&* V r I TUFTS UNIVERSITY LIBRARIES 3 9090 014 530 659 Webster Family Library of Veterinary Medicine Cummlngs School of Veterinary Medicine at Tirfl ufis University 200 Westboro Road North Grafton, MA 01 536 am DOGS: Management and Treatment DISEASE A STUDY OF THE THEOBY AND PRACTICE OF CANINE MEDICINE. SECOND EDITION, REVISED AND ENLARGED. By ASHMONT. PUBLISHED BY J. LORING THAYER, Boston: 1891, S<=avr (Mb PREFACE The rapid advancement in science has wrought many changes in the principles and practice of medicine, added new remedies to the resources of the physician, exploded many old theories, and dissi- pated countless fancies and prejudices. Well worn paths have been left, new fields traversed, and discoveries made, which aid not only in the cure, but in the prevention of disease. Important lessons have been taught, and the limits of knowledge extended, by trials of endurance which have developed unsuspected latent powers, both in man and animals. Further progress will yet be made, of which speculation is fruitless. To place before the reader a faithful exposition of medicine, as it exists at the present time, is the purpose of the author. No finished treatise is attempted, replete with scientific technicalities, calculated to confuse and mystify, but in simple, comprehensive language and expression, on these pages are described the promi- nent appearances in disease, and the manner of applying remedies, sustained largely by the results of personal observation. This book is submitted with the ardent hope it may be found a source of instruction, and aid in the care of man's true and faithful friend, the Dog. ASHMONT. CONTENTS CHAPTER I. GENERAL MANAGEMENT. PAGE Introduction.— The Care of Puppies after "Weaning.— Feeding.— Exercise.— Washing.— Kennel Arrangements.— Grooming.— Vermin. ... I CHAPTER II. ANTIDOTES AND TREATMENT IN CASES OF POISONING. General Remarks.— Rules in using Medicine. — Arsenic— Strychnine and Nux Vomica.— Carbolic Acid.— Phosphorus.— Mercury.— Lead Salts.— Gen- eral Antidote 15 CHAPTER III. THE PRINCIPLES OF MEDICINE. Pathology.— Definition of Health.— Diagnosis.— Reasoning by way of Exclu- sion.—Prognosis.— Prognostics.— Causation.— Administering Medicine. . 19 CHAPTER IV. SPECIAL PATHOLOGY AND THERAPEUTICS. Introduction.— Definition of terms Acute, Subacute, and Chronic— Self-limited Duration of Certain Diseases.— The Expectant Plan of Treatment- Rules for Estimating the Doses of Medicine.— Examination of a Dog.— Indications of the Pulse.— Importance of Hygienic Measures of Treat- ment 23 DISEASES AFFECTING THE RESPIRATORY ORGANS. Acute Pleurisy.— Chronic Pleurisy.— Pneumonia.— Bronchitis.— Consumption. —Asthma. — Acute Laryngitis.— Chronic Laryngitis. — Acute Catarrh.— Nasal Polypus.— Ozsena. — Influenza. . 25 CHAPTER V. AFFECTIONS OF THE MOUTH AND TONGUE. Eruption of the Teeth.— Treatment of the Teeth.— Softening of the Gums.— Cancrum Oris.— Salivation. — Blain.— Inflammation of the Tongue.— Pharyngitis 49 IV. CONTENTS. CHAPTER VI. DISEASES AFFECTING THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM. Indigestion.— Acute Gastritis.— Chronic Gastritis.— Vomiting.— Colic — Diar- rhoea.—Dysentery.— Constipation.— Enteritis.— Intestinal Obstruction.— Peritonitis.— Piles.— Fistula in Ano.— Prolapsus Ani.-Fissure of the Anus. 55 CHAPTER VII. DISEASES AFFECTING THE SOLID ORGANS OF THE ABDOMEN. Acute Hepatitis.— Chronic Hepatitis.— Fatty Liver.— Jaundice.— Torpor of the Liver.— Passage of Gall Stones.— Cancer of the Liver.— Affections of the Spleen.— Diseases of the Pancreas.— Sugar in the Liver.— Digestion of Starch 83 CHAPTER Vin. DISEASES OF THE URINARY ORGANS. Nephritis.— Acute Cystitis.— Chronic Cystitis.— Cystic Calculi.— Renal Calculi. —Retention of Urine.— Hematuria 97 CHAPTER IX. DISEASES OF THE GENERATIVE ORGANS. Balanitis.— Paraphymosis.— Inflammation of the Scrotum.— Morbid Growths. —Prolapse of the Vagina.— Polypi of the Vagina— Acute Metritis.— Affections of the Vulva. 105 CHAPTER X. DISEASES OF THE EYE. Ophthalmia.— Iritis.— Cataract— Amaurosis.— Protrusion of the Eyeball.— Lachrymal Apparatus.— Affections of the Haw.— Affections of the Eyelids. Ill CHAPTER XI. DISEASES OF THE EAR. Canker.— Otitis, Media or Interna.— Polypus.— Deafness.— Affections of the Flap of the Ear. 119 CHAPTER XII. DISEASES OF THE SKIN. Eczema.— Sarcoptic Mange. — Follicular Mange.— Prurigo.— Pruritus.— Favus. —Ringworm. — Erythema.— Erysipelas. 127 CONTENTS. CHAPTER XIII. INTESTINAL PARASITES. PAGE General Remarks.— Giant Strongle. — Wrinkled Thread-worm.— Cruel Thread- worm.—Ascaris Marginata.— Taenia 143 CHAPTER XIV. DISEASES OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM. Hydrophobia.— Convulsions.— Vertigo.— Apoplexy.— Concussion of the Brain.— Hydrocephalus.— Compression of the Brain.— Acute Meningitis.— Chronic Meningitis.— Chorea.— Neuralgia.— Paralysis.— Tetanus 151 CHAPTER XV. GENERAL DISEASES. Distemper. — Diphtheria. — Rheumatism. — Lumbago. — Eruptive Fevers. — Dropsy.— Anaemia.— Plethora.— Obesity.— Rickets. — Scrofula. — Maras- mus 181 CHAPTER XVI. SURGICAL AFFECTIONS. Wounds.— Umbilical Hernia.— Sprains.— Burns and Scalds.— Fractures and Dislocations 199 CHAPTER XVII. SEXUAL GENERATION. Ovulation.— Ovaries.— Size and Appearance of the Eggs.— Their Ripening and Discharge.— Fecundation of the Germ.— Conditions of their Impregna- tion.—OUstruation.— Duration —When to Mate.— Enforced Concourse. 205 DOGS: THEIR MANAGEMENT AND TREATMENT IN DISEASE. CHtfPTE® /. IJYTR OB UCTIOJY. As the object of this work is to treat of the dog in a state of disease, the author has deemed it expedient to confine himself to those essential con- siderations in keeping with his purpose, reserving for a future effort the subject of Breeding and attendant interests. The introduction of general management which might seem extraneous, is yet pursuant of this design, on the assumption that a knowledge of the prevention of disease, is intimately associated with the study of pathology, and holds a place scarcely inferior to that of a familiarity with the princi- ples and practice of medicine. Many diseases are preventable by removing or obviating their causes; reforms in ventilation, cleanliness and diet, there is reason to believe, accomplish much, and are among the most important modes by which diseases may be prevented. The care of puppies from the period of weaning, is treated of in a gen- eral way. In the management of dogs after maturity is reached, minor details are dwelt upon, it being assumed that, to some at least, their con- sideration may prove of value. The number of drugs capable of producing death, under certain condi- tions, is almost limitless, as medicines, possessing sufficient activity to be of much value, are always poisons in inordinate or excessive quantities. 2 IXTRODUCTIOX. In the chapter devoted to the subject, the action of dangerous agents, more generally encountered, is discussed. In the consideration of the different diseases, cmises, symptoms, treatment and prognosis are each of recognized importance, and diagnosis if necessary to discriminate from one of several diseases with which it has more or less symptomatic phenomena in common.* To dwell on pathological anatomy, or the appearances in a morbid or dis- eased state, must necessarily confuse the reader and reference excepting in rare instances is avoided. In the arrangement of diseases convenience is studied. Under general diseases are considered all unclassified. It is implied that operative surgery is beyond the capacity of many, and as an exhaustive treatise on the subject would prove of but little value, only the simpler operations, and treatment in cases of emergency are con- sidered. The final chapter is devoted to reproduction, that very interesting process being briefly reviewed. Several pages are allotted to ozstruation, and in a series of hints, rather than in an attempted treatise on the subject, some practical information is submitted. The Care of Puppies After Weaning. One of the greatest essentials in the rearing of puppies, especially the case in large breeds, is sufficient exercise. Under no consideration chain them, but allow almost absolute freedom of movement. If kept in a pen, it should be large and so constructed that they can lie down or stand on all fours and look between the boards ; for standing on the hind legs to look over, would invite weak backs and cow-hacks. The sleeping quarters should be kept scrupulously clean, frequently whitewashed, and free from draughts. Tn the warmer weather, pine shavings or sawdust is the best bedding; in winter, use clean straw, and change it frequently. In feeding puppies, their discharges should be watched, and the diet varied as the need manifests itself. Milk is one of the most important articles of food in the earlier weeks after weaning. It may be frequently given; some caution must be used, however. It should be old or skimmed — never fresh from the cow. Three or four times a week, sour milk may be given, as it is an enemy to worms. It will be well to add limewater to sweet milk when used. The proportion should be nearly one-sixth part. Sometimes when feeding milk freely to very young puppies, diarrhoea manifests itself. A change must at once be made to beef tea and broths, into which may be broken crackers or bread. Too much importance cannot be given to the early administration of meat, which must be fresh and lean. Unsound food should never be used in any form. Meat may be given raw or cooked, — small quantities of the former at first, — and when the age of three or four months is reached, let it be scraped or finely cut, and given after other food has been eaten. Meat may be cooked alone or with vegetables,— onions in small quantities are especially healthy and palatable, — then removed, and in the liquor, oat- meal, indian meal, or wheat middlings, should be well boiled and thoroughly cooked. Then the meat can be chopped up and added with the crushed veg- etables. Rice and pearl-barley may be given occasionally. Liver, from its laxative action, must be used guardedly, if at all. Large bones may frequently be given ; but beware of small bones that may possibly sliver, for many valuable dogs have been killed by them. Remember always CAPE OF PUPPIES. that the great secrets in feeding are, wholesome food and a variety in diet. Where only a few dogs are kept, the "scraps" from the table, from their varied nature, cannot he improved upon. Mix potatoes and other vegetables with a little gravy and small pieces of meat. Until six months old, feed three times a day, then twice daily until maturity is reached. Remain with the pup while eating, and as soon as he turns from his food remove it at once. Never urge a dog to eat if he shows from his manner that he has no appetite. Prepare something else and tempt him with it, and if he still declines, wait until his next regular time of feeding and try again. As a rule, give as little medicine as possible to puppies. Probably the most common affection observed among them is indigestion in some form or other. As castor oil or syrup of buckthorn can do no harm, if an odor to the breath, a hot nose, sluggish manner, or disinclination to eat is noted, give either, and watch the discharges. If very offensive, or if undigested matter appears in them, the cause is apparent. Stop all food for a time, and when next given, select only the simplest and most easily digestible, — milk and lime-water preferred. Vegetables have a tendency to purify the blood and keep the bowels in good condition. When these cannot be given, other means should be employed in the form of a mild physic. It is a good plan to give a dose of sulphur, either alone or with powdered magnesia, if a laxative is needed. Mix this with the food once or twice a week in summer, and less often in colder weather. The ordinary dose is one-half a teaspoonf ul of each. Diarrhoea is usually the result of indigestion — often nature's effort to throw off the disease. In many cases regulating the diet will suffice. Give porridge made of boiled milk and flour, baked until slightly brown. If the attack is severe, first imitate nature by giving a dose of castor oil, it being desirable that the contents of the intestines should be effectually removed, in order to prevent their continued passage over the inflamed surface, and to secure, as far as possible, that important end in the treatment of all inflam- mations, namely, quietude of the inflamed parts. Paregoric, as the simplest form of opiate, may then be given in one or two teaspoonful doses, every six or eight hours. Worms are a common enemy to pups. The giving of sour milk will do much to prevent their formation. Their presence may be suspected when bloating occurs beyond that which the food taken would be likely to produce. For worms in puppies three months old, give one or two grains of santonine in butter, after they have fasted twelve hours ; follow this dose, three hours later, with one of castor oil. Fleas are a constant source of annoyance. Washing young puppies is never admissible. Combing with a fine comb dipped in kerosene oil, or rubbing flea pouder into the hair, are the means to be employed. DOGS EY HE<H. GEWEog biscuits, so called, have within a few years become very popular in FEEDING. 7 large kennels; when honestly prepared, they are an excellent diet. The manner of feeding them should be frequently changed; at times given dry, at others soaked in milk or broths, or crushed with vegetables. : I Bones, the dog's tooth brush, are an essential. By their use the muscles * of the jaws are kept strong, and the pleasure they give the animals is very evident; their value may be lessened however, by too frequent feeding, as many a broken well worn tooth testifies. While the use of vegetables adds flavor to the food and excites the appetite of the animal, it has still another important action as a gentle laxative. Liver has the same property, and the conditions of the bowels should direct its use. Among the medicinal agents often administered with the food, sulphur may be properly referred to while on the subject of feeding. It is laxative and resolvent, and is supposed to be rendered soluble by the soda of the bile. It is thrown out of the system by the bowels and through the skin, and for that reason has an influence on cutaneous diseases. Its occasional use can do no harm, and unless a perfect condition of the animal contra- \ indicates, it may be given once or twice a week in summer, and once or twice a month in colder weather. The dose for a fifty pound dog is one teaspoonful, and may be mingled with the food or given in milk. Many authors have dwelt upon the dirt-eating propensity of dogs, and concluded therefrom, that the proper method of feeding is to throw the food on to the ground. The writer is of the opinion that if such a propen- sity exists, it is wiser to leave the dogs to nature's promptings and let them eat dirt when they choose, rather than insist upon its being eaten at every meal. He therefore prefers to feed his animals from clean dishes, and the cleaner the better. The greatest importance is attached to the quality of the food given. It should be of the very best, and no tainted meat, mouldy bread, or food changed in its integrity, should ever be used in any form. Many people consider decomposing meat better for a dog, and attempt to fortify their arguments, by illustrating with the fact, that the animal will occasionally bury a bone or part of his food, to be dug up and eaten later. The fact is true, but the inference an ancient absurdity. A dog never buries meat when he is hungry, but after a hearty meal will often do so, proving our supposition that it is his natural food, an evidence of his great craving, which he will eat in any form, no matter how badly decayed. Give him sufficient fresh meat and he will never seek carrion. Chloride of Sodium or common salt, some authors state, "is poison to a dog." In this the writer cannot agree, but on the contrary deems it essen- tial to perfect health. It is found throughout the tissues and fluids of the 8 GENERAL MANAGEMENT. body, exerts an important influence on the solution of various other ingre- dients with which it is associated, and the blood globules are maintained by it in a state of integrity. Since common salt is so universally present in all parts of the body, it is an important ingredient of food. It occurs in all animal and vegetable food as well, though in smaller amount in the latter, and acts in a favorable manner as a condiment, by exciting digestion, and assisting in this way the solution of the food. In connection with the subject of feeding, reference to the appetite is pertinent. Remember dogs will eat when hungry. For them to refuse a meal occasionally, means nothing. Evidence is not wanting where they have passed days and even weeks in confinement without food, and yet recovered without injury from their long fast. If food is placed before the animal and he turns from it, something else should be prepared to tempt him. If he still declines, it should be removed and another attempt be made at his next regular time of feeding. If a dog is in good health, simply dainty, this method repeated again and again, if needed, will prove effectual, and he will finally eat whatever may be offered him. Regularity in the hour of feeding should be observed. The number of times to feed is a disputed question, with the weight of authority on the side of once a day, at night, and all they can then eat. Owners must decide for themselves, influenced by what has been their custom, the condition of their animals, and the amount of work required of them. Where only one dog is kept, no doubt in many instances it is over fed, especially if allowed the freedom of the kitchen While the fact is apparent, that once a day is all a dog actually needs to be fed, the question arises : would it not be wiser to give him a little less at night, and a mere trifle in the morning? It would seem thereby that the dangers of indigestion would be lessened. It might be said that even of greater importance than good wholesome food, is a constant supply of good fresh water. The system suffers more rapidly when entirely deprived of fluids than when the solid food only is withdrawn. Magendie found in his experiments on dogs subjected to fasting, that if the animals were supplied with water alone, they lived six, eight, and even ten days longer than if they were deprived the same time of both solid and liquid food. Some will dissent from this theory of feeding, arguing that domestica- tion has wrought changes in the canine race which make meat no longer a necessity. To them be it said, that if the dog, since recalled from his vicious life, has as the companion of man been so changed in nature, instincts, constitution and habits , if he now, like man, is omnivorous, even then organic substances found only in animal food are as essential to the maintenance of the integrity of the body. GENERAL MANAGEMENT. 9 Exercise. Exercise develops the muscles of the body, increases their functional activity, hastens the digestion of food, and renders its assimilation easier. It improves nutrition by elevating the temperature, opens the pores of the skin, stimulating its functions, and through the lungs, by the stronger movements excited, it favors the exhalation of impurities and excesses. Too much importance cannot be attached to this subject. Keeping a dog confined with insufficient exercise is cruelty itself, which no excuse can justify. Never chain a dog should be the rule, but unfortunately it cannot always be observed. Certain methods may, however, be resorted to, and a confined animal have greater freedom and still be restrained. A post can be set up as far from the kennel as the limits of the owner's premises will allow, a wire fastened to it and passed through a ring, the other end attached to the kennel and drawn taut. The dog can then be chained to the ring, which will slide freely the entire length of the wire, permitting greater latitude and the animal still be held in check. This means may be employed in cities, and where it is impossible to allow them to run at large. When dogs are kept in yards, the plan adopted by the writer can be re- sorted to. Fences or hurdles can be built entirely across the inclosures. These must be placed low at first, simply high enough to force the animal to make an easy jump, then in three or four weeks raised a few inches, another interval allowed to pass, and raised again. The results from the employment of this means are admirable, especially in the case of dogs inclined to be weak in the loins, and needing development behind. In conditioning dogs, especially for exhibitions, no better exercise can be recommended than slow walking; the distance being from two to four miles daily. By this means they will eat more, digest it better, and accu- mulate flesh more rapidly. While exercise is imperative, extremes must be avoided and caution used. If a dog is habituated to following a team, there is less danger oi over exertion ; if not so accustomed, care must be observed lest the sys- tem be disordered by too great effort. In winter, if a hard run is taken and he returns in a heated condition, he must not be shut into a cold' ken- nel, but be allowed to cool gradually in a warm room. After a hearty meal the dog retires to his kennel to sleep, as did the ancients, while the first part at least of digestion is being performed. Violent exercise should never be allowed until the process is completed. By unduly great muscular exertion, while the stomach is loaded, the food is but imperfectly acted upon by that organ, is hurried into the intestines; diarrhoea and other affections follow. 10 GENERAL MANAGEMENT. Washing. Washing is admissible in summer, anil undoubtedly lias its benefits in colder weather when all influences are favorable, and proper precautions observed ; unfortunately, neglect results too seriously, and it cannot be insisted upon, that bathing is an absolute necessity for dogs. Some breeds take to the water naturally and find pleasure in it, but the reluctance of others, and the disposition shown by them to conceal them- selves when the preparation to wash commences, is an indication that the process will prove a hardship. Where it is possible, it is better to allow them access to a tub or cistern of water, and leave them to follow their natural promptings. Very dirty coats, vermin, and cutaneous diseases sometimes make wash- ing imperative. If these needs arc not evident, it is wiser to do little or none of it, for care in the kennel arrangements and thorough grooming will obviate the necessity. Washing in cold weather is extremely hazardous, and the animal is almost certain to take cold unless the greatest care is observed after the operation. He must be confined to the house until thoroughly dry, then judiciously exercised before returned to his kennel. In warm weather the dangers are much less, yet care should be observed. The method of washing naturally suggests itself, and need not be dwelt upon. The purpose for which the animal is washed will direct the nature of the soaps to be used. If mere cleanliness of the coat is the object, champooing is the better means to employ. Eggs broken and rubbed into the hair, then sponged off, leave it clean, soft, and glossy. The sea-foam champoo of barbers is also excellent as a stimulant and for cleanliness. Fleas demand the use of soaps which destroy them. Cutaneous diseases call for carbolic, sulphur, and the varieties of soaps mentioned elsewhere under skin diseases. If used properly there is little or no danger of absorption from the strong carbolic preparations ; the operation must be rapidly performed, and by a thorough rinsing every trace of the soaps removed. Washing after a hearty meal is never admissible. Neither cold nor warm baths should be prolonged. Strong, hardy dogs, after gentle exer- cise, may be allowed to swim for a short time, but to remain too long in the water, invites debility and congestive diseases. For dogs enfeebled or suffering from disease, warm baths only should be allowed. During convalescence washing is warrantable only when every precaution against exposure is taken. After an attack of distem- per, bathing should be delayed several weeks, at least. GENERAL MANAGEMENT. 11 Kennel Arrangements. In kennelling, the primary essentials are, good ventilation, perfect clean- liness, dryness, and freedom from draughts. Less sickness undoubtedly occurs when dogs are inured to climatio changes. Those animals accustomed to out -door kennels, are usually far healthier than those that are allowed the freedom of the house. Again when a disease like distemper attacks them, it runs a shorter and much less severe course; their natures, more elastic, seem to throw off the in- firmities quicker. In winter dogs suffer as much, if not more, from artificial heat than they do from exposure to intense cold. Many are allowed in houses and around the stoves during the day, and are kennelled out at night, or shut into a cold stable, thus experiencing the greatest extreme in temperature; a fruitful source of disease. To kennel out and constantly keep in the open air, the coarser long- haired breeds, seem the wiser. Their houses should be carefully con- structed, raised several inches from the ground, and the space beneath carefully boarded. These should, in winter, face the rising sun, and be provided with a glass front. The door may be hung on hinges, so that it can be opened by the dog from within or without, or it may be dispensed with, in which case a projection should be built around the door-way on the outside, to prevent rain from entering. A room within a room in winter is the better. The inner or sleeping quarters can be easily constructed by partitioning off a pai-t, leaving an opening as a passage for the animal, then laying a supplementary raised floor on which the bedding can be placed. This inner kennel can be ren- dered warm, snug, and free from all possible draughts, by covering the floor and sides with tarred paper. Where dogs are housed at night in stables, barns, or large rooms, these same sleeping boxes should always be used in the colder weather. The floors of the kennel should be covered with sawdust as it is the cheapest and cleanest. For bedding, straw in winter, and fine shavings in summer are preferred. Cleanliness is of paramount importance. In this connection, the meth- ods employed by the writer may be of interest. Every week in warm and cold weather alike, in his kennels, the sawdust and bedding are removed, the doors and windows closed, and the building purified by introducing a kerosene stove, and burning sulphur thereon. The walls, even the floors if necessary, are then thoroughly washed with lime, and if the weather is damp or very cold, the stove is again introduced and the white-wash dried. After all dampness is removed, the floors are covered with a disinfectant, 13 KENNEL ARRANGEMENTS. lime and carbolic acid more often used, tarred paper then laid down, on it sawdust, and then the bedding. It is important where several dogs are kept, that they be provided with separate kennels, at least no more than two be allowed to remain together, as infectious diseases are sometimes transmitted, in their earliest stages, and may become general before de- tection. This danger is especially great where the care of the animals is intrusted to servants. GROOMING. In the stable, one often hears the old adage, " a good grooming is better for a horse than a feeding." The same holds true in the kennel. The ancient Averrhces gave the sum of the directions by Galen and other authorities, in his reference to friction applied to the human body. Strong friction, he said, braces and hardens the body; weak, rarefies and softens ; moderate, in an intermediate degree. Besides, he added, hard friction diminishes obesity; moderate, on the other hand, tends to remove emaci- ation. Not only is the health of a dog improved by grooming, but his changed appearance well repays the owner for the effort. Again in the operation, commencing cutaneous diseases and vermin are detected, suggesting the prompt application of remedies and much trouble and annoyance thereby averted. In the use of a comb, care should be observed lest the skin be irritated and mange propagated. A clean, fairly stiff hair brush, a bathing hair-glove, or a pad of woollen yarns, and a chamois skin are all the essentials. Their use can be followed by hand rubbing, an admirable method of adding a line finish and produc- ing a gloss. Sufficient only for the removal of dirt and small scales from the skin, should tbe hair be brushed or combed in any other direction than that in which it naturally falls. When preparing for bench shows and hand-rub bing is indulged in to an unusual extent, too great pressure over the loins is to be avoided, as weakness in the muscles of that region can be induced by it. Eoughncss of the coat and a preternatural dryness of the hair, it must be remembered, is in consequence of internal diseases, or of a general disturbance of nutrition. That the latter has great influence on the growth of the hair, is proved by various experiments. Magendie fed a dog exclusively on cheese; the animal remained apparently healthy but lost his hair completely, probably because his food did not furnish to the blood the material necessary for its formation. GENERAL MANAGEMENT. 13 J'EftMIJY. Fleas, more especially in warm weather, are the bane of a dog's existence, and only the most constant care and watchfulness can insure protection from this unmitigated nuisance. There are literally two species of this parasite; the common-flea (pulex irritans.) and the sand-flea (pulex penetrans.) The former bites, producing papules or wheals; the latter bores into the skin, causing inflammation. The sand-fleas, as the name implies, are common in sandy districts, and are very difficult to combat. Even when entirely removed, they are quite certain to return. Kennels infected, if situated in the sand, should be moved to a foundation of black earth. If that is impossible, earth should be drawn and the floors and ground surrounding be covered with it, then insect powder be blown freely into every crack and crevice, and rubbed well into the dogs; this will drive them away for a time, but the method must be repeated or they will return. The common-flea needs much the same continued effort to suppress him. Grooming, combing, and washing will do much, but generally other means must be employed. }Yhale oil is an effectual remedy but its use is an abomination ; it must be thoroughly rubbed into the hair of the animal, from tip to tip, and allowed to remain on, some hours at least, during whi^h time he must be kept in a warm room, as there is great danger of taking cold; then eggs may be used as a champoo and washed off, or soap and water alone, followed by a persistent combing, and after all a hard run be given. Quassia chips boiled to a strong infusion, or in the form of tincture, when sponged on freely, will be found efficacious. Carbolic acid and soaps incorporated with the same are excellent, but must be used cautiously, or poison from absorption may result ; a mixture of carbolic acid, two drachms of the crystals to a pint of water, is sufficiently strong. The phenol sodique is preferable to carbolic acid, as there is little danger of poisonous ab- sorption, and may be used diluted with the same quantity of water. The sulphuret of lime used with such success in Belgium for the itch, acts quite well as a cure of vermin; a weak solution of it can be made by boil- ing together the flowers of sulphur two pounds, unslaked lime one pound, water two gallons; slack the lime first then add the sulphur slowly, stir- ring well, and finally boil down to one gallon. Let the mixture cool and precipitate, then pour off the clear fluid and apply it freely to the hair of the dog, allowing it to dry on. Balsamperu is an agent which has been, in times passed, much valued iix parasitic troubles. Its efficacy, is unquestioned, but it is rather too expen- sive for general use. 14 VERMIS. Kerosene and crude petroleum are used advantageously in many kennels, the method employed being, to dip a comb into the oils and pass it per- sistently through the hair, being careful that little or none reaches the skin, which is likely to become irritated thereby. Insect powder is an excellent remedy, and can be economically used, by laying the dog on a paper while being rubbed. Lice and wood-ticks demand much the same treatment that fleas do, the preference being given to petroleum oil. A strong infusion of the seeds of the stavesacre is a sure remedy, but they are not easy to procure. Many authors advise the use of mercury in some form, the white precipitate the more common. It should not be employed until all the simpler remedies have failed, and then be used with great caution, the dog being securely muzzled. Where vermin have become troublesome, the kennels should be thor- oughly cleaned, bedding destroyed, and sulphur burned, after which, all parts should be faithfully whitewashed. The continued scratching of animals causes eczema which must be treated, after the vermin is removed, with external applications of cod- liver oil, sulphur and lard, or phenol sodique, and possibly the employment of the usual mange remedies will be demanded. Straw bedding invites the lodgment of fleas and their removal from it is exceedingly difficult. The comfort of dogs, occupying cold kennels in winter, demands its use, and during that season the spirit of turpentine sprinkled freely about the apartment and over the bedding will do much to lessen the evil. In summer fine shavings afford a comfortable bed, and if fre- quently renewed, fleas will be much less annoying. Painting the walls with kerosene oil is a practice followed by some, from which good results invariably follow. CH&ie?i?. — T\\e objects of treatment are to remove the effused liquid, and develop and sustain the general strength of the system. For the first object, the measures which may be employed, are the same as in the last stage of acute pleurisy. Small blisters, or the tincture of iodine may be applied to the affected side, and mild laxatives should be judiciously given if the general condition and strength warrant their use. The second object calls for tonic remedies, which should be given three times a day. A pill, combining several of the more powerful agents, can be made as follows — R Quiniaa Sulph. gr. xxiv Ferri Carb. g ss Ext. Nucis Vomica? gr. viij Ft. Pil. No. xxiv. Sig. Dose one three times daily. Tonics should be persisted in, and may be changed occasionally, as the animal becomes accustomed to their use. The pills may, after a time, be discontinued, and the syrup of the iodide of iron in ten drop doses, or the elixir of calisaya bark, iron, and strychnia in teaspoonful doses, be given. If the animal be thin in flesh, cod liver oil must be added to the treatment. Pure air, gentle exercise, and nutritious diet are essential in this, as in all exhausting diseases. In extreme cases, where a rapid formation of the liquid effusion threat- ens death by suffocation, tapping the chest may be resorted to, but a skil- ful physician, the family attendant, should be employed for the operation, which, in but few cases, will result successfully, as the fluid generally returns. DISEASES OF THE RESPIRATORY ORGANS. 31 (Pneumonia. An inflammation of the substance of the lungs, or pneumonia is charac- terized by an exudation into the air cells, solidifying for a time that por- tion of the lung affected. The first appreciable anatomical change in this disease is an abnormal accumulation of blood, due to an active congestion of the parts involved. This condition lasts but for a short time, and is speedily followed by an exudation, a material which escapes from the blood and coagulates within the air-cells. The cells are filled and dis- tended with this exuded matter and cease to contain air. The lung is solidified, presenting an appearance not unlike liver, and hence this con- dition is called hepatization. If the progress of the disease be favorable, the exudation is removed mainly or exclusively by absorption, and the recovery of the affected part is complete. If the disease progresses unfavorably, absorption of the product within the air cells does not take place, the substance of the lung softens and breaks down, a condition called purulent infiltration. The constitutional symptoms then become more marked, the distress more apparent. The expression grows even more piteous and haggard, the eyes more sunken. The nostrils dilate, the cough loose, becomes per- sistent and distressing, and the mouth and lips are covered with a thick slime. The breath which has a sweet, sickish odor, comes quick and short. Approaching suffocation is obvious. The sitting position so long main- tained is still persevered in, until the limbs become dropsical, the skin cold and clammy, the pulse faint and flickering, finally death ends all. Causation.— While exposure to cold, is an evident cause of pneumonia in many cases, it is probably but an exciting influence co-operating with an existing morbid condition or predisposition, which we are unable to comprehend. The disease is in many cases developed spontaneously, no obvious cause apparent. Symptoms. — The, invasion of the disease is often abrupt. In a large proportion of cases pneumonia is ushered in with a chill, as shown by shiverings. Speedily following the chill pain is manifest, in some cases severe, in others very slight. Cough usually appears soon after the attack commences. It may be prominent, and is sometimes wanting. The matter coughed up is at first scanty and thick. In a certain proportion of cases it soon assumes a character distinctive of the disease termed rusty, from its reddish tint like iron rust. Fever follows immediately the invasion of the disease. The pulse runs high, loss of appetite occurs, great thirst is experienced, and prostration manifested. The nose becomes hot and dry, the eyes reddened. The res- pirations increase in frequency, as the disease progresses, until a sense 82 PNEUMONIA. of suffocation forces the animal to assume a sitting position, with extend- ed head and protruded tongue. Diagnosis. — During the early stage, by placing the ear to the affected side, crepitation can he heard in most cases. This when present is highly distinctive of pneumonia. The crepitant sound is dry, very fine, crackling, and heard only on inspiration. This sound is due to the separation or bursting of agglutinized bubbles, and is much the same as one hears made by the boot when walking on crusted snow. In the second stage, after the lung has become solidified, percussion shows marked dulness, a flat dead sound being emitted. The respiratory sound becomes exaggerated by the law of transmission of sound by solids, and the bronchial respiration is distinctly heard. Crepitation may be present in this stage, and may be wanting. When recovery from the disease commences, the respiratory sound grows more natural, crepitation at times returns, and frequently a sub- crepitant sound is heard. This is fine, moist, and bubbling, carrying the idea of small bubbles, heard with either inspiration or expiration, or with both acts. Dulness on percussion, becomes less and less marked, and finally dis- appears, but a trace is often left for a time after an examination by the ear shows the exudation to have been removed. If the disease does not clear up, but passes into the stage of infiltration, the dulness or flatness on percussion continues, and coarse bubbling sounds are detected, due to the presence of pus in the air-cells, heard at times louder just after cough- ing, and can often be appreciated by placing the flat of the hand to the chest, when a sensation of fine bubbling will be transmitted. Prognosis. —Pneumonia is a very serious disease, and is very often fatal. At times only a small proportion of the lung is affected, the disease then being termed circumscribed. The extent of the disease in a great measure indicates the gravity and danger. Accidents and complications are very liable to invest the cases with greater gravity, and where there are no symptoms which denote imminent danger, sudden changes often take place for the worse. When convalescence in the disease sets in, recovery is generally com- plete. From purulent infiltration there is very little hope of recovery. Treatment. —Pneumonia belongs among those diseases distinguished as self limited. If uncomplicated and not attended with accidents, it runs a definite course, ending in restoration, provided the powers are main- tained. The treatment must be supportive and every influence calculated to depress the system. must be studiously avoided. In the first stage, the object should be to relieve symptoms, to diminish the intensity of the inflammation, and prepare the system to bear the PNEUMONIA. 33 severe strain forced upon it. Many authors advise the use of blisters, but this the writer cannot endorse, considering their employment injudicious. Other authorities recommend flaxseed meal poultices, and warm fomen- tations. These arc objectionable from the fact that the animal is liable to become chilled while the applications are being removed and changed. The object is to prevent the air coming in contact with the chest, and no better means can be devised than the cotton jacket. Many thicknesses of cotton batting can be quilted on to cloth, cut with holes for the fore legs, aiid roughly shaped to envelop the chest from the neck to the loins. Tin's when basted on to the animal is a sure protection, and contributes to his comfort, by keeping the skin moistened with perspiration , and all the advantages of a poultice are thereby secured. Opium should be given in the first stage to subdue the pain and to quiet the system. If the pulse is full and boun*ling and the animal in good health previous to the attack, sedatives may be combined with the opiate, and the morphine and aconite prescription, recommended in acute pleu- risy be used. If pain is not severe, and fever runs high, the tincture of aconite root may be given every two hours, alone, or in the following mixture — R Tr. Opii Camphoratse 5 i Tr. Aeoniti Rad. gtt. xxv Potass. Chloratis 3 ij Amnion. Muriatis 5 i Syr. Simplicis § i Aquae ad. § iij Ft. Mist. Shake well. Sig. Dose one teaspoonful from four to six hours. A room of equitable temperature should be chosen, and good ventilation be maintained. Never wait in pneumonia until trouble comes; rather anticipate it, and be prepared for emergencies. Commence early with supportive measures, and insist upon it the animal takes nourishment at regular intervals. Select the concentrated and most sustaining nutri- ment such as raw eggs, beef juice, and beef exti-acts. To support and sustain the vital powers and to prolong life beyond the limit of the disease, is the general indication in the second stage. Opium if indicated may still be persisted in, and stimulants and stimulating tonics should be commenced. Given moderately at first, but pushed if the need becomes manifest. Quinine in two grain doses should be given every four hours, and two teaspoonfuls of brandy may be administered in milk at intervals, and the effects watched. Shouldthe pulse weaken, the stimulant must be increased to a tablespoonful dose, and given every two or three hours. If failure of the powers seems imminent, one teaspoonful of the aromatic spirit of ammonia must be added to each dose of brandy. 34 PNEUMONIA. If the limit of the disease is reached, and resolution commenced, recov- ery promises to he rapid, and there is little or no danger of a renewed attack. In the stage of resolution, tonic remedies are indicated, the quinine can be discontinued, and some combination of iron be substituted. The elixir calisaya bark, iron and strychnine, in teaspoonful doses before feed- ing, is an admirable tonic. It is sometimes difficult to secure a reliable preparation however, in which event the following mixture will be found useful — R Ferri et Ammonise Cit. Siss. Tr. Nucis Vomicae 3ij Tr. Cinchona) Comp. giv Ft. Mist. Sig. Dose one teaspoonful three times dailj- before feeding. Cod liver oil should be added to the treatment, and given in tablespoonfnl doses after eating or mixed with the food. As soon as the animal is fairly convalescent a solid diet may be allowed, meat raw or cooked as he seems to prefer, in fact anything within reason that he will eat, and the quantity need not be much restricted. Exercise in the open air in pleasant weather should be early encouraged. In event the lung breaks down, and the disease passes into the stage of purulent infiltration, there is little or no hope for the animal. The only treatment is to crowd the stimulants and nourishment. Recent authorities have advised the use of chloral hydrate, to combat the pain in pneumonia. The writer feels that there are decided objections to its use, from its peculiar depressing action on the heart, which organ throughout the disease needs to be stimulated and strengthened. DISEASES OF THE RESPIRATORY ORGANS. 35 (BRONCHITIS. An inflammation seated in the lining membrane of the larger bronchial tubes constitutes the disease called bronchitis, a very common affection among dogs. It is generally ushered in by an inflammation of the mucous membrane of the nasal passages, which commencing in the nostrils travels downward, to the lungs. The disease may be divided into two stages, which can be conveniently termed the dry and the moist. From the occurrence of the first symptoms in the nose, in from one to three days the disease makes the transit to the larger bronchial tubes, the mucous membrane of which becomes dry, red- dened, swollen, and sensitive. In the progress of the affection, after two or three days, the mucous secretion , which has been absent or scanty, reappears and is abnormally increased. Bronchitis may be primary or secondary, that is it may occur as a distinct affection or be developed as a complication of certain diseases, such as pneumonia, or consumption. It maybe either acute, sub-acute, or chronic, as based on the differences as regards the severity and duration of the inflammation. Causation. — Exposure to damp and cold; violent exercise, and subse- quent confinement in draughty kennels; changes in the weather, and some special atmospheric influence not understood. This is to be inferred when the disease prevails as an epidemic. Symptoms. — Shivering, and the common evidences of catarrh, are the primary symptoms noted, followed by some fever, higher pulse, thirst, loss of appetite, dulness and general lassitude. The cough is at first dry and painful, but not suppressed. This changes as the mucous secretion becomes abundant, then the pain abates, the cough loosens and has a softer tone. Respiration is usually unaffected, rapid breathing being observed only in exceptional cases, in which the mucous secretions accumulate, and obstruct the bronchial tubes. The expectoration is at first small and scanty, later copious and frothy. The eyes are reddened, the nose hot, and glued with a thick mucus which becoming free and thin, is accompanied with frequent sneezing. These symptoms are present in ordinary bronchitis. An unfrequent and graver form is developed when the inflammation affects the smaller tubes. This is termed capillary bronchitis, and differs widely from the ordinary acute disease. It is an exceedingly grave affection, and the danger proceeds from obstruction to the current of air to and from the air-cells. This obstruction is due to the small size of the affected tubes. The 'swelling of the mucous membrane, and the presence of the muco-purulent liquid, which in the larger tubes do not interrupt the free passage of air during 36 BRONCHITIS. respiration, here occasions serious interference. In the capillary form of bronchitis, all the symptoms of suffocation are present and death usually results from that cause. "Diagnosis . — Acute bronchitis is to he discriminated from pleurisy and pneumonia, more especially the latter. The absence of severe pain and rapid breathing, the presence of a copious expectoration, which is not rusty, are negative points, which, with an examination of the chest, will render a diagnosis easy. On percussion nothing abnormal is detected. On auscultation coarse mucous rattles are heard throughout the chest. Their presence and diffu- sion over both sides are distinctive of the disease. The gravity of the symptoms will indicate whether capillary or simple acute bronchitis is present. ^Prognosis. — Ordinary bronchitis when unassociated with other diseases is dangerous only in very young puppies and old dogs. A mild attack is soon recovered from. In the capillary form, there is little or no hope for the animal so affected. Treatment. — A very important item is to guard against changes in the temperature. The patient should be kept in a room well ventilated and comfortably heated. In the earlier stage, an attempt should be made to abort the disease, with from five to ten grains of Dover's powder at night, and an application of mustard and vinegar, or kerosene oil to the chest, anointing the parts afterwards with fresh lard. This treatment should be followed the next morning with a dose of castor oil or syrup of buckthorn. The effort if unsuccessful will at least lessen the severity of the disease. For the cough in the earlier stage the following is recommended — R Syr. Scillae I i Spts. iEth. Comp. gi Syr. Tolu g ij Ft. Mist. Sig. Dose one teaspoonful every three or four hours. If the cough becomes a distressing symptom, opium can be wisely com bined with expectorant remedies, as in the following— R Sol. Morph. Sulph. Syr. Scillae Vini Ipecac Syr. Senegas a a §i Ft. Mist. Sig. Dose one teaspoonful every three or four hours. In the second stage, nutritious diet and tonic remedies are measures which assist in recovery ; two grains of quinine may wisely be given two or three times a day. The chlorate of potassa is :i remedy of great value in all diseases of the DISEASES OF THE RESPIRATORY ORGANS. 37 mucous membranes, more especially when the secretions arc scanty. Jt will he found efficacious in all stages of bronchitis, and may be added freely to the water the animal drinks, or given in the following mixture — R Potass. Chloratis 3 ij Syr. Scilloe § ss Syr\ Tolu. gij Aquse ad. giv Ft. Mist. Sig. Dose one teaspoonful every three or four hours. If the disease involves the smaller bronchial tubes, and suffocation is threatened, an emetic should be administered and a stimulating expecto- rant given as in the following — R Ammonia? Carb. 5 i j Syr. Senegse § iij Ft. Mist. Sig. Dose one half a teaspoonful in a tablespoonful of pepper- mint water every two hours. When danger of sinking is evident, whiskey or brandy may be added to the treatment and given in dessertspoonful doses, as often as the urgency demands. If the disease tends to pass into the chronic form, cod liver oil two or three times a day should be given, with an iron tonic of elixir calisaya bark, iron, and bismuth, close one teaspoonful. As a rule expectorant remedies are not indicated in chronic bronchitis, and do harm by their depressing effect, and by disturbing the appetite and digestion. 38 DISEASES OF THE RESPIRATORY ORGANS. Consumption. The term consumption, wasting of the body, strictly speaking, implies pulmonary tuberculosis, an affection characterized by the presence in the lungs of a morbid product called tubercle. This deposit eventually under- goes softening, becomes liquefied, ulcerations follow, and destruction of the lungs result. Causation. — Every influence which appears to affect the health has been alleged to be a cause of consumption, by impairing the nourishment of the body and inducing poverty of the blood. Bad air, deficiency and poor quantity of food are prominent factors. Poor food injures the mucous membrane of the stomach and intestines, and produces repeated attacks of irritation in those parts. That the seeds of consumption are planted by breeding in and in, is quite probable. Antecedent diseases of the respiratory organs may induce the affection directly, and other serious derangements tend to its development. Jacobi reports that a dog which ate the sputa of his master, ill with the disease, died of consumption; an evidence of communicability. Some authors include asthma among the causes of consumption. This is not the case however, as the presence of asthma seems to afford protec- tion against pulmonary tuberculosis. Symptoms. — In many cases, latent symptoms exist without sufficient prominence to excite suspicion, and a cough dates the beginning of the disease. The number of respirations is somewhat increased, the heart's action irritable, and the pulse accelerated. The loss of flesh is perceptible, the appetite somewhat diminished, the coat becomes staring and the hair falls out. Fever sets in and runs at intervals. The strength is obviously impaired. Emaciation gradually becomes extreme, diarrhoea sets in, the animal becomes exhausted and dies. The symptoms and course of the disease are modified by complications, or as other organs are involved. Treatment. — In the earlier stages certain agents may be employed with a hope of arresting the disease; the results will however in the majority of cases prove negative. The compound syrup hypophosphites may be given in teaspoonful doses before feeding, and cod liver oil in tablespoonful doses two or three times daily with the food. The diet should be nutri- tious and concentrated. Pain and distress demand the administration o'v opiates. Apparent to all is the utter hopelessness of recovery after the lungs are materially affected. When the disease is suspected, but the symptoms are insufficiently pronounced to sustain a positive diagnosis, a radical change of air should, if possible, be tried. If improvement does not follow then an abrupt ending of the animal's sufferings is in mercy justified. DISEASES OF THE RESPIRATORY ORGANS. 30 tfSTHMti. The term asthma should properly he limited to one morbid condition. Veterinarians distinguish between the congestive and spasmodic forms. The congestive and more common affection observed among dogs, is due to an inflamed state of the mucous membrane of the bronchial tubes. In a great majority of cases bronchitis exists, and the susceptibility to the exciting causes is increased by its presence. The disease is more common in old age, and among obese, over fed, house dogs. The predisposing causes are derangement of the circulatory system, such as heart and lung diseases, and chronic indigestion. Causation. — The existing causes are many; cold from exposure, acute bronchial inflammation, and certain inhalations are particularly liable to bring on an attack. Symptoms.— Labored efforts of breathing prompted by a sense of suffo- cation, croupy respirations not increased in rapidity, and at times less in number than normal. Inspiration jerking, expiration accompanied with a wheezing sound. Distress and greater difficulty in breathing on exertion. Nostrils dilating, expression piteous and anxious. Cough in many instan- ces exists prior to, or manifests itself during an attack of asthma. A dilatation of the air cells is generally associated with this disease if severe and of long standing. Diagnosis. —The diagnosis is not difficult; the disease has such distinct- ive differences, it need not be confounded with other affections in which labored breathing is a prominent symptom. iProgn os is.— The significance of the disease depends upon the causes and conditions which induce it. In itself, asthma is not an affection likely to prove fatal, but it must necessarily shorten life. Treatment. —During an attack a prompt emetic of the sulphate of zinc twenty grains, or ipecac thirty grains, will afford relief. This should be followed with a cathartic of syrup buckthorn and castor oil, of each one- half a tablespoonful. If the violence of the attack does not subside, the animal should be shut into a closed room, and on a pan of coals, stramo- nium leaves be burned, to an ounce of which, a drachm of nitrate of potassa has been added. This measure will relax the spasm, and induce expectoration. To relieve the co-existing bronchitis, should next be attempted, and the following given — R Potass. Chloratis Jij Tinct. Belladonnae 3 iss Tinct. Cinchonas Comp. gij Aquas § ij Ft. Mist. Sig. Dose a dessertspoonful four times a clay. 40 ASTHMA. If the animal is too fat and gross, exercise should be insisted upon, the diet simplified, and a laxative he given daily unless the condition of the Dowels contra-indicate. The following pill will he found efficacious. — R Ext. Aloes Aq. gr. xv Ext. Colocynth. Comp. gr. xv Podophyllin gr. iv Ext. Nucis Yomicre gr. iv Ft. Pil. No xij. Sig. Dose one daily. in the treatment of asthma the laws of hygiene should be observed in kennelling and all exciting causes removed. A radical cure is doubtful, but much can be done to mitigate the disease. With a possible chance of success, the iodide of potassium shordd be faith- fully tried in all cases, and persevered in for some weeks. It may be given in the following mixture. — R Potass. Iodidi 5 ij Spts. Ammonia? Arom. 5 i Tinct. Quassias Aquas aa gij Ft. Mist. Sig. Dose one teaspoonful three times daily. In the purely spasmodic form of asthma, the burning of stramonium and saltpetre will be found especially efficacious, and the fluid extract of grindelia robusta in one half teaspoonful doses may be given every hour until relief is manifested. DISEASES OF THE RESPIRATORY ORGANS. 41 &CUTE LttftYJYGITIS. The larynx is the organ of voice, placed at the upper part of the air passage. It performs a double function, oiie part of which is connected with the voice, the other with respiration. It is situated between the base of the tongue and the windpipe at the upper and fore part of the neck. The general character of laryngitis varies according to the extent and severity of the inflammation. The disease may run a mild uncomplicated course or it maybe accompanied with an exudation of lymph, a condition distinguished as croup. Causation. — Faulty kennel arrangements and consequent exposure to cold and wet. Extremes in temperature so often experienced by petted house dogs, which are by their habits, particularly predisposed to inflam- mations of the air passages. Mechanical irritations from prolonged bark- ing and from foreign bodies not at once removed. Injuries to the neck, such as continued tugging at a chain may be sufficient to induce the dis- ease. Inflammations of the adjacent parts, as is frequently the case in catarrh of the nasal mucous membranes, extend to the throat, involving the larynx. Symptoms. — A hoarse, barking cough, excited by external pressure over the windpipe, is one of the diagnostic characters of acute laryngitis. In the earlier stage the expectoration is scanty and of thick mucus , later it becomes abundant, and is more easily expelled. Fever may be more or less intense, or it maybe wanting. If the swelling of the membrane be not great, the breathing is not notably increased. With a greater amount of swelling, labored respiration and difficult breathing are added. Inspiration and expiration are both affected by the obstruction, but more especially the former. It is harsh or noisy. There is frequently more or less difficulty in swallowing, and a light, bub- bling discharge from the nose. In cases where great obstruction exists the suffering is intense. The eyes are congested and expressive of the great distress the animal is experiencing. The suffering is at times rendered more violent by spasm, and the respiratory acts are less frequent than normal. With these symptoms, the disease ha a large proportion of cases will end fatally, and the mode of dying be by suffocation. Diagnosis. —The diminished frequency of the respiratory acts, and the absence, on auscultation and percussion, of signs denoting pulmonary disease. The peculiar husky character of the cough. The suffering in- creased spasmodically, with intervals of comparative ease. The tender- ness over the larynx, and the reddened swollen appearance of the mucous membrane of the throat. The presence of these symptoms excludes all other diseases which might be confounded, and render a diagnosis easy: 42 ACUTE LARYNGITIS. IProg n os is.— The prognosis depends essentially upon the severity of symptoms and efficiency and promptness of the treatment. When there is little or no infiltration of the sub-mucous tissues as inferred by the com- parative ease in breathing, the chances are favorable. If the obstruction aside from that due to spasm, be sufficient to interfere greatly with respi- ration, a fatal result may be anticipated. Treatment \ —The injurious influences of changes in the air, should be avoided by maintaining a uniform temperature in the room in which the animal is placed. A sponge should be wrung out in hot water, and applied to the neck, being frequently changed. Five grain doses of Dover's powder will greatly relieve the discomfort, and in the milder cases its use is admis- sible. Opiates, in the severer forms of the disease, should be given guardedly, and not carried so far as to blunt the perception of the want of breath. A full dose of castor oil should be given early in the affection, to draw the blood to the intestines. Spasms in breathing are often relieved by emetics, and twenty grains of ipecac can be wisely given during an attack. The oil of copaiba is admirable in its action, and when inflamma- tion of the larynx first manifests itself, doses of fifteen drops may be given from three to six hours as the severity of the symptoms indicate. It will be well to emulsify it in this way; add a teaspoonful of the oil to a raw egg, and beat well with a fork ; give one fourth of the quantity at each dose. The following mixture is also very efficacious in this disease. — R Potass. Chloratis 3 i Ammon. Mur. 5 i Syr. Tolu. g i Aquae 5 ij Ft. Mist. Sig. Dose one teaspoonful in mild cases, every two hours. In very severe attacks, the same dose every fifteen minutes. If the disease assumes a severity threatening suffocation, the dog should be made to inhale steam or medicated vapors. If the room be too large to moisten the entire atmosphere, a tent can be made by placing a sheet over two chairs, under that the dog be placed, and a hot iron or stone be thrown into a pan of water. To medicate the steam add a tablespoonful of the compound tincture of benzoin for every quart of water. "When death from suffocation is imminent and all other means prove futile, tracheotomy is the only hope remaining. It is important to remember that a symptom which is considered highly characteristic of rabies, and one which frequently appears early in the disease, is the peculiar alteration in the tone of the voice. The bark is described as a sound between a bark and a howl uttered in a rough, hoarse tone, which might be called croupy, and is attributed by some to a swollen condition of the pharynx and larynx. DISEASES OF THE RESPIRATORY ORGANS. 43 Chronic Laryngitis. Chronic inflammation of the larynx often occurs without having been preceded by the acute form of the disease. It more commonly begins either as an acute catarrh, which from exposure and neglect assumes a chronic character, or in an insidious manner with insignificant symptoms at first, it by degrees develops more marked disturbances and eventually reaches a severity even in some cases affecting respiration. Hoarseness and a dry husky cough, which manifest increased severity at times, are among the characteristic symptoms. The expectoration may be slight or more or less abundant; usually it is whitish gray, and frothy. The affection in many cases occurs in connection with consumption, and much the same treatment is demanded as in that disease. Cod liver oil should be given two or three times a day in table- spoonful doses, and if no gain is observed the compound syrup of hypo- phosphites in teaspoonful doses three times daily should be tried. The iodide of potassium in cases where no pulmonary disease exists, is an agent of value and may be given in the following mixture. — R Totassii Iodidi 5 i j Ammon. Carbonatis 3 ij Tinct. Hyoscyami § i Aquae Camphoras 5 iv Ft. Mist. Sig. Dose one teaspoonful three times daily in a little water. It must be remembered that no immediate effect from the iodide of po- tassium is ever experienced in any disease, its efficacy depends upon its « prolonged administration. In all inflammations of the mucous membrane where the natural secretion is lessened, no agent has a more marked effect than the chlorate of potassa. An ounce may be diluted in a pint of water and a tablespoonful of the mixture be given every two hours, until the cough loses its dry husky character and becomes moist. External counter-irritation to the neck by means ot blisters and mercu- rial ointments, is of doubtful eflicacy. Painting with the tincture of iodine daily instead, will have a happier effect. A perfect and permanent cure of chronic laryngitis is a rare occurrence. The prognosis will of course be influenced by the associations or compli- cations with other affections. Ulceration within the larynx may be anticipated if the disease is of long continuance. As the vocal cords become affected by the process, the cough is less audible, shorter, more frequent and provoked by each in- halation. The disease at this point is utterly hopeless. The constitu- tional symptoms are now aggravated, emaciation is rapid, exhaustion and death speedily follow. 44 DISEASES OF THE RESPIRATORY ORGANS. &CUTE C£T£Ry the teeth of the dog his age could be deter- mined ; a mistake in many instances as is very evident. Disease will cause them to decay, certain medicines promote their early destruction, the too frequent feeding of bones wear them away, and a young dog may have poor teeth, and those of an old one be well preserved. It will be observed by the arrangement of the teeth that their purpose is to bite, tear, and crush. Nature makes no provision for grinding or mastica- tion. In this the construction is identical with that of all carnivorous or flesh eating animals. The food is bolted, and passes into the stomach without meeting with either a mechanical change from the teeth, or a chemical influence from salivary secretions of the mouth. 50 AFFECTIONS OF THE MOUTH AND TONGUE. TREATMENT OF THE TEETH. Generally but little trouble is experienced by puppies in sbedding tbeir temporary teetb. It would be wise, bowever, to examine tbeir mouths occasionally, and if any are loosened remove them, which can easily be done by pressing on tbe side of the tooth. Fits are sometimes attributable to teething. When they occur, if the gums seem swollen, it would be wise to remove all doubts by lancing. If a tooth becomes decayed and evidently painful, the dog should not be tortured by the unskilful use of primitive " tools, " but rather a trifling expense be incurred and the operation left to a professional dentist. If the diet of dogs is properly chosen and bones are judiciously fed, tbe animals will clean their own teetb and obviate the need of their owner's intervention. Tartar is an earthy matter deposited on the teeth from the saliva. If suffered to accumulate, it causes inflammation and absorption of the gums and gradual loosening of tbe teeth. Wben any quantity has accumulated it should be removed with the blade of a pen knife, and for a time tbe teeth cleaned daily with a tooth brush and charcoal ; then bones allowed once or twice a week, tbe gnawing of whicb will insure protection from tbe deposit. Softening of the Gums. This condition may be the consequence of an accumulation of tartar, or of a congested state of the liver and bowels. The gums are swollen, spongy and tender, and bleed at the slightest touch. In such cases the breath is usually very offensive, and other evidences of bilious and digestive disturbances are apparent. Tbe affection is more commonly met with in bouse pets, over indulged and deprived of sufficient exercise. The dispositions in such cases become materially changed, the animals growing obstinate and sulky. A condi- tion absurdedly attributed to tbe giving of meat, whereas, it is due to confinement and an absence of common sense in feeding. Such dogs it will be observed, bave very little appetite, preferring dainties and condi- ments rather than wholesome food. 2'reaiment. —Dietetic influences are the first to be observed. In a recent publication one author states: "it used to be the custom of the older practitioners to commence the treatment of such cases by two or three days, starvation. This treatment is terribly cruel, and any one who should prescribe such should be punished by law." The writer believes the " old practitioners " did not go so very far astray in their treatment. Two days" AFFECTIONS OF THE MOUTH AND TONGUE. 61 denial of food, in such cases, is far from " cruel " but rather merciful. Few- indulgent owners can be convinced of this however, and the extreme must be modified. The treatment may be wisely commenced with a dose of castor oil or syrup of buckthorn or both. No more than two meals daily at the utmost should be allowed, and at each a little milk be given at first. This may be followed bjr broths, and raw meat occasionally. Exercise must be strictly enforced, the animal being walked a mile in the beginning, then two miles a day, later run behind a carriage. As he becomes stronger and more active the diet may be more generous, meat in some form entering largely into it. The teeth should be looked to, tartar removed, and the gums rubbed with a little tincture of myrrh. Patience and common sense are certain to overcome the affection unless the dog be too old. CajvcftUM Oftis. . Canker of the mouth is an individual affection induced directly by a decayed tooth, or a diseased state of the jaw bone. Symptoms . — Attention is usually first attracted by a swelling on the jaw over or beneath the part diseased. This swelling finally bursts, discharging matter and blood of a very offensive odor. The parts affected are very painful, and usually much difficulty will be experienced before a thorough examination is made. After the abscess has burst, a fistulous opening remains that will never permanently close until the diseased bone or tooth is removed. A dis- charge wrill persist having the same offensive character. Eventually, a fetid ulcer forms on the gums and cheek of a gangrenous character, bleed- ing easily at the slightest touch. The pain and difficulty in eating tend to exhaust the animal which becomes weakened and emaciated. Treatment . — Whatever the cause it must first be removed. If a decayed tooth and it is extracted, the trouble will probably disappear. If the bone of the jaw be diseased, then the dog should be etherized, the gum laid open and the affected portion removed. The bleeding growths and ulcerations may then be well burned with the nitrate of silver and afterwards be treated with the tincture of myrrh. The general health must not be over- looked. The diet should be generous; milk, broths, raw eggs, meat, and if need be, tonics must be administered; cod liver oil in tablespoonful doses, is advised if the animal is emaciated. If digestive disorders are present, the elixir of bark, pepsin and bismuth, one teaspoonful three times daily, is indicated. If glandular enlargement under the jaw remains, the syrup of the iodide of iron is an appropriate remedy. 62 AFFECTIONS OF THE MOUTH AND TONGUE. Salivation. Salivation or an increased flow of saliva, may be caused by a too liberal use of mercury, by a sudden cbeck to tbe cutaneous secretion, by cold and damp, or by any influence that suddenly lowers the system. The disease may also arise from decayed teeth. It is commonly associated with can- crum oris and may be induced by some irritation of the salivary glands alone. Probably the more common cause of salivation is the improper use of mercury, either taken internally or used too freely externally. In prescribing the drug to dogs, it must be remembered that natures vary- Some are far more easily affected by its action than others, and a suscep- tibility of salivation and tendency to certain diseases often go together. Symptoms . —Swelling and inflammation of the salivary glands, tongue and throat, with a flow of peculiarly fetid saliva. Shallow ulcerations of the surface of the gums and of the inside of the cheeks. The gums are red, swollen and spongy. The teeth loosened and discolored. In the severest cases, the mucous membrane of the stomach and intestines takes on much the same ulcerative action observed in the mouth. The failure of strength and loss of flesh depend upon the exciting agency of the affection as well as the severity of the symptoms. Treatment. —Decayed teeth should be extracted; the bowels kept open and a generous diet be allowed. For a local application the tincture of myrrh, a saturated solution of chlorate of potassa, or brandy and water is sufficient. If the cause of the salivation is mercury, the iodide of potassium in three grain doses, three times daily, should be administered. If no cause for the affection other than debility is apparent, tonics of iron, quinine, or cod liver oil should be persisted in, with the local applications. <8l&IJV. Blain, manifested by an eruption of blisters on the tongue, is compara- tively rare among dogs. The cause is generally attributable to improper feeding, neglect, and exposure, and other influences impoverishing and debilitating the general system. Symptoms.— The blisters occur on the sides and the under surface of the tongue, continue as such for a short time, then burst, leaving ulcers to occupy their place. These ulcerations throw off a purulent, bloody dis- charge having a peculiar fetid odor. Some degree of salivation is associated, and the tongue is swollen and inflamed. Often the tissues forming the floor of the mouth are involved in the inflammation, and AFFECTIONS OF THE MOUTH AND TONGUE. 53 abscesses result. In many cases the glands of the neck become enlarged and painful. Treatment. —Chlorate potassa is a remedy of the greatest efficacy in this disease. As debility, if not the cause, will very likely result as a complication, the early administration of tonics is advised. Chlorate potassa and iron are combined as follows. — R Potass. Chloratis 5*j Tinct. Ferri Chloridi 3i Syr. Aurantii %i Aquae 5 iij Ft. Mist. Sig. Dose one teaspoonful every one or two hours. Equal parts of the flowers of sulphur and white sugar should be mixed in fine powder, and after sponging out the mouth, this powder should be dusted over the ulcerations three or four times a day. Abscesses if occurring should be lanced when ready. Nourishing and concentrated food of a liquid character is demanded. IJYFZtiMMtiTZOJY OF THE TONGUE. This affection is known by great swelling of the tongue, tenderness and difficulty in swallowing. It generally accompanies severe salivation, but it may occur in an acute form independent of this cause. In convulsions the tongue is often bitten and severe inflammation follows. The disease may run a rapid course and abate without the formation of "matter;" on the other hand, abscesses may form under the tongue, suffi- cient in size to threaten suffocation. Treatment . — The bowels should be freely acted upon by aperient med- icine. Applications of ice or ice water made continually for hours promise relief. Chlorate of potassa or borax should be added to the water making a strong solution. If suffocation is threatened, a surgeon should be called to make an incision in the seam running along the middle of the tongue on the under surface. In event abscesses1 form, they should be opened when the proper stage is reached. A skilled hand alone should undertake the operation, or severe hemorrhage may result. The food must necessarily be liquid and concentrated. A cup of milk into which has been beaten a raw egg may be given every three or four hours as the need of support is apparent. In exceptional cases the amount of swelling will be sufficient to prevent swallowing; rectal feeding must then be depended upon. Injections of beef tea and extracts, milk, eggs, etc., should be administered. 64 AFFECTIONS OF THE MOUTH AND TONGUE. (pHtift YNGITIS. The pharynx, a part of the canal through which the food passes, is placed behind the mouth, nose, and larynx. Inflammation of the pharynx, or pharyngitis, is an affection very rarely occurring alone, hut is usually associated with some other disease. When it does appear as an individual affection it is commonly caused by the lodgement of foreign bodies, such as sharp pieces of bone. When any substance becomes fixed in the pharynx, about the larynx, or in the top of the passage into the stomach, it may produce a sense of choking and fits of suffocative coughing, or symptoms less severe. A peculiar throat cough with frequent hawking is often the prominent manifestation at first. Later on in the affection, the mucous membrane may become swollen, congested, and swallowing difficult, the throat being sensitive to external pressure, and coughing excited by it as in laryngitis. Sometimes, but very rarely, abscesses will form in the back part of the pharynx. Their presence may be suspected if pharyngitis has existed for several days, and the animal carries his head extended, fixed and immova- ble on his neck. Treatment. —Foreign bodies should be sought by exploring the throat with the finger. If removed at once no further treatment is necessary. If repeated efforts fail to dislodge the substance, an emetic of ipecac or sulphate of zinc, dose of either fifteen grains, should be given to induce vomiting. The treatment of the pharyngeal inflammation should be the same as recommended in acute laryngitis. CHti 3ss Pulv. Opii gr.xv Camphorae 3 ss 01. Theobromse q. s. Ft. Suppositories No. xij. Sig. Introduce one into the rectum twice daily. CH&&TE& VII. DISEASES EFFECTING TEE SOLHD ORG&NS OF THE &B