

Length, 1 mm.

Described from four paratype specimens in the Indian Museum
in very indifferent condition, taken by Dr. Annaudale at Simla,
7000ft., 16. v. 1909, on flowers of white stonecrop, and 7. v. 1910,
also at Simla.

The species conforms to all the generic characters except in the
presence of the 2nd vein, which, according to Becker, is anas-
tomosed with the 3rd. In his species, also, the basal cells are
«qual in length, and he does not mention the auxiliary vein,
which, howeA^er, is easily overlooked in indicus. Temporarily,
at least, the species may be located in this genus. Verrall
figures the wing of this genus (Brit. Flies, v, p. 484, fig. 272).

Genus BOMBYLIUS, L.

Bomlylius, Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. Ed. x, p. 606 (1758) ; Brunetti,

Rec. Ind. Mus. ii, p. 456 (1909).

Parisus, Walker, Ins. Saund., Dipt. pt. 1, p. 197 (1852).
Choristus, Walker, Ins. Saund., Dipt. pt. 1, p. 196 (1852).

GENOTYPE, Bombylius major, L. ; by designation of Latreille,

ffrad small, semicircular, set rather low and closely applied to
thorax ; face short, densely pubescent : frons in 9 with long
pubescence or scales ; three ocelli ; eyes elliptical, bare, con-
tiguons in tf , wide apart in $ , without an indentation at middle
of hind margin. Proboscis very long, thin, pointed ; labella small.
Antennae porrect, approximated at base ; 1st joint much longer
than 2nd, with long stiff hairs ; 2nd short, cup-shaped ; 3rd
elongate, variable in shape, conical, peg-shaped, long strap-shaped,
or rarely leaf-like, occasionally with dorsal scales ; style jointed,
terminal. Thorax oval, short, considerably arched, with dense
furry pubescence ; sometimes distinct presutural bristles present.
Scutellum broad, semicircular, clothed as the thorax, occasionally
with scales only. Abdomen rounded, short, well arched, 7 seg-
mented, the terminal ones withdrawn, all with dense furry
pubescence, often with longer and more bristly hairs intermixed.
Legs long and thin, bearing spicules ; hind legs elongate, hind
femora often with stiff bristly spicules below ; all tibia? with rows
•of minute spicules and small terminal spurs ; pulvilli distinct,
empodium minute. Wings at rest, outspread, rather narrow;
subcostal cell very narrow ; 3rd vein forked ; anterior cross-vein
at or before middle of discal cell, erect : two submarginal and
three posterior cells, all open ; ] st basal cell always longer than
2nd, but sometimes only a little longer ; anal cell narrow, open.
The wings often prettily marked either with spots or the diagonal
baso-costal band so common in this family.

Eange. World-wide ; a very large genus.

Life-history of a few European species partially known, the

262 BOMBYL11DJE.

larva? preying upon the larvae, and perhaps pupae also, of small
bees (Andrena, Halictus, etc.).* The Jarva and pupa of Bomlylius
major, L., has been obtained from the nests of Andrena. The
pupa of Bomlylms has cephalic spines which act as digging
organs.

Table of Species.

1. Wings with narrow black band at base

and a brown suffusion across middle :
abdomen with bright red pubescence,
and white pubescence at tip; length

10-13 mm oriental**, Macq., p. 263,

Wings without suffusion across middle ;
abdomen never as above 2.

2. Wings wholly dark brown except hind

border, where the colour fades away ;

abdomen in c? with silvery-white, in

£ with fiery-red pubescence ; length »

4-5 mm wntyii, Brun., p. 264.

Wings clear, with dark brown band on

fore border, irregular in width, reaching

nearly to tip on costa and posteriorly

nearly to middle of wing; length

8-12 mm major, L., p. 265.

Wings clear, or at most brownish or

brownish yellow at base, the colour

never extending more than half across

wing (in propinquits only) 3.

3. A conspicuous row of erect black spines on

hind border of abdominal segments;

length 8-12 mm ercctus, Brun., p. 267,

Abdomen without such .spines ; length at
most 6 mm 4.

4. Legs black ; head with silvery -white

hair-spots t 5.

Legs pale yellow 6.

~). Third antennal joint twice as long as 1st

and 2nd together; extreme base of

wing dark brown ; subcostal cell pale

yellowish maculatas, F., p. 2G7.

Third antennal joint subequal to 1st and

2nd together ; wing practically clear,

only extreme base and the subcostal

cell very pale yellowish comastes, Brun., p. 268.

6. First antennal joint pale yellow ; 3rd joint

nearly double 1st and 2nd together;

anterior cross-vein at one-third of

discal cell ; 1st basal cell very little

longer than 2nd ; only 1st basal cell and

subcostal cell very slightly brownish. . vicinus, Brun., p. 270.
Antennae all black ... .7.

* See Verrall (' British Flies,' v, p. 502) for interesting notes on the habits-
of B. canescens, a European species.

t .B. albospar&us, Uig., comes here, but I cannot define it more narrowly.

BOMBYLIUS. 263

7. Snow-white pile and hairs at tip of abdo-

men ; 3rd antennal joint nearly double

as long as 1st and 2nd together terminalis, Brun., p. 270.

No white hairs on abdomen 8.

8. Wings clear, brown at base, nearly up to

anterior cross-vein fulvipes, Big., p. 271.

Basal half of wing diagonally brown, the

colour dying away gradually propiiiquus, Brun., p. 272,

In comparisons between the length of the proboscis or abdomen
relatively to that of the thorax the scutellum is not included.

205. Bombylius orientalis, Macq.

Bombylius orientalis, Macquart, Dipt. Exot. ii, pt. 1, p. 90, pi, vi,

tig. 2 (1840) ; Brunetti, Rec. Ind. Mas. ii, p. 456 (1909).
Bombylius tricolor, Guerin, Icon. Kegne Anim. iii, p. 538, pi. xcv
(1829-1838).

c? ? . Head : in tf , vertex very small, black, with black hairs ;
frons and face black, former witb long whitish or yellowish-
white hairs, similar hairs adorning each side of the face ; lower
part of head devoid of pubescence ; occiput with brownish-yellow
hairs. Antennae black ; 3rd joint twice as long as 1st and 2nd
together, tapering; 1st joint with long grey hair above and below.

Fig. 14. — Bombylius orienfalis, Macq.

Proboscis black, as long as from the frons to hind border of thorax ;
palpi brownish black. In $ , frons about one-third the width of
the head, slightly narrower above, with greyish pubescence; in all
else as in the <5 . Thorax and scutellum closely covered with
rather short brownish-yellow pubescence. Abdomen black, with
thick yellowish-grey hairs towards sides and at base, and with the
tip covered with whitish hairs; the remainder of the dorsuni
covered with fiery-red or orange-red hairs ; the pubescence in the

264 BOMBYLIIDyE.

median line of the hinder part of the abdomen much thinner ;
the pubescence extends thickly over the sides, the central space of
the ventral surface bearing short grey pubescence. Legs all
black ; hind femora with some rows of short black bristles below ;
anterior femora with some short soft hairs below ; very small
bristles on all tibiae. Wings pale grey ; a narrow basal black
band not reaching as far distally as the humeral cross-vein and
the alulae ; a broad, rather pale brownish, distinct but ill-defined
band across middle of wing from costa nearly or quite to hind
border, beginning before the anterior cross-vein and ending about
level with the tip of the 2nd longitudinal vein ; costal and sub-
costal cells a little brownish ; halteres black.

Length, 13-15 mm.

Eedescribed mainly from three $ tf in good condition in the
Indian Museum from Anwarganj, Cawnpore Distr., 1-13. x. 1911
(Counter); Coorg, S. India ( Hannyngtoii) ; and Karikkuppaur,
S. India, 2500ft., 21. x. 1910. Other examples are from Dehra
Dun, ix. 1913 and x. 1914 (Chatterjee\ 9. vii. 1913 ; Palamovv,
Bengal ; Chapra, Bengal, common (Mackenzie) ; Bangalore ;
Ranchi; Hadagalli, Ceylon.

Type in the Paris Museum.

206. Bombylius wulpii, Brun.

Bombylius wulpit, Brunetti, Eec. Itid. Mus. ii, p. 457 (1909) ; id.,

op. cit. iii, p. 26 (1909).
Sombylius pulchellus, Wulp (nee Loew, 1863), Tijd. v. Ent.

xxiii, p. 164, pi. x, fig-. 8 (1880).

Comastes pulchellus, Wulp, Cat. Dipt. S. Asia, p. 74 (1896).
Eucharimyia dives, Bigot, Bull. Soc. Ent. France, (6) viii. p. cxl

(1888).
Bombylins scintillans, Brunetti, Rec. Ind. Mus. iii, p. 224 (1909).

S $ . Head in <5 nearly as broad as thorax, black ; eyes
contiguous for about half the distance between vertex and
antennae ; upper facets much larger than and divided clearly from
lower ones ; eyes reddish or dark brown ; vertex distinct, ocelli
red ; antennie black, 3rd joint nearly double as long as 1st and
2nd together, long bushy black hairs on 1st joint; clypeus
shining dark brown or blackish, the centre part devoid of
pubescence ; a small conspicuous spot of silvery-white scales on
each side of the antennae and another larger one on each side of
the face ; proboscis black ; occiput blackish, with bushy bright
yellow hairs on upper part and long black hairs on lower part.
In $ , frons nearly one-third of the head, a little narrower above,
black, covered with bright deep yellow scaly hairs or scales; four
white scale-spots on head as in d ; occiput with bright yellow-
pubescence; face nearly bare. Thorax in rf deep black, with
black pubescence, the anterior part of dorsum with bright
yellowish hairs ; scutellum black, with long black hairs ; a white
scale-spot just behind each humerus. In $, dorsum and

BOMBYLIUS. 265

scutellurn with fiery reddish-yellow scaly hairs and a few black
bristly hairs along sides of thorax and on scutellum. Abdomen
in c? dull shining black, with some long black hairs on 1st
segment and on the wholly black venter; remainder of dorsal
surface covered closely with shining silvery-white scales. In 5 ,
abdomen covered with fierv reddish-yellow scaly hairs ; a small
white scale-spot at the sides of both 2nd and 4th segments ;
remainder as in 3 . Leys black ; anterior femora with short
soft black hairs below, hind pair with some rows of small black
bristles below ; tibiae with numerous small bristles. Wings
deep smoky brown, nearly black at base and on basal pnrl of
costa ; hind border paler, the colour dying away gradually ; a
blackish spot at upper angle of 2nd basal cell ; halteres black.
Anterior cross-vein distinctly before middle of discal cell; 1st
basal cell distinctly longer than 2nd.

Length, 4-5 mm.

Eedescribed from several specimens from Dehra Dun, vi. 1913,
vi. 1914 (Ghatterjee) • Bellary, 30. viii. 1912; Cheria Island,
Chilka Lake, Orissa, 21. viii. 1914; Talewaddi, ]ST. Kanara Distr.,
3-10. ix. 191 6 (Kemp}; Kulattupuzha, Travancore, 19. xi. 1908,
and Tenmalai, Travancore, at light, 22. xi. 08 (Annandale) ; Param-
bikulam, 1700-3200 ft., Cochin State, 16-24. ix. 1914 (Gravely} ;
Madulsima, Ceylon, 19.1.1909, and 9. viii. 1908 (T. B. Fletcher);
Kandy, viii. 1892 (Green) : Hambantota, Ceylon, 12. i. 1908 ; Maru-
thamalai Lashio, Upper Burma, 3000 ft., 23, 24. viii. 19 14 (Fletcher).

207. Bombylius major, L.

Bombylius major, Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. Ed. x, p. 606 (1758) ;
Fabricius, Syst. Antl. p. 128 (1805); Meigeii, Syst. Besch. ii,
p. 190 (1820); Macquart, Hist. Nat. Dipt, i, p. 377, pi. ix,
tigs. 9, 10 (1834) ; Schiner, Faun. Austr., Dipt, i, p. 60 (1862) ;
et auct. plur.*

Bomlylius.sinuatus, Mik, Monog. Bomb. Bohem. p. 35, pi. xi, tig. 4
(1796).

Bombylius variegatm, De Geer, Ins. ed. Goeze, vi, p. 107, pi. xiv,
tig. 10 (1782).

<$ . Head with vertex greyish black, triangular, elevated, with
long black hairs ; frons brownish grey, with a middle furrow, and
long dense hair, which is black on upper part but becomes light
brown near the antennae, also with short pale brown depressed
pubescence between the frons and the cheeks ; face mainly with
dense brownish-yellow hairs and a few black ones intermixed ; the
pubescence near the eyes black ; lower part of head with dense
long whitish pubescence; eyes contiguous for some distance;
occiput much puffed out, with dense dark tawny pubescence and
a fringe of long black hairs posteriorly. Antennae black ; 1st joint
three times as long as 2nd, with long black hairs; 2nd cup-shaped,
dusted with light grey, tip ferruginous : 3rd twice as long as 1st,

* ride Kertesz, Kat. Dipt., for copious references.

266 BOMBYLIID.I;.

rather flattened, style very short, 2-joiuted. Proboscis blackish,
as long as from tip of epistome to tip of scutellum. Thorax black,
with dense erect pale tawny pubescence, varying in appearance
according to .the line of vision from greyish yellow to yellowish
brown, the pubescence paler above and behind the wing-base ; no
black hairs on upper surface of dorsum. Upper part of pleura>
with dark rufous-tawny, nearly black, pubescence, narrowing in
width towards wing-base ; lower part of pleurae with a narrow
band of whitish pubescence, below which the pubescence is black.
Scutellar pubescence concolorous with that of dorsum. Abdomen
black, with long dense brownish-orange pubescence ; sides of 3rd
segment with black pubescence, which is broader anteriorly,
extending across the venter ; isolated long black hairs on hind
margins of 2nd, 3rd, and 4th segments ; 4th and remaining seg-
ments with numerous black hairs, scattered irregularly. Venter
with whitish pubescence, crossed by the transverse band of black
hairs on 3rd segment, and with a similar median longitudinal
band. Legs dull orange ; coxae and trochanters black ; fore
femora (except narrowly at tip), basal half of middle pair, and
basal third (less on upper side) of hind femora black ; tarsi
blackish, but pale on first two joints for a greater or less distance ;
fore coxae with long dense brownish-white pubescence, middle
pair with less dense and darker pubescence, hind pair with blackish
pubescence ; femora with long but not dense blackish pubescence
on about basal half, also with shorter greyish pubescence merging
into adpressed almost scaly pubescence; hind femora with a row
of about eight long black bristles on basal half below, and smaller
ones on apical half ; fore tibiae with three posterior pairs with
four rows of 12 to 20 small black bristles in each row ; fore tibia*
with three, middle pair with five, hind pair with a circlet of small
black spurs ; tarsi minutely bristly ; pulvilli dirty whitish, em-
podium reduced to a minute spine ; claws rather long, black.
Wings clear, with an oblique baso-costal band covering the whole
of the base, and extending distally in gradually but irregularly
diminishing width, ending at about tip of 2nd vein. Roughly
speaking, the hind border of the darkened part emits four short
but not conspicuous extensions with sloping sides respectively
over the alula, over upper branch of 5th vein, up to about middle
of 1st posterior cell, and just before tip of 2nd vein ; alar squamae
brown, margin darker, with long fringe; halteres small, orange,
knob black.

$ . Mainly as the c? . Frons at widest part about half width
of head, narrower above, with long thin yellow hairs and short
adpressed scaly pubescence, which latter is absent on the centre
part and for a transverse space above antennae ; upper part of
irons with short brownish pubescence and long black hairs. The
stripe of dark hair across the lower part of pleurae paler than in <J ,
seldom blackish. The black bristles on hind borders of abdominal
segments more conspicuous; anus with an outer ring of black
and an inner fringe of short tawny ones.

Length, 8 to 12 mm.

BOMBYLIUS. 267

The above description is compiled from Verrall's in his 'British
Flies.' Typical specimens occur in the Himalayas in April and
May, with others exhibiting minor variations, and the species is
not at all uncommon in the Simla Hills.

208. Bombylius erectus, Brvm.

liombylius erectus, Brunetti, Rec. Ind. Mus. iii, p. 480, pi. xii,
fig. 27 (1909).

c? $ . Head : irons covered with short bright yellow hairs,
with two arched rows of stiff black bristles, one just above, the
other just below, the antennae, and reaching from eye to eye; sides
of face with rather long, silky, cream-coloured hair ; lower part of
face light grey, with long snow-white hair ; mouth-border reddish ;
antennae black ; back of head with yellow hairs ; eves bare, dis-
tinctly excavated behind in the middle. Thorax cinereous black,
with (in semi-denuded condition) traces of n thick yellow pile, an
elongated bunch of strong black bristles at the side, in front of
the wings ; sides of thorax with long greyish-white hairs, and
yellowish hairs immediately below the wings. Scutelluin ferrugi-
nous, black at base, with a row of strong black bristles round the
posterior edge, with yellow hairs below it ; dorsum with yellow
hairs. Abdomen apparently blackish brown, thickly clothed with
yellowish and whitish hairs, which are generally yellowish on the
basal segments and apical one, and generally whitish on the others,
but variable; sides of 3rd and 4th segments with thick tufts of
white hairs, and the sides of the 5th segment with a tuft of black
hairs, posterior borders of 2nd and subsequent segments each
with a row of closely-placed, black, strong, erect spines, forming
two arcs when viewed from behind ; venter blackish, dorsum of
segment with white pile, some black spines towards the tip.
Leys blackish brown, with small spines and a silvery sheen seen
in certain lights. Wings absolutely clear, extreme base slightly
tawny, a small row of black bristles at base of costa ; tegulae pale
yellow, with a narrow fringe of yellow hairs ; halteres light
brown.

Length, 8-12 mm.

Described from thirteen rf <S and twelve $ $ from Bangalore.

Types in the Indian Museum collection; co-types in the British
Museum and my collection.

209. Bombylius maculatus, F.

Bombylius maculatus, Fabricius, Syst. Ent. p. 803(1775) ; "Wiede-

mann, Auss. Zweifl. i, p. 342 (1828).

tf $ . Head in rf black ; eyes contiguous for nearly one-third
the distance from vertex to antennae, leaving a rather larg^
vertical triangle bearing a few black hairs ; the ocelli large, red,
well separated ; frons with elongate white or yellowish-white
scales ; face clothed with long snow-white bristly hairs ; autenn®

268 BOMBYLlID.i:.

black, 1st joint about 2| times length of 2nd, with some fine
yellowish-white hairs, 2nd with very few short black bristles, 3rd
more than double length of 1st and 2nd together ; underside of
head with soft snow-white hairs ; occiput with long snow-white
scales. In 5 , frons forming one-third of head at level of antennae,
barely narrower at vertex; covered, as face is also, with long
snow-white scales, intermixed with long white or yellowish-white
bristly hairs. Thorax black ; a pair of faint bluish well-separated
narrow stripes visible on the denuded surface ; dorsuni covered
towards all sides with narrow flat-lying hair-like scales, and a
further clothing of long scale-like bristly snow-white pubescence ;
probably in perfect specimens the whole dorsum thus covered,
possibly less densely in middle ; a large fan-shaped bunch of
bristly white hairs behind and below wing-base. Scutellum large,
subtriangular, apparently clothed like thorax. Abdomen black,
with microscopic flat-lying black scales and a row of dark brown
bristly hairs on hind margins of 2nd and 3rd segments, intermixed
on 3rd segment with long yellow bristles ; 4th and 5th segments
with yellow bristles on hind margins ; from the 2nd segment
onwards a large patch of small snow-white scales at the base
towards each side, and from at least the 3rd segment onward a
similar patch in the middle of each segment's hind margin ; at
sides of 2nd segment (behind the white scale-spot) and extending
over the whole side of the 3rd segment (beyond the white scale-
spot) a bunch of long dark brown bristly, almost scale-like,
pubescence ; black hairs surround the tip of the abdomen. Legs
black ; coxa? with long whitish bristly hairs in front ; femora
more or less clothed with white scales, tibia} with traces of them
Wings clear ; costal cell yellowish, whole base of wing as far as
humeral cross-vein dark brown ; some white scales at base of
costa in addition to the usual patch of dark brown ones ; thoracic
squamae dark brown, with a long fringe of snow-white bristly
pubescence ; alar squama and adjoining hind margin of wing for
a short distance with small pale brownish or yellow scales ;
halteres black.

Length, 6-7 mm.

Kedescribed from one rf and two $ 2 in the Indian Museum
from Chatrapur, and Balighai, near Puri, 16-20. viii. 1911.
Specimens seen from Bellary, 31. viii. 1912, and Coimbatore,
S. India, 1. vii. & 7. viii. 1912 (Fletcher).

Type in Fabricius's collection.

210. Bombylius comastes, Brun.

Bombylius comastes, Brunetti, Rec. Ind. Mus. iii, p. 225 (1909).
d. Head with eyes contiguous for a short distance (about
10 facets); vertex blackish grey, with erect long stiff black hairs,
ocelli shining brownish yellow ; frons densely covered with long
black bristles, a small patch of elongate snow-white scales on each
side contiguous to upper eye-margin ; face with long black bristles

BOMBYLIUS.

and an elongate patch of very long snow-white scales running;
somewhat diagonally across each side from eye-margin nearly to
centre of face ; antennae black, 1st joint with long bristly pubes-
cence ; mouth-o'pening large, grey, with some short pale hairs on
margin; proboscis black, as long as abdomen ; occiput black, some
small snow-white scales on eye-margins ; vertex with a bunch of
long black, hairs. Thorax velvet-black, with a thick collar on
anterior margin of elongate yellowish scales ; rest of dorsum with
very dense dark brown pubescence of moderate length, some
whitish pubescence along hinder margin. Scutellum covered with
very small scales, which appear bright emerald-green or pale violet
according to the direction of the light. A tuft of long snow-
white scales behind wing-base. Abdomen black, with (apparently)
long dark brown bristly pubescence on dorsum towards and on
sides, where it becomes much longer, thicker, and almost scaly ;
a small tuft of snow-white scales towards sides at base of 2nd
segment ; 4th segment with a bunch of very long snow-white
scales towards each side at base, and a smaller bunch in centre on
hind margins of 4th, 5th, and 6th segments. Venter black, with
rather long soft whitish hairs in the centre and (apparently) some
small snow-white scales; rather bare towards sides, but the very
long pubescence of the dorsum and actual sides of the abdomen
curve under the venter to some extent. Legs dark brown or
black ; coxae with yellowish-grey hairs ; femora and tibia3 with
numerous small glistening snow-white scales; soft hairs below
anterior femora ; hind femora and posterior tibia3 with spiny
bristles. Wings quite clear, costal and subcostal cells yellowish ;
halteres black ; squamae yellowish, with short white fringe; veinlet
closing 1st posterior cell in a straight line with discal cross-vein.

$ . Head as broad as thorax ; frons dark olive-brown, distinctly
but not greatly narrower at vertex than at level of antennae, where
it forms one-third the width of the head, apparently covered in
good specimens with small snow-white scales ; face with long
brilliantly snow-white scales ; 1st antenual joint with rather long
black pubescence, softer than in d1 ; two oval callus-like elevations
on frons, contiguous to eyes and vertical triangle ; occiput more
thickly covered with longer snow-white scales than in cf ; ocelli
bright red. Dorsum of thorax covered with very small, brilliantly
shining, emerald-green depressed scales with violet reflections ; a
patch of small snow-white scales behind the humerus and below
the wing-root ; two or three such patches of scales on pleurso ;
with rather long yellowish pubescence intermixed; dark brown
pubescence of dorsum sparse ; scutellum covered with small
emerald-green scales with violet reflections and some rather long
black pubescence. Abdomen black, whole surface closely covered
with very small brilliantly shining violet scales, showing a bronze
tint in certain lights, also a row of stiff black hairs towards hind
bolder of each segment. In all else as in J •

Length, tf 7-8 ; $ 5 mm.

270 BOMBYLTID-*.

Eedescribed from two J c? and one $ in the British Museum
from the Bombay Presidency (E. B. Fry), and the original type
in the Indian Museum.

211. Bombylius albosparsus, Big.

Bombylius albosparsus, Bigot, Ann. Soc. Eut. France, (7) Ixi, p. 362
(1892).

<5 . Antennae black, facial pubescence thick, silvery white ; frons
black, with silvery pile, and two small tufts of the same colour.
The whole body velvety black, anterior part of thorax with dense
short grev pubescence. Abdomen with numerous white hairs
intermixed, tip with long thick white hairs. Halteres and legs
black ; wings nearly clear.

$ (denuded) like d . Frons wide, with four spots formed by
silver pile ; proboscis longer than head and thorax together.

Pondicherry. Length, 5i mm.

Type in the Bigot collection.

212. Bombylius vicinus, Brun.

Bombylius vicinus, Bruiietti. Kec. Ind. Mus. ii, p. 480 (1909).

$ . This species is so closely allied to terminalis that I had
almost decided to regard it as the $ of that species. The
differences, however, appear sufficient to be specific. The hair on
the front is more whitish, that on the back of the head uniformly
greyish yellow, very dense, the posterior orbit of the eyes is
snow-white with minute white hairs; first antennal joint pale
yellow, second somewhat lighter than in terminal™ ; base of
proboscis yellow. The hairs on the thorax appear whiter, those
on the sides and underside being quite white. The scutellum,
posterior portion of the thorax, and the abdomen are covered with
rather short brownish-yellow hairs. Some white hairs at the
base of the abdomen at the sides and a few white hairs at the tip,
but no snow-white pile at the tip of the abdomen. Legs as in
terminalis.

Lenyth, 4 mm.

Described from a unique $ in the Pusa collection from
Allahabad, 3.iv. 1906 (Hewlett).

213. Bombylius terminalis, Bwn.

Bombylius terminalis, Bruiietti, Rec. Ind. Mus. ii, p. 479 (1909).
c? . Head with vertex of moderate size, dark grey ; eyes con-
tiguous for two-thirds of the distance from the vertex to the
antennae, reddish brown. Antennae wholly black ; 1st joint
longer than 2nd ; 3rd nearly double the 1st and 2nd together,
bearing a short, minute bristle; 1st and 2nd joints with pale
hairs. Frons and face with yellowish hairs, and snow-white pile
around the antennae, lower part of head white, with white hairs ;

BOMBTLIUS.] 271

proboscis black, 3 mm. long; back of head with short yellowish
hairs above and white hairs below. Thorax thickly clothed with
yellowish-grey hairs ; scutelluni similar, the dark body-colour
being visible through the hairs on both thorax and scutellum ;
sides of thorax with similar hairs, which become whitish on the
underside. Abdomen with thick yellowish-grey hairs, which are
thinnest on the dorsum and thickest at the sides, becoming
whitish towards the tip of the abdomen, the last two segments of
which are covered with brilliant snow-white silvery pile and some
whitish hairs ; venter with yellowish-grey hairs, white towards
tip. Leys pale yellow7, the femora and tibiae showing a slight
whitish reflection in certain lights ; tips of all the tarsi black, the
hind tarsi mainly brownish ; a few soft hairs below the femora
and a row of about six well -separated spines on underside of hind
pair; tibiae with minute spines, which are longest on hind pair.
Winys clear, veins towards base yellowish ; discal transverse vein
placed at one-third of the discal cell ; first posterior cell closed
half-way between border and origin of fork of fourth longitudinal
vein ; halteres yellowish white.

Length, 5 mm.

Described from a 3 in the Pusa collection, captured by
Mr. F. W. Hewlett at Allahabad, 3. iv. 1906 ; a second <J from
Lahore, iii. 1908.

So far as his brief description goes, my species agrees fairly
well with Bigot's albosparsus, but he distinctly says " legs and
halteres black," which makes it appear to be a different species.

214. Bombylius fulvipes, Big.

Sombyliusfulvipes, Bigot, Ann. Sue. Ent. France. Ixi, p. 362 (1892) ;
Brunetti, Rec. Ind. Mus. ii, pp. 457, 478 (1909).

$ . Bead : frons at the level of the antennas occupying one-third
the width of the head, narrowing at vertex to one-fourth, clothed
with short golden-yellow pubescence and some longer brownish-
yellow hairs ; underside of face with rather close golden-yellow
hairs of moderate length; month-border bright lemon-yellow,
with moderately long yellow hairs. Antennae black ; 1st joint
rather long, sub-cylindrical, widening gradually to the tip, with
some long yellow hairs on outer side ; 2nd joint sub-cylindrical,
barely half as long as the 1st, with short black hairs ; 3rd joint
twice as long as 1st, bare, partly flattened vertically, and "pinched''
just before the middle, terminating in a very short whitish blunt
style. Ocelli on a small prominence on the absolute vertex, equi-
distant; eyes black, bare, facets small, uniform: back of head
covered with rather long bright yellow hairs. Thorax covered
with rather long yellowish-grey hairs, extending entirely over the
sides and scutellum ; ground-colour of both dorsum and scutellum
black. Abdomen densely covered with pale yellowish-grey hairs,
which become whitish on the tip ; ground-colour blackish ; venter
with close, pale yellowish-grey hairs. Legs : coxa? closely clothed

272 BOMBYLIIDjE.

with yellowish-grey hairs ; femora, tibiae, and base of tarsi pale
tawny ; extreme base of femora and apical half of tarsi black ;
anterior femora with only a very little soft hair below, hind pair
with a row of six or seven moderately strong black spines below ;
all the tibia? irregularly beset with short black bristles, which
become spinose on the hind pair ; and all the tibia? have a circlet
of very short black spines at the tip. Wings hyaline; upper
basal cell only a little, but distinctly longer than the lower one ;
costal cell and base of wing as far as the origin of the basal cells
tawnv yellowish ; the colour then, gaining an admixture of
blackish, extends to three-fourths of the upper and the whole of
the lower basal cell, leaving the whole discal cell quite clear ; thence
extending to the posterior margin of the wing, filling the basal
halves of the anal and axillary cells and the whole of the alula? ;
the discal cross-vein is almost imperceptibly suffused. The first
posterior cell is closed just before the border. %<

Length, 5-6 mm.

Described from a perfect single specimen in the Pusa collection,
captured by Mr. F. M. Hewlett at Allahabad, 19. x. 1905. Other
specimens from Belgaum, Bombay, 11. ii. 1912 (Fletcher) ; Lahore,
Talewaddi, 3- 10.x. 1916, and Castle Bock, 11-26. x. 1916, both
IN". Kanara Distr. (Kemp).

Though I cannot be absolutely sure of the identity, I think the
present specimens are almost certainly Bigot's species.

215. Bombylius propinquus, Brun.

Eombylius propinquus, Brunetti, Kec. Ind. Mus. iii, p. 22G (1909).

<$ $ . This species closely resembles terminalis, mihi, but,
intermixed with the yellowish-brown soft hairs on the front part
of the head, are numerous long black bristly hairs ; there is no
snow-white pile around the antennae; the lower part of the head
is brownish yellow (not white), and without white hairs, the base
of the proboscis is yellow, and there is no snow-white pile at the
tip of the abdomen. The wings have a blackish-brown baso-costal
band, occupying nearly half the surface of the wing ; 1st posterior
cell closed at some distance from the border. The proboscis is
4 mm. long ; the whole insect only 5 mm.

Type in my collection ; taken at Haragama, Ceylon, i. 1908.

Three in the British Museum from Trincomali, 24. ii. 1891, and
Mahagany, 8. ii. 1891 and 20. xii. 1891, Ceylon (Col. Yerbury).

This species is also allied to fulvipes, Big., but the different
marking of the wing at once separates them. Described originally
from a 6 in my collection from Ceylon. I stated that the all-
black antenna? separated it readily from ricinus ; but though this
is the case in the type, four males from Gruindy, Madras, un-
doubtedly belonging to the same species, show that the antennae
are normally more or less pale on at least the underside of the
1st and 2nd joints, and vary from wholly pale to blackish on the

BOMBYLIUS. — DISCHISXUS. 273

upper side. Two rf c? and 1 5 in the British Museum bear
this out.

In the $ the frons forms one-third the width of the head at the
Jevel of the ante'nnse, slightly but definitely narrower at vertex,
yellowish grey, covered (as is also the face) with long silky yellowish
scaly pubescence, with which on at least the frons are intermixed
some black bristles; 1st and 2nd antenual joints on both upper
and lower sides brownish yellow.

This species is easily distinguished from both terminates and
vicinus by the dark brown baso-costal band covering approximately
half the wing.

Genus DISCHISTUS, Lw.

Disc/iistus, Loew, Neue Beitr. iii, p. 45 (1855).

Bombylisoma, Kondani, Dipt. Ital. Prod, i, p. 164 (1856) ; nee

Rond., Arch. Zool. Modena, iii, p. 67 (1863).
Bombylosoma, Marshall, Nomencl. Zool. p. 323 (1873).
Bombyliosoma, Verrall, apud Scudd, Nomencl. Zool. p. 47 (1882).

GENOTYPE, Bombylius minimus, Schrk. ; by present designation.

This genus differs from Bombylius solely by the 1st posterior
cell being open instead of closed. D. ardens, Walk., has apparently
not been recorded since its discovery, and must be regarded as a
species requiring corroboration as really Indian. The brilliant
scales of D. resplendens will easily distinguish it from Walker's
species.

llanyc. Europe, Asia, Africa, South America, and Australia.

216. Dischistus resplendens, Bru-n.

Dischistus resplendens, Brunetti, Eec. Ind. Mus. ii, p. 481 (1909) :
id., op. cit. iii, p. 226 (1909).

6 $ . Head : face below antennas rather prominent, black ;
antennas black, very elongated, 1st joint very long, 2nd very
short, both with long black hair, 3rd longest of all, flat, with
parallel sides and a minute white style at tip ; proboscis strong,
black, as long as head and thorax together. In the <S the eyes
are contiguous from just below the vertex nearly to the antennae,
facets very smsill, those above and towards the front being rather
larger ; the whole face is clothed with soft long greyish hairs,
surrounded by a fringe of stronger long bristly black hairs placed
round the inner orbit of the eyes ; vertex wholly occupied by the
ocellar tubercle and a tuft of long black hairs, the three ocelli
being placed in contact with the eyes ; underside of head with
soft black and grey hairs ; back of head with a thick fringe of
long soft yellowish-grey hairs and a single row of long black hairs
on the extreme ocular orbit. In the $ the frons is one-third
the width of the head, black, with sparse long black hairs and
with a number of small brilliant emerald-green and rose-pink
scales, intermixed and lying close to the surface ; these are also

t

274 BOMBYLIID.E.

very numerous on the back of the head, where the dense grey
hairs are replaced by a moderately thick fringe of pale yellow
hairs ; face shining black, bare ; mouth-border pale yellow, bare :
underside of head with soft greyish-white hairs. Thorax and
scutellum denuded, but ground-colour black, and dorsum sur-
rounded in front, at the sides, and behind with a dense border of
thick grey hairs in the c? , or a much sparser border in the $ ;
the dorsum shows signs of having been covered lightly with
yellowish-grey hairs ; attached to the surface of the dorsum of
both thorax and scutellum are a number of small brilliant bright
green scales, with a lesser number of rose-pink similar scales ;
both coloured scales extend numerously over the sides of the thorax.
In the 3 a quantity of soft black hairs on the sides just below
and in front of the wing-insertions. Abdomen similar to the
thorax, with similarly coloured scales. In the c? the shoulders
have a bunch of nearly white soft hairs, with a fringe of yellow

Fig. lo.—Dischisdts resplendens, Brun., wing.

hairs between them ; the sides with thick nearly white hairs. In
the $ the shoulders have yellow instead of white hairs, and the
coloured scales appear more numerous. In both sexes some long
black hairs occur over the dorsum, and the venter is black, with
grey hairs and a few coloured scales. Leys black ; tibise and
metatarsi pale brownish yellow, with short spines, hind pair
darker ; tarsi with rather long black bristles. Wings rather dark
grey, brownish on anterior part ; venation normal ; halteres
blackish ; tpgula) brownish, with yellowish-grey fringe.

Length, 5-6 mm.

Described from one d1 (type) from Dharampur, Simla Hills,
5000 ft., 6-8. v. 1907, and five $ $ from Sukhwani, Nepal,
15. ii. 1908, Nairn Tal, 14-17. iv. 1907, and Mergue, Assam ; all
the specimens being in the Indian Museum. It is common at
Dehra Dun in March and April ; Theog, Simla Hills, 14. v. 1909 :
and in the British Museum from Maha^any, Ceylon, 15. ii. 1891
{Col. Yerbury).

217. Dischistus ardens, Walk.

Bombylius ardens, Walker, List Dipt. Brit. Mus. ii, p. 284 (1849).
" Body black, clothed with long bright tawny hairs ; head
clothed with brown hairs in front and about the base of. the
feelers, which, like the mouth, are black ; the latter is more than
half the length of the body ; eyes piceous ; legs ferruginous,
clothed with black hairs and bristles; thighs darker than the

BISOHISTUS -- STSTCECHUS. 275

shanks; feet piceous; wings colourless, dark brown at the has

"s veSng obLSu° f ^ I"6 b°rderS J the b°rder of this brown
^ery oblique, and it slants towards the hinder base of the
wng; its outskirts are confined to the sides of the croL-veins
Ming-ribs and veins piceous ; poisers tawny

y™S0f the ""'

Genus SYSTffiCHUS, Lw.
Systaec/tus, Loew, Neue Beitr. iii, p. 34 (1855)

(Europe); byCoquil-

This genus differs from Bomlylius chiefly by the two basal cells
being practically equal in length, owing to the position of the
anterior cross-vein near the base of the discal cell Eyes in rf
sometimes separated by a narrow frons. Tip of 3rd antennal
joint without the small obvious style present in Bombulius

^S^JKw** " Sald ^ ^ 10ngei< and m°re ragged tha"

Range. AVorld-wide.

Fig. 16. — Systcechus, Lw., win".

Life-history. The early stages of S. autumnalis and S. oreas, a
European and North American species respectively, have been
observed by Portchinsky and by Eiley. The larva? live in the
<?gg-cases of locusts ; they are whitish, cylindrical, ampbipneustk-,
and 13-segmented, much as in Bomlylius. The pupa? also
resemble those of that genus.

TaUe of Species.

1 . Legs with at least femora black ; abdomi-

nal spines black 2.

Legs wholly or principally yellow 3.

2. Pubescence pale to bright yellow socius, Walk., p. 276.

Pubescence nearly white nioalis, Brim., p. 277.

v>. First and 2nd antennal joints brownish
yellow; femora and tibia? wholly bright
brownish yellow; abdominal spines [p. 277.

yellow JlavosptROtut) sp. n.,

Antenna? all black; femora brownish. . . . eupogonatus, Big., p. 278.

* This is so in many species ; 1 cannot vouch personally for the constancy
of the character.

270 ISOMBYLlID.i:.

The distinctions between these alleged species are not at all
clear. I have not seen eui>oyonatus, which may be the same as
socius, the words "legs reddish, femora brownish" being applicable
to a specimen with the femora more brown than black ; whilst
the rest of the description would apply quite well to AValker's
species. My nivalis differs from sowts only in the nearly white
pubescence, and may represent only an individual variation . There
may, therefore, be only two species, sociits and jf?auo«p*no«tt«, with
the addition of an undescribed one in bad condition in the British
Museum.

218. Systcechus socius, Wall:

Bombylius tocius, Walker, Ins. Saund., Dipt. pt. 3, p. 201 (1852).
Systcechus socius, Bruuetti, IJec. Jnd. Mus. ii, p. 458 (1909).

cT 2 • Head blackish grey ; eyes in <5 distinctly but narrowly
separated at nearest point of approximation ; vertex with
numerous short stiff hairs; ocelli reddish; frons with long
black bristly pubescence ; face in tf with a few long whitish
scales, more or less depressed, amidst numerous long dark brown
bristles ; in $ , with a considerable quantity of long bristle-like
whitish scales extending from eye to eye; mouth-opening with
dense long blackish-brown scale-like bristles, some whitish pubes-
cence around lower part of mouth-opening, which is itself whitish ;
lower part of head whitish grey, with dense elongate very thin
white scaly pubescence ; antennae black, 1st joint with long dark
brown bristles ; probo-cis black, as long as the head and thorax
(not scutellum) together; back of head with very dense long
bristle-like scales, varying from pale to bright yellow ; lower eye-
margins with whitish scales. Thorax black ; dorsum, pleurae, and
scutellum wholly covered with dense elongate scales forming a
close thick pubescence, varying from nearly whitish to deep
yellow, almost orange, that below the shoulders being generally
deeper in shade than that on the thoracic dorsum ; scutellum with
hind part always more or less reddish brown, sometimes practically
entirely so ; a row of yellow spines on hind margin. Abdomen
black; densely covered \\ith similar bristle-like pubescence to
that of the thorax ; a row of black spines near hind border of
each segment from the 3rd onwards ; venter black, with long
pale yellow hair-like scale." ; base of some of the middle segments
often reddish brown. Legs : femora black, with minute whitish
scales ; tibiae paler or darker brown, sometimes blackish at tips,
especially the hind pair; tarsi black, underside pale brown.
\V-ings pale grey; base, costal cell, and the veins on basal half
brownish ; halteres cream-yellow.

Length, 7-11 mm.

Redescribed from several of each sex in the British and Indian
Museums, the Pusa and my own collections.

This species extends from the Himalayas to Ceylon: Kashmir,
1915 (II. T. Pease); Dehra Dun, xi." 1907 (Li. -Col. ll'i/ville

81-STGSOHUS. 277

Thomson], iv. 3914, common (Ghatterjee) ; Theog, Simla Hills,
14. v. 1909; Ivumaon, 18 & 27. v. 19 12; Bhowali, 5700 ft.,
iii. 1910 (CluMerjee) ; Runjit Valley, Sikkim, v. 1894 (Lt.-CoL
C. T. JBingJtamf: Kangra Valley, 4500 ft., x. 1899 (Dudgeon);
Ooimbatore, 30. v. 1912 ; Hadagalli, Ceylon, x. & xi. 1911.

Type in the British Museum.

The colour of the pubescence is so variable that I am inclined
to think my nivalis may be an extreme form. The proboscis in
nivalis is distinctly longer than from the tip of the frons to the
tip of the scutellurri.

Mr. T. B. Fletcher finds that the larvae prey on the eggs of
the Deccan grasshopper.

219. Systcechus nivalis, B,-un.

Sytt&dau nivalis, Brunetti, Rec. Ind. Mus. vii, p. 472 (1912).

d1 . Head with frons and face blackish grey, darker above, both
thickly covered with long black bristly hairs. Antennas rather
long, black ; 1st and 3rd joints subequal, each abqut three times
iis long as the 2nd ; first two joints cylindrical, 3rd much more
slender on apical half. Proboscis Arery long, labium reaching to
middle of abdomen (actually bent backwards to this distance
below the body in the rype), labrum shorter; palpi extremely
short and slender ; underside of head dark grey, with whitisli
hairs. Thorax and abdomen closely covered with pale yellowish
grey, almost white, bristly pubescence, which is more yellowish
on anterior part of former and whitish on pleurae and apical part
of abdomen ; underside of thorax and abdomen with whitish hair.
Legs black ; tibi* from the base, for the major part, brownish
yellow. Wings pale grey, costal cell a little darker grey ; base of
wing a little yellowish.

Length, 9 mm.

Described from a unique cf in the Indian Museum from
Airadeo, Kumaon Distr., Western Himalayas, 31. v. 3912 (Imms).

Possibly a variety of sodas, AValk.

220. Systcechus flavospinosus, sp. nov.

$ . This species differs from S. sodus only as follows :— Face
wholly covered with long dense silky yellowish scales, no black
bristles ; 1st and 2nd antennal joints brownish yellow, 1st with
some long pale hairs ; 3rd rather shorter and broader basally than
in sodas; scutellum almost entirely b rick -red ; spines on hind
margins of abdominal segments yellow, not black ; femora and
tibiee wholly bright brownish yellow, tarsi gradually darkening to
brown at tips.

Length, 7 mm.

One $ in the British Museum from the South Shan Status,
Upper Burma, 4000 ft., xi. 1899 (U.-Col. C. T. Bingham).

278 BOMBTLlIDyE.

221. Systceclms eupogonatus, Big.

Systcechus eupogonatus, Bigot, Ann. Soc. Ent. France, Ixi, p. 365
(1892).

" d1 . Antennae black, 1st joint covered above with long blackish
hair, and below grey ; face dull vellow, with grey hairs above, hairs
on lower part long, black, and thick. Frons black, with long black
hairs. All the body covered with thick pale yellow pubescence.
Scutellurn black, reddish at tip; halteres tawny, knobs whitish.
Legs reddish, femora brownish, with grey tomenturu. Wings
nearly clear.

"§. Frons grey, with grev pubescence; proboscis a little
longer than head and thorax together. India." (Bigot.)

Length, 10 mm.

Types in the Bigot collection.

Genus ANASTOECHUS, O.-S.
Anastccchtis, Osten-Sacken, 'Western Diptera,' p. 251 (1877).

GENOTYPE, Bombylius nitidulus, F. (as barbattts, O.-S.) (Europe);
by original designation.

This genus differs from Bomlylius by both basal cells being of
equal length. The dense furry pubescence of the underside of the
head distinguishes it from SystoKclms (which also has the basal
cells subequal in length), but not from Bombylius.

llanye. Europe, Asia, North Africa, North America, and India.

Only one Oriental species has been recorded.

222. Anastcechus longirostris,

Anasta-chus longirostris, Wulp, Notes Levd. Mus. vii,p. 85 (1885).

$ . " Small, black ; pubescence of head and body white, of frons
brown ; abdomen with several black bristles ; proboscis longer
than head and thorax ; legs pale yellow ; wings grey, base and
costa yellowish ; 5| mm.

" Near the American A. barbalus, O.-S. The thorax and
abdomen more slender; head broader than thorax, with dense
long white hairs on face and dark brown or blackish on frons.
Antennas black ; terminal stvle of latter as long as the pyriform
3rd joint ; end of style a little thickened. Proboscis black, as
long as two-thirds of body. Thorax and abdomen thickly clothed
with long yellowish hairs, with u. white reflection, amidst which
are some long black bristles on the sides of the abdomen. Legs
and halteres pale rufous. Wings greyish, yellowish at base
and costa; at the beginning of the ccsta is "a comb of black-
tipped yellowish hairs. Venation as in A. barbatus. One $
from the Himalayas (Felder)" (van der Wulp.}

This species is unknown to me.

279

Genus GERON, Mg.
Geran, Meigen, Syst. Besch. ii, p. 223 (1820).

GENOTYPE, Bombylius hybridus, Mg. (Europe) ; bv original
designation.

Head semicircular, narrower than thorax and set low down on
it ; epistome short ; mouth-opening large ; proboscis prominent,
horny, curved, with narrow labella ; eyes in c? contiguous, widely
.separated in $ . Antennae porrect, approximate at base, longer
than head ; 1st joint long, cylindrical ; 2nd very short ; 3rd as
long as 1st, spindle-shaped. Thorax oval, considerably arched,
projecting forward ; thinly pilose or with microscopic tomentum ;
scutellum triangular. Abdomen extremely short, conical, tip
pointed, thinly pilose. Legs slender, minutely pubescent. Winys
with 3rd longitudinal vein forked ; anterior cross-vein beyond
middle of discalcell, erect ; two submarginal cells ; three posterior
cells ; anal cell nearly reaching border of wing; anal vein attaining
the border.

Range. World-wide.

Life-history unknown.

The two Indian species are thus distinguished : —

Legs pale brown ; tibiae paler ; length 2£-4 mm. argentifrons, Brim.
Legs pale tawny; coxse, tips of femora, and

hind tarsi black ; length 5 mm albescens, Brun.

223. Geron argentifrons, Brun.

Geron argentifrons, Brunetti, Rec. Ind. Mus. ii, p. 482 (1909).
d1 . Head with eyes contiguous from the very reduced raised
vertex to antennae, facets of moderate and uniform size ; vertex
with several long black hairs of variable lengths ; ocelli well
separated, pale brown ; frons covered with dull yellowish oblong
scales, lying flat on surface, and with a second clothing of silvery-
white scales ; face bluish white, with silvery reflections seen from
above, as are also the lower eye-orbits ; some long black hairs on
face ; upper side of mouth-opening yellowish ; occiput black,
with long brownish-grey liairs. Antennas black, tip of 1st and
2nd joints sometimes very narrowly whitish, 1st joint about double
as long as 2nd ; 3rd distinctly longer than first two together ;
basal joints occasionally pale. Thorax black, with long brownish-
grey or yellowish-grey pubescence, through which can be seen
a lower clothing of very short yellow scale-like hairs ; pleurae
bluish grey, with whitish-grey pubescence. Abdomen clorsally like
thorax, sides with numerous silvery-white scale-like hairs ;
apparently the whole dorsum normally covered with long hairs,
which maybe thicker and longer at the sides ; venter like dorsum,
except that the long hairs are a tittle shorter. Legs normally dark
brown or blackish ; tibiae always paler, varying in shade from
yellowish to moderately dark reddish brown ; femora apparently

280 BO11BYL1IJL*.

(and probably coxae also) covered with small silvery-white scales :
tibiae with small yellowish scales, short black spines and a circlet
of them at tips, which are a little darker ; tarsi black, with usual
pubescence, metatarsi partly or almost wholly pale. Wings quite
clear, iridescent; veins pale yellow; squamae pale yellow, with
short hairs ; halteres large and prominent, clubs egg-shaped, from
nearly white to bright yellow.

$ . Frons at vertex forming one-fourth the width of the head,
covered with bluish-grey dust and with very small yellow or
yellowish-white scales ; a cluster of silvery -white scales around
base of antennae ; face as in d1 , except that the long hairs are
white, not black. Underside of first two antennal joints pale.
Posterior femora and apical part of fore pair, also all the tibia?,
pale yellowish.

Length, 2|-4 mm.

Redescribed from type c? from Lahore, 9. v. 1903 (Annandalt),
and three other <5 c? , also three $ $ , all (except type J ) from
Pusa, Bengal (Hewlett, etc.), where it is common, March to May.
Also from Alinora, Kumaon Distr., 5500 ft., v-vi. 1911 (Paiva) ;
Parel, Bombay Presid., 26. xi. 1909. In the British Museum
from four places in Ceylon, Trincomali, x. 1890, and Nilavelli,
31.viii.1890 (Col. Yerbury); Pundaluoya, ii. 1898 (Green);
Madulsima, 19. v. 1908 (T. E. Fletcher).

This species is parasitic on caterpillars found under the bark of
the sissoo-tree (Dalbergia sissoo) ; it also occurs on the pipal.

Types in the Indian Museum.

224. Geron albescens, Brun.

Geron albescens, Brunetti, Rec. Ind. Mus. iii, p. 229 (1909).
<5 . Head black ; eyes contiguous almost to antennae, frontal
triangle extremely small, upper facets slightly larger than lower
ones ; vertex elevated, small, with a few short black hairs ; ocelli

Fig. 17.— Geron albescens, Brun.; lateral view of head.

red; mouth black, grey bordered; face small, squarish, black,
with some snowy-white scales on each side of base of antennae ;

GERON.— USIA. 281

proboscis black ; antennae black, relative length of joints as in
argent ifrons, tips of first two joints narrowly pale, with greyish
hairs ; occiput black, with long yellow hairs above and greyish
ones below ; hind margin of eyes with small white scales. Thorax
velvet-black, dorsum covered with bright yellowish hairs, which
are greyish on the grey shoulders ; underside ash-grey, with long
grey hairs and some grey scales ; scutellum black, yellow-haired.
Abdomen black, with minute bright yellow fine scales and hairs ;
hind margins of segments with long deflexed grey hairs ; whole
dorsum with long thin greyish pubescence, which is denser at the
sides ; venter wholly covered with small silvery-white scales and
long grey hairs. Legs with coxae and fore femora black, former
with grey hairs ; posterior femora and all tibiae pale tawny ; tarsi
black, middle metatarsi more or less pale at base ; legs almost

Fig. 18. — Geron albescens, Brun., wing.

bare except for a few short hairs below femora and the usual
minute tibial bristles. Wings quite clear, veins pale yellowish on
basal half; halteres yellowish, knobs bright pale yellow.

Length, 5-8 mm.

Redescribed from the original type from Balugaon, Puri Distr.,
Orissa, 14. xii. 1908 (Gaunter), and a second J from Tambi,
Satara Distr.; Bombay, 2100 ft., 22-26. iv. 1912 (Gravely), both
in the Indian Museum.

^.-The only definite character by which this species differs from
argentifrons seems to be the pale posterior femora in the J and
the larger size.

Genus USIA, Latr.

r/«Vi, Latreille, Hist. Nat. Crust. Ins. xiv, p. 300 (1804).
Volucella, Fabricius .(nee Geoff.), Ent. Syst. iv, p. 412 (1794); id.,
Syst. Antl. p. 114 (1805) ; Meigen, Klass. i, p. 194 (1804).

GENOTYPE, Volucella florea, F. (Europe) ; by Rondani's desig-
nation.

Rather small bare or nearly bare flies, sometimes of metallic
ground-colour, sometimes with yellow and black markings. Head
hemispherical, small, set rather low on the thorax; epistome
short, proboscis prominent, at the base membranous, apical part
horny with extremely narrow labella ; palpi short, united to the
basal part of the membranous portion, which is entirely with-
drawable within the mouth-border. Antennas short, porrecl,
hardly longer than head, approximate at base ; the first two joints
subequal ; 3rd elongate, spindle-shaped above, blunt, with spines

282

BOMBi'LllD-E.

and a short apical style. Eyes in both sexes normally distant,
but sometimes contiguous in d" . Thorax oval or nearly rounded,
arched ; scutellmn short and broad. Abdomen of seven segments,
short oval, broader than thorax. Legs rather stout, bare, without
spicules. Wings in rest, halt' open ; venation as in Geron.

Range. Europe, Asia, North Africa.

Life-history unknown.

The two Indian species are distinguished as follows : —

Thorax with two or three elongate light grey

spots on anterior margin stdophila, Brun.

Thorax with anterior margin broadly light
grey, produced posteriorly as four short
stripes maryiiuita, Brun.

225. Usia sedophila, Brun.

Usia sedophila, Brunetti, Rec. lud. Mus. iii, p. 227 (1909).

cJ. Head: vertex prominent, black, shining, with a few erect
long hairs ; ocelli distinct, whitish ; eyes black, bare, contiguous
for more than half the distance from vertex to antennae ; facets in
front and above distinctly larger than those behind and below,
but no distinct dividing line. Antennae black, bare, except for an
occasional hair ; first two joints short ; 3rd somewhat flattened,
but thick and slightly curved, elongate, and with a peculiar notch
towards the tip on upper side, in which is a single hair. Proboscis
about twice the length of the head, black, cylindrical, stiff, straight,
bent upwards at tip, bare, except for a few minute hairs at tip ;
face dark greyish, with some stiff black hairs on each cheek, and

Fig. 19. — Usia sedophila, Brun., wing.

a long elevated shining black callus between the median line and
the eye-margins ; back of head black, not produced behind margins
of eyes, with long sparse black hairs, continued on underside of
head. Thorax dull black, velvety on dorsum, with some black and
pale hairs towards the sides, and three whitish-grey elongate spots
on anterior border, of which the middle one is often absent, and
the outer ones are occasionally indistinct or absent also; lower
part of thorax more or less dark grey ; scutellum black, with
some erect light tawny hairs. Abdomen dull black, conical ; 1st
segment narrow, wholly black ; the remaining six broader, but of
diminishing length and breadth to the tip, and with a rather
bright yellow narrow posterior border to each segment ; dorsum

USIA. 283

comparatively bare, but the sides of the abdomen with pale yellow
hairs. Genitalia small, inconspicuous, conical, blackish. Venter
blackish, posterior margins of segments whitish grey. Leys
uniformly black; very shortly pubescent ; femora with some soft
hairs; hind tibiae with short bristles. IVinr/s nearly clear ; sub-
costal cell pale yellow ; venation normal ; halteres dark brown or
blackish, knobs large.

$. Head: eyes separated by a wide frons equalling one-third
width of head ; upper half of frons, as also whole back of head,
greyish yellow, the latter with black hairs as in c? ; upper half of
frons with a row of hairs near margin of eyes; vertical triangle
distinct, dark , two narrow fuscous vertical lines from the vertical
triangle to an irregular transverse dark streak dividing the upper
from the lower half of the frons, the latter part being more ash-
grey and unmarked ; lower part of the head greyish ; proboscis and
mouth larger than in J,thus narrowing the cheeks considerably.
Thorax yellowish grey, with a median pair of narrow fuscous
lines, with a broader outer stripe, more or less divided into three
spots, the anterior one small and conical, the other two more
elongate ; also an indistinct central line between the median pair
of narrow ones, and a small spot above the insertion of the wings;
sides of thorax cinereous grey ; scutellum yellowish grey, with
some yellow hairs as in tf . Abdomen black, bare ; posterior
margin of segments rather broadly yellow ; sides with a little less
hair than in rf ; venter blackish ; ovipositor pale yellow, in-
conspicuous. Leys and wings as in c? .

Length, 2f-3| mm.

Described from several of both sexes taken by Dr. Annaudale
at Simla, 16. v. 1909, where it was common on ' Sedum roguUtuni
(white stonecrop) ; the species was not seen anywhere except on
this plant. Phagu, 18-21. v. 1916 (Annandale).

Types in the Indian Museum.

226. Usia marginata, Brun.

Usia marginata, Brunetti, Eec. Ind. Mus. iii, p. 228 (1909).
rf. Head with eyes contiguous for a shorter space than in
sedophila, black, bare ; upper facets larger than lower, and more
sharply defined from one another than in sedophila ; frons ash-
grey, small, with a few black hairs ; vertex prominent, with some
black hairs, ocelli distinct : front margins of eyes and cheeks
with long black hair, which is considerably thicker on the under-
side, and which extends over the whole of the back of the head.
Antennae as in sedophila, but the third joint with a pale ring at
the base, giving the appearance of a minute basal joint, and the
tip bears on its upper side a minute style-like process, just beyond
the subapical depression ; 1st joint with some bristly black hairs
2nd with one or two minute hairs, 3rd bare. Thorax (lull
black, almost velvety, covered lightly on dorsutn, and more thickly

284 UOMBi'MIDJE.

in front and at sides with long black hairs ; anterior margin of
thorax broadly whitish grey, which in the centre is produced
posteriorly into four narrow stripes, of which the outer pair just
reach the suture, the inner pair being very slightly shorter ; sides
of thorax black, with long black hairs, and the whitish-grey colour
of the anterior margin of dorsum extends downwards somewhat
below the shoulders. Abdomen dull black, posterior margins of
segments narrowly yellowish, with the colour continued over the
sides and across the venter ; a row of grey hairs on posterior
border of segments, and the sides of the abdomen with rather
thick whitish-grey hairs ; venter concolorous. Leas black, minutely
pubescent ; femora with rather long soft black hairs on upper and
lower sides ; hind tibi«3 very shortly bristly. Wings nearly clear ;
subcostal cell very pale yellow ; halteres pale brown, clubs chalk-
white.

Length, 4 mm. »

Described from one J taken by Dr. Annandale at Simla,
10. v. 1909, in company with the previous species. A second
specimen with the same data; both in the Indian Museum.

Genus PHTHIRIA, Mrj.

Phthiiia, Meigeii, Illig. Mag. ii, p. 268 (1803).
Megapaipw, Macquart, Hist. Nat. Ins., Dipt, i, p. 394 (1834).
Dasypalpus, Macquart, Dipt. Exot. ii, pt. 1, p. 112 (1840).
Cyclorhynchus, Macquart, Dipt. Exot. ii, pt. ], p. 114 (1840) preocc.
Phtyria, Rondani, Arch. Zool. Modena, hi, p. 05 (1863).
PcBfilognathia, Juennicke, Abh. Senck. Nat. Ges. vi, p. 3/30 (1863).

GENOTYPE, Bombylius pulicariua, Mikan (Europe) ; by original
designation.

Head in d1 nearly ' semicircular, in $ nearly circular, not
broader than high viewed from in front, about as wide as thorax ;
face broad but short down the middle, because the large and
rather wide mouth-opening extends up between the wide side
cheeks ; frons in $ broad, depressed in the middle ; three ocelli ;
eyes in tf contiguous or subcontiguous, in 5 wide apart. Pro-
boscis long, thin, almost bristle-like, directed forwards in a slight
arch, labella very small ; palpi rather short and thin. Antenna?
porrect, shorter than head, approximate at base; 1st and 2nd
joints short, subequal in length ; 3rd elongate, peg-shaped, Avith a
terminal style (sometimes indistinct). Thorax oval, longer than
broad, slightly arched, in d1 with fairly long erect dense pubes-
cence, without bristles; in 5 with only short depressed pubescence;
pleura? with only slight pubescence, except for a rather dense tuft
on the mesopleurae ; metapleurae bare ; scutellum large, semi-
circular. Abdomen 7-segmented, conical in <5 , ovate and rather
flattened in $ ; pubesceuce as on the thorax in 5 . Leys long
and thin, entirely without bristles except for some tiny spicules on
the hind tibia3. Wings longer than abdomen ; 1 st basal cell

pimiiaiA. 285

considerably longer than 2nd, 3rd vein forked, the 2nd sub-
margiual cell elengate ; anterior cross-vein at about middle of
discal cell ; anal cell closed just before \viug-border.

Range. World-wide.

Life-history unknown.

The adults occur on bare patches of ground among low-growing
flowers, and on Composite.

227. Phthiria gracilis, Wall:

Phthina gracilis, Walker, Ins. Saund., Dipt. pt. 3, p. 194 (1852).

<5 $ . Head in c? b)ack ; vertex very small, dark grey, with
three or four short black hairs; ocelli dark ruby-red, shining;
eyes closely contiguous for nearly all the distance to the small
protruding triangular dark grey frons, which bears a few black
hairs; mouth-opening extremely large, extending from immediately
below base of antennae to lower part of head, black; face and
under part of head black, both with long black hairs : antennae
black ; 1st and 2nd joints as long as wide, subglobular, with two
or three short black hairs each, 3rd joint narrower, flattened,
about two and a half times as long as first two together, with
microscopic depressed pubescence and a short style-like prolonga-
tion at tip on upper side; proboscis as long as whole body, black,
slender, gently curved ; palpi half as long as head, porrect, black.
Head in $ bright orange-yellow ; frons at vertex about half as

Fig. 20.— Phthiria gracilis, Walk., wing.

wide as at level of antenna3, where it forms nearly one-third the
width of the head ; a broad black stripe from vertex to above
antennae, sometimes wholly interrupted in middle ; ocelli distinct ;
sides of face between antenna? and eyes blackish ; occiput black,
broadly orange behind eye-margins, the colour not extending
behind the vertex. Thora.r in d1 dark blackish brown, with a
little short dark brown pubescenbe, which is longer towards the
sides of thedorsum; scutellum concolorous. In 5 greenish grey,
lower margin of dorsum rather broadly though somewhat irregu-
larly pale yellowish ; scutellum yellow, with a small blackish spot
at base. Abdomen in <5 black, with long black hairs, hind margins
of basal segments more or less narrowly yellow. In $ yellowish,
with short, brown, not very obvious pubescence ; base of segments

286 BOMBYLIIDJE.

more or less broadly blackish, the colour confined to the middle of
the disc on the basal ones, but extending to nearly or quite the
full width in the others. Venter and genitalia in both sexes
black, with some soft hairs. Legsm <S all black ; in $ yellowish;
hind pair and anterior tarsi blackish ; all legs devoid of pubescence,
except for a few short hairs below tip of posterior femora. Wings
brownish in c? , very pale grey in $ , almost clear : subcostal cell
yellowish for some distance from tip ; halteres yellowish, knobs
blackish ; thoracic squamae very large, yellowish, with a fringe of
pale hairs.

Length, 4-5 mm.

Redescribed from one <5 and three $ $ from Simla, x. 1908
(F. M. Hewlett).

Type in the British Museum.

Subfamily TOXOPHOKIN^.

Head moderately transverse, rounded behind eyes, as wide as
or a little wider than thorax, generally considerably depressed.
Eyes in d contiguous or subcontiguous, the front facets some-
times enlarged, no indentation in middle of hind margin ; in $
widely separated. Face usually produced over the long narrow
mouth-opening; proboscis generally long, slender, or short and
thick in some (non-Oriental) genera '(Cyllenia.); palpi long and thin
in Toxophora, short in some genera. Antennae closely approximate
at base, porrect, as long as or longer than head. Vertex with a pair
of strong bristles in Toxopliora. Thorax very humped, with scaly
pubescence in some genera and strong side bristles in Toxophora :
scutellum rather large and with strong marginal bristles in
Toxophora. Abdomen tubular and elongate, much curved down-
wards, so that the whole body seen in profile forms nearly half a
circle. Leys with strong bristles behind hind femora in most
genera, but on apical half only in Tuxophora ; there are some
exceptions. Tibia? generally with conspicuous bristles or spicules
on hind pair. Wings with the 2nd longitudinal vein looped or
not near its end ; two or three submarginal and three or four
posterior cells ; anal cell closed at some distance from the border
in Toxophora, open in some genera. Alulae and hind angle of
wing well developed in Toxophora, weak or absent in some genera :
squanife generally with only a slight fringe, but Toxophora has a
long rigid one.

The principal characters of this subfamily are the structure of
the antenna?, the usually humped thornx. the' long narrow abdomen,
and three posterior cells. The limits of the group are not well
defined, and the species all appear to be uncommon.

TOXOPHOUA. 287

Genus TOXOPHORA, Mg.

Toxophora, Meigen, Illig. Mag. ii. p. 270 (1803).

GENOTYPE, A$ilus maculatus, Eossi (Europe); by Meigen's
designation (Klass. 1804, p. 273).

Head semiglobular, as broad as thorax, placed low on it ;
epistoma short ; proboscis porrect, horny, with narrow labella ;
palpi long, filiform, thicker at base. Antennae very Jong, promi-
nent, horizontal, approximate at the base ; 1st joint cylindrical,
as long as 2nd and 3rd together; 2nd cylindrical, about half as
long as 1st ; 3rd shorter tlian 2nd, awl-sliaped. Eyes in c?
contiguous, in $ wide apart ; three ocelli. Thorax oval, extremely
arched, hump-backed; scutelium broad and sbort. Abdomen a
little narrower than thorax, 7-segmented, elongate, conical, arched
downwards, pointed at tip ; generally with yellow or whitish
transverse bands. Leys rather stout, moderately long; tibiae
strongly bristly ; tarsi with two pulvilli. Wings with 3rd vein
forked abruptly ; three submarginal cells, three posterior cells ;
1st basal cell much longer than 2nd ; anterior cross-vein at or
just beyond middle of discal cell ; anal cell closed just before
border; alula rather small.

Range. South Europe, Asia, Africa, "North and South America.

Life-history unknown.

These are moderately large, slightly pubescent, rather bristlv
flies of a peculiar hump-backed appearance, closely covered with
scales on many parts of the body.

228. Toxophorajavana, Wied. (PI. Ill, fig. 16.)

Toxophora jamnd, "Wiedemann, Dipt. Exot. p. 179 (1821) ; id.,
Auss. Zweifl. i, p. 363 (1828) ; de Meijere, Tijd. v. Ent. liii,
p. 66 (1910) ; Brunetti, Rec. lud. Mus. ii, p. 458. pi. xii, tig. 28
(1909).

3 $ . Head in c? with eyes contiguous nearly to antennae,
leaving a small protruding irons concealed by the bunch of long
thin bright yellow scales surrounding base of antennas; vertex
very small, black, with a pair of strong ocellar bristles; face
blackish, with a white shimmer seen from above ; mouth-orbit
whitish ; proboscis about If times length of head ; antennae over
twice length of head, 1st joint about aa long as 2nd and 3rd
together, black, covered with very small brown scales lying close
on the surface, and, at least on 1st joint, with more elongate and
less depressed silvery scales, on 2nd joint a number of elongate
dark brown scales, on 3rd a considerable amount of dark brown
hairs ; occiput black, whole middle part with dense elongate
conspicuous bright chrome-yellow scales, which extend laterally
to the eye-margins, and sometimes are continued upwards behind
the eye ; below these scales is a clothing of very small oblong pale
brown scales resting flat on the surface, apparently entirely
covering it; on lower part of occiput a large bunch of very
elongate bristle-like yellow or whitish-grey scales. In $ , frons

288 BOMBYLIHK*:.

at vertex about one-fifth of the greatest width of the head,
broadening distinctly to base of antennae. Thorax black, with a
coating of verv small oblong brownish scales lying flat on the
surface, and a further clothing of dense short bright chrome-yellow
hair-like scales covering (presumably) the entire thoracic and
scutellar dorsum, this vestiture being a little shorter and longer
towards the sides : pleurae covered (apparently entirely) with
similar scales of greyish- white colour. Abdomen black, with a
layer of small brownish scales as on the thorax, and a clothing of
closely-placed, moderately elongate, yellow overlapping scales,
evidently covering the entire dorsum and sides in perfect speci-
mens ; sides of 2nd segment with four or five long, slightly curved,
yellow bristles. Venter bearing at least a broad median stripe of
similar scales, which are greyish white ; hind margins and sides
of all the segments with small bright yellow scales ; whole venter
sometimes covered with small whitish scales, more densely so on
hind margins of segments. Legs black ; coxae with white scaled
on front sides, hind pair with three long yellow bristles on outer
sides ; femora and tibiae closely covered with small brown scales
as on the body ; anterior femora on hinder and undersides, hind
femora on outer and undersides, with small overlapping silvery-
white scales ; hind pair with a few small black bristles below ;
tibiae with several rows of strong bristles, outer sides with small
depressed whitish scales, their extent apparently variable; all
tibia} on inner side with a row of rather longer, dark brown,
somewhat outstanding scales, and with a circlet of apical spines ;
tarsi black, with short black bristles below. Under moderate
microscopic power the whole surface of the tarsi is seen to be
covered with extremely minute black scales. Wings grey, more
or less brownish on anterior part, sometimes distinctly so as far
hindwards as the 4th longitudinal vein ; sometimes the colouring
much restricted or almost entirely absent, leaving oolv the trans-
verse veins slightly suffused ; halteres pale brownish yellow ;
thoracic squamae whitish, with a long fringe of white hairs.

Length, 5-6 mm. (excl. antennae).

Eedescribed from one c? in the Pusa collection (Allahabad,
Howlett} and one rf and three $ $ in the Indian Museum,
Calcutta, 7. v. 1907 (Gaunter), 7. rii. 1907 ; Allahabad, 21. ii. 1906
(Howlett); Guindy, Madras (Capt. Crayg). De Meijere records
it from Krakatua, Java.

Ti/pe in Westermann's collection.

The colour of the body-scales in this species is sometimes
uniformly bright yellow and sometimes wholly snow-white; in
some specimens scales of both colours are present in variable
proportions, those on the thorax and forming a broad median
stripe on the abdomen being yellow, whilst those on the pleurae
and sides of the abdomen are white. Probably in perfect
specimens the whole thorax and abdomen are covered with scales ;
but when a specimen is partly denuded, the form usually taken is
of a median aud lateral stripes of scales and more or less complete
transverse bands of them on the hind margins of the segments.

SYSTROPUS. 289

Subfamily SYSTROPIN.E.

Head distinctly transverse, occiput excavated, bare ; three
ocelli on small but distinct tubercle ; neck short ; eyes in both
sexes contiguous, bare (with rare exceptions), no indentation at
middle of hind margin, front facets in $ rather larger than in $ .
Frontal triangle small, bare ; face narrow, one-sixth width of the
head at its upper and lower part, and narrowing to one-eighth of
the head in its middle, bare. Mouth-opening long and narrow,,
extending nearly to the antennae ; proboscis long, slender, porrect,
from as long as, to twice the length of the head ; palpi small.
Antennae very elongate, thin, porrect, as long as head and thorax
together, closely approximate at base and barely diverging till the
end of the very long 1st joint, which forms half the full length
of the antennae ; 2nd joint one-third of 1st ; 3rd wider, cigar-
shaped, with no style or arista. Thorax much arched, especially
in front, nearly bare, no bristles, a large prealar depression on each
side ; sides of thorax bare or with slight tomentum ; scutellum
rather small, slopirtg ; metanotum concealed, except a peculiar
pale-coloured membranous tubercle on each side. Abdomen very
long and thin, cylindrical, 9-segmented in <S , 8 in $ , bare.
Genitalia in cf rather knob-like, in $ sharply compressed. Legs
comparatively short and thin ; hind pair much longer and rather
thicker ; legs generally bare, except for three rows of spiculesand
a few short spurs on hind tibiae, and some " plantar"* spines on
the tarsi. In some species there is a spine below the middle-
of the hind femora. Wings with anterior cross-vein beyond
middle of discal cell ; two, nirely three, submargiual cells ; three
posterior cells, always open ; 3rd longitudinal vein widely forked ;
anal cell closed; alulae absent, base of wing cuneiform; teguke
absent or minute ; halteres long and conspicuous.

The affinities of this subfamily are not definite, there being no
close relationship to any of the others. Only two genera and
about forty species are known. The extremely long attenuated
abdomen and long thin hind legs, three posterior cells, elongate
antennae, and bare body characterise them.

Genus SYSTROPUS, Wied.

Systropus, Wiedemann, Nova Dipt. Gen. p. 18 (1820); Loew,

Fauna Sudafr. p. 200 (1860).

Cephenes and Systrophus, Latreille, Fam. Natur. p. 496 (1825).
Cephenus and Sijstrophopus, Karsch, Zeits. f. d. ges. Naturw. liii,

p. 656 (1880).
Xystropus, Verrall, apud Scudd. Nomencl. Zool. p. 355 (1882).

GENOTYPE, Systropus macilentus, Wied. (S. Africa) ; by original
designation.

Body extremely attenuated, with long narrow wings and com-
paratively short anterior legs, hind legs very long; practically

* I quote Verrall here.

290 BOMBTLHDJE.

bare species. Head as broad as or broader than thorax ; eyes
reaching from top to bottom of the head, closely contiguous in
both sexes ; facets very small, of uniform size ; vertex reduced
almost to a point ; three ocelli ; frons and face forming an isosceles
triangle, slightly prominent at base of antennae, entirely bare ;
antennas very long, 1st joint very long, cylindrical, 2nd less than
half as long, cylindrical, 3rd joint flattened, style absent; pro-
boscis very long and thin, porrect, the bifid tip curled backwards ;
palpi thin, short, concealed within or but slightly projecting
from mouth-opening. Thorax a little longer than broad, with
rounded corners, dorsum slightly arched, lower part of metathorax
enormously developed, the hind coxae set at its lowest point ;
scutellum broad, very short. Abdomen, except the triangular
basal part of 1st segment, very attenuated, about one-fourth as
wide as and three or four times as long as thorax ; 8-segmented,
tip more or less clubbed ; genitalia small. Anterior legs com-
paratively short and thin, hind legs long and thin, stretching
considerably beyond tip of abdomen ; the femora, tibia?, and tarsi
of about equal length ; metatarsus as long as rest of tarsus ;
pulvilli small ; legs bare, except for some moderate-sized bristles
on hind tibiaa. Wings long and narrow, cuneiform at base ;
alulae entirely absent ; auxiliary and 1st longitudinal veins very
long, closely approximated ; praefurca very sliort ; 3rd vein
widely forked near tip of wing ; two, rarely three, submarginal
cells, and only three posterior cells ; discal cell present, anterior
cross-vein just beyond its middle ; anal cell closed at some
distance from margin of wing ; anal vein long, straight, reaching
wing-margin.

Range. Africa, Asia, Korth and South America.

Life-history. Westwood (Trans. Ent. Soc. 1876, p. 571) de-
scribes the cocoons of a moth and the pupa of an African species
of Systropus (S. crudelis, 'Westw.), found on a accacia-tree in
Nntal. The cocoon is oval, slightly flattened on the side attached
to the tree, seven lines long, the outer surface smooth, and at
one end is a circular piece which is easily removed, allowing the
perfect insect to escape. The cocoons were probably of an
"Egger" moth,* and inside each was a well-formed Systropus
pupa possessing a strong frontal projection (apparently for the
purpose of forcing off the lid of the cocoon). The head bears a
long appendage below (probably the antennae and proboscis).
The abdomen is robust, convex, bearing a transverse row of
spines on each segment, which doubtless also assists its escape
from the cocoon. In one of the specimens the imago was seen
in the act of escaping from its pupa skin, and Westwood notes
that the mouth-parts during emergence consisted of four delicate
lancet-like pieces. These doubtless united subsequently to form
the proboscis. Westwood (Plate x) gives several figures of the
pupa and perfect insect.

* [More probably a Limacodid of the genus Parana.— ED.]

SYSTKOPUS.

291

[p. 291.
ophtoncus, Westw.,

edwai'dsi, sp.n., p. 294.

Table of Species.

Hypopleura black, with distinct grey pubes-
* cence.
Frons distinctly wider below than above ;

a yellowish spot on posterior calli

Frons with nearly parallel sides ; no pale

spot on posterior calli

Hypopleura practically bare, yellow on an-
terior half, black posteriorly.
Thorax mainly yellow, with a heart-shaped

median black spot with short anterior

stripe, two spots toward humeri, and

a cuneate one at base of wing; occiput

yellow ; hind tibiae yellow, a brown

stripe on outer side and subapical [p. 294.

blackish ring ; halteres yellow eumenoides, Walk.,

Thorax mainly black, with yellow marks ;

occiput black, a little grey-dusted ; hind

tibiae black, base narrowly brownish

yellow, tips broadly yellow ; halteres

with club black, narrowly yellow- [p. 295.

bordered flavipleura, sp. 11.,

229. Systropus ophioneus, Westw.

Systropus ophioneus, Westwood, Trans. Eut. Soc. v, p. 233, pi. xxiii,

fig. 6 (1849) ; id., op. cit. p. 574 (1876).
Systropns migricaudus, Brunetti, Rec. Ind. Mus. ii, p. 483 (1909).

c? $ . Head with vertex reduced almost to a point; eyes black,
bare, contiguous for rather more than half the distance from the

Fig. 21. — Systropus opJiioitcus, Westw.

vertex to the antennae, gradually diverging until at the mouth-
border they occupy nearly one-third the width of the head ;

u2

292 BOMBYL1ID.E.

facets small, of uniform size ; the frons and face combined appear
as an isosceles triangle, the inner portion being very deeply
retracted, leaving a broad white margin on the three sides ; above
this the antennae are placed on a slight yellowish-white (almost
quite white) prominence, and from the cavity below protrudes the
long black proboscis, 3| mm. long, which is brown at the base
belusv. Antennae with first joint white at the extreme base,
becoming immediately pale yellow, graduating into orange,
Avhich forms the centre part, and deepening into black for about
the apical third ; the whole joint with scattered short black
spines ; second joint half the length of the first, wholly black,
closely covered with black spines ; third joint all black, quite
bare, slightly shorter than the first. Back of head silvery white,
with some short white hairs. Thorax black, finely punctate, with
very sparsely scattered, very short, golden-yellow hairs : two
rather narrow central grey stripes run close together from the
anterior margin to the middle, where they coalesce and continue
united to the posterior margin ; these stripes are only visible
when viewed from behind. On the shoulders are placed three calli,
the upper and largest one being almost bisected, the intermediate
one very small and triangular, the lower one as large as the upper
and also triangular ; the upper one is contiguous to a more or
less oblong spot on the dorsum, directed inwards and backwards ;
the remaining calli are placed vertically beneath the upper one,
all being contiguous 1o one another, the lower ones touching the
concolorous fore coxae ; all these spots are pale yellowish white.
A scale-like callus is placed in front of the wing, and is yellowish
white on the anterior half, and black on the remainder, which
reaches back to the posterior callus which is yellowish Avhite.
Below this callus is a small round yellowish-white scale ; by the
side of the scutellum and below the wing is an orange-yellow
scale-like process, connected by a thin membrane to the just-
mentioned scale. The sides of the thorax are black, with a
few blackish-brown hairs and some whitish-grey hairs in front of
the insertion of the wings and a larger quantity of longer similar
hairs on the large sternopleura. Scutellum black, finely punctate,
posterior half with some grey hairs. Abdomen at base wider than
the scutellum, rapidly contracting posteriorly, forming a triangle ;
black, finely punctate on dorsum, with some very short grey
hairs ; at the sides are much longer hairs, both black and grey ;
second to fifth segments (inclusive) very narrow, dorsum black,
sides and venter orange-yellow, fifth slightly widening at tip;
sixth, seventh, and eighth segments widened into an elongated
club, but the segments themselves are all shorter than the others,
the eighth being shortest of all ; sixth segment orange, seventh
and eighth reddish brown. The whole abdomen at sides with
very short, scattered, golden-yellow hairs; on dorsum with
microscopic black hairs, and the last three segments with very
short black hairs, which are also present on the posterior borders
of these latter. The anal appendage ( d" ) withdrawn within the

SYSTKOPUS. 293

ninth segment (which latter is peculiar to the d only, in accord-
ance with Osten-Sacken's views in the Biol. Cent.-Amer., Dipt,
i, p. 157), consists of an orange process bearing an upper pair of
jet-black conical claspers, there being also an orange-coloured
plate projected from tlie eighth segment, bearing a very small pair
of black conical claspers at the tip. Legs. Coxa : fore pair wholly
pale yellowish white, bare ; middle pair yellowish white, with a
large black mark on the outer side, on the basal half, and bearing
a few dark hairs ; hind pair black, with a little pale colour on inner
side below. Femora : fore pair pale yellowish white, with a dark
brown streak behind, about the middle; middle pair black, ex-
treme base and tip pale yellowish white; hind pair with basal
half pale yellow, deepening to orange on the apical hall', extreme
base black above. Tibia? : fore pair pale yellowish white, bare ;
middle pair similar, but with a few very black spines at the tip ;
hind pair yellowish orange, streaked here and there with black
above, with irregularly-placed black spines, and with a circlet of
some short black spines at the tip. Tarsi : anterior ones pale
yellow, upper side blackish on apical half ; hind pair black,
minutely pubescent, slightly yellowish at extreme base, and with
a row of minute black spines below. Wings light brownish grey,
unmarked ; halteres lemon-yellow.

Length, 17-23 mm.

I described this species as nigricaudus from a J and $ in the
Indian Museum from Soondrijal, Nepal, and Mussoorie respec-
tively, and a second $ in the Pusa collection also from Mussoorie.
Further specimens from Ivalimpong, Darjiling Distr., 600-4500 ft.,
24. iv.-lU. v. 1915 (Gravely): Peshoke Spur, Darjiliug Distr.
(Lister) ; Mussoorie, ix. lyOO ; Shillong, 4900 ft., 27. vi. 1918.

After the careful examination of several specimens there seems
no doubt that my nigricaudus is identical with opliioneus, which
appears to show considerable variation in the extent of yellow in
the antennae, the size and extent of the thoracic spots and their
frequent union by short connecting-bands, and in the presence
or absence of the streak on the middle tibia3, besides minor
differences.

In the type of nigricaudus (Nepal) the 1st autennal joint and
basal half of 2nd is yellow ; the thoracic spots, three on each side
of the dorsum, quite separate, the humeral one reaching down to
the front cox.se ; the scutellum is wholly black ; the 1st abdominal
segment also all black ; the four anterior femora have more than
the basal half black ; the fascia on the middle tibia} is not obvious,
but the inner side from base to tip bears minute black bristles.
In another specimen (Darjiling) the first two antenna! joints are
yellow ; the spots on the humeral, prealar, and posterior calli are
ioined by a distinct yellow band, the anterior spot extending
broadly to the fore cox'se ; the scutellum is all black, except for a
distinct yellow hind margin; the first abdominal segment fill
black ; the fascia on the middle tibia) absent. In a third specimen
(Kalimpong, Darjiling District) the antennas are black, except the

294 BOMBYLIIIXE.

major portion from the base of the 1st joint ; the two anterior
pairs of thoracic spots are hroaclly joined, the humeral pair
extending downwards to the front coxae ; the cuneate hinder
spots are isolated ; the scutelluvn black, hut the underside of the
hind margin is yellow ; nearly the whole of the club of the
halteres is black, leaving a narro\v yellow margin ; the inner side
of the middle tibiae is distinctly brownish, with tiny black bristles.

23". Systropus edwardsi, sp. nov.

c? . Near, but quite distinct from, ophioneus. Antennae black,
except 1st joint which is brownish basallv ; face with nearly
parallel sides. Dorsal spots on thorax as follows : — A humeral
nearly square one, with a piece cut out of the front side ; this
spot connected by two small ones with the yellow propleura as in
ophioneus, also extended along dorsal margin, narrowing to %a
point, turning upwards and nearly reaching wing-base ; all these
spots bright yellow ; no spot on posterior corners of dorsum, but
the margin in that neighbourhood showing yellowish traces ; a
little yellowish about wing-base and contiguous to 1st abdominal
.segment, but the pleura practically all black. Sides of abdomen
orange or brownish yellow to the tip, including last segment and
genitalia. Anterior legs pale yellow, showing darker traces on
upper side of femora.

In all else as in opliioneus.

Length, 22 mm.

Described from a unique c? in the British Museum from
Taung-ngu, Burma, xi. 1889 (Lt.-Col. 0. T. Ringham).

231. Systropus eumenoides, Westw.

Systropus eumenoides, AVestwood, in Guerin's Mag. Zool. p. 4, pi. 90
(1842) ; id., Trans. Ent. Soc, pi. x, figs. 13, 14, 15 (1876).

"Antennae yellow, 1st joint at tip, and 2nd and 3rd joints
black ; face and back of head yellow. Thorax yellow, a median
short stripe in front, a large heart-shaped spot in centre of disc,
two small spots near humeri, and two wedge-shaped others at
base of wing, black.

"Yellow, black-marked. Abdomen with 1st segment black
above, the four next, yellow, with a narrow median interrupted
brown stripe ; two last segments black, with yellow hind margins ;
halteres yellow. Wings pale yellow, cost'a hardly darkened;
veins just behind the costa yellow, the others brown. Eour
anterior legs yellow, tarsi black above at tip ; hind femora brownish
yellow, hind tibi;o yellow, a brown short stripe on outer side, and
a blackish subapical ring ; tarsi with a short brown stripe above.''
(Westwood.)

Length, 18 mm.

North part of India.

Type in the British Museum.

295

232. Systropus flavipleura, sp. nov.

J $ . Differing from opliioneus in having the antennae all black,
except the 1st joint which is indistinctly pale at base. Thoracic
markings as follows : — Dorsum black ; a diagonally-placed humeral
spot, its inner end bluntly pointed ; two small contiguous spots
immediately below its anterior end and touching the all-yellow
propleura ; an isosceles triangular spot on posterior corner of
dorsum connected by a narrow yellow line with a good-sized spot
just before wing-base. Front side of sternopleura bright yellow,
the colour continuing up to the 1st abdominal segment ; hinder
side of lower part of thorax yellow, with a median black stripe.
Sides of first four abdominal segments bright golden yellow,
remainder of abdomen dark brown.

Lencjtli, 22-28 mm.

Described from two specimens in the British Museum.

The type J from the Lower Ranges, N. Khasi Hills, Assam,
1878 (A. Chennell). The second specimen is a $ and bears no
data. The Indian Museum possesses one specimen from Sikkim.

Family THEREVID^E.

Head about as wide as thorax, nearly semicircular, neck short,
occiput slightly puffed out. Eyes bare, contiguous or subcontiguous
in c? , wide apart in $ ; frons generally more or less produced
about base of antennas, and, with the face, bare or pubescent ; three
ocelli. Proboscis rather prominent, of moderate size, rather thick,
upturned; labella broad ; palpi un jointed. Antenna? often showing
excessive or even monstrous development, approximate at base,
3-jointed,* with usually an apical style ; sometimes slender and of
considerable length (Phycus} ; sometimes the 1st joint enormously
developed, longer than the head.f The only head-bristles are
postocular, and some at the extreme back of the head.

Tliorax subquadrate or slightly longer than broad, slightly
arched, generally with dense pubescence, which is normally
longer and thicker in the <$ . The macrochsetao are: 2 to 6 pre-
sutural, 1 or 2 supra-alar, 1 strong postalar, 1 or 2 pairs prescutellar,
other dorso-central bristles generally absent. Scutellum distinct,
semicircular, with four (rarely two) strong bristles on hind
margin.

Abdomen of seven segments (rarely more) ; generally elongate-
conical and in most species with dense pubescence, which is more
erect in the d1 than in the $ ; no macrochastae. GTenitalia in rf

* Some authors (as Mik) have claimed four joints in TJiereva, Lundbeck
even admitting five, but this is incorrect. The 3rd joint sometimes has u
basal stimulation, which has the appearance of a joint, and the style
sometimes the appearance of being divided.

t Xcstomyza and others ; no genus of this kind is Oriental.

296 THEKEVIDjE.

moderately large; in 2 l°ng? shining, with a circlet of spines at
tip as in many ANTHRACIN^; and ASILID^.

Legs rather long and thin, with bristles of moderate size ;
anterior tibiae with two or three longitudinal rows of bristles,
hind tibiae with four rows ; all tibiae with a circlet of apical spines ;
pulvilli two or none, empodium reduced to a thin bristle or
absent.

Wings witli a rather uniform venation ; 1st and auxiliary veins
not extending much beyond middle of wing ; praefurca beginning
at some distance before base of discal cell ; 2nd vein simple ; 3rd
forked, the fork generally including the wing-tip • upper branch of
4th vein forked ; 5th vein forked ; anal vein present and generally
axillary vein also ; anterior cross-vein placed at about middle of
discal cell, which latter is always present ; posterior cross-vein
present. Two submarginal, five posterior cells, 4th sometimes
closed. " Squamae with only the alar pair developed, but they
are rather large and peculiarly folded, so that the strongly-defined
margin is angled about the middle, and gives the impression of
there being two pairs of squamae." (Verrall.)

Life-history not definitely known, although on several occasions
specimens have been alleged to have been bred from Lepidopterous
larvae (Sphinx, Triph&na, Aleiicls). Larvae very elongate, cylin-
drical, very active, vermiform, with exserted head ; body apparently
of 19 or 20 segments, probably caused by subdivision of true seg-
ments, ainphipneustic, with prothoracic spiracles on 2nd body-
segment, and a posterior pair at sides of 4th segment from tip ;
last segment small; no pseudopods, but a few fine bristles on first
three body-segments. Pupa free, bearing antennal sheaths on
front side of head. The larvae are found in the earth or in sand,
sometimes in decaying wood, occasionally in fungi, turnips, or
dung; they are said to be carnivorous. The perfect insects occur
chiefly in shady places, on bushes and low-growing plants,
Walker and Williston stating that they prey on other insects,
although no sufficiently attested case of the kind is known ; and
they are also stated to be cannibalistic in captivity. Beling and
Bouche have supplied most of our knowledge on this subject.

The THEUEYID*; occur in all parts of the world, but are most
numerous in Europe and North America. They are easily
recognised by their usually furry appearance, subconical shape,
and unmarked wings, and can be distinguished from their nearest
allies, the BOMBYLIID^;, by the five posterior cells and the presence
of the posterior cross-vein. Many species are objects of great,
beauty; amongst Indian representatives of the family may be
noted Psilocephala sequa, Walk., which is covered with nearly
snow-white pubescence and performs aerial dances in many places.
Although the Indian species (except one or two Psilocephala)
appear quite distinct, the family is noted for the exceedingly close
affinity of some species, characters which at first sight would
appear trivial being constant and of quite good specific value.

THEREVA. 297

Table of Genera.

First autennal joint nearly as long as head . . PHYCUS, Walk., p. 306.
First antennal joint much shorter than head.
Face and frons with long dense pubes-
cence THEHEVA, Latr., p. 297.

Face bare ; frons bare, or with com- [p. 302.

paratively short pubescence in J PSILOCEPHALA, Zett.,

Genus THEREVA, Latr.

Thereva, Latreille, Precis Car. Gen. Ins. p. 167 (1796) ; id., Hist.
Nat. Crust. Ins. iii, p. 441 (1802).

GENOTYPE, Musca plebeja, L. (Europe).

Head semicircular, placed closely on thorax ; frons slightly
produced towards antennae, densely pubescent in tf , shortly so
in $ , a transverse shining black callus present in £ ; face sloping,
covered thicldy (as is all the lower part of the head) in <$ with
dense pubescence, in 5 pubescence much shorter: three ocelli.
Proboscis' of moderate length, rather upturned, labella large;
palpi cylindrical, thin, pubescent. Eyes bare, contiguous in c?
for some distance, wide apart in 5 • Antennas porrect, approxi-
mate at base, rather long; 1st two joints cylindrical, bristly and
pubescent ; the 2nd short ; 3rd narrowed at base, elongate-
conical, sometimes indistinctly annulated near base, bare, bearing
a short style ending in a minute filament. Thorax oval, densely
pubescent in <5 , less so in $ . Three to six presutural, two supra-
alar, one postalar. and one or two pairs of prescutellar bristles,
all strong and black, but the latter ones liable to variation.
Scut ell u in semicircular, with four marginal bristles; metariotum
small, bare. Abdomen conical, longer than thorax, with seven or
eight segments in J , the 8th always distinct in $ , forming basal
portion of ovipositor ; pubescence dense and furry in <5 , shorter
in $> , and usually adpressed on basal segments. Genitalia not
prominent, but of'ten visible ; ovipositor with a circlet of strong
black spines. Legs moderately long, slender; some black bristles
on coxaB and anterior femora ; tibiae with rows of small bristles and
a circlet of spines at tip. Wings with normal Therevid venation ;
4th posterior cell generally closed or narrowly open.

Range. World-wide, but apparently better represented in
Europe and North America.

Life-history. Partly known ; larvae very active, occurring in
damp earth, under stones, and in similar places ; possibly they
feed, at least occasionally, on Lepidopterous larvae.

Only four species are known for certain from India ; these may
be separated as follows : —

Antemue mainly bright brownish yellow. . kempi, sp. n., p. 298.
Antennae wholly black.

Legs all blackish niyella, Wied., p. 299.

298 THEREVIDJE.

Tibiae brownish yellow.

Posterior margins of abdominal seg-
ments narrowly and uniformly
yellow jlauolineata, Brim., p. 299.

Posterior margins of abdominal seg-
ments ash-grey, much broader
towards sides bilineata, Bruu., p. 300.

Four other species are probably from India, but require con-
firmation.

233. Thereva kempi, sp. nov.

<5 . Head with eyes contiguous for about one-third of the distance
from vertex to antennae, with a dull greenish tinge ; vertex
yellow-dusted, with a few black hairs ; ocelli shining black ; frons
yellow-dusted, rather closely punctured, with long black bristly
hairs on upper part, continuing down the sides as far as level of
antennae ; rest of frons and whole of face and cheeks covered with
dense bright chrome-yellow bristly hairs. Antennae orange ;
upper part of 3rd joint, except at base, blackish, as is also the
style ; 1st joint with conspicuous long black bristles ; 2nd with
an incomplete circular band of smaller black spines ; 3rd with a
little whitish pubescence and a few small bristles at base above.
Proboscis orange ; occiput yellowish, on upper half with short
yellow pubescence and a row of strong black bristles along upper
margin ; lower part behind eyes whitish, with long black hairs.
Thorax black, covered with rather dull yellow tomentum and, at
least towards sides of dorsum, with short bright yellow somewhat
coarse pubescence ; the whole dorsum covered with long fine black
hairs, whicli are densest in the centre. Scutellum yellow-dusted,
darker in centre and at base, with yellow pubescence with a con-
siderable number of long black hairs intermixed ; hind margin
with four long bristles. Pleurae light grey, closely covered with
bright yellow pubescence, which is mainly replaced on the sterno-
pleura by white hairs. Abdomen with 1st segment dark grey, with
sparse soft black hairs ; rest of segments deep black, more or less
shining at base, with a well-marked bright golden-yellow hind
margin to each, the colour extending forwards towards the sides
as far as the middle of each segment or beyond ; whole dorsum
covered with dense black or yellow pubescence according to the
ground-colour. Venter light grey, appearing darker in certain
lights, with distinct pale yellowish-white hind margins to
segments ; the whole surface with sparse soft bright yellow hairs.
Legs : coxae light grey, with rather long yellow pubescence ;
femora black, anterior pairs with similar pubescence ; hind pair
nearly bare, but with a row of seven or eight black bristles below;
tibiae brownish yellow, blackish at tips, with the usual bristles
and microscopic pubescence; tarsi dirty brownish yellow, tip of
1st joint, apical third of 2nd, base of 3rd and 4th narrowly, and
all 5th black. Winrjs pale grey, highly iridescent ; 4th posterior
cell closed slightly before the border ; stigma dark brown ; halteres
blackish.

Length, 12 mm.

T1ILREVA. 299

Described from a perfect unique d in the Indian Museum from
Shillong, Assam, 5500 to 6400 it., 29.viii-5.ix.1915 (Kemp}.

A. very beautiful species, unlike any other Indian form; it must
bear considerable resemblance to T. fuJva, Mg., of Europe.

234. Thereva nigella, Wied.

Thereva niyella, Wiedemann, Auss. Zweifl. i, p. 23:2 (1828).

$. "Antennae blackish, in certain ligbts whitish. Epistome,
beard, and moustache white ; f rons and back of head with a white
shimmer. The rather rubbed thorax shows faint traces of stripes ;
the side margins broadly whitish. Abdomen with some white
hairs on the side margins, the segments hardly whitish. Wings
quite clear ; halteres brown, with white knobs. Legs blackish,
with short white hairs. Type in Westermann's collection.
Tranquebar. Length 4g lines." (Wiedemunn.}

235. Thereva flavolineata, Brun.

Thereva jlavolineata, Brunetti, Eec. Ind. Mus. vii, p. 480 (1912).

Head: frons small, black, with black hairs; ocelli red; eye-
facets larger in front ; face grey, with long stiff black hairs above
the antennas and with long greyish hairs below them ; antennae
black, microscopically grey-dusted; oral orifice reddish yellow; back
of head dead grey, with greyish hairs ; vertex and upper border of
eyes with black hairs. Thorax dark brown, with two well-separated,
moderately wide, chrome-yellow stripes ; dorsum covered with
mixed brown and yellow hairs, the former mainly on the darker
parts ; sides of thorax blackish grey in front of wings, ashy grey
on lower part, with shaggy dirty white hairs in front of and below
shoulders, and in front of wing-base; some yellow hairs above
insertion of wings. A row of three bristles between the humerus
and transverse suture, two supra-alar bristles (others possibly
broken off). Scutellum yellowioh, with a brownish basal triangle,
dorsum with brown and grey hairs ; two preapical well-separated
bristles. Abdomen blackish grey, posterior margins of segments
very narrowly yellow, but more widely so on 3rd and 4th : 1st
segment wholly, 2nd, 3rd, and 4th wholly (except posteriorly at
the sides), 5th at base, black; dorsum of abdomen with black
hairs, which are thickest and longest on the black parts; sides
with moderately long whitish-yellow hairs ; posterior margins
of segments with very short, similarly coloured hairs. Venter
bluish grey, posterior margins of segments more broadly yellow,
especially on 3rd and 4th segments ; the whole surface with spit
white hairs. Genitalia distinct, shining brown, with brownish
hairs on upper, and whitish hairs on lower parts. Legs (hind pair
wanting): coxas and femora blackish grey, the former with long
greyish-white hairs in front; the latter with grey hairs below on
proximal half, blacker hairs on discal half ; tibia? reddish yellow,

300 THEREVIDjE.

blackish at tip, microscopically pubescent, with numerous rather
short spines ; tarsi darker. Wings nearly clear, veins brownish
yellow ; tegulae dirty white ; halteres brown and yellow.

Described from a d in the Indian Museum from Shi Hong.

A second specimen, also from Shillong, 4900 ft., 10-12. x. 1914
(Kemp), is identical, except that the abdominal segments have no
pale sides, as in the type, but the hind borders of the 2nd segment
and onwards are very narrowly yellowish towards each side, and
bear thereon some rather long yellowish hairs.

236. Thereva bilineata, Brun.

Thereva bilineata, Brunetti, Rec. Ind. Mus. xiii, p. 78 (1917).

§ . Head with frons at vertex distinctly more than one-third
width of head, at level of antennae over half the head ; its upper
two-thirds yellowish brown, the rest (with face) ash-grey ; whole
frons with scattered black hairs of moderate length ; face wholly
covered with long pendent whitish-grey hairs, extending over
cheeks and lower part of occiput ; some black hairs below or around
mouth ; proboscis reddish brown ; antennae black, first two joints
with strong black bristles, 3rd as long as 1st ; vertical triangle barely
raised ; a row of rather strong bristles along upper occipital margin,
a second row a short distance behind the first. Thorax dark
brown, nearly black, with two distinct, yellowish-white, well-
separated dorsal stripes from anterior to hind margin and minute
sparse yellowish pubescence. A row of five powerful spines
behind humerus, extending towards wing-base; tw^o supra-alar
(postsutural), one post-alar, a large and lesser one on each side
margin of scutellum and a pair of apical scutellar decussate nearly
perpendicular ones. Pleurse ash-grev, with long whitish-grey
pubescence. Scutellum ash-grey, with a large brown spot at base ;
hind margin with soft yellow hairs as well as the bristles. Abdomen
black ; 1st segment grey, with yellow pubescence on hind margin
and whitish hairs at sides ; rest of segments with distinct ash-grey
hind borders, which are narrowest in middle, bearing some yellow
or yellowish-white pubescence; sides of 2nd and 3rd segments
with whitish hairs; rest of dorsuin and at sides with short black
pubescence; 7th segment shining chestnut-brown; genitalia the
same, marked with yellow, fairly prominent; venter black, all
segments except 1st with well-defined bare hind margins. Leys:
femora black, with depressed white pubescence and a short row of
bristles in middle of underside ; tibiae brownish yellow, darker at
tips ; fore tibiae with three (inner pair wanting), posterior pairs
with four rows of strong spines ; tarsi brownish, yellow or dark
brown, joints paler at base, shortly pubescent. Wings pale grey,
normal ; halteres black.

Length, 11 1 mm.

Described from a unique $ in the Indian Museum from Theog.
Simla Distr., 8000 ft., l.v. 1907 (Annandale).

This species bears some resemblance to my fotvolineala.

THEREVA. 301

237. Thereva cylindrica, Walk.

Thereva cylindrica, Walker, List Dipt. Brit.Mus. i, p. 224 (1848).

<3 . " Body long and narrow ; head white, hoary behind, with
a few black bristles along the hind borders of the eyes, clothed
beneath with white hairs ; eyes green and red ; feelers black; 1st
joint clothed with black hairs; 2nd joint and base of the 3rd
tawny ; mouth piceous ; chest hoary, clothed with hoary down, and
with a few black bristles on each side, where there is a white
stripe, and it has also a broad yellowish-brown stripe in the
middle ; breast white and clothed with white hairs ; abdomen
brown, covered with silvery glance, yellowish brown towards the
tip, where it is clothed with dark tawny hairs ; hind borders of
tli3 segments pale tawny and adorned with fringes of white hairs ;
legs grey ; hips white ; wings slightly grey, tawny along the fore
border ; brands brown and narrow; veins piceous, slightly bordered
with dark tawny ; poisers piceous, with dark tawny knobs.

" Length of the body 5 lines, of the wings 8 lines. East Indies."
(Walker.)

Though described from the " East Indies," the type in the
British Museum bears the simple label " Ind.'"', which is considered
to signify India proper.

238. Thereva indica, Walk.

Thereva indica, Walker, Ins. Saund., Dipt. pt. 3, p. 159 (1852).

$. "Body black; head shining above, tinged with grey and
clothed with hoary hairs beneath ; sucker and feelers black ; breast
tinged with grey; abdomen spindle-shaped, very much longer
than the chest ; hind borders of the segments and underside
tinged with grey ; legs tawny, beset with a few black bristles ;
claws black ; wings grey ; brands brown ; wing-ribs pitchy ; veins
black, pitchy at the base ; poisers pitchy.

" Length of the body 5 lines ; of the wings 9 lines. East
India." (Walker.}

239. Thereva persequa, Walk.

Thereva persequa, Walker, Ins. Saund., Dipt. pt. 3, p. 158 (1852).

2 . " Body black, head very shining above, silvery white in
front and beneath, where it is clothed with white hairs ; sucker
black; palpi tinged with grey, thickly clothed with white hairs;
chest grev, dull, adorned on each side with a pair of hoary stripes,
a pitchy tinge between each pair ; sides and scutcheon armed with
black bristles ; breast hoary, clotlied with white hairs ; abdomen
black, shining, clothed with very short black hairs, slightly
decreasing in breadth from the base to the tip, near twice the
length of the chest ; hind borders of the 1st and 2nd segments
fringed with short white hairs ; tip armed with a circlet of black
spines ; legs ferruginous ; hips black, tinged with hoary, clothed
with white hairs ; shanks beset with black bristles ; feet black,
pitchy at the base; foot-cushions pitchy: wings grey, slightly

tinged with brown along the borders of the veins; poisers tawny,
their knobs black, with a hoary tinge.

" Length of the body 3^ lines, of the wings 5 lines. East India."
(Walker.)

240. Thereva invaria, Walk.

Thereva invaria, Walker, Ins. Saund., Dipt. pt. 3, p. 159 (1852).

2 . " Body black, clothed with black hairs ; head clothed
beneath with white hairs ; sucker pitchy, clothed with tawny
hairs ; breast and underside of abdomen grey, the former partly
clothed with whitish hairs ; abdomen spindle-shaped, very much
longer than the chest ; hind borders of the segments lurid ; a large
tuft of white hairs on each side of the base ; legs black, clothed
with short black hairs, beset with a few black bristles ; foot-
cushions pitchy; wings slightly grey; wing-ribs pitchy; veins
black, strongly marked, pitchy towards the base ; brands brown ;%
poisers pitchy.

" Length of the body 5 lines, of the wings 9 lines. East India."
(Walker.)

Genus PSILOCEPHALA, Zctt.

Psilocephala, Zetterstedt, Ins. Lapp. p. 625, note (1838) ; id., Dipt.
Scand. i, p. 19 (1838) (Psilocehala, lapsus).

GENOTYPE, Bibio imberbis, Fin. (Sweden) ; by Coquillett's
designation (1910).*

This genus differs from Thereva in the bare face ; and from a
nearly allied European genus, Dialineura, which may probably
occur in India, it is known by the 1st antennal joint being no
broader than the 2nd and not more bristlv than usual. The
alleged character that the 1st joint is shorter than the 2nd and
3rd combined, as compared with its being longer than the 2nd and
3rd together in Dialineura, seems an uncertain one.

The species are by no means almost bare, as stated by Verrall.

Range. Europe, Asia, North, Central, and South America,
North and South Africa, Madagascar, Sokotra.

Life-history. Probably similar to that of Thereva.

Five species are definitely known from India or Ceylon, with
one additional species, sequens, Walk., requiring confirmation.
These five are difficult to tabulate, from the general similarity of
the descriptions, although when placed side by side the species
may appear quite distinct. The colour of the legs, though
apparently an unreliable character, is perhaps as constant a one
as any, but the present table is, at best, only a preliminary one.f

* It would have been better to have selected the well-known European
urdea, F., as genotype.

t It is advisable in this family to compile a separate table for each sex, but
tho females are known of only three out of the five species.

PSILOCEPHALA.. 303

Table of Species.

1. Femora dark brown ; all tibiae and tarsi

pale yellowish brown ; (thorax pre-
sumably uiTstriped) ulbina, Wied., p. 303.

Femora black or blackish, with or with-
out white or silvery shimmer -2.

2. Front tibiae blackish brown, or at least

distinctly darker than posterior pairs. 3.

Alat mo" Sr£y) U±U:ly.Pale: JT«> W.K P. 305,

3. Thorax dull black, with two grey ' (^ms> Krob'>* P- 306«

stripes ; emarginations of abdominal

segments reddish or yellowish indica, Big., p. 304.

Thorax dark grey, one median darker
stripe ; abdominal emarginations not
coloured ; eyes absolutely contiguous, ceylonica, Krb'b., p. 304.

241. Psilocephala albina, Wied.

Thereva ulbina, Wiedemann, Zool. Mag. i, pt. 3. p. 3 (1819) ; id.,

Auss. Zweih1. i, p. 233 (1828).
Psilocephala albma, Krbber, Eut, Mitteil. Berl. i, p. 252 (1912).

J . " Head with silvery-white toraentum, extreme margins of
frontal triangle appearing dark brown ; in certain lights can be
seen two dark parallel stripes, fading away downwards towards
the antennae; antenna) blackish brown, sparsely beset with black
bristles; palpi and proboscis long, with snow-white hairs; back
of head with whitish-grey tomentum and white hairs ; orbital
bristles black. Thorax dull grey, with yellow and grey pubescence ;
scutellurn like thorax, with black bristles ; sides of thorax blackish,
grey-dusted and with grey hairs. Abdomen black, dull, with
somewhat strong silvery glistening and long whitish hairs, which
in certain lights, especially on the last segment, appear yellow ;
2nd to 4th segments with yellowish hind margins. Venter
blackish, with grey pubescence, with yellowish hind margins to
segments ; genital lamellae reddish yellow, with black and whitish-
yellow hairs. Legs: coxae blackish, white-haired; femora dark
brown, covered with white pubescence ; tibiae and tarsi pale
yellowish brown, tips darkened. Winys hvaline, veins weak,
yellowish, 4th posterior cell closed ; halteres blackish brown, tips
of clubs whitish. Length, 9 mm. Type c? from Java, in the
Vienna Museum.

5 . " Frons narrow, dull blackish brown ; epistome shining
silvery white ; two dull black spots near each other above the
antennae, outlined with white ; antennae and back of head as in J .
Thorax and scutellum black, with very sparse yellowish and grey
hairs ; sides of thorax blackish, with silvery-white tomentum and
white hairs. Abdomen dull blackish brown ; each segment bears
an ill-defined triangular silver-white spot on each side on the hind

* These two species are almost certain to be identical. No characters of
differential value can be selected from Krober's description of his unique type.

304 TIIEIIEYIM;.

border, not meeting on the disc ; according to the light the
abdomen above appears deep black or dark brown ; 2nd segment
with a distinct silky-white margin. Ground-colour of venter
black, with a silvery sheen; the 1st segment white-haired on eacli
side; the last one short, with black raised hairs. Femora blackish
brown, with silvery-white hairs : tibiae and tarsi pale yellowish
brown, front tarsi darkened. Wings as in c? ; 4th posterior cell
closed. Length, 10 mm. Type $ from East India, in Vienna
Museum." (JLrober.)

This species is introduced to the British Indian fauna on the
strength of the $ recorded by Krober from East India.

242. Psilocephala indica, Big.

Psilocephala indica, Bigot, Ann. Soc. Ent. France, (6) ix, p. 326

(1889).

6 . " Antennte blackish, the two first segments furnished with^
some black hairs ; proboscis and palpi blackish, these latter with
white hair ; face black, covered with whitish tomentum ; beard
white ; thorax dull black, as well as scutellum, two grey stripes on
dorsum, sides of dorsum and sides of thorax with white tomentum ;
halteres brown, pale at tips ; abdomen dull black, with venter and
sides with white tomentum, the emarginatious of the segments
reddish ; femora black, tibia? pale tawny with black tips ; tarsi
brown, metatarsi pale tawny at base ; wings hyaline.

$ . " Resembling the male ; frons black, whitish below, ab-
dominal segmentations paler.

"India. Three tf 6 , two $ $ . Length, 10 mm." (Bigot.}

243. Psilocephala ceylonica, Krrib.

Psilocephala ceylonica, Krober, Eut. Mitteil. Berl. i, p. 251 (1912).

d1 . " With sparse snow-white hairs throughout. Eyes abso-
lutely contiguous, rather large, shining green ; epistome and frons
snow-white, with silvery shimmer ; extreme margins of frontal
triangle velvet-black ; 1st antenual joint black, 2nd and 3rd dark
reddish brown, style black, bristles black. Thorax dull dark grey,
witli a blackish-brown median stripe, which is narrowly bordered
with whitish grey ; the short erect hairs are blackish, bristles
black; scutellum dark grey, blackish brown in centre; sides of
thorax silver-grey. Abdominal ground-colour deep velvet-black,
appearing wholly black or glistening silvery white according to
the direction of the light ; posterior margins of segments indis-
tinctly whitish ; genitalia small, reddish ; venter like dorsnm,
borders of segments distinct. Femora black, with silvery-white
pubescence ; tibia? and tarsi brownish yellow, front tibia? and tarsi
blackish brown, tips of posterior pairs darker. Wings with a
brown tinge, rather deeply yellowish brown on anterior margin ;
veins very strong, slightly infuscated ; 4th posterior cell closed in
one wing and open in the other ; halteres blackish brown, clubs paler.
Length, 12 mm. Colombo. Type in Hungarian Museum." (Krober.)

PSILOCEPHALA. 305

244. Psilocephala sequa, Walk. (PI. III. figs. 17-20.)

Thereva sequa, Walker, Ins. Saund., Dipt. pt. 1, p. 157 (1852).
<5 $ . Bead in c? with eyes contiguous for about half the distance
from fro us to vertex, leaving an elongate light yellowish-grey
vertex bearing a few brown hairs, with the front ocellus at some
distance from the other two ; ocelli red ; frons at level of antennae
nearly one-third of the head, and with face wholly covered with
snow-white tomentum, with here and there a little short con-
colorous soft pubescence ; upper corner of frons with a few black
stiff hairs. Proboscis short, thick, dark brown, extending as far
as tij) of 1st antennal joint, with moderately long soft white hairs.
Anteunal 1st joint blackish, white-dusted, with numerous strong
black bristles; 2nd and 3rd joints dull red-brown, with a little
greyish dust ; 2nd nearly cylindrical, with a few short bristles ;
3rd elongate, bare. Occiput projecting only slightly behind eyes,
covered with hoary tomentum, a little white pubescence, and some
strong black bristles. In $ , frons at vertex broader than in <S ,
widening rapidly to level of antennae, where it is one-third the
width of the head ; eye-margins slightly emarginate towards
antennas ; the yellowish-grey colour of the vertex extending half-
way to antennae and on its lower margin overlapping the snow-
white frons, a large rounded or subtriangular black spot on each side
touching the eyes ; vertical margin with a row of about ten black
bristles. Thorax wholly covered with pale bluish-grey tomentum ;
dorsum darker, with two narrow well-separated whitish stripes
(the intermediate space often brown), running practically from
anterior to posterior margins ; dorsum covered with fine brownish
pubescence of some length, and sparsely with short snow-white
hairs ; thicker and longer whitish-grey pubescence on the pleurae
and underside between the first two pairs of coxae. Normal
macrochaetoe along sides of thorax, dorso-centrals represented by
a single pair near hind margin ; scutellum, which is clothed with
hoary tomentum and soft whitish pubescence, bearing four bristles,
a marginal and an apical pair. Abdomen in d covered with silvery-
white dust, which is most conspicuous seen from above, as, when
viewed from behind at a low angle, it almost disappears, the
abdomen seeming dusky; there being also some short snow-white
hairs, and at the sides much longer fine white or nearly white
pubescence, which has a tendency to form a fan-shaped bunch on
each segment, especially on the first three; venter blackish, nearly
bare; hind margins of 2nd, 3rd, and 4th segments distinctly
brownish yellow ; tip of abdomen with a few bristles ; geuitalia
reddish brown. In $, deep black, with microscopic depressed
yellow hairs ; 1st segment wholly grey-dusted ; towards sides of
each remaining segment a snow-white tomentose triangular spot
with short snow-white pubescence ; these spots being largest on
2nd and 3rd segments and smallest on 4th, on 5th and 6th
segments they are merged in a general whitish-grey dusting;
surface of abdomen with sparse long stiff black hairs from 4th

306

segment (on which they are most numerous) onwards, but they
are very inconspicuous and easily overlooked ; venter covered with
snow-white tomentum and some short white pubescence, the bases
of some of the apical segments being blackish. Legs : coxae and
femora clothed with snow-white pubescence ; tibiae (except tips)
and about basal half of metatarsi brownish yellow ; rest of legs
black. Wings pale grey, vitreous, veins towards base yellowish ;
halteres pale yellowish.

Length, rf ?, 9-11 mm.

Described from a long series, mostly males, in perfect condition
from Pusa, Bengal, where it is apparently to be found from
January to July inclusive, it having occurred in abundance on
13 and 14 . iii . 1909, performing aerial dances between 8 and 9 A.M.
lu the British Museum from Mahagany and Tiriyai, Ceylon, taken
in January, May, June, September, and November (Col. Yerbury) ;
Castle Eock, 11-26 . x . 1916 (Kemp).

245. Psilocephala affinis, Krob.

Psilocephala affinis, Krober, Ent. Mitteil. Berl. i, p. 254 (1912).

"d1. Near P. cirdea, F.,* and P. ceylonica, n. sp. The whole
body covered with snow-white pubescence, except for some brown
hairs intermixed on the thorax. The 1st and 2nd antennal joints
black-haired ; frons and epistome silvery white, extreme margin
of frontal triangle deep velvet-black ; antennae deep black, thin ;
back of head grey, below nearly white, orbital bristles black.
Thorax dark grey, with two whitish longitudinal stripes, between
and beside which the colour appears almost brownish ; scutellnm
like thorax ; sides of thorax silvery grey. Abdomen very silvery,
metallic ; 2nd to 5th segments with snow-white edges ; genital
lamellae reddish yellow ; venter similar to upper side, ground-
colour black, with hind margins of segments white and witli
silvery reflection. Femora and tarsi black; tibiae and extreme
base of metatarsi of middle and hind legs yellowish brown ;
extreme tips of tibiae more or less blackish brown. Wings
absolutely hyaline; 4th posterior cell closed; halteres with stalk
yellowish, knobs white with black base. Length 9-9| mm.
Type c? from Agra, in Vienna Museum." (Krober.)

Although the expression metallic as applied to the abdomen
seems suggestive of specific distinctness, this insect is almost
certainly identical with sequa, Walk.

Genus PHYCUS, Wallc.

Phycus, Walker, Ins. Saund., Dipt. pt. 1, p. 2 (1850).
GENOTYPE, Xylopliayus canescens, Walk. ; by original designation.

Head transverse, broader than thorax ; proboscis short, thick,
not extending beyond anterior margin of eyes ; palpi shorter than

* A Eui'opean species.

1 HYOUS. 307

proboscis, thin ; eyes separated in both sexes, bare ; fro us
narrower in d1 , or eyes sometimes contiguous in c? . Antennae
porrect, with 1st joint very long, cylindrical ; 2nd quite short ;
3rd long, longer or shorter than 1st, elongate leaf-shaped, narrow
at base, pointed at tip, with distinct short style. Thorax oblong.
Abdomen longer than thorax, cylindrical in <$ , rather compressed
towards tip in 9 ; genitalia obvious. Legs slender. Wings with
venation as in Thereva.

The species are rather small, elongate, and nearly bare.

Itange. S. Europe (one species), Asia, Australia, South America,
with possibly a species from Africa.

Life-histon/ unknown.

Only three species are Indian, no other Oriental ones being
known.

Table of Species.

Third antennal joint distinctly shorter than
1st; all femora yellow (in var. bnmnipes
fore femora only pale).

Eyes in both sexes distinctly separated ;
abdomen without silvery shimmer, but
with \ yellowish-white bands to several

segments 6rwn«««, Wied., p. 307.

Eyes in tf contiguous for some distance;
abdomen (dorsum) wholly covered with
brilliant silvery shimmer, transverse [p. 3CO.

bands barely visible ari/entiveniris, sp. n.,

Third anteunal joint distinctly longer than 1st ;

all legs wholly black atripes, Brim., p. 309.

246. Phycus brunnens, Wied. (PI. Ill, figs. 21-23.)

Phycm brunneus, Wiedemann, Analec. Ent. p. 19 (1824) ; Brunetti,

Kec. Ind. Mus. vii, p. 479 (1912).

Xylophayus brunneus, id., Auss. Zweifl. i, p. 85 (1828).
Xyluphat/us ctmescms, Walker, List Dipt. Brit. Mus. i, p. 129.
faycus canescens, id.. Ins. Sauud., Dipt, pt, 1, p. 2, pi. i. fig. 5

(1850).

6 £ . Head : f rons in J less than half as wide at vertex as at
level of antennae, where it is between one-third and one-fourth
the width of the head, slightly broader throughout in $ ; covered
on upper half with almost microscopic silver-grey pubescence,
lower part shining black, bare ; the shining reddish distinct ocelli
on a small obvious prominence ; face broad, with parallel sides
and silvery-white tomentum on upper part and also on each side
of the antennal prominence; mouth-opening large, black; pro-
boscis rather thick, extending forward about as far as base of
antennae ; palpi as long as proboscis, thin, slightly clubbed at tip,
black, pubescent. Antennas normally black ; 1st joint sometime?
brownish red or dark brown or even brownish yellow, a litt It-
longer than head, with microscopic grey pubescence and some
short bristly hairs along the underside, beset above with very short
stiff hairs; 2nd ioint very short, with black bristles; 3rd about

x2

308 THEREVIDJE.

half as long as the 1st, flattened, dull blackish red, practically
bare, elongate leaf-shaped, not quite straight nor yet with quite
parallel sides, bearing a minute black apical style-like tip.
Thorax shining black, with a broad whitish-grey median stripe
from anterior to hind margin, often with a narrow whiter line
along its middle ; transverse suture well marked at each end ;
whole dorsum covered, though not thickly, with minute whitish -
grey pubescence ; humeri bare, shining ; pleurae and underside of
thorax with greyish microscopic pubescence, with a few sparse
longer hairs here and there. Scutellum reddish brown, base
more or less black, sometimes wholly black, with two long black
bristles on hind margin. Abdomen shining black, hind margins
of 2nd, 3rd, and 4th segments narrowlv brownish, yellowish, or
even white, the colour always distinctly broader on 2nd segment ;
sometimes hind margin of 1st segment also faintly or distinctly
pale; dorsum covered with minute, rather sparse, whitish pub^es-
cence, which is distinctly longer on the sides and venter, which
latter is generally a replica of the upper side and occasionally
has the hind margins of the 5th and 6th segments also pale ; some
longer white hairs towards each side of 1st segment. Genitalia
in <5 rather large, black or dark brown ; in $ only the slightly
protruding small terminal lamellae are visible. Leys : coxa?
brownish yellow or orange, posterior pairs slightly blackish grey at
base, all with minute whitish pubescence and a few longer whitish
hairs in front and near tip ; femora uniformlv brownish yellow or
orange ; tibiae and tarsi normally black, hut middle pair often
and hind pair sometimes more or less dirty brownish yellow ;
tarsi blackish, metatarsus more or less dull yellowish at base ; all
the legs with microscopic grey pubescence. Wings pale grey,
highly iridescent ; veins black or dark brown, occasionally those
near distal end of wing slightly suffused, or the whole wing-tip
may be slightly infuscated ; halteres wholly yellowish or with a
black mark on upper side of knobs.

Length, 0-7 mm.

Described from a number of specimens in good and fair con-
dition in the Indian Museum and Pusa collections: Almora,
Kumaon Distr., 5500ft., 14. v.-lO. vi. 1911 (Paiva); Bum Dumr
W. Himalayas, xii. 1906; Baroda, 10. iv. 1909, larva in rubbish
in fowl-house ; Bombay Presid. (nova, illeg.), 19. iii. 1905 : Chapra,
Bengal, common ; Malda, E. Bengal, 22. iii. 1911 (Fletcher) ;
Whatgodam, 23. ix. 1915.

Types in Berlin Museum and Wiedemann's collection.

P. brunneus var. brunnipes Brun.

P. brunneus var. brunnipes, Brunetti. Rec. Ind. Mus. vii. p. 480
(1912).

This variety is distinguished by a broad brown ring on the
posterior femora leaving only the base and tip pale ; front femora
brownish yellow. Scutellum wholly black, with a little greyish

PIIYCUS. 309

tomeutum ; abdominal bands milk-white. Wings either clear
partly suffused along the veins distally, or the tip faintly suffused.
Three $ $> from Mandalay, ]2. iii. 1908, and Moulmein, 28. ii.
1908 (Annandale), all in the Indian Museum.

247. Phycus argentiventris, sp. nov.

3 . ITead: eyes contiguous for a considerable distance ; vertical
triangle bluish grey ; frons and face bluish grey, rather shining;
:intennal prominence black ; antenna? dull brownish yellow, 1st
and 2nd joints pubescent ; vertical margin and behind upper part
of eyes with a row of well-separated black bristles ; occiput
ash-grey, rather shining in certain lights ; lower part wilh soft
white hairs. Thorax as in brunneus, the median stripe with a
bluish tinge. Abdomen comparatively flattened above, covered
with bluish-grey tomentum, which (seen from in frontj glistens
silvery white ; some sparse white pubescence at sides, longer
towards base ; hind border of 3rd segment with a narrow yellowish
band, rather inconspicuous ; traces of a similar band on 4th seg-
ment; genitalia large, conspicuous, bright orange with a little
black pubescence ; venter black, hind margin of at least 2nd, 3rd,
and 4th segments with a distinct yellowish band. Legs : femora
and posterior tibiae blackish ; fore tibia? and tarsi dull yellowish
brown ; posterior tarsi pale yellowish, blackish at tip and at tips
of joints. Wings as in brunneus, unmarked; halteres blackish
brown.

Length, 7 mm.

Described from a single specimen from Unt-hogaon, Naini Tal
Distr., 13.iv.1910, in the Indian Museum. Specimens subsequently
seen in the British Museum from Periyakulam, Ceylon, 22, 23. ii.
1891 (Yerbury).

A very distinct species, characterised by the contiguous eyes and
silvery abdomen.

248. Phycus atripes, Brun., nom. nov.

Phycus nigripes, Bruuetti (nee Kriiber, 1912), Bee. Lid. Mus. vii,
p. 480 (1912).

Allied to brunneus, but quite distinct owing to the 3rdantennal
joint being evidently longer than the 1st and the wholly black
legs. Lower half of frons wholly shimmering silvery white,
without the large shining jet-black spot immediately above the
antenna? which is so conspicuous in both those forms ; 3rd
antennal joint cylindrical, much narrower than in the other
species. Median dorsal stripe faint ; abdominal bands very nar-
row, milk-white, only the one on the 2nd segment really distinct.
Legs wholly black, including coxa?, which have a little bluish-
white shimmer. Wings clear, with a distinct blackish suffusion
towards tip, extending from the costa over about the distal half
of the 2nd longitudinal vein, reaching irregularly to the hind

310

margin, just encroaching on the discal cell, and with a small
irregular clear space in each of the two submarginal cells ;
halteres with knobs wholly black. From the narrow frons and
the appearance of the abdomen I conclude the single specimen
is a cT .

Length, 10 mm.

Kurseong, 27. hi. 1910 (Annandale).

Type in the Indian Museum.

Family SCENOPINID.E.

Head nearly semicircular ; frons and face nearly flush with the
eyes ; three ocelli ; epistome short, retreating ; proboscis very
short, labella broad; palpi short, cylindrical, or slightly clavate.
Eyes bare, generally contiguous in d, wide apart in $; upper
facets larger than lower ones in <S <3 with contiguous eyes ; in
life the eyes with coloured bands. Antennae three-jointed, placed
close together at base, inserted below middle of frons ; 1st and
2nd joints short, 3rd elongate, strap-shaped, no style or arista.

Thorax oblong, clorsally rather flattened, with extremely short
scaly pubescence on disc and minute pubescence on pleurae ;
scutellum broad, short, flat ; metunotum rather large.

Abdomen flattened, 7- or 8-segmented, each segment with an
impressed transverse line across its middle : c? genitalia rather
large and knob-like ; ovipositor concealed.

Legs generally short, moderately stout ; tibia? unspurred, with
a very small bristle or two at tip ; two pulvilli, empodium reduced
to a bristle.

Wiivjs at rest lying flat on abdomen. Costa ending before wing-
tip, ambient vein fading away at about middle of hind margin ;
auxiliary vein short, ending at middle of wing ; 1st and 2nd longi-
tudinal veins ending shortly beyond middle ; 3rd vein beginning
near base of 2nd, forking rather widely at half its length ; anterior
cross-vein present, at about middle of 'discal cell ; 4th vein forked,
upper branch ending above wing-tip, lower branch forming basal
and hinder sides of discal cell, but barely reaching wing-margin ;
discal cross-vein closing discal cell ;* 5th vein forked, upper
branch short, ending in lower inner angle of discal cell, lower
branch turned down rather suddenly, meeting anal vein some
way before wing-margin, closing anal cell ; axillary vein indistinct.
Upper basal cell long, 2nd short, anal cell long ; two submarginal,
three posterior cells ; alar squamae small, thoracic squama) almost
absent ; halteres normal.

The whole body is devoid of strong bristles.

* Lundbeck considers the discal cell technically absent, treating that space
as a 4th posterior cell, because he regards the 4th vein as unforked. Presum-
ably, therefore, he sees tlie posterior cross-vein in the basal portion of the lower
branch of the 4th vein, but he does not actually state that the posterior cross-
Tein is present.

311

Life-Jiistory. The metamorphoses have been well described by
Bouche, Dufour, and others. The larva is amphipneustic, hard,
cylindrical, very elongate, apparently of twenty segments, with
small head and two small styles at tip of body, moving in a
serpentine manner ; abdominal segments with transverse rows of
bristles. Pupa resembling that of Thereva. The larva was at
first thought to live on carpets, rugs, and similar articles, but it
is now believed that they live on the other larvae (of TIXEIDJE and
PTJLICID^E, for instance) that occur in these habitats. They are
certainly carnivorous, and probably feed on the larvae of many
different groups of insects, judging from the various situations in
which Scenopinus fenestmlis has been found.

The SdxrOPlNiDJE are a very limited but distinct family, con-
spicuous by the absolutely bare body and characteristic venation,
coupled with the two pulvilli and bristle-like empodium. Their
actual relationships have given rise to various opinions, their
characters indicating diverse affinities, such as to Xylomyia, the
THERETID.E, and MTDAID;E. Verrall places them with the latter
in a super-family, DERMATIKA, between the ASILIDJJ and the
THEREVID.E: Lundbeck and Kertesz put them between the
THEREVIDJE and the EMPIRE ; Schiner with MYDAIDJE between
ASILIDJE and THEREVULE : Aldrich between THEREVID^E and

BOMBYLIIDJE.

Most of the known species belong to the genus Scenopinus.

Genus SCENOPINUS, Latr.

Scenopinus, Latreille, Hist. Nat. Ins. Crust, iii, p. 463 (1802), xiv,

p. 392 (1804).

Atrichia, Schrank, Fauna Boica, iii, p. 54 (1803J.
Cona, Schellenberg, Gattung. d. Fliejreii, p. 06 (1803).
Hypselura, Meigen, Illig. Alag. ii, p. 273 (1803).
Astoma, Lioy (nee Oken, 1815), Atti Istit. Yeneto, (3) ix, p. /62

(1864).

GENOTYPE, Musca fetes trails, L. ; by Latreille's designation.

Head transverse, short, semicircular, flattened behind ; not
closely applied to thorax, but no obvious neck ; frons generally
flush with eyes ; three ocelli ; proboscis withdrawn ; palpi incon-
spicuous, cylindrical, tip bristly. Eyes bare, generally contiguous
in rf , in such cases upper facets larger than lower ones ; in $
wide apart. Antenna sub-contiguous at base ; 1st and 2nd joints
short; 3rd elongate, drooping, strap-shaped, normally without
style or arista, but if present, it is concealed in a depressed pit.
Thorax longer than broad ; dorsurn rather flattened, with a little
scaly pubescence; pleurae minutely pubescent, niesopleiira with
an obvious depression on front part for reception ot the short
thick front femora ; scutellum short, broad, flat. Abdomen rather
flat, oblong, tip flattened cone-shaped, 7- or 8-segmented ; midt
segments bearing a transverse impressed line across the centre ;

312 SCENOPINID7E.

front margins of some of the middle segments white in the rf ;
genitalia in <3 large. Legs short, stout, bare ; fore femora shorter
and thicker, a few bristly hairs at tips of tibiae ; two small
pulvilli, empoclium reduced to a bristle. Wings with a reduced
venation ; costa ending before tip of wing, ambient vein dying away
beyond the tip; auxiliary vein short ; 1st and 2nd veins normal;
3rd beginning at middle of wing, widely forked at half its length ;
anterior cross- vein at middle of discal cell; 4th vein with upper
branch ending before wing-tip, lower branch forming basal and
hinder sides of discal cell ; discal cross-vein closing discal cell ;
5th vein forked, upper branch very short, ending in lower inner
angle of discal cell; lower branch turned down rather suddenly,
meeting anal vein at some distance before border, closing anal
cell ; 1st basal cell much longer than 2nd; two submarginal, three
posterior cells, 1st narrowed at tip ; alulae well developed ; alar
squamae small, thoracic pair hardly developed ; halteres sma\l,
knobs large.

Range. Europe, Egypt, India, Surinam, Hawaii, N. America.

Life-history. See 8. fenestralis.

249. Scenopinus fenestralis, L. *

Musca fenestralis, LinnS, Syst. Nat. ed. x, p. 597 (1758).
Scenopinus fenestralis, auctt.

Head, in tf, dull black, densely and coarsely punctate; frons
elongate triangular, almost bare ; eyes bare, contiguous for some
distance, upper facets larger than and sharply divided from
lower ones ; vertex practically bare ; face reduced to a narrow
margin owing to the very small mouth-opening ; antennae
brownish yellow or nearly blackish, inserted in a small depression,
1st joint very short, 2nd short, transverse, almost bare, 3rd
subulate, four times as long as 1st and 2nd together, slightly
narrowed at its blunt tip, where there is a small depression or
pit. In $, frons one-fifth of the head, roughened by coarse
punctation and striae radiating from the lower ocellus ; generally
an impressed vertical median line and minute pale pubescence;
eye-margins very distinct, rather puffed out behind on upper part,
shining black, sometimes grey-dusted ; eyes with a transverse
purple band across the middle in life; occiput very concave.
Thorax dull black, with minute scale-like greyish pubescence;
humeri and posterior calli more or less chestnut-brown ; pleurae
comparatively shining, due to finer punctation, and bearing
longer pubescence; both these characters more conspicuous on
the sternopleurae ; pteropleurae shining black, bare. Scutellum
like dorsum of thorax, generally a little dark chestnut-brown on
underside. Abdomen longer than thorax, shining black ; 2nd seg-
ment twice as long as any other ; extreme basal margins in the

* For a very long list of references to this species and for twelve synonyms,
see Kertesz, Kat. Dipt, v, p 172

SCENOPIJfCS. 313

<5 of 4th and 5th, and to a less degree of the 6th (or the
membrane between them) conspicuously pure white, this colour
not reaching the sides ;* pubescence practically imperceptible ;
venter shiningjblack, with chestnut-brown reflections and minute
black bristly pubescence; genitalia in tf large. In the $ the
white transverse bands absent ; and the 3rd to the 6th segments
with a transverse impressed line across the middle of each ;
ovipositor small, broad. Legs shining chestnut-brown ; coxae and
trochanters with blackish reflections ; femora occasionally, and
tibiae, especially the hind pair, often, with blackish markings ;
tarsi black, 1st joint more or less chestnut-brown, also first three
joints (except the tips) of hind pair; femora rather short and
thick, especially fore pair ; hind tibiae slightly curved ; pulvilli
small, brownish orange. Pubescence of legs weak and pale,
forming small fringes behind anterior femora, and a row of rather
long pale hairs behind basal half of hind tibiae ; spurs absent, but
generally a few bristly hairs that appear like spurs. Wings pale

Fig. 22. — Scenopinus fene sir alls, L., wing and antenna.

brownish grey, veins darker brown; venation in accordance with
the generic diagnosis ; lower branch of 4th vein and anal vein not
quite attaining margin ; alar squamae small, blackish grey, grey-
fringed ; thoracic pair absent ; halteres varying from brown to
whitish, sometimes with darker marks.

Length, 5-6 mm., the $ generally slightly the larger.

Commonly distributed in Europe and N. America, and the
Western Himakyas (hills and plains) : Barogh, Simla Hills,
5000 ft., 10. v. 1910, on edge of small stream (Annandale) ;
Kasauli, 6300 ft,, 15. v. 1908 (Annandale) ; Nairn Tal, 3 & 7. vi.
1909; Naiui Tal Distr. (plains), 24 & 28. v. 1909. Also
recorded from Papua and Hawaii.

The present description of fenestralis is an abbreviation of
Yen-all's, except for the antennae, as in the Indian specimens
these are normally lighter or darker brownish yellow, not blackish.
The legs are also more brownish, especially the femora and tibiae,
than in European specimens, these being the only differences.

* In one Indian specimen the white extends over the sides, but this is,
no doubt, exceptional.

314 SCEXOPIXID^S. —

Life-history. Something of this has been known since the time
of Dufour, he, Douche, Frauenfeld, and others having described it,
and the species has been bred on numerous occasions. The larva
\vas at first thought 1o live on cai'pets, stable-rugs, horse-hair
mattresses, and such-like articles, but it was subsequently found in
Polypori, and on willows and other trees. A Scenopinus pupa lias
been found in a cocoon of Saturnia pyri, in which were the remains
of the Saturnia pupa, and the species is said to have been bred from
decaying wood. The larva is certainly carnivorous, probably
living on the larvae and pupae of moths and other insects, possibly
of fleas also, found in houses, but evidently breeds in the open
air also in a similar manner. The larva is elongate cylindrical,
rather tough, of about twenty segments, with small brown head,
moving in a serpent-like manner; the pupa being slender, with
rows of spines and bristles.

Mr. Verrall notes a curious point about this species, thai? a
large number of females are found with the wing-tip broken off,
and suggests that it may be done in pairing. In four European
fenestralis in the Indian Museum this is the case in two specimens,
a third having one wing damaged near, though not actually at,
the tip, the fourth being perfect; also in nine Indian fenestralis
in the same collection only one wing is thus broken, whilst in
five European ijldbrifrons all the wings are perfect.

Family MYDAID^E.

The MYDAIDJE are flies of from moderate to gigantic size, easily
recognised by their peculiar venation, their projecting club-shaped
antenna), and their bare surface, being wholly devoid of bristles
except for a few on the legs. The prevailing colour is black, with,
in many species, bands on the abdomen of red or yellow.

Head about as broad as thorax, transverse ; neck short and
narrow ; frons and vertex sunk, making the eyes appear especially

Srominent ; ocelli indistinct, or, when on a prominence, at some
istance from the vertex. .Proboscis varying from very long and
thin, with small labella, to rather thick and short, witli labella of
considerable size ; palpi, when present, one-jointed, long or thin,
but generally absent. Eyes bare, wide apart in both sexes, and
never with enlarged facets. Antenna? porrect, approximate or
touching at base ; the two basal joints normal, 2nd shorter than
1st, v\ ith a few bristles or stiff hairs ; 3rd joint generally elongate,
clubbed or knobbed at tip, with traces of anntilations.

Thorax subquadrate, with sparse (rarely thicker) pubescence on
dorsum, coarse pubescence at sides of dorsum ; humeri prominent,
pleurae often with a moderate amount of pubescence ; scutellum
small though broad, unspined ; metanotum very large.

Abdomen elongate, 7-segmented, with light* pubescence only;
genital ia in 3 of moderate size, with small foliaceous lamella;

MYDAIDJE.. 315

which are often hidden ; ovipositor produced but never elongate,
with or without a terminal circlet of spines.

Leys strong and stout, of moderate length ; anterior pairs some-
times smaller; hind femora normally slightly thickened, nearly
always serrate or spinose below ; tibia? often with a row of small
spines on either the middle or hind pair only, or on all three
pairs ; apical tibial spines absent or sometimes present on all
three pairs ; hind tibiae generally with a strong apical spur or
two or three bristly spines ; tarsi devoid of all but the very small
close-set bristles on underside ; pulvilli two, moderately large,
empodium absent, claws long.

Wings witli a very characteristic venation. Auxiliary vein
long; 1st longitudinal vein very long, ending at some little dis-
tance from wing-tip ; prrefurca very short, generally extremely
so, starting at about one-third of the wing, distinctly before the
discal cell ; 2nd longitudinal vein always ending in the 1st towards,
but not close to, its tip ; 3rd longitudinal vein starting very near
base of 2nd, always forked at beyond half its length, the branches
long, generally curved, and more or less parallel ; upper branch
ending in the 1st longitudinal just beyond tip of 2nd vein ; lower
branch ending either at the tip of the 1st vein or in costa just
beyond ; anterior cross-vein present, short or very short,* placed
much beyond middle of wing, towards tip of discal cell ; 4th longi-
tudinal vein with both branches either simple or forked, prongs
of either branch or of both branches sometimes recurrent ; t
normally the anterior prong of the upper branch curves upward
and ends in the costa well before the wing-tip, sometimes ending
at the tip of the 1st vein. In one (non-Oriental) genus (Mitro-
detus), both branches of the 4th vein curve upwards and end in
the 1st vein, but this is exceptional. Posterior prong of upper
branch generally recurrent or nearly so ; normally the lower
branch of the 4th vein ends in the upper branch, often (as in
Mydas) recurrent and united to the apical portion of the upper
branch of the 5th vein. Discal cell always present, elongate,
often irregularly or even fantastically shaped ( Mitrodetus) ; pos-
terior cross-vein normally situated. The 5th vein forks widely,
the upper branch never forming any part of the discal cell,
generally curving upwards, joining the lower branch of the 4th
vein, or it may be considered to anastomose with the apical part
of that vein, thence running jointly with it to the margin ; J
lower branch of 5th vein ending in 6th (anal) vein near its tip ;

* Practically, or perhaps actually, absent in only one genus, Megascelus,
which is not Oriental.

t My reading of the branches of the 4th vein differs from that of Verrall, in
which the discat cell is said to emit two or three veinlets.

+ However, Verrall distinctly says " never running clear to the wing-margin,
but always causing a long, closed, normally 4th posterior cell to he under and
parallel witli the discal cell. ' The presence of the closed 4th posterior cell
referred to does not alter the position, and the vein that runs from the junction
of the 4th and f>th veins to the wing-margin may be regarded as the continua-
tion of either one of them or of the two united.

310

axillary vein indistinct, perhaps sometimes absent. Alar squamae
small, nearly bare of fringe, but larger and with coarse fringe in
Mydas ; thoracic squamae absent.

Life-history mainly unknown, except that the larvae are said to
live in decaying wood and to resemble those of the ASILID.E.
Williston states that the larva of a North American species
(Mydas fulvipes, Walsh) preys upon Coleopterous larvae, and notes
the pupa of M. clavatus, Drury. The perfect insects have been
accused of being predatory, but there seems to be little decisive
evidence on the matter. An Egyptian species is said to be
predatory on other insects, catching them in the air ; and another
species is recorded as parasitic on the larvae of Longicorn beetles

The MTDAIDJB occur chiefly in the New World and Australia,
only about 15 species being Palaearctic and six Oriental, of
which four are Indian.

Their peculiar venation differentiates them easily from all other
groups, except the NEMESTIUNIDJE and APIOCERID^E. These
latter are a small non- Oriental group that has been at various
times associated with the BOMBYLIIDJE, THEEEVID^, and ASILID^E.
There is some resemblance in the venation of the MYDAID^E to
that of the NEMESTIUNID.E, but the bodily structure and general
facies of the latter are different.

The presence also in the NEMESTHIXIDJE of what has been
conveniently though incorrectly termed the "diagonal vein" will
also immediately separate that family from the present one.

Verrall has carefully analysed the systematic position of the
present family (Brit. Flies, v, p. 605), and in the same volume
(p. 606) has discussed the question of spelling, several authors
having adopted Midas instead of Mydas. The exact origin of the
generic name is not clear, and he supports Mydas, with the family
name MYDAIDJE, and these terms are also adopted in the Kertesz
Catalogue and in Willistou's Manual.

Table of Genera.

Proboscis short; labella terminal, triangular, compressed ;
hind tibise generally Avith a spur; anal segment in
$ without a wreath of spines ................. . MYDAS, F.

Proboscis long ; hind tibiae without spur ; anal segment [Gerst,

in $ with a wreath of spines .................... LEPTOMYDAS,

Genus MYDAS, F.

Mydas, Fabricius, Ent. Syst. iv, p. 252 (1794) ; Macquart, Hist. Nat.
Dipt, i, p. 273 (1834) ; ]d., Dipt. Exot. i, pt. 2, p. 10 (1838).

GENOTYPE, Musca clavata, Drury; by Latreille's designation
(1810).

Head broad, short transverse, as broad as thorax, neck short ;

MTDAS. 317

frons and vertex sunken, ocelli indistinct or removed far from
vertex ; proboscis only slightly prominent,* labella terminal, tri-
angular, compressed; palpi one-jointed; antenna porrect, at
base approximate, clubbed or knobbed at tip, three-jointed, the
first two moderately short, the 3rd elongate, with annular im-
pressions. Thorax subquadrate, with sparse, sometimes thicker
pubescence on dorsum and coarse pubescence towards the sides ;
pleurae with more pubescence in some species than others ;
humeri prominent; scutellum oblong, small, unspined, meta-
notum very large. Abdomen elongate, 7-segmented, with light
pubescence only, the last segment in the $ without a circlet of
spines ; genitalia of moderate size in c? . Legs strong and stout ;
hind femora slightly thickened, generally serrate or spinose on
underside ; hind tibiae generally with a spur. Wings : auxiliary,
1st, 2nd, and 3rd longitudinal veins as in the family diagnosis,
both branches of the latter vein ending in the 1st; the 4th vein's
upper branch ends in the costa distinctly before the wing-tip, its
lower branch bends downward and joins the upper branch of
the 5th vein. As for the small vein forming the outer side of
the discal cell, it may be regarded as a lower prong of the upper
branch of the 4th vein or as a discal cross-vein. Eemaining
veins in accordance with the family diagnosis.

Range. S. Europe, "N". Africa, India, Malay Archipelago, North
and South America, and Cuba.

Life-history practically unknown.

Table of Species.

Third autennal joint bright red ruficornis. Wied.

Third antennal joint black.

Abdomen wholly black carmiahaeli, Brun.

Abdomen with pale hind margins to segments . annulata, Bran.

250. Mydas ruficornis, Wied.

Mi/das riificornis, Wiedemann, Analec. Entom. p. 20 (1824) ; id.,
Auss. Zweifl. i, p. 242 (1828) ; id., Monog. Gen. Midas, p. 40,
pi. lii, fig. 11.

" Head black ; 1st and 2nd antennal joints black, 3rd fiery red-
yellow ; epistome on both sides [presumably above and below]
with yellowish, hairs ; a white hair spot on the side of the
:mteana3 ; occiput whitish. Thorax brownish honey-yellow, be-
coming blackish behind. Abdomen almost metallic black, rather
sparsely punctured. Wings brown, with violet-blue reflections ;
halteres brown. Legs black ; hind tibiae and base of tarsi dark
red-brown ; hind femora below with three or four rather long
spines." ( Wiedemann.)
Length, 18 mm.
Tranquebar.
Type in the Vienna Museum.

* Scbiner adds " with four bristles."

313 MYDAIDJE.

251. Mydas carmichaeli, Brim.

My das carmichaeli, Branetti, Rec. Incl. Mas. ix, p. 266 (1913).
cf § . Head black, irons slightly wider than one-third of the
head, somewhat wrinkled, with a moderate amount of blackish-
brown pubescence ; a small tuft of greyish hairs on each side of
the mouth-opening. Proboscis rather less than the height of the
head, dark brown ; palpi slender, black, reaching as far forward
as the vertical line drawn through the antennal prominence, which
latter is small and black. Antennae normal, black, bare, about as
long as from the vertex to the tip of the proboscis. Occiput
black, shortly pubescent; a little grey tomentum behind the eye-
border. Thorax wholly dull velvet-black, with very short
sparse black pubescence, which is a little longer below the wings.

Fig. 23. — Mydas carmichaeli, Brun., <$ .

Abdomen shining black, with a slight indigo-blue tinge and very
short pubescence ; in <5 subcylindrical, as long as head and thorax
together and barely as wide; in § a little broader and longer and
much more bulky. The tf genitalia consist of a hollow triangular
piece, hairy above, with a deep keel, a pair of dark reddish-brown,
nearly bare, moderately long, narrow, finger-like claspers (only
one joint being visible, the organs being somewhat withdrawn),
and a curved ventral plate, with black pubescence on its lower
side. The $ genitalia appear to consist of two telescopic cylin-
drical shells, the inner one ending in two small (probably) retractile
lamellae. Legt wholly black ; coxae with a little short black
pubescence ; hind femora with two rows of spines on underside,
an inner one of about a dozen and an outer one of a few only.
Hind tibiae with a row of reddish spines on underside (not at all
conspicuous), and 5 or 6 such spines at the tip on the underside
only ; fore tibise with some inconspicuous spines at tip, which
appear to be only the terminal ones of a row on the underside
nearly hidden by the thick though short black pubescence which
clothes all the tibiae ; a row of spines, including the apical Ones, is
.-ipparently present on the middle tibiae also, though certainly

MYDAS. 319

much less conspicuous. Claws distinct, pulvilli pale brownish-
yellow. Wings dark blackish brown, a little paler towards tip
and hind margin, and with a strong violet tinge. Halteres and
squamae black, the latter with a narrow fringe of dark brown
hairs.

Length, <$ 25 inm., $ 27 mm.

Described from a single pair, the <3 from Darjiling, v. 1912, the
$ from Singla, iv. 1913.

252. Mydas annulata, Brun.

C'ephalocera annulata, Brunetti, Rec. Ind. Mus. vii, p. 513 (1912).

c? . Head : frons rather more than one-third width of the head,
with a small swelling on each side of vertex, contiguous to the
corners of the eyes ; proboscis short. The whole head moderately
shining black, with rather thick and long whitish-grey pubescence
over frons and face except lower part of the latter ; occiput black,
with whitish-grey hairs, which are longer on lower part of head.
Antennae all black, long ; 2nd joint very short, 3rd joint with an
impressed constriction at some distance before its tip; beyond the
constriction the joint is slightly thickened ; style long, nearly as
long as rest of antennae, black, with an impressed constriction at
nearly one-third of its length, the style thickening upically except
at extreme tip, where it is slightly but obviously narrower.
Thorax black, a grey tomentose stripe at each side of the dorsum,
a short one from each shoulder, narrowing rapidly and not reach-
ing centre of dorsum ; the middle of the posterior margin also
grey tomentose ; the whole dorsum covered with tine grey pubes-
cence, which is a little longer beiow the shoulders and on the side
stripes. Scutellum broad, extremely short, shining black, bare ;
sides of thorax moderately shining black, with a little grey
pubescence on the pleurae. Abdomen shining black; posterior
margins of all segments (indistinctly on the 1st segment) with a
narrow, but clearly-defined, pale whitish-yellow border; whole
surface of abdomen with depressed pubescence, which is dark
brown or blackish on basal halt' (or thereabouts) of each segment
and pale grey on apical half. Venter similar, the yellowish-white
bands 'passing over the sides of the segments and continued
narrowly across the ventral surface. Geuitalia comparatively
small, black ; a dorsal plate, a pair of moderately long finger-like
claspers, and some yellowish-brown internal organs. Legs black ;
shortly and normally grey pubescent ; base of hind tibiae and tarsi
slightly brownish yellow. Wings pale grey ; venation in exact
agreement with Macquart's figure of Cephalocera nigra (Dipt.
Exot. i, pt. 2, pi. i, fig. 3) ; halteres black.

Length, 15 mm.

Described from two 6 6 in the Indian Museum from Bhoira-
kund, Darrang District, Assam-Bhutan Frontier, 18-22. x. 1912
(Kemp).

320 MTDAIIME.

I described this species under CepJialocera, as Bigot's MS. name
for it was adopted, but, as the proboscis is short and labella are
present, it must be referred to Mi/das.

Genus LEPTOMYDAS, Gerst.
Leptomydas, Gerstaecker, Stett. Ent. Zeit. xxix, p. 81 (1868).

GENOTYPE uncertain ; * Mydas lusitanicus, Wied., according to
Coquillett (1910).

This genus differs from Mydaa in the long proboscis, in the
absence of a spur to the hind tibiae, and the presence of a wreath
of spines at the tip of the abdomen in the $ . From Ceplialocera
it differs by the presence of the labella.

Range. South Europe, Egypt, Arabia, Sudan, India, East and
South Africa, North and Central America. %

253. Leptomydas indianus, Bnm. (PI. IV, fig. 1.)

Leptomidas indianus, Brunetti, Eec. Ind. Mus. vii, p. 478, fig. 12
(1912).

$ . Head much wider than thorax ; frons black, shining, with
two narrow diagonal grooves on upper part ; vertex consisting of
two dark brown shining oval calli placed end to end, with a small
recessed space between them ; face rather dark grey, smooth ;
antennae missing, except the short, .cylindrical, dark brown,
slightly pubescent first joint, placed on a slight transverse ridge
running from eye to eye ; eyes prominent, black, bare, shining ;
proboscis and oral opening dark brown, shining, former very
short ; back of head grey ; the whole frons, face, back, and under-
side of head with moderately thick (but not dense) grey hairs.
Thorax dull black, with a little dirty grey tomentum towards the
sides and posterior part, and on the humeral calli, which bear a
small bunch of coucolorous hairs ; similar hairs on posterior part
of dorsum, in front of and below the wings ; sides of thorax more
or less shining black, mostly bare; prothorax and neck with
silvery-grey tomentum ; scutellum and metanotum blackish,
•with silvery-grey tomentum. Abdomen cylindrical, slightly nar-
rowed in middle, very dark blackish brown, shining; posterior
borders of segments pale yellow, most distinct on 2nd to 5th seg-
ments ; the bands on the 2nd, 3rd, and 4th segments passing
unbroken over the sides and across the venter; 4th segment light
reddish brown ; whole abdomen minutely pubescent ; 1st and 2nd

* There is a little uncertainty here, as in the Kertesz Katalog lusitanicus is
referred to Mydas again, although Leptomydas is acknowledged as a valid
genus. The next species guen by Gerstaecker is cincfus, Macq., which Kertesz
puts in Syllcyomt/das. Gerstaecker's third species is rujipcs, Wied., which
Kertesz retains in Leptomydas. Therefore, if lusitanicus is really a Mydas, the
type of Leptotomydas may be rufipcs, Wied.

LEPTOMYDAS. 321

segments with grey hairs at sides. Genitalia small, partly with-
drawn, dark shining brown; ultimate portion with a row of light
brown scale-like spines on each side. Legs simple, no traces of
bristles or longer hairs, except two apical bristles at the tips of the
anterior tibiae (the hind tibiae and tarsi are missing) ; dark brown,
with minute grey pubescence, which is longer on the coxae and
short and thick on the tibiae ; tarsal joints with black tips.
Wings uniformly pale yellow, veins darker yellow, costa black ;
border of wing without a single hair ; 3rd longitudinal vein with
a minute appendix at base of upper fork; alulae concolorous, bare;
tegulae very small, bright yellow with a very narrow fringe; halteres
blackish, stem brown.

LenytJi, 16 mm.

Described from a single $ in the Indian Museum from Sadiyar
Assam.

The type is a $ , as noted on Bigot's MS. label, though in
describing it 1 stated it was probably a c? . I placed indianus
in Leptomydas because Bigot's MS. label bore that name, but an
examination of the various genera shows that in this genus the
proboscis should be long. In indianus it only projects from
the mouth-opening for a short distance, the tips of the distinct
labella reaching as far forward as the 2nd antennal joint. The
only other genus to which it could be referred seems to be
Ectyphus, Gerst., in which the proboscis is described as rudi-
mentary, barely projecting from the oral orifice. But the epistome
in Ectyphus is long and vertical, whereas in indianus the lower
part of the head does not descend below the level of the eyes.
The proboscis in the type projects upwards at an angle ; if directed
forwards, it would, of course, appear comparatively longer : Ger-
staecker's figure shows a proboscis reaching to half the length of
the antennae. However, the tip of the abdomen bears the circlet
of spines, which is one character that differentiates Leptomydas
from Mydas, so in the circumstances the species is left here-
temporarily.

Family EMPLOYE.*

Comparatively small-sized flies, generally bare or nearly so
except for a few bristles, of sombre colours ; t found chiefly in
woods and shady situations, many species frequenting the neigh-
bourhood of water. In the tropics they occur mostly in localities
of some elevation. Systematically much more variety of struc-
ture is present than in the adjacent families of ASILID^K and
DOLICIIOPODID^E.

* So.ne authors adopt the name EMPIDID*:. The late G. H. Verrall saj»
(Brit. Flies, v, p. 28): " Dr. A. W. Verrall is of opinion that the word Lmptdidce
is pedantic, and instances Euelpida."

t The only exceptions are a few metallic species from the tropical region*
of the New World.

322 EMPIDJE.

Head comparatively small, sometimes very small, more or less
globular, generally bulging out posteriorly ; as wide as, or narrower
than the thorax ; joined to the thorax by a narrow neck. Eyes
large, often forming nearly the whole of the head, generally bare,
contiguous in both sexes or in the c? only, or separated in both
sexes ; in contiguous eyes the upper facets nearly always larger
than the lower ones ; in the middle of the inner eye-margin is an
incision of greater or less size, said to be always present and
perceptible ; three ocelli. Proboscis of various structure ; short
and thickened, of more moderate size both in thickness and length ;
or, as is frequently the case, horny, adapted for piercing, directed
forwards ; or elongate, in some species as long as the whole body,
and directed obliquely forwards, downwards, or backwards. Occa-
sionally the proboscis is curved. Mouth-opening generally small.
Palpi generally 1 or 2, rarely 3, jointed ; of various structure,
size, and length ; bare or bristly. Antennae porrect, approximate
at base, sometimes 2-jointed, generally of three unquestionable
joints, of which the 3rd may taper into, or bear, an arista, which
is always bare except when styliforrn. In some genera a pro-
minent 1- or 2-jointed style is present, and some authors have
described such antennae as being 4- or 5-jointed. Even in certain
genera in which they are regarded as 3-jointed, the 3rd joint
(in these cases nearly always elongate conical or pear-shaped) is
apparently of a different texture from the basal two, partaking
more of the nature of a style. In the present work the latter
genera are regarded as having a 3-jointed antenna, attention being
called to the structure of the 3rd joint. In the genera with so-
called 4- or 5-jointed antennae the 4th and 5th joints are regarded
as representing a style. Head with a few weak bristles on vertex,
frons, or occiput.

Thorax of moderate size, often greatly humped, generally sub-
quadrate, the prothorax sometimes produced forwards. Scutellum
small, semicircular, or gently curved, with two or more bristles ;
a few bristles generally occur on the margin of the thoracic
dorsum.

Abdomen of 7 or 8 segments,* bare or pubescent ; generally in
the <$ elongate, conical, or cylindrical, in some genera short,
rounded, or ovate ; io the 5 sometimes broader at the base, but
always more pointed at tip. Genitalia in <5 of various structure,
sometimes complex and prominent ; in £ usually in the form of
a slender conical ovipositor with two terminal styliform lamellae.
Abdomen never with conspicuous bristles.

Legs exhibiting various forms of structure. In some groups
they are comparatively normal, that is to say, of moderate length
and thickness ; but in others the coxae may be greatly lengthened,
the femora (either pair singly or the whole of them) being often
conspicuously incrassated, and in some genera furnished with
spines below. The tibiae and metatarsi are sometimes enlarged,
whilst marked differences in sexual ornamentation not infrequently

* Melander says 5 to 7.

EMPID.E. 323

occur in the legs in certain genera — Erupis and EhampJiomyia, for
instance, — in which in some species those of the <S are. provided
with knobs or characteristic spiues or tufts of hair, whilst those of
the $ in other species may be adorned with long scales forming
a conspicuous fringe. Tibial spurs sometimes present, never
large ; two fairly well-developed pulvilli and generally an empodium
of varying shape. Bristles of various sizes and specific value occur
on the legs of many species. Some species have raptorial legs.

Wings usually of moderate size and normal shape, about as
long as the abdomen ; in one group nnrrow and markedly cunei-
form, the anal angle not distinguishable ; in certain genera
widened and considerably shortened ; practically bare, except for
a fringe of tiny bristles along some part of the costa ; in the large
majority of species unmarked, except for slight infuscations and
the stigma, when present. Arenation exhibiting considerable
variety. Costa usually ending near apex of wings; auxiliary and
1st longitudinal veins of varying length, the former sometimes
shortened ; 2nd longitudinal vein long, simple or forked ; 3rd
ending before or after wing-tip, simple or forked ; 4th simple
or forked, the upper branch often again forked ; 5th simple
or forked, the lower branch often recurrent, meeting anal vein
at various angles ; anal vein present or absent, sometimes much
abbreviated. Anterior cross-vein present ; posterior cross-vein
always absent ; a discal cross-vein present or absent. One or
two submarginal cells, three or four posterior cells, discal cell
present or absent ; two basal cells ; anal cell present, incomplete,
or absent. Anal angle of wing prominent, moderately distinct, or
entirely reduced. Squamae generally absent, when present, small.
Wings covering the abdomen when at rest.

The EMPID^E are a rapacious family, preying chiefly on small
soft Diptera and, to a less extent, on Lepidoptera, for which they
lie in ambush amongst leaves. Generally distributed, especially in
woods in moist situations. In some species aerial dances are
performed either by one or other sex or both jointly, copulation
in these cases taking place in the air. Other species frequent
flowers. Some are fond of hovering in swarms just above small
ponds and streams, and mate on the surface of the water. I once
saw near London (at Esher, 1 think) a dense and regular stream
of H'dara maura flying slowly backwards and forwards over a
brooklet, so that a single stroke of the net captured several
hundreds.

Life-history. Larva amphipneustic ; prothoracic spiracles small,
abdominal spiracles also small, placed on last segment, which is
more or less rounded, bearing a tooth-like wart on underside ;
J2-segmented, cylindrical, tapering at each end ; head small,
retractile, mouth-parts rather well developed, antennae small, no
eyes ; ventral side of most segments with transverse swellings.
The larva is carnivorous, living in the earth below leaves in
woods, or in decaying wood ; one European species of Ilemtro-
dromia apparently lives in the mud of streamlets. Pupa free,
with prothoracic and seven pairs of abdominal spiracles.

Y2

324 EMPID;E.

Tlie EMPIDJE may be distinguished from the ASILID^E by the
difference in venation, non-excavation of the vertex, smaller
head, and absence of long hair on the lower part of the head.
From the DOLICHOPODID^E, to which certain genera bear some
resemblance, they may be known by the venation. A few genera
with reduced venation may have a superficial resemblance to some
ACALYPTRATA , but the family characters described above will
separate them. The subfamilies are not so easily distinguished
as in some other families, and, as a rule, more than one character
has to be taken into consideration in separating them.

Tabh of Subfamilies.

1. Anal cell absent, or, if present, anal

vein incomplete and middle femora,
usually incrassate ; anterior cross-
vein nearly always beyond middle of

discal cell

Anal cell present, rarely absent, in which
case fore coxae much elongated, about
as long as the incrassate fore femora ;
anterior cross-vein always much
before middle of discal cell (except
in Hemerodroinia spp.) 2.

2. Axillary lobe of wing greatly reduced or

absent ; wing cuneiform at base ; fore
coxae much elongated, about as long
as fore femora, always longer than

posterior coxas

Axillary lobe of wing generally nor-
mally developed or conspicuous ;
wing not cuneiform ; fore coxre
always shorter than fore femora ....

3. Anal cell always distinctly longer than

2nd basal cell : lower branch of oth
vein bent down to meet anal vein
always at an obvious obtuse angle,
and approximately perpendicular to
hind margin of wing ; posterior
margin of anal cell always the longer,
its apical end never truncate ; pro-
boscis shorter than height of head ; if
longer, directed straight or obliquely
forwards and also antennas and style
very short ; 3rd vein always simple ;
thorax generally conspicuously hum-

Anal cell shorter than, or at most
approximately subequal to 2nd. basal
cell ; lower branch of 5th vein bent
down to meet anal vein at an acute
angle, a right angle or at most only
slightly obtuse angle ; approximately
either perpendicular to, parallel with,

TACHYDROMIIISVE, p. 373.

HEMKRODROMIINJE, p. 363,

HYBOTINJE, p. 325,

EMP1DJE. 325

or at an angle of about 45° to hind
margin of wing ; anal cell with either
anterior or pgsterior margin the
longer, its apical end truncate or
pointed ; proboscis generally shorter
than or as long as height of head,
sometimes longer ; 3rd veiu simple
or forked ; thorax humped or not . . 4.
4. Proboscis as long as or longer than
head,* projecting downwards; lower
branch of oth vein parallel to hind
margin of wing, so that anterior
margin of anal cell is always the
longer ; antennae comparatively elon-

fate, generally with 2-jointed style ;
rd vein simple or forked EMPIXJE, p. 344.

Proboscis generally quite short ; if as
long as head or longer, directed
straight or obliquely forwards, also
5th vein meeting anal vein at an
angle of about 45°, also antennae and
style very short. Antennae vari-
able ; lower branch of 5th veiu
meeting anal vein parallel with,
perpendicular to, or at, an angle of
45° to hind margin of wing ; 3rd vein
simple OCYDROMIIX^E, p. 362.

Subfamily HYBOTINyE.

Eyes contiguous in both sexes ; proboscis varying from shorter
than, to a little longer than the head ; palpi of one joint ; an-
tennae 3-jointed, with a terminal arista.* Thorax very humped.
Wings with axillary lobe well developed ; 3rd longitudinal vein
simple, 4rli simple or forked ; three or four posterior cells ; discal
cell generally present ; t 2nd basal cell equal to or longer than 1st ;
anal cell longer or shorter than 2nd basal ; anal vein reaching
margin of wing ; lower branch of oth vein bent down rather
suddenly, at an obvious obtuse angle, meeting anal vein approxi-
mately perpendicularly to hind margin of wing, making posterior
side of anal cell always the longer, and its apical end pointed.

The characters by Avhich this subfamily may be most easily
recognised are the elongated anal cell, pointed at tip, in conjunction
with the obtusely bent lower brand) of the 5th vein ; also by the
very humped thorax. They are strongly built Euipids and of
comparatively large size.

* Trichopeta is almost an exception, the proboscis being barely as long as
the hoad.

t Microsania, Zett., a European genus, lias a two-jointed ttyle to the 3rd
antennal joint and the discal cell absent.

326

Table of Genera.

1. Second longitudinal vein beginning nearer

humeral cross-vein than anterior cross-
vein

Second longitudinal vein beginning nearer
anterior cross-vein than humeral cross-
vein

2. Anal cell ending much before margin of wing
Anal cell extending to margin of wing ....

3. Hind femora incrassate, spined below ....

Hind femora not incrassate nor spined below

4. Basal portion of 4th vein (dividing basal

cells) indistinct =

Basal portion of 4th vein (dividing basal
cells) distinct

5. Hind femora incrassate; thorax very humped;

arista apical

Hind femora not incrassate ; thorax less
humped ; arista subapical

These characters are mainly comparative, especially as regards
the origin of the 2nd longitudinal vein. The degree of incrassa-
tion of the hind femora and the size of the spines on its underside
are both variable characters. The sole characteristic of Sijndyas
seems a very weak one, whilst that distinguishing Harpamerus
appears very strong, yet the latter is sunk in Syneches in Kertesz'a
Catalogue. Both these latter genera are unknown to me. It is
difficult to draw definite generic limits in HTBOTIN^ without an
exhaustive examination of all the known species.

Table of Species of Syneches (sensu lato),
Syndyas, and Harpamerus.

1. Anal cell extending to wing-margin .... signatus, Big., p. 334.
Anal cell ending much before wing-

3'. [p. 334.

HAEPAMKRUS, Big.,
SYNECHES, Walk.,

[p. 327.

ACARTERVS, Lw.,

[p. 334.
SYNDYAS, Lw., p. 333.

5.

HYBOS, Mg.. p. 336*.

[p. 343.
PARAHYBOS, Kert.,

margin

2. Thorax bright brownish yellow

Thorax black, blackish brown, or dark

brown

3. Wing with several dark brown marks,

apart from stigma

Wing unmarked, apart from stigma;
ground-colour from clear to brownish

4. Discal cell unusually small pi

Discal cell at least more than twice as

long as broad 5.

5. Legs, at least femora (except extreme

base or tip), all yellow 6.

Legs mainly black or dark brown, at least
all femora practically so (except hind
femora in rusticus) " 7.

6. Thorax less arched ; legs with soft pubes-

cence in addition to tibial bristles;
anal cell considerably longer than 2nd
basal, with subconical tip

2. fp. 328.

immaculatus, Brun.,

bif/oti, Bezzi, p. 329.

4. [p. 333.

parvicellulata, Bezzi,

ina'qualis, Brun., p. 330.

SYNECHES. 327

Thorax highly arched ; legs nearly bare
except for tibial bristles ; anal cell
barely longer than 2nd basal, with
nearly truncate tip ................ minutus, Brun., p. 330.

7. Hind femora brownish yellow ........ msticns, Brun., p. 331.

Hind femora black or blackish brown . . 8.

8. Smaller species, 2J mm. ; wings nearly

clear ............................ 9.

Larger species, 3^ or 5 mm. ; wings dis-
tinctly brown .................... 10.

9. Stigma very distinct and large, round,

deep black ; anterior cross-vein at
about g of discal cell ; anterior knees
and tips of anterior tibise and all tarsi

wholly yellow ; hind femora consider-
ably thickened on apical
Stigma barely appreciable ; anterior cross-

ably thickened on apical half ...... insignia, Brun., p. 332.

vein at about £ of discal cell ; only
tarsi and extreme tips of tibire yellow ;
hind femora not thickened .......... fratellus, Brun., p. 332.

10. Length 3^ mm. ; 1st posterior cell (beyond

discal cell) distinctly narrowed to- [p. 331.

wards tip ........................ pattiditarsis, Brun",

Length 5 mm. ; 1st posterior cell (beyond

discal cell) uniformly wide .......... fuscipennis, sp. n., p. 333.

Acarterus, L\v., with two Indian species is not included in the
above table, as its unthickened unspined hind femora should distin-
guish it clearly ; but Harpamerus is included, although the length
of the anal cell should define it with absolute precision. The fact
that Prof. Kertesz sinks it in Si/neches, however, makes me
dubious of its generic validity, Bigot's definitions being often
unreliable.

Of the species tabulated above, sif/nalus belongs to Harpamerus,
nud jiarvicellulata to Syndyas, the remainder falling in Syneches.

Genus SYNECHES, Walk.

Syneches, Walker, Ins. Saund., Dipt. pt. 3, p. 165 (1852).
Acromyia, Latreille, Gen. Crust. Ins. iv, p. 305 (1809).
Pterospilus, Rondani, Dipt, Ital. Prod, i, p. 152 (1856).

GENOTYPE, Syneches simplex, Walk. (South America).

This genus differs technically from Hylos by the origin of the
2nd longitudinal vein being nearer to the humeral cross-vein than
to the anterior cross-vein. It is also urged that the 2nd longi-
tudinal vein curves forward more in Syneches than in Hybos ; also
that the anal cell is almost truncate at the tip in the former and
pointed in the latter ; again, that the wings are normally spotted
in Syneches and unmarked in Hybos.

Range. Europe, India, Ceylon, Malay Archipelago, South Africa,
North 'and South America.

As regards the generic validity of Syneches, there is considerable
doubt, the principal character of the position of tbe origin of the
2nd longitudinal vein being much weakened by the existence of

328 EMPID.E.

several intermediate species. Melander adds that the 2nd longi-
tudinal vein is curved towards the cost a, and the wings (except in
one species, dealing with the Xorth American ones only) are
spotted in Syneches.

In describing three new Indian species,* it was noted by me
that so far as the origin of the 2nd vein went they might almost
as well be placed in Hi/bos as in Syneches. Melander's figure of
H. spinicosta shows this species also as practically intermediate ;
whilst in that of mellipes, though the humeral cross-vein is not
figured, the origin of the 2nd vein appears also in an intermediate
position. Eespecting the curvature of the 2nd vein, Melander's
figures show it as much curved forward in H. mellipes as in
S. quadrangularis.

The anal cell is said to be nearly truncate at the tip in Syneches
and pointed in Hybos, but there is practically no difference in this
respect in the wings of S. simplex and H. mettipes. The character
of the wing being generally spotted in Syneches is a weak one.

It may be as well, however, to retain Syneches provisionally,
though it is probably only worthy of subgeneric rank.

From Epiceia, Walk., and Harpamerus, Big., taken together,
Syneches (s. sir.) is supposed to differ by the 3rd and 4th longi-
tudinal veins being parallel or diverging at the tip, instead of con-
verging at the tip.

My own species must be considered as belonging to Syneches,
sensu lato.

254. Syneches immaculatus, Brun.

Syneches immaculatus, Brunetti, Rec. Ind. Mus. ix, p. 18 (1913).
<S • Head dark grey ; upper facets of eyes reddish brown, very
much larger than the lower ones, which are coffee-brown ; pro-
boscis about as long as height of head, yellow ; palpi very small,
yellow, with a long bristle at the tips; anteun* bright pale

Fig. 24. — Syneches immaculatus, Brun., wing.

yellow, witli a very long bisinuate drooping black arista. Thorax
bright brownish yellow, with a few sparse hairs and four bristles
towards posterior margin ; scutellum concolorous, with two long
apical bristles ; metanotum concolorous ; sides of thorax also, an
irregular elongate dark brown spot or streak from the shoulder
to the base of the wings. Abdomen wholly black, with a little
black pubescence on upper- and undersides ; genitalia small. Legs
yellow; fore femora a little brown above, with -short golden-
* Kec. Ind. Mus. ix, p. 17 ; list of Oriental species and notes, p. 16.

SYNECHES. 329

yellow pubescence ; all the tibiae with a row of well-separated
long stiff dark hairs. Winc/s pale grey, unmarked except for the
distinct brownish-yellow stigma ; halteres brown.

Length, 4 mm.

Described from one <5 in the Indian Museum from Peradeniya,
Ceylon, iv. 1911 (E. E. Green).

255. Synecb.es bigoti, Bezzi. (PI. IV, fig. 3.)

Syneches bigoti, Bezzi, Ann. Mus. Hung, ii, p. 360 (1904) ; Brunetti;

Rec. Ind. Mus. ix, p. 16 (1913).
Pterospihis bicoloi; Bigot, Ann. Soc.Ent. France, (6) ix, p. 126 (1889).

<5 2 • Head with eyes closely contiguous in both sexes from
vertex nearly to base of antennae, leaving extremely small vertical
and frontal triangles; frontal bright brown facets from vertex
to lower margin of eye considerably larger than the hindmost
black ones, the size gradually diminishing; face moderately broad,
blackish, with a little whitish pubescence immediately below base
of antennae; the three conspicuous ocelli bright brown; vertex
with a row of short black bristly hairs ; antenna? wholly brownish
yellow, 1st and 2nd joints sometimes darker, the 2nd with a fringe
of black bristles towards tip ; arista pale yellow, more than twice
as long as antennae ; epistome, proboscis, and palpi bright brownish
yellow, the last with two or more long bristles and a row of short
stiff hairs ; occiput black, with a little pubescence. Thorax wholly
bright yellowish brown, with three well-separated, moderately
wide, more or less distinct darker stripes from anterior to pos-
terior margins; the whole clorsum with very short black pubescence.
Scutellum varying from pale yellow to yellowish brown, with a
row of short black bristles on hind margin. Abdomen brownish
yellow ; hind margins and sides of segments more or less blackish,
with yellow pubescence at sides. In the $ the abdomen more
yellowish grey, rather broader basally, conical at tip, and shorter
in tf . Venter from pale yellow to yellowish brown ; genitalia in
c? of moderate size. Leys : anterior pairs pale brownish yellow,
sometimes the anterior femora or anterior legs wholly much
darker ; hind legs always darker than anterior pairs, normally with
a very broad darker brown subapical hand on femora, sometimes
a similar basal brown band, but less distinct ; sometimes the hind
femora entirely darker brown ; hind tibiae darker brown, basal
and apical thirds usually darker still ; hind tarsi pale yellowish,
tips of all tarsal joints brownish. Hind femora with soft, black,
moderately long pubescence and a row of 8-9 long bristles on
outer side and a row of about twelve short socketed spines below ;
anterior legs with soft short pubescence on femora and tibiw and
hind tibiae also; a row of long stiff hairs below femora and some
isolated ones placed apparently irregularly on the tibiae. Wing*
pale grey; veins brown, but pale yellow on some of the non-
infuscated parts and contiguous to the stigma ; these infuscations
are somewhat irregular in outline and of more or less distinctness,

330 EMPLOY.

and occur as follows : in the middle of the wing (narrowly) from
costa to discal cell, along basal part of 5th longitudinal vein,
and to a slight degree along many of the other veins, at tip of
2nd vein (where there is often a short appendix), and a slight
but usually obvious limited suffusion at the wing-tip ; stigma
very large, deep black, round or slightly oval ; halteres brownish
yellow.

Length, 4-5| mm.

Eedescribed from two males and several females in the Indian
Museum: Margherita, Assam; Peradeniya, i. 1911; Kandy,
v. 1910; Pallode, S. India, 15. xi. 1908 (Annandale} ; Param-
bikulam, Cochin State, 1700-3200 ft., 16-24. ix. 1914 (Gravely}.

256. Syneches inaequalis, Brim.

Syneches ineequalis, Brunetti, Eec. lud. Mus. ix, p. 18 (1913). »

cJ . Head with occiput dark grey ; proboscis about as long as
head; antennae blackish grey, arista considerably pubescent.
Thorax shining black. Abdomen dull blackish grey (if viewed from
in front it appears a lighter grey), greyish towards tip ; pale hairs
laterally. Genitalia comparatively large, apparently normally
formed. Legs wholly yellowish, except tips of femora, which are
exceedingly narrowly black : legs softly and distinctly pubescent,
the tibiae with three or four long stiff bristly hairs on each. Wings
pale brownish yellow ; stigma oval, indistinct, of moderate size.

Length, 3 mm.

Described from a single tf in the Indian Museum from Kur-
seong, 3. viii. 1908 (Annandale).-

257. Syneches minutns, Brun.

Syneches minutus, Brunetti, Rec. Ind. Mus. ix, p. 20 (1913).

3 . Head with upper facets of eyes large, reddish ; lower ones
nearly black, much smaller ; vertex and occiput black ; three dis-
tinct small yellowish ocelli ; antennae brown, pale if viewed from
above, as is also the arista ; proboscis light brownish yellow, a
little longer than the head. Thorax very highly arched; dark
blackish brown, a little shining; seen from certain directions the
hinder half has a brown-dusted tinge; some long stiff hairs laterally.
Scutellum with a distinct brown or brownish-grey tinge, and with
long stiff hairs. Abdomen blackish brown, with some dark hairs ;
genitalia black, apparently normally shaped and of moderate size.
Legs pale brownish yellow ; coxae and sometimes extreme base of
anterior femora and extreme tips of tarsi dark ; legs almost bare
except for one or two long stiff hairs on tibise. Wings pale brown,
stigma imperceptible, halteres black.

Length, 2 mm.

Described from four <$ S in the Indian Museum from the
western base of the Dawmi Hills, Lower Burma, 1-2. iii. 1908
(Annandalf).

SYNECIIES. 331

258. Syneclies rusticus, Bmn.

Syneches rusticus, Brunetti, Rec. Ind. Mus. ix, p. 20 (1913).
J . Head : eye's with upper facets red, the lower smaller ones
coffee-brown ; three large ocelli, pale yellow and very distinct ;
antennae blackish grey, 3rd joint and the rather thick arista paler;
proboscis longer than head. Thorax black, only a little shining :
some stiff hairs laterally and on posterior margin of scutellum;*
viewed from a low angle at the sides, the anterior part of the
mesouotum appears brown-dusted. Abdomen uniformly dark
blackish brown, with yellowish-brown hairs laterally ; geuitalia
concolorous, inconspicuous. Legs yellowish, pubescent; coxae,
major part of anterior femora, tips of all femora (very narrowly),
and apical half of all tarsi, black ; hind femora wifi'n a row of stiffer
long hairs below. Wings distinctly brown, but not deeply so,
highly iridescent ; stigma ill-defined but distinct ; halteres blackish
brown.

Length, 3£ mm.

Described' from one d in the Indian Museum taken by me at
Darjiling, 26. v. 1910.

259. Syneches palliditarsis, Brun. (PI. IV, fig. 4.)
Syneches palliditarsis, Brunetti, Rec. Ind. Mus. ix, p. 18 (1913).

2. Head black; the narrow face a little grey-dusted; eyes
above antennae absolutely contiguous, the upper facets reddish
brown, the lower facets, which are much smaller, darker brown ;
proboscis shining brown, projecting considerably beyond head (in
one specimen twice as long as head) ; palpi very short, nearly
black; antennae moderately light brown. Thorax shining black;
when viewed from certain directions it appears distinctly dusted
with brownish grey ; the anterior part bare ; some long soft hairs
on posterior half and on scutellum, on the margin of which is a
row of long stiff hairs. Abdomen black, a little shining, with
brownish-yellow hairs, which are a little more plentiful than in
the other Indian species of this genus. A peculiar feature in this
species is the presence en the underside of the 5th segment of
two parallel rows, placed longitudinally a short distance apart,
of long soft golden yellow hairs. Genitalia elongate. Legs dark
brown or blackish; tibiae and tarsi mainly brownish yellow, but
base of former and tips of latter darker; femora with rather
copious long soft hairs ; tibia? with similar hairs, less regular and
not so long, and with a row of longer stiffer hairs; first two joints
of tarsi with two longer stiff hairs at their tips. Wings brownish
grey, darker anteriorly; stigma brown, oval, moderately large;
halteres dark brown.

Length, 5 mm.

Described from three $ $ in the Indian Museum taken at
Sukna, 500 ft., base of Darjiling Hills (Annandale), 2. viii. 1903
(type) and 1. vii. 1908.

* Most of the bristly hairs are broken off, and therefore cannot be described
with exactitude.

332 EMPID.E.

The palpi in Syneches are theoretically of a length approaching
that of the proboscis, but in this species they are quite short,
certainly not a fifth part as long as the proboscis. It should,
perhaps, constitute the type of a new genus.

260. Syneches fratellus, Bnm.

Syneches fratellus, Brunetti, Rec. Lid. Mus. ix, p. 18 ^1913).

$. Very like S. palli(Jitarsi.s, Brun., but quite distinct. Eyes
and antennae \vholly black. Abdomen without the two fringes of
yellow hairs on venter, and the dorsal pubescence of the abdomen
is more whitish ,fchan yellow. The legs have only the tarsi and
extreme tips of the tibiae yellow, the remaider being black. The
wings are nearly clear. It is a much smaller species.

Ltnylh, 2£ mm.

One $ in the Indian Museum from Bhowali, Kuinaon Disfr.,
5700 ft., 29. vi. 1910 (A. D. Imms).

261. Syneches ins ignis, Brun.

Syneches insiynis, Brunetti, Eec. Ind. Mus. ix, p. 19 (1913).

cJ . Head with occiput blackish grey ; proboscis yellowish on
apical half; eyes with upper facets much larger than lower ones;
autennal 1st joint black (remainder missing). Thorax blackish
grey, with microscopic brownish-grey pubescence and soft black
hairs variously disposed; humeral calli black, shining, rather

Fig. 25. — Syneches insignis, Brun., wing.

prominent, yet small; remainder of thorax, with scutellum and
metanotum, blackish ; the scutellum with at least two long bristly
hairs. Abdomen blackish, with a slight deep blue tinge and sparse
pale pubescence. Legs black, with a slight deep blue tinge:
anterior knees, tips of anterior tibiae, and all the tarsi wliollv
yellowish ; the middle tibiae brown. All the legs with soft black
pubescence ; hind femora considerably thickened, a row of small
teeth and a row of isolated long stiff bristly hairs on underside.
Wings grey ; stigma very large, quite circular, dark brown, placed
in the rather distinct curve downwards taken by the 2nd longi-
tudinal vein.

Length, 2^ mm.

Described" from one d in the Indian Museum from Bhowali,
Kumaon Distr., 5700ft., 2. vii. 1910 (A. D. Imms).

SYNECHES. — SYXDYAS. 333

262. Syneches fuscipennis, sp. nov.

<5 . Head with upper eye-facets bright reddish brown, lower
ones dark coffee-brown ; vertex blackish ; frons very small, dark,
shining ; face very narrow, dark grey ; proboscis brownish yellow,
barely reaching as far as tip of antennae ; palpi moderately long,
brownish yellow ; antennae brownish yellow, 3rd joint browri,
with a long bristle on upperside and very long dark arista which
is yellowish at base ; occiput blackish, very concave, with some
long hairs on lower half. Thorax subglobular, dorsum hemi-
spherical, dark brown, moderately shining, almost bare; scutellum
concolorous, with a row of stiff hairs on hind margin. Abdomen
dull black, with moderately long and soft black pubescence;
genitalia concolorous. Leys : coxae, anterior femora (except at
tips), hind femora, and tarsi black; remainder of legs yellow.
Pubsscence rather long and moderately dense ; a row of longer
hairs on upper and outer sides of anterior tibiae, nnd three long
bristles on outer side of middle tibia?; pubescence on underside
of hind femora a little longer, and on hinder side of hind tibiae
towards tips conspicuously longer and denser ; a row of 6-7 short
blunt teeth below hind femora on apical half. 'Wings greyish
brown ; venation normal ; halteres yellowish, with black clubs.

Length, about 3| mm.

Described from a single c? in the Indian Museum from Tale-
wadi, near Castle Rock, N. Kanara Distr., 3-10. x. 1916 (Kemp).

Genus SYNDYAS, Lw.
Syndyas, Loew, Ufv. K. Vet.-Akad. Forh. xiv, p. 369 (1857).

GEXOTYPE, Syndyas opaca, Lw. (S. Africa) ; by Coquillett's
designation (1910).

The character in which this genus differs from Hybos is the
indistinctness of that portion of the 4th longitudinal vein dividing
the two basal cells. From Syneches it differs in the same way,
and by the origin of the 2nd vein being more remote from the
humeral cross-vein.

No specimen of the genus has come before me, only one Asiatic
species having been recorded.

263. Syndyas parvicellulata, Bezzi.

Si/ndi/as parvicellulata, Bezzi, Ann. Mus. Hung, ii, p. 321, fig. 1

(1904).

$ . Head round ; eyes above antenna contiguous, barely
separated below by an extremely narrow shining black space
upper facets hardly larger than lower ones; proboscis short
horizontal ; palpi black, slender, bare ; ocellar bristles yellowish
very slender ; antenna) wholly black, 3rd joint oval, acuminate
with rather long, very thin arista. Thorax moderately convex
very bright, with whitish hairs ; dorso-central bristles very wenk,

334 EMPIDJE.

pale, only the posterior ones a little stronger. Scutellurn with
two bristles; halteres and squamae black, fringed. Abdomen
slender, acuminate, black, moderately shining, with a slight
purplish tinge and pale hairs, which are somewhat longer on the
venter ; lamellae of ovipositor prominent, blackish brown, with
black hairs. Leg* : middle pair shining black, with pale pubes-
cence and short bristles ; middle tibiae on outer side with a row
of five bristles of equal length ; posterior tibiae clavate at tip,
with short bristles on outer side ; tarsi with sparse, rather long
bristles ; posterior femora a little longer than tibiae, hardly in-
crassate, with rather weak short bristles below. Wings clear,
strongly iridescent, with weak pale veins; stigma absent ; discal
cell extremely small, placed in middle of wing.

Length, 2^-3 mm. ; wing, 2-2-5 mm.

Two females from Colombo, 28. ii. 1902, and one exactly similar
from Sattelberg, Huon Gulf, Papua, v. 1899.

Very closely allied to S. nitida, Lw., from South Africa. Bezzi

notes the difference in size of the discal cell as separating his

from Loew's species. The form and relative positions of the

bases of the 2nd and 3rd longitudinal veins are also different in

he two species, according to the figures.

Genus HARPAMERUS, Big.

Harpamerus, Bigot, Rev. Mag. Zool. (2) xi, p. 301 (1859).
"Near Hybos. Head conical, short; proboscis erect, mode-
rately long ; palpi porrect, cylindrical, tip with long bristle.
Antennae short ; two basal joints narrow and inconspicuous ; 3rd
rounded, as long as 1st, compressed; style long, bare, apical.
Hind femora incrassate, underside with long spines incrassated at
their bases. Wings with anal cell large, closed on hind margin
of wing."

264. Harpamerus signatus, Big.

Harpamerus signatus, Bigot, Rev. Mag. Zool. (2) xi, p. 306 (1859).

" d $ . Testaceous : abdomen brown at tip. Thorax brown,
with three dark stripes. Proboscis pale ; palpi brownish. Legs
testaceous ; hind legs brown ; all tarsi pale testaceous or whitish,
with black tips. Wings subhyaline, veins infuscated with
brownish ; stigma hemispherical, brown. Ceylon." ,

Length, 6 mrn.

Genus ACARTERUS, Ltv.

Acarterus, Loew, Ofv. K. Vet.-Akad. Forli. xv, p. 340 (1858) ; id.,
Dipt. Fauna Siid-Afr. p. 262 (I860;.

GENOTYPE, Acarterus unicolor, Lw. (S. Africa).

Third antennal joint broad, shortly conical, with a straight bare

ACAETEUUS. 335

apical bristle. Proboscis porrect, horizontal : palpi linear. Legs
simple ; hind femora not incrassated or spined below. Wings
with 2nd longitudinal vein originating from near base of 1st vein ;
basal cells subequaL

Range. Only three species were till recently known, from India
(palUpeg)) Java, and South Africa, respectively.

The two Indian species may thus be separated : —

Larger species, 47 to o mm. ; wings clear . . pallipes, Bezzi.
Smaller species, 3 mm. ; wings brownish . . fuscipennis, Brim.

265. Acarterus pallipes, Bezzi.

Acarterus pallipes, Bezzi, Ann. Mus. Hung, ii, p. 335 (1 904).

<$ 2 . Head : " Eyes large, flattened above, upper facets dis-
tinctly larger than lower ones ; ocellar tubercle large, with two
bristles ; occipital margin with short fine hairs. Proboscis hori-
zontal, moderately long, acuminate, shining yellow, darker at base;
palpi rather small. Antennae short, wholly clear yellow ; 3rd
joint rounded, somewhat acuminate in front, with a very fine
long bristle above near base ; arista nearly subapical, long, fine.
Tliomx moderately arched, hump-backed, black ; humeral calli
and from wing-base to scutellum dirty yellow, not shining; in
certain lights a light reddish tomentum is visible ; the somewhat
long acrostichal bristles arranged in four rows ; some long hairs
posteriorly ; scutellum with 10 to 12 dusky yellow bristles on
hind margin ; halteres large, with brown clubs ; squamae yellow,
with a white fringe. Abdomen acuminate, velvet-black, quite
opaque, with rather long pale hairs ; male genitalia small, but of
chai-acteristic shape ; the two lateral lamellae forming a kind
of forceps, with the branches bent inwards towards the tip. Leys
all clear yellow, with the tarsi not darkened, not even at the tip,
but only the claws black, and rather long and slender; hind
femora not at all incrassate, without bristles or long hairs, bearing
only short, fine pubescence. Wings clear, a little yellowish at
base ; stigma elongate, moderately pale, especially in $ ; veins
pale yellow."

Length, 4-7-5 mm. ; wings, 3'9-4 mm.

Two males and a female from Bombay, 18. vii. 1902.

Types in the Hungarian MusQum.

266. Acarterus fuscipennis, Brim. (PI. IV, fig. 5.)
Acarterus fuscipennis, Brunetti, Rec. Ind. Mus. is, p. 21 (1913).

c? . Head with eyes wholly contiguous, the upper facets much
larger than the lower ones, bright reddish brown; proboscis
reddish yellow, as long as the height of the head ; palpi brownish
yellow, very small : antennae brownish, with long arista; back of
head blackish. Thorax dull black, highly arched, with a few
hairs ; a few lateral long stiff hairs, also some towards posterior

336 EMPIDJE.

margin; sides similarly coloured or dark grey: scutellum with
a fringe of long dark hairs. Abdomen black, scarcely pubescent ;
venter a little pale. Leys bright light brownish yellow, a little
pubescent ; coxae and basal half of femora black ; tarsi-tips
blackish. Underside of hind femora and outer side of posterior
tibia? with a few long stiff hairs. Wings brownish, stigma darker
brown ; halteres large, black.

Lenc/th, 3 mm.

Described from two d J taken by Mr. E. E. Green at Pera-
deniya, Ceylon, vi. (910 (type in Indian Museum), and v. 1911 (in
Mr. Green's collection).

Genus HYBOS, Mg.
Hi/bos, Meigen, Illig. Mag. ii, p. 269 (1803).
GENOTYPE, Musca grossipes, L. (Europe).

Head small, subspherical ; eyes occupying practically all the
front side of the head, contiguous in both sexes from vertex to
antennae, upper facets (c? § ) larger than lower ones, demarcated
by an impressed line ; three ocelli on the extremely small, promi-
nent vertex ; epistome small, cheeks absent, the eyes extending
downwards to oral opening. Proboscis not longer than height of

Fig. 26.—Hi/bos apicis, Brun.

head, directed horizontally forwards ; palpi comparatively long,
1-jointed. Antennae adjacent at base, inserted (seen in profile)
at 7iiiddle of head, 3-jointed; 1st and 2nd joints short, 1st
more or less cylindrical, 2nd subglobular, with bristles ; 3rd oval,
longer than 2nd, with long arista, which may be pubescent on
basal portion. Thorax rectangular, strongly arched or humped ;
dorsum with more or less distinct short stiff hairs arranged
approximately in dorso-central and acrostichal rows ; two noto-
pleural (plus sometimes a third weaker one) and some postalar
bristles ; metapleura bare. Scutellum with two stronger and

HTBOS. 337

some smaller marginal bristles. Abdomen subcylinclrical. slightly
curved, slightly pubescent, of eight segments, the eighth often
more or less hidden, the 2nd longest dorsally ; genitalia asym-
metrical ; ovipositor terminating in two small styliform lamellae.
Legs of moderate length, hind pair rather longer ; hind femora
slightly thickened and with rows of spines below ; anterior tibiae
generally with apical spurs. Legs considerably pubescent, the
male in some species with long .characteristic hairs on anterior
tibiae and tarsi. Empotlium small, narrow, ending in a long
bristle. Wings well developed, comparatively broad ; axillary
lobe distinct ; 3rd vein simple ; upper branch of 4th vein simple ;
discal cell present; anal cell longer than 2nd basal cell, its
posterior angle acute ; anal vein weak, attaining margin of wing ;
stigma normally present.

Range. Europe, Asia, the Orient, Egypt, Natal, North and
South America, Australia.

Life-history unknown.

The perfect insects inhabit low bushes and ground-plants in
humid and shady situations.

Table of Species.

1. Legs partly or wholly distinctly yellow

or brownish yellow .......... ." ..... 2.

Legs wholly black or dark brown ; no

definite yellow parts .............. 5.

2. Legs wholly pale yellow .............. 3.

Legs not wholly yellow .............. 4.

3. Venter yellowish; scutellum black; a

greyish depression laterally in front

of scutellum .................... bisetosus, Bezzi, p. 338.

Venter black ; scutellum brownish yel-

low ; no greyish depression ........ tenuipes, Brun.,* p. 338.

4. Stigma absent ; anterior tibiae, hind

knees broadly and all tarsi, yellow . . gagatinus, Big., p. 339.
Stigma present ...................... 5.

~). Middle tibiae, tips of middle femora, and
most of middle tarsi yellow ; length

mm

apicts, Brun., p. 340.

Fore tibia), tips of hind femora, and base

of hind tibise yellow ; length 2£ mm. . geniculatus, Wulp, p. 340.

6. Larger species, at least 5 mm. long ---- 7.
Smaller species, 2 to 3^ mm. long . . . . 8.

7. Thorax shining blackish, with two in-

distinct dorsal stripes; wings nearly
clear ; hind tarsi without, golden-
yellow pubescence below .......... niger, Brun., p. 340.

Thorax blackish grey, unstriped; wings
pale brownish grey; liind tarsi with
conspicuous golden-vellow pubescence
below. .... ..... . ......... awipet, Brun., p. 341.

* May be synonymous with bisetosus, Bezzi, the distinguishing character*
being conceivably within the variation of a single species.

338 EMPIDjE.

8. Wings pale grey or clear ; stigma in-

distinct or absent 9.

Wings distinctly brown, at least an-
teriorly aud basally ; stigma large and
distinct ". nitens, Brun., p. 341.

9. Palpi black 10.

Palpi yellow jkivipalpis, Brun.. p. 342.

10. Legs black ; length 3| mm nigronitidus, Brun., p. 342.

Legs moderately dark browa; length

2^ mm brunnipes, Brun., p. 343.

267. Hybos bisetosus, BezzL

Hybos bisetosus, Bezzi, Ann. Mus. Hung, ii, p. 324 (1904).

" J $ . A very distinct species, characterised especially by the
slender, entirely pale legs.

" Head with eyes wholly contiguous in both sexes, upper facets
larger than lower ones ; proboscis horizontal, as long as palpi,
dull yellow, more or less infuscated ; occipital margin with a
circlet of bristles ; antennae black or brown, 3rd joint elongate
oval, thin, with moderately long arista. Thorax moderately
convex, rather brilliant black ; anterior margin, pleura?, arid the
broad depression in front of the scutellum covered with grey
tomentum ; scutellum rounded, with grey tomentum. A long
presutural bristle, two pairs of long dorso-central ones ; two well-
separated rows of short feeble acrostichal bristles, which are not
easily visible ; scutellum with two bristles. Squamae and halteres
yellow. Abdomen shining black, with yellowish venter and pale,
moderately long pubescence, obtuse at tip in both sexes, but
rather larger in the male, in which the genitalia are large and
rounded. Legs rather slender, especially hind femora, which are
elongate but hardly incrassate. All legs pale yellow, except tips
of tarsi and the hind femora towards tips, which are somewhat
darkened, especially on upper side. Pubescence whitish ; fore
tibiae on anterior side near middle with a rather long bristle ;
middle pair with two very long and strong bristles at the middle,
one on the outer and one on the inner side ; middle tibiae also
with other shorter bristles at the middle and tip ; hind pair quite
incrassate at tip, and ciliated on outer side with short hairs ; hind
femora armed below with a row of seven or eight long strong
black bristles. Wings narrow, hyaline, rather iridescent ; stigma
hardly distinguishable from a pale cloud.

" Nine males, eight females, Matheran, §00 metres, 8. vii. 02
(Biro):1 (Bezzi.}

Types in the Hungarian Museum.

268. Hybos tenuipes, Brun. (PI. IV, figs. 7, 8.)
Hybos tenuipes, Brunetti, Rec. Ind. Mus. ix, p. 13 (1913).

<$ . Head black ; upper eye-facets red, and much larger than
the lower ones, which are black ; antennao black, arista four times

339

•as long as 3rd joint, and distinctly pubescent for the basal two-
thirds, the remainder quite bare. Thorax black, shining, sides
.and inetanotum similar ; scutellum broad, brownish yellow, the
-colour extending to the posterior angles of the thoracic dorsuni.
Abdomen dark brown, Avith pale pubescence; venter similar.
Leys pale yellow. Foro tibiae with a single long bristle in the
middle ; middle tibiae with two such, one at one-third of its
length on the outer side, the other just before the middle on the
underside ; hind femora with a row of five rather long bristles on
epical fourth of underside, a long thin bristle in the middle, with
two long stiff hairs placed equidistantly between this central
bristle and the base ; remainder of legs with short pubescence.
Wings pale grey, inclining to yellowish on the costa ; stigma
indistinct ; halteres yellow.

Length, 3 mm.

Described from a <5 in the Indian Museum from Kurseong,
27. vi. 1910 (Annandale).

This is probably Bezzi's bisetosus, but I do not like to sink it
•definitely until further specimens of both species have been
•compared.

369. Hybos gagatinus, Big. (PI. IV, fig. 6.)

Hybos yayatina. Bigot, Ann. Soc. Ent. France, (6) ix, p. 127 (1889).
Hybos yayatinm, Brunetti, Rec. Ind. Mus. ix, p. 15 (1913).

6 . Head with eyes reddish brown ; proboscis blackish (broken
off); antennae blackish grey, with a very Jong arista;* occiput
black. Thorax shining black ; a pre-alar bristle, one or two on
the pleurae, and two nearly erect, widely separated, scutellar
'bristles; lower part of thorax dirty brownish grey (not bluish
.grey, as noted by me previously). Abdomen and venter blackish.
Legs moderately dark shining brown ; anterior tibiae, the hind
knees broadly, and all tarsi, light brownish yellow. Legs shortly
ibut distinctly pubescent ; middle tibiae with two long bristles on
tipper half of outer side, two similar apical ones and also two
rather long, but more slender ones on distal half of hinder side ;
-all femora with a row of stiff long hairs below: hind femora with
4i row of well-separated long bristles below, also a row of stout,
very short-socketed spines; front metatarsus with three long
isolated stiff hairs, in addition to the rather dense, short, ordinary
pubescence. Wings clear, very iridescent ; 6th longitudinal vein
.rather faint ; halteres yellowish.

Length, 4 mm.

Redescribed from the unique type in the Indian Museum from
Margherita, Assam.

* In my note on this species (vide I. c.) it was erroneously stated that the
antenna; were missing, as on closer inspection it is found that one of them is
still wholly intact, though pressed close against the somewhat damaged head.

z2

340 EMPID^E.

270. Hybos apicis, Brun.

Hybos apicis, Brunetti, Rec. Ind. Mus. ix, p. 12 (1913).
cJ . Head black ; proboscis and palpi light brown, shining ;;
ocular orbits narrowly brown, underside of antennae pale. Thorax
wholly shining black ; bristly hairs as in nigronilidtts. Abdomen
black, moderately shining ; a few pale hairs at sides ; genitalia
shining black. Leys moderately dark brown, hind femora blackish
brown ; tips of middle femora, whole of middle tibiae, and major
part of middle tarsi pale yellowish brown ; tips of hind femora

Fig. 27. — Hybos apicis, Brun., wing.

rather broadly, base of hind tibiae less broadly, and hind tarsi*
wholly (except tips) pale yellowish brown. Bristly hairs as in
nigronitidus. Wings nearly clear ; stigma oval, brown ; halteres.
brownish yellow.

Length, 3| mm.

Described from one J in the Indian Museum from the western,
base of the Dawna Hills, Lower Burma, l.iii. 1908 (Annandale).

271. Hybos geniculatus, Wulp.

Hybos geniculata, Wulp, Termes. Fiizet. xxii, p. 137 (1897).

" d . Shining black ; antennae black, 3rd joint nearly elliptical,,
not longer than 2nd, arista longer than antenna3. Thoraa-
especially shining. Abdomen with a slight purple tint. Leys;
black, with yellowish tarsi, darker at tips ; fore tibiae yellowish ;
tips of hind femora and base of hind tibire reddish yellow.
Halteres whitish. Wings grey, with brownish stigma. One-
male, Randy, March. Length 2| mm." (van der Wulp.)

Type in the Hungarian National Museum.

272. Hybos niger, Brun.

Hybos niyer, Brunetti, Rec. Ind. Mus. ix, p. 12 (1913).

$ . Head black ; eyes with upper facets distinctly though not
greatly larger than lower ones, both blackish brown, but with
tinges of red in the former; occiput dark brownish grey, ocular
orbit with a fringe of black, well-separated hairs, vertex with
two long bristly hairs ; antennae, proboscis, and palpi all black,
the latter as long as the proboscis. Thorax blackish, shining,
tending to greyish towards the sides, anterior margin, and
shoulders ; two narrow well-separated inconspicuous grey dorsal
stripes. Dorsum with soft short hairs, and, viewed from
certain directions, with brownish tomentose reflections ; some

HYBOS. • 341

flonger bristly hairs in the usual situations. Scutellum con-
•colorous, with two long bristles and some short stiff hairs ;
pleurae and inetauotum moderately dark grey. Abdomen blackish,
with a moderate amount of pale pubescence, venter similar. Legs
wholly black ; anterior tibiae with long stiff bristly hairs ; hind
femora with a row of small teeth below, each bearing a strong
bristle. Wings nearly clear; stigma distinct but not sharply
defined, brown, filling nearly the apical half of the marginal cell
.and extending to the costa ; halteres bright yellow.

Length, 5^ mm.

Described from a single $ in the Indian Museum from
Kurseong, 26. vi. 1910 (Annandale).

-273. Hybos auripes,

Hybos auripes, Brunetti, Bee. Ind. Mas. ix, p. 14 (1913).

d" $ . Head black ; proboscis not much longer than head,
tipped with brownish yellow ; palpi rather long, pubescent.
Thorax blackish grey, when seen from certain directions, with
.a brownish-grey dust ; sides dark grey. (Bristles on thorax
.broken off, but from those remaining apparently consistent with
•the arrangement in the other species herein described.) Abdomen
blackish grey, with a brownish cinereous dust ; a few pale hairs
.at the sides ; genital organs in d large, robust, conspicuous,
consisting of an upper and lower thick cup-shaped piece, the
former ending in two narrow blunted hairy points, the latter
•ending in two short obtuse bare points, the two pieces together
enclosing a large ventral chamber in which are some smaller
intermediate processes of a yellow colour, the whole of the
genitalia, otherwise, being black, with stiff black hairs on the
outside. In the $ the organs are small, pale, and inconspicuous.
Legs black, pubescent; hind femora with a row of about twenty
small teeth on underside, each bearing a short spine, in addition,
.a row of long stiff bristles ; anterior tibiae with at least two long
bristles on inner and two on outer side of each ; tarsi black, with
pale hairs on underside, those on underside of hind pair golden
yellow, and a little golden-yellow hair at the tips of the hind
tibiaj on the underside. Wings pale brownish grey ; stigma oval,
brown, not very conspicuous ; halteres yellow.

Length, o mm.

Described from a type <$ from the Botanical Gardens, Dar-
ijiling, 12. viii. 1909 (Patva), and a type $ from Kurseong,
7.ix. 1909 (Annandale), both specimens in the Indian Museum.

-274. Hybos nitens, Bmn.

Hybos nitens, Brunetti, Rec. Ind. Mus. ix, p. 13 (1913).
$ . This species has considerable general resemblance to both
brunnipes, Brun., and fustijiennis, Brun. The head is dull black,
Including the very short proboscis, the palpi, and the antenna?.
Body shining black, with soft, rather numerous pale hairs. Legs
•very dark brown, nearly black, with distinct though rather short

342 EMPIDJE.

pale pubescence. Wings distinctly brown, paler on apical and
posterior parts ; stigma very distinct and large, dark brown ;
venation normal ; halteres brown.

Length, 2 mm.

Described from one 2 iQ the Pusa collection taken at Pusa,.
April 1908.

Type in the British Museum.

H. nitens is distinguished from brunnipes by the very brown
wings and conspicuous large stigma, by the nearly black legs, and
especially by the very shining black thorax and abdomen.

From fuscipennis it is separated by the shining black thorax
and abdomen, the black proboscis, the very dark legs, arid its-
smaller si/e, 2 mm. as compared with 3 mm.

275. Hybos flavipalpis, Brun.

Hybosjlavipalpis, Brunetti, Rec. Ind. Mus. ix, p. 14 (1913).

c?. Head: eyes with upper facets much smaller than usual, but
larger than lower ones ; antenna? black ; proboscis black, shining ;.
palpi yellowish ; occiput blackish, with a row of well -separated,.
curved, stiff black hairs, placed some distance behind the eye-
margins ; two bristles on vertex. Thorax shining black, stiff
bristly hairs laterally towards posterior margins and two on the
shining black scutellum. Abdomen black, moderately shining,.
with rather long and ragged, yellowish-grey hairs at the sides.
Tip of abdomen enlarged ; genitalia very large, black, shining,.
with some whitish soft hairs. Legs mainlv black, but anterior
tibiae and tarsi more nearly dark brown ; hind tibiae distinctly
brown towards tips, and slightly enlarged there ; hind tarsi also-
distinctly brown. All the legs normally minutely pubescent,.
tibiae with several long stiff bristly hairs on outer side ; hind
femora with two rows of small teeth below, bearing bristles. Whig*
pale grey ; stigma present but Aveak, brownish ; halteres yellow.

Length, 3 mm.

Described from one d" in the Indian Museum from Kurseong,,
25. vi. 1910 (Annandale).

276. Hybos nigronitidus,

Hybos nif/ro?ntiduft, Brunetti, Ilec. Ind. JNius. ix, p. 11 (1913).
d $ . Head black ; occiput tinged with dark grey ; proboscis
almost as long as length of head, palpi nearly as long. Thorax
shining black, beset with microscopic reddish hairs ; sides of
thorax a little greyish, but not at all conspicuously so. Two
or three stiff bristly hairs about the base of the wing and one
stiff hair on each humerus ; a few of unequal length placed in a
row on each side of the median line, and at least two of these (the
two hindmost) of considerable size ; two also at tip of the con-
colorous scutellum ; both thorax and scutellum bear irregularly
placed softer hairs. Abdomen shining black, in certain lights wit.h
a little greyish reflection ; a little black pubescence in rf ; in ?

HTBOS. — PAEAHYBOS. 343

the hairs brown and more numerous ; genitalia shining black.
Legs black, shortly pubescent ; femora with a row of stiff hairs
below, most conspicuous on hind pair ; tibiae with some stiff hairs,
including two at tip ; knees narrowly brown ; underside of tarsi
with pale hairs. Wings pale grey, highly iridescent ; venation
normal ; stigma small, pale brown, sometimes hardly perceptible ;
halteres yellow.

Length, 3^- mm.

Described from one tf and three $ $ in the Indian Museum :
type J from Sukna, 500 ft., 1. vii. 1903 (Annandale) ; type $ from
Darjiling, 29. v. 1910 (Brunetti) ; two additional $ $ 'from Kur-
seoiig, 7-8. vii. 1908 ; Darjiling, 7000 ft., 8. viii. 1909 (Jenkins).

277. Hybos brunnipes, Brun.

Hi/bos brunnipes, Brunetti, Rec. Ind. Mus. ix, p. 12 (1913).

c? • Head blackish ; antenna? wholly dark brown. Thorax black,
moderately shining ; viewed in certain lights it appears dusted
with light grey ; two bristly hairs on hind margin of scutelluin
(those on the thorax are mostly broken off). Abdomen brownish
black, with pale hairs : genitalia small. Legs moderately dark
brown ; hind femora with soft grey pubescence ; bristly hairs as
in the two preceding species. Wings clear, iridescent ; no stigma ;
halteres yellow.

Length, 2| mm.

Described from one d1 in the Indian Museum from Kurseong,
8. viii. 1908.

Genus PARAHYBOS, Kert.
Parahybos, Kertesz, Termes. Fiizet. xxii, p. 176 (1899).

GENOTYPE, Paraliybos iridipennis, Kert. (Papua).

This genus differs from Hybos only by the subapical arista, the
less humped thorax, and the unthickened hind femora. It is also
closely allied to Acarterus, Lw., although this latter technically
falls into a different section of the subfamily.

Only one species is Indian, but Bezzi has described several
from Formosa.

Ranrje. India, Java, Formosa, Papua.

278. Parahybos flavipes, Brun.

Paraliybos fiavipes, Brunetti, Rec. Ind. Mus. ix, p. 21 (1913).
c? . Head with eyes above reddish, closely contiguous, the lower
facets coffee-brown and much smaller ; antennas yellowish, arista
very long, 2nd joint bristly, 3rd with a single bristle above ; face
deeply sunk, greyish. Thorax wholly dull black, with some soft
hairs towards posterior margin and on scutelluin, which latter
(with the metanotura) is concolorous. Abdomen wholly dull, very
dark blackish brown, with pale pubescence. Legs rather bright
brownish yellow, except coxae and basal half of femora ; traces of

344 EMPID^E.

black at tips of femora and tarsi ; soft yellow pubescence on legs,
no conspicuous bristly hairs. Wings pale grey ; stigma in-
distinct, brown ; halteres black.

Length, 3 mm.

Described from a single tf in the Indian Museum from Sukua,
base of Darjiling Hills, 1. vii. 1908 (Annandale}.

An immature specimen, probably a $ , from near Bhowali,
Kumaon, Western Himalayas, taken by Dr. A. D. Imms,
13. vi. 1910, is apparently this species.

Subfamily EM PIKE.

Eyes normally contiguous or subcontiguous in male, well separated
in female ; in some species narrowly but distinctly separated in
both sexes ; the frons in the male in such cases sometimes, but not
always narrower than in the female. Proboscis varying from* a
little shorter than height of head to longer than whole body; palpi
1-jointed. Antenna3 3-jointed, with two-jointed style.

Thorax of moderate height; metapleura with bristles, except in
Hilara*

Axillary lobe of wing well developed, except occasionally ; 3rd
longitudinal vein simple or forked, 4th vein forked ; lower branch
of 5th longitudinal vein recurrent, approximately parallel with
hind margin of wing, meeting anal vein at an obtuse angle, making
anterior margin of anal cell the longer; anal vein of varying
length. Four posterior cells ; adiscalcell; basal cells subequal;
anal cell shorter than 2nd basal ; squamae small or absent.

Members of this subfamily may be recognised by the elongated,
downwardly directed proboscis in conjunction with the lower
branch of the 5th longitudinal vein being parallel to the hind
margin of the wing. It includes the largest species of the family
(Em pis and llhamphomyia, but both genera include also very small
species).

Table of Genera.

Third longitudinal vein not forked BHAMPHOMYIA, Mg.,

Third longitudinal vein forked. [p. 345.

Auxiliary vein not reaching wing-border;
upper branch of 3rd vein forming a wider
angle with lower branch, often nearly at
right angles to it ; fore tarsi in male not
dilated (or at most only very slightly

swollen) ; metapleura with bristles EMPIS, L., p. 347.

Auxiliary vein reaching wing-margin ; upper
branch of 3rd vein forming a smaller angle
with lower branch, sometimes almost
parallel with it; fore tarsi in male dis-
tinctly dilated ;f metapleura bare HILARA, Mg., p. 357.

Howlettia, Brun., is not included in the table of genera, being
anomalous, but is retained temporarily in this subfamily.

* This exception only refers to the Oriental genera.
T Rare exceptions occur.

RIIAMPIIOMYIA. 345

Genus RHAMPHOMYIA, Mg.

Macrostomns, Wiedemann, Zool. Mag. i, p. 59 (1817).
Rhamphomyia, Meigen, Syst. Besch. iii, p. 32 (1822).
Enicopteryx, Stephens, Syst. Cat. Brit. Ins. ii, p. 264 (1829).
Rhamphomyza, Zetterstedt, Ins. Lapp. p. 562 (1838).
Holoclera, Schiner, Wien. Eut. Monats. iv, p. 53 (1860).

GENOTYPE, Empis sulcata, Mg. (Europe) ; by Curtis's designa-
•tion.

This geuus differs from Empis mainly in the 3rd longitudinal
vein being simple. The eyes are proportionately rather larger, and',
in the case of contiguous eyes, the larger and smaller facets are
more sharply demarcated. The legs, equally as in Empis, show
specific diversity in adornment. Wings sometimes considerably
dilated ; 3rd vein simple ; discal cell sometimes very large and
extended nearly to wing-margin.

Itange. World-wide.

Life-history. Beling has described the early stages of some
European species. The larva is carnivorous, and hibernates,
changing to the pupa in the following spring or autumn. Rham-
phomyia is generally distributed in the same localities frequented
by Empis, some species hovering in the air or just above water.

It is mainly a temperate zone genus, the Palsearctic and North
American species being very numerous.

Attempts have been made to arrange the species into definite
groups, but without much success.

Table of Species.

Thorax bright brownish yellow; an oval

black spot on anterior part unifasciata, Brim., p. 345.

Thorax grey.

Hind femora with short thick hairs

above and dark brown scales below, himalayana, Brun., p. 346.
Hind femora apparently with only

microscopic pubescence yriseonigra, Brun., p. 34C.

279. Rhamphomyia unifasciata, Brun.

Rhamphomyia unifasciata, Brunetti, Rec." Ind. 3Ius. ix, p. 29
(1913).

d1 . Head placed on a neck of moderate length, blackish. The
1st and 2nd antenna! joints rounded, a little broader at the tips,
3rd as long as 1st "and 2nd together, elongate-oval ; arista
placed at the extreme tip of the dorsal side. Thorax bright
brownish yellow ; an oval black spot on anterior part of clorsum,
drawn out to a point on anterior margin ; sometimes not narrowed
in front but diminished in intensity, and in some cases extended
posteriorly towards the hind margin ; traces of two narrow lines
from the hinder corners of the spot towards posterior margin,

346

and a trace of a small blackish spot between these lines ; scutelluin
concolorous, rather wide, a little blackish at the base. Abdomen
shining, dark blackish brown ; venter more or less yellowish ;
genitalia withdrawn. Leys brownish yellow ; tibiae and tarsi
barely darker. Wings very pale grey, nearly clear ; stigma pre-
sent, but indistinct ; halteres brownish yellow.

Length, 3 mm.

Described from two tf tf in the Indian Museum from Mundali,
Jaunsar division, Dehra Dun, 9000 ft., 12. v. 1910 (type) (C. IF. .
Beebe), and Simla, 12. v. 1908 (Annandale).

280. Rhamphomyia himalayana, Brim.

Rhamphomyia himalayana, Brunetti, Rec. Ind. Mus. ix, p. 28
(1913).

$ . Head black ; occiput moderately dark grey, with black
hairs ; frons wide, dark grey ; three distinct ocelli on vertex, with
a pair of divaricate bristles between the two upper ones ; antennae
black ; proboscis blackish, about as long as the head. Thorax
moderately dark ash-grey, with two median ve'ry narrow whitish
lines from the anterior margin ; dorsum with short blackish pubes-
cence; sides, scutellum, and metanotum concolorous. Abdomen
dark grey, with short blackish pubescence ; venter similar. Geni-
talia very elongate, terminating in two unusually finger-like
lamellae. Legs dark brown, with blackish pubescence; femora and
tibse with a row of stiff liairs ; hind femora with thick short black
hairs above and dark brown scales on lower side ; hind tibiae with
thickly and more bristly black hairs. Wings pale brownish grey;
stigma absent ; halteres yellow.

Length, 3 mm.

Described from a single $ in the Indian Museum from Matiana,
Simla Distr., 8000 ft., 28-30. iv. 1907 (Annandale).

281. Ehamphomyia griseonigra, Brun.

Rhamphomyiu yriseoniyra, Brunetti. Rec. Ind. Mus. ix, p. 29
(1913).

6 • Head with eyes dark reddish brown, upper facets much the
larger; occiput grey, with stiff black hairs; antennas blackish,
3rd joint elongate, with distinct elongate style ; face dark grey ;
proboscis blackish, shining, brownish towards tip. Thorax dark
cinereous grey, lighter grey on shoulders and pleurae ; the centre
of the dorsum has a slight brown tinge, with two indistinct longi-
tudinal narrow black stripes. The whole dorsum with short black
stiff hairs irregularly situated and some longer bristly hairs in the
neighbourhood of the wings ; scutellum concolorous, with black
hairs on posterior margin, but apparently no verv strong ones :
metanotum dark grey. Abdomen all blackish grey, with very
short black hairs. Legs black, shortly black pubescent ; tibia? with

BHAMPHOMYIA. — EMPIS. 347

a few stiff black hairs ; hind femora apparently with only micro-
scopic pubescence ; hind tibiae with soft black hairs on outer side,
becoming longer towards the tips, where these tibiae themselves
are gradually thickened ; hind metatarsi lengthened and enlarged.

Fig. 2S.—RJiamphomi/ifi grixconigra, Brun., wing.

Wings pale brown, stigma an indistinct darker brown streak;
halteres dirty brownish yellow.

Length, 4 mm.

Described from a single J from Mundali, 9000 ft., Dehra Dun,
12. v. 1910, in the Indian Museum.

Genus EMPIS, L,

Empis, Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. 10th ed. p. 603 (1758).
Platyptera, Meigen, Illig. Mag.Ji, p. 269 (1803).
Pachymeria, Stephens, Syst. Cat. .Brit. Ins. ii, p. 262 (1829).

Platypterygia, Stephens, loc. cif. p. 263.
Pachymerma, Macquart, Hist. Nat. Dipt, i, p. 333 (1834).
Erioyaster, Macquart, Dipt. Exot. i, pt. 2, p. 102 (1839).
Enoplempis, Bigot, Bull. Soc. Ent. France, (5) x, p. 47 (1880).

GENOTYPE, Empis pennipes, L. (Europe) ; by Latreille's designa-
tion.

Head globular, sometimes elongated or pear-shaped, the occiput
in the latter case subconical ; some bristles and pubescence occur ;
eyes normally contiguous in male, sometimes narrowly separated ;
always more or less distinctly separated in female ; in contiguous
eyes, upper facets larger than lower ones, not distinctly demar-
cated ; ocellar tubercle prominent. Proboscis from as long as
height of head to as long as whole length of body, prominent,
straight, directed downwards; palpi 1-jointed, slightly curved.
Antenna? 3-jointed, with a distinct 2- jointed style ; 1st joint longer
or shorter; 2nd short, both more or'less bristly; 3rd 'always the
longest, conically tapering, bare; first joint of style always very
short, style always bare. Thorax approximately rectangular,
moderately arched, prothorax distinct. Some weak dorso-ceiitral
and sometimes acrostichal bristles present, with distinct hut not
strongly-developed bristles on margin of thorax, generally humeral,
post-humeral, notopleural, supra-alar, and postalar. Scutellum with
two or more marginal bristles. Abdouien cylindrical in male,
broader at base and more tapering posteriorly in female ; 8-seg-
mented, the last sometimes hidden. Genitalia in male well
developed, consisting of at least two pairs of appendages; in

348 EMPID^E.

female, in which sex the last three abdominal segments are some-
times suddenly contracted, terminating in the usual pair of
stvliform lamellae. Legs comparatively slender, rather long, the
femora occasionally thickened, and more rarely the front or hind
metatarsi, or both pairs, more or less dilated ; tibiae sometimes
with apical spurs. The ornamentation of the legs variable, some
species having fan-like rows of scales or scale-like hairs on the
femora or tibiae, and sometimes on the metatarsi also ; bristles
and long hairs of specific value often present ; all the legs
ordinarily with short: pubescence. Wings : auxiliary vein not
reaching margin; 1st and 2nd longitudinal veins long, 3rd forked
towards tip ; upper branch of 4th vein forked at corner of disca!
cell ; lower branch of oth vein strongly recurrent, approximately
parallel with hind margin of wing, meeting anal vein at a widely
obtuse angle and making anterior margin of anal cell much longer
than posterior one ; anal cell much shorter than 2nd basal ; anal
vein attaining wing-margin ; discal cell present. Axillary lobe
of wing well developed; squamae small. The shade of the wing
is often darker in one sex — in some males almost milky.

Range. World-wide.

Life-history. Little definitely known. The larvae live in moist
•earth in woods, or less frequently in rotting tree-trunks. They
are amphipneustic, of twelve segments, and of the usual maggot
form. They are said to hibernate.

The species of Empis are generally distributed, but prefer shaded
and somewhat moist situations. Many species occur at times in
vast numbers; some hover in the air. Presumably all are car-
nivorous, preying on soft Diptera and small moths. The mating
of some species takes place in the air, and affords a most interesting
study ; * others on the surface of water ; whilst in other species
the curious fact seems established that the male catches some prey
and presents it to the female, which devours it during copulation.
In one American species a small balloon of minute bubbles is
formed, in which a small dead fly, presumably prey, is enclosed,
<he balloon being discarded after copulation.

Table of Species.

1. Front tarsi in tf extraordinarily developed, as

long as remainder of front legs ; $ un- [p. 349.

known amplitarsis, sp. n.,

First tarsi in <3 not extraordinarily developed,

nor as long as remainder of front legs 2. - [p. 350.

2. Halteres chalk-white ". (ilbohalteralis, sp. n.,

Halteres not chalk-white 3.

3. Upper branch of 4th vein abbreviated 4.

Upper branch of4th vein reaching winsr-margin 6.

* See Howlett, Ent. Montli. Mag. xhii, p. 229; Lundbeck, Dipt, Danica
pt. 3, p. 83; Aldricli, Arner. Natur. xxxiii, p. 809; Ha mm, Ent. Month. Mug
<2) xix, p. 181, and (2) xx, pp. 132, 157.

EMPIS. 34<>

4. Femora and tibiae pennate sgwtnata, Brim., *

Femora and tibiae not pennate 5. fp. 352.

5. Auxiliary vein and 1st longitudinal veins [p] 350..

"nited ccylonica, Bezzi,

Auxiliary and 1st longitudinal veins separate, carbwiaria, Brun.,

6. Anterior cross-vein between J- and middle of !~p. 351.

discal cell 7.

Anterior cross-vein distinctly before £ of discal

cell 11.

7. Posterior femora and tibiae pennate 8.

Posterior femora and tibiae not pennate .... 10.

8. Hind tibiae shortly pennate on basal half

only, in front and behind; proboscis 1'
times height of head, not reaching base of
abdomen ; anterior cross-vein at middle of [p. 353.

discal cell centralis, f Brun.,

Hind tibiae with a long fringe for practically
their whole length, in front and behind . . 9.

9. Hind metatarsus pennate ; proboscis more than

twice height of head, reachingbeyondba.se

of abdomen ; anterior cross-vein between [p. 355,

£ and middle of discal cell rostrata, Brun.,

Hind metatarsus not pennate; proboscis 1^
times height of head, not reaching base of

abdomen; anterior cross- vein just before Pp. 354.

middle of discal cell . . ' . sulcilipes, Brun.,

10. Dorsum of thorax with three black stripes ;

legs dark brown ; anterior cross-vein at £ [p. 353.

of discal cell ; abdomen uniformly grey . . yriseonigra, Brun.,
Dorsum of thorax with four black" stripes ;
legs bright orange : anterior cross-vein just
before middle of discal cell ; hind margins

of 2nd, 3rd, and 4th abdominal segments [p. 356.

black marf/inata, Brun.,

11. Legs pale yellow eleyam, Brun, p. 356.

Legs dark brown inconspictia, Brun.,

[p. 357.

282. Empis amplitarsis, sp. nov.

c? . Head with vertex moderately large, blackish ; two long^
ocellar bristles and some smaller ones ; upper eye-facets bright
brown, smaller lower ones coffee-brown ; antennae black, 3rd
joint as long as 1st and 2nd together, subconical, with elongated
tip and long style ; proboscis brownish yellow, about twice as
long as vertical height of head ; palpi rather small, upturned,
yellowish ; occiput dark grey, with the usual bristles. Thorav
moderately shining blackish, with grev-dusted reflections in certain
lights. Abdomen moderately shining dark brown, with short sparse
pubescence, which is longer at the sides. Legs uniformly mode-
rately dark brown, except the extraordinarily developed front
tarsi, which are a little darker ; these latter are fully as long a»
the rest of the front leg from base of coxa to tip of tibia ; 1st joint

* May be the $ of carbonaria, Brun.
t May be the ? of griseoniyra, Brun.

350

nearly as long as tibia, flattened, broad at tip ; 2nd joint rather
more than half as long as first, narrower, cylindrical, thickened ;
3rd joint nearly as long as 1st, much incrassated, broader and
much longer than 2nd and broader at tip than at base ; 4th joint
about as long as 3rd, narrower, thin, considerably arched, so that
the underside forms a large cavity ; 5th joint shorter than 4th,
moderately incrassated, bluntly conical ; claws and pulvilli normal.
Pubescence on coxa3 and femora moderately long and dense, a little
thicker on hind femora, with a few longer hairs on outer side ;
front tibia3 with a row of short hairs on inner side, a row of longer
ones on outer side, and a row of very long ones on upper side ;
middle tibiae moderately pubescent, with two long bristles on outer
side (one at middle, one preapical) ; hind tibiae covered with rather
dense, moderately long pubescence and longer hairs, and with a row
of quite long hairs on hinder side; anterior tarsi with 1st joint
nearly bare except for a few hairs towards tip, remaining joints

Fig. 29. — Empis amplitarsis, sp. DOT., front leg of male.

with long dense hairs on upper and outer sides, a few short hairs
on inner and lower sides, the 4th also bearing a denser bunch on
upper side near tip. Wings pale grey ; venation approximately
normal, anterior cross-vein at \ discal cell ; halteres moderately
dark brown.

Described from a single <3 from the Pusa collection from
Belgaum, Bombay Presidency, 2500 ft., 11. viii. 1910 (Fletcher],
presented to the British Museum.

A label attached by Mr. T. Bainbrigge Fletcher says : " Fore-
legs are stretched out in front and function as antenna?; they
are not used for locomotion." The extraordinary development
of the front tarsi easily distinguishes this species from all other
Indian EMPID.E, yet this character is the only one in which it
differs from typical species of Empis.

283. Empis albohalteralis, sp. nov.

<3 . Head with vertex blackish, frons and face moderately
dark grey; first two antennal joints yellowish, 3rd black, base
narrowly pale, style rather long ; proboscis black, reaching (bent
under body) to middle of abdomen ; palpi pale yellowish, curved
upwards, rather long, with a few black bristles ; eyes with large
upper facets bright brown, lower small ones coffee-brown; occiput
ash-grey, a marginal row of small black bristles and a more central

EJIPIS. 351

row of stronger ones. Thorax shining black, closely and entirely
covered with cinereous dust, in which three narrow slightly
yellowish stripes of the usual nature can be faintly traced; scu-
tellum and metanotum with dark grey dust ; sides of thorax
concolorous with dorsum ; metapleural hairs yellow. Abdomen
blackish, rather shining, with sparse pubescence; hind margin of
segments indistinctly pale ; venter yellowish ; genitalia shining
yellowish brown. Legs: coxae dull orange, more or less grey-
dusted on basal part, a little pale pubescence in front ; remainder
of legs orange, hind tibiae more brownish towards tips ; anterior
tarsi blackish brown towards tips, hind metatarsi much enlarged
and lengthened, remaining hind tarsal joints black. Wings pale
grey, venation normal; anterior cross-vein just before middle of
discal cell ; halteres conspicuously chalk-white.

Length, 5 mm.

Described from one d1 in the Indian Museum from Zairat,
Baluchistan, 8000-9000 ft., viii. 1914 (Major Wilson).

Easily recognised from all other species by the conspicuous
white halteres.

284. Empis carbonaria, Brun.

Empis carbonaria, Brunetti, Rec. Ind. Mus. ix, p. 27 (1913).

c? . "Wholly and uniformly coal-black, moderately shining.
Eyes separated by a narrow frons. Antennal 3rd joint distinctly
longer than the first two together, and its distal half rather
suddenly narrow ; style thick, half as long as the joint. Proboscis
nearly twice the height of the head, labium bifid at the tip.

Fig. 30.— Empis carbonaria, Brun.

Head, thorax, and abdomen covered with long, soft, but not
copious pubescence. Legs dark brown, with rather long soft black
hairs ; fore femora almost bare ; fore metatarsus distinctly incras-
sated, cylindrical, lengthened, as long as remaining tarsal joints
together ; hind metatarsus as long as next three joints together,

352 EMMDJE.

slightly thickened ; posterior tibiae and tarsi with a row of well-
separated long bristly hairs. Genitalia small, rounded, not
conspicuous. Wings clear; anteiinal cross-vein at one-fourth
of the discal cell ; 4rh vein shortened ; stigma slightly brownish,
small ; halteres black.

Length, 4 mm.

Described from two d J in the Indian Museum and one in
Mr. E. E. Green's collection from Horton Plains, Ceylon, v. 1911
(Green).

Type in the Indian Museum.

285. Empis squamata, Bmn. (PI. IV, fig. 11.)

Empis squamata, Brunetti, Rec. Ind. Mus. ix, p. 27 (1913).

5 . Wholly coal-black. Proboscis three times as long as the
head. Antennae normal. Thorax witii soft black hairs. Abdomen
nearly bare, roughened, shining; venter similar; ovipositor small,
elongate, normal. Legs with a dense row of long, closely placed,
dark brown scales on underside of fore femora, on upper- and
undersides of posterior femora, front and hind sides of fore and
hind tibiae, outer and inner sides of middle tibiae, and on
upper sides of all metatarsi ; a single long bristly hair on outer
and inner sides, projecting somewhat backwards towards tips of
all tibiae and of first four tarsal joints, these hairs very much
longer on hind legs ; the unsealed parts of the legs bear a little
black pubescence. Wings pale brown ; 4th vein abbreviated ;
stigma black ; halteres black.

Length, 2|-3 mm.

Described from several 2 $ collected by Mr. E. E. Green ou
the Horton Plains, Ceylon, May 1911.

Type and other specimens in the Indian Museum.

Probably the $ of carbonaria, having been taken so often by
Mr. Green in company with that species. However, it must be
distinct from ceylonica, Bezzi, with which at first I thought it
might be synonymous, as that species lias no conspicuous brown
scales on the legs, and has the auxiliary and 1st longitudinal veins
anastomosed. E. squamata has a considerable resemblance to
jacobsoni, Meij., described from Java, but. in the latter species the
upper side of the front femora bears long brown scales like the
posterior pairs.

286. Empis ceylonica, Bezzi.

Empis ceylonica, Bezzi, Ann. Mus. Hung, ii, p. 343 (1904).
$. A shining black species, distinguished by the broadened
brownish wings, with basal third hyaline ; pubescence black, but
below the setae the body is bare ; proboscis black, as long as head
and thorax together; frons shining black, bare, head-bristles
rather long. Antennae short, black, shortly pubescent at base;
3rd joint with upper edge straight and excised below, ending in a

EMPIS. 353

rather long style. Thorax shining black and hare, with the
pleurae greyish : 2-3 long hlack metapleural bristles and two
moderately long presutural ones ; squamae yellowish, with black
fringe. Abdomen brilliantly shining black, with a few black hairs;
venter with longer hairs on margins of segments ; ovipositor long,
slender, with elongate lamellae. Wings broadened, axillary angle
developed ; 1st longitudinal vein rather long, united to auxiliary
vein ; 3rd vein bent downwards somewhat towards tip so that it
ends at tip of wing, its upper branch nearly perpendicular ; discal
cell large, apical end truncate ; 4th vein rather long, ending at
some distance from the margin ; 6th vein shortened. Legs brown,
rather long, especially hind pair, pubescent and with bristles ;
middle tibiae with two long bristles above ; hind tibiae with 6 or 7
long ones in two rows ; hind metatarsus very elongate, as long as
remaining joints together, with three or four long bristles above ;
remaining joints with a single bristle at tip of each.

Length, 3 mm. ; wing, 4 mm.

A unique female from Pattipola, Ceylon, 2000 metres,
22. ii. ]902.

Type in the Hungarian Museum.

287. Empis griseonigra, Brun.

Empis yriseonigra, Brunetti, Uec. Lid. Mus. ix, p. 29 (1913).

c? . Head with occiput blackish ; eyes absolutely contiguous
above antennae ; face dark grey ; antennae black ; palpi black ;
proboscis one-fourth longer than the height of the head, dark
brownish yellow, black on underside. Thorax brownish grey,
with three moderately wide brown dorsal stripes, the median one
attaining the anterior margin, the outer ones only extending as
far as the shoulders. Some short bristly hairs on shoulders, soft
black pubescence over the dorsum generally, and stiffer hairs and
bristles distributed as in the other species. Sides of thorax a
little darker grey, pleurae light grey. Abdomen blackish, with
short sparse black pubescence ; whitish pubescence at sides of the
first t\vp segments ; genitalia blackish. Legs dark brown, with
black pubescence; knees reddish brown, with a trace of this
colour over some of the other joints. Wings pale grey ; stigma
imperceptible ;' anterior cross-vein at about two-fifths discal cell;
halteres bright yellow.

Length, 5 mm.

Described from one c? in the Indian Museum from Mundali,
Jaunsar division, Dehra Dun, 9000 ft., 12. v. 1910 (A. D. Imm»).

288. Empis centralis, Brun.

Empis centralis, Brunetti, Rec. Ind. Mus. ix, p. 26 (1913).
$ . Head : occiput black, with black hairs above, and some
white hairs below ; frons and face proportioned as in K. rostrata

2 A

354

but blackish, as are also the antennae, but the face, viewed from
below, shows dark grey reflections ; palpi bright brownish yellow ;
proboscis one and a half times the height of the head, the upper
side brownish yellow. Thorax light brownish grey, with soft
black pubescence, and bristly hairs laterally aud towards the hind
margin; two narrow median well-separated brown stripes from
anterior margin extending three-fourths of the distance to the
scutellum ; a lateral broader stripe on each side, practically formed
of three irregularly-shaped elongate spots (one on the shoulder,
one in front of and one behind the pre-sutural depression), which
are contiguous, the hind one attaining the posterior margin of
the dorsum. Some bristles laterally and towards hind margin
of mesoriotum, also four on the scutellum. Sides of thorax
and metanotum light grey, dorsum of scutellum brownish grey.
Abdomen darker grey, with short sparse black hairs ; posterior
margins of segments more or less black ; genitalia elongate, con-
colorous, much as in E. rostrata ; venter dark grey. Legs : cdxse
dark grey, remainder of legs brownish yellow, extreme tips of
femora blackish, and tips of tarsal joints more broadly blackish.
All the legs with black pubescence ; posterior femora with blackish
bristly hair above ; hind femora with scales ; posterior tibia? with
blackish-brown scales on front and hind sides, as in E. rostrata,
but much less strong and appai-ently confined to the basal half of
the hind pair; on the hind side of the hind tibia? a row of moder-
ately long, well-separated bristles. Wings very pale grey, nearly
clear; anterior cross-vein directly over the middle of the discal
cell ; halteres bright brownish yellow.

Length, 5 mm.

Described from one § in the Indian Museum from Mundali,
Jaunsar division, Dehra Dun, 12. v. 1910.

It seems likely that this will prove to be the female of E.
griseonic/ra.

289. Empis subcilipes, Emu.

Empis subcilipes, Bruuetti, Rec. Ind. Mus. ix, p. 24 (1913).

? . Head ash-grey ; frons about one-fourth the width of the
head ; some short stiff black hairs behind the eyes, and some soft
white hairs on lower part of occiput ; antennae reddish brown,
rather long, black-streaked on upper side and with a whitish
shimmer on the inner side in certain lights; antennal style of
moderate length ; proboscis nearly three times the height of the
head, reddish brown, with the underside black. Thorax moderately
dark ash-grey ; a broad brownish-grey median stripe from the
anterior margin and a less distinct much shorter stripe on
each side, not extending to the shoulders. Surface of dorsum
with short setae more or less irregularly placed, but a distinct
double row in the centre and a number towards each shoulder ;
some stiff bristles above and in front of each wing and four on

EMPIS. 355

posterior margin of scutelluin, which latter with the metanotum
are both light mouse-grey ; sides dark grey. Abdomen rather
dark grey ; 1st segment with a little black and grey pubescence ;
remainder of segments with scattered, very short pale hairs ;
venter tawny ; genitalia very dark brown. Legs brownish yellow,
coxae a little bluish grey on basal half ; femora more or less
blackish in middle and on upper side generally ; tarsi mainly
black. Upper and lower sides of four posterior femora with thick
but short black ciliated hairs ; rest of legs finely black pubescent.
Winys pale grey, veins brownish yellow on basal part, blackish
distally. Anterior cross-vein just before middle of discal cell ;
stigma imperceptible ; halteres brownish yellow.

Length, 5^ mm.

Described from a single 5 in the Indian Museum from Mundali,
Jaunsar division, Dehra Dun Distr., 9000 ft., 12. v. 1910.

290. Empis rostrata, Brun. (PI. IV, figs. 9, 10.)

Empis rostrata, Brunetti, Kec. Ind. Mus. ix, p. '25 (1913).

£ . Head with occiput grey, with a few bristly black hairs above ;
frons and face concolorous grey, the former comparatively wide,
with parallel edges, the latter much wider ; antennae black, 2nd
joint very distinctly bright brownish yellow ; palpi bright brownish
yellow, short ; proboscis two and three quarter times height of
head ; reaching beyond base of abdomen, brownish yellow, a little
blackish in middle on underside ; a few whitish hairs on underside
of head. Thorax : domain (somewhat discoloured in the centre)
light brownish grey, with a narrow median darker brown stripe
and a wider one on each side not quite extended to anterior
margin of thorax ; and laterally two brownish spots, one in front

Fig. 31. — Empis rostrata, Brim., wing.

of and one behind the presutural depression; sides, scutellum,
and metanotum concolorous, or a little more nearly ash-grey.
(Thorax denuded of bristles.) Abdomen light grey, brownish at
base of each segment, the colour broader in the centre ; genitalia
slender, cylindrical, terminated by two thin finger-like lamellae,
ooncoloroiis; venter light grey, unmarked. Leys between light
brown and tawny ; coxae a little grey-dusted and with a little soft
whitish hairs ; tarsi more or less blackish on upper side ; extreme
tips of femora very narrowly black; posterior femora with blackish-
brown scales above and below ; posterior tibiae with blackish-brown
scales, much thicker and larger on hind pair, on which they occur

356 EMPID.E.

below the metatarsi also, and are even continued in a less pro-
nounced scale-like form on the underside of the remaining tarsal
joints ; the legs generally with minute stiff black hairs. Wings
brownish yellow ; anterior cross-vein at two-fifths of discal cell ;
stigma practically imperceptible ; halteres brownish yellow.

Le&giht 7 mm.

Described from a single $ in the Indian Museum from Theog,
Simla Distr., 8000 ft., 1. v. 1907 (Annandale).

291. Empis marginata, Brun.

Pachymeria marginata, Brunetti, Rec. Ind. Mus. xiii, p. 79 (1917).

$ . Head : frons ash-grey, with parallel sides ; ocellar triangle
large, black ; palpi bright orange ; antennas all black, 3rd joint
considerably broadened at base, style joints distinct ; occiput
bluish grey, with bristles and stiff hairs. Thorax moderately dark
grey, with a slight yellowish tinge ; two dark median well-separated
narrow stripes from anterior margin to well beyond middle ; an
outer stripe on each side, abbreviated, enlarged iuto an irregularly
shaped and rather indefinite elongated large spot behind the
suture ; dorsum covered with short black hairs, except on the
stripes ; pleura3 concolorous, with black hairs ; a bunch of bristly
hairs on each humerus ; two macrochaetae just in front of wing-
base, and a fringe of long stiff black hairs on each side of the
metanotum ; scutellum concolorous, with four marginal bristles.
Abdomen moderately dark ash-grey ; hind margins of segments
shining black, the colour extending forwards in centre nearly or
quite to anterior margins ; 5th segment wholly grey ; 6th and 7th
grey, shining black basally ; venter grey ; ovipositor black. Legs :
coxae grey, tips brownish yellow ; femora in no way incrassatedy
brownish orange, a brown streak on upper side of fore pair, and
traces of such on middle pair ; tibiae and tarsi brownish yellow,
tips of joints of latter black. Femora with soft black pubescence,
longest on underside of posterior pairs ; hind pair with a row of
eight or more bristles ; tibiae with soft black pubescence and
longitudinal rows of bristles ; tarsi pubescent. Wings very
pale yellowish grey, unmarked ; stigma absent ; anterior cross-vein
just before middle of discal cell; halteres brownish yellow.

Length, 5 mm. (to tip of ovipositor).

Described from a single $ in the Indian Museum, taken between
Kugri and Phagu, Simla Distr., 21. v. 1906 (Annandale and Kemp).

Very like the European femorata, F., which might quite likely
occur in the Western Himalayas, but differing radically in t be-
hind femora showing no trace of incrassatiou.

292. Empis elegans, Brun.

Empis eleyans, Brunetti, Rec. Ind. Mus. ix, p. 26 (1913).

5. Head black; antennae black ; palpi large, yellow ; proboscis
twice the height of the head, bJack or blackish brown. Thorax

EMPIS. — HILARA. 357

shining black, including sides, scutellum, and metariotum ; wholly
unmarked ; a little soft whitish hair ; distinct bristles apparently
absent ; a few stiff pale hairs towards hind margin and on scu-
tellum. Abdomen darker brown, nearly bare ; genitalia slender,
normal, elongate, concolorous. Legs brownish yellow; hind coxaa,
tips of tibia?, and all the tarsi blackish. Femora quite bare ; tibise
with only a few short stiff hairs towards tips ; tarsi pubescent.
Wings clear, highly iridescent; anterior cross-vein just before
middle of discal cell ; stigma barely perceptible ; halteres brownish
yellow.

Length, 3 mm.

Described from two £ § in the Indian Museum from Mundali,
12. v. 1910, taken in company with E. griseonigra

293. Empis incouspicua, Brun.

Empis inconspicua, Brunetti, Rec. Ind. Mus. ix, p. 28 (1913).

c? . Head blackish ; antennae black ; palpi a little yellowish ;
proboscis twice the height of the head, yellow above, black below.
Thorax of an intermediate shade between light and dark grey,
with comparatively long and rather stiff hairs ; four long stiff
hairs on scutellum, which, with sides of thorax and metanotum,
are concolorous, but lighter grey just below shoulders. Abdomen
concolorous, rather broad and flat, with parallel sides and soft
black pubescence. Genitalia blackish, with reddish-brown bisinuate
terminal hooks; venter blackish. Leys uniformly dark brown,
pubescent ; middle tibiae with four long stiff hairs on outer side ;
hind tibiae with long hairs on hinder side. Wings pale grey;
anterior cross-vein a little before | of discal cell ; stigma brownish,
ill-defined, much elongated, and reaching the costal margin;
halteres yellow.

Length, 2| mm.

Described from two <? 3 in the Indian Museum from Lucknow,
17. i. 1908 (type) and 9. ii. 1908.

Genus HILARA, Mg.
Hilara, Meigen, Syst. Besch. iii, p. 1 (1822).
GENOTYPE, Empis maura (Europe) ; by Curtis's designation.

Allied to both Empis and llhamphomyia.

Head in some species nearly as broad as the thorax, shorter than
high. Eyes nearly always separated by a narrow irons in both
sexes, but in some species contiguous in the male, in which case
the upper facets are larger than the lower ones. Antennae
3-jointed, with distinct 2-joiuted style ; 1st and 2nd joints short,
about as long as broad, bristly ; 3rd elongate-conical, bare, slightly
compressed ; 1st joint of style very short, 2nd elongate, cylin-
drical. Proboscis about as 'long as height of head or a little

shorter ; palpi one-jointed, slightly curving upwards. Tliorar
rectangular, moderately arched. There are normally two strong
straight bristles on upper side of prothorax ; disc of thorax with
weak (lorso-central and acrosticlial hristles ; margin of dorsum
generally with a humeral, post-humeral, one to three notopleural,
one supra-alar, and a postalar bristle ; scutellum generally with
four bristles ; metapleura bare. Abdomen slender, of 8 segments,
cylindrical in male, with complex and rather uniform genitalia ;
broader and more pointed apically in female. Legs of normal
length and form ; fore metatarsus in the male nearly always more
or less thickened ; in the female the hind tibiae not infrequently
slightly compressed and curved ; occasionally the hind femora in
both sexes, or in male only, obviously thickened and suddenly
narrowed at apex. Legs moderately pubescent, characteristic
bristles often present ; tibia3 generally with apical spurs. Wings
as in Empis, except that the auxiliary vein distinctly reaches wing-
margin ; fork of 3rd vein perhaps less widely open ; anal vein
weaker, generally failing to attain wing-margin ; axillary lobe
well developed.

Range. World-wide.

Life-history. Beling has described the early stages of several
European species. They appear to resemble the ordinary
Dipterous larvae and pupae, the former being amphipneustic, of
twelve segments, including the head ; living in clamp earth or
amongst decaying leaves. The larva hibernates as in Empis and
Rliampliomyia. The perfect insects are general! v distributed,
more commonly occurring in woods and fields arid near water.
They prey on small Diptera or other soft insects, and have often
been captured in copula still carrying their prey, which is enveloped
in a little web, said to be spun from the mouth of the male.

Only four Indian species are described. Walker's bares is
unknown to me and may possibly be identical with my compacta.

Table of Species.

Thorax blackish or greyish.

Body brown bares, Walk., p. 359.

Body blackish ; fore metatarsi relatively

smaller compacta, Brim., p. 358.

Body blackish grey ; fore metatarsi re-
latively larger peshawarensis, sp. n., p. 360.

Thorax bright light yellowish brown nifithorax, Brun., p. 359.

294. Hilara compacta, Brun.

Hilara compacta, Brunetti, Rec. Ind. Mus. ix, p. 30 (1913).

c? . Head blackish ; frons rather narrow ; antennae with greyish
reflections viewed from certain angles. Proboscis about as long
as height of head, shining black above; lahium, which is shining
yellowish, much longer than the hypopharynx and sharply
pointed ; palpi large, nearly as long as proboscis, brownish,

JIILABA.

359

yellow, pubescent. Thorax wholly dark grey, including sides
scutellum, and metanotum ; a little black pubescence, and some
stronger hairs on dorsum laterally. Abdomen blackish, pubescent,
sometimes pale below at base ; genitalia a little broader than the
abdomen. Legs pale yellowish brown, pubescent; tibia with a
row of longer stiff hairs on outer side ; front metatarsi much

Fig. 32. — Hilara compacta, Brim., wing.

thickened, as wide as the tibiae, and longer than the remaining
fore tarsal joints ; posterior metatarsi normal, not so long as the
remaining tarsal joints. Wings pale grey; stigma elongate, pale
brownish, ill-defined ; halteres dirty brownish yellow.

Length, barely 2£ mm.

Described from three (J d1 in the Indian Museum from Simla,
16. v. 1909 (type) and 9. v. 1909 (Annandale).

295. Hilara bares, Walk.

Hilara bares, Walker, List Dipt. Brit. Mus. iii, p. 491 (1849).

" Body brown, clothed with short black hairs ; eyes dark red ;
feelers and mouth black ; breast hoary ; legs tawny, clothed with
short black hairs ; feet brown : wings light brown, darker for
one-third of the length along the fore-border ; wing-ribs and veins
piceous; poisers brown. Length of the body, ]| line; of the
wings, 3 lines.

" East India. Presented by Capt. Parry."

Type in the British Museum.

296. Hilara rufithorax, Brun.

Empimorpha rufithorax; Brunetti, Ilec. Ind. Mus. ix, p. 30 (1913).

S . Head : occiput, f rons, which is moderately wide with
parallel linear edges, and face all black, with a few black bristles,
the latter with a pair of long bristly hairs; vertex with three
distinct large reddish ocelli, with a pair of strong divaricate
bristles between the upper ones. Antenna? yellow ; 3rd joint
elongate onion-shaped, with a long closely pubescent black arista,
ending in a small bare black pointed bristle ; the iirst two antennal
joints with some short bristles near their tips. Proboscis about
as long as the height of the head, the basal half yellowish, the
apical half blackish ; palpi very long, longer than proboscis, some-
what broadened and flattened at the tips, with a few yellowish
hairs. Thorax bright light yellowish brown, with three black
dorsal stripes, of which the median one is of moderate width, the

360 EMPTDjE.

outer ones are broad enough to extend over the lateral margins,
and all three attain the anterior margin of the dorsum ; a few
bristly hairs about the roots of the wings and much smaller ones
on the dorsal stripes ; sides a little more yellowish than the
dorsum, with which latter the scutellum and metanotum are con-
colorous, the scutellum bearing a few stiff black hairs on the hind
margin ; the metanotum a little dusky in the centre. Abdomen
dark blackish brown, with black pubescence ; genital organs dark
grey, with a little pubescence ; venter similar to dorsal side of
abdomen. Legs: coxae and femora yellowish ; tibiae dark brownish
yellow, tarsi dark brown ; front metatarsi considerably widened ;
all the le»s shortly pubescent ; tibiae with txvo rows of five or six
long stiff hairs. Wings pale brown ; stigma vague, very elongate,
a little darker brown ; halteres yellowish brown.

Length i nearly 4 mm. .

Described from a single <5 in the Indian Museum taken by me
at Darjiling, 29. v. 1910, on the hillside.

297. Hilara peshawarensis, sp. nov.

c? ?. Whole insect blackish grey. Head: proboscis shining
black, as long as height of head, with stiff hairs ; antennae robust,
microscopically grey pubescent; palpi rather long, with moderately
long bristly hairs. Thorax with almost microscopic yellowish-grey
tomentum, which is more conspicuous on hinder part and on
scutellum, the latter with four long marginal bristles. Abdomen
with the segments more or less microscopically grey-dusted (in
good specimens) ; some grey pubescence with longer bristly hairs
on hind margins of segments ; genitalia knob-like, rather large,
concolorous, pubescent. Legs chestnut-brown, varying a little in
colour, pubescent ; fore metatarsus in $ verv large, oval, much
larger proportionately than in //. compacta ; pubescence on front
tibiae becoming longer towards tip ; knees yellowish ; hind tibiae
in $ considerably, though not conspicuously, thickened except at
base. Wings pale grey, iridescent, stigmatic region brownish ;
stigma darker brown, elongate, with ill-defined edges.

Length, 3 mm.

Described from a series of both sexes from Peshawar, N.W.
India, 16. hi. 1913 (Hoivlett).

Type rf and $ sent to British Museum, cotype c? £ in Indian
Museum and my collection.

Genus HOWLETTIA, Brun.
Hoiclettia, Erunetti, Rec. Ind. Mus. ix, p. 23 (1913).
GENOTYPE, Hoivlettia favipes, Brun.

A genus of anomalous position, allied to the EMPIRE, OCTDEO-
MIIN.E, and TACHYDHOMIIXJE (Platypalpus).

$ . Head with eyes separated above by a moderately broad
frons and only very uarrowlv separated below antennae. Antenna)

HOWLETTIA. 361

of three distinct joints; first two short, subequal; 3rd shortly
conical, with a long terminal arista. Proboscis about equal to
height of head, perpendicular ; palpi halt' as long as proboscis or
rather longer, quite broad. Thorax normally arched. Abdomen
rather longer than thorax, somewhat compressed. Legs rather
long and slender ; fore coxae slightly longer than posterior pairs ;
middle femora somewhat incrassated ; all tarsi longer than tibiae.
Wings with auxiliary vein faint and incomplete; 1st longitudinal
vein rather further from costa than usual, ending beyond middle
of wing ; 2nd vein beginning at one-fourth of wing, ending
towards tip of costa ; 3rd vein beginning at middle of wing ;
anterior cross-vein just beyond origin of 3rd vein, which latter
ends at about wing-tip ; 4th vein nearly straight, ending just
below wing-tip ; 5th nearly straight ; 6th (anal) very long, com-
plete to wing- border. Posterior cross-vein meeting 4th vein at
spot where anterior cross-vein meets it, but not in the same
straight line ; anal cross-vein nearly perpendicular to anal vein ;
2nd basal cell slightly longer than 1st, apex pointed; anal cell
barely half as long as 2nd basal ; discal cell absent,
c? unknown.

Range. Only the type-species known.

The genus is named after Mr. F. M. Howlett, of the Agricul-
tural Research Institute at Pusa.

298. Howlettia flavipes, Brim.

Hoivlettiajlavipes, Brunetti, Rec. Ind. Mtis. ix, p. 23 (1913).

$ . Head blackish ; proboscis dark brown ; palpi brownish
yellow ; ocellar triangle rather prominent. Ihorax shining
black, with very short whitish pubescence towards margins of
dorsuin ; sides of thorax and dorsum of scutellum slightly grey-
dusted ; a few weak prealar bristly hairs. Abdomen black, a little
shining; venter brownish yellow, with a little very short whitish
pubescence. Legs brownish yellow, minutely pubescent, middle
femora a little incrassated, with a row of very short bristles on
underside ; tarsi blackish. Wings clear, iridescent ; venation in
accordance with generic description ; halteres dull brownish
yellow.

Length, 2| mrn.

Described from a single $ in the Pusa collection, now sent to
the British Museum, from Mussoorie, ix. 1906 (Hawlett).

This genus is left in the subfamily EMPIN^ for the present, but
it is distinctly anomalous, and does not exactly fit into any sub-
family. The distinctly though only moderately incrassated middle
femora suggest the TACHYDROMIIN.E, from which the very distinct
anal cell and complete anal vein combined separate it. The
absence of the discal cell makes it abnormal in EM PIN-*:. It has
affinities with the OCYDROMIIX^: in the less distinct anal angle of
the wing, though it is by no means cuneiform, also in the anal
cross-vein being perpendicular to the anal vein.

302

Subfamily OCYDROMIIN^.

Head : eyes in male contiguous, in female contiguous or not,
rarely narrowly separated in both sexes. Proboscis generally
shorter than head, if long, projecting directly or obliquely for-
wards ; palpi one-jointed. Antennae 3-jointed, with terminal
arista or 2-joiuted style, which latter may be aristiform.
Thorax more or less humped; metapleura bare or with short
hairs. Wings with axillary lobe well developed (except in
Leptopeza) ; 3rd longitudinal vein simple ; 4th simple or forked.
Discal cell present ; three or four posterior cells ; basal cells sub-
equal, anal cell not longer than 2nd basal. Lower branch of 5th
longitudinal vein meeting anal vein parallel with, perpendicular
to, or at an angle of 45° to hind margin of wing, making anal cell
truncate at tip or the anterior margin of it the longer ; anal vein
of varying length ; squamae very small or absent. »

This subfamily comprises smaller and more delicate species,
often of pale colour, of which the short proboscis is a principal
feature.

Genus LEPTOPEZA,
Lemtopcza, Macquart, Soc. Sci. Lille, p. 143 (1827) (emend.}.
GENOTYPE, Ocydromiaflavipest Mg. (Europe).

Head almost as broad a.s thorax ; eyes occupying whole front
of head, contiguous in both sexes, rarely otherwise ; * facets of
uniform size. Antennae 3-jointed ; first two short, bristly ; 3rd,
though narrowed slightly at base, conical, bearing a long rather
thickened bare arista joined to tip of 3rd by a minute joint.
Epistome very narrow, -the eyes reaching the mouth-opening ;
proboscis Aery short. Thorax rectangular, strongly arched, with
minute discal bristles ; on the margin generally a notopleural,
postalar, and sometimes a supra-alar bristle, with other small
bristles or bristly hairs; scutellum with two or more marginal
bristles or stiff hairs ; metapleura with short fine hairs. Abdomen
slender, 8th segment small or hidden. Genitalia in male with
asymmetrical parts ;, in female forming a long, compressed, sword-
shaped ovipositor. Leys rather long and slender, hind pair
longest ; hind tibia? sometimes slightly thickened towards apex ;
sol't pubescence and various bristles on the legs. Wings with
auxiliary vein abbreviated, not reaching margin ; 3rd vein simple ;
anterior fork of upper branch of -4th vein indistinct or absent;
lower branch of eth vein strongly recurrent, parallel with hind
margin of wing ; anal vein shortened.

Range. Europe, India, ]STorth Africa, Cape Horn, North
America, Australia.

Life-history unknown.

* A narrow frons above in at least one European species (sph-enopiera), yet
the eyes contiguous below antenna-.

LEPTOPEZA. 363

299. Leptopeza'vitripennis, Bnm. (PI. IV, figs. 12, 13.)

Leptopeza vitripennis, Brunetti, Eec. Ind. Mus. ix, p. 31 (1913).

c? $ . Head blackish ; proboscis horizontal, as long as length of
bead ; shining black ; palpi short, porrect, black ; antennae with
elongate conical 3rd joint, arista long, black. Thorax very highly
arched, shining black in middle of dorsum, with short whftish
hairs laterally. Abdomen shining black, with short whitish
pubescence; venter similar. Legs rather pale pitch-brown, a
little pubescent. Wings very clear and iridescent ; halteres black.

Length, 2 mm.

Described from a type d1 from Oncha Gaon, Naina Tal Distr.,
1-6. v. 1907, and a type $ and a second $ from Eaugoon, 24. ii.
1908 (Annandale).

Types in the Indian Museum.

Subfamily IIEMERODROMIIN^E.

Head with eyes separated in both sexes, frons sometimes nar-
rower in d1 ; eyes sometimes contiguous below; when this is so,
frontal facets larger than the others ; eyes sometimes pubescent.
Proboscis short, not longer than height of head ; palpi 1- or
(indistinctly) 2-jointed. Antenna? 3-jointed, with, in some genera,
a 2-joiuted style which may be aristiform ; one or two excep-
tions occur. Thorax longer than broad, but slightly arched ;
metapleura bare, with short hairs or a few bristles. 'Leys with
fore coxae always lengthened, sometimes about as long as femora,
always longer than posterior coxae. Fore femora often incrassate
and fore legs often raptorial. Wings cuneiform at base, the
axillary lobe being greatly reduced or absent ; 3rd longitudinal
vein simple or forked ; 4th vein forked ; lower branch of 5th vein
may be distinctly recurrent, or placed perpendicularly to hind
margin of wing, or absent. Four posterior cells ; discal cell
present or absent ; basal cells more or less subequal ; anal cell
longer or shorter than 2nd basal cell, or absent; anal vein of
varying length or absent ; squarme absent.

The cuneiform wings and much elongated fore coxae will easily
distinguish members of this subfamily. Many of the yellowish
forms of EMPLOY belong to it.

Table of Genera.

1. Third longitudinal vein forked ........ 2. Tp- 367.

Third longitudinal vein simple ........ PHYLT.ODJIOMIA, /«'tt..

2. A cross-vein between 2nd and 3rd veins. . Doi.iCHOCEi'HALA.Macq.,
No such cross-vein, .................. 3. I p. 3/ 0.

3. Discal cell absent .................... MICKODIIOMIA, Big.,

Discal cell present .................... 4. [p. 366.

4. Proboscis thick, shorter than height of

hea(l ............................ CMNOCEHA, Mg., p. 364.

Proboscis thin, about ns long as height [p. 371.

of head . ................... TRICHOPKZA, Rond.,

364

Genus CLINOCERA, Mg.

Clinocera, Meigen, lllig. Mag. ii, p. 271 (1803).
Bydmdromia, Macquart, Hist. Nat. Dipt, ii, p. 658 (1835).
Paramesia, Macquart (nee Steph. 1829), loc. tit. p. 656 (1835).

GENOTYPE, Clinocera nigra, Mg.

Head usually broader than long, nearly or quite as long as
thorax ; epistome more or less elongated downwards ; eyes well
separated in both sexes, shortly and densely pubescent, facets of
uniform size. Proboscis very short and thick; palpi 1-jointed
or indistinctly 2-jointed, short, slightly clavate at tip. Antennae
inserted above middle of head, 3-jointecl ; 1st joint cup-shaped,
2nd subglobular, bristly, both short ; 3rd onion-shaped, about as
long as first two together, with a thick styliform pubescent arista
articulated to tip of 3rd joint by a microscopic joint. Thorat a
little longer than broad, rectangular, moderately arched. A
humeral (occasionally more than one), a post-humeral, one or two
notopleural, a supra-alar, and postalar bristles present ; scutelltim
with two long apical bristles, rarely more ; metapleura with some
hairs. Abdomen elongate, slender, the complex male genitalia
concealing the reduced 7th and 8th segments ; in female abdomen
more pointed. Leys long and slender, fore coxae not greatly
elongated ; front femora often thickened at base and with bristles
below ; legs shortly pubescent. Wings somewhat lengthened ;
auxiliary vein rather short but reaching margin ; 1st longitudinal
vein ending at about middle of wing ; 2nd vein sometimes wavy —
in some species with a sudden loop downwards enclosing the
stigma; 3rd vein forked; discal cell present, varying in length,
discal end pointed or truncate ; lower branch of 5th vein strongly
recurrent, parallel with hind margin of wing ; anal cell with distal
end bluntly pointed or rounded ; anal vein abbreviated. Alula
absent ; alar squamula very small.

llanye. Europe, Siberia, India, North America.

Life-history unknown ; probably aquatic in larval state.

This genus has a facies distinguishing it easily from other
EMPIDJE, and with some resemblance to some water-haunting
DoLicnopomD^. The elongate body and proportionately longer
legs, the pubescent eyes and rather long wings, the usually
greyish colour with lighter parts, and the not infrequently spotted
wings, give them a characteristic appearance. All are found in
the neighbourhood of water, running streams, or stagnant pools,
on the surface of which most species appear capable of running
with ease.

The European species of Clinocera may be fairly satisfactorily
grouped into several subgeuera, mostly set up by Mik; but as
only two species are yet known from the Orient, of which at least
one (fluviatilis) comes in Clinocera, s. sir., these subdivisions may
be ignored here.

CLINOCERA. 365

The two Indian species differ as follows : —

Brownish-grey species, with dark brownish-grey legs ;

length, 3 mm flmiatilis, Brtm.

Blackish-grey thorax, dark brown abdomen, brownish-
yellow legs ; length, 2 mm obscura, Brun.

800. Clinocera fluviatilis, Brun.

Clinocera fluviatilis, Brunetti, Rec. Ind. Mus. ix, p. 34 (1913).

c? . Head brownish grey, with isolated black bristles on the
occiput and a few on the frons; frontal tubercle bearing two
divergent bristles. Antennae black ; 1st and 2nd joints subequal ;
3rd onion-shaped, with moderately long, nearly bare arista. Pro-
boscis and palpi blackish, both short. Thorax very dark brownish
grey, nearly black, a whitish-grey stripe on the sides from just
below the shoulder to as far as below the ends of the transverse

Fig. 33. — Clinocera fluviatilis, Brun., and antenna.

suture ; ventral part of thorax also whitish grey. Dorsum bearing
several isolated bristles (many of these are broken off), of which
one is present on the shoulder, and one towards, but not at the
hinder corner ; scutellum with two long bristles. Abdomen dark
grey, normally pubescent. Genitalia large, consisting of a ventral
dark grey plate, a large concave lower piece, and a pair of claspers
above, these latter constituted of a large oval basal concolorous
joint and an elongate brownish-yellow horny bifid second joint :
the whole of the genitalia a little pubescent. Legs long and
slender, uniformly dark brownish grey, practically bare. Wings
very pale grey. The 3rd longitudinal vein forked beyond three-
fourths of its length, the branches approximate to one another
and parallel ; anterior cross-vein before middle of discal cell, and
at about one-third the length of the wing; branches of upper
branch of 4th longitudinal vein issuing close together from discal
cell, thence gradually diverging ; the discal cell much longer on
its anterior border than its posterior one; lower branch of 4th
vein nearly straight, rather more strongly developed ; 2nd basal
cell short, lying against the middle third of the upper basal cell ;

366

anal cell barely longer than 2nd basal; 6th vein very short.
Halteres : stein yellow, clubs dark grey.

Length, 3 ram. ; wing, 4 mm.

Described from a single specimen from Bhowali, Kumaon Distr.,
12. vi. 1910 (Imms), on stones on banks of stream.

A specimen which probably belongs to this species, but showing
a discrepancy in the shape of the discal cell, is amongst the
Diptera collected by Mr. Kemp on the Abor Expedition.

301. Clinocera obscura, Bnm.

Clinocera obscura, Brunetti, llec. Ind. Mus. ix, p. 34 (1913).

cJ . Head blackish grey, some stiff hairs on occiput and frons,
which latter is very broad. Proboscis short, half the height of
the head, shining black, with a much swollen apical part (this
latter in one specimen partly brownish yellow) ; palpi very small,
brownish yellow. Antenna! 3rd joint elongate oval, with long
black arista. Thorax brownish grey, including scutellum ; sides
and metauotum bluish ash-grey ; some dorso-central and lateral
bristly hairs. Abdomen dark brown, softly pubescent. Genitalia
extremely long and conspicuous, blackish, with a few pale hairs,
egg-shaped, convex, bent under the venter, the narrower end
pointing towards the base of the abdomen ; posteriorly (i. e. from
the broader end) project some yellowish filamentous appendages.
Legs brownish yellow ; coxae ash-grey, especially the posterior
pairs ; tarsi a little darker. Fore femora with a few soft pale
longer hairs; remainder of legs microscopically pubescent. Wings
very pale grey, wholly unmarked, highly iridescent; halteres
brownish yellow.

Length, 2 mm.

Described from two rf c? in the Indian Museum from Simla,
10. v. 1909 (Annandale),

Genus MICRODROMIA, Big.

Mia-odromya, Bigot, Ann. Soc. Ent. France, (3) v, p. 503 (1857)
(emend.).

GENOITPE, Tachydromia oratorio, Fin. (Europe).

This genus differs from Clinocera by the fore coxse being nearly
as long as the femora, the latter being considerably thickened.
Head elongate, ovate ; eyes more elongate than in Clinocera and
sometimes contiguous below the antennae ; arista un jointed ;
proboscis about as long as height of head. Thorax with the major
bristles apparently variable ; metapleura bare. Legs with fore
coxae from rather shorter than to nearly as long as femora ;
fore femora much thickened, with two rows of short spines
below, and a row of long bristles on each side ; fore tibia? curved
at base, with a row of short spines on inner side and a long apical
spine ; posterior tibiae without apical spur. Winys with subcostal
vein short; no discal or anal cell ; 3rd vein forked; lower branch

MICEODROMIA. — PHYLLODUOMIA. 367

of 5tli longitudinal vein absent or abortive; anal vein generally
absent ; no stigma.

Range. Europe, Siberia, India, Java, North America, Chile.

Life-history. The metamorphoses are known of pnec'itoria,
Eln., a European species of Jfemerodromia, of which Microdromia
is generally regarded as a subgenus, and Brocher has described
and figured them.* The larva lives in mud in streamlets, the
pupa being also aquatic.

The perfect insects frequent the borders of woods and lakes, or
humid places, generally on low herbage and in grass.

302. Microdromia dorsalis, Brun.

Chelipoda dorsalis, Brunetti, Rec. Ind. Mus. ix, p. 33 (1913).

c? $ . Head blackish ; proboscis pale yellowish, very stout at
the base, the upper piece prolonged into a long hard shining
rostrum ; antennas wholly pale yellowish white. Thorax brownish
yellow ; dorsuin black or dark bro\vn, the colour extending more
or less over the sides ; scutellum and metanotum concolorous with
dorsum. Abdomen brownish yellow ; the dorsum of each segment
black, thus forming a continuous black stripe from base to tip,
but the hind borders of some of the segments escape the black
colour ; venter brownish yellow. Geniralia in <S large, whoHy
black, rather complex, comprising at least a pair of claspers, which
are stout at the base and with flexible finger-like appendages ;
also a long narrow ventral style. ^f(/s very pale yellow ; fore
femora with a row of very short microscopic spines, fore tibia3
possessing two such rows ; the fore femora also have a row of
long stiff bristly hairs on the underside and two still longer ones
below near the base. Winr/s clear, veins brown ; halteres pale
brownish yellow.

Length, 2 mm.

Described from three specimens in the Indian Museum, taken
at the edge of a small stream at Barogh, Simla Hills, 5000 ft.,
10. v. 1910 (Annandale).

Genus PHYLLODROMIA, Zett.

P/it/llodromia, Zetterstedt, Isis, 1837, p. 31.
Chiromantis, Kondani, Dipt. Ital. Prod, i, p. 148 (18o6).
Thamnodromia, Mik, Wien. Knt. Zeitg. v, p. 278 (1880).
Litanomyiu, Melander, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. xxviii, p. 231 (1902).

GENOTYPE uncertain.t

Head rather elongate and flattened, broader than thorax : eyes
large, elongate, separated in both sexes, subcontiguous below

* Ann. de Biologie Lacustre, iv, p. 44, ligs. 1, 2 (1909).

t There seems some obscurity as to the genotypes of CheUpoda and
J'hyllodromia, which it is impossible to clear up here owing to the " Mom. Soc.
Sci. Lille" not being available in India. Rondani in 1856 selected /<://>/"<
melanocepliala, F., as type of Phyllodromia, the same species which Coquillett
chose as type of Chelipoda in 1910.

368 EMPID.E.

antennae, with facets of uniform size ; proboscis short, thick,
vertical ; palpi one-jointed. Antennae inserted a little below the
middle, 3-jointed ; basal joints short; 3rd elongate, pointed, with
long terminal arista, attached by means of a minute joint. Thorax
rectangular, moderately arched ; prothorax forming a short neck.
A few uniserial dorso-central bristles ; a notopleural and supra-
alar bristle present ; scutellum with two bristles ; metapleura
with a few bristles. Abdomen with last two segments in male
reduced, hidden by the genitalia, which latter are rather large ;
abdomen in female more pointed, genitalia normal. Legs as in
Clielipoda • fore coxae nearly as long as fore femora. Wings in
venation and shape as in Chelipoda; discal cell present; anal
angle nob developed.

Range. Europe, India, N. America, Argentina.

Life-history unknown. The images frequent grass and damp
meadows.

Phyllodromia, Zstt., differs from Chelipoda, Macq., practically
only in the presence of the discal cell, and is ranked as a sub-
genus of the latter in the Kertes/ Catalogue ; but if the character
is constant one way or the other in all tlie species, there seems no
reason why both should not be admitted to generic rank. My
flavida was placed in Chelipoda on the broader view of the genus,
but must now be transferred to Phyllodromia, with my indica,
the latter having been described under Litanomyia, which is now
considered synonymous with Zetterstedt's genus.

P. flavida differs from indica by the thorax being mainly
brownish yellow as opposed to blackish grey.

303. Phyllodromia flavida, Bnm. (PI. IV, figs. 14, 15.)
Chelipoda flavida, Brunetti, Rec. Ind. Mus. ix, p. 32 (1913).

d1 $ . Head yellowish ; three ocelli on the black vertical triangle,
which also carries two divaricate long bristles : frons moderately
broad; occiput with four long curved bristles placed equidis-
tantly ; seen from behind, the occiput has a greyish tinge, as has
sometimes the frons also; eyes black, rounded, almost contiguous
immediately below the antennae for a short space, the face
broadening below ; the latter, seen from above, appears silvery
white ; proboscis very short, half the height of the head, conical,
sharply pointed, yellowish, the upper part (hypopharyux) narrow,
hard, shining. .First two antennal joints yellowish, with some
short bristles at the tips of each ; 3rd joint dark br.mvn, elongate
onion-shaped, with long brown microscopically pubescent arista.
Thorax very variable, generally brownish yellow, with more or less
blackish colour, either in the form of a dorsal stripe, a lateral ir-
regular and somewhat indistinct border, or the posterior part of the
dorsum more or less blackish; sides generally lighter, in some speci-
mens attaining a pinkish-fawn colour. Abdomen variable, brownish
yellow, more or less blackish in part or wholly ; venter brownish

PHYLLODROMIA. 369

yellow ; genitalia small, concolorous. Tip of abdomen in c?
stump-like; in ? tapering, the two terminal lamella? pale
yellowish. Legs yellowish or pale yellow ; front coxae narrow,
cylindrical, nearly as long as the femora, the latter slightly
brownish at tips and considerably iucrassated, with two yellow

Fig. 34. — Phyllodromia flavida, Brun.

bristles near the base on the underside and a row there also of
microscopic spines ; posterior coxae and femora of normal size,
the former a little brownish, as are also the tips of the tarsi.
Wings very pale grey, veins black ; halteres brownish yellow.

Length, 2 mm.

Described from several specimens in the Indian Museum from
Paresnath, 4000-4300 ft., Chota Nagpur, 9-13. iv. 1909 (Annan-
dale), including type 3 (9. iv. 1909) ; Dawna Hills, 2000-3000 ft.,
2.iii. 1908, type $ (Annandale) ; Darjiling, 28. v. 1909 (Brunctti).

The Pai'esnath specimens were taken on stones, where they
were in considerable numbers hidden in undergrowth at the edge
of a spring.

304. Phyllodromia indica, Brun. (PI. IV, figs. 16-18.)

Litanomyia indica, Brunetti, Rec. Ind. Mus. ix, p. 36 (1913).
<S . Head black ; antennae large, the 1st and 2nd joints yellowish ;
3rd black, oblongo-conical, cup-shaped at bottom, and furnished
with a long arista ; face whitish grey ; occiput and underside of
head dark grey, the lower part of head projecting forward some-
what ; proboscis short, pointed, and slightly curved. Thorax
nearly as long as abdomen, oblongo-ovate, blackish grey, mode-
rately shining. Three conspicuous bristles towards each side,

370 EMPJDJE.

one on the shoulder, one towards the hind corner of the dorsum,
and one about equidistantly between these two, this middle pah-
being rather closer to each other (that is, to the middle line of the
thorax) than the others are, yet still a considerable distance apart;
there is also one on the side of the thorax, in front of the wing ;
scutellum with two bristles. Abdomen dark brown, almost devoid
of pubescence. Legs wholly pale yellow ; fore femora much
enlarged, fore coxae and fore tibiae each very slightly longer than
the fore femora, the latter being spiny and bristly below ; hind
tibiae very slightly enlarged, at the tip only. Wings very pale
grey, a little yellowish towards base and costa, unmarked.

Length, 2 mm.

Described from one $ in the Indian Museum taken by me at
Darjiling, 7000 ft., 29. v. 1910, on the hillside, in mixed herbage.

Genus DOLICHOCEPHALA, Macq.

DolichocepJiala, Macquart, Soc. Sci. Lille, p. 147 (1823).

Ardoptera, Macquart, op. cit. p. 105 (1827).

Leptosceles, Ilaliday, Ent. Month. Mag. i, p. 160 (1833).

GENOTYPE, Tachydromia irrorata, Yin. (as maculata, Macq.)
(Europe).

.Head with epistome produced downwards, pointed ; eyes rather
large, somewhat elongate, widely separated in both sexes, with
dense short pubescence ; proboscis short, thick ; palpi 1-jointed.
Antennae 3-jointed, placed just above "middle of head, all the joints
short and minutely pubescent ; 2nd with bristles ; 3rd rounded,
somewhat disciform, with long, curved, rather thickened arista,
which possesses a minute ring-like basal joint. Thorax rather
elongate, with rounded anterior angles, moderately arched. Uni-
serial dorso-central bristles, a humeral, post-humeral, notopleural,
and postalar bristle present, and two scutellar bristles ; metapleura
bare. Abdomen 8-segmented ; the two anal segments reduced and
partly concealed by the male genitalia; abdomen in female pointed.
Legs slender; fore coxae slightly elongated, about half as long as
femora. Legs minutely pubescent ; tibia? without spurs ; two
pulvilli and a small linear bristle-bearing empodium. Wings
with auxiliary and 1st longitudinal veins short, the former
reaching the margin ; 2nd vein long ; 3rd vein forked, the upper
branch united to 2nd vein towards its tip ; lower branch of 5th
vein strongly recurrent, almost immediately meeting anal vein
(which is very abbreviated, not nearly reaching wing-margin),
making anal cell very short and truncate. Dorsal cell very elon-
gate, 2nd basal cell very short, much shorter than 1st basal and
subequal to anal cell ; three submarginal, four posterior cells ; hind
angle of wing quite reduced, making it almost cuneiform. Ground-
colour of wing brown, with hyaline spots.
Range. Europe, India, North America.

A limited genus of small delicate Empids, easily recognised by
the brown wings with pale spots.

DOLICIIOCEPHALA. — TRICIIOPEZA. 371

305. Dolicliocephala septemnotata, Brun. (PI. IV, figs. 19-21.)

DolicJiocephala septemnotata, Brunetti, Rec. Ind. Mus. ix, p. 35
(1913).

<5 . Head blackish ; frous broad, some stiff hairs on both frous
and occiput ; epistome (the whole of the head below the eyes)
conical, short, half the height of the rest of the head. Antennae
black ; 3rd joint conical, with long black thick arista, microscopi-
cally pubescent ; no palpi apparent. Thorax and abdomen wholly
black, moderately shining, practically bare, except for a few stiff
hairs laterally on the former ; genitalia small, rounded, simple.
Legs pale yellowish, upper side of fore femora and tips of tarsi a
little brownish. Wings very pale brown, with seven very distinct
moderate-sized circular pale spots; six of these are placed in two
parallel rows of three in each ; the upper row just above the 3rd
longitudinal vein, the lower row a little above the hind margin of
the wing, so that the spots appear like three pairs situated longi-
tudinally ; the 1st pair (i. e, the basal spots of both rows) is
situated a little before the middle of the wing ; the 2nd pair a
little beyond the middle ; the 3rd pair half-way between the 2nd
pair and the wing-tip, the upper spot being in the middle of the
submarginal cell ; of the spots in the longer row, the first is
placed a little before, the second a little beyond the lower branch
of the 5th longitudinal vein ; the third is in the middle of the
2nd posterior cell ; the seventh spot is near the wing-tip, at
the end of the 1st posterior cell ; the 3rd, 4th, and 5th longi-
tudinal veins are all wavy, the 3rd is forked at two-thirds the
length of the wing, the subriiarginal cell narrowed in the middle,
with the marginal cross-vein just beyond the cell's base, uniting it
to the 2nd longitudinal vein just before its tip ; the 4th longi-
tudinal vein, although wavy, is mainly in a straight line, and
divides the wing into nearly equal parts, ending just below the
wing-tip ; anterior cross-vein very near base of wing ; posterior
cross-vein at middle of wing, joining the upper branch of the
widely-forked 5th vein soon after the furcation ; anal cell oblong,
very short : halteres brownish yellow.

Lenytli, 1 1 mm.

Described from one d in the Indian Museum from Simla,
10. v. 1909 (Annandale).

Genus TRICHOPEZA, Itond.

Tricopeza, Rondani, Dipt. Ital. Prod, i, p. 150 (1856) (emend.).
GENOTYPE, Brachijstoma lonyicornis, Mg. (Europe) ; by original
designation.

Head a little broader than long, slightly broader than thorax ;
eyes occupying whole front of head, shortly pubescent, separated
above antenna in both sexes, contiguous below for some distance,
frontal facets in both sexes enlarged. Proboscis thin, nearly

2u2

372 EMPID;E.

as long as head, directed downwards ; palpi 1 -jointed, long,
clavate, with long hairs. Antennae placed above middle line of
head, 3-jointed; 1st elongate, cylindrical, compressed at base;
2nd subglobular ; 3rd three times as long as first two together,
suddenly narrowing before one-fourth of its length and thence
gradually tapering to a point ; no style or arista.* Thorax
rectangular, considerably arched. Some weak dorso-central
bristles ; a humeral, post-humeral, larger and smaller notopleural,
supra-alar and postalar bristles present; scutellum with two
bristles; metapleura bare. Abdomen rather long and slender,
8-segmented ; the 7th and 8th segments in the male reduced,
covered by the genitalia, which latter are complex, somewhat
resembling those of Hilara. Abdomen in female rather thick at
apex, with only six obvious segments, the 7th being peculiarly
enlarged and the 8th concealed ; ovipositor small. Legs long
and slender; fore coxa3 only slightly elongated; fore femora
slightly thickened, with bristles below ; posterior tibia? with long
bristles and small apical spurs. Wings with auxiliary vein not
reaching margin ; 3rd vein forked ; discal cell present ; lower
branch of 5th vein recurrent, parallel with hind margin of
wing.

Range. Besides my fusca the only other known species is
longicornis, Mg., of Europe.

Life-history unknown.

306. Trichopeza fusca, Brun.

Trichopeza fusca, Bruuetti, Rec. Ind. Mus. ix, p. 31 (1913).

$ . Head blackish, eyes subcontiguous. Antenna? with very
long cylindrical 1st joint, short large subglobular 2nd joint, and
very elongate conical 3rd joint, which has a very long thick
curved minutely pubescent style. Thorax dark brown, lighter at
the sides ; scutellum and metanotum concolcrous with dorsum.
Abdomen dark brown, but a little lighter than the thorax ; very
sparsely pubescent; genitalia inconspicuous; venter brownish
yellow. Legs long and slender, uniformly pale yellowish, except
the blackish tarsi. Fore coxa? twice as long as the others, but
one-third the length of the fore femora ; all the femora approxi-
mately equal in length ; tibia? very little shorter than femora,,
hind pair a little incrassated at the tips ; tarsi about as long as
tibiae, blackish. All the femora possess a few isolated long stiff
hairs on the underside, and the middle femora have one on the
front side near the tip ; all the tibia? with one such stiff hair on
outer side a little before the first third of the length, and a few
shorter ones on hinder side of middle tibia?, also a single one

* Lundbeck describes the 3rd joint as tapering into an arista, stating that a
microscope fails to show any articulation. In such a case a simple joint only
must be recognised.

TRICHOPEZA. 373

on hinder side of hind tibiae at about one-third of the length.
Wings very pale grey, very iridescent; 3rd longitudinal vein
widely forked beyond half its length ; prongs of upper branch of
4th vein issuing wide apart from the discal cell, the latter being

Fig. 35. — TricJiopezafusca, Brun.

large, long, pointed basally, about equal in length to 2nd posterior
cell; 1st basal cell a little longer than 2nd, which latter is about
as long as anal cell ; halteres yellow.

Length, 3 mm. ; wing, 4| mm.

Described from a unique $ in the Indian Museum from
Kurseong, 25. iii. 1910 (Gravely}.

The peculiar nature of the antennae ought easily to distinguish
this species from all other Indian EMPLOY.

Subfamily TACHYDROMIIN^l.

Head with eyes more variable than in the other subfamilies,
generally separated above the antennae in both sexes ; below they
may be contiguous or separated ; when contiguous below, the
frontal facets may or may not be larger than the others ; in some
genera the eyes microscopically pubescent. Proboscis short,
sometimes curved ; palpi 1-jointed. Antennae 3-jointed, with a
styliform arista of one or two joints. Thorax often nearly as
broad as long ; metapleura bare, or with very short hairs. Legs
of varying lengths ; sometimes the fore femora or four anterior
femora thickened, in which case the four anterior legs are
raptorial ; middle tibiae sometimes with a spine. Winr/s with
axillary lobe more or less developed ; 3rd and 4th longitudinal
veins simple ; three posterior cells ; no discal cell ; lower branch
of 5th vein present or absent ; basal cells rather large, subequal

374 EMPIDJE.

or the 2nd the longer ; anal cell normally absent, when present
shorter than basal cells and anal vein weak, usually accompanied
by the character of incrassated middle femora ; anal vein weak or
absent ; squamae absent.

This subfamily is distinguished by the (normal) absence of the
anal vein, or, when it is present, by the thickened middle femora.
Some genera with shortened abdomens and thick-set bodies are
included here. Many species are of yellow or brown shades of
colour.

Table of Genera.
'1. Anal cell absent 2.

Anal cell normally present, sometimes feeble [p. 374.

or incomplete TACHYDROMIA, Mg.,

2. A portion of the lower branch of the 5th.

longitudinal vein present; anal (6th) vein [p. 378.

absent TACHYPKZA, Mg., %

Lower branch of 5th vein, also anal vein,
entirely absent 3.

3. Legs short and robust; abdomen short and

broad ; 3rd antennal joint short, ovate DRAPETIS, Mg., p. 380.

Legs slender ; abdomen more elongate, rela-
tively less broad; 3rd antennal joint [p. 384.

elongate, conical ELAPHROPEZA, Macq.,

Genus TACHYDROMIA, Mg.

Tachydromia, Meigen, Illig. Mag. ii, p. 269 (1803).

Sicus, Latreille (nee Scop. 1763), Precis Caract. Gen. Ins. xiv, p. 158

(1796).

Phoroxypha, Rondani, Dipt. Ital. Prod, i, p. 146 (1856).
Platypalptis, Macquart, Soc. Sci. Lille, p. 92 (1827).
Brevios, Brunetti, Rec. Ind. Mus. ix, p. 22 (1913).

GENOTYPE, TacJiydromia connexa, Mg. (as cimicoides, F.)
(Europe) ; by designation of Coquillett (1903).

Head rounded, as broad as thorax or nearly so, a little higher
than broad ; eyes rather elongate, separated in both sexes by
a rather narrow frons, subcontiguous below antennae, facets
of uniform size. Proboscis short, vertical ; palpi 1-jointed, of
variable size. Antennae inserted about middle of head, 3-jointed ;
1st very short, subcylindrical ; 2nd somewhat rounded, bristly
towards tip ; 3rd considerably elongate, sometimes more than
twice as long as first two together, approximately conical, slightly
compressed at about the middle, with very long, microscopically
pubescent arista, which possesses a minute basal joint. Thorax
rectangular, moderately arched. No definite discal bristles, but
the hairs on the disc may be more or less arranged into dorso-
central and acrostichal rows ; one to three notopleural bristles
and one postalar ; generally a humeral, sometimes a post-humeral
bristle ; two or four scutellar bristles ; rnetapleura bare. Abdomen
in male cylindrical, tip bluntly pointed in female ; male genitalia
large, knob-like, hiding 8th segment. Legs: anterior pairs

TACHYDROMIA. 375

raptorial; fore coxa3 slightly longer than posterior ones; fore
femora more or less thickened, with two rows of fine bristles
below ; middle femora considerably incrassate, with two rows of
short thick spines below ; middle tibia3 often with an apical spine
on inner side and a row of black spines below. Other variations
occur in the legs in the shape of additional spines or bristles, and
in the degree of incrassation of the femora. Two pulvilli ; empo-
dium small, linear. Wings with auxiliary vein united to 1st
longitudinal till near tip, reaching margin ; 1st, 2nd, and 3rd
(which is simple) normal ; 4th simple ; lower branch of 5th almost
or quite recurrent, meeting the indistinct and incomplete anal
vein at about a right angle. Discal cell absent ; both basal cells
long, subequal ; anal cell incomplete through the wanting basal
portion of the anal vein ; 1st posterior cell often broadened in
middle and distinctly narrowed at tip ; axillary lobe of wing not
conspicuous.

Range. Europe, India, Tibet, China, Papua, North Africa,
North America, Chile, Argentina.

Life-history. Beling has recorded the metamorphoses of a
European species T. (Platypalpus) major, Zett.,* which was
breeding on the ground under moss in a wood.

Tacliydromia is a genus with a rather easily recognised facies,
due to the thickened femora, long antenna, absence of discal cell
in conjunction with the shape of the 1st posterior cell, and incom-
plete or absent anal cell. The species occur in woods and fields,
running swiftly over low herbage in search of prey ; they are
very carnivorous and rapacious, remains of soft Diptera being
often retained by their middle legs after death. Many species
are conspicuous amongst EMPID.E by their yellow colour.

Table of Species.

1. Wings unmarked 2. [p. 375.

Wings with two broad blackish bands .... latifascipennis, Brun.,

2. Thorax bright ferruginous 3.

Thorax black or blackish 4.

3. Antennal basal joints yellow ; thorax witli

distinct median stripe ; proboscis as long [p. 376.

as height of head ferruginea, Brim.,

Antenme all black ; thorax without a median
stripe, but with two abbreviated lateral

ones'; proboscis shorter than height of [p. 377.

head nepalensis, nom. nov.,

4. Proboscis as long as height of head gentilis, Brun., p. 377.

Proboscis half as long as height of head . . orientalis, Brun., p. 378.

307. Tachydromia latifascipennis, Brun.

Tacliydromia latifascipennis, Brunetti, Rec. Ind. Mus. xiii, p. 81

(1917).

tf 5 . Head shining black, bare ; eyes separated above by a
moderately broad frons of uniform width, contiguous on under-
* Verh. zool.-bot. Ores. Wien, xxxviii, p. 2 (1888).

376 EMPID^E.

side; antennal 1st joint moderately long, of usual shape, 2nd
shortly conical, with long apical bristle, both joints brownish
yellow ; proboscis dark brown ; palpi rather elongate, with long
whitish-grey pubescence and a long apical black bristle ; occiput
grey; a pair of bristles behind vertex, a few shorter ones on
back of head. Thorax elongate, as broad as abdomen, humeri not
constricted from mesonotum ; wholly shining black, bare ; scu-
tellum and pleurae black ; a distinct pre-alar bristle. Abdomen
black, moderately shining, nearly bare ; male genitalia large ;
abdomen of £ tapering, ovipositor normal. Legs black ; fore
coxae distinctly but not greatly enlarged, sometimes with a pale
spot on outer side ; fore femora greatly incrassated, in some
specimens with basal part brownish yellow, in others with two
pale spots on outer side, near base ; in some the whole femur
blnckish brown ; about basal half of all metatarsi yellowish.
Winys grey, with two broad blackish bands, occupying greater
part of wing, extending from costa to hind margin, leaving middle
part of wing rather narrowly clear, and a moderately wide clear
wing-tip and base ; thd blackish bands darker anteriorly.

Length, 2±-2 1 mm.

Described from a few of each sex in the Indian Museum :
Darjiling, 8-11. viii. 1909, including tvpe c? (J. T. Jenkins), and
type $, 8. viii. 1909 (Paiva) • Dharampur, Simla, 5000 ft., iv.-v.
1908 ; Simla, 7000 ft., 11. v. 1908 (both Annandale}.

If Platypnlpus can be regarded as distinct from Tachydromia,
which seems doubtful, the three species of mine — orientalis.gentilis,
and ferrugineus — will belong to it, as described ; but my P.pallidi-
tibi(K and P. incisa belong to Tachypeza, the anal cross-vein being
distinctly present in the former and a part of it in the latter.

308. Tachydromia ferruginea, Brun,

Platypalpus ferrugineus, Brunetti, Rec. Ind. Mus. ix, p. 40 (1913).

5 . Head rather dark brownish yellow ; proportions, pubes-
cence and bristles as in orientalis and gentilis ; face blackish :
antennae with first two joints yellow, the 3rd blackish : proboscis
as long as height of head, blackish ; palpi short, rather thick, pale
yellowish. Thorax rather bright ferruginous brown, shining,
with a moderately broad black median dorsal stripe, beginning on
the anterior margin, and a much shorter one on each side of it,
these two not attaining either the anterior or posterior margin.
Short sparse pale yellowish hairs over the dorsum and sides, most
conspicuous just below the shoulders ; two strong pre-alar bristles
on each side, and one towards the posterior corner of the dorsum.
Scutellum shining black, with very minute pale yellowish hairs
and two long apical converging spines. Metanottim black, shining,
with minute pale yellow hairs ; sides of thorax black. Abdomen
black, a little shining, almost bare ; venter similar ; genitalia
pale yellowish, elongate. Legs bright yellow ; fore femora a little

TACHYDROHIA. 377

thickened ; middle femora considerably thickened and with two
rows of very small black spines and also a row of long stiff hairs,
all placed on the underside ; the middle tibiae have a short but
distinct spur-like tooth at the tip and a single row of minute
black spines on the underside. Wings pale yellowish grey, veins
a deeper yellow; surface of wing with short hairs and also micro-
scopically setulose; halteres yellowish.

Length, 2 mm.

Described trom a single $ in the Indian Museum from Kurseong,
4. vii. 1908 (Annandale).

309. Tachydromia nepalensis, nom. nov. (PI. IV, fig. 22.)
Brevios lonyicornis, Brunetti, Ilec. Ind. Mus. ix, p. 22 (1913).
c? . Head: occiput blackish grey, with pale yellowish-grey
pubescence; eyes closely contiguous ; antennas blackish, 3rd joint
and its style with rather dense whitish pubescence ; proboscis
shorter than height of head, yellowish. Thorax bright ferru-
ginous, also scutellum and metanotum ; a short black streak above
each wing apparently joined together near posterior margin by
an irregular blackish mark (thorax slightly damaged in this spot

Fig. 36. — Tachydromia nepalensis, Brun., wing.

by the pin); sides grey. Abdomen black, roughened, nearly bare;
geaitalia rather large, black. Legs all wholly pale brownish
yellow, with soft pubescence; middle femora slightly thickened.
Wings pale grey, highly iridescent ; a slight obliteration of the
veins at tips of basal cells ; venation in accordance with the
generic diagnosis ; halteres brownish yellow.

Length, 2 mm.

Described from a single c? in the Indian Museum from Sarath,
Nepal, 24. ii. 1908.

The present species, being now referred to this genus, has to be
renamed, on account of the European species T. longicornis, Mg.

310. Tachydromia gentilis, Brun.

Platypalpus gentilis, Brunetti, Eec. Ind. Mus. ix, p. 40 (1913).
2 . Head wholly blackish ; antennae and proboscis dull brownish
yellow, the latter when fully protruded about as long as the
height of the head, yellow at the base, black-tipped; palpi about
half as long as the proboscis, stoutly cylindrical, pale yellow, with
a few hairs. Thorax shining black, with sparse yellow hairs and
a few lateral bristles ; sides a little grey-dusted, as is mon

378 EMPID^E.

less the metanotum ; scutellum shining black, with four yellow
bristles. Abdomen black, moderately shining, shortly conical,
almost bare; genitalia elongate; venter much as upper side.
Legs pale brownish yellow ; femora and tips of tarsi barely
darker; the middle femora incrassated, and armed below as in
orientalis. Wings clear ; balteres yellowish.

Length, 2| mm.

Described from four $ $ in the Indian Museum taken by me
at Darjiling, 26-29. v. 1910 (type, 28. v. 10) ; and one from Simla,
10. v. 1909 (Annandale).

311. Tachydromia orientalis, Srun.

Platypnlpus orientalis, Brunetti, Ilec. Ind. Mus. ix, p. 39 (1913).

$ . Head-, occiput and frons covered with close pale yellowish-
grey tomentum ; frons with almost parallel sides ; ocelli placed
just below the vertex, with two proclinate bristles between them
and with two similar bristles just behind the vertex, each of the
latter placed in a minute black spot on the surface ; two rows of
distinct yellow hairs behind the eyes, below the vertical margin,
and some on the lower part of the back of the head ; antennal
basal joints bright reddish yellow, 3rd joint darker brown, elon-
gate onion-shaped, with normally formed arista ; face grey, with
pale grey hairs, which give it a whitish reflection when viewed from
certain directions ; proboscis about half the height of the head,
shining black, elongate conical, bare ; palpi nearly half as long as
proboscis, yellow, of moderate size, cylindrical, with a few hairs.
Thorax with close very short yellowish-grey or cinereous tomen-
tum, and some lateral bristles ; scutellum concolorous, with two
strong apical converging bristles, and a smaller pair outside of
these; metanotum concolorous, or in some examples more blackish
grey. Abdomen dark mahogany brown or blackish brown, with
a little short pale pubescence ; a little broader on the middle
segments, the apical half conical; the genitalia elongate, dark
grey ; venter similar to upper side. Legs bright brownish yellow ;
femora, especially posterior pairs, darker, or with a tinge of
brown ; tips of joints of tarsi also narrowly brown. Wings pale
but distinctly yellow, veins a little deeper yellow ; halteres
yellowish.

Length, 3-4 mm.

Described from several 2 $ in the Indian Museum taken by
me at Darjiling, 7000 ft., 29. v. 1910.

Genus TACHYPEZA, Mg.
Tuchypeza, Meigen, Syst. Besch. vii, p. 94 (1838).

GENOTYPE, Tachydromia nubila, Mg. (Europe) ; by Eondani's
designation.

This genus is closely allied to Tachydromia, Mg. The eyes are
contiguous below the antenna?, the facets in that region being a

TACIIYPEZA. 379

little enlarged in both sexes ; ocellar bristles absent ; antennal
arista unjointed ; proboscis snorter than height of bead. Scu-
tellum with two bristles. Legs long and slender, the fore pair
the shortest, the hind pair the longest ; fore coxse slightly-
elongated ; fore femora thickened in both sexes, the middle
femora slightly thickened ; fore tibiae sometimes somewhat
thickened, more so in the male ; tarsi long. Wings with vena-
tion as in Tachydromia, except that the anal cell is absent ; lower
branch of 5th vein present.

Eange. Europe, India, Siberia, North America, Jamaica.

Life-history unknown.

The flies are found on tree-trunks, and running swiftly over
low plants and bushes. They are raptorial and are said to be loth
to fly.

Only two Indian species are known, distinguished as follows : —

Antennae all black ; length 1| mm palliditibice, Brun.

Antennae with basal joints pale ; length "1\ mm. . . incisa, Brun.

312. Tachypeza palliditibise, Brun.

Platypalpus pallidiiibice, Brunetti, Rec. Ind. Mus. ix, p. 41 (1913).

<$ . Head blackish ; frons and occiput with microscopic whitish
hairs, some also on underside of head ; antennae black ; proboscis
mainly black, not so long as height of head ; palpi nearly white,
half as long as the proboscis. Thorax wholly blackish, with
microscopic pale yellowish hairs ; scutellum, metanotum, and sides
all similar ; bristles distributed as in the three previous species.
Abdomen black, with sparse pale hairs, tip stump-like ; genitalia
of moderate size, rounded exteriorly, mainly withdrawn ; venter
like upper side. Leys yellowish ; femora mainly blackish, as are
the tarsi-tips. Wings clear ; halteres: stein black, clubs whitish.

Length, 1| mm.

Described" from one <S in the Indian Museum from Simla,
ll.v.IM$(Annandale).

313. Tachypeza incisa, Brun.

Platypalpus incisus, Brunetti, Rec. Ind. Mus. ix, p. 41 (1913).

J . Head blackish, occiput with short whitish-grey hairs ; frons
moderately narrow, widened a little in the middle, at which place
are situated the three limpid ocelli in the form of a triangle.
Proboscis brownish yellow, half the height of the head ; palpi pale
yellow, with a few black bristles. Antennae large ; 2nd joint
yellowish, with a row of short subapical bristles ; 3rd dark brown,
with minute pale pubescence, squarish or nearly V-shaped ^at tip,
with a long thick arista from the upper angle at the tip. Thorax
wholly shining black, bare, except for microscopic yellow hairs
and two or three notopleural bristles ; scutellum with two apical

380 EMPID.E.

bristles. Abdomen black, moderately shining, practically bare ;
venter similar. Genitalia rather large, black ; a pair of claspers
with large basal joint with long crooked terminal black hook-like
appendages. Legs brownish yellow, fore coxae half as long as the
femora; anterior femora incrassated, hind femora not thickened,
long; tarsi more or less brown; all the legs minutely pubescent.
Wings microscopically setulose, pale brown, no stigma ; venation
normal, anal cell absent; the anal cross-vein present but incom-
plete.

Length, 2£ mm.

Described" from a single J in the Indian Museum from Simla,
20.vii. 1911 (Annandale).

Genus DRAPETIS, Mg.

Drapetis, Meigen, Syst. Besch. iii, p. 91 (1822).

Crossopalpus, Bigot, Ann. Soc. Ent. France, (3) v, p. "563 (1857).

GENOTYPE, Drapetis exilis, Mg. (Europe).

Head not so broad as thorax, but broader than high, rather
short ; eyes microscopically pubescent, separated in both sexes,
sometimes narrowly just above antennae, below which they are
contiguous or nearly so, facets of uniform size. Proboscis short,
vertical ; palpi one-jointed. Antennae inserted just above the
middle, very short,* especially 1st joint ; 2nd joint slightly
broader at tip, bristly ; 3rd conical, varying in length but always
comparatively short, pointed, with a rather long apical arista,
which is said to possess a microscopic basal joint. Thorax
approximately square, with rounded corners, generally moderately
arched, in some species more so ; dorsum with fine pubescence.
Chaetotaxy apparently slightly variable, generally some dorso-
central, acrostichal, and notoplenral bristles, with often a postalar
and post-humeral bristle; scutellum with two bristles ; metapleura
practically or quite bare. Abdomen short and robust, 8-segmented,
ending in male in a knob-like genital organ, in female in a point.
Legs comparatively short and strong, fore and hind femora rather
thickened ; hind tibiae sometimes ending in a projecting tooth.
Legs shortly pubescent, with a few bristles ; tibiae spurred or not,t
hind pair with a small bump at tip ; empodium very small, seti-
form. Wings short, rounded, anal angle well developed ; auxiliary
vein inconspicuous, short, ending free ; 1st, 2nd, and 3rd longi-
tudinal veins slightly curved forward ; 3rd, 4th, and 5th veins
simple ; a trace of an anal vein, but indistinct or unappreciable
at base. Discal cell absent ; 2nd basal cell much longer than 1st,
truncate ; anal cell absent.

* Melander describes the antennae of this and s< me kindred genera as
two-jointed. The 1st joint is often so small as to be overlooked, or it may
conceivably be reduced to a mere facial protuberance.

t Schiner says that the front tibiae are spurred.

DltAPETIS. 381

Range. Europe, India, Burma, Java, North Africa, North
America, St. Vincent, Chile, Australia.

Life-history unknown.

Drapetis is conspicuous amongst Empids on account of its short
thick-set body, short robust legs, and the curved 1st, 2nd, and 3rd
veins, in conjunction with the absence of the discal and anal cells.
The flies frequent fields and meadows in preference to woods,
running swiftly over the leaves. Lundbeck thinks some species
hibernate in the imago stage.

One or two subgenera have been set up on, I think, rather
weak or inconstant characters, and all the species are here
retained under the one generic heading.

Table of Species.

1. Abdomen partly yellowish 2.

Abdomen wholly black 3.

2. First and last thirds of abdomen yellow-

ish, middle third black variegata, Brim., p. 381.

Abdomen dirty yellow, darker posteriorly discoidalis, Bezzi, p. 382.
3 (a). Third antennal joint trapezoidal; all

femora broadly black from base brevior, Brim., p. 382.

(&). Third anteunal joint onion-shaped ; all [p. 383.

femora with black streak above fascifemorata, Brim.,

(c). Third antennal joint nearly round; only

hind femora with black streak on middle [p. 383.

of upper side rotundicornis, Brun.,

(d). Third antennal joint obconical ; legs

all yellow except for brown tarsi-tips . . ni/ipes, Brun., p. 383.

314. Drapetis variegata, Brun.

Drapetis variegata, Brunetti, Eec. Ind. Mus. ix, p. 39 (1913).

$ . Head : occiput and f rons shining black ; eyes as in brevior.
First two joints of the antenna dark brown ; 3rd black, very
elongate conical, with long apical arista. Proboscis short, brown-
ish yellow, with yellow hairs. Thorax dark shining brown on
anterior part, with tbree black, not very obvious stripes (with,
however, linear edges), all of which begin on the anterior margin ;
posterior half of thorax more or less blackish. Scutellum
yellowish, with blackish dorsum and two long curved apii-al
bristles ; metanotum shining brown. Abdomen with very sparse
pale yellow hairs ; basal third (except the extremely narrow black
actual base) yellowish; middle third blackish ; apical third
yellowish or brownish yellow ; venter yellowish (in one example
somewhat blackish across the middle). Legs wholly bright yellow ;
coxae brown, tarsi hardly, if at all, darker. Wings pale yellowish
grey, iridescent ; veins and halteres yellowish.

Length, 2| mm.

Described from two $ $ (not 6 6 , as originally stated) from
Rangoon, 25. ii. 1908 (Annandale).

382 EMPIDJE.

315. Drapetis discoidalis, Bezzi.

Ctenodrapetis discoidalis, Bezzi, Ann. Mus. Hung, ii, p. 355 (1904).

$ . Near D, gracilis, Bezzi. Head elongate, rounded, black ;
eyes contiguous ; antennae short, yellowish white ; arista rather
long ; proboscis elongate, yellow ; palpi white. Ocelli and
vertical bristles long. Thorax moderately arched, yellow, mode-
rately shining ; middle of dorsum black ; humeral calli broadly
yellow, leaving a median black line attaining anterior margin ;
short pubescence absent ; acrostichal and dorso-central bristles
long, projecting anteriorly ; presutural and alar ones long.
Scutelluin shining black, two bristles ; halteres yellow, clubs
brown. Abdomen a little longer than thorax, dirty yellow,
darkened above posteriorly ; ovipositor rather long, conical, black,
with pale short pubescence. Legs bright yellow, long, slender :
posterior tibia? witii two bristles placed respectively on first and
second thirds ; at tip with a short obscure callus. Wings long,
hyaline, narrowly cuneiform at base, 4th vein quite straight, a
little curved towards 3rd ; anterior and posterior wing-margins
with dense short hairs.

Lengtii, 2 mm. ; wing, 2'2 mm.

One female from Matheran, Bombay, 800 metres, 8. vii. 1902.

Type in the Hungarian Museum.

316. Drapetis fcrevior, Srun. (PL IT, figs. 23, 24.)
Drapetis brevior, Brunetti, Rec. Ind. Mus. ix, p. 37 (1913).

$ . Head very dark grey ; eyes contiguous for a considerable
distance, rounded ; vertical triangle dark grey, with three ocelli
and two strong long proclinate bristles ; two equally long ones
behind the eyes, curved towards each other, with also some
smaller ones ; antenna with first two joints dark brownish yellow,
the 3rd black, as long as the 1st and 2nd taken together, with
a very long black apical arista, microscopically setulose ; face very
narrow, dark grey ; proboscis moderately long, bluntly but not
shortly conical, with a patch of pale hairs on upper part of dorsal
surface. Thorax well arched, shining black, with light short
yellowish-grey pubescence and some bristles laterally ; scutellum
and metanotum shining black. Abdomen shining black, short,
conical, very -stout, covered rather freely with pale yellowish-grey
hairs ; venter similar ; genitalia imperceptible. Legs bright
brownish yellow, wholly clothed with rather copious yellow hairs ;
the femora broadly black from base to a variable extent, leaving
sometimes only the tips pale; tips of tarsi black or blackish.
\Yings clear, microscopically setulose, highly iridescent ; veins
yellowish or brownish ; halteres small, yellow.

Length, 2-2^ mm.

Described from several examples in the Indian Museum from
Mandalay, 12. iii. 1908, type (Annandale) ; Eangoon, 26. ii. 1908

DRAPETIS. 383

(Annandale) ; Calcutta, 23. x. 1907 ; Puri, Orissa coast, 24:. ii. 1908
(Paiva) ; Monghyr, Bengal, 23. ix. 1909 (Jenkins).

These specimens- originally recorded as males were really
females.

317. Drapetis fascifemorata, Brun.

Drapetis fascifemorata, Brunetti, Rec. Ind. Mus. ix, p. 38 (1913).

$ . Very near D. brevier, but the 3rd antecnal joint is onion-
shaped and much shorter than in that species. The legs are
wholly reddish yellow, with a black streak on the upper side of
the femora.

Length, 2 mm.

Described from a single $ in the Indian Museum from
Kurseong, 4. vi. 1908 (Annandale).

This might have been considered provisionally the $ of
D. brevior as the likeness between the two species is so great, and
the difference in colour of the legs might easily be a sexual one
only ; but the different structure of the antennas points to its
being specifically distinct.

318. Drapetis rotundicornis, Brun. (PL IV, fig. 25.)
Drapetis rotundicornis, Brunetti, Rec. Ind. Mus. ix, p. 38 (1913).

c? . Very near D. brevior, from which it differs in the 3rd
antenual joint being nearly round, drawn out to a slight point at
the tip, from which the long arista projects. The anterior legs
are all reddish yellow, the hind femora have the middle part
blackish on the upper side.

Length, 2| mm.

Described from a single d1 in the Indian Museum from Puri,
Orissa coast, 18-19. i. 1908 (Annandale).

In this species again I should have regarded it as a mere
variation of brevior but for the different structure of the antennae.

319. Drapetis rufipes, Brun.

Drapetis rufipes, Brunetti, Rec. Ind. Mus. ix, p. 38 (1913).

$ . Very near D. brevior. The 3rd antennal joint is obconical,
black in colour, with an apical arista. Legs entirely reddish
yellow ; tips of tarsi brown.

Length, 2 mm.

Described from a $ in the Indian Museum taken by Dr. Annan-
dale " at light " on board a steamer at Damukdia Grhat, Eastern
Bengal, 30. vi. 1908 ; Madhupur, Bengal, 22.x. 1909 (Paiva).

My type specimen is a $ , not a rf , as originally stated.

384 EMPID^E.

Genus ELAPHROPEZA, Macq.
ElapJiropeza, Macquart, Soc. Sci. Lille, p. 86 (1827).

GENOTYPE, Tachydromia ephippiata, Pin. (Europe) ; by original
designation.

Head subspherical, narrower than thorax ; eyes large, micro-
scopically pubescent, separated above antennae in both sexes (frons
narrow), or contiguous in both sexes, facets of uniform size ;
proboscis short, vertical ; palpi 1-jointed, broad ; antennae
3-jointed ; basal joints short, 2nd rounded, bristly ; 3rd elongate
conical, with long, slightly pubescent, apical arista possessing a
microscopic basal joint ; epistome short. Thorax subquadrangular,
with rounded comers. No distinct dorsal bristles ; a notopleural,
supra-alar, postalar, and two scutellar bristles ; metapleura bare.
Abdomen with last two segments in male hidden by the large
genitalia, subcylindrical ; in female pointed. Legs slender, fore
coxae only slightly elongated ; fore tibiae with short spurs ;
empodium small, claw-shaped. Wings as in Drapetis.

Range. Europe, India, Ceylon, Java, Papua, Philippines,
Formosa, South Africa, North America, Australia.

Life-history unknown.

This genus is rather easily recognised by the usually yellow and
black colour of the species, and the long arista, which is generally
bent inwards in the Indian species.

Table of Species.

1. Thorax shining black 2.

Thorax brownish yellow 3.

2. Basal half of abdomen reddish yellow,

apical half black basalis, Bezzi, p. 384.

Abdomen wholly black bicoloripes, Brun., p. 385.

o. Abdomen practically unicolorous 4.

Abdomen with basal and apical portions

Cle, middle part black 5.
omen brown ; tips of hind tibise,
anterior tarsi, and last joint of hind tarsi

Wack ' fulvithorax, Wulp,p. 385.

Abdomen blackish ; legs wholly yellow to

tips of tarsi ." ferrvginea, Brun., p. 386.

5. Tarsi and tips of tibiae brownish metatarsata, Bezzi. p. 386.

All legs wholly yellow variegata, Brun., p. 387.

320. Elaphropeza basalis, Bezzi.

Elapliropeza basalis, Bezzi, Ann. Mus. Hung, ii, p. 349 (1904).
" $ . Head rounded, rather brilliantly shining black ; occiput
with grey tomentum ; eyes narrowly separated above antenna?,
contiguous below them ; 3rd antennal joint moderately long,
black ; arista shorter than antennas ; palpi white. Thorax and
scutellum all black, with pale pubescence and bristles.. Abdomen
as long as thorax, basal half reddish yellow, with rather short pale

ELAPHROPEZA. 385

pubescence, apical half black. Legs robust, nearly bare, wholly
yellow, except the black last tarsal segment ; hind tibiae with one
bristle only and a rather short tooth at tip on inner side ; hind
metatarsi with short thick pubescence below. Wings short, clear,
anterior margin slightly ciliated ; veins pale ; 3rd and 4th veins
gently diverging ; 2nd ending midway between 1st and 3rd ; 5th
ending at some distance before margin.

" One female, Colombo, 28. ii. 1902 (Bird)." (Bezzi.)
in the Hungarian Museum.

321. Elaphropeza bicoloripes, Brun.

Elaphropeza bicoloripes, Brunetti, Rec. Ind. Mus. ix, p. 43 (1913).

$ . Head with eyes absolutely contiguous above and below
antennae for the full distance ; occiput blackish, with stiff hairs
above and softer hairs below ; vertex with three whitish ocelli
and two long stiff bristles ; antennae rather large, basal joints
yellowish, wider at tips than bases, 2nd spinose on margin, 3rd
brownish, elongate conical, pubescent, with very long arista ;
proboscis blackish ; palpi short. Thorax shining black, lateral
margins in front of wing narrowly brownish ; dorsum with soft
short pale hairs ; stiff pre -apical hairs as usual. Scutellutn black,
shining, with two convergent long apical bristles ; sides of thorax
black. Abdomen shining black, apparently a tendency to a little
paleness at base and to dark brown towards tip ; very sparsely
pubescent ; venter similar. Legs brownish yellow ; hind femora
(except broadly at base), fore and hind tibiae wholly, dark brown.
Wings pale yellowish grey, iridescent ; venation normal ; halteres
dirty brown.

Lenqth, 1| mm.

Described from a single $ in the Pusa collection from Lower
Lebong, 4500 ft., Darjiling Distr., 2-9. vi. 1909 (F. M. Hewlett).

322. Elaphropeza fulvithorax, Wulp.

Elaphropeza ftdvithorcLv, Wulp, Termed. Fiizet. xx, p. 138 (1857).

" d1 . Head globular ; eyes contiguous above and below antennae.
Antennas nearly as long as head ; basal joints and base of 3rd
yellow ; the latter conical at tip, in front black, arista as long as
antenna. Thorax and scutellum yellowish red, very shining ;
' thoracic dorsum arched. Abdomen shorter than thorax, upper
surface brown ; sides and venter yellow. Legs yellow, tips of
hind tibioo, the anterior tarsi, and last joint of hind tarsi blackish.
Wings distinctly longer than abdomen, brown tinged, especially
about middle of anterior border ; veins dark ; posterior cross-vein
also ; ultimate portion of 4th longitudinal vein very indistinct ;
halteres whitish yellow.

" One male, Kancly, March." (van dtr Wulp.)
Length, 1| mm.

386 EMPIDJS.

323. Elaphropeza ferrugmea, Brun.

Elaphropeza ferruginea, Bruuetti, Rec. Ind. Mus. ix, p. 43 (1913).

<S . Head with eyes closely contiguous above and below the
antennae for the whole distance ; vertex with three rather large
ocelli ; occiput light brownish yellow, with numerous stiff bristly
hairs above and pale softer hairs on lower part. Antennae with
first two joints brownish yellow ; 1st much shorter than 2nd,
which latter is considerably setose at tip ; 3rd joint very elongate
conical, blackish, closely pubescent, with long microscopically
pubescent arista. Proboscis very short, brownish yellow ; palpi
shorter still, p.ile yellow, each with a very long bristle. Thorax
wholly brownish yellow, with numerous very short pale yellow
hairs and the usual stiff pre-alar bristles ; scutellum blackish,
with two long bristles ; sides of thorax concolorous with dorsum,
metanotum blackish. Abdomen blackish, with a very little pale
pubescence ; ovipositor pale yellow, short. Legs wholly pale
brownish yellow from coxae to tips of tarsi. Wings pale yellow ;
halteres pale yellow.

Lengtli, 1| mm.

Described from a type $ from Lower Lebong, Darjiling Hills,
4500 ft., 2-9. vi. 1909 (Howlett), and three other A J from Port
Canning, 24. xii. 1907 (Howlett) • all in the Pusa collection.

324. Elaphropeza metatarsata, Btzzi.

Elaphropeza metatarsata, Bezzi, Ann. Mus. Hung, ii, p. 348 (1904).

" $ . Head roundish, shining black ; eyes contiguous below
antennae, separated above by a very narrow space, facets uniform
in size ; pi-oboscis hardly prominent ; palpi yellowish white.
Antennae long ; two basal joints yellow ; 3rd elongate, acuminate,
dark brown, with long, microscopically pubescent, apical arista.
Ocellar bristles rather long, proclinate ; occiput with some small
bristles. Thorax shining, with pale pubescence (the bristles in
bad condition) ; a large shining black round spot towards each side
near the middle ; pubescence all reddish, that below the spot
darker ; halteres yellow, with dark clubs. Abdomen as long as
thorax, with delicate white pubescence ; base and tip of abdomen
dirty yellow, towards middle shining black. Legs all yellow, only
the tarsi and the tibiae towards tips brownish ; hind tibiae with
two bristles only on upper side ; hind metatarsi long, narrower
than tibiae, with a sort of rounded yellow tooth at the base with
an isolated rather long bristle behind it. Wings pale grey, with a
distinct ciliation on anterior margin ; 2nd longitudinal vein with
tip ending nearer tip of 1st vein than that of 3rd ; 3rd and 4th
veins parallel ; 5th ending at some distance before margin.

" One female, Colombo, 28. ii. 1902 (Biro)." (Bezzi.)

Type in the Hungarian Museum.

Bezzi notes that the species is allied to those of his submenus
Ctenodrapetis, from which it is distinguished by the elongate 3rd
antennal joint.

ELAPHBOPEZA. 387

325. Elaphropeza variegata, Brim.

Elaphropeza vuriegata, Brunetti, Eec. Ind. Mus. ix, p. 42 (1913).
<S 5 . Head black ; occiput with microscopic pale hairs ; eyes
contiguous, except for a small vertical triangle which carries tlie
three ocelli. Antennae with first two joints brownish yellow, a
few bristles at the tip of the 2nd; the 3rd elongate conical,
blackish, with long pubescent arista. Proboscis short, base much
thickened, brownish yellow ; palpi much shorter, pale yellow.
Thorax bright ferruginous, a little blackish about the base of the
wings and a thin black median stripe present or absent. Scutellum
and metanotum concolorous with thoracic dorsum. A few lateral
bristles on the latter, a few towards the posterior border and two
•on the scutellum. Abdomen with the tip stump-like in d , tapering
in $ ; dull yellowish on basal and apical thirds, the middle third
black ; in some examples the basal third is more brownish than
yellowish. Venter similar to upper side ; genitalia small, con-
oolorous. Legs all yellowish, except for the slightly brown coxae ;
femora not at all thickened ; hind tibia? with two long stiff hairs
-on outer side, placed so as to divide the limb into three equal
parts; middle tibiae with a long single stiff hair near the tip.
Winys pale yellowish grey; 2nd basal cell twice as long as 1st;
halteres very pale yellow.

Length, barely 2 mm.

Described from several d d" and $ 9 in the Indian Museum :
Calcutta, 5. xii. 1907, type 6 (Annandale), 14. ix. 1909, type $
(Paiva): other specimens from Calcutta, 13. xiii. 1910 (Kemp),
31. i. 1908, 17. ii. 1908, 10. viii. 1907, 2-15. xii. 1907 ; Puri,
18-19. i. 1908; Khurda Ed., Puri Distr., 13. xi. 1910, in train
(Kemp} ; Darjiling, 29. v. ]910 (Brunetti} ; Paresnath, W. Bengal,
4000ft., 9,'iv. 1909 ( Annandale); Parel, Bombay Presid.,
26. xi. 1909; Satara Distr., Bombay, 4200ft., 13-16. iv. 1912
{Gravely); Dum-Dum, near Calcutta, 28.vii. 1909 (Lord); Dibru-
garh, Assam, 17-19. xi. 1911 (Kemp\

A very striking and easily recognised species.

Family LONCHOFIEBID-E.

Head transverse, as broad as thorax, nearly oval when seen in
profile ; cpistome short, sides bristly : eyes wide apart in both
sexes, green in life; frons and mouth-border with strong bristles;
three ocelli; proboscis distinct, thick. Antennae 3-jointed; first
two short, bristly ; 3rd rounded, with long 3-jointed subdorsal or
apical arista.

Thorax oval or subquadrate, rather flattened, bare, except for
some bristles; scutellum subtriangular, bare, with two long

bristles. ,

Abdomen oval, often narrower than thorax, 6-segmented, 1st

2 c 2

388 LONCHOPTERIDJE

segment the longest ; bristles present but no pubescence ; genitalia
in c? prominent, closely applied to the venter, with two lamellae.

Legs rather long, with fine bristles ; pulvilli very small, empodia
absent.

Winys comparatively long, tip pointed ; venation abnormal ;
auxiliary and 1st longitudinal veins very short ; 2nd and 3rd
veins ending near together towards wing-tip; 4th and 5th uniled
for a considerable distance ; 4th vein forked ; 6th vein sexually
abnormal; anterior cross-vein very near base of wing, oblique;
discal cell therefore very long and open (or may be regarded as
absent) ; the two basal cells and the anal cell all very short, sub-
equal ; alulae absent ; squama3 very small.

Fig. 37. — Lonchop'cra lutea, Panz.

Life-history. The larvae possess a head and ten body-segments,
the last one possibly formed of two segments anastomosed ; they
live in decomposing vegetable matter; metamorphoses unknown.
The perfect insects occur on leaves and low bushes, in grass, and
near streams.

The affinities of this family have been questioned, but they seem
best placed near the DOLICH opening. Only one genus, Loncho-
ptera, is known. Cadrema, Walk., with one species from Celebes
is doubtfully referred to this family.

Genus LONCHOPTERA, %.

Lonchoptera, Meigen, HUg. Mag. ii, p. 272 (1803).

Dipsa, Fallen, Specim. entomol. p. 20 (1810) ; Dipt. Suec. Phytom,

p. 1 (1823).

Lonchopteryx, Stephens, Syst. Cat. Brit. Ins. p. 259 (1829).
GENOTYPE, Lonclioptera lutea, Panz. (Europe): by Curtis's-
designation (1839).

The family characters apply wholly to this genus. The venation
possesses the striking character, which is unique throughout the

LONG' FIOPTER A . 389

whole order of the Diptera, of being different in the two sexes;
the 6th vein in the d1 running straight to the wing-margin,
whereas in the $ it turns up towards its tip, meeting the 5th vein
at some distance from the margin, thus forming a long closed cell.

The species are mainly brown or yellowish in colour and small
in size?i frequenting hedges, low-growing plants, shady nooks,
grassy fields, and similar situations.

Range. Europe ; the common L. lutea, with some of its varieties,
extends to North America and to the East. One species is known
from Bhodesia.

Life-history unknown; the larvae live in decomposing vegetable
.matter and have been found under leaves.

326. Lonchoptera ? lutea, Pane.*

Lonchoptera lutea, Panzer, Faun. Germ, cviii, pis. 20, 21 (1809) ;
Schiner, Faun. Austr. i, p. 243 (1862) ; de Meiiere, Tijd. v. Ent.
xlix, p. 64 (190(3).

d • Head yellowish brown, a little paler on underside ; eyes and
antennas black ; ocellar triangle blackish ; a row of fine rather
weak vertical bristles ; 2 post-vertical, all little more than hairs ;
1 ocellar, 1 upper fronto-orbital, 1 lower fronto-orbital (near
antennae), all three strong; numerous bristles of different sizes
around mouth and lower part of head. Thorax uniformly bright
shining brown; a definite though not clearly-outlined median
dark stripe from anterior to posterior margin, carried broadly over
scutellum to its tip; a pair of very weak bristles or stiff hairs on
anterior margin, 4 definite dorso-centrals, 1 on hind corner of
dorsum in a line with the hindmost pair of dorso-centrals ;
3 supra-alars ; 3 or 4 on pleura?, 1 below humeral region, 1 post-
sutural, 1 scutellar (apical). Abdomen dark brown, sometimes
light yellowish brown at sides towards tip; extreme tip (viewed
from behind) with a small white dot; venter yellowish brown.
Legs brownish yellow ; extreme tips of tarsi and pulvilli blackish.
Wings yellowish, iridescent; venation normal; halteres yellowish.

Length, 2| mm.

Described from a d from Coonoor in the Pusa collection,
4. ix. 1911, " sweeping roadside" (Hoivlett).

In two specimens from Dariiling, 6900 ft., 29. v. 1910 (JSrunetti),
the back of the head is all yellow, though this character probably
has no importance. In one of the specimens the abdomen is
yellowish, in the other nearly as dark as in the Coonoor example.

Thi? appears to be the L. lutea, Fanz., of Europe and other
regions, though there are no specimens in good condition for
comparison. Dr. de Meijere very kindly at my request sent

* In a comprehensive revision of the European species of this genus
Dr. de Meijere gives a full list of the varieties and references to this common
species. The accepted varieties are cinerea, Meij.,Jlavicatida, Mg., iiitidifronf,
Strobl., -pnlustris, Mg.. and (rilineata, Zett., and the synonyms are numerous,
*nit are not repeated here in case the identification of the species should be
incorrect.

390 PLATYPEZTDvE.

me out a few from Holland, but they were rendered useless in
transit, apparently through the box being opened by the Censor
and insecurely re-packed. The only discrepancy between the
Coonoor specimen and Verrall's figure ('British Flies,' v, fig. 51,.
p. 29) is the presence in the former of the bristle near the hind

Fig. 38. — Lonchoptcra lutea, Panz., § .

corners of the dorsum of the thorax, in a line with the hindermost
pair of dorso-centrals. This bristle is not shown in Ten-all's-
figure. »

Three other forms of LoncJioptem have come before me, of which
one is very striking, but it has unfortunately been accidentally
damaged. The wings bear a conspicuous black band. The body
is wholly black, the antennae and legs yellow, the fore tibia? and
tarsi quite black. A single § from Kumaou in the Pusa collection.

Family PLATYPEZILME.

Head large; face small, broad, depressed down the middle in
both sexes. Eyes bare, Inrge, contiguous for a considerable dis-
tance in <5 with enlarged upper facets; wide apart in § . Antennas
3-jointed, short; arista long, bare, apical.

Thorax subquadrate, somewhat arched, not pubescent, but with
a few cha3totactic bristles, which are more distinct in the 2 ;
pleura3 bare ; scutellum with marginal bristles.

Abdomen narrower and generally longer than the thorax ; 6- or
7-segmented ; genitalia in tf more or less incurved.

Legs (except in one non-Oriental genus, Opetia) with hind
tibiae dilated towards tip, and hind tarsi considerably dilated on
first three or four joints.

Wings with a characteristic venation, peculiar to this familv;
auxiliary, 1st, 2nd, and 3rd veins long and nearly straight; 4th vein
simple or forked, turned upwards towards tip in Platypeza and
ending in wing-margin shortly but distinctly below tip of 3rd veiny
so that the 1st posterior cell is always open ; 5th and Oth veins-
straight, simple. Discal cell present or absent ; basal cells short -T
anal cell always longer than 2nd basal, even if only slightly so.
Squamae of moderate size ; halteres large.

The females of many species are of quite different coloration
from the males, showing conspicuous, brightly-coloured marking*
on the thorax and abdomen.

PLATYPEZA. 391

The PLATYPEZID^E form a tolerably compact and limited group
of small dark flies, possessing affinities with both the DOLI-
CHOPODID^E and SYRPHIDJE, being distinguished from the former
by the holoptic males and generally incrassated front tarsi, dull
colour, and short, thick-set build ; and from the latter by the
open 1st posterior cell, absence of the spurious vein and presence
of chaetotactic bristles. The peculiar bend in the 4th vein in
Platypeza is suggestive of the " kink " in the same vein in the
DOLICHOPODID^E. There seems to be no justification for allying
the PHORID^E with the present group of families.

Life-history, The larvae of very peculiar form, amphipneustic,
flat, broadly oval, with jointed thread-like processes : the sides of
the body sometimes deeply indented and serrate (Callimyia, non-
Oriental) ; the head and next following segment often not visible
from above, thus appearing as though only 9 or 10 were present,
whereas there are 10 or 11 segments in addition to the head.
They live in fungi, especially in species of Boletus, Aqaricus, and
Lepiota. The pupae are very similar in appearance. The flies fre-
quent low hedges and woods, where they run round quickly in
small circles, varied from time to time (at least in the males) by
hovering in the air. Verrall thinks some of the species may
be two-brooded, the second one being the more numerous. Only
the genus Platypeza has been yet recorded from India, but others
with less cliaracteristic venation may have beeu overlooked.

Genus PLATYPEZA, %.

Platypeza, Meigen,* Klass. Besch. Zweifl. Ins. p. 310 (1804) ;
Brunetti, Rec. Ind. Mus. vii, p. 482 (1912).

GENOTYPE, Platypeza fasciata, Mg. (Europe) ; by Eondani's
designation (1850).

Head large, as broad as thorax ; eyes green in life, contiguous
in c? for a considerable space, upper facets much enlarged ; frons
in $ about one-fourth of the head ; proboscis short, labella broad ;
palpi wedge-shaped ; face small, with distinct raised side margins.
Antenna? small, porrect ; 3rd joint a little longer than deep ; arista
apical, long, bare. Thorax rather oval or subquadrate, moderately
arched, bare of pubescence, but with tiny bristles as well as larger
cha3totactic ones ; traces of dorso-central rows, though very small,
except the hinder two or three, which are very distinct; a strong
presutural bristle, two or more between the shoulder and the
wing-base, a large intra-humeral, and one on the posterior callus ;
sides bare ; scutellum generally with two pairs of marginal bristles.
Abdomen longer than thorax, rather flattened, elliptical, more
pointed at tip in $ ; 6-segmented in c? , hypopygiuin incurved ;

* Though first described by Meigen in Illig. Mag. ii, p. 272 (1803), no specie*
•was then assigned to the genus.

392 PLATYPEZID^:.

7- segmented in § ,* with two-jointed ovipositor ; pubescence
sparse, especially in $ . Leys normal ; hind tarsi with basal joints
much dilated ; "hind tibiae a little dilated tow ards tip ; middle
tibiae spurred ; pubescence slight. Wings proportionately very
broad ; auxiliary vein ending before middle of wing ; 1st, 2nd, and
3rd longitudinal veins slightly sinuous, the last ending near wing-
tip ; 4th vein when near wing-margin bending suddenly upwards at
a sharp or reflexed angle (with an appendix at the flexure), t the
remaining section curved (the concavity hindwards), ending in
wing-margin near tip of 3rd vein, but not meeting it ; 5th and
6th veins straight. Three posterior cells; discal cell long, nar-
row; anal cell shortened, of varying length, always distinctly
longer than 2nd basal cell, tip pointed. Anterior cross-vein near
base of discal cell ; posterior cross-vein near wing-margin. Alulae
rather long ; squamae moderately large ; halteres large.

Range. Europe, North and South America, South Africa, and
the Orient.

Life-history. Some species live in fungi, especially in Boletus.

327. Platypeza argyrogyna, Meij.

Platypeza aryyrogyna, de Meijere, Tijd. v. Ent. 1, p. 257 (1907).
Platypeza or'ientalis, Brunetti, Rec. Ind. Mus. vii, p. 481(1912).
Platypeza obscura, Brunetti, loc. cit. p. 482 (1912).
? Platypeza alaucescens, Walker. Proc. Linn. Soc. Lond. iv, p. 117
(1860). '

Head in <$ with eyes varying from red to bright or dull brown
in the upper facets, lower ones coffee-brown ; vertical triangle
small, greyish ; ocelli very distinct; face greyish or whitish grey ;
proboscis brownish yellow, with very large label la marked with
black ; palpi yellow ; antennae brownish yellow, 3rd joint with
microscopic whitish pubescence ; arista black, yellowish at base ;

Fig. 39. — Platypeza argyrogyna, Meij., antenna.

occiput ash-grey or bluish grey, with minute black bristles. In $ ,
irons about one-quarter of head, with parallel sides, dark brownish
grey, with very short yellow hairs ; antennal 3rd joint yellowish,
often more or less darkened at tip ; ocelli bright yellow. Thorax

* Exceptionally with only six segments in some European species.
t Some authors speak of the 4th vein as forked, the lower branch seldom
reaching the wing-margin.

PLATYPEZA. 393

dull dark greyish brown, sometimes with traces of a darker median
stripe;* frequently the anterior halt' in c? or whole dorsum in $
with a bluish-white shimmer, especially if viewed from behind ;
shoulders sometimes more or less shining; scutellum sometimes
more yellowish. The humeri bear three subequal strong bristles
or spines ; a few smaller ones above them ; two rows of minute
dorso-central bristles are traceable, of which only the anterior two
or three and the last two in each row are at all conspicuous, the
last of all being by far the strongest ; a strong bristle on each
posterior corner, generally one or more smaller ones in the neigh-
bourhood of the wing-base, and a number of stiff hairs on the
dorsum behind the shoulders : scutellum with two pairs of apical
bristle?. Abdomen normally dull velvet-black, slightly shining in
fresh specimens, bare, except for a little pubescence towards the
side-margins: a very narrow — often indistinct or absent — greyish
band on anterior margins of 3rd, 4th, and 5th segments. Legs
brownish yellow, femora and tibiae more or less dark, especially
hind pair, which are sometimes dark brown ; hind femora rather
shining on inner side ; first three tarsal joints much widened ;

Fig. 4Q.—Platypc;a argyrogyna, Meij., wing and hind leg.

hind tarsi in <$ golden yellow, with a close row of minute
black bristles at sides and along hind margins of each segment,
giving the impression of being black-edged ; in the $ the tarsi are
brown, except the yellow first two joints.f Wings clear, irides-
cent; 1st vein slightly bisinuate, 3rd nearly straight, ending at
wing-tip ; anterior cross-vein before one-fifth of the discal cell ;
halteres brownish yellow, clubs more or less dark.

Length, 2 1-3 mm.

lieciescribed from several specimens of both sexes in the Indian
Museum, including the types of orientalis and obscura and a named
c? $ sent from Java by de Meijere. Kurseong, 5000 ft., 4. vii.
1908 type rf and £ of obscura (Annandale) ; Sukna, E. Himalayas,
500 ft., 1. vii. 1908 (Annandale}; Almorn, Kumaon, 5500ft.,
20-21. ix. 1911 (Paiva); Pusa, 11. vii. 1913, 23. viii. 1913, 14%ix.
1914; Calcutta, 18. vii. 1908 (Annandale) ; Bangalore, S. India,

* According to de Meijere ; I have not found it so myself.
t In my obscura the tarsi are wholly brownish in both sexes.

394 PLATYPEZID^.

3000ft., 16. x. 1910 (Annandale); Peradeniya, Ceylon, vii. 1919 ;
Sadiya, Assam (type of orientals).

There can be no reasonable doubt of the synonymy of my
orientalis, and arr/yrogyna is also probably a synonym of glaucescens,
Walker, but of this latter there is probably no specimen in
existence, so de Meijere's name will presumably stand good. The
sole difference between his species and Walker's is the black dot
on the front of the head referred to by the older author, which
seems a small matter in a "piceous black" species. P. glaucescens
was described from Macassar, Celebes. As regards my obscura, it
may be ranked for the present as a variety without any trace
of shimmer on the thorax, and with the tarsi nearly uniformly
brownish in both sexes.

ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

All names printed in italics are synonyms.

Acantbina, 26.

angustimarginatus (On-

argentifrons (Geron),

Acanthinia, 26.

codes), 171.

279.

Acanthinomyia , 26.

angiistum (Ephippium),

argentihirta (Acantbina),

Acarterus, 334.

46.

28.

Acraspidea, 24.

annandalei (Exopro-

argentiventris (Phvcus),

Acromyia, 327.

sopa), 199.

309.

Adoxomyia, 49.

annandalei (Hirmo-

Argyramceba, 214.

affinis (Psilocepbala),

neura), 149.

nrgyropyna (Platypeza),

306.

annandalei (Monacan-

392.

affinis (Sargus), 88.

thomyia), 23.

Argi/romoeba, 214.

at'ra (Anthrax), 240.

annulata ( C'ephalocera),

argyropyga (Anthrax),

albesceus (Geron), 280.

319.

218.

albida (Anthrax), 212.

annulata (Mydas), 319.

ArgyrospUa, 189.

albida (Exprosopa), 212.

annulifemnr (Zabrachia),

Arqyrospyla, 189.

albina (Psilocepbala),

22.

Artemita, 26.

303.

annuiipes (Beris), 92.

ARTHKOCEKATIX.K, 107.

albina (Tfiereva), 303.

anniilipes ( Chrysomyia),

Aspiluptera, 234.

albipcs (Pachygaster), 21.

88.

assainensis (Allognosta),

albipes (Zabrachia), 21.

annuiipes (Pachygaster),

95.

alfiif arsis ( Microckn/sa),

21.

Asioma. 311.

86.

AXTJI RACING, 176.

Atberix, 120.

albobasalis(Chrysopilus),

Anthrax, 234.

atra (Neiuotelns), 20.

140.

Antidoxion, 104.

Atriadops, 154.

albofulva( Anthrax). 251.

aperta (Anthrax), 245.

Atrichia, 311.

albobalteralis (Kmpis),

Aphoebantus, 256.

Atrichops, 112.

350.

apicalis (Pteoticns), 77.

atripes (Phycus), 309.

albomicans (Oxycera), 55.

apicipennis (Leptis), 125.

aurantiaca, (Anthrax),

albopictus (Cbrysopilus),
131.

apicis (Hybos), 340.
appendiculata (Argy-

186.
aurantiaca(Hjperalonia)r

albosparsus (Bombvlius),

ramceba), 222.

186.

27U
alexon (Anthrax), 211.

approximate (Anthrax),
244.

aurata (Latia), 164.
aureohirta (Anthrax),

aiexon (Exoprosopa),
211.

ardens (Bombyliiis), 274.
ardens (Discliistus), 274.

252.

auricollis (Acanthina),

Allognosta, 93.
alternates (Chrysopilus),
144.

Ardnptera, 370.
argent ea (Acanthina), 28.
argentea ( Gabaza}, 25.

26.

aurifer (Ptecticus). 78.
aurifer (Sargvs\ 78.

amplitarsis (Empis), 349.

argentea (Wallacea), 25.

auri'rtanuna (Cyphomyia).

Ampsalis, 44.
Anastechus, 278.

argentiapioalis (Argy-
rauioeba), 227.

57.
auripes (Hybos), 341.

396

ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

auripila (Pialea), 161.

bistriata (Clitellnria), 52.

ceylonicus ( Aphoebantus),

auriplena (Anthrax), 212.

bivittata (Clitellaria),

257.

auriplena (Exoprosopa),
212.

46.
BERING, 89.

chalybeata (Musca), 90.
chamaeleon (Musca), 58.

aiivobrunneu8(Ptecticus),

Beris, 90.

Chiromaiitis, 367.

76.

BOMBYLIID.E, 173.

Chlorisops, 92.

austeni (Hinnoneurn),

BOMBYLIIN.E, 259.

Cliloromyia, 84.

152.

Hombyliosoma, 273.

Chlorusia, 87.

austeni (Spogostyluml,

Bombylisoma, 273.

Chorisops, 92.

213.

Bombylius, 261.

Choristus, 261.

australis (Ptecticus), 79.

Bombylosoma, 273.

Chrysanthrax, 234.

azurea (Acanthina), 26.

Brachycara, 85.

ckrytolampu (Exopro-

asurea (Cibotogaster), 26.

bralnna (Exoprosopa),
200.

sopa'), 182.
chrvsolampis (Hypera-

brevior (Drapetis), 382.

lonia), 182.

baluchianus (Anthrax),

Brevios, 374.

Chrysomyia, 84.

250.

brunnea (Eudmeta), 43.

Chrysop'ila, 128.

barca (Stratiomyia), 59.

brunuea (Hirnioneura),

Chrysopilus, 128.

barca (Stratiomi/s), 59.

151.

Cibotogaster, 26.

bares (Hilara), 359.

brunneus (Phycus), 307.

cincta (Afherix), 118. *

basalis (Elaphropeza),

brunneus (Xylophaqus),

cincta (Atrichops), 118.

384.

307.

cingularis (Hermetia), 42.

basalis (Hirnioneura),

brunneus var. brunnipes

cingulata (Hirnioneura),

149.

(Phycus), 308.

151.

basifascia (Anthrax), 211.

brunnipes (Hybos), 343.

cingulatus (Anthrax),

basifascia (Exoprosopa),

248.

211.

cingulatus var. ceylonicus

bengiilensis (Exopro-

ccendeopenms (Anthrax),

(Ptecticus), 80.

sopa), 206.

181.

clara (Anthrax), 243.

Biases, 29.

c(erulescens(Atherix\ 1J9.

claripennis (Argyra-

tricolor (Pterospilus), 329.

czerulescens (Alrichops),

mceba), 228.

bicolor (Bhachicems),

119.

clausa (Anthrax). 253.

105.

calopa (Atrichops), 114.

clavata (Musca), 316.

bicoloripes (Elaphro-

calopa (Microchrysa),

Clinocera, 364.

peza), 385.

88.

Clitellaria, 49.

bigot i (Argyramoeba),

calopodata (Snbula), 98.

CLITELLAUIIN.E, 38.

222.

calopodata (Xylomyia),

Clorisoma, 87.

bigoti (Syneches), 329.

98.

cochinensis(Chrvsopilus),

bilineata (Negritomyia),

aanescens (Phycus), 307.

136.

46.

cane?cens (Xylophagus),

C(ENOiiyrN.B, 110.

bilineata (Stratiomys),

306.

Gcenomyiofles, 110.

4(5

capucina (Bibio). 189.

coffvata (Hirnioneura),

bilineata (Thereva), 300.

carbnnaria (Anthrax),

152.

biiineatum (Ephippio-

217.

Colax, 154.

myia), 46.

carbonaria (Empis), 351.

collaris (Anthrax), 194.

bilineatum (Ephippium),

carmichaeli (Myclas),

collaris (Exoprosopa),

46.

318.

195.

bimaculatus (Anthrax),

carthaginiensis (Empi-

collaris (Litorhynchus),

248.

dideicus), 260.

195.

binotata (Exoprosopa),

centralis (Empis), 353.

comastes (Bombylius),

195.

Cephcues, 289.

268.

bipnra (Evaza), 32.
bipunctata (Anthrax),

Cephenus, 289.
cerioides (Hermetia), 40.

compacta (Hilara), 358.
compacta (Lepiclan-

217-

cervinus (Apboebantus),

tln-ax), 233.

bipunctata (Argrra-

256.

Cona, 311.

nioeba), 217.

Ceylonia, 155.

conica (Pliilopota), 158.

birmanensis (Chryso-

ceylonica (Argyramoeba),

connexa (Tachydromia),

pilus). 137.

257.

374.

bisetosus (Hvbos), 338.
litpinosa (Phyllophora),

ceylonica (Empis), 352.
ceylonica (Psilocephala),

Ccxjuillettia, 214.
costalis (Henops), 169.

30.

304.

costalis (Oncodes), 169.

ALPHABETICAL IXDEX.

Craspedometopon, 28.

Elasma, 29.

flavida (Phyllodromia)

crassipes (Atherix), 112.

elegans (Empis), 356.

368.

Crossopalpus, 380.
cupraria (Musca), 81.
eyanea (Odoiitomyia),

elegans (Suragina), 121.
elongata (Clitellaria), 26.
EMIMD.E, 321.

flavipalpis (Hybos), 342.
flavipennis (Exoprosopa),

63.

Empidideicus, 260.

flavipes (Evaza), 32.

cyaneus (Ptecticus), 75.

EMPIX^, 344.

flavipes (Howlettia), 361.

Cycloguster, 52.
Cyclorhynchus, 284.
cylindrica (Thereva),
301.

Em pis, 347.
Enicopteryx, 345.
Enoplempis, 347.
ephippiata (Tachy-

flavipes (Ocydromia),
362.
flavipes (Parahybos), 343.
flavipes (Pterodontia),

Cyphoinvia, 57.

dromia), 384.

165.

CyuTiD.fi, 157.

Ephippiomyia, 45.

flavipes (Subula), 98.

CVRTIN.S, 163.

Ephippium, 45.

flavipes (Xylomyia), 98.

ephippium (Siratiomys),

flavipleura (Systropus),

45.

295.

dahlii (Clitellaria), 49.

erect us (Uombylius), 267.

flaviventris (Anthrax),

Dasypalpus, 284.

Eriogaster, 347.

183.

Dcfllippia, 189.

erythrocepbalus (An-

flaviventris (Hypera-

Desinomyia, 107.

thrax), 178.

lonia), 183.

dia (Anthrax), 250.

Eudnieta, 41.

flaviventris (Micro-

Dipalta, 234.

Etdalia, 61.

clirysa), 88.

Dipsa, 388.

eumenoide.s (Svstropus'),

flaviventris (Sargus), 88.

DischUtus, 273.

294.

flavolineata (Tliereva),

discoidalis ( Ctenodra-

eupogonatus (Systcechus),

299.

petis), 382.

278.

flavopilosus (Chryso-

discoidalis (Drapetis),

Evasa, 31.

pilus), 138.

382.

Evaza, 31.

flavopunctatus (Chryso-

discoidalis (Leptis), 126.

exilis (Drapetis), 380.

pilus;, 133.

disjuncta (Anthrax),

Exoprosopa, 189.

flavospinosus (Systoe-

232.

Exoptata, 189.

chus), 277.

distigma (Anthrax), 218.

fletcheri (Anthrax), 236.

distigma (Argyrarnceba),

florea (Volucella), 281.

218.

fasciata (Plat ypeza), 391.

fluviatilis (Clinocera),

disti(/ma (Spogostylum),

fascifeinorata (Drapetis),

365.

218.

383.

form ices form is ( Sargus),

dives (Anthrax), 180.

fascipennis (Macellopal-

82.

dives (Eucharimyia}, 264.

pus), 123.

formosa (Musca), 84.

dives (Hyperalonia), 180.

fastuosa (Ptilocera), 34.

fratellus (Syneclies), 332.

dohrni (Trichopsidea),
153.

felderi (Acraspidea), 24.
fenestralis (Musca}, 311.

f rater (Chrysopilus), 141.
f ron tale (Craspedoine-

Dolichocephala, 370.

fenestralis (Scenopinus),

topon), 29.

dorsalis (Chelipoda), 367.

312.

fulvescens (Stratiomyia),

dorsalis (Microdromia),
367.

ferruginea (Elaphropeza),
386.

60.

fulvicollis (Ehacliicerus),

dorsoangulata (Odonto-

ferruginea (Heliomyia),

104.

myia), 68,

141.

f'ulvidus (Macellopalpus),

dorsolineata (Ptero-

ferruginea (Tacl>ydro-

122.

dontia), 167.

mi a), 376.

fulvipes (Bombylius),

Drapetis, 380.
duvaucdii (Anthrax),

ferrugincus ( Platypalpus),
376.

271.
fulvithorax (Elaphro-

225.

ferruginosns (Chryso-

peza), 385.

duvaucelii(Argyran.iceba),
225.

piliis), 141.
ferrugiiwsus (Leptis}, 141.

fusca (Trichopeza), 372.
fuacipenuis (Acarterus),

Jimbriatus (Anthrax), 240.

335.

llainmea (Exoprosopa),

fuscirjennis (Synechos),

ed wards! (Coonomyiodes),

193.

323.

111.

flaveol us (Macellopalpus),

f uscitnrsis (Boris), 93.

edwardsi (Systropus),
294.

122.

flavida (Chelipoda), 3(58.

fuscolimbata (Anlhrax),
246.

Elaphropeza, 384.

flavida (Eudnieta), 43.

fuscus (Oncodes), 171.

398

ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

Gabaza, 24.

Hyalanthrax, 234.

insulator (Exoprosopa),

gagatina (Hybos), 339.
'gagatinus (Hybos), 339.
gemma (Microchrysa), 88.
"gemmifer (Sargus), 81.
geniata (Ampsalis), 44.
genieulata (Beris), 91.
gcniculata (Hybos), 340.
geniculatus (Hybos), 340.
gentilis (Argyramoeba),
230.

hyalina (Anthrax), 254.
hyaliventris (Actina), 93.
Hybos, 336.
HYBOTXN.E, 325.
Jiybridus (Bombylius),
279.
Hydrodromia, 364.
hydroleon (Musca), 61.
Hyperalonia, 178.
Hypoleon, 53.

203.
inter media (Atherix), 116.
intermedia (Atrichops),
116.
intermedia (Argyra-
moeba), 221.
invaria (Thereva), 302.
iridipennis (Parahybos),
343.
irrorata (Tachvdromia),

qentilis (Platypalpus),
377.

hypoleon (Musca), 53.
Hypselura, 311.

370.
Isopenthes, 234.

gentilis (Tachydromia),
377.

Hyrmoneura, 147.
Hyrmophlttba, 147.

Geron, 279.
gestroi (Argyramoeba),

ibis (Atherix), 120.

javana (Atriadops), 155.
javana (Beris), 30._
javana (Colax), 155.

gibbosa (Musca), 168.
(/laucesfens (Platypeza),
392.

Ibisia, 120.
illuceus (Musca), 39.
illucens (Suragina), 121.

javana (Tinda), 30.
javana (Toxophora), 287.

gracilis (Phthiria), 285.

imberbis (Bibio), 302.

gravelyi (Chrysopilus),

immaculata ( Odonto-

kashmirensis (Odon-

137.

myia), 67.

tomyia), 67.

griseonigra (Empis), 353.
ariseonigra (Blmmpho-

immaculatus (Syneches),
328.

kashmirensis (Ptero-
dontia), 166.

myia), 346.

inasqualis (Svneches),

keinpi (Thereva), 298.

grossipes (Musca), 336.

330.

guttatipeunis (Anthrax),
237.

incisa (Tachypeza), 379.
inclsiis(Platypalpus), 379.

labiata (Atherix), 120.

inconspicua (Empis),

]seta (Hermetia), 40.

357.

la,nopyya (Atherix), 115.

Harpamerus, 334.

inclianus (Leptomydas),

lanopyga (Atrichops),

Heliomyia, 128.

320.

115.

HEMERODKOMIIN.E, 363.

indica (Biast.es), 29.

lar (Anthrax), 194.

hetniuopla (Clitellaria),

indica (Cyphoinyia), 57.

lar (Bibio), 194.

50.

indica (Evaza), 33.

lar (Exoprosopa), 194.

Hemipenthes, 234.

indica (Lita.nomyia), 369.

Lasia, 163.

Henops, 168.

iniica (Oxycera), 66.

Lasiopa, 52.

Hermetia, 39.

indica (Phyllodroinia),

lateralis (Exoprosopa),

Hermoheura, 147.

389.

198.

Heteralonia, 189.

indica (Psilocephala),

latifascipennis (Tachy-

Heteroxycera, 53.

304.

dromia), 375.

Hexacantha, 90.

indica (Thereva), 301.

latipennis (Exoprosopa),

Hilnra, 357.

indica ( Tinda), 30.

198.

himalayana (Eharapho-

indicus (Biastes), 30.

latus (Chrysopilus), 143.

myia), 346.

iudious (Empidideicus),

Lepidanthrax, 232.

himalayanus (Anthrax),

260.

LEl'TID.E, 100.

238.

Inei-mia, 52.

LEPTIN.E, 112.

Hinnoneura, 147.

inermis (Allognosta), 94.

Leptis, 124, 128.

Holoclera, 345.

Inermyia, 52.

Leptomydas, 320.

Hoplomyia, 58.

inflata (Euba), 49.

Leptopeza, 362.

hottentotta (Argyra-

infurcata (Pachy '(/aster),

Leptosceles, 370.

maeba), 228.

'21.

limbata (Atherix), 115.

hottentotta var clari-

insignis (Syneches), 322.

limbata (Atrichops), 115.

pennis (Anthrax), 247.

institnta (Anthrax), 227.

limbiventris ( Toxocera),

hottentottus (Anthrax),

instituta (Argyramoeba),

42.

248.

227.

liraitaris (Argyramoeba),

Howlettia, 360.

insularis (Chrysopilus),

220.

humeralis (Chrysopilus),

140.

limpida (Anthrax), 255.

135.

insulata (Anthrax), 203.

Litanomyia, 367.

ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

399

JMorhynchus, 189.
lomata (Pialea), 160.
LOMATIIN^E, 255.
Louehoptera, 388.
LONCHOPTEKID.E, 387.
Lonch&pteryx, 388.
longicornis (Brachy-

stonia), 371.

longicornis (Brevios), 377.
longipennis (Ptecticus),

75.

longipennis (Sargus), 75.
longirostris (Anastce-

clius), 278.
longispinus (Auipsalis),

44.

lucens (Anthrax), 254.
lucida (Anthrax), 254.
luctuosus (Chrysopilus),

133.

luridus (Sargus), 77.
lusitanicus (Mydas), 320.
lutntius (Odontoinyia),

70.

lutatius (Stratiomys), 70.
lutea (Lonchoptera), 389.

Macellopalpus, 122.
niacilenfcus (Systropus),

289.

Macroceromys, 96.
Macrostomus, 345.
mactans (Sargus), 83.
maculipenne (Ephip-

pium), 47.
maculipennis (Negrito-

myiii ), 47.
maculiventris (Exopro-

sopa), 200.

maculatus (Asilus), 287.
raaculatus (Bombylius),

267.
magnifica (Ceylonia),

156.

magnifaus (Sargus), 81.
magnipennis (Chrvso-

pilus), 138.
major (Bombylius), 261,

265.
manit'esta (Anthrax),

242.

marginata (Empis), 356.
marginata (Eudmeta), 42.
marginata(Hermetia), 42.
marqinata (Pacliymeria),

356.

marginata (Usia), 283.
marmoratus (Chryso-
pilus), 131.
matira (Anthrax), 238.

maura (Ernpis), 357.

niyeicauda (Argyra-

Megapalptu, 284.

moeba), 224.

Mesophysa, 163.

niveisquamis (Argyra-

inetallinus (Sargus), 82.

mo3ba), 229.

metatarsalis (Atherix),

niveiventris (Exopro-

117.

sopa), 207.

metatarsalis (Atrichops),

nubila (Tachydroinia),

117.

378.

metatarsata (Elaphro-

peza), 386.

obesa (Clitellaria), 26.

Meta.fon.ia, 93.

obscura (Clinocera), 366.

Microchrysa, 87,
Microdromia, 366.

obscura (Hirmoneura),

Microdromya, 366.
micropilosa (Stratio-

obscura. (Platypeza), 392.
obscurifrons (Argyra-

myia), 60.

mocba), 220.

minimus (Bombylius),

ochracea (Hirmoneura),

273.

151.

minuta (Odontomyia),

ochracea ( Odontmnyia),§5.

65.

Octacuntha,, 90.

minutus (Svneches), 330.
modifera(Tinda),SO.

octomaculatus (Oncodes),
170.

Monacanthomyia, 23.

OCYDKOMIIN^E, 3(52.

morio (Anthrax), 234.

Odontomyia, 61.

morio (Stomoxys), 178.

renoinaus (Hyperalonial,

MYDAID.E, 314.

185.

Mydas, 316.
Myiochrysa., 84.

cestracea (Trichopsidea),
153.

Myochrysa, 81.

Oncodes, 1(58.

mystaceum (Spogosty-

opaca (Hirmoneura), 150.

lum), 213.

opaca (Syndyas) 333.
opalescens (Chrysopilue),

134.

Negritomyia, 47.

ophioneus (Systropus),

NKMESTKINID.E, 144.

291.

Neopachygaster, 20.

Oplacantha, 90.

nepalensis (Tachy-

Opseogymnus, 61.

droinia), 377.

oratorio (Tachydroinia),

Nerna, 31.

366.

nigella (Thereva), 299.

orientalis (Bombylius),

niger (Hybos), 340.

263.

nigra (Clinocera), 364.

orientalis (Platypalpus),

niqricaudus ( Si/stropus),

378.

291.

orientalis (Plati/peza),

nigricornis(Rhachicerus),

392.

105.

orientalis (Tacbydromia),

nigricornis (Xylomyia),

378.

99.

ornatipennis (Chryso-

ni gripes (Phycus), 309.

pilus), 132.

Sigritomya, 47.

Oxycera, 53.

nigrofemorata (Argyra-

mceba), 230.

Pachygaster, 20.

nigrofemorata (Pachy-

PACHYGASTRIN.E, 19.

gaster), 25.

Pachymei-ia, 347.

nigronitidus (Hybos),

Pachymerina, 347.

342.

palliflitarsis (Syneches),

nitens (Hybos), 341.

331.

nitidulus (Bombylius),

pallid it ibi<B(Plati/ixilpu*),

278.

379.

uivalis (Systojchus),^??,

palliditibiae (Tachypeza),

nivea (Atriadops), 156.

379.

400

ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

pallipes (Acarterus), 335.

pulicarius (Bombylius),

Sicus, 374.

pallipes (Sargus), 82.

284.

signata (Oxycera), 54.

paniscus (Anthrax), 248.

pusilla {Odontomyia), 66.

signatus (Harpamerus),

paniscus (Bibio), 248.

334.

PANOPIN.*:, 160.

simplex (Syneches), 327.

Parahybos, 343.

quadridentata (Stratio-

singular is (Hermetia) 42.

Paramesia, 364.

mys), 33.

sinuatus (Bombylius), 265.

Paranthrax, 234.

smaraqdina (Ptilocera),

Pararthropeas, 108.

34.

Parasymmictus, 147.

referens (Anthrax), 255.

socius (Bombylius), 276.

Parisus, 261.
parvicellulata (Syndvas),

resplendens (Dischistns),
273.

socius (Systcechus), 276.
solennis (Odontomyia),

333.

Ehachicerus, 104.

69.

Pelechoidocera, 120.

Rhagio, 124.

Solva, 96.

peleteria (Lasiopa), 52.
pennipes (Anthrax), 197.

Ehamphomyia, 345.
Rhamphomysa, 345.

sordidus (Chrysopilus),
143.

pennipes (Empis), 347.

Rhyphomorpha, 104.

sphinx (Anthrax), 187.

pennipea (Exoprosopa),

rostrata (Empis), 355.

sphinx (Bibio), 187.

197.

rotundicornis (Drapetis),

sphinx (Hyperalonia),

pennipes (Hyper alonia),

383.

187. * *

197.

Euba, 48.

spin igerum (Ephippium),

persequa (Thereva), 301.

rubrithorax (Odonto-

4(3.

peshawarensis (Hilara),

myia), 67.

spinithorax (Rhaplno-

360.

ruficornis (Mydas), 317.

cera), 46.

Philopota, 158.
PIIILOPOTIN^E, 158.

rufipes (Drapetis), 383.
rufithorax ( Empimorpha),

splendens (Laeia), 163.
Spogostylum, 213, 214.

Phoroxypha, 374.

359.

Spongostylum, 213.

Phthiria, 284.

rufithorax (Hilara), 359.

squamata (Einpis), 352.

Phtyria, 284.

rulbabdominalis (Odonto-

stigma (Chrysopilus), 142.

Phycus, 306.

myia), 64.

Stonyx, 234.

Phvllorlromia, 367.

rufomarginafcus (On-

Stratiomyia, 58.

Phi/llopkora, 29.

codes), 171.

STRATIOMYID.E, 17.

Pialea, 160.

rugicollis (Anthrax), 195.

STRATIOMYIN.E, 56.

Platypalpus, 374.

rusticus (Syneches), 331.

Stratiornys, 58.

Platypeza, 391.

Stratiospheconiyin, 3(5.

Pr,ATYl'EZID/E, 390.

Stratiotomyia, 58.

Platyptera, 347.

sapphirina (Chloromyia),

stylata(Exopro3Opa),201.

Plati/pteryqia, 347.

84.

Sfyrtte, 128.

piebeja (Muscn), 297.
Plecticus, 73.

sapphirinus (Sargus), 84.
SAUCING, 72.

su'bcilipes (Empis), 354.
submutica ( Odontomyia),

Pofdlanthrax, 234.

Sargus, 81.

66.

Pttcilognathus, 284.

SCENOI'INID.E, 310.

Subula, 96.

polita (Musca). 87.

Scenopinus. 311.

Suhu/aomyia, 96.

polita (Zabrachia), 21.
propinquus (Bombylius),

scintillans { Bo mtylius),
264.

suffusipennis (Hypera-
lonia) 188.

272.

Prosopochrysa, 86.

scolopacea (Leptis), 124.
sedophila(Usia), 282.

sulcata (Empis), 345.
sulphureus (Bombylius),

Pxeltidotus, 61.

segmentatus (Chryso-

275.

Psilocephala, 302.

pilus), 135.

Suragina, 121.

Ptecticus, 73.

semif'uscata (Anthrax),

Sylvicola, 124.

Pteredontia, 165.

241.

Syudyas, 333.

Pterodontia, 165.
Pterospilus, 327.

semifuscata (Hypera-
loniiv), 188. '

Syneches, 327.
Systochus, 275.

Ptilocera, 33.
puerula (Exoprosopa),

semilucida (Anthrax)
212.

Systrophopus, 289.
Systrophus, 289.

205.

pulchellus ( Bom bylius),

semilucida (Exoprosopa)
212

SYSTROPIN.*;, 289.
Systropus, 289.

264.

pulchelltt* ( Comastes),2$4.

septemuotata (Dolicho-
cephala), 371.

puleherrima, (Odon-

sequa (Fsilocephala), 305.

Tachydromia, 374.

tomyia), 65.

sequa (Thereva), 305.

TACHYDROMIIN.E, 373.

ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

401

Tachypeza, 378.

tripunctata (Anthrax),

Villa, 234.

tantalus (Anthrax), 181.

214, 218.

villosa (Nemotelus), 53.

tantalus (Exoprosopa),

tristis(Exoprosopa\ 180.

villosa var. himalayensis

181.

tristis (Hyperalonia), 180.

(Lasiopa), 53.

tantalus (Hyperalonia),
181.

troglodyta (Anthrax),

viridienea (Philopota),

tenebrica (Clitellaria),

troylodyta (Bibio), 254.

viridana (Odontomyia),

46.

72.

tenuipes (Hybos), 338.
tenninalis (Bombylius),

unicinctus (Rhaohicerus),

vitrea (Exoprosopa), 210.
vitripennis ( Chryso-

270.

106.

chlora), 86.

testuceua (Sargus), 73.

unicolor (Acarterus),

vitripennis (Exoprosopa),

Thamnodromia, 367.

834.

209.

Thereva, 297.

unicolor (Chrysopilus),

vitripennis (Leptopeza).

TlIEREVID.E, 295.

141.

363.

thereviformis (Desmo-

unicolor (Leptis), 126.

vitripennis (Prosopo-

myia), 107.

unifasciata (Ehampho-

chrysa), 86.

thereviformis (Pararthro-

inyia), 345.

Volucella, 281.

peas), 109.

Usia, 281.

Thorasena, 39.

Thi/ridanthrax, 234.

Wallacea, 24.

tibialis (Beris),93.

vagans (Allognosta), 94.

wulpii (Bombylius), 264.

tibialis (Chorisops), 93.

vagans (Metoponia), 94.

vvulpii (Ptecticus), 77.

Tind.i, 29.

Vappo, 20.

Toxocera, 41.

variegata (Drapetis), 381.

Toxophora, 287.

variegata (Elaphropeza),

Xylomya, 96.

TOXOPIIORIN.E, 280.

387.

Xylomyia, 96.

transversa ( Lepid-

variegata (Stratiospheco-

XYLOMYINJE, 96.

anthrax), 233.

myia), 37.

XYLOPHAGIX.E, 104.

transversa (Odontoniyia),

variegatus (Bomht/lius),

Xystropus, 289.

71.

265.

triangulata (Leptis), 127.

Velocia, 178.

Trichopeza, 371.

ventralis (Brachycara),

yerburyi CChrysopilus),

Trichopsidea, 153.

85.

139.

tricolor (Botnhylius), 263.

Vertexistemma, 163.

Trinaria, 189.

Verticistemma, 1(»3.

Triodites, 256.

vicinus (Bombylius), 270.

Zabrachia, 21.

PRINTED BY TAYLOR AND FRANCIS, RED LION COURT, FLEET STREET.

2D

EXPLANATION OF PLATE I.

Fig. 1. Zabrachia albipes, Brun., $ ; p. 21.

2. „ „ antenna.

3. Wallacea aryentea, Dol., antenna ; p. 25.

4. Acantliina argentihirta, Brun., antenna; p. 28.

5. Craspedometopon frontale, Kert. ; p. 29.

6. „ „ antenna.

7. Tindajavana, Macq., $ ; p. 30.

8. „ „ antenna.

9. Evasa Upars, Walk., antenna ; p. 32.

10. Ptilocera fastuosa, Gerst., $ ; p. 34.

11. ,, „ antenna.

12. Stratiospliecomyia variegata, Brun., c? ; p. 37.

13. ,, „ antenna.

14. Clitellaria heminopla, Wied., $ ; p. 50.

15. Epliippiwn bilineatum, F., cJ • p. 46.

16. „ „ antenna.

17. Eudmeta marginata, F., side of thorax ; p. 42.

18. Ampsalis longispinus, Brun., scutellum ; p. 44.

19. ,, „ antenna.

20. Hermetia Iceta, Meij., 5 ; p. 40.

21. „ „ antenna.

22. Sargus metallinuti, F., <5 ; p. 82.

23. „ „ antenna.

24. Odontomyia rufoabdominalis, Brun., d1 ; p. 64.

25. Attognosta vagans, Lw., J ; p. 94.

26. „ ., antenna.

PLATE I.

INDIAN STRATIOMYIDjC.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE II.

Fig. 1. Rhachicerus nigricornis, Brun., antenna ; p. 105.

2. ,, wiicinctus, Brun., wing ; p. 106.

3. Ccenomyioides edivardsi, Brun., antenna; p. 111.

4. „ „ wing.

5. Pararihropeas thereviformis, Brun., antenna; p. 109.

6. „ „ wing.

7. Atrichops calopa, Brun., d , abdomen ; p. 114. >

8. ,, lanopyga, Brun., 3 ; p. 115.

9. ,, cincta, Brun., wing ; p. 118.

10. „ Uimbata, O.-S., wing; p. 115.

11. „ intermedia, Brun., lateral view of head;

12. „ „ wing. [p. 116.

13. ,, ccerulescens, Brun., wing; p. 119.

14. ,, metatarsalis, Brun., wing; p. 117.

15. Macellopalpus fulvidus, Brun., lateral view of head ;

[p. 122.

16. Leptis apicipennis, Brun., wing ; p. 125.

17. Clirysopilus marmoratus, Brun., wing; p. 131.
18- ,, albopictus, Brun., wing ; p. 131.

19. ,, ornatipennis, Brun., wing; p. 132.

20. „ unicolor, Brun., Aving ; p. 141.

21. „ stigma, Brun., wing; p. 142.

22. Hirmoneura opaca, Licht., wing ; p. 150.

23. Ceylonia magnified, Licht., wing ; p. 156.

24. Pialea auripila, Brun., ^ ; p. 161.

25. „ „ lateral view of head.

26. Pterodontia dorsolineata, Brun., $ ; p. 167.

27. „ „ antenna.

28. Oncodes octomaculatus, Brun., tf 5 p. 170.

29. „ arista.

PLATE II.

INDIAN LEPTID/E, NEMESTRINID/E AND CYRTID/E.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE III.

Fig. 1. Hyperalonia suffusipennis, Brun., wing ; p. 188.

2. ,, semifuscata, Brun., wing ; p. 188.

3. Exoprosopa lar, F., wing ; p. 194.

4. ,, insulata, Walk., wing ; p. 203.

5. „ bengalensis, Macq., wing ; p. 206.

6. „ brahma, Sch., wing ; p. 206.

7. ,, lateralis, Brun., wing ; p. 198.

8. ,, annandalei, Brun., wing ; p. 199.

9. „ puerula, Brun., wing ; p. 205.

10. Argyramoeba distigma, "Wied., wing; p. 218.

11. ,, obscurifrons, Brun., wing ; p. 220.

12. ,, gestroi, Brun., wing; p. 222.

13. ,, duvaucelii, Macq., wing; p. 225.

14. ,, argentiapicalis, Brun., wing ; p. 227

15. ,, gentilis, Brun., wing ; p. 230.

16. Toxophora javana, Wied. ; p. 287.

17. PsilocepTiala sequa, Walk., d ; p. 305.

18. ,, „ head in profile.

19. ,, ,, antenna.

20. „ „ abdomen, $.

21. Phycus britnneus, Wied. ; p. 307.

22. ,, ,, head in profile.

23. „ „ antenna.

PLATE III.

INDIAN BOMBYLIID/E AND THEREVID^E.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE IV.

Fig. 1. Leptomydas indianus, Big., wing ; p. 320.

2. Mydas annulata, Brun., wing ; p. 319.

3. Syneclies bigoti, Bezzi, wing ; p. 329.

4. „ palliditarsis, Brun., head in profile ; p. 331.

5. Acarterus fuscipennis, Brun., head in profile; p. 335.

6. ffybos yagatinus, Big., hind leg; p. 339.

7. „ tenures, Brun., antenna ; p. 338.

8. „ „ hind leg.

9. Empis rostrata, Brun., middle leg ; p. 355.

10. „ „ hind leg.

11. „ squamata, Brun., $, hind leg ; p. 352.

12. Leptopeza vitripennis, Brun., wing : p. 363.

13. ,, ,, antenna.

14. Phyllodromia flavida, Brun., wing j p. 368.

15. „ „ antenna.

16. ,, indica, Brun., head in profile ; p. 369.

17. „ ,, wing.

18. ,, ,, antenna.

19. Dolichocepliala 7-notata, Brun., head in profile; p. 371.

20. ,, ,, wing.

21. „ „ antenna.

22. Tacliydromia nepalensis, Brun., antenna ; p. 377.

23. Drapetis brevior, Brun., c? ; p. 382.

24. „ „ antenna.

25. „ rotund icornis, Brun., antenna; p. 383.

INDIAN MYDAID/E AND EMPID/E.

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This book is DUE on the last date stamped below.

2 WK from Heceipt

uc

Form L9-25»i-9,'47(A5618)444

A 000 285 97C