NOAA's Estuarine Living l\/larine Resources Program Distribution and Abundance of Fisties and Invertebrates in Mid-Atlantic Estuaries / \ March 1994 V U.S. Department of Commerce National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration National Ocean Service NOAA's Estuarine Living l\/larine Resources Program The Strategic Environmental Assessments (SEA) Division of NOAA's Office of Ocean Resources Conservation and Assessment (ORCA) was created in response to the need for comprehensive information on the effects of human activities on the Nation's coastal ocean. The SEA Division performs assessments of the estuarine and coastal environments and of the resources of the U.S. Exclusive Economic Zone. In June 1985, NOAA began a program to develop a comprehensive data base on the life history, relative abundance, and distribution of fishes and invertebrates in estuaries throughout the Nation (Monaco 1 986). The Estuarine Living Marine Resources (ELMR) program has been conducted jointly by the SEA Division, the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS), and other agencies and institutions. The Nationwide ELMR data base was completed in January 1994, and includes data for 135 species found in 122 estuaries and coastal embayments. Seven reports and reprints are now available free upon request, and two others are scheduled for completion in 1994 (see below). This report, Distribution and Abundance of Fishes and Invertebrates in Mid-Atlantic Estuaries, summarizes information on the distribution and abundance of 61 fish and invertebrate species in 22 Mid-Atlantic estuaries. A National report summarizing the data and results from the program will be published in 1995. Three salinity zones, as defined in Volume 1 of NOAA's National Estuarine Inventory Data Atlas (NOAA 1 985), provided the spatial framework for organizing information on species distribution and abundance within each estuary. These salinity zones are tidal fresh (0.0 to 0.5 ppt), mixing (0.5 to 25 ppt), and seawater (>25 ppt). The primary data developed for each species include spatial distribution by salinity zone, temporal distribution by month, and relative abundance by life stage, e.g., adult, spawning, juvenile, larva, and egg. Additional information on this or other programs of NOAA's SEA Division is available from: NOAA/NOS Strategic Environmental Assessments Division 1305 East-West Hwy., 9th Floor, N/0RCA1 Silver Spnng, Maryland 20910 Phone (301) 713-3000 Fax (301) 713-4384 Selected reports and reprints available from NOAA's Estuarine Living Marine Resources program include: Monaco, M.E., et al. 1990. Distribution and abundance of fishes and invertebrates in west coast estuaries, Vol. I: data summaries. ELMR Rep. No. 4. NOAA/NOS Strategic Assessment Branch, Rockville, MD. 240 p. Emmett, R.L.. etal. 1991. Distribution and abundance of fishes and invertebrates in west coast estuanes, Vol. II: species life history summanes. ELMR Rep. No. 8. NOAA/NOS Strategic Environmental Assessments Division, Rockville, MD. 329 p. Nelson, D.M., et al. 1991. Distribution and abundance of fishes and invertebrates in southeast estuaries. ELMR Rep. No. 9. NOAA/NOS Strategic Environmental Assessments Division, Rockville, MD. 177 p. Monaco, M.E., et al. 1992. Assemblages of U.S. west coast estuaries based on the distribution of fishes. Journal of Biogeography 19: 251-267. Nelson, D.M. (editor), et al. 1 992. Distribution and abundance of fishes and invertebrates in Gulf of Mexico estuaries. Vol. I: data summaries. ELMR Rep. No. 10. NOAA/NOS Strategic Environmental Assessments Division, Rockville, MD. 273 p. Bulger, A.J., et al. 1993. Biologically-based salinity zones derived from a multivariate analysis. Estuaries 16: 31 1-322. Pattillo, M.E.. et al. In prep. Distribution and abundance of fishes and invertebrates in Gulf of Mexico estuaries. Vol. II: species life history summaries. ELMR Rep. No. 1 1 . NOA/VNOS Strategic Environmental Assessments Division, Silver Spring. MD. Stone. S.L., et al. 1994. Distribution and abundance of fishes and invertebrates in Mid-Atlantic estuaries. ELMR Rep. No. 12. NOAA/NOS Strategic Environmental Assessments Division, Silver Spring, MD. 280 p. Jury, S.H., et al. In prep. Distribution and abundance of fishes and invertebrates in North Atlantic estuaries. ELMR Rep. No. 13. NOAA/NOS Strategic Environmental Assessments Division, Silver Spring, MD. Distribution and Abundance of Fishes and Invertebrates in Mid-Atlantic Estuaries Project Team Steven L. Stone, Tony A. Lowery, John D. Field, Steven H. Jury, David M. Nelson*, and Mark E. Monaco Biogeographic Characterization Branch Strategic Environmental Assessments Division Office of Ocean Resources Conservation and Assessment National Ocean Service Silver Spring, MD 20910 Christopher D. Williams Virginia Institute of Marine Science College of William and Mary Gloucester Point, VA 23062 1= Si •• — ^= CD- Si = LT) I r- I '-' i □ i m I CD Linda Andreasen Oxford Laboratory Northeast Fisheries Science Center National Marine Fisheries Service Oxford, MD 21654 ELMR Report Number 12 March 1994 .^0>.TMOS»,,. 'HffWIOf * contact for copies of this report. This report should be cited as: Stone, S.L., T.A. Lowery, J.D. Field, CD. V\/illiams, D.M. Nelson, S.H. Jury, M.E. Monaco, and L. Andreasen. 1994. Distribution and abundance of fishes and invertebrates in Mid-Atlantic estuaries. ELMR Rep. No. 12. NOAA/NOS Strategic Environmental Assessments Division, Silver Spring, MD. 280 p. Contents Introduction 1 Rationale 1 Data Collection and Organization 2 Selection of estuaries 2 Selection of species 3 Data sheets 5 Data verification 6 Results 6 Presence/absence of ELMR species 6 Data sunnmaries 6 Seasonal comparisons 6 Data Content and Quality 7 Variability in space and time 7 Life history notes 13 Coupling of Estuarine and Marine Ecosystems 16 Classifying and comparing estuaries 16 Linkages to marine ecosystems 16 East Coast of North America Strategic Assessment Project 17 Acknowledgments 17 Literature Cited 17 Data Summary Tables 1 9 Table 4. Spatial distribution and relative abundance 21 Table 5. Temporal distribution and relative abundance 67 Tables. Data reliability 157 Appendices 191 Appendix 1. National Estuarine Inventory map of Delaware Bay 193 Appendix 2. Table of references and personal communications 194 Appendix 3. Reviewers and personal communications 239 Appendix 4. References 245 List of Figures Figure 1 . ELMR study regions and regional research institutions. Figure 2. Major steps taken to complete the Mid-Atlantic ELMR study. Figure 3. ELMR Mid-Atlantic estuaries. Figure 4. Example of a species/estuary data sheet: American shad in Delaware Bay. Figure 5. Number of species by estuary, salinity zone, and life stage. Figure 6. Number of species by salinity zone, life stage, and month. List of Tables Table 1 . ELMR Mid-Atlantic estuaries and associated salinity zones. Table 2. ELMR Mid-Atlantic species. Table 3. Presence/absence of ELMR species in Mid-Atlantic estuaries. Table 4. Spatial distribution and relative abundance. Table 5. Temporal distribution and relative abundance. Table 6. Data reliability. Distribution and Abundance of Fishes and Invertebrates in Mid-Atlantic Estuaries Introduction Rationale This report presents information on the spatial and temporaldistribution, and relative abundance of 61 fish and invertebrate species in 22 estuaries along the U.S. Atlantic coast from Virginia to Massachusetts. Its purpose is to disseminate data developed in the Na- tional Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's (NOAA) Estuarine Living Marine Resources (ELMR) program (inside front cover). The ELMR program is conducted by the Biogeographic Characterization Branch of the Strategic Environmental Assessments (SEA) Division, in cooperation with regional research institutions (Figure 1). The presence, distribution, and relative abundance of each species and the time period it utilizes each estuary are the primary data compiled. The data and framework presented in this report are illustrative of the nationwide ELMR program. The objective of the ELMR program is to develop a consistent data base on the distribution, abundance, and life history characteristics of important fishes and invertebrates in the Nation's estuaries. The Nation- wide data base is divided into five study regions (Figure 1 ). The data base contains the monthly relative abun- dance of each species' life stage by estuary for three salinity zones (seawater, mixing, and tidal fresh) iden- tified in NOAA's National Estuarine Inventory (NEI) Data Atlas-Volume I (NOAA 1985). The Nationwide data base contains information for 135 fish and inver- tebrate species found in 122 U.S. estuaries. Estuaries are among the most productive natural sys- tems and are important nursery areas that provide food, refuge from predation, and valuable habitat for many species (Gunter 1967, Joseph 1973, Weinstein 1 979, Mann 1 982). Estuarine organisms that support important commercial and recreational fisheries in- clude molluscs, crustaceans, and fishes. In spite of the well-documented importance of estuaries to fishes and invertebrates, few consistent and comprehensive data bases exist which allow examinations of the relation- ships between estuarine species found in or among groups of estuaries. Furthermore, much of the distribu- tion and abundance information for estuarine-depen- dent species (i.e., species that require estuaries during their life cycle) is for offshore life stages and does not adequately describe estuarine distributions (Darnell et al. 1983, NOAA 1988). Only a few comprehensive sampling programs collect fishes and invertebrates with identical methods across groups of estuaries within a region. Therefore, most existing estuarine fisheries data cannot be compared among estuaries because of the variable sampling strategies. In addition, existing research programs do not focus on how groups of estuaries may be important for regional fishery management, and few compile information for species having little or no economic value. Figure 1 . ELMR study regions and regional research institutions. NOAA NMFS Hammond, OR West Coast 32 estuaries, 47 species North Atlantic 17 estuaries, 58 species j^ I Maine DMR, • <-/- Boothbay Harbor, ME O^UNH, Durham, NH Mid-Atlantic 22 estuaries, 61 species NOAA SEA Division, Silver Spring, MD VIMS. Gloucester Point, VA NOAA NMFS, Beaufort, NC Southeast 20 estuaries, 40 species Because life stages of many species use both estua- rine and marine habitats, information on distribution, abundance, temporal utilization, and life history char- acteristics are needed to understand the coupling of estuarine, nearshore, and offshore habitats. To date, a national data base of this type does not exist. Conse- quently, the ELMR program was developed to inte- grate fragments of information on marine and estua- rine species and their associated habitats into a useful, comprehensive, and consistent format. Results from this program will complement NOAA efforts to develop a national estuarine assessment capability (NOAA 1985), identify information gaps, and assess the con- tent and quality of existing estuarine fisheries data. Data Collection and Organization Figure 2 summarizes the major steps taken to collect and organize information on the distribution and abun- dance of fishes and invertebrates in Mid-Atlantic estu- aries. The initial steps were selection of the estuaries and species to be studied. Selection of Estuaries. Mid-Atlantic estuaries were selected from the National Estuarine Inventory (NEI) Data Atlas - Volume I (NOAA 1985), with the addition of Waquoit Bay, New Jersey Inland Bays, and Dela- ware Inland Bays. The 22 estuaries selected are listed in Table 1 , and their locations shown in Figure 3. Data on spatial and temporal distributions of species were developed and organized by the tidal fresh (0.0 to 0.5 parts per thousand (ppt)), mixing (0.5 to 25.0 ppt), and seawater (>25.0 ppt) zones delineated for each estuary in the NEI. Each of the three salinity zones are represented in 7 of the Mid-Atlantic estuaries, but 15 estuaries are missing at least one zone (Table 1 ). For example, Delaware Bay contains all three zones, whereas Chincoteague Bay is considered as entirely seawater. A representative map and data table (Dela- ware Bay) from the NEI Data Atlas is shown in Appen- dix 1, p. 193. Figure 2. Major steps taken to complete the Mid-Atlantic ELMR study. National Estuarine Inventory Data 22 Estuaries Compile Estuary Information Prepare Species/Estuary Data Sheets 61 Species Peer Review: Data Verification Develop Life History Summaries Outputs Spatial Distribution Temporal Distribution Microcomputer Data Base Relative Abundance Data Reliability Compiling consistent data nationwide limits the amount of information thiat may be compiled for each species and estuary. Also, it would be time and cost prohibitive to map each species by life stage for each estuary (Monaco 1986). The ELMR framework, however, enables a timely, consistent compilation and organiza- tion of available information on the distribution of fishes and invertebrates in estuaries. Selection of Species. Four criteria were used to select 61 species that had sufficient available informa- tion for inclusion in the ELMR data base. The four criteria were: 1) Commercial value: determined by review of catch data and value statistics from NMFS and state agen- cies, e.g., northern quahog (Mercenaria mercenaria), blue crab (Callinectes sapidus), and Atlantic menha- den (Brevoortia tyrannus). 2) Recreational value: defined as a species that recreational fishermen specifically try to catch, that may or may not be of commercial importance. Recre- ational species were determined by consulting re- gional experts and NMFS reports, e.g., striped bass (MoronesaxaW/s), and bluefish [Pomatomus saltatrix) . 3) Indicator species of environmental stress: identified from the literature, discussions with fisheries experts, and from monitoring programs such as NOAA's Na- tional Status and Trends Program (O'Connor 1990). These species, e.g., American oyster (Crassostrea virginica), and Atlantic croaker (Micropogonias undulatus), are filter-feeding molluscs or demersal fishes that consume benthic invertebrates or have a strong associationwith bottom sediments. Theirphysi- ological disorders, morphological abnormalities, and bioaccumulation of contaminants indicate episodes of environmental pollution and/or stress. 4) Ecological value: based on several attributes, including trophic level, relative abundance, and impor- tance as a key predator or prey species, e.g., grass shrimp {Palaemonetes pugio), and bay anchovy {Anchoa mitchilli). The selected species are listed in Table 2, p. 4. In some cases, two or more closely related species were con- sidered as a single unit, e.g., skates {Raja species), primarily because of the lack of species-specificfisher- ies data. These cases are described in the Life History Notes section of this report, pp. 13-16. Figure 3. ELMR Mid-Atlantic estuaries. Waquoit Bay Buzzards Bay Narragansett Bay Connecticut River Gardiners Bay Long Island Sound Great South Bay Hudson River/Raritan Bay Barnegat Bay New Jersey Inland Bays Delaware Bay Delaware Inland Bays Chincoteague Bay Chesapeake Bay - mainstem and eight sub-estuaries: 1 . Chester River 5. Tangier/Pocomoke Sound 2. Choptank River 6. Rappahannock River 3. Patuxent River 7. York River 4. Potomac River 8. James River Table 1 . ELMR Mid-Atlantic estuaries (n=22) and their associated salinity zones. Table 2. ELMR Mid-Atlantic species (n=61) Common name Scientific name Estuary name, State(s) Zones present Waquoit Bay, MA * M S Buzzards Bay, MA * M S Narragansett Bay, RI/MA T M s Long Island Sound, CT/NY T M s Connecticut River, CT T M * Gardiners Bay, NY * M s Great South Bay, NY * M s Hudson River/Raritan Bay, NY/NJ T M s Barnegat Bay, NJ T M s New Jersey Inland Bays, NJ ^ T M s Delaware Bay, DE/NJ/PA T M s Delaware Inland Bays, DE ^ * M s Chincoteague Bay, MD/VA * * s Chesapeake Bay mainstem, MD/VA T M s Chester River, MD T M * Choptank River, MD T M * Patuxent River, MD T M * Potomac River, MDA/A/DC T M * Tangier/Pocomoke Sound, MDA/A * M * Rappahannock River, VA T M * York River, VA T M * James River, VA T M * T - Tidal fresh zone M - Mixing zone S - Seawater zone * - salinity zone not present ^The New Jersey Inland Bays systenn includes Little Egg Harbor. Great Bay (Mullica River), Little Bay, Grassy Bay, Reed Bay, Absecon Bay, Lakes Bay, Shelter Island Bay, Scull Bay, Great Egg Harbor, Peck Bay, Ludlam Bay, Townsend Sound, Stites Sound, Great Sound, Jenkins Sound, Grassy Sound, Richardson Sound, Jarvis Sound, and Cape May Harbor. " The Delaware Inland Bays system includes Rehoboth Bay, Indian River Bay, and Little Assawoman Bay. Blue mussel Bay scallop American oyster Northern quahog Softshell clam Brown shrimp Daggerblade grass shrimp Sevenspine bay shrimp American lobster Blue crab Skates Atlantic stingray Cownose ray Shortnose sturgeon Atlantic sturgeon American eel Blueback herring Alewife American shad Atlantic menhaden Atlantic herring Bay anchovy Channel catfish Rainbow smelt Atlantic salmon Atlantic cod Haddock Atlantic tomcod Pollock Red hake Oyster toadfish Sheepshead minnow Killifishes Silversides Northern pipefish Northern searobin White perch Striped bass Black sea bass Yellow perch Bluefish Pinfish Scup Spotted seatrout Weakfish Spot Northern kingfish Atlantic croaker Black drum Red drum t\/!ullets Tautog Gunner American sand lance Gobies Atlantic mackerel Butterfish Summer flounder Windowpane flounder Winter flounder Hogchoker Mytilus edulis Argopecten irradians Crassostrea virginica Mercenaria mercenaria My a ar en aria Penaeus aztecus Palaemonetes pugio Crangon septemspinosa Homarus americanus Callinectes sapidus Raja species Dasyatis sabina Rhinoptera bonasus Acipenser brevirostrum Acipenser oxyrhynchus Anguilla rostrata Alosa aestivalis Alosa pseudoharengus Alosa sapidissima Brevoortia tyrannus Clupea harengus Anchoa mitchilli Ictalurus punctatus Osmerus mordax Salmo salar Gadus morhua Melanogrammus aeglefinus Microgadus tomcod Pollachius virens Urophycis chuss Opsanus tau Cyprinodon variegatus Fundulus species Menidia species Syngnathus fuscus Prionotus carolinus Morone americana Morone saxatilis Centropristis striata Perca flavescens Pomatomus saltatrix Lagodon rhomboides Stenotomus chrysops Cynoscion nebulosus Cynoscion regalis Leiostomus xanthurus Menticirrhus saxatilis Micropogonias undulatus Pogonias cromis Sciaenops ocellatus Mugll species Tautoga onitis Tautogolabrus adspersus Ammodytes americanus Gobiosoma species Scomber scombrus Peprilus triacanthus Paralichthys dentatus Scophthalmus aquosus Pleuronectes americanus Trinectes maculatus Data Sheets. ELMR Program staff conducted exhaus- tive literature reviews to collect existing information on species abundance and distribution. Recent literature best described the present status of species in each estuary, but comparison of new literature with older historical data sets showed longer-term variations. Refereed journal articles, finfish/shellfish surveys, en- vironmental impact statements, and graduate theses constituted most of the material examined. Additional data was often derived from "gray" literature and per- sonal communications. A data sheet was then devel- oped for each of the 61 species in each estuary to enable quick data compilation and presentation. Fig- ure 4 depicts the data sheet for American shad in Delaware Bay. Data compiled for each species/life stage included: 1) the salinity zones it occupies (sea- water, mixing, tidal fresh), 2) the months it is present in those zones, and 3) its relative abundance in each month and each zone. Program staff consulted with local experts to peer review each data sheet. After final edits were made, all ELMR data sheets were entered into a microcomputer data base. The following categories were used to describe the relative abundance of each species: • Not present: species or life history stage not found, questionable data as to identification of species, recent loss of habitat or environmental degradation suggests absence, or salinity zone not present in estuary. • No information available: no existing data available, and after expert review it was determined that not even an educated guess would be appropriate. • Rare: species is definitely present but not frequently encountered. • Common: species is frequently encountered but not in large numbers; does not imply a uniform distribution over a specific salinity zone. • Abundant: species is often encountered in substan- tial numbers relative to other species. • Highly abundant: species is numerically dominant relative to other species. Figure 4. Example of a species/estuary data sheet: American shad in Delaware Bay. Alosa sapidissima American shad Delaware Bay Delaware / New Jersey / Pennsylvania Salinity zone Life stage J F Re M ilative ab undE J nee by month J A S 0 N D R Tidal fresh 0.0 - 0.5 ppt Adults Spawning Juveniles iiiiiiHI^H Larvae ^m Eggs Mixing 0.5 - 25.0 ppt Adults ::::::■::::::■: :: 1 Spawning Juveniles i|:-:|:ii!: IIW"''' ' " " " 1 Larvae Eggs Seawater >25.0 ppt Adults ::;:i:::lj^l::::::::!:;i 1 Spawning Juveniles 1 iiii 1 1 Wi i 2 Larvae 2 Eggs 2 Legend: Relative Abundance: = Not Present = Rare = Common = Abundant = Highly Abundant Data Reliability (R): 1 = Highly Certain 2 = Moderately Certain 3 = Reasonable Inference Adults were defined as reproductively mature individu- als, juveniles as immature but otherwise similar to adults, and spawning adults as those releasing eggs and sperm. There were a few exceptions to these defined life stages, such as mating in blue crab, and parturition in cownose ray. These exceptions are discussed in the Life History Notes section of this report, pp. 13-16. For well-studied species such as striped bass, quanti- tative data were used to estimate abundance levels. For many species, however, reliable quantitative data were limited. Therefore, regional and local experts were consulted to estimate relative abundances based on the above criteria. Several reference or "guide" species with abundance levels corresponding to the above criteria were identified for each estuary. These guide species typified fishes and invertebrates belong- ing to a particular life mode (e.g., pelagic, demersal) or occupying similar habitats. Once guide species were selected, other species were then placed into the appropriate abundance categories (not present, rare, common, abundant, highly abundant) relative to the guide species. These data represent relative abun- dance levels within a specific estuary only; relative abundance levels across Mid-Atlantic estuaries could not be determined. In some cases, the final level of abundance assigned to a species was determined by asking regional and local biologists for expert opinions based on their knowledge of individual species within an estuary. This effort complemented quantitative studies and greatly increased reliability of abundance information. The quality of relative abundance information varied be- tween estuaries as well as species. As a result, temporal resolution was greater in well-studied estuar- ies. Nevertheless, the relative abundance data shown in the data summaries are the best that could be synthesized from agency reports, academic studies, and expert reviews. Data Verification. Approximately two years were required to develop the 1342 data sheets (Figure 4) and consult with regional and local experts for the 22 estuaries studied. Nearly all of the data sheets were carefully reviewed during consultations or by mail. These consultations complemented the literature and published data sets compiled by NOAA. One hundred twenty scientists and managers at fifty institutions were consulted, and their names and affiliations are listed in Appendix 3. Local experts were especially helpful in providing estuary/species-specific information. They also provided additional references and contacts, and identified additional species to be included in the ELM R data base. Results Presence/Absence ofELMR Species in Mid-Atlan- tic Estuaries. Table 3 (pp, 8-9) was developed to readily convey the occurrence of each of the 61 ELMR species in each of the 22 Mid-Atlantic estuaries. This table depicts the highest relative abundance of the adult or juvenile life stage of each species, in any month, in any salinity zone within each estuary. The spawning, egg, and larval life stage categories are not considered. This table also suggests the zoogeo- graphic distribution of species among Mid-Atlantic es- tuaries. Data Summaries. The information compiled for each species and each estuary (1342 data sheets) was organized in three data summaries (pp. 19-190). Tables 4 and 5 provide graphic presentations of the spatial and temporal distribution and relative abundance by life stage for each species and estuary. The information shown represents the usual spatial and temporal distri- bution of a species in a particular estuary. Spatial distribution arid relative abundance. Table 4 (pp. 21-65) summarizes the distribution and relative abundance for each species by life stage, in each estuary by salinity zone. This table combines data over the twelve months, showing the highest level of abun- dance during the year for each life stage by salinity zone. Temporal distribution. Table 5 (pp. 67-155) summa- rizes the temporal distribution of each species by month and life stage for each estuary. This table combines data over the three salinity zones, showing the highest level of abundance for each stage by month. Seasonal Comparisons. To examine general sea- sonal abundance patterns, the numbers of species ranked as "common" or greater were counted by month and by salinity zone for adults, juveniles, and larvae. In Figure 5, the numbers of species were plotted by estuary. In Figure 6, the numbers of species were averaged across estuaries and plotted by month. Al- though these summaries are not statistical analyses, they do suggest trends in the seasonal distribution of selected species in the estuaries: • The number of species appears to be higher in some estuaries than in others (Figure 5). However, not all of the 61 species are found throughout the Mid-Atlantic region. For example, Atlantic salmon and Atlantic cod occur only in the northernmost portion of the region. • The numbers of species appears to be lowest in the tidal fresh zone (Figures 5 and 6). However, this is partially due to the fact that the selected ELMR species are primarily estuarine, not freshwater species. Also, there may be fewer published studies of the tidal fresh zones of many estuaries. • Estuarine utilization by adults, juveniles, and larvae is highest in the summer, and lowest in the winter (Figure 6). • The number of species present as larvae in the mixing and seawater zones is highest in June and July (Figure 6). Data Content and Quality An important aspect of the ELMR program, especially since it is based primarily on published and unpub- lished literature and consultations, is to determine the quality of available data. For many species, gear selectivity, difficulty in identifying larvae, and difficulty in sampling various habitats has limited the amount of reliable information. Therefore, a deliberate effort was made to assess data reliability so that the data base could be used appropriately. Estimates of the reliability of the distribution and abun- dance information organized by species, life stage, and estuary are presented ui Table 6 (pp. 157-190) of the Data Summary Tab/es section. Data reliability was classified using the following categories: • Highly certain: considerable sampling data available. Distribution, behavior, and preferred habitats well docu- mented within an estuary. • Moderately certain: some sampling data availablefor an estuary. Distribution, preferred habitat, and behav- ior well documented in similar estuaries. • Reasonable inference: little or no sampling data available. Information on distributions, ecology, and preferred habitats documented in similar estuaries. The quality and quantity of available data vary by species, life stage, and estuary. For example, a large amount of information is available on blue crab be- cause they are highly valued both commercially and recreationally. For most species, the least amount of information and poorest quality of data occur for the spawning, egg, and larval life stages. Except for a few species (e.g., blue crab), little data has been generated on particular habitat preferences and environmental tolerances. This is particularty true for the smaller forage and/or non-commercial fishes and invertebrates. Gear selectivity, inability to correctly identify larval stages, and difficulty in sampling various habitats limits the development and reliability of this information. In addition, life history data are lacking on some of the commercially important sciaenid and pelagic species. Data reliability was also based on experimental design and whether the studies were relatively recent. In the case of limited studies, information was occasionally inferred. An opportunity exists to refine the data presented based on additional reviews. Given that the amount and quality of available informa- tion varies by species, by life stage, between estuaries, and even within an estuary, considerable scientific judgment is required to derive or infer spatial and temporal distributions from existing data and available literature. Unfortunately, even the most informed judg- ment is far from perfect due to the complexity of estuarine systems. Consequently, information on the level of certainty associated with each data element must be presented when synthesizing multiple data sets (Table 6). Appendices 2, 3, and 4 provide a complete summary of the personal communications and primary references used so that readers can track and obtain additional information efficiently. Variability in Space and Time. Species data were organized according to the salinity zone boundaries developed for each estuary in the NEI data atlas- Volume 1 (NOAA 1985). However, division of an estuary on the basis of salinity is highly variable due to the many interacting factors that affect salinity, such as variations in freshwater inflow, wind, and tides. To compile information on species distribution according to these zones, it is assumed that if a particular salinity zone expands or contracts, the distribution of a mobile species in that zone will correspond to the shift. For example, if increased freshwater inflow shifts the tidal fresh zone further down the estuary, the distribution of a species confined to that zone increases to include the new area. If a species exhibits a wide range of salinity tolerance, a shift may or may not occur. The placement of species in a salinity zone was ultimately determined by where they have been observed or captured. Species temporal distributions are often dependent on annual climatic conditions and water currents. Monthly distributional patterns were derived based on the con- sistent presence of a life stage within a particular month. If a species is only present in an estuary in unusual years (e.g., drought), it was not portrayed as part of that species' spatial or temporal distribution. However, if a species is usually there, even during a restricted time period, it was considered present forthe specific month(s). Greater temporal resolution, such as on a biweekly rather than on a monthly basis, was not feasible. Table 3. Presence/absence of ELMR species in Mid-Atlantic estuaries. Symbols represent the highest relative abundance of adults or juveniles of a species, in any salinity zone, in any month, within each estuary. Sevenspine bay shrimp American lobster o ® ® o o o Blue crab o o o o o o ® o Skates ® ® o o o o o o o o Atlantic stingray V V V V Cownose ray V V V V V V V V ® o o o o o o o o Shortnose sturgeon o V Atlantic sturgeon V o o V o V V V V American eel ® ® ® ® ® o o ® o ® o ® o o o o o o o Blueback herring o o o o o o ® o ® o o o ® ® o o o Alewife o o o o o ® ® ® ® o o ® ® o o o American shad V V ® o o V ® o o V o o o Atlantic menhaden o ® ® ® ® ® ® ® ® ® ® ® Atlantic herring o ® ® o ® o o o o V o Bay anchovy ® ® ® Channel catfish o ® V na O O O O O O O O O Rainbow smelt o o o o o V Atlantic salmon V V V Atlantic cod o V Haddock V V V Atlantic tomcod o o o ® ® o ® Pollock o V V Red hake o o ® o o V V Oyster toadfish o o o o o ® o o o o o o o o o o o o o o Relative abundance: abundant ® - Abundant O - Common \ - Rare Blank - Not present na - No data available ■ Highly i 8 Table 3, continued. Presence/absence of ELMR species in Mid-Atlantic estuaries. Sheepshead minnow Killifishes ® ® ® ® ® ® ® ® ® ® Silversides Norttiem pipefish o o o o o o ® o o o o o o o o o o o o o o Northern searobin o o o o o o o o o o o o o ® V V White perch o ® o o o ® ® o ® ® ® ® ® o ® ® ® striped bass o o o ® ® o ® ® o o o o o ® ® o o o o Black sea bass o o o o o ® ® o o o o o o Yellow perch V o ® ® o O ® O V o o o o o o o Bluefish o ® ® ® ® ® ® ® ® ® ® o o ® o o o ® ® ® ® ® Pinfish o o Scup V ® o ® o o o o ® V Spotted seatrout V o o o o o o o o Weakfish V o o ® V ® o ® o o ® o ® o o o o o o o o o Spot o V o ® ® ® ® o ® o o ® Northern kingfish V V o o o V o V ® ® V V Atlantic croaker V O O O ® O O o o o ® ® ® Black dnjm V o o V o o o o o Red drum o V o o o o o Mullets o V V o o o o o o o o o V V V Tautog ® ® o o o o ® ® o o o V o o o Gunner o o o o ® o o American sand lance o ® o ® o ® o ® o o Gobies V o o o o o o o o o ® o ® ® ® ® ® ® ® ® ® Atlantic mackerel o o o o o o V V V V V Butterfish o ® o o o o o o o o o V o o Summer flounder o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o WIndowpane flounder o ® ® o ® o ® o o o o Winter flounder ® ® ® ® o o o o V V V V Hogchoker o o o ® o o ® ® ® Relative abundance: 9 - Highly abundant ® - Abundant O - Common V - Rare Blank - Not present na - No data available 10 I o n E i= 5 11 Figure 6. Number of ELMR species* in Mid-Atlantic estuaries, by salinity zone, life stage, and month. Legend: Adults Juveniles Larvae 40 30 (A a- '5 / yj ^' \' yl saxatilis L E 1 V na na * * S T M S T M * T M * T M * T M * Chinco- Chesapeake teague Bay Chester Choptank Patuxent Potomac Bay Mainstem River River River River Mid-Atlantic : Estuaries Relative Abundance Salinity Zone Life Stage 9 Highly Abundant T - Tidal Fresh A - Adults ® Abundant M - Mixing S - Spawning adults O Common S - Seawater J - Juveniles V Rare * - Salinity zone not present L - Larvae Blank Not Present E - Eggs na No Data Available 52 Table 4, continued. Spatial distribution and relative abundance Mid-Atlantic Estuaries Tangier/ Pocomoke Sound Rappa- hiannock River York River James River Species/Life Stage * M * T M * T M * T M * Pinfisti A S Lagodon j rhomboides . E O O Soup A S Stenotomus j chrysops |_ E V V Spotted seatrout A S Cynoscion j nebulosus , E o o o O 0 O V o 0 o 0 o o Weakfisti a S Cynoscion j regalis E o o o o o o o o o o o 0 o o 0 o o Spot A S Leiostomus j xanthurus ^_ E ® ® O ® ® O ® ® O ® ® Norttiern kingfish A S Menticirrhus j saxatilis E V V V * M * T M * T M * T M * Tangier/ Pocomoke Sound Rappa- hannock River York River James River Mid-Atlantic Estuaries Relative Abundance Salinity Zone Life Stage # Highly Abundant ® Abundant O Common V Rare Blank Not Present T - Tidal Fresh M - Mixing S - Seawater * - Salinity zone not present A - Adults S - Spawning adults J - Juveniles L - Larvae E - Eggs 53 Table 4, continued. Spatial distribution and relative abur Ida nee Mid-Atlantic Estuaries Waquoit Buzzards Narragansett Long Island Connecticut Gardiners Bay Bay Bay Sound River Bay Species/Life Stage * M S * M S T M S T M S T M * * M S Atlantic croaker A V V Micropogonias S J V V undulatus L E Black drum A V Pogonias S J V cromis L E Red drum A S Sciaenops J ocellatus L E Mullets A S J V V V V V V V V V V V v \'' Mugil n n V V V V V V V V \' n n species L E Tautog A S o o ® o ® • ® • o ® o ® O o ® o o o ® Tautoga J o ® o ® o o O o 0 o o onltis L o • ® o o o o o o E o • ® ® ® ® ® ® ® Gunner A S o n ® ® o o ® o o • o o o ® Tautogolabrus J n • n n n n n n n adspersus L ® • o o o ® o 0 0 E (D • o ® o ® o o ® * M S * M S T M S T M S T M * * M S Long Waquoit Buzzards Narragansett Island Connecticut Gardiners Bay Bay Bay Sound River Bay Mid-Atlantic Estuaries Relative Abundance Salinity Zone Life Stage • Highly Abundant ® Abundant O Common V Rare Blank Not Present T - Tidal Fresh M - Mixing S - Seawater * - Salinity zone not present A - Adults S - Spawning adults J - Juveniles L - Larvae E - Eggs 54 Table 4, continued. Spatial distribution and relative abundance Mid-Atlantic Estuaries Great South Bay Hudson R./ Raritan B. Barnegat Bay New Jersey Inland Bays Delaware Bay Delaware Inland Bays Species/Life Stage * M S T M S T M S T M S T M S * M S Atlantic croaker A S J L V V V V V V V V V V Micropogonias undulatus V V V V V o o o o E V Black drum A S V V V V V V V V Pogonias J V V V V V V V V V V cromis L E V V Red drum A S J L E V V V V V V V Sciaenops ocellatus V V V V V Mullets A S J L V V o o o o o o o o Mugil species o o o o o o o o V o o o o o o E Tautog A o ® o o o o o o o V S o ® o o o o o V V Tautoga J o o o ® o o o o o V V onitis L o o o o o o o o V V E o ® o o 0 o o o V V Gunner A o ® V V o o o o V Tautogolabrus adspersus S J L o o ® ® 0 o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o E o ® o o o o o o V * M S T M S T M S T M S T M S * M S Great South Bay Hudson R./ Raritan B. Barnegat Bay New Jersey Inland Bays Delaware Bay Delaware Inland Bays Mid-Atlantic Estuaries Relati ^/e Abundance Salinity Zone Life Stage • Highly Abundant T - Tidal Fresh A - Adults (i) Abundant M - Mixing S - Spawning adults O Common S - Seawater J - Juveniles V Rare * - Salinity zone not present L - Larvae Blank Not Present E - Eggs 55 Table 4, continued. Spatial distribution and relative abundance Mid-Atlantic Estuaries Chinco- teague Bay Chesapeake Bay Mainstem Chester River Choptank River Patuxent River Potomac River Species/Life Stage * * S T M S T M * T M * T M * T M * Atlantic croaker A S Micropogonias j undulatus . E O V O ® ® V o V o V O V o Black drum A S Pogonias j cromis |_ E O O o o o o o V o o V o o Red drum A S Sciaenops j ocellatus ^ E O O na na o o V na V 0 o Mullets A S Mug a J species E O o o o o o Tautog A S Tautoga j onitis |_ E V V o o o o o o V Gunner A S Tautogolabrus j adspersus . E V * * S T M S T M * T M * T M * T M * Chinco- teague Bay Chesapeake Bay Mainstem Ghester River Choptank River Patuxent River Potomac River Mid-Atlantic Estuaries Relative Abundance Salinity Zone Life Stage • Highly Abundant T - Tidal Fresh A - Adults ® Abundant M - Mixing S - Spawning adults O Common S - Seawater J - Juveniles V Rare * - Salinity zone not present L - Larvae Blank Not Present E - Eggs na No Data Available 56 Table 4, continued. Spatial distribution and relative abundance Mid-Atlantic Estuaries Tangier/ Pocomoke Sound Rappa- hiannock River York River James River Species/Life Stage * M * T M * T M * T M * Atlantic croaker a S Micropogonias j undulatus . E O O V O ® V O ® V O ® Black drum A S Pogonias j cromis |_ E O O O O O O O O Red drum a S Sciaenops j ocellatus ^ E o o O O O O O o Mullets A S Mugil J species E V V V Tautog A S Tautog a j onitis |_ E o o o V 0 V o V 0 V V Gunner A S Tautogolabrus j adspersus E * M * T M * T M * T M * Tangier/ Pocomoke Sound Rappa- tiarmock River York River James River Mid-Atlantic Estuaries Relative Abundance # Highly Abundant ® Abundant O Gommon V Rare Blank Not Present Salinity Zone T - Tidal Fresh M - Mixing S - Seawater * - Salinity zone not present Life Stage A - Adults S - Spawning adults J - Juveniles L - Larvae E - Eggs 57 Table 4, continued. Spatial distribution and relative abundance Mid-Atlantic Estuaries Waquoit Buzzards Narragansett Long Island Connecticut Gardiners Bay Bay Bay Sound River Bay Species/Life Stage * M S * M S T M S T M S T M * * M S American A V o O (D O o O ® O O ® sand lance S o V o V o O • 0 O • Ammodytes J V o o ® o o O ® O O ® americanus L V ® o • o ® o • O O • E o V o V 0 o • O O m Gobies A V V V V o o V o o V O O o S V V V V ® ® o O O o Gobiosoma J w V V V o o V o o V O O o species L V V V V ® ® o o o O O o E V V V V ® ® o O O o Atlantic mackerel A S o o o o o V Scomber J V V V V n V n n scombrus L E V V V ® 0 ® o ® • • Butterfish A S V o o • o ® ® • n O O o n Peprilus triacanthus J L E V o o o o • o 0 o ® o ® V ® • o 0 O O O o 0 * M S * M S T M S T M S T M * * M S Long Waquoit Buzzards Narragansett Island Connecticut Gardiners Bay Bay Bay Sound River Bay Mid-Atlantic Estuaries Relative Abundance Salinity Zone Life Stage • Highly Abundant ® Abundant O Common V Rare Blank Not Present T - Tidal Fresh M - Mixing S - Seawater * - Salinity zone not present A - Adults S - Spawning adults J - Juveniles L - Larvae E - Eggs 58 Table 4, continued. Spatial distribution and relative abundance Mid-Atlantic Estuaries Great New Jersey Delaware South Hudson R./ Barnegat Inland Delaware Inland Bay Raritan B. Bay Bays Bay Bays Species/Life Stage * M S T M S T M S T M S T M S * M S American A O o O ® O o O o V sand lance S O ® V o V o V o V Ammodytes J O o o (D o o o o V americanus L O • V o ® o o o o V E 0 • V 0 V 0 V o V Gobies A O o o o V 0 o V o o V O o ® ® S O o na o o na o o V O o O O Gobiosoma J O o o o V o o V o o V O o ® ® species L V V ® na ® ® na ® ® V O o ® ® E V o na ® ® na ® ® V O o ® ® Atlantic mackerel A o o V V Scomber S J n V n V V scombrus L E o o Butterfish A S V o n o o V V V V o o Peprilus triacanthus J L E V o o 0 o o o o o o o o o o o * M S T M S T M S T M S T M S * M S Great New Jersey Delaware South Hudson R./ Barnegat Inland Delaware Inland Bay Raritan B. Bay Bays Bay Bays Mid-Atlantic Estuaries Relative Abundance • Highly Abundant ® Abundant O Common V Rare Blank Not Present na No Data Available Salinity Zone T - Tidal Fresh M - Mixing S - Seawater * - Salinity zone not present 59 Life Stage A - Adults S - Spawning adults J - Juveniles L - Larvae E - Eggs Table 4, continue( 1 Spatia distribution and relative a bur Ida nee Mid-Atlantic Estuaries Chinco- teague Bay Chesapeake Bay Mainstem Chester River Choptank River Patuxent River Potomac River Species/Life Stage * * S T M S T M * T M * T M * T M * American A V sand lance S Ammodytes J \' americanus L E Gobies A o V ® ® V ® V ® V ® V ® S o na ® ® na ® na ® na ® na ® Goblosoma J o V ® ® V ® V ® V ® V ® species L o ® ® ® ® ® ® ® ® ® ® ® E o na ® ® na ® na ® na ® na ® Atlantic mackerel A V V Scomber S .) V V scombrus L E na Butterfish A o o V V V Peprilus triacanthus S J L E o o o o o o o o v V V * * S T M S T M * T M * T M * T M * Chinco- teague Bay Chesapeake Bay Mainstem Chester River Choptank River Patuxent River Potomac River Mid-Atlantic : Estuaries Relative Abundance % Highly Abundant ® Abundant O Common V Rare Blank Not Present Salinity Zone T - Tidal Fresh M - Mixing S - Seawater * - Salinity zone not present 60 Life Stage A - Adults S - Spawning adults J - Juveniles L - Larvae E - Eggs Table 4, continued. Spatial distribution and relative abundance Mid-Atlantic Estuaries Tangier / Pocomoke Sound Rappa- hannock River York River James River Species/Life Stage * M * T M * T M * T M * American A sand lance s Ammodytes ^ americanus L E Gobies A S Gobiosoma j species |_ E ® ® ® ® ® na V na ® ® ® ® ® na V V na ® ® ® ® ® na V V na ® ® ® ® ® Atlantic mackerel A S Scomber j scombrus |_ E V Butterfish A S Peprilus J triacanthus E 0 0 o 0 * M * T M * T M * T M * Tangier/ Pocomoke Sound Rappa- hannock River York River James River Mid-Atlantic Estuaries Relative Abundance Salinity Zone Life Stage • Highly Abundant T - Tidal Fresh A - Adults ® Abundant M - Mixing S - Spawning adults O Common S - Seawater J - Juveniles V Rare * - Salinity zone not present L - Larvae Blank Not Present E - Eggs na No Data Available 61 Table 4, continuec 1 Spatia distribution and relative abur dance Mid-Atlantic Estuaries Waquoit Buzzards Narragansett Long Island Connecticut Gardiners Bay Bay Bay Sound River Bay Species/Life Stage * M S * M S T M S T M S T M * * M S Summer flounder A V V O o V V o V V O O 0 Paralichthys S J V n n o V V V V V n O o dentatus L E V V V V V V Windowpane A o o ® ® V ® ® V • • • O o flounder S o o o o o o • • • o o Scophthalamus J o o ® ® V ® ® V • • • o o aquosus L o o u u u u ® ® ® u u E o o o o o o • • • o o Winter flounder A ® ® • • o o • • • ® ® S ® ® • ® ® ® ® ® ® o o Pleuronectes J • • • • ® ® V • • \'' • ® ® amencanus L (D ® ® ® • • ® ® ® o o E d) ® ® ® • @ ® ® ® o o Hogchoker A V V o V o o o o o V V o o o S V V n V n n V V n V V n n n Trinectes maculatus J V V o V o o o o o V ® o o V L V V o V o o V o o V o o o o E V V o V o o V V o V V o o o * M S * M S T M s T M S T M * * M S Waquoit Buzzards Narragansett Long Island Connecticut Gardiners Bay Bay Bay Sound River Bay Mid-Atlantic Estuaries Relative Abundance Salinity Zone Life Stage • Highly Abundant ® Abundant O Common V Rare Blank Not Present T - Tidal Fresh M - Mixing S - Seawater * - Salinity zone not present A - Adults S - Spawning adults J - Juveniles L - Larvae E - Eggs 62 Table 4, continued. Spatial distribution and relative abundance Mid-Atlantic Estuaries Great New Jersey Delaware South Hudson R.I Barnegat Inland Ue aware Inland Bay Raritan B. Bay Bays Bay Bays Species/Life Stage * M S T tvi S T M S T M S T M S * M S Summer flounder A S J O o O o O o O o O O O • Parallchthys n n n n n n n n n n ® • dentatus L E V V V V V V V ® Windowpane A ® ® V o o ® ® O o flounder S ® ® V o O o Scophthalamus J ® ® V o o ® ® o o aquosus L E U ® u ® u u o u o u 0 Winter flounder A • • ® ® o ® O o o O o o S ® ® ® ® o ® 0 0 0 0 o o Pleuronectes J • • ® ® o ® o o o O o o amencanus L ® ® V ® ® o ® o o o O o o E ® ® ® ® o ® o o o O o o Hogchoker A O V ® ® A/ O ® o O ® o O • ® S n n n • ® n ® n • ® Trinectes maculatus J o V o ® V O ® o O ® o o ^^ ® ® L o o o ® V ® o ® o • ® E o o o • ® o ® o e ® * M S T M s T M S T M S T M S * M S Great New Jersey Delaware South Hudson R./ Barnegat Inland Ue laware Inland Bay Raritan B. Bay Bays Bay Bays fvlid-Atlantic Estuaries Relati ve Abundance Salinity Zone Life Stage • Highly Abundant T - Tidal Fresh A - Adults m Abundant M - Mixing S - Spawning adults q Common 8 - Seawater J - Juveniles a/ Rare * - Salinity zone not present L - Larvae Blank Not Present E - Eggs 63 Table 4, continued. Spatial distribution and relative abundance Mid-Atlantic Estuaries Chinco- Chesapeake teague Bay Chester Choptank Patuxent Potomac Bay Mainstem River River River River Species/Life Stage * * S T M S T M * T M * T M * T M * Summer flounder A S J • O 0 O O O O Paralichthys • n V n n n n den tat us L E o o Windowpane A O o o flounder S Scophthalamus J O o o V aquosus L E Winter flounder A S o V V Pleuronectes J o V v V V V V amencanus L E V na V Hogchoker A S o n O O O O O Trinectes maculatus J o o O O O O L u V ^p V V V V E 0 * * S T M S T M * T M * T M * T M * Chinco- Chesapeake teague Bay Chester Choptank Patuxent Potomac Bay Mainstem River River River River Mid-Atlantic :; Estuaries Relative Abundance Salinity Zone Life Stage # Highly Abundant T - Tidal Fresh A - Adults ® Abundant M - Mixing 8 - Spawning adults 0 Common S - Seawater J - Juveniles V Rare * - Salinity zone not present L - Larvae Blank Not Present E - Eggs na No Data Available 64 Table 4, continued. Spatial distribution and relative abundance Mid-Atlantic Estuaries Tangier/ Pocomoke Sound Rappa- hannock River York River James River Species/Life Stage * M * T M * T M * T M * Summer flounder A S Paralichthys j dentatus . E O O O O O O O O O O o Windowpane A flounder s Scophthalamus aquosus L E o o V Winter flounder A S Pleuronectes j americanus ^_ E V na V na na Hogchoker A S Trinectes j maculatus E ® ® d) ® O 0 V * M * T M * T M * T M * Tangier/ Pocomoke Sound Rappa- hannock River York River James River Mid-Atlantic Estuaries Relative Abundance Salinity Zone Life Stage 9 Highly Abundant T - Tidal Fresh A - Adults ® Abundant M - Mixing S - Spawning adults O Common S - Seawater J - Juveniles V Rare * - Salinity zone not present L - Larvae Blank Not Present E - Eggs na No Data Available 65 Table 5. Temporal distribution and relative abundance Index to Table 5. Page location of temporal distribution table for each species and estuary. Blue mussel (Mytitus eduli^ Bay scallop {Argopecten irradians) American oyster (Crassostrea virginica) Northern quahog (Mercenaria mercenaria) Softshell clam (Mya arenaha) Brown shrimp (Penaeus aztecus) Daggerblade grass shrimp {Palaemoneles pugio) Sevenspine bay shrimp (Crangon septemspinosa) American lobster {Homarus amehcanus) Blue crab (Ca///necfes sap/dus) Skates {Raja species) Atlantic stingray (Dasyatis sab'ma) Cownose ray {Rhinoptera bonasus) Shortnose sturgeon {Acipenser brevirostrvm) Atlantic sturgeon {Acipenser oxyrhynchus) American eel {Anguilla roslrata) Blueback herring {Alosa aestivalis) Alewife {Atosa pseudoharengus) American shad {Alosa sapidissima) Atlantic menhaden {Brevoortia tyrannus) Atlantic herring {Clupea harengu^ Bay anchovy {Anchoa mitchilli) Channel cattish { Ictalums punctatus) p. 68 p. 76 p. 84 p. 92 p. 69 p. 77 p. 85 p. 93 p. 70 p. 78 p. 86 p. 94 p. 71 p. 79 p. 87 p. 95 p. 72 p. 80 p. 88 p. 96 p. 73 p. 81 p. 89 p. 97 p. 74 p. 82 p. 90 p. 98 p. 75 p. 83 p. 91 p. 99 Rainbow smelt {Osmerus mordax) Atlantic salmon {Salmo salai) Atlantic cod {Gadus morhua) Haddock {Melanogrammus aeglefinus) Atlantic tomcod {Microgadus tomcod) Pollock {Pollachius virens ) p. 100 p. 101 p. 102 p. 103 p. 104 p. 105 106 107 Red hake {Urophycis chuss) Oyster toadfish {Opsanus (au) Sheepshead minnow (Cypnnodon variegatus) Killifishes {Fundulus species) Silversides {Menidia species) Northern pipefish {Syngnalhus luscus) p. 108 p. 109 p. 110 p. Ill p. 112 p. 113 114 115 Northern searobin ( Prionotus carolinus) White perch (Morone americana) Striped bass {Morone saxatilis) Black sea bass ( Cenlroprislis striata) Yellow perch (Perca flavescens) Bluelish (Pomatomus saltatri)^) p. 116 p. 117 p. 118 p. 119 p. 120 p. 121 122 123 Pinfish {Lagodon rhomboides) Scup ( Stenotomus chrysops) Spotted seatrout {Cynoscion nebulosu^ Weakfish {Cynoscion regalis) Spot {Leiostomus xanthurus) Northern kingtish {Menticirrhus saxaf/fe) p. 124 p. 125 p. 126 p. 127 p. 128 p. 129 130 131 Atlantic croaker {Micropogonias undulatus) Black drum {Pogonias cromis) Red drum {Sciaenops ocellatus) Mullets (Mug// species) Tautog ( Tautoga onitis) Gunner {Taulogolabrus adspersus) p. 132 p. 133 p. 134 p. 135 p. 136 p. 137 138 139 American sand lance ( Ammodytes americanu^ Gobies {Gobiosoma species) Atlantic mackerel {Scomber scombnjs) Buttertish {Peprilus triacanthus) p. 140 p. 141 p. 142 p. 143 p. 144 p. 145 146 147 Summer flounder (Para//chf/iys dentatus) Windowpane flounder {Scophthalmus aquosus) Winter flounder {Pleuronectes americanus) Hogchoker (Trinectes maculatus) p. 148 p. 149 p. 150 p. 151 p. 152 p. 153 154 155 67 Table 5. Temporal distribution Mid-Atlantic Estuaries Estuary/ Month Waquoit Bay Buzzards Bay Narragansett Bay Species / Life Stage JFMAMJJASOND JFMAMJJASOND JFMAMJJASOND Blue mussel A S Mytilus J edulis 1 E 1 \-- •••! h- •■•! 1 Bay scallop A S Argopecten j irradians [_ E tilillllilliiili-llil-illllilillililiiiinii:::::::^ iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiHhiiiiiiyiiiiiii::::::;::;;; 1 1 1 h- 1 1 tiiiiil-iliiiliiiiiiii::!:::::::::::::!::::::-:::::::::! f Ii::i::::::i::::i::--^ 1 [■■ 1 h 1 1 1 \- 1 1 1 ^•• American oyster A S Crassostrea j virginica [_ E 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 h- 1 ^■■ 1 1 1 1 Northern quahog A S Mercenaria j mercenaria ^ E 1 1 I:-; ■■■:■■ 1 -1;:::: li'y: 1 1 1 1- ii:::i h- ■••l"'i: i"'i; [■■ 1 1 l-ii liiiii 1 -iii:ii m 1 Softshell clam A S Mya J arenaria |_ E [::::::::::::::::::::i::;::::;::::;::|:::|::::::::::::^ i :^l 1 1 1 l;:::ii:::::i:iii;ii! 1 1 t::-i---i---:-----ii-iiiiil^ii:iil 1 } 1 • iil 1 1 1^ ::^^::::^iilii 1 1 1 ! |!;;;;;;l;;;:|Mi!;;i Brown shrimp A S Penaeus j aztecus E JFMAMJJASOND JFMAMJJASOND JFMAMJJASOND Waquoit Bay Buzzards Bay Narragansett Bay Relative Abundance ■■ Highly Abundant MMM Abundant ' I Common Rare Blank Not Present Life Stage A - Adults S - Spawning adults J - Juveniles L - Larvae E - Eggs 68 Table 5, continued. Temporal distribution Mid-Atlantic Estuaries Estuary/ Month Long Island Sound Connecticut River Gardiners Bay Species / Life Stage JFMAMJJASOND JFMAMJJASOND JFMAMJJASOND Blue mussel A S Mytilus J edulis 1 E 1 1 1 1 1 ^■■■•^ 1 •1 h-1 1 t h- 1 1 1 1 1 \-\ 1 1 ^■-^ 1- \ \" 1 ^••••^ 1 -1 h-t 1 i ^•• Bay scallop A S Argopecten J irradians |_ E 1 1 1 h- 1 1 American oyster A S Crassostrea j virginica ^_ E S::i!:::!:li:||l::llii:iil:il!l:ill|::!lli:illHliiHin liiiii 1 m 1 1 1 mMMmmmmmmmmm^ m 1 1 \- 1 1 linii 1 m 1 Northern quahog A 8 Mercenaria j mercenaria |_ E [iililiii-iiil-iiiiiiiliiiiiiiliiiiliii-iiiliiiiiiii::!! iiiii-iiiiiiiiiiii-iiiiiiiiiiiii-iiiii-iiiiiiiiiiiii 1 1 1 ii:::-::; 1 1 !:i:i!::i:i 1 l:::;:i:::i:::::::i:::i:-::i::i::i:ii::::i:i;i:::::iiiii t::i::ii:i:ii-:i:::ii::;;:i:;::::i::i:;;:::::i:::i:::i::| 1 iiiiiiiiiiiiiiii 1 1 :-:i:iiiiii::i 1 1 !iii|:::i:ili:il 1 1 i-:-:-: 1 1 liiiiiii::: 1 1 iiii::::::: 1 Softshell clam A S Mya J arenaria |_ E 1 1 1 -1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 -1 1 1 1 1 1 -1 1 1 1 1 1 Brown shrimp A 8 Penaeus j aztecus . E JFMAMJJASOND JFMAMJJASOND JFMAMJJASOND Long Island Sound Connecticut River Gardiners Bay Relative Abundance ^■H Highly Abundant ^•■■■■"■■^^"1 Abundant I I Common Rare Blank Not Present Life Stage A - Adults S - Spawning adults J - Juveniles L - Larvae E - Eggs 69 Table 5, continued. Temporal distribution Micj-Atlantic Estuaries Estuary / Month Great South Bay Hudson R. / Raritan B. Barnegat Bay Species / Life Stage JFMAMJJASOND JFMAMJJASOND JFMAMJJASOND Blue mussel A S Mytilus J edulis 1 E 1 1 \mm\^-mM:Mm-:l^:\m:li:^:-^ 1 1 \ 1 H ^•• •1 1 1 1 1 1 H 1 \ \- ■1 i H -- 1 •••1 1 Bay scallop A S Argopecten J irradians |_ E American oyster A S Crassostrea J virginica [_ E Northern quahog A S Mercenaria j mercenaria [_ E , — _ — 1 irrr i;;;;:!;!::!!!!;::!;!:!!!:::'!:!;;:!;;!:;;!!;;;! i 1 j"::;:;:::;;:::::::::;:::tllli:i":::::::::::;:"::::::::;| 1 :iiii;ii::i 1 1 1 1 :|:!ii::::|i::il 1 ; 1 1 :;!!!;:!!!::!!!:;!!! ; !:;![ i 1 E:::::x;::::;:;::::::::::;::::-::::::::;:;;:::::::::::!;:l 1 iiiiiiiHiiiiili 1 1 !l::|l 1 1 mm-m i 1 :::ii:ii:ii 1 1 iliiii 1 1 ;ii:ii:iii:::i:: 1 Softshell clam A S Mya J arenaria , E 1 1 {;;i::;;i:;:;::;;i;::i;iii:::ii:ii;i:iiii::iii:iiiiiiii:;;i| 1 1 -1 I--I f" 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 f:i:i::i:ii:iii:;:iii;;:ii;;i:i:;ii;";:i"i:;";"";n^ 1 1 -1 l-U" -1 i-n- 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Brown shrimp A S Penaeus j aztecus E JFMAMJJASOND JFMAMJJASOND JFMAMJJASOND Great South Bay Hudson R. / Raritan B. Barnegat Bay Relative Abundance ^■B Highly Abundant EmO Abundant I I Common Rare Blank Not Present Life Stage A - Adults S - Spawning adults J - Juveniles L - Larvae E - Eggs 70 Table 5, continued. Temporal distribution Mid-Atlantic Estuaries Estuary / Month New Jersey Inland Bays Delaware Bay Delaware Inland Bays Species / Life Stage JFMAMJJASOND JFMAMJJASOND JFMAMJJASOND Blue mussel Mytilus edulis •I I- Bay scallop Argopecten irradians na na na American oyster Crassostrea virginica Northern quahog Mercenaria mercenaria ■L Softshell clam Mya arenaria ID" C J- L Brown shrimp Penaeus aztecus JFMAMJJASOND JFMAMJJASOND JFMAMJJASOND New Jersey Inland Bays Delaware Bay Delaware Inland Bays Relative Abundance ^^B Highly Abundant ^■■■■'•••■•••■1 Abundant I I Common Rare Blank Not Present na No Data Available Life Stage A - Adults S - Spawning adults J - Juveniles L - Larvae E - Eggs 71 Table 5, continued. Temporal distribution Mid-Atlantic Estuaries Estuary / Month Chincoteague Bay Chesapeai Atlantic mackerel Scomber scombrus A S J L E na Butterfish Pephlus thacanthus A S J L E ...| 1 -1 1 1 1 -1 1 -1 1 JFMAMJJASOND JFMAMJJASOND JFMAMJJASOND Chincoteague Bay Chesapeake B. mainstem Chester River Relat ive Abundance ^m Highly Abundant liyiii!!!!!!!! Abundant 1 1 nnmmnn Rare Blank Not Present na No Data Available Life Stage A - Adults S - Spawning adults J - Juveniles L - Larvae E - Eggs 144 Table 5, continued. Temporal distribution Mid-Atlantic Estuaries Estuary / Month Ctioptank River Patuxent River Potomac River Species / Life Stage JFMAMJJASOND JFMAMJJASOND JFMAMJJASOND American sand lance Ammodytes americanus A S J L E Gobies Goblosoma species A S J L E tiii:ii:i|:ii;;:i::;:-:-i:ii-iili;;::i::::::i:|:;:iililiii:l {:|:::iii::::ii:i:::::::i:i:i:i::Hii:iiiiii::;:::ii;i:i;;i| !il-::fli;ii::ii:|::::|:::i::i:::iiii:::i:i:::|:|i;;:i:;il 1 ::i:i;;i;ii::;ii:ii;l 1 i::i:i::i:::::i::ii:J 1 ii:::i::::::;::::i::j -1 iiiiiiiiiiiiiii::---:.;! -1 H:i::|:::|:|::::::i::i:ili:::l -1 :::ii:ili:i:i:l-::i|::li:iiiiil ...1 :;!!!;!!!!:!!!;; i . ...1— TTTTTTTTTTTTTTT! (.. ...1 !!!!'!!!';!!"l! — l.. 1 ■■■-•^""^:"" 1" 1 ■--■:■---" r- 1 :::::::":"::" t" 1 ^''''^''''^''''^''''\ 1 ''''^^^'''''^''''^^'i 1 iliiniiiiiliililiil} Atlantic mackerel Scomber scombrus A S J L E Butterfish Peprilus triacanthus A S J L E JFMAMJJASOND JFMAMJJASOND JFMAMJJASOND Choptank River Patuxent River Potomac River Relative Abundance I^H Highly Abundant MMM Abundant I I Common Rare Blank Not Present Life Stage A - Adults S - Spawning adults J - Juveniles L - Larvae E - Eggs 145 Table 5, continued. Temporal distribution Mid-Atlantic Estuaries Estuary / Month Tangier/Pocomoke Sd. Rappahannock River Species / Life Stage JFMAMJJASOND JFMAMJJASOND American A sand lance s Ammodytes americanus L E Gobies A S Gobiosoma J species L E r!!i"i"i:::'"'''n::i";n"!'''"'':i::'!!:i'!!!'i!!i'l [";;; i 1 ^-^^^^---^^ 1 i -1 h::h:::::::l::-::::::::i 1 1 1 liiiHiiihiihl 1 J 1 :;::::::::::::;::::;) 1 i Atlantic mackerel A 8 Scomber j scombrus |_ E Butterfish A S Peprilus J triacanthus E JFMAMJJASOND JFMAMJJASOND Tangier/Pocomoke Sd. Rappahannock River Relative Abundance ^^M Highly Abundant Em Abundant I I Common Rare Blank Not Present Life Stage A - Adults S - Spawning adults J - Juveniles L - Larvae E - Eggs 146 Table 5, continued. Temporal distribution Mid-Atlantic Estuaries Estuary/ Month York River James River Species / Life Stage JFMAMJJASOND JFMAMJJASOND American A sand lance S Ammodytes americanus L E Gobies A S Gobiosoma J species 1_ E |;;;!||;;;;;;;;!|;|;;;;;;;;i;;;;;;^;;;;y;!;;;;;;;;^^ [iiliiliii:;:; 1 1 !;!;!!!!!!!!;| 1 — 1 1 -'—"""--i 1 — J |llii;::::::::::::iiii:illii:i:::ii::;:i:;:i:;;fi;;i;ilHii| -1 1 ...[ ;;::::::;:::;::} -1 i 1 mmmmm 1 } Atlantic mackerel A S Scomber j scombrus [_ E Butterfish A S Peprilus j triacanthus E ...i 1 ...I 1 1 1 1 1 JFMAMJJASOND JFMAMJJASOND York River James River Relative Abundance ^^M Highly Abundant mH Abundant I I Common Rare Blank Not Present Life Stage A - Adults S - Spawning adults J - Juveniles L - Larvae E - Eggs 147 Table 5, continued. Temporal distribution Mid-Atlantic Estuaries Estuary / Mo 1th Waquoit Bay Buzzards Bay Narragansett Bay Species / Life Stage JFMAMJJASOND JFMAMJJASOND JFMAMJJASOND Summer flounder Paralichthys dentatus A S J L E 1 1 1 1 -1 1 1 1 Windowpane flounder Scophthalamus aquosus A S J L E 1 1 1 :■■:■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■ ■■■■■■■■■-■■■■■■■■:\ 1 ::i::l:iilii:i:;:|::: -i-llli-liii;:] 1 1 -1 1 1 1 1 1 1 l::-::l::::::::::'::: ■■■■::::::l:::-:l:::\ 1 i::::::|::::::::i;ii: ::'l::::::::,:,,:\ 1 1 1 1" 1 I" 1 1 -1 1 1 1 Winter flounder Pleuronectes americanus A S J L E l:Vl:U::UUUl:UU:: 1 | iilllllllil ^^ 1 1 .■.| ■:::: | •••Iii-:i:i 1- 1 :i::iii:iii 1 1 1 |i:|:^^^^^::::::::| !""■■:■: i-l •••I :::::■■::•: I -1 ii:::::::;: 1 -1 mmi 1 -1 "::"::"; i Hogchoker Trinectes maculatus A S J L E 1 1 1 1 1 1 D" 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 n- JFMAMJJASOND JFMAMJJASOND JFMAMJJASOND Waquoit Bay Buzzards Bay Narragansett Bay Relative Abundance ■■1 Highly Abundant ^■■■■^■■■■■•■■1 Abundant I I Common Rare Blank Not Present Life Stage A - Adults S - Spawning adults J - Juveniles L - Larvae E - Eggs 148 Table 5, continued. Temporal distribution Mid-Atlantic Estuaries Estuary / Month Long Island Sound Connecticut River Gardiners Bay Species / Life Stage JFMAMJJASOND JFMAMJJASOND JFMAMJJASOND Summer flounder Paralichthys dentatus A S J L E -1 I-- ...| (.. ...| |.. ...| |.. Windowpane flounder Scophthalamus aquosus A S J L E EI:;:'::::.:Hi^::::::::::::::::::H:::| [ "";^;;l! i::::: | 1 1 1 1 liiiiKl 1 1 ■ 1 1 ,—^—~ ~- 1 \ :::::^^^::::::::i:::::::::»d 1 ^" 1 1 1 U" 1 1 n 1 ::;!!;:;!!: !•• ll;;::f;^ll I- 1 ■ 1 Winter flounder Pleuronectes americanus A S J L E ["•""■■^--- ■- rrnriTiH^"!!:;" n;'!;;";i 1 ::::::::::::::::::::: -1 I" 1 iiiiiiiifi: J-- -1 liiiiiiiiii ^^^■"-!li;i;:l;;:ii;::::;;;!;;:ii:| h::::::HiiiH::::::::: ..::..! 1 I" -1 1" 1 iiiiiiiiiii 1 1 iii:i:i::il -1 ::i:i;iiii] ••■1 ;i:::;ii;;i Hogchoker Trinectes maculatus A S J L E 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 -1 1 1 1 iilil ::;;i:i;::::;::;:;:;l 1 1 i 1 -1 1 1 1 1 1 -1 1 JFMAMJJASOND JFMAMJJASOND JFMAMJJASOND Long Island Sound Connecticut River Gardiners Bay Relative Abundance ■■I Highly Abundant ^-■••••-■■1 Abundant I I Common Rare Blank Not Present Life Stage A - Adults S - Spawning adults J - Juveniles L - Larvae E - Eggs 149 Table 5, continued. Temporal distribution Mid-Atlantic Estuaries Estuary/ Mor 1th Great South Bay Hudson R. / Raritan B. Barnegat Bay Species / Life Stage JFMAMJJASOND JFMAMJJASOND JFMAMJJASOND Summer flounder Paralichthys dentatus A S J L E 1 I" 1 1 -1 1- 1 1.. 1 1 1 1 1 !■■ I t 1 1 Windowpane flounder Scophthalamus aquosus A S J L E 1 1 1 1 ...^.. 1 i;;;;:::;;i 1 1 1 III 1 1 1 :::::::::::::::: rrrrr — | 1 ::::::::::-:::; :::::: 1 1 1 '-^^■- 1 1 1 1 :i::i::|:i; 1 1 1 1 III Winter flounder Pleuronectes americanus A S J L E m-i'mmm"-""' ^m S----- [ 1 1 mEmm- -liiiu 1 iiiii; 1 t:::- i 1 1 -:l f.ii-ii::::}- t:;!;!!;:HB:l::!l!:: i!;!;;;;;;!!;;:! !■■"■■■:"■■":■■""-;■■" """;-| !■ ;:; - ;:; :;;::;;;i:;;;:i;ii--:;i;ii;;:;i::-:l 1 iiiiii 1" tiiliiilinill: [■• 1 -llil illlllliiiii::: [•■ -1 iiliil S-i-:;-;; 1 1 ::::l !:::-:::-;}■• Hogchoker Trinectes maculatus A S J L E 1 1 i 1 iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiifiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiil 1 1 1 -::::::: :i 1 1 1 [ 1 1;;:!;;;":;;;;;':;:? ::;::: :::::;;:;;;;:;;:;;;i;;:;i;l 1 1 1 \ 1 lliil|::^li|:^iii-l 1 1 1 1 li-lliiiHiiiii-i 1 JFMAMJJASOND JFMAMJJASOND JFMAMJJASOND Great South Bay Hudson R. / Raritan B. Barnegat Bay Relative Abundance ■■ Highly Abundant WMM Abundant I I Common Rare Blank Not Present Life Stage A - Adults S - Spawning adults J - Juveniles L - Larvae E - Eggs 150 Table 5, continued. Temporal distribution Mid-Atlantic Estuaries Estuary / Month New Jersey Inland Bays Delaware Bay Delaware Inland Bays Species / Life Stage JFMAMJJASOND JFMAMJJASOND JFMAMJJASOND Summer flounder Paralichthys dentatus 1- Windowpane flounder Scophthalamus aquosus Winter flounder Pleuronectes americanus ■m a D D Hogchoker Trinectes maculatus I JFMAMJJASOND JFMAMJJASOND JFMAMJJASOND New Jersey Inland Bays Delaware Bay Delaware Inland Bays Relative Abundance ^■1 Highly Abundant ^"^■••■■■■■■'1 Abundant I I Common Rare Blank Not Present Life Stage A - Adults S - Spawning adults J - Juveniles L - Larvae E - Eggs 151 Table 5, continued. Temporal distribution Mid-Atlantic Estuaries Estuary / Month Chincoteague Bay Chesapeake B. mainstem Chester River Species / Life Stage JFMAMJJASOND JFMAMJJASOND JFMAMJJASOND Summer flounder Paralichthys dentatus A S J L E 1 ::.:™^-:i;i: |.. 1 1- 1 1- 1 1.. 1 I 1 , — t I 1 1 Windowpane flounder Scophthalamus aquosus A S J L E 1 1- 1 1 1 h 1 t Winter flounder Pleuronectes americanus A S J L E 1 1 II 1 ^•• n na Hogcfioker Trinectes maculatus A S J L E 1 1 miHi EHP 1 1 1 1 1 1 ^ Si 1 1 1 1 JFMAMJJASOND JFMAMJJASOND JFMAMJJASOND Cfiincoteague Bay Chesapeake B. mainstem Chester River Relative Abundance W^M Highly Abundant MMM Abundant I I Common Rare Blank Not Present na No Data Available Life Stage A - Adults S - Spawning adults J - Juveniles L - Larvae E - Eggs 152 Table 5, continued. Temporal distribution Mid-Atlantic Estuaries Estuary / Month Choptank River Patuxent River Potomac River Species / Life Stage JFMAMJJASOND JFMAMJJASOND JFMAMJJASOND Summer flounder Paralichthys dentatus A S J L E 1 !•• 1 1- 1 I" 1 1 r - 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ' Windowpane flounder Scophthalamus aquosus A 8 J L E Winter flounder Pleuronectes americanus A S J L E Hogchoker Trinectes maculatus A S J L E D^ ^^ B^ ^^ ^S SS JFMAMJJASOND JFMAMJJASOND JFMAMJJASOND Choptank River Patuxent River Potomac River Relative Abundance ■■ Highly Abundant ^--■-■■■1 Abundant I I Common Rare Blank Not Present Life Stage A - Adults S - Spawning adults J - Juveniles L - Larvae E - Eggs 153 Table 5, continued. Temporal distribution Mid-Atlantic Estuaries Estuary / Month Tangier/Pocomoke Sd. Rappahannock River Species / Life Stage JFMAMJJASOND JFMAMJJASOND Summer flounder Paralichthys dentatus A S J L E 1 1" -1 1" 1 1 r L. 1 1 1 ' -I I- Windowpane flounder Scophthalamus aquosus A S J L E 1 1 1 1 Winter flounder Pleuronectes americanus A S J L E na Hogchoker Trinectes maculatus A S J L E I!.™ [MB ^^ S^ JFMAMJJASOND JFMAMJJASOND Tangier/Pocomoke Sd. Rappahannock River Relative Abundance ■■ Highly Abundant ^■-■■■■-■■1 Abundant I I Common Rare Blank Not Present na No Data Available Life Stage A - Adults S - Spawning adults J - Juveniles L - Larvae E - Eggs 154 Table 5, continued. Temporal distribution Mid-Atlantic Estuaries Estuary/ Month York River James River Species / Life Stage JFMAMJJASOND JFMAMJJASOND Summer flounder Paralichthys dentatus A S J L E -1 1" -1 !•• 1 1.. 1 1.. 1 1 -1 1- -1 1- Windowpane flounder Scophthalamus aquosus A S J L E Winter flounder Pleuronectes americanus A S J L E na na Hogchioker Trinectes maculatus A S J L E l^H EHHKJ ^H ^ JFMAMJJASOND JFMAMJJASOND York River James River Relative Abundance ■■ Highly Abundant MMM Abundant I I Common Rare Blank Not Present na No Data Available Life Stage A - Adults S - Spawning adults J - Juveniles L - Larvae E - Eggs 155 Table 6. Data reliability Index to Table 6. Page location of data reliability table for each species and estuary. Blue mussel {Mytilus eduli^ Bay scallop {Argopecten iiradians) American oyster (Crassostrea virginica) Northern quahog {Mercenaha mercenaria) Softshell clam (Mya arenaria) Brown shrimp (Penaeus aztecus) p. 158 p. 159 p. 160 Daggerblade grass shrimp {Palaemonetes pugio) Sevensplne bay shrimp (Crangon septemsplnosa) American lobster {Homarvs americanus) Blue crab {Callinectes sapidus) Skates (, '/a/a species) p. 161 p. 162 p. 163 Atlantic stingray {Dasyatis sabina) Cownose ray {Rhinoptera bonasus) Shortnose sturgeon {Acipenser brevirostwm) Atlantic sturgeon (Acipenser oxyrhynchus) American eel (Anguilla rostrata) Blueback herring {Alosa aestivalis) p. 164 p. 165 p. 166 Alewife {Alosa pseudoharengus) American shad {Alosa sapidissima) Atlantic menhaden {Brevoortia tyrannus) Atlantic herring {Clupea harengu^ Bay anchovy {Anchoa mitchilli) Channel catfish {Ictalurus punctattis) p. 167 p. 168 p. 169 Rainbow smelt {Osmerus mordax) Atlantic salmon (Salmo salai) Atlantic cod {Gadus moifiua) Haddock {Melanogrammus aeglefinus) Atlantic tomcod {Microgadus tomcod) Pollock {Pollachius virens ) p. 170 p. 171 p. 172 Red hake {Urophycis chuss) Oyster toadflsh (Opsanus tau) Sheepshead minnow ( Cyprinodon variegatus) Killifishes {Fundulus species) Silversides {Menidia species) Northern pipefish {Syngnathus fuscus) p. 173 p. 174 p. 175 Northern searobin (Prionotus carolinu^ White perch {Morone americana) Striped bass {Morone saxatills) Black sea bass {Centropristis striata) Yellow perch {Perca flavescens) Bluefish ( Pomatomus saltatri^) p. 176 p. 177 p. 178 Pinfish {Lagodon rhomboides) Scup {Stenotomus chrysops) Spotted seatrout {Cynoscion nefau/osus) Weakfish (Cynoscion regalis) Spot (Leiostomus xanthurus) Northern kingf ish ( Menticirrhus saxatili^ p. 179 p. 180 p. 181 Atlantic croaker (Micropogonias undulalus) Black drum (Pogonias cromis) Red drum ( Sciaenops ocellatus) Mullets (Mug// species) Tautog ( Tautoga onitis) Gunner ( Tautogolabrus adspersus) p. 182 p. 183 p. 184 American sand lance ( Ammodytes americanus) Gobies (Gobiosoma species) Atlantic mackerel (Scomber scombru^ Butterfish (Peprilus triacanthus) p. 185 p. 186 p. 187 Summer flounder {Paralichthys dentalus) Windowpane flounder (Scophthalmus aquosu^ Winter flounder (Pleuronectes americanus) Hogchoker {Trinectes maculatus) p. 188 p. 189 p. 190 157 Table 6. Data reliability Mid-Atlantic Estuaries Long Great Waquoit Buzzards Narragansett Island Connecticut Gardiners South Bay Bay Bay Sound River Bay Bay Species/Life Stage Blue mussel A n n 11 H a D a S n D D 11 n D a Mytilus J n a 11 11 a D a edulis L n n D 11 n D D E D n D D n D D Bay scallop A m @ ■ D n a a S ■ D D D D D D Argopecten J s n 11 n □ a n irradians L 11 n D n D D D E s n D n n D n American oyster A n n D s a a a S n n D n n n n Crassostrea J n n D 11 a a a virginica L n D D n n D D E D n D n D D D Northern quahog A 11 a ■ 11 a D S D D ■ s D D Mercenaria J m n ■ a a D mercenaria L D n 11 a D D E n n [1 a n n Softshell clam A 11 n (1 a a n a S a D D a D D D Mya J s n 11 a a D a arenaria L D n D D n n n E n D D D D n D Brown shrimp A 11 @ a a D a S 11 11 ■ a ■ ■ Penaeus J 11 B 11 a a a aztecus L 11 [1 ■ a ■ ■ E s a ■ a ■ ■ Waquoit Buzzards Narragansett Long Island Connecticut Gardiners Great South Bay Bay Bay Sound River Bay Bay Mid-At lantic Estu; aries Data Reliability ■ Highly Certain a Moderately Certain n Reasonable Inference Life Stage A - Adults S - Spawning adults J - Juveniles L - Larvae E - Eggs 158 Table 6, continued. Data reliability Mid-Atlantic Estuaries Species/Life Stage Hudson River/ Raritan Bay Barnegat Bay New Jersey Inland Bays Delaware Bay Delaware Inland Bays Chinco- teague Bay Chesa- peake Bay mainstem Blue mussel A S Mytilus J edulis . E 11 n d D □ 11 n 11 n n D D D D D B B B B B D D D D D ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ Bay scallop A S Argopecten j irradians , E 11 S 11 11 H n s s s m B B B B B B B B B B ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ American oyster A S Crassostrea J virginica [_ E H n 11 n a s B i n s B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B ■ B ■ B B Northern quahog A S Mercenaria j mercenaria E ■ m ■ D n ■ s ■ n d B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ Softshell clam A S Mya J arenaria ^ E 11 D [1 n n s 11 B 11 11 B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ Brown shrimp A S Penaeus j aztecus . E B ■ B B B B ■ B B B B B B B B B ■ B ■ ■ B ■ B B ■ Hudson River/ Raritan Bay Barnegat Bay New Jersey Inland Bays Delaware Bay Delaware Inland Bays Chinco- teague Bay Chesa- peake Bay mainstem Mid-Atlantic Estuaries Data Reliability ■ Highly Certain B Moderately Certain n Reasonable Inference Life Stage A - Adults S - Spawning adults J - Juveniles L - Larvae E - Eggs 159 Table 6, continued. Data reliability Mid-Atlantic Estuaries Species/Life Stage Chester River Choptank River Patuxent River Potomac River Tangier/ Pocomoke Sound Rappa- hannock River York River James River Blue mussel A S Mytilus J edulis |_ E ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ Bay scallop A S Argopecten j irradians . E ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ American oyster A S Crassostrea J virginica \_ E ™ ■ 11 ■ S ■ 11 ■ 1 tl ■ 11 ■ a a Northern quahog A S Mercenaria j species . E ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ Softshell clam A S Mya J arenaria ^ E 11 11 11 11 11 S S 11 11 [1 11 11 11 11 11 S (1 [1 S\ S 11 ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ Brown shrimp A S Penaeus j aztecus . E S ■ 11 11 ■ ■ 1) ■ a ■ a a ■ Chester River Choptank River Patuxent River Potomac River Tangier / Pocomoke Sound Rappa- hannock River York River James River Mid-Atlantic Estuaries | Data Reliability ■ Highly Certain a Moderately Certain D Reasonable Inference Life Stage A- Adults S - Spawning adults J - Juveniles L - Larvae E - Eggs 160 Table 6, continued. Data reliability Mid-Atlantic Estuaries Waquoit Buzzards Narragansett Long Island Connecticut Gardiners Great South Bay Bay Bay Sound River Bay Bay Species/Life Stage Daggerblade A O 11 D D D D (1 grass shrimp S a D 11 n D D D Palaemonetes J D D D D D D (1 pugio L D D D n n D D E n D 11 D D D D Sevenspine A @ 11 D D a D 11 bay shrimp S n a D D D D D Crangon septemspinosa J L 11 n D D D D n n n D D D 11 D E D a D n D D D American lobster A D n 11 ■ D 11 11 S D n D 11 n 11 D Homarus J n n 11 ■ D B 11 amencanus L n D D 11 n (1 D E D D D s D 11 D Blue crab A ■ n D D D D 11 M D D D D D D 11 Callinectes J ■ n D D D D 11 sapidus L D a □ a D D 11 E D n n n n D 11 Skates A 11 s B 11 D D D M D n n @ D D D Raja J 11 s s s D D D species E D D D @ D D D Waquoit Buzzards Narraganset Long Island Connecticut Gardiners Great South Bay Bay Bay Sound River Bay Bay Mid-Al lantic Estu aries Data Reliability ■ Highly Certain H Moderately Certain n Reasonable Inference Life Stage A - Adults S - Spavi/ning adults J - Juveniles L - Larvae E - Eggs M - Mating 161 Table 6, continued. Data reliability Mid-Atlantic Estuaries Species/Life Stage Hudson River/ Raritan Bay Barnegat Bay New Jersey Inland Bays Delaware Bay Delaware Inland Bays Chinco- teague Bay Chesa- peake Bay mainstem Daggerblade A grass shrimp s Palaemonetes pugio •- E n B D D B 11 11 11 B B B B B B n n n D D ■ B B B B B B B B B Sevenspine A bay shrimp s Crangon septemspinosa L E ■ n D n B B B B B B D n D D B B B B B B B B D B ■ B ■ B B American lobster A S Homarus j americanus E D n n n n B ■ B ■ ■ B ■ B ■ ■ B B B B B B D B D D B ■ B ■ ■ Blue crab A M Callinectes J sapidus |_ E D D □ D □ B B B B B B B B B B n n n B n D D D D n B ■ B B B Skates A M Raja J species E m m m n B B B n B B B ■ ■ ■ ■ n B B B B D B D B ■ B B Hudson River / Raritan Bay Barnegat Bay New Jersey Inland Bays Delaware Bay Delaware Inland Bays Chinco- teague Bay Chesa- peake Bay mainstem Mid-Atlantic Estuaries Data Reliability ■ Highly Certain B Moderately Certain n Reasonable Inference Life Stage A - Adults S - Spawning adults J - Juveniles L - Larvae E - Eggs M - Mating 162 Table 6, continued. Data reliability Mid-Atlantic Estuaries Tangier / Rappa- Chester Choptank Patuxent Potomac 5? Pocomoke hannock York James River River River River Sound River River River Species/Life Stage Daggerblade A El B B B B B ■ ■ grass shrimp S @ B m B B m B B Palaemonetes J m B B B B B ■ ■ pugio L B B B B B B B B E 11 m B B B B B B Sevenspine A ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ bay shrimp S B B B B B B B B Crangon septemspinosa J ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ L B B B B B B B B E B B B B B B B B American lobster A ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ S ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ Homarus J ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ americanus L ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ E ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ Blue crab A B B B B B B B B M B B B B B B B B Callinectes J B B B B B B B B sapidus L ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ B B B E ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ B B B Skates A B B B B B B B B M B B B B B ■ ■ ■ Raja J B B B B B B B B species - E m B B B B ■ ■ ■ Chester Choptank Patuxent Potomac Tangier / Pocomoke Rappa- hannock York James River River River River Sound River River River Mid-Atlanti c Estuaries Data Reliability ■ Highly Certain B Moderately Certain D Reasonable Inference Life Stage A - Adults S - Spawning adults J - Juveniles L - Larvae E - Eggs M - Mating 163 Table 6, continued. Data reliability Mid-Atlantic Estuaries Waquoit Buzzards Narragansett Long Island Connecticut Gardiners Great South Bay Bay Bay Sound River Bay Bay Species/Life Stage Atlantic stingray A D 11 [1 ■ 11 n M 11 11 11 ■ 11 11 Dasyatis J D 11 11 ■ 11 11 sabina P D 11 11 ■ 11 11 Cownose ray A D n D 11 D n M 11 B D 11 D D Rhinoptera J D s D 11 D n bonansus P D s D ■ D D Shortnose A D D 11 D D D sturgeon S n n S 11 11 11 Acipenser J D n 11 D D D brevirostrum L D D il D 11 11 E D D S a m 11 Atlantic sturgeon A D D D n D D S D D 11 D D D Acipenser J a n a D D D oxyrhynchus L D D s D D D E n n s n D D American eel A n 11 D D D D S ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ Anguilla J s D a D D a rostrata L n 11 n n D D E ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ Blueback herring A D D D n n D D S D D D n D D ■ Alosa J D D D a D D D aestivalis L n D D D n D ■ E D D D D D D ■ Waquoit Buzzards Narragansett Long Island Connecticut Gardiners Great South Bay Bay Bay Sound River Bay Bay Mid- At lantic Estu; aries Life Stage A - Adults S - Spawning adults J - Juveniles L - Larvae E - Eggs M - Mating P - Parturition Data Reliability ■ Highly Certain 11 Moderately Certain n Reasonable Inference 164 Table 6, continued. Data reliability Mid-Atlantic Estuaries Species/Life Stage Hudson River / Raritan Bay Barnegat Bay New Jersey Inland Bays Delaware Bay Delaware Inland Bays Chinco- teague Bay Chesa- peake Bay mainstem Atlantic stingray A M Dasyatis j sabina P ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ a a a a a a a a a ■ a ■ Cownose ray A M Rliinoptera j bonansus P 11 a D n a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a D a ■ Shortnose A sturgeon s Acipenser brevirostrum ^ E n 11 D 11 m ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ a a a a a a a a a a Atlantic sturgeon A S Acipenser j oxyrhynchus E s s s s a ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ a a a a a n D n n n _ a a n a a American eel A S Anguilla J rostrata \_ E ■ n n ■ a ■ a a ■ a ■ a a ■ ■ a a ■ ■ a a ■ Blueback herring A S Alosa J aestivalis . E a a a n a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a ■ a a ■ a a a a a Hudson River/ Raritan Bay Barnegat Bay New Jersey Inland Bays Delaware Bay Delaware Inland Bays Chinco- teague Bay Chesa- peake Bay mainstem Mid-Atlantic Estuaries Life Stage A - Adults S - Spawning adults J - Juveniles L - Larvae E - Eggs M - Mating P - Parturition Data Reliability ■ Highly Certain a Moderately Certain n Reasonable Inference 165 Table 6, continued. Data reliability Mid-Atlantic Estuaries Tangier / Rappa- Chester Choptank Patuxent Potomac Pocomoke hannock York James River River River River Sound River River River Species/Life Stage Atlantic stingray A ■ 1 @ m M ■ ■ ■ ■ Dasyatis J ■ 11 11 11 sabina P ■ ■ ■ ■ Cownose ray A ■ 11 11 11 M D D D D Rhinoptera J ■ 11 1] 11 bonansus P ■ ■ ■ ■ Shortnose A 11 11 11 11 11 11 n 11 sturgeon S B 11 11 11 ■ 11 m 11 J S 11 11 11 11 1 11 11 Acipenser brevirostrum L 11 11 11 11 11 11 1 11 E [1 11 11 11 11 11 1] 11 Atlantic sturgeon A 11 11 11 D D 11 11 11 S S 11 1 D ■ 11 11 11 Acipenser J 11 11 11 D D 1 11 11 oxyrhynchus L 11 11 11 n 1 1 11 E 1] 11 11 D S 11 11 American eel A S ^m 11 ■ 11 ■ ■ Anguilla J 11 11 11 rostrata L E 11 ■ 1 ■ 11 ■ Blueback herring A 11 11 11 11 11 ■ ■ ■ S 1 11 11 H 1 11 s s Alosa J 11 11 11 11 11 ■ ■ ■ aestivalis L 11 11 S 11 11 H 11 11 E 11 11 1 a 11 11 11 11 Tangier / Rappa- Chester Choptank Patuxent Potomac Pocomoke hannock York James River River River River Sound River River River Mid-Atlanti c Estuaries Life Stage A - Adults S - Spawning adults J - Juveniles L - Larvae E - Eggs M - Mating P - Parturition Data Reliability ■ Highly Certain H Moderately Certain n Reasonable Inference 166 Table 6, continued. Data reliability Mid-Atlantic Estuaries Waquoit Buzzards Narragansett Long Island Connecticut Gardiners Great South Bay Bay Bay Sound River Bay Bay Species/Life Stage Alewife A D n D n n D n S D D a a D D a Alosa J n n D D D D n pseudoharengus L D n a a D D a E D n D a D D a American shad A D D D n a D n S ■ ■ D D a D a Alosa J n n D D a n n sapidissima L ■ a D a a D a E ■ B D n a D a Atlantic menhaden A n n D n D D D S n a a ■ a a D Brevoortia J n D D D D D D tyrannus L n D D D n D a E D n a a a a a Atlantic herring A D n D n n n D S ■ ■ a ■ n a a Clupea J n n D n D D D harengus L n n D a n a a E ■ a a ■ n a a Bay anchovy A 11 n n n n D n S n D D n D a ■ Anchoa J m n D D n D n mitchilli L D n n n n a E o a n D n a Channel catfish A s D D n D S a D D n a Ictalurus J a D n n D punctatus L a n n n a E a D a n a Waquoit Buzzards Narragansett Long Island Connecticut Gardiners Great South Bay Bay Bay Sound River Bay Bay Mid-At lantic Estuc 3ries Data Reliability ■ Highly Certain a Moderately Certain n Reasonable Inference Life Stage A - Adults S - Spawning adults J - Juveniles L - Larvae E - Eggs 167 Table 6, continued. Data reliability Mid-Atlantic Estuaries Hudson New Delaware Chinco- Chesa- River/ Barnegat Jersey Delaware Inland teague peake Raritan Bay Inland Bay Bays Bay Bay Species/Life Stage Bay Bays mainstem Alewife A D El El El El El S m H El El El El Alosa J n d El El ■ El pseudoharengus L m H El El El El E m s El El El El American shad A D El El ■ El El S ■ ■ ■ ■ El El Alosa J n El El El El El sapidissima L s ■ ■ El El 11 E s ■ ■ El El El Atlantic menhaden A 11 El El ■ El El S s El El El D D Brevoortia J m El El ■ El 11 tyrannus L \s El El ■ El D E s El El ■ D 11 Atlantic herring A 11 El 11 ■ D S n ■ ■ ■ ■ Clupea J 11 El H El D harengus L n El H El El m E n ■ ■ El Bay anchovy A a n D El S n El El El [1 Anchoa J m D a El ■ mitchilli L D n n El H E D El El El 1 Channel catfish A D El El ■ m S U El El El El Ictalurus J D El [1 ■ El punctatus L El El El El El m E S El El El ■ m Hudson New Delaware Chinco- Chesa- River/ Barnegat Jersey Delaware Inland teague peake Raritan Bay Inland Bay Bays Bay Bay Bay Bays / mainstem Mid- At lantic Estuc aries Data Reliability ■ Highly Certain H Moderately Certain D Reasonable Inference Life Stage A- Adults S - Spawning adults J - Juveniles L - Larvae E - Eggs 168 Table 6, continued. Data reliability Mid-Atlanti c Estuaries Tangier / Rappa- Chester Choptank Patuxent Potomac Pocomoke hannock York James River River River River Sound River River River Species/Life Stage Alewife A 11 11 11 11 1] ■ ■ ■ S m 1] 11 1] ■ 1] 11 a Alosa J S S 11 1] 11 ■ ■ ■ pseudoharengus L 11 11 11 11 ■ 11 11 D E 11 H 1] 11 ■ 11 B D American shad A (1 U 11 11 11 ■ ■ ■ S 11 D D D ■ 11 B B Alosa J d S 11 11 11 ■ ■ ■ sapidissima L 11 S 11 11 ■ 11 B B E [1 11 11 1] ■ 11 B B Atlantic menhaden A H 11 11 11 n 11 D B S 11 11 11 11 D D D D Brevoortia J 11 11 11 11 11 i] B B tyrannus L 11 n D D D D D D E [1 11 11 11 n D D D Atlantic herring A S 11 ■ B ■ B ■ Clupea J S B B harengus L E ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ Bay anchovy A 11 B 11 11 S B B S 11 11 11 11 11 S B B Anchoa J 1] 11 11 11 11 11 B B mitchilli L 11 11 11 [1 11 11 B B E 11 S 11 1] 11 1 B B Channel catfish A S i] ■ Ictalurus ,) 11 punctatus L E ■ ■ Tangier / Rappa- Chester Choptank Patuxent Potomac Pocomoke hannock York James River River River River Sound River River River Mid-Atlanti z Estuaries Data Reliability ■ Highly Certain B Moderately Certain n Reasonable Inference Life Stage A - Adults S - Spawning adults J - Juveniles L - Larvae E - Eggs 169 Table 6, continued. Data reliability Mid-Atlantic Estuaries Waquoit Buzzards Narragansett Long Island Connecticut Gardiners Great South Bay Bay Bay Sound River Bay Bay Species/Life Stage Rainbow smelt A n n D D n D S D 11 D D D D Osmerus J n m D D D D mordax L n n D a D D E D 11 D n D D Atlantic salmon A 11 11 D D D S 11 ■ D D ■ Salmo J s ■ n n n salar L 11 ■ n D ■ E 11 ■ n D ■ Atlantic cod A 11 n □ n D D S 11 11 11 n D D Gadus J D n D a D D morhua L D B 11 a D D E D 11 11 n D D Haddock A ■ 11 11 n D a S ■ s 11 ■ a ■ Melanogrammus J 11 11 11 n D a aeglefinus L 11 a 11 ■ a ■ E 11 11 11 ■ a ■ Atlantic tomcod A 11 11 D n D n D S D 11 D D D D D Microgadus J 11 11 D a D D D tomcod L a 11 D n D D D E D s D n D D D Pollock A D n 11 n D D S 11 n 11 a a a Pollachius J 11 11 11 n D a virens L D n 11 a D n E D a 11 ■ a a Long Great Waquoit Buzzards Narraganset Island Connecticut Gardiners South Bay Bay Bay Sound River Bay Bay Mid-A lantic Estu aries Data Reliability I Highly Certain II Moderately Certain n Reasonable Inference Life Stage A - Adults S - Spawning adults J - Juveniles L - Larvae E - Eggs 170 Table 6, continued. Data reliability Mid-Atlantic Estuaries Species/Life Stage Hudson River/ Raritan Bay Barnegat Bay New Jersey Inland Bays Delaware Bay Delaware Inland Bays Chinco- teague Bay Chesa- peake Bay mainstem Rainbow smelt A S Osmerus j mordax . E n a n m n a ■ a ■ ■ Atlantic salmon A S Salmo J salar , E s ■ 11 ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ 1 Atlantic cod A S Gadus J morhua |_ E n n n n a 11 d 11 S S a ■ a ■ ■ Haddock A S Melanogrammus j aeglefinus E n m D m s a a a a a a ■ a ■ ■ Atlantic tomcod A S Microgadus J tomcod |_ E s D 11 n D ^1 a ■ a ■ ■ a ■ a ■ ■ Pollock A S Pollachius J virens . E n a D 11 s [1 11 ■ a a a a a a ■ a ■ ■ Hudson River/ Raritan Bay Barnegat Bay New Jersey Inland Bays Delaware Bay Delaware Inland Bays Chinco- teague Bay Chesa- peake Bay mainstem Mid-Atlantic Estuaries Data Reliability ■ Highly Certain a Moderately Certain n Reasonable Interence Life Stage A - Adults S - Spawning adults J - Juveniles L - Larvae E - Eggs 171 Table 6, continued. Data reliability Mid-Atlantic Estuaries Species/Life Stage Chester River Choptank River Patuxent River Potomac River Tangier / Pocomoke Sound Rappa- hannock River York River James River Rainbow smelt A S Osmerus j mordax |_ E Atlantic salmon A S Salmo J salar |_ E Atlantic cod A S Gadus J morhua \_ E Haddock A S Melanogrammus j aeglefinus E Atlantic tomcod A S Microgadus J tomcod |_ E Pollock A S Pollachius J virens . E Chester River Choptank River Patuxent River Potomac River Tangier / Pocomoke Sound Rappa- hannock River York River James River Mid-Atlantic Estuaries Data Reliability ■ Highly Certain SI Moderately Certain n Reasonable Interence Life Stage A- Adults S - Spawning adults J - Juveniles L - Larvae E - Eggs 172 Table 6, continued. Data reliability Mid-Atlantic Estuaries Long Great Waquoit Buzzards Narragansett Island Connecticut Gardmers South Bay Bay Bay Sound River Bay Bay Species/Life Stage Red hake A n n 11 n D D D S D n D 11 11 1] 11 Urophycis J n D D D D D D chuss L D D D 11 11 11 11 E n a D 11 11 11 ■ Oyster toadfish A 11 n 11 D D D 11 S D n D D a D D Opsanus J s n 11 n D D 11 tau L D n D D D D D E D D D D D D D Sheepshead A ■ s D D D D ■ minnow S n n n n D D n Cyprinodon variegatus J L ■ s n D D D D D D D D ■ D E n n D D D D D Killifishes A ■ 11 11 D D D ■ S s D D D a D D Fundulus J ■ s 11 D a D ■ species L 11 n D n D D 11 E s D n D n D 11 Silversides A 11 11 n n n 11 ■ S n D D D n 11 D Menidia J 11 11 D a n 11 ■ species L n D n D n 11 ■ E n D D D n 11 11 Northern pipefish A ■ 11 11 11 D □ 11 M D a D n D D D Syngnathus J ■ s 11 s D D D fuscus L n n 11 n D 11 11 Waquoit Buzzards Narraganset Long Island Connecticut Gardiners Great South Bay Bay Bay Sound River Bay Bay Mid-Atlantic Estu aries Data Reliability ■ Highly Certain 11 Moderately Certain n Reasonable Inference Life Stage A - Adults S - Spawning adults J - Juveniles L - Larvae E - Eggs M - Mating 173 Table 6, continued. Data reliability Mid-Atlantic Estuaries Hudson New Delaware Chinco- Chesa- River/ Barnegat Jersey Delaware Inland league Bay peake Raritan Bay Inland Bay Bays Bay Species/Life Slage Bay Bays mainstem Red hake A n g] g] g] ■ g] S 11 ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ Urophycis J n D D g] g] g] chuss L D m gj ■ ■ ■ E D ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ Oyster toadfish A 11 g] g] g] D ■ ■ S SI g] g] g] D D gl Opsanus J 11 g] g] m D ■ g] tau L g] g] gl m D D gl E m g] g] m D D H Sheepshead A a g] g] ■ gl minnow S D g] g] D gl Cyprinodon J n g] g] ■ g] variegatus L n g] g] D gl E a g] g] D g] Killifishes A s g] g] g] ■ ■ S n g] g] g] ■ gl Fundulus J m g] g] m ■ ■ species L n g] g] g] ■ gl E n g] g] g] ■ gl Silversides A m g] g] ■ ■ ■ S @ ■ ■ g] g] gl Menidia J m g] g] ■ ■ ■ species L m g] g] g] g] gl E m g] g] g] g] gl Northern pipefish A m ■ g] g] ■ ■ M n ■ g] g] D gl Syngnathus J g] ■ g] g] ■ ■ fuscus L m ■ g] g] n gl Hudson New Delaware Chinco- Chesa- River / Barnegat Jersey Delaware Inland teague Bay peake Raritan Bay Inland Bay Bays Bay Bay Bays mainstem Mid-Al lanlic Estu£ aries Data Reliability Life Stage ■ Highly Certain 11 Moderately Certain D Reasonable Inference A - Adults S - Spawning adults J - Juveniles L - Larvae E - Eggs M - Mating 174 Table 6, continued. Data reliability Mid-Atlantic Estuaries Tangier / Rappa- Chester Choptank Patuxent Potomac Pocomoke hannock York James River River River River Sound River River River Species/Life Stage Red hake A S B ■ B ■ B ■ Urophycis J B B B chuss L E ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ Oyster toadfish A ■ ■ ■ S 11 B B B Opsanus J ■ ■ ■ ■ tau L B B B B E B B B B Sheepshead A 11 ■1 B B B B B B minnow S 11 11 B B B B B B Cyprinodon J \& 11 B B B B B B variegatus L 11 11 B B B B B B E 11 11 B B B B B B Killifishes A ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ S m B B B B B B B Fundulus J m ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ species L m 11 B B B B B B E 11 11 B B B B B B Silversides A ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ B ■ ■ S m B B B B B B B Menidia J ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ B ■ ■ species L s B B B B B B B E s B B B B B B B Northern pipefish A 11 B B B B ■ ■ ■ M m B B B B B B B Syngnathus J H B B B B ■ ■ ■ fuscus L H B B B B B B B Tangier / Rappa- Chester Choptank Patuxent Potomac Pocomoke hannock York James River River River River Sound River River River Mid-Atlanti c Estuaries Data Reliability ■ Highly Certain B Moderately Certain D Reasonable Inference Life Stage A - Adults S - Spawning adults J - Juveniles L - Larvae E - Eggs M - Mating 175 Table 6, continued. Data reliability Mid-Atlantic Estuaries Waquoit Buzzards Narragansett Long Island Connecticut Gardiners Great South Bay Bay Bay Sound River Bay Bay Species/Life Stage Northern searobin A D D 11 D n D D S D D D D n D D Prionotus J D D 11 D n D D carolinus L D D D D D D D E D D 11 D D D 11 White perch A D 11 D D D D S D D D D D D 11 Morone J n n 11 n D n D americana L D D D n D n 11 E D D D n D D 11 Striped bass A a D D n D D 11 S ■ ■ 11 11 11 11 11 Morone J n D D n D D 11 saxatilis L ■ ■ 11 11 11 11 ■ E ■ ■ 11 D 11 11 ■ Black sea bass A n D D D D D D S n 11 11 1 11 11 ■ Centropristis J n D D D D D D striata L n 11 D 11 11 D ■ E n D 11 11 11 m ■ Yellow perch A n n D D D m ■ S s D D 11 11 m ■ Perca J D D D D D n ■ flavescens L 11 n D 11 11 11 ■ E 11 n D 11 11 11 ■ Bluefish A 11 D 11 11 n D 11 S ■ s ■ 11 n D ■ Pomatomus J m D D D n D D saltatrix L a n D 11 11 D ■ E m n 11 11 11 D ■ Waquoit Buzzards Narragansett Long Island Connecticut Gardiners Great South Bay Bay Bay Sound River Bay Bay Mid-At lantic Estuj aries Data Reliability ■ Highly Certain 11 Moderately Certain n Reasonable Inference Life Stage A - Adults S - Spawning adults J - Juveniles L - Larvae E - Eggs 176 Table 6, continued. Data reliability Mid-Atlantic Estuaries Hudson New Delaware Chinco- Chesa- River / Barnegat Jersey Delaware Inland teague peake Raritan Bay Inland Bay Bays Bay Bay Species/Life Stage Bay Bays mainstem Northern searobin A m a a a a ■ a S n D D a a D a Prionotus J n D D a a ■ a carollnus L o a a a a D a E a a a a a D a White perch A 11 a a a a S 11 a D ■ a Morone J m a a a a americana 1 s a n a a E a a n a a Striped bass A n a a a a a a S s a a a ■ ■ a Morone J D a a a a a a sax at His L 11 a a a ■ a E 11 a a a ■ a Black sea bass A (1 a a ■ a a S m ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ Centropristis J m a a ■ a a striata L s a a ■ ■ ■ E m a a ■ ■ n Yellow perch A ■ ■ a a a a a S n a a ■ ■ a a Perca J ■ ■ a a a a a flavescens L 11 a a ■ a a a E D a a ■ ■ a a Bluefish A a ■ ■ a a a S a ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ Pomatomus J a ■ ■ ■ a a saltatrix L a a a ■ a ■ E a a a ■ ■ ■ Hudson New Delaware Chinco- Chesa- River/ Barnegat Jersey Delaware Inland teague peake Raritan Bay Inland Bay Bays Bay Bay Bay Bays mainstem Mid-At lantic EstU( aries Data Reliability ■ Highly Certain a Moderately Certain n Reasonable Inference Life Stage A - Adults S - Spawning adults J - Juveniles L - Larvae E - Eggs 177 Table 6, continued. Data reliability Mid-Atlanti : Estuaries Tangier / Rappa- Chester Choptank Patuxent Potomac Pocomoke hannock York James River River River River Sound River River River Species/Life Stage Northern searobin A B B B B B B B B S B B B B B B B B Prionotus J B B B B B B B B carolinus L B B B B B B B B E B B B B B B B B White perch A n n D n B B B B S B ffl B B B B B B Morone J B B B B B B B B americana L B B B B B B B B E B B B B B B B B Striped bass A B B B H B B B B S B B B B B B B B Morone J B B B B B B B B saxatllis L B B B B B B B B E B B B B B B B B Black sea bass A B B B B B B B B S ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ Centropristis J B B B B B B B B striata L ■ ■ ■ ■ B ■ ■ ■ E ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ Yellow perch A B B B B D B B B S B B B B B B B B Perca J B B B B D B ■ B flavescens L B B B B D B B B E B B B B B B B B Bluefish A B B B B ■ B B B S ■ ■ ■ B ■ ■ ■ ■ Pomatomus J B B B B ■ B B B saltatrix L ■ ■ ■ B B ■ ■ ■ E ■ ■ ■ B ■ ■ ■ ■ Tangier / Rappa- Chester Choptank Patuxent Potomac Pocomoke hannock York James River River River River Sound River River River r ' Atlanti c Estuaries Data Reliability ■ Highly Certain B Moderately Certain D Reasonable Inference Life Stage A - Adults S - Spawning adults J - Juveniles L - Larvae E - Eggs 178 Table 6, continued. Data reliability Mid-Atlantic Estuaries Waquoit Buzzards Narragansett Long Island Connecticut Gardiners Great South Bay Bay Bay Sound River Bay Bay Species/Life Stage Pinfish A 11 n B ■ S ■ s ■ ■ Lagodon J 11 n B ■ rhomboides L ■ B ■ ■ E ■ B ■ ■ Scup A D D 11 D D D D S a D 11 11 B D ■ Stenotomus J n n 11 D D n n chrysops L n D D 11 D D ■ E n 11 D 11 D D ■ Spotted seatrout A S ■ ■ Cynosclon J ■ nebulosus L E ■ ■ Weakfish A n D D n D D D S n D D a B D D Cynoscion J n D D n D D D regalis L D D D m D D B E n n n 11 n D B Spot A m 11 D B D D n S m 11 ■ ■ ■ B ■ Leiostomus J m D D s n D D xanthurus L m 11 (1 ■ B B ■ E m (1 ■ ■ B B ■ Northern kingfish A D D D @ D D n S n n D s ■ D B Menticlrrhus J n D D s D D D saxatilis L n n 11 s B D B E D n H 11 B D B Waquoit Buzzards Narragansett Long Island Connecticut Gardiners Great South Bay Bay Bay Sound River Bay Bay Mid-At lantic Estuc iries Data Reliability B Highly Certain B Moderately Certain D Reasonable Inference Life Stage A - Adults S - Spawning adults J - Juveniles L - Larvae E - Eggs 179 Table 6, continued. Data reliability Mid-Atlantic Estuaries Hudson New Delaware Chinco- Ctiesa- River/ Barnegat Jersey Delaware Inland teague peake Raritan Bay Inland Bay Bays Bay Bay Species/Life Stage Bay Bays mainstem Pinfish A m \S n a a S s m a ■ ■ Lagodon J 11 m n a a rhomboides L D @ a a ■ E D a a ■ Scup A D ■ a a a S D ■ a ■ ■ Stenotomus J n a a a a chrysops L n ■ a a ■ E n ■ a ■ ■ Spotted seatrout A D a a a a S ■ a ■ a D Cynoscion J D a n a a nebulosus L ■ a a a a E ■ a ■ a D Weakfish A a ■ ■ ■ ■ a S D a a a a D a Cynoscion J n B a a ■ ■ a regalis L D la a a a D a E D a a a a D a Spot A H a a a a ■ ■ S 11 ■ ■ a ■ ■ ■ Leiostomus J 11 a a a a ■ a xanthurus L n a a ■ ■ E n a a ■ ■ Northern kingfish A 11 a a a S D ■ ■ a Menticirrhus J 11 a a a saxatilis L n n ■ ■ E n a ■ a Hudson New Delaware Chinco- Chesa- River/ Barnegat Jersey Delaware Inland teague peake Raritan Bay Inland Bay Bays Bay Bay Bay Bays mainstem Mid-At lantic Estu aries Data Reliability ■ Highly Certain a Moderately Certain D Reasonable Inference Life Stage A - Adults S - Spawning adults J - Juveniles L - Larvae E - Eggs 180 Table 6, continued. Data reliability Mid-Atlantic Estuaries Tangier / Rappa- Chester Choptank Patuxent Potomac Pocomoke hannock York James River River River River Sound River River River Species/Life Stage Pinfish A ■ ■ B B B S ■ ■ B B B Lagodon J ■ ■ B B B rhomboides L ■ ■ B B B E ■ ■ B B B Scup A ■ B B B B S ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ Stenotomus J ■ B B B B chrysops L ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ E ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ Spotted seatrout A S B B B B B B B S (1 ■ ■ B B B B D Cynoscion J 11 B B B B B B B nebulosus L S D B D D B B B E 11 B ■ B B D D D Weakfish A B B B B B B B B S S ■ ■ B n D B n Cynoscion regalis J 11 B B B B B B B L B B D D D D B D E B ■ ■ B D D B D Spot A B B B B B ■ ■ ■ S ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ Leiostomus J B B B B B B B B xanttiurus L B ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ E B ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ Northern kingfish A — — ^^.^^^— ^ ■ B B B D D B S ■ ■ ■ B B B B Menticirrlius J ■ B B B B B B saxatilis L ■ ■ ■ B B B B E ■ ■ ■ B B B B Chester Choptank Patuxent Potomac Tangier/ Pocomoke Rappa- hannock York James River River River River Sound River River River Mid-Atlantic Estuaries Data Reliability ■ Highly Certain B Moderately Certain D Reasonable Inference Life Stage A - Adults S - Spawning adults J - Juveniles L - Larvae E - Eggs 181 Table 6, continued. Data reliability Mid-Atlantic Estuaries Long Great Waquoit Buzzards Narragansett Island Connecticut Gardiners South Bay Bay Bay Sound River Bay Bay Species/Life Stage Atlantic croaker A 11 S 11 D 11 S ■ ■ ■ [1 ■ Micropogonias J 11 11 S D 11 undulatus L ■ 11 S ■ E ■ 11 11 ■ Black drum A ■ 11 1] 11 S ■ ■ ■ ■ Pogonias J ■ 11 11 11 cromis L ■ s ■ ■ E ■ 11 ■ ■ Red drum A ^ m ■ 11 11 S m ■ ■ ■ Sciaenops J 11 ■ 11 11 ocellatus L ■ ■ ■ ■ E ■ ■ ■ ■ Mullets A D D n n D D S S S 11 ■ 1 ■ Mugil J 11 D D n D D species L S 11 11 [1 1] ■ E 11 11 D s 11 ■ Tautog A n D 11 D D D D S n @ a D D D D Tautoga J n D 1) D D D D onitis L n 11 m 11 D D ■ E D 11 1] @ D D ■ Gunner A n D D D a D D S D D D D D D D Tautogolabrus J D D D D D D D adspersus L n D D D n n ■ E D D D D D D ■ Lonq Great Waquoit Buzzards Narraganset Island Connecticut Gardiners South Bay Bay Bay Sound River Bay Bay Mid-Atlantic Estu aries Data Reliability ■ Highly Certain 11 Moderately Certain n Reasonable Inference Life Stage A - Adults S - Spawning adults J - Juveniles L - Larvae E - Eggs 182 Table 6, continued. Data reliability Mid-Atlantic Estuaries Species/Life Stage Hudson River / Raritan Bay Barnegat Bay New Jersey Inland Bays Delaware Bay Delaware Inland Bays Chinco- teague Bay Chesa- peake Bay mainstem Atlantic croaker A m B 11 B B Micropogonias undulatus S J L ■ (1 11 ■ (1 11 ■ 11 11 ■ B B B B B E ■ D 11 B B Black drum A m 11 11 S [1 B B S s\ 11 S 11 D B B Pogonias J m 1] 11 11 11 B B cromis L s 11 11 11 D B B E (1 (1 11 11 D B B Red drum A m n D D 11 B B S m ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ Sciaenops ocellatus J L s ■ ■ ■ ■ 11 B ■ B ■ E s ■ ■ ■ 11 ■ ■ Mullets A n 11 a 11 11 ■ B Mugil species S J L 11 D ■ 11 ■ ■ 1) ■ ■ a 11 ■ 11 11 ■ ■ ■ ■ B ■ E s ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ Tautog A 11 S 11 11 D ■ B S n m 11 s D B B Tautoga J D 11 (1 [1 [1 ■ B onitis L n 11 11 11 B B B E D s a a B B B Gunner A n 11 m s B ■ B Tautogolabrus S J n 11 s s s 11 m B B B ■ ■ B adspersus L n m (1 11 B B ■ E n 11 11 s B B ■ Hudson River/ Raritan Bay Barnegat Bay New Jersey Inland Bays Delaware Bay Delaware Inland Bays Chinco- teague Bay Chesa- peake Bay mainstem Mid-At antic Estuc iries Data Reliability ■ Highly Certain B Moderately Certain n Reasonable Inference Life Stage A - Adults S - Spawning adults J - Juveniles L - Larvae E - Eggs 183 Table 6, continued. Data reliability Mid-Atlantic Estuaries Tangier / Rappa- Chester Choptank Patuxent Potomac Pocomoke hannock York James River River River River Sound River River River Species/Life Stage Atlantic croaker A 11 B B B B D B B S ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ D B B Micropogonias J B B B B B D B B undulatus L ■ B ■ B n B B E ■ ■ ■ ■ D B B Black drum A B B B B B B B S ■ ■ B ■ B B ■ Pogonias J B B B B B B B cromis L ■ B B B B B ■ E ■ ■ B ■ B B ■ Red drum A B B B B B B B S ■ B B ■ ■ ■ ■ Sciaenops J B B B B B B B ocellatus L ■ B B ■ ■ ■ B E ■ B B ■ ■ ■ B Mullets A B B B B D B B S ■ ■ B ■ ■ ■ ■ Mugil J B B B B D B B species L ■ ■ B ■ ■ ■ ■ E ■ ■ B ■ ■ ■ ■ Tautog A B B B B B B B S ■ ■ ■ ■ B B B Tautoga J B B B B m B 11 onitis L ■ ■ ■ B B B E ■ ■ ■ B B B Gunner A S ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ Tautogolabrus J ■ ■ ■ adspersus L E ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ Chester Choptank Patuxent Potomac Tangier / Pocomoke Rappa- hannock York James River River River River Sound River River River Mid-Atlanti c Estuaries Data Reliability H Highly Certain S Moderately Certain n Reasonable Inference Life Stage A- Adults S - Spawning adults J - Juveniles L - Larvae E - Eggs 184 Table 6, continued. Data reliability Mid-Atlantic Estuaries Waquoit Buzzards Narragansett Long Island Connecticut Gardiners Great South Bay Bay Bay Sound River Bay Bay Species/Life Stage American A D n D D n D 11 sand lance S D n 11 D D D 11 Ammodytes J □ n D D D D D americanus L D D 11 D D D ■ E D n D D D D ■ Gobies A 11 D n D D 11 11 S n n D D D 11 11 Gobiosoma J s n D D D 11 11 species L n n D D D 11 11 E D D D D D 11 11 Atlantic mackerel A a 11 D a B D D S 11 s 11 ■ ■ n 11 Scomber J n D D n 11 D D scombrus L D D D ■ 11 11 11 E D D 11 ■ 11 11 11 Butterfish A D D D 11 D D D S D n 11 @ D 11 11 Peprilus J D n D D D D D thacanthus L D D D D D 11 11 E D D 11 n n 11 1) Waquoit Buzzards Narragansett Long Island Connecticut Gardiners Great South Bay Bay Bay Sound River Bay Bay Mid-Atlantic Eslu; aries Data Reliability ■ Highly Certain H Moderately Certain n Reasonable Inference Life Stage A - Adults S - Spawning adults J - Juveniles L - Larvae E - Eggs 185 Table 6, continued. Data reliability Mid-Atlantic Estuaries 1 Hudson New Delaware Chinco- Chesa- River / Barnegat Jersey Delaware Inland teague peake Raritan Bay Inland Bay Bays Bay Bay Species/Life Stage Bay Bays mainstem American A 11 n D D 11 n sand lance S D D D D 11 D Ammodytes J 11 D D D 11 D americanus L D D D D 11 D E D D D D 11 D Gobies A D D D 11 11 ■ 11 S D a 11 11 D D D Gobiosoma J D n D B D ■ n species L D [1 11 11 D D 11 E D s 11 11 D D D Atlantic mackerel A D ■ ■ 11 11 ■ 11 S n ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ Scomber J D 11 11 ■ 11 ■ 11 scombrus L D [1 11 ■ 11 ■ 11 E D 11 11 ■ ■ ■ s Butterfish A 11 (1 D 11 H 1] B S 11 s 11 n ■ ■ B Peprilus J a s 11 11 11 11 ■ triacanthus L n 11 11 11 ■ ■ B E n 11 11 s ■ ■ B Hudson New Delaware Chinco- Chesa- River/ Barnegat Jersey Delaware Inland teague Bay peake Raritan Bay Inland Bay Bays Bay Bay Bays mainstem Mid-At lantic Estuj jries Data Reliability ■ Highly Certain B Moderately Certain n Reasonable Inference Life Stage A - Adults S - Spawning adults J - Juveniles L - Larvae E - Eggs 186 Table 6, continued. Data reliability Mid-Atlantic Estuaries Tangier / Rappa- Chester Choptank Patuxent Potomac Pocomoke hannock York James River River River River Sound River River River Species/Life Stage American A sand lance S Ammodytes J americanus L E Gobies A D n D D D 11 11 B S D D D D D [1 B B Gobiosoma J D D D D D @ [1 D species L D n ■ ■ D 11 [1 11 E D D D D D [1 S B Atlantic mackerel A ■ ■ ■ ■ [1 1] B S ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ Scomber J ■ ■ ■ ■ 11 [1 B scombrus L ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ E ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ Butterfish A 11 S 1] 11 11 11 B S ■ ■ ■ ■ 11 S B Peprilus J H 1] 11 11 B] [1 B thacanthus L ■ ■ ■ ■ 11 [1 B E ■ ■ ■ ■ 11 [1 B Tangier / Rappa- Chester Choptank Patuxent Potomac Pocomoke hannock York James River River River River Sound River River River Mid-Atlanti z Estuaries Data Reliability ■ Highly Certain B Moderately Certain D Reasonable inference Life Stage A- Adults S - Spawning adults J - Juveniles L - Larvae E - Eggs 187 Table 6, continued. Data reliability Mid-Atlantic Estuaries Long Great Waquoit Buzzards Narragansett Island Connecticut Gardiners South Bay Bay Bay Sound River Bay Bay Species/Life Stage Summer flounder A 11 n n n n El ^ S ■ ■ El ■ ■ ■ Paralichthys J 11 D D n D D dentatus L D D D ■ El El E El El El ■ El ■ Windowpane A n D D D D D D flounder S D D D n D El El Scophthalamus J D D D D D D D aquosus L D D El 11 D El El E D D D s D El El Winter flounder A ■ D El D D D S S D El D D D Pleuronectes J ■ D D n D D amencanus L El El El n D ■ E 11 D H D D ■ Hogchoker A H D D D D n D S D D D n D D El Trinectes J El D D a a D D maculatus L D D D n n D ■ E n D n n n D ■ Waquoit Buzzards Narragansett Long Island Connecticut Gardiners Great South Bay Bay Bay Sound River Bay Bay f^id-Atlantic Estu< aries Data Reliability Life Stage ■ Highly Certain El Moderately Certain A - Adults S - Spawning adults J - Juveniles D Reasonable Inference L - Larvae E - Eggs 188 Table 6, continued. Data reliability Mid-Atlantic Estuaries Species/Life Stage Hudson River/ Raritan Bay Barnegat Bay New Jersey Inland Bays Delaware Bay Delaware Inland Bays Chinco- teague Bay Chesa- peake Bay mainstem Sunnmer flounder A S Paralichthys j dentatus , E 11 B 11 11 11 ■ ■ 1] ■ ■ ■ ■ B ■ ■ B ■ B B B B ■ B B ■ Windowpane A flounder s Scophthalamus aquosus L E D a n n n ■ 11 ■ B B ■ B ■ B B D D B D D B n B n n B ■ B B B ■ B B ■ Winter flounder A S Pleuronectes J americanus ^ E D n n n n ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B a Hogchoker A S Trinectes j maculatus E n n D n ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ B B B B B ■ ■ D D ■ ■ ■ ■ Hudson River/ Raritan Bay Barnegat Bay New Jersey Inland Bays Delaware Bay Delaware Inland Bays Chinco- teague Bay Chesa- peake Bay mainstem Mid-Atlantic Estuaries Data Reliability ■ Highly Certain B Moderately Certain n Reasonable Inference Life Stage A - Adults S - Spawning adults J - Juveniles L - Larvae E - Eggs 189 Table 6, continued. Data reliability Mid-Atlantic Estuaries Chester River Choptank River Patuxent River Potomac River Tangier / Pocomoke Sound Rappa- hannock River York River James River Species/Life Stage Summer flounder A 11 S B B ■ ■ ■ ■ S ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ Paralichthys dentatus J L 11 ■ B ■ B ■ ■ B ■ B ■ B ■ B E 11 ■ ■ ■ B ■ ■ ■ Windowpane A (1 B B B B B B B flounder 8 ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ Scophthalamus aquosus J L E S ■ ■ B ■ ■ m ■ ■ B ■ ■ B ■ ■ B ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ B B ■ Winter flounder A 11 B B B B B B B S 11 B B B B B B B Pleuronectes J 1] B B B B B B B amencanus L 11 B B B B B B B E 11 B B B H B B B Hogchoker A 11 B ■ B ■ B B B Trinectes maculatus S J L 11 H D B B D B ■ B B D B ■ ■ B B B B B B B B a E 11 B B B B B B B Chester River Choptank River Patuxent River Potomac River Tangier / Pocomoke Sound Rappa- hannock River York River James River Mid-Atlanti c Estuaries Data Reliability ■ Highly Certain 11 Moderately Certain D Reasonable Inference Life Stage A - Adults S - Spawning adults J - Juveniles L - Larvae E - Eggs 190 Appendices Appendix 1. National Estuarine Inventory map of Delaware Bay Appendix 2. Table of references and personal communications Appendix 3. Reviewers and personal communications Appendix 4. References 191 Q > S re ^ 00 < 0) a. k. re -3 i 2 re (UUJ QQ « I I 5 I I * ISI I I I I I 2 > s I I I i- t ? I I I I HHSDBEiSmELBEl X n m w 5 1 I ^ % •:i: :i: c >? 5 V) (Q O C re (A LJ 75 c _o re ; I • • • ° • • - I 5 |l?nns5i| r,.... 3) 2 I % If |iS 51 in ! ! 's'S.S,!: "I i 11 {I I 111 w IJll}] 1 \\ \ I -.JL 5 $ I E = E c ^ 2! f« -a SlfSl c £ c a' Pa mil jjj M fc a 0 i I * E 3 U Z l^O 193 1 Appendix 2. Table of references and personal communications Species Waquoit Bay Blue mussel Mytilus edulis 130, 475, 474,479. Crawford, Deeqan. Bay scallop Argopecten irradians 130, 175,479,676, 691. Crawford, Deegan. American oyster Crassostrea virginica 130,479, 613,661. Crawford, Deegan. Northern quahog Mercenaria mercenaria 130,479, 657,659, 691. Crawford, Deeqan. Softshell clam Mya arenaria 8, 130, 472,479. Crawford, Deegan. Brown shrimp Peneaus aztecus 241,324, 746. Crawford, Deegan. Daggerblade grass shrimp Palaemonetes puqio 14, 130,488, 722,746. Crawford, Deeqan. Sevenspine bay shrimp Crangon septemspinosa 130,222,241,451, 746. Crawford, Deegan. American lobster Homarus americanus 130,241, 366, 746. Crawford, Deegan. Blue crab Callinectes sapidus 130,253,479. Crawford, Deeqan. Skates Raja species 34, 35, 264, 360. Crawford, Deegan. Atlantic stingray Dasyatus sabina 35. Crawford, Deegan. Cownose ray Rhinoptera bonansus 34, 35. Crawford, Deeqan. Shortnose sturgeon Acipenser brevirostrum 34,99, 132,201,287. Crawford, Deegan, Hurley. Atlantic sturgeon Acipenser oxyrhynchus 34,99,201,287. Crawford, Deegan. American eel Anguilla rostrata 23, 34, 130, 141, 170, 230, 241, 244, 264, 360, 479. Crawford, Deeqan, Hurley. Blueback herring Alosa aestivalis 23, 34, 130, 141, 264, 287, 346, 464, 479. Crawford, Deegan. Alewife Alosa pseudoharengus 23, 34, 1 30, 1 41 , 1 73, 264, 287, 346, 464, 479. Crawford, Deegan, Hurley. American shad Alosa sapidissima 23, 34, 131, 287, 367, 720. Crawford, Deeqan. Atlantic menhaden Brevoortia tyrannus 23, 34, 109, 130, 141, 264, 287, 402, 479, 574. Crawford, Deegan. Atlantic herring Clupea harengus 23,34, 109, 141,241,287,297. Crawford, Deegan. Bay anchovy Anchoa mitchilli 23,34, 141,264,287,459. Crawford, Deeqan. Channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus 287, 226. Crawford, Deegan, Hurley. Rainbow smelt Osmerus mordax 34, 70, 99, 130, 264, 360,479. Crawford, Deegan. Atlantic salmon Salmo salar 34,99, 135. Crawford, Deeqan, Hurley. Atlantic cod Gadus morhua 34, 130,230,479, 732. Crawford, Deegan. Haddock Melanogrammus aeglefinus 34, 230. Crawford, Deegan. Atlantic tomcod Microqadus tomcod 23, 34, 130, 230, 241, 264, 360, 479. 665. Crawford, Deeqan. Pollock Pollachius virens 23, 34, 109, 130. 230, 241, 360, 479. Crawford, Deegan. Red hake Urophycis chuss 34, 99, 109, 230, 241, 360, 386, 468. Crawford, Deegan. Numbers correspond to references listed in Appendix 4, pp. 245-280. Names correspond to individuals listed In Appendix 3, pp. 239-243. 194 species Waquoit Bay, continued Oyster toadfish Opsanus tau 23,34, 130, 141,264,390,479. Crawford, Deeqan. Sheepshead minnow Cyprinodon variegatus 23,34, 130, 141,230,264,479. Crawford, Deegan. Killifishes Fundulus species 7, 23, 34, 130, 141, 230, 241, 264, 479. Crawford, Deegan, Hurley. Silversides Menidia species 23,34, 112, 130, 141, 174,241,264,360,390,479. Crawford, Deeqan. Northern pipefish Syngnathus fuscus 23, 34, 130, 141, 230, 241, 264, 330, 360, 479. Crawford, Deegan. Northern searobin Prionotus carolinus 23, 34, 99, 109, 130, 141, 195, 264, 360, 479, 565. Crawford, Deegan. White perch Morone americana 23,34, 141,231,264,479.658. Crawford, Deegan, Hurley. Striped bass Morone saxatllis 23, 34, 45, 99, 1 30, 1 41 , 1 76, 231 , 264, 479, 701 . Crawford, Deegan. Black sea bass Centropristis striata 23, 34, 130, 141, 231, 241, 360, 436, 479. Craw.'ord, Deegan. Yellow perch Perca flavescens 226,231, 264. Crawford, Deeqan, Hurley. Bluefish Pomatomus saltatrix 23, 34, 99, 1 30, 1 41 , 231 , 264, 298, 479, 497. Crawford, Deegan. Pinfish Lagodon rhomboides 285, 465. Crawford, Deegan. Scup Stenotomus chrysops 23,34.99, 130, 141,241,264,285,360,457,479. Crawford, Deeqan. Spotted seatrout Cynoscion nebulosus 284, 285. Crawford, Deegan. Weakfish Cynoscion regalis 34, 99, 285, 435. Crawford, Deeqan. Spot Leiostomus xantliurus 34, 285, 533. Crawford, Deeqan. Northern kingfish Menticirriius saxatitis 34, 285, 360, 479. Crawford, Deegan. Atlantic croaker Micropogonias undulatus 285, 326. Crawford, Deeqan. Black drum Pogonias cromis 34, 285, 671. Crawford, Deeqan. Red drum Sciaenops ocellatus 285, 552. Crawford, Deeqan. Mullets Mugil species 23, 34, 107, 130, 141, 264, 390, 479. Crawford, Deeqan. Tautog Tautoga onitis 19,23,34, 109, 130, 141, 195,241,264,360,479,498,651. Crawford, Deeqan. Gunner Tautogolabrus adspersus 19, 23, 34, 109, 130, 141, 195, 241, 264, 360, 479. Crawford, Deegan. American sand lance Ammodytes americanus 20, 23, 34, 130, 141, 195, 241, 264, 479. Crawford, Deegan. Gobies Gobiosoma species 23, 141, 195,360. Crawford, Deeqan. Atlantic mackerel Scomber scombrus 34, 99, 195,264, 508. Crawford, Deeqan. Buttertish Peprilus triacanttius 34, 109,264, 360,390, 466. Crawford, Deegan. Summer flounder Paralichtliys dentatus 4, 23, 34, 99, 130, 141, 210, 390, 360, 479. Crawford, Deeqan. Windowpane flounder Scophtlialmus aquousus 23,34, 99, 141,241, 264,390, 680. Crawford, Deegan. Winter flounder Pleuronectes americanus 23, 34, 71 , 99, 130, 141 , 210, 241, 267, 360, 390, 409, 594, 595. Crawford, Deegan. Hogchoker Trinectes maculatus 23,34, 99, 141,264.390. Crawford, Deeqan. Numbers correspond to references listed in Appendix 4, pp. 245-280. Names correspond to individuals listed in Appendix 3, pp. 239-243. 195 Appendix 2, continued. Table of references and personal communications Species Buzzards Bay Blue mussel Mytilus edulis 269, 474, 567. Hickey, Currier, Correia, Cadrin, Howe. Bay scallop Arqopecten irradians 81, 157, 175,269,369. Hickey, Currier, Correia, Cadrin, Howe. American oyster Crassostrea virginica 76, 81,211, 369, 61 3, 660, 661 , 727. Hickey, Currier, Correia, Cadrin, Howe. Northern quahog Mercenaha mercenaria 81 , 1 57, 1 67, 21 1 , 269, 369, 657, 659, 727. Hickey, Currier, Correia, Cadrin, Howe. Softshell clam Mya arenaria 8,81,369,472,727. Hickey, Currier, Correia, Cadrin, Howe. Brown shrimp Peneaus aztecus 324, 327, 746. Currier, Correia, Cadrin, Howe. Daggerblade grass shrimp Palaemonetes pugio 14, 188, 746. Currier, Correia, Cadrin, Howe. Sevenspine bay shrimp Cranqon septemspinosa 117, 118, 188,221, 746. Currier, Correia, Cadrin, Howe. American lobster Homarus americanus 80, 100, 106, 166,211,269, 293,294, 313,357, 366,746. Currier, Correia, Cadrin, Howe, Estrella, Collinqs, Scherer. Blue crab Callinectes sapidus 211, 253, 269, 525, 694, 745, 746. Currier, Correia, Cadrin, Howe. Skates Raja species 34, 35, 172,211, 264, 269,360. Currier, Correia, Cadrin, Howe, Scherer. Atlantic stingray Dasyatus sabina 35. Currier, Correia, Cadrin, Howe. Cownose ray Rhinoptera bonansus 34, 35. Currier, Correia, Cadrin, Howe. Shortnose sturgeon Acipenser brevirostrum 34, 132,201,287,727. Currier, Correia, Cadrin, Howe, Scherer. Atlantic sturgeon Acipenser oxyrhynchus 34,201,287,693, 727. Currier, Correia, Cadrin, Howe, Scherer. American eel Anguilla rostrata 34, 1 70, 1 72, 230, 264, 269, 333, 360, 361 , 692, 727, 729. Currier, Correia, Cadrin, Howe, Scherer. Blueback herring Alosa aestivalis 34, 1 72, 1 73, 21 1 . 264, 269, 287, 333, 464, 727. Currier, Correia, Cadrin, Howe, Scherer. Alewife Alosa pseudoharengus 34, 1 72, 1 73, 21 1 , 269, 287, 333, 360, 464, 727. Currier, Correia, Cadrin, Howe, Scherer. American shad Alosa sapldissima 34, 169,211,269,287,367, 720,727. Currier, Correia, Cadrin, Howe, Scherer. Atlantic menhaden Brevoortia tyrannus 34, 82, 1 06, 1 72, 21 1 , 264, 269, 287, 333, 360, 361 , 572, 574, 727, 729. Currier, Correia, Cadrin, Collinqs, Howe, Scherer. Atlantic herring Clupea harengus 34, 82, 106, 172,211, 264, 269,287, 297,361,438, 727, 729. Currier, Correia, Cadrin, Collinqs, Howe, Scherer. Bay anchovy Anchoa mitchilli 34, 82, 1 06, 1 88, 21 1 , 264, 269, 287, 333, 361 , 459, 566, 729. Currier, Correia, Cadrin, Collinqs, Howe, Scherer. Channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus 287. Currier, Correia, Cadrin, Howe. Rainbow smelt Osmerus mordax 34, 70, 103, 127. 172, 264, 269, 333, 360, 727. Currier, Correia, Cadrin, Howe, Scherer. Atlantic salmon Salmo salar 34,36, 135. Currier, Correia, Cadrin, Howe, Scherer. Atlantic cod Gadus morhua 34, 82, 1 06, 1 72, 21 1 , 230, 268, 269, 361 , 438, 647, 727. Currier, Correia, Cadrin, Collinqs, Howe, Scherer. Haddock Melanogrammus aeglefinus 34, 82, 106,211, 230, 269, 333, 647, 727. Currier, Correia, Cadrin, Howe, Scherer. Atlantic tomcod MIcrogadus tomcod 34, 82, 103, 106, 172, 230, 264, 265, 269, 333, 360, 665, 727. Currier, Correia, Cadrin, Howe, Ceilings, Scherer. Pollock Pollachius virens 82, 106, 172, 230. 269, 360, 361, 727. Currier, Correia, Cadrin, Collinqs, Howe, Scherer. Red hake Urophycis chuss 34, 82, 1 06, 1 72, 21 1 , 230, 269, 333, 360, 361 , 438, 727. Curher, Correia, Cadrin, Collinqs, Howe, Scherer. Numbers correspond to references listed in Appendix 4, pp. 245-280. Names correspond to individuals listed in Appendix 3, pp. 239-243. 196 Species Buzzards Bay, continued Oyster toadfish Opsanus tau 34, 264, 269, 333, 390. Currier, Correia, Cadrin, Howe, Scherer. Sheepshead minnow Cyprinodon varieqatus 34, 230, 264, 333. Currier, Correia, Cadrin, Howe, Scherer. Killifishes Fundulus species 7, 34, 172, 188, 230, 264, 333, 360, 361, 704. Currier, Correia, Cadrin, Howe, Scherer. Silversides Menidia species 34, 82, 106, 172, 174, 188, 262, 264, 269, 333, 360. 361, 390, 677, 705, 729. Currier, Correia, Cadrin, Howe, Scherer. Northern pipefish Synqnathus fuscus 34, 82, 106, 172, 230, 264, 269, 330, 333, 360, 438, 729. Currier, Correia, Cadrin, Collinqs, Howe, Scherer. Northern searobin Prionotus carolinus 34, 82, 1 06, 1 72, 1 95, 21 1 , 264, 269, 333, 360, 729. Currier, Correia, Cadrin, Ceilings, Howe, Scherer. White perch Morone amehcana 34,231,264,333,658, 727. Currier, Correia, Cadrin, Howe, Scherer. Striped bass Morone saxatilis 34, 73, 1 68, 1 72, 1 76, 21 1 , 231 , 252, 264, 333, 351 , 600, 727. Currier, Correia, Cadrin, Howe, Scherer, Blacl< sea bass Centropristis striata 34, 82, 106, 211, 231, 268,269,313,360,436. Currier, Correia, Cadrin, Ceilings, Howe, Scherer. Yellow perch Perca flavescens 231,264,333. Currier, Correia, Cadrin, Howe. Bluefish Pomatomus saltatrix 34, 1 72, 1 88, 21 1 , 231 , 264, 298, 329, 333, 356, 361 , 497, 537, 727. Currier, Correia, Cadrin, Howe, Scherer. Pinfish Lagodon rhomboides 285, 465. Currier, Correia, Cadrin, Howe, Scherer. Scup Stenotomus chrysops 34, 82, 106, 172, 21 1, 264, 268, 269, 285, 313, 333, 360, 361, 438, 457, 727, 729. Currier, Correia, Cadrin, Ceilings, Howe, Scherer. Spotted seatrout Cynoscion nebulosus 328, 284, 285. Currier, Correia, Cadrin, Howe, Scherer. Weakfish Cynoscion regalis 34, 82, 1 06, 21 1 , 269, 285, 435, 438. 622, 727, 729. Currier, Correia, Cadrin, Collings, Howe, Scherer. Spot Leiostomus xanthurus 34,223,211,269,285,533, 727. Currier, Correia, Cadrin, Howe, Scherer. Northern kingtish Menticirrhus saxatilis 34, 82, 1 06, 21 1 , 269, 285, 333, 360, 729. Currier, Correia, Cadrin, Collinqs, Howe, Scherer. Atlantic croaker Micropogonias undulatus 211, 285, 326, 727. Currier, Correia, Cadrin, Howe, Scherer. Black drum Pogonias cromis 34,285,671. Curner, Correia, Cadrin, Howe, Scherer. Red drum Sciaenops ocellatus 285, 552. Currier, Correia, Cadrin, Howe, Scherer. Mullets Mugil species 34, 107, 108,264, 333,390. Currier, Correia, Cadrin, Howe, Scherer. Tautog Tautoga onitis 19, 34, 82, 103, 106, 172, 195, 264, 269, 313, 333, 360, 438, 667, 727, 729. Currier, Correia, Cadrin, Collings, Howe, Scherer. Gunner Tautogolabrus adspersus 19, 34, 82, 103, 106, 172, 195, 269, 313, 333, 360, 361, 438, 614, 615, 729. Currier, Correia, Cadrin, Collinqs, Howe, Scherer. American sand lance Ammodytes americanus 20, 34, 82, 106, 172, 195, 211,264,269, 333, 361, 560, 561, 729. Currier, Correia, Cadrin, Collings, Howe, Scherer. Gobies Gobiosoma species 50, 82, 106, 136, 195, 269, 333, 621. Currier, Correia, Cadrin, Howe, Scherer. Atlantic mackerel Scomber scombrus 34, 82, 1 06, 1 72, 1 95, 21 1 , 264, 269, 333, 438, 727. Currier, Correia, Cadrin, Collinqs, Howe, Scherer. Butterfish Peprilus triacanthus 34, 82, 1 06, 1 72, 21 1 , 269, 360, 361 , 390, 438, 727. Currier, Correia, Cadrin, Howe, Scherer. Summer flounder Paralichtliys dentatus 34, 49, 82, 106, 210, 21 1 , 268, 269, 333, 360, 390, 438, 573, 727. Currier, Correia, Cadrin, Howe, Scherer. Windowpane flounder Scoptitlialmus aquousus 34, 1 06, 1 72, 21 1 , 264, 269, 333, 361 , 390, 438, 727, 729. Currier, Correia, Cadrin, Collinqs, Howe, Scherer. Winter flounder Pleuronectes americanus 34,49,71, 82, 103, 106, 172,210,211,264,266,267,268,269,333,360,361,390,535, 570, 681, 727, 729. Currier, Correia, Cadrin, Howe, Scherer. Hogcnoker Trinectes maculatus 34,82, 106,269,333,390. Currier, Correia, Cadrin, Collings, Howe, Scherer. Numbers correspond to references listed in Appendix 4, pp. 245-280. Names correspond to individuals listed in Appendix 3, pp. 239-243. 197 Appendix 2, continued. Table of references and personal communications Species Narragansett Bay Blue mussel Mytilus edulis 183,474, 567. Rice, Ganz. Bay scallop Argopecten irradians 175, 191,369, 505,727. Rice, Ganz, Jeffries, Douqiason. American oyster Crassostrea virginica 76, 191,211,369,505,613, 660,661,727. Rice, Ganz, Jeffries, Douqiason. Northern quahog Mercenaria mercenaria 1 67, 1 83, 1 91 , 21 1 , 249, 369, 504, 505, 543, 544, 657, 659, 727. Rice, Ganz, Jeffries, Douglason. Softshell clam Mya arenaria 8, 191,369,472,505, 727. Rice, Ganz, Jeffries, Douqiason. Brown shrimp Peneaus aztecus 324, 327, 746. Ganz, Rice. Daggerblade grass shrimp Palaemonetes pugio 14.188,722,746. Rice, Jeffries. Sevenspine bay shrimp Cranqon septemspinosa 1 1 7, 1 1 8, 1 88, 1 91 , 221 , 254, 733, 734, 746. Rice, Jeffries, Douqiason. American lobster Homarus americanus 1 01 , 1 82, 1 91 , 21 1 , 366, 505, 727, 746. Rice, Ganz, Jeffries, Douglason. Blue crab Callinectes sapidus 191,211, 253, 254, 505, 525, 694, 727, 745, 746. Rice, Ganz, Jeffries, Douglason. Skates Raja species 34, 35, 1 29, 21 1 , 504, 509, 538, 539, 540, 541 . T. Lynch, Keller, Klein-MacPhee, Jeffries, Douqiason. Atlantic stingray Dasyatus sabina 35. T. Lynch, Keller, Klein-MacPhee, Jeffries, Douglason. Cownose ray Rhinoptera bonansus 34, 35, 363. T. Lynch, Keller, Klein-MacPhee, Jeffries, Douglason. Shortnose sturgeon Acipenser brevirostrum 34, 132,201,287, 727. T. Lynch, Keller, Klein-MacPhee, Jeffries, Douqiason. Atlantic sturgeon Acipenser oxyrhynchus 34,201,287,693,727. T. Lynch, Keller, Klein-MacPhee, Jeffries, Douqiason. American eel Anguilla rostrata 33, 34, 46, 129, 158, 170, 230, 245, 246. 309, 363, 364, 504, 505, 509, 538, 539, 540, 541, 626, 627, 692, 727, 729. Lynch, Keller, Klein-MacPhee, Jeffries, Douglason. Blueback herring Alosa aestivalis 34, 46, 129, 158, 173,211, 245,246,287,309,464, 504, 509, 626, 627, 727. T. Lynch, Keller, Klein-MacPhee, Jeffries, Douqiason. Alewife Alosa pseudoharengus 34, 114, 129, 158, 173,211, 245,246, 287,309, 464, 504, 505, 538, 539, 540, 541, 591. 626, 627, 727. T. Lynch, Keller, Klein-MacPhee, Jeffries, Douglason. American shad Alosa sapidissima 34, 46, 1 58, 1 69, 21 1 , 245, 246, 287, 309, 363, 364, 367, 509, 720, 727. T. Lynch, Keller, Klein-MacPhee, Jeffries, Douqiason. Atlantic menhaden Brevoortia tyrannus 34, 46, 129, 158, 21 1, 245, 246, 287, 309, 363, 364, 504, 505, 509, 538, 539, 540, 541, 572, 574, 626. 627, 727, 729. T. Lynch, Keller, Klein-MacPhee, Jeffries, Douqiason. Atlantic herring Clupea harengus 34, 46, 1 29, 1 58, 21 1 , 245, 246, 287, 297, 438, 504, 505, 509, 538, 539, 540, 541 , 626, 627, 727, 729. T. Lynch, Keller, Klein-MacPhee, Jeffries, Douglason. Bay anchovy Anchoa mitchilli 34, 46, 1 29, 1 58, 1 88, 21 1 , 245, 246, 287, 309, 363, 364, 459, 509, 538, 539, 540, 541 , 566, 626, 627, 729. T. Lynch, Keller, Klein-MacPhee, Jeffries. Douglason. Channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus 129,287. T. Lynch, Keller, Klein-MacPhee, Jeffries, Douqiason. Rainbow smelt Osmerus mordax 34, 46, 70, 129, 158, 245, 246, 363, 364, 504, 538, 539, 540, 541, 626, 627. 727. T. Lynch, Keller, Klein-MacPhee, Jeffries, Douglason. Atlantic salmon Salmo salar 34,36, 135. T. Lynch, Keller, Klein-MacPhee, Jeffries, Douglason. Atlantic cod Gadus morhua 34, 46, 1 58, 21 1 , 230, 245, 246, 309, 363, 364, 438, 504, 505, 509, 626, 627, 647, 727. T. Lynch, Keller, Klein-MacPhee, Jeffries, Douqiason. Haddock Melanogrammus aeglefinus 34, 46, 1 58, 21 1 , 230, 245, 246, 309, 364, 505, 509, 626, 627, 647, 727. T. Lynch, Keller, Klein-MacPhee, Jeffries, Douglason. Atlantic tomcod Microgadus tomcod 34, 46. 158. 230, 309, 363, 364, 504, 538, 539, 540, 541, 665, 727. T. Lynch, Keller, Klein-MacPhee, Jeffries, Douglason. Pollock Pollachius virens 46, 158, 230, 245, 246, 309, 363, 364, 504, 505, 626, 627, 727. T. Lynch, Keller, Klein-MacPhee, Jeffries, Douqiason. Red hake Urophycis chuss 34, 158, 211, 230, 245, 246, 277, 309, 363, 364, 438, 504, 505, 509, 626, 627, 727. T. Lynch, Keller, Klein-MacPhee, Jeffries, Douqiason. Numbers correspond to references listed in Appendix 4, pp. 245-280. Names correspond to individuals listed in Appendix 3, pp. 239-243. 198 species Narragansett Bay, continued Oyster toadf ish Opsanus tau 34, 46, 129, 158, 245, 246, 309, 363, 364, 390, 504, 509, 538, 539, 540, 541. T. Lynch, Keller, Klein-MacPhee, Jeffries, Douglason. Sheepshead minnow Cyprinodon varieqatus 34, 129,230, 538,539,540, 541. T. Lynch, Keller, Klein-MacPhee, Jeffries, Douglason. Killifishes Fundulus species 7,34,46, 129, 158, 188,230,245,246,309, 509, 538, 539, 540, 541. T. Lynch, Keller, Klein-MacPhee, Jeffries, Douglason. Silversides Menidia species 34, 46. 1 29, 1 58, 1 74, 1 88, 245, 246, 309, 363, 364, 390, 509, 538, 539, 540, 541 , 626, 627, 677, 705, 729. T. Lynch, Keller, Klein-MacPhee, Jeffries, Douglason. Northern pipefish Synqnathus fuscus 34, 46, 129, 158, 230, 245, 246, 309, 330, 363, 364, 438, 538, 539, 540, 541, 626, 627, 729. T. Lynch, Keller, Klein-MacPhee, Jeffries, Douglason. Northern searobin Prionotus carolinus 34.46, 129, 158, 195.211,245,246,309,363,364,504,626,627,729. T. Lynch, Keller, Klein-MacPhee, Jeffries, Douglason. White perch Morone americana 34, 129,231,509,658,727. T. Lynch, Keller, Klein-MacPhee, Jeffries, Douglason. Striped bass Morone saxatilis 34, 73, 1 29, 1 68, 1 76, 21 1 , 231 , 252, 351 , 504, 505, 538, 539, 540, 541 , 600, 727. T. Lynch, Keller, Klein-MacPhee, Jeffries, Douglason. Black sea bass Centropristis striata 34, 46, 1 29, 1 58, 21 1 , 231 , 245, 246, 309, 363, 364, 436, 538, 539, 540, 541 . T. Lynch, Keller, Klein-MacPhee, Jeffries, Douglason. Yellow perch Perca flavescens 129,231,278,363. T. Lynch, Keller, Klein-MacPhee, Jeffries, Douglason. Bluefish Pomatomus saltatrix 34,46, 129, 158, 188,207,211, 231, 245, 246, 298, 309,356,363, 364,497, 504, 505, 537, 538, 539, 540, 541, 626, 627. 727. T. Lynch, Keller, Klein-MacPhee, Jeffries, Douglason. Pinfish Lagodon rhomboides 129,285,465. T. Lynch, Keller, Klein-MacPhee, Jeffries, Douglason. Scup Stenotomus chrysops 34, 46, 129, 158, 208, 211, 245, 246, 277, 285, 309, 363, 364, 438, 443, 457, 504, 505, 538, 539, 540, 541, 626, 627, 630, 727, 729. T. Lynch, Keller, Klein-MacPhee, Jeffries, Douglasor Spotted seatrout Cynoscion nebulosus 129,284, 285,328. T. Lynch, Keller, Klein-MacPhee, Jeffries, Douglason. Weakfish Cynoscion regalis 34, 46, 129, 158, 21 1, 245, 246, 285, 309, 363, 364, 438, 435, 504, 538, 539, 540, 541, 622, 626, 627, 727, 729. T. Lynch, Keller, Klein-MacPhee, Jeffries, Douglason. Spot Leiostomus xanttiurus 34, 46, 129, 1 58, 223, 211, 245, 246, 285, 309, 363, 364, 509, 533, 727. T. Lynch, Keller, Klein-MacPhee, Jeffries, Douglason. Northern kingfish Menticirrhus saxatilis 34, 129, 211, 245, 246, 285, 363, 364, 504, 538. 539, 540, 541, 626, 627, 729. T. Lynch, Keller, Klein-MacPhee, Jeffries, Douglason. Atlantic croaker Micropogonias undulatus 211,326,285,727. T. Lynch, Keller, Klein-MacPhee, Jeffries, Douglason. Black drum Pogonias cromis 34, 129,285,671. T. Lynch, Keller, Klein-MacPhee, Jeffries, Douglason. Red drum Sciaenops ocellatus 285, 552. T. Lynch, Keller, Klein-MacPhee, Jeffries, Douglason. Mullets Mugil species 34, 46, 107, 108, 129, 158, 245, 246, 309, 390, 509, 538, 539, 540, 541. T. Lynch, Keller, Klein-MacPhee, Jeffries, Douglason. Tautog Tautoga onitis 1 9, 34, 46, 93, 1 1 5, 1 29, 1 58, 1 95, 245, 246, 309, 363, 364, 438, 504, 505, 538, 539, 540, 541, 626, 627, 727, 729. T. Lynch, Keller, Klein-MacPhee, Jeffries, Douglason. Gunner Tautoqolabrus adspersus 19, 34, 46, 129, 158, 195, 245. 246. 309. 363, 364, 438, 504, 538, 539, 540, 541, 626, 627, 729. T. Lynch, Keller, Klein-MacPhee, Jeffries, Douglason. American sand lance Ammodytes americanus 20, 34,46, 129, 158, 195, 211,245,246,309, 363,364, 538, 539, 540, 541, 560, 561, 626, 627, 729. T. Lynch, Keller, Klein-MacPhee, Jeffries, Douglason. Gobies Gobiosoma species 46, 50, 129, 136, 195, 158, 245, 246, 309, 363, 364, 538, 539, 540, 541, 621, 626, 627. T. Lynch, Keller, Klein-MacPhee, Jeffries, Douglason. Atlantic mackerel Scomber scombrus 34, 46, 129, 158, 195, 211, 245, 246, 309, 363, 364, 438, 504, 505, 538, 539, 540, 541, 626, 627, 727. T. Lynch, Keller, Klein-MacPhee, Jeffries, Douglason. Butterfish Peprilus triacanttius 34. 129, 158,211,245,246,309,363,364,390,438,504,505, 626, 627,727. T. Lynch, Keller, Klein-MacPhee, Jeffries, Douglason. Summer flounder Paralichthys dentatus 34,46,49, 129, 158,210, 211,309,363,364, 573,390,438, 504, 505, 509, 538, 539, 540, 541, 626, 627, 727. T. Lynch, Keller, Klein-MacPhee, Jeffries, Douglason. Windowpane flounder Scophthalmus aquousus 34, 46, 1 29, 1 58, 21 1 , 245, 246, 309, 390, 438, 509, 538, 539, 540, 541 , 626, 627, 727, 729. T. Lynch, Keller, Klein-MacPhee, Jeffries, Douglason. Winter flounder Pleuronectes americanus 34, 46, 49, 72, 71 , 1 29, 1 58, 209, 210,211, 220, 245, 246, 277, 279, 309, 363, 364, 390, 504, 505, 509, 521, 538, 539, 540, 541, 570, 590, 626, 627, 727, 729. T. Lynch, Keller, Klein-MacPhee, Jeffries, Douglason. Hogchoker Trinectes maculatus 34, 46, 129, 158, 245, 246, 309, 363, 364, 390, 509, 626, 627. T. Lynch, Keller, Klein-MacPhee, Jeffries, Douglason. Numbers correspond to references listed in Appendix 4, pp. 245-280. Names correspond to individuals listed in Appendix 3, pp. 239-243. 199 Appendix 2, continued. Table of references and personal communications Species Long Island Sound Blue mussel Mytilus edulis 177,474, 519, 567. Briqqs, Fox, MacKenzie, Cerrato, Volk. Bay scallop Argopecten irradians 175,369, 682. Briggs, Fox, MacKenzie, Cerrato, Volk. American oyster Crassostrea virginica 76, 211,369, 417, 519, 613, 660, 661, 682,727. Briggs, Fox, MacKenzie, Cerrato, Volk. Northern quahog Mercenaria mercenaria 167, 185, 211, 295, 369, 417, 519, 657, 659, 666, 682. 727. Briggs, Fox, Cerrato, MacKenzie, Volk. Softshell clam Mya arenaria 8, 61, 62, 63, 369, 472, 519, 682, 727. Briggs, Fox, MacKenzie, Cerrato, Volk. Brown shrimp Peneaus aztecus 324, 327, 682, 746. Briggs, MacKenzie, Cerrato, Fox. Daggerblade grass shrimp Palaemonetes pugio 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 188, 682, 746. Briqqs, Cerrato, Fox, MacKenzie. Sevensplne bay shrimp Crangon septemspinosa 10, 11, 12, 13, 117, 118, 188, 221, 451, 682, 746. Briggs, Cerrato, Fox, MacKenzie. American lobster Homarus americanus 10, 11, 12, 13, 38, 54, 56, 57, 58,211, 304,305, 306,357, 366,372, 373,417, 632, 738, 746. Briggs, Cerrato, Fox, MacKenzie. Blue crab Callinectes sapidus 211, 253, 525, 682, 694, 738, 745, 746. Briqqs, Cerrato, Fox, MacKenzie. Skates Raja species 10, 11, 12, 13, 34, 35, 211, 248, 305, 372, 373, 556, 557, 558, 738, 739, 741, 758. Howell, Savoy, Gauthier, Monteleone, Young, McKown. Atlantic stingray Dasyatus sabina 35,741. Howell, Savoy, Ephart, Gauthier, Monteleone, Young, McKown. Cownose ray Rhinoptera bonansus 34,35,248, 741. Howell, Savoy, Gauthier, Monteleone, Younq, McKown. Shortnose sturgeon Acipenser brevirostrum 34, 69, 132, 201, 248, 287, 727. Howell, Savoy, Ephart, Gauthier, Monteleone, Young, McKown. Atlantic sturgeon Acipenser oxyrhynchus 34, 201 , 248, 287, 305, 372, 373, 693, 727, 739, 741 . Howell, Savoy, Ephart, Gauthier, Monteleone, Young, McKown. American eel Anguilla rostrata 10, 11, 12, 13,34,37, 170, 180,230,248,305.372,373,382.422,425,426,428,431,454, 555, 692, 727, 729, 739, 758. Howell, Savoy, Ephart, Gauthier, Monteleone, Younq, McKown Blueback herring Alosa aestivalis 1 0, 1 1 , 1 2, 1 3, 34, 37, 1 73, 1 80, 21 1 , 248, 287, 305, 350, 372, 373, 382, 422. 425, 426, 428, 431, 461, 464, 556, 557, 558, 727, 739, 741, 758. Howell, Savoy, Ephart, Gauthier, Monteleone, Younq, McKown. Alewife Alosa pseudoharengus 10, 11, 12, 13, 34, 37, 173, 211, 248. 287,305,308, 372, 373, 382, 422,425, 426. 428, 431, 460, 464, 557, 558, 727, 739, 741, 758. Howell, Savox Ephart, Gauthier, Monteleone, Young. McKown. American shad Alosa sapidissima 10, 11, 12, 13,34,37, 125, 126, 169, 180, 211,248. 287, 305.334,335,372,373.382.367. 422. 425. 426, 428, 431 , 460, 596, 597, 720, 727, 739, 741 , 758. Howell, Savoy, Ephart, Gauthier, Monteleone, Younq, McKown. Atlantic menhaden Brevoortia tyrannus 10, 11, 12. 13. 34, 37, 211, 248, 287,305,372,373, 454, 555, 556. 557, 558, 572, 574, 727, 729, 739, 741, 758. Howell, Savoy, Ephart, Gauthier, Monteleone, Young, McKown. Atlantic herring Clupea harengus 10, 11, 12, 13,34,37,211,248,287,297,305,372,373,454,555, 556, 557, 558,727, 729, 739, 741, 758. Howell, Savoy, Ephart, Gauthier, Monteleone, Young, McKown. Bay anchovy Anchoa mitchilli 1 0, 1 1 , 1 2, 1 3, 34, 37, 1 80. 1 88, 21 1 , 248, 287, 304, 305, 422, 425, 426, 428, 431 , 454, 459, 555, 556, 557, 558, 566, 729, 739, 741, 758. Howell, Savoy, Gauthier, Monteleone, Young, McKown. Channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus 287. Howell, Savoy, Ephart, Gauthier, Monteleone, Young, McKown. Rainbow smelt Osmerus mordax 10, 11, 12. 13,34, 70,248,305,372.373,382,422,425.426,428,431, 727. Howell, Savoy, Ephart, Gauthier, Monteleone. Young, McKown. Atlantic salmon Salmo salar 34, 36, 135, 248, 460, 668, 669, 710. Howell, Savoy, Ephart, Gauthier, Monteleone, Young, McKown. Atlantic cod Gadus morhua 10, 11, 12, 13, 34, 37, 211, 230, 248, 305, 647, 727. 739. 741. Howell, Savoy, Gauthier, Monteleone, Younq, McKown. Haddock Melanogrammus aeglefinus 34, 21 1 , 230, 248, 305, 647, 727. 739. Howell, Savoy, Gauthier, Monteleone, Young, McKown. Atlantic tomcod Microgadus tomcod 1 0, 1 1 , 1 2, 1 3, 34, 37, 1 80, 230, 248, 305, 372, 373, 422, 425, 426, 428, 431 , 665, 727, 758. Howell. Savoy, Ephart, Gauthier, Monteleone. Young, McKown. Pollock Pollachius virens 10, 11. 12, 13, 230, 305, 372, 373, 555, 557, 558, 727, 739, 758. Howell, Savoy, Gauthier, Monteleone, Younq, McKown. Red hake Urophycis chuss 10, 11, 12, 13, 34, 211, 230, 248, 305, 372, 373. 556, 557, 558, 727, 738, 739, 741, 758. Howell, Savoy, Gauthier, Monteleone, Young, McKown. Numbers correspond to references listed in Appendix 4, pp. 245-280. Names correspond to individuals listed in Appendix 3. pp. 239-243. 200 Species Long Island Sound, continued Oyster toadfish Opsanus tau 1 0, 1 1 , 1 2, 1 3, 34, 248, 305, 372, 373, 390, 741 . Howell, Savoy, Gaulhier, Monteleone, Young, McKown. Sheepshead minnow Cyprinodon variegatus 10, 11, 12, 13,34,37,230,248,305. Howell, Savoy, Gauthier, Monteleone, Young, McKown. Killifishes Fundulus species 7, 10, 11, 12, 13,34,37, 180, 188,230,248,305,422,425,426,428,431,758. Howell. Savoy, Gauthier, Monteleone, Young, McKown. Silversides Menidia species 1 0, 1 1 , 1 2, 13, 34, 37, 1 74, 1 88, 248, 304, 305, 382, 422, 425, 426, 428, 431 , 555-558, 677, 705, 390, 729, 739, 741, 758. Howell, Savoy, Gauthier, Monteleone, Young, McKown. Northern pipefish Syngnathus fuscus 1 0, 1 1 , 1 2, 1 3, 34, 37, 1 80, 230, 248, 305, 330, 372, 373, 454, 555, 556, 557, 558, 729, 739, 741, 758. Howell, Savoy, Gauthier, Monteleone, Young, McKown. Northern searobin Prionotus carolinus 1 0, 1 1 , 1 2, 1 3, 34, 1 95, 21 1 , 248, 305, 417, 372, 373, 454, 555, 556, 557. 558, 562, 729, 739, 741, 738, 758. Howell, Savoy, Gauthier, Monteleone, Young, McKown. White perch Morone americana 1 0, 1 1 , 1 2, 1 3, 34, 37, 1 80, 231 , 248, 305, 372, 373, 382, 422, 425, 426, 428, 431 , 658, 727, 739, 741, 758. Howell, Savoy, Gauthier, Monteleone, Young, McKown. Striped bass Morone saxatilis 10, 11, 12, 13,34,37,73, 168, 176, 180,211,231,248,252,305,351,417,372,373,422, 425, 426, 428, 431 , 555, 600, 322, 727, 739, 741 , 756, 758. Howell, Savoy, Gauthier, Ephart, Monteleone, Young, McKown. Black sea bass Centropristis striata 10, 11, 12, 13,34,211,231, 248, 280, 305,372, 373,436. 557, 558, 739, 741, Howell, Savoy, Gauthier, Monteleone, Young, McKown. Yellow perch Perca (lavescens 231,382. Howell, Savoy, Gauthier, Ephart, Monteleone, Young, McKown. Bluefish Pomatomus saltatrix 10, 11, 12, 13,34,37, 188, 211, 231, 248,298,305,356,417, 372,373,422,425,426, 428, 431, 487, 497, 537, 559, 727, 738, 739, 758. Howell, Savoy, Gauthier, Monteleone, Young, McKown. Pinfish Lagodon rhomboides 285,465, 739,741. Howell, Savoy, Gauthier, Monteleone, Young, McKown. Scup Stenotomus chrysops 10-13,34,211, 248, 280, 285,305,372,373,417,422,425, 426, 428,431,454, 555-558, 457, 727, 729, 738, 739, 741, 758. Howell, Savoy, Gauthier, Monteleone, Young, McKown. Spotted seatrout Cynoscion nebulosus 284. 285, 328. Howell, Savoy, Gauthier, Monteleone, Young, McKown. Weakfish Cynoscion regalis 10, 11, 12, 13, 34, 180,211. 248,285,305,417,372,373,422,425,426,428,431,435, 454, 555, 556, 557, 558, 622, 727, 729, 738, 739, 741, 758. Howell, Savoy, Gauthier, Monteleone, Young, McKown. Spot Leiostomus xanthurus 10, 11, 12, 13, 34, 223, 211, 248, 285, 305, 372, 373, 422, 425, 426, 428, 431, 533, 727, 739, 741. Howell, Savoy, Gauthier, Monteleone, Young, McKown. Northern kingfish Menticirrtius saxatilis 10, 11, 12, 13, 34,37, 211,248,285, 305, 372,373, 422,425,426,428. 431,454, 598, 729, 739. 741, 758. Howell, Savoy, Gauthier, Monteleone, Young, McKown. Atlantic croaker Micropogonias undulatus 211,285, 326, 727, 739,741. Howell, Savoy, Gauthier, Monteleone, Young, McKown. Black drum Pogonias cromis 34.248,285,671,741. Howell, Savoy, Gauthier, Monteleone, Younq, McKown. Red drum Sciaenqps ocellatus 285. 552. Howell. Savoy, Gauthier, Monteleone, Young, McKown. Mullets Mugil species 1 0, 1 1 , 1 2, 1 3, 34, 37, 1 07, 1 08, 248, 305, 390, 422, 425, 426, 428, 431 , 739, 741 . Howell, Savoy, Gauthier, Monteleone, Young, McKown. Tautog Tautoga onitis 1 0, 1 1 , 1 2, 1 3, 1 9, 34, 37, 1 95, 248, 304, 305, 372, 373, 41 7, 454, 555, 557, 558, 727, 729, 739, 741, 758. Howell, Savoy, Gauthier, Monteleone, Young, McKown. Gunner Tautogolabrus adspersus 1 0, 1 1 , 1 2, 1 3, 1 9, 34, 37, 1 56, 1 95, 248, 304, 305, 372, 373, 454, 555, 556, 557, 558, 729, 738, 739, 741, 758. Howell, Savoy, Gauthier, Monteleone, Young, McKown. American sand lance Ammodytes americanus 10, 11, 12, 13, 20, 34, 37, 195, 211, 248, 304, 305, 454, 555, 557, 558, 560, 561, 729, 738, 739, 741, 758. Howell, Savoy, Gauthier, Monteleone, Young, McKown. Gobies Gobiosoma species 10, 11, 12, 13,37,50, 136, 195,305,422,425,426,428,431,557,558,621. Howell, Savoy, Gauthier, Monteleone, Young, McKown. Atlantic mackerel Scomber scombrus 10, 11, 12, 13, 34, 195,211, 248,305,372,373,417,454, 555,727, 739,741, 758. Howell, Savoy, Gauthier, Monteleone, Young, McKown. Buttertish Peprilus triacanthus 10, 11, 12, 13. 34. 211. 248. 305. 372. 373, 390, 422, 425, 426, 428, 431, 727, 738. 739. 741, 758. Howell. Savoy. Gauthier, Monteleone, Young, McKown. Summer flounder Paralictithys dentatus 1 0, 1 1 , 1 2, 1 3, 34, 49, 210, 248, 280, 305, 372, 373, 21 1 , 558, 573, 390, 422, 425, 426, 428, 431, 727, 738, 739, 741, 758. Howell, Savoy, Gauthier, Monteleone, Young, McKown. Windowpane flounder Scophthalmus aquousus 10, 11, 12, 13, 34, 37, 211, 305, 372, 373, 390, 454, 422, 425, 426, 428, 431, 555, 556, 557, 558, 727, 729, 738, 739, 741, 758. Howell, Savoy. Gauthier, Monteleone, Young, McKown. Winter flounder Pleuronectes americanus 10, 11, 12, 13,34,37,49, 71,210, 211, 248, 304, 305,372, 373,390,422,425,426,428, 431, 454, 471, 524, 556, 557, 558, 727, 729, 738, 739, 741. 758. Howell, Savoy, Gauthier, Monteleone, Young, McKown. Hogchoker Trinectes maculatus 1 0, 1 1 , 1 2. 1 3. 34. 1 80. 248, 305, 372, 373, 382. 390. 422. 425, 426, 428, 431 , 454, 558, 741. Howell, Savoy, Gauthier. Monteleone, Young, McKown. Numbers correspond to references listed in Appendix 4, pp. 245-280. Names correspond to individuals listed in Appendix 3, pp. 239-243. 201 Appendix 2, continued. Table of references and personal communications Species Connecticut River Blue mussel Mytilus edulis 177, 474, 567. Volk. Bay scallop Arqopecten irradians 1 75, 727. Volk. American oyster Crassostrea virginica 76,211,613,660,661,727. Volk. Norlhiern quahog Mercenaria mercenaha 167,211, 657, 659, 666, 727. Volk. Softstiell clam Mya arenarla 8,61,62, 63,472.727. Volk. Brown shrimp Peneaus aztecus 324, 327, 746. Volk. Daggerblade grass shrimp Palaemonetes pugio 14, 188, 746. Volk. Sevenspine bay shrimp Crangon septemspinosa 117, 118, 188,221,451, 746. Volk. American lobster Homarus americanus 38, 56, 57, 58, 21 1 , 304, 306, 366, 372, 373, 727, 746. Volk. Blue crab Callinectes sapidus 211, 253, 525, 694, 727, 745, 746. Volk. Skates Raja species 34,35,211,372,373. Savoy, Ephart, Whitworth. Atlantic stingray Dasyatus sabina 35, Savoy, Ephart, Whitworth. Cownose ray Rhinoptera bonansus 34, 35. Savoy, Ephart, Whitworth. Shortnose sturgeon Acipenser brevirostrum 34,68,69, 132,201,287,727. Savoy, Ephart, Whitworth. Atlantic sturgeon Acipenser oxyrhynchus 34, 201, 287, 372, 373, 693, 727. Savoy, Ephart, Whitworth. American eel Anguilla rostrata 34, 37, 170, 180, 230, 276, 372, 373, 381, 383, 454, 555, 692, 727, 729. Savoy, Ephart, Whitworth. Blueback hernng Alosa aestivalis 34, 37, 173, 180, 211, 276, 287, 346, 350, 372, 373.381, 382, 383, 461,464, 727. Savoy, Ephart, Whitworth. Alewife Alosa pseudoharengus 34, 37, 173, 21 1, 276, 287, 308, 346, 372, 373, 381, 382, 383, 460, 464, 727. Savoy, Ephart, Whitworth. American shad Alosa sapidissima 34, 37, 1 25, 1 26, 1 69, 1 80, 21 1 , 276, 287, 334, 335, 372, 373, 381 , 382, 383, 380, 367, 460, 596, 597, 720, 727, 751. Savoy, Ephart, Whitworth. Atlantic menhaden Brevoortia tyrannus 34, 37, 21 1, 276, 287, 372, 373, 381, 383, 454, 555, 572, 574, 727, 729. Savoy, Ephart, Whitworth. Atlantic herring Clupea harengus 34, 37, 21 1 , 287, 297, 372, 373, 381 , 383, 454, 555, 727, 729. Savoy, Ephart, Whitworth. Bay anchovy Anchoa mitchilli 34, 37, 1 80, 1 88, 21 1 , 287, 304, 381 , 454, 459, 555, 566, 729. Savoy, Ephart, Whitworth. Channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus 276,287,381. Savoy, Ephart, Whitworth. Rainbow smelt Osmerus mordax 34, 70, 372, 373, 381, 382, 383, 727. Savoy, Ephart, Whitworth. Atlantic salmon Salmo salar 34,36, 135,460,668,669. Savoy, Ephart, Whitworth, Atlantic cod Gadus morhua 34,37,211,230,381, 555,647, 727. Savoy, Ephart, Whitworth. Haddock Melanogrammus aeglefinus 34,211,230,647, 727. Savoy, Ephart, Whitworth. Atlantic tomcod Microgadus tomcod 34, 37, 180, 230, 372, 373, 665, 727. Savoy, Ephart, Whitworth. Pollock Pollachius virens 230, 372, 373, 555, 727. Savoy, Ephart, Whitworth. Red hake Urophycis chuss 34,211,230,372,373, 727. Savoy, Ephart, Whitworth. Numbers correspond to references listed in Appendix 4. pp. 245-280. Names correspond to individuals listed in Appendix 3, pp. 239-243. 202 Species Connecticut River, continued Oyster toadfish Opsanus tau 34, 372, 373, 390. Savoy, Ephart, Whitworth. Sheepshead minnow Cyphnodon varieqatus 34, 37, 230. Savoy, Ephart, Whitworth. Killifishes Fundulus species 7, 34, 37, 1 80, 1 88, 230, 383, 381 . Savoy, Ephart, Whitworth. Silversides Menidia species 34, 37, 174, 188, 276, 304, 381, 382, 383, 390, 555, 677, 705, 729. Savoy, Ephart, Whitworth. Northern pipefish Synqnathus fuscus 34, 37, 180, 230, 330, 372, 373, 381, 383, 454, 555, 729. Savoy, Ephart, Whitworth. Northern searobin Prionotus carolinus 34, 1 95, 21 1 , 372, 373, 454, 555, 729. Savoy, Ephart, Whitworth. White perch Morone americana 34, 37, 180, 231, 276, 372, 373, 381, 382, 658, 727. Savoy, Ephart, Whitworth. Striped bass Morone saxatilis 34, 37, 73, 1 68, 1 76, 1 80, 21 1 , 231 , 252, 276, 322, 351 , 372, 373, 381 , 555, 600, 727. Savoy, Ephart, Whitworth. Black sea bass Centrophstis striata 34,211,231,372,373,436. Savoy, Ephart, Whitworth. Yellow perch Perca flavescens 231,276,381,382,383. Savoy, Ephart, Whitworth. Bluefish Pomatomus saltatrix 34, 37, 1 88, 21 1 , 231 , 298, 356, 372, 373, 381 , 383, 497, 537, 559, 727. Savoy, Ephart, Whitworth. Pinfish Lagodon rhomboides 285, 465. Savoy, Ephart, Whitworth. Scup Stenotomus chrysops 34, 21 1 , 285, 372, 373, 454, 457, 555, 727, 729. Savoy, Ephart, Whitworth. Spotted seatrout Cynoscion nebulosus 328. 284, 285. Savoy, Ephart, Whitworth. Weakfish Cynoscion regalis 34, 180, 211, 285, 372, 373, 381, 435, 454, 555, 622, 727, 729. Savoy, Ephart, Whitworth. Spot Leiostomus xantliurus 34, 223, 21 1 , 285, 372, 373, 533, 727. Savoy, Ephart, Whitworth. Northern kingfish Menticirrhus saxatilis 34, 37, 21 1 , 285, 372, 373, 454, 729. Savoy, Ephart, Whitworth. Atlantic croaker Micropogonias undulatus 211,326, 285, 727. Savoy, Ephart, Whitworth. Black drum Pogonias cromis 34,285, 671. Savoy, Ephart, Whitworth. Red drum Sciaenops ocellatus 285, 552. Savoy, Ephart, Whitworth. Mullets Mugil species 34,37, 107, 108,390. Savoy, Ephart, Whitworth. Tautog Tautoga onitis 19, 34, 37, 195, 304, 372, 373, 454, 555, 727, 729. Savoy, Ephart, Whitworth. Gunner Tautogolabrus adspersus 19, 34, 37, 195, 304, 372, 373, 454, 555, 729. Savoy, Ephart, Whitworth. American sand lance Ammodytes americanus 20, 34, 37, 1 95, 21 1 , 304, 454, 555, 560, 561 , 729. Savoy, Ephart, Whitworth. Gobies Gobiosoma species 37, 50, 136, 195, 621. Savoy, Ephart, Whitworth. Atlantic mackerel Scomber scombrus 34, 195, 211,372,373, 454, 555, 727. Savoy, Ephart, Whitworth. Butterfish Peprilus triacanthus 34, 211,372,373,390, 727. Savoy, Ephart, Whitworth. Summer flounder ParaliclitlTys dentatus 34, 49, 21 0, 21 1 , 372, 373, 573, 390, 727. Savoy, Ephart, Whitworth. Windowpane flounder Scoplitiialmus aquousus 34, 37, 21 1 , 372, 373, 390, 454, 555, 727, 729. Savoy, Ephart, Whitworth. Winter flounder Pleuronectes americanus 34, 37, 49, 71 , 21 0, 21 1 , 304, 372, 373, 390, 454, 471 , 727, 729. Savoy, Ephart, Whitworth. Hogchoker Trinectes maculatus 34, 180, 276, 372, 373, 381, 382, 383, 390, 454. Savoy, Ephart, Whitworth. Numbers correspond to references listed in Appendix 4, pp. 245-280. Names correspond to individuals listed in Appendix 3, pp. 239-243. 203 Appendix 2, continued. Table of references and personal communications Species Gardiners Bay Blue mussel Mytilus edulis 474, 567. Cerrato, Fox, Briqqs, MacKenzie. Bay scallop Arqopecten irradians 175,369. Cerrato. Fox. Briqqs, MacKenzie. American oyster Crassostrea virginica 76,211, 369,613,660, 661, 727. Cerrato. Fox, Briggs, MacKenzie. Northern quahiog Mercenaria mercenaha 1 67, 21 1 , 369, 657, 659, 666, 727. Cerrato, Fox, Briggs, MacKenzie. Softshell clam Mya arenaria 8,61,62, 63,369,472,727. Cerrato, Fox, Briqqs, MacKenzie. Brown stirimp Peneaus aztecus 324, 327, 746. Cerrato, Fox, Briqqs, MacKenzie. Daggerblade grass shrimp Palaemonetes puqio 14, 188, 746. Cerrato, Fox, Briqqs, MacKenzie. Sevenspine bay shrimp Cranqon septemspinosa 117, 118, 188,221,451, 746. Cerrato. Fox. Briqqs, MacKenzie. American lobster Homarus amehcanus 21 1 , 272, 366, 372, 373, 632, 738, 746. Cerrato, Fox, Briggs, MacKenzie, Weber. Blue crab Callinectes sapldus 211, 253, 525, 694, 738, 745, 746. Cerrato, Fox, Briggs, MacKenzie, Weber. Skates Rai'a species 34, 35, 21 1 , 248, 272, 372, 373, 556, 557, 558, 738, 739. 741 . Weber. Atlantic stingray Dasyatus sabina 35, 741. Weber. Cownose ray Rhinoptera bonansus 34,35,248, 741. Weber. Shortnose sturgeon Aclpenser brevirostrum 34, 132,201,248,287, 727. Weber. Atlantic sturgeon Acipenser oxyrhynchus 34, 201 , 248, 272, 287, 372, 373. 693. 727, 739, 741 . Weber. American eel Anguilla rostrata 34, 37, 170, 230, 248, 272, 372, 373, 420, 427, 454, 553, 555, 692, 727, 729, 739. Weber. Blueback herring Alosa aestivalis 34, 37, 173, 211, 248, 272, 287, 350, 372. 373. 420, 427, 464, 556, 557, 558, 727, 739, Weber. 741. Alewife Alosa pseudoharengus 34, 37, 173. 211. 248, 272, 287, 372, 373, 420, 427, 464. 557. 558, 727, 739, 741. Weber. American shad Alosa sapidissima 34, 37. 1 69. 21 1 , 248. 272. 287. 367. 372. 373. 420, 427, 597, 720, 727, 739, 741 . Weber. Atlantic menhaden Brevoortia tyrannus 34, 37, 178, 211. 248, 272, 287, 372, 373, 454, 553. 555, 556, 557, 558, 572, 574, 727, 739,741. Ferraro, Weber. 729, Atlantic herring Clupea harengus 34, 37, 21 1 , 248, 272, 287, 297, 372, 373, 454, 553, 555, 556, 557, 558, 727, 729, 739, Ferraro, Weber. Ml. Bay anchovy Anchoa mitchilli 34, 37, 1 78, 1 88, 21 1 , 248, 287, 420, 427, 454. 459. 555. 556, 557, 558, 566, 729, 739. Ferraro, Weber. 741. Channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus 287. Ferraro, Weber. Rainbow smelt Osmerus mordax 34, 70, 248, 272, 372, 373, 420, 427. 727. Ferraro. Weber. Atlantic salmon Salmo salar 34.36, 135, 248, 710. Ferraro. Weber. Atlantic cod Gadus morhua 34, 37, 21 1 , 230, 248, 555, 647, 727, 739, 741 . Ferraro, Weber, Haddock Melanogrammus aeglefinus 34, 21 1 , 230, 248, 647, 727, 739. Ferraro. Weber. Atlantic tomcod Microgadus tomcod 34, 37, 230, 248, 272, 372, 373, 420, 427, 553, 665, 727. Ferraro, Weber. Pollock Pollachius virens 230, 272, 372, 373, 555, 557, 558, 727. 739. Ferraro, Weber. Red hake Urophycis chuss 34, 21 1 , 230, 248, 272, 372, 373, 556, 557, 558, 727, 738, 739, 741 . Ferraro, Weber. Numbers correspond to references listed in Appendix 4, pp. 245-280. Names correspond to individuals listed in Appendix 3, pp. 239-243. 204 Species Gardiners Bay, continued Oyster toadfish Opsanus tau 34, 248, 272, 372, 373, 390, 741. Ferraro, Weber. Sheepshead minnow Cyprlnodon variepatus 34, 37, 230, 248, 553. Ferraro, Weber. Killifishes Fundulus species 7, 34, 37, 188, 230, 248, 420, 427, 553. Ferraro, Weber. Silversides Menidia species 34, 37, 174, 178, 188, 248, 390, 420, 427, 553. 555, 556, 557, 558, 677, 705, 729, 739, 741. Ferraro, Weber. Northern pipefish Syngnathus fuscus 34, 37, 178, 230, 248, 272, 330, 372. 373, 454, 553, 555, 556, 557, 558, 729, 739, 741. Ferraro, Weber. Northern searobin Prionotus carolinus 34, 178, 195, 211. 248. 272, 372, 373. 454. 555, 556. 557. 558. 729. 738. 739, 741. Ferraro, Weber, White perch Morone americana 34. 37. 231. 248, 272. 372. 373. 420. 427. 553. 658. 727. 739. 741. Ferraro, Weber. Striped bass Morone saxatilis 34, 37. 73. 1 68. 1 76. 21 1 . 231 , 248. 252. 272. 351 . 372. 373. 420, 427, 555, 600. 727, 756. 739.741. Ferraro. Weber. Black sea bass Centropristis striata 34. 21 1 . 231 . 248. 272, 280, 372, 373. 436. 557. 558, 739, 741 . Ferraro, Weber. Yellow perch Perca flavescens 231,420, 427. Ferraro, Weber. Bluefish Pomatomus saltatrix 34, 37, 188, 211, 231, 248, 272, 298, 356, 372, 373, 420, 427, 487. 497, 537, 553, 559, 727, 738, 739. Ferraro, Weber. Pinfish Lagodon riiomboides 285,465, 739,741. Ferraro, Weber. Scup Stenotomus clirysops 34, 178, 211, 248, 272, 280, 285, 372, 373, 454, 457, 555, 556, 557, 558, 727, 729, 738, 739, 741. Ferraro, Weber. Spotted seatrout Cynoscion nebulosus 328, 284, 285. Ferraro, Weber. Weakfish Cynoscion regalis 34, 178, 211, 248, 272, 285, 372, 373, 420, 427, 435, 454, 555, 556, 557, 558, 622, 727. 729,738,739,741. Ferraro, Weber. Spot Leiostomus xanthurus 34,223,211,247, 248, 272, 285.372.373.420.427. 533. 727. 739. 741. Ferraro. Weber. Northern kingfish Menticirrlius saxatilis 34. 37. 21 1 , 248, 272, 285, 372. 373. 420. 427. 454. 553. 598, 729, 739, 741 . Ferraro, Weber. Atlantic croaker Micropogonias undulatus 211,326, 285, 727, 739, 741. Ferraro, Weber. Black drum Pogonias cromis 34,248,285,671,741. Ferraro, Weber. Red drum Sciaenops ocellatus 285, 552. Ferraro, Weber. Mullets Mugil species 34, 37, 107, 108. 248. 390. 420, 427, 553, 739, 741. Ferraro, Weber. Tautog Tautoga onitis 19. 34, 37, 178, 195, 248, 272. 372. 373. 454. 553. 555. 557. 558, 727, 729, 739, 741. Ferraro, Weber. Gunner Tautogolabrus adspersus 19, 34, 37, 178, 195, 248, 272, 372, 373, 454, 553, 555, 556. 557, 558, 729, 738. 739, 741. Ferraro, Weber. American sand lance Ammodytes americanus 20, 34, 37, 1 78, 1 95, 21 1 , 248, 454, 553, 555, 557, 558, 560, 561 , 729, 738, 739, 741 . Ferraro, Weber. Gobies Gobiosoma species 37, 50, 136, 178, 195, 420, 427, 557, 558, 621. Ferraro, Weber. Atlantic mackerel Scomber scombrus 34, 1 78. 1 95, 21 1 , 248, 272. 372. 373. 454. 555, 727, 739, 741 . Ferraro, Weber. Butterfish Peprilus triacanthus 34, 21 1 , 248, 272. 372, 373, 390, 420, 427, 727, 738. 739. 741 . Ferraro. Weber. Summer flounder Paraliclitliys dentatus 34. 49. 210. 211. 248, 272, 280, 372, 373, 390, 420, 427, 558, 573, 727, 738, 739, 741. Ferraro, Weber. Windowpane flounder Scophthalmus aquousus 34, 37, 178, 211, 272, 372, 373, 390. 420, 427. 454. 555. 556. 557. 558, 727. 729. 738. 739, 741. Ferraro, Weber. Winter flounder Pleuronectes americanus 34, 37, 49, 71 , 21 0, 21 1 , 248, 272, 372, 373, 390, 420, 427, 454, 471 , 553, 556, 557. 558. 727. 729, 738, 739, 741. Ferraro, Weber. Hogchoker Trinectes maculatus 34. 178. 248, 272, 372, 373, 390. 420, 427, 454, 558, 741. Ferraro, Weber. Numbers correspond to references listed in Appendix 4. pp. 245-280. Names correspond to individuals listed in Appendix 3. pp. 239-243. 205 Appendix 2, continued. Table of references and personal communications Species Great South Bay Blue mussel Mytilus edulis 474, 567, 663. Cerrato, Kassner, MacKenzie, Briggs, Fox. Bay scallop Arqopecten irradians 175,369, 682, 723. Cerrato, Kassner, MacKenzie, Briqqs, Fox. American oyster Crassostrea virginica 76,211,369,613,660,661, 682,727. Cerrato, Kassner, MacKenzie, Briggs, Fox. Northern quahog Mercenaria mercenaria 167, 186, 21 1, 212, 213, 214, 215, 216, 217, 218, 295, 296, 369, 602, 657, 659, 663, 682, 727. Cerrato, Kassner, MacKenzie, Briggs, Fox. Softshell clam Mya arenaria 8, 369, 472, 663, 682, 727. Cerrato, Kassner, MacKenzie, Briggs, Fox. Brown shrimp Peneaus aztecus 324, 327, 682, 746. Cerrato, Briggs, Fox. Daggerblade grass shrimp Palaemonetes pugio 14, 188,682,746. Cerrato, Briggs, Fox. Sevenspine bay shrimp Cranqon septemspinosa 1 1 7, 1 1 8, 1 88, 221 , 451 , 663, 682, 746. Cerrato, MacKenzie, Briqqs, Fox. American lobster Homarus americanus 54, 60, 21 1 , 304, 306, 366, 738, 746. Cerrato, MacKenzie, Briggs, Fox. Blue crab Callinectes sapidus 55, 21 1 , 253, 525, 682, 694, 738, 745, 746. Cerrato, MacKenzie, Briggs, Fox. Skates Raja species 34, 35, 211, 248, 738, 739, 741. Monteleone, Younq, McKown, Vecchio, Briqqs. Atlantic stingray Dasyatus sabina 35, 741. Monteleone, Young, McKown, Vecchio, Briggs. Cownose ray Rhinoptera bonansus 34,35,248, 741. Monteleone, Young, McKown, Vecchio, Briqqs. Shortnose sturgeon Acipenser brevirostrum 34, 132,201,248,287,727. Monteleone, Younq, McKown, Vecchio, Briqqs. Atlantic sturgeon Acipenser oxyrhynchus 34, 201, 248, 287, 693, 727, 739, 741. Monteleone, Young, McKown, Vecchio, Briggs. American eel Anguilla rostrata 34, 37, 51 , 52, 53, 59, 1 70, 230, 248, 41 9, 421 , 428, 429, 431 , 601 , 692, 727, 729, 739. Monteleone, Younq, McKown, Vecchio, Briggs. Blueback herring Alosa aestivalis 34, 37, 51 , 53, 59, 1 73, 21 1 , 248, 287, 350, 41 9, 421 , 428, 429, 431 , 464, 599, 727, 739, 741. Monteleone, Younq, McKown, Vecchio, Briqqs. Alewife Alosapseudoharengus 34, 37, 51 , 53, 59, 1 73, 21 1 , 248, 287, 41 9. 421 , 428, 429, 431 , 464, 599, 727, 739, 741 . Monteleone, Young, McKown, Vecchio, Briqqs. American shad Alosa sapidissima 34, 37, 1 69, 21 1 , 248, 287, 367, 41 9, 421 , 428, 429, 431 , 599, 720, 727, 739, 741 . Monteleone, Young, McKown, Vecchio, Briqqs. Atlantic menhaden Brevoortia tyrannus 34,37, 51, 53, 59, 211, 248, 287,452, 453, 572, 574, 599, 601,727, 729, 739, 741. Monteleone, Younq, McKown, Vecchio, Briqqs. Atlantic herring Clupea harengus 34, 37, 51 , 53, 59, 21 1 , 248, 287, 297, 599, 727, 729, 739, 741 . Monteleone, Young, McKown, Vecchio, Briggs. Bay anchovy Anchoa mitchilli 34, 37, 51 , 53, 59, 1 88, 21 1 , 248, 287, 304, 41 9, 421 , 428, 429, 431 . 452, 453, 459, 566, 729, 739, 741. Monteleone, Young, McKown, Vecchio, Briggs. Channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus 287. Monteleone, Younq, McKown, Vecchio, Briqqs. Rainbow smelt Osmerus mordax 34, 70, 248, 41 9, 421 , 428, 429, 431 , 727. Monteleone, Young, McKown, Vecchio, Briggs. Atlantic salmon Salmo salar 34,36, 135,248. Monteleone, Young, McKown, Vecchio, Briggs. Atlantic cod Gadus morhua 34, 37, 21 1 , 230, 248, 647, 727, 739, 741 . Monteleone, Younq, McKown, Vecchio, Briqqs. Haddock Melanogrammus aeglefinus 34, 21 1 , 230, 248, 647, 727, 739. Monteleone, Young, McKown, Vecchio, Briggs. Atlantic tomcod Microgadus tomcod 34, 37, 51 , 53, 59, 230, 248, 41 9, 421 , 428, 429, 431 , 665, 727. Monteleone, Young, McKown, Vecchio, Briggs. Pollock Pollachius virens 51, 53, 59,230, 727, 739. Monteleone, Young, McKown, Vecchio, Briggs. Red hake Urophycis chuss 34, 51,52,211,230,248,452, 727, 738, 739, 741. Monteleone, Young, McKown, Vecchio, Briggs. Numbers correspond to references listed in Appendix 4, pp. 245-280. Names correspond to individuals listed in Appendix 3, pp. 239-243. 206 species Great South Bay, continued Oyster toadfish Opsanus tau 34, 52, 59, 248,390,601, 741. Monleleone, Young, McKown, Vecchio, Briggs. Sheepshead minnow Cyprinodon varieqatus 34,37,51,53,59,230,248, 601. Monteleone, Young, McKown, Vecchio, Briggs. Killifishes Fundulus species 7, 34, 37, 51 , 53, 59, 1 88, 230, 248, 41 9, 421 . 428, 429, 431 , 452, 453, 601 . Monteleone, Young, McKown, Vecchio, Briggs. Silversides Menidia species 34, 37, 51 , 53, 59, 1 74, 1 88, 248, 304, 390, 41 9, 421 , 428, 429, 431 , 452, 453, 601 . 677, 705, 729, 739, 741. Monteleone, Young, McKown, Vecchio, Briggs. Northern pipefish Synqnathus fuscus 34, 37, 51 , 52, 53. 59, 230, 248, 330, 452, 453, 601 , 729, 739, 741 . Monteleone, Young, McKown, Vecchio, Briggs. Northern searobin Prionotus carolinus 34, 53, 59, 1 95, 21 1 , 248, 452, 453, 601 , 729, 738, 739, 741 . Monteleone, Young, McKown, Vecchio, Bhggs. White perch Morone americana 34, 37, 231 , 248, 41 9, 421 , 428, 429, 431 , 658, 727, 739, 741 . Monteleone, Young, McKown, Vecchio, Briggs. Striped bass Morone saxatilis 34, 37, 73, 1 68, 1 76, 21 1 , 231 , 248, 252, 351 , 41 9, 421 , 428, 429, 431 , 599, 600, 601 , 727, 739, 741, 756. Monteleone, Young, McKown, Vecchio, Briggs. Black sea bass Centropristis striata 34, 51 , 52, 59. 21 1 , 231 , 248, 280, 436, 601 , 739, 741 . Monteleone. Young, McKown, Vecchio, Briggs. Yellow perch Perca flavescens 231. Monteleone, Young, McKown, Vecchio, Bnggs. Bluefish Pomatomus saltathx 34, 37, 51 , 53. 59, 1 88, 21 1 , 231 , 248, 298, 356, 41 9, 421 , 428, 429, 431 , 487. 497, 537, 599, 601, 727, 738, 739. Monteleone, Young, McKown, Vecchio, Briggs. Pinfish Lagodon rhomboides 285,465, 739,741. Monteleone, Young, McKown, Vecchio, Briggs. Scup Stenotomus chrysops 34, 52, 53, 59, 21 1 , 248, 280, 285, 41 9, 421 , 428, 429, 431 , 457, 601 , 727, 729, 738, 739, 741. Monteleone, Young, McKown, Vecchio, Briggs. Spotted seatrout Cynoscion nebulosus 328, 284, 285. Monteleone, Young, McKown, Vecchio, Briggs. Weakfish Cynoscion regalis 34, 53,211, 248, 285,435,419,421,428,429,431, 452, 453, 601, 622, 727, 729, 738, 739. 741. Monteleone, Young, McKown, Vecchio, Briggs. Spot Leiostomus xanttiurus ■34.223.211.248,285,419, 421,428, 429,431, 533, 727, 739, 741. Monteleone, Young, McKown, Vecchio, Briggs. Northern kingfish Menticirrfius saxatilis 34, 37, 51 . 52, 53, 59, 21 1 , 248, 285, 419, 421 , 428, 429, 431 , 452, 598, 599, 601 , 729, 739, 741. Monteleone, Young, McKown, Vecchio, Briggs. Atlantic croaker Micropogonias undulatus 211,326.285, 727, 739, 741. Monteleone, Young. McKown, Vecchio, Briggs. Black drum Pogonias cromis 34,248,285,671, 741. Monteleone, Young, McKown, Vecchio, Briggs. Red drum Sciaenops ocellatus 285, 552. Monteleone, Young, McKown, Vecchio, Briqqs. Mullets Mugil species 34, 37, 51 , 53, 59, 1 07, 1 08, 248, 390, 41 9, 421 , 428, 429, 431 , 599, 601 , 739, 741 . Monteleone, Young, McKown, Vecchio, Briggs. Tautog Tautoga onitis 19, 34, 37, 51, 52, 53, 59, 195, 248, 304, 452, 453, 601, 727, 729, 739, 741. Monteleone, Young, McKown, Vecchio, Briggs. Gunner Tautoqolabrus adspersus 19, 34, 37, 51, 52, 53, 59, 195, 248, 304, 452, 453, 601, 729, 738, 739, 741. Monteleone, Young, McKown, Vecchio, Briggs. American sand lance Ammodytes americanus 20,34,37. 51, 53, 59, 195, 211, 248,304,452,453, 560, 561, 729, 738, 739, 741. Monteleone, Young, McKown, Vecchio, Briggs. Gobies Gobiosoma species 37, 50, 136, 195, 419, 421, 428, 429, 431, 452, 453, 621. Monteleone, Young, McKown, Vecchio, Briggs. Atlantic mackerel Scomber scombrus 34, 53. 1 95, 21 1 , 248, 452, 601 , 727, 739, 741 . Monteleone, Young, McKown, Vecchio. Briggs. Butterfish Peprilus triacanthus 34, 53, 21 1 , 248, 390, 419, 421 , 428, 429, 431 , 599, 601 , 727, 738, 739, 741 . Monteleone, Young, McKown, Vecchio, Briggs. Summer flounder Paralictitiiys dentatus 34, 49, 21 0, 21 1 , 248, 280, 573, 390, 41 9, 421 , 428, 429, 431 , 601 , 727, 738, 739, 741 . Monteleone, Young, McKown, Vecchio, Briggs. Windowpane flounder Scoplithalmus aquousus 34,37, 51, 53, 59,211,390, 419,421, 428,429, 431,452. 453, 599, 727, 729. 738, 739, 741. Monteleone, Young, McKown, Vecchio, Briggs. Winter flounder Pleuronectes americanus 34, 37, 49, 51 , 52, 53. 59, 71 , 21 0. 21 1 , 248, 304, 390, 41 9, 421 , 428, 429, 431 , 452, 453, 536, 601, 727, 729, 738, 739, 741. Monteleone, Young, McKown, Vecchio, Bhggs. Hogchoker Trinectes maculatus 34, 248, 390, 41 9, 421 , 428, 429, 431 , 452, 453, 741 . Monteleone, Young, McKown, Vecchio, Briggs. Numbers correspond to references listed in Appendix 4, pp. 245-280. Names correspond to individuals listed in Appendix 3, pp. 239-243. 207 Appendix 2, continued. Table of references and personal communications Species Hudson River/ Raritan Bay Blue mussel Mytilus edulis 474,567, 631. f^acKenzie, Cerrato, Joseph. Bay scallop Argopecten irradians 175,369, 370, 727. f\;lacKenzie, Cerrato, Joseph. American oyster Crassostrea virginica 32, 76, 21 1, 369, 370, 613, 660, 661, 727. MacKenzie, Cerrato, Joseph. Northern quahog Mercenaria mercenaria 32, 167, 211, 369, 370, 657, 659, 727. MacKenzie, Cerrato, Joseph. Softshell clam Mya arenaria 8,32,369,370,472,631,727. fvlacKenzie, Cerrato, Joseph. Brown shrimp Peneaus aztecus 324, 327, 746. MacKenzie, Cerrato, Byrne. Daggerblade grass shrimp Palaemonetes puqio 14, 85, 188, 746. MacKenzie, Cerrato, Byrne. Sevenspine bay shrimp Crangon septemspinosa 85, 117, 118, 188,221,451, 746. MacKenzie, Cerrato, Byrne. American lobster Homarus americanus 111,211, 366,370, 727,738,746. MacKenzie, Byrne. Blue crab Callinectes sapidus 85, 21 1 , 253, 370, 424, 525, 631 , 694, 727, 738, 745, 746. MacKenzie, Byrne, Hattala, Younq, McKown. Skates Raja species 32, 34, 35, 21 1 , 738, 739, 741 , 742. Hamilton, Pacheco, Finn, MacHaffie, Young, McKown, Byrne. Atlantic stingray Dasyatus sabina 35,741. Hamilton, Pacheco, Finn, MacHaffie, Young, McKown, Byrne. Cownose ray Rhinoptera bonansus 34, 35, 85, 741. Hamilton, Pacheco, Finn, MacHaffie, Younq, McKown, Byrne. Shortnose sturgeon Acipenser brevirostrum 32, 34, 132, 147, 201, 227, 228, 229, 234, 287, 370, 631, 727, 742. Hamilton, Hattala, Pacheco, Finn, MacHaffie, Young, McKown, Byrne. Atlantic sturgeon Acipenser oxyrhynchus 32, 34, 147, 201, 227, 228, 229, 234, 287, 631, 693, 727, 739, 741. 742. Hamilton, Hattala, Pacheco, Finn, MacHaffie, Young, McKown, Byrne. American eel Anquilla rostrata 32, 34, 85, 154, 170, 180, 227, 228, 229, 230, 234, 362, 370, 423, 424, 430, 522, 631, 692, 727, 729, 739, 742. Hamilton, Hattala, Pacheco, Finn, MacHaffie, Younq, McKown, Byrne. Blueback herring Alosa aestivalis 32, 34, 85, 147, 154, 173, 180,211,227, 228, 229. 234. 287. 291. 362. 370.423,424,430, 464, 522, 631 , 727, 739, 741 , 742. Hamilton, Hattala, Pacheco, Finn, MacHaffie, Young, McKown, Byrne. Alewife Alosa pseudoharengus 32, 34, 85, 1 1 1 , 147, 1 54. 1 73, 21 1 , 227, 228, 229, 234, 287, 362, 370, 423, 424, 430, 464, 522, 631, 727, 739. 741. 742. Hattala. Pacheco. Finn. MacHaffie. Young. McKown. Byrne. American shad Alosa sapidissima 32. 34. 85. 1 1 1 , 1 47, 1 54. 1 69. 1 80. 21 1 . 227, 228, 229, 234, 287, 291 , 362, 370. 367. 423, 430, 424, 522, 631, 720, 727. 739. 741. 742. Hamilton. Hattala. Pacheco. Finn. MacHaffie. Young. McKown. Byrne. Atlantic menhaden Brevoortia tyrannus 32. 34. 85. 1 54. 21 1 , 227. 228. 229. 234. 287. 362. 370. 424, 572, 574, 631 , 727, 729, 739, 741, 742. Hamilton, Hattala. Pacheco. Finn. MacHaffie. Younq. McKown, Byrne. Atlantic herring Clupea harenqus 32, 34, 85, 1 54, 21 1 , 229. 287. 297. 362. 424. 631 . 727. 729, 739, 741 . Hamilton, Pacheco. Finn. MacHaffie. Younq. McKown. Byrne. Bay anchovy Anchoa mitchilli 32. 34, 85, 1 1 1 , 1 54, 1 80, 188.211. 227. 228, 229, 234, 287, 291 , 362, 423, 424, 430. 459, 522, 566, 531 , 729, 739. 741 . 742. Hamilton. Hattala. Pacheco, Finn, MacHaffie, Younq, McKown, Byrne. Channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus 227, 228. 287. Hamilton. Hatlala. Pacheco, Finn, MacHaffie, Young. McKown, Byrne. Rainbow smelt Osmerus mordax 32. 34. 70. 154, 227, 228, 229, 234, 423, 430, 727. Hamilton, Pacheco, Finn, MacHaffie, Young, McKown, Byrne. Atlantic salmon Salmo salar 34,36, 135,710. Hamilton, Hattala, Pacheco, Finn, MacHaffie, Younq, McKown, Byrne. Atlantic cod Gadus morhua 34, 1 54, 21 1 , 229, 230, 647, 727, 739, 741 . Hamilton, Pacheco, Finn, MacHaffie, Younq, McKown, Byrne. Haddock Melanogrammus aeglefinus 34,211,230, 647, 727, 739. Hamilton, Pacheco, Finn, MacHaffie, Young, McKown, Byrne. Atlantic tomcod Microgadus tomcod 32, 34, 85, 146, 154, 400, 180, 227, 228, 229, 230, 234, 291, 362, 423, 424, 430, 522, 631. 665, 727. Hamilton, Hattala, Pacheco, Finn, MacHaffie, Younq, McKown, Byrne, Dunning. Pollock Pollachius virens 32, 85, 230, 424, 727, 739. Pacheco, Finn, MacHaffie, Young, McKown, Byrne. Red hake Urophycis chuss 32, 34, 1 1 1 , 21 1 , 227, 228, 229, 230, 234, 362, 424. 727. 738. 739. 741 . 742. Hamilton, Pacheco, Finn, MacHaffie, Younq, McKown, Byrne. Numbers correspond to references listed in Appendix 4. pp. 245-280. Names correspond to individuals listed in Appendix 3, pp. 239-243. 208 Species Hudson River/ Raritan Bay, continued Oyster toadfish Opsanus tau 32, 34, 154, 362, 390, 424, 741, 742. Pacheco, Finn, MacHaffie, Young, McKown, Byrne. Sheepshead minnow Cyprinodon varieqatus 34, 85, 230, 362. Pacheco, Finn, MacHaffie, Byrne. Killifishes Fundulus species 7, 32, 34, 85, 180, 188, 227, 228, 229, 230, 234, 362, 423, 424, 430, 522, 631. Hamilton, Hattala, Pacheco, Finn, MacHaffie, Young, McKown, Byrne. Silversides Menidia species 32, 34, 85, 154, 174, 188, 227, 228, 229, 234, 362, 390, 423, 424, 430, 522, 631, 677, 705, 729, 739. 741, 742. Pacheco, Finn, MacHaffie, Young, McKown, Byrne. Northern pipefish Syngnathus fuscus 32, 34, 85, 154, 180, 227, 228, 229, 230, 234, 330, 362, 424, 522, 729, 739, 741. Hamilton, Pacheco, Finn, MacHaffie, Younq, McKown, Byrne. Northern searobin Prionotus carolinus 32, 34, 1 95, 21 1 , 227, 228, 229, 362, 424, 729, 738, 739, 741 , 742. Pacheco, Finn, MacHaffie, Byrne. White perch Morone americana 28, 32, 34, 85, 154, 180, 227, 228, 229, 231, 234, 291, 362, 423, 424, 430, 522, 631, 658, 727, 739, 741. Hamilton, Pacheco, Finn, MacHaffie, Young, McKown, Byrne. Striped bass Morone saxatilis 32,34, 73,85, 147, 154, 168, 176, 180, 197,211,229,231,234,252,291,351,362,370, 423, 424, 430, 522, 600, 631 , 701 , 727, 739, 741 , 756. Hamilton, Hattala, Pacheco, Finn, MacHaffie, Young, McKown, Byrne, Dunning. Blacl< sea bass Centropristis striata 32, 34, 21 1 , 228, 231 , 436, 739, 741 . Hamilton, Pacheco, Finn, MacHaffie, Younq, McKown, Byrne. Yellow perch Perca flavescens 32, 154, 227, 229, 231, 234, 423, 430, 631. Hamilton, Pacheco, Finn, MacHaffie, Young, McKown, Byrne. Bluefish Pomatomus saltatrix 32, 34, 85, 1 54, 1 88, 21 1 , 227, 228, 229, 231 , 234, 291 , 298, 356, 362, 370, 423, 424, 430, 487, 497, 522, 537, 631 , 727, 742, 738, 739. Hamilton, Hattala, Pacheco, Finn, MacHaffie, Younq, McKown, Byrne. Pinfish Lagodon rhomboides 285,465, 739,741. Pacheco, Finn, MacHaffie, Young, McKown, Byrne. Scup Stenotomus chrysops 32, 34, 1 1 1 , 21 1 , 228, 234, 285, 362, 370, 424, 457, 727, 729, 738, 739, 741 , 742. Pacheco, Finn, MacHaffie, Younq, McKown, Byrne. Spotted seatrout Cynoscion nebulosus 284, 285, 328. Pacheco, Finn, MacHaffie, Young, McKown, Byrne. Weakfish Cynoscion regalis 32, 34, 1 1 1 , 1 54, 1 80, 21 1 , 227, 228, 229, 234, 285, 362, 370, 423, 424, 430, 435, 622, 631 , 727, 729, 738, 739, 741, 742. Pacheco, Finn, MacHaffie, Young, McKown, Byrne. Spot Leiostomus xanthurus 32, 34, 85, 1 54, 21 1 , 223, 227, 228, 229, 234, 285, 362, 370. 423, 424, 430, 533, 727, 739, 741. Hamilton, Pacheco, Finn, MacHaffie, Younq, McKown, Byrne. Northern kingfish Menticirrlius saxatilis 32, 34, 85, 21 1 , 227, 228, 229, 285, 362, 370, 423, 424, 430, 729. 739, 741 , 742, Hamilton, Pacheco, Finn, MacHaffie, Young, McKown, Byrne. Atlantic croaker Micropogonias undulatus 32, 1 54, 21 1 , 227, 228, 229, 326, 285, 362, 370, 727, 739, 741 . Hamilton, Pacheco, Finn, MacHaffie, Young, McKown, Byrne. Black drum Pogonias cromis 34,234,285,362,671, 741. Hamilton, Pacheco, Finn, MacHaffie, Younq, McKown, Byrne. Red drum Sciaenops ocellatus 154,285, 552. Hamilton, Pacheco, Finn, MacHaffie, Young, McKown, Byrne. Mullets Mugil species 32, 34, 85, 107, 108, 227, 228, 362, 370, 390, 423, 424, 430, 739, 741. Hamilton, Pacheco, Finn, MacHaffie, Young, McKown, Byrne. Tautog Tautoqa onitis 19, 32, 34, 85, 154, 195, 227, 229, 234, 362, 370, 424, 727, 729, 739, 741, 742. Hamilton, Pacheco, Finn, MacHaffie, Younq, McKown, Byrne. Gunner Tautogolabrus adspersus 19, 32, 34, 154, 195, 227, 228, 229, 362, 370, 424, 729, 738, 739. 741. Hamilton, Pacheco, Finn, MacHaffie, Young, McKown, Byrne. American sand lance Ammodytes americanus 20, 32, 34, 85, 1 95, 21 1 , 229, 362, 424, 560, 561 , 729, 738, 739, 741 . Hamilton, Pacheco, Finn, MacHaffie, Young, McKown, Byrne. Gobies Gobiosoma species 32, 50, 85, 136, 154, 195, 227, 228, 229, 362, 423, 424, 430, 621. Hamilton, Pacheco, Finn, MacHaffie, Younq, McKown, Byrne. Atlantic mackerel Scomber scombrus 34, 195, 211, 229, 424, 631, 727, 739, 741. Hamilton, Pacheco, Finn, MacHaffie, Younq, McKown, Byrne. Butteriish Peprilus triacanthus 32, 34, 1 1 1 , 1 54, 21 1 , 227, 228, 229, 234, 362. 370, 390, 423, 430, 727, 738, 739, 741 , 742. Hamilton, Pacheco, Finn, MacHaffie, Young, McKown, Byrne. Summer flounder Paraliclittiys dentatus 32, 34, 49, 85, 1 1 1 , 1 54, 21 0, 21 1 , 227, 228, 229, 362, 370, 423, 424, 430, 573, 390, 631 , 727, 738, 739, 741, 742. Hattala, Pacheco, Finn, MacHaffie, Younq, McKown, Byrne. Windowpane flounder Scophtlialmus aquousus 32, 34, 85, 1 1 1 , 1 54, 21 1 , 227, 228, 229, 362, 390, 423, 424, 430, 727, 729, 741 , 742, 738, 739. Pacheco, Finn, MacHaffie, Byrne. Winter flounder Pleuronectes americanus 32,34, 49, 71, 85, 111, 154, 210.211, 227, 228, 229, 234, 362,370, 390,423, 424,430, 531, 631, 727, 729, 738, 739, 741, 742. Hattala, Pacheco, Finn, MacHaffie, Younq, McKown, Byrne. Hogchoker Trinectes maculatus 32, 34, 154, 180, 227, 228, 229, 234, 362, 390, 423, 424, 430, 522, 741. Hamilton, Hattala, Pacheco, Finn, MacHaffie, Young, McKown, Byrne. Numbers correspond to references listed in Appendix 4, pp. 245-280. Names correspond to individuals listed in Appendix 3, pp. 239-243. 209 Appendix 2, continued. Table of references and personal communications Species Bamegat Bay Blue mussel Mytilus edulis 302, 450, 474. tVlacKenzie, Browne, Vouglitois. Pacheco, Finn, Byrne, Mountford. Bay scallop Arqopecten irradians 175, 374, 450, 532. MacKenzie, Browne, Vouglitois, Pacheco, Finn, Byrne, Mountford. American oyster Crassostrea virginica 302, 450, 532, 661. IvIacKenzie, Pacheco, Finn, Figley, Byrne, Mountford. Northern quahog Mercenaria mercenaha 290,302,408, 571, 657. MacKenzie, Browne, Vouglitois, Pacheco, Finn, Byrne, Mountford. Softshell clam Mya arenaria 8. 302. MacKenzie, Browne, Vouglitois, Pacheco, Finn, Byrne, Mountford. Brown shrimp Peneaus aztecus 102,324,332, 746. Browne, Vouglitois, Pacheco, Finn, Byrne, Mountford. Daggerblade grass shrimp Palaemonetes puqio 14, 450, 746. Browne, Vouglitois, Pacheco, Finn, Mountford. Sevenspine bay shrimp Cranqon septemspinosa 302, 545, 675, 746. Browne, Vouglitois, Pacheco, Finn, Byrne, Mountford. American lobster Homarus americanus 302, 366, 374, 674, 746. MacKenzie, Browne, Vouglitois, Pacheco, Finn, Figley, Byrne, Mountford. Blue crab Callinectes sapidus 253, 301, 302, 571, 674, 745, 746. Browne, Vouglitois, Pacheco, Finn, Figley, Mountford. Skates Raja species 34, 35, 302, 450. Browne, Vouglitois. Pacheco, Finn, Figley, Byrne, Mountford. Atlantic stingray Dasyatus sabina 35. Browne, Vouglitois, Pacheco, Finn, Byrne, Mountford. Cownose ray Rhinoptera bonansus 34, 35, 637. Browne, Vouglitois, Pacheco, Finn, Byrne. Shortnose sturgeon Acipenser brevirostrum 34, 132,201,302,405,577, 674. Browne, Vouglitois, Pacheco, Finn, Byrne, Mountford. Atlantic sturgeon Acipenser oxyrhynchus 3, 9, 34, 201, 232, 287, 302, 449, 577. Browne, Vouglitois, Pacheco, Finn, Byrne, Mountford. American eel Anguilla rostrata 34, 1 70, 302, 41 1 , 571 , 650, 672, 673, 699. Browne, Vouglitois, Pacheco, Finn, Figley, Byrne, Fahay, Mountford. Blueback herring Alosa aestivalis 34, 83, 287, 405, 464, 759. Browne, Vouglitois, Pacheco, Finn, Byrne, Mountford. Alewite Alosa pseudoharengus 34, 83, 173, 287, 302, 464, 759. Browne, Vouglitois, Pacheco, Finn, Byrne, Mountford. American shad Alosa sapidissima 34, 83, 287, 302, 367, 759. Browne, Vouglitois, Pacheco, Finn, Byrne, Mountford. Atlantic menhaden Brevoortia tyrannus 34,287,302,411, 574,699. Browne, Vouglitois, Pacheco, Finn, Figley, Byrne, Fahay, Mountford. Atlantic herring Clupea harengus 9, 34, 255, 287, 297, 302, 41 1 , 699. Browne, Vouglitois, Pacheco, Finn, Byrne, Mountford. Bay anchovy Anchoa mitchilli 34, 287, 302, 459, 571, 699, 700. Browne, Vouglitois, Pacheco, Finn, Byrne, Mountford. Channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus 9, 232, 287, 302. Browne, Vouglitois, Pacheco, Finn, Byrne, Mountford. Rainbow smelt Osmerus mordax 34, 70, 302, 674. Browne, Vouglitois, Pacheco, Finn, Byrne, Mountford. Atlantic salmon Salmo salar 34, 36, 135, 302, 405, 450, 674. Browne, Vouglitois, Pacheco, Finn, Figley, Byrne, Mountford. Atlantic cod Gadus morhua 9, 34, 230, 232, 302, 577, 647. Browne, Vouglitois, Pacheco, Finn, Figley, Byrne, Mountford. Haddock Melanogrammus aeglefinus 9, 34, 230, 232, 302. 647, 699. Browne, Vouglitois, Pacheco, F -^ Figley, Byrne, Mountford. Atlantic tomcod Microgadus tomcod 3, 9, 34, 230, 302, 450, 577, 665, u.:. Browne, Vouglitois, Pacheco, Finn, Figley, Byrne, Mountford. Pollock Pollachius virens 3,9,230,302,411, 577,699. Browne, Vouglitois, Pacheco, Finn, Figley, Byrne, Fahay, Mountford. Red hake Urophycis chuss 9,34. 230, 302, 411, 664, 699. Browne, Vouglitois, Pacheco, Finn, Byrne, Fahay, Mountford. Numbers correspond to references listed in Appendix 4, pp. 245-280. Names correspond to individuals listed in Appendix 3, pp. 239-243. 210 Species Barnegat Bay, continued Oyster toadfish Opsanus tau 9, 34, 219,302,341, 390, 577. Browne, Vouqiitois, Pacheco, Fine, Finn, FIgley, Byrne, tVlountford. Sheepshead minnow Cyprinodon variegatus 9, 34, 230, 302, 550, 672. Browne, Vouglitois, Pacheco, Finn, Figley, Byrne, Mountford. Killifishes Fundulus species 5, 6, 7, 9, 34, 230, 302, 550, 672. Browne, Vouglitois, Pacheco, Finn, Figley, Byrne, Mountford. Silvers ides Menldia species 9,34, 174,302, 550, 571, 699. Browne, Vouglitois, Pacheco, Finn, Figley, Byrne, Mountford. Northern pipefish Syngnathus fuscus 9, 302, 699, 230, 330. Browne, Vouglitois, Pacheco, Finn, Figley, Byrne, Fahay, Mountford. Northern searobin Prionotus carolinus 34,35, 195,255,302, 411, 577. Browne, Vouglitois, Pacheco, Finn, Figley, Byrne, Fahay, Mountford. White perch Morone americana 9, 231, 232, 302, 571, 577, 658, 699. Browne, Vouglitois, Pacheco, Finn, Figley, Byrne, Mountford. Striped bass Morone saxatills 9, 176, 231, 232,302, 577. Browne, Vouglitois, Pacheco, Finn, Figley, Byrne, Mountford. Black sea bass Centropristis striata 231,302, 411,436, 469, 577. Browne, Vouqiitois, Pacheco, Finn, Figley, Byrne, Mountford. Yellow perch Perca flavescens 231,232, 341, 550. Browne, Vouglitois, Pacheco, Finn, Byrne, Mountford. Bluefish Pomatomus saltatrix 3, 9. 231 , 232, 298, 302, 41 1 , 537, 577. Browne, Vouglitois, Pacheco, Finn, Figley, Byrne, Fahay, Mountford. Pintish Lagodon rhomboides 3, 232, 285, 302, 449, 465, 577. Browne, Vouglitois, Pacheco, Finn, Figley, Byrne, Fahay, Mountford. Scup Stenotomus chrysops 3, 9, 34, 285, 302, 699. Browne, Vouglitois, Pacheco, Finn, Fiqiey, Byrne, Fahay, Mountford. Spotted seatrout Cynoscion nebulosus 3, 9, 284, 285, 302, 699. Browne, Vouqiitois, Pacheco, Finn, Byrne, Mountford. Weakfish Cynoscion regalis 9, 232, 285, 302, 41 1, 435, 577, 699. Browne, Vouglitois, Pacheco, Finn, Figley, Byrne, Mountford. Spot Leiostomus xanthurus 9, 232, 285, 302, 450, 533, 571, 577, 699. Browne, Vouglitois, Pacheco, Finn, Byrne, Fahay, Mountford. Northern kingfish Menticirrhus saxatills 9.255,285,302, 411, 450, 699. Browne, Vouqiitois, Pacheco, Finn, Byrne, Fahay, Mountford. Atlantic croaker MIcropogonias undulatus 9,232,285,302,411,699. Browne, Vouglitois, Pacheco, Finn, Byrne, Mountford. Black drum Pogonias cromis 3, 285, 577, 671, 699. Browne, Vouqiitois, Pacheco, Finn, Fiqiey, Byrne, Mountford. Red drum Sciaenops ocellatus 3, 9, 302, 285, 552, 699. Browne, Vouglitois, Pacheco, Finn, Byrne, Mountford. Mullets MuqII species 107, 108,390. Browne, Vouglitois, Pacheco, Finn, Figley, Byrne, Mountford. Tautog Tautoga onltis 9, 19, 195,302,411,577,699. Browne. Vouglitois, Pacheco, Finn, Figley, Byrne, Mountford. Gunner Tautoqolabrus adspersus 9, 19, 195,302, 411. Browne, Vouqiitois, Pacheco, Finn, Fiqiey, Byrne, Mountford. American sand lance Ammodytes americanus 9,20,195,302. Browne, Vouqiitois, Pacheco, Finn, Byrne, Fahay, Mountford. Gobies Gobiosoma species 9, 136,232,302,577. Browne, Vouglitois, Pacheco, Finn, Byrne, Mountford. Atlantic mackerel Scomber scombrus 3,9, 195, 302,411. Browne, Vouqiitois, Pacheco, Finn, Fiqiey, Mountford. Butterfish Peprilus triacanthus 9,34,302,390,411. Browne, Vouglitois, Pacheco, Finn, Byrne, Mountford. Summer flounder Paralichthys dentatus 9, 210,255, 302, 390, 411, 573, 699. Browne, Vouglitois, Pacheco, Finn, Figley, Byrne, Fahay, Mountford. Windowpane flounder Scophthalmus aquousus 9,302, 390,411, 577, 699. Browne, Vouqiitois, Pacheco, Finn, Fiqiey, Byrne, Fahay, Mountford. Winter flounder Pleuronectes americanus 9, 71, 210, 232, 302, 390, 411, 571, 699. Browne, Vouglitois, Pacheco, Finn, Figley, Byrne, Fahay, Mountford. Hogchoker Trinectes maculatus 9, 232, 302, 390. Browne, Vouglitois, Pacheco, Finn, Byrne, Fahay, Mountford. Numbers correspond to references listed in Appendix 4, pp. 245-280. Names correspond to individuals listed in Appendix 3. pp. 239-243. 211 Appendix 2, continued. Table of references and personal communications Species New Jersey Inland Bays Blue mussel Mytilus edulis 175,374, 450,474. 532. MacKenzie, Byrne, Figley, f^ountford. Bay scallop Arqopecten irradians 175,374, 450, 532. MacKenzie, Pacheco, Finn, Byrne, Fiqiey, Mountford. American oyster Crassostrea virqinica 374, 661. MacKenzie, Byrne, Fiqiey. Northern quahog Mercenaria mercenaha 290, 302, 408, 407, 657. MacKenzie, Figley, Byrne. Softshell clam Mya arenaha 8, 374. MacKenzie, Fiqiey, Byrne. Brown shrimp Peneaus aztecus 102,324, 332, 746. Pacheco, Finn, Byrne. Daggerblade grass shrimp Palaemonetes puqio 14,450, 746. Pacheco, Finn, Byrne. Sevenspine bay shrimp Cranqon septemspinosa 302, 545, 675, 746. Pacheco, Finn, Byrne. American lobster Homarus amehcanus 366, 406, 450, 650, 746. MacKenzie, Pacheco, Finn, Byrne. Blue crab Callinectes sapidus 253,301,302,674, 745, 746. Pacheco, Finn, Fiqiey, Byrne. Skates Raja species 34, 35, 302, 450. Pacheco, Finn, Fiqiey, Byrne, Mountford. Atlantic stingray Dasyatus sabina 35. Pacheco, Finn, Byrne. Cownose ray Rhinoptera bonansus 34, 35, 637. Pacheco, Finn, Byrne, Mountford. Shortnose sturgeon Acipenser brevirostrum 34, 132,201,302,405,577, 674. Pacheco, Finn, Byrne. Atlantic sturgeon Acipenser oxyrhynchus 3, 9, 34, 201 , 232, 287, 302, 449, 577. Pacheco, Finn, Byrne. American eel Anguilla rostrata 9,34, 170, 577, 673. Pacheco, Finn, Figley, Byrne, Fahay. Blueback herring Alosa aestivalis 9, 34, 83, 232, 287, 406, 450, 464, 759. Pacheco, Finn, Byrne. Alewife Alosa pseudoharenqus 9,34,83, 173,287, 464, 759. Pacheco, Finn, Byrne. American shad Alosa sapidissima 9, 34, 83, 232, 287, 367, 406, 450. Pacheco, Finn, Byrne. Atlantic menhaden Brevoortia (yrannus 9, 34, 287, 574, 577. Pacheco, Finn, Byrne, Fahay. Atlantic herring Clupea harengus 9,34,287,297,302,411. Pacheco, Finn, Byrne. Bay anchovy Anchoa mitchilli 9, 34, 287, 302, 459, 699, 700. Browne, Vouglitois, Pacheco, Finn, Byrne. Channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus 9, 232, 287, 302. Pacheco, Finn, Byrne. Rainbow smelt Osmerus mordax 34, 70, 450, 577. Pacheco, Finn, Byrne. Atlantic salmon Salmo salar 34,36, 135,406,450, 577. Pacheco, Finn, Figley, Byrne. Atlantic cod Gad us morhua 9, 34, 230, 232, 302, 577, 647. Pacheco, Finn, Fiqiey, Byrne. Haddock Melanogrammus aeglefinus 9, 34, 230, 232, 302, 647, 699. Pacheco, Finn, Fiqiey, Byrne. Atlantic tomcod MIcrogadus tomcod 3, 9, 34, 230, 302, 450, 577, 665, 699. Pacheco, Finn, Figley, Byrne. Pollock Pollachius virens 3, 9, 230, 302, 411, 577, 699. Pacheco, Finn, Fiqiey, Byrne, Fahay. Red hake Urophycis chuss 9,34, 230,302,411, 664,699. Pacheco, Finn, Figley, Byrne, Fahay. Numbers correspond to references listed in Appendix 4, pp. 245-280. Names correspond to individuals listed in Appendix 3, pp. 239-243. 212 Species New Jersey Inland Bays, continued Oyster toadfish Opsanus tau 9,34,219,302,341,390,577. Pacheco, Fine, Finn, Fiqiey, Byrne. Sheepshead minnow Cyprinodon varieqatus 9, 34, 230, 302, 550, 672. Pacheco, Finn, Fiqiey, Byrne. Killifishes Fundulus species 5, 6, 7, 9, 34, 230, 302, 550, 672. Pacheco, Finn, Figley, Byrne. Silversides Menidia species 9,34, 174,302, 550,672. Pacheco, Finn, Figley, Byrne. Northern pipefish Synqnathus fuscus 9, 230, 302, 330, 699. Pacheco, Finn, Fiqiey, Byrne. Northern searobin Prionotus carolinus 9,34,35, 195,255,302,411, 577. Pacheco, Finn, Figley, Byrne, Fahay. White perch Morone amehcana 9,231,255,302,577,658,699. Pacheco, Finn, Figley, Byrne.' Striped bass Morone saxatilis 9, 176,231,232,302,577. Pacheco, Finn, Fiqiey, Byrne. Black sea bass Centrophstis striata 231,302,411,436, 577,469. Pacheco, Finn, Figley, Byrne, Fahay. Yellow perch Perca flavescens 231,232,341,550. Pacheco, Finn, Byrne. Bluefish Pomatomus saltatrix 3, 9, 231 , 232, 298, 302, 41 1 , 537, 577. Pacheco, Finn, Fiqiey, Byrne, Fahay. Pinfish Lagodon rhomboides 3, 9, 232, 285, 302, 449, 465, 577. Pacheco, Finn, Byrne, Fahay. Scup Stenotomus chrysops 3,9,34,285,302,699. Pacheco, Finn, Byrne. Spotted seatrout Cynoscion nebulosus 3, 9, 284, 285, 302, 699. Pacheco, Finn, Byrne. Weakfish Cynoscion regalia 9,232,285,302,411,435,577,699. Pacheco, Finn, Byrne. Spot Leiostomus xantliurus 9, 232, 285, 302, 450, 533, 577, 699. Pacheco, Finn, Byrne, Fahay. Northern kingfish Menticirrhus saxatilis 9,255,285,302,411,450,699. Pacheco, Finn, Byrne, Fahay. Atlantic croaker Micropogonias undulatus 9,232,285,302,411,699. Pacheco, Finn, Byrne. Black drum Pogonias cromis 3,9,285,302,577, 671,699. Pacheco, Finn, Figley, Byrne, Vouglilois. Red drum Sciaenops ocellatus 3, 9, 285, 302, 552, 699. Pacheco, Finn, Byrne. Mullets Mugil species 107, 108,390. Pacheco, Finn, Figley, Byrne. Tautog Tautoga onitis 9, 19, 195,302,411,577, 651,699. Pacheco, Finn, Figley, Byrne. Gunner Tautoqolabrus adspersus 9, 19, 195,302, 411. Pacheco, Finn, Fiqiey, Byrne. American sand lance Ammodytes americanus 9,20, 195,302. Pacheco, Finn, Byrne. Gobies Gobiosoma species 9, 136,232,302, 577. Pacheco, Finn, Byrne. Atlantic mackerel Scomber scombrus 3,9, 195,302,411. Pacheco, Finn, Fiqiey, Byrne. Butterfish Peprilus triacanthus 9, 34, 302,390, 411. Pacheco, Finn, Byrne. Summer flounder Paralichthys dentatus 9, 21 0, 255, 302, 390, 41 1 , 573, 578, 699. Pacheco, Finn, Fiqiey, Byrne, Fahay. Windowpane flounder Scophthalmus aquousus 9,302,390,411,577,699. Pacheco, Finn, Fiqiey, Byrne, Fahay. Winter flounder Pleuronectes americanus 9,71,210,232,302,390,411,699. Pacheco, Finn, Figley, Byrne, Fahay. Hogchoker Trinectes macuiatus 9, 232, 302, 390. Pacheco, Finn, Byrne, Fahay. Numbers correspond to references listed in Appendix 4, pp. 245-280. Names correspond to individuals listed in Appendix 3, pp. 239-243. 213 Appendix 2, continued. Table of references and personal communications Species Delaware Bay Blue mussel Mytilus edulis 192,270, 401,474. Steimie, Kraueter. Bay scallop Arqopecten irradians 175, 192,401,416, 727. Kraueter. American oyster Crassostrea virginica 192,401, 564, 613, 661,727. Kraueter. Northern quahog Mercenaria mercenaria 8, 192,401,416,657,727. Kraueter. Softshell clam Mya arenaria 8,401, 727. Kraueter. Brown shrimp Peneaus aztecus 102,324, 332, 746. Halgren. Daggerblade grass shrimp Palaemonetes pugio 14,332, 746. Halqren. Sevenspine bay shrimp Crangon septemspinosa 545, 746. Halqren. American lobster Homarus amehcanus 192,332.366,727, 746. Halgren. Blue crab Callinectes sapidus 150, 165, 192, 253, 727, 745, 746. Epifanio. Skates Raja species 34,35. 140,638. R. Miller, Halqren. Atlantic stingray Dasyatus sabina 35. Beck. Cownose ray Rhinoptera bonansus 34, 35. 636. R. Miller. Shortnose sturgeon Acipenser brevirostrum 34, 67, 132, 192, 201, 233, 494, 727. Brundaqe, Maiden. Atlantic sturgeon Acipenser oxyrhynchus 34, 67, 140, 192, 201, 287, 331, 416, 727. Brundage, Maiden. American eel Anguilla rostrata 34, 140, 170, 416, 638, 727. R. Miller, Beck. Blueback herring Alosa aestivalis 34, 192, 287, 444, 447, 464, 727. J. Miller, Lupine, Beck, Maiden. Alewife Alosa pseudoharengus 34, 1 73, 1 92, 287, 444, 447, 464, 727. J. Miller, Lupine, Beck. American shad Alosa sapidissima 34, 96, 192, 287. 367, 416, 727, 731. R. Miller, J. Miller, Lupine, Beck. Atlantic menhaden Brevoortia tyrannus 34, 140, 192, 287, 416, 574, 638, 727. R. Miller, Beck. Atlantic herring Clupea harengus 34, 133,287,297,727. R. Miller, Halgren, Beck. Bay anchovy Anchoa mitchilli 34, 192,287,459. Beck, Maiden. Channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus 230,287, 341, 550. R. Miller, Halqren, Beck, Maiden. Rainbow smelt Osmerus mordax 34, 70, 727. Beck. Atlantic salmon Salmo salar 34,36, 135. Beck. Atlantic cod Gadus morhua 34, 140.230,647,727. Field. Haddock Melanogrammus aeglefinus 34, 230, 647, 727. Field. Atlantic tomcod Microgadus tomcod 34, 230, 665, 727. Field. Pollock Pollachius virens 140,230,727. Beck. Red hake Urophycis chuss 34, 140.230,638,727. Beck. Numbers correspond to references listed in Appendix 4, pp. 245-280. Names correspond to individuals listed in Appendix 3, pp. 239-243. 214 Species Delaware Bay, continued Oyster toadfish Opsanus tau 34, 140, 341, 390, 638. Seagraves. Sheepshead minnow Cyprinodon varieqatus 7,34, 140,230,444,550. Seagraves. Killifishes Fundulus species 7, 34, 140,230, 550,444. Taylor. Silversides Menidia species 34, 140, 174,444. Beck. Northern pipefisli Syngnathus fuscus 140,230,330,444. Seagraves. Northern searobin Prionotus carolinus 34, 140, 195,638. Halgren. White perch Morone americana 140, 192, 231, 638, 658, 727. Beck, R. Miller. Striped bass Morone saxatilis 94, 176, 192,231,303,727. Seagraves, J. Miller, Lupine, Beck, Maiden. Black sea bass Centroprlstis striata 140,231,436,469. R. Miller, Beck. Yellow perch Perca flavescens 140,231, 341. R. Miller. Beck. Bluetish Pomatomus saltatrix 34, 140, 192,514,727. R. Miller, Beck. Pinfish Lagodon rhomboides 140,285, 465. 514. Beck. Scup Stenotomus chrysops 140, 192, 285, 514, 638,727. R. Miller, Beck. Spotted seatrout Cynoscion nebulosus 284, 285. R. Miller, Beck, Michels. Weakfish Cynoscion regalis 192, 204, 205, 285, 288, 416, 435, 638, 727. R. Miller, Halgren, Taylor, Beck. Spot Leiostomus xanthurus 140, 285, 533, 638, 727. Beck, Maiden. Northern kingfish Menticirrhus saxatilis 34, 140,285,638. Beck. Atlantic croaker Micropogonias undulatus 140,285, 514,638. R. Miller, Halgren, Beck. Black drum Pogonias cromis 140,285, 638,671. R. Miller, Halgren, Beck. Red drum Sciaenops ocellatus 140,285,444,552, 638. R. Miller, Beck. Mullets Mugil species 107, 108, 140,390, 514. R. Miller, Beck. Tautog Tautoga onitis 19, 140, 195,514,638,727. R. Miller, Halgren. Gunner Tautogolabrus adspersus 19, 140, 195,514,638. Beck. American sand lance Ammodytes americanus 20, 140, 195, 638. Beck. Gobies Gobiosoma species 136,341. Beck. Atlantic mackerel Scomber scombrus 34, 140, 195.514,727. Seagraves. Butterfish Peprilus triacanthus 34,390, 514,638,727. Beck. Summer flounder Paraliciittiys dentatus 34, 140, 192, 210, 390, 573, 639, 727. R. Miller. Windowpane flounder Scophttialmus aquousus 140,390, 638,727. Beck. Winter flounder Pleuronectes americanus 71,210,390,727. Halgren, Beck. Hogchoker Trinectes maculatus 34, 140,390,638. R. Miller, Beck. Numbers correspond to references listed in Appendix 4, pp. 245-280. Names correspond to individuals listed in Appendix 3, pp. 239-243. 215 Appendix 2, continued. Table of references and personal communications Species Delaware Inland Bays Blue mussel Mylilus edulis 474, 728. Tinsman, Michels, Cole, Goodqer. Bay scallop Arqopecten Irradians 175, 728. Tinsman, Michels, Cole. American oyster Crassostrea virginica 661,728. Tinsman. Michels. Cole, Anderson. Northern quahog Mercenaria species 8, 105,657,728. Tinsman, Michels, Cole. Softshell clam Mya arenaria 8, 728. Tinsman, Michels, Cole, Anderson. Brown shrimp Peneaus aztecus 324, 332, 389, 746. Tinsman, Michels, Cole. Daggerblade grass shrimp Palaemonetes puqio 14,332,389. 746. Daiber. Sevenspine bay shrimp Cranqon septemspinosa 332, 389, 545, 746. Daiber, Field. American lobster Homarus americanus 332, 366, 746. Tinsman, Michels, Cole. Blue crab Callinectes sapidus 150, 165, 253, 332, 389, 745, 746. Tinsman, Michels, Cole, Daiber. Skates Raja species 34,35, 140, 728. Daiber. Atlantic stingray Dasyatus sabina 35. Daiber. Cownose ray Rhinoptera bonansus 34, 35, 636, 637. Daiber. Shortness sturgeon Acipenser brevirostrum 34, 87, 132, 143,201,444, 728. Shirey. Brundaqe. Atlantic sturgeon Acipenser oxyrhynchus 34, 87, 134, 143, 201, 287, 444, 728. Brundage, Goodger. American eel Anguilla rostrata 34, 87, 143, 170,281. Tinsman, Michels, Cole, Anderson. Blueback herring Alosa aestivalis 34, 87, 134, 143, 162, 287,464. Goodqer, Anderson, Shirey. Alewife Alosa pseudoharengus 34, 87, 134, 162, 173, 281, 287, 464. Goodger. Shirey. American shad Alosa sapidisslma 34, 87, 134, 143, 162, 287, 367, 444. Tinsman, Michels, Cole, Goodqer. Atlantic menhaden Brevoortia tyrannus 34, 87, 162, 281, 287, 416, 574, 728. Anderson, Shirey. Atlantic herring Clupea harengus 34, 143,287,297,389,727. Seagraves. Bay anchovy Anchoa mitchilli 34, 143,281,287,444,459, 611,728. Anderson. Channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus 143,287,389,550, 728. Tinsman, Michels, Cole. Rainbow smelt Osmerus mordax 34, 70, 87, 143,444,728. Field. Atlantic salmon Salmo salar 34.36, 135, 444. 728. Tinsman, Michels, Cole. Atlantic cod Gadus morhua 34, 140.230.444,647,728. Field. Haddock Melanogrammus aeglednus 34, 140,230,444,647,728. Field. Atlantic tomcod Microgadus tomcod 34, 230, 665, 444, 728. Field. Pollock Pollachius virens 34, 230, 444, 728. Field. Red hake Urophycis chuss 34. 230. 444. 638, 728. Seagraves. Numbers correspond to references listed in Appendix 4, pp. 245-280. Names correspond to individuals listed in Appendix 3, pp. 239-243. 216 species Delaware Inland Bays, continued Oyster toadfish Opsanus tau 34,87, 140, 281,341,389,390. Fine. Sheepshead minnow Cyprinodon varieqatus 7, 34, 87, 230, 389, 728. Daiber. Killifishes Fundulus species 7,34,230,281,444.624,728. Daiber. Siiversides Menidia species 34, 143, 174,281,611,728. Daiber. Northern pipefish Synqnathus fuscus 143, 230, 330,444, 611. Daiber. Northern searobin Prionotus carolinus 34, 195,281,389,444. Daiber. White perch Morone americana 231,281,444,611, 624,658. Daiber. Striped bass Morone saxatilis 87, 143, 162, 176,231,444. Anderson, Shirey. Black sea bass Centroprlstis striata 231, 281, 436,444, 728. Anderson, Shirey. Yellow perch Perca flavescens 231,281,341. Shirey. Bluefish Pomatomus saltatrix 143, 281, 389,444, 514, 728. Anderson, Daiber. Pinfish Lagodon rhomboides 140,285,465,514. Daiber. Soup Stenotomus chrysops 140, 143, 285,514. Seagraves. Spotted seatrout Cynoscion nebulosus 87, 140, 143,281,284,285,444. Anderson, Daiber. Weakfish Cynoscion regalis 162, 192, 281, 285, 435, 444. Daiber, Shirey. Spot Leiostomus xanthurus 87, 143, 162, 285, 389, 533, 611. Daiber. Northern kingfish Menticirrhus saxatilis 34, 140, 143.285,444. Daiber. Atlantic croaker MIcropogonias undulatus 143, 162. 281, 285. Tinsman, Michels, Cole, Anderson. Black drum Pogonlas cromis 143, 281, 285, 671. Anderson, Daniel, Shirey. Red drum Sclaenops ocellatus 140, 143, 281, 285, 389, 444, 552. Daiber. Mullets Mugll species 107, 108, 281,390,444, 728. Seagraves. Tautog Tautoga onltis 19, 34, 143, 195,444. Anderson, Martin. Gunner Tautogolabrus adspersus 19, 143, 195, 281,444, 611. Anderson, Martin, Shirey. American sand lance Ammodytes americanus 20, 162, 195. Cole. Gobies Gobiosoma species 87, 136, 143, 162.611. Cole. Atlantic mackerel Scomber scombrus 34. 140. 143. 195.389.444. 728. Seagraves. Butterfish Peprilus triacanthus 143.341.389.390.444.514. Cole. Summer flounder Parallchthys dentatus 143, 162, 210. 281. 390. 573, 728. Michels, Anderson, Shirey. Windowpane flounder Scophthalmus aquousus 34, 140, 143, 390,444. 727. Cole. Winter flounder Pleuronectes americanus 71, 162.210.281.390. 728. Cole, Price, Shirey. Hogchoker Trinectes maculatus 143,389, 390,638, 728. Cole. Daiber. Numbers correspond to references listed in Appendix 4, pp. 245-280. Names correspond to individuals listed in Appendix 3, pp. 239-243. 217 Appendix 2, continued. Table of references and personal communications Species Chincoteague Bay Blue mussel Mytilus edulis 470, 474, 603. Casey, Castagna, Scott. Bay scallop Argopecten irradlans 175,470. Casey, Castaqna, Scott. American oyster Crassostrea virginica 273,470, 661. Casey, Castagna, Scott. Northern quahog Mercenaha mercenaria 273,470, 657,659, 721. Casey, Castagna, Scott. Softshell clam Mya arenaria 8, 470. Casey, Castaqna, Scott. Brown shrimp Peneaus aztecus 91,324,470, 746. Casey. Daggerblade grass shrimp Palaemonetes pugio 14, 91,470, 746. Casey. Sevenspine bay shrimp Cranqon septemspinosa 91,470, 746. Casey. American lobster Homarus americanus 91,366,470,746. Casey. Blue crab Callinectes sapidus 88, 91, 253, 273, 470, 629, 745, 746. Casey. Skates Raja species 34, 35, 91 , 393, 470. 485, 554, 603, 605. Casey. Atlantic stingray Dasyatus sabina 35, 91 , 393, 470, 485, 554, 603, 605. Casey. Cownose ray Rhinoptera bonansus 34, 35, 91. 393, 470, 485, 554, 603, 605, 637. Casey. Shortnose sturgeon Acipenser brevirostrum 34, 91, 132, 201, 393, 470, 485. 554, 603, 605. Casey. Atlantic sturgeon Acipenser oxyrhynchus 34, 91 , 201 , 287, 393, 470, 485, 554, 603, 605. Casey. American eel Anguilla rostrata 34, 91, 170, 230, 393, 470, 485, 554, 603, 605, 692. Casey. Blueback herring Alosa aestivalis 34, 91, 173, 287, 464, 393, 470, 485, 554. 603, 605. Casey. Alewife Alosa pseudoharengus 34, 91, 173, 287, 464, 393, 470, 485, 554, 603, 605. Casey. American shad Alosa sapidissima 34, 91, 287, 367, 393, 470, 485, 554, 603, 605. Casey. Atlantic menhaden Brevoortia tyrannus 34, 91, 287, 393, 470, 485, 574. 554. 603, 605. Casey. Atlantic herring Clupea harengus 34, 91, 287, 297. 393, 470, 485, 554. 603. 605. Casey. Bay anchovy Anchoa mitchilli 34. 91 . 287. 393. 459, 470, 485. 554. 603. 605. Casey. Channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus 91. 287. 393. 470, 485, 554, 603, 605. Casey. Rainbow smelt Osmerus mordax 34, 70, 91 . 393. 470, 485. 554. 603. 605. Casey. Atlantic salmon Salmo salar 34, 91, 135, 393, 470, 485, 554, 603, 605. Casey. Atlantic cod Gadus morhua 34, 91, 230, 393, 470, 485, 554, 603, 605, 647. Casey. Haddock Melanogrammus aeglefinus 34, 230, 91, 393, 470, 485, 554, 603, 605, 647. Casey. Atlantic tomcod Microgadus tomcod 34, 91, 230, 393, 470, 485, 554, 603, 605, 665. Casey. Pollock Pollachius virens 91, 230, 393, 470, 485, 554, 603, 605. Casey. Red hake Urophycis chuss 34, 91, 230, 393, 470, 485, 554, 603, 605. Casey. Numbers correspond to references listed in Appendix 4, pp. 245-280. Names correspond to individuals listed in Appendix 3, pp. 239-243. 218 Species Chincoteague Bay, continued Oyster toadfish Opsanus tau 91, 341, 390, 393, 470, 485, 554, 603, 605. Casey. Sheepshead minnow Cyprinodon varieqatus 34, 91, 230, 393, 470, 485, 554, 603, 605. Casey. Killifishes Fundulus species 7, 91, 230, 393, 470, 485, 554, 603, 605. Casey. Silversides Menidia species 91, 174, 390, 393. 470, 485, 554, 603, 605. Casey. Northern pipefisli Syngnathus fuscus 91 , 230, 330, 393, 470, 485, 554, 603, 605. Casey. Northern searobin Prionotus camlinus 91, 195, 393, 470, 485, 554, 603, 605. Casey. White perch Morone americana 91, 231, 393, 470, 485, 554, 603, 605, 658. Casey. Striped bass Morone saxatilis 91 , 1 76, 231 , 393, 470, 485, 554, 603, 605. Casey. Black sea bass Centropristis striata 17, 91, 231, 393, 436, 470, 485, 554, 603, 605. Casey. Yellow perch Perca flavescens 91, 231, 393, 470, 485, 554, 603, 605. Casey. Bluefish Pamatomus saltatrix 91, 231, 298, 393, 470, 485, 497, 537, 554, 603, 605. Casey. Pinfish Lagodon rhomboides 91, 285, 393, 465, 470, 485, 554, 603. 605. Casey. Scup Stenotomus chrysops 91, 285, 393, 470, 485, 554, 603, 605. Casey. Spotted seatrout Cynoscion nebulosus 91, 284, 285, 393, 470, 485, 554, 603, 605. Casey. Weaktish Cynoscion regal is 91, 285, 393, 435, 470, 485, 554. 603, 605. Casey. Spot Leiostomus xantiiurus 91 , 285, 393, 470. 485, 533, 554, 603, 605. Casey. Northern kingfish Menticirrlius saxatilis 91 , 285, 393, 470, 485, 554, 603, 605. Casey. Atlantic croaker Micropogonias undulatus 91 , 285, 326, 393, 470, 485. 554, 603, 605. Casey. Black drum Pogonias cromis 91 , 285, 393, 470, 485, 554, 603, 605, 671 . Casey. Red drum Sciaenops ocellatus 91 , 285, 393, 470, 485, 552, 554, 603, 605. Casey. Mullets Mugil species 91, 107, 108, 390, 393, 470, 485, 554, 603. 605. Casey. Tautog Tautoga onitis 1 9, 34, 91 , 1 95, 393, 470, 485, 554, 603, 605. Casey. Gunner Tautogotabrus adspersus 1 9, 34, 91 , 1 95, 393, 470, 485, 554, 603, 605. Casey. American sand lance Ammodytes americanus 20, 91, 195, 393. 470. 485, 554, 603, 605. Casey. Gobies Gobiosoma species 91. 136. 195, 393. 470, 485, 554, 603, 605. Casey. Atlantic mackerel Scomber scombrus 91, 195, 393, 470, 485, 554, 603, 605. Casey. Butterfish Peprilus triacanthus 91, 390, 393, 470, 485, 554, 603, 605. Casey. Summer flounder Paralichthys dentatus 91, 210, 390, 393, 470, 485, 554, 573, 603, 605. Casey. Windowpane flounder Scophthalmus aquousus 34, 91, 390, 393, 470, 485, 554, 603, 605. Casey. Winter flounder Pleuronectes americanus 71.91, 21 0, 390. 393. 470, 485, 554, 603, 605. Casey. Hogchoker Trinectes maculatus 34, 91. 390, 393, 470, 485, 554, 603, 605. Casey. Numbers correspond to references listed in Appendix 4, pp. 245-280. Names correspond to individuals listed in Appendix 3, pp. 239-243. 219 Appendix 2, continued. Table of references and personal communications Species Chesapeake Bay mainstem Blue mussel Mytilus edulis 341,473,474,475,549,708. Barber, Newell, M.P. Lynch. Bay scallop Arqopecten irradians 175,587,708. Barber, Dupaul. American oyster Crassostrea virqinica 1, 2, 15, 31, 124, 163, 196, 235, 236, 238, 242, 299, 316, 341, 345, 404, 455, 476, 507, 551, 568, 569, 582, 661, 708, 730. Barber, Newell. Northern quahog Mercenaria mercenaria 137, 139, 193, 196, 194, 320, 321, 341, 657, 703, 708. Barber. Softshell clam Mya arenaria 8, 196, 258, 341, 345, 300, 355, 376, 526, 527. 530. 620, 708. Barber, Kennedy. Brown shrimp Peneaus aztecus 242, 324, 708, 743, 744. 746. Lipcius. Daggerblade grass shrimp Palaemonetes puqio 14, 48, 138, 242, 341, 548, 580, 593, 679. 708. 746. Lipcius, Van Heukelem. Sevenspine bay shrimp Cranqon septemspinosa 78, 118, 123,221,261,451, 546,708, 711,712, 746. Lipcius. American lobster Homarus americanus 86, 1 00, 1 1 6, 1 81 , 366, 432, 708, 746. Lipcius, OIney. Blue crab Callinectes sapidus 16, 163, 196, 198, 199, 202, 203, 239, 242, 253, 259, 283, 286, 312, 336, 337, 338, 341, 345, 365, 385, 442, 542, 520, 586, 587, 588, 592, 625, 695, 696, 745, 746. Gibbs, Lipcius, M.P. Lynch, Van Heukelem. Skates Raja species 34, 35, 251 , 341 , 41 3, 414, 547, 554, 688, 708. Branstetter, Sminkey, Tabbit. Atlantic stingray Dasyatus sabina 35, 251, 341, 554, 608, 649, 688, 708. Branstetter, Sminkey, Tabbit. Cownose ray Rhinoptera bonansus 34, 35, 39, 40, 251, 341, 371, 554, 635, 636, 637, 688, 708. Branstetter, Sminkey, Tabbit. Shortnose sturgeon Acipenser brevirostrum 34, 65, 68, 69, 132, 201, 233, 251, 341, 554, 642, 688, 708. Colvocoresses, Seaver, Estes. Atlantic sturgeon Acipenser oxyrhynchus 34, 201, 251, 287, 341, 331, 554, 641, 643, 688, 708. Colvocoresses, Seaver, Estes. American eel Anquilla rostrata 27, 34, 97, 170, 171, 243, 251, 341, 554, 688, 692, 708, 724, 725, 726. Wiley, OIney, Colvocoresses. Blueback herring Alosa aestivalis 30, 34, 42, 43, 74, 75, 89, 145, 173, 196, 198, 199, 251, 271, 287, 307, 317, 341, 346, 347, 348, 349, 396, 463, 464, 515, 554, 652, 683, 688, 698, 708, 714, 715, 716, 718. Dixon, Loesch. Alewife Alosa pseudoharenqus 34, 42, 43, 89, 98, 145, 173, 196, 198, 199, 251, 271, 287, 317, 318, 341, 346, 347, 348, 349, 367, 394, 396, 463, 464, 515, 554, 652, 688, 698, 708, 714, 715, 716, 718. Dixon, Loesch. American shad Alosa sapidissima 34, 42, 43, 89, 98, 145, 196, 198, 199, 251, 271, 287, 317, 318, 341, 346, 347, 348, 349, 367, 394, 396, 463, 515, 554, 652, 688, 698, 708, 714, 715, 716, 718. Dixon, Loesch. Atlantic menhaden Brevooiiia tyrannus 18, 34, 187, 189, 196, 574, 198, 199, 251, 287, 307, 319, 341, 396, 397, 410, 418, 496, 515, 516, 554, 688, 698, 708. OIney, Houde, Desfosse, Lucy. Atlantic herring Clupea harenqus 34, 198, 199, 251, 287, 297. 341, 396, 515, 554, 688, 698, 708. Colvocoresses, Seaver, Estes. Bay anchovy Anchoa mitchilli 34, 79, 89, 121, 152, 196, 198, 199, 251, 287, 307, 341, 358, 396, 459, 501, 502, 515, 554, 575, 619, 687, 688, 698, 708. Colvocoresses, Houde, Luo. Channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus 198, 199, 251, 287, 307, 323, 341, 396, 433, 515, 575, 688, 698, 708, 719. Colvocoresses, Estes, Seaver. Rainbow smelt Osmerus mordax 34, 70, 198, 199, 251, 341, 396, 515, 688, 698, 708. Colvocoresses. Atlantic salmon Salmo salar 34, 135, 198, 199, 251, 341, 396, 515, 688, 698, 708. Colvocoresses. Atlantic cod Gadus morhua 198, 199, 230, 251, 341, 396, 515, 647, 688, 698, 708. Colvocoresses, OIney. Haddock Melanoqrammus aeqiefinus 198, 199, 230, 251, 341, 396, 515, 647, 688, 698, 708. Colvocoresses. Atlantic tomcod Microqadus tomcod 34, 198, 199, 230, 251, 341, 396, 515, 665, 688, 698, 708. Colvocoresses. Pollock Pollachius virens 34, 198, 199, 230, 251, 341, 396, 515, 688, 698, 708. Colvocoresses, OIney. Red hake Urophycis chuss 25, 26, 34, 1 1 0, 1 98, 1 99, 230, 251 , 341 , 396, 51 5, 554, 688, 698, 708. Colvocoresses, OIney. Numbers correspond to references listed in Appendix 4, pp. 245-280. Names correspond to individuals listed in Appendix 3, pp. 239-243. 220 Species Chesapeake Bay mainstem, continued Oyster toadfish Opsanus tau 1 98, 1 99, 251 , 341 , 390, 396, 51 5, 534, 554, 688, 698, 708. Carter. Colvocoresses. Estes, Seaver. Sheepshead minnow Cyprinodon variegatus 230, 251 , 275, 341 , 396, 51 5, 554, 688, 698, 708. Carmichael, Colvocoresses, Estes, Gear, Seaver, Weisberg. Killifishes Fundulus species 5, 7, 24, 84, 230, 251, 260, 263, 341, 396, 445, 456, 515, 554, 579, 580, 688, 698, 708, 713. Carmichael, Colvocoresses, Estes, Gear, Seaver, Weisberg. Silversides Menidia species 29, 77, 120, 174, 251, 307, 341, 390, 396, 515, 554, 445, 688, 698, 708. Colvocoresses, Estes, Gear, Seaver. Northern pipefish Syngnathus fuscus 230, 251, 341, 396, 434, 502, 515, 554, 583, 584, 585, 688, 698, 708. Carter, Colvocoresses, Gear. Northern searobin Prionotus carollnus 195, 198, 199, 251, 341,375,387,396,412, 515, 554, 562, 688, 698, 708, 752, 757. Carter, Chittenden, Estes, Seaver, Uphoff. White perch Morone americana 47,89,90, 196, 198, 199, 231,251,307,317,341,384,396, 515, 554, 563, 575, 576, 619, 652, 655, 656, 658, 688, 698, 708. Colvocoresses, Houde, OIney. Striped bass Morone saxatilis 44,45,89, 119, 176, 179, 196, 198, 199,206,224,225,231,251,310,317,325,341,396, 415, 503, 506, 515, 554, 589, 645, 652, 684, 688, 698, 708. Colvocoresses, Houde, OIney. Black sea bass Centropristis striata 198, 199, 231, 251, 341, 396, 436, 515, 554, 687, 688, 698, 708. Colvocoresses, Gear. Yellow perch Perca flavescens 90, 159, 160, 161. 196, 198, 199, 231, 251, 307, 341, 396, 515, 554, 618, 688, 698, 708, 719. Colvocoresses, Estes, Gear, Seaver. Bluefish Pomatomus saltatrix 231, 251, 298, 341, 396, 486, 515, 537, 554, 688, 689, 698, 708. Colvocoresses, OIney, Uphoff. Pintish Lagodon rhomboides 1 98, 1 99, 251 , 285, 341 , 396, 465, 51 5, 688, 698, 706, 708. Colvocoresses, Estes, Gear, Seaver. Scup Stenotomus chrysops 1 98, 1 99, 251 , 285, 341 , 396, 457, 51 5, 554, 644, 646, 688, 698, 708. Colvocoresses, Lippson, OIney. Spotted seatrout Cynoscion nebulosus 64, 198, 199, 251, 274, 284, 285, 341, 396. 441, 515, 554, 688, 698, 708. Chittenden, Staqg, Uphoff. Weakfish Cynoscion regalis 22,92, 113, 120, 121, 198, 199,251,285,341,395,396,399,435,440,501,511,515, 554, 575, 609, 612, 688, 698, 708, 736, 737. Chittenden, Lowerre, OIney, Staqq, Uphoff. Spot Leiostomus xanttiurus 92, 113, 120, 121, 196, 198, 199,251, 256,257, 285,307.341,396, 403,445, 481,495, 511, 512. 513, 515. 533, 554, 575, 688, 698, 708, 717. Chittenden, OIney, Wiley, CD. Williams. Northern kingfish Menticirrlius saxatilis 113, 121, 198, 199, 251.285,341,396,515,554,688,698, 708. Chittenden, Colvocoresses, OIney. Atlantic croaker Micropogonias undulatus 41, 92, 113, 121, 198, 199, 251,257, 285, 341, 396, 515,480,482,483,484, 502, 575, 688, 698, 708, 737. Barbieri, Carter, Chittenden, OIney. Black drum Pogonlas cromis 122. 144, 190, 198, 199,251,285,289,341,396,515, 554,671,688,698, 708. Chittenden, Lippson, OIney. Red drum Sciaenops ocellatus 92, 1 1 3, 1 98, 1 99, 251 , 285. 341 , 379, 396, 51 5, 523, 552, 554, 688, 698, 708. Cavaluzzi, Chittenden, Lippson, OIney. Mullets Mugil species 107, 108, 198. 199,251,341,390,396, 515,554,688,698, 708. Colvocoresses. Estes. Gear, Seaver. Tautog Tautoga onitis 19. 195, 198, 199, 251, 341, 396, 499, 500, 515, 554, 662, 688, 698, 708. Colvocoresses, Estes, Seaver, M.P. Lynch. Gunner Tautoqolabrus adspersus 19, 195, 198, 199, 251, 341, 388, 396, 515, 554, 688, 698, 708, 755. Colvocoresses. American sand lance Ammodytes americanus 20, 195, 251, 341, 437, 477, 560, 688, 708, 750. Colvocoresses, Estes, Seaver. Gobies Gobiosoma species 50, 136, 195,251,341,396,398, 554, 618,619, 621,688, 698, 708. Breitburg, Colvocoresses, Estes, Seaver. Atlantic mackerel Scomber scombrus 195, 198, 199, 251, 341, 396, 458, 515, 554, 617, 634, 648, 670, 688, 698, 708, 740. Chittenden, Colvocoresses, OIney. Butterfish Pephlus triacanttius 1 98, 1 99. 251 , 341 , 390, 396, 51 5, 554, 648, 670, 688, 698, 708, 740. Colvocoresses, Estes, Gear, Seaver. Summer flounder Paralichthys dentatus 142, 164, 198. 199, 210,251,341,390,396,515,554,575,688,697, 698,708, 754. Desfosse. Gear. Musick, OIney. Windowpane flounder Scopfitlialmus aquousus 198, 199, 251. 341. 390, 396, 515, 688, 698, 708. Carter, Desfosse, Musick, OIney. Winter flounder Pleuronectes americanus 198, 199, 210, 251, 341, 390, 396, 515, 554, 688, 698, 708. Carter, Desfosse, Musick, OIney. Hogchoker Trinectes maculatus 198, 199, 251, 341, 390, 396, 510, 515, 554, 575, 619, 640, 688. 698, 708. Carter, Colvocoresses, Estes, Seaver, Wiley. Numbers correspond to references listed in Appendix 4, pp. 245-280. Names correspond to individuals listed in Appendix 3, pp. 239-243. 221 Appendix 2, continued. Table of references and personal communications Species Chester River Blue mussel Mytilus edulis 340,341, 474. Lippson. Bay scallop Arqopecten irradians 175,340,341. Lippson. American oyster Crassostrea virginica 31, 196,316,340,341,661. Newell. Northern quahog Mercenaha mercenaria 196, 340, 341, 657, 659. Lippson. Softshell clam Mya arenaria 8, 196,340,341,472. Kennedy. Brown shrimp Peneaus aztecus 250,324, 341, 746. Lippson. Daggerblade grass shrimp Palaemonetes pugio 14, 340,341, 746. Van Heukelem. Sevenspine bay shrimp Cranqon septemspinosa 340,341, 746. A.B. Williams. American lobster Homarus americanus 341,366. 746. Lippson. Blue crab Callinectes sapidus 196,253,340,341, 745.746. Van Heukelem. Skates Raja species 34,35, 250,340,341. Schwartz. Atlantic stingray Dasyatus sabina 35,341. Schwartz. Cownose ray Rhinoptera bonansus 34,35,250,341. Schwartz. Shortnose sturgeon Aclpenser brevirostrum 34, 132,201. O'Dell. Atlantic sturgeon Acipenser oxyrhynchus 34,201,287. O'Dell. American eel Anguilla rostrata 34, 148, 149, 170, 250. 341, 462. Wiley. Blueback herring Alosa aestivalis 34, 196. 250, 287, 341. 462. 464. O'Dell. Alewife Alosa pseudoharengus 34, 173, 196, 250, 287. 341, 462. 464. O'Dell. American shad Alosa sapidissima 34. 196, 287, 367. 378, 250, 341, 462. O'Dell. Atlantic menhaden Brevoortia tyrannus 34, 196, 287, 574. Houde. Atlantic herring Clupea harengus 34, 287, 297. Field. Bay anchovy Anchoa mitchilli 34, 196,250.287.341,459. Houde. Channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus 250,287,462.581, 653. O'Dell. Rainbow smelt Osmerus mordax 70. Field. Atlantic salmon Salmo salar 34, 135. Field. Atlantic cod Gadus morhua 34,230,250,341,647. Lippson. Haddock Melanogrammus aeglefinus 34.230,341,647. Lippson. Atlantic tomcod Microqadus tomcod 34, 230, 665. Field. Pollock Pollachius virens 230,250,341. Lippson. Red hake Urophycis cliuss 34, 230. Lippson. Numbers correspond to references listed in Appendix 4, pp. 245-280. Names correspond to individuals listed in Appendix 3, pp. 239-243. 222 species Chester River, continued Oyster toadfish Opsanus tau 250,390,462,581. Carter, Gemignani, Jordan, Mihursky, Uphoff. Sheepshead minnow Cyprinodon vaheqatus 230,250,341,581. Hershfield. Killitishes Fundulus species 7,230,250,341, 581. Hershfield. Silversides Menidia species 174,250, 341,462, 581. Carter, Gemignani, Jordan, Mihursky, Schwartz, Uphoff. Northern pipefish Syngnathus fuscus 230,250,330,341,462, 581. Carter, Gemignani, Jordan, Mihursky, Uphoff. Northern searobin Prionotus carolinus 195. Carter, Gemignani, Mihursky, Uphoff. White perch Morone americana 196, 231, 250, 341, 462, 653, 654, 658. Houde. Striped bass Morone saxatilis 1 76, 1 96, 231 , 250, 341 , 581 , 653, 654. Houde. Black sea bass Centrophstis striata 231,250,341,436, 581,653. Lippson. Yellow perch Perca flavescens 159, 160, 161, 196, 231, 250, 341, 462, 491, 581, 653, 654. O'Dell. Bluefish Pomatomus saltatrix 231 , 250, 298, 341 , 537, 581 , 653, 702, 735. Carter, Gemignani, Mihursky, Uphoff. Pinfish Lagodon rhomboides 250,285,341,465. Lippson. Scup Stenotomus chrysops 285. Lippson. Spotted seatrout Cynoscion nebulosus 250, 284, 285, 341 , 462, 581 , 653. Carter, Gemignani, Mihursky, Stagg, Uphoff. Weakfish Cynoscion regalis 155,285,435,581, 653. Carter, Gemignani, Mihursky, Stagg, Uphoff. Spot Leiostomus xanthurus 250, 285, 341, 462, 533, 581, 653. Wiley. Northern kingfish Menticirrhus saxatilis 285. Lippson. Atlantic croaker Micropogonias undulatus 250,285,341, 581, 653. Carter, Gemignani, Jordan, Mihursky, Uphoff. Black drum Pogonias cromis 250, 285, 341, 581, 653, 671. Lippson. Red drum Sciaenops ocellatus 250, 285, 341, 552, 581, 653. Lippson. Mullets Mugil species 107, 108, 250, 341, 390, 462, 581, 653. Lippson. Tautog Tautoga onitis 19, 195,250,341,653. Lippson. Gunner Tautogolabrus adspersus 19, 195. Lippson. American sand lance Ammodytes americanus 20, 195,250,341, Lippson. Gobies Gobiosoma species 50, 136, 195, 341,621. Breitburg. Atlantic mackerel Scomber scombrus 195, 250, 341, 616. Lippson. Buttertish Peprilus triacanthus 250,341,390. Lippson. Summer flounder Paralichthys dentatus 200,210,390,573, 581,653. Stagg. Windowpane flounder Scophthalmus aquousus 250,341,390. Carter, Gemignani, Jordan, Mihursky, Uphoff. Winter flounder Pleuronectes americanus 210,390, 581,653. Carter, Gemignani, Jordan, Mihursky, Uphoff. Hogchoker Trinectes maculatus 250,341,390,462, 581. Wiley. Numbers correspond to references listed in Appendix 4, pp. 245-280. Names correspond to individuals listed in Appendix 3, pp. 239-243. 223 Appendix 2, continued. Table of references and personal communications Species Choptank River Blue mussel Mytilus edulis 340, 341, 474, 653. Lippson. Bay scallop Arqopecten irradians 175,340,341,653. Lippson. American oyster Crassostrea virginica 31, 196, 316, 340, 341, 581, 653, 661. Newell. Northern quahog Mercenaria mercenaria 196,340, 341, 653, 657,659. Lippson. Softshell clam Mya arenaria 8, 196,340,341,472. Kennedy. Brown shrimp Peneaus aztecus 250,324,341,746. Lippson, Daggerblade grass shrimp Palaemonetes pugio 14,340,341,746. Van Heukelem. Sevenspine bay shrimp Crangon septemspinosa 340, 341, 746. A.B. Williams. American lobster Homarus americanus 341, 366, 746. Lippson. Blue crab Callinectes sapidus 196,253,340,341, 745,746. Van Heukelem. Skates Raja species 34,35,340,341,653. Schwartz. Atlantic stingray Dasyatus sabina 35,250,341. Schwartz. Cownose ray Rhinoptera bonansus 34,35,250,340,341. Schwartz. Shortnose sturgeon Acipenser brevirostrum 34, 132,201.341,581,654. O'Dell. Atlantic sturgeon Acipenser oxyrhynchus 34,201,287,341,581,654. O'Dell. American eel Anguilla mstrata 34, 148, 170,341,462, 581, 654. Wiley. Blueback herring Alosa aestivalis 34, 1 96, 287, 341 , 462, 464, 581 , 654. O'Dell. Alewife Alosa pseudoharengus 34, 173, 196, 250, 287, 340, 341, 462, 464, 581, 654. O'Dell. American shad Alosa sapidissima 34, 196, 250, 287, 341, 367, 378, 653, 654. O'Dell. Atlantic menhaden Brevoortia tyrannus 34, 1 96, 250, 287, 341 , 574, 581 , 653. Houde. Atlantic herring Clupea harengus 34, 287, 297. Field. Bay anchovy Anchoa mitchilli 34, 196, 250, 287, 341, 459, 462, 581. Houde. Channel cattish Ictalurus punctatus 250,287,341,462, 581,653. O'Dell. Rainbow smelt Osmerus mordax 70. Field. Atlantic salmon Salmo salar 34, 135. Field. Atlantic cod Gadus morhua 34,230,250,341,647,653. Lippson. Haddock Melanogrammus aeglefinus 34,230,250,341,647. Lippson. Atlantic tomcod Microgadus tomcod 34, 230, 665. Field. Pollock Pollachius virens 230,250,341. Lippson. Red hake Urophycis chuss 34, 230. Lippson. Numbers correspond to references listed in Appendix 4, pp. 245-280. Names correspond to individuals listed in Appendix 3, pp. 239-243. 224 Species Choptank River, continued Oyster toadfish Opsanus tau 250,341,390,462, 581. Carter, Gemignani, Jordan, Mihursky, Uphoff. Sheepshead minnow Cyprinodon varieqatus 230,250,341,462, 581. Hershfield. Killifishes Fundulus species 7,230,250,341,462,581. Hershfield. Silversides Menidia species 174,250,341,581. Carter, Gemignani, Jordan, Mihursky, Schwartz, Uphoff. Northern pipetisli Syngnathus fuscus 230, 250, 330,341, 462, 581. Carter, Gemignani, Jordan, Mihursky, Uphoff. Norlhern searobin Prionotus carolinus 195, Carter, Gemignani, Mihursky, Uphoff. White perch Morone americana 90, 196,231,658. Houde. Striped bass Morone saxatilis 176, 196, 231, 250, 341, 581, 653, 654, 690. Houde. Black sea bass Centroprlstis striata 231,250,341,436, 581,653. Lippson. Yeliow perch Perca flavescens 90, 159, 160, 161, 196, 231, 250, 341, 462, 491, 653, 654. O'Dell. Bluetish Pomatomus saltathx 231, 250, 298, 341, 537, 581, 653, 702, 735. Carter, Gemignani, Mihursky, Uphoff. Pinfish Lagodon rhomboides 250,285,341,465. Lippson. Scup Stenotomus chrysops 285. Lippson. Spotted seatrout Cynoscion nebulosus 250, 284, 285, 340, 341, 462, 581, 653. Carter, Gemignani, Mihursky, Stagg, Uphoff. Weakfish Cynoscion regalis 1 55, 250, 285, 341 , 435, 581 , 653. Carter, Gemignani, Mihursky, Stagg, Uphoff. Spot Leiostomus xanthurus 250, 285, 341. 462. 533, 581, 653. Wiley. Northern kingtish Menticirrhus saxatilis 285. Lippson. Atlantic croaker Micropogonias undulatus 250,285, 341, 581, 653. Carter, Gemignani, Jordan, Mihursky, Uphoff. Black drum Pogonias cromis 250,285,341,581, 653,671. Lippson. Red drum Sciaenops ocellatus 250,285,341,552, 581,653. Lippson. Mullets Mugil species 107, 108,250,341, 390, 581. Lippson. Tautog Tautoga onitis 19, 195,250,340,341,581, 653. Lippson. Gunner Tautogolabrus adspersus 19, 195. Lippson. American sand lance Ammodytes americanus 20, 195,250,341. Lippson. Gobies Gobiosonria species 50, 136, 195,341,621. Breitburg. Atlantic mackerel Scomber scombrus 195,250, 341,616. Lippson. Butterfish Pepriius triacanthus 250,341, 390. Lippson. Summer flounder Paralichthys dentatus 200, 210, 250, 341, 390, 573, 581, 653. Stagg. Windowpane flounder Scophthalmus aquousus 250,341,390. Carter, Gemignani, Jordan, Mihursky, Uphoff. Winter flounder Pleuronectes americanus 210,250,341,390, 581,653. Carter, Gemignani, Jordan, Mihursky, Uphoff. Hogchoker Trinectes maculatus 250,341, 390,462, 581. Wiley. Numbers correspond to references listed in Appendix 4, pp. 245-280. Names correspond to individuals listed in Appendix 3, pp. 239-243. 225 Appendix 2, continued. Table of references and personal communications Species Patuxent River Blue mussel Mytilus edulis 340, 341, 474. Lippson. Bay scallop Arqopecten irradians 175, 340, 341. Lippson. American oyster Crassostrea virginica 31, 196,316,340,341.661. Newell. Northern quahog Mercenaria mercenaria 196,340, 341,657, 659. Lippson. Softshell clam Mya arenaria 8, 196,340,341,472. Kennedy. Brown shrimp Peneaus aztecus 324,340,341,746. Lippson. Daggerblade grass shrimp Palaemonetes puqio 14, 340, 341, 746. Van Heukelem. Sevenspine bay shrimp Crangon septemspinosa 340,341, 746. A.B. Williams. American lobster Homarus americanus 250, 366, 746. Lippson. Blue crab Calllnectes sapidus 196,253, 340, 341, 745, 746. Van Heukelem. Skates Raja species 34,35,250,341. Schwartz. Atlantic stingray Dasyatus sabina 35, 250,340,341. Schwartz. Cownose ray Rhinoptera bonansus 34,35,340,341,637. Schwartz. Shortnose sturgeon Acipenser brevirostrum 34, 132, 201. O'Dell. Atlantic sturgeon Acipenser oxyrhynchus 34,201,287. O'Dell. American eel Anguilla rostrata 34, 148, 170, 250,340,341. Wiley. Blueback herring Alosa aestivalis 34, 196, 287,464,489,490. O'Dell. Alewife Alosa pseudoharenqus 34, 173, 196,287,464,489, 490. O'Dell. American shad Alosa sapidissima 34, 196, 287, 367, 378, 489, 490. O'Dell. Atlantic menhaden Brevoortia tyrannus 34, 196,287, 574,250,340,341. Houde. Atlantic herring Clupea harengus 34, 287, 297. Field. Bay anchovy Anchoa mitchilli 34, 196, 250, 287, 340, 341, 459. Houde. Channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus 287,340,341. O'Dell. Rainbow smelt Osmerus mordax 70. Field. Atlantic salmon Salmo salar 34, 135. Field. Atlantic cod Gadus morhua 34,230,250,341, 647. Lippson. Haddock Melanogrammus aeglefinus 34,230,250,341,647. Lippson. Atlantic tomcod Microgadus tomcod 34, 230, 665. Field. Pollock Pollachius virens 230.250,341. Lippson. Red hake Urophycis chuss 34. 230. Lippson. Numbers correspond to references listed in Appendix 4, pp. 245-280. Names correspond to individuals listed in Appendix 3, pp. 239-243. 226 Species Patuxent River, continued Oyster toadfish Opsanus tau 340,341,390. Garter, Gemiqnani, Jordan, IVIihursky, Uphoff. Sheepshead minnow Cyprinodon varieqatus 230,250,340,341. Hershfield. Killifishes Fundulus species 7,230,250,340,341. Hershfield. Silversides Menidia species 174,250,340,341. Garter, Gemignani, Jordan, Mihursky, Schwartz, Uphoff. Northern pipefish Syngnathus fuscus 230,250,330,340,341. Carter, Gemiqnani, Jordan, Mihursky, Uphoff. Northern searobin Prionotus carolinus 195,250,341. Garter, Gemignani, Mihursky, Uphoff. White perch Morone americana 196,231,489,490, 658. Houde. Striped bass Morone saxatilis 176, 196, 231,489, 490, 581. Houde. Black sea bass Centropristis striata 231, 341, 436, 469. Lippson. Yellow perch Perca flavescens 159, i60, 161, 196, 231,489,490. O'Dell. Bluefish Pomatomus saltatrix 231,298, 341, 537, 702,735. Garter, Gemiqnani, Mihursky, Uphoff. Pinfish Laqodon rhomboides 250, 285, 341,465. Lippson. Scup Stenotomus chrysops 250,285, 341. Lippson. Spotted seatrout Cynoscion nebulosus 284,285,341. Garter, Gemiqnani, Mihursky, Staqq, Uphoff. Weakfish Cynoscion regalis 155, 250, 285,340, 341,435. Garter, Gemignani, Mihursky, Stagg, Uphoff. Spot Leiostomus xantl^urus 285,341, 533. Wiley. Northern kingfish Menticirrhus saxatilis 285,340,341. Lippson. Atlantic croaker Micropogonias undulatus 285,341. Garter, Gemiqnani, Jordan, Mihursky, Uphoff. Black drum Pogonias cromis 285,341, 671. Lippson. Red drum Sciaenops ocellatus 285,340,341,353,379,552. Lippson. Mullets Mugil species 107, 108, 340,341,390. Lippson. Tautog Tautoga onitis 19, 195,340,341. Lippson. Gunner Tautoqolabrus adspersus 19, 195. Lippson. American sand lance Ammodytes americanus 20, 195,250,341. Lippson. Gobies Gobiosoma species 50, 136, 195,340,341,621. Breitburg. Atlantic mackerel Scomber scombrus 195,250,341,616. Lippson. Buttertish Peprilus triacanthus 250,341, 390. Lippson. Summer flounder Paraliclithys dentatus 200,210,341,390, 573. Stagg. Windowpane flounder Scophtiialmus aquousus 250, 251, 341, 390. Carter, Gemiqnani, Jordan, Mihursky, Uphoff. Winter flounder Pleuronectes americanus 210,250, 340,341,390. Garter, Gemignani, Jordan, Mihursky, Uphoff. Hogchoker Trinectes maculatus 250,340, 341,390. Wiley. Numbers correspond to references listed in Appendix 4, pp. 245-280. Names correspond to individuals listed in Appendix 3, pp. 239-243. 227 Appendix 2, continued. Table of references and personal communications Species Potomac River Blue mussel Mytilus edulis 340,341, 474, Lippson. Bay scallop Arqopecten irradians 175,340, 341. 727. Lippson. American oyster Crassostrea virginica 31, 196, 237, 316, 340, 341, 661, 727. Newell. Northern quahog Mercenaria mercenaria 196,340, 341,657,659,727. Lippson. Softshell clam Mya arenaria 8, 1 96, 237, 340, 341 , 472, 526, 529, 727. Kennedy. Brown shrimp Peneaus aztecus 324, 340, 746. Lippson. Daggerblade grass shrimp Palaemonetes pugio 14,311,339,340, 528,746, 753. Van Heukelem. Sevenspine bay shrimp Cranqon septemspinosa 340, 341, 746. A.B. Williams. American lobster Homarus americanus 250,340,341,366,727, 746. Lippson. Blue crab Callinectes sapidus 196, 253, 339, 340, 343, 685, 696, 707, 727, 745, 746. Van Heukelem. Skates Raja species 34,35,340,341. Schwartz. Atlantic stingray Dasyatus sabina 35,340,341. Schwartz. Cownose ray Rhinoptera bonansus 34, 35, 340, 606, 636, 637. Schwartz. Shortnose sturgeon Acipenser brevirostrum 34, 132,201,340,727. O'Dell. Atlantic sturgeon Acipenser oxyrhynchus 34,201,287,340,727. O'Dell. American eel Anguilla rostrata 34, 148, 170, 339, 340, 604, 727. Wiley. Blueback herring Alosa aestivalis 34, 196, 287, 340, 353, 377, 446, 464, 610, 727. O'Dell. Alewife Alosa pseudoharengus 34, 173, 196, 287, 340, 353, 377, 464, 446, 610, 727. O'Dell. American shad Alosa sapidissima 34. 287, 340, 367, 377, 378, 493, 610, 727, 747, 748, 749. O'Dell. Atlantic menhaden Brevooriia tyrannus 34, 287, 292, 340, 478, 574, 727, 748. Houde. Atlantic herring Clupea harengus 34, 287, 297, 340, 727. Field. Bay anchovy Anchoa mitchilli 34, 153, 287, 339, 340, 353, 392, 459. Houde. Channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus 287, 340. O'Dell. Rainbow smelt Osmerus mordax 70, 340, 727. Field. Atlantic salmon Salmo salar 34, 135,340. Field. Atlantic cod Gadus morhua 34, 230, 250, 340, 341, 647, 727. Lippson. Haddock Melanogrammus aeglefinus 34, 230, 250, 340, 341, 647, 727. Lippson. Atlantic tomcod Microgadus tomcod 34, 230, 340, 665, 727. Field. Pollock Pollachius virens 230,250,340,341, 727. Lippson. Red hake Urophycis chuss 34, 230, 340, 727. Lippson. Numbers correspond to references listed in Appendix 4, pp. 245-280. Names correspond to individuals listed in Appendix 3, pp. 239-243. 228 Species Potomac River, continued Oyster toacJfish Opsanus tau 340, 390. Garter, Gemignani, Jordan, Mihursky, Uphoff. Sheepshead minnow Cyphnodon varieqatus 184, 230, 340,353, 607. Hershfield. Killifishes Fundulus species 7, 184, 230,340,353, 607. Hershfield. Silvers ides Menidia species 174,340,353,492, 610. Garter, Gemignani, Jordan, l^ihursky, Schwartz, Uphoff. Northern pipefish Syngnathus fuscus 153. 230, 330, 340, 342, 493, 633. Garter, Gemignani, Jordan, fvlihursky, Uphoff. Northern searobin Prionotus carolinus 195.340,467,633. Carter, Gemignani, Mihursky, Uphoff. White perch Morone americana 196, 231, 340, 353, 391. 392, 658, 727. Houde. Striped bass Morone saxatilis 176, 196, 225, 231, 340, 353, 581, 610, 727, 747. 748, 749. Houde. Black sea bass Centropristis striata 231,340,436. Lippson. Yellow perch Perca flavescens 159, 160, 161, 196,231,340,491. O'Dell. Bluefish Pomatomus saltatrix 231. 298. 340. 537. 702. 727, 735. Garter, Gemignani, Mihursky, Uphoff. Pinfish Lagodon rhomboldes 250,285, 340,341,465. Lippson. Scup Stenotomus chrysops 285, 340. 727. Lippson. Spotted seatrout Cynoscion nebulosus 155. 284. 285.340. 353,392. Carter, Gemignani, Mihursky, Stagg, Uphoff. Weakfish Cynoscion regalis 155, 285, 340, 353, 392. 435. 727. Carter, Gemignani, Mihursky. Stagg, Uphoff. Spot Leiostomus xanthurus 285, 340, 342, 353, 467, 513, 533, 610, 727. Wiley. Northern kingfish Menticirrhus saxatilis 285, 340. Lippson. Atlantic croaker Micropogonias undulatus 155,285, 340,341,353,392. Carter, Gemignani, Jordan. Mihursky. Uphoff. Black drum Pogonias cromis 285.340.341.353.379.671. Lippson. Red drum Sciaenops ocetlatus 285. 340. 353. 379. 552. Lippson. Mullets Mug// species 250,340.341. Lippson. Tautog Tautoga onitis 19, 195.340,341,727. Lippson. Gunner Tautogolabrus adspersus 19, 195,340. Lippson. American sand lance Ammodytes americanus 20, 195. 250,340. 341. Lippson. Gobies Gobiosoma species 50. 136. 153. 195. 340. 341. 621. Breitburg. Atlantic mackerel Scomber scombrus 195.250. 340.341, 616,727. Lippson. Butterfish Peprilus triacantiius 250,340, 341,390,478,727. Lippson. Summer flounder Paralichthys dentatus 200, 210, 250, 340, 359. 390. 478. 573, 610, 727. Stagg. Windowpane flounder Scophthalmus aquousus 250,340,341,390, 727. Carter, Gemignani. Jordan. Mihursky, Uphoff. Winter flounder Pleuronectes americanus 210, 314, 315, 340, 341, 342, 390, 727. Garter. Gemignani. Jordan, Mihursky. Uphoff. Hogchoker Trinectes maculatus 340.341, 390. Wiley. Numbers correspond to references listed in Appendix 4, pp. 245-280. Names correspond to individuals listed in Appendix 3. pp. 239-243. 229 Appendix 2, continued. Table of references and personal communications Species Tangier/ Pocomoke Sound Blue mussel Mytilus edulis 340, 341, 474, 653. Lippson. Bay scallop Arqopecten irradians 175,340, 341,653. Lippson. American oyster Crassostrea virqinica 31, 196.316,341,653,661. Newell. Northern quahog Mercenaria mercenaria 196, 340, 341, 653, 657.659. Lippson. Sottshell clam Mya arenaria 8, 196.237,340,341,472,653. Kennedy. Brown shrimp Peneaus aztecus 324. 746. Lippson. Daggerblade grass shrimp Palaemonetes pugio 14.340,341, 746. Van Heukelem. Sevenspine bay shrimp Crangon septemspinosa 340.341, 746. A.B. Williams. American lobster Homarus americanus 341.366, 746. Lippson. Blue crab Callinectes sapidus 196.253, 341.653. 745,746. Van Heukelem. Skates Raja species 34,35,250.340.341. Schwartz. Atlantic stingray Dasyatus sablna 35. Schwartz. Cownose ray Rhinoptera bonansus 34,35,250,340,341,636. Schwartz. Shortnose sturgeon Acipenser brevirostrum 34, 132,201,250,341. O'Dell. Atlantic sturgeon Acipenser oxyrhynchus 34,201.287,250,341. O'Dell. American eel Anguilla rostrata 34, 148, 170, 250, 341.462. 581. 653. Wiley. Blueback herring Alosa aestivalis 34, 196, 250, 287, 341, 464, 581, 653. O'Dell. Alewite Alosa pseudoiiarengus 34. 173. 196, 250, 287, 341, 464, 581, O'Dell. 653. American shad Alosa sapidissima 34, 196, 250, 287, 341, 367, 378, 581, O'Dell. 653. Atlantic menhaden Brevoortia tyrannus 34, 196, 250. 287. 340. 341, 574, 581, Houde. 653. Atlantic herring Clupea harengus 34, 287, 297. Field. Bay anchovy Anchoa mitchilli 34, 196,250,287,341,459, 581. Houde. Channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus 250,287, 341,581, 653. O'Dell. Rainbow smelt Osmerus mordax 70. Field. Atlantic salmon Salmo salar 34, 135. Field. Atlantic cod Gadus morhua 34,230,250.341.647. Lippson. Haddock Melanogrammus aeglefinus 34. 230, 647. Lippson. Atlantic tomcod MIcrogadus tomcod 34, 230, 665. Field. Pollock Pollachlus virens 230. Lippson. Red hake Urophycis chuss 34,230,250,341. Lippson. Numbers correspond to references listed in Appendix 4, pp. 245-280. Names correspond to individuals listed in Appendix 3, pp. 239-243. 230 Species Tangier/ Pocomoke Sound, continued Oyster toadfish Opsanus tau 250,340,341,390, Carter, Gemignani, Jordan, t^ihursky, Uphoff. Sheepshead minnow Cyprinodon variegatus 230. Hershfield. Killifislies Fundulus species 7, 230. Hershfield. Silversldes Menidia species 174,250, 340,341, 581. Carter, Gemignani, Jordan, Mihursky, Schwartz, Uphoff. Northern pipefish Syngnathus fuscus 230,250,330,340,341,581. Carter, Gemignani, Jordan, tvlihursky, Uphoff. Northern searobin Prionotus carolinus 195,250,340,341. Carter, Gemignani, Mihursky, Uphoff. White perch Morone americana 196,231, 250,341, 581,653,658. Houde. Striped bass Morone saxatilis 176, 196,231,250,341, 581,653. Houde. Blacl< sea bass Centropristis striata 231,250,341,436, 581,653. Lippson. Yellow perch Perca flavescens 1 59, 1 60, 1 61 , 1 96, 231 , 250, 340, 341 , 491 , 653. O'Dell. Bluefish Pomatomus saltatrix 231 , 298, 340, 341 , 537, 581 , 653, 702, 735. Carter, Gemignani, Mihursky, Uphoff. Pinfish Lagodon rhomboides 250,285, 340,341, 465, 653. Lippson. Scup Stenotomus chrysops 250, 285, 340, 341, 653. Lippson. Spotted seatrout Cynoscion nebulosus 284,285,340,341, 581,653. Carter, Gemignani, Mihursky, Stagg, Uphoff. Weakfish Cynoscion reqalis 155, 285, 340, 341, 435, 581, 653. Carter, Gemignani, Mihursky, Stagg, Uphoff. Spot Leiostomus xanthurus 285,340, 341, 533, 581,653. Wiley. Northern kingfish Menticirrhus saxatilis 250,285,341,478, 653. Lippson. Atlantic croaker MIcropoqonias undulatus 250,285,340,341, 653. Carter, Gemignani, Jordan, Mihursky, Uphoff. Black drum Pogonias cromis 285,340, 341, 653, 671. Lippson. Red drum Sciaenops ocellatus 285,340,341,552, 581,653. Lippson. Mullets Mugll species 107, 108, 250, 340, 341, 390, 653. Lippson. Tautog Tautoga onltis 19, 195,250,340,341,581,653. Lippson. Gunner Tautogolabrus adspersus 19, 195. Lippson. American sand lance Ammodytes amerlcanus 20, 195. Lippson. Gobies Goblosoma species 50, 136, 195,341. Breitburg. Atlantic mackerel Scomber scombrus 195,250, 341,616. Lippson. Butterfish Peprllus triacanthus 250,341,390, Lippson. Summer flounder Parallchthys dentatus 200, 210, 340, 341, 390, 573, 581, 653. Stagg. Windowpane flounder Scophthalmus aquousus 250,340, 341,390. Carter, Gemignani, Jordan, Mihursky, Uphoff. Winter flounder Pleuronectes amerlcanus 210,340,341,390, 581,653. Carter, Gemignani, Jordan, Mihursky, Uphoff. Hogchoker Trinectes maculatus 250,340, 341,390. Wiley. Numbers correspond to references listed in Appendix 4, pp. 245-280. Names correspond to individuals listed in Appendix 3, pp. 239-243. 231 Appendix 2, continued. Table of references and personal communications Species Rappahannock River Blue mussel Mytilus edulis 341,474, 708. Barber, Newell. Bay scallop Argopecten irradians 175, 587, 708. Barber, Dupaul. American oyster Crassostrea virqinica 21, 196,341,661,708, 730. Barber, Newell. Northern quahog Mercenaria mercenaria 196,341, 657, 708. Barber. Softshell clam Mya arenaria 8, 196,341,708. Barber, Kennedy. Brown shrimp Peneaus aztecus 324, 708, 746. Lipcius. Daggerblade grass shrimp Palaemonetes pugio 14,341, 708, 746. Lipcius, Van Heukelem. Sevenspine bay shrimp Crangon septemspinosa 708, 746. Lipcius. American lobster Homarus americanus 366, 708, 746. Lipcius, Olney. Blue crab Calllnectes sapidus 196, 198, 199, 253, 341, 708, 745, 746. Gibbs, Lipcius, Van Heukelem. Skates Raja species 34,35,251,341,396,413,414, 708. Branstetter, Sminkey, Tabbit. Atlantic stingray Dasyatus sabina 35,251,341,396,608, 708. Branstetter, Sminkey, Tabbit. Cownose ray Rhinoptera bonansus 34, 35, 251 , 341 , 396, 635, 636, 637, 708. Branstetter, Sminkey, Tabbit. Shortnose sturgeon Acipenser brevirostrum 34, 132,201,251,341,396, 708. Colvocoresses, Beaver, Estes. Atlantic sturgeon Acipenser oxyrhynchus 34,201,251,287,341,396, 708. Colvocoresses. Seaver, Estes. American eel Anguilla rostrata 34, 170, 251, 341, 396, 708, 724. Wiley, Olney, Colvocoresses. Blueback herring Alosa aestivalis 30, 34, 42, 43, 145, 173, 196, 198. 199, 251, 287, 307, 317, 341, 346, 347, 348, 349, 396, 464, 708. Dixon, Loesch. Alewite Alosa pseudoharengus 34, 42, 43, 74, 75, 1 45, 1 73, 1 96, 1 98, 1 99, 251 , 287, 307. 317, 341 , 346, 347, 348, 349, 396, 464, 344, 686, 708. Dixon, Loesch. American shad Alosa sapidissima 34, 42, 43, 1 45, 1 96, 1 98, 1 99, 251 , 287, 31 7, 31 8, 341 , 346, 347, 348, 349, 367, 394, 396, 708. Dixon, Loesch. Atlantic menhaden Brevoortia tyrannus 34, 196, 198, 199, 251, 287, 307, 341, 396, 397, 410, 418. 496, 574, 708. Olney, Houde, Desfosse, Lucy. Atlantic herring Clupea harengus 34, 198, 199, 251, 287, 297, 341, 396, 708. Colvocoresses, Seaver, Estes. Bay anchovy Anchoa mitchilli 34, 152, 196, 198, 199, 251, 287, 307, 341, 358, 396, 459, 619, 687, 708. Colvocoresses, Houde, Luo. Channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus 1 98, 1 99, 251 , 287, 307, 341 , 396, 708, 71 9. Colvocoresses, Estes, Seaver Rainbow smelt Osmerus mordax 70, 1 98, 1 99, 230, 251 , 341 , 396, 51 5, 698, 708. Colvocoresses. Atlantic salmon Salmo salar 34, 135, 198, 199, 251, 341, 396, 515, 698, 708. Colvocoresses. Atlantic cod Gadus morhua 1 98, 1 99, 230, 251 , 341 , 396, 51 5, 647, 698, 708. Colvocoresses, Olney. Haddock Melanoqrammus aeqiefinus 198, 199, 230, 251, 341, 396, 515, 647, 698, 708. Colvocoresses. Atlantic tomcod Microgadus tomcod 198, 199, 230, 251, 341, 396, 515, 665, 698, 708. Colvocoresses. Pollock Pollachius virens 198, 199, 230, 251, 341, 396, 515, 698, 708. Colvocoresses, Olney. Red hake Urophycis chuss 34, 198, 199, 230, 251, 307, 341, 396, 708. Colvocoresses, Olney. Numbers correspond to references listed in Appendix 4, pp. 245-280. Names correspond to individuals listed in Appendix 3, pp. 239-243. 232 Species Rappahannock River, continued Oyster toadfish Opsanus tau 198, 199, 251,341, 390,396, 708. Carter, Colvocoresses, Estes, Seaver. Sheepshead minnow Cyprinodon varieqatus 230,251,341,396, 708. Carmichael, Colvocoresses, Estes, Gear, Seaver, Weisberq. Killifishes Fundulus species 7,230,251,341,396, 708. Carmichael, Colvocoresses, Estes, Gear, Seaver, Weisberg. Silversides Menidia species 174,251, 307,341,396.708. Colvocoresses, Estes, Gear, Seaver. Northern pipefish Synqnathus fuscus 230, 251, 330,341, 396, 708. Carter, Colvocoresses, Gear. Northern searobin Prionotus carolinus 195, 198, 199,251,341,396, 708. Carter, Chittenden, Estes, Seaver, Uphoff. White perch Morone americana 1 96, 1 98, 1 99, 231 , 251 , 307, 31 7, 341 , 396, 61 9, 652, 658, 708. Colvocoresses, Houde, OIney. Striped bass Morone saxatilis 1 76, 1 96, 1 98, 1 99, 231 , 251 , 31 0, 31 7, 341 , 396, 503, 652, 684, 708. Colvocoresses, Houde, OIney. Black sea bass Centropristis striata 198, 199, 231, 251, 341, 396, 436, 708. Colvocoresses, Gear. Yellow perch Perca flavescens 1 96, 1 98, 1 99, 231 , 251 , 307, 341 , 396, 708. Colvocoresses, Estes, Gear, Seaver. Bluefish Pomatomus saltatrix 231,251, 298,341,396,537.708. Colvocoresses, OIney, Uphoff. Pinfish Lagodon rhomboides 198, 199, 251, 285, 341, 396, 465, 708. Colvocoresses, Estes, Gear, Seaver. Scup Stenotomus chrysops 198, 199, 251,285,341,396, 708. Colvocoresses, Lippson, OIney. Spotted seatrout Cynoscion nebulosus 1 98, 1 99, 251 , 284, 285, 341 , 396, 708. Chittenden, Staqq, Uphoff. Weakfish Cynoscion regalis 1 98, 1 99, 251 , 285, 341 , 396, 435, 609, 708. Chittenden, Lowerre, OIney, Stagg, Uphoff. Spot Leiostomus xanthurus 1 98, 1 99, 251 , 285, 307, 341 , 396, 533, 708. Chittenden, OIney, Wiley, CD. Williams. Northern kingfish Menticirrtius saxatilis 198, 199, 251,285,341,396,708. Chittenden, Colvocoresses, OIney. Atlantic croaker Micropogonias undulatus 198, 199, 251, 285, 341, 396, 480, 483. 708. Barbieri, Carter, Chittenden, OIney. Black drum Pogonias cromis 1 90, 1 98, 1 99, 251 , 285, 341 , 396, 671 , 708. Chittenden, Lippson, OIney. Red drum Sciaenops ocellatus 1 98, 1 99, 251 , 285, 341 , 396, 552, 708. Cavaluzzi, Chittenden, Lippson, OIney. Mullets Mugil species 1 07, 1 08, 1 98, 1 99, 251 , 341 , 390, 396. 708. Colvocoresses, Estes, Gear, Seaver. Tautog Tautoga onitis 19, 195, 198, 199, 251, 341, 396. 708. Colvocoresses, Estes, Seaver. Gunner Tautogolabrus adspersus 19, 195, 198, 199, 251. 341. 396, 708. Colvocoresses. American sand lance Ammodytes americanus 20, 195,251, 341, 708. Colvocoresses, Estes, Seaver. Gobies Gobiosoma species 50. 136, 195, 251, 341, 396, 708. Breitburg, Colvocoresses, Estes, Seaver. Atlantic mackerel Scomber scombrus 195, 198, 199, 251, 341, 396, 708. Chittenden, Colvocoresses, OIney. Butterfish Peprilus triacanthus 198, 199, 251, 341, 390, 396, 708. Colvocoresses, Estes, Gear, Seaver. Summer flounder Paralictittiys dentatus 1 98, 1 99, 200, 21 0, 251 , 341 , 390, 396. 573. 708. Desfosse, Gear, Musick, OIney. Windowpane flounder Scophtiialmus aquousus 198, 199, 251, 341, 390, 396, 698, 708. Carter, Desfosse, Musick, OIney. Winter flounder Pleuronectes americanus 198, 199, 210, 251, 341, 390, 396, 708. Carter, Desfosse, Musick, OIney. Hogchoker Trinectes maculatus 198, 199,251,341,390,396,708. Carter, Colvocoresses, Estes, Seaver, Wiley. Numbers correspond to references listed in Appendix 4, pp. 245-280. Names correspond to individuals listed in Appendix 3, pp. 239-243. 233 Appendix 2, continued. Table of references and personal communications Species York River Blue mussel Mytilus edulis 341,474, 708. Barber, Newell. Bay scallop Arqopecten irradians 175,587, 708. Barber, Dupaul. American oyster Crassostrea virqinica 21, 196,341,568,569,661,708. Barber, M.P. Lvnch, Newell. Northern quahog Mercenaria mercenaria 1 96, 341 , 657, 708. Barber. Softshell clam Mya arenaria 8, 196, 341,355,708. Barber, Kennedy. Brown shrimp Peneaus aztecus 324, 708, 746. Lipcius. Daggerblade grass shrimp Palaemonetes puqio 14, 341, 708, 746. Lipcius, Van Heukelem. Sevenspine bay shrimp Crangon septemspinosa 708,221, 746. Lipcius. American lobster Homarus americanus 366, 708, 746. Lipcius, OIney. Blue crab Callinectes sapidus 196, 198, 199, 253, 338, 341, 442. 588, 708, 745, 746. Gibbs, Lipcius, Van Heukelem. Skates Raia species 34, 35, 251, 341, 413, 414, 698, 708. Branstetter, Sminkey, Tabbit. Atlantic stingray Dasyatus sabina 35,251,341,608,698,708. Branstetter, Sminkey, Tabbit. Cownose ray Rhinoptera bonansus 34, 35, 251, 341, 635, 636, 637, 698, 708. Branstetter, Sminkey, Tabbit. Shortnose sturgeon Acipenser brevirostrum 34, 132,201,251,341,698, 708. Colvocoresses, Seaver, Estes. Atlantic sturgeon Acipenser oxyrhynchus 34, 201 , 251 , 287, 341 , 698, 708. Colvocoresses, Seaver, Estes. American eel An quill a rostrata 34, 170, 243, 251, 341, 698, 708, 724. Wiley, OIney, Colvocoresses. Blueback herring Alosa aestivalis 34, 42, 43, 145, 173, 196, 198, 199, 251, 287, 307, 341, 346, 347, 348, 349, 464, 708. Dixon, Loesch. Alewife Alosa pseudoharenqus 34, 42, 43, 145, 173, 196, 198, 199, 251, 287, 307, 341, 346, 347, 348, 349, 464, 698, 708. Dixon, Loesch. American shad Alosa sapidissima 34, 42, 43, 145, 196, 198, 199, 251, 287, 318, 341, 346, 347, 348, 349, 367, 394, 698, 708. Dixon, Loesch. Atlantic menhaden Brevoortia tyrannus 34, 196, 287, 574, 198, 199, 251, 341, 307, 187, 189, 397, 418, 496, 698, 708. OIney, Houde, Desfosse, Lucy. Atlantic herring Clupea harenqus 34, 1 98, 1 99, 251 , 287, 297, 341 , 698, 708. Colvocoresses, Seaver, Estes. Bay anchovy Anchoa mitchilli 34, 152, 196, 198, 199, 251, 287, 307, 341, 358, 459, 619, 687, 698, 708. Colvocoresses, Houde, Luo. Channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus 198, 199, 251, 287, 307, 341, 698, 708, 719. Colvocoresses, Estes, Seaver. Rainbow smelt Osmerus mordax 70, 198, 199, 230, 251, 341, 396, 515, 698, 708. Colvocoresses. Atlantic salmon Salmo salar 34, 135, 198, 199, 251, 341, 396, 515, 698, 708. Colvocoresses. Atlantic cod Gadus morhua 198, 199, 230, 251, 341, 396, 515, 647, 698, 708. Colvocoresses, OIney. Haddock Melanoqrammus aeqiefinus 198, 199, 230, 251, 341, 396, 515, 647, 698, 708. Colvocoresses. Atlantic tomcod Microqadus tomcod 198, 199, 230, 251, 341, 396, 515, 665, 698, 708. Colvocoresses. Pollock Pollachius virens 198, 199, 230, 251, 341, 396, 515, 698, 708. Colvocoresses, OIney. Red hake Urophycis chuss 26, 34, 198, 199, 230, 251, 307, 341, 698, 708. Colvocoresses, OIney. Numbers correspond to references listed in Appendix 4, pp. 245-280. Names correspond to individuals listed in Appendix 3, pp. 239-243. 234 Species York River, continued Oyster foadfish Opsanus tau 198, 199, 251, 341, 390, 698, 708. Carter, Colvocoresses, Estes, Seaver. Sheepshead minnow Cyprinodon variegatus 230,251, 341, 698, 708. Carmichael, Colvocoresses, Estes, Gear, Seaver, Weisberg. Killifishes Fundulus species 7, 84, 230, 251 , 341 , 445, 698, 708. Carmichael, Colvocoresses, Estes, Gear, Seaver, Weisberg. Silversides Menidia species 174, 251, 307, 341, 445, 698, 708. Colvocoresses, Estes, Gear, Seaver. Northern pipefish Syngnathus fuscus 230, 251, 330, 341, 434, 698, 708. Carter, Colvocoresses, Gear. Northern searobin Prionotus carolinus 195, 198, 199, 251, 341, 412, 698, 708. Carter, Chittenden, Estes, Seaver, Uphoff. White perch Morone americana 196, 198, 199, 231, 251, 307, 341, 563, 619, 652, 655, 658, 698, 708. Colvocoresses, Houde, OIney. Striped bass Morone saxatilis 119, 176, 179, 196, 198, 199,206, 231,251,310,341, 503, 563, 652, 684, 698, 708. Colvocoresses, Houde, OIney. Black sea bass Centropristis striata 198, 199, 231,251, 341,436,698, 708. Colvocoresses, Gear. Yellow perch Perca flavescens 1 96, 1 98, 1 99, 231 , 251 , 341 , 698, 708. Colvocoresses, Estes, Gear, Seaver. Bluefish Pomatomus saltatrix Pinfish Lagodon rhomboides 231, 251, 298, 341, 537, 698, 708. Colvocoresses, OIney, Uphoff. 198, 199, 251, 285, 341, 465, 698, 708. Colvocoresses, Estes, Gear, Seaver. Scup Stenotomus chrysops Spotted seatrout Cynoscion nebulosus 198, 199, 251, 285, 341, 644, 646, 698, 708. Colvocoresses, Lippson, OIney. 64, 1 98, 1 99, 251 , 284, 285, 341 , 698, 708. Chittenden, Stagg, Uphoff. Weakfish Cynoscion regalis 92, 113, 198, 199,251,285, 341,399, 435, 609, 612, 698, 708. Chittenden, Lowerre, OIney, Stagg, Uphoff. Spot Leiostomus xanttiurus 92, 1 1 3, 1 98, 1 99, 251 , 285, 307, 341 , 445, 495, 511,51 3, 533, 698, 708. Chittenden, OIney, Wiley, CD. Williams. Northern kingfish Menticirrlius saxatilis 113, 198, 199, 251, 285,341, 698, 708. Chittenden, Colvocoresses, OIney. Atlantic croaker Micropoqonias undulatus 92, 1 1 3, 1 98, 1 99, 251 , 285, 341 , 480, 483, 698, 708. Barbieri, Carter, Chittenden, OIney. Black drum Pogonias cromis 198, 199, 251,285, 341, 671, 698, 708. Chittenden, Lippson, OIney. Red drum Sciaenops ocellatus 92, 113, 198, 199,251, 285, 341, 552, 698, 708. Cavaluzzi, Chittenden, Lippson, OIney. Mullets Muqil species 1 07, 1 08, 1 98, 1 99, 251 , 341 , 390, 698, 708. Colvocoresses, Estes, Gear, Seaver. Tautog Tautoga onitis 19, 195, 198, 199, 251, 341, 698, 708. Colvocoresses, Estes, Seaver. Cunner Tautogolabrus adspersus 19, 195, 198, 199, 251, 341, 698, 708. Colvocoresses. American sand lance Ammodytes americanus 20, 195,251,341, 708. Colvocoresses, Estes, Seaver. Gobies Gobiosoma species 50, 136, 195, 251, 341, 398, 458, 634, 698, 708. Breitburg, Colvocoresses, Estes, Seaver. Atlantic mackerel Scomber scombrus 195, 198, 199, 251, 341, 617, 698, 708. Chittenden, Colvocoresses, OIney. Butterfish Peprilus triacantlius 198, 199, 251, 341, 390, 698, 708. Colvocoresses, Estes, Gear, Seaver. Summer flounder Paralichtfiys dentatus 1 98, 1 99, 200, 210, 251 , 341 , 390, 573, 698, 708. Desfosse, Gear, Musick, OIney. Windowpane flounder Scophtiialmus aquousus 198, 199, 251, 341, 390, 698, 708. Carter, Desfosse, Musick, OIney. Winter flounder Pieuronectes americanus 198, 199, 210, 251, 341, 390, 698, 708. Carter, Desfosse, Musick, OIney. Hogchoker Trinectes macula t us 198, 199, 251, 341, 390, 698, 708. Carter, Colvocoresses, Estes, Seaver, Wiley. Numbers correspond to references listed in Appendix 4, pp. 245-280. Names correspond to individuals listed in Appendix 3, pp. 239-243. 235 Appendix 2, continued. Table of references and personal communications Species James River Blue mussel Mytilus edulis 341,474, 708. Barber, Newell. Bay scallop Arqopecten irradians 175, 587, 708. Barber, Dupaul. American oyster Crassostrea virginica 15, 21, 124, 196, 236, 238, 341, 455, 551, 582, 661, 708. Barber, Newell. Northern quahog Mercenaha mercenaha 196,321,341,657,708. Barber. Softshell clam Mya arenaria 8, 196,341,708. Barber, Kennedy. Brown shrimp Peneaus aztecus 708, 746. Lipcius. Daggerblade grass shrimp Palaemonetes pugio 14,341,708,746. Lipcius, Van Heukelem. Sevenspine bay shrimp Cranqon septemspinosa 708, 746. Lipcius. American lobster Homarus amehcanus 366, 708, 746. Lipcius, OIney. Blue crab Callinectes sapidus 196, 198, 199, 253, 341, 708, 745, 746. Gibbs, Lipcius, Van Heukelem. Skates Raja species 34,35,251,341,413,414,708. Branstetter, Sminkey, Tabbit. Atlantic stingray Dasyatus sabina 35, 251, 341, 608, 708. Branstetter, Sminkey, Tabbit. Cownose ray Rhinoptera bonansus 34, 35, 251 , 341 , 635, 636, 637, 708. Branstetter, Sminkey, Tabbit. Shortnose sturgeon Acipenser brevirostrum 34, 132, 201, 251, 341, 708. Colvocoresses, Seaver, Estes. Atlantic sturgeon Acipenser oxyrhynchus 34, 201, 251, 287, 341, 708. Colvocoresses, Seaver, Estes. American eel Anguilla rostrata 34, 170, 251, 341, 708, 243, 724. Wiley, OIney, Colvocoresses. Blueback herring Alosa aestivalis 34, 42, 43, 74, 75, 145, 173, 196, 198, 199, 251, 287, 307, 341, 346, 347, 348, 349, 464, 683, 708. Dixon, Loesch. Alewife Alosa pseudotiarengus 34, 42, 43, 145, 173, 196, 198, 199, 251, 287, 318, 341, 346, 347, 348, 349, 394, 464, 708, 709. Dixon, Loesch. American shad Alosa sapidissima 34, 42, 43, 145, 196, 198, 199, 251, 287, 318, 341, 346, 347, 348, 349, 367, 394, 708. Dixon, Loesch. Atlantic menhaden Brevoortia tyrannus 34, 196, 198, 199, 251, 287, 307, 341, 397, 418, 496, 574, 708. OIney, Houde, Destosse, Lucy. Atlantic herring Clupea harengus 34, 1 98, 1 99, 251 , 287, 297, 341 , 708. Colvocoresses, Seaver, Estes. Bay anchovy Anchoa mitchilli 34, 79, 152, 196, 198, 199, 251, 287, 307, 341, 358. 459, 619, 687, 708. Colvocoresses, Houde, Luo. Channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus 198, 199, 251, 287, 307, 323, 341, 433, 708, 719. Colvocoresses, Estes, Seaver. Rainbow smelt Osmerus mordax 70, 198, 199, 230, 251, 341, 396, 515, 698, 708. Colvocoresses. Atlantic salmon Salmo salar 34, 135, 198, 199, 251, 341, 396, 515, 698, 708. Colvocoresses. Atlantic cod Gadus morhua 198, 199, 230, 251, 341, 396, 515, 647, 698, 708. Colvocoresses, OIney. Haddock Melanogrammus aeglefinus 198, 199, 230, 251, 341, 396, 515, 647, 698, 708. Colvocoresses. Atlantic tomcod Microgadus tomcod 198, 199, 230, 251, 341, 396, 515, 665, 698, 708. Colvocoresses. Pollock Pollachius virens 198, 199, 230, 251, 341, 396, 515, 698, 708. Colvocoresses, OIney. Red hake Urophycis chuss 26, 34, 198, 199, 230, 251, 307. 341, 708. Colvocoresses, OIney. Numbers correspond to references listed in Appendix 4, pp. 245-280. Names correspond to individuals listed in Appendix 3, pp. 239-243. 236 Species James River, continued Oyster toadfish Opsanus tau 198, 199, 251,341, 390, 708. Carter, Colvocoresses, Estes, Seaver. Sheepshead minnow Cyprinodon vaheqatus 230,251,341,708. Carmichael, Colvocoresses, Estes, Gear, Seaver, Weisberq. Killifishes Fundulus species 7, 230, 251,341, 708. Carmichael, Colvocoresses, Estes, Gear, Seaver, Weisberg. Silversides Menldia species 77, 174,251,307,341,708. Colvocoresses, Estes, Gear, Seaver. Northern pipefish Synqnathus fuscus 230,251, 330,341, 708. Carter, Colvocoresses, Gear. Northern searobin Prionotus carolinus 195, 198, 199,251.341,412, 708. Carter, Chittenden. Estes, Seaver, Uphoff. White perch Morone americana 196, 198, 199, 231, 251, 307, 341, 619, 652, 655, 656, 658, 708. Colvocoresses, Houde, Olney. Striped bass Morone saxatilis 1 76, 1 96, 1 98, 1 99, 231 , 251 , 31 0, 341 , 503, 652, 684. 708. Colvocoresses, Houde, Olney. Black sea bass Centropristis striata 198, 199, 231,251,341,436,708. Colvocoresses, Gear. Yellow perch Perca flavescens 196, 198, 199,231, 251,341,708. Colvocoresses, Estes, Gear, Seaver. Bluefish Pomatomus saltatrix 231,251, 298,341, 537,708. Colvocoresses, Olney, Uphoff. Pinfish Lagodon rhomboldes 198, 199, 251,285,341,465,708. Colvocoresses, Estes, Gear, Seaver. Scup Stenotomus chrysops 198, 199, 251, 285, 341, 644, 646, 708. Colvocoresses, Lippson, Olney. Spotted seatrout Cynosclon nebulosus 1 98, 1 99, 251 , 284, 285, 341 , 708. Chittenden, Staqq, Uphoff. Weakfish Cynoscion regalis 198, 199, 251, 285, 341. 435, 708. Chittenden, Lowerre, Olney, Stagg, Uphoff. Spot Leiostomus xanthurus 1 98, 1 99, 251 , 285, 307, 341 , 403, 533, 708. Chittenden, Olney, Wiley, CD. Williams. Northern kingfish Menticirrhus saxatilis 198, 199, 251,285,341,708. Chittenden, Colvocoresses, Olney. Atlantic croaker Micropogonias undulatus 1 98, 1 99, 251 , 285, 341 , 480, 483, 708. Barbieri, Carter, Chittenden, Olney. Black drum Pogonlas cromis 190. 198. 199.251. 285, 341, 671, 708. Chittenden. Lippson, Olney. Red drum Sciaenops ocellatus 198. 199. 251.285.341.552. 708. Cavaluzzi. Chittenden. Lippson. Olney. Mullets Mugil species 1 07. 1 08, 1 98, 1 99, 251 , 341 , 390, 708. Colvocoresses, Estes, Gear, Seaver. Tautog Tautoqa onltis 19, 195, 198, 199,251.341. 708. Colvocoresses. Estes. Seaver. Gunner Tautoqolabrus adspersus 19, 195, 198, 199, 251,341, 708. Colvocoresses. American sand lance Ammodytes americanus 20, 195.251.341,708. Colvocoresses, Estes, Seaver. Gobies Gobiosoma species 50, 136, 195,251.341, 708. Breitburg, Colvocoresses, Estes, Seaver. Atlantic mackerel Scomber scombrus 195, 198, 199, 251, 341. 458, 617, 634, 708. Chittenden, Colvocoresses, Olney. Butterfish Peprilus triacanthus 198, 199, 251,341,390, 708. Colvocoresses, Estes. Gear. Seaver. Summer flounder Paralichtliys dentatus 1 98. 1 99, 200, 21 0, 251 . 341 . 390. 573. 708. Desfosse, Gear, tVlusick. Olney. Windowpane flounder Scophthalmus aquousus 198, 199, 251, 341, 390, 708. Carter, Desfosse, Musick, Olney. Winter flounder Pleuronectes americanus 198. 199.210,251,341,390.708. Carter. Desfosse. Musick. Olney. Hogchoker Trinectes maculatus 198. 199. 251, 341, 390, 510, 640, 708. Carter, Colvocoresses, Estes, Seaver, Wiley. Numbers correspond to references listed in Appendix 4, pp. 245-280. Names correspond to individuals listed in Appendix 3, pp. 239-243. 237 Appendix 3. Reviewers and personal communications Name Anderson, B.N. Barber, B. Barbieri, L.R. Beck, S. Branstetter, S. Breitburg, D.L. Briggs, P.T. Browne, M. Brundage, H.M. Byrne, D.M. Cadrin, S.X. Carmichael, J. Carter, W.R., III Casey, J.F. Castagna, M. Cavalluzzi, M. Cerrato, R.M. Chittenden, M.E., Jr. Cole, R.W. Ceilings, W.S. Colvocoresses, J. A. Correia, S.J. Crawford, R. Currier, T.P. Daiber, F.C. Daniel, L.B. Affiliation Delaware Dept. Natural Resources and Environmental Control, Dover, DE Univ. Maine, Dept. Animal, Veterinary, and Aquatic Sciences, Orono, ME Virginia Institute of Marine Science, Gloucester R., VA Environmental Consulting Services, Inc., Middletown, DE Virginia Institute of Marine Science, Gloucester R., VA Benedict Estuarine Research Lab., Benedict, MD New York St. Dept. Environmental Conservation, Stony Brook, NY General Public Utilities Nuclear Corp., Forked River, NJ Environmental Research and Consulting, Inc., Chadds Ford, PA New Jersey Div. Fish, Game, and Wildlife, Port Republic, NJ Massachusetts Div. Marine Fisheries, Sandwich, MA Maryland Dept. Natural Resources, Annapolis, MD Maryland Dept. Natural Resources, Annapolis, MD Maryland Dept. Natural Resources, Annapolis, MD Virginia Institute of Marine Science, Eastern Shore Lab., Wachapreague, VA Virginia Institute of Marine Science, Gloucester R., VA St. Univ. New York, Marine Sciences Research Center, Stony Brook, NY Virginia Institute of Marine Science, Gloucester R., VA Delaware Div. Fish and Wildlife, Little Creek, DE Common Wealth Electric Co., Wareham, MA Florida Marine Research Institute, Inglis, FL Massachusetts Div. Marine Fisheries, Sandwich, MA Waquoit Bay National Estuarine Research Reserve, Waquoit, MA Massachusetts Div. Marine Fisheries, Sandwich, MA Univ. Delaware, Newark, DE Virginia Institute of Marine Science, Gloucester R., VA 239 Appendix 3, continued. Reviewers and personal communications Deegan, L.A. Desfosse, J.C. Dixon, D. Dougiason, J. Dunning, D.J. Dupaul, W.D. Epiiart, S. Epifanio, C.E. Estes, D. Estrella, B.T. Fahay, M.P. Ferraro, S.P. Field, J.D. Figley, W. Fine, M. Finn, J. Fox, RE. Ganz, A.R. Gauthier, 0. Geer, P.J. Gemignani, H. Gibbs, D. Goodger, T. Halgren, B.A. Hamilton, J. Haskin, H.H. Hattala, K. Hershfield, M. Marine Biological Lab., Woods Hole, MA Virginia Institute of Marine Science, Gloucester R., VA Virginia Institute of Marine Science, Gloucester R., VA Univ. Rhode Island, Graduate School of Oceanography, Narragansett, Rl New York Power Authority, White Plains, NY Virginia Institute of Marine Science, Gloucester R., VA Connecticut Dept. Environmental Protection, Marine Fisheries, Waterford, CT Univ. Delaware, College of Marine Studies, Lewes, DE Virginia Institute of Marine Science, Gloucester R., VA Massachusetts Div. Marine Fisheries, Sandwich, MA NOAA/NMFS Sandy Hook Lab., Highlands, NJ U.S. EPA, Hatfield Marine Science Center, Newport, OR NOAA/NOS SEA Division, Silver Spring, MD New Jersey Div. Fish, Game, and Wildlife, Port Republic, NJ Virginia Commonwealth Univ., Richmond, VA NOAA/NMFS Sandy Hook Lab., Highlands, NJ New York St. Dept. Environmental Conservation, Stony Brook, NY Rhode Island Div. Fish and Wildlife, Wakefield, Rl Northeast Utilities Environmental Lab., Waterford, CT Virginia Institute of Marine Science, Gloucester R., VA Anne Arundel Community College, Arnold, MD Virginia Institute of Marine Science, Gloucester R., VA NOAA/NMFS Oxford Lab. , Oxford, MD New Jersey Div. Fish, Game, and Wildlife, Trenton, NJ Consolidated Edison Co., New York, NY Rutgers Univ., Shellfish Research Lab,, Port Norris, NJ New York St. Dept. Environmental Conservation, New Paltz, NY Chesapeake Bay Foundation, Annapolis, MD 240 Appendix 3, continued. Reviewers and personal communications Hickey, J.M. Houde, E.D. Howe, A.B. Howell, P.T. Hurley, ST. Jacobsen, T. Jeffries, H.P. Jordan, S.J. Joseph, J.W. Kassner, J. Keller, A. Kennedy, V.S. Klein-MacPhee, G. Kraeuter, J.N. Lipcius, R.N. Lippson, R.L. Loesch, J.G. Lowerre, S. Lucy, J.A. Luo, J. Lupine, A. Lynch, M.P. Lynch, T.R. MacHaffie, E. MacKenzie, G.L., Jr. Maiden, A. McKown, K.A. Merriner, J.V. Massachusetts Div. Marine Fisheries, Sandwich, MA Univ. Maryland, Chesapeake Biological Lab., Solomons, MD Massachusetts Div. Mahne Fisheries, Sandwich, MA Connecticut Dept. Environmental Protection, Marine Fisheries, Waterford, CT Massachusetts Div. Inland Fisheries and Wildlife, Buzzards Bay, MA Rutgers Univ., Shellfish Research Lab., Port Norris, NJ Univ. Rhode Island, Graduate School of Oceanography, Narragansett, Rl Maryland Dept. Natural Resources, Annapolis, MD New Jersey Div. Fish, Game, and Wildlife, Port Republic, NJ Town of Brookhaven, Div. Environmental Protection, Medford, NY Univ. Rhode Island, Graduate School of Oceanography, Narragansett, Rl Univ. Maryland, Horn Point Environmental Lab., Cambridge, MD Univ. Rhode Island, Graduate School of Oceanography, Narragansett, Rl Rutgers Univ., Shellfish Research Lab., Port Norris, NJ Virginia Institute of Marine Science, Gloucester R., VA NOAA/NMFS Oxford Lab., Oxford, MD Virginia Institute of Marine Science, Gloucester R., VA Virginia Institute of Marine Science, Gloucester R., VA Virginia Institute of Marine Science, Gloucester R., VA Univ. Maryland, Chesapeake Biological Lab., Solomons, MD New Jersey Div. Fish, Game, and Wildlife, Lebanon, NJ Virginia Institute of Marine Science, Gloucester R., VA Rhode Island Div. Fish and Wildlife, Wakefield, Rl NOAA/NMFS Sandy Hook Lab., Highlands, NJ NOAA/NMFS Sandy Hook Lab., Highlands, NJ Environmental Consulting Services, Inc., Middletown, DE New York St. Dept. Environmental Conservation, Stony Brook, NY NOAA/NMFS Beaufort Lab., Beaufort, NC 241 Appendix 3, continued. Reviewers and personal communications Michels, S.F. Mihursky, J.A. Miller, J. Miller, R.W. Monteleone, D.M. Mountford, K. Musick, J.A. Newell, RLE. O'Dell, J. O'Herron, J.C, Jr. OIney, J.E. Pacheco, A.L. Price, K.S. Rice, M.A. Savoy, T.F. Scherer, M.D. Schwartz, F.J. Scott, R.F. Seagraves, R.J. Seaver, D. Shirey, C.A. Sminkey, T. Stagg, CM. Steimie, F.W. Tabbit, C. Taylor, M.H. Tinsman, J.C. Uphoff, J.H. Delaware Div. Fish and Wildlife, Little Creek, DE Chesapeake Research Consortium, Solomons, MD U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, West Trenton, NJ Delaware Div. Fish and Wildlife, Dover, DE St. Univ. New York, Marine Sciences Research Center, Stony Brook, NY U.S. EPA Chesapeake Bay Program, Annapolis, MD Virginia Institute of Marine Science, Gloucester R., VA Univ. Maryland, Horn Point Environmental Lab., Cambridge, MD Maryland Dept. Natural Resources, Annapolis, MD Mount Holly, NJ Virginia Institute of Marine Science, Gloucester R., VA NOAA/NMFS Sandy Hook Lab., Highlands, NJ Univ. Delaware, College of Marine Studies, Lewes, DE Univ. Rhode Island, Dept. Fisheries and Veterinary Science, Kingston, Rl Connecticut Dept. Environmental Protection, Marine Fisheries, Waterford, CT Marine Research Inc., Falmouth, MA Univ. North Carolina, Institute of Marine Science, Morehead City, NC Maryland Dept. Natural Resources, Annapolis, MD Mid-Atlantic Fishery Management Council, Dover, DE Virginia Institute of Marine Science, Gloucester R., VA Delaware Div. Fish and Wildlife, Smyrna, DE Virginia Institute of Marine Science, Gloucester R., VA Coastal Environmental Services, Linthicum, MD NOAA/NMFS Sandy Hook Lab., h -hlands, NJ Virginia Institute of Marine Science, Gloucester R., VA Univ. Delaware, School of Life and Health Sciences, Newark, DE Delaware Div. Fish and Wildlife, Little Creek, DE Maryland Dept. Natural Resources, Annapolis, MD 242 Appendix 3, continued. Reviewers and personal communications Van Heukelem, W.F. Vecchio, V.J. Volk, J. Vouglitois, J.J. Weber, A. Weisberg, S.B. Wliitworth, W.R. Wiley, M.L. Williams, A.B. Williams, CD. Young, B.H. Univ. Maryland, Horn Point Environmental Lab., Cambridge, MD New York St. Dept. Environmental Conservation, Stony Brook, NY Connecticut Dept. Agriculture, Aquaculture Div., Milford, CT General Public Utilities Nuclear Corp., Forked River, NJ New York St. Dept. Environmental Conservation, Stony Brook, NY Versar, Inc., Columbia, MD Univ. Connecticut, Dept. Natural Resources and Engineering, Storrs, CT Univ. Maryland, Chesapeake Biological Lab., Solomons, MD NOAA/NMFS Systematics Lab., Washington, DC Virginia Institute of Marine Science, Gloucester R., VA New York St. Dept. Environmental Conservation, Stony Brook, NY 243 Appendix 4. References 1. Abbe.G.R. 1985. Changes in population stmcture from 197910 1983 related to increased spat setting on an oyster bar in central Chesapeake Bay. J. Shellfish Res. 5(1); 31. 2. Abbe, G.R. 1988. Population structure of the American oyster, Crassostrea virginica, on an oyster bar in central Chesapeake Bay: Changes associated with shell planting and increased recruitment. J. Shell- fish Res. 7(1): 33-40. 3. Able,K.W. 1992. Checklist of New Jersey saltwater fishes. Bull. N.J. Acad. Sci. 37(1): 1-11. 4. Able, K.W., R.E. Matheson, W.W. Morse, M.P. Fahay, and G. Shepard. 1989. Patterns of summer flounder Paralichthys dentatus early life history in the Mid-Atlantic Bight and New Jersey estuaries. Fish. Bull., U.S. 88: 1-12. 5. Able, K.W., and R.E. Palmer. 1988. Salinity effects on fertilization success and larval mortality of Fundulus heteroclitus. Copeia 2: 345-350. 6. Able, K.W., C.W. Talbot, and J.K. Shisler. 1983. The spotfin killifish, Fundulus luciae, is common in New Jersey salt marshes. Bull. N.J. Acad. Sci. 28(1): 7-1 1 . 7. Abraham, B.J. 1985. Species profiles: life histories and environmental requirements of coastal fishes and invertebrates (Mid-Atlantic) - mummichog and striped killifish. U.S. Fish Wildl. Serv. Biol. Rep. 82(11.40). U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, TR EL-82-4. 23 p. 12. Andersen, B.D., and S.M. Jinks. 1989. Preopera- tional Aquatic Ecology Study, Shoreham Nuclear Power Station, Unit 1, 1988. EA Rep. 10344.01. EA Science and Technology, Newburgh, NY. 13. Andersen, B.D., and S.M. Jinks. 1990. Preopera- tional Aquatic Ecology Study Shoreham Nuclear Power Station, Unit 1, 1989. EA Rep. 60034.01. EA Engi- neering, Science, and Technology, Newburgh, NY. 14. Anderson, G. 1985. Species profiles: life histories and environmental requirements of coastal fishes and invertebrates (Gulf of Mexico) - grass shrimp. U.S. Fish Wildl. Serv. Biol. Rep. 82(11.35). U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, TR EL-82-4. 19 p. 15. Andrews, J. D. 1983. Transport of bivalve larvae in James River, Virginia. Estuaries 8(2B): 70A. 16. Applegate, A.J. 1983. An environmental model predicting the relative recruitment success of the blue crab, Callinectes sapidus (Rathbun) in Chesapeake Bay, Virginia. M.A. thesis, Virginia Inst. Marine Sci- ence, Coll. William and Mary, Gloucester Pt., VA. 73 p. 17. Arve.J. 1960. Preliminary report on attracting fish by oyster shell plantings in Chincoteague Bay, Mary- land. Chesapeake Sci. 1(1):58-65. 18. Atran.S.M. 1986 Fluctuations in the catchability coefficient of Atlantic menhaden, 1968-1982. M.A. thesis, Virginia Inst. Marine Science, Coll. William and Mary, Gloucester Pt., VA. 84 p. 8. Abraham, B.J., and P.L. Dillon. 1986. Species profiles: life histories and environmental requirements of coastal fishes and invertebrates (Mid-Atlantic) - softshell clam. U.S. Fish Wildl. Serv. Biol. Rep. 82(1 1 .68). U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, TR EL-82- 4. 18 p. 9. Allen, D.M., J. P. Clymer, and S.S. Herman. 1978. Fishes of the Hereford Inlet estuary, southern New Jersey. Dept. Biology and Ctr. for Marine and Environ- mental Studies, Lehigh Univ., Bethlehem, PA., and The Wetlands Institute. 62 p. 10. Andersen, B.D., and S.M. Jinks. 1988. Preopera- tional Aquatic Ecology Study, Shoreham Nuclear Power Station, Unit 1, 1983-1986. EA Rep. 10344.01. EA Science and Technology, Middletown, NY. 19. Auster, P.J. 1989. Species profiles: life histories and environmental requirements of coastal fishes and invertebrates (North and Mid-Atlantic) - tautog and cunner. U.S. Fish Wildl. Serv. Biol. Rep. 82(11.105). U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, TR EL-82-4. 22 p. 20. Auster, P.J., and L.L. Stewart. 1986. Species profiles: life histories and environmental requirements of coastal fishes and invertebrates (North Atlantic) - sand lance. U.S. Fish Wildl. Serv. Biol. Rep. 82(1 1 .66). U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, TR EL-82-4. 20 p. 21. Austin, H.,D.S. Haven, and M.S. Moustafa. 1993. 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Blaylock, R.A. 1993. Distribution and abundance of the cownose ray, Rhinoptera bonansus, in lower Chesapeake Bay. Estuaries 16(2): 255-263. 28. Bath, D.W., and J.M. O'Conner. 1985. Food preferences of white perch in the Hudson River estu- ary. N.Y. Fish Game J. 32: 63-70. 29. Bayliff, W.H., Jr. 1950. The life history of the silverside Menidia menidia (Linnaeus). Maryland Bd. Natural Resources, Dept. Resources and Education, Pub. No. 90. 30. Beal.K.L. 1968. Age and growth of the blueback herring Alosa aestivalis . MA. thesis, Virginia Inst. Marine Science, Coll. William and Mary, Gloucester Pt, VA. 83 p. 31. Beaven, G.F. 1954. Various aspects of oyster setting in Maryland. Proc. Natl. Shellfisheries Assoc. 45: 29-37. 32. Berg, D.L.,andJ.S. Levinton. 1985. The Biology of the Hudson-Raritan Estuary, with Emphasis on Fishes. NOAA Tech. Memo. NOS OMA 16. NOAA/ NOS, Rockville, MD. 170 p. 41. Bleil, D.F. 1978. 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Rhode Island, Kingston, Rl. 41 p. 34. Bigelow,H.B.,andW.C.Schroeder. 1953. Fishes of the Gulf of Maine. U.S. Fish Wildl. Serv., Fish. Bull. No. 53. 577 p. 35. Bigelow, H.B.,andW.C.Schroeder. 1953. Fishes of the Western North Atlantic. Memoir No. 1 , Part 2. Sawfishes, guitartishes, skates, rays, and chimaeroids. Sears Found. Mar. Res., Yale Univ., New Haven, CT. 588 p. 45. Boreman, J., and R.R. Lewis. 1987. Atlantic coastal migration of striped bass. In Dadswell, M J , R.J. Klauda, CM. Moffitt, RL. Saunders, R.A Rulifson, and J.E. Cooper (eds), pp. 331 -339. Common Strat- egiesofAnadromousandCatadromous Fishes Ameri- can Fisheries Society Symposium 1 . American Fisher- ies Society, Bethesda, MD. 561 p. 246 Appendix 4, continued. References 46. Bourne, D.W., and J.J. Govoni. 1988. Distribution of fish eggs and larvae and patterns of water circulation in Narragansett Bay, 1972-1973. /n Weinstein, M.P. (ed.)., pp. 1 32-1 48. Larval Fish and Shellfish Transport Through Inlets. 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Briggs, P.T. , and J. S. O'Connor. 1971. Compari- son of shore-zone fishes over naturally vegetated and sand-filled bottoms in Great South Bay. N.Y. Fish Game J. 18: 15-41. 60. Briggs, P.T. , and C.S. Zawacki. 1974. American lobsters at artificial reefs in New York. NY. Fish Game J. 21(4): 73-77. 61. Brousseau, D.J. 1987. A comparative study of the reproductive cycle of the soft-shell clam, Mya arenaria in Long Island Sound. J. Shellfish Res. 6: 7-15. 62. Brousseau, D.J., and J. A. Baglivo. 1987. A comparative study of age and growth in Mya arenana (soft-shell clam) from three populations in Long Island Sound. J. Shellfish Res. 6: 17-24. 63. Brousseau, D.J., and J. A. Baglivo. 1988. Life tables for two field populations of soft-shell clam, Mya arenaria, (mollusc: pelecypoda) from Long Island Sound. Fish. Bull., US. 86: 567-579. 64. Brown, N.J. 1981. Reproductive biology and recreational fishery for spotted seatrout, Cynoscion nebulosus, in the Chesapeake Bay area. M.A. thesis, Virginia Inst. Marine Science, Coll. William and Mary, Gloucester Pt., VA. 120 p. 53. Briggs, P.T. 1975. Shore-zonefishesofthe vicinity of Fire Island Inlet, Great South Bay, New York. N.Y. Fish Game J. 22: 1-12. 54. Briggs, P.T. 1985. Movements of American lobsters tagged off the south shore of Long Island, New York. N.Y. Fish Game J. 32: 21 -25. 55. Briggs, P.T. 1985. The daytime recreational fishery for crabs from banks and piers in Great South Bay, New York. N.Y. Fish Game J. 32(1): 53-62. 65. Brundage, H.M., HI. 1981. Notes on Atlantic and shortnose sturgeon. Underwater Nat. 13(2): 13-16. 66. Brundage, H.M., and R.E. Meadows. 1981. The Atlantic sturgeon, Acipenser oxyrhynchus, in the Dela- ware River estuary. Fish. Bull., U.S. 80: 337-343. 67. Brundage, H.M., and R.E Meadows. 1982. Occurrence of the endangered shortnose sturgeon, Acipenser brevirostrum, inthe Delaware Riverestuary. Estuaries 5(3): 203-208, 247 Appendix 4, continued. References 68. Buckley, J., and B.Kynard. 1985. Habitat use and behavior of pre-spawning and spawning shortnose sturgeon, Acipenser brevirostrum, in the Connecticut River. In Binkowski, F.P., and S.I. Doroshov (eds.). North American Sturgeons: Biology and Aquaculture Potential. Environ. Biol. Fishes 6:111-118. 69. Buckley, J., and B. Kynard. 1985. Yearly move- ments of shortnose sturgeons in the Connecticut River. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 114(6): 813-820. 70. Buckley, J. L. 1989. Species profiles: life histories and environmental requirements of coastal fishes and invertebrates (North Atlantic) - rainbow smelt. U.S. Fish Wildl. Serv. Biol. Rep. 82(11.106). U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, TR EL-82-4. 71. Buckley, J. L. 1989. Species profiles: life histories and environmental requirements of coastal fishes and invertebrates (North Atlantic) - winter flounder. U.S. Fish Wildl. Serv. Biol. Rep. 82(11.87). U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, TR EL-82-4. 12 p. 72. Buckley, L.J. , and E.M.Caldarone. 1988. 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