Historic, archived document Do not assume content reflects current scientific knowledge, policies, or practices. = WELLE W. COOKE. > E > a ‘ : | be | \ + rt Bie. -. ASSISTANT, BIOLOGICAL SURVEY. oe py : oe > _ three days earlier than the average at St. Louis and seven days later than that at Helena, or, in other words, the dates of arrivalat the three places correspond exactly, latitudinal differences considered, showing no effect of the 800 feet difference in altitude. It should be remarked, however, in this connection that there is no height of land between Eubank, Ky., and the Louisiana coast to check or turn the course of migration, while Asheville, N. C., is separated from the coast by a considerable range of mountains. The parula warbler was found to be abundant in northwestern Yucatan March 17,1890.% It has been found until April on the islands off the coast of Yucatan.’? It is said to remain in Cuba until April only,’ but the Florida lighthouse records show that not all individ- uals leave their winter home until early May. The latest dates of striking at Sombrero Key lighthouse are May 11, 1886, May 4, 8, 9, and 15, 1888, and May 29, 1889. | With this, as with several other species, the few notes on record indicate a later date of migration through the northern Bahamas than at corresponding latitudes in Florida. No parulas were seen in 1890 on Andros Island until March 26; “ a wave of migrants passed April 18, and in 1898 on a neighboring island the last bird was seen April 30.¢ Fall migration.—The earliest fall movements of the parula warbler on land can not be noted, for the migrants are not distinguishable from the breeding birds. When, however, the species begins to strike against the lighthouses of southern Florida, it is certainly migrating. It passes through Florida in countless thousands, being second only to the black-throated blue warbler in the frequency with which it strikes the lighthouses. Out of eighty-eight recorded dates of the striking of parulas in fall only eight are earlier than the second week in September, viz: August 9 and 12, 1885, July 28 and 29, and August 21, 1886, and August 22, 23, and 24,1889. At Key West the first striking of parulas noted occurred on July 30, 1888, and August 4, 1889. By the middle of September the great flights begin and con- tinue in full force for a month. The numbers decrease later, but the birds continue to pass until at least the middle of November. Some late dates are November 5, 8, 10, 12, and 13, 1884; November 12, 1885; November 20, 1887; November 5, 10, and 11, 1888, and November 7, 1891. Gundlach’s records in Cuba correspond with the foregoing for he says that this species arrives in August, but in greater numbers in September. It reaches Jamaica early in September, and has been taken about the same time off the coast of Honduras. «Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., p. 210, 1890. 6 Salvin, Ibis, p. 247, 1888. Gundlach, Jot, Orn., p. 411, 1872. @ Northrop, Auk, VIII, p. 67, 1891. € Bonhote, Ibis, p. 508, 1899. 6152—No. 18—04——-4 50 ss NORTH AMERICAN WARBLERS. +. a Some records of latest birds seen are: Grinnell, lowa, September 21, 1887; Mackinac Island, Mich., September 2, 1889; Chicago, Octo- ber 1, 1897; Toronto, September 28, 1898; Ottawa, September 13, 1889; North River, Prince Edward Island, August 25, 1890; St. John, New Brunswick, September 17, 1889; Pittsfield, Me., September 30, 1898; Hartford, Connr., October 20, 1900; southeastern New York, October 12, 1891; Berwyn, Pa., October 31, 1893. The latest recorded southward migrants passed Raleigh, N. C., October 14, 1890, and Octo- ber 13, 1891, and Asheville, N. C., October 5, 1891. The average of the dates on which the last fall migrant was noted is October 9 at Raleigh and September 29 at Asheville. At Eubank, Ky., the last migrant recorded passed south September 18, 1889, and at New Orleans, October 26, 1899; the average of last dates at New Orleans is October 18. 649. Compsothlypis pitiayumi nigrilora (Coues). Sennett Warbler. The Sennett warbler breeds in Texas along the lower Rio Grande and in Mexico in Coahuila, Nuevo Leon, Tamaulipas, and San Luis Potosi. It winters at least as far north as Nuevo Leon, and has been taken in the last week of February, 1880, on the Rio Grande near Hidalgo. 650. Dendroica tigrina (Gmel.). Cape May Warbler. Breeding range.—A few Cape May warblers breed in the mountains of Jamaica, as attested by specimens in the National Museum, but the rest pass northward through the northern Bahamas, Florida, and eastern United States to their summer home. The species, apart from the singular Jamaican exceptions, is confined strictly to the Canadian life zone, the breeding range extending from northern New England, northern Michigan, and northern Minnesota north to New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Hudson Bay, and nearly to Great Slave Lake. Winter range.—The Cape May warbler makes its principal winter home in the West Indies, with its center of abundance at Haiti. It has been taken as far north as Rum Cay in the center of the Bahamas, and as a rare or accidental winter species at Key West, Fla. Its win- ter range extends to the islands of Jamaica, St. Croix, St. Thomas, Guadeloupe,“ and Tobago.? To the southwest, except for a single individual taken in northern Yucatan‘ and another on the island of Ruatan,” the species is unrecorded; and as the general course of migration is southeastward, both of these records are probably unusual. Spring migration.—Some records of spring arrival of the species are as follows: Nassau, Bahamas, March 22, 1890; New Providence, a Lawrence, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus. VIII, p. 621, 1885. b Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. X, p. 337, 1885. ¢ Boucard, P. Z. S., p. 440, 1883. d Salvin, Ibis, p. 251, 1888. i ' GAPE MAY WARBLER. ie 51 q Bahamas, March 19, 1891; Tortugas, April 8, 1890; Sombrero Key lighthouse, Fla., April 4, 1889; Key West, Fla., April 11, 1887; Puntarasa, Fla., April 16, 1886; Gainesville, Fla., April 14, 1887; Tarpon Springs, Fla., April 17; Daytona, Fla., April 14, 1901; near mouth of Suwanee River, Florida, April 15, 1892. An unusually early individual struck Sombrero Key lighthouse March 3, 1887, a night that witnessed an enormous flight of birds of many kinds for most of whom the flight was one to three weeks earlier than usual. It would seem that these flocks of birds were caught in a storm, driven out of their course, and carried north to Florida. The average of the dates on which the earliest spring migrant was seen in five years at Kirkwood, Ga., was April 26, with extremes of April 20, 1901, and April 30,1897. At Rising Fawn, Ga., the only bird noted arrived on April 26, 1885. At Asheville, N. C., May 5, 1893, May 7, 1894, and May 5, 1899, represent the first arrivals and show the effect of the alti- tude, as these dates are about simultaneous with the date of usual appearance of the bird at Washington, 175 miles farther north. The average date of arrival in southeastern New York is May 12. The first arrival was noted at Montreal May 14, 1890; Quebec, May 16, 1902, and Scotch Lake, New Brunswick, May 17,1901. .Thus, the Cape May warbler makes an average daily speed of 28 miles from Florida to its breeding grounds. Records of average date of arrival farther west are: Brookville, Ind., May 5; Chicago, May 6; northern Ohio, May 7; southern Wisconsin, May 11; Ottawa, May 15; Lanesboro, Minn., May 16; and Elk River, Minn., May 20. The first arrival was noted at Aweme, Manitoba, May 14, 1900, and at Medicine Hat, Assiniboia, May 17, 1894. The western limit of the range of the species can be marked approx- imately by a line drawn from Florida to southern Missouri and up the Mississippi River to Minnesota. There is a single record of occur- rence in Louisiana, probably accidental, and less than half a dozen in the United States west of the Mississippi south of Minnesota. As already remarked, some Cape May warblers breed in Jamaica, but the bulk of the species leave the southern part of their range by the latter partof March. Some late dates of final departure for the North are: St. Croix, March 16; Haiti, April 6; Andros Island, April 20, 1890; Tortugas, April 27, 1890; Cuba, May 2, 1900; Key West, May 4, 1887, and Asheville, N. C., May 15. Fall migration.—The average date of appearance of fall migrants at both Chicago and Washington is August 26. Since these places are about 500 miles south of the nesting grounds, it follows that the southernmost breeding birds begin their migration not later than August 10. The earliest recorded date of fall arrival at St. Louis is August 24, 1887; at Asheville, N. C., September 15, 1894; in Chester County, 5. C., October 4; at Puntarasa, Fla., October 6, 1886. The 52 ie NORTH AMERICAN WARBLERS. species struck the Sombrero Key lighthouse October 7 and 8, 1886, and October 7, 1887. Some very early dates of striking are Septem- 9 ber 17 and 18, 1887. The heaviest flights noted occurred October 16 | and 17, 1887. On these two nights about 50 individuals altogether struck the light, and 6 were killed. | In the latitude of Washington and St. Louis the last fall foros are seen about October 7-12, and at Key West the latest reported passed southward November 1, 1887. The latest date of striking at Sombrero Key lighthouse is November 4, 1887. The Fowey Rocks | lighthouse, on the southeast coast of Florida, in line with migration to the Bahamas, was struck November 1, 2, ad 7,1891. A belated migrant was ali at Cleveland, Ohio, November 2, 1885. 651. Dendroica olivacea (Giraud). Olive Warbler. The olive warbler breeds in central Mexico and in southern Arizona whence it retires in winter to Mexico where it occurs on the highlands from 5,000 to 10,000 feet. It has also been taken in Guatemala from 6,000 to 10,000 feet. Possibly a few may winter in southern Arizona where one was taken February 21. The arrival of the first was noted April 6, 1902, in the Huachuca Mountains, Arizona. 652. Dendroica estiva (Gmel.). Yellow Warbler. Breeding range.—lf a map of the United States and Canada south of the Barren Grounds was colored to represent the breeding area of the yellow warbler, the uncolored portions would comprise Florida, southern Georgia, and numerous small ‘islands’ representing the upper parts of the eastern mountains and such parts of the western mountains as are above 6,000-8,000 feet. The summer range of the bird, including the range of the subspecies sonorana in the southwest- ern part of the United States and that of rubzginosa in Alaska, covers approximately 40° of latitude—30° to T0°-—and 110° of longitude—55° to 165°. The winter range covers 31° of latitude—24° N. to 7° S.— and 54° of longitude—52° to 106°. The two in combination thus give an extension of 77° of latitude and 118° of longitude. The extreme points of the yellow warbler’s range—northern Alaska and western Peru—are farther separated than the extremes of the range of the black-poll warbler, which is considered the greatest migrant of the family. Owing, however, to the southerly extension of the breeding range of the former, it is likely that the longest migration trips of black-polls exceed those made by any yellow warblers. Winter range.—The yellow warbler has been taken in central Peru at La Merced ¢ (2,600 feet), and at Iquitos? in the extreme northeast- @ Berlepsch and Stolzmann, P. Z. 8., p. 331, 1896. 6Taczanowski, Orn. Per., III, p. 507, 1886. YELLOW WARBLER. 53 4 erm province; in Ecuador at Guayaquil“ and Esmeraldas? on the west coast, and at Archidona®’ and Sarayacu? in the central part near the foot of the eastern Andes, also at La Concepcion ° and Valle del Chota; ° in northern Brazil on the Rio Tacutu,’ and in the valley of the Ama- zon;7 in Dutch Guiana;” in French Guiana at Cayenne;’ in British Guiana at Georgetown,’ Bartica Grove,* and the River Berbice;* in Venezuela’ at Carupano,” and on the south side of Lake Valencia;” on the island of Trinidad;? and at many localities in the valleys of the Orinoco and Caura? rivers. Most of these places are near the coast and of little altitude, but the captures in eastern Peru and central Ecuador show that the species passes far into the interior, though not to the greater altitudes. In the State of Colombia, where the bird is common in winter, it ranges somewhat higher. It is abundant on the coast at Bonda,? and has been taken in the Santa Marta region at Minca” (2,000 feet) and Santa Marta.’ It has also been secured in the interior at Bucaramanga‘ (3,000 feet), Ocana” (3,700 feet), and Medellin” (5,000 feet). Specimens occur in many of the Bogota” collections, but are not accompanied with information showing the altitudes at which they were taken. , The yellow warbler is one of the commonest species of Central America” in winter, and occurs on both coasts and in the interior up to an altitude of 4,000-6,000 feet. It also occurs in winter in aSharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., X, p. 275, 1885. bSclater, Cat. Am. Birds, p. 32, 1862. €Goodfellow, Ibis, p. 314, 1901. 4 Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., X, p. 644, 1885. €Salvadori and Festa, Boll. Mus. Univ. Torino, XV, No. 357, p. 8, 1899. Jf Pelzeln, Orn. Bras. 71, 1869. gGoeldi, Aves Bras., p. 269, 1894. h Abbott, Proc. Bos. Soc. N. H., I, p. 171, 1844. ¢Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., X, p. 275, 1885. Sclater, Cat. Am. Birds, p. 32, 1862. JQuelch, Timehri, V, p. 79, 1891; X, p. 261, 1896. Loat, Ibis, p. 566, 1898. Lloyd, Timehri, XI, p. 228, 1897. K Salvin, Ibis, p. 202, 1885. ’Cabanis, Mus. Heine, Pt. I, p. 19, 1850. m Allen, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., IV, p. 51, 1892. "Sclater and Salvin, P. Z. S., p. 251, 1869. Ernst, Rev. Cient. Univ. Venez., 1 p- 33, 1887; Flora & Fauna Venez. 301, 1877. oChapman, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., VI, p. 24, 1894. Salvin, Cat. Strick. Coll. p. 91, 1882. P Berlepsch & Hartert, Nov. Zool., [X, p. 9, 1902. d Allen, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, p. 177, 1900; Auk, X VII, p. 366, 1900. ?Salvin and Godman, Ibis, p. 117, 1880. ’ Bangs, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., XII, p. 143, 1898. ¢Berlepsch, J. f. Orn., p. 282, 1884. uWyatt, Ibis, p. 322, 1871. ?Sclater and Salvin, P. Z. S., p. 494, 1879. wWSclater, P. Z. S., p. 148, 1855. «Richmond, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., XVI, p. 484, 1893. Nutting ibid., VI, p. 382, o>) 1883. Underwood, Ibis, p. 433, 1896. Cherrie, Auk, VII, p. 335, 1890. ? eee hee ieee) Bee es NorTH AMERICAN WARBLERS. Yucatan (though much more commonly in spring migration), and also | in Chiapas. During the spring migration it is common on the coast of Tabasco and Vera Cruz. The western extension of its winter range in Mexico can not be determined from present records and material, as these are insufficient to distinguish xstzva from the various sub- species it meets in Mexico—rubiginosa from Alaska, sonorana from Arizona, and the local race, duges?, from Guanajuato and the central plateau region. There is a single record of the capture of the yellow warbler on the island of Grenada” November 14, 1882. This is the only certain rec- ord of the occurrence of the bird in the West Indies, where closely allied resident species occupy its favorite localities. This division of districts between the resident and the migrant species is especially noticeable on the north coast of Honduras, where D. estiva occurs on Ruatan Island? and on the mainland at Truxillo,¢ but seems not to visit the neighboring island of Bonacca, which is occupied by D. bryanti. Spring migration.—The yellow warbler is not an early spring migrant, and is one of the most irregular of the family in its move- ments. There is no record of the bird in spring in Florida. It arrives in Alabama, Georgia, and South Carolina no earlier than in North Carolina, as is shown by the following dates of earliest spring records: Coosada, Ala., April 26, 1878; Greensboro, Ala., April 14, 1888; Shelby, Ala., April 25, 1898; Darien, Ga., April 28, 1890; Savannah, Ga., April 16, 1894; Kirkwood, Ga., April 23, 1899, April 10, 1900, April 17, 1901; Frogmore, 8. C., April 17, 1885. The average date of arrival at Raleigh, N. C., for eight years was April 12, and the earliest date April 5, 1888. At Asheville, N. C., in the mountains, the average date was about three days later than at Raleigh. Quite voluminous records show that yellow warblers arrive on the average at Newmarket, Va., April 22; Washington, April 20; Beaver, Pa., April 23; Renovo, Pa., April 30; Englewood, N. J., and south- eastern New York, May 1; central Connecticut, Providence, R. L., and Boston, May 4; Randolph, Vt., May 9; southern New Hampshire, May 10; southern Maine, May 11; Montreal, May 10; Quebec, May 15; St. John, New Brunswick, May 24; Chatham, New Brunswick, May 28; Pictou, Nova Scotia, May 14; Halifax, Nova Scotia, May 14; North River, Prince Edward Island, May 25; Hamilton River, Quebec, May 31 a@Wells, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., IX, p. 611, 1886 (D. petechia=D. xstiva). bSalvin, Ibis, p. 247, 1888. ¢Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., X, p. 579, 1888. YELLOW WARBLER. Mississippi Valley records of arrival of yellow warbler. 5B Records from the Mississippi Valley are given in tabular form: New Or- i leans .| Helena, | Eubank, |St. Louis,| Onaga, and Ark. Ky. Mo Kans. vicinity. S84. o's ee ee Pace aeerealacecs css5 Apr Don es seer ae se ISS) 23k esses s MAND seola | eceerer seat sa eee PANO Neo sda | ae: Se PNW 0 tea 1A) | ee pit | pete IX] Oleg AUS eth es ee Be PPO Se OP ae be atl Cee Renee e ALP Te 20H one ac coe VANS eee tee ret cret ciao ALLO: | aeatas saa APES Orlane eee es Apres 2 | Sots ee as ag EAST BO Wea eee ATOMS AAS leases cassie ee eaeicis ws neers ene Pee ee AipTeslouleseee ee ae eau ee 26 VU oy ee ond Ul een es AIT 1S oie so a Apr. 28 See ee reife arse wes PACT eee | ee era er A Trae OD Api=e sO pAproq2ereApr.. 20) ee aoe. Apr. 26 7X) 0) ent al aes [eres cops ala erameia = sie eee Apr. 23 ue a eee Ares. ier ae ot ace Sc ANE 24 ATO Te echo a [rs aos raga Scee aiajet ctaes| See cee 22 NOIR YAS) LAS Oak BY MS NG Ds LTT tices eS | RE ce pire es ane Apr. 8} Apr. 23 |........--|--.------- INO? iG Dine GS) payor, Ghee oe Be eo eee eee Apr. 25 Average:.-.-| Apr. 6} Apr. 18 | Apr. 16.| Apr. 18.) Apr. 25 Records of average date of arrival farther north are: Brookville, Ind., April 15; Waterloo, Ind., April 25; Wauseon, Ohio, April 26; Cleveland, Ohio, April 28; southern Ontario, May 1; Ottawa, May 7; Petersburg, Mich., April 26; Chicago, May 2; southern Wisconsin, May 6; Keokuk, Iowa, April 30; Grinnell, lowa, May 1; Lanesboro, Minn., May 7; Aweme, Manitoba, May 14. The birds of the Rocky Mountains arrive considerably later than at corresponding latitudes in the East. Arrival in Colorado is principally during the second week of May; at Cheyenne, Wyo., on May 11; Terry and Great Falls, Mont., May 16. Other records in the far North are: Osler, Saskatche- wan, May 17, 1893; Red Deer, Alberta, May 16, 1893; Pelican Rapids, Athabasca, May 18, 1903; near Lake Athabasca, May 17, 1901; Fort Chippewyan, May 24, 1893; Fort Simpson, May 26, 1861, and May 21, 1904. The records of arrival of the yellow warbler in Texas are important as bearing on the general problem of migration routes in the State, and are as follows: Corpus Christi, April 22, 1891; Refugio County, April 17, 1899; San Antonio, April 15, 1890, and April 16, 1891; Austin, April 16, 1893; Dallas, April 12, 1898, and April 15, 1899; Bonham, April 9, 1885, April 10, 1886, April 8, 1887, April 8, 1889, April 14, 1890, and April. 15, 1891, and Gainesville April 18, 1886, and April 13, 1889. Some late spring records south of the United States are as follows: Central Ecuador, common in April; Costa Rica, May 1; Vera Cruz, May 6-10, 1894; Cozumel Island, April 18, 1901. Fall migration.—The striking characteristic of the records of the fall migration of the yellow warbler is their earliness. Along the 56 | “NORTH AMERICAN WARBLERS. eastern line of migration southward migrants have been noted in cen- tral Florida July 20, and by the last week in July the birds are in full tide of migration at New Orleans. Fall migrants have been recorded at the following places on the dates named: Key West, July 26, 1889; southeastern Nicaragua, August 9, 1892; San José, Costa Rica, August 25, 1889, and August 24, 1890; Bonda, Colombia, August 27, 1898. | | Cherrie says of yellow warblers migrating through Costa Rica: They made their first appearance in the fall of 1889, August 25, on which date a number were seen. Those taken were very fat. From this date they were ‘com- mon, and by September 17 abundant. Then the numbers seem to have diminished, until during October, November, December, and January they were only tolerably common. During the latter part of January and the first of February they were the most common warbler in the vicinity of San José. From this time they were com- mon until the first of May. None of those taken last showed any signs of breeding. @ The bulk of the birds pass southward soon after the early migrants. Following are some of the records of last-noted migrants: Near lati- tude 64° north of Fort Rae, Mackenzie, August 10, 1903; Great Falls, Mont., September 13, 1889; Lanesboro, Minn., September 10, 1889; Ottawa, September 7, 1901; North River, Prince Edward Island, August 20, 1889; St. John, New Brunswick, September 2, 1890; Montreal, September 3, 1890; Lewiston, Me., September 5, 1898; Providence, R. I., September 4, 1901; Englewood, N. J., September 1, 1886; Germantown, Pa., September 24, 1887; Washington, Sep- tember 28, 1890; Raleigh, N. C., August 28, 1888; Asheville, N. C., September 1, 1890; Frogmore, S. C., September 28, 1886; Grin- nell, Iowa, August 24, 1887; Chicago, September 6, 1899; St. Louis, September 3, 1896; Onaga, Kans., August 24, 1894; Bonham, Tex., September 12, 1889; New Orleans, October 27, 1893. Though in migration the yellow warbler occurs in Florida as far south as Key West and is sometimes fairly common in northern Florida, the numbers that migrate through the southern part of the State must be very small, for not a bird passing north or south has been reported from any of the Florida lighthouses. The migration route of the yellow warblers that breed near the Atlantic coast is evi- dently southwest to northern Georgia and Alabama, and then across the Gulf of Mexico. 652a. Dendroica estiva sonorana Brewst. Sonora Yellow Warbler. This southwestern subspecies of the yellow warbler nests in north- western Mexico, southern Arizona, southern New Mexico, and western Texas, and extends its breeding range northward until it meets the eastern form approximately in central New Mexico. It retires to Mexico and Guatemala for the winter, but its range in these countries has not yet been satisfactorily determined. @Cherrie, Auk, VII, 335, 1890. ALASKA YELLOW WARBLER. oe _ 652b. Dendroica zstiva rubiginosa (Pall.). Alaska Yellow Warbler. The breeding yellow warblers of British Columbia and Alaska have been segregated under this name, They migrate through California and winter in Mexico, but the records of their movements can not be separated from those of the allied varieties inhabiting these districts. 653. Dendroica bryanti castaneiceps Ridgw. Mangrove Warbler. The mangrove warbler is not found in the United States, but occurs in western Mexico and Lower California, where it may be found both in winter and summer. 654. Dendroica cerulescens (Gmel.). Black-throated Blue Warbler. 654a. Dendroica czrulescens cairnsi Coues. Cairns Warbler. The Cairns warbler breeds in the Alleghenies from Virginia (rarely Pennsylvania) southward to northern Georgia. In North Carolina it nests commonly at 3,000 to 4,500 feet above sea level, and in fall migration individuals have been seen at 6,400 feet elevation. The records of migration and wintering of the black-throated blue warbler make no distinction between the two forms, cx#rulescens and cairnsi, hence in the following accounts of winter range and spring and fall migration the two forms are treated as one. Breeding range.—The breeding range of cxrulescens extends from Newfoundland and northeastern Quebec through northern New Ene- land and south in mountainous country to Pennsylvania. The bird breeds rather commonly in the vicinity of Montreal, and not uncom- monly westward to Michigan and northern Minnesota, in which State it is found as far west as the forests extend. Migration range.—To the southward it is scarcely found west of the Mississippi River, though it has been several times recorded in Iowa. and Missouri. Accidental occurrences have been noted at Lincoln, Nebr., in Finney County, Kans., at Denver, Colo., and at Rio Mim- bres and Rio Grande, N. Mex. The southwestern limit of the regular range of the species is probably the mouth of the Mississippi River. Winter range.—The black-throated blue warbler occurs in winter in the United States at Key West, Fla., where it is sometimes not uncommon. At this season it is the most abundant of North Ameri- can birds in Cuba, and is equally common in Haiti. In Jamaica it is less common, and in the Bahamas rare, though very abundant in the latter islands during the spring migration. While very abundant on the south coast of Cuba, it is rare farther south, though it has been taken at Little Cayman,” Swan Islands,? and Cozumel.? The sole record of its occurrence in Central America is that of a specimen @4Cory, Auk, VI, p. 31, 1889. b Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., X, p. 575, 1888. ¢ Ridgway, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., VIII, p. 564, 1885. its capture in . South rene is that of an adult m ken in the | Santa Marta district at Las Nubes,? Colombia (5,000 feet). The win- | ter home of the black-throated blue warbler is better defined than — that of any other common warbler, and allows a very exact determina- tion of the square miles of territory occupied by it at this season. Cuba, Haiti, and Jamaica, with a combined area of 74,000 square miles, are doubtless occupied during the winter by the great. majority of the individuals of the species. The remaining birds do not prob- ably cover enough territory to bring the total to 80,000 square miles. This is a small area compared with that occupied during the breeding season, and is about equal to that part of the summer range of the bird which extends along the Atlantic slope in the United States. Spring migration.—Outside the lighthouse records, there are almost — no spring records of the black-throated blue warbler in Florida, but a full set of data from North Carolina allows a calculation of the approximate time when the species crosses from Cuba to Florida. The average of the earliest spring arrivals noted for eleven years at Raleigh, N. C., is April 27, with extremes of April 23, 1892, and May 2, 1893, in normal migration; in 1888 and 1894 stragglers were seen somewhat earlier. At Asheville, N. C., 2,000 feet above sea level, the average for four years was April 22, with extremes of April 19, 1893 and April 26, 1890. The species is one of the few that appear in the mountains earlier than on the plains, and the case seems to sus- tain the theory that the individuals of a species that breed farthest south are the first to migrate in the spring; hence the inference that the arrivals noted at Asheville were those of birds about to breed in the vicinity, while those at Raleigh were of birds proceeding to more northern breeding grounds. It is about S00 miles neatly due north from Sombrero Key, Florida, to Asheville, N. C. Few species of birds migrate in the spring faster than 25 miles per day. At this rate it would require a whole month for the journey of a bird from southern Florida to North Carolina. With the North Carolina dates in mind, we should therefore expect the black-throated blue warblers to be striking the Sombrero Key light in the latter part of March. But as a matter of fact the birds appear there scarcely earlier than in North Carolina. A single bird struck the hghthouse March 9, 1886, and three others March 21, 1886. With these exceptions, the earliest dates are April 15, 1885, April 11, 1886, April 19, 1887, and April 14, 1888. This absence of earlier records is not due to lack of weather conditions favorable for striking, for in the spring of 1887, between March 3 and April 13, the a@Salvin, Ibis, p. 205, 1866; Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., X, p. 651, 1885. 6 Allen, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIJIJ, p. 177, 1900; Auk, X VII, 367, 1900. 3 eh ie =e a mg, . - BLACK: THROATED mene WARBLER. : 59 | E Beiiheoce Key light was struck by birds on eleven oni Thirteen ' species of warblers were noted among the birds killed, but none of these were cxrulescens. The latter species, however, was taken in four out of the next five flights. The evidence was just as strong the next season. This species was not taken during the first six flights of March and early April, but after April 14, when the bird was first observed among those striking the light, it was included in every large flight of the ensuing month. This seems to show that the species does not normally begin its migration much before the middle of April, and furthermore that some individuals may make the journey from Cuba to the southern Allegheny Mountains at a single flight. | The latest date on which a north-bound migrant was noted at Raleigh, N. C., in the eleven years from 1890 to 1900 was May 16, and the average of the dates on which the latest migrant passed was May 11. There is an apparent discrepancy between these Raleigh dates and the dates on which the birds are recorded as passing the southern Florida lighthouses. As previously shown, the journey from the lighthouses to North Carolina should occupy a month, yet black-throated blue war- blers struck the lights in May for five consecutive years, and in 1889 as late as May 29. On May 8, 1888, 41 birds struck the lights and on May 12, 18; 17 birds struck one of the lighthouses near St. Augus- tine May 14, 1884, and dead birds were picked up at Alligator Reef . lighthouse May 21, 1885, and May 11,1888. North of Raleigh the average date of arrival at Frenchcreek, W. Va., is April 29; Wash- ington, D. C.,and Renovo, Pa., May 3; Philadelphia and southeastern New York, May 6; northeastern New York, May 9; central Massa- ebusetts, May 8; Boston, May 10; St. Johnsbury, Vt., May 9; southern Maine, May 14; Quebec, May 11; central New Brunswick, May 16. In southern Louisiana and southern Mississippi the black-throated blue warbler is almost unknown. In eight years’ collecting in this region three good ornithologists saw but two individuals of the spe- cies. In northwestern Mississippi, however, at Shell Mound, three birds were seen on April 7, 1892, and the species was common the next day. At New Orleans spring migrants were recorded on March 22, 1894, and March 26, 1897. These dates are in advance of those of the ordinary migration to southern Florida, and undoubtedly represent a movement directly across the Gulf of Mexico. Migration west of the Alleghenies corresponds almost exactly in time with that at comesponding latitudes along the Atlantic slope, as evidenced by the following records of average date of arrival: Brook- ville, Ind, April 30; Waterloo, Ind., May 5; northern Ohio, Chicago, and southern Michigan, May 7; Milwaukee, Wis., May 9; southern Ontario, May 8; Parry Sound district, Ontario, May 10; Ottawa, May 11. Soe ea TORS eee ant Onn eae 60 3 NORTH AMERICAN WARBLERS. ets Fall migration.—The black-throated blue warbler has one of the simplest of fall migration routes. The individuals breeding in New England and to the northward follow the Coast States to Florida and cross to the West Indies, while those from the interior migrate south and slightly southeast to join the eastern birds. First migrants are noted on the average at Chicago, September 1, the earliest date being August 25, 1898. Near Philadelphia the average for six years is Sep- tember 13, and the earliest date September 8, 1898. The earliest migrant at Washington was noted August 21,1887. Records of aver- age date of last birds seen are: Ottawa, September 29; Chicago, Octo- ber 1; Renovo, Pa., October 6, and Frenchereek, W. Va., October 9. Some latest records are: Ottawa, October 7, 1900; Chicago, October 10, 1897; Petitcodiac, New Brunswick, September 5, 1886; Montreal, September 24, 1887; Lewiston, Me., October 3, 1897; Renovo, Pa., October 11, 1897; Washington, October 14, 1888; Frenchcreek, W. Va., and Asheville, N. C., October 15, 1890. The first of the spe- cies to reach southern Florida usually arrive early in September, though few individuals are noted before the middle of the month, fol- lowing which they come in clouds. At the lighthouses large flights are observed every few days from September 13 to November 18. Omitting an accidental occurrence on July 28, the extremes of fall migration at the lighthouses are from September 3 to November 30, or nearly a third of the entire year. In 1888 black-throated blue warblers were quite common from August 5 to November 10 at St. | Lucie, on the east coast of Florida. At Raleigh, N. C., most of the fall migrants are seen between October 4 and October 19; and, omit- ting a single stray bird noted November 19, 1885, the extreme dates are September 11 and October 24. Thus the first birds appear at Raleigh just about the time the heaviest flights are passing Sombrero Key. Black-throated blue warblers strike the lighthouse at Sombrero Key in greater numbers than any other kind of bird, particularly dur- ing the fall migration. Although they were observed to strike the light in spring on twenty-five different nights in the course of five years, the total of their numbers (122) was not large. But in the fall their aggregate is very great. In five years’ time they struck the light on seventy-seven nights, and as a result 450 dead birds were picked up on the platform under the lantern. Probably a still larger number fell into the sea. Adding to these those that were merely stunned and that remained on the balcony under the light until able to resume their journey, the keeper counted 2,000 birds that struck. There were two nights, however, when the numbers of this species were so great that no attempt was made to count them. The Fowey Rocks lighthouse was struck on thirty different nights. It is certain, there- fore, that the black-throated blue warbler passes in enormous numbers MYRTLE WARBLER. 3 ; 61 along both coasts of southern Florida. Yet judging by the state-— ments of local observers, the species is rare from central Florida to the southern Alleghenies. At Puntarasa, a third of the way up the west coast of Florida, Atkins considers it common in fall and rare in spring; a little far thee north at Tarpon Springs, according to Scott, it is rare in spr ing and absent in the fall; at Gainesville, Fla., Chap- man saw but six individuals in the entine spring of 1887; ana at Palatka, Fla., Hasbrouck saw none. North of Florida three good’ observers in Alabama and two in Georgia do not report the species. In five years’ collecting in South Carolina it was not noted by Hoxie, and only four out of nine observers in North Carolina report its occurrence. 655. Dendroica coronata (Linn.). Myrtle Warbler. Breeding range.—The myrtle warbler breeds generally in Labrador, Newfoundland, Quebec, Ontario, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, and northern New England, and locally in southern Maine, reaching there its southernmost breeding ground at ocean level. It breeds commonly in the mountains of New Hampshire and Vermont and in the Adiron- dacks, less commonly in the Catskills and the elevated portions of Massachusetts, and is rare or accidental in summer at Utica and Buf- falo, N. Y. The regular breeding range extends westward from the Adirondacks along the north shore of Lake Huron to the northern peninsula of Michigan and the hill district of northeastern Minnesota. It has been found breeding from Manitoba to central Keewatin and through the Northwest Territories, British Columbia, and Alaska, to the shores of the Arctic Ocean. There is one record of the species breeding on the island of Jamaica. A female in worn plumage taken at Key West,” July 28, 1888, may have nested in a southern latitude. A specimen (young of the year) taken at Ciudad Durango, Mexico, July 27,? was moulting into the first autumn plumage. Winter range.—The myrtle warbler is the hardiest of the warblers of the United States, and spends the cold season as far north as south- eastern Kansas, southern Illinois, southern Indiana, and southern New England. It winters regularly and commonly in North Carolina, even at an altitude of 2,000 feet, and along the coast and a few miles inland it occurs with more or less frequency as far north as Massachu- setts, and even to Cape Elizabeth, Me. At Worcester, Mass., in the central part of the State, it winters Peenlarts but sparingly. Although the winter and summer homes of the species in Massachusetts are thus not widely separated, it is not to be supposed that the winter birds are the same individuals that breed in the elevated parts of the State; these latter doubtless have passed SO a Scott, ASK Ven 10: 430, 1888. 6 Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., X, p. 314, 1885. o “NORTH AMERICAN WAI The myrtle bird i is found in aanto throughout tie Bahaeiad. ant is a common winter resident of Cuba, Haiti, Jamaica, and Porto Rico. | It also includes in its winter range eastern Texas and eastern Mexico, — where it is one of the commonest winter birds from the coast — to 3,000 feet and is less common 1,000 feet higher. It ranges west — rarely to Guanajuato “ and reaches the Pacific Ocean at the Isthmus of Tehuantepec. It is not uncommon in Yucatan? and is generally dis- tributed in Guatemala up to an elevation of 5,000-6,000 feet. Farther east it is not common, though it has been taken at Belize, British Honduras, San Pedro, Honduras, end on the islands off the coasts of Yucatan “ and Honduras.? The species has been found in eastern Nicaragua’ from November 28 to February 16, has been taken in-Costa Rica in the Angostura Mountains and twice at San José,’ and has been recorded twice in Panama—at Lion Hill near the north coast and at Chiriqui in the mountains on the Pacific slope. It has not yet been reported from the mainland of South America. The foregoing records show that the winter distribution of the species in Mexico and Central America is not such as would be anticipated of a bird so strictly boreal in its breeding habits. In general it occupies the coasts and the lower plateaus, while the sides of the mountains, where it would be expected to occur, are occupied by its western relative, the Audubon warbler. Spring migration.—The myrtle warbler is one of the first migrants to move northward. A large flight struck the Alligator Reef light- house February 23, 1892; and some 60 birds struck the Sombrero Key lighthouse March 3, 1889. By the middle of March migration is well under way over all the winter range, and the foremost birds keep close behind the disappearance of frost. A strange state of affairs appears in connection with the migration of the myrtle warbler in the district just north of the ordinary winter range. The bird is well known, and the records are so numerous that the usual dates of arrival can be ascertained with much accuracy. Four towns in Pennsylvania, varying in altitude from Philadelphia at sea level to Renovo at about 1,000 feet, report average dates of arrival ranging from April 27 to April 30. Directly north in the western half of New York the aver- age date of arrival varies from May 1 to May 3, and the same dates will cover the usual time when the first birds appear in northwestern Ohio. In southeastern New York the average date of arrival is April 25; at Boston, Apr 22; in southern New Hampshire and southern Maine, April 23; at St. John, New Brunswick (average of eleven years of obser anaes April 23, and in the Province of New Bruns- a Dugés, La Nat., I, p. 140, 1870. 6Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., p. 210, 1890; Boucard, P. Z.8., p. 440, 1883. ¢ Salvin, Ibis, p. 248, 1888. ad Ridgway, Proc. U. 8. Mees Mus., X, p. 575, 1888. € Richmond, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., X VI, p. 484, 1893. f Cherrie, Auk, VIII, p. 278, 1891. ee SL Canes ge ie ee? Ay hh ee or Genet ae ee a MYRTLE WARBLER. 3 < 3Ge _wick (average of nine years’ records in various places), April 24. - Thus the first myrtle warblers are noted in New Brunswick about a week before they are seen in Pennsylvania and New Jersey, some 600 miles to the southwest. The average dates of arrival in southern Ontario are a few days earlier than in the portions of New York, Pennsylvania, and Ohio lying directly to the south. Around Lake Michigan stretches another district of early spring appearance. The average date of arrival at Chicago and Rockford, Ill., is April 16; Milwaukee, Wis., April 18, and Grand Rapids, Mich., April 16. The same anomalous state of affairs found along the Atlantic coast appears on the Mississippi River. At four towns in southeastern Iowa the average date of arrival, aggregating twenty-seven years of observa- tion, is April 19; while the average date for nine years at Lanesboro, Minn., and for seven years at Elk River, Minn., is in each case April 16. Thus the myrtle warbler appears three days earlier at Elk River than in the district 300 miles farther down the river. Outside of the districts of apparently irregular movement the first myrtle warblers appear on the average at Pictou, Nova Scotia, April 30; Halifax, Nova Scotia, May 2, and North River, Prince Edward Island, April 26. The arrival of the myrtle warbler at North River is there- fore one day earlier than at Beaver, Pa., while in the case of 11 other warblers the average arrival is thirteen days later. Southern Michigan is reached on the average April 25, southern Ontario April 29, and Ottawa May 2. The migrants up the Mississippi Valley pass into southern Manitoba April 23, and have been noted at Osler, Sas- katchewan, May 4, 1893; Edmonton, Alberta, May 8, 1903; near Atha- basca Landing, May 4, 1901; Fort Simpson, Mackenzie, May 16,1861, and May 7, 1904; and Fort Good Hope, Mackenzie, May 25. The western birds arrive in southern British Columbia April 15; at Fort Reliance on the upper Yukon, May 5, and at the mouth of the Yukon, May 18. In 1899 the first were noted on the Kowak River in north- western Alaska, May 29. By the last of March all the myrtle warblers have departed from Jamaica, Haiti, Cuba, and the Bahamas. ‘The latest recorded date of striking of this species at any of the Florida lighthouses is April 3, 1889. By the middle of the month the latest northbound birds have left southern Florida. For six years the average date on which the latest birds passed Raleigh, N. C., was May 6. Directly west of Raleigh, at Asheville 2,000 feet up in the mountains, the latest migrants seen in the spring were noted on April 25, 1890; April 30, 1894; May 18, 1893, and May 18, 1899. In six years’ time at New Orleans the average date of departure of the latest myrtle warbler was April 22, with variations from April 21 ‘to April 27. Most of the migrants cross the Rio Grande into Texas about the middle of March, and it is the middle of April before the last have passed north. mira ts eek eam a elegant 6 nse 2 9) DE pet Se Geass ao - NORTH AMERICAN WARBLERS. Fall migration.—As would be expected from its northern breeding | range, the myrtle warbler is a late fall migrant. It usually reaches — Englewood, N. J., September 26; Philadelphia, September 27, and Washington, October 1. At Raleigh, N. C., the average date of its — -arrival for twelve years is October 16, with extremes of October 11, — 1886, and October 21,1885. Not many myrtle warblers reach Florida before November, and they are the last migrants to arrive in Cuba. In 1887 none of the species struck at Sombrero Key lghthouse until November 11, but the next fall they began striking October 3, and were noted also on October 4, 9, and 29, November 4, 10, and 11, and December 1. The first migrants reach northwestern Minnesota about — September 8; Lanesboro, Minn., September 22; southern Wisconsin, September 25; Chicago, September 27; Waterloo, Ind., October 3, and St. Louis the first week in October. The average date of fall arrivals for seven years in the vicinity of New Orleans is October 18, with extremes of October 12, 1895 and 1897, and October 31, 1893. This is a little earlier than in corresponding latitudes along the Atlantic coast. The myrtle warblers desert the northern part of their breeding range by the last of August or early in September, but their southward retreat is so slow that many are still north of the United States until well into October. The last fall migrant was seen August 24, 1903, at latitude 65° near Great Bear Lake; and almost two months later, on October 15, a straggler was seen near latitude 62° on the Mackenzie River. Records of the average date of the last seen are: Aweme, Manitoba, and Parry Sound district,-Ontario, October 10; Ottawa, October 23; southern Ontario, October 24; Quebec and North River, Prince Edward Island, October 8; St. John, New Brunswick, October 23. The dates are not much later in the northern United States, where the species has been noted on the average at Lanesboro, Minn., until October 22; Grinnell, Iowa, October 28; Chicago, Octo- ber 23; southern Maine, October 17; central Massachusetts, October 19; central Connecticut, October 26; southeastern New York, Novem- ber 12; Philadelphia, November 9. 656. Dendroica auduboni (Towns.). Audubon Warbler. Breeding range.—The Audubon warbler replaces the myrtle warbler from the Rocky Mountains to the Pacific. It breeds north to British Columbia, Alberta (Calgary), Montana, and the Black Hills of South Dakota, south to southern California, northern Arizona, and New Mexico, and east to Colorado and western Nebraska. It has occurred accidentally in Pennsylvania and Massachusetts. It nests to an altitude of 11.000 feet. Winter range.—W hile to the eastward the Audubon warbler scarcely winters north to the Rio Grande, yet on the Pacific slope it is found at this season in most of the valleys of California, and a few spend : BLACK-FRONTED WARBLER. 65 the winter in southern Oregon. The winter range extends over most of Mexico to Guatemala; the species is most abundant in western Mexico and the higher districts of the eastern and southern parts. Spring migration.—As would be expected from the winter range of the Audubon warbler, the dates of spring arrival are very different in the eastern and western portions of its habitat, respectively. In southern Arizona and southern New Mexico the first birds arrive in March, advance to northern Colorado by the third week in April, and reach the Black Hills in the first week of May. Passing northwest- ward, the average dates of arrival are April 29 at Great Falls, Mont. ; _ April 23 at Columbia Falls, Mont.; and March 20 in southern British Columbia. On the plains of eastern Colorado and western Kansas, where the species is known only as a migrant, the dates are all late— from April 29 to May 27. Fall migration.—In August the mountain breeding birds begin to descend to lower altitudes, and during September reappear on the plains. The earliest migrants move south of the breeding range in the last week of September and enter Mexico soon after the 1st of October. The northern part of the range in Montana is deserted about the 10th of October. 656a. Dendroica auduboni nigrifrons Brewster. Black-fronted Warbler. Breeds in the mountains of northwestern Mexico and north to the mountains of southern Arizona. The winter range has not yet been determined, but the parties of the Biological Survey have taken the bird in fall migration at 6,000 feet in Durango. The arrival of the first migrant was noted May 9, 1902, in the Huachuca Mountains, Arizona, and an exceptionally early migrant was seen April 5, 1903. 657. Dendroica maculosa (Gmel.). Magnolia Warbler. _ Breeding range.—One of the best examples of a species limited dur- ing the breeding season to the Canadian zone is the magnolia warbler. Its breeding range is from the higher parts of Massachusetts, northern New York, northern Michigan, northern Minnesota, and southern Assiniboia (Wood Mountain) to Newfoundland, northern Quebec, Hudson Bay, Lesser Slave Lake, Fort Simpson, and the Nahanni Mountaiss. It is rare or casual in British Columbia. It breeds not uncommonly near the summits of the Allegheny Mountains of eastern Pennsylvania, in a region that in the higher portions probably furnishes Canadian conditions. The same is probably true of its southernmost breeding home in western Maryland where it nests on the highest mountains. Winter range.—The winter distribution of the magnolia warbler is about as extensive as the breeding area, but while in the summer the species is a bird of the Canadian life zone, in winter it is an inhabitant 6152—No. 18—04—6 66 NORTH AMERICAN WARBLERS. of the hot coastal region of Mexico and Central America. Its winter home in Mexico extends from northeastern Puebla and central Vera Cruz to the Pacific coast of eastern Oaxaca and eastward to Tabasco and Chiapas. It is fairly common in the lower parts of this district and less common inthe higher. The highest altitude at which it has been noted in winter is about 3,000 feet, although in spring migration a few individuals have been seen at Orizaba, Vera Cruz, at 4,000 feet eleva- tion. In Guatemala the species is found on the lowlands of the Pacific coast and to an altitude of 5,000 feet throughout much of the country as far north as Vera Paz. It has been noted at the following points on the Atlantic coast of Mexico and Central America: Northeastern Yuca- tan (common in spring migration); Cozumel Island, eastern Yucatan (January); Belize, British Honduras; Ruatan Island (common), and Truxillo, Honduras; coast of southeastern Nicaragua (quite common); Costa Rica (one record); and Panama (not infrequent on the north coast). It is recorded from Lake Nicaragua, where it is rare. : The Bahamas and Cuba are commonly included in the winter range of the magnolia warbler, but there is no positive record of the occur- rence of the bird in winter in either. The statements of Bryant that in New Providence,’ Bahamas, the magnolia warbler was ‘‘as abundant as in the United States,” and that ‘‘a few were seen as early as the 15th of March,” are certainly questionable. Six specimens were taken on Watlings Island,? Bahamas, October 6-21, 1891, probably in fall migration. The island of Eleuthera,’ Bahamas, is given by Cory as one of the places where the species has occurred, but no authority is cited in support of the statement. The species was once seen in April in Cuba,’ and once in December in Haiti,’ and there are strange records of capture in Porto Rico’ September 26, 1899, and December 26, 1900. All these West Indian records probably refer to wandering birds. Similar wanderings have been noted farther north. The bird has been taken a few times at the eastern base of the Rocky Mountains, three times in California, and twice in British Columbia. Spring migration.—TVhe dates of arrival of the magnolia warbler in spring furnish the best evidence yet available in support of the theory that birds migrating across the Gulf of Mexico do not always alight as soon as they reach the shore. The species is a common spring migrant from the Mississippi River to the Atlantic, between latitudes 87° and 39°. South of this district it becomes less and less common, except in the mountains, until in the Gulf States it is rare. (In the a@ Bryant, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., VII, p. 110, 1859. 6 Cory, Auk, IX, p. 49, 1892. ¢Cory, Cat. Birds W. I., p. 118, 1892. @ Gundlach, Anal. Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat., VII, p. 183, 1878. éCory, Birds Haiti and San Domingo, p. 29, 1885. J Bowdish, Auk, XX, p. 18, 1908. MAGNOLIA WARBLER. 67 fall it is common in the Gulf and South Atlantic States to northern Georgia.) In spring migration it appears at nearly the same time throughout the region extending from Lake Michigan and Chesapeake Bay south to the Gulf of Mexico, as is shown by the following records of earliest appearance in spring: Key West, Fla., April 27, 1889; Kirkwood, Ga., April 26, 1898, April 20, 1900, April 29, 1902; Rising Fawn, Ga., May 1, 1885; Chester County, S. C. (general summary of fourteen years’ observation), ‘“‘first two weeks of May;” Asheville, N. C., May 8, 1890, May 7, 1899; Raleigh, N. C., May 11, 1885, May 10, 1889; Shelby, Ala., May 4, 1898; New Orleans, May 2, 1895, May 5, 1897, April 26, 1903; Rodney, Miss., May 3, 1889; Helena, Ark., May 3, 1896, May 8, 1898; Acton, Ky., May 4, 1901; Lexing- ton, Ky., May 1, 1899; Pierce City, Mo., May 2, 1885; St. Louis, May 3, 1882, May 3, 1883, May 5, 1884, May 4, 1885, May 4, 1886, May 5, 1887, May 5, 1888. Averages of date of arrival for several years are: April 30 at Washington (earliest date April 22, 1891); May 5, at Beaver, Pa., and May 6, at Chicago (earliest date May 1, 1895). North of this district the migration is fairly uniform though rapid, the first magnolias being seen on the average at Renovo, Pa., May 7; in central Massachusetts, May 11; St. John, New Brunswick, May 16; Montreal, May 20; Godbout, Quebec, May 22, and North River, Prince Edward Island, May 26. West of the Alleghenies the average date of arrival in northern Ohio is May 8; southern Ontario, May 11; Ottawa, May 13; southern Michigan, May 11; southern Wisconsin, May 10; Lanesboro, Minn., May 9; Aweme, Manitoba, May 16. The first arrival was seen at Qu’Appelle, Assiniboia May 18, 1899; Grand Rapids, Athabasca, May 22, 1903; Fort Chippewyan, Athabasca, May 23, 1901, and Fort Simpson, Mackenzie, May 23, 1860, and May 31, 1904. The records from central Massachusetts, St. John, New Brunswick, Beaver, Pa., Ottawa, Lanesboro, Minn., and Aweme, Manitoba, all make it probable that from May 5 to May 15, the magnolia warbler is migrating at a speed of 40 to 45 miles per day. If it isa fact, as seems probable, that all birds migrate faster as they near the northern part of their range, then it follows that the magnolia warbler either enters the United States several days previous to April 14, or else in its initial flight passes far inland. In southern Texas, where the species is not common, the dates are comparatively late, as the following list shows: Lower Rio Grande, April 22, 1890; Corpus Christi, May 1, 1882, May 14, 1898; Bee County, April 20, 1887; San Antonio, May 12, 1891. Records of the spring movements of the Magnolia warbler in Mexico and Central America are yet too meager to show any departures cor- responding to the late appearance of the species in the United States. Sumichrast says that magnolia warblers occur from December to March in REE es. 3 ba tae ts os Wes = Oe Pe Fe acs pa te ef = ee Se ee ES eS 5 68 “NORTH AMERICAN WARBLERS. © in Oaxaca, Mexico; Richmond saw none after February 5 in Nicaragua; E and along the eastern coast of Yucatan, where there was previously but a single record of occurrence, the parties of the Biological Survey found them in spring migration common to April 13. Some records of latest dates on which the birds were noted in spring in the southern part of the United States are as follows: Key West, Fla., May 17, 1887; Dal- las, Tex., May 18, 1898; Helena, Ark., May 16, 1897; Shelby, Ala., May 12, 1898; St. Louis, May 18, 1884, May 22, 1885, May 18, 1887. Fall migration.—Over much of the southern part of the United States the magnolia warbler, though rare in spring, is common in fall. _ The first fall migrants have been noted at Lanesboro, Minn., August 12, 1887; Grinnell, Iowa, August 20, 1886; Chicago, August 12, 1896; Englewood, N. J., and Washington, August 16, 1889; and Raleigh, N. C., September 11. In Chester County, S. C., the fourteen-year records of Loomis show that the earliest arrival from the North during that time was on September 3; that the bird is not uncommon in Sep- tember; that the main body of migrants arrive about October 1; and that all are gone before October 15. Latest dates on which fall migrants were noted are: Aweme, Manitoba, September 17, 1900; Lanesboro, Minn., September 12, 1889; Ottawa, September 19, 1895; North River, Prince Edward Island, September 8, 1890; St. John, New Brunswick, September 7, 1890; Chicago, October 9, 1894; Philadelphia, October 9, 1888; Washington, October 10; and Asheville, N. C., October 10, 1894. At New Orleans the species is one of the common fall migrants. During three years the average date of earliest arrival was September 18; the birds were present in largest numbers from September 25 to October 7; and the dates on which the latest migrants were noted ranged from October 23, 1897, to November 1, 1895. South of the United States the magnolia warbler has been taken at Truxillo,@ Honduras, September 27, 1887, and the first arrival has been noted in southeastern Nicaragua,’ October 27, 1892. The general path of migration of the species seems to cross the mid- dle of the Gulf of Mexico. It is bounded approximately on the east by a line drawn from the north central part of Georgia to eastern Yucatan, while few individuals seem to proceed farther west than the coast line from eastern Texas to southern Vera Cruz. In common with some twenty other species of birds the magnolia warbler seems to make its flight between the United States and Yucatan without taking advantage of the peninsula of Florida or using Cuba as a stopping place. At the southern end of the Allegheny Mountains it is a com- mon migrant, while it has been noted only three times in Florida and only once in Cuba. a@Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., X, p. 579, 1888. b Richmond, ibid., X VI, p. 484, 1893. " ey , a? CERULEAN WARBLER. 69 4 658. Dendroica cerulea (Wils.). Cerulean Warbler. Breeding range.—The principal summer home of the cerulean war- bler is in the valley of the Ohio River. The species ranges eastward to Virginia, Maryland, western Pennsylvania, and western and central New York, but is much less common in this region, being rare east of the Allegheny Mountains. It occurs casually in New Jersey and south- ern New England. North of the Ohio Valley it ranges to southern Ontario, southern Michigan, and southern Minnesota. It is found regularly west to eastern Nebraska, eastern Kansas, and eastern Texas, while accidental occurrences have been noted at Denver, Colo., and Rio Mimbres, N. Mex. The southern limits of its regular breeding range are the mountains of Virginia and Tennessee; but it has been known to breed irregularly along the Choptank River in western Delaware, at Baltimore, Md., Greensboro, Ala., in Franklin and St. Tammany parishes, La., and in the Creek and Cherokee Nations, Okla. One of the parties of the Biological Survey took an old male and a young male of the year on June 24, 1902, at Texarkana, Tex. Winter range.—The cerulean warbler is chiefly found in winter in South America from Panama south to Peru, in which country it seems to have its center of abundance. In western Peru Jelski“@ found it common at Monterico and other places in the mountains east of Lima at 10,000 to 13,000 feet elevation, always in wandering flocks, which were sometimes quite large and contained both old and young birds. Its abundance in northern Peru is remarked by Stolzmann.? In central Peru a specimen was taken in January, 1891, at Gloria’ (3,200 feet), and a female on March 14, 18938, at San Emilio,’ in the Valley of Vitoc (above 3,500 feet). In northeastern Peru Stolzmann took three cerulean warblers on February 10 and March 15, 1880, at Huambo ? (8,700 feet). The southernmost records of the species are from Nairapi and Tilotilo’ near La Paz, Bolivia, at an elevation of at least 13,000 feet, the greatest altitude at which the bird has been observed. Specimens were taken at Mapoto, Machay.’ and Sara- yacu,’ in central Ecuador, on dates ranging from November to Feb- ruary and at altitudes varying from 3,000 to 7,000 feet. Others were also secured on the Rio Napo,” in eastern Ecuador. The species is not uncommon on both coasts and in the mountains of Panama, but it seems to migrate through western Colombia, avoiding the mountains of @ Taczanowski, P. Z. 8., p. 508, 1874. © Taczanowski, Orn. du Perou, I, p. 465, 1884. ¢ Berlepsch and Stolzmann, P. Z. S., p. 330, 1896. @ Taczanowski, P. Z. S., p. 6, 1882. éSclater and Salvin, P. Z. S., p. 594, 1879. J Taczanowski and Berlepsch, P. Z. S., p. 74, 1885. 9 Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., X, p. 651, 1885. hSclater, P. Z. S., p. 64, 1858. 70 = NORTH AMERICAN WARBLERS. the northern part, where it has not been found by any of the explorers who have made such large collections in the Santa Marta region. It has been taken at Medellin“ in the mountains of central Colombia at 5,000 feet; at Bogota;? and there are specimens in the British Museum from the interior of Colombia and Antioquia. It is not probable that the cerulean warbler winters north of Panama, but there are a few records of the species during the migrations. It was seen four times during the fall migration at San José,¢ Costa Rica; it was once taken at San Pedro” in northwestern Honduras, once by Gundlach in April in Cuba,’ and once on the island of Grand Cayman,’ and one struck the lighthouse at Cay Lobos,’ Bahamas, April 26, 1901. There is no Nicaragua record. The only records between Honduras and Texas are of Deppe’s” specimens, said to have been taken in Mexico; Schott’s record for Yucatan,’ and those of the two specimens noted by Baird’ one as being in the cabinet of Lawrence and coming from Guatemala, the other one of Verreaux’s birds, labeled ‘‘Coban, Guate- mala.” This species was not seen by any of the parties whose work formed the basis of the Biologia Centrali-Americana, nor has it been | noted in Mexico by any of the parties of the Biological Survey. Spring migration.—There is but one March record of the cerulean _ warbler in the United States, and this is of one taken on the 23d of the month in 1890 at the Tortugas. The spring records of the bird at Kubank, Ky., cover a period of eight years. The average date of the first bird seen is April 13; date of second seen, April 14; date when birds were common, April 20; extreme dates of first arrival, April 5, 1892, and April 21, 1895. The earliest date for the species in Chester County, 8. C., is April 13, while at St. Louis the average date of arrival is April 15. Other records of average date of first seen are: Brook- ville, Ind., April 27; Beaver, Pa., May 1; Petersburg, Mich., May 2, and southern Ontario, May 7. In 1902 the first bird was reported from North Freedom, Wis., May 4, and in 1887 from Lanesboro, Minn., May 5. These dates seem to determine quite closely the time of arrival of the earliest birds at their breeding grounds, but there are no corresponding dates for the Gulf Coast. The dates for Key West, Fla., are April 16, 1887, and April 29, 1889; for New Orleans, April 8, 1898, and April 10, 1899. All the Texas records of first @Sclater and Salvin, P. Z. S., p. 494, 1879. 6Sclater, Cat. Am. Birds, p. 31, 1862. Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., X, p. 329, 1885. ¢Cherrie, Auk, IX, p. 21, 1892. dSclater and Salvin, P. Z. S., p. 8386, 1870. €Gundlach, J. f. Orn., p. 414, 1872. J Cory, Auk, III, p. 501, 1886. g Bonhote, Auk, XX, p. 171, 1908. 4 Lichtenstein, Preis-Verz. Mex. Vég. 2, 1830. ‘Lawrence, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist., IX, p. 200, 1869. J Baird, Rey. Am. Birds, I, p. 191, 1865. CHESTNUT-SIDED WARBLER. 71 arrivals are late: Brownsville, April 14, 1890; Corpus Christi, mid- dle of April, 1900; Refugio County, April 17, 1899; Bee County, April 21, 1887; Dallas, April 20, 1898; Gainesville, April 15, 1887, and April 22, 1889. Records of arrival north of Texas are: Clinton, Ark., April 24, 1890; Statesbury, Mo., April 30, 1894; Independence, Mo., April 29, 1900, and Onaga, Kans., May 4, 1896. Fall migration.—The cerulean warbler is a rare migrant in the States along the Atlantic coast, though it has been noted in the Caro- linas, Georgia, and Florida. In northeastern Texas and Louisiana it is not uncommon. Its main route of migration seems to cross the Gulf of Mexico chietly from Louisiana and Mississippi. The species is one of the first to start on the southward migration. By the middle of summer it has reached the Gulf coast and is well on its way to its winter home. At Beauvoir and Bay St. Louis, on the coast of Missis- sippi, it has appeared in different years on dates ranging from July 12 to 29. For a few days it is common, attaining the height of its abundance about the first week in August. It then passes southward so rapidly that Cherrie was able to record its presence on August 24, 1890, at San José, Costa Rica. By November it reaches central Ecua- dor. Though the bulk of the birds perform their migration at this early date, some laggards remain behind until late in the season. Rec- ords of latest migrants are: London, Ontario, September 1, 1900; Liv- onia, Mich., September 1, 1892; Beaver, Pa., September 14, 1889; and Berwyn, Pa., September 27, 1889. At Eubank, Ky., migration movements were recorded for the eight years 1888 to 1895. The average date of the last bird seen at this locality, where the species breeds abundantly, is August 23, and the latest date is September 14. In Chester County, 5. C., just across the mountains from Eubank, | where the earliest southbound birds are reported to arrive by August 8, the species has been seen as late as October 22. In 1886 in central Texas some small flocks were reported as late as October. It would seem that these were unusually late birds, for Cherrie states that the latest migrants leave San José, Costa Rica, by the end of October. 659. Dendroica pensylvanica (Linn.). Chestnut-sided Warbler. Breeding range.—Throughout New England, New York, and Penn- sylvania the chestnut-sided warbler is one of the commonest breeding warblers. It also breeds regularly, though not commonly, in parts of northern Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois, and westward to eastern Nebraska, nesting in the latter State as far south as Omaha. It has been taken once in Wyoming. Its northward range is at least to Newfoundland, Ontario, and the Saskatchewan. South of its normal breeding range it has been noted in summer at St. Louis and at Mun- ger In southeastern Missouri, and a few times in the lower Wabash Valley of Ilinois and Indiana. It has been once recorded as breeding 72 NORTH AMERICAN WARBLERS. at Sea Isle City, near the coast at the extreme southern end of New Jersey. In the Allegheny Mountains the bird breeds much farther south. During the breeding season it is common to abundant in the mountains of North Carolina at an elevation of 2,000-4,000 feet and not uncommon at corresponding elevations in the northwestern part. of South Carolina. It probably breeds sparingly in northern Georgia. Winter range.-—The chestnut-sided warbler winters from Guatemala to Panama, both on the coast and in the lower mountains. It is abun- dant along the coast of southeastern Nicaragua’ and less common throughout Guatemala. There are four records of its occurrence in Honduras—at San Pedro and Truxillo,? on the north coast, and on the islands of Bonacca’ and Ruatan.° The only record for Yucatan? is of a specimen taken at Merida April 18, 1865. There are records from Costa Rica which denote that the species occurs in September on the high plateaus,’ is abundant during the fall migration, and rare in the spring at San José’ (8,500 feet), and was common during the fall of 1895 on the Pacific slope at Miravalles’ (1,400-2,000 feet). The only Mexican records, probably all made during migration, are of speci- mens taken in April at Playa Vicente” on the hot lowlands of Oaxaca; on May 16, 1888, at Canyon Cavelleros, Tamaulipas; and at Jalapa,’ é State of Were Chie Late writers have commonly included the Bahamas in the winter range of the chestnut-sided warbler. Nearly half a century ago Bry- ant recorded that he saw in May a few of the species on the island of New Providence. These were undoubtedly spring migrants that had wandered far out of their usual course. Years afterward a writer quoted this note as a winter record, and his mistake has been perpetu- ated. Other records of wandering birds were made at the Bermudas in the spring of 1901; at Enterprise, on the east coast of Florida, soon after the middle of March; near the mouth of the Suwanee River, Florida, April 10, 1892. Spring migration.—The records of spring migration of the chestnut- sided warbler in the United States south of the latitude of Washington and St. Louis are entirely without regularity. For the sake of having the material on record, the dates are here given: Hig 2 eae INC: | fen 21, 1886; Raleigh, N. C., April 27, 1886 April 30, 1890; aes ille, N Ox Apr il 29, 1894, “hoe 26, aa ws «Richmond, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus. X VI, p. 484, 1893. b Ridgway, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus. X, p. 579, 1888. ¢Salvin, Ibis, p. 249, 1888. d@ Lawrence, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. IX, p. 200, 1869. €Cabanis, J. f. Orn., p. 328, 1860. fCherrie, Auk, VII, p. 336, 1890. g Underwood, Ibis, p. 483, 1896. hSclater, P. Z. S., p. 374, 1859. tSclater, P. Z. S., p. 363, 1859. - CHESTNUT-SIDED WARBLER. 73 _ Kirkwood, Ga., April 23, 1893, April 23, 1894, April 27, 1895, April — 17, 1896, April 30, 1897, April 26, 1898, April 24, 1900, April 30, 1901, average, April 25; Rising Fawn, Ga., April 29, 1885; Shell- — mound, Miss., April 15, 1892; Rodney, Miss., April 28, 1890; Bayou Sara, La., April 22, 1887; Mount Carmel, Mo., April 23, 1885, April 95, 1886; St. Louis, May 3, 1882, April 27, 1883, May 6, 1884, April 29, 1885, May 11, 1886, May 8, 1887, May 5, 1888; lower Rio Grande, Tex., May 13, 1878; Brownsville, Tex., April 17, 1890; Corpus Christi, Tex., May 1, 1884, April 22, 1891, April 19 and 29,1900. The species is a rapid migrant, being present scarcely more than three weeks during spring migration at any point in the Gulf States. North of this district some records of average date of arrival are: French- ereek, W. Va., May 2; Washington, May 38; Beaver, Pa., May 2; Renovo, Pa., May 3; southeastern New York, May 6; Boston, May 6; southern New Hampshire, May 8; Lewiston, Me., May 12; Mon- treal, May 17; Scotch Lake, New Brunswick, May 23; Brookville, Ind., May 4; Chicago, May 6; Petersburg, Mich., May 6; southern Ontario, May 6; Parry Sound district, Ontario, May 11; Ottawa, May 14; Grinnell, Iowa, May 5; Lanesboro, Minn., May 9; Minneapolis, Minn., May 12; Elk River, Minn., May 14; northern Minnesota, May 19; Aweme, Manitoba, May 20. The arrival of the species in 1895 at Halifax, Nova Scotia, was noted on May 24. Fall migration.—Migrating chestnut-sided warblers were noted at Englewood, N. J., July 26, 1887; Washington, August 10, 1889, and Frenchcreek, W. Va., September 6, 1892. The earliest recorded arrival of the species in fall at Raleigh, N. C., was on August 17, 1891. In Chester County, 8. C., the bird has been noted as early as August 16. The first arrivals were noted at San José, Costa Rica, September 28, 1889, and September 21, 1890. The bulk of the species passes through the Carolinas in September, reaches the Gulf coast the latter part of the month, and arrives at Costa Rica by the middle of October. The bird was taken at Truxillo, Honduras, September 26, 1887. The last southbound migrants were noted at Ottawa September 12, 1885; St. John, New Brunswick, September 10, 1895; Berwyn, Pa., October 8, 1891; Washington, September 29, 1889; and Frenchcreek, W. Va., September 28, 1890. In the Southern States stragelers occur until after the middle of October. It is thus seen that at the south end of the Allegheny Mountains the fall migration of the chestnut-sided warbler lasts fully two months, while the spring migration occupies not more than three weeks. Fall migration in the Mississippi Valley is not very different from that in the East. The earliest recorded arrival at St. Louis was on August 24, 1896, and the average date of earliest arrival at New Orleans for several years was September 15. Chestnut-sided warblers 74 | NORTH AMERICAN WARBLERS. have been noted as late as August 24, 1901, at Aweme, Manitoba; — September 15, 1889, at Lanesboro, Minn.; September 25, 1887, at Grinnell, Iowa, and September 26, 1895, at Chicago. The migration route of the species across the Gulf of Mexico appears to agree closely with that of the cerulean warbler. 660. Dendroica castanea (Wils.) Bay-breasted Warbler. Breeding range.—The bay-breasted warbler breeds in northern New England, Nova Scotia, southern Ontario, northern Michigan, Mani- toba, and north to Hudson Bay and Newfoundland; also probably in northern Minnesota. It was taken by one of the parties of the Bio- logical Survey at Oxford House, Keewatin, July 3, 1900, and at Fort Chippewyan May 28,1901. It is thus strictly a bird of the Canadian fauna, except that a few nest in southern Ontario. Migration range.—There are three published records of the occur- rence of the bay-breasted warbler in migration in Texas,? a specimen in the American Museum of Natural History was taken at Corpus Christi, Tex., May 1, 1882, and one struck the light at Port Bolivar, Tex., May 6, 1893. The bird is not recorded as occurring in the West Indies, nor in Florida, Alabama, or Georgia. It is so rare in Chester County, S. C., that Loomis saw it but twice—May 14, 1887, and May 5, 1888—in all his years of collecting. It is not included in Smithwick’s list of North Carolina birds, and Brimley has seen but one at Raleigh— September 17, 1887. The species is certainly uncommon along the south Atlantic coast, and, though more common northward from Vir- ginia, is very irregular in different years. In the Ohio Valley it is also irregular, and varies each year from rare to quite abundant. It is aregular, but not usually common, migrant in spring and fall in the Mississippi Valley. The edge of the forests in Minnesota marks the normal western limit, while Iowa and Missouri mark the western boundary in their respective latitudes. A wanderer was taken in May, 1888, at Pierre, S. Dak., by one of the parties of the Biological Survey; Eugene Cou- beaux took one May 24, 1903, at Big Sandy, Mont.; and the species is a rare migrant in Assiniboia west to Medicine Hat. The earlier records of an occurrence in Nebraska have not been verified by later observers, and the bird is not recorded from Kansas. Winter range.—All the winter records of the bay-breasted warbler come from a rather restricted area in Colombia, South America, and the Isthmus of Panama. In the latter district the species is not uncom- mon. In Colombia it has been taken at Medellin? and Naranjo*% in @Merrill, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., I, p. 124, 1878. Dresser, Ibis, p. 478, 1865. Nehr- ling, B.N..O: Co Valiipend, ss2: bSharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., X, p. 322, 1885. ¢ Wyatt, Ibis, p. 322, 1871. BAY-BREASTED WARBLER. 75 the valley of the Magdalena; at Remedios“ in the valley of the Cauca, and at Bucaramanga?’—all localities in the forest region at 2,000 to 3,000 feet altitude. In fall migration it has been secured at Bonda’ on the north coast. West of Panama the records of its occurrence are meager. It has been recorded once from Costa Rica,’ as would be expected from its occurrence in Veragua, Panama, close to the Costa Rican boundary. It has been taken on the island of Ruatan,’ Hon- duras, and was recorded by Sclater and Salvin from Guatemala.” A specimen in the U.S. National Museum is marked as taken in Guatemala by Taylor. The species was long regarded as a bird of Mexico on the streneth of a specimen recorded as taken by Sumichrast at Tehuantepec City’ October 19, 1869. This specimen, which is still in the U.S. National Museum, is really a specimen of /). striata. At the present time there is no sure record of the occurrence of 2). castanea in Mexico. Spring migration.—No consistent idea of the spring migration of the bay-breasted warbler can be drawn from the scanty records of its appearance in the southern United States. There are few or no dates for April. During the first week of May the bird appears in the dis- trict south of St. Louis and Washington, and thence, proceeding leisurely northward, arrives on the average at Beaver, Germantown, and Renovo, Pa., May 13; southeastern New York, May 8; central Connecticut, May 15; central Massachusetts, May 16; southern Maine, May 18; and St. John, New Brunswick, May 21. It was noted at Pictou, Nova Scotia, May 23, 1895. The movement of the species west of the Alleghenies is at about the same time, the average date of the first seen at Chicago being May 5; in southern Wisconsin, May 11; in southern Ontario, May 12; at Ottawa, May 17, and at Aweme, Manitoba, May 16. Fall migration.—The return migration of the bay-breasted warbler begins in August. During six years of observation at Chicago the first migrant was seen on the average on August 27, the earliest date being August 13,1896. Other early dates are September 7, 1903, at Beaver, Pa., and August 26, 1887, at Englewood, N. J. Mostof the migration in the central part of the United States takes place during September, and by October the bay-breasts have reached South America. Last migrants have been noted at Aweme, Manitoba, August 22, 1901; Lanesboro, Minn., September 15, 1889; Ottawa, September 16, 1888; St. John, @Sclater and Salvin, P. Z. 8., p. 494, 1879; Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., X, p. 650, 1885. © Berlepsch, J. f. Orn., p. 282, 1884. ¢ Allen, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, p. 177, 1900; Auk, X VII, 367, 1900. @ Zeledon, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., VIII, p. 105, 1885. éSalvin, Ibis, p. 249, 1888. J Sclater and Salvin, Ibis, p. 11, 1859. 9 Lawrence, Bull. Nat. Mus., No. 4, p. 15, 1876. New pe oa mber Tie : Germantown, Pa. , October 19, 1885. It will b ie seen at once ehak th is no easy aoe of the line u migration of the bay-breasted warbler between its summer and winter homes: The data are so meager that — the line of migration must be judged from the movements of other species. The principal route seems to be much the same as that taken by D. cerulea and D. pensylvanica. The bay-breasts apparently make the long flight across the Gulf of Mexico to the highlands of Guate- mala and Honduras, and then follow the mountains to Panama and Colombia. 661. Dendroica striata (Forst.). Black-poll Warbler. Breeding range.—The summer home of the black-poll warbler is entirely within the Canadian and Hudsonian zones. The species breeds in northern Maine, the mountains of northern New England and New York, northern Michigan, and Manitoba, and ranges north to the Gulf of St. Lawrence, Newfoundland, the limit of tree growth in Labrador and Hudson Bay, and northwest to Alaska. The south- ernmost breeding record is at Seven Lakes, near Manitou, Colo., at an altitude of 11,000 feet. The black-poll occurs regularly though sparingly in Colorado, less commonly in New Mexico (in migration), and northwest through Montana to Log Cabin, Yukon, and Cook Inlet, Alaska. Winter range.—The black-poll warbler winters in the northern part of South America, ranging east to the Oyapock River“ in eastern French Guiana and to Para, Brazil.? It has been taken in November and January in British Guiana‘ at an altitude of 3,700 feet; it has also been secured in fal! migration near Merida,” Venezuela, at 5,400 feet, and several times in the vicinity of Bogota,’ Colombia, at probably not much less than 9,000 feet. During the fall migration of 1898 many specimens were taken from October 7 to November 22 at Bonda,’ on the northern coast of Colombia, and at Mamatoca’ October 13, and at Cantilito” October 14. A large number of specimens were secured from November 21 to April 25 at various places in the lower portions of the valleys of the Orinoco” and Caura” rivers, which shows that the region is one of the main winter homes of the black- poll warbler. There are records of the occurrence of the species on the Rio Negro’ aSharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., X, p. 650, 1885. bSpix. Av. Bras. I, 75, 1824; Burmeister, Thiere Bras. III, 120, 1856. ¢ Salvin, Ibis, p. 202, 1885. Quelch, Timehri, X, p. 261, 1896. @ Sclater & Salvin, P. Z. S., p. 780, 1870. Ernst, Flora & Fauna Venez. 301, 1877. €Sclater, P. Z. S., p. 143, 1855. Baird, Rev. Am. Birds, p. 192, 1865. f Allen, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, p. 177, 1900; Auk, X VII, p. 366, 1900. g Specimens in Carnegie Museum, Pittsburg, Pa. h Berlepsch & Hartert, Novit. Zool., IX, p. 9, 1902. ‘Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., X. p.327, 1885. Pelzeln, Orn. Bras. 69, 463, 1869. —_—e See Oe eee lee * BLACK-POLL WARBLER. 77 of Brazil, and at Archidona® and Sarayacu,’ central Ecuador. A straggler was once taken at Valdivia,’ Chile. The black-poll warbler does not winter in the Bahamas or any other part of the West Indies—a point that needs to be emphasized, as there isa tendency on the part of writers to consider all records south of the United States as wintering records. The bird is, however, a com- mon visitor to the Bahamas both in spring and fall. It has been taken at points ranging from the northern Bahamas to Watlings Island on the east, Anguila” on the west (where it was found abundant May 10-11, 1893), and Inagua at the.south. In Cuba it occurs in migra- tion in spring and fall, usually in small flocks. It has been recorded also from Jamaica and Porto Rico. It was seen in great numbers October 10, 1882, on Guadeloupe Island;¢ and has been taken on Santa Lucia,’ Barbados,’ Tobago,” and Trinidad,’ the latter just beyond the extreme end of the West Indies and near the northern coast of eastern Venezuela. The specimen of the black-poll warbler taken at Tehuantepec City, and noticed under J). castanea, furnishes the only record for Mexico, and was undoubtedly a straggler. Spring migration.—In the eastern part of the United States the black-poll warbler is well known as a late migrant—one of the latest among the warblers. There are no records of its being observed in March anywhere north of its winter home, not even in the West Indies. Gundlach says that when black-polls occur in spring in Cuba, they are found in April. Bonhote noted the first spring arrivals on the island of New Providence, Bahamas, April 21, 1898, and at Cay Lobos light April 15,1901. Winch took his first specimen on the island of Inagua April 23, 1891. The dates of Bonhote are later than some on which the species has been noted at the Florida lighthouses. It struck Sombrero Key lighthouse April 14 and 15, 1885; April 24 and 25, 1887, and April 18 and 30, 1888. Some dates of arrival in the southeastern part of the United States are: Tortugas, April 26, 1890; Suwanee River, Florida, April 24, 1898; Frogmore, 8. C., April 29, 1885; Darien, Ga., April 28, 1890; Rising Fawn, Ga., April 17, 1885; Shelby, Ala., April 27, 1898. 2 LU. p. 93,1878. 6 Cherrie, Auk, VIII, p. 278, 1891. eCherrie, Auk, VII, p. 336, 1890. 84 NORTH AMERICAN WARBLERS. seven months for the migration to and from North America and the entire breeding season. If this latter covers not less than ten weeks, then during the rest of the year—more than a third—the bird must be traveling at an average rate of 50 miles per day. 663. Dendroica dominica (Linn.). Yellow-throated Warbler. Breeding range.—The yellow-throated warbler is a species of quite limited extension. Its range is east of the Allegheny Mountains. North of Maryland the bird is rare or casual, though it breeds near the Choptank River in southwestern Delaware. It breeds in the Carolinian and Austroriparian zones, and seems to desert in summer the tropical zone of southern Florida. Winter range.—The southernmost recorded winter home of the yellow-throated warbler is the island of Jamaica.. Since the species does not move north until early March, the Jamaican individuals spend about seven months of the year in their winter home. The bird is also a winter resident of the Bahamas, Cuba, Haiti, Porto Rico, and Grand Cayman, and there is one record for Yucatan. It winters abundantly in southern Florida, less commonly in the northern part of the State, and locally along the Atlantic coast to South Carolina. Spring migration.—The yellow-throated warbler is one of the early migrants. Its arrival at Gainesville, Fla., has been noted on March 2, 1887, and it has been recorded as abundant by March 5 near Jackson- ville. The earliest dates of striking at the lighthouse at Sombrero Key, Fla., are March 28, 1887, March 11, 1888, and March 3 and 11, 1889. Reports do not show that this species is ever present at the light- houses in large numbers, fifteen in one night being the highest number observed. Small parties pass for several weeks, but the spring migra- tion is not extended like that of fall. All the recorded spring observa- tions of the bird at the ighthouses are included between March 3 and April4. There isa greater difference between the time of spring arrival at Raleigh, N. C., and that at Asheville, N. C.—both places in the same latitude, one on the plains and the other in the mountains—than in the case of any other species. At Raleigh the average date of arrival during fifteen years is March 26, with extremes of March 20 in 1894 and April 1 in 1885, 1887, 1891, and 1901. There was also an unusu- ally early migrant seen March 13, 1890. At Asheville the average for four years is April 21, with extremes of April 13, 1898, and April 26, 1894. Egos have been taken in southeastern Georgia April 24 and fully fledged young in northern Florida early in June. Kall migration.—An early breeder, the yellow-throated warbler is ready to migrate before the middle of summer. It is the first migrant of all the birds to reach Cuba, where it arrives at the end of July and becomes abundant in August. At Key West, Fla., where it does not breed, the arrival of the bird has been noted July 25. Yet there is SYCAMORE WARBLER. 85 no record of its striking at the Florida lighthouses before September 13. Gosse records its arrival in Jamaica August 18, and from this early date some writers have thought that it might breed on the island; but in the light of the dates just given it will be seen that Gosse’s record corresponds with the migratory movements of the species in Floridaand Cuba. As might be expected from the foregoing records, the yellow-throated warbler deserts at an early date its summer home. The last fall bird was reported at Washington September 4, 1890; Asheville, N. C., September 15, 1890; and at Raleigh, N. C., Septem- ber 17, 1886, September 8, 1888, September 12, 1889, September 10, 1890, and September 4, 1891. Throughout October the birds strike the Florida lighthouses, and even as late as November 7, 1891, one was killed. The time occupied by the species in its fall migration exceeds the entire period extending from the beginning of the spring migra- tion to the date when its early hatched young are fully fledged. 663a. Dendroica dominica albilora Ridgw. Sycamore Warbler. Breeding range.—The sycamore warbler is the western form of the yellow-throated warbler, and is confined in summer principally to the timbered parts of the central and lower Mississippi Valley. The center of abundance is the lower Ohio Valley. Thence the species ranges less commonly to the northern boundary of the Carolinian life zone in West Virginia, Ohio, southern Michigan, and southern Wisconsin, west to southeastern Nebraska and eastern Kansas, and south to eastern Texas. The eastern range is bounded by the Alle- gheny Mountains. The bird breeds throughout its range in the United States except the tropical part of the lower Rio Grande Valley of Texas. The area of the summer home of the sycamore warbler is therefore fairly rectangular and is approximately 800 miles north and south by 600 miles east and west. Winter range.—The sycamore warbler is one of the few species of the eastern United States found farther west in winter than in summer. But the strangest feature of its life history is its wide longitudinal distribution in winter. Its winter home extends from the Pacific coast of Mexico in Tepic,“ and Colima,’ to Nicaragua’ and Costa Rica,’ a distance of 1,500 miles. It is rare at both these extremes—so rare, indeed, in western Mexico that it was not seen by any of the parties of the Biological Survey, although considerable time was spent in these localities. In winter it is common in south- ern Vera Cruz, Yucatan, and the Atlantic slope of Guatemala, and @Lawrence, Mem. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., II, p. 270, 1874. 6 Baird, Rev. Am. Birds, I, p. 209, 1865. ¢Richmond, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., X VI, p. 484, 1893. @Zeledon, Anal. Mus. Nac. C. R., p. 106, 1887. commonly an iuhabiaud of ae lower Pee ‘and the coasts, occu PS ring for the most part below 4,000 feet; but there are instances, pr in- cipally in the fall, of birds being seen several thousand feet higher. Spring migration.—At New Orleans the sycamore warbler is one of — the earliest spring migrants. Dates of arrival are March 11, 1894, March 9, 1895, March 7, 1896, and March 12,1898. The bird became 4 common by March 16, 1895, March 13, 1897, and March 19,1898. At Helena, Ark., the first arrivals were noted on April 14, 1895, and April 10, 1897: at St. Louis, April 4, 1884, April 6, 1885, April 12, 1886, April 10, 1887, and April 13, 1888; in central Indiana about the middle of April; in southern Michigan about April 20. A migrant was noted at Soto del Marina, Tamaulipas, March 1, 1902. The following Texas dates of earliest arrival are, as usual, irregular: Hidalgo, March 6, 1894; Rockport, March 16, 1892; Refugio County, March 13, 1899; San Antonio, April 9, 1889, March 31, 1890, April 19, 1891; Kerrville, April 10, 1900, April 1, 1901; Dallas, March 12, 1898, March 12, 1899; Gainesville, April 7, 1884, March 22, 1885, March 31, 1886, April 4, 1887. The latest record of the sycamore warbler in spring south of the United States is April 13, 1901, when it was observed on the north- -east coast of Yucatan. Fall migration.—In the fall the Mississippi Valley form is, like the eastern, an early migrant, being one of the first birds to return in autumn to the Rio Grande of Texas. It is recorded as arriving at Orizaba, Mexico, August 10; Chiapas, Mexico, August 13; Colima, Mexico, in August; Duenas, Guatemala, by the middle of August; Bonacca Island, Honduras, and Truxillo,? on the mainland, in Sep- tember; and at San José, Costa Rica, October 4. In the northern part of its range it lingers somewhat later than the eastern form. The last to pass southward do not leave Indiana and Missouri until well into October. 664. Dendroica gracie Baird. Grace Warbler. The Grace warbler breeds in the mountains of New Mexico, Ari- zona, and Chihuahua, Mexico, and retires for the winter into north- western Mexico. Its northernmost extension is in southern Colorado, where it occurs regularly in La Plata County, breeding to 8,500 feet. It has been taken in north central Colorado and ues n Catos nia, but its occurrence at these points is accidental. It is found in winter as far south as Tepic and Jalisco. In Arizona spring arrivals have been noted as follows: Fort Whipple, April 24, 1865; Pima Co., April 221, | 1885; jeluneinics Mountains, April 27, 1902, April 12, 1903. a Saline ines p. 250, 1888. b Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., X, p. 579, 1888. Eee er > : TS el ar eee ee eee oie > te : ht 2 te eee BLACK-THROATED GRAY WARBLER. 87 665. Dendroica nigrescens (Towns.). Black-throated Gray Warbler. The black-throated gray warbler is another of the warblers of the western United States. Its breeding range extends from southern ~ California and southern Arizona north to British Columbia and east to central Colorado, and rises to an altitude of 9,500 feet. The species migrates in winter to Mexico and ranges from Oaxaca and Vera Cruz to as far north as Durango, where it was noted by the parties of the Biological Survey. Spring migration.—The black-throated gray warbler enters southern California in the first week in April and reaches southern British Columbia by the third week inthe month. The earliest dates in south- ern Arizona and southern New Mexico are included between March 31 and April 9, while the species reaches early in May the northern portion of its range in Colorado. Fall migration.—The last fall migrants of the species do not leave central California until the first week in October, and do not desert the State until after the middle of the month. 666. Dendroica chrysoparia Scl. & Salv. Golden-cheeked Warbler. This rare species breeds in Texas and retires in winter to Mexico and Guatemala. The winter range is not well known. The known breeding range is a restricted area insouth-central Texas north to about latitude 31°. Itsarrival near San Antonio, Tex., was noted March 13, 1895, March 10, 1896, March 9, 1897, March 18, 1898, and March 14, 1900—average, March 12. 667. Dendroica virens (Gmel.). Black-throated Green Warbler. Breeding range.—The black-throated green warbler is one of the most abundant of its family. It breeds commonly from southern New England north to the Gulf of St. Lawrence and Newfoundland and in the mountains of Pennsylvania, the Catskills, northern and western New York, Michigan, northern Illinois, Wisconsin, Minnesota, northern Alberta (Edmonton), and southwestern Athabasca (Peace River Land- ing). It breeds less commonly southward in the higher Alleghenies to South Carolina. It was taken several times near the outlet of Athabasca Lake by one of the parties of the Biological Survey. The range as described shows that the black-throated green warbler belongs to the Canadian zone and the northern part of the Alleghenian. Migration range.— Western Assiniboia, western Minnesota, eastern Nebraska, and eastern Kansas mark the western limit of the species in migration. West of the heavy forest area of the Mississippi it is rare. Through eastern Texas it is more common, as this is one of its regular migration routes to southern Texas and eastern Mexico. Winter range.—TVhe winter home of the species is in heavy, low- lying forests, much lower than would be expected from its summer 88 NORTH AMERICAN WARBLERS. — home. The northernmost point from which it has been recorded in winter is Linares, Nuevo Leon (about 2,000 feet altitude). Thence it — ranges through the lower districts of Puebla, Vera Cruz, and Chiapas, and eastward to Campeche and Yucatan. The center of abundance during the winter seems to be from the islands off the east coast of Yucatan through northern Guatemala and the southern half of Vera Cruz. The bird passes south in small numbers to the Pacific coast in southern Oaxaca, and to the mountains along the Pacific side in Guate- mala. In Vera Cruz it is abundant from 400 to 2,800 feet and is less common to 3,800 feet. During migration it passes higher and has been taken at 6,000 feet in Chiapas and up to 8,000 feet in Hidalgo. There seems to be no record as yet of its occurrence in Honduras, and but one for Nicaragua.“ In Costa Rica it is not common, but has been taken in several places in the mountains from 1,400 to 4,000 feet. Judging from the records it occurs less commonly in Panama than in Costa Rica, but it has been taken both in the lowlands of the Atlantic slope and on the mountains of the Pacific. A few scattering records show that the black-throated green war- bler is evidently but an accidental visitant in the West Indies, where its occurrence has been recorded in Cuba,? Isle of Pines,’ Jamaica,? Watlings Island,’ Dominica,’ and Guadeloupe.’ The species is com- monly called a winter resident of Cuba, but is never said to winter in Florida; yet the records of its occurrence in winter in the two places are of a similar sort. Gundlach saw a single bird in January, 1854, in western Cuba, and Atkins saw one in January, 1888, at Key West. Spring migration.—The ‘earliest recorded date of arrival of the black-throated green warbler in the eastern part of the United States is March 23, 1885, on which date the bird was noted at Pensacola, Fla. The spring records of the species in southern Florida are very few, consisting of one at Tarpon Springs, April 1, 1888, and one at Tortugas, April 26, 1890. In northwestern Florida, on the contrary, on the direct line from the Alleghenies to Yucatan, the bird is quite common in spring. In 1885 the earliest date of arrival in Chester County, S. C., recorded by Loomis was March 31, while the first birds seen at Rising Fawn, Ga., and Raleigh, N. C., were noted on April 1. The average of earliest spring arrivals for six years at Raleigh is March 30, obtained from the following very even record of first appearances: April 1, «Nutting, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., V, p. 494, 1883. 6Gundlach, J. f. Orn., p. 474, 1855. ¢Cory, Cat. Birds West Indies, p. 118, 1892. ad Newton, P. Z. S., p. 552, 1879. é€Cory, Auk, IX, p. 49, 1892. J Verrill, Conn. Acad., VIII, p. 350, 1892; Lawrence, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., I, p. 54, 1878, and p. 486, 1879. g Lawrence, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., VIII, p. 622, 1885. BLACK-THROATED GREEN WARBLER. 89 1885, March 27, 1886, March 28, 1888, March 28, 1889, March 27, 1890, and April 2, 1891. Still earlier dates were March 22, 1897, and 1898. These dates seem very early when compared with those of the first arrival of the species at points immediately north and west. The last week in April is considered an early date for the spring appearance of the species at Washington; the earliest dates on which its arrival in the mountains directly west of Raleigh is recorded are April 13, 1899, and April 15, 1893, the average for three years— 1890, 1891, and 1894—being April 30; while at Eubank, Ky., a hundred and fifty miles northwest, on the other side of the moun- tains, April 9, 1891, April 9, 1894, and April 10, 1895, are the earliest recorded dates of arrival. Average dates of arrival, resulting from several years of observation, are: Washington, D. C., and Renovo, Pa., April 26; Beaver, Pa., and Englewood, N. J., April 30; Alfred, N. Y., May 1; Boston, May 1; central Connecticut, May 3; southern New Hampshire, May 3; southern Maine, May 6; Quebec, May 10; central Nova Scotia and St. John, New Brunswick, May 13; North River, Prince Edward Island, May 17. Westof the Alleghenies the dates of arrival are approximately the same as farther east, notwithstanding the fact that the eastern birds have considerably farther to travel than the western. Records of average date of arrival are: Brookville, Ind., April 29; Chicago, May 1; southern Michigan and southern Ontario, May 2; Parry Sound district, Ontario, May 6; Ottawa, May 13; south- eastern Iowa, May 5; Lanesboro, Minn., May 7. A black-throated green warbler was seen at Aweme, Manitoba, May 13, 1898; Medicine Hat, Assiniboia, May 17, 1894; Edmonton, Alberta, May 15, 1897; and at Athabasca Lake, June 3, 1901. Spring migration in Texas is rather early, as the bird winters regu- larly only a little south of the Rio Grande. One very early individual was seen on February 28, 1894, at Hidalgo, but the species was not again noted until several weeks later. The recorded dates of arrival in Texas are as follows: Corpus Christi, March 23, 1878, March 24, 1891; San Antonio, March 13, 1880, March 20, 1887, March 26, 1889, April 1, 1890, March 26, 1891; Austin, April 1, 1890; Dallas, March 16, 1898, March 17, 1899. It will be noticed that there is no regular progression of dates in Texas from the south northward. © This is true not only of the present species, but of almost every other bird whose arrival has been noted sufficiently often and at enough different places to permit comparison. Some dates of the last migrants seen in spring in Texas are as follows: San Antonio, May 23, 1890; Kerrville, May 15, 1900; Dallas, May 15, 1898. Considering how far north of Texas the birds breed, these are rather late dates of passage through the State. Fall migration.—Since the black-throated green warbler is abun- dant in migration in the southern Alleghenies and equally common in aii: rarer in Cub: 1, the Gulf of Mexico from. the mainland c of the Gulf States. of occurrence during fall migration in southern Florida are, like those of occurrence in spring, very few. The species was observed at Tar-— pon Springs, October 15, 1886; Key West, October 14, 1887, and at — Sombrero Key, November 10, 1888, when two birds snack the light. | In North Carolina the early fall migrants commonly appear during the ~ last week in August. At the same latitude in the Mississippi Valley — the dates of first appearance in fall are but a few days later. The first © birds to reach the Gulf coast arrive about the last of September. An — individual was seen at Beauvoir, Miss., July 30, 1897, but this was — evidently a bird that had gone astray. The bulk of the species pass — through the Gulf States in October. The southern boundary of the © summer range is finally abandonéd about the first of October, and by — the last of the month nearly all the birds have crossed the Gulf. Late — migrants are recorded as follows: North River, Prince Edward Island, | September 13, 1890; St. John, New Brunswick, September 25, 1891; southern Maine, October 2, 1898; Fitchburg, Mass., October 9, 1898; southeastern New York, October 15, 1887; Germantown, Pa., October 18, 1888; Washington, October 20, 1890; Raleigh, N. C., October 16, 1893; Ottawa, October 8, 1887; Chicago, October 12, 1894; Eubank, , October 14, 1891, and New Orleans, October 28, 1899. The earliest recorded date of fall arrival south of the United States is September 14, 1892, in Morelos, Mexico.¢@ 668. Dendroica townsendi (Towns.). Townsend Warbler. The Townsend warbler ‘is one of the widest ranging of the western warblers, breeding from the mountains of southern California north to Sitka, Alaska, and the upper Yukon Valley (lat. 61°) and east to Idaho and western Colorado. In migration it ranges to the eastern foothills of Colorado and to western Texas. It nests up to an altitude of 8,000 feet, and in migration has been noted 2,000 feet higher. It winters from Guerrero and the City of Mexico to Guatemala, being — most common near the southern limit of the range, while a few some- times winter as far north as southern California. It has been found in winter in Guatemala at an altitude of 12,000 feet. Spring migration.—An early migrating Townsend warbler was seen on April 9 in the Huachuca Mountains of Arizona. Migrants from Mexico begin to enter southern California April 14 to 20. The earliest noted in 1888 at Chilliwack, British Columbia, was on May 19, but the usual date of arrival is probably several days earlier, for the average date of the first seen during five years at Columbia Falls, Mont., is May Gj, varying from May 4, 1897, to May 1, 1896. First arrivals a Aten: eae U. ree Mus., NV pei 7, bees ee OO Pe eR SS Sort a oy hae HERMIT WARBLER. _ | 91 have been reported from Loveland, Colo., May 11, 1889, and from ~ Great Falls, Mont., May 28, 1890. - oe Fall migration.—No Townsend warblers were seen at Columbia Falls, Mont., after August 17, 1895, nor at Chilliwack, British Colum- bia, later than September 12, 1888. 669. Dendroica occidentalis (Towns. ). Hermit Warbler. The hermit warbler breeds from the higher mountains of California to southern British Columbia in the Pacific coast district of the United States. It winters in the pine forests of Mexico and Guate- mala at an elevation of 3,500 to 10,000 feet. Early in April it enters the United States, being reported from Oracle, Ariz., April 12, 1899, and the Huachuca Mountains, Arizona, April 9, 1902. Records of the first seen in California are: Campo, April 27, 1877, and Julian, April 25, 1884. A hermit warbler was noted at Burrard Inlet, British Columbia, April 20, 1885. In the fall the species has been noted as late as September 22 in Arizona and October 9 in southern California. 670. Dendroica kirtlandi Baird. Kirtland Warbler. Breeding range.—The first nests of the Kirtland warbler known to :cience were taken in Oscoda and Crawford counties, Mich.“ Several young birds and a single ege were secured July 8 to 14, 1903. The following year a nest with five eggs was taken in Roscommon County, Mich. Winter range.—The records of the distribution and migration of this, the rarest warbler of the eastern part of the United States, have recently been collected? and elaborated. From these data it appears that the Kirtland warbler is a winter resident of the Bahamas as far south at least as the Caicos group. It has been taken in winter on the Berry and Andros groups, and on Eleuthera, New Providence, Green Cay, Watlings, and Athels islands. It has also been taken on the Abaco group, but only in spring and fall migration. Spring migration.—The southernmost point in the United States at which occurrence of the Kirtland warbler in spring has been noted is West Jupiter,-Fla., just northwest from the Andros and New Prov- idence islands, where migrants from these islands would most naturally reach the mainland. Here one was seen April 19, 1897, and another April 27. The next point northward at which the bird has been seen in spring is St. Helena Island, South Carolina, where it was noted on April 27 and May 3. During the first week in May the species is recorded as occurring at St. Louis, Cincinnati, Glen Ellyn, Ill., and Wabash, Ind., and during the next week at Cleveland and Oberlin, @ Adams, Science, XVIII, p. 217, 1903; Wood, Bul. Mich. Orn. Club., V, pp. 3-13, 1904. ’Chapman, Auk, XV, p. 289, 1898; XVI, p. 81, 1899. 92 - NORTH AMERICAN WARBLERS. Ohio, Battle Creek, Ann Arbor, and Mackinac, Mich., and Minneapo- lis, Minn. In addition to the data given by Chapman there are the following records of the late appearance of the species in spring or of its occurrence in summer: Bahamas,“ March 4 and April 5, 1897; Little Abaco, Bahamas,’ March 25, 1902; Nassau, Bahamas,’ April, 1902; — Ann Arbor, Mich.,° May 14, 1902; Morgan Park, Ill.,¢ May 22, 1899; — Rockford, Ill.,¢ May 25; Lake Koshkonong, Wis.,° May 24; Kalama- — z00, Mich.,’ May 15, 1885; Luzerne, Mich.,’ June 15; Toronto, Can- ada,’ May 16, 1900; Oscoda County, Mich., June 159 and July 3,” 1903. Fall migration.—The only records of occurrence of the Kirtland warbler in fall in the United States are the following: Fort Myer, Va., September 25, 1887 (Palmer); Chester, S. C., October 11, 1888 (Loomis); and Ohio, opposite Ashland, Ky.,‘ August 28, 1909. 671. Dendroica vigorsii (Aud.). Pine Warbler. Breeding range.—The pine warbler breeds throughout the eastern part of the United States from Florida and the Gulf States northward to New Brunswick, Ontario, and Manitoba. One of the northern- most points from which it is recorded is Carlton, Saskatchewan, where a party of the Biological Survey found it common during July, 1895. The northern boundary of the breeding range of the species is in the Canadian life zone, but comparatively few individuals nest north of the Alleghenian zone. In the region of the plains, where pine for- ests are lacking, it is a rather rare migrant. It was secured once at Revelstoke, British Columbia. Nearer the Mississippi River and thence to the Atlantic Ocean its presence during the breeding season is largely governed by the extent of pine timber. Hence in summer it is more common in the Southern States and the pitch and white pine districts of southern New England than in the middle hard-wood dis- tricts, throughout which, from about latitude 37° northward, it is known to most observers as a more or less common migrant and to a few as a rather rare summer resident. Winter range.—The pine warbler is a rare winter resident in eastern Texas south to Corpus Christi. From North Carolina and southern Illinois southward it is common in winter in the pines. Occasionally at this season it winters north to Massachusetts. It has not yet been 6 Bonhote, Ibis, p. 280, 1903. ¢ Wood, Auk, XIX, p. 291, 1902. ad Blackwelder, Auk, X VI, p. 359, 1899. é Adams, Bull. Mich. Orn. Club, V, p. 18, 1904. f Samuel, Auk, XVII, p. 391, 1900. © 9 Frothingham, Bull. Mich. Orn. Club, IV, p. 61, 1903. 4 Bain, Bull. Mich. Orn. Club, IV, p. 63, 1903. ~Jones, Wilson Bulletin, IX, p. 104, 1902. PINE WARBLER. 93. | any specimens been received from the Florida lighthouses. During February, 1902, a pine warbler was taken by one of the parties of the Biological Survey at Matamoras, Tamaulipas. This is probably the first record of its occurrence in Mexico or at any other point outside the United States, except for a casual occurrence in the Bermudas. Spring inigration.—The pine warbler is one of the first of the fam- ily to migrate in spring. Migrant birds are seen in March over most of the winter range and even to Washington and eastern Pennsylvania. The average date of spring arrival at Boston is April 10, and in south- ern New Hampshire April 13. In the Mississippi Valley migration seems to be a few days later than east of the Alleghenies. The species reaches St. Louis and central Indiana not much before the middle of April. Grand Rapids, Mich., is reached, on the average, April 17; Chicago, April 21; Ottawa, May 15, and Lanesboro, Minn., April 29. Fall migration.—Though arriving early in spring, the pine warbler is slow to disappear in fall. It starts south sufficiently early, for it leaves the northern part of its range by the middle of September. But it passes latitude 39° as late as the first half of October, and is searcely settled in its winter home before the Ist of November. An unusually late migrant was seen at Ottawa October 10, 1891. This is one of the few warblers of the eastern United States whose winter home is included in its breeding range. During the winter season the pine warbler occupies approximately the southern third of the breeding range; hence it is not surprising that the birds are found to be more common there in winter than at any other time of the year. 672. Dendroica palmarum (Gmel.). Palm Warbler. Breeding range.—This western form of the species breeds north of Manitoba and west of Hudson Bay to at least Fort Churchill, Fort Resolution, and Fort Simpson. While there appear to be no records as yet of its breeding in Manitoba or Minnesota, it has been seen in these localities so late in spring and so early in fall that it will prob- ably be found nesting throughout most of the mountainous districts from northeastern Minnesota northward. Migration range.—Passing south through the Mississippi Valley the bird is a common migrant on both sides of the Mississippi River. Yo the west it ranges to eastern Nebraska and eastern Kansas, and it has been noted as accidental in Colorado, Montana, and California. It is less common in Kansas than in Nebraska, for the route mainly traveled turns in the latter State to the east toward Florida. East- ward the species ranges regularly to the Allegheny Mountains, and a few individuals wander each fall to the Atlantic coast, as far north as Washington, D. C., or occasionally to New England. Winter range.—The palm warbler is abundant in winter in all the Bahamas and in Cuba and Jamaica, and is present, though less com- Z Hyyesion eae of t “species. - Florida. To the south it has been taken on Grant ¢ Cayman,” Cayman Brack,@ the Swan Islands,’ Cozumel,¢ Ruatan,? pe 2 Old Providence,’ but ne not as yet been noted on the aie ae of 4 Honduras or ee Two occurrences on the mainland of Yuca- — tan’ are recorded, and one of the parties of the Biological Survey | found the species not uncommon on Cozumel Island, more common on Mujeres Island, and very common during March and April, 1901, on the mainland of Yucatan, at La Vega. Spring migration.—It is impossible to separate the records of occur- rence of the two forms of this species during spring migration in the Gulf States, with the exception of those made at the lighthouses of -southern Florida. - Here the earliest individuals of the western form to strike the lights were noted on April 4, 1886, March 23, 1887, - March 10 and 11, 1888, and March 8, 11, 28, and 24,1889. Palm war- blers were among the most numerous in the clouds of small birds that swarmed around the lights on the night of March 3, 1889. They were reported on the same night from both Sombrero Key and Fowey Rocks—one of the few instances in which a species has been so reported from the two points. The next certain records of the occurrence of the western form were made at St. Louis, where it was noted April 13, 1883, April 18, 1884, April 13, 1887, and April 17, 1888. These dates correspond closely with these on which the species has been observed in central Indiana—April 17 to 21. Records of average date of arrival farther north are: Chicago, April 25; southern Michigan, May 1; southern Ontario, May 2; southern Wisconsin, April 30; Hillsboro, Iowa, April 22; Lanesboro, Minn., April 30; Elk River, Minn., May 3; Aweme, Manitoba, May 7. A specimen was taken at Fort Chip- pewyan, Athabasca, May 23, 1901. The fact that the bulk of the western form winter farther south than does hypochrysea of the East is reflected by the lateness of spring migration in the Mississippi Val- ley, as compared with the earliness of the northward movement on the Atlantic coast. By the time palmarum has arrived at St. Isouis hypochrysea has reached New England. The last palm warblers to pass northward in spring have been noted at St. Louis on May 9, 1884, May 12, 1885, and May 10, 1887, and in central Indiana about the middle of May. These dates probably mark the normal passage a@Cory, Auk, VI, p. 31, 1889. b Ridgway, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., X, p. 575, 1888. ¢ Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., VIII, p. 564, 1885. @ Salvin, Ibis, p. 251, 1888. éCory, Auk, IV, p. 180, 1887. f Boucard, P. Z. 8., p. 441, 1883. Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., p. 211, 1890. eaville, orl 29, 1887; ones je 26, 1890; peorerero Key lighthouse, April 25, 1887, and May 15, 1888. Other last dates are: New Providence, Se eica. April 30; Andvon Island, Bahamas, May 9, 1890; Jamaica, April 6; Cozumel ciel: eer April 18, 1901; ce -and Porto Rico, April 8, 1900. , Fall migration. —The fall migration of ‘this species and that of its eastern representative iypochrysea are especially interesting on account of a unique feature that characterizes them, viz, the general line of migration of one form is at right angles with that of the other, the two intersecting in the vicinity of northern Florida. It is possible that pa/marwm has but one general line of migration, which passes in a southeasterly direction from the central Mississippi Valley & to Florida, the Bahamas, and the Greater Antilles, and that the indi- _ viduals noted in Yucatan and the neighboring islands have crossed _ from southern Cuba, where this species is one of the commonest of North American birds. The records of the F lorida lighthouses do not show such numerous occurrences of palmarum as one might expect _ from the abundance of the bird in Cuba. The earliest dates in fall on _ which this species struck the lights—September 22, 1885, and Septen- _ ber 21, 1886—are quite early as compared with the first dates on which - migrants were noted farther north. In northwestern Minnesota the first fall migrants were noted September 9, 1896; at Lanesboro, Minn., September 17, 1888; Keokuk, Iowa, September 11, 1893, and Chi- cago September 4, 1900. The earliest dates in Indiana range from September 10, 1892, to September 14, 1897. Loomis says that the species is abundant at Chester, S. C., in fall migration, arriving in the second week of September, and Scott records the date of first arrival at Tarpon Springs as September 22. The earliest date in the vicinity of New Orleans is September 25, 1899. These dates indicate a rather rapid migration in fall. The last stragglers of palmarum usually leave Manitoba the last week in September; Lanesboro, Minn., the first week in October; Chicago about October 9, and the central Mississippi Valley by the middle of the month; but migrants continue crossing to Cuba for a month longer. The latest dates of striking the lighthouses are November 19, 1886, November 11, 1888, and Novem- ber 6, 1891. 672a. Dendroica palmarum hypochrysea Ridgw. Yellow Palm Warbler. Breeding range.—Hudson Bay is supposed to be the dividing line between the summer home of the western palm warbler and that of the eastern form hypochrysea. The eastern bird breeds from eastern Maine, New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia northward, east of Hudson 96 ; NORTH AMERICAN WARBLERS. Bay. The northern limit of its range is not yet clearly determined, — but is probably in Quebec, southern Labrador, and Newfoundland. Winter range.—From this restricted breeding ground hypochrysea comes southwest, following a narrow belt along the Atlantic coast, and winters on the north coast of the Gulf of Mexico. The winter range extends from Louisiana to northern Florida, and occasionally as far north as eastern North Carolina. Accidental visitants have been taken in Cuba and Jamaica. In central Alabama palmarum appearsas a fall migrant and passes on to the southeast, its place being taken by hypochrysea as a common winter resident. Early in the spring hypo- chrysea leaves for the northeast, and later palmarum passes through toward the Mississippi Valley. Chapman found a few specimens of hypochrysea as far south as Gainesville, Fla., and noted the departure of the last northward migrant March 15, 1887, six weeks before pal- marum finally disappeared. Spring migration.—Migrants appear on the average at Washington April 6; Philadelphia, April 14; central Connecticut, April 15; Boston, April 18; St. John, New Brunswick, April 20; Halifax, Nova Scotia, April 27, and Pictou, Nova Scotia, May 1, showing that hypochrysea is one of the earliest of miyrating warblers and that it endures severe weather with impunity. At Raleigh, N. C., the bird is a rare winter visitant. The last to leave for the North was noted April 20, 1885, April 16, 1889, April 14, 1890, and May 1, 1893. The latest spring migrant noted at Washington passed through on April 29. Hence it may be assumed that palm warblers that were reported as departing from Asheville, N. C., on May 12, 1890, and May 15, 1894, were of the form palmarum, which has been taken at Washington as late as May 18. 3 Fall migration.—Y ellow palm warblers are expected to reappear in southern Maine soon after the middle of September, and to pass on to New Jersey and Washington about the Ist of October. An unusu- ally early fail migrant was seen at Beaver, Pa., September 7, 1889. In 1887 the species was not noted at North River, Prince Edward Jsland, after September 15, but at St. John, New Brunswick, the aver- age date of the last recorded is about October 13. New England and the districts north of the winter home are occupied until about October 20, and the bird is sometimes seen in Massachusetts as late as early November. A specimen was taken near New York City November oe lSIS: 673. Dendroica discolor (Vieill.). Prairie Warbler. Breeding range.—The prairie warbler is quite local in its distribu- tion. Along the Atlantic coast it breeds from the northern Bahamas and Florida to Massachusetts, but north of Philadelphia is found, as arule, only near the coast. Farther south it is common locally from gee ri pa i _ | _ PRAIRIE WARBLER. v7 sea level to about an altitude of a thousand feet. The highest point ~ at which it has been recorded is Old Fort in western North Carolina at about fifteen hundred feet. From northwestern Georgia, through Tennessee, Kentucky, Ohio, and western Pennsylvania, it ranges up— to a thousand feet elevation. Throughout most of the Mississippi Valley the prairie warbler is rare. This is especially noticeable in Illinois and Indiana, where so many other warblers are common. It breeds locally but not uncommonly in southern and central Michigan and southern Ontario—rarely or accidentally in southeastern Wiscon- sin—and westward in southern Iowa, eastern Nebraska, and eastern Kansas. In the three States last mentioned its breeding range has been traced up to just a thousand feet elevation. In Nebraska it has been noted, in migration, as high as 1,300 feet at Westpoint. In southwestern Missouri it breeds at Pierce City (1,300 feet), which is the farthest point to the southwest at which it occurs regularly. The species is not uncommon locally in northern Mississippi, and was once reported from the coast at Beauvoir; it has also been recorded once from Louisiana and once from Texas. The prairie warbler is principally a bird of the Carolinian zone, though a few breed in the Alleghenian of central Michigan and west- ern Pennsylvania. In parts of Connecticut and Rhode Island it is common locally, as it is also in eastern Massachusetts, where it is char- acteristic of the barberry districts. In the Austroriparian zone of the South Atlantic and Gulf States a few of the species breed. The bird is, however, rare in the Gulf strip of the Austroriparian zone. Winter range.—The western boundary of regular westward distri- bution of the prairie warbler runs southeast from eastern Kansas through central Alabama to Florida. The winter home of the species includes all the Bahamas and the Greater Antilles. Few birds have a wider distribution in the West Indies. The species is recorded in all the larger and in 26 of the smaller islands. In the Lesser Antilles it ranges to St. Kustatius’ and St. Christopher,’ where it was found in the spring and fall of 1890. To the south of Cuba it has been taken on Little Cayman’ and Cayman Brack;¢ on the Swan Islands half way to Yucatan; on Mujeres? and Cozumel Islands? off the coast of Yuca- tan, and on the island of Bonacca” near the north coast of Honduras (the southernmost point from which it is reported). The northern limit of the winter range is about the center of Florida, a little farther north than the bird reaches in the Bahamas. Spring migration.—The records of spring migration of the prairie warbler in Florida are indefinite, owing to the fact that the bird - winters in the southern part of the State. Some unusually early @Cory, Auk, VIII, p. 47, 1891. ¢Cory, Auk, VI, p. 31, 1889. 6Cory, Auk, VIII, p. 48, 1891. @Salvin, Ibis, p. 250, 1888. éRidgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. VIII, p. 564, 1885. 6152—No. 18—04——7 98 s,s NORTH AMERICAN WARBLERS. __ records of migrants to the northward are March 5, 1888, March 12, 1889, and February 19, 1891, at Frogmore, 5. C. The full tide of migration, however, does not start until the last of March. Though there are records of single birds striking as early as March 7 at Sombrero Key lighthouse, no large flights occur until the last week in the month. During the first week in April the species crosses northern Florida and Georgia, arriving the following week in central North Carolina. The average date of earliest arrivals for sixteen years at Raleigh, N. C., is April 15, with extremes of April 6, 1892, and April 22, 1886. In the northwestern extremity of Georgia, at Rising Fawn, the bird was seen April5,1885. At Eubank, Ky., onthe other side of the mountains, the seven years’ average of earliest arrival is April 20, with extremes of April 13, 1893, and April 22, 1889. The earliest migrants usually arrive at Washington April 22; in south- eastern New York May 4; at Portland, Conn., May 6, and at Boston May 8. One was taken at Toronto, May 11, 1900, probably the first record of the species for Canada. Thus the northern part of the breed- ing range is reached by the first week in May, at which time and for a week longer migrants are still crossing from Cuba to Florida. According to the records, Haiti is finally abandoned April 1, Jamaica April 11, and the southern Bahamas April 12. Some late migrants struck the Cay Lobos lighthouse, off the north coast of Cuba, May 3, 1900, and May 138, 1901. Fall migration.—The time when the prairie warbler begins its south- ward journey can be judged from the fact that migrants have been noted by August 18 at New Providence, Bahamas, and on the island | of Jamaica. Throughout the Bahamas and in Cuba this species is one of the most abundant winter birds; hence it must be a common migrant through Florida. But no such numbers of the species are killed by striking the lighthouses as of several other species apparently no more common. The prairie warbler is recorded as striking on sixty-one different nights, more than two-thirds of which were in the fall. At Sombrero Key, where an exact count was kept of the number of each species striking and killed, just half of the fall records of this species are of but 1 bird per night. Six ina night was the largest number attained, except on October 2, 3, and 4, 1888, when the Jight was struck by 20, 47, and 7 birds respectively. The keeper at the Alligator Reef light reports that 15 prairie warblers struck his light on September 28, 1889. The prairie warbler leaves its northern breeding grounds early in September, and few of the birds are seen along the central Atlantic coast later than this date. The five years’ record of the latest date . on which fall migrants were seen at Raleigh, N. C., gives an average of September 6, with extremes of September 3 and 9. At Frogmore, 5. C., the reported dates of the end of fall migration are September if, OVEN-BIRD. ‘ 99 Ob, 1885, September 30, 1886, and September 20, 1887. The earliest recorded dates on which the Sombrero Key lighthouse was struck by southward migrants are August 22 and 23, 1889; but the bulk of the birds pass by after September 16, and the larger flights occur during the ten days from September 29 to October 9. The regular migration may be considered closed by the middle of October, the only dates later than this on which migrants were observed being November 4, 1888, at Sombrero Key, and November 6, 1891, at Fowey Rocks. Since the regular spring migration begins about the Ist of March, the prairie warbler spends at least five months in its winter home, and many individuals remain a month longer. 674. Seiurus aurocapillus (Linn.). Oven-bird. Breeding range.—TVhe oven-bird breeds from Kansas and Virginia north to Alaska, Hudson Bay, the Gulf of St. Lawrence, and New- foundland, and south in the Alleghenies to South Carolina. It ranges west to Colorado and Montana, and accidentally to British Columbia. A few of the species breed in the northern Bahamas. Winter range.—The winter range of the oven-bird covers a wide range of longitude, from the Pacific coast of Mexico at Mazatlan to Colombia, South America. It is strange that the species should occur at Mazatlan, as it is a bird of the eastern United States, with but scattering records west of Kansas. It is seldom that a Mississippi Valley bird goes into western Mexico, for the general direction of migration is south and southeast. United States birds that winter in western Mexico usually come from California and the Pacific coast region. But the oven-bird, which was originally reported by Grayson @ as occurring from November to April at Mazatlan, was found in March and April, 1899, in that vicinity by one of the parties of the Biological Survey. In eastern Mexico the oven-bird winters from Monterey, Nuevo Leon, to eastern Oaxaca, being rare in both these places, but common along the coast of Tabasco and abundant in Yucatan. It has been reported in Mexico at as high elevation as 4,000 feet, but, with the exception of a few noted at Monterey, all the individuals seen by the parties of the Biological Survey were at less than a thousand feet alti- tude. The species is common in the lower parts of Guatemala and ranges in smaller numbers to nearly 5,000 feet. It has been taken in Honduras at Omoa and on the islands of Ruatan? and Bonacca,? on the north coast. In Nicaragua a few individuals have been seen at Lake Nicaragua,’ on the southeastern coast,” and at Greytown.’ In Costa “Lawrence, Mem. Bos. Soc. Nat. Hist. II, p. 269, 1874. 6 Salvin, Ibis, p. 251, 1888. ¢ Nutting, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., VI, p. 381, 1883. ¢ Richmond, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus.. XVI, p. 484, 1893. ¢ Lawrence, Am. Lyc. Nat. Hist., VIII, p. 179, 1865. _j Rica it has been noted several times, but in only one instance has it been reported as common—at Miravalles,“ on the northwest coast, at 1,400-2,000 feet. At San José? (3,500 feet) it is quite rare. The southernmost points at which its occurrence is recorded are the volcano of Chiriqui’ in Panama, and Bonda/% on the coast of northern Colombia. The range of the oven-bird in the West Indies is extensive; it includes the larger islands and extends to St. Croix and St. Thomas of the Lesser Antilles. The bird is found throughout the Bahamas; there are records of its occurrence on twelve different islands, and it winters in quite large numbers at least as far north as Andros and New Providence. It is abundant in winter in southern Florida and is less common thence to the central part of the State. On January 21, 1903, an individual was seen at Whitfield in northern Florida. A few of the species sometimes spend the winter on the islands off the coast of Louisiana.‘ Spring migration.—In the records of the occurrence of the oven- bird in spring in Florida migrants and wintering birds are indis- tinguishably confused, excepting, of course, in the case of those received from the light-houses. At Raleigh, N. C., the Brimley brothers spent a great deal of time and care in obtaining exact records of arrival and departure of birds. Their records for the different years are, so far as most species are concerned, surprisingly uniform, varying in a long series of years only three or four days from the average. In the case of the arrival in spring of the oven-bird, however, there are not only variations from year to year, but quite large differences in the averages of five- year periods. These five-year averages are as follows: 1885-1889 average, April 18; 1890-1894 average, April 12; 1896-1900 average, April 22. The extremes are April 7, 1892, and April 29, 1899. It is probable that variations in the winters, which drive the birds south or allow them to remain even as far north as St. Augustine, may account for this irregularity. The average date of arrival at Raleigh is prob- ably April 12-15, while at Asheville, N. C., in the mountains, it is April 18. The oven-bird, called in southern Florida and the Bahamas the ‘*night-walker,” is one of the birds which strike most commonly against the Florida lighthouses. The records of its striking are voluminous, but can not be used with perfect confidence because of the uncertainty whether the species has been in all cases clearly dis- tinguished from other members of the genus. The earliest unques- «Underwood, Ibis, p. 484, 1896. 6Cherrie, Auk, IX, p. 21, 1892. ¢Salvin, P. Z..S., p. 183, 1870; Bangs, Auk, X VIII, p. 368, 1901; Bangs, Proce. N- EK. Zool. Club, III, p. 62, 1902. ¢ Specimen in Carnegie Museum, Pittsburg, Pa. ¢ Beyer, The Avifauna of Louisiana, p. 40, 1900. OVEN-BIRD. 101 tionable date of striking is April 6, 1887, at Sombrero Key. The earliest date on which spring migrants were noted on the mainland is March 26, 1885, at Pensacola. Records of average date of arrival north of Raleigh are: Variety Mills, Va., White Sulphur Springs and Frenchcreek, W. Va., and Washington, D. C., April 24-26; Beaver, Pa., April 28; Berwyn, Pa., May 1; southeastern New York, May 2; central New York, May 4; northeastern New York, May 8; central Connecticut, May 3; Boston, May 5; St. Johnsbury, Vt., May 9; southern New Hampshire, May 7; southern Maine, May 10; Montreal, May 13; southern New Brunswick, May 20; central Nova Scotia, May 23. In 1887 the oven-bird was noted at North River, Prince Edward Island, May 19, and at Godbout, Quebec, June 2. Spring migration of oven-birds in the Mississippi Valley is decidedly earlier than in the same latitudes farther east. The average date of earliest arrivals for ten years at Eubank, Ky., is April 10, with extremes of April 3, 1888, and April 17, 1895. The average for four years at St. Louis is April 14. No records of first arrival at New Orleans correspond to these dates made farther to the north. The earliest dates at New Orleans are April 2, 1881, April 6, 1895, and April 7, 1900. The first of the species appear at Brookville, Ind., April 23; Waterloo, Ind., April 27; Petersburg, Mich., April 27; southern Ontario, May 4; Parry Sound district, Ontario, May 12; Ottawa, May 16; Chicago and southern Wisconsin, May 1; ieobak. Iowa, Apail 29; Lanesboro, Minn., May 6; Elk River, Minn., May 7; Medicine Hat, Assiniboia, May 17, 1894; Edmonton, Alberta, May 14, 1897; Aweme, Manitoba, May 14. Far to the northwest the first oven-bird was seen at Little Cascade Rapid, Athabasca, May 26, 1903; Athabasca Lake May 29, 1901; and at Nulato, Alaska, May 30, 1867. The rarity of the oven-bird in Texas proves conclusively that the numbers which make the species fairly common in eastern Kansas and Nebraska do not pass through the State. Indeed, it is so decidedly a bird of woods and forest that it seems to find few suitable places in the whole country between Alta Mira, Tamaulipas, and the Sabine River. The earliest record of spring arrival in Texas is April 7, 1890 (San Antonio), a date when the Mississippi Valley birds have already arrived at the mouth of the Ohio. The following records show approximately when the last of the species leave their winter home: St. Croix, in April; Costa Rica, April 16, 1864; Jamaica, April 20; Haiti, April 19, 1895; Cozumel, April 18, 1901; Mazatlan, April 12, 1899; Cuba, end of April; and Andros Island, first week in May. The latest recorded dates of striking at Cay Lobos lighthouse off the north coast of Cuba are May 17, 1900, and May 13, 1901; and the latest at Sombrero Key light, Florida, May 19, 1887, May 15, 1888, and May 29, 1889. Fall inigration.—Karly in Conend migrating oven-birds are seen just south of their breeding range. The earliest recorded date of a fall migrant at Raleigh, N. C., is August 9, 1892; in Chester County, 102 NORTH AMERICAN WARBLERS. S. C., August 7; at Key West, Fla., August 19, 1889; at Rockport, Tex., August 13, 1892; in Cuba and Porto Rico, the end of August, and at San José, Costa Rica, August. The bulk of the species move | over this route about a month later and the birds are at times very numerous. From the middle of September to the middle of October great numbers strike the Florida lighthouses. The keeper of the lighthouse at Fowey Rocks writes: ‘‘On the nights of October 10 and 11, 1891, I could have filled a mail bag with oven-birds and a few other birds.” Some records of final departure are: Aweme, Manitoba, September 23, 1899; Ottawa, September 29, 1900; North River, Prince Edward Island, September 2, 1888; St. John, New Brunswick, September 29, 1891; Chicago, September 30, 1898; Waterloo, Ind., October 7, 1887; Englewood, N. J., October 7, 1886; Philadelphia, October 9, 1887; Washington, October 17, 1890; St. Louis, September 29, 1885; Eubank, Ky., October 27, 1886; Raleigh, N. C., October 23, 1885; Asheville, N. C., October 5, 1891; Chester County, S. C., October 29; Ariel, Miss., October 19, 1897, and Sombrero Key lighthouse, November 11, 1888. 675. Seiurus noveboracensis (Gmel.) Water-Thrush. Breeding range.—The notes on the migrations of the two forms of the water-thrush (Seiurus noveboracensis and S. n. notabilis) are so mixed that it is impossible to say to which bird a great many of them refer. While the two birds are separated during the breeding season, their winter ranges overlap. In general it can be said that in summer the eastern form (noveboracensis) occupies the district east of the Mississippi River, breeding from northern Illinois, northern New England, and the mountains of Pennsylvania and West Virginia to Hudson Bay, Labrador, and Newfoundland. Winter range.—Both forms of the water-thrush pass southward in winter to South America; hence, except when specimens are taken, it can not be told which of the two forms is actually observed. In the West Indies the eastern water-thrush is one of the widest-ranging species. It is abundant in winter at least as far north as New Provi- dence “and the larger islands and southeast to St. Croix and St. Thomas. It is less common to the southeast where it has been taken at Antigua, Guadeloupe,’ Dominica, Grenada,’ St. Lucia,” Barbados,’ Carriacou,/ Tobago,’ and Trinidad.” These last-mentioned islands complete the course from the United States through the Bahamas and the Leeward and Windward Islands to South America, and make it possible for the « Bonhote, Ibis, p. 510, 1899. é Feilden, Ibis, p. 482, 1889. bCory,. Auk, VIII, p. 49, 1891. f Wells, Auk, XIX, p. 348, 1902. ¢ Wells, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., IX, p. g Salvin, Cat. Strick. Coll., p. 87, 1882. 611, 1886. h Chapman, Bul. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., d@ Allen, B. N. O. C., V1, p. 128, 1881. VI, p. 24, 1894. WATER-THRUSH. | 103 water-thrushes that winter in British Guiana to reach their destination either eastward along the coast of the mainland or southward by way of the islands. The West Indian records of the water-thrush unquestionably relate to the eastern bird, but on the mainland from Mexico to South Amer- ica the two forms occur together in winter. Hence it is not certain that all of the following records relate to the eastern bird to which they are ascribed. This form appears to have been taken in winter by the parties of the Biological Survey near the City of Mexico and in spring in Vera Cruz, and also in spring by Chapman at Las Vigas (8,000 feet), in Vera Cruz. During the spring of 1902 the species was seen from April 20 to May 3 in northern Coahuila. It is common in Yucatan along the east coast and the neighboring islands, but most of the -records are made during the spring, when the water-thrush is a very common migrant in the State. It occurs throughout Guatemala to an elevation of nearly 6,000 feet; on both coasts of Nicaragua; on both coasts of Costa Rica, and also in the interior to at least 4,000 feet, though not common at this altitude, and on both coasts and in the lower mountains of Panama. Judging from the records, the bird is common in the northern half of Colombia,” being taken in fall migra- tion on the northern coast and during the winter in the interior as far south as Minca,’ Medellin,’ and Bucaramanga.” It seems to be most common from 2,000 to 6,000 feet. Its range extends still farther east in northern South America to Venezuela’ and British Guiana, where it has been taken on the coast at Caracas’ and Bartica Grove,’ and in the interior on Mount Roraima.” It is abundant in the valleys of the Orinoco and Caura rivers,’ as attested by many specimens taken between October 21 and March 24. Spring migration.—The results of the few attempts made to sep- arate the migration records of the two forms of the water-thrush in the United States would seem to indicate that the western form migrates in spring earlier than the eastern, and that birds which some- times winter in Floridaas far north as St. Augustine are from the West. @ Bangs, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., XIII, p. 105, 1899; Allen, Bul. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, p. 177, 1900; Auk, XVII, p. 366, 1900; Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., XIT, 191, 1860. >Salvin‘and Godman, Ibis, p. 117, 1880. ‘Sclater and Salvin, P. Z. S., p. 493, 1879; Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., X, pp. 346, 653, 1885. 4 Berlepsch, J. f. Orn., p. 282, 1884; Wyatt, Ibis, 322, 1871. ¢Sclater and Salvin, P. Z. S., p. 251, 1869; p. 627, 1868; Cabanis, Mus. Hein., I, p. 16, 1850. /Cabanis, Schomb. Guiana, III, p. 666, 1848. 9Quelch, Timehri, p. 262, 1896. hSalvin, Ibis, p. 202, 1885. ‘Berlepsch and Hartert, Novit. Zool., 1X, p. 10, 1902. tains 104 NORTH AMERICAN WARBLERS. | Usually but few eastern water-thrushes remain in winter in any part of the United States. Moreover, their dates of migration are so late as to indicate a journey from a far southern land. In addition to the difficulty of separating the eastern and western forms, there is the added trouble that a large number of southern observers do not dis- criminate with certainty between these forms and S. motacilla. Asa result there is a small residuum of available notes. There is no series of unquestionable records south of Raleigh, N. C., where the average date of arrival for six years is April 25, with extremes of April 20, 1889, and April 29, 1891. From this we may infer that the birds reach the latitude of southern Florida by the first week in April. The Raleigh birds are certainly the eastern form, and those observed at St. Louis as surely the western; yet the five years’ average of the dates of first appearance at St. Louis is April 27. This indicates that — althoughthe western form is in advance, the difference is so slight that from a mixed lot of data it would not be safe to assign early dates to the western form and late to the eastern. To the northward average records of arrival are: Washington, April 30; Philadelphia, May 6; central Connecticut, May 4; Boston, May 8; southern Maine, May 10; central New Brunswick, May 14. West of the Alleghenies, Waterloo, Ind., is reached April 26; Listowel, Ontario, April 28; the Parry Sound district of Ontario, May 5, and Ottawa, Ontario, May 12. Although the southern breeding range of the water-thrush is in the Canadian life zone, some individuals are very late in leaving their win- ter quarters. The species has been taken at Minca, Colombia, = Jarch 17, 1879; Concepcion, Colombia, March 17, 1899; San José, Costa Rica, May 21, 1889; southeastern Nicaragua, May 5, 1892: Yucatan, April 22, 1901; San Andres Tuxtla, Vera Cruz (1,500 to 3,000 feet), May 11-13, 1894; Las Vigas, Vera Cruz (8,000 feet), April 26, 1897; Cay Lobos lighthouse, May 2 and 17, 1900; Cay Sal, Bahamas, May 14-19, 1891; Tortugas, May 2, 1890; Raleigh, N. C., May 28, 1887, May 23, 1891. 3 This species and S. motacilla have struck the Florida lighthouses on many nights, sometimes in enormous numbers, but they can not be distinguished in the records. Fall migration.—The water-thrush is the earliest fall migrant of the warblers whose southern breeding range is in the Canadian life zone, and which do not breed in the southern Allegheny Mountains. It has been noted as early as July 15 at Worcester, Mass., and by the last of the month at Ossining, N. Y., and Washington, D. C.; also in late July and early August at Raleigh, N. C. The first to strike Fire Island light, Long Island, in 1892 was noted August 14. Early fall migrants arrived at Raleigh August 17, 1885, August 17, 1887, August 2, 1888, July 29, 1892, August 7, 1894, August 5, 1898, and August Peas oN oe Nee eT ces Sa ~~”? _@RINNELL WATER-THRUSH. . 105 8, 1899. At Key West, Fla., the first southbound migrant of the year’ was noted August 16, 1889. One was taken on August 28, 1858, in Jamaica, where Gosse says the earliest fall migrants arrive at the end of August, immediately after which the species becomes abundant. Some early records of fall occurrence are: Mona Island“ east of Porto Rico, August 18, 1901; southeastern Nicaragua, Septem- ber 20, 1892; San José, Costa Rica, September 14, 1889; Escazu,? Costa Rica, August 13, 1902; Bonda, Colombia, September 8, 1898; Caracas, Venezuela, October 20. Here appears to be strong evidence that these earliest arrivals follow comparatively straight lines of migra- tion from the United States. The birds found at Bonda, for instance, probably did not come from the west by way of Central America and Yucatan, but took a straight flight from some of the West Indies to the coast of South America. — The following records show how late in the fall some water-thrushes linger: Durham, N. H., September 26, 1899; Portland, Conn., October 3, 1894; Ossining, N. Y., October 3; Renovo, Pa., October 5, 1902; Germantown, Pa., October 17, 1885; Raleigh, N. C., October 1, 1887 and 1891. 675a. Seiurus noveboracensis notabilis (Ridgw.). Grinnell Water-Thrush. This name is given in general to the water-thrushes of western North America that breed from Minnesota and Nebraska to Alaska, but the subspecies is not strictly confined to this region. In migration it passes to the Atlantic coast, sometimes, though rarely, as far north as Washington, D. C., and New Jersey. It is more common south- ward, until in South Carolina both forms are commonly found. Among the few certain records of the occurrence of the subspecies south of the United States are those made at Tapana, Oaxaca, April, 1869; Ceiba,’ January, and Yaruca,° February, 1902, both in Honduras; on both coasts of Nicaragua, and at Chirua,’ Colombia, at 7,000 feet. Spring migration.—lIt is probable that the following records of aver- age date of spring arrival ci the water-thrush refer chiefly to the west- ern form: St. Louis, April 27; Chicago, May 2; Keokuk, Iowa, May 3; Lanesboro, Minn., May 5; Minneapolis, Minn., May (; northwest- ern Minnesota, May 9; Aweme, Manitoba, May 15. The carly migrants travel so fast that by May 16, 1901, they were noted near Lake Atha- basca, and they arrived at Fort Simpson, Mackenzie, May 22, 1860, May 20, 1861, and May 14, 1904. Migration in the Rocky Mountains is much later. The birds scarcely reach northern Colorado before the “Bowdish, Auk, XX, p. 19, 1903. ®Specimen in the Carnegie Museum, Pittsburg, Pa. ¢Bangs, Bul. Mus. Comp. Zool., XX XIX, p. 153, 1903. ¢ Bangs, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., XIII, p. 105, 1899. 106 NORTH AMERICAN WARBLERS. second week in May, and the average date of arrival during five years at Columbia Falls, Mont., is May 20, the earliest being May 18, 1895. The first migrants were noted at Red Deer, Alberta, May 27, 1892, and May 29, 1893, and at Edmonton, Alberta, May 15, 1897. 676. Seiurus motacilla (Vieill.). Louisiana Water-Thrush. Breeding range.—The Louisiana water-thrush breeds throughout its range in the United States, and is one of the characteristic species of the Carolinian life zone, in which it nests just to the northern limit in southern New England, southern Ontario, southern Michigan, and southern Minnesota. Thus the breeding ranges of S. noveboracens/s and S. motacilla are largely separated by the Alleghenian life zone. Winter range.—The winter range of this species is much the same as that of the last, except that it extends somewhat more to the west. The bird exhibits the rather rare habit of a migration from the Mis- sissippi Valley to the western coast of Mexico—that is, a distinctly southwestern migration through Mexico. Ranging only to eastern Nebraska, eastern Kansas, and quite sparingly to eastern Texas, it yet was found by the parties of the Biological Survey in Durango and Guerrero, and it has been reported as not rare at Mazatlan and Colima. A few individuals winter from the coast to an altitude of 3,500 feet as far north as Chacala, Durango, and Monterey, Nuevo Leon. The Louisiana water-thrush is found in winter throughout Guate- mala from the Pacific coast to 5,000 feet and in migration a thousand feet higher. It is rare or wanting in Campeche and Yucatan, and probably occurs there only in migration. The ranges of the two water- thrushes in Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, and Panama are much the same, but motacilla is much less common than noveboracensis. The known range of motacilla was extended to the mainland of South America by the taking of a specimen during the winter of 1897-98 on the coast of Santa Marta, Colombia,“ and another, on November 8, 1898, in the same vicinity at Bonda.? The species is not common in the West Indies, and is somewhat restricted in its range as compared with the rest of the genus. It occurs in Cuba, Haiti, Porto Rico, Jamaica, Grand Cayman, Old Providence, the northern Bahamas, New Providence, Berry, and Bimini Islands. It is recorded from Antigua of the Lesser Antilles, but not from any of the neighboring islands. Spring migration.—Migration records of the Louisiana water- thrush are practically wanting for Florida and the Gulf coast. There is, however, a most excellent set of records from North Carolina, which show very uniform times oi arrival without regard to altitude. The 6 Allen, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, p. 177, 1900; Auk, X VII, p. 366, 1900. LOUISIANA WATER-THRUSH. 7 Statesville, and Asheville, and with them similar records from Eubank, Ky., just across the mountains (to the northwest) from Asheville: Record of spring arrivals of Louisiana water-thrush. Year. Raleigh. | Statesville.) Asheville. ee 1885.22 ee eee Apr. 4 EANIEE DT cpl lere eeerere rte ee eee Sen eee 1886 S0.0nos Sock eee eee IS IGATE » P27 | Sarpy eee te years) te BSE eS 8 Mar. 28 18872. 22 ee eee Mar. 26 iar 2B eal =e ee eee Mar. 27 1888 . 2S. 0) 2 es Mar. 28 iam 2d: le ncyee Sete Mar. 24 1889) 22222 i Sis SS eee ee Wee Oa eS osc acecae hemes cnr Mar. 24 1890 | neta 5s eee INCHEON GI |S epee enees Apr. 4 Mar. 25 1891). 2S ee enone aoe ec lawescacccs ss Mar. 25 Mar. 27 1892. . 5. S23 Ss sae Sere PACD Gad Meplliayss = payalesors etek Mar. 26 Mar. 25 1893 222 Sete ee eee eee ADU SOs tle cote cise oe Mar. 30 Mar. 29 Boh nee ee SE OSS a, Ses lS Sean ean (edie eae Mar. 25 Mar. 30 A VGTAS CRIS Speen some Mar. 30 Mar. 26 Mar. 28 Mar. 27 The following dates of earliest arrival in spring are more or less in agreement with the foregoing: Gainesville, Fla., March 8, 1887; Greensboro, Ala., April 5, 1888; Shelby, Ala., April 4, 1898; Rising Fawn, Ga., March 28, 1885; New Orleans, April 2, 1898. Northern records of average date of arrival are: Frenchcreek, W. Va., April 3; Washington, April 11; Beaver, Pa., April 14; Scarboro, N. Y., April 19; Portland, Conn., April 17. Migration up the Mississippi River and westward is not much different from that in corresponding eastern latitudes. At St. Louis the average date of arrival is April 8; at Brookville, Ind., April 16; Petersburg, Mich., April 17, and Lanes- boro, Minn., April 22. The dates of first arrival at Manhattan, Kans., are April 18, 1884, and April 15, 1885; at Onaga, Kans., April 12, 1891; April 15, 1892, and April 16, 1893. In Texas the species arrived at the Rio Grande on March 31, 1877; in Refugio County, March 17, 1899; at Corpus Christi, March 17, 1899; at San Antonio, March 25, 1880, and April 9, 1889; and at Gainesville, March 24, 1885, and March 24, 1886. fall migration.—The two water-thrushes start south at about the same time, but while noveboracens/s occupies nearly three months in making its fall migration, the journey of most of motacilla is rapid, the latest migrants following closely after the first to leave. Southern New England and southern Minnesota are usually finally abandoned in August. The six years’ average of dates of last seen at Renovo, Pa., is September 8, and the latest date September 17, 1894. The fact that no water-thrushes are reported after August from Eubank, Raleigh, or Asheville shows how largely the great body of the birds leave their breeding grounds in the early fall. A belated migrant was seen at Englewood, N. J., October 2, 1885. South of the United States the birds reached Jalapa, Mexico, in August, 1884; Volcan de Fuego, Guatemala (6,000 feet), in August; Bonacca Island, Honduras, in September, and Jamaica on September ), 1859. Se Seein e e 7 oa ae a. sae ss if 108 | | NORTH AMERICAN WARBLERS. 677. Geothiypis formosa (Wils. ). Kentucky Warbler. Breeding range.—TVhe Kentucky warbler is a forest lover fail males its chief home in the heaviest timbered regions and dark damp woods of the central Mississippi Valley. Eastward it breeds more or less © locally from the lower Hudson River Valley to North Carolina. There is a single record of its breeding in South-Carolina, and four records of its occurrence during migration in Florida. The Kentucky warbler is common in the State from which it takes its name and in the water- shed of the Ohio River and its tributaries. It is uncommon north of this region, but is found as far as Lake Erie, southern Michigan, southern Wisconsin, and southwestern Minnesota. It is accidental in Ontario and Quebec. The western limit of its range is reached in southeastern Nebraska, and thence through eastern Kansas and Indian Territory to eastern Texas. Though not uncommon in favorable locali- ties along the streams in these States, it is not nearly so abundant as in the Ohio Valley. Breeding principally below an elevation of 1,000 feet, it is still not confined to the lowlands. In western North Caro- lina, in the mountains, it breeds commonly around Asheville at 2,000 feet altitude, and has been noted up to 3,500 feet. The extreme south- western part of its breeding range is found in the vicinity of San Antonio, Tex. As a migrant the bird has been noted at Corpus Christi, Tex.“ Winter range.—VThe Kentucky warbler is rather common in most of Guatemala, from the hot regions on the Pacific coast to the moun- tains, and occurs up to at least 7,000 feet altitude. It is known to be a common winter resident of southeastern Nicaragua,? and is quite generally distributed over Costa Rica’ and Panama, both on the coasts and in the uplands to 3,500 feet. The only records of its occurrence south and east of Panama are those of some specimens taken at Bonda,? and Santa Marta,’ Colombia. Until within recent years our only knowledge of the occurrence of the Kentucky warbler in Mexico was confined to records of its capture at Playa Vicents and Guichicovi. Through the explorations of some of the parties of the Biological Survey, it is now known to be a winter resident of southern Mexico, in the States of Tabasco and Campeche and southward to the Pacific coast. Spring migration.—The records of occurrence of the Kentucky warbler in spring in Florida are: Tarpon ODES a SpED 6, 1886; near mouth of the Suwanee River, April 21, 1892; Dry Tortugas, March 29, 1890, and Sombrero Key (wherea bird struck the light), April 25, é@Chapman, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., III, p. 318, 1891. 6 Richmond, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., X VI, p. 484, 1893. ¢ Underwood, Ibis, p. 484, 1896. Ghee Auk; IX, jp 2, si89z @ Allen, Bul. Am. Mus: Nat. Hist. XIII, 177, 1900: Auk, XV II, 366, 1900. é€ Bangs, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., XII, p. 144, 1898. -. KENTUCKY WARBLER. 109 1887. The earliest migrant of the year was seen at Savannah, Ga., April 8, 1894; near Atlanta, Ga., April 9, 1893, April 8, 1894, April 6, 1895, April 1, 1896, April 8, 1898, and April 10, 1900—average,, April 7; at Rising Fawn, in the northwestern corner of Georgia, April 16, 1885, and in the mountains near Asheville, N. C., April 24, 1892, April 22, 1893, and April 18,1894. The seven years’ average of | quite irregular records of earliest arrival at Raleigh, N. C., is May 1. More regular dates indicate first arrival at Beaver, Pa., May 1; Berwyn, Pa., May 7; Brookville, Ind., May 6, and Keokuk, Iowa, May 7. TheAlabamarecordsare: Greensboro, April 5, 1888; Coosada, April 9, 1878; and Shelby, April 18, 1898. The records for New Orleans are April 2, 1881, April 1, 1894, March 30, 1895, and March 31, 1899. Texas dates are considerably later than those along the Mississippi. From the vicinity of San Antonio, Tex., there are records for five years, varying from April 8,1890, to April 18, 1901— average, April 14. A date almost identical—April 15—is the average of seven years’ records from the extreme northern part of Texas. This is only one of several cases in which the records of spring arrival for northern Texas are fully as early as for the southern part of the State. Taken in connection with the early dates of arrival on the Louisiana coast, these dates seem to indicate that the individu- als breeding along the rivers of northern Texas reach their breeding grounds in a northwesterly direction from the northern part of the Texas coast. The following table gives a good idea of the usual time of arrival of the Kentucky warbler in the central Mississippi Valley: Spring arrival of the Kentucky warbler. MEAT | Helena, Eubank, | St. Louis, | Onaga, she Ark. Ky. Mo. lo Kans: SSA te eyes Eee Sg a ee A AR ORaIAS ae Oe ANOS SN ell Meme ee TIE aia SARE ere ae ae a ae Peete en |nbee arse. nal INj oes SO eee a LBS Operas myristate SS eer Nal s| Pa Soot ES aioe Apr. .15 Ja ON Ges Pal Bie pape Bala ete LCN) 2, Ser SeSC Seas eRe ep ore ere ete Apr. 20 SN) OPS GA LS cae nee aera Ieloie) coe Sbenee Sode RSS gomads Bee Selle poets Bee Ee is or ec aes ane Renee seen an ee (ae a 38 Oe erste eee see 1 ee ania ee aloes esses PN] ONES > aU) Me eee ae Iie ea ge IRC) 5 = sei e be cece Seo Sere Sea |e en peur ie PAST Wexret 2A a) ee Le a yee Sey Sk ra IIS iL sp RAN dete se RR ea cat ae [Peete nee ne ING Oe 0 toy Ea est see St | eee 1 a erieer a Sat She ES EAs See ae Temes CB Ee INOS PAU S ero eee May 13 ISO) aeatle ea oR SOME ee joocecbecdoss PANTO Tytieedl len | crease ec ses May 14 ICO on ono SBE CED EEE ee eee iL ANjores D7) AMDT: 20) |e. 2221222 Many 2507 ISOS) pe see aseere Se oE eS See Apr. 21 ETOP Bee oaooeee May 3 ROG ees anes ern To Whe Bh! I Nioye falls ol\s ae A ee Fe a Ra Be Apr. 26 ICO aseceeeSeee See ee Njores WG “ewebsoeeeeae eee eae May 6 Lhe) che tars GO Oe ert bees Le eee DATO teed (hae oe eee [Ay oe eed May 8 IGS) Cecadee cots Coe EEE SSerEe SE ENS OR CHL Tole esi 5 | ea eee ea [eel net | LeU ai ee oa ns a ae ee aa FANT Tropes AO) wo | pared eRe MN ses Se a Apr 29/53 Oeste oe estes Sey cia MAST Toe lees | epee es ae | Sa see eae May 5 PECTS Cae ee ie: Apr. 20 Apr. 21 | Apr. 24 May 5 Fall migration.—Fall records of migration of the Kentucky warbler are not numerous. The southward movement begins the last of July, and by the first of September most of the birds have left their breed- ing grounds. The date of passage of the last-observed migrant of the 110 . NORTH AMERICAN WARBLERS. year at Berwyn, Pa., is September 4, 1896, and at Raleigh, N. C., September 12, i894. The latest dates at Eubank, Ky., are Septem- ber 2, 1887, and September 6, 1888, and the latest at Bonham, Tex., August 20, 1885. The species usually leaves New Orleans by the mid- dle of September, though a very late migrant was noted October 19, 1895. | South of Mexico there are no records of fall migrants except Octo- ber 7, 1890, San José, Costa Rica, and October 7 and 8, 1897, and October 11-November 12, 1898, Bonda, Colombia. Later explorations fill the gaps left by previous records and make clear the principal path of migration. The birds from the Mississippi Valley pass south to the Gulf Coast. _ Since the species is rare on the South Atlantic coast and in the peninsula of Florida, and has probably never been taken in the West Indies, except once at Santiago, Cuba (Gundlach’s records for Cuba®% are probably incorrect), it seems evident that the summer birds of the Atlantic slope follow the general trend of the country to the southwest, and on arrival at the Gulf fly south to the damp region of southern Mexico and Central America. The species seems to avoid the Rio Grande region of Texas and, so far as the rec- ords go, all of northern Mexico and Yucatan; and it has not yet been taken in Honduras, though it may occur in the southern part of that country. Its main migration route is determined by the presence of damp, heavy forests. 678. Geothlypis agilis (Wils.). Connecticut Warbler. Breeding range.—Summer records of the Connecticut warbler are rare. There is a single record of its breeding in Manitoba ;? it was found located for the summer in a tamarack swamp near Hickory, Aitkin County, Minn.,° where it was seen from June 21 onward; it was seen in July on the St. Louis River in eastern Minnesota, and therefore probably breeds in that locality; and it is claimed to breed not uncommonly in southern Wisconsin. Winter range.—There are five records of the occurrence of the Con- necticut warbler south of the United States: Tonantins, Brazil,“ April 9, 1884; Cay Sal, Bahama Islands,¢ May, 1891; New Providence, Bahamas,’ October 12-14, 1898; Cay Lobos light, Bahamas, May 9, 1901, and Bonda, Colombia,” October 22, 1898. Thus, although it-is certain that the species winters in South America, there is as yet not a single winter record. Spring migration.—All writers agree that during the spring migra- tion this species is more common west of the Alleghenies than east, a@Gundlach, J. f. Orn., p. 417, 1872. f Bonhote, Ibis, p. 510, 1899. bSeton, Auk, I, p. 192, 1884. 7 Bonhote, Auk, XX, p. 172, 1903. ¢ Gault, Auk, XIV, p. 222, 1897. h Allen, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIU, @ Berlepsch, J. f. Orn., p. 98, 1889. p- 177, 1900; Auk, X VII, 366, 1900. éCory, Auk, VIII, p. 352, 1891. ~. CONNECTICUT WARBLER. f and that the reverse is true in the fall. In spring migration it is found west of the Mississippi River at St. Louis and to the Red River of Min- nesota. Itis not known from Nebraska, Kansas, or Louisiana, but there is one record of its accidental occurrence in Colorado. It would seem that the principal line of spring migration is from South America to the Bahamas and undoubtedly to Cuba, though the species is not yet reported from that island. The full record of the Connecticut warbler at the Sombrero Key - lighthouse in southern Florida is: Record of Connecticut warbler at Sombrero Key lighthouse. Number | Number cre Date. of birds | of birds Time of day. Weather conditions. striking.| killed. 4 1 May 19, 1887 -.- 6 1 | 10p.m.—5 a.m ...| Moderate east wind and heavy rain. May 4, 1888 .... 1 Is} er Oe e100 pel Seen Fresh ESE. wind, cloudy. May 8, 1888 .... 1 +l) aat) oases Sone Fresh SE. wind with much rain. © May 12, 1888 ... 2 1 Oct.-9; 1885) 52 5- ; 8p.m.-2a.m ....| NE.-E., storm and rain. | | 10ipsmesiam | Calm and clear. | In 1893 the first spring’ migrants of this species were seen on the lower Suwanee River® May 10 and 11, and at South Anclote Key? May 24, 1887. The next record to the north is in Chester County, S. C., May 10, 1889. The bird was seen at St. Louis May 14, 1883; May 21, 1884, and May 15 and 22, 1885. Records are more common in Indiana and Illinois, and are usually made about the middle of May, the earliest date being May 4, 1891, at English Lake, Ind. The spe- cies has been taken many times in spring in Michigan and Wisconsin, and it can hardly be called uncommon in Minnesota from the Red River on the west to the St. Louis River on the east. fall migration.—The Connecticut warbler is not known in Canada east of Ontario, nor in New England north of Massachusetts, except for a few specimens taken at Pittsford, Vt., September 20, 1888;°¢ Shelburne, N. H., September 14, and Saco, Me., September 8-15. From its breeding grounds in Manitoba and Ontario it seems to pass south and southeast to the region of the Great Lakes and to the Atlan- tic in Massachusetts. It has been taken at Chicago and in southern Michigan August 30; Ossining, N. Y., August 26, and at Washington, D. C., August 28. Most of the records of its occurrence in the east- ern United States are made in September. Considering the small numbers observed, it strikes the lighthouses with much frequency. It has been reported as striking at Spectacle Reef lighthouse near the Straits of Mackinac. It struck one of the exposition buildings at Milwaukee” September 22-93, 1888. Sixteen were killed on the night of September 30, 1883, at Fire Island light,’ and three at Shin- « Wayne, Auk, X, p. 338, 1893. @ Kumlein, Auk, V, p. 326, 1888. ’Scott, Auk, V, p. 187, 1888. € Dutcher, Auk, I, p. 179, 1884. ¢ Hitchcock, Auk, VI, p. 193, 1889. EY ease. ‘NORTH AMERICAN “WARBLERS. necock light, both on the south coast of Long [send and Bese 4 were killed on the night of October 12, 1883, at Wire Island light. These records show what numbers of the bird must pass in the fall through New England. The Connecticut warbler has been seen at Chicago as late as Sep- tember 17, 1894; Portland, Conn., October 1, 1894; Englewood, N. J., October 11, 1885; Washington, October 12, 1890; Raleigh, N. C., October 14, 1884, October 15 and 24, 1896, October 13, 1898; Som- brero Key, Fla., October 9, 1885; New Providence Island, Bahamas, October 12, 1898 (when several that remained only four or five days were noted), and Bonda, Colombia, October 22, 1898. 679. Geothlypis philadelphia (Wils.). Mourning \‘’arbler. Breeding range.—Vhe mourning warbler is most common in sum- mer in northern Minnesota and the valley of the Red River of the North in North Dakota and Manitoba. Jt occurs rarely in eastern Assiniboia. It is found breeding, but is less zommon in Michigan, central Ontario, northern New York, Vermont, and New Hampshire, and in the Catskills and the mountains of Berkshire County, Mass.; also in Maine, where it seems to be quite common locally in the north eastern part, and east to New Brunswick, Prince Edward Island, and Nova Scotia. It also breeds in some of the mountains of Pennsylvania and West Virginia. Migration range.—With the exception of a probably accidental occurrence in South Carolina, it has not been recorded outside the mountains at any time of the year in the Atlantic and Guif States, from North Carolina to Mississippi. It is a rare migrant in Louisiana, but is fairly common in migration in Texas. Its distribution in the United States is therefore fan-shaped. Touching the Gulf of Mexico along the coast of Louisiana and Texas, a distance of 600 miles, the lines of migration extend north to Manitoba and northeast along the west side of the Alleghenies to New. Brunswick, Nova Scotia, and the Magdalen Islands. The east and west extension of the breeding ground is nearly 2,000 miles. Winter range.—The distribution of the mourning warbler in winter rather less extended than in summer. A single specimen taken on the southeast coast of Nicaragua,’ February 4, 1892, constitutes the only record for this country. The bird is a not uncommon winter resident in Costa Rica, Panama, and Colombia, and there are a few records of its occurrence in Ecuador. Since the summer home of the species is principally in the Canadian zone, with but few individuals nesting in the Alleghenian, one would naturally expect it to seek the mountains in winter; and it is ee to note that all the winter aichnone: prog U.S S. Nat. Mus., X VI, p. 484, 1893. MOURNING WARBLER. 113 records were made at the higher altitudes. In Costa Rica” it was taken at San José (3,500 feet), and in Colombia at Sta. Elena? (above 6,000 feet), Medellin? (5,000 feet), Ocana’ (3,700 feet), La Concepcion 7 (3,000 feet), and Chirua” (7,000 feet). Four males and one female were taken in January in Mapoto,’ central Ecuador, on the east slope of the Andes, at 7,000 feet. One specimen was taken at Papallacta’ (11,500 feet), southeast of Quito. Spring migration.—The records all point to Texas as the region where the species enters the United States and from which it departs. Dresser says: ‘* Early in May I shot five in the long weeds growing in the Medina River bottom. They were abundant, but shy and diffi- cult to get near.” Sennett saw ‘‘ several to many” on the lower Rio Grande; Nehrling considers the species a rather rare migrant near Houston; Merrill and Butcher took specimens in September on the lower Rio Grande, and Lloyd calls the bird a tolerably common fall migrant in southern Texas. - It seems probable that the line of migration of the species is from the highlands of Costa Rica northwestward along the mountains of Honduras and Guatemala and then across the Gulf of Campeche to northern Mexico and eastern Texas. Although along this whole distance from Costa Rica to the Rio Grande but one occurrence has been recorded, that of a specimen taken in the spring of 1901 in Vera Cruz, Mexico, by Colburn, it is to be remembered that prac- tically no collecting has been done during the spring and fall migra- tions in the higher sections along this route. It is not to be supposed that the birds cover this long distance at a single flight. Cherrie says that the bulk leave San José, Costa Rica, by the 1st of April, and he notes that the last seen in spring passed on April 24, 1889, and April 27, 1890. But the earliest date of arrival in Texas is April 24, 1890, at San Antonio. This leaves nearly a month unaccounted for between Costa Rica and Texas. Itis probable that the species actually does occur in the mountains between Texas and Costa Rica, but that up to the present time it has been overlooked. The mourning warbler is one of the latest migrants to reach the United States. It lingers long in its winter home, specimens having been taken in Colombia, South America, as late as March 25, 1899; in Panama, March 17 and April 7, 1901, and, as already noted, in Costa Rica, April 27. The complete records of observation in Texas are: @Cherrie, Auk, VII, p. 336, 1890: IX, isis See 76. 1900+) Aq: XVI S66: p. 22, 1892. 1900. ’Sclaterand Salvin, P. Z.S., p. 494, 1879. ¢Taczanowski and Berlepsch, P. Z. S CWrwo: iq 999 yo ve x S G10 Ns . 5 be Wyatt, Ibis, p. 322, 1871. p. 74, 1885. ¢Bangs, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., XIII, p- 105, 1899; Allen, Bul. Am. Mus. Nat. 6152—No. 18—04——8 f Goodfellow, Ibis, p. 314, 1901. 7 ak ee BH Pte Ok ee eS oO ee ea oe Toe: te Dias be oo RE ee es 114 i ae NORTH AMERICAN WARBLERS. Lower Rio Grande, May 9-13, 1878; Victoria County, May 3-4, 1887; San Antonio, April 28, 1885, April 24, 1890, May 15, 1890, May 12-13, 1891; Houston, May 16, 1882; Austin, May 19, 1890; Dallas, May 3-18, 1898, May 3-7, 1899; Bonham, May 14, 1885; Gainesville, May 292, 1885, May 6-13, 1889. Farther north the records are: Emporia, Kans., May 15, 1885; western Missouri, May 12-18, 1874; St. Louis, May 19, 1882, May 16, 1883, May 21, 1884, May 13-22, 1885, May 10, 1886, May 14, 1887; Rising Fawn, Ga., May 14-20, 1885; Wash- ington, May 15-30; eastern Pennsylvania, May 6-25; Scarboro, N. Y., May 9, 1897; St. Johnsbury, Vt., May 20, 1900; St. John, New Bruns- wick, May 24, 1891, and North River, Prince Edward Island, June 10, 1888. Southern Michigan is reached May 17; Listowel, Ontario, May 17; the Parry Sound District, Ontario, May 22, and Ottawa, May 24. An early arrival was noted at Brookville, Ind., May 7, 1881. The first appear on the average at Chicago May 18, and on the same date at Lanesboro, Minn. An individual was seen May 18, 1885, at White Earth, Minn., and another May 23, 1900, at Aweme, Manitoba. Thus, generally speaking, a little less than four weeks is occupied in the journey from Texas to Minnesota, which gives an average daily travel of 45 miles. This high rate of speed is particularly to be noted, both because the species is a late migrant and because the birds are passing over a section of country in which none of them breed. The same rate of speed in the South would just about fill the time between the Costa Rican and Texan dates of arrival. The records show a comparatively short time spent in any one place during migration. The dates of recorded arrivals in Texas do not extend over quite a month, from the earliest at San Antonio, April 24, 1890, to the latest at Gainesville, May 22, 1885; and the records for any one year do not cover more than three weeks. The great bulk of the birds occupy scarcely two weeks in passing a given place in the central Mississippi Valley. Fall migration.—Notes on fall migration are almost lacking. The last mourning warbler was noted at Ottawa August 28, 1896; North River, Prince Edward Island, September 3, 1890; Renovo, Pa., Sep- tember 26, 1899; Cambridge, Mass., September 30, and Ossining, N. Y., October 1. Lloyd reports that mourning warblers had left central Texas by the Ist of September, at which time Cherrie records their arrival in Costa Rica, where he says they are not uncommon by the middle of the month. A belated bird was seen at New Orleans October 7, 1896. 680. Geothlypis tolmiei (Towns.). Macgillivray Warbler. The Macgillivray warbler is one of the common and characteristic species of the western United States, and one of the few of that region that proceed as far southeast as South America. It breeds MARYLAND YELLOW-THROAT. 115 from New Mexico and Arizona to British Columbia, and occurs east regularly to the foothills of the Rockies, and occasionally many miles out on the plains. In the mountains it breeds to 9,000 feet. It winters from Lower California to Colombia,“ South hE: aug is most common along the main range of the mountains. Spring migration.—The earliest migrants of the Macgillivray war- bler seen in the Huachuca Mountains, Arizona, were recorded April 11, 1902. In southern California a few have been seen as early as the last of March, but the general time of arrival in the southern part of the State is the first ten days of April. Farther advance northward is remarkably slow. The average date of arrival in northern Colo- rado is May 13; at Cheyenne, Wyo., May 14, and at Great Falls, Mont., May 28. Some records of the first noted are: Fort Klamath, Oreg., May 11, 1887; Beaverton, Oreg., May 18, 1885; Columbia Falls, Mont., May 19, 1885; Chelan, Wash., May 21, 1896; Burrard Inlet, British Columbia, June 2,1885, and Chilliwack, British Colum- bia, June 8, 1888. 681. Geothlypis trichas (Linn.). Maryland Yellow-throat. Breeding range.—There are three forms of the Maryland yellow- throat on the Atlantic coast, of which trichas is the intermediate, breeding from Georgia to Maryland and less commonly to Delaware, southern Pennsylvania, and southern New Jersey. The range north- ward is occupied by brachidactyla, and southward in Florida and along the Gulf coast by zgnota. In the southern part of its range ¢r7chas is the form found on the higher lands to the base of the mountains, while the coastal plain and the swamps are occupied by ¢qgnota. Winter re ypical form ¢richas passes in winter but little south of its Ore cdite range, occupying at this season the Carolinas, Georgia, Florida, and the nor enn Ba latnak: Occasionally one is seen in winter much farther north along the coast. The migrations of this form are so slight that it is not Seihis to separate the records of its occurrence from those of brachidactyla. 681b. Geothlypis trichas ignota Chapm. Florida Yellow-throat. The Florida yellow-throat is an inhabitant of the Austroriparian life zone. It breeds abundantly in Florida and southern Georgia, whence it ranges in a narrow belt along the seaward edge of the coastal plain north to the Dismal Swamp of Virginia, and west to Louisiana. It is largely resident in the Gulf States, its migrations being principally restricted to a slight southward retiring of the more northern birds of the Atlantic coast, and the crossing of some of the Florida birds to Cuba. In neither of these movements can the records be separated from those of the more , northern trichas. The subspecies breeds a cheenoue Ca at. B ae Bet Recs X, p. 364, 1885. 116 NORTH AMERICAN WARBLERS. throughout most of its range in the Austroriparian zone, but probably — not in the tropical region of Florida. 681d. Geothlypis trichas brachidactyla (Swains.). Northern Yellow-throat. Breeding range.—The breeding range of the northern yellow-throat occupies the whole of the Mississippi Valley from eastern Texas and eastern North Dakota to the Allegheny Mountains, and from the region above the Gulf strip to Minnesota, northern Ontario, Edmon- ton, Alberta, and Chippewyan, Athabasca. The known range of this form to the north was extended to the last two points by parties of the Biological Survey, which found the species in 1901 at Edmonton and in 1903 at Chippewyan. East of the Alleghenies the bird breeds from New York and northern New Jersey to southern Labrador and Newfoundland. Winter range.—In winter the northern yellow-throat is found in the Bahamas, Cuba, and Jamaica; from Louisiana through eastern Texas; from the plateau region of Tamaulipas, Guanajuato, and Jalisco to Oaxaca and Chiapas, and from Yucatan to Guatemala, Nicaragua, and Costa Rica. It is common in the lower districts of Nicaragua.“ This country marks its normal southern extension, how- ever, for it is so rare in Costa Rica that Cherrie? saw but five indi- viduals in three years’ collecting, and apparently there are only a few other occurrences recorded.” A single specimen was taken at Chiriqul, Panama. Spring migration.—I\t is impossible to separate the notes on. the migration of the three forms of the Maryland yellow-throat occurring on the Atlantic coast. The notes on which the following statements are based probably relate to all three forms. It ts likely that the earliest spring migrants seen at the Florida lighthouses are ¢gnota, and that the earliest in North Carolina are trichas,; also that notes of Maryland yellow-throats in migration north of Maryland apply principally to brachidactyla. The lighthouse records of southern Florida include both zgnota and brachidactyla. The earliest dates of striking at Som- brero Key light are March 6, 10, and 11, 1888, and March 3, 11, and 24,1889. The flight of March 3, 1889, was one of the largest spring flights of Maryland yellow-throats ever noted at Sombrero Key. It lasted nearly all night, and during its continuance about 150 birds struck the light. On the same night Maryland yellow-throats also struck the lighthouse at Fowey Rocks on the coast of Florida 95 miles northeast of Sombrero Key, which is just south of Cape Sable. This is one of the remarkably few instances where a species @ Richmond, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., X VI, p. 485, 1893; Nutting, ibid., VI, p. 382, 1883. 6 Cherrie, Auk, IX, p. 21, 1892. ¢ Frantzius, J. f. Orn., p. 293, 1869; Boucard, P. Z. S., p. 52, 1878. @ Salvin & Godman, Biol. Cent. Amer., I, p. 150, 1881. oe an oe ‘aXt , ye “NORTHERN YELLOW-THROAT. 117 struck the two lighthouses on the same night. Judging by the light- house records, the period of spring migration of the Maryland yellow- throat is one of the most extended. As already noted, the species is acommon migrant in March; it is equally common in April, and is one of the few warblers that are common migrants in May in southern Florida. In 1888 it struck the lights at various dates from March 6 to May 20, and the next year from March 3 to May 29—the extreme dates for all years and for the Florida lighthouses. The latest of these dates is later than the time when full complements of eges of the Maryland yellow-throat are laid in nests a thousand miles to the north. The late flights are not merely the passing of accidental laggards. The largest flight noted in spring was on May 8, 1888, when 175 birds struck Sombrero Key light and 37 dead ones were counted. On May 20, 1888, 18 birds struck, and on May 29, 1889, five were noted. These records give an idea of the great numbers of Maryland yellow-throats that cross between Florida and Cuba. The dates of earliest spring arrival of Maryland yellow-throats at Raleigh, N. C., show the following remarkably even record: March 28, 1887, March 28, 1888, April 1, 1889, March 28, 1890, April 1, 1891, April 2, 1892, March 27, 1893, March 30, 1899—average March 30. Continuing north on the Atlantic slope records of average date of arrival are: Washington, April 22; Philadelphia, April 29; Engle- wood, N. J., May 4; southeastern New York and central Con- necticut, May 5; Boston, May 7; St. Johnsbury, Vt., and southern New Hampshire, May 11; southern Maine, May 14; Quebec, May 17; St. John, New Brunswick, May 18; central Nova Scotia, May 25; southern Ontario, May 8; Ottawa, May 17. The following table contains records of first arrivals that presum- ably relate to brachidactyla. It shows the general dates of movement in the Mississippi Valley, and also how muck later the birds migrate on the plains: Record of first arrival of northern yellow-throat. | Wene Rodney, Helena, | Asheville, | Eubank, — St. Louis, Onaga, 3 Miss. Ark. | NEC: Key Mo. IKans. eos r | at Sg eee GBB SSR a ec iadl ges ceed eee ee ae [tp tee eran [Rare 02 cer arpa! fey emer Ie Wels! 558 cot Se BeUs ah oocan| Ese ec Oe SOE | eae eae Sere = -ameeeaeeg a nee aa AN} 0) thy 2) Roja Meese ep Wf!) sau 's BSS Ecos SE ae es sy Bee es Pere ene (PY pte |g SSP) a2), pera ace ee 1886 3Se CEES ROO SOOO CEROOIIE SH SBS Oe SES ere eee reared rere ine nas (i a rae eee SAND Ie Mh | anes eee USS (paren ke Pers cee fee Nae Oleg me epee ee a See ee Apr. 18 Fav) OF 0 pet (sh tn Recs ee le ete onale Bein a eee mae iy yes GA 11S aes Bee ee |e fa eb ANI EL Gl ee or ae US) che Sccl ebb dnnnminece| Arcee 6 2 etee Pee e pens abel (ae FN ONES TB). Neecaoossecss slbeasedesuac SOO em Ae ee pane aoe IMT RON mS Sak Seer Apr. 20 2A] ORE oi 0 ee ee as Ere een ae | RSE AY es eee ae) a ne seated (een nr eel | a Apr. 16 ADE Ont Mas. se BR ees eee 1892 a dhopcasbeachonsdau| |bkosdoccdecd Beene cama Apr. 18 aN] DU oC al Tes ie a et Ie a Rel By Case ake SeeSEC NOOBS eo Roser marl a eee eee ramen | Apres 13 MES oar ie cece ae. o| ie oom eee ee id eck en ae Wie Del Sat Oe Ngo, 1G; | Jase, 51} c0 gaa eg Apr, 29 | Usb 3 "clio ESSE Sas Sarason Cencemeeaee: AVG UG) Sal See Cee Cee Se eee | [eine ee May 1 ESOO ee ees a awe Sr ORS TL] SAS ae 5 Ee ee a (ee Apr. 23 LER wide ponte de lees cdo dee ce Seas) eee ee ee a ae Do DOB ee crit Hep omens Soe Nias ACR Ajo: OY = Be Ne eee Ee el Fe Ree ene (ee eet Apr. 27 SOO FES eter sees ape a Nr Ane NG) > 3 SSSA GES a ee ees ae eae eee [ee ie | IG DSeiness GOGReSe Sorel (head oe eee ND gnl ae pert e relic cr eck ete | Apr. 28 SO Eee nese tice saeinis | ea aoe eee EAN] pe lean Preece So le le tb oe May 22 AR GIDRE eo Mar. 28 A reo see Anpr. 17 Apr. 15 Apr. 18 | Apr. 28 | 118 NORTH AMERICAN WARBLERS. The first Maryland yellow-throats are seen on the average at Water- loo, Ind., April 25; in northern Ohio, April 30; in southern Michigan and at Chicago, May 4; Keokuk, Iowa, April 27; Grinnell, Iowa, April 30; Lanesboro, Minn., May 5; Elk River, Minn., May 12; and Aweme, Manitoba, May 22. As Soe be expected from the fact that a few Maryland yellow throats winter in Texas, the dates on which the first are seen in spring in that State are very irregular. In some cases the records of occur- rence given below relate to wintering birds. The dates bring out the fact, however, that the bulk of the species moves at a little later date hae than nearer the Mississippi River. The records are as follows: Lower Rio Grande, April 11, 1878; Corpus Christi, March 26—April 15, 1899; Refugio County, April 15, 1899; San Antonio, February 22 (common March 5), 1890, February 12 (common April 10), 1891; Austin, March 11 (common March 24), 1890; Fredericksburg, April - 91, 1893; Dallas, April 1, 1898, April 2, 189955 Bonham, April 1%: 1889, April 22, 1890, April Loe bea le cna! Texas, nal 4, 1885, April 12, 1894; Howee Sice about April 15” (Neheine: Still- well, Ind. T. pe ane LOS ASST. Fall MUG ran eee migration range of the Maryland yellow- throat is sw filled with breeding birds that it is not possible to define with exactness the beginning of the southward movement in fall. The earliest dates of striking at the Florida lighthouses (when, of course, the birds are unquestionably migrating) are September 14, 1884, September 12, 1885, and September 18, 1887, at Sombrero Key. These records confirm Gundlach’s statement that the species reaches” Cuba in Se PALE. The earliest arrival noted in Jamaica was on October 8, and the earliest in eastern Nicaragua on October 28. The period of fall migration of the species is almost as extended as that of spring. The bulk of the birds leave their northern breeding grounds in September, but even far north some linger until late in the season. The last were seen at Lanesboro, Minn., October 5, 1885; Ottawa, Sep- tember 27, 1889; North River, Prince Edward Island, September 11, 1887; St. John, New Brunswick, October 3, 1891; in southeastern New York, October 14, 1887; Englewood, N. J., October 18, 1885; Wash- -ington, October 20, 1890. In southern Maine and along the New England coast the last are seen October 1-14. At Raleigh, N. C., the dates of the latest fall migrants are October 11, 1886, October 9, 1889, October 11, 1890, and October 14, 1891; and at Asheville, N. en Octo- ber 26, 1891, and October 9, 1894. Only once in six years at Eubank, Ky., were any migrants seen after the 1st of October. At Sombrero Key light there were great flights on October 13, 1885, October 16-17, 1887, September 25 and October 2, 4, 8, 9, 11, 29, and 30, 1888. The heaviest flight noted in fall occurred on November 4, 1888. The latest flights were noted on November 10 and 11, 1888, and November 7, 1891. In all there are records of over 2,000 Maryland yellow-throats WESTERN YELLOW-THROAT. 119 that have struck Sombrero Key lighthouse. The only species that has struck in larger numbers during the six years in which records have been kept is the black-throated blue warbler. At St. Louis, after September 20, the numbers of the Maryland yellow-throats grow rapidly less, until at the end of the month only a few loiterers remain. These finally disappeared for the year on October 1, 1896, October 2, 1887, and October 4, 1895. Final depar- ture occurred at Onaga, Kans., September 27, 1891, September 25, 1892, September 30, 1893, September 30, 1894, September 23, 1895, and September 27, 1898. 68la. Geothlypis trichas occidentalis Brewst. Western Yellow-throat. Breeding range.—¥rom the central portion of the Great Plains to the Pacific slope the western yellow-throat is one of the best-known warblers. It isa bird of the plains and lower foothills, scarcely nest- ing above 6,000 feet, and breeds from northern Lower California, north- ern Chihuahua, and western Texas to Washington, Montana, and South Dakota. . Winter range.—In winter the bird is found chiefly in western Mexico, as far south as Tepic. Spring migration.—The influence of temperature on migration is shown strikingly in the case of the western yellow-throats. The birds arrive at just about the same time—second week in May—on the plains of north-central Colorado and at Great Falls and Columbia Falls, Mont., the latter place almost 600 miles farther north, but enjoying at this period of the year an equal degree of warmth with the Colorado plains. But almost a month earlier than this, southern British Col- umbia is reached by the Pacific yellow-throats that wintered in the warm valleys of California lying as far north as the plains of north- central Colorado which during the winter season can support no warbler life. 681lc. Geothlypis trichas arizela Oberh. Pacific Yellow-throat. This form inhabits the Pacific coast region, and breeds from British Columbia to Lower California. It winters from Tepic and Mazatlan in western Mexico, north to California. 68le. Geothlypis trichas sinuosa Grinnell. Salt Marsh Yellow-throat. Occurs in the salt marshes about San Francisco Bay, where it is a permanent resident. 682. Geothlypis beldingi Ridgw. Belding Yellow-throat. The Belding yellow-throat is a western species, resident in Lower California. 682.1. Geothlypis poliocephala Baird. Rio Grande Yellow-throat. This Mexican species occurs near Brownsville, Tex., in the lower Rio Grande Valley. 120 - NORTH AMERICAN WARBLERS. 683. Icteria virens (Linn.). Yellow-breasted Chat. Breeding range.—Yhe northern and western extensions of the summer range of the yellow-breasted chat closely coincide with the corresponding limits of the Carolinian life zone. The breeding range extends from southern New England through southern New York to southern Michigan, southern Wisconsin, central Iowa, southwestern Minnesota, and southern South Dakota, south through eastern Nebraska and eastern Kansas to eastern Texas, and east to the Atlantic coast, with a few scattering records from New Hampshire, southern Ontario, and other points north of the normal limits of the species. Breeding individuals from Texas show a tendency toward the western subspecies, /ongicauda, but on the coast as far south at least as the mouth of the Rio Grande they are more closely allied to the eastern than to the western form. A few miles west, at Monterey, Nuevo Leon, breeding birds approach more closely the western form. In this whole area of several hundred thousand square miles the species is common in localities suited to its habits, except in the mountains of Pennsylvania and the higher parts of the Alleghenies in Virginia, North Carolina, and Tennessee, i. e., above 3,000 feet. Winter range.—The range of the chats in winter in Mexico and the dividing line at this season between the eastern and western forms have been quite clearly worked out by the parties of the Biological Survey. The eastern bird comes into eastern Mexico from Texas, and, passing through Tamaulipas, northeast Puebla, and northern Vera Cruz, winters abundantly along the coast and in the lower portions of Tabasco, Campeche, and Yucatan, and less commonly back from the coast to an altitude of 4,000 feet. It ranges south over the lower por- tions of Chiapas to the Pacific coast, and is found sparingly in eastern Oaxaca and south from Yucatan over Guatemala, chiefly in the lower portions of the country, but occasionally to 6,000 feet. The eastern- most locality on the Atlantic side at which its occurrence is recorded is southeastern Nicaragua, where it has been observed to be not uncom- mon during the winter. In Costa Rica it is recorded as a not uncommon fall and spring migrant at San José, probably wintering in the lower lands along the Pacific coast. There are no records of its occurrence in the West Indies nor in South America. The eastern form of the chat breeds in a district whose limits include an area of 700,000 square miles and throughout which it is quite thoroughly distributed. The outlines of its known winter range include an area of 200,000 square miles. The total limits of the breea- ing range of the western form include an area of 1,300,000 square miles, but so much of this is mountain and plateau, where it is known that chats do not occur, that the real breeding area is not over 400,000 square miles. The known winter home of the western form has an outside area of 120,000 square miles. ’ YELLOW-BREASTED CHAT. | nob Spring migration.—The chats are late spring migrants. They have not been noted in March anywhere in the United States, except extreme southern Texas. The earliest spring arrivals noted in the eastern part of the United States were at Frogmore, 8. C., and ranged from April 7, 1885, and April 9, 1889, to April 19, 1887, April 25, 1884, April 29, 1888, and May 1, 1886. The average date of arrival at Frogmore is probably about April 12. The average date of arrival of the chat in seven.years’ time at Kirkwood, Ga., is April 22, with variations from April 16, 1894, to April 26,1901. At Raleigh, N. C., the average date for ten years is April 23, with extremes of April 18, 1888, and April 27, 1893. This is one of the most uniform of all the records of spring arrival of birds at Raleigh. It indicates not only slight varia- tions in the movements of the birds, but also great care and thorough- ness on the part of the observer. A few miles west of Raleigh, but still on the plains, the average date of arrival for four years is April 22. In the mountains at Asheville, at 2,000 feet altitude, the aver- age for five years is April 25, with the shght extremes of April 21, 1891, and April 29, 1894. The average at Variety Mills, Va. (fifteen years), is April 29; Frenchereek, W. Va., and Washington, May 1; Waynesburg, Pa., April 28; Beaver, Pa., May 2; Philadel- phia, May 8; Englewood and New Providence, N. J., and in south- eastern New York, May 9; in central Connecticut, May 13; in eastern Massachusetts, May 14. An extensive series of notes comes from the Mississippi Valley. The average date of arrival at St. Louis (for seven years) is April 24; at Brookville, Ind., April 29; Columbus, Ohio, May 3; Ganges, Mich., May 4; Keokuk, Iowa, May 3; Iowa City, lowa, May 5. South of St. Louis the dates are quite early as compared with the records just given. The average for ten years at Eubank, Ky., is April 23; for four years at Helena, Ark., April 20, and for four years in the vicinity of Vicksburg, Miss., April 18. To agree with the foregoing dates the time of arrival of the chat at New Orleans should be not later than April 16, and several days earlier would be a more likely date. The recorded dates are April 22, 1893, April 20, 1895, April 13, 1899, April 23, 1901, and April 11, 1903. Professor Beyer says of the spring arrival of the chat near New Orleans: ‘‘This species never occurs within our precincts before the 15th or 18th of April and is never common until about the end of that month and sometimes not until the 1st or 2d of May.” To get the full significance of these dates it is necessary to compare them with the dates of arrival of the chat in Texas and in Kansas—in other words, to compare them with the rate of progress from Mexico northward. For this reason the Texas dates are here given in full: Lower Rio Grande, March 26 (Merrill); species becomes common April 8 (Sennett); Corpus Christi, April 18, 1891, April 11, 1899; Refugio County, April 11, 1899; San Antonio, April 14, 1885, April 22 1889, April 5, 1890, Hale OR NORTH AMERICAN WARBLERS. April 10, 1891; Dallas, April 20, 1898, April 21, 1899; Bonham, April 18, 1885, April 16, 1886, April 16, 1887, April 25, 1890, April 20, 1891; Gainesville, April 17, 1885, April 29, 1886, April 26, 1887. oe r HOODED WARBLER. 125 more, S. C., were seen April 10. At Walke, N. C.,.on the northeast coast, first arrivals were noted on April 3, 1892, and April 6, 1898. These coast records are comparatively earlier than those from the inte- rior. A surprising fact of the spring migration of the hooded warbler is that there is no difference between the dates of arrival of the bird at Raleigh, N. C., only 300 feet above sea level, and at Asheville in the mountains, at 2,000 feet. With other species, arrival in the mountains is from six to ten days later than on the plains; but in the case of the hooded warbler the average date for the same six years’ period at both points falls on the same day, April 19, with extremes of April 10, 1893, and April 28, 1892, at Raleigh, and April 12, 1893, and April 24, 1892, at Asheville. Records of arrival still farther north are: Lynchburg, Va., April 29; Washington, May 2; Englewood, N. J., and southern New York, May 4; Branchport, N. Y., May 13, and Buffalo, N. Y., May 20. A hooded warbler was noted on May 10, 1903, at Bridgeport, Conn. The migration of the species up the Mississippi River gives less concordant dates. The average date of arrival at New Orleans, March 25, has already been given. The average for five years at Helena, Ark., is April 10, or sixteen days later in an advance of 300 miles. The next 300 miles to St. Louis is made in almost the same time, since the average date for five years at this place is April 24. The dates of arrival are somewhat more uniform at St. Louis than at Helena. At the former place the extremes are April 21, 1886, and April 28, 1887, while at Helena the extremes are April 3, 1898, and April 17, 1901. There is an excellent set of notes from Eubank, Ky., for the seven years from 1889 to 1895. The average date of arrival is April 14, with extremes of April 8, 1890, and April 20, 1895. Eubank is 150 miles from Asheville, N. C., and nearly northwest, yet the average date at Eubank is five days earlier than at Asheville, which indicates that the birds reach Eubank from the southwest by way of the Mis- sissipp1 Valley. Central Indiana is reached about April 29, southern Michigan and southern Wisconsin May 13, and southeastern Iowa May 10. The migration route by way of Texas can not be traced north of the State. The few individuals that pursue this route merge into the general army along the Mississippi River. fall migration.—The hooded warbler is the only one of the war- blers reported as striking any of the lighthouses of Florida that has not been taken at Sombrero Key. The only lighthouse records of the species for the State are of two birds that struck near St. Augustine. The facts that the hooded warbler is rare on the mainland of southern Florida and has not been taken at the three lighthouses in this part of the State and has been seen but a few times in Cuba and Jamaica, and yet is common in northern Florida and Yucatan, show plainly that the southward route of migration of the bird passes directly from Poor ts 3 NORTH AMERICAN WARBLERS. Florida and not by way of Cuba. Hooded warblers, fresh from their trip across the Gulf, were observed in numbers around Perdido Light, in northwestern Florida, March 22 and 26, 1885, and they were once seen in large numbers at sea, when they still lacked 30 miles of reaching the coast, during their migration from Central America to Louisiana. The species begins in August to migrate south. The earliest recorded date of migration in Chester County, S. C.,is August 6. Southbound migrants have been noted at Key West, Fla., August 30, 1887, and August 19, 1889; at Bonacca Island, Honduras, in Sep- tember; at Truxillo, Honduras, September 26, 1887, and in southeastern Nicaragua, September 24, 1892. The date of arrival in Nicaragua. would allow sufficient time for the species to cross at one flight to Yucatan and then proceed leisurely south along the coast. The bulk of the species leave the northern breeding grounds by the middle of September. The last fall migrants have been noted at Renovo, Pa., September 26, 1900, October 13, 1903; Beaver, Pa., September 25, 1890, October 3, 1891; Englewood, N. J., September 15, 1886; Wash- ington, September 15, 1890; Frenchcreek, W. Va., September 29, 1892; Lynchburg, Va., October 10, 1899; Raleigh, N. C., October 1, 1891; Asheville, N. C., September 20,1890; Sedan, Ind., October 5, 1898; Brookville, Ind., October 20, 1884; Eubank, Ky., September 29, 1889, and New Orleans, October 19, 1895 and 1897, October 25, 1899. ‘The latest record for the United States is of the probably accidental occurrence of the bird at Germantown, Pa., November 19, 1887. Undoubtedly most of the migrants cross directly to the coast of southern Mexico, and only a scattering few continue down the coast of Texas. Few places along the Gulf coast from Corpus Christi southward are adapted to the needs of the bird until the heavy forests begin again at Alta Mira, Tamaulipas. 685. Wilsonia pusilla (Wils.). Wilson Warbler. Breeding range.—The combined breeding and migration ranges of the eastern and western forms of the Wilson warbler cover the greater part of the North American continent. The eastern subspecies scarcely nests south of the Canadian life zone. It breeds in Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, northern Maine, northern Minnesota, Manitoba, and north to Newfoundland, Labrador, Hudson Bay, and Lake Athabasca. There are records of its breeding in the Alleghenian zone at Ottawa, Ontario,“ and at Pittsfield, Me.? Winter range.—The principal winter range of the eastern form seems to be the Atlantic slope of the mountains of Central America from Guatemala to Costa Rica, a few individuals wintering as far north as Yucatan. There is no record of the bird in South America, ¢MeclIlwraith, Birds of Ontario, p. 382, 1894. 6Morrell, Osprey, IV, p. 5, 1899. 3 E i . WILSON WARBLER. | Lag and only one instance of its being noted in the West Indies—an acci- dental occurrence on the Barbados,“ April 30, 1873. Spring migration.—The Wilson warbler has never been reported at any point below the hundred-foot contour on the United States coast from the Sabine River to Charleston, S.C. It is practically unknown, even as a migrant, in the entire Austroriparian zone, from the north- eastern corner of Louisiana to Virginia. Just above this district it begins to be known, as at Shellmound, Miss., Rising Fawn, Ga., Chester County, S. C., and Raleigh, N. C., but it is rare east of the Alleghenies south of Washington. The principal migration route is along the mountain chain and for the most part on its western slope. During the period of spring migration a party of the Biological Sur- vey spent several weeks in northern and eastern Yucatan. They. saw no Wilson warblers, although they covered the whole time during which the species passes from Costa Rica to the eastern United States, and the country was full of other migrating warblers. Two migra- tion routes are open to the individuals of this species that travel between Costa Ricaand the Alleghenies. They can keep on the highlands north- westward to eastern Mexico, and pass thence north to Texas and north- east to the Alleghenies—a route that would be entirely by land, and that would explain in a perfectly satisfactory manner the absence of the species from Yucatan, the coast of Honduras, the whole of the south- eastern United States, and the West Indies; or they may travel from Costa Rica through Guatemala to Tabasco, and then across the Gulf of Mexico to the eastern United States. A comparison of the dates of migration will aid in deciding which of these routes isemployed. Some records of the species south of the United States are as follows: Fron- tera, Tabasco, seen occasionally in early March, 1900; near Teapa, Tabasco, several noted early in April (one specimen April 5); Mot- zorongo, Vera Cruz, March 11; Jalapa (4,400 feet), Vera Cruz, March 30 and 31 and April 5, 1897; Las Vigas (8,000 feet), Vera Cruz, April 24,1897; Tamaulipas, March 26 to May 10, 1888; Nuevo Leon, March 22,1902. The following Texas dates of earliest spring arrivals are not numerous, but they are enough for the present purpose: Lower Rio Grande, April 26, 1878 . Wheto County, April 30, 1887; San Antonio, fori 30, 1889, and rill 25, 1890; Austin, May 2, 1890; Dal- las, May 3, 1898, and May 3, 1899. This is one of the very few sets of Texas dates representing a direct migration northward from the lower Rio Grande to northern Texas. The dates of earliest arrival to the eastward are: Shellmound, Miss., April 15, 1892; Helena, Ark., April 30, 1897; St. Louis, May 1, 1884, April 29, 1885, one May 2, 1887; Ris ing Fawn, Ga., May 1, 1885; Asheville, N. ¢ Cx May 7 1894; Blooming- ton, Ind., , May 8 , 1886. According to ange dates ile birds ofthe Alle: ¢Salvin, Ibis, p. 334, 1873. 128 ; NORTH AMERICAN WARBLERS. eheny Mountains and eastward do not come north by way of Texas. — This fact, coupled with the absence of the species from the Gulf coast, seems to show that the return from the South is made by a flight across the Gulf of Mexico. This trip requires a sustained flight of at least 700 miles, but there seems to be no other assumption to explain the observed facts. Records of average dates of arrival farther north are: Washington, May 9; Englewood, N. J., May 13; Beaver, Pa., May 15; East Hartford, Conn., May 13; eastern Massachusetts and south- ern New Hampshire, May 17; southern New Brunswick, May 26. In southern New England the species often appears by May 10. A Wil- son warbler was taken at Godbout, Quebec, June 3, 1884, and one on the Hamilton River, Quebec, May 31. West of the Alleghenies the first arrivals are noted on the average at Waterloo, Ind., May 15; southern Michigan, May 17; Ottawa, May 20; Chicago, Mav 14; Lanesboro, Minn., May 8; Elk River, Minn., May 14; Aweme, Mani- toba, May 15; and Fort Chippewyan, Athabasca, May 26. Fall migration.—The Wilson warbler breeds so far north that the earliest returning migrants do not appear before August in the United States. They have been noted at Lanesboro, Minn., August 23, 1887: Grinnell, lowa, September 3, 1887; Chicago, August 16, 1896; Beaver, Pa., September 7, 1889; Englewood, N. J., August 15, 1886; and Washington, August 28, 1887. Some records of the last seen are: Aweme, Manitoba, September 10, 1901; Lanesboro, Minn., September 27, 1891; Grinnell, lowa, September 25, 1888; Ottawa, September 29, 1890; Pictou, Nova Scotia, August 24, 1894; St. John, New Bruns- wick, September 17, 1896; Renovo, Pa., September 30, 1895; Ger- mantown, Pa., October 15,1889. The time of migration south of the United States can not be traced, because the records of the eastern and the western forms can not be separated. 685a. Wilsonia pusilla pileolata (Pall.). Pileolated warbler. Breeding range.—By this subspecies in the present connection 1s meant the form that occurs throughout the Rocky Mountains and in the Great Basin. It breeds north into Alaska and as far south as western Texas, and possibly the higher mountains of Arizona and Mexico. It ranges casually to Minnesota and western Missouri. In Colorado it breeds commonly at timber line, ranging from 12,000 feet down to 6,000 feet. Winter range.—The abundance of the pileolated warbler in winter in Mexico is attested by the fact that the occurrence of the bird has been noted by the parties of the Biological Survey more often than that of any three other species together. It is common from Nuevo Leon southward, and in the western part of Mexico on the high- lands at least to Durango. It is there a mountain lover, common from 4,000 to 9,500 feet and ranging to 12,000 feet on the north slope of PILEOLATED WARBLER. 129 Mount Popocatapetl and 11,000 feet on the mountains of western Guatemala. At the same time it is not uncommon on the coast itself as far north as the city of Vera Cruz and also on the Pacific coast in Chiapas, Colima, etc. The pileolated warbler follows the main chain of the mountains southeast until it is fully as far east as the birds from the eastern United States. Collections of Costa Rican birds contain typical examples of this form; one of the specimens taken by Arcé at the voleano of Chiriqui” in Panama, now in the National Museum, is certainly a western bird; and those taken by Brown? in Panama dur- ing 1901 are also undoubtedly western. Spring migration.—The first pileolated warblers have been noted in southern Arizona April 12, 1902; at Loveland, Colo., May 11, 1889, and at Great Falls, Mont., May 23, 1892. Fall migration.—Returning migrants have been seen at Great Falls, Mont., August 17, 1889, and at Cheyenne, Wyo., August 25, 1884. They enter Mexico so early that parties of the Biological Survey met them on August 20, 1894, in Oaxaca, and on September 4, 1893, in the Valley of Mexico. It was probably the western birds that Cherrie noted in Costa Rica as first arriving on October 27, 1889, becoming common by November 20, outnumbering all other warblers during December, and being last noted March 6, 1890. In 1902 Carriker¢ found them until April 12 in Costa Rica. 685b. Wilsonia pusilla chryseola Ridgw. Golden Pileolated Warbler. Breeding range.—This is: the Pacific coast form of pusilla, and breeds from southern California to British Columbia. Specimens have been taken east to Arizona and Fort Klamath, Oregon. Winter range.—The winter home is in Mexico, at least as far south as Chihuahua, Sonora, and Cape St. Lucas. Spring migration.—The birds enter the United States in southern California during the first ten days of March, are passing central Cal- ifornia during the last week of the month, and arrive in southern British Columbia in the first week in May. fall migration.—Records of the beginnings of fall migration are lacking. A belated bird was noted at Chilliwack, British Columbia, November 17, 1888. 686. Wilsonia canadensis (Linn.). Canadian Warbler. Breeding range.—-The name of this warbler indicates its principal breeding range, which extends north to Newfoundland, southern Lab- rador, Hudson Bay, Cumberland House on the Saskatchewan River, Edmonton, Alberta, and Fort McMurray, Athabasca. South the Cana- @Salvin, P. Z. S., p. 183, 1870. > Bangs., Proc. N. E. Zool. Club, III, 61, 1902. ¢ Specimens in Carnegie Museum, Pittsburg, Pa. 6152—No. 18—04——9 esl) - NORTH AMERICAN WARBLERS. dian warbler breeds to central Minnesota, northeastern IIlinois, central Michigan, southern Ontario, central New York, eastern Massachusetts, and northwestern Connecticut, and in the Allegheny Mountains to North Carolina, where it occurs from 3,000 feet nearly to the top of the highest peaks. The species is thus confined principally during the breeding season to the Canadian zone, with scattering occurrences in the Alleghenian. Migration range.—The great bulk of the species passes along the Atlantic coast and westward to and including the valley of the Ohio. In the interior the bird is a rare migrant from eastern Texas, eastern Kansas, eastern Nebraska, through the valley of the Red River of the North to Manitoba. Accidental occurrences are reported from central Texas, southern New Mexico, and eastern Colorado. Winter range.—The winter Thowne of the Canadian warbler lies a long distance from Canada. ‘The species is found in greatest abundance in Peru,® especially in the northern portion, and in the neighboring regions of southern Ecuador.’ In these sections it is found through the winter in flocks, which wander over the country on both the east- ern and western slopes of the Andes. The extremes of the normal altitudes attained by the bird are 3,700 and 7,000 feet. Most of the records of its occurrence were made at an elevation of 4,000 to 5,000 feet. One specimen was secured at Quito, Ecuador,’ at 9,500 feet altitude. The extreme southeastern point at which it has been recorded is in the mountains east of Lima, where Jelski took a male and two females on the eastern slope of the Andes at over 10,000 feet eleva- tion. These individuals were 5,700 miles distant from Labrador by the principal route of migration followed by the species. The Canadian warbler has been taken in northern Ecuador and centra Colombia,’ although not noted by any of the expeditions to northern Colombia, whence it may be inferred that individuals noted in Costa Rica and Panama, where the bird is not uncommon, pass south- east to Ecuadorand Peru. The species has not been recorded from Nic- aragua, Honduras, Yucatan, or the West Indies, nor for the last thirty years from Florida. It isnot uncommon in Guatemala, and the parties of the Biological Survey took it in Chiapas, Puebla, and Tamaulipas, Mexico. In the fall it is not uncommon through these districts. For the most part it ke ge in the mountainous country at 38,000—-8,000 feet, a Tica wall, P. Z. Sb 10 508, WS ape 22: a 1879 ps 6) 1882.9 Orn: “dul erouyale p- 468, 1884. Berlepsch & Stolzmann, P. Z. 8., p. 332, 1896. Sclater, P. Z. 8., p. 111, 1854; pp. 64 and 451, 1858. Taczanowski and Berlepsch, P. Z. S., p. 74, 1885. Goodfellow, Ibis, p. 314, 1901. Salvadori and Festa, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, XV, No. 351, p. 8, 1899. ¢Sclater, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist., X VI, p. 281, 1850. dSclater, P. Z. S., p. 143, 1855. Salvin, Cat. Strick. Coll., p. 98, 1882. Latres- naye, Rev. Zool., p. 292, 1843; p. 79, 1844. Sclater, Cat. Am. Birds, p. 34, 1862. Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., X, p. 434, 1885. CANADIAN WARBLER. 1381 ~ but has also been taken in migration at 800 feet in Guatemala and at sea level in Panama. It has been recorded in winter in Guatemala, but most of the birds go much farther south. Even in Costa Rica Cherrie saw none in winter, though they were abundant there in fall migration. Spring migration.—The Canadian warbler is one of the late migrants. The few records of spring arrival of the species that have been gath- ered in the southern United States are: Southern Texas, May 2, 1877; Corpus Christi, Tex., May 4, 1900; Victoria County, Tex., April 26, 1887; San Antonio, Tex., May 4, 1884; Shellmound, Miss., April 15, 1892; Hickman, Ky., April 24, 1888; Lexington, Ky., April 29, 1899; St. Louis, May 14, 1883, May 11, 1884, May 11, 1885, May 11, 1886, May 8, 1887, April 28, 1888 (next seen May 5; bulk pres- ent from May 11 to May 19; last noted in various years May 19 to May 22); Rising Fawn, Ga., April 26, 1885; Highlands, N. C., April 29, 1886; Asheville, N. C., May 4, 1894. As the Canadian warbler passes north it has been noted on the average at Washington May 9; Beaver, Pa., May 5; Philadelphia, Englewood, N. J., and Lockport, N. Y., May 15; in eastern Massachusetts, May 14; southern New Hampshire, May 18; southern Maine, May 19; and southern New Brunswick, May 28. Rather incongruous dates are reported from west of the Alleghenies. The average date of arrival for five years near Waterloo, Ind., is May 2, and for nine years at Listowel, Ontario, May 4, while not far dis- tant the date of arrival at Chicago is May 15; Petersburg, Mich., May 13; Parry Sound district, Ontario, May 21, and Ottawa, May 21. The first migrant appears on the average at Lanesboro, Minn., May 19. One was seen at Aweme, Manitoba, May 20, 1899, and one at Edmonton, Alberta, May 29, 1897. In northern Peru in 1878 a specimen was shot as late in the spring as March 28, and in central Ecuador in April, 1899, both males and females were taken. A belated migrant was taken April 28, 1893, at Chalchicomula, Puebla, Mexico, at 8,200 feet altitude. Since latitude 39° in the United States is finally passed in the last week in May by the Canadian warbler, it follows that the late spring birds of this spe- cles must make a rapid migration. fall migration.—The statements already made outline the probable migration route in fall of the Canadian warbler. The birds from the northeastern section of the United States appear to follow the gen- eral trend of the mountains to the Gulf Coast, being found in the fall apparently not east of Mississippi. Thence they cross the Gulf of Mexico to southern Mexico and Guatemala, reaching the Pacific coast at Tehuantepec. They probably then turn southeast and follow the mountains through Costa Rica and Panama to their principal winter home in Ecuador and Peru. -132 NORTH AMERICAN WARBLERS. If there were only the United States records at hand, it would be impossible to get a correct idea of the date of fall migration of the Canadian warbler, chiefly because so little attention is paid in this country to July and August bird movements. Few observers think it worth while to begin making notes on southward movements of birds before September, although for a large proportion of migrants the beginning of the fall journey is several weeks earlier. A few records made of the arrival of the Canadian warbler in fall are: Lanes- boro, Minn., August 18, 1889; Grinnell, Iowa, August 20, 1886; Chicago, August 15, 1896; Waterloo, Ind., August 16, 1891; Ger- mantown, Pa., August 3, 1890; Englewood, N. J., August 7, 1886; Washington, July 31, 1887; St. Louis, August 15; Asheville, N. C., September 2, 1891; Leighton, Ala., August 18, 1891, and Bay St. Louis, Miss., September 11,1899. Fall migration begins so early that by the last of August the birds have appeared in southern Mexico, a month later (September 29) have arrived at San José, Costa Rica,“ and by November 27 have reached northern Peru. This gives a quite uni- form rate of speed of 30 miles per day. Were it possible to suppose that any one individual traverses the entire range of the species, such a bird would either have to increase this speed or else spend the entire year on the road. The month of September is the time of greatest abundance of the Canadian warbler in Central America. The parties of the Biological Survey noted its disappearance soon after the middle of the month from Chiapas, and nearly all the records from Guatemala were made in September. Hoffman found the species in September on the high- lands of Costa Rica, and Cherrie found it most abundant on October 6 at San José, Costa Rica. Records of the last migrants seen are: Fort McMurray, Athabasca, August 10, 1903, and August 12, 1904; Grand Rapids, Athabasca, August 20, 1901; Aweme, Manitoba, August 30, 1901; Ottawa, September 5, 1890; Chicago, September 16, 1894; Waterloo, Ind., September 28, 1902; Petitcodiac, New Bruns- wick, August 21, 1886; Pittsfield, Me., September 12, 1897; Amherst, Mass., September 29, 1891; Englewood, N. J., October 2, 1886; Renovo, Pa. (average of six years), August 14; Germantown, Pa., October 1, 1889; Washington, September 25; St. Louis, September 29, 1885; Asheville, N. C., October 10, 1891, and October 19, 1894; Ariel, Miss., October 14, 1897, and Bay St. Louis, Miss., October 15, 1899. . 687. Setophaga ruticilla (Linn.). Redstart. Breeding range.—TYhe summer range of the redstart extends over 27° of latitude, from 35° to 62°, and over 69° of longitude, from 54° to 133° in southeastern Alaska (to 123° in the United States). The a @Cherrie, Auk, VII, p. 337, 1890. REDSTART. LSS. species breeds north to Nova Scotia, Newfoundland, Hudson Bay, and Fort Good Hope on the Mackenzie River. In the United States it is chiefly eastern, but ranges west regularly to the Great Basin. It breeds in Utah, Idaho, British Columbia, and eastern Washington, and has occurred casually at various seasons in Arizona, Lower Cali- fornia, California, and Oregon. The breeding range extends south to North Carolina, Arkansas, ete. The bird breeds at Fort Union, N. Mex., and probably at Greensboro, Ala., and has been reported during the breeding season at various places south of latitude 35°, but these records are to be considered exceptional. A species that breeds in the Canadian life zone of Newfoundland and also in the southern Alleghenies would be expected to seek the higher portions of these mountains, but the redstart at the southern limit of its range nests in the lower valleys, scarcely rising to 2,000 feet. Winter range.—The winter distribution of the redstart is also very extensive, covering 25° of latitude, 23° N. to 2° S., and 38° of longi- tude, 60° to 98°. The species is a common spring and fall migrant in the northern Bahamas, and a few individuals may winter in some of the southern islands. It isan abundant winter resident in the Greater | Antilles and has a remarkable extension in the Lesser Antilles. It is _ recorded from 4 of the Virgin Islands, 8 of the Leeward Islands, including Dominica,“ and from St. Lucia,’? St. Vincent,’ Grenada,? Barbados,’ Tobago,’ and Trinidad.? Toward the east its numbers diminish, so that it is rare in the Windward Islands. A great many redstarts pass to the mainland of South America, but their distribution appears not to be extensive. On the north coast of Colombia” the species is common both in migration and in winter, and penetrates the interior about to the central part of the country,’ where it is common at 3,000-6,000 feet altitude. It has been recorded from Esmeraldas/ on the coast; Perucho* at 6,300 feet on the west slope of ¢Verrill, Trans. Conn. Acad. VIII, p. 343, 1892. OSclater, P. Z.8., p. 14, 1876. ¢ Lawrence, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. I, p. 189, 1878. OWelsperce-U. Ss: Nat. Mus: 1X, p:-611, 1887: €Feilden, Ibis, 482, 1889. J Jardine, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. XX, 331, 1847. gChapman, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. VI, p. 24, 1894; Salvin, Cat. Strick. Coll., p. 95, 1882; Sclater, Cat. Am. Birds, 36, 1862; Ernst, Rev. Cient. Univ. Venez. I, p. 33, 1887. ASalvin & Godman, Ibis, p. 199, 1879; ibid., p. 118, 1880. Bangs, Proc. Biol. Soe. Wash., XII, p. 144, 1898. Allen, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, p. 176, 1900; Auk, XVII, p. 366, 1900. ‘Wyatt, Ibis, p. 323, 1871. Sclater & Salvin, P. Z. S., p. 494, 1879. Berlepsch, J. i. Orn., p. 284, 1884. Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., X, 414, 1885. Sclater, P. Z.S., p. 144, 1855. JSclater, P. Z. S., p. 292, 1860. kIbid., p. 84. Loe NORTH AMERICAN WARBLERS. the Andes; Quito” and Chimbo? in western Ecuador at above 9,000 feet, and at Papallacta’ (11,500 feet) southeast of Quito on the east slope of the Andes, where it was not uncommon. The latter places, two degrees south of the equator, are the southernmost points at which it has been recorded. It has been taken once at Merida” (5,400 feet) and once at Caracas,’ both in Venezuela; once at El Pilar” on the coast of Venezuela; twice in the Orinoco region,’ and once on Mount Roraima’” in British Guiana, where its eastern winter range is carried to 60° west longitude. | To the west a redstart was taken February 24, 1883, at Miraflores,’ Lower California. This must have been an accidental occurrence, however, for the parties of the Biological Survey have never observed the species in western Mexico, though they found it abundant through the winter in eastern Puebla, southern Vera Cruz, Tabasco, Campeche, and Yucatan. It was not seen by them in Oaxaca, Chiapas, or any- where on the Pacific slope, though in migration it has been taken at Santa Efigenia, Oaxaca, the City of Mexico,and as far west as the city of San Luis Potosi. All the winter birds were seen below 1,000 feet altitude. In migration, however, a few range to about 7,500 feet. The low winter range may perhaps be due to the fact that the higher lands of Mexico from 1,300 feet up are occupied by several closely related resident species, for in the Rocky Mountains of Colorado the redstart breeds at heights ranging from 5,000 to 8,000 feet. In Guatemala the American redstart has a wider altitudinal range than in Mexico, and is found throughout the country from the Pacific coast to at least 6,000 feet altitude in the interior. It is one of the few United States warblers that have been recorded in Salvador. Itisa common winter resident on the east coast of Nicaragua,’ and equally common in Costa Rica* to at least 1,400 feet. In Panama its range is about the same. Spring migration.—The records of spring migration of the redstart in Florida are scattering and contradictory. It is therefore necessary to consider the North Carolina records before enough data can be obtained to determine definitely the date of arrival of the species from @Selater, P. Z. S., p. 111, 1854; Anne Macy Nevis XGVali 2 Siealsoo: b Berlepsch & Taczanowski, P. Z. 8., p. 541, 1883. ¢ Goodfellow, Ibis, p. 315, 1901. ad Sclater & Salvin, P. Z. S., p. 780, 1870. é Ernst, Flora and Fauna Venez, p. 301, 1877. f Allen, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., IV, p. 51, 1892. 7 Berlepsch & Hartert, Novit. Zool., 1X, 11, 1902. i Salvin, Ibis, p. 203, 1885. Cabanis, Schomb. Reis. Guiana, III, p. 667, 1848. Quelch, Timehri, X, p. 262, 1896. ‘ Belding, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., VI, p. 350, 1883. JRichmond, Proc. U. 8S. Nat. Mus., X VI, p. 485, 1893. ‘ Underwood, Ibis, p. 434, 1896. REDSTART. 155 the South. Statesville and Raleigh, N. C., are in the same latitude. and 200 miles apart. Raleigh is about 300 feet above sea level and Statesville 1,000 feet. At both places simultaneous observations were taken in April, 1885, 1887, and 1888, as follows: 1885—Raleigh, first seen 9th, next 13th, common 20th; Statesville, first seen 10th, next 12th, common 20th. 1887—Raleigh, first seen 13th, next 16th, com- mon 18th; Statesville, first seen 10th, next 11th, common 15th. 1888— Raleigh, first seen 2d, next 3d, common 12th; Statesville, first seen 3d, next 4th, common 10th. Average—Raleigh, first seen 8th, next 11th, common 17th; Statesville, first seen 8th, next 9th, common 15th. Average for both places—first seen 8th, next 10th, common 16th. These records seem to determine quite closely the date of arrival of the redstart in North Carolina. Migration in the spring of 1888 was earlier than usual, as April 2 is the earliest date of arrival at Raleigh in fifteen years of observation. The average for these fifteen years is April 10. ' The distance from the south end of Florida to central North Caro- lina is 650 miles. The apparent speed of migration of the redstart, as obtained from the records of its vernal advance in the Mississippi Valley, is30 miles perday. Hence, if the birds which arrived in North Carolina on the dates above given landed first in Florida and then passed overland at a similar rate of speed, they must have reached the southern end of Florida, on the average, by March 20. It is well to note first that these early migrants in North Carolina do not come by way of the Bahamas. Redstarts do not winter in any of the Bahamas within 400 miles of Florida. Bryant saw none until April 18-on New Providence and Andros islands; Northrop noted none until April 10, 1890, on Andros; Cory noted the first migrant of the season on March 27, 1891, on New Providence Island, andon March 18 of the same year the naturalists of the steamer Albatross secured their first specimen on the same island. It is probable from these records that the van of the northward migration in North Carolina is composed of birds that have wintered in Cuba. Few records of occurrence of the species in spring south of North Carolina accord with the average date of April 10 at Raleigh. Instead of March 20 the earliest dates of redstarts striking the light at Som- brero Key, Fla., are April 14, 1885, April 12, 1887, April 18, 1888, and April 3, 1889, and the earliest at the Tortugas is March 30, 1890. In Chester County, 8. C., the earliest date of arrival in fourteen years is April 10. Other early records of arrival south of North Carolina are: Pensacola, Fla., April 5, 1885; Rising Fawn, Ga., April 10, 1885; Gainesville, Fla., April 7, 1887; Tarpon Springs, Fla., April 11, 1895, and month of Suwanee River, Fla., March 22, 1890. With these records are to be considered the dates of arrival at Savannah, Ga., April 19, 1885, and at Darien, Ga., April 28, 1890; and the average 136 NORTH AMERICAN WARBLERS. for six years near Atlanta, Ga., April 23, with extremes of April 17, 1896, and April 30, 1897. The dates of arrival of the redstart in the Mississippi Valley show a state of affairs similar to that exhibited by the records made on the Atlantic coast—that the species is rare and late on the southern coast, early and abundant in the interior. A possible explanation is that the redstart is not a swamp dweller, and while a bird of the forest, prefers hard-wood timber, and that in its flight from Cuba, Yucatan, and southern Mexico, therefore, it does not alight as soon as it sights land, but passes on into the interior until it attains the desired feeding grounds. Along the Atlantic slope the rate of further advance is exemplified by the following records of average date of arrival: Washington, April 23; Beaver, Pa., April 29; Renovo and Germantown, Pa., and Englewood, N. J., May 3; southeastern New York, May 4; north- eastern New York, May 11; Portland, Conn., May 6; Providence, kh. 1., May 9; Boston, May 6; southern New Hampshire, May 12; southern Maine, May 13; Montreal, May 16; Quebec, May 14; St. John, New Brunswick, May 20; central Nova Scotia, May 25; North River, Prince Edward Island, May 27. The average date of arrival of the redstart for several years at Helena, Ark., is April 13, with extremes of April 9, 1898, and April 18, 1900. At Eubank, Ky., the average for seven years is April 16, with extremes of April 12, 1890, and April 21, 1894.. At St. Louis the average for six years is April 19, with extremes of April 17, 1883,.-1884, and 1888, and April 24, 1887. Helena is about 300 miles north of New Orleans, and on the basis of the usual speed of migration the redstart should reach the latter place about April 1. The species is apparently rather rare in spring at New Orleans, though common in fall. Three observers failed to see it at all in five out of eight years of observation. In each of two other years, 1898 and 1890, a single bird was seen April 8, and in 1894 one was seen on April 7, and several were noted on April 11. Farther north in the Mississippi Valley records of the average date when the first redstart appears are: Columbus, Ohio, April 26; Water- loo, Ind., April 29; Petersburg, Mich., April 30; Locke, Mich., May 7; southern Ontario, May 6; Ottawa, May 17; Chicago, May 8; south- ern Wisconsin, May 9; Keokuk, Iowa, May 2; Lanesboro, Minn., May 11; Elk River, Minn., May 12; Aweme, Manitoba, May 14. The recorded dates of arrival of the species in Texas are without any regularity: Corpus Christi, March 26—April 25, 1891, April 15, 1899; Refugio County, April 15, 1899; Bee County, April 10, 1886, April 16, 1887; San Antonio, April 16, 1890, April 16, 1891; and Dallas, April 21, 1898, April 22,1899. These records show that migration in Texas is later than in Louisiana, just as in the Mississippi Valley it is REDSTART. | 137 later than along the South Atlantic coast. A set of extended and excellent notes from Onaga, Kans., for eleven years, 1891-1901, indi- cates that the average date of arrival of the redstart at this place is May 5. Onaga is in northeastern Kansas, and the date accords well with observations made at four towns in the southeastern part of the State, where the average date of arrival is May 3. Both these dates indicate a decidedly later migration to the westward on the plains. The average date of arrival of the species at corresponding latitudes along the foothills of Colorado is about ten days later than along the Mississippi River, and much the same difference appears in Montana, where the first migrants have been seen at Terry May 16, Great Falls May 21, and Columbia Falls May 24. Hence it is fair to presume that it was not by way of Montana that the redstarts came which appeared at Osler, Saskatchewan, May 17, 1893; Fort Chippewyan, Athabasca, May 23, 1901; Fort Resolution, Mackenzie, May 23, 1860; and Fort Simpson, Mackenzie, May 20, 1860, and May 25, 1904. A redstart was seen on June 8, 1889, at Chilliwack, British Columbia. The redstart is one of the latest warblers to leave its winter home. It was taken on March 30, 1899, at Valparaiso, Colombia; on March 6, 1889, at San José, Costa Rica, and March 13, 1864, elsewhere in that country, and in May on the island of Cozumel. One was seen in May in Tabasco, Mexico, and another in April in Oaxaca. In 1900, as late as the middle of June, a redstart came aboard a vessel in the Bay of Campeche. Fall migration.—The redstart is one of the earliest fall migrants to reach Cuba. Whenever birds strike in the early fall at the Florida lighthouses, this species is almost sure to be among them. The red- start breeds over so much of the eastern United States that the begin- ning of its southward movement is somewhat difficult to note. It is safe to say, however, that migration begins in July and is well under way by the latter part of the month. Consequently the finding of both male and female redstarts in a given locality in the middle of July does not make it safe to assume that they nested there. In Chester County, 5. C., just south of the breeding range in the Alleghenies, the earliest southbound migrant of the year was seen on July 10, though of course migrants are not common in July. The earliest dates of the arrival of fall ae at New Orleans are July 21, 1899, July 29, 1900, and July 30, 1897. At Key West, Fla., where the species ortanly does not ea it was seen July 22, 1889: and near there, at Sombrero Key lighthouse, the earliest dates of striking the light are July 28 and 29, 1886. The regular tide of migration sets in early in August, and the species has struck the Florida lighthouses on nineteen different nights of this month. The redstart has been: taken in Jamaica by August 10; on the Pacific 138 NORTH AMERICAN WARBLERS. slope of Costa Rica at San José,’ August 13, 1889; on the north shore of Colombia, September 2, 1898, and on the island of Antigua Septem- ber 6. All the way from its summer to its winter home, therefore, the redstart is among the earliest migrants. Migration is early along the western limit of the range of the species, but not so extraordinarily early as in the east. The migrants reach central Texas by the last of August, and have been noted near the southern limit of their range at San Luis Potosi, Mexico, by the 1st of September. For a bird that winters abundantly in Cuba the redstart closes its migration rather early. It is seldom seen in New England after the last week in September, and the largest flocks pass through North and South Carolina about the middle of the month. Some records of the last seen are: Ottawa, September 29, 1890; Montreal, August 29, 1891; North River, Prince Edward Island, September 7, 1890; St. John, New Brunswick, September 25, 1891; eastern Massachusetts, Septem- ber 24, 1896; Portland, Conn., September 26, 1890; southeastern New York, September 28, 1890; Englewood, N. J., October 3, 1886; Ger- mantown, Pa., October 8, 1888; Washington, September 24, 1890; Frenchcreek, W. Va., September 30, 1890. The greatest number of the species strike the Florida lighthouses in the first half of October, though the greatest single flights were on September 17 and 18, 1887, when about 150 birds struck each night. The eight years’ average date of the last southbound migrant seen at Raleigh, N. C., is Octo- ber 9, while the latest single date is October 13, 1886 and 1891. The latest recorded date of fall migration at Asheville, N. C., is October 28, 1894; that at Tarpon Springs, Fla., November 1, and those at Sombrero Key lighthouse, October 13, 1885, October 25, 1886, Octo- ber 17, 1887, and November 4, 1888. The following records of final departure west of the Alleghenies are similar in point of time: Fort McMurray, Athabasca, August 14, 1904; Great Falls, Mont., Septem- ber 14, 1889; Aweme, Manitoba, September 20, 1900; Lanesboro, Minn., September 22, 1887; Grinnell, Iowa, September 28, 1885; Chicago, October 5, 1894; Waterloo, Ind., October 11, 1889; Eubank, Ky., October 7, 1891; Ariel, Miss., October 18, 1897; and New Orleans, October 27, 1899. 688. Setophaga picta Swains. Painted Redstart. The painted redstart is a common resident species of the mountains of Mexico, Guatemala, and Honduras from 3,000 to 9,000 feet. It occurs as a summer resident in southern Arizona and southern New Mexico and retreats to Mexico for the winter. It is thus resident over most of its range and is a migrant in the northern portion. The first migrant appeared in southern New Mexico March 26, 1889, and in southern Arizona March 15. @Cherrie, Auk, VII, p. 337, 1890. RED-BELLIED REDSTART. , 139 -[689.] Setophaga miniata Swains. Red-bellied Redstart. The red-bellied redstart is a well-known resident species of Mexico and Guatemala, where it is found at an elevation of 1,500 to 8,000 feet. It is said by Giraud to have been taken in Texas, though its known range does not reach within several hundred miles of that State. 690. Cardellina rubrifrons (Giraud). Red-faced Warbler. The red-faced warbler breeds in the mountains of northern Mexico, southern Arizona, and New Mexico, and winters high up in the pine forests of Mexico and Guatemala. The arrival of the first was noted April 20 in the Huachuca Mountains, Arizona. [691.] Ergaticus ruber (Swains.). Red Warbler. [692.] Basileuterus culicivorus brasheri (Giraud). Brasher Warbler. [693.] Basileuterus belli (Giraud). Bell Warbler. These three warblers are all resident species in the pine regions of Mexico and Guatemala. Their only standing in the list of United States birds is the statement of Giraud that he took them in Texas. pean yellow warbler, 12, 57. udubon warbler, 12, 64-65. uterus belli, 139. heri, 139. Bachman warbler, 9, 14, 15, 30-32. Bay-breasted warbler, 10, 13, 15, 74-76. Belding yellow-throat, 7,119. Bell warbler, 139. Blackburnian warbler, 10, 11, 13, 14, 15, 80-84. ‘Black and white warbler, 9, 10,11, 13, 14, 18-22. - Black-fronted warbler, 12, 65. -Black-poll warbler, 7, 9, 10, 14, 15, 76-80. gray warbler, 12, 87. _ green warbler, 10, 11, 14, 15, 87-90. a 3lue-winged eaters, 11, 12, 14, 15, 32-34. ‘Bobolink, 14. _ Brasher warbler, 139. Cairns warbler, 57-61. Calaveras warbler, 12,39. _ Canadian warbler, 10, 11, 15, 129-132. _ Cape May warbler, 9, 16, 50-52. Cardellina rubrifrons, 12, 139. Cerulean warbler, 10, 13, 15, 69-71 Chestnut-sided warbler, 10, 11, 13, 15, 71-74. Compsothlypis americana, 9, 10, 11, 13, 15, 45-50. i nigrilora, 12,50. | usnez, 45-50. - Connecticut warbler, 9, 15, 110-112. Dendroica estiva, 7, 8,10, 11,13, 14, 15, 52-56. albilora, 11,14, 15, 85-86. auduboni, 12, 64-65. blackburnie, 10, 11, 13, 14, 15, 80-84. cerulescens, 9, 10, 14, 15, 16, 57-61. cairnsi, 57-61. castanea, 10,13, 15, 74-76. castaneiceps, 57. cerulea, 10, 13, 15, 69-71. chrysoparia, 12, 87. coronata, 9, 10, 11, 14, 15, 61-64, discolor, 9, 10, 16, 96-99. : dominica, 9, 10, 14, 16, 84-85. gracile, 12, 86. hypochrysea, 16, 95-96. kirtlandi, 9, 16, 91-92. maculosa, 10,11, 13, 14, 15, 65-68. nigrescens, 12, 87. nigrifrons, 12, 65. occidentalis, 12, 91. olivacea, 12, 52. palmarum, 9, 10, 15, 93-95. pensylvanica, 10,11, 13, 15, 71-74. rubiginosa, 12, 57. sonorana, 12,56. striata, 7, 9, 10, 14, 15, 76-80. tigrina, 9, 16, 50-57. “Dendroica townsendi, 12, 90-91. ‘Black-throated blue warbler, 9, 10, 14, 15, 16, 57-61. vigorsii, 16, 92-93. virens, 10, 11, 14, 15, 87-90. Dolichonyx oryzivorus, 14. Dusky warbler, 42. Ergaticus ruber, 139. Florida kingbird, 14. Florida yellow-throat, 7, 10, 16, 115-116. Geothlypis agilis, 9, 15, 110-112. arizela, 12,119. beldingi, 7, 119. brachidactyla, 9, 10, 11, 14, 15, 116-119. formosa, 10, 15, 108-110. ignota, 7, 10, 16, 115-116. occidentalis, 11, 12,119. philadelphia, 10, 13, 15, 112-114. poliocephala, 12, 119. sinuosa, 119. tolmiei, 12, 114-115. trichas, 9, 16, 115. rs Golden-cheeked warbler, 12, 87. Golden pileolated warbler, 12, 129. Golden-winged warbler, 10, 14, 35-37. Grace warbler, 12, 86. Grinnell water-thrush, 12, 15, 105-106. Helinaia swainsoni, 8, 9, 15, 27-28. Helminthophila bachmani, 9, 14, 15, 30-32. celata, 11, 15, 40-41. chrysoptera, 10, 14, 35-87. gutteralis, 12,39. lucie, 12, 37. lutescens, 12, 41-42. peregrina, 11,138, 15, 42-45. pinus, 11, 13, 14, 15, 32-34. ' rubricapilla, 11, 13, 15, 37-39. sordida, 42. Virginie, 12, 37. Helmitheros vermivorus, 9, 10, 15, 28-30. Hermit warbler, 12,91. ilooded warbler, 10, 11, 14, 15, 123-126. Icteria longicauda, 12, 122-123. virens, 7,10, 11,13, 15, 120-122. . Kentucky warbler, 10, 15, 108-110. Kingbird, 8. Kirtland warbler, 9, 16, 91-92. Long-tailed chat, 12, 122-123. Louisiana water-thrush, 9, 10, 11, 14, 15, 106-107. Lucy warbler, 12, 37. Lutescent warbler, 12, 41-42. Macgillivray warbler, 12, 114-115. Magnolia warbler, 10, 11, 13, 14, 15, 65-68. Mangrove warbier, 57. Maryland yellow-throat, 9,16, 115. Mniotilta varia, 9, 10, 11, 13, 14, 18-22. Mourning warbler, 10,13, 15, 112-114. Myrtle warbler, 9,10, 11,14, 15, 61-64. 14i la Be cs. 9, ‘10, ‘lL, 13) ‘Is, 45-80. eolated warbler, 12, 128-129. e warbler, 16, 92-93. rairie warbler, 9, 10, 16, 96-99. -Protonotaria citrea, 10, 14, 22-27. _ Prothonotary warbler 10, 14, 22-27. - Red-bellied redstart, 139. > -Red- -faced warbler, 12, 139. Redstart, 9, 10, 11, 18, 14, 15, 132-138. te painted, 12, 188. : red-bellied, 139. Red warbler, 139. Rio Grande yellow-throat, 12, 119. Salt marsh yellow-throat, 119. Seiurus aurocapillus, 9, 10, 11, 14, 15, 99-102. - motacilla, 9, 10, 11, 14, 15, 106-107. notabilis, 12, 15, 105-106. . é Bees 9 i, Townsend warbler, 12, 90-91. ‘Tyrannus dominicensis, 14. tyrannus, 8. Virginia warbler, 12, 37. Water-thrush, 9, 10, 11, 14, 15, 102-105. Western yellow-throat, 11, 12, 119. Wilsonia canadensis, 10, 11, 15, 129-132. chryseola, 12, 129. mitrata, 10,11, 14, 15, 123-126. pileolata, 12, 128-129, pusilla, 11, 13, 15, 126-128. Wilson warbler, 11, 13, 15, 126-128. Worm-eating warbler, 9, 10, 15, 28-30. Yellow-breasted chat, 7, 10,11, 13, 15, 120-122. Yellow palm warbler, 16, 95-96. Yellow-throated warbler, 9,10, 14, 16, 84-85. Yellow warbler, 7, 8,10, 11,18, 14, 15, 52-56. 5, ySess SHES Ps -+ ear gt L& * Lae Beer eae Oe ap nyt ee De ae e pars eee as: < ~ ad Crs. at