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Bape t's a8 1 blade ; ant Y bolt oie tarajaraie acase:waiapeiaiel it didjaleiaiele® f . ; ' La lw ‘te ay { a aisaiallanileane SAM eerie eiesat oe eatuendeet 2 peers “ gle iete-aléla \@ ‘s eee Pir rareraiennreereemininitiepit rrr ataraias 3 pies Oa ; ginal : hap P ib ile tit Saoleatamanantae nrccaatana ; ae ¢ne™ , ri as ebb bale aa oe ola" j reiaareiaje.a.a ninjaienninsaias4 eieadseasaee Wheto dlqdala'al 41 4 010: @ ¢) i ‘ se map saereyy Wy okies Ratan sat vy aie’ ety ty to SS ep hy j i h ir surpte acetone seetncuratc seein anrbararuea sate : jagad Pepa socinees yb apapnennee teen we TE TPMT, deloraridin seine tsest cuit rsa , s'oeeeae 4408 teeta ae et ne rntnertetett lt tard eaee bie's "CA Aaa alain ies THT lara gi Mara at LT alata aee i giajaieie oer ‘af ; Fee eee morem aaa nermetiat cng idle giana ahaa waeyele ‘ aide Siesta bavaeie aie. fiee aig olueunitinu! { aes oe ther canine al ejeiaie ace ae eee ee ee ate ale Be ee ale) Bhelbiajeljo'ele'a la 4)4\4 ‘gl glelelalaja ele a oaaeeaeaey ‘a italian “gi04 tealeleie tit beep rp lalarae eae) eee ‘ afd elejehotereiaieess ‘i 1 c= igo aa alae 4 Lihetabet Ricans vps stele 4 ahetet alanla.ge sient Aad dada wale a ae rte taal pio daha aye a0 #89 A ja tia a Oean daialein a ieid e944 . ‘ an cede alana e luerevetsiesiseiet ees : ri elalniala! “0 Ce ee RT ee ey ev , diacsatajeieia aerate ge tale Rta ape Si ttt atareial dle " ‘a8 Pet iatatstateerenecats aga d te eS MMR MALT tial “iateaiaentieciae opie aa den ga deag dee bacaje a.a/a Hee 9 ( elelelersisier + Sa eine a a aiareiers ae eieiee #9 J Je Dasher reheat ar Crea aelue aja sieaiae dee ols nit iit 51g! legejmnanale cere. Fie gaale aiaitiee 4 "laa 1 ¢aisein'a eae ae et , dada diddee dalalaiels, sities re aiaaeee- ah aoe tad * ~~ »~ a— ~~ = es: xe > * Seigiaig alee & PE Oy Dede , f ci cla ata afereianelena a eereieut) (747 ‘ diaa apaceca(aiaia @ 4a) aiaie spies #0844 48 , x va baa vind gia sidio Grol ajel at aya 0cgiai4 5b eee 8 ae - ; “2 5 ‘* ‘ga he seh @ ‘yaa 4 LO eee wrt} * a hielt ' ad aa! 4 eae Dinhe elaleia e°e! ap bare Ye ie sya th 4 eae 4 Aid Viainia dia ia wie giahe a *- ‘ j ateie Bhoke . ne Sree el tiatats ara eis 4191¢.4¢ are tt ‘ ev. , a $8 2 Gee rere torarerars d aeeledstauns ee 4 abe ee ‘ , 4 yd } a4 7 | é éas ‘alg ale . ‘ : cad Lake aan eg er O4 s| ” a : egy 4 he seisiyaleginesiaie J : Vata o* 3 i < bf js ejayala ® yay nit Ate ie : as sy oe quate’ i : da’ ary y ie er peiape stp lets tT nytt hy eel : aie ‘8 i diel s 4 Tee ee ee alehaiale e ayeiareiel ei* 96 F. a4 § , ase bau see ale elaceee aT A ahaa atelier REEL ET adap hs epey tend bat Sarbytech montana aeaase 6 } my k ea Sicitit/s tort lulohvetaceneacatenars a4 a)3 2 Gres bite he iar ETE EE aca) Gr gga err Pry \ y ‘gittalde sae ponies ae sto tetera sig oto it mS Taner rarelgy aae . , f y +) jag aiag ale. em ieyt ajujeieieie 42) it pis iae a6, 088 perseeer ee Ls ay ‘e404, eee senae gereae® ess . eelaie 8 8 ieee twe ay hppa rear eg ret geeueewa ; phy * Seated ase eae ‘ secaeaent an 3 42264 _* 4 Pua}; Lapagty terygiy ‘ e re vi sate Ar pga 8 awe Teale efeie ee astee) feet :44 Hahiienisalee rane meananae ; i PET eged er neeeest é ; ; aig acca neetintirogy ‘ ; z Daas eeiei elie ertieneny ' bieteieinssy Rekennaniaeornaet uy ARE 4 puoi pase as pupae yeben ss yshtsy fl 4 4 Seite ava’ rate a ag ki ey ; . iepeyete avae ae s Pt « ie 6 0)8) 8 § : . eae cele! : eat a4 : } , i sare aleh ri haa & ines aleje. ee lejaieyes a sae ‘a 4 ig 75 \ " sia ale a ielleaialete ‘ . ° e« eae eee Pa . i « y : : : : sass aie 'e : ir biawerel4 ‘e* ale tial a# jaya yes 4:47" ef wei? ‘ P we “8 . : é pil -. ‘ - : ‘ : se6¢¢@@ sees s 4 yn aa é aie ‘4 v 4 eee s, 4 ‘ sane * esene* yo oi9 lalele 4 p- a f i. #, - 204 i) "hPa ig . anne * gn a a eyeale erase eS 4 alSieiais ‘: ’ : , ; ‘ sep y * o dage leis) eT > le ghacwreiejeel : ; na 9,0) he aiaye ra aievareranni gia ‘4 { ~ i Sw eS S TFL 44.8 3854 ys. aje asian i r “ eager eeeyeaee 6 f + ‘ ° > , ols 24/009 40% aS iihlelee . 4 4,059,954 : K es ae alee 88 eee Lika 1 oy 419,094 1. hdl Tt Bb ity) taketh tank ply . ¢ * . pectic sueioa ,* * ss 0/4 /9;4) 958 ye ele cheb eh i p Te hele aaiksaeerete ; ; Ps M ‘ ‘aha MAS ETOP PTT Tt Tepes by ojery FUL biker * 4 en Bontananmana hee ia tan Wate Hy i), : ipiHelyeit Tei eas tener eneraa tle ea Bree a eS Biel tee ’ ( 424 i | ue ‘ ‘ : ' , : ’ as hina PPP TENETL IL Th das ap hh e« a* _ ,, mars 4 , { 4 pantie ‘ ¢.8 # 4/9 \3)8 bapeperty a4 8, Nig) ua, ‘ : * ele tal “ ace Peele einige secrete et skins hsbenit! , ble 1 pobphs ke nenenr ae tesla tinh is erate vy ae: ojapejeieie® nese) ya * rsp phy eb ptt : ea riot acti car cba atorsavualetentan wine : : DA PeP APART) Dba bagr eh htt ; ; nie aeneanoanenaenesnt 1 . dni a Te, Te ea tee sislaela.a® ais lwielalei® @6ye 9! ee4 Ps rr? rr : : 2109 5/4 itoeahtea nna dererty per ns arheNeer IEE, lh agat api 944 40 8 roheurs err geayanayt ; ‘ i iytyaiwiasieiesielsioieraic tls Thr tise ag wiajels iigia sieveveseinins sm yngisigineee ‘ , i. hy gia 34.94% scrionk Se tenheoneamnensmenenaicene nae sieiele ' a4 244 fame 0 gk he +3 p09. eo e singe psieieieie i ae prea a8 Saw wiael aa ele H ' eT RL bLs as ae y o7e alba ralelesaie arsine Vale aise tics Pred grtdbpeeitte misieines eae Petre TOLL A Tubphpaeh r iaataaisiersieesial rh +e sieie, ei sfalajetel er sore jaeaeanese.? , voters ysulee bd a eiaseiow able pieie(siaie falsisipitie #4 MP terete etal iy My ida wnacubiesr ea 8 498 8 Ho 84 016 8 8454 /% sre cetera. tctattisstfan aia ae eels ainianie gets eth er ‘ thd 3 : id eG e719 Rie © srinchmiittct Saralataotnarstactntetiee laren oroenaterareitt veaisiee® bp eapky ter einer cedar tetae et / a, > ban avngacege sees Pe = ain jbjaiainisi@reee.eieiarel 221979 ; alee eles Papkehssh er een set terete . «oe 6 o oe.4 s+? nant tee a yen avniaie Hite art tetalogsiaral a lareferti versions ajeieie? : caiaieigsajitia ‘ ‘4 a2 1G € @ Os 2 oan) Fe * Jie eg aja one an? sisfoleleieieieiepe misteltiese sere gia ojejeteiaieiaese © } ie f 0 8 Oe ee cialeie oie areieere: 8 eee ae ee Ai gi ajaeane iat . ph Te og ale ere OURF hath this j ojo re ® SS : WS Sx 0 Copyright N IT: COPYRIGHT DEPOS ™~ ‘< - bs re IN : ee : u e 4 t ~ ~ 7 (Ne ae MEDICINE. “he ———— & - ; . a * a g i > Pam § ; ” ; io 3 4x ‘ . ; aan PUBLISHED BY THE AUTHOR. | ms 1885. f a : 2? By ASHMONT. vt Jose MANAGEMENT AND TREATMENT A STUDY OF THE THEORY AND PRACTICE OF CANINE all Ane i i baa uf PL Pat dae} Neenah q Vist os a PREFACE. The rapid advancement in science has wrought many changes in the principles and practice of medicine; added new remedies to the resources of the physician; exploded many old theories, and dissi- pated countless fancies and prejudices. Well worn paths have been left, new fields traversed, and discoveries made, which aid not only in the cure, but in the prevention of disease. Important lessons have been taught, and the limits of knowledge extended, by trials of endurance which have developed unsuspected latent powers, both in man and animals. Further progress will yet be made, of which speculation is fruitless. _ To place before the reader a faithful exposition of medicine, as it exists at the present time, is the purpose of the author. No finished treatise is attempted, replete with scientific technicalities, calculated to confuse and mystify, but in simple, comprehensive language and expression, on these pages ‘are described the promi- nent appearances in disease, and the manner of applying remedies, sustained largely by the results of personal observation. ‘This book is submitted with the ardent hope it may te found a ~ source of instruction, and aid in the care of man’s true and faithful friend, the Dog. 3 ASHMONT. ‘ Wau panes Nw om oy ies ne me CONTENTS. CHAPTER I. GENERAL MANAGEMENT. P Introduction.—The Care of Puppies after Weaning.— Feeding.— Exercise.— Washing.—Kennel Arrangements.—Grooming.—Vermin. - CHAPTER II. ANTIDOTES AND TREATMENT IN CASES OF POISONING. General Remarks.—Rules in using Medicine.—Arsenic.—Strychnine and Nux Vomica.—Carbolic Acid.—Phosphorus.—Mercury.—Lead Salts.— Gen- eral Antidote. . Sea SE anh rasta: Shales gine aioe : t) ° e CHAPTER III. ' THE PRINCIPLES OF MEDICINE. Pathology.—Definition of Health.—Diagnosis.—Reasoning by way of Exclu- sion.—Prognosis.—Prognostics.—Causation.—Administering Medicine. @ CHAPTER IV. SPECIAL PATHOLOGY AND THERAPEUTICS. Introduction.—Definition of terms Acute, Subacute, and Chronic.—Self-limited Duration of Certain Diseases.—The Expectant Plan of Treatment.— . * Rules for Estimating the Doses of Medicine.—Examination of a Dog.— Indications of the Pulse.—Importance of Hygienic Measures of Treat- -ment. ° e e ® e e e ° e ° e e e e e DISEASES AFFECTING THE RESPIRATORY ORGANS. Acute Pleurisy.—Chronic Pleurisy.—Pneumonia.—Bronchitis.—Consumption. —Asthma.—Acute Laryngitis.—Chronic Laryngitis—Acute Catarrh.— Nasal Polypus.—Ozena.—Influenza. . . . © .« e .» - CHAPTER V. AFFECTIONS OF THE MOUTH AND TONGUE. Eruption of the Teeth.—Treatment of the Teeth.—Softening of the Gums.— Cancrum Oris.—Salivation. — Blain.— Inflammation of the Tongue.— Pharyngitis. BaP eS bec ag Sacre . me AGE 1 15 19 23 25 49 IY. CONTENTS. CHAPTER VI. DISEASES AFFECTING THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM. PAGE Indigestion.—Acute Gastritis.— Chronic Gastritis.—-Vomiting.— Colic.— Diar- rhoea.—Dysentery.—Constipation.—Enteritis.— Intestinal Obstruction.— Peritonitis.—Piles.—Fistula in Ano.—Prolapsus Ani. 5 “ . . 55 CHAPTER VII. DISEASES AFFECTING THE SOLID ORGANS OF THE ABDOMEN. Acate Hepatitis.—Chronic Hepatitis.—Fatty Liver.—Jaundice.—Torpor of the Liver.—Passage of Gall Stones.—Cancer of the Liver.—Affections of the Spleen.—Diseases of the Pancreas.—Sugar in the Liver.—Digestion of Starch. SO in ec ON RUUD le ae sR sae CHAPTER VIII. DISEASES OF THE URINARY ORGANS. Nephritis.—Acute Cystitis.—Chronic Cystitis.—Cystic Calculi.i—Renal Calculi. —Retention of Urine.—Hzematuria. . ; : Miele Sah a : . F CHAPTER IX. DISEASES OF THE GENERATIVE ORGANS. Balanitis.—Paraphymosis.—Inflammation of the Scrotum.—Morbid Growths. —Prolapse of the Vagina. a of the Vagina.—Acute Metritis.— Affections of the Vulva. : : 5 ; : 3 Saas . 105 CHAPTER X. DISEASES OF THE EYE. Ophthalmia.— Iritis.— Cataract.—Amaurosis.—Protrusion of the Eyeball.— Lachrymal Apparatus.—A ffections of the Haw.—A ffections of the Eyelids. 111 CHAPTER XI. DISEASES OF THE EAR. Canker.—Otitis, Media or Interna.—Polypus.—Deafness.— A ffections of the Flap of the Ear. 4 ‘ : : a : ‘ ° : ‘ : . 119 CHAPTER XII. DISEASES OF THE SKIN. Eczema,—Sarcoptic Mange. —Follicular Mange.—Prurigo. Pea —Favus. —Ringworm.—Erythema.—Erysipelas. : ‘ 4 . 7s ae ee O54 CONTENTS. V. ee CHAPTER XIII. INTESTINAL PARASITES. | | PAGE General Remarks.—Giant Strongle.—Wrinkled Thread-worm.—Cruel Thread- worm,—Ascaris Marginata,—Teenia.’ 2. : .« 3. « yw «) « 148 CHAPTER XIV. DISEASES OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM. Hydrophobia.—Convulsions.—Vertigo.—A poplexy.—Concussion of the Brain.— Hydrocephalus.—Compression of the Brain.—Acute Meningitis.—Chronic Meningitis,—Chorea.—Neuralgia.—Paralysis.—Tetanus. . at a « 1b1 7 CHAPTER XV. | . GENERAL DISEASES. See Dip thria —sotnasism—tombagn —seraptie Fevers.— Dropsy.—Anzmia.—Plethora.— Obesity.— Rickets.— Scrofula.— Maras- mus. e e e e ® e e e e e e e e ° ° 181 CHAPTER XVI. SURGICAL AFFECTIONS. —_— Wounds.—Umbilical Hernia.—Sprains.—Burns and Scalds.—Fractures and Dislocations. : ae een ah . “ . : : : : ; . 199 u j PUA) eet Pasiiriay | Sip oa DOGS? THEIR MANAGEMENT AND TREATMENT IN DISEASE. ~) CHAPTER Tf. INTRODUCTION. As the object of this work is to treat of the dog in a state of disease, the author has deemed it expedient to confine himself to those essential con- siderations in keeping with his purpose, reserving for a future effort the subject of Breeding and attendant interests. The introduction of general management which might seem extraneous, is yet pursuant of this design, on the assumption that a knowledge of the . prevention of disease, is intimately asssociated with the study of pathology, and holds a place scarcely inferior to that of a familiarity with the princi- ples and practice of medicine. Many diseases are preventable by removing or obviating their causes; reforms in ventilation, cleanliness and diet, there is reason to believe, accomplish much, and are among the most important modes by which diseases may be prevented. The care of puppies from the period of weaning, is treated of ina general way. In the management of.dogs after maturity is reached, minor details are dwelt upon, it being assumed that, to some at least, their consideration may prove of value. The number of drugs capable of producing death, under certain condi- tions, is almost limitless, as medicines, possessing sufficient activity to be of much value, are always poisons in inordinate or excessive quantities. 2 INTRODUCTION. In the chapter devoted to the subject, the action of dangerousagents, more generally encountered, are discussed. In the consideration of the different diseases, causes, symptoms, treatment and prognosis are each of recognized importance, and diagnosis if necessary to discriminate from one of several diseases with which it has more or less symptomatic phenomena in common. To dwell on pathological anatomy, or the appearances in a morbid or dis- eased state, must necessarily confuse the reader and reference excepting in rare instances is avoided. In the arrangement of diseases convenience is studied. Under general diseases are considered all unclassified. . . It is implied.that operative surgery is beyond the capacity of many, and as an exhaustive treatise on the subject would prove of but little value, only the simpler operations, and treatment in cases of emergency are con- sidered. THE CARE OF PUPPIES AFTER WEANING. One of the greatest essentials in the rearing of puppies, especially the case in large breeds, is sufficient exercise. Under no consideration, chain them, but allow almost absolute freedom of movement. If kept in a pen, _ have it large and so constructed that they can lie down or stand on all fours and look between the boards; for standing on their hind legs to look over, would invite weak backs and cow-hocks. The sleeping quarters should be kept scrupulously clean, frequently whitewashed, and free from draughts. In the warmer weather, pine shavings or sawdust is the best bedding; in the winter, clean straw, changed frequently. 7 In feeding puppies, their discharges should be watched, and the diet varied as the need manifests itself. Milk is one of the most important articles of food in the earlier weeks after weaning. It may be frequently given, some caution being used, however. It should be old or skimmed, _never fed fresh from the cow. Three or four times a week, sour milk may be given, as it is an enemy to worms. It will be well to add limewater to sweet milk when used, in the proportion of nearly one-sixth part. Sometimes when feeding milk freely to very young puppies, diarrhea manifests itself. A change must at once be made to beef tea and broths, into which may be broken crackers or bread. Too great importance cannot be given to the early administration of meat, which must be fresh and lean. Unsound food should never be used in any form. Meat may be given raw or cooked, small quantities of the former at first, and when the age of three or four months is reached, let it be scraped or finely cut, and given after other food has been eaten. Meat may be cooked alone or with vegetables, onions in small quantities being especially healthy and palatable, then removed, and in the liquor, _ oatmeal, indian meal, or wheat middlings, be well boiled and thoroughly | cooked. Then the meat can be chopped up and added with the crushed vegetables. Rice and pearl-barley may be given occasionally. __Liver, from its laxative action, must be given guardedly, if at all. Large bones may frequently be supplied, but beware of small bones that may possibly sliver, as many a valuable dog has been killed by them. Remem- 4 J CARE OF PUPPIES. ber always the great secrets in feeding are — wholesome food and a variety in diet. Where only a few dogs are kept, the “scraps” from the table, from their varied nature, cannot be improved upon. Mix potatoes and other vegetables with a little gravy and small pieces of meat. Until six - months old, feed three times a day, then twice daily until maturity is reached. Remain with the pup while eating, and as soon as he turns from his food remove itatonce. Never urge a dog to eat, if he shows from his manner a loss of appetite. Prepare something else and tempt him with it andifhe still declines, wait until his next regular time of feeding and try again. As arule, give as little medicine as possible to puppies. Probably the more common affection observed among themis indigestion in some form or other. As castor oil or syrup of buckthorn can do no harm, if an odor to the breath, a hot nose, sluggish manner, or disinclination to eat is noted, give either, and watch the discharges. If very offensive, or undigested matter appears in them, the cause is apparent. Stop all food for a time, and when next given, select only the simplest and most easily digested, milk and lime-water preferred. Vegetables have a tendency to purify the blood and keep the bowels in ; good condition. When these cannot be given, other means should be | employed in the form of a mild physic. It is a good plan to give a dose of sulphur, either alone or with powdered magnesia, if a laxative is needed, mixed with the food once or twice a week in summer, and less often in colder weather. Ordinary dose, one-half a teaspoonful of each. Diarrhoea is usually the result of indigestion. Often nature’s effort to throw off the disease, in many cases regulating the diet, will suffice; giving porridge made of boiled milk, and flour baked until slightly brown. If the attack is severe, first imitate nature by giving a dose of castor oil, it being desirable that the contents of the intestines be effectually removed, in order to prevent their continued passage over the inflamed surface, and to secure, as far as may be, that important end in the treatment of all inflam- mations, viz., quietude of the inflamed parts. Paregoric, as the simplest form of opiate, may then be given in one or two teaspoonful doses. Worms are a common enemy to pups, and the giving of sour milk will do much to prevent their formation. Their presence may be suspected when bloating beyond the fulness that the food taken would be likely to produce. For worms in puppies three months old, give one or two grains of santonine in butter after having fasted twelve hours; follow this dose three hours later with one of castor oil. i Fleas are a constant source of annoyance. Washing young puppies is never admissible. Combing with a fine comb dipped in kerosene oil, or rubbing flea powder into the hair, are the means to be employed. “IN HEALTH. x GENERAL MANAGEMENT. FEEDING. Pages have been_written on the origin and ancient history of the dog, theories advanced, speculations urged, and yet we still remain in complete ignorance on the subject. Some contend, in the anatomical structure of ‘certain parts that he resembles the wolf. There are however, differences . to reconcile, before this supposition can be accepted. Others have traced to the fox, and still others to the jackal, each party being satisfied in their own minds of the correctness of their theories, and yet the same differ- ences remain. A knowledge of the primitive state and habits of the animal might aid us much on this subject, but that being denied us, we are forced to turn to the anatomical mechanism for guidance. A study of the digestive organs of the dog proves him a carnivora, or flesh eater, and meat is unquestionably his natural food. The traditional prejudice, that its free use perverts the scent of sporting dogs, generates mange, and injures the dispositions of the animals, making them ugly and savage, is rapidly becoming ‘‘among the things that were.” : The instinctive desire of animals for certain substances is the surest in- - dication that they are in reality required for the nutritive process; on the other hand, the indifference or repugnance manifested for injurious and valueless substances is an equal evidence of their unfitness as arti- eles of food. Starch is very abundant in corn, wheat, rye, oats, and rice, and in almost all vegetable substances used as food, and during the process of digestion e ‘ 6 GENERAL MANAGEMENT. .. is converted into sugar. That these articles alone are an unfit diet, is proven by the experiments of Magendie, who found that dogs fed exclu- sively on starch or sugar, perished after a short time with symptoms of profound disturbance of the nutritive functions. On the other hand exper- iments have been made by Claude Bernard and others, proving that carnivorous animals can be kept for an indefinite time, exclusively on a diet of flesh, and yet the body be maintained in a perfectly healthy condition. Dogs have no desire for vegetables, no natural cravings for them. To be so fed, or on puddings, bread and starchy food continuously, only invites debilitated constitutions and attendant diseases. The proper food for a dog is Meat, varied in any way preferred, but it should be the principal article of diet. ig The question arises whether meat should be fed cooked orraw. Both have advantages. Certain constituents are lost in the process of cooking. The muscular fibres are almost always more or less hardened by boiling or roasting, but at the same time, the fibrous tissue by which they are held together is gelatinized and softened, so that the muscular fibres are more easily separated from each other, and more readily attacked by the digestive fluids. The organic substances contained in meat, which are insipid in the raw state, acquire by the action of heat and cooking, a peculiar and agre eable flavor. This flavor excites the appetite and stim- ulates the flow of the digestive fluids, and renders in this way the process of digestion more easy and expeditious. In cooking meat, it is desirable that it be rendered palatable, and the flavor varied from time to time. ‘This can be done by the addition of - vegetables, which may be well crushed after a thorough boiling. As the feeding of meat alone would prove an expensive diet in large kennels, different kinds of meal may be added to thicken the broths, but the quantity of starchy food must be very small. The writer is firm in his conviction, that its continued use does as much to propagate mange as any other abuse can. Sheep’s heads and the feet of animals may be boiled to a jelly. They are highly nutritious, and dogs are very fond of them. - | | Beef flour is a valuable substitute for flesh, is excellent for puppies and matured dogs alike; it can be added to boiling water, a strong broth made, and then thickened with a little bread, crackers, or meal. Pork scraps, in pressed cakes, keep for an indefinite time, and may be fed once or twice a week; they should be soaked for some hours until soft, and then boiled. | ‘Milk, sweet or sour, can be given freely, and is valuable for a change. Dog biscuits, so called, have within a few years become very popular in “ FEEDING. i large kennels; when honestly prepared, they are an excellent diet. The manner of feeding them should be frequently changed ;at times given dry, at others soaked inmilk or broths, or crushed with vegetables. Bones, the dog’s tooth brush, are an essential. By their use the muscles of the jaws are kept strong, and the pleasure they give the animals is very evident; theirvalue may be lessened however, by too frequent feeding, as _many a broken well worn tooth testifies. While the use of vegetables adds flavor to the food and excites the appetite of the animal, it has still another important action as a gentle laxative. Liver has the same property, and the conditions of the bowels should direct its use. : Among the medicinal agents often administered with the food, sulphur may be properly referred to while on the subject of feeding. It is laxative and resolvent, and is supposed to be rendered soluble by the soda of the bile. Itis thrown out of the system by the bowels and through the skin, and for that reason has an influence on cutaneous diseases. Its occasional use can do no harm, and unless a perfect condition of the animal contra- indicates, it may be given once or twice a week in summer, and once or twice a month in colder weather. The dose for a fifty pound dog is one teaspoonful, and may be mingled with the food or given in milk. Many authors have dwelt upon the dirt-eating propensity of dogs, and concluded therefrom, that the proper method of feeding is to throw the food on to the ground. The writer is of the opinion that if such a propen- sity exists, itis wiser to leave the dogs to nature’s promptings and let them eat dirt when they choose, rather than insist upon its being eaten at every meal. He therefore prefers to feed his animals from clean dishes, and the cleaner the better. The greatest importance is attached to the quality of the food given. It should be of the very best, and no tainted meat, mouldy bread, or food changed in its integrity, should ever be used in any form. Many people ‘consider decomposing meat better for a dog, and attempt to fortify their arguments, by illustrating with the fact, that the animal will occasionally bury a bone or part of his food, to be dug up and eaten later. The fact is true, but the inference an ancient absurdity. A dog never buries meat when he is hungry, but after a hearty meal will often do so, proving our supposition that it is his natural food, an evidence of his great craving, ‘which he will eat in any form, no matter how badly decayed. Give him sufficient fresh meat and he will never seek carrion. . Chloride of Sodium or common salt, some authors state, “is poison to a dog.” In this the writer cannot agree, but on the contrary deems it essen- tial to perfect health. Itis found throughout the tissues and fluids of the Ee GENERAL MANAGEMENT. body, exerts an 1mportant infiuence on the solution of various other ingre- dients with which it is associated, and the blood globules are maintained by it in a state of integrity. Since common salt is so universally present in all parts of the body, it isan important ingredient of food. It occurs in all animal and vegetable food as well, though in smaller amount in the latter, and acts in a favorable manner asa condiment, by exciting digestion, and assisting in this way the solution of the food. by In connection with the subject of feeding, reference to the appetite is pertinent. Remember dogs will eat when hungry. For them to refuse a meal occasionally, means nothing. Evidence is not wanting where they have passed days and even weeks in confinement without food, and yet recovered without injury from their long fast. If food is placed before the animal and he turns from it, something else should be prepared to tempt him. If he still declines, it should be removed and another attempt be made at his next regular time of feeding. Ifa dog is in good health, simply dainty, this method repeated again and again, if needed, will prove effectual, and he will finally eat whatever may be offered him. Regularity in the hour of feeding should be observed. The number of times to feed isa disputed question, With the weight of authority on the side of once a day, at night, and all they can then eat. Owners must decide . for themselves, influenced by what has been their custom, the condition of their animals, and the amount of work required of them. Where only one dog is kept, no doubt in many instances it is over fed, especially if allowed the freedom of the kitchen While the fact is apparent, that once a day is alla dog actually needs to be fed, the question arises: would it not be wiser to give him a little less at night, and a mere trifle in the morning? It would seem thereby that the dangers of indigestion would be lessened. It might be said that even of greater importance than good wholesome food, is a constant supply of good fresh water. The system suffers more rapidly when entirely deprived of fluids than when the solid food only is withdrawn. Magendie found in his experiments on dogs subjected to fasting, that if the animals were supplied with water alone, they lived six, eight, and even ten days longer than if they were deprived the same time of both solid and liquid food. To recapitulate: the essentialsin feeding are meat, fresh and wholesome : varied from the raw by cooking, and the addition of other articles of food, to add to the flavor and tempt the appetite, together with a constant supply of fresh, pure, and clean water. GENERAL MANAGEMENT. 9 EXERCISE. ' Exercise develops the muscles of the body, increases their functional activity, hastens the digestion of food, and renders its assimilation easier. It improves nutrition by elevating the temperature, opens the pores of the skin, stimulating its functions, and through the lungs, by the stronger movements excited, it favors the exhalation of impurities and excesses. Too much importance cannot be attached to this subject. Keeping a dog confined with insufficient exercise is cruelty itself, which no excuse can justify. Never chain a dog should be the rule, but unfortunately it cannot - always be observed. Certain methods may, however, be resorted to, and a confined animal have greater freedom and still be restrained. A post can be set up as far from the kennel as the limits of the owner’s premises will allow, a wire fastened to it and passed through a ring, the other end attached to the kennel and drawn taut. The dog can then be chained to the ring, which will slide freely the entire length of the wire, permitting greater latitude and the animal still be held in check. This means may be employed in cities, and where it is impossible to allow them to run at large. When dogs are kept in yards, the plan adopted by the writer can be re- sorted to. Fences or hurdles can be built entirely across the inclosures. These must be placed low at first, simply high enough to force the animal to make an easy jump, then in three or four weeks raised a few inches, another interval allowed to pass, and raised again. The results from the employment of this means are admirable, especially in the case of dogs inclined to be weak in the loins, and needing development behind. In conditioning dogs, especially for exhibitions, no better exercise can be recommended than slow walking; the distance being from twoto four miles daily. By this means they will eat more, digest it better, and accu- mulate flesh more rapidly. While exercise is imperative, extremes must be avoided and caution used. If a dog is habituated to following a team, there is less danger ot over exertion; if not so accustomed, care must be observed lest the sys- tem be disordered by too great effort. In winter,if a hard run is taken and he returns in a heated condition, he must not be shut into a cold ken- nel, but be allowed to cool gradually in 4 warm room. Violent exercise must never be allowed after a hearty meal. ' It is a wise plan to accustom dogs to climatic changes, yet they must _ be protected during the hotter days of summer, from the sun’s intense : heat, or the exposure will cause debility and often convulsions. 10 GENERAL MANAGEMENT. WASHING. Washing is admissible in summer, and undoubtedly has its benefits in colder weather when all influences are favorable, and proper preeautions observed; unfortunately, neglect results too seriously, and it cannot be insisted upon, that bathing is an absolute necessity for dogs. Some breeds take to the water naturally and find pleasure in it, but the reluctance of others, and the disposition shown by them to conceal them.-, selves when the preparation to wash commences, is an indication that the process will prove a hardship. Where it is possible, it is better to allow them access to a tub or cistern of water, and leave them to follow their natural promptings. Very dirty coats, vermin, andcutaneous diseases sometimes make wash- — ing imperative. If these needs are not evident, it is wiser to do little or none of it, for care in the kennel arrangements and thorough grooming will obviate the necessity. Washing in cold weather is extremely hazardous, and the. animal is almost certain to take cold unless the greatest care is observed after the operation. He must be confined to the house until thoroughly dry, then | judiciously exercised before returned to his kennel. In warm weather the dangers are much less, yet care should be observed. The method of washing naturally suggests itself, and need not be dwelt upon. The purpose for which the animal is washed will direct the nature of the soaps to be used. If mere cleanliness of the coat is the object, champooing is the better means to employ. ; Eggs broken and rubbed into the hair, then sponged off, leave it clean, soft, and glossy. The sea-.foam cham/poo of barbers is also excellent as a stimulant and for cleanliness. | Fleas demand the use of soaps which destroy them. Cutaneous diseases call for carbolic, sulphur, and the varieties of soaps mentioned elsewhere under skin diseases. . If used properly there is little or no danger of absorption from the strong carbolic preparations; the operation must be rapidly performed, and by a thorough rinsing every trace of the soaps removed. After washing, the animal should be thoroughly sponged, rubbed dry, and then properly cared for. GENERAL MANAGEMENT. Foy KENNEL ARRANGEMENTS. In kennelling, the primary essentials are, good ventilation, perfect clean- liness, dryness, and freedom from draughts. ; Less sickness undoubtedly occurs when dogs are inured to climatic changes. Those animals accustomed to out-door kennels, are usually far healthier than those that are allowed the freedom of the house. Again when a disease like distemper attacks them, it runs a shorter and much less severe course; their natures, more elastic, seem to throw off the in- firmities quicker. . In winter dogs suffer as much, if not more, from artificial heat than they do from exposure to intense cold. Many are allowed in houses and around the stoves during the day, and are kennelled out at night, or shutinto a ~ cold stable, thus experiencing the greatest extreme in temperature; a fruitful source of disease. To kennel out and constantly Keep in the open air, the coarser long- haired breeds, seem the wiser. Their houses should be carefully con- structed, raised several inches from the ground, and the space beneath earefully boarded. These should, in winter, face the rising sun, and be provided with a glass front. The door may be hung on hinges, so that it can be opened by the dog from within or without, or it may be dispensed ~ with, in which case a projection should be built around the door-way on the outside, to prevent rain from entering. A room within a room in winter is the better. The inner or sleeping -quarters can be easily constructed by partitioning off a part, leaving an Opening as a passage for the animal, then laying a supplementary raised floor on which the bedding can be placed. This inner kennel can be ren- dered warm, snug, and free from all possible draughts, by covering the floor and sides with tarred paper. Where dogs are housed at night in stables, barns, or large rooms, these same sleeping boxes should always be used in the colder weather. The floors of the kennel should be covered with sawdust as it is the cheapest and cleanest. For bedding, straw in winter, and fine shavingsin summer are preferred. | Cleanliness is of paramount importance. In this connection, the meth- ods employed by the writer may be of interest. Every week in warm and cold weather alike, in his kennels, the sawdust and bedding are removed, Bi the doors and windows closed, and the building purified by introducing a kerosene stove, and burning sulphur thereon. The walls, even the floors if necessary, are then thoroughly washed with lime, and if the weather is damp or very cold, the stoveis again introduced and the white-wash dried. After all dampness is removed, the floors are covered with a disinfectant, Swe I2 KENNEL ARRANGEMENTS. f lime and carbolic acid more often used, tarred paper then laid down, on it sawdust, and then the bedding. It is important where several dogs are kept, that they be provided with separate kennels, at least no more than two be allowed to remain together, as infectious diseases are sometimes transmitted, in their earliest stages, and may become general before de- tection. This danger is especially great where the care of the animals is intrusted to servants. GROOMING. In the stable, one often hears the old adage, ‘‘a good grooming is better for a horse than a feeding.’? The same holds true in the kennel. The ancient Averrhees gave the sum of the directions by Galen and other _ authorities, in his reference to friction applied to the human body. Strong | friction, he said, braces and hardens the body; weak, rarefies and softens; moderate, in an intermediate degree. Besides, he added, hard friction diminishes obesity; moderate, on the other hand, tends to remove emaci- ation. | | Not only is the health of a dog improved by grooming, but his changed - appearance wellrepays the owner for the effort. Again in the operation, commencing cutaneous diseases and vermin are detected, suggesting the prompt application of remedies and much trouble and annoyance thereby averted. : In the use of a comb, care should be observed lest the skin be irritated and mange propagated. A clean, fairly stiff hair brush, a bathing hair-glove, or a pad of woollen yarns, and a chamois skin are all the essentials. Their use can be followed by hand rubbing, an admirable method of adding a fine finish and produc- ing a gloss. { GENERAL MANAGEMENT. 13 VERMIN. Fleas, more especially in warm weather, are the bane of a dog’s existence, and only the most constant care and watchfulness can insure protection from this unmitigated nuisance. There are literally two species of this parasite; the common-flea (pulex irritans.) and the sand-flea (pulex penetrans.) Theformer bites, producing papules or wheals; the latter bores into the skin, causing inflammation. The sand-fleas, as the name implies, are common in sandy districts, and are very difficult to combat. Even when entirely removed, they are quite certain to return. Kennels infected, if situated in the sand, should be moved to a foundation of black earth. If that is impossible, earth should be drawn and the floors and ground surrounding be covered with it, then insect powder be blown freely into every crack and crevice, and rubbed well into the dogs; this will drive them away for a time, but the method must be repeated or they will return. The common-jlea needs much the same continued effort to suppress him. Grooming, combing, and washing will do much, but generally other means must be employed. Whale oil is an effectualremedy but its use is an abomination; itmust be thoroughly rubbed into the hair of the animal, from tip to tip, and allowed to remain on, some hours at least, during which time he must be kept in a warm room, as there is great danger of taking cold; then eggs may be used as a champoo and washed off, or soap and water alone, followed by a persistent combing, and after all a hard run be given. Quassia chips boiled to a strong infusion, or in the form of tincture, when sponged on freely, will be found efficacious. Carbolic acid and soaps incorporated with the same are excellent, but must be used cautiously, or poison from absorption may result; a mixture of carbolic acid, two drachms of the crystals to a pint of water, is sufficiently strong. The phenol sodique is preferable to carbolic acid, as there is little danger of poisonous ab- sorption, and may be used diluted with the same quantity of water. The sulphuret of lime used with such success in Belgium for the itch, acts quite well as a cure of vermin; a weak solution of it can be made by boil- ing together the flowers of sulphur two pounds, unslaked lime one pound, water two gallons; slack the lime first then add the sulphur slowly, stir- ring well, and finally boil down to one gallon. Let the mixture cool and precipitate, then pour off the clear fluid and apply it freely to the hair of the dog, allowing it to dry on. Balsam peru is an agent which has been, in times passed, much valued in parasitic troubles. Its efficacy, is unquestioned, but it is rather too expen- sive for general use. Ul 14 | VERMIN. Kerosene and crude petroleum are used advantageously in many kennels, the method employed being, to dip a comb into the oils and pass it per- sistently through the hair, being careful that little or none reaches the skin, which is likely to become irritated thereby. Insect powder is an excellent remedy, and can be economically used, by laying the dog on a paper while being rubbed. . Lice and wood-ticks demand much the same treatment that fleas do, the _preference being given to petroleum oil. A strong infusion of the seeds of the stavesacre is a sure remedy, but they are not easy to procure. Many . authors advise the use of mercury in some form, the white precipitate the more common. It should not be employed until all the simpler remedies have failed, and then be used with great caution, the dog being securely muzzled. Where vermin have become troublesome, the kennels should be thor- oughly cleaned, bedding destroyed, and sulphur burned, after which, all parts should be faithfully whitewashed. ; ‘a ; The continued scratching of animals causes eczema which must be © treated, after the vermin is removed, with external applications of cod- liver oil, sulphur and lard, Or phenol sodique, and possibly the employment of the usual mange remedies will be demanded. CHAPTER II. ——$—$ $< —— ANTIDOTES AND TREATMENT IN CASES OF POISONING. It would seem, that in the treatment of dogs in disease, some people ~ draw from a fund of accumulated and transmitted ignorance, and display the least possible common sense and judgment. Remedies of the great- est efficacy and virtue, become exceedingly dangerous in the hands of the careless and incompetent, and many dogs are sacrificed by man’s stu- pidity, as well as destroyed by that fiend incarnate, the dog poisoner. No where will that old saying better apply than in connection with the use of medicine, “ a little knowledge makes men foolish.” An article lately appeared ina prominent sportsman’s paper, under the © heading, “Treatment of Poisoned Dogs,’”? which well illustrates this. It said, *“‘ The lives of many vaiuable dogs can be saved by the prompt use of avery simple remedy. As soon as you know a dog has been poisoned, inject about an ounce of hydrate of chloral into his back with a hyperder- ‘mic syringe, the quantity to be governed by the size of the dog and severity of his symptoms. As long as there is life in him do not despair. I have known dogs to have been saved by this treatment when in the death throes.” ¥ Nothing could be either more absurd, or more dangerous than this advice. One ounce of chloral hydrate is four hundred and eighty grains; the dose of this agent is from jive to twenty grains. The rule when medicine is admin- istered subcutaneously is one half the quantity given by the mouth. In cases of strychnine poisoning, the need is more urgent, and the usual doses can_be safely increased; twenty grains however would be quite enough to introduce hyperdermically, as it acts quickly, and the need of a larger dose would be readily apparent. The adviser says “the quantity to be governed by the size of the dog.” It is presumed it would matter - little, were anything near four hundred and eighty grains administered. _ Again to “ inject into the back,” an abscess would surely result, leaving an unsightly scar. While chloral hydrate is indicated in cases of poisoning x ~ t 16 IN CASES OF POISONING. ~ by strychnine and other drugs prodnene convulsions, its use would surely prove fatal i in poisoning by narcotics. Not alone in the care of animals, is shown this same stupid reasoning. The writer recalls a’case he once treated, that of a woman who had effect- ually used creosote on a pledge of cotton pressed into an aching tooth. Shortly after on being attacked with earache, reasoning that the remedy, if a success in one instance, must surely be good in another, had a quan- tity dropped into her ear; the result can be imagined. | The writer had a valuable horse overcome by the heat. His driver much alarmed, was ready to do anything and everything advised. into the vicinity of the hated dog, and the hellish purpose be accomplished. One author has stated, “as ageneral rule for distinguishing between the evidence of poisoning and the symptoms of disease, the suddenness of the attack must weigh largely; and by tracing where the dog has been, and what he has or is likely to have picked up, a pretty accurate conclu- sion can be arrived st. Ss This is about all that can be said on this subject. At the same time, it is essential to remember that there are many exceptions to this rule. Some agents are more readily absorbed than others. Poisons taken into the stomach when empty, necessarily act inuch more speedily than when IN CASES OF POISONING. 17 ~ full, thus if that organ is loaded the appearance of the symptoms may be delayed some hours. Sleep may retard the action of some agents. It must be also remembered that there are many diseases which commence suddenly, and rapidly run to a fatal termination. Internal hemorrhages, severe inflammations of the stomach or intestines, often set in suddenly and might be taken for poisoning. The process of diagnosis by elimination, described elsewhere, will aid “much in cases of suspected poisoning. It would be advisable where valuable dogs are owned, that a few reme- dies be prepared, and kept in anticipation of possible poisoning. Sulphate of zinc for an emetic, laudanum or paregoric for pain, chloral hydrate for convulsions (mixture of one drachm of the drug to an ounce of water). These, with a glass syringe holding from one to two tablespoonfuls, are of great use in emergences where delay is fatal. In cases of poisoning, the methods of treatment indicated are :— Get rid of the Poison — Stop its action— Remedy the mischief it has done. A consideration of the more common poisons and their antidotes, is all that space permits. Aside from drugs, other mcans are sometimes em- ployed by the destroyers. Powdered glass is often used, and a sponge com- pressed while wet, then tightly rolled with twine, dried, and introduced into a piece of meat, is another mcthod, producing certain death by intes- tinal obstruction. When glass 1s known to have bcen taken into the stomach, never give cathartics, but exclude drinks and give solid food with the hope of enveloping the particles, and thereby protecting against internal laceration. oMrsenic:—Symptoms; constant hawking, caused by burning pain in the throat; great thirst, tongue and mucous membrane of the mouth becomes red and swollen; abdomen enlarged, hard, tense, and painful to the touch; severe griping pains; vomiting and purging of brown or bloody matter. Symptoms grow rapidly worse, skin at first hot, but later cold and clammy, _ prostration, paralysis, convulsions, and death. Treatment ;—If vomiting is not free, give an emetic, then quickly pour into the animal what may be within reach, either milk, flour and water, magnesia and oil, or oil and lime water, and send at once for the only true antidote, the hydrated peroxide of tron, for which, if the druggist has not all prepared, he can make a substitute on the instant, by adding to diluted tincture of iron enough bicarbonate of soda, or aqua ammonia, to saturate it; give freely of this. | Sirychnine and Nux Vomica.—Symptoms; at first restlessness, then pain, aS evinced by the dog’s sharp cries, followed by twitchings of the muscles, jerkings of the head, snapping of the jaws, and foaming at the mouth; then convulsions, which may intermit for a short time, during the 18 IN CASES OF POISONING — interval the animal uttering sharp, shrill, ear piercing cries, to be stifled by a recurring spasm. Treatment ;— If possible, give an emetic. This can, however, rarely be done after the convulsive stage has setin. Then the dependence must be on chloral hydrate, from twenty to thirty grains, administered by the rec- tum. Of a mixture of this agent, (one drachm to an ounce of water), a tablespoonful contains thirty grains of the chloral. After giving the injec- tion, pressure should be made against the anus, to prevent its being evacuated. If in twenty minutes the convulsions have not ceased, repeat the injection, dose being the same. When the convulsions are finally con- trolled, allow the animalto sleep as long and quietly as possible,and when he arouses up and shows a disposition to move about, give, every three or four hours, one teaspoonful of aromatic spirit of ammonia well diluted, and continue at intervals until perfectly conscious. Carbolic Acid: —Symptoms; Great depression, trembling, shivering, and loss of motion, indicative of approaching paralysis, diarrhcea, the dis- charges at times bloody. | Treatment; — Hot mustard bath, friction, and stimulants of brandy and ammonia. Phosphorus: — Symptoms; Burning pain in the throat and stomach, vomiting, purging, great inflammation and tenderness of the abdomen, convulsions. Treatment;— Give promptly an emetic, followed with either magnesia, chalk, or whiting in water. Avoid oils, as they dissolve the phosphorus. ~ Mercury: —Symptoms; Acts much like arsenic, but quicker and more” violent, corrosion of mouth, burning of throat, distress in stomach and bowels, excessive thirst, vomiting and purging of bloody mucus, skin cold and clammy, convulsions. x Treatment; —If vomiting does not oceur, induce it with an emetic; give freely white of eggs with milk, or flour and water, or flour and soft soap thinned with water. The protosulphuret cof iron is an antidote, but is use- less ten minutes after the poison has entered the stomach. Mercury, it must be remembered, occurs in many forms, the more common being corrosive sublimate, red precipitate, white precipitate, cinnabar, vermillion, ard cyanide of mercury. | : Lead Salts: —Symptoms; Depend on the mode of poisoning. In large | doses, the usual symptoms are irritation, distress, and vomiting, colic, constipation, cramps, and paralysis. 7 Treatment ;— Give epsom salts with milk and eggs freely. . GENERAL ANTIDOTE —In eases of poisoning, when the nature of. the poison is unknown;—calcined magnesia, powdered charcoal, sesqui oxide of dron, equal parts of each in a sufficient quantity of water. : CHAPTER III. THE PRINCIPLES OF MEDICINE. SRS DE Oe EMA NN PATHOLOGY. If the term health expressed a well defined state, an absolute standard might be fixed. To define disease is equally as difficult. It is an absence, or deficiency of health, simply a transfer of the difficulty of definition. If all the tissues and organs of the body are normal, if all the fluids are in no respect abnormal, if all the functions of the organical structure are completely and harmoniously performed, health undoubtedly exists. But this perfection of health is visionary and never actually exists. An exam- ination of the healthiest would disclose some deviation, some change, and these deviations from the normal are not inconsistent with the evidences of health. Functions of different parts may be disordered to a certain extent, without sufficient disturbance to constitute disease. No practical embarrassment can result from this difficulty, to draw the line with precision. Each owner will fix an individual standard for his animal. Variations from it will constitute disease. In a general way, in a healthy dog, we note as follows :— Eyes bright, the white usually clear, the fine red lines seen at times having no significance, the lining of the lids a pink rose tinge. Nose, cold, moist and slippery, except when the animal sleeps, then often hot and dry. Coat soft, smooth, and in long haired dogs, glossy. Skin soft, easily moulded, and of a gentle heat. Tongue moist, pink in color, free from coating. Pulse, full and strong, ranging from eighty to one hundred, varying in different breeds ’ and natures. The larger animals have a lower rate than the smaller, the _ nervous a higher than the less easily excited. Bowels; excretions vary with the food given, in consistency and color. They should be neither hard nor thin, free from undigested matter, and not markedly offensive in odor. Kidneys; urine, pale yellowish, abundant, freely and easily expelled. . — 20 THE PRINCIPLES OF MEDICINE. DIAGNOSIS. The term diagnosis, signifies the art of discriminating diseases, to de- termine their character and situation. It is sufficiently obvious, that a distinctive knowledge of diseases is of great practical importance in ref- erence to their management. Treatment cannot be judiciously applied until a diagnosis has been reached. It may be based on the presence of | characteristic signs peculiar to certain affections alone. Thus the crepitant sound denotes the existence of pnewmonia. But there are very few signs which are inseparable from a disease, being found in that and no other. It must be remembered, that all the symptoms typical of a disease will be but rarely present. In some, possibly many instances, the disorder is readily apparent, and the exact location of it detected. Cough, and rapid breathing would point at once to the chest as the seat of the trouble. In other cases much diffi- culty will be experienced. Some symptoms may be absent, and others unduly prominent. Patient watching, with a careful analysis and study of each individual case will, however, usually dissipate all doubts. The previous history is essential in reaching a diagnosis. The duration of the symptoms materially assist in determining whether we have an acute or chronic disease to contend with. If the animal were recently to all appearances in good health, and the attack more or less sudden in its invasion, the disease is probably the former, whereas, if the dog has for a long time shown certain signs of ailing, the disease is probably chronic in character. A highly effective method of reaching the diagnosis of a disease is called, ‘‘reasoning by way of exclusion.” In a case of doubt, the problem is generally to decide between a certain number of diseases. The existing disease is one of two, three, or more, which may be suspected. Nowif it be difficult to decide which one of these is the disease present from positive proof, it may be practicable to decide that there is insufficient evidence of the existence of one or more, and therefore they are excluded. By this process of elimination, the number of diseases is diminished, and may be reduced even to one disease. To illustrate the application of this method. — eS Our dog does not respond to the usual call. We seek his kennel for the cause, find him unable to leave it, and observe the following symptoms. His breathing israpid and labored; his manner exceedingly dull; he opens © his eyes only to close them at once; hangs his head, it falls as though he slept, to be lifted as he seems to waken, or disturbed from time to time by a dry hacking cough, with an attempt to vomit, occasionally raising a little colored sputa. Nose and body are very hot. He lays down only to— ~ assume at once a sitting position, with forelegs braced and separated. DIAGNOSIS — PROGNOSIS. 21 The disease may possibly be in the throat, but is evidently in the chest. The previous history tells us that the symptoms are acute, therefore we can at once eliminate all chronic affections, and there are left laryngitis, bronchitis, asthma, pleurisy, and pneumonia. ‘ An examination of the throat dispels the doubt respecting laryngitis. No knowledge of a previous attack, the absence of wheezing respiration, and husky, barking cough, and asthma is reasonably excluded. ia In bronchitis, so early in the disease, we should not expect such marked constitutional symptoms; while some fever would probably be observed, it would scarcely run so high; again, while the breathing is often acceler- ated, it lacks in the early stages at least, that labored character. Pain in bronchitis is evident when the patient coughs, and is less apparent in the interval. His discomfort would tend to make him restless, and on lying down he would assume no unusual position. These facts considered, ren- der bronchitis improbable. Uneasiness of the animalis one of the marked symptoms of pleurisy. That indication is absent in the patient before us. The breathing too is different, while in pleurisy itis labored, it is also unmistakably painful, and inspiration is shortened from that cause. A dog affected with that disease, would seem to avoid taking more air into his lungs than absolutely possible. There would be a restraint in the working of the muscles of the chest, that plainly told of pain. This too would be shown in the cough, dry and shortened, with little or nothing raised. While fever is present in pleurisy, it seldom in the early stage, runs as high as observed in this case. If these differences in symptoms noted are insufficient, an examination of the chest by the ear will remove what doubts remain. Pleurisy then excluded we come at last, by this method, to the disease of the animal before us — pneumonia. | PROGNOSIS. The art of foretelling results in diseases is called prognosis. To deter- mine the probable end in many cases, is often important with reference to treatment. The writer has deemed it wise to consider the signs on which prognosis is based, incidentally in connection with individual diseases. Some few obvious appearances which render the prognosis unfavorable, may here be mentioned: — Continued loss of flesh when connected with chronic affections is serious. Very feeble, rapid pulse, more especially in acute diseases, indicates a very grave condition. Among the fatal signs are a fixedness of the eyes, denoting paralysis; involuntary discharges, indicating great insensibitity. A jerking inspiration if not dependent upon diseases of the lungs, betokens death. —- eR 22 THE PRINCIPLES OF MEDICINE. CAUSATION. A knowledge of the causes of disease is highly important as a means of prevention. When causes are traced to their origin, their influences can’ often be obviated. Itnot unfrequently happens that ignorance of etiology largely prejudices recovery, when a knowledge of the morbid influences, still operative, might be removed. The term traumatic is used to distinguish certain causes. Anything which occasions an injury or wound of a part, from which disease results, is a traumatic cause. Certain diseases, the origins of which we are unable to appreciate, are termed spontaneous. Predisposing or exciting causes are influences that induce a tendency or liability to certain affections. They alone may be sufficient to give rise to disease, or they may only suffice to so influence the system, the condi- tions will be favorable for the occurrence of it. ADMINISTERING MEDICINE. It is presumed that the owner, or at least one familiar with the dog to be treated, will administer the medicine. If kindness and patience is exhib- ited, little or no trouble will be experienced. PAn important object is to concentrate drugs as much as possible. If given : in the form of small pills, they can be pressed into raw beef and thrown ‘to the animal, after first tempting him with a few pieces. When medicine is to be given in a bolus or very large pill, this method | should be employed. Grasp the muzzle of the dog firmly with the left hand, the thumb and fore-finger on either side, pressing in the upper lips covering the teeth, thus preventing his biting. His mouth being opened, and head elevated, carry the bolus back into the throat as far as possible and close his jaws. If he does not swallow immediately, closing his nos- trils, and stopping his breathing will be effectual. ea ae: If the dog is very large or unruly, and liquid medicine of unpleasant taste is to be administered, an assistant will be needed. ; Liquids can best be given from a bottle, the assistant preventing the jaws closing and breaking it. A spoon is unfit, as much will be spilled in its use. Making a funnel of the cheek and pouring the medicine in slowly, is an admirable method, and can be employed if the dog is unconscious and cannot swallow; care must be observed, allowing but little at a time to trickle down the throat. s Some medicines can be disguised in milk or strong broths. Ordinarily> drugs should be given upon an empty stomach, excepting tonics, which should enter with the food, and be incorporated with it. . vee AS CHAPTER IV. SPECIAL PATHOLOGY AND THERAPEUTICS. INTRODUCTION. Before entering upon the consideration of individual diseases, it may be well to understand certain points of distinction, interesting and of prac- _ tical importance. Differences as regards severity and duration, constitute a basis of the division of diseases into varieties. The same disease may be either acute, subacute, or chronic. A disease is acute when it has a certain degree of in- tensity, and runsarapid course. The subacute variety has less intensity ; a disease of moderate activity. The chronic variety exists when a diseaes is subacute, and itisof long continuance. The division into varieties based on the difference just named, is especially applicable to inflammatory affections. _ A point of distinction of practical importance relates to duration. Some diseases continue for a definite period, never exceeding certain limits in this regard. Those which tend intrinsically to end after a certain time, - are distinguished as self limited. : In the list of individual diseases, are some recognized as such for the sake of convenience, but which in reality, are only effects or symptoms of , disease, as for example, jaundice and dropsy, which are merely symptoms occurring in connection with different affections. It will be observed that the term expectant is often used. the treatment of a disease by expectation, consists in watching carefully its progress, 24 INTRODUCTION. and meeting, with appropriate measures, unfavorable events as they arise, or withholding active treatment until the need is manifest. It will be noted that in prescribing drugs, simplicity has been observed. Not the leastimportantis the selection of concentrated remedies, divesting them of nauseousness, thereby rendering their administration less difficult. The writer in prescribing medicines, has deemed it wise and more con- venient to choose some standard, and leave the reader to divide or add to the doses as the size of the dog may warrant. He has therefore selected one of about jifiy pounds in weight. Wherea toy dog is to be treated, the dose should be lessened one half, and for a mastif or St. Bernard, or one approaching in size, the dose should be doubled. For instance, if the dose one teaspoonful is recommended, that would be proper for a setter or pointer, in fact any dog of fifty pounds weight; one half a teaspoonful would be the dose for a terrier or pug, and two teaspoonfuls for the larger breeds. Sufficiently correct for ordinary purposes—a teaspoon measures one liquid drachm —a desserispoon two drachms—a tablespoon four drachms, or one half an ounce. An examination of a dog when ill cannot be hurriedly made. By patient watching some clue as to the location of the disease, may be acquired. His general appearance, the expression of his eyes, his breathing, his manner of moving about, should be noted. He should be forced to walk, and his back be particularly observed, if natural or arched. His way of. lying down, and the position assumed may signify much. By watching the head, the point of suffering may often be determined. The ears, mouth, tongue, and throat should be carefully examined. To note the pulse and temperature is of especial importance. The former, - normally runs from eighty to one hundred. The indications from it may be read thus :— When irregularly intermittent— nervous affections; contin- uously intermittent — possibly organic disease of theheart; rapid and bound- Ing; fever, or inflammations; soft and easily compressible — debility and depression; thin and thready — exhaustion and death. The examination of the abdomen should be carefully made. Observing if the same is soft and flaccid, or hard and tense. Tenderness beneath the hand, will be revealed on gentle pressure, by the animal shrinking, or turning with piteous expression. As regards nursing, pure air, sunlight, cleanliness and warmth, nour- ishing and sustaining diet, are the essentials. In sickness and in health alike, man’s true friend and honest comrade the dog, deserves all the care his owner can bestow upon him. DISEASES OF THE RESPIRATORY ORGANS. ACUTE PLEUVRISY. Each lung is invested, upon its external surface, by an exceedingly del- icate membrane, the pleura, which incloses the organ as far as its root, and is then returned upon the inner surface of the chest. The -inner sur- face of the pleura is smooth, polished, and moistened by a fluid which favors the easy play of the surfaces, as the lungs alternately expand and ; collapse in movements of respiration. _ In inflammation of this membrane or pleurisy, this lubricating fluid dis- appears, and the surfaces become roughened, hot, swollen, and painful as they come in contact and rub together with every inspiration. This con- dition rarely exists longer than twenty-four hours, and oftener a much shorter time; then follows an effusion into the affected side, the space being in some instances only partially filled, and in others the amount of - fluid is of sufficient quantity to fill the cavity cf the pleura, compressing the lung into a small, solid mass. In certain cases of acute pleurisy which pursue a favorable course, absorption of the liquid commences a few days after the accumulation has reached the maximum. Should the quantity remain stationary, or the diminution take place very slowly, after the elapse of two or three weeks, the disease becomes chronic. ' Pleurisy is an unilateral disease, that is, it affects the pleura of one side only. While it may be associated with pneumonia (pleuro pneumonia), it does not tend to the development of that disease. Causation. — Acute pleurisy may be produced by contusions, especially if accompanied with fracture of the ribs, and penetrating wounds. It is remarkable, however, that severe injuries of the chest often occur without giving rise to this disease. Cold resulting from exposure, is the more fre. quent source of pleurisy. It may, however, be spontaneous, that is pro- ceed from an unknown internal cause. : Symptoms. — The attack is usually sudden. In acertain proportion of cases, however, some pain or soreness exists one, two, or three days before the development of acute inflammation. Itis sometimes ushered in with a chill, as shown by shivering. Pain in the affected side attends the onset — 26 DISEASES OF THE RESPIRATORY ORGANS. in a majority of cases, and is usually intense. It is sharp and cutting in character and is felt especially in the act of inhaling. It increases during inspiration, often becoming so severe that the act is shortened and arrested before completed. This is due to the pain, caused by the rubbing together of the inflamed sides of the pleura as the lung expands. The respiration is consequently quickened, and the animal instinctively multiplies the acts to compensate for the want of a full inspiration. Cough is usually present. The pain in coughing leads instinctively to efforts to repress it, and its character is termed suppressed. Fever is coincident with the development of the inflammation, varying in intensity in different cases. The usual indications associated with fever are present ; restlessness, thirst, pulse rapid, full, and bounding, nose hot and dry, tongue slightly - coated, eyes watery, and wearing a pleading anxious look, the whites red- dened and the lining of the lids deeper in color. | After a considerable amount of effusion has taken place, the symptoms are materially modified. The pain is notably lessened, the acts of coughing ; are less distressing, and the efforts at suppression not so apparent. The fever diminishes, and the other evidences of constitutional disturbance, in a manner disappear. The respirations continue, more or less hurrjed, their frequency now depending on the compression of the lung by fluid. If a considerable amount of liquid is rapidly effused, the respirations are quickened; the animal suffers from a painful sense of the want of breath, and may be obliged to maintain a sitting posture, with fore legs spread widely apart. If the quantity is not large and the effusion has not taken place rapidly, less suffering will be noted while quiet, but exertion will cause panting and a sense of suffocation. With a small quantity of effusion, the animal prefers, when lying down, to lie on the affected side, as in that position he is able to expand more fully the opposite lung. With a large quantity of fluid present, the breath- | ing becomes more labored and abdominal as shown by the heaving action of the muscles of the flank. The limbs become dropsical, suffocation is threatened, and death may result from that cause. Diagnosis. —In the earlier stages some difficulty will be experienced in discriminating between the disease under consideration, and pneumonia. An examination of the chest by inspection, will show restrained move- ments, caused by the pain. Examination by the ear will determine the respiratory sound more or less weakened on the affected side, due to the fact that pain leads instinctively to a diminished use of the lung involved, while the action of the other lung is increased. No great importance can . be attached to this sign alone, as in some attacks of pneumonia, severe pain may exist, and the same appearance be present. A pleural friction a \ — care ss ACUTE PLEURISY. : 27 sound is a sound of grazing, rubbing, or grating, due to the movements, in opposite directions of the pleural surfaces with inspiration and expiration. The sound is more or less intense, dry, and appears to be near the ear, conveying the idea of friction of roughened surfaces. If this is distinctly present, its diagnostic significance is important, showing pleurisy exists. The signs belonging to the second stage manifest themselves without much delay. Liquid effusion having taken place in sufficient quantity to be apparent, the diagnosis is easier. The signs of an effusion are obtained by percussion, auscultation, and inspection. To determine by percussion, press the palm and fingers of the left hand firmly against the side of the chest, then tap lightly one finger with the second finger of the right hand, giving a sharp quick blow. If the sound given forth is dead and flat, it denotes an absence of air within the part of the chest percussed. On auscultation the respiratory sound is either suppressed or but feebly heard, unless the quantity of liquid is sufiicient to compress the lung into a solid mass, then the sound is intensi- fied, rude, and harsh, like that heard on placing the ear to the neck of the animal. If the quantity of liquid be large enough to distend the pleural sac, the depression between the ribs of affected side may be diminished and even swell out. This complete distension by liquid effusions is, how- ever, exceptionally rare. Prognosis.—The prognosis in acute, uncomplicated cases of pleurisy, with but little effusion, is favorable, provided the constitution of the animalis not enfeebled. The presence of a large liquid effusion is a very unfavorable sign, and death may result from suffocation or exhaustion. When recovery takes place from pleurisy, the roughened surfaces of the pleura come together and are united by adhesion of newly found tissue. Treaimen?.—The objects of treatment in acute pleurisy, differ in its different stages. The purposes in the first, are to arrest, if possible, the progress of the disease, to diminish its intensity, if it be not arrested, and to relieve suffering. The indications are essentially the same as in the earlier period of most acute inflammations. The remedy of the first importance is opium in some form. Itis invalu- able not only for its palliative, but its curative action. By relieving pain, it diminishes the determination of blood to the inflamed parts. It also lessens the constitutional disturbance, and enables the system to tolerate better the local affection. Conjoined with the use of opium, remedies addressed to the circulation, may be employed. Aconite is preferred, because its sedative effect upon circulation is produced without depress- ion. Blisters should not be applied in this stage. Cloths wrung out of hot “water and bound around the chest will act as a palliative, and afford marked relief. 28 ACUTE PLEURISY. Opium and aconite are conveniently combined in the following mixture— R. Morphiz Sulphatis or, 1] Tr. Aconiti Rad. gett. xxv Aquee S11) Ft. Mist. Sig. Dose one teaspoonful. This should be given every three or five hours until the pain subsides and the animal is inclined to sleep. While the pain continues, and the fever remains unabated, the sedative mixture should be persisted in. A mild purgative, in the form of syrup of buckthorn in tablespoonful doses may be added to the treatment, to aid in lessening the fever, and restraining the liquid effusion. In the second stage after the pain and fever have subsided, the object of treatment is to promote absorption of the liquid. The kidneys may be stimulated to increased activity by the following— R. Potass. Acet. FAV. Infus. Digitalis & Avi Aquee 22a0 8 Ft. Mist. Sig. Dose two teaspoonfuls every five or six hours. Counter irritation may now be resorted to, the tincture of iodine applied *’ with a brush preferred. The important object is to support and nourish the animal. Laxatives and external applications must be discontinued if the general strength seems impaired by their use. The diet should be nutri- tious and concentrated. Tonic remedies are useful and may be given in the form of the tincture of iron, twenty drops well dilated, or quinine in two grain doses, three times a day. Throughout the disease, pure air, * warmth, and cleanliness are absolutely essential. : During convalescence, the object is to re-establish the normal health. Gentle exercise out of doors is to be encouraged, and the local affection will disappear in proportion to the rapidity with which improvement in _ the general condition takes place. \ DISEASES OF THE RESPIRATORY ORGANS. 29 CHRONIC PLEUVRISY:. Chronic pleurisy occasionally follows the acute form of the disease, but in the majority of cases is a sub-acute affection from the first. It is often - developed imperceptibly, those prominent symptoms observed in the acute form, being absent or lacking sufficient intensity to characterize the disease. | Anatomically, the conditions existing in chronic pleurisy are essentially the same as in the acute form. The pleural cavity contains a liquid effu- sion of serum and lymph, which in the event of recovery becomes - absorbed. Bands of adhesion are formed uniting the inner surface of the . pleura, and the chest walls become contracted, leaving a depression gen- | erally permanent, more especially in cases of large effusions. Causation. —The same influences may give rise to chronic that are involved in the causation of acute pleurisy. It may be induced traumati- cally, and is sometimes due to exposure. More often it,proceeds from internal causes which are not understood. J Symptoms.—Cough, pain and tenderness are frequently wanting, and rarely prominent in this disease. The most marked symptom is the in- _ creased frequency of the respirations, which may be moderate while at rest, but become evident on exercise. Here, as in the acute form, the embarrassment in breathing will depend upon the amount and rapidity with which the effusion takes place. The pulse generally runs above the normal, and is small and compressible. Appetite is impaired. Diarrhea occurs in some cases, and emaciation may follow, although the strength is often maintained to a marked degree, and the animal be out and take considerable easy exercise. Diagnosis. — The symptoms apparent in this disease will aid Tratoh: but a positive diagnosis can hardly be reached without auscultation and per- cussion. The signs of liquid effusion are the same in chronic as in acute pleurisy. In the former the amount is often greater, and the contraction of the affected side is more marked after absorption. Chronic pleurisy is often associated with other diseases, among them pulmonary consumption and dropsical affections, which, by their indi- vidual symptoms, may be detected. Prognosis .—Simple chronic pleurisy unassociated with any other serious disease, and occurring in an animal previously healthy, may be recovered from, but a permanent deformity, in contraction of the affected side is quite certain to result. Death often occurs from associated com- plications. In many cases a, breaking down of the lungs follows chronic pleurisy, and the disease assumes the form of consumption. In other cases absorption of the effusion may go on to a certain extent, and the animal a AG 30 CHRONIC PLEURISY. regain good health, even although a portion of the liquid remains. Chronic pleurisy may end in empyema, in which disease the liquid be- comes purulent, and from which recovery is very doubtful. Treatmen?.— The objects of treatment are to remove the effused liquid, and develop and sustain the general strength of the system. For the first object, the measures which may be employed, are the same as in the last stage of acute pleurisy. Small blisters, or the tincture of iodine may be applied to the affected side, and mild laxatives should be judiciously given if the general condition and strength warrant their use. The second_object calls for tonic remedies, which,should be given three times a day. A pill, combining several of the more powerful agents, can be made as follows — R Quiniz Sulph. SE) ERT, Ferri Carb. 3 ss Ext. Nucis Vomicsx = gr. viij Ft. Pil. No. xxiv. Sig. Dose one three times daily. Tonics should be persisted in, and may be changed occasionally, as the animal becomes accustomed to their use. The pills may, after a time, be discontinued, and the syrup of the iodide of iron in ten drop doses, or the elixir of calisaya bark, iron, and strychnia in teaspoonful doses, be given. ‘If the animal be thin in flesh, cod liver oil must be added to the treatment. Pure air, gentle exercise, and nutritious diet are essential in this, as in all exhausting diseases. In extreme cases, where a rapid formation of the liquid effusion threat- ens death by suffocation, tapping the chest may be resorted to, but a skil- ful physician, the family attendant, should be employed for the operation, which, in but few cases, will result unsuccessfully, as the fluid generally returns. DISEASES OF THE RESPIRATORY ORGANS. 31 PNEUMONIA. An inflammation of the substance of the lungs, or pneumonia is charac- terized by an exudation into the air cells, solidifying for a time that por. tion of the lung affected. The first appreciable anatomical change in this disease is an abnormal accumulation of blood, due to an active congestion of the parts involved. This condition lasts but fora short time, and is speedily followed by an exudation, a material which escapes from the blood and coagulates within the air-cells. The cells are filled and dis- tended with this exuded matter and cease to contain air. The lung is solidified, presenting an appearance not unlike liver, and hence this con- ‘dition is called hepatization. If the progress of the disease be favorable, the exudation is removed mainly or exclusively by absorption, and the recovery of the affected part is complete. If the disease progresses unfavorably, absorption of the product within the air cells does not take place, the substance of the lung softens and breaks down, a condition called purulent infiltration. The constitutional symptoms then become more marked, the distress more apparent. The expression grows even more piteous and haggard, the eyes more sunken. The nostrils dilate, the cough loose becomes per- sistent and distressing, and the mouth and lips are covered with a thick Slime. The breath Which has a sweet, sickish odor, comes quick and short. Approaching suffocation is obvious. The sitting position so long main- tained is still persevered in, until the limbs become dropsical, the skin cold andclammy, the pulse faint and flickering, finally death ends all. Causation.— While exposure to cold, is an evident cause of pneumonia in many cases, it is probably but an exciting influence co-operating with an existing morbid condition or predisposition, which we are unable to comprehend. The disease is in many cases developed spontaneously, no obvious cause apparent. Sympioms. — The invasion of the disease is often abrupt. In a large proportion of cases pneumonia is ushered in with a chill, as shown by shiverings. Speedily following the chill pain is manifest, in Some cases severe, in others very slight. Cough usually appears soon after the attack commences. It may be prominent, and is sometimes wanting. The matter coughed up is at first scanty and thick. In a certain proportion of cases it soon assumes a character distinctive of the disease termed rusty, from its reddish tint like iron rust. Fever follows immediately the invasion of the disease, The pulse runs ~ high, loss of appetite occurs, great thirst is experienced, and prostration manifested. The nose becomes hot and dry, the eyes reddened. The res- pirations increase in frequency, as the disease progresses, until a sense 82 : PNEUMONIA. of suffocation forces the animal to assume a sitting position, with extend- ed head and protruded tongue. Diagnosis. —During the early stage, by placing the ear to the affected side, crepitation can be heard in most cases. This when present is highly distinctive of pneumonia. The crepitant sound is dry, very fine, crackling, and heard only on inspiration. This sound is dueto the separation or bursting of agglutinized bubbles, and is much the same as one hears made by the boot when walking on crusted snow. In the second stage, after the lung has become solidified, percussion ~ shows marked dulness, a flat dead sound being emitted. The respiratory sound becomes exaggerated by the law of transmission of sound by solids, and the bronchial respiration is distinctly heard. Crepitation may be present in this stage, and may be wanting. ; When recovery from the disease commences, the respiratory sound grows more natural, crepitation at times returns, and frequently a sub- crepitant sound is heard. This is fine, moist, and bubbling, carrying the idea of small bubbles, heard with either inspiration or expiration, or with both acts. Dulness on percussion, becomes less and less marked, and finally dis- appears, but a trace is often left for a time after an examination by the ear shows the exudation to have been removed. Ifthe disease does not clear up, but passes into the stage of infiltration, the dulness or flatness on percussion continues, and coarse bubbling sounds are detected, due to the presence of pus in the air-cells, heard at times louder just after cough- ing, and can often be appreciated by placing the flat of the hand to the chest, when a sensation of fine bubbling will be transmitted. Prognosis. — Pneumonia is a very serious disease, and is very often fatal. At times only a small proportion of the lung is affected, the disease then being termed circumscribed. The extent of the disease in a great measure indicates the gravity and danger. Accidents and complications are very liable to invest the cases with greater gravity, and where there. _are no symptoms which denote imminent danger, sudden changes often take place for the worse. : When convalescence in the disease sets in, recovery is generally com- plete. From purulent infiltration there is very little hope of recovery. Treatment. —Pneumonia belongs among those diseases distinguished as self limited. If uncomplicated and not attended with accidents, it runs © a definite course, ending in restoration, provided the powers are main- tained. The treatment must be supportive and every influence calculated | to depress the system,must be studiously avoided. In the first stage, the object should be to relieve symptoms, to diminish _ the intensity of the inflammations, and prepare the system to bearthe , » PNEUMONIA. 83 severe strain forced upon it. Many authors advise the use of blisters, but this the writer cannot endorse, considering their employment injudicious. Other authorities reeommend flaxseed meal poultices, and warm fomen- tations. These are objectionable from the fact that the animal is liable to become chilled while the applications are being removed and changed. The object is to prevent the air coming in contact with the chest, and no better means can be devised than the cotton jacket. Many thicknesses of cotton batting can be quilted on to cloth, cut with holes for the fore legs, and roughly shaped to envelop the chest from the neck to the loins. This when basted on to the animal isa sure protection, and contributes to his comfort, by keeping the skin moistened with perspiration, and all the advantages of a poultice are thereby secured. Opium should be given in the first stage to subdue the pain and to quiet - the system. If the pulse is full and bounding and the animal in good health previous to the attack, sedatives may be combined with the opiate, and the morphine and aconite prescription recommended in acute pleu- risy be used. If pain is not severe, and fever runs high, the tincture of aconite root may be given every two hours, alone, or in the following mixture — : RK Tr. Opii. Camphoratee Zak Tr. Aconiti Rad. ett. xxv -Potass. Chloratis Z ij Ammon. Muriatis 41 Syr. Simplicis ak Aquz . ad. 3 iij ; Ft. Mist. Shake well, Sig. Dose one teaspoonful from four to six hours. A room of equitable temperature should be chosen, and good ventilation be maintained. Never wait in pneumonia until trouble comes; rather anticipate it, and be prepared for emergencies. Commence early with supportive measures, and insist upon it the animal takes nourishment at regular intervals. Select the concentrated and most sustaining nutri- ment such as raw eggs, beef juice, and beef extracts. To support and sustain the vital powers and to prolong life beyond the limit of the disease, is the general indication in the second stage. Opium _ ifindicated may still be persisted in, and stimulants and stimulating tonics should be commenced. Given moderately at first, but pushed if the need ~ becomes manifest. Quinine in two grain doses should be given every four hours, and twoteaspoonfuls of brandy may be administered in milk at intervals, and the effects watched. Should the pulse weaken, the stimulant must be increased to a tablespoonful dose, and given every two or three hours. If failure of the powers seems imminent, one teaspoonful of the - aromatic spirit of ammonia must be added to each dose of brandy. ~ B4 | | PNEUMONIA. If the limit or the disease is reached, and resolution commenced, recov- ery promises to be rapid, and there is little or no danger of a renewed attack. In the stage of resolution, tonic remedies are indicated, the quinine can be discontinued, and some combination of iron be substituted. The elixir calisaya bark, iron and strychnine, in teaspoonful doses before feed. ing, isan admirable tonic. It is sometimes difficult to secure a reliable preparation however, in which event the following mixture will be found ‘useful — RK Ferri et. Ammonie Cit. 3 iss. Tr. Nucis Vomicze 3 ij Tr. Cinchonze Comp. Ziv Ft. Mist. Sig. Dose one teaspoonful three times daily before feeding. Cod liver oil should be added to the treatment, and given in tablespoonful doses after eating or mixed with the food. As soon as the animal is fairly — convalescent a solid diet may be allowed, meat raw or cooked as he seems to prefer, in fact anything within reason that he will eat, and the quantity need not be much restricted. Exercise in the open air in pleasant weather should be early encouraged. In event the lung breaks down, and the disease passes into the stage of purulent infiltration, there is little or no hope for the animal. The only treatment isto crowd the stimulants and nourishment. Recent authorities have advised the use of chloral hydrate, to combat the pain in pneumonia. The writer feels that there are decided objections to its use, from its peculiar depressing action on the heart, which organ throughout the disease needs to be stimulated and strengthened. DISEASES OF THE RESPIRATORY ORGANS. 35 BRONCHITIS. An inflammation seated in the lining membrane of the larger bronchial tubes constitutes the disease called bronchitis, a very common affection among dogs. It is generally ushered in by an inflammation of the mucous membrane of the nasal passages, which commencing in the nostrils travels - downward to the lungs. The disease may be divided into two stages, which can be conveniently termed the dry and the moist. From the occurrence of the first symptoms in the nose, in from one to three days the disease makes the transit to the | larger bronchial tubes, the mucous membrane of which becomes dry, red- dened, swollen, and sensitive. In the progress of the affection, after two or three days, the mucous secretion, which has been absent or scanty, reappears and is abnormally increased. Bronchitis may be primary or secondary, thatis it may occur as a distinct affection or be developed as acomplication of certain diseases, such as 3 pneumonia, or consumption. It may be either acute, sub-acute, or chronic, as based on the differences as regards the severity and duration of the inflammation. Causation. —Exposure to damp and cold; violent exercise, and subse- quent confinement in draughty kennels; changes in the weather, and some special atmospheric influence not understood. This is to be inferred when the disease prevails as an epidemic. Symptoms. —Shivering, and the common evidences of catarrh, are the primary symptoms noted, followed by some fever, higher pulse, thirst, loss of appetite, dulness and general lassitude. The cough is at first dry and painful, but not suppressed. This changes as the mucous secretion becomes abundant, then the pain abates, the cough loosens and has a softer tone. Respiration is usually unaffected, rapid breathing being observed only in exceptional cases, in which the mucous secretions accumulate, and obstruct the bronchial tubes. The expectoration is at first smalland scanty, ’ later copious and frothy. The eyes are reddened, the nose hot, and glued with a thick mucous which becoming free and thin, is accompanied with frequent sneezing. These symptoms are present in ordinary bronchitis. An unfrequent and graver form is developed when the inflammation affects the smaller tubes. ‘This is termed capillary bronchitis, and differs widely from the ordinary acute disease. Itisan exceedingly grave affection, and the danger proceeds from obstruction to the current of air to and from the air-cells. This obstruction is due to the small size of the affected tubes. The swelling of the mucous membrane, and the presence of the muco-purulent liquid, which in the larger tubes do not interrupt the free passage of air during 36 BRONCHITIS. respiration, here occasions serious interference. In the capillary form of bronchitis, all the symptoms of suffocation are present and death usually results from that cause. east Diagnosis. — Acute bronchitis is to be discriminated from pleurisy and pneumonia, more especially the latter. The absence of severe pain and rapid breathing, the presence of a copious expectoration, which is not rusty, are negative points, which, with an examination of the chest, will render a diagnosis easy. On percussion nothing abnormal is detected. On auscultation coarse mucous rattles are heard throughout the chest. Their presence and diffu- sion over both sides are distinctive of the disease. The gravity of the symptoms will indicate whether capillary or simple acute bronchitis is present. ; | Proynosis .— Ordinary bronchitis when unassociated with other diseases - ig dangerous only in very young puppies and old dogs. inflammatory process may extend and involve the peritoneum, or ulcera- | tion may induce it through perforation. . : Symptoms.—In acute inflammation of the peritoneum the symptoms may be readily recognized. The pain is agonizing; to this the sharp snrill cries of the animal fully testify. While he has strength to remain on the feet his restlessness is ceaseless, and in no position can he find relief. He breathes solely with the chest, the abdominal muscles being rigid and fixed. The expression is anxious, the eyes reddened and sunken; the pulse small, wiry, and resisting; the tongue dry, vomiting constant; con- Sstipation is obstinate. The abdomen is distended, tense, and great tender- ness is more or less widely diffused. If the case proceeds to a fatal termination the abdomen swells with an effusion, the pulse becomes quicker and weaker; paralysis follows; then exhaustion and death. Diagnosis. —In severe forms of the disease under consideration, this should not be difficult. From enteritis it is distinguished by greater pain, greater abdominal tenderness and distension, absence of diarrhoea, and the presence of evidences of a much graver disease. Colic may be elimi- ~ nated on the same points of difference between that disease and enteritis. Prognosis.— General peritonitis is an exceedingly grave disease from _ which there is little hope of recovery. The danger is greatly increased by perforation and co-existing diseases. _) The affection may run rapidly to a fatal termination, destroying life within a few hours, or the issue may be prolonged several days. Recovery might take place from the acute form of the disease, but such a result must be painfully rare. Lreaimenz. — Opium is the sovereign remedy and on that reliance must be placed. How large a dose and how often, it is difficult to direct. The natures of animals vary; some are susceptible to a small quantity, others bear large doses of opiates with but little effect. Again the pain may be agonizing in some cases and less severe in others. Still in other attacks vomiting will be so persistent that medicine will not be retained, —_ = 78 ~ PERITONITIS. in which event morphine must be administered subcutaneously in one eighth grain doses. Where the medicine is not rejected laudanum is a convenient preparation of opium, and should be given in twenty drop doses. Should the animal show no signs of sleeping and the pain persists, doubtless the dose could be safely repeated every hour and a half or two hours until some relief issecured. Although obstinate constipation exists, purgatives must not under any consideration be given during the acute stage. Remember the costiveness arises from an inflammation of the bowels, and they being unable to expel their contents. Hot applications to the abdomen are indicated, and it matters little their - character as long as they are hot. Nourishment should be given ice cold, the most concentrated being demanded. Partial or circumscribed peritonitis is as the name implies an inflam- mation limited to a portion of the peritoneum. It is a complication of a previous affection of the parts covered by the inflamed membrane. Where this inflammation exists, a disease of the tissues beneath may be inferred. Chronic peritonitis is less common than the acute. Occasionally the latter eventuates in the chronic form, but rarely so; it is more often asso- ciated with some diseases of the abdominal organs, previously existing or present. As chronic peritonitis must sooner or later eventuate in death, as it is insidious and its existence is rarely detected except at the autopsy, an extended consideration is un absurdity. DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM. 79 PILES. Heemorrhoids or piles are small tumors situated near the anus. They consist of folds of the mucous and sub-mucous tissues, and usually contain large veins. These tumors may be in a state of congestion, Swollen from inflammation and very sensitive, or they may exist as a simple thickening of the parts and comparatively free from pain. Sometimes the veins sup- plying the anus become morbidly dilated forming knots, and at times the blood in these distended vessels coagulates or clots, and a solid tumor is formed. Again the whole mucous membrane of the lower part of the rectum may become swollen, sensitive, and protrude at every evacuation of the bowels, causing great pain, and at times bleeding. — | . The tumors may be pendulous, varying in size, and hanging down from the rectum productive of great tenderness and discomfort. External piles . may be met with in round bunches at the anus, in part covered by the - mucous membrane and partly by the skin. Causation. — The predisposing causes are any influences which pro- duce a fulness of the abdominal blood vessels, or obstruct the return of blood from the rectum to general circulation. Among them may be men- tioned diseases of the liver, insufficient exercise, pregnancy, and habitual constipation. When the latter complaint induces piles, they may be as much attributed to the irritation and congestion which it excites as to the impediment to the course of blood produced, for otherwise the tumors would disappear when the bowels were freely moved, which is not the case. The exciting causes may be straining to discharge the bowels as in dys- entery, violent purgative medicines, in fact anything that irritates the lower bowel. ; Symptoms. —The dog will generally by his manner draw attention to the affection. Pain will lead him to lick the parts, and to relieve the itch- ing which is commonly associated he will drag the anus along the floor, or will rub himself astride a bar or against a post. Swelling of the parts indicate the affection. Some blood may be found in the discharges. Treatment. —The primary object is to remove the predisposing and exciting causes. If the animalis over-fed and has insufficient exercise, his diet should be restricted and work be insisted upon. The bowels should be regulated and the discharges kept soft and copious. ‘The domestic remedy, cream of tartar, and sulphur will probably be sufii- cient, and may be given each morning with the food, two teaspoonfuls of the former to one half a teaspoonful of the latter. If the piles are inflamed bathing them with cold water frequently will afford relief, and insure perfect cleanliness, one of the essentials. The following ointment should 80 DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM, be freely applied to the swollen parts several times daily.— KR Acidi Tannici 31 Morph. Sulphatis = gr.iv Pulv. Camphoree 3 8s Ungt. Stramonii Zi Ft. Ungt. Sig. External. After the bowels have been regulated and the sulphur and cream of tar- tar are discontinued, it is advisable to give two teaspoonfuls of pure glycerin in each feeding for several weeks or until a cure is complete. Tumors of long standing and not yielding readily to treatment should be removed by the actual cautery. Hemorrhage from the rectum while it is frequently associated with piles, is rarely important enough to need interference; unless the loss of ‘blood be sufficient to weaken, it will be a relief to the animal andno effort should be made to stop it. If the bleeding is considerable and debility evidently results from it, a | tonic of iron is demanded and may be given as follows. — RK Ferri Sulph. 38s Acid. Sulph. dil. ral Aquee Aa) 33 Evi Ft. Mist. Sig. Dose one teaspoonful in a little water three times a day. - DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM. 81 FISTULA IN ANO. Fistula in Ano signifies an ulcer through the rectum, and a passage by the side of it down through the fibres of the sphincter ani, the muscle which surrounds the anus closing it by contraction. Fistula of the anus may be met with in dogs, more commonly among the house pet overfed and deprived of needed exercise. This affection is a common result of abscess near the rectum. One eminent surgeon main- tains ‘‘that it always commences with an ulceration of the mucous mem- branes of the rectum, and an escape of the fecal matter into the cellular tissue, which gives rise to abscess and fistula. ” This affection may exist as follows—complete, having an external opening near the anus, and another into the bowel above the sphincter muscle —as a blind external fistula which has no opening into the bowel —as the blind intestinal fistula which opens into the bowel but not exter- nally. : Symptoms. —Irritation and pain in the affected part causes the animal to act much the same as when suffering from piles, licking the anus and dragging himself along the floor, etc. If the fistula opens externally, less difficulty will be experiencedin making a diagnosis; still in but few cases will detection be easy, but rather the reverse, aS in many instances the opening willbe minute and need close scrutiny to discover it. The course of an external fistula is that of a frequent recurring abscess; the cavity fills up and discharges, the opening then closes and again the cavity fills. In searching for a fistulous opening, aminute drop of matter in the centre of a Slight swelling will often mark its location. To explore its track a small steel knitting needle will be sufficient. | When a blind internal fistula exists its presence may be suspected by a discharge, bloody, watery in character, and at times offensive. Treatment. — The constitutional treatment may be left to owners and care-takers but the local surgical treatment never. The constitutional treatment is symptomatic; correct abuses, regulate the diet, and if weak, strengthen. Constipation should be overcome by judicious dieting ; among other articles of food no better laxative is known than liver, which can be fed in sufficient quantity to keep the bowels regular, or if preferred the cream of tartar and sulphur as advised in piles may be given instead. . Exercise should be enforced. If tonic remedies are demanded, cod-liver oil, iron, or quinine may be administered. A radical cure of fistula demands a surgical operation. Of several pop- ular methods, the elastic ligature is advised. When an operation is im- __ perativeemploya competent surgeon and leave the method to his selection. 82 DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM. PROLAPSUS ANT. The name denotes an eversion of the lower portion of the rectum, and its protrusion through the anus. The affection is more common in old dogs, but may appear at any age, caused by a natural laxity of the parts or by straining from constipation. Treatment. — Whenever the protrusion occurs, the parts should be re- placed as soon as possible after being carefully washed. If any difficulty is experienced, the fore finger should be well oiled and pushed up into the anus carrying the protruded part with it. | To radically cure the affection the bowels should be regulated as in piles, and tonics be given. The tincture of chloride of iron is preferred in ten drop doses well diluted and administered three times aday. In the severest cases use the following.— RK Ferri Persulph. 3 8s Pulv. Opii gr.xv Camphorze 388 Ol. Theobromee q. Ss. Ft. Suppositories No. xij. Sig. Introduce one into the rectum twice daily. CHAPTER VII. OG DISEASES AFFECTING THE SOLID ORGANS OF THE ABDOMEN. SE a oe ee ee ACUTE HEPATITIS. Of the disease of the solid abdominal organs, the greater number and — _the more important are situated in the liver. Inflammation of this struct- ' ure is termed hepatitis and may be either acute or chronic. These two forms claim separate consideration. Acute hepatitis is an affection rarely seen among dogs in the colder climates. It is reported that the disease is not infrequent in the tropics ; the course it runs there is however somewhat different, it being cir- cumscribed and confined to a part of the organs, while here the inflam- mation generally acts upon the whole or greater part of the structure. Causation. — Acute hepatitis in the cold climate is probably more often : induced traumatically, by such influences as kicks and blows. Various causes have been assigned by different writers, such as excess- ive use of purgatives, emetics, and exposure to cold and wet. The ‘disease has been often known to follow severe cases of dysentery. Gastric. inflammation may be the exciting cause, by interfering with the circula- tion in the liver. Acute hepatitis may be associated with other diseases, . such as pneumonia, pleurisy and distemper. The existing causes in many instances must be problematical ; the subject - requires much light before the direct influences can be determined. Symptoms.—At times the symptoms are vague, and point to other organs rather than to the liver as the seat of the disease. Persistent vom- iting may mislead and acute gastritis be suspected. The attack is very often ushered in by a chill as shown by shivering, but this symptom is liable to be overlooked. The manner of the dog changes materially soon after the invasion ofthe disease, becoming dull and listless. His appetite usually at once disappears, and he manifests 84 DISEASES OF THE SOLID ORGANS OF THE ABDOMEN. an appearance of discomfort, very marked in a proportion of cases, from which it might be inferred he was suffering from pain. His position assumed on lying down is somewhat characteristic, it being on his chest and belly. He shows a disinclination to exertion and on getting up his movements appear stiffand painful. Thirst isusually excessive; vomiting . attends a certain proportion of cases and the odor of the breath becomes markedly offensive. . The condition of the bowels is not indicative; loose- | ness occurs in some, and in other cases the bowels are constipated; the two may alternate. Unless the attack be associated with pulmonary disease, the respiration is at first unaffected. Fever is a constant symptom; the pulse becomes full, bounding, andrapid. Tenderness on pressure over the liver is char- | acteristic. Jaundice appears quite early in the disease, generally within four days after the first symptoms are manifested. The skin becomes yellow, the : eyes of the same tint, or dull and lustreless; the mucous membrane of the mouth paler, the urine darker in color leaving an indelible stain, and. the discharges are “clay colored.” The pulse previously rapid now falls, ‘sometimes below the normal. The enlargement of the liver or a swelling in some part of it now very likely appears, but its increase in size may not in all cases be sufficient to be appreciated. The course of the disease is usually rapid, and may terminate in abscess, recovery without abscess, or resolve into the chronic form. When death occurs from abscess, a Swelling over the region of the liver can usually be determined. Emaciation is rapid and associated with the usual signs of failure and exhaustion. The breathing changes, becoming quick and hur- ried; the pulse weak and feeble. The bowels assume the appearance of pregnancy. . } Diagnosis. —Early in the disease the diagnosis is exceedingly difficult in many cases; in none will it be easy. The manner of the attack, the loss of appetite, the high fever, the local tenderness and evident pain, and the occurrence of jaundice, render the existence of acute hepatitis highly probable. If in addition to these symptoms the liver is found to be en- larged, the diagnosis may be made with reasonable certainty. Prognosis. — Acute hepatitis is a disease attended with great danger, and will in nearly all cases prove fatal if an abscess forms. When asso- ciated with other diseases the danger is intensified. Even if recovery takes place convalescence is apt to be slow and tedious. _ Treatment. —The purposes of treatment are to arrest inflammation, thereby preventing the formation of abscess. The amount of pain and constitutional disturbance will indicate the use of opium, which should be given in the form of Dover’s powder; dose five ¢ ACUTE HEPA TITIS. 85 grains every six or eight hours. If a correct diagnosis of the disease could be made within a few hours of its invasion, the better treatment would be to give the tartrate of antimony and potassa, in one sixteenth grain doses every two hours for two or three days, when there is much excitement of circulation, a full, bounding pulse, and much fever. Unfortunately how- ever, in many cases several days will elapse before a diagnosis is verified, then it is too late to use the drug in question. Mercury is supposed to increase the secretion of bile, and did we believe this to be so, its use in this disease would be of doubtful propriety. The doctrine that this agent acts in the manner supposed is open to distrust. Of the modus operandi of mercury we know nothing, except that it prob- ably acts through the medium of circulation, and it exerts a peculiar power which enables it to subvert diseased actions. Where blood-letting is generally inadmissible, one of the measures most to be relied upon, is the very cautious employment of mercury. Itis therefore advised that the following be given. — RK Pil. Hydrarg. 2T.V Pulv. Ipecac. PT.ij Ft. Pil. No. xij. Dose one four times daily. These pills should be persistedin unless some indication presents to contra-indicate their use, or an abscess begins to form. If the bowels remain constipated, one or two grains of the extract of colocynth can be added to each pill. -Counter-irritation should be applied over the region of the liver, a strong mustard paste used first, and after the skin has become wellreddened, hot poultices of flaxseed meal should be substituted. After the inflammation has subsided two grains of the extract of tarax- icum can be added to each pill. The system must be sustained from the first by a nutritious and concentrated diet, anda careful avoidance of all - fatty food. 86 DISEASES OF THE SOLID ORGANS OF THE ABDOMEN. CHRONIC HEPATITIS. It is stated by some that chronic hepatitis may be a sequel of acute inflammation of the liver. This seems probable, and yet from the peculiar nature of the disorder, in but few cases can the point of departure from the normal to the morbid changes be traced with sufficient accuracy to assign a cause beyond a reasonable doubt. : Sympioms.—The disease as a rule gives rise to few or no symptoms which point to the liver as the seat of disease, prior to the occurrence of abdominal enlargement. Preceding this manifestation the appetite is usually lessened, the manner of the animal often dull and heavy, and — emaciation is progressive. As loss of weight persists the abdomen be- comes distended, rendering the general appearance highly characteristic | of the disease. In the majority of cases the tongue becomes white, and the mucous membrane of the mouth and lips loses its healthy color, becoming pale and yellowish. Jaundice in a certain degree occurs in some cases; itis however rarely very marked. The breath is usually offensive; the eyes are dulland heavy. Vomiting is quite frequent, the matter ejected often greenish. The urine is scanty and high colored, and the bowels constipated. As emaciation progresses the skin becomes thickened, rough, and scaly; the hair dry and brashy. Until the abdominal distension is sufficient to mechanically interfere with | respiration, the breathing is unchanged. The pulse varies but little until late in the disease. ; In certain cases instead of enlargement of the liver it may be reduced in size; the distension which then occurs is due to abdominal dropsy. Diagnosis. —It ought not be difficult to make a correct diagnosis after important changes commence in the liver. If that organ is enlarged its outlines may be traced by firm pressure with the hand, and the shape of the abdomen is characteristic. When the animal is on his feet the en- largement is carried higher, and there is not that pendulous or hanging down appearance noted in dropsy, the disease with which chronic hepatitis may be confounded. In the former affection the shape of the abdomen _ would not be retained when the animal lies down, while in the latter it would remain much the same. In dropsy occurring independent of liver affections, the abdomen is ~ rarely alone involved; other parts are soon affected by the disease. When jaundice appears, other symptoms being present, the diagnosis if previ- ously doubtful ought to be made with reasonable certainty. Prognosis. —The disease if extended is incurable. Something may be done in some cases to improve the animal and arrest the progress of the \ ‘ CHRONIC HEPATITIS. 8&7 affection; but the result of efforts must generally prove unsatisfactory. LIreaimen?t. —No specific treatment can be suggested. Remedies should be addressed to the general system rather than the local affection. Tonics and nutritious food are indicated to combat depressing influences, and symptoms of prominence demand individual treatment. If the animal is debilitated, ferruginous tonics promise the better results; the tincture of the chloride, or the syrup of the iodide of iron may be given three times a day in fifteen drop doses. Mercury is an agent which theory would suggest in chronic disorders of the liver. In this disease it should be given a fair trial, and the effects carefully watched. To obviate any depressing influence it may exert, iron may be combined and given as follows.— R Mass. Hydrarg. gr.x Ferri Sulph. Exsic. gr.xxx Ft. Pil. No. xxx. Sig. Dose one three times daily. During the use of the pills all other medicine should be discontinued and the mercurial be given a fair trial. If the results are negative the treat- ment should not be prolonged. When constipation exists a laxative rather than a cathartic should be given, but only when needed. Podophyllin is a remedy advised by some; it is inferred that their reasons of its use is some theory they entertain that it has a specific action on the liver. There do not appear sufficient - grounds to affirm that the drug hasany such special powers. For the purpose of overcoming constipation the following pills are advised.— RK Extract. Aloes. 38s Ext. Colchici Acet. SES Puly. Ipecac. 2gr.x Ext. Taraxici Bi Ft. Pil. No. xx. Sig. Dose one at night. &8 DISEASES OF THE SOLID ORGANS OF THE ABDOMEN. . Farry LIVER. The term is used to denote a morbid condition of the liver increased in size by the excessive accumulation of fat, sufficient to interfere with the © healthy action of that organ. Observation has shown that the quantity of . fat contained in the livers of dogsis influenced by the diet, and a large quan- tity may be accounted for by that which is taken in with the food. Fat is however found in the body independently of that which is introduced by the stomach as experimental observation has proved. Oily matters must essentially enter to some extent into the composition of the food, in order to maintain the animal in a good condition. All flesh and vegetable substances contain more or less fats which are not transported into the body to be deposited there unchanged. On the con- trary they are altered and used up in the processes of digestion and nutri- tion; while the fats which appear in the body are in great part of new formation, produced from materials derived from a variety of sources. Fatty liver rarely if ever occurs as an independent affection and its im- portance as relates to disease has never been determined. The presence of fats in an abnormal quantity, in the secreting cells of the liver, might by their presence seriously interfere with circulation, and might m ex- treme cases be sufficient to obstruct the bile and occasion slight jaundice. The cause of the disease under consideration is no doubt largely influ- enced by fatty food, conjoined with insufficient exercise; the method of the accumulation of oily matters in the liver being much the same as in the production of the “foie gras” of geese. Insufficient material for the study of the disease when it occurs inde- pendently of other affections leaves but an imperfect knowledge of the symptoms. Impaired digestion, vomiting, progressive emaciation, loss of strength, and slight jaundice later in the disease, are the common evidences of fatty liver. If the organ is much enlarged the fact can be determined, but the increase in*some cases is insufficient to be detected, and it is to be remem- bered that a diminution in size may occur from the accumulation of fat in the secreting cells. | In the treatment abuses are to be corrected, over eating prevented, fatty food excluded from the diet, exercise insisted upon, and tonics should be given if the need is apparent. That starchy food has certain fattening properties is well known; it is not certain however whether the constituents of the same are directly converted into fat, or are first taken up and distributed in the system, and afterwards supply the materials for its production. s DISEASES OF THE SOLID ORGANS OF THE ABDOMEN 8&9 JSAUNDICE. The presence of biliary coloring matter in sufficient quantity to give a yellow color to the skin, constitutes the diseased condition known as icterus or jaundice. Strictly it is never an individual affection, it being a symptom, and incidental to various disorders. Jaundice often appears when its cause cannot be clearly determined; again, iis animportant morbid condition, convenience in considering which demands special recognition and classification. In considering it - as an individual disease, cases are to be excluded in which it occurs with an affection, the existence of which is clearly determined. In acute and chronic hepatitis and certain constitutional diseases it is to be regarded merely as a symptom. | Causation. —In a great majority of cases jaundice depends on obstruct- ion of the passage of the bile to the intestine. | From obvious facts it is reasoned that more commonly the bile is reab- sorbed after the secretion of it has taken place. Defective secretion how- ever, either with or without obstruction doubtless occurs, and the constit- uents of the bile accumulate in the blood if not thrown out by some unusual channel. It is conjectured that more or less of those indefinite symptoms which are commonly included under the name “biliousness,” are due to a defi- cient elimination of the bile or at least one of its elements. The more apparent exciting causes are over fatigue, the indiscriminate use of powerful emetics and cathartics, indigestion, obstinate constipa- tion, traumatic injuries, and sudden chills. When the functions of the skin are arrested by cold there are two ways in which disease is supposed to be produced. One relates to the cireula- tion; the blood being driven from the surface accumulates in the internal organs inducing congestion. The other method of action relates to the increased 1 activity demanded of certain organs, to compensate for the deficient elimination of the skin. It is to be remembered that the skin is an important medium, through which matters proper to be evacuated from the body are expelled. Again any material change in the condition of the skin affects the perspiration, the office of which is principally to regulate the temperature of the body. Thus it will be seen that disease may not infrequently originate from the action of cold applied to the surface of the body, as in sudden immersions in water and too rapid cooling after a hard run; the radical and rapid changes of temperature being the most active. | Some authors include fighting and prolonged sport among the causes of jaundice. While the direct action of these influences is unexplained, it 90 JAUNDICE. can however be appreciated, that in a variety of ways irritation and ex- citement can induce changes in the system, sufficient to give rise to the disease under consideration. Symptioms.—The signs in the earlier stage are vague and confusing. The manner cf the animal changes, he becoming dull, languid, and averse to exertion. The reabsorbed bile appears to exert anarcotic influence on the nervous system, producing dulness, a disposition to sleep, a fall in the pulse, and a torpid condition in the functions of the body generally. The nose, mouth, and breath are hot and dry; the abdomen hard, and back arched. The coat losesits glossy look and becomes dry and staring. . As the bile exerts its influence on circulation, the respirations become less frequent. In some cases a disposition to constantly scratch is noted. The appetite disappears, thirst becomes excessive, and vomiting frequent; the matter expelled being greenish and at times in extreme cases bloody. Pain is at times evident and colicky in character. When tenderness and pain both exist in the region of the stomach, it is evidence of alow type of inflammation of the mucous membrane lining the stomach and upper part of the intestine. _ Generally the bowels are constipated, but not always as diarrhea some- times occurs. The appearance of the discharges afford evidence as to whether the obstruction is complete or partial. In the former the passages are clay-colored or ashy, while in the latter they are nearer the color in health. A peculiar foetid odor is noted in discharges devoid of bile. The appearance of the yellow tint dispels all doubts as to diagnosis if the other symptoms have proved insufficient. The mucous membranes first show the coloring; the skin then is rapidly | affected. The urine in jaundice is loaded with bile, and when voided leaves a decided stain. iis Nutrition for atime may be but a little affected; then emaciation is rapid. When the disease progresses to a fatal termination the pulse falls, the extremities grow cold, the skin clammy, and death ensues, Diagnosis. — The appearance of the yellowish tint renders the diagnosis positive. To determine the cause in individual cases is far from easy. The symptoms in the early stage of the attack, viz., loss of appetite, vom- iting, and tenderness, indicate a possible inflammation of the mucous membrane of the stomach and upper part of the intestine. Sometimes gall-stones form in the gall-bladder, and in passing down into the intestine become lodged and obstruct the canal; pain of the severest character is the evidence of this accident. Worms sometimes cause obstruction, but they with certain other causes can only be determined at the autopsy. see a Prognosis. — The gravity as well as the symptoms depend on the morbid ° ff / aes « : \ us od DISEASES OF THE SOLID ORGANS OF THE ABDOMEN. 91 conditions which give rise to the affection. The discharging duct or canal leading from the gall-bladder enters into the intestine near the stomach; in sub-acute inflammation of the mucous membrane. lining these parts, the irritation is liable to extend into the duct and cause its lining to become swollen, the passage closing and becoming obstructed, it being too small ~ to admit of much swelling and remain open. The prognosis in such cases is favorable. If a gallstone becomes lodged, recovery will depend entirely upon its passage into the intestine or backward up into the gall-bladder. ~ When death occurs in jaundice from the retention of bile, the liver is the seat of serious disease. When permanent obstruction exists without seri- ous structural changes elsewhere, life may be prolonged and nutrition sustained for a long time; sooner or later however, the vital powers fail, the body wastes, exhaustion follows, and death results. In severe cases terminating fatally the disease runs a rapid course, the duration generally _ being from three to five days. Treatment. —It is to be remembered that in the majority of cases jaun- dice is due to a sub-acute inflammation of the stomach and adjoining portion of the intestine, and the natural tendency of the disease is to recovery. In diet and medication all influences calculated to add to, or prolong the irritation must be studiously withheld. Unless the urgency of symptoms demands a more vigorous treatment, a bland and digestible diet with gentle laxatives will suffice. Calcined magnesia should be given in teaspoonful doses in milk two or three times daily to keep the bowels active. All fatty food should be withheld, and milk and gruels largely be depended upon. If pain exists opiates should be employed. ~The attacks which occasionally occur resembling colic, are at times due © to the formation of gas; by the absence of bile the contents of the intestines are no longer influenced by its antiseptic property, decompose and gas is generated. : : In severe attacks of jaundice in which the constitutional symptoms indicate gravity, the need is urgent and the treatment must be energetic and immediately applied. The animal should be placed in a warm room, it being remembered the skin must be protected from cold, lest its elimi- native functions be destroyed, and one avenue through which the bile can be thrown out of the system be closed. Calomel is the agent most to be f depended upon, and should be given in doses of one half a grain each, four times a day. Rather than combine the calomel with laxatives it is wiser to give them separately and only as the need is apparent. Hot baths if needed will increase the activity of the skin, and sweet spirits of nitre in _ one half teaspoonful doses, given in water every two or three hours, stim-- _ ulatethe kidneys. Food should be milk, raw eggs, scraped beef, and broths. — bs a i me ~ 92 DISEASES OF THE SOLID ORGANS OF THE ABDOMEN. TORPOR OF THE LIVER. Functional disturbances of the liver are very common among dogs. The character of their food, irregularities in feeding, and insufficient. exercise, promote a disorder which may be termed torpor of the liver, or as more commonly designated biliousness. Properly torpor in this instance means a deficient secretion of bile; still the term is often used in cases where the morbid condition is somewhat obscure. Over feeding, indigestible food, various irregularities, insufficient exercise, and over fatigue are among the more evident causes. Svmptoms.—Dulness of manner, offensive breath, capricious appetite, whitened tongue, and at times a hot nose are among the prominent symp- toms. Constipation may exist for atime, to be followed by a diarrhea. In the former instance the discharges are hard and sometimes ciay-col- ored; in the latter loose, greenish, black or tarry in appearance. The coat of the animal loses that bright characteristic gloss, becomes | rougher and lustreless, and at times a skin eruption called eczema is asssociated. | An animal suffering from simple functional disorder of the liver, shows no very marked symptoms; stillit is evident to an observer some ailment is depressing him. Under excitement his manner changes and nothing irregular is apparent, but when food is placed before him, or while in his kennel or about the house, he again becomes dull and listless. , Treatment. — Correcting all abuses are the first indications in treatment. _ Food should be allowed but twice a day and\ then the simplest diet be chosen. If the animal has been restrained, greater freedom should be allowed, and exercise if necessary be insisted upon. Taraxicum or dandelion, itis generally accepted, has a specific action upon the liver, exciting it to secretion when torpid. One dose of this daily should be given, the freshly prepared extract preferred, and of it one half a teaspoonful is the proper quantity. After this has been administered, if the bowels are inclined to constipation, one half a teaspoonful of calcined magnesia may be given with the food, once or twice daily as needed. a DISEASES OF THE SOLID ORGANS OF THE ABDOMEN. 93 PASSAGE OF GALL STONES. The term calculus denotes a stone or gravel, or unorganized concretion found in the body, as in the bladder, gall-ducts, kidneys, etc. Biliary cal- culi are usually formed in the gall-bladder, and their passage down the duct or canal into the intestine is if they are large, attended with the severest pain. The reasons for their formation are not understood; it is presumed that certain constituents of the bile are deposited in conse- quence of the presence of mucus in the gall-bladder or ducts, as the result of inflammation. Other reasons are assigned, but sufficient evidence to substantiate these theories is yet to be secured. Symptoms .—'The presence of calculi in the gall-bladder cannot be deter- mined until their passage out is commenced, and then only when they are of sufficient size to distend the walls of the canal. Pain is the prominent symptom and is of so violent a character in some cases the suffering is -extreme. The occurrence of the pain is usually abrupt, no indications of ill health preceding it. Vomiting sets in early and continues throughout the attack. The expres- sion and manner of the animal is indicative of the great distress he is experiencing. The bowels are constipated, and in many cases if a move- ment occurs the discharges are clay-colored. Unless the attack is of long continuance the pulse shows but little change from the normal. The pain may be persistent without intermission, orit may take ona paroxysmal form, vary in intensity and finally end as abruptly as it first appeared. Treatment.— Opium in full doses is the only agent to be relied upon. Astonishing quantities of this drug will be borne and little or no effect be ~ observed. Of the solid opium the dose is one grain every two or three hours or until the pain is controlled. If vomiting contra-indicates its use by the mouth, one eighth of a grain of morphine should be given subcu- taneously or double that dose by anal injection. If relief is not secured by this treatment the animal should be etherized and kept so for a time, then allowed to return to consciousness, and if the pain still persists the - ether should be re-applied. It must be remembered that opiates need to be given with great care and not too often. While the pain is intense it antagonizes the narcotics and no harm results, but the gall-stone may sud- denly pass from the duct into the intestine and then the pain will at once cease. If the system is too heavily loaded with opium, its antidote the pain being no longer present, the result is poisoning by the drug. Various agents have been suggested to act as a solvent on the calculi and thereby prevent a recurrence of pain, which is almost certain to folow sooner or later, but it has not been proven that their use has resulted in -marked success. ™~ = Ns | et di 94 DISEASES OF THE SOLID ORGANS OF THE ABDOMEN. th CANCER OF THE LIVER. Cases are on record where the liver has been the seat of cancerous changes, proving the possibility of such an affection invading that organ. The disease in nearly all if not all cases, attacks other parts or organs of the body first, and the changes in the liver are of secondary occurrence. It has been found circumscribed or confined to certain portions of the organ, and appeared in the form of nodules or tumors varying in size. Sometimes a tumor has been found to occur singly; again the whole liver has been studded with them. Cancerous deposits take on two varieties which are termed the hard and the soft. With either the liver is usually enlarged, and when the former exists its presence can be more easily determined, the hard tumors being” felt. The soft variety can rarely be detected during life. | Cancer of the liver rarely occurs except in very old dogs. If the bulging tumors can be felt, a correct diagnosis might be reached. The general manifestations of the disease are progressive emaciation, debility, abdom- inal enlargement, and possibly jaundice late in the affection. Dropsy of the extremities is also liable to occur. Digestion is destroyed and the appetite lost. Diarrhoea usually occurs, and all the signs of ex- haustion are present. Pain may be prominent:as a Symptom. . Treatment can have no other result than palliation, and possibly the prolongation of life. AFFECTIONS OF THE SPLEEN. The special function of the spleen has never been clearly determined ; like other glands its action is to modify the constitution of the blogd. The precise alteration which is effected by its passage through splenic tissue has not been discovered. The spleen may be removed from a dog without its loss producing any permanent injury. The experiment has been fre- quently performed, and among the most constant effectsnoted are increase of appetite and an unnatural ferocity of disposition. The spleen cannot therefore be regarded as a single organ, but as asso- : ciated with others which may completely orto a great extent perform its | function after removal. Acute inflammation of the spleen or splenitis is an exceedingly rare © affection. The symptoms which have been observed are restlessness, tenderness over the organ, some fever, loss of appetite, vomiting, great thirst, and as Youatt observes, ‘‘shivering, the ears cold, the eyes unnat- { ‘DISEASES OF THE SOLID ORGANS OF THE ABDOMEN 95 urally protuberant, the nostrils dilated, the flanks agitated, the respiration accelerated, and the mucous membrane pale.” The same author mentions a discharge of a yellow, frothy mucus by vomiting. By this it might be implied that in those cases an abscess had formed in the spleen and the pus was expelled by vomiting. - The disease will rarely ever be diagnosed during life, and were’ it, the general principles of treatment would be much the same as in acute in- flammations of other organs similar in structure. In certain diseases of the general system, andin some affections of other organs the spleen becomes enlarged for a time and then returns to its normal size. : Chronic enlargement of this gland, unless it be greatly increased in size, is rarely attended with any symptoms to indicate the condition. Were it to be discovered and clearly diagnosed the treatment would be symptom- atic, and the same as in chronic hepatitis. The spleen takes on degenerative changes in common with the liver, but a consideration of them can be of no possible interest or profit to the general reader. f DISEASES OF THE PANCREAS: While the fact is recognized that the pancreas may be the seat of inflam- mation as in the other glandular organs, the liver, kidneys, etc., itis also apparent a correct diagnosis of morbid changes must be so difficult it would be useless to discuss them at any length in this work. Of all organs similarly constructed probably the pancreas is the least liable to inflam- mations. Doubtless they take on much the same degenerative changes observed elsewhere, and are secondarily involved by the extension of dis- eases in adjacent parts. A discharge of fat from the bowels is supposed to be a diagnostic symp- tom of pancreatic disorder, but there is no reliable evidence to sustain this opinion. 96 FUNCTIONS OF THE LIVER.—DIGESTION OF STARCH... - SUGAR IN THE LIVER. » Besides the secretion of bile, the liver performs another important func- tion, viz., the production of sugar. While a consideration of this subject is not essential to the doctrine of diseases, certain facts pertaining to it : as discovered by M. Claude Bernard, may be of interest. So far as is known the presence of sugar in the liver is common to all species of animals. The average percentage in the healthy liver of man and the dog is about the same. . The system does not depend for its supply of sugar entirely upon exter- | nal sources; saccharine matter is produced independently in the tissues of the liver, whatever may be the nature of the food subsisted upon. Bernard kept two dogs under his own observation, one for a period of three, the other of eight months, during which time they were confined. Strictly to a diet of animal food, boiled calves’ head and tripe, and then killed. Upon an examination, the liver was found in each instance to con- tain a proportion of sugar fully equal to that present in the organ under ordinary circumstances. In considering this sugar producing function, an important question naturally arises, bearing upon the proper feeding of dogs. It has been | maintained by some that starchy and saccharine matters are utterly de- testable to the canine race. A consideration of a few facts will render apparent that this extreme doctrine is untenable. While it is certain starchy matters are not digested in the stomach, but pass unchanged into the small intestine, experiments have proved beyond alt doubts that the intestinal fluids of a dog transform starch into sugar with the greatest promptitude, and it is then as rapidly absorbed. If a dog is fed on boiled starch and meat, while some of the latter remains in his stomach for eight, nine, or ten hours, the starch begins immediately to pass into the intestine, where it is at once converted into sugar and ab- sorbed. The whole of the starch even may have completely disappeared in an hour’s time. It is evident therefore that nature has made ample pro- vision for the digestion of starchy food. The writer maintains that while meat is the proper food for a dog, he as _ strongly insists that starchy matters in small quantities, far from being injurious, are really conducive to the health of the animal. Although the saccharine matter becomes changed after absorption, these Same chemical changes themselves serve to maintain the integrity of the blood, and the healthy nutrition of the body. CHAPTER VIII. DISEASES OF THE UVRINARY ORGANS. MVEPHRITIS. Nephritis or inflammation of the kidney is a disease rarely met with in dogs. Its infrequency is relatively the same as the occurrence of acute inflammations in other glandular organs. Causation. — It is possible that nephritis may arise from the excessive dosing of certain drugs acting directly and powerfully on the kidneys, such as saltpetre, cantharides, and turpentine; the second used in blisters, the latter in the treatment of worms. Injuries such as kicks or blows over the region of the kidneys, may in- duce the disease. Probably the more common cause is exposure to cold, or more especially the sudden cooling of an overheated body; shutting the dog into a cold kennel after a hard run, or allowing him to plunge into the water causes a violent contraction of the blood vessels of the surface, driving the blood to the internal organs, producing in them increased _ pressure and possibly congestion. The use of certain ointments for mange, under some conditions may act upon the skin in a manner somewhat similar to cold, and thereby induce the affection. The formation of stone in the kidney or renal calculi, might dniee a disturbance and nephritis result. Symptoms.— According to the severity of the disease the symptoms will vary greatly. Fever may be present in a noticeable degree in the commencement of the attack, and it may be absent. When the skin is hot and the pulse runs high, vomiting, complete loss ~ of appetite, and great depression is observed, indicating that the attack is an alarming one. When the disease is the result of exposure, the febrile , symptoms are more often observed. One of the most noticeable changes is in the quantity of urine secreted, it becoming very scanty, high colored, and in the severer cases bloody. The bowels are usually constipated. The animal moves about slowly andawkwardly; in getting up and lying down he appears stiff in the loins. i t OSs? NEPHRITIS. Pressure over the region ot the kidneys will cause the animal to shrink - fromthe touch. _ . . vn Attacks running a fatal course usually terminate in convulsions and pro- found stupor, due to the retained poisonous constituents of the urine. Prognosis. —The causes largely influence the results in nephritis. In simple uncomplicated attacks the chances are in favor of recovery. When a calculi exists in the kidney, or has attempted a transit from it into the bladder, and becoming lodged in the passage obstructs it, thereby destroy- ing the active function of that important organ, the case is critical. The same or greater danger exists if nephritis results from an abscess in the | kidney. When convulsions oceur the chances of recovery are very slight. Treaiment. —While the kidneys are unable to perform their functions © other organs must be stimulated to increased activity; the bowels must be largely depended upon. Unless grave symptoms such as convulsions or profound stupor exist, active purgatives are never admissible. It will be noted when they are employed that the action of the kidneys is always lessened by their use. It is necessary therefore to so judiciously apply treatment, that while one function is stimulated the other suffers no im- pairment. By administering cathartics in divided doses this end is secured. The following powders should be given.— KR Jalapin Sr Sodz Bicarb. gr.xx Ft. Chart. No. xx. Sig. Dose one every two hours or until diarrhoea results. To keep the skin active and secure its aid in elimination, the animal should be kept in a warm room and uniform temperature be maintained. Hot applications over the loins by means of the “ hop bag ’”’ will be found - grateful to the animal. Milk is the better diet and may be given freely, as it has an especial action on the kidneys. Beef tea, gruels, mutton broth, and scraped beef may also be given to nourish and sustain. During con- valescence the tincture of the chloride of iron in fifteen drop doses is indicated. | eee ea DISEASES OF THE URINARY ORGANS. 99 ACUTE CYSTITIS. Cystitis or acute inflammation of the bladder, is a disease uncommon among dogs. | Probably the affection more commonly has its origin in traumatic inju- ries, such as blows, kicks, and crushes. Chemical irritants, among them cantharides and turpentine injudiciously used, may induce the disease. Among other influences may be numbered chills, calculi, and long retained urine which decomposing becomes exceedingly irritating. Dogs shipped long distances and not removed from their boxes for several days, are liable to contract cystitis. An acute inflammation of the mucous mem- brane of the kidney may be transmitted along the passage and the bladder be involved. The disease may occur spontaneously, no obvious cause being apparent. Symptoms.— Acute cystitis usually manifests itself suddenly. The gen- eral disturbances are in some cases marked; in others the local symptoms are the more prominent. Fever, thirst, pain, constipation, and often vom- iting are not unusual. The frequent efforts to void the urine are the first to attract attention. The quantity passed at each attempt is very small, often but a few drops, and at times the attempts are ineffectual and suppression is complete. The urine voided may be in appearance nearly normal, but more often it is thick, dark reddish in color, and blood is intermingled. The pain and distress is often great as shown by the outcries and restless movements. When standing the animal’s back is arched, the abdomen somewhat hard, possibly swollen and tender over the region of the bladder. When the attack is due to cantharides, the external genitals may be affected by the spread of the irritation. Prognosis. — The disease usually runs arapid course, and if uncompli- eated tends to recovery. Irritation by cantharides soon subsides. . When the inflammation is due to calculi, the course will necessarily be protracted unless the cause is removed. Sometimes acute cystitis may eventuate in the chronic form of the disease. Treaitmen?. —If the attack is of moderate severity, reducing the diet to milk, applying hot cloths to the loins, and keeping the animal in a warm room may suffice. If the pain is severe one teaspoonful of paregoric, or fifteen drops of laudanum should be given and repeated if needed. Warm injections thrown into the bowels afford some relief. Warm loin baths are advised if the symptoms are severe; they should be prolonged from one half an hour to two hours, their usefulness depend- ing upon their duration. Some authors have advised cold applications instead of warm; while the 100 DISEASES OF THE URINARY ORGANS. former might act well in some cases, they would be unwise in others and therefore should be cautiously used if at all. | If no water is passed, and the position and actions of the animal indieate great distress, then a surgeon should be called in to pass the catheter. After its use, sweet spirits of nitre in half teaspoonful doses should be added to the opiate. Rectal suppositories of opium and belladonna can be used instead of giving drugs by the mouth, if vomiting occurs. These may be made as follows. — : R Pulv. Opii gr.xv Ext. Bellad. gr.ij Ol. Theobroms q.&. Ft. Suppositories No. xij. Sig. Use one from three to six hours as needed to subdue pain. To introduce these properly the finger should be oiled, and by it the sup- pository should then be pushed well up into the rectum. CHRONIC CYSTITIS. Chronic inflammation of the bladder may follow the acute, and may be | a consequence of irritation from calculi, from repeated excesses, and ex- posure to colds. Luxuriously treated house pets and old dogs are more prone to the disease. Any impediment to the flow of urine, owing to stricture of the external passage from enlarged prostate or other causes, may give rise to obstinate cystitis. In the same manner in paralysis the disorder may be developed. Symptoms.—The affection in the majority of cases comes on slowly. The increased frequency in passing the urine soon becomes noticeable, the quantity voided being small but nearly normal in appearance. As the dis- ease progresses the symptoms increase in severity, the efforts to pass the water are frequent, attended with pain, and but a few drops are expelled at each attempt. The urine now changes in its appearance; at first it is cloudy, then a mixture of mucus and pus is added, frequently tinged with blood. As the disease advances the quantity of mucus becomes great, the urine voided assumes a brownish hue, and a very offensive odor. The movements of the animal are stiff and the gait described by some as ** straddling.” The digestive organs suffer mdierialie in chronic cystitis, strength diminishes, emaciation is progressive and the animal slowly wears away. y DISEASES OF THE URINARY ORGANS. 101 Under proper treatment improvement might possibly result, the symp- toms gradually growing less severe, the strength returning, the urine becoming clearer and retained a longer period. Relapses will however more than likely be experienced, the mucous membrane of the bladder ulcerating, disease of the kidneys ensue and death follow. Treatment. —As in all other morbid conditions the cause should first be removed if possible. Paralysis calls for especial treatment elsewhere advised. If calculi or other incurable conditions exist, the treatment should be directed to the palliation of symptoms. Pain is to be overcome by the same means as recommended in acute cystitis. The diet should be largely milk and lime water, equal parts; the latter deserves especial mention asa curative agent. The preparations of iron advised by some authors, evidently under the impression they act as astringents on the mucous membrane of the blad- der, are not indicated for that purpose in chronic cystitis, for they are not absorbed as astringents, neither do they come in contact with the interior of the bladder. “One of the most active agents to be depended upon is tannin, which is rowel off by the kidneys and reaches the bladder. Itmay at first be given in two grain doses and gradually increased to five grains three times daily. When the strength fails and a tonic is indicated, two grains of quinine or some form of cinchona, three times a day, is advised for the peculiar and beneficial influence on the mucous membrane of the kidney and bladder. If milk seems insufficient to sustain the animal a more nourish- ing diet may be allowed, but it must be unstimulating, CYSTIC CALCULI. Stone i in the bladder or cystic calculi, is ade met with in dogs, ‘more common in advanced age. Symptoms. —Irritability of the bladder, with frequent efforts to void the urine. Considerable pain exists and occasionally blood is passed; the external urinary organs are at times slightly inflamed. The symptoms may be present for a long time, not sufficiently evident to clearly indicate the exact cause which induces them. After a time a severe attack of pain comes on, the urine is retained or passes only in drops; a diagnosis then made suggests treatment, the result of which may relieve the animal ~ somewhat, but only for a time and death finally conquers. Treatment. —The symptoms must indicate the line of treatment to be followed. should be given and followed by a hot loin bath. The great object is to arrest the efforts of the animal to urinate, and when they are discontinued, often the bladder will empty itself. After the opium a dose of eastor oil should be administered. If these measures are unsuccessfully employed, a surgeon should be called and the catheter used to evacuate the bladder. . Retention associated with paralysis demands the use of the catheter, and the employment of treatment elsewhere advised. | ; If the prostate is enlarged the iodide of potassium is indicated in three grain doses, three times daily. The food should be unirritating in charac- ter, milk entering largely into the diet. 104 DISEASES OF THE URINARY ORGANS. HAEMATURIA. Heematuria or bloody urine occurs at times in certain diseases of dogs. The seat of the disease giving rise to this affection may be in the kidneys or bladder, and very rarely in the passage from the latter. Hemorrhage from the kidney may be caused by theirritation of caleuli in that organ, or by blows or kicks over the loins; by congestion; and it might occur in certain general,serious, diseases of the system. Hemor- rhage from the bladder may be caused by an inflammation of the parts called cystitis, or by the presence of calculi. When the blood comes from the kidney it undergoes certain chads and gives to the urine a smoky appearance. It must be remembered that this appearance is not always due to hemorrhage, as certain articles taken into the stomach give rise to the same. i Blood from the bladder has a brighter appearance and is often voided in small clots. When the urethra or external passage from the bladder is the seat of trouble, blood in small drops usually follows the discharge of urine. In hematuria there is associated more or less weakness about the loins; possibly some fever may be present. Treatment. —As bloody urine is rarely more than a symptom of disease, it will demand no especial treatment, but the cause must be sought for and the infirmity removed. If a diagnosis cannot be made and the actual - seat of the disorder be determined, certain general rules of treatment should be observed, | The diet first should be simplified and only milk be allowed, and of that sufficient can be taken to sustain the strength. All medicines having a directly stimulating effect upon the kidneys should be avoided. If the manner of the animal while passing his urine is indicative of irritation or smarting, one teaspoonful of cream of tartar should be added to his milk three or four times a day,-and a teaspoonful of paregorie be given occasionally. Warm applications over the loins will be grateful adjuncts. The animal should be confined in a warm room, his bowels kept active, and the case watched until a positive diagnosis is determined. CHAPTER IX. DISEASES OF THR GENITAL ORGANS. BALANITIS: The principal organ of generation in the dog is subject to an inflamma- tion of the mucous membrane of its covering or sheath called balanitis. This affection is manifested by a purulent discharge annoying to the ani- mals themselves and exceedingly offensive to their owners. Causation. — Local irritations suchas the accumulation of certain secre- tions, and constitutional disorders are the more common causes. Symptoms.—The affection gives rise to considerable discomfort induc- ing the animal to frequently lick the parts. The discharge is thick and yellowish in color; the mucous membrane is reddened, slighily swollen and sensitive. : Treatment. — Perfect cleanliness is the great essential. The sheath should be drawn back as far as possible and the organ pathed four or five times daily with the following. — R Acidi Carbolici Acidi Tannici aa gyr.xx Glycerinee ae Aquee 3 iij Ft. Mist. Sig. Lotion. As arule this treatment will be sufficient; if not, a solution of the sulphate | of zinc, twenty grains to one half a pint of water, may be frequently used for afew days, after which a weak solution of the acetate of lead, one drachm to a pint of water, may be substituted. ‘Constitutional disturbances are to be overcome; if debility is associated tonics are indicated; if the animal is over fed, laxatives, restricted diet, and exercise are the measures to employ. 106 DISEASES OF THE GENITAL ORGANS. PARAPHYM OSIS. This condition is said to exist when the organ of generation in the dog has protruded and fails to return to its sheath. It becomes thereby much congested and swollen inducing severe pain. Treaimen?. —If the condition is recent, cold applications will often .suffice and the parts retract of themselves. If force needs to be applied, sweet oil should be used freely and gentle efforts made to assist the ani- mal. This failing a surgeon should be called to divide the constricting part of the sheath which prevents retraction. INFLAMMATION OF THE SCROTUM. A form of irritation of the scrotum at times occurs in dogs, which if neg- lected may take on a malignant type and become cancer scroti. Causation. —TNhe irritation is largely confined to older dogs. Of-its predisposing and exciting causes but little is known. It is conjectured that general constitutional derangemenis aid largely in its production. When the true cancer scroti manifests itself, it is assumed that constant local irritation has no small share in inducing the disease. Symptoms. — The usual signs of inflammation characterize the appear- ance of the affection. The parts become reddened, swollen, and sensitive; little pimples or pustules appear which soon discharge and a scab is formed. These scabs when removed or thrown off leave the skin beneath inflamed and very sensitive. Ulceration rapidly follows this condition unless prevented by treatment, and the tissues take ona process of indu- ration or hardening which very likely willbe permanent. The ulceration may assume a dangerous, cancerous type, progressive and resulting in a general destruction of the parts. Treatment. —The diet should at once be restricted on the appearance of the disease, and a free cathartic be given. Cold applications are indi- -eated, and to a pint of ice water add the following. — 3 R Acid. Acet. dil. 3 ij Tinct. Opii earl Liq. Plumbi Subacet. Ziss Ft. Mist. Sig. Add to a pint of water and use externally... _ This preparation is to be applied by thoroughly wetting in it a thin cloth folded twice, and then enveloping the whole scrotum. This cloth should _ be frequently dampened by the solution, and may be kept in place by a _ bandage passed between the legs and secured around the loins in much \ DISEASES OF THE GENITAL ORGANS. 107 the same way a napkin is adjusted ona child. This treatment should be persisted in until the crusts or scabs fall off. Should the skin then become ulcerated, paint the sores lightly with carbolic acid, and afterwards apply the oxide of zinc ointment. During the local treatment it will be wise to give Fowler’s solution of arsenic, four drops twice daily with the food, which should be made up largely of bread and milk, beef tea, and other unstimulating ingredients. MoRBID GROWTHS. Not infrequently as the result of balanitis, warts or vegetations appear on the genitals of dogs. Other causes have been assigned, but in this: sit- uation they are doubtless induced by irritating dtscharges. They may exist as a Single excrescence or as a group of several united. Treatment. — When the warts can be ligatured itis much safer; removal by scissors or knife usually results in a troublesome hemorrhage. A silk thread should be used, well waxed or what is still better a fine elastic cord. — The tying should be done at the base of the wart around its pedicle, and the string or cord bedrawn tightly. This ligature will cut through in afew days and the growth drop off. When there are several grouped together, it would be better to tie but a few at a time. | The concentrated carbolic acid without admixture and applied witha _ brush, is especially suited to warts. The animal can be prevented from licking the parts for a few minutes and then a thorough washing will ren- der poisoning impossible. PROLAPSE OF THE VAGINA. . Falling or inversion of the vagina is a consequence of general debility. It is liable to follow whelping and to accompany congestive diseases of the womb. This condition is sometimes observed during cestruation, dis- appearing as that period passes. The vaginal mucous membrane protrudes through the orifice having the ‘appearance of a red, soft, and shining body, which pressure readily returns. ; With the prolapse certain other symptoms are manifested. Pain and discomfort are often considerable; dificulty in passing water exists, and at times the action of the bowels is interfered with. Treatment. —No time should be lost in returning a prolapsed vagina, as the longer the condition exists the more difficult it will be to remedy 108 DISEASES OF THE GENITAL ORGANS. the trouble. Previous to making the attempt the protruded parts should be thoroughly cleansed, dried and oiled. After their return, vaginal injec- tions may be used of a solution made by adding one drachm of tannin to a quart of water. Constipation should be guarded against, as straining induces the pro- lapse. The diet should be mild, unstimulating and digestible. Tonic remedies are indicated to tone up the general system. The follow- ing may be wisely given. — & R Puly. Ferri. or.xx Ext. Nucis Vomics gr.v Ext. Gentiange 488 Ext. Conii 38S Ft. Pil. No. xxx. Sig. One three times daily. If the means advised prove insufficient after a fair trial, asurgeon should - be consulted and the treatment entrusted to him. : POLYPI OF THE VAGINA. Polypi is a word employed to signify any sort of tumor having a neck or stem and growing out from a surface. The most frequent seat of polypi is the mucous membrane; attached to the vaginal walls they are occasionally met with. Polypi in this situation usually form deep within the passage and are attached by a narrow pedi- cle. Their presence is rarely suspected until they appear in the orifice of | the vagina. They are then the cause of considerable discomfort, and give rise to an irritating discharge. Even when of moderate size their presence is disturbing; as they enlarge they expand the vagina and compress the neighboring organs, causing urinary derangements, and may interfere with the movements of the bowels. Vaginal polypi are pear shaped, smooth, shining, of considerable con- sistency, and devoid of sensation. Their attachment by a neck will ex- clude all doubts as to diagnosis. | : Treatment. —Their treatment requires an operation. Although their removal is generally easy it would be advisable to entrust it to a surgeon who will doubtless resort to ligation. DISEASES OF THE GENITAL ORGANS. 109 ACUTE METRITIS. Acute inflammation of the uterus or womb is an exceedingly rare dis- ease. The possibility of its occurrence warrants a brief consideration. A traumatic origin such as a blow orakick might cause metritis, but quite unlikely. After whelping, if the labor has been long and exhausting, or surgical measures have been employed, the liability to inflammation of the womb is increased, especially if neglect or exposure follows. Vaginal injections if too hot or too cold deserve mention as causative agents. Symptoms. —Fever is one of the earlier symptoms. Pain is prominent and is increased on pressure over the lower part of the bowels. An exam- ination made by introducing the finger into the vagina shows the womb - to be swollen and sensitive. Vomiting is not an uncommon occurrence. Diarrhea and frequent efforts to urinate, are other ordinary symptoms. The movements of the animal are stiff and painful. ‘ The lining membrane of the womb is always involved in the inflamma- tion, and as a result a vaginal discharge soon manifests itself. This is purulent in character, rapidly assumes an extremely offensive odor, and. irritates the vaginal passage and orifice which becomes hot and swollen. The disease is one of great gravity and especially so after whelping. If death does not ensue early in consequence of the purulent changes going on, the inflammation is liable to extend from the womb to the peritoneum, in which event there can be little or no hope. ; Treatment. — Opiates are indicated to control the pain. Unless vomit- ing occurs, laudanum in twenty drop doses at first would be the wiser preparation as it is easier to vary the quantity at will. ~- Warm vaginal injections may be frequently given, to which if the dis- charge becomes fetid, carbolic acid should be added. The proportion of acid should be about two teaspoonfuls to a quart of water. If necessary to relieve constipation, rectal injections are the better means to employ; if they prove insufficient, a dessertspoonful of castor oil should be given every three hours until operative. Perfect quiet is to be enforced. The diet should be stimulating and concentrated. Beef tea witha raw eggs should be given every two or three hours. If the pulse appears weak and flagging, brandy should be added to the nourishment. After the inflammatory stage has passed, ten drops of the fluid extract of ergot may be given every six hours, and two grains of quinine four times a day. 110 DISEASES OF THE GENITAL ORGANS. AFFECTIONS OF THE VULVA. Bitches are occasionally affected with a mucous or purulent discharge from the parts at the entrance of the vagina, independent of any deeper seated inflammation. This affection resembles balanitis in the dog. It is to be remembered that in metritis, vaginitis, and ulcerations of the “womb, a purulent discharge exists, and the vulva becomes inflamed and possibly excoriated. All doubts as to the existence of these diseases are to be removed, and when vulvitis alone exists, the same remedies are to be used as advised in balanitis. About the vulva there is liable to appear certain morbid growths, occa- sioning the animal considerable annoyance and pain. If small they should be cut off or, which is better, ligatured and then cauterized to preventtheir reproduction. On the external genitals of bitches there possibly may occur ulcerations and various enlargements, the natures and causes of which it will be diffi- ‘cult to understand; purulent discharges, want of cleanliness and proper treatment, with a generally impoverished state of the system are the more active agents. In a general way treatment may be said to consist of perfect cleanliness, tonic remedies, astringents, and efficient cauterization. é CHAPTER X. DISEASES OF THE EVE. —_— OS OPHTHALMIA. The conjunctiva is the mucous membrane of the eye. It lines the inner surface of the eyelids, is returned and forms a covering to the exposed part of the eyeball. This membrane is subject to inflammation to which the name ophthalmia is given. : Causation. —Many causes can be assigned for the disease under consid- eration. Local irritation as injuries from scratches and blows, or foreign particles becoming lodged in the eye; disorders of digestion; cold and damp; inverted eyelashes; and various derangements of the general health are among the more prominent causes. The disease may be induced by a close, damp atmosphere, saturated with © animal vapour, such as may be noticed in stables improperly ventilated and neglected. Certain forms of ophthalmia are both capable of being produced by contact with the purulent secretion, and by exposure to floating particles of pus in'tainted air. As an instance, dogs may be kept in adjoining ken- nels with no possibilily of direct communication by actual contact, and yet the atmosphere may convey impurities and the disease be transmitted. Symptoms.—In common or catarrhal ophthalmia the symptoms are at first an intolerance of light, and a flow of tears on exposure of the eye, followed by a thin purulent discharge, which in severe cases becomes thick and possibly contagious. ¥ The conjunctiva changes to bright scarlet red; more or less pain is pres- ent, and considerable difficulty will be encountered in making-an exami- nation. As a rule no constitutional symptoms are associated. ™ In purulent ophthalmia the inflammation is violent from the first, and a thick purulent discharge soon appears, often the commencement of the disease. The conjunctiva becomes intensely red; the eyelids swell and are glued together, confining the purulent secretion, and rendering con- stant local applications more urgent. 112 DISEASES OF THE EYE. # In the severer forms of ophthalmia there is considerable constitutional disturbance with prostration, some fever, hot nose, constipation, and the usual signs of inflammation. me Prognosis. — In milder cases the disease is very readily controlled, and acomplete recovery without injury to the sight of the eye may be con- templated. In purulent ophthalmia with severer symptoms, the affection — may lead to ulceration or sloughing of the anterior coat of the eye, and inflammation of the internal parts of the eyeball. _ Lreatmen?.—Great attention should be paid to cleanliness from the first, and the discharge should be continuously washed away with warm water, and a soft sponge cut in the shape of a wedge, the sharpened edge of which may be used to enter between the lids and thoroughly cleanse all parts. In the milder cases, after carefully bathing the eye, a wash made of borax and camphor water, ten grains of the former to an ounce of the latter should be used freely, and as often as possible. Once a day the following shonld be applied. — R Argent. Nit. gr.ij Aquee Distile: -41 Ft. Mist. Sig. Eye wash. Apply with a camel’s-hair brush. To prevent the edges of the lids sticking together fresh lard can be used. In severer cases the bowels of the animal should be freely moved by an active purgative, and the diet reduced to milk, broths, and gruels. Confinement in a darkened room is essential, and constant, unremitting — care may be necessary to save the deeper structures of the eye from injury. The eye should be carefully washed out every hour, and the borax and camphor water used very freely. The nitrate of silver solution may be introduced once daily, and in addition to this treatment there should be dropped into the eye morning and night, a few drops of the following mixture. — R Atropiz Sulph. os ga Aquee 388 _ Ft. Mist. Sig. Poison. Use with care. _ After the fever has subsided the diet should be generous, and one grain of quinine should be given four times daily, and if the animal becomes ~ debilitated, a dessertspoonful of cod liver oil should be mixed with his food. DISEASES OF THE LYE. 113 IRITIS. -The iris (a rainbow ) has received its name from the varied color it pre- sents. Itis a thin, circular shaped, contractile curtain suspended in front of the lens, being perforated by an aperture, the pupil, for the transmis- sion of light. The perfection of the eye is very much increased by the action of this curtain. In a strong light the pupil contracts and shuts out the superfluous rays; in a feeble light it dilates in order to admit into the eye all the ight which can be received. The iris is liable to inflammation. While the name iritis is used to indi- cate a distinct affection, it is rarely that inflammation is confined to the iris alone, but parts anterior to it, and the deeper structures behind it are involved. ; Causation. —The affection may be the result of injuries, over-exertion, or caused by various morbid states of the blood. Symptoms. —The white of the eye changes to a bright pink hue. The iris at first becomes indistinct, losing its color; the pupil is contracted, and itsinner edges are irregular. In the next stage, one of effusion, the sur- face appears in some cases rusty; in others a film closes the pupil. In very » acute cases the conjunctiva becomes affected by the inflammation. Pain, restlessness, intolerance of light, and excessive flow of tears are the com- mon associate symptoms. Prognosis. —if the disease is of recent origin the prognosis is favorable. If it has existed fora long time and came on slowly and insidiously, the chances of recovery without impairment of sight are doubtful. Treatment. —To allay pain,and quiet restlessness, paregoric in tea- . spoonful doses can be given. To subdue inflammation,the bowels should be moved freely by epsom salts, and the diet be restricted to milk, broths, raw eggs, etc. To preserve the pupil entire, it should be kept well dilated by means of a solution of the sulphate of atropine (gr.iad. aque distil. 3i.) Of thisa _ few drops should enter the eye morning and night. If the animal is full blooded, strong and hardy, “ Gray powder” in one grain doses may properly be given three times a day between the feedings. This mercurial should only be continued for four or five days. After the acute inflammation has subsided, the iodide of potassium may be given three times daily in three grain doses. If the animal is debilitated the syrup of the iodide of iron is advised in ten drop doses at each feeding. If the need is apparent cod liver oil may also be added to the treatment. The tonics should be persisted in until the film disappears, leaving the pupil clear. . Vit -- DISEASES OF THE EYE. CATARACT. The definition of the term cataract is an opacity of the crystalline lens, or of its capsule, or of both. , Torender this more intelligible it is necessary to briefly consider the anatomy of this portion of the eye. The crystalline lens is a transparent, double convex body, situated immediately behind the pupil. The func- tion of this lens is to produce distinct perception of form and outline, and ~ to accommodate the eye to vision at different distances. The capsule of the lens isa transparent and highly elastic membrane which closely surrounds it. Causation. —Cataract, especially capsular, may be caused by wounds and injuries to the lens, its capsule, or to the eye itself. It is attributed to inflammation, and has been produced artificially in animals by modifying the constitution of the blood. From this itis to be inferred that certain derangements of circulation and the general system may induce cataract. Two forms of cataract are recognized, the soft and the hard; the Boe is peculiar to advaneed age. Syneptoms.—In cataract of the capsule, there will be seen behind the pupil a non-transparent body of a gray, dead white; if cataract of the lens exists, the body will be bluish-white or amber colored. After a certain age an unaffected lens acquires a yellow color, then . changes to an amber. ie In hard cataract the cloudiness appears in this already discolored lens, and great impairment of vision may result before the grayness is plainly -evident on a superficial examination. Treatment. —When the characteristic changes in the eye are detected, every means to improve the general health should be resorted to. Tonics if indicated are to be given, and selected as the need is manifest. The employment of the most judicious methods can have no other influ- ence on the disease than to possibly retard its progress. Nothing can exert a curative influence excepting the knife of a surgeon. I DISEASES OF THE EYE. “SIs AMAUROSIS. The meaning of the term amaurosis is imperfect vision, depending on | changes in the deeper structures of the eye. The name “gutta serena” is sometimes given to the same affection, suggested by the peculiar glassy appearance of the eye; which while it remains clear loses its expression and becomes staring. The manner and staggering gait of the animal suggests dimness of sight. Causation. — Certain forms of amaurosis may be caused by long con- tinued illnesses and other debilitating circumstances. Others may super- vene upon severe digestive and liver disturbances, and possibly where worms exist. , Amaurosis sometimes arises from wounds of the head, blows, etc. Cer- tain poisons can induce the affection. . Symptoms.—In severe cases the sight becomes suddenly dim and the animal is soon totally blind. More often the changes are gradual, and im- pairment of vision progresses by slow degrees. The uncertain, hesitating gait at first attracts attention. The eye then may show but little change from the normal, but as the disease progresses the pupils become dilated, the eye clearer and expressionless. Even when only one eye is at first affected, the other eventually becomes similarly diseased through sym- pathy. | Ireatmen?z. —In certain conditions a sudden attack of amaurosis may occur and be recovered from. In cases where the changes are by slow degrees, the chances are the least encouraging. Were it possible to clearly determine the cause in - each instance, much might result from proper medication. In but a very few cases can positive indications for treatment be discov- | ered, and the only evident duty will be to improve the general health, and treat symptoms. Intestinal troubles are to be overcome; the animal treated for worms, if a Suspicion of their presence exists; the body sustained and nourished; more and better blood generated; and a long course of iron and strych- nine is advised after all known causes are remedied. The following pill is a combination of these drugs. — KR Ferri Phosphas. 318s Strychnize gr.ss Ft. Pil. No. xl. Sig. Dose one twice daily. t 116 DISEASES OF THE EYE. PROTRUSION OF THE EYEBALL. This condition fortunately is but rarely encountered. Displacement of the eyeball from its socket is usually the result ot direct violencereceived in fighting. Simple protrusion without laceration of the attachments of the eye can, if recent, be easily overcome. The eye should be returned as soon as pos- sible. Bathing with warm milk and water will remove dust and all impurities which may have collected on the parts, and a little sweet oil then applied renders the reduction easier. An assistant will be needed to Open as widely as possible the eyelids, and it may be necessary to draw the upper one well forward with a pair of forceps. Firm, steady, but gentle pressure should be made on the eyeball, and maintained until it returns to its socket, or until evident its reduction is doubtful. When this is apparent the outer corner of the eye should be snipped with the scissors to enlarge the opening, a method which will generally prove sufficient when reduction is again attempted. The lids should be drawn together by a stitch after the eye is returned, and the parts constantly bathed with cold water. LACHRYMAL APPARATUS. The tears are produced in glands situated at upper part of the cavity of the eye, and opening by ducts upon the surface of the conjunctiva between the eyeball and upper lid. The office of the tears is to keep the parts over which they are diffused moist and polished, and to preserve their trans- parency. The movements of the lids spread the tears uniformly over the eyeball; ‘they are then conducted off through the lachrymal canals, and are finally discharged into the nasal passages. The lachrymal glands are occasion- ally subject to inflammations. ‘In some affections there is an over secretion of tears, and in others a deficiency, and a consequent dryness of the eyes. In cases of the former, the eyes should be carefully examined for foreign bodies or inverted eye- lashes. If the irritability apparently results from an impoverished and — debilitated state of the system, tonics should be given. When the secre- tion of tears is scanty and the eye dry in consequence, elycerin should be occasionally applied. Fistula lachrymalis signifies an ulcerous opening in the lachrymal sack. Itisthe ordinary consequence of obstruction of the nasal duct, the DISEASES OF THE EYE. peer: symptom of which is a persistent watering of the eye. Inflammation fol- lows this stoppage, resulting in an abscess, which bursting causes the fistulous aperture from which the name of the affection is derived. - The treatment of this condition demands the skill of an experienced surgeon. - AFFECTIONS OF THE HAW. In the inner corner of the eye is a semilunar fold of the mucous membrane, the cavity of which is directed outwards. This is called the membrana nictitans, and resembles somewhat the third eyelid in birds. The purpose of this structure isto protect the eye, and by it dust and irritants are swept, as it were, from the eyeball. This membrane is subject to inflammations resulting from injuries, irri- tants, and possibly constitutional diseases. During the existence of an inflammation the part becomes red and swollen, partially covering the — eyeball obstructing the sight, and giving rise to a profuse flow of tears. Considerable pain often attends the affection, which if persistent may result in a permanent enlargement of the membrane, and consequent unsightly deformity, as well as becoming a source of inconvenience and annoyance to the animal. Treatment. — The acute inflammation should be controlled by frequent bathing and the use of the following.— . . R Zinci Sulph. 2r.lij Aquee 3 ij Ft. Mist. Sig. Drop into the eye three or four times daily. This astringent lotion or the use of borax and camphor water, ten grains of the former to one ounce of the latter, will in nearly all cases prove sufficient; if not the membrane must be snipped with the scissors. 7 118 DISEASES OF THE EYE. AFFECTIONS OF THE EYELIOS. An eczematious inflammation frequently occurs on the edge of the eye- lids, they becoming encrusted with dried secretion and sticking together. This affection may be acute, accompanied with some pain and soreness; more commonly itis chronic and associated with general eczema, obsti- “nate in character and attended with itching. This affection is more _ commonly observed in debilitated animals, suffering from digestive disor- ders and liver derangements. It may lead to ulceration of the eyelids and disease of the roots of the hair. The health should be restored, and local cleanliness insisted upon. Once or twice daily around the edges of the lids should be applied the following ointment.— R Ungt. Hydrarg. Nit. 41 Ungt. Simplicis 3 ij Ft. Ungt. Sig. Apply with care, allowing none to enter the eye. Parasites sometimes lodge about the roots of the eyelashes, and produce an obstinate itching which eventually results in an eczematious condition. The mercurial ointment advised above will destroy the insects and over- come the irritation. CHAPTER XI. | DISEASES OF THE EAR. ESSE “SS Sess CANKER. The term canker is certainly a convenient one, as the older authors found it quite sufficient to designate a variety of affections of the ear, dis- tinet in character, occurring in different locations, and arising from a _ variety of causes. Some recent writers have attempted a different classi- fication, but their selections are equally objectionable, and it seems expedient to still pecosuie the term canker sanctioned by common acceptation. The disease is really an inflammation of the lining membrane of the auditory canal or passage, which extends from the large cavity of the ex- ternal ear inward to the drum membrane. Causation. — Among the many causes which may be assigned as induc- ing canker are cold, digestive disorders, improper food, over feeding with -insufficient exercise, the accumulation of the natural secretion in the ear, and possibly, blows. he It may accompany skin diseases, or it may be a sequel of any exhaust- © ing illness. During a long run and when overheated, dogs will frequently plunge in stagnant pools, and dirt and mud will lodge in the outer ear and give rise to the affection. Eruptions sometimes appear on dogs suffering from a prolonged and severe attack of distemper. The passages to the ears are often invaded by _ these pustules, and canker results. Sympioms.— Unless the ears of dogs are frequently and carefully exam- ined, the affection is likely to have existed for some days before attention is attracted. The symptoms observed in an animal suffering from canker are his restlessness, frequent scratching of his ear, and violent shaking of his head. On examination the skin in the outermost part of the ear pas- sage is found red, hot, and some swollen. The irritation may be confined to the parts forming the external cavity, a, condition designated by some as “ external canker.” 120 CANKER. The tendency of the disease is to invade the innermost portions of the tube, becoming then the so called “internal canker.” ; The disease may have its origin either without or deep within the pas- sage. In the latter little or no redness or swelling will be visible, but an offensive odor and a discharge is characteristic evidence. The inflammation if uncontrolled results in an ulceration, recovery from which is often tedious and delayed. Treatment. —It is difficult for the writer to appreciate why the older — - authors gave to canker that importance with which they invested it in - their works on canine diseases. _ No less amazing is the treatment they employed, which possibly is a solution of the enigma, for remedies such as many advised, could only have aggravated the disease and retarded recovery. The first law to be religiously complied with is perfect cleanliness; very many cases in their early stages will yield to that treatment alone. This fact must be remembered in the selection of medicines to be applied within the ear, no more delicate organ exists in the body, and none are ‘more easily injured by wanton applications. An eminent aurist once thus advised a patient, who was addicted to using a smallear spoon to clear the passage. ‘ Never put anything into your ear but your elbow,” advice which if followed, would materially lessen suffering and save many their hearing unimpaired. To insure cleanliness the outer ear should be frequently sponged with soap of an unirritating nature, and warm water. If the passage has been invaded by the inflammation, water must be gently injected, sufficient in quantity to remove all discharge and everything foreign within. It mat- ters little the syringe used, provided it belarge and easily managed; those small glass affairs arean abomination. The ear should be syringed several times daily and after the operation the following used.— KR Acid. Carbolici. 388 Glycerine 38s Aquee Zijss Ft. Mist. Sig. Drop a little in the ear. Neither this nor any other application should be used cold, but it should be of the same temperature as the body. In syringing the water should be warm; a good method to estimate properly how hot it can be comfortably borne by the animal, is for the operator to inject some against his own cheek, which is far more sensitive than his hand. Roa": If frequent syringing does not relieve the pain and itching, it will be well to use the folowing — 3 P) 4 Poe f apa : y fash DISEASES OF THE EAR. 121 RK Bromo-Chlorali Tres Opie, >: aa 3i Aquze Zvi Ft. Mist. Sig. Drop in the ear. This preparation can be alternated -with the first one advised, using one, then two or three hours later the other. When there is much discharge the powdered boracic acid dropped in the ear is productive of good results. uf canker is confined to the outer cavity and flap of the ear, accessible to direct application, stronger remedies can be safely used. If the parts are simply red and inflamed, cleanliness and applications of the following will suffice. — “BR Acid Carbolici 31 Gly cerinze Aa. Ft. Mist. Sig. Paint the affected part several times daily after sponging. If an ulceration exists, it will be well to cauterize with the stick nitrate of silver or concentrated carbolic acid, after which the paint can be applied. While recognizing the fact that in a majority of cases of canker there is some associate general affection which demands treatment, the need to follow the stereotyped rule of first giving a cathartic is not appreciated by the writer, unless the conditions are favorable and there is good and sufficient reason for it. If the animal is overfed and plethoric, orif some fever attends, then certainly a purgative is demanded; butif on the other hand he is debilita- ted by a long illness, or some rapidly exhausting disease, it were much better withheld. In debility, iron, quinine, or cod liver oil with a generous and nutritious diet are indicated. Whatever disease may be associated, its treatment is not influenced by the presence of canker, but constitutional remedies are to be administered as the need is manifested. 122 DISEASES OF THE EAR. OTITIS, MEDIA OR INTERNA. It is to be understood that the membrana tympani, or drum membrane of the ear, is the division between the so-called external and middle ear. In treating of the affection which we were obliged to call canker, owing to the difficulty and inconvenience of displacing it, inflammations of the external ear were alone considered. There remains affections of the tym- panum and internal ear to be described. Otitis is strictly the proper name to apply to inflammations of the ear in general; to this may be added terms to distinctly designate the particular locality and structure affected. In a general way the ear may be divided thus: external, middle or inter- - nal. Still other subdivisions might be made, but they are needless in this work and would simply tend to confuse the reader. The middle ear is the space internal to the drum membrane, and the internal ear is beyond that and comprises the deeper structures. Properly inflammations of the ear should be denominated thus: otitis externa, media or interna. As the first has already been considered as canker, there now remains to -be described otitis, media or interna. In this disease the cavity of the ear becomes inflamed, involving the drum and generally the external ear, and — invading the cells and inner structures. The inflammation may be con- fined to the mucous membrane alone, or with it the membrane covering the bone and even the bone itself may become affected. Causation. —The usual causes are exposure to cold, sudden chills such as may result from plunging into the water and remaining too long, vio- lent injuries and blows in the region of the ear, and foreign bodies in the external passage. Powerful chemical liquids which have been poured into the ear, accidentally or for the purpose of treatment, may so irritate ‘the drum that deep seated inflammation will result. The disease may have its origin in the middle ear or it may follow the profuse purulent discharge of a severe attack of canker, which finally ulcerates through the drum and gains entrance to the cavity within. Certain constitutional conditions and disturbances furnish predispos- ing causes for this affection. When the. blood is impoverished and the system debilitated by long tedious illnesses, otitis is more prone to oceur. Sympioms.—The disease almost always commences suddenly, attack- ing one ear, but never both at the same time. Pain which marks the inva- ‘gion of the inflammation is intense and rapidly increasing in severity, eventually becoming so torturing as to cause the animal to shake his head violently, rub his ear along the ground, and utter incessant, sharp, shrill, ear piercing cries. He seems distracted and cannot be tranquillized. These violent local symptoms are attended with disturbances of the , ” OTITIS, MEDIA OR INTERNA. ; 123 general system, fever, hard and rapid pulse, great thirst, and entire loss of appetite. | In some cases the animal seems delirious, so maddening is the pain ‘which tortures him. Great tenderness exists on the affected side, and an examination will be made with difficulty. The passage to the ear willbe found more or less reddened, swollen, dry, hot, and sensitive. These painful symptoms may last five or six days; before the expiration of this time, death may in rare instances take place from convulsions, or possibly an extension of the disease to the brain. If the animal lives, matter forms within the middle ear, and at last the membrana tympani ulcerates, or ruptures and pus streaked with blood is discharged by the external ear. This discharge is odorless at first but in three or four days becomes highly offensive. After an opening is made the more violent symptoms subside. In some eases the discharge persists for a time and then disappears; the hole made in the membrane closes, and a cure is affected with but little loss of hearing. More commonly the small bones of the ear are discharged with pieces of other bones which have necrosed or been destroyed, and a cure takes place with almost a complete loss of hearing. In other cases the brain may become affected by the extension of the disease and death result. In rare instances instead of the matter discharging through the external ear, it may so affect the deeper cells and structure that a swelling back of the ear appears; an abscess forms which eventually opens and thus allows the pus to escape. ) During the progress of otitis the general system suffers severely, debil- ity becomes marked, emaciation is progressive, the animal is slowly wearing out. Treatment. —The intense severity of the pain demands the use of opi- ates, and fifteen drops of landanum should be given every two or three hours as needed. Hot applications if they can be made to the side of the head, may aid slightly in relieving the suffering. During the inflamma- tory stage, the bowels should be kept open by two or three teaspoonfuls of epsom salts given as needed. It is to be remembered the disease occurs - more often in debilitated animals, and the effort to nourish and sustain should be early commenced. If nourishment is not taken voluntarily, the sufferer should be forced to _ swallow concentrated beef tea, broths, milk, and raw eggs. Two grains of quinine may wisely be given three times a day. After the discharge . appears, absolute cleanliness should be enforced. The ear should be gently syringed every two or three hours, and if much odor exists, the drops recommended in canker should be used after each injection. As the odor 124 _ DISEASES OF THE EAR. disappears, and if the discharge remains profuse, after syringing the ear with warm water, an astringent injection of alum and water, one half a drachm of the former to an ounce of the latter may be used. If pieces of bone appear in the discharge, sulphate of copper five grains to*‘an ounce of water may be injected instead of-the alum. After a time as a substitute for the medicated injections, boracic acid may be freely dusted into the ear after a thorough syringing with warm water. As the appetite returns the most nourishing diet should be allowed, consisting largely of raw beef. Cod liver oil in dessertspoonful doses should be given three times daily, and instead of quinine, the citrate of iron and ammonia may be given in four grain doses with the oil. By improving the tone of the blood, nourishing the body, and sustaining the strength of the animal, a cure of the local affection may be accom- plished. POLYPUS. The term polypus includes two forms of diseased growths. The first is extremely rare; it is nearly colorless, fleshy in appearance, and attached by a stalk to the middle of the external ear. Its surface is smooth; it is devoid of sensibility, and often unattended by any discharge. This form of polypus is the result of inflammatory changes which usually subside before the growth appears. : The second form is not uncommon; it is the immediate consequence of ~ inflammation and is invariably attended by a discharge. By some it is called the bleeding polypus or hematoid; it varies in size and may be- come sufficiently large to appear at the outer opening of the ear. Its surface is rough and glistening, and deep red in color. It is almost gelati- nous in substance, is exceedingly sensitive, and bleeds easily. This form of growth has usually a deeper origin near the drum of the ear, and is more commonly a consequence of otitis, media or interna. . Symptoms .— Constitutional symptoms are present in certain cases of polypus; in others none appear. If they are large growths and attended with pain, the animal by his manner indicates the seat of the disease as in canker. The local symptoms are a profuse, offensive discharge, tinged with blood. If a dog has experienced an attack of otitis, media or interna, and four . or five weeks later,notwithstanding treatment,a discharge persists, puru- lent, bloody, and of very offensive odor, it is strongly indicative of the existence of a polypus of the seeond form. An examination with ‘a spec- 3, ~ Pe hn ee DISEASES OF THE EAR. 125 . ulum renders a diagnosis easy, even when the polypus is forming and very small. Treatmen?t. —¥Efforts should be made to improve the general health, and relieve the local condition which first induced the formation of the poly- pus. Perfect cleanliness by injections, the use of powdered alum, or boracie acid dropped into the ear, may cause the growth to waste and be- come detached. If this treatment is unsuccessful a skilled aurist should be consulted. DEAFNESS: Impairment or loss of hearing power is more commonly the result. of organic changes. Very rarely deafness depends upon certain constitu- tional disturbances, there being an entire absence of all symptoms indicative of inflammation. | | a Certain drugs such as quinine, taken in very large doses, and persisted in for a long time, have been known to induce deafness. In young dogs thisis generally transitory, but in older the impairment may be permanent. The more common cause is otitis, media or interna, or some organic change in the auditory nerve, possibly induced by blows on the head, or sympathetic with disease of the brain. » Invery rare instances a catarrhal inflammation of the middle ear may be excited and subside without the occurrence of purulent changes, leav- ing a chronic irritation which eventually causes a thickening of the drum membrane, and impaired hearing power in the affected ear. Accumulations in the external passage may cause deafness, at first me- chanically, and ultimately by pressure inducing disease, and permanent injury of the parts acted upon. Some puppies are imperfect at whelp, the sense of hearing being entirely absent. Treatment. —Excepting in cases where the deafness is due to accumu- lations in the external ear, the results of treatment will prove negative. If congenital, positively nothing can be done. If the drum membrane has been perforated, a judicious treatment of otitis will favor a closing of the opening, and the hearing power will in a measure be restored. The deafness of 01d dogs admits of little or no improvement. Catarrhal inflammation of the middle ear generally results in a chronic disease very difficult to cure, and for which there is no treatment which will promise much. When organic nerve deafness exists, the condition is due to paral- ysis and should be treated as such. Where the cause is obscure or due to ~ evident constitutional disturbances, efforts should be made to tone up the system, thereby improving the general health. Where deafness is gsus- pected the ears should be well syringed and then carefully examined. 126 DISEASES OF THE EAR. = QFFECTIONS OF THE FLAP OF THE EAR. Abscesses occasionally form in the flap of the ear. They may occur without any apparent cause but are more commonly the result of blows or tugging at the ear. The constant shaking of the head induced by canker may be sufficient to give rise to abscesses. Their contents are usually watery in character and they have the pecu- liar baggy appearance of large blisters. An opening should be made in the lowest part of the abscesses; this must be large and free, and kept open until the sack has entirely closed. This treatment and perfect cleanliness will ordinarily be quite sufficient. If matter forms and a running sore results, the oxide of zinc ointment will readily heal it. ; At times an eczema of the flap occurs independently of a general mani- festation of the disease. This condition if not induced by constant scratch- ing is almost always aggravated by it. The treatment of this affection is identical with that of mange. A dry, scaly condition of the external passage of the ear involving the inner portion of the flap may exist, and often follows acute inflammations of that organ. The affection annoys the animal exceedingly, induces constant scratching. In the treatment the folowing will be found effica- cious.— RK Zinci Sulphocarb. ger. vi di Aquee am Ft. Mist. Sig. Drop in the ear three or four times daily. At night it will be well to freely apply this ointment to the external parts affected.— KR Ungt. Hydrarg. raat Ungt. Simp. 4 ij ° Ft. Ungt. Sig. External use. Constitutional derangements should be sought for, and if found, are to be treated as the need is manifest. Othzematoma or blood tumor of the ear is a form of disease said to affect dogs, an account of its occurrence in whom,has been given by Mr. 8. Ogier Ward. Wilde states that he observed the trouble in a valuable pointer. The cat is rather more liable to the affection. One case has been de- scribed where the entire auricle was swollen out, the affected organ - forming along pointed tumor. The effusion was gradually absorbed, thick- ened, and shrivelled. In this instance the presence of a cutaneous trouble ~ at the upper and back part of the auricle was noted. CHAPTER XII. DISEASES OF THE SKIM. — KCZEMA. Kezema isa disease of the skin which first appears either as minute blisters, pimples, or small elevations covering pus; these three forms may more conveniently be designated the vesicular, papular, or pustular. The first is the more common form, and the vesicles are minute, transparent, and glistening; slightly elevated, and pressed together in irregular patches with little or no redness between. The fluid in the vesicles soon becomes gummy and cloudy; it may be absorbed but is more commonly discharged ; adheres to the surface, dries rapidly, and forms crusts beneath which is the beginning of the disease. The skin becomes reddened, moist, and swollen. Successive crops of vesicles form, the discharge from which is a constant source of inflamma- tion, and the disease spreads showing different stages in different parts. The progress of the pustules are identical with that of the vesicles. When the disease appears in the form of papules, they either change into vesicles and run the course described, or they dry into scales and crusts. Eezema rubrum, eczema squamosum, and other terms are used to desig- nate certain forms of the disease belonging to the subsequent stages. In the first the skin is reddened and inflamed in patches covered with shining vesicles; in the latter the eruption is dry and scaly. _ Pityriasis rubra is a form of eczema rarely met with. It is characterized by a skin reddened in large patches, and covered with branny crusts or seales, which ifremoved the skin will be found dry and reddened, but not bleeding. This disease usually attacks the whole surface of the Doe and is distinguished by its obstinacy and tendency to recur. Eczema simplex is the term used to designate the mildest form of the disease yielding more readily to treatment. Numberless subdivisions have been made by authors who have chosen terms to designate different varie- ties of eczema having more or less perfectly marked stages, but they > 128 ECZEMA. merely represent the different forms of the disease in various situations and subjected to dissimilar influences. % nt Eczema may be acute or chronic; the latter form is far more frequent and may attack every portion of the body, while the former may be con- fined to certain locations. Al) forms of the disease are accompanied with intolerable itching. Causation. —Eczemas are in part primary diseases and in part ey tute: matic. The primary result from immediate irritation of the skin, as . caused by acrid medicated applications in ointments, etc., by extremes of temperature, and by mechanical injuries affecting the skin directly. Cro- ton oil, strong mercurial ointments, alkaline soaps, ‘jodine, ete., when applied are frequent causes of eczema. Mechanical causes are illustrated by the irritation of the skin produced by the nails in scratching; eczema accompanying parasitic diseases is generated in this way. Prolonged, very hot baths are sufficient in some cases to induce the disease under consideration. The symptomatic causes are not soapparent; we know that attacks of eczema occur in consequence of certain internal diseases, but their anal- ogy has never been positively determined. Among the symptomatic causes are indigestion, injudicious feeding, want of exercise, and impov- erished blood. Eezema frequently appears as a sequel to long exhaustive illnesses, and is very often associated with liver derangements. In highly nervous tem- peraments there seems to exist a predisposition to eczema, and ‘*in- breeding ’”’ has been condemned as a possible cause. That the disease is hereditary as asserted by some has never been clearly proven. That want — of cleanliness might possibly induce the affection can be readily appreci- ated. An excess of animal food is another cause assigned, but further proof is necessary before this can be accepted asindisputable. Thefeeding of starchy food in excess induces disturbances of the nutritive functions, and eczema frequently results. ve : Worms by intestinal irritation and other influences on the system might give rise to the affection. Puppies during the period of dentition some- times suffer eczematous attacks. Many other causes have been assigned, and many cases occur, the origin of which it is impossible to explain. Kezema is not contagious, but in certain stages when the secretion is profuse, the disease can be communicated by actual contact of a sufficient duration. Tobe more explicit a healthy dog might be allowed to play — with one affected with eczema, and be many times in momentary contact without acquiring the disease; but were they allowed to occupy the same — sleeping-box, and the healthy skin of one remain ‘sufficiently long in con- tact with the diseased skin of the other, from which there exudeda profuse. _ DISHASES OF THE SKIN. . 129 secretion, through this secretion the disease could be transmitted and the previously healthy animal become eczematous. Prognosis. —Eczema is a curable disease. An animal once attacked is liable to be again affected. In long haired dogs the disease will prove more ‘rebellious and difficult to cure. In pityriasis rubra, certain degenerative - changes occur in the skin, rendering a cure of that form of the disease exceedingly difficult. Treatment. — While the internal treatment of eczemais positively essen- tialin very many cases, it must not be employed indiscriminately, but only after a diagnosis of the disease associated is determined beyond a reasonable doubt. The connection with diseases of the internal organs may not be clear at first, but careful study will ultimately develop a clue sufficient to direct internal medication; until then it were wiser to depend entirely upon external remedies. When eczema first appears especially in puppies, considerable fever is associated anda laxative is indicated. It were better to increase the activ- ity of the bowels by divided doses rather than administer purges. Epsom salts or calcined magnesia are to be preferred; the dose of the former, two teaspoonfuls, of the latter, one teaspoonful, once or twice daily until the fever subsides, after which they are to be given cautiously if at all, as intestinal derangement and debility will result from their prolonged use. In rare instances cases will be met with in which a feverish condition exists for a long time, the animal being full blooded and of inflammable tendency. In such cases a restricted diet and the use of laxatives is indi- cated; to obviate depression iron should be combined asin the following — KR Magnesiz Sulphatis Zl Ferri Sulphatis Zi ‘ Acid. Sulph. Aromatici %ss ' Aquee ~ %Viss Ft. Mist. Sig. One teaspoonful three times daily. When dogs are reduced nutrition must be improved, and the most gener- ous diet be allowed into which meat largely enters, and it may be given cooked or raw. If the loss of weight is very marked, cod liver oil in table- spoonful doses should be added to each feeding. In eases of debility an iron tonic is indicated, and if the skin eruption has existed for sometime, Fowler’s solution of arsenic may be combined as follows — \ RK Ferriet Ammon. Cit. 3i Sol. Fowleri Z ij - Ft. Mist. Sig. Four drops three times daily with the food. Very many cases will be met with where this preparation of iron and 180 | / | “ROZEMA. arsenic, also cod liver oil, should be given at the same time. Frequently loss of appetite is a prominent symptom which demands especial treat- ment first, and before other internal remedies can be employed. In such cases quinine in two grain doses four times a day should be given, and the animal urged to eat raw beef, milk, beef teas, etc., and if partaken of sparingly he should be tempted with food every few hours. When gastric derangements exist, they should be treated as advised in indigestion. | One cause of eczema which the writer does not recall having seen men- tioned, and which he desires to dwell upon, is to be found in torpor of the liver and other hepatic derangements. Cases have been observed by him which have proved obstinate, and remedy after remedy has been used without success until treatment was especially directed to the liver, and then improvement immediately followed. When a sluggish action of this organ is suspected, it would be well to discontinue other internal remedies and give the following — RK Mass. Hydrarg. gr.iv Pulv. Ipecac. gr.i Ext. Taraxici 48s Ft. Pil. No. xij. Sig. Dose one three times daily. After these pills are taken, the treatment previously employed can again be instituted. The importance of regularly enforced and sufficient exer- cise in plethoric, overfed animals, cannot be too strongly insisted upon. | In fact every abuse must be corrected, and every influence tending to improve the general health of the anima] should be encouraged. While the internal treatment is important, the local is no less so, and in very many cases of even greater importance. In no known disease which the canine race is heir to, has a larger number of remedies and methods been advised than for the treatment of eczema, and much harm has been done by the injudicious and indiscriminate use of irritating applications in the acute form, while much time has been lost by using the wrong appli- cation, and neglecting to employ a proper and valuable remedy. To carefully study each case is imperative; not alone to know its causes and complications, but the stage of the eruption is of great importance, for be it remembered, remedies which are valuable in the chronic stage - are not only pernicious in the acute form but do much to intensify the dis- ease, and invite its extension over the entire body, when had judicious treatment been instituted at first, and far simpler remedies and methods been properly applied, the eruption would have remained a mere localized — patch, have been of but little consequence, and immediately recovered from. der DISEASES OF THE SKIN. 131 In all cases when acute eczema makes its appearance, the first step in local treatment is to remove the hair, not only over the eruption, but for a - sufficient distance from it to insure the disease is seen in its entirety. _ With the scissors remove the greater portion and shave closely. The parts are then to be carefully washed, remembering to use cold water, car- bolic soap, a soft sponge, and to be exceedingly gentle, as an approach to hard rubbing will add to the inflammation. In using medicinal applications it must be remembered the skin is in a very irritable state, andthe treatment should necessarily be soothing. The balsam of peru is aremedy which has for years been much used in the treatment of skin diseases; in many cases it has proved efficacious, in others less active; when unsuccessful itis presumed other essentials in treatment were neglected. The writer has sufficient confidence in the rem- edy to recommend its use. After the hair has been shaved off, the parts carefully bathed and allowed to dry, the balsam should be warmed and freely applied. Gen- erally nothing more need be done until the following day, when it will be well to again use the balsam or freely apply the oxide of zine ointment, this being especially indicated if the skin is very irritable, and the animal is inclined to scratch. Until recovery takes place, oritis evident other local remedies must _ be resorted to before a cure can be accomplished, the balsam should be used continuously or alternated with the zinc ointment. In rare instances notwithstanding these applications, the itching will still be intolerable, and the animal continue to gnaw or scratch. If necessary camphor and morphine can be added to the zinc ointment as follows. — RK Morph. Sulph. gr.ij Pulv. Camphorze 48s Ungt. Zinci Oxidi Zi Ft. Ungt. Sig. Apply not too freely. While ointments are almost invariably serviceable, occasionally the “< secretion from the eruption will be excessive, and powders will be needed 7 to check it. The powdered oxide of zinc or the subnitrate of bismuth are advised in such cases. _ The writer appreciates that this advice to cut and shave the hair will not always be followed, or at least it will be done with reluctance and after other means have, been sought and employed. In such cases the balsam of peru should be heated and poured on to the eruption, and rub- bed in well with the finger two or three times daily, or the following — can be applied — a Z 132 ECZEMA. : RK Bals. Peru Spts. Rectificati aa 3iij Zinci Oxidi Zi Glycerins WRAEAD Ft. Mist. Sig. Shake well. External use. If a doubt exists as to the eruption being simple eczema, and there is a possibility that the irritation is induced by a parasite instead of the oxide of zinc, it would be well to add an ounce of sulphur to the mixture. The animal should be watched and wherever he is seen to scratch, even if no eruption is apparent the solution should be freely applied. In the treatment of chronic eczema one must expect to occasionally encounter cases obstinate and difficult to cure; more often they will yield — readily to judicious treatment. It must be remembered that a cure of eczemacan seldom be effected with one means alone, but changes to others must be made as the stages and conditions vary. We can never tell with certainty how a remedy will act in every case. The skins of some dogs are more easily affected than others, and certain applications which in some allay irritation, will in others intensify it. | sg aes Notwithstanding the obstacles encountered and disappointments met, the fact that eczema is a curable disease, should encourage us to’persevere. In commencing the local treatment of chronic eczema it is to be inferred that in the progress of the disease the hair has already fallen out; if not it should be removed to admit the easy application of remedies. The crusts should be detached by the free use of oily substances; it matters but little which is selected, either fresh lard, linseed oil, cod liver oil, or-vasi-_ line. Whatever is used should be very generously applied, and in recent | cases these simple remedies are often sufficient to effect a cure. -If necessary to employ other means, it would be well to gently and thoroughly wash the animal, using a strong solution of borax, or shampoo with raw eggs. After washing and drying, the zinc ointment should be freely used, and the result patiently watched. If this proves ineffectual more active remedies must be chosen. Tar has proved itself very effica- cious in chronic eczema and may be used variously combined. The oil of tar and glycerin, one part to three, acts well in some cases. The thick- estform of tar is generally the better, and should be combined with other- agents as follows. — RK FPicis Liquid. Sulphur. Flor. aa Zi ‘ : Sapo. Viridis Adepis — aa Zij Ft. Ungt. Sig. External use. » DISEASES OF THE SKIN. LSS This ointment can be applied freely, and in cases where the hairs have not been removed, it will not stick and mat them together. A prolonged use of this preparation sometimes inflames the skin and nocessitates its discontinuance for a time; in such cases it will be well to wash the animal thoroughly, and return to the oxide of zinc ointment or the use of fresh lard or vasiline. In cases proving obstinate under thistreatment, it would be well to try the mixture of calomel and lime water for which the name ‘black wash” is given. As a general rule tarry preparations are more appropriate when the affected parts feel stiff and rigid, and there is a ten- dency to the formation of fissures. Preparations of lead are often found ser viceable in the treatment of eczema; diachylon is the more common form used, and can be made into an ointment with linseed oil equal parts. Its long continued use is not advised, poisoning by absorption being possible. The number of proprietary medicines for skin disease are countless; that each are positive cures is assured by extensive advertisements. The writer has no disposition to discuss their value; many have virtues _ and others are comparatively worthless; none are infallible cures. Many _ of these preparations are made of the oil of tar, glycerin, and powdered sulphur; to others are added prepared chalk; still others are formed of the balsam peru and alcohol, generally in parts one to five; occasionally is found one, the basis of whichis naphtha. All of these agents are active, and efficient in many cases; in aS many others their use, independent of constitutional treatment, can accomplish but little. Reviewing briefly the entire subject, we have in eczema adisease which can be cured. The fact that it has existed fora long time renders the prognosis more favorable, as in many cases the disease alone is to be com: batted; not the morbid process which induced it. In the earlier stages the soothing treatmentis alone admissible. By it the intensity of the disease is lessened, even if recovery does not result. While the eruption is localized and confined, external causes very likely | induce it; on the other hand, when the eczema is more or less general, the cause is internal, and there treatment must imperatively be addressed. In all cases the object is to correct abuses, build up the system, improve the general strength, and render the condition of the animal as near Der * fect as possible. 134 DISEASES OF THE SKIN. SARCOPTIC MANGE: The sarcoptic mange is an artificial eczema occasioned in the dog by two exciting causes; one the irritation of an insect infesting the skin (Sarcoptes Canis) ; the other the scratching of the animal in consequence of its presence. . This insect, the Acarus, an animal parasite, is maintained by the nour- ishment it draws from the skin. The male acarus is much the smaller, remains in short burrows or vesicles, while the female tunnels the skin in long canals. The course of the latteris to seek a furrow onthe surface, then to attach itself, and by means of its jaws penetrate the outer skin ‘or cuticle, until it reachesthe deeper and softer layers where it finds its nour- ishment. It continues to burrow, laying one egg after another and blocking up the passage with them. A young acarus is developed from — the egg in about two weeks, and the number of eggs one insect lays is near fifty. This production goes on continuously until the female dies, which is generally in three or four months. ; The young acari as soon as developed scamper over the surface, bore quickly beneath, and occasion the most intolerable itching. Around the furrows form first small pimples, which change to vesicles and pustules; . from them, bloody matter exudes, which dries and produces thick, dark crusts. : ; The itching caused by the insects on the surface of the superficial layers of the skin incites scratching; the furrows are then opened and the acari set free. The original eruption is destroyed, but eczema displaces it, accompanied by the itching and irritation which invariably attends it; then the disease increases in extent and intensity as it progresses. Diagnosis. — By a careful study of the eruption a diagnosis ought easily to be reached, and less difficulty will be experienced in the earlier than in the later stages. The condition of the animal and manner of attack will weigh somewhat, as eczema more commonly occurs in debilitated sub- jects. If other dogs in the same kennel are similarly affected, it would suggest contagion. . Vesicles in sarcoptic mange predominate over any other form of erup- tion at first; they occur alone and are not grouped together as in eczema; again they are pointed, not flat or rounded like those of the last named disease. After eczema has been produced by scratching, the difficulty of diagn osis is increased, but only slightly so, for new vesicles will constantly appear on previously unaffected skin. Treatment. — While the exciting cause of sarcoptic mange is acari, uncleanliness certainly exerts a predisposing influence, and this fact SARCOPTIC MANGE. 136 should impress itself when treatment is undertaken. When satisfied a dog has the disease under consideration, he should at once be removed from his kennel, his bedding burned, and hot lime impregnated with car- bolic acid be plentifully used in every part, crack, and crevice of the building. This precautionary treatment should be renewed at intervals of every few days until the animal has recovered. Remedies without number have been recommended for the cure of sar- coptic mange; those are the best which not only destroy the insects and their eggs and cause the secondary eruptions to disappear, but as well cure the eczema which the scratching of the animal has induced. Sulphur in some form is the sovereign remedy, united with other agents as the con- ditions indicate. | ; In commencing treatment it is well to thoroughly wash the entire body in strong soap suds, rinsing carefully in luke warm water. The following © ointnient should then be used freely, covering both the affected and unaf- fected parts. — R Potass. Carbonatis eal Sulphur Flor. 3% lij Glycerine Zvi Ft. Mist. Sig. External. This preparation will immediately destroy the acari. The balsam peru is another active agent in this disease, and may Fe used with the sulphur as follows. — kK Sulphur Flor. Bals. Peru aa 3Ss Adepis = 3 ij Ft. Ungt Sig. External. This ointment should be applied three times a day for a week and then washed off. Liquid storax and lard one part to two, is a favorite mixture with some. Naphthol is a very active agent and 1s commonly zombined as follows.— R Naphtholis 38s Sapo. Viridis 3 ij Adepis Z viij Ft. Ungt. Sig. External. The entire body of the dog should be freely rubbed with this ointment once daily for two or three days, and then thoroughly washed. In some breeds of dogs the skin is easily irritated; for them, and ior house pets on which the use of ointments would be especially unpleasant to their owners, a solution may be made as follows:—flowers of sulphur N 136 DISEASES OF THE SKIN two pounds; unslacked lime one pound; water two gallons; boil down to | five quarts and filter, or allow it to stand until precipitated, and then pour off for use the clear fluid. This should be applied freely to the entire body | and gently rubbed into the parts more affected. Probably much less time than a week will be occupied in destroying the acari; if eczema remains, appropriate treatment should be instituted as advised elsewhere for that disease. It should be remembered that while sarcoptic mange is purely a local affection, in nowise dependent upon constitutional disturbances; yet the ‘annoyance caused by the itching, the loss of sleep, the effect upon the nervous system, etc., willif persistent, very probably cause derangements, which will in turn result in debility and an impairment of the general health. FOLLICULAR MANGE. In this form of mange the hair follicles are first the seat of the disease; the skin and subcutaneous tissues are afterwards involved by the inflam- mation. The affection is contagious but far less so than sarcoptic mange and its occurrence is more infrequent among dogs. Causation. — While the disease is often communicated by immediate contact, certain conditions favor this form of parasite. Lack of cleanli- ness, damp kennels, improper food, and general neglect are baneful influences which predispose to the disorder. The spontaneous origin is however yet to be decided. Symptoms. —The hair follicles first become inflamed, and the skin in proximity is infiltrated, hot, red, and tumefied; afew pimples or papules are then to be detected. The hairs from the affected follicles soon fall out, an exudation into the sacks occurs which becomes purulent, and pustules result. The pustules which are flat and run together, soon discharge their contents and scabs are formed. These harden, crack open, and bleed slightly. The eruption extends rapidly and soon the disease can be traced in its varying stages. : f Theanimal becomesexceedingly repulsive, not only in appearance, but. emits a very offensive odor. : Pain rather than itching is characteristic of the eruption. The disease may attack any portion of the body, but it usually appears first on the head. The appetiteis rarely lessened. As the disease progresses, loss of weight, debility, and impoverishment of the general system results. Diagnosis. —When the eruption first appears a diagnosis is byno means easy, still the hot, tumefied condition of the skin, and absence of itching FOLLICULAR MANGE. 137 ought to reasonably exclude eczema and sarcoptic mange, the diseases with which follicular mange is liable to be confounded. The rapid prog- ress of the affection, the peculiar appearance of the pustules, the crusts, and the offensive odor are diagnostic points strongly indicative. The microscope if used will remove all doubts. Prognosis. —¥Follicular mange is a curable disease, but the treatment must be persevered in foralong time even after recovery appears com- plete, to destroy all trace of the parasitic clements, which might possibly remain on the skin and hairs and again become active. In avery severe case probably from six to eight months must elapse before a cure can be accomplished. The hair will eventually be nearly if not entirely renewed. Treaimené. — Follicular mange being solely a local affection, only rem- edies which act locally are needed unless symptoms of general disturbance demand constitutional treatment. _ As advised in sarcoptic mange the kennel must be completely renovated. After thoroughly bathing the animal, using freely carbolic soap, the hair should be clipped and then shaved closely, exposing unaffected skin a safe distance from the eruption. If the disease can be detected before crusts are formed, painting with the balsam peru three or four times a day would possibly be sufficient. Such good fortune in making an early diagnosis few will experience, and . other treatment will be more often found essential. When the crusts have formed it will be necessary to remove them, to favor the action cf the remedies applied. The animal should be rubbed with linseed oil or common lard, a large quantity being used in the opera- tion. The crusts will loosen in from twelve to twenty four hours. The animal should again be washed,using the domestic soft soap, and rinsing well finally. - If a house pet is under treatment and ointments are objected to, either of the following washes may be used and applied freely: sulphurous acid one part to six of water; carbolic acid two drachms, to water one pint; balsam peru one part, alcohol six parts; the lime and sulphur solu- tion advised in sarcoptic mange is often efficacious. Carbolic acid and Canada balsam is a preparation, which if judiciously used is most admirable; the acid enters the pustules striking at the very root of the disease; the parasite is destroyed, and the balsam lessens the irritation. If the patches of eruption are but few,the remedy may be _applied in equal parts by penciling each pustule with a camel’s hair brush, every two or three days or even every day. When the eruption is exten- Sive, a few patches can be touched each day until all have been acted upon. While this treatment is being pursued, an ointment of creasote, a remedy highly endorsed by many, can be used combined with other \ 188 DISEASES OF THE SKIN. agents asfollows.— be u R Creasoti Bi Ungt. Hydrarg. Nit. 3ij Sulphuris 31 Adepis 3 vi Ft. Ungt. Sig. Apply quite freely to the diseased parts. The proportion of carbolic acid to the Canada balsam might be lessened, say one to eight, and used more freely, but its efficacy would be impaired, and the stronger solution ought to be safely used without danger of absorp- tion, as it needs merely a trace applied to the centre of each pustule. PRURIGCO. Prurigo is a disease of the skin, manifesting itself by slightly reddish, very itchy papules of about the size of a pin head. This eruption may appear differing little or none in color from the surrounding skin, and be seen with difficulty; but to the touch it is obvious, as the finger passes over the region affected, the papules as minute elevations cause the sur- face to feel rough and uneven. The intense itching induces scratching; the papules are laid bare, and are succeeded by blood-red crusts of about the same size. Thecause of prurigo can only be conjectured. Various specula- tions have been advanced; thus, certain kinds of food, worms, kidney dis- orders, debility, poverty of blood are said to exert predisposing influences. The disease is chronic, and at times exceedingly obstinate. Its duration . and curability are uncertain. In young animals the affection often yields very readily, butin old dogs with worn out systems, it is almost incurable. ~ In the treatment it is important to correct any disorders, and apply con- stitutional remedies as indicated. Local applications are of benefit in many cases. When the disease attacks puppies, frequent washing, using the sapo viridis, and afterwards an ointment of sulphur and lard, is often sufficient. If the itching is uncontrollable the following may be freely applied. — R Tr. Opii Zi Creasoti gtt.xv Adepis 3 iij Ft. Ungt, Sig. External. In some cases the oil of tar and glycerin, one part to four, will be useful, or the tar and sulphur ointment recommended in eczema. A lotion of carbolic acid, from one to two drachms to a pint of water, or the acid incorporated with lard, from five to ten grains to the ounce, acts well in cases where the itching is intense. The internal use of iron, arsenic, and cod liver oil is advisable in cases where the disease is of long standing. | DISEASES OF THE SKIN. sie se PRURITUS» : Prurigo andPruritus are not to be confounded as being expressive of the same condition. The former is a disease always associated with papular development, while the latter is intense itching, purely a nervous mani- festation, unattended with any visible changes in the skin or tissues. Pruritus is a special form of skin irritation connected with many physi- ological changes. Thus, in diseases of the kidneys, jaundice, and other liver disorders, plethora due to over feeding and want of exercise, piles, worms, constipation, indigestion, and a sluggish cutaneous circulation from lack of cleanliness and proper grooming, are influences which in- duce pruritus. The affection is not uncommon in old dogs dependent upon the invariable changes in the skin induced by age. In young dogs the disease is more common among those of a highly nervous temperament, possibly the result of continued inbreeding. When intense itching exists the animal must be very carefully examined to determine if possible the cause. Pruritus must not be accepted as the diagnosis until all doubt as to the existence of diseases of the skin and parasites is removed. The condition of the animal will suggest what constitutional treatment toemploy. All disorders are to be overcome and the general heaith im- proved by medicine, dieting, proper exercise, etc. Frequent bathing or immersions in cold water when the weather per- mits, or the use of diluted vinegar or alcohol as lotions, are the local treatments to employ. FAVUS. This disease for which a variety of names is given, among them honey- comb, ringworm, is characterized by the formation of sulphur-yellow crusts. These are generally rounded and present a peculiar appearance; in their earlier stages they resemble much the eruption in ringworm, namely: thin, roundish scales pierced by a hair. These scales then form in their centre a yellow prominence which rapidly inereases in size and at their pases the surface is slightly hollow; thus nearly all present ‘an outer concave and an inner convex surface, what is called a crab’s eye appearance. The crusts throw off a peculiar musty odor, and when removed a cup- like depression is found in the skin, which may be ulcerated or have but a thin scarf-skin covering it. : In some instances the disease appears as minute vesicles, formed in circles, which dry to yellow crusts (scutula). a 140 DISEASES OF THE SKIN. “ * \ Favus is a disease rarely seen in the dog; itis the result of a parasite which penetrates deeply; the hairsthen becoming brittle, lose their lustre and finally fall out. Itching is not a symptom, the eruption being attended with pain. Damp kennels and general neglect favor this affection as they do other parasitic diseases of a similar nature. | Treatment. — The crusts should first be soaked with oil or lard, then removed, and the hair shaved. Many local remedies have been advised; among them the oleate of copper promises especially well. The sulphuret of potassium is an agent of great value in parasitic diseases, and if the eruption is not extensive may be applied in the following compound. — R Potassii Sulphureti 51 Sapo. Viridis 38s Adepis 318s Ft. Ungt. Sig. Apply three times daily. Where the disease is extensive, the quantity of potassium should be lés- sened one half or one fourth as it appears judicious. i The solution of carbolic acid and Canada balsam advised in follicular mange, will prove as destructive in favus as in that disease, and if used, the same caution is to be observed. The hair will be renewed excepting where the crusts have persisted too long, and by pressure on the skin induced ulceration, which in healing has left a scar. RINGWORM. This affection is occasionally met with in canine practice. Itis due toa ‘parasite identical with thatin favus, and is the exciting element in both diseases. The same influences are active in propagating all forms of vege- table parasites or fungi; warmth and moisture favorthem, and thus damp kennels, unclean bedding, and general neglect are predisposing causes. Ringworm is very easily communicated by contact; animals may trans- mit the affection to man or by turn be infected. The disease manifests it- — self in round patches which are covered with thin scales or crusts easily detached. It spreads quite uniformly, enlarging its circle on the outer edge of which the eruption is more prominent, receding as it were from the centre. The hair becomes dry and harsh, losing its elasticity and breaks off or falls out. Ringworm may appear in the form of small pointed vesicles, containing a clear fluid, and arranged in a circular form; or it may take the form of pale, red spots, having a small whitish scale in their centre. Treatment. — The destruction of the parasite which excites the disease ought not be difficult. The hair should be shaved sufficiently beyond the \ \ ‘ DISEASES OF THE SKIN. 141 ‘ id eruption toinsure all affected parts are exposed; then crusts are to be removed by soaking with oil or lard, after which the animal should be thoroughly washed in strong soap suds. The local applications advised are numberless; among the more efficient are the black wash, tincture of iodine, and balsam of peru. A very suc- cessful method is to paint the spots well every two days for a week with the tincture of iodine, applying several coats at’ each operation; on the intervening days, and after the week has passed, a preparation of carbolie acid grains twenty; oxide of zinc ointment one ounce, should be used. If the ringworm has existed a long time and the parts are infiltrated, the oil of tar should be applied after the parasite has been destroyed, and may be combined with glycerin, one part to three. Only a short time will be needed to effect acure. After exposure of an animal to the oe from one to two weeks is required for its davon ste HRYTHEMSA. Erythema is an inflammation of the skin which appears either in the form of superficially inflamed patches, pimples, or lumps called nodules. _ The accompanying symptoms are redness, some tenderness, and a slight itching. The eruption may disappear spontaneously leaving no trace, or the skin may burst, a watery discharge follow, and crusts form. All parts of the body are liable to be attacked, but the head and extrem- ities are more commonly affected. ‘Writers differ materially as to the cause of erythema; it is generally believed to be due to local infiuences, and to constitutional disturbances. Unclean bedding, hair long and matted, retaining the decomposing excre- tions from the skin, heat, cold, friction, and gastric irritation are exciting - Influences. Erythema is anon-contagious affection. Treatment.—If a cause can be determined it’ should be combatted; cleanliness is one great essential; the skin should be kept clean by fre- quent bathing, after which the oxide of zinc should be applied, either in - powdered form or as an ointment. _ Matted hair should be removed by clipping, and appropriate treatment is to be instituted if constitutional disturbances exist. HRYSIPELAS. Erysipelas is an inflammation of the skin which tends to spread rapidly over large surfaces, accompanied by severe constitutional symptoms. The disease is assumed to be blood poisoning and may be caused by con- % 142 DISEASES OF THE SKIN tagion, or by local infection as in wounds and diseases of the skin. Other causes have been assigned by certain writers but the most eminent author- ities maintain the disease is never spontaneous, but to produce it there must be some irritating matter with inflammatory properties introduced into the system, and circulated in the skin. Erysipelas is known by redness of the skin, some swelling, heat, and severe pain. Inrare instances the eruption may remain confined to the spot first affected, but it usually spreads rapidly, disappearing in the parts first attacked as it extends. The constitutional symptoms are often very severe. The disease is generally ushered in by a chill as shown by shiver- ing; then follows pain, rapid, bounding pulse, fever, thirst, and often vomiting. As the eruption extends these symptoms become more promi- nent and may assume a low typhoidal type. The disease is one of great severity, and dangerous unless the eruption remains confined tc the spot where it first appeared. If it can be arrested early the chances of recoyv- ery are much more favorable. _ The general condition of the animal must be considered in treatment. If plethoric and of inflammable tendency a cathartic should be.given on the first occurrence of the eruption. Throughout the course of the disease, supportive measures are to be employed. The diet should be nutritious and concentrated, given more generously asthe disease progresses; milk, beef tea, raw eggs, and scraped raw beef are the principal articles to be depended upon. Pain should be controlled by laudanum in fifteen drop doses, repeated as the need is apparent. In very severe cases the tincture of the chloride of iron should be given — in ten drop doses, every three hours in a little water. If the animal shows signs of sinking, two teaspocnfuls of brandy should be given from two to four hours. Quinine in one or two grain doses may be added to the treat- ment if the pulse becomes soft and weak. Local measures are to be em- _ ployed to allay the irritation, and arrest the extension of the disease. While fever exists ice cold preparations are preferable, and the affected parts should be kept constantly wet with the following sclution.— Acid. Acet. Dil. 3ij; Liq. Plumbi Subacet. Zij; Tr. Opii 31; Aque ad. Oi. Ft. Mist. Sig. External use only. As the fever abates cold applications may be displaced by an ointment made of carbolic acid one drachm, the oxide of zinc ointment six ounces. If pus forms it should be evacuated byincisions, several small ones — being advised rather than a larger opening. After the operation the - wounds are to be treated with flaxseed poultices as in cases of abscesses, If the stomach becomes much disturbed and vomiting frequent, the diet must be reduced to milk and lime water, the tonics be temporarily sus- _ pended, and five grain doses of bismuth given every two hours. CHAPTER XIII. INTESTINAL PARASITES. A study of the anatomical structure of worms, their physiological phe- nomena, and natural history is highly interesting, and productive of valuable results; still those considerations which relate directly to dis- eased states in consequence of fheir presence, will be of far greater practical importance to the reader. : Dr. Cobbold in his able and exhaustive treatise on “The Internal Para- sites of our Domesticated Animals” states, ‘when people speak of worms — in the dog, they commonly refer to round and tape worms; and in place of recognizing as they might, fully a score or more of intestinal parasites, they are content to roll the entire series into three or four species only. Thus, of the so-called lumbricoid and filariform worms, we have no less than eight or nine distinct forms, and of these the most common species is the marginated round worm.” In the recognition and treatment of disorders consequent upon worms it would seem wiser to leave the scientific study to zoologists and special- ists, and to avoid confusion to reduce the classification in this work to the limit of practicability. Probably no known disorder the dog is heir to is so destructive as intes- tinal worms, it being estimated by reliable authorities, that at least three fourths of the whole canine race are infected by the pest. Among the many different species of internal parasites some are found % in the liver, others in the eye; the giant strongle although rare, has been known to infest the kidneys; the wrinkled thread-worm sometimes reaches the bladder ; the cruel thread-worm selects the heart, death resulting sud- denly in a convulsion, or deferred for a time, during which the dog is racked by agonizing pain; in the nasal cavities and even in the blood and muscular tissues, parasites have been found. These facts are of interest but of little practical importance, and it is by far more essential to consider those which are developed in the stomach and intestines. : 144 _ INTESTINAL PARASITES. ASCARIS MARGINATA. This lumbricoid is the principal round-worm found in dogs; it resem- bles the common earth-worm, and varies in length from two to sixinches. It is of a pale pink color, perfectly round in shape, and tapers towards each extremity. | Round-worms inhabit the small intestines, often migrating into the stomach, from which they are expelled by vomiting; but more often they seek the large intestine and pass out with the discharges. In rare instan- ces they have been known to wander into the gall bladder and biliary - ducts, giving rise to abscess of the liver; even the pancreatic duct has not | escaped invasion. That certain special conditions are required for the formation of round- worms is evident from the fact that they are more common in puppies and young dogs. As regards the nature of the conditions, little or noth- ing is known; mucus in abundance is supposed to be the repository of | the ova or eggs from which they are propagated. The female round- worm is marvelously productive. Eschright estimated in the body of the female lumbricoid found in the intestines of man, the number of eggs to be sixty-four millions. These are discharged with the feces and retain their vitality for many months. It is conjectured that ova are introduced into the intestinal canal through the medium of the drinking water and food. | Symptoms denoting the existence of these or other worms within the intestinal canal are in some instances obscure, in others prominent. At times but little derangement is noted; again profound disturbance results. The morbid effects of worms in dogs cannot be exaggerated; that they may give rise to convulsions, chorea, paralysis, and other affections of the nervous system is very generally conceded. “The more common symptoms denoting worms are great abdomen dis- tension or bloating, vastly disproportionate tothe amount of food taken, indigestion, colic pains, diarrhea, vomiting, emaciation, voracious appe- tite, nose hot and dry, cough, offensive odor to the breath, disturbed, dreamy sleep, and a rough, dry, harsh coat. Frequently puppies and more rarely old dogs partially lose the power } of their hind legs, and rapidly recover as soon as a discharge of worms — occurs. Paralysis induced by.this cause is functional and rarely if ever complete. Treaimen?. —For the expulsion of the round-worm numberless drugs have been advised. It must be remembered that natures and conditions vary; remedies which in some cases are effectual in others are inactive; — for this reason, when thereis presumptive evidence of the existence of ASCARIS MARGINATA. 145 worms, absolute dependence should not be placed upon any one agent, but others should be given after a proper interval has been allowed. ' Treatment for round-worms should always be premised by fasting and a purgative. .Food should be denied puppies for twelve hours at least, and old dogs twenty-four hours. Castor oil is the better purgative to adminis. ter, and should be given six or eight hours before the worm medicine is employed. | Among the more reliable agents destructive of round-worms, santonine in two grain doses, is one of the most active; it isinsoluble or nearly so, and passes into the small intestines and actson them asapoison. It will be easily taken in pill form mixed with lard, and can be giventwo or three times a day; after the second or third day a generous dose of castor oil should be administered and the santonine discontinued. The oil of turpentine as a vermifuge is highly esteemed, especially in tape-worm. In cases of round-worms which do not yield to other agents, this remedy could be tried. Its action is to destroy or debilitate the parasite, which losing its: hold upon the bowels, isthen easily discharged. “When worms exist in the stomach they are by its action killed, and then digested as any other dead animal matter. Itis to be remembered that turpentine in small doses, frequently re- peated, stimulates the kidneys, increasing the secretion of urine, and often producing if long continued, painful irritation of the urinary pas- sages, amounting sometimesto complete stoppage. Large doses generally act speedily on the bowels, in which case the oil is hurried out, and no time being allowed for absorption, it is less liable to irritate the kidneys and bladder than in small and repeated doses. When proper precautions, suggested by the physiological action of tur- pentine, are observed, the remedy isnot only harmless but very efficient; fifteen drops can be given twice a day for a week without injury. If at the end of this time worms are not expelled, it would be well to give one final large dose of one teaspoonful, and if it does not operate freely in two hours then administer castor oil. The tur pentine can be ae in milk or béaten up with a raw egg and a little sweet oil. - Pinkroot is a drug which has been much used as a vermifuge, and is reasonably safe and reliable. In very large doses it has a narcotic effect, but this is altogether obviated by combining it with cathartics. The fluid extract of pinkroot and senna is a combination which acts admirably in many cases of worms in puppies, causing little or no gastric disturbance. The-dose for them when four or five weeks old is fifteen drops; for matured dogs, from one to two teaspoonsful in a little water. In all cases this rem- . edy should be given twice a day for three or four days, after which a generous dose of castor oil should be administered. ‘ ~ 146 ASCARIS MARGINATA. In giving medicines for the destruction of worms, certain precautions in feeding should be observed. If but one, and a large dose of a drug is to be depended upon, food should be withheld until after the bowels have moved freely. If the drug has to be given three or four days, the diet should be simple and as limited as the condition of the animal will permit, and as long an interval as possible between the feeding and the adminis- tration of the medicine be allowed. Other drugs, among them areca nut, areto a certain extent active in the destruction of the round-worm; they are however more deadly to the tape- worm and will be considered among the remedies advised for the removal of that pest. ie Considering the great fatality among puppies caused by worms, ‘not alone of the greatest importance is the treatment after their existence is obvious, but a means preventive is equally as urgently demanded. Charcoal is an agent easily obtained, perfectly harmless, and of value not only asa vermifuge but asa preventive. The digestive organs of very young puppies are easily disordered, but few drugs can be well borne without discomfort, or temporary derangement, and undoubtedly many are sacrificed to injudicious dosing. Charcoal in a reasonable quantity is not only incapable of injuring even- the weakest stomach, but is an admirable agent in indigestion and intes- tinal irritation. As these disorders are commonly induced by the presence of worms; had charcoalno other action than to merely allay irritation and promote digestion, its administration would beadvisable. It hashowever another and decided action on intestinal worms in young puppies, causing their expulsion and exerting a preventive influence as well. In what manner this agent acts is unexplained, it may be through its known power as a disorganizer of animal and vegetable bodies, or by destroying ~ the conditions that favor the propagation of the ova. Of its action on worms in matured animals, the writer has not from experience a knowledge. It haslong been his custom to use powdered charcoal in the treatment of very young puppies, mixing it with their food several times a week; dose immediately after weaning, from one fourth to one half a teaspoonful; for matured animals, the dose is two teaspoons- ful. The granular form is advised for older dogs. . . Charcoal is much less active in immediately expelling worms than many ~ other agents, and where their presence is indicated by marked symptoms, the more powerful remedies should be used. When this urgent need is not manifest and yet the existence of worms is suspected, the adminis- tration of charcoal every day for a week or longer, can do no harm and may be productive of much benefit. Asa preventive it should be given with the food two or three times a week. INTESTINAL PARASITES. 147 TAENTA. The tenia or tape-worm is distinguished, as the names imply, by its ribbon like form. It is composed of numerous joints, each of which in the complete state is provided with male and female generative organs. Itis really a collection of animals, having an alternate generative power. From the head are produced the segments or joints by a process of bud- ding. The head is provided with suckers, and in some instances with hooks, by which means it firmly fixes itself to the mucous membrane of the intes- tine into which it has been introduced. The segments then multiply, Jengthening the chain as it were, and increase in size and sexual develop- : ‘ment. They remain joined together until fully matured, and then separate from the colony. They generate eggs which contain the embryo or germ from which other tenia are developed. If these enter the stomach of a suitable animal, their envelopes become softened or ruptured. and the embryos are set free. In some way or other they leave the digestive canal and make their way to different parts of the body, meeting with condi- tions favorable to their development. Should these now be introduced - into the intestinal canal of another animal, they would fasten themselves to the mucous membrane and again a collection or colony of tape-worms be- comes developed. ) To render this method of transmission clearer by illustration, the egg from the tzenia of the dog if received into the body of a sheep, there finds in certain parts of the organism the conditions necessary for its develop- ment and growth, and becomes what is known as the ccenurus cerebralis, a parasite found in the sheep’s brain, which if eaten by the dog becomes the tzenia found in the intestine of that animal. Another method of propagation is illustrative; segments of a tape-worm are passed by a dog soinfested, or they make their escape from the bowels and locate themselves among the hairs of the coat and deposit their eggs. If the animal is unfortunate enough to be affected with lice (Trichodectes Canis ), these eggs are swallowed by them. Within the bodies of the lice the eggs meet with conditions which favor the rupture of their envelopes, and the embryos escape and another transformation takes place. In biting the parts irritated by them the lice are often swallowed by the dog, and thus the germ enters and is developed into a perfect tenia in the intestinal ' canal which it left as anegg but a few weeks previous. Through this method of transmission an animal may continually infect himself, or by depositing the lice containing the embryos in the kennel, shaking them from his coat into the drinking water or food, they may be introduced into the bodies of other dogs, and they in turn become infected. : 148 3 TABN TAS ole see Other parasites besides lice act as mediums and supply the conditions favorable to transmission and propagation. The history of the development of tape-worm in a general way sueeen the manner in which they may be acquired. _ It is necessary that a living embryo be first introduced into the stomach. This usually happens from eating infested meat, which has not been sufficiently cooked to destroy the embryos or render them incapable of further development. Itis of interest to know that in certain countries, tenia with but rare exceptions infest all the inhabitants, among whom raw cow’s flesh is looked upon as the greatest delicacy. In this instance both men and cattle furnish the conditions favorable to propagation. Several varieties of tape-worm infest the canine race, and are found at every period of life although most rarely among puppies. As regards medical practice, the discrimination is of but little importance, the same measures of treatment being alike applicable to all. The most common form is cucumerine (Tzenia Cucumerina). This is a delicate tape-worm which measures from ten to twenty inches in length. The anterior portion of the body is like a thread, and the segments are short but lengthen towards the tail, As they ripen the divisions between the segments become more marked so that the worm presents a chain- like appearance. They move about actively in the intestinal canal, and are expelled with the feces or escape of themselves. The largest tape-worm found in the dog is the marginated, ( Tzenia Mar- ginata) which may reach ten feet in length and the germ from which it is : propagated is derived from the sheep. Among certain sporting dogs the tenia serrata is the more common, and the parasite from which it is developed is furnished by the hare and rab- bit. This tape-worm varies from two to three feet in length. Many other varieties exist, a study of which would be Ae but of little practi- cal benefit. Symptoms. —The symptoms especially due to the presence of tape- worm are but vague and indefinite. Disturbances of digestion, nutrition, and of the nervous system occur, but in many instances are not suffii- ciently prominent to clearly indicate the existence of tzenia. When the appetite is voracious, and the animal seems strong, active, and apparently in good health yet poorin flesh, if tonic treatment is em- ployed and still the animal remains emaciated, then the presence of a tape-worm should be strongly suspected, and the discharges from the bowels carefully examined. The appearance of segments among the feces will be of course conclusive evidence, and yet it must be remembered that some are sosmall, others so delicate, they are easily overlooked ; — it is doubted if some forms of the parasites are expelled gpontannnnes te aes | ar are «eS aan \ ad INTESTINAL PARASITES 149 In summarizing, itis advised that all facts be weighed carefully, and every effort made to positively determine the existence or non-existence of tape-worm; thenif in doubt, give the animal the benefit of it and admin- ister worm remedies. Treatment. —A cure of tape-worm can only be complete when the head is expelled. After treatment has been employed the discharges should be carefully examined to positively determine if it has been successful. By a careful use of water the solid constituents can be washed away and the worm exposed. If the head is not found or escapes observation, the ques- tion of complete cure must remain undecided for two or three months, during which period the discharges from the intestinal canal should be occasionally examined for segments. If at the end of that time none have been detected, it may be concluded the cure is perfect, as had the head been retained the worm would have again reached maturity. It is judicious to employ preparatory treatment before an actual cure is attempted. The object is to empty thereby the intestinal anna so that the worm may be detached and expelled more quickly. The animal if matured should be denied solid food for twenty-four hours, being allowed only a very little milk or broth, and a dose of castor oil ought to be administered the day previous to the giving of the vermifuge. Villemin, and Vulpian were appointed to examine my statements and check the facts I had communicated to the Academy of Sciences May 29, 1884. M: Bouley was chosen President, and Villemin, Secretary. The com- mittee have recently presented their reporttothe Minister. ITamnow able to give a brief account of the first report. ——— 164 ‘ RABIES. . I presented to the committee nineteen vaccinated dogs, all of whom had been rendered insusceptible by preventive inoculation, and thirteen of these had been further tested after vaccination by inoculation by trephin- ing. These nineteen dogs were compared in various ways with nineteen other dogs chosen for the purpose of experiments. On June Ist. two of the pro- tected dogs and two trial dogs were inoculated by trephining under the dura mater with the bulb of a mad dog. On June 3d. one protected dog and one trial dog were bitten by a mad dog. On June 4th. the same mad dog bit another protected and another trial dog. June 6th. the mad dog used June 3d. and 4th. died, and the bulb was inoculated by trephining on three trial and three protected dogs. June 10th. one protected and one trial dog were bitten by another mad dog obtained from the streets; June 16th. one protected and one trial dog were bitten by a dog which had gone mad June 14th. as a result of the ex- periments; June 19th. three protected and three trial dogs inoculated in popliteal veins with bulb of mad dog; June 20th. six protected and four trial dogs inoculated in vein; June 28th. two protected and two trial dogs bitten by mad dog at the hospital of M. Paul Simon, a veterinary surgeon. Now let us look atthe results.—The Com. performed experiments on thirty-eight dogs, nineteen protected and nineteen not protected. They report that in the case of the nineteen trial dogs, rabies occurred as fol-. lows:—of six bitten, rabies occurred in three; of seven inoculated in vein, rabies in five ; of five trephined, all died. Trephining wasthe surest. On the other hand, not a single symptom of rabies appeared in any of the dogs vaccinated by me and declared insusceptible; one dog died from diarrhoea, the cause of death being verified by post-mortem and also by tests. Three rabbits and one guinea pig were inoculated with the bulb of this dog and are in the best of health. The animals are still under observation.” The following is a literally translated extract from the address of M. Bouley, before the French Association for Advancement of Sciences. — LIVING NATURE OF THE CONTAGION AND INOCULATION PREVENTIVE OF THE HYDROPHOBIA. | : ‘“‘ Nothing is conjectural now. The agent of the contagion is a living agent, already known for an important group of contagious diseases. This agent, this living element, we have been able to master, to observe it in the midst of artificials proper for its culture; we have been able to study its physiology, modes of existence; we have been able to subject it to profound modifying influences; to create, so to speak, races in different species. In short we have been able to see it by our own work in the living organisms, in conditions vigorously determined by the experimen- 2 DISEASES OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM. 165 ters, and to study the series of effects that it is capable of producing. After having torn away from nature this secret, solong a time guarded, that contagion is the function of the living element, that a certain number of contagious diseases is possessed of this element, they have isolated it from organisms where they had taken it, they have studied it in the midst of artificials proper for its development and to all the manifestations of its life; have submitted it to influences capable of moderating its energy, and in short have resolved this wonderful problem of transforming it, it the agent of death, into an agent of efficacious preservation which renders invulnerable those attacked by the natural contagion of the animals which have been submitted to the influence, mitigated by a systematic culture of the living element of this contagion; and this grand discovery of the _ attenuation of the virus that the entire world has applauded as one of the most wonderful acquisitions, the most marvellous that medical science has ever made perhaps; this discovery which in the capital of Scotland some months ago, and some days ago in the capital of Denmark, has yielded to M. Pasteur one of the grand triumphs which were formerly accorded to the conquerorsin war. _ | Hy drophobia from the beginning of time to these last hours has lived a fatal disease, against which all attempts have ever and ignominiously failed, and here to day, thanks to M. Pasteur and his collaborators that he has associated in his work, it can be transformed into a disease wholly benig- nant, which not only is compatible with life, but still has this happy privilege of rendering invulnerable the organisms which have received the germ, in that state of benignity, against those harmed by its terrible virus, when they are inoculated in the natural conditions of intensity. To render hydrophobia as harmless a disease as carbuncle has become, what “a marvellous problem is solved! They knew positively that it was contagious, and thatits exclusive mode of transmission was inoculation, which might be accidental, like that which results from a bite, the most frequent of all; it may be inoculation by the deposit of the foam of a mad animal upon an absorbing mucous, or wounded surface, or may be in short, experimental inoculation. - When they inoculate the monkey in successive series, the energy of the virulence follows a descending scale, of which the degrees can be meas- ured by the increasing duration of the period in inoculation, and the _ attenuated hydrophobia of the monkey is transmitted to the dog or rabbit; the duration of the period of inoculation with these last animals is wit- nessed by the proportionate long increase of the attenuation of the virus which was inoculated to them. The application of these facts says M. _ Pasteur places in our hands a method of vaccinating dogs against hydro- phobia. | 166 fal ap es. Messieurs. — This remedy, after which the victims of the bite of rabid animals have always looked forward to with so much ardor, the day is not far off without doubt, when M. Pasteur and others will be able to place it in the hands of physicians, and thisremedy which is a very paradoxical thing, this will be the terrible virus itself, removed by the wonderful method of attenuation of its deadly energy, will have been transformed in a vac- cination against itself, and will be able to invest the organism to which they inoculate it with a benificent immunity, thanks to which the natural virus, inoculated by the bite, can no longer take effect on it.” M. Bouley sums up as follows.— : HYDROPHOBIA AND BENIGNITY! HYDROPHOBIA AND IMMUNITY! HYDROPHOBIA AND CURE! DISEASES OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM. 167 CONVULSIONS. Convulsions and fits are terms used synonymously and signify a sudden seizure, loss of consciousness, inivoluntary, spasmodic contractions of the muscles of the body, foaming at the mouth, followed by stupor. Convulsions among dogs, and more especially in early life, are of fre- ‘quent occurrence. Epilepsy is the more common term used among writers on canine diseases to designate these attacks; it should more properly be restricted to those purely functional in character, that is, not necessarily attended with either inflammation or appreciable disease of structure, and distinguished by a chronic course and unexpected recurrence. Convulsions do not represent any single form of disease. Among the number of morbid conditions which may induce them some are determin- able, others are obscure, and of them we possess little positive knowledge. Causation. — Predisposition plays a prominent part in the production of numerous forms of convulsion; itmay be inherited, or acquired through the action of various conditions and diseases. Nervous disorders are more easily generated In some breeds of dogs than in others, and in-breeding among such cannot lessen the liability. General debility, changes in the blood, age, and diseases incident to par- \turition, appear strongly to favor a predisposition. Among the exciting causes may be mentioned worms, the eruption of the teeth, over exertion, intense heat, fear, anger, and witnessing other convulsions. Prof. Dalton has related the following illustration of the effect of imitation in the canine race. A dog, not previously affected with epilepsy, was in company with another dog who was subject to the affec- | tion; the latter being seized with a convulsion, the former immediately afterward had a similar attack. Among the causes exciting convulsions may be mentioned numerous poisons, strychnine etc.; injuries to the brain and spine; in fact very many irritations and inflammations in different parts of the body, and derangements and diseases ofthe internal organs may give rise to the affection. | ~ Symptions.—Convulsions come on abruptly and without symptoms indicative of their onset. If the dog is at exercise, he stops suddenly, remains for an instant fixed to the spot as it were, his legs tremble, utter- ing a short, sharp cry or a low moan he falls, possibly attempts to rise again, again falls, becomes unconscious, and convulsive movements at once begin. More often they are at first what are termed tonic spasms, : that is a persistent and uniform muscular contraction of great intensity, lasting usually for a few seconds, followed by spasms for which the name clonic is given. By this it isunderstood arapid succession of contractions 168 . CONVULSIONS. and relaxations of the muscles, by means of which the body is kept in a state of continual and very active movement. The head, the limbs, and rf the body jerk violently; the tongue is sometimes caught between the teeth and bitten; the movements of the jaws are accompanied with a foamy saliva, frequently tinged with blood from the wounded tongue. Respira- tion during the tonic spasm is arrested, and is irregular and incomplete while the active convulsion exists; in consequence the mucous membrane becomes livid and congested. A convulsion may be slight or severe and prolonged. As the paroxysm ends the animal draws a deep, long sigh, and if the attack is epileptic he then soon recovers consciousness, and is moving about as though nothing unusualhad occurred. In some cases the unfortunate passes into a state of profound stupor, in which he remains a variable period. Gradually consciousness returns, he makes several attempts to rise, reels about for afew steps in a bewildered manner, grows steadier, and is soon himself ~ or much improved. In very rare cases he will appear delirious, and rush wildly away or towards those about him. ae Prognosis. —Since convulsions cannot be considered as 3 represents of any single form of disease, and they relate to many morbid conditions differing from each other so widely, unless the cause is known which induces them, a prognosis cannot be made. In epilepsy the paroxysms recur after intervals extremely variable. When worms cause an attack, their removal promises a cure. The so- called suckling fits are due to exhaustion and disappear when strength returns. Convulsions occurring in distemper from brain irritation almost invariably prove a fatal symptom. The same may be said when they ap- pear in disease of the kidneys, and as the result of poisons. Teething fits sometimes end fatally but are more often recovered from. In a general way it may be said the prognosis is favorable when the causes are of a Simple nature and easily removed. Treatment. — During a convulsion the animal should be secured to pre- vent his running away if delirious on recovery. The object of treatment then is to cool the head and keep the body warm, thereby drawing the bloodfrom the brain. Bathing the head with cold water will generally prove quite sufficient. After the convulsive movements cease if he is in- clined to sleep, allow him to remain undisturbed. In every case the primary cause should be sought for, and efforts be made to effectits removal. If poison is suspected, proper treatment will be found advised elsewhere. If the convulsion is prolonged, the injection of the hydrate of chloral recommended in strychnine poisoning should be given. Generally where spasms are connected with diseases or de- rangements of different organs, the existence of such disorders will have ~ = DISEASES OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM. 169 been manifested by previous symptoms, and their cure is demanded. - The treatment of general predisposition should be tonic and applied to the nervous system. The oxide of zinc in two grain doses twice daily is a reliable agent, and should be persisted in to secure a full effect. Over- feeding, plethora, want of exercise, worms, etc., suggest a change in management and the needed medication. VERTIGO. Vertigo or dizziness is an cccasional symptom among dogs. If severe they fall suddenly, remain motionless for a few moments, and are again moving about as before. In mild cases they simply reel fora few steps like one intoxicated. At times vomiting.occurs. Generally the cause can be attributed to indigestion or liver derangements. Sometimes over-eat- ing, and occasionally deprivation, are active influences. A tight collar may interrupt the circulation in the head and therefore induce an attack. Lreaimen?. —The most important measure is to obviate the cause. After that is removed tonic remedies, nutritious diet and other means of improving the general health are indicated. A POPLEXY, The term apoplexy Signifies a sudden stroke or shock. It does not rep- resent an individual disease, butis applied to sudden lethargy or profound stupor, occurring in different affections of the brain. Causation. — The most frequent condition which gives rise to apoplexy is hemorrhage within the skull, the blood pressing upon the brain sub- stance thereby inducing paralysis. Sometimes an apoplectic attack is induced by sudden congestion of the brain, as in cases of sunstroke. Another condition which may give rise to it, is an interruption in the cir- - culation of bloodin a portion of the brain by the plugging of an important artery. This accident is caused by clots, which may have formed either in the heart or arteries. Profound stupor may occur in inflammation of _ the substance of the brain, and as the result of uremic poisoning in dis- eases of the kidneys. | Certain morbid conditions within the skull may exist, and other infiuen- ces which invite an unusual accumulation of blood there, may co-operate to cause an apoplectic seizure. Great mental excitement, anger, intense heat, violent exercise, blows on the head, and straining are among the exciting causes. A short neck and full habit, as seen in certain breeds, er oe, DISEASES OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM. was formerly concluded as denoting a predisposition to apoplexy; this supposition is not sustained by facts. 3 Symptoms. —The abruptness of the attack, partial or complete uncon- | sciousness; slow, heavy, noisy breathing; full, hard pulse, less frequent than in health; eyes fixed and reddened; mucous membrane purplish; -convulsive movements observed in some few cases. These are the more common symptoms in-apoplectic seizures. Treatment. —The head should be raised and kept cold by applications, and the body warm by coverings and artificial heat if needed. Generally , a cathartic should be given as soon as the animalcan swallow. Too active measures are unwarranted; bleeding can do no good, and the treatment must be expectant; perfect rest, and efforts to sustain the vital powers by proper nourishment are the great essentials. Nature must be aided and depended upon. Apoplexy is agrave condition; recovery may take place, ~ and the chances of a recurring attack depend upon the cause which gave rise to it in the first instance. CONCUSSION OF THE BRAIN. Concussion signifies sudden shock and interruption of the functions of the brain. The condition is rare among dogs, but may exist, caused by a blow or other mechanical injury to the head. ; | Symptoms.—In ordinary cases the animal lies for a time motionless ‘and unconscious. If an attempt is made to arouse him he opens his eyes, moves slightly, and again becomes insensible. After a time in this state, the functions of the brain renew their activity, he moves restlessly, gen- . erally vomits, and his senses return. In more severe cases of concussion, the animal is unconscious of efforts - to arouse him, his breathing is slow, and his pulse quick and feeble; sur- face and extremities cold. Vomiting in these cases rarely occurs. AS reaction goes on the pulse grows stronger, the breathing quicker, circula- tion better, and the body warmer. After atime partial sensibility returns, and when at last on his feet he staggers, reels blindly about, and possibly again becomes unconscious. Death may follow a severe concussion; in some instances recovery takes place slowly ; in others itis only partial, the animalremaining infirm, with intelligence lessened. Treaimenz. —The skull should be carefully examined for a possible fracture, and if one is found a surgeon should be immediately consulted. In mild cases there is but little need of active interference. When the symptoms indicate the injury a severe one, cold should be applied to the -* DISEASES OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM. 17% \ head, and heat to the body, to lessen the flow of blood to the brain, and thereby prevent inflammation. AS soon as the animal can swallow, a purgative should be administered, and his bowels subsequently kept active. If inflammatory symptoms manifest themselves, leeches should be applied to the back of the head and followed by a blister. Perfect quietude is a marked essential. The diet should be mild and unstimulating. The effects of a severe concussion often persist for a long time and may eventually indicate the need of strychnine in small doses. HYOROCEPHALUS. This affection is occasionally seen among dogs in early life. The for- mation of tubercules on the membranes of the brain, is generally stated to be the exciting cause, the normal fluid contents become intensely aug- mented, and portions of the brain degenerate and soften. The affection is more often present at birth, but is not necessarily congenital. young hounds which have been farmed out at various places, return home. — Any of these may have been in contact with a dog suffering from distem- per, and if one be infected allin contact with it suffer. The possibilities of the introduction of disease are in exact proportion to the number of places from which the animals are collected. Dog shows are a fruitful cause of the spread of distemper. No matter how well managed they may be, the mere fact of collecting from various places a vast number of dogs, renders a large show almost certainly a focus from which the disease is dissemi- nated widely. In some cases a large show has been the means of infecting nearly every puppy sent toit. The malady is not at once made evident, but shows itself a few days after the return of the animals. This cannot altogether be prevented. Dogs just convalescent and free from any ap- parent disease are sent to shows, and are capable of communicating distemper to others. Even healthy dogs having an immunity from the disorder, because of a previous attack, may carry the disease in their coats if they have been in recent contact with a diseased dog; and so spread the malady without ever being suspected. Some of these risks might be obviated by requiring all exhibiters to state that for one month previously their kennels have been free from contagious disease, and that their dogs have not been in contact with diseased dogs for a week anterior to the show. Railway boxes, hampers and portable kennels are sources of possible contagion which might be lessened were disinfection and washing more methodically carried out. Distemper can be easily trans- mitted from a diseased to a healthy dog by a nasal discharge. It is often spread by means of the food which a diseased dog has left. Its conta- giousness probably no one disputes, but most men believe that there are cases which rise independently of any contagion. The basis of such a theory is the fact that in some cases the exact method of communication is not traceable. Untila case can be found under circumstances which render the conveyance of the specific poison an impossibility, this theory | has absolutely no facts to support it. The method of communication of disease is often difficult to trace; we can satisfactorily account for ninety cases out of a hundred by contagion, and it can hardly be called begging the question to say that the odd ten, presenting the same sign, running the same course, and being equally contagious, are due to the same cause that actuated the ninety.” , , In accepting the theory of the existence of a specific poison, and that distemper can only be communicated by contagion, the alleged causative DISTEMPER. 183 conditions, such as exposure, debility, improper feeding, ill ventilated kennels etc., are to be regarded no longer as exciting causes, and are to be considered only in so far as they may increase susceptibility, favor ex- tension, and possibly determine the severity of the disease. It is reasonable to suppose that inasmuch as the general system becomes weakened by ante-hyenic influences the power to resist contagion is les- sened, the severity of disease is in a measure intensified, reaction and repair are retarded, and mortality is thereby increased. The poison of distemper, as in other contagious diseases, can reproduce itself under favorable conditions to an endless degree; it retainsits vitality and power of infection for a long time outside of the organism which ~ produced it; it has no special stage of development to pass through on the way from the affected organism to the one to be affected; but at the time of infection it is essentially in the same condition as when given up by the organism yielding it. That a simple attack of distemper success- fully overcome, imparts an immunity from it for the remainder of life, is a rule with only occasional exceptions. In explanation of the theory of immunity bestowed on man by certain contagious diseases, it has been suggested that something analagous to the ferment process takes place. If yeast is placed in a fluid containing sugar, fermentation follows; when all the sugar has been destroyed, and fermentation is complete, it cannot be produced again by a further addition of sugar; the fluid responds no longer to the action of the yeast. It is conjectural that during certain contagious diseases there is a destruction or change in the body of some chemical or constituent, the presence of whichis a necessary condition for the retention or development of the disease. It is not unreasonable to suppose that in distemper something analogous takes place. The disease under consideration has been compared by some to the typhoid fever of man; that it differs in its important symptoms, and appearances as observed after death is true, but it seems that the greatest — disparity of all has been overlooked; typhoid fever belongs to the class of miasmatic contagious diseases and is propagated in an essentially different manner. | Distemper can be conveyed by contact from a diseased animal to a healthy one and produce the disease in him, while typhoid fever is not contagious in the proper sense of the word, for it is never transmitted by direct contact. On the profound difference in the mode of propagation depends the essential difference in the two diseases. A far greater analogy exists between typhus fever of man and distemper; it belongs to the same class of contagious diseases; the specific germ is evidently transmitted and propagated in much the same manner. The incubation period, the febrile stage, the duration, the self limitation, and many essential symp- IS4 GENERAL DISEASES. toms are alike peculiar to both. Although distemper attacks dogs of all ages it is more common in early life, the disease in old dogs being rarely observed, for the reason that nearly all have experienced an attack and are absolutely, or in a great measure insusceptible to the poison. Symptoms. — The period of incubation, or slow development after expo- sure to contagion and preceding the first symptoms of distemper, isfrom four to fourteen days; probably the latter is the limit in the large majority of cases. An attack is usually preceded by dulness, disinclination to exertion, loss of appetite, and chilly sensations as shown by shiverings. Then rapidly follow the symptoms of a common cold, sneezing, dry, husky cough, and a watery discharge from the eyes and nose. The fever soon becomes prominent, the pulse ful! and decided, the nose hot and dry, and the lining membrane of the eyelids reddened, the tongue slightly coated, and the secretion of saliva diminished. Vomiting is not uncom- mon, food is rejected or eaten sparingly; there is thirst, a tendency to constipation, and still greater prostration. On the second or third day the discharge from the eyes and nose becomes purulent, gluing the inflamed eyelids together, and drying in crusts around the nostrils as the fever grows more intense. Muscular weakness and prostration increase, the animal is less easily disturbed, and when in motion hangs his head, makes but little effort, soon lies down, becomes indifferent, or dozes into an unquiet sleep. The cough at first short and dry, loses its husky tone as the mucous secretion becomes abundant, and in mild cases soon ceases. As the dis- ease progresses the pulse and respiration are increased in frequency; the appetite more often entirely disappears; the stomach and intestines be- come irritable, and a stale, even offensive odor proceeds from the mouth. The fever runs a course of variable intensity; in uncomplicated cases it usually reaches its height in four or five days, and then rapidly subsides. So favorable a result is by no means the rule; more often complications fs] arise, prolonging the illness, and rendering recovery more uncertain. If reaction is delayed, and the constitutional disturbances persist, prostra- tion becomes more marked, and is accompanied with rapidly increasing emaciation. | In the progress of distemper seemingly trifling influences often induce disastrous results; a system vitiated by the specific poison of the disease, deranged and prostrated by an intense fever, its vital energies exhausted, has but little resistive power, and is predisposed to further disorder. The digestive organs already suffering from catarrhal conditions, are easily inflamed by medicine or food unwisely selected; an irritable condition of the mucous membrane of the air passages renders it easy to excite a catarrh of the smaller bronchial tubes; weakness of the heart’s action : DISTEMPER. 185 invites certain congestive changes in the lungs; pneumonia constitutes a frequent and serious complication of distemper. In this disease as in all others characterized by prolonged high fever, certain degenerative changes occur in the internal organs, the vessels, the blood, and in the muscular system. The change in the liver is shown by the markedly diminished secretion of bile, the constituents of it being retained in the blood and giving rise to jaundice. The muscular degeneration is a part of the manifestation of the fever, and depends upon the derangement of a center regulating the nutrition of the muscles. In many cases of distemper the functions of the brain become more or less disturbed and weakened; occasionally effusions take place within the cranial cavity; epileptiform or general convulsions, meningitic symptoms, apoplectic seizures are in a high degree prejudi- cial to the chances of recovery; for they indicate. some unusual cause of disturbance, often a grave disease of the brain or its attachments. There is a decided tendency to constipation among some, while among others diarrhcea and even dysentery exist. During the period of dentition puppies are predisposed to convulsions and intestinal catarrh; the transition of the latter into a more serious dis- ease of the bowels, attended by profuse discharges and rapid emaciation, occasionally occurs, and in some instances terminates in collapse and death. The influence of age is strikingly manifested in distemper; the fever usually running a course of greatcr intensity among puppies. The presence of worms is a complication which by functional disturbances prejudices recovery. Of notable influence upon the course of the disease under consideration is the constitution of the dog attacked. Some breeds are more sensitive and excitable; others in comparison might be called sluggish; in the former the general disturbances of the system are more pronounced, and brain symptoms are more easily induced. It is presumed that the in-and-in bred animals for this reason have less resistant capability; the same may be said of dogs improperly fed and generally neglected. Occasionally distemper is aggravated and protracted in its course by irritable and painful ulcers of the cornea, resulting from an inflammation of the eyes, at first superficial and unimportant. An eruption of the skin, and loss of hair from some portions of the body, is a frequent complica- tion, due doubtless to weakened vitality and impaired nutrition. Thus it will be seen that during an attack of distemper the predisposing influences which invite further disorder are many, powerful, and not in- frequently beyond control. The duration of the disease depends upon the complications which may arise; where none appear the fever reaches its height about the fifth day, then gradually declines, and recovery is Sis \ 186 , GENERAL DISEASES. complete at the end of the third week. In cases running a fatal course ~ death usually occurs before the fifteenth day. Chorea and paralysis are two important affections consequent upon certain attacks of distemper; the latter usually affecting the hind quarters only. a The duration of complicated cases of distemper is problematical. In many instances convalescence is for a long time delayed, and recovery takes place slowly and is only completed after many weeks. When we consider that the important organs in all parts of the body are weakened and otherwise injured by the distemper process, that important constitu- ents have been destroyed, that nutrition is retarded by defective digestion, it becomes intelligible to us that complete restoration is slow after the severer attacks of the disease. Treaimen?.—Distemper is a disease which tends intrinsically to end after a certain time, and is therefore self limited. A fatal result is rarely due to the intensity ofthe disease; death is generally attributable to com- plications. These facts are of considerable importance in estimating the amount of curative influence exerted by methods of treatment. No relia- ble means are yet known which ean be depended upon to arrest this disease, or even shorten the duration of the febrile career. Active measures em- ployed simply because the distemper exists, without reference to events connected with it, are contra-indicated. The progress should be earefully watched and appropriate treatment be employed as unfavorable symptoms arise; attempts should not be made to abridge or arrest the disease, but rather is nature to be assisted, and remedies be employed to aid in con- ducting it to a favorable termination. The management of distemper involves not only the exercise of judg- ment in the employment of medicinal remedies, but of attention to sanitary and sustaining or supporting measures; a most important object being to obviate the tendency to death by exhaustion, and to forestall a degree of prostration dangerous to life. When the disease makes its appearance the affected animal should be © isolated from others and placed in ary, well ventilated quarters. The im- portance of an. abundance of pure air cannot be exaggerated; in cold weather moderate artificial heat will be needed. The presence of disin- fectants about the room are advised, and preparations of lime and carbolic acid in powder are to be preferred. It is an urgent necessity that as complete bodily rest as possible be > secured from the very beginning of an attack; restraint must therefore be enforced until the period of danger has passed. To unload the bowels at the onset is important, and the syrup of buckthorn and castor oil, of each two or three teaspoonfuls, may be given. Appreciating the disturbing influence of a high fever it is our first duty DISTEMPER. 187 to endeavor as far as possible to hold this under control, and for that pur- pose the following may be employed for the first two or three days. — R Tr. Aconiti Rad. ett. xxx Potass. Chloratis 31 Ammon. Mur. 388 Spts. Ath. Nit. | Ea Aquee % ij Ft. Mist. Sig. Dose one teaspoonful. While the fever is intense this mixture may be given in teaspoonful doses every two hours, and discontinued as soon as the high temperature abates. | Taken in the first stage of the disease, the administration of quinine in one large dose generally results in materially reducing the fever. If em- ployed, eight grains should be given in pill form; this is not to be repeated, but the fever mixture can be subsequently used if needed. A constant supply of pure drinking water is an essential, and the chlorate of potassa should be added to it, in proportion of two teaspoonfuls to a quart. It is a matter of the gréatest consequence that an affected dog be well nourished, and a proper amount of food should be insisted upon, even if no desire for it exists. During the first day or two he will doubtlessly eat sparingly of broths, beef tea, or milk, and what is taken voluntarily will suffice. The appetite will then more often nearly if not entirely disappear; when all else is rejected, raw beef in many cases will still be acceptable, and should be allowed. To render it more easy of digestion it should be scraped, and one or two tablespoonfuls given every two hours. The addi- tion of gelatine and raw eggs to the beef renders it still more nutritious. In some instances no nourishment of any description will be taken volun- tarily ; force must now be employed, measured by the manifest need to support and sustain the vital powers. The irritability of the stomach and intestines, and the tendency to vom- iting and diarrhcea must not be overlooked, and the most easily digested and concentrated nourishment be selected. Milk and lime water, strong beef tea, and beef essences are indicated. Food should be poured down the animal’s throat at least four times a day; in shorter intervals if emaci- ation is great and rapidly progressive. No more than a cup full should be administered atone time. If vomiting is excited, the quantity of nour- ishment must be divided and given oftener. Milk and lime water is easily borne on an irritable stomach, but if possible it should be alternated with beef tea and beef extracts; the addition of a raw egg to each cup full renders the nourishment more strengthening and no more difficult of digestion. After the fourth or fifth day it will be well to give with the food, four times a day, one grain of quinine in pill form. Stimulants are never to be withheld until that point is reached when 188 GENERAL DISEASES. wat KR prostration indicates a failure of vital powers imminent. If the animal seems fairly well sustained, and the nourishment is well borne on the stomach, a teaspoonful of sherry wine may properly be added to each cup full of milk or broth; as the disease progresses and he grows weaker, the amount should be increased to a tablespoonful; if failure is still pro- gressive, then brandy must displace the wine and should be given in — quantities from a teaspoonful toa tablespoonful as the need is urgent. Even brandy may prove insufficient to stay exhaustion; then to it must be added one half a teaspoonful of aromatic spirit of ammonia. Itis presumed that in an uncomplicated and properly treated case of distemper, the need of excessive stimulation will rarely occur; cases where neglect and injudicious dosing have induced extreme depression will be more often seen, and not infrequently will complications exist without being at once recognized. The general disturbance will however be apparent and demand the use of stimulants as advised. Treat the affected animal and not the disease is a wise rule to follow. It is not always easy to determine just when pneumonia and other affec- tions become complicated with distemper, and to remain inactive while the animal is growing worse, until positive evidence of their existence is manifested beyond a doubt, would be extremely hazardous; the study and treatment of symptoms is therefore imperative. Vomiting may possibly occur notwithstanding every care in diet, and demands the use of subnitrate of bismuth in five grain doses, four times a day. When the stomach is too irritable to retain milk, broths, beef tea, etc., they must be withheld for a few hours, and only scraped raw beef pressed into a pill form be given with the bismuth. Constipation if it exists willrarely if ever need medicinal treatments liver and oatmeal have a decidedly laxative action, and if they prove insufficient a rectal injection can be administered. Pulmonary complications are largely attributable to exposure to cold, and may appear at any time during the course of the disease; more often they occur after the height has been reached, and during the period oi convalescence. Diarrhea is the more often due to dietetic errors, and the cause should be obviated. Two or three discharges from the bowels daily call for no remedial agents; in more relaxed conditions, paregoric in teaspoonful doses alone or combined with twice that quantity of chalk mixture, and repeated as needed, should be administered. The discharge from the nose and eyes should never be allowed to accu- mulate, a sponge and borax water being used in its removal. During convalescence exercise should be restricted, and exposure carefully guarded against. Changes in diet should be made cautiously, measured GENERAL DISEASES. 189 id by the powers of digestion. If recovery is slow tonics are indicated, cod liver oil will prove especially valuable. The different complications will be found elsewhere considered as distinct diseases. DIPHTHERIA. While diphtheria is an affection which very rarely attacks dogs, the fact that it has been observed among them renders a brief description war- rantable. Itis a disease which invades especially the membrane of the air pas- Sages, and general infection follows the local expression. The local disease appears as an inflammation of the mucous membrane, especially of the mouth, pharynx, nose, larynx, and deeper air passages, and precedes the formation of a greyish-white membranous exudation. The constitutional affection has the character of infectious diseases, and is essentially the same as in all dependent upon blood poisoning. The - problem is still unsolved whether diphtheria is at first a general disease, and poisoning of the blood and the local affections of the mucous mem- brane are secondary manifestations, or whether the disease begins by local infection, from which point the poison is taken into the system and ) the whole organization becomes contaminated. It is generally accepted that the germ of the disease first fixes itself upon a certain part of the body, more often the mucous membrane, and there at its point of attachment it excites a local affection, then through absorp- tion the poison penetrates the tissues and is soon carried throughout the whole body. Diphtheria is an epidemic disease, and like all others has an especial cause, a contagious virus or infectious miasm. Certain conditions favor the propagation of the disease; impure air and poisonous exhalations from decomposing filth are important factors in its production. Among the reported cases of the disease among dogs, it is observed that the onset in some was marked by great febrile disturbanee; in others the constitu- - tional symptoms were less severe. In the larger proportion the disease * attacked the mucous membrane of the throat, and more rarely were the nasal passages first involved. In the former the throat presented a dark red, swollen, glistening, appearance; the glands of the neck being en- larged and tender, and swallowing difficult. In some instances ulcers were seen on the tonsils. ‘i . When the disease assumed @ concealed or nasal form, it manifested itself by general depression, fever of a low type, and a thin, reddish, offensive odor from the nose. The glands of the neck were much swollen 190 GENERAL DISEASES. — in these as in the other cases. Where the disease has appeared it has gen- erally proved fatal. When recovery took place, in some loss of sight, in others paralysis and chorea followed. Cases are on record where diphtheria has been without doubt transmitted from man to dogs; this fact, strongly evincing that the disease is analo- gous in both, is important in considering treatment. If the deeper air passages become involved as shown by harsh, croupy, spasmodic breathing, the case may be considered hopeless. If the disease takes on the concealed or nasal type the nose must be frequently syringed with lime water or carbolic acid solution; two grains to an ounce of water. An application of dry powdered sulphur, blown into the throat through a tube or by means of a small bellows, is advised. This operation should be perforined every half hour if possible. For internal treatment referable to the congestion of the mucous membrane, chlorate of potassa should be given. An ounce may be added to apint of water, and of this solution two or three teaspooufuls can be given ve hour. Beef tea, raw eggs, ~ milk, and brandy should be forced into the animal at frequent The to sustain the vital powers. RHEUMATISM: Rheumatism not infrequently attacks dogs and manifests itself in much the same manner in them as inman. The disease may take on an acute or chronic form; the same morbid principle is supposed to give rise to both, but in the latter it is present in a lesser degree. : Causation. —The causes of rheumatism have never been fully deter- mined. Ithas been commonly attributed to exposure to cold and damp ; influenced largely by the seasons of the year, etc. That these agencies alone are incapable of producing the disease is generally accepted. A morbid peculiarity of the constitution, a special predisposition seems to be requisite for the causation. When this susceptibility to the disease exists then exposure doubtless acts as an exciting cause. ; Symptoms.—In acute rheumatism fever is always present, the skin is hot, the appetite lessened, the thirst great, the pulse rapid, the animal restless, movements difficult and painful. The tongue is generally coated, the breath offensive, the respiration quickened, and constipation more often exists. The essentiality of the disease consists in a swolling of the various joints. Touching, and still more the movements of the affected parts is extremely painful, and the animal with an expression of the utmost anxi- ety, will guard over and seem to protest against an examination. The — GENERAL DISEASES. 191 % affected parts are hot and swollen. Rarely are several joints attacked at the same time; usually the disease partially runs its course in one before another is involved. When recovery takes place the swellings of the joints disappear without leaving any traces of the disease behind them; in some instances a slight weakness and painfulness will for a time linger as an evidence of the pre- vious existence of the malady. Treaiment.—To place an animal suffering from the disease in warm, ‘dry quarters, is the first important step to take. The painful joints should be enveloped in cotton batting; the bowels opened by the syrup of buck- thorn; a bland unstimulating diet allowed, and the following given. — R Sodii Salicylatis 3 ij Aquee 3 iij Ft. Mist. Sig. Dose one teaspoonful. This mixture should be administered every two hours, in alittle milk, until improvement is observed, then at longer intervals to complete re- covery. The tendency of the disease to relapse should not be forgotten, and during the convalescent stage exposure should be carefully guarded _ against. Chronic rheumatism rarely follows as a result of the acute form. The general symptoms are stiffness, some pain of no great intensity, tender- ness comparatively slight, swelling of the joints, little orno fever.. The constitutional disturbance is trifling if any, the appetite remains good, the different functions of the body are nearly normal, and nutrition is unaf- fected. Radical changes in the weather are generally followed by more acute symptoms in the affected joints. Local treatment in chronic rheumatism is important, and benefit may be ~ anticipated from the use of the tincture of iodine or blistering the joints involved. Measures having reference to improving the general health and the tone of the system are essential, and embrace tonic remedies, nu- tritious diet, exercise, ete. The iodide of potassium is a valuable remedy in many cases, and may be given in three or four grain doses, two or three times daily. If an iron tonic is indicated the syrup of the iodide can be substituted; dose fifteen drops three timesa day with the food. LUMBAGO. This affection isa form of the so-called muscular rheumatism, and differs essentially from that disease which attacks the joints. The muscles of the loins are the seat of the disturbance, and the animal’s movements are 192 GENERAL DISEASES. stiff and painful; he stands with back arched, and when he walks his limbs are dragged as though partially paralyzed. In certain positions he suffers but little excepting an occasional cramp-like twinge, which is sometimes very severe and elicits a sharp outcry. While the parts affected are sensitive, firm pressure will be borne and seem to afford relief. There are few or no constitutional symptoms, slight if any fever, and the appetite is rarely impaired. Aside from the tenderness there are no local signs, such as heat, swelling, and redness. In chest-founder or — kennel-lameness the affection exists in the muscles of the shoulders and fore legs. The disease may appear either in the acute or chronic form; the duration of the former varies from a few hours to several weeks. The chronic form is obstinate, and persists usually for months. Exposure to cold and damp is an important factor in the causation of this form of rheumatism. The local treatment consists of soothing applications in the acute form, and blisters or stimulating liniments in the chronic. Measures to improve the general health are important, and iron and other tonics are to be given if the condition of the animal suggests their need. \- HRUPTIVE FEVERS. Cases of small pox and measles occuring among dogs are on record, and the symptoms of the former malady are given at length by some authors. In the one reported case of measles it was stated: ‘A dog licked the hand of a child lying in bed, and on whom the measles eruption was at its height. Twelve days later the dog sickened and suffered for two days with nasal discharge; and four days later died, with marked congestion of " the throat and air-passages.” ign Mr. Fleming in the Veterinary Science thus discusses small pox: ‘This is a rare malady, and may be developed directly or by contagion; it is supposed to be also produced by the variola of man and of the sheep. It chiefly affects young dogs, although old animals are not exempt. One attack ensures immunity for the remainder of the dog’s life. ere Symptoms. — The disease commences with fever, which continues for two or three days, and is followed by the appearance— over a large surface of the body, though rarely on the back and sides of the trunk—of red points, resembling flea-bites, which are quickly transformed into nodules, and then into vesicles. The contents of these become purulent, and finally dry into acrust, whose shedding leaves a naked cicatrix. “In the dog, aS in the sheep and pig, there are different forms of the disease, and it is benignant or malignant accordingly. Puppies nearly | GENERAL DISEASES. 193 always succumb, and, ona necroscopical examination, it is not unusual to find various pustules on the mucous membrane of the respiratory and digestive organs. : ** Sanitary Measures.—The disease being contagious, though the virus does not appear to be very volatile, it is necessary to isolate the sick, and take due precautions that the contagion is not carried from them to healthy animals, * Curative Measures. —Careful dieting, a dry and moderately warm dwelling, cleanliness, and abundance of fresh air are the essentials in the curative treatment. ** An emetic in the early stage of the malady has been recommended as likely to be useful. Afterward the treatment must be purely symptomatic.” DROPSY. Dropsy, a morbid serous transudation into any of the cavities, \is never a primary affection but only a symptom, a sequel of many chronic diseases, particularly those of the liver. Dropsies are not to be con- founded with effusions; the former is not the result of inflammation, and the morbid condition on which it depends is situated elsewhere; ‘the _ Serous membrane in which it occurs being free from disease. Liquid effusions are exudations involving generally if not always inflammation. Dropsies receive different names according to their situations; when located in serous cavities, they are designated by prefixing hydro to the name of the membrane, Dropsy within the head is called hydrocephalus; hydrothorax, when within the chest; ascites, when within the abdominal cavity. The latter is the most frequent form seen in dogs, and deserves especial consideration; the others being of less practical importance. , Symptoms. — The enlargement first directs attention to the abdomen, which becomes equably large and fluctuating, not filling at one part more than another; the accumulation of liquid taking place without pain or tenderness. The fluid usually forms rapidly, and the distension soon occa- sions disturbances of the internal organs by compression. The appetite becomes impaired, vomiting is an occasional symptom, the urine is scanty, respiration is embarassed, the pulse more rapid and feeble; constipation | may alternate with diarrhea, and pressure on the veins give rise to dropsy of the lower limbs. In the progress of the affection emaciation becomes - marked, the lips, tongue, and gums palid, the pulse thin and thready, the breathing more hurried, threatening suffocation ; the animal can no longer lie down; death finally occurs from exhaustion or obstructed respiration. Diagnosis. —The diagnose of ascites can generally be made without le 7 : L194 GENERAL DISEASES. difficulty. Blaine says: ‘‘Dropsy of the belly may be distinguished from fat by the particular tumor that the belly forms, which in dropsy hangs down, while the backbone sticks up, and the hips appear prominent through the skin ; ‘the hair stares also, and the coat is peculiarly harsh. It may be distinguished from being in pup by the teats, which always enlarge as the belly enlarges in pregnancy; but more particularly it may be dis- tinguished by the undulation of the water in the belly, whereas in preg- nancy there is no undulation. . The impregnated belly, however full, has — not that high tense feel nor shining appearance observed in dropsy. There may be also inequalities distinguished in it, which are the puppies, and, when the pregnancy is at all advanced, the young may be felt to move. The most unequivocal mode however, of detecting the presence of water is by the touch. If the right hand is laid on one side of the belly, and with the left hand the other side is tapped, an undulating motion will be per- ceived, exactly similar to what would be felt by placing one hand on a bladder of water, and striking it with the other.” Prognosis. —The diseased conditions on which dropsy is dependant are generally incurabie; under treatment improvement for atime in many cases occurs and the ascites disappears but soon returns, and death ulti- — mately results. Treatment.—The purpose of treatment is to remove the dropsy, and improve the morbid conditions on which it depends. To accomplish the first the diet should be milk only, and cathartics must be relied upon. One-sixteenth of a grain of Clutterbuck’s elaterium should be given every two or three hours, until profuse liquid discharges from the bowels are produced. Afterwards the doses are to be repeated according to circum- stances. The strength of the animal must determine how far the cathartics should be pushed. i Pn As the dropsy disappears and symptoms of suffocation are no longer imminent, the tincture of the chloride of iron should be given in fifteen drop doses, well diluted, three or four times a day. A more generous diet can then be allowed, and other measures, calculated to improve the general strength and add tone to the system, should be employed. ~ ANAEMIA. Anzemia, or poverty of the blood, isa morbid condition occasionally observed among dogs. The best illustration of the affection is afforded by profuse hemorrhages. The causes are obvious in some cases; in others” they are not assignable. An excess of starch and insufficient fleshy food, prolonged suckling of young, too frequent whelping, deranged digestion, —__ ae Dea : GENERAL DISEASES. 195 damp, ill-ventilated kennels, and insufficient exercise are among the causes productive of anemia. In a large proportion of cases the affection is associated with and depends upon other diseases which involve an ex- penditure of blood constituents. Syuepioms.—In animals affected with anzemia the mucous membranes of the mouth, gums, and lips are paled, the tongue is white and dry, the temperature lessened, the action of the heart feeble. the pulse small and weak, the muscular strength is diminished and occasionally there is but little power inthe limbs. Slight exertion induces great fatigue; the man- ner is languid and spiritless; the secretions from the bowels and kidneys are scanty. There is a deficiency of functional energy of all the different organs of the body. Treatment? —The first obj ects are to ascertain and remove if possible the cause or causes upon which anzmia depends. Associated diseases call for especial treatment elsewhere considered. To restore the normal constituents of the blood, a nutritious diet consisting largely of meat should be allowed; to stimulate the appetite and improve digestion by bitter tonics, such as quinine, is advisable. Iron is a special remedy in this disease, and the tincture should be given in fifteen drop doses, twice or three times daily with the food. Pure air and exercise contribute largely to a cure, by increasing the energy of the organs of the body and _ renewing the general strength. PLETHORA. In general terms the morbid effects of plethora are the reverse of those due to anzeemia. The causes are overfeeding and insufficient exercise. Symptoms.—A plethoric animal has a full, bloated, congested appear- ance; the mucous membranes are reddened; the heart’s action is more powerful, the pulse being full and strong; a feverish tendency exists, and a dull, heavy, sluggish manner is characteristic. In this condition the brain is more easily excited and congested, involving a liability to con- vulsions. Treatmenz. — Plain unstimulating food, reasonable in quantity, enforced exercise, and the occasional use of laxatives. OBESITY. Dogs not infrequently become fattened to a morbid degree, and when- ever it exceeds the limits of health it may appropriately claim treatment. Insufficient exercise, over-feeding, and an excess of saccharine and starchy ~ 196 GENERAL DISEASES. food are the causes assignable. In some breeds a constitutional fat pro- ducing tendency seems to exist. ly reaiment. — Enforced regular exercise; a deprivation of sweets, veg- etables, and starchy food; raw, lean beef, in a reasonable quantity should | be the principle article of diet. * RICKETS. Rickets is a peculiar unhealthy condition of the whole body. This disor- der is quite common among young dogs, and more especially the larger breeds. Causation. — Debilitated or rachitic sire or dam may transmit a taint to their offspring, or it may arise from improper feeding, lack of sunlight, impure air, close confinement, and impaired nutrition. In some instan- ces it is developed rapidly after other diseases, which have left the system in a state of debility. Symptoms. —To correctly comprehend the changes in rickets it is nec- essary to briefly consider the physiological growth of bone. Every tubu.- lar bone grows in length and thickness; in length by the deposit of new layers of cartilage-cells, in which limy salts are then deposited. It grows in thickness by the addition of new layers of bony substances immedi- ately beneath the covering of the bone. As the growth in thickness is much more insignificant, and progresses slower than in length, the dis- turbances of the physiological growth at the cartilaginous ends are more marked and liable to occur. While the bone is enlarging externally by new formation, absorption takes place in the center. In rickets this ab- | sorption goes on, but prompt ossification is suspended or but imperfectly performed. No bone affected by this disease retains its normal form. The angles become rounded; the long or tubular bones cease to grow in length; the ends swell and become bulbous. The weight of the body causes the bones of the fore-legs especially to bend, and permanent angular deformity 3 results. The bones of the head seem to grow at the expense of the body, and it appears swollen and ill-shaped. The coat is rough and staring; the gums and lips pallid; the muscles flabby; the general appearance of a rachitic animal is unhealthy, stunted, and unsightly. Digestion may remain undisturbed, but occasionally diar- rhea supervenes; then the disease becomes materially aggravated. Treaitmen?, — Pure fresh air, sunlight, and dry, well ventilated kennels are absolutely necessary. Lime water should be given freely with. ace food, which ought to be generous and nutritious. Cod liver oilis the one GENERAL DISEASES. 197 important medicinal remedy to depend upon, although iron and quinine can be added to the treatmentif their need is indicated. In large breeds there is a liability to deformity which might be easily mistaken for rickets. It results from confinement and over-feeding, the body becoming too large, and too-heavy for the legs to sustain. In such cases the quantity of food should be lessened, and by regulated exercise the weaker parts strengthened. SCROFULA. Scrofula is a constitutional and specific malady, involving the glandular, system; a general debility, with a tendency to indolent inflammatory and ulcerative diseases. Its occurrence is not uncommon among dogs. Causation. —Scrofula may be hereditary; if not it can be created by influences capable of lowering the vital energies; by improper food or insufficient of it; by general neglect, lack of exercise, cold, damp kennels, and want of pure air and sunlight. | The disease may appear after other diseases have for a time existed and depressed the general health and impoverished the system. Symptoms. —When the scrofulous constitution exists, the functions are but irregularly performed. Digestion is impaired; the appetite is capri- cious; the mucous membranes pale and flabby; the bowels constipated ; the coat dry and staring, and the abdomen distended. In certain cases the disease may exist, remain hidden as it were, await- ing some unusual cause to excite its development; puppies so affected - grow rapidly, and show in outward form but little evidence of the taint. In other cases the growth is stunted, the joints large, legs bent, head ill- shapen, and the animal is in general appearance an unsightly object. As the symptoms of scrofula become prominent emaciation is usually rapid, the muscles weak and flabby. Treatment. — The indications are first to correct abuses. The food should be nutritious and abundant, consisting largely of meat. Free exer- cise in the open air and sunlight, and dry, well ventilated kennels are indispensable. Perfect cleanliness and frequent bathing are of great im- portance. , Among the medicinal remedies cod liver oil takes precedence. If the , appetite needs stimulating quinine is indicated. When the mucous mem- branes by pallor show a poverty of the blood, iron should be given for a long time. Animals which have ever exhibited the symptoms of a scrofulous taint, should never be used for breeding purposes. yA 198 GENERAL DISEASES. MARASMUS. The meaning of the word marasmus is atrophy; was.ing of the flesh; emaciation. Itis properly a disease of the mesenteric glands and the fol- licles of the intestines; the latter inflame, adhere together, and ulcerate. Sympioms. — EKmaciation, nose dry and hot, abdomen swollen and hard, eyes reddened and watery, skin dry and harsh, coat staring, the breath. foul, thirst great, and appetite voracious. Bowels at times constipated, the discharges clay-colored and offensive; occasionally diarrhea exists. Treatment.—The diet should consist largely of meat given in small quantities and at short intervals. - Cod liver oil and iron are indicated, and should be given cautiously at first. Pure air, sunlight, and exercise are important factors to aid in restoring the integrity of the system. CHAPTER XVI. SURGICAL AFFECTIONS. SE SS Wounvos. A wound is a separation of continuous parts by violence. It is of practi- calimportance to consider four varieties :— incised, punctured, lacerated, contused. , The incised wounds, made by clean-cutting instruments, are usually produced with the least violence, and generally the most easily repaired. _ The punctured, those made by instruments of greater length than breadth, including stabs etc., are dangerous from their depth, and from the possi- bility of hemorrhage and injury to the internal organs; abscesses are . liable to follow deep wounds. In the lacerated, the parts are torn, and the contused are effected by bruising; these wouuds are commonly produced by greater violence, heal more slowly and invite the formation of pus; _they generally bleed less than the incised or punctured, because arteries when torn, contract and close more than when cut. Treatmen?. — The indications in the treatment of wounds are to check bleeding; remove foreign bodies; bring the divided parts together, and secure them in a natural position; to promote healing. Pressure and the application of cold will generally suffice to control hemorrhage, unless an artery of considerable size is wounded, in which case if it persists in bleeding, asurgeon should be called to ligate. Foreign bodies can be removed by the fingers or forceps, and dirt, gravel, etc. washed away. If the wound gaps open the edges should be brought together and held by sutures, for which silk is preferred. _ When a dog has been wounded and stitching is necessary, one must not shrink from the duty through fear of violence; rarely will any be encoun- tered, for the noble brutes possessed of a human intelligence are conscious that a kind hand inflicts the pain to repair their injury, and they undergo the operation with a fortitude which excites wonder and admiration. In all extensive wounds stitches should be introduced with an interval of a half an inch between them, entering the skin well back from the edges to © 200 SURGICAL AFFECTIONS. prevent their tearing out. After the operation several thicknesses of anti- septic gauze, if that can be obtained, should be bound over the injured parts, and left undisturbed for three or four days, at the end of which time the stitches can be removed and the wound again dressed as before. When the antiseptic gauze is unattainable, a compress of linen should be ap- plied and kept damp with a solution of carbolic acid, two drachms to a pint of water. | In the treatment of extensive and deep punctured wounds as in stabs, it is to be remembered thatthe cut in the skin is liable to unite, and thus by confining the discharge give rise to deep-seated abscesses. To prevent this a small drainage tube can be introduced, and left in the wound for two or three days and then removed permanently, or after being cleaned and disinfected be again returned, and shortened from time to time as the healing from the bottom progresses. A dressing of the antiseptic gauze should be kept lightly and constantly applied. When the proper tubing cannot be secured, a cord made of several strands of ligature silk can be substituted. In smaller punctured wounds it is wise to bandage them with some degree of firmness, and keep the parts at rest as muchas possible; then if pain, heat, and swelling follow, an abscess has resulted; an incision should be made and poultices applied. 3 Lacerated wounds are to be dressed antiseptically, and treated much the same as incised wounds after being stitched. Those from bites should be first freely cauterized. é Contused wounds if superficial and deserving of treatment, generally ‘do well under cold applications. When the deeper tissues are severely injured and the vitality of portions are destroyed and must separate from the healthy flesh, poultices should be applied to hasten the slough- ing process and be persisted in until the wound is clean and healthy, after “which it can be treated as an ulcer, the oxide of zine ointment being appropriate Old, indolent, suppurating wounds which heal slowly need stimulating occasionally ; for which purpose caustic can be used, not ex- tensively but simply touched here and there over the entire sore. When deep wounds or abscesses have not been thoroughly healed from the bottom through a defect in bandaging, or in providing proper outlets for the discharge, a fistula results. This is a narrow canal opening onthe surface and leading to the suppurating cavity. The treatment is to enlarge the opening; keep it open and syringe out the cavity with a strong solution of the nitrate of silver, grains thirty to water an ounce. A 4 SURGICAL AFFECTIONS. | | 201 re OUMBILICAL HERNIA. _ Umbilical hernia is a rupture, or unnatural protrusion of the viscera at the naval. The affection is more common among puppies, but may appear at any period of life. When occurring in older dogsit is more often met with in bitches, resulting from large litters and frequent pregnancies. Various methods of treatment have been suggested, but bandages and other attachments cannot be depended upon, and a surgical operation alone promises certain success. _ Mr. Lowe has proposed a method to produce a radical cure of this affec- tion, which is commended as simple, comparatively safe, and easy to perform. He describes the operation as follows :— “The instruments absolutely needed are a thin, clean, sharp knife, a curved surgeon’s needle and silk; also, a little iodoform, and some carbo- lized water. Thetwo latter act as antiseptics, and fill the places of the carbolic spray fairly well. After the patient has been thoroughly etherized, wet the fingers, knife, and needle in the carbolized water, and make a, lon- gitudinal cut through the skin down to the sac, but do not injure it. Then push back the parts, and with the knife freshen the edges of the muscle; now after taking two stitches (more if the opening is huge) directly over the sac, draw the edges together, and cut the silk close; sprinkle in a little iodoform, draw the skin together with a stitch or two, and the work is ‘done. If the puppies are as vigorous as those [have operated upon, it will probably be found next morning that the external stitches are out, and also the skin so swollen that the little fellow has been unable to reach the deep stitches, the all important point. “Keep the puppy in a warm, clean place, but if any dirt should get in wash itout with warm water and castile soap, and sprinkle on a little more iodoform. ‘But now about the deep stitches which have been allowed to remain in the muscle. Let them alone, for they cause no trouble as they become in- cysted. In two weeks the cure should be complete, and no scar, or at least, a very trifling one remains.” } SPRAINS. Sprains are of frequent occurrence among dogs, and often demand care- ful treatment. When severe they are attended with acute pain, heat, and swelling; with subsequent weakness and stiffness. When a large joint is affected there is often considerable constitutional disturbance, fever, - rapid pulse, etc. 202 SURGICAL AFFECTIONS. Perfect rest to the affected limb is the most essential measure, and if possible a splint should be used in its support. During the inflammatory stage cold water is the best application; the bandages being kept con- stantly wet. After the inflammation has subsided, the swelling may be reduced by slightly tightening the bandage, using uniform firmness and pressure. If stiffness is not rapidly recovered from after exercise is allowed, stim- ulating liniments are to be used. It matters but little which is selected, as the efficacy of all depend almost entirely upon the hand-rubbing employed in their application; one part to three of the liniments ammonia and camphora make a good preparation. y BURNS AND SCALOS. Extensive burns are always serious even if but superficial. The severe pain is exhausting; the internal organs are liable to become affected, and the healing stage is long and debilitating. Itis important that some re- lieving application be made as soon as possible to a burned or scalded ' part, and for a short time at least domestic remedies must be relied upon. Among them a solution of common baking-soda is most effectual in re- lieving the acute pain; when the burn is only superficial or not severe it will remove it entirely in a very short time. It has the advantage of clean- liness, is always at hand, and if applied at once it will in a great measure prevent blistering, and the destructive changes in the skin. All that is ny ecessary is to cover the injured parts with a thin cotton or linen cloth, and keep it constantly wetted with the soda lotion to prevent its drying. The relief felt from this application is immediate, and in many cases the acute pain subsides in less than half an hour. This solution may be per- sisted in for two or three days, and then the oxide of zine ointment can be substituted. If the injury is a severe one, and large blisters are formed, it will be well to use the soda until “‘ carron oil” can be prepared; this is a liniment of equal parts of linseed oil and lime water; a very offensive preparation but highly effective. When obtained, the blisters should be pricked with a needle, and the whole part covered with a linen cloth soaked in the oil; then wrapped in soft cotton wool, to preserve the injured skin from the air, from cold, and to smother the bad odor. After the second day this covering may be removed, y tu'tices of bread and water applied, and per- sisted in until suppuration is established; after which the oxide of zine ointment may be employed until a cure is completed. . The strength of the injured animal must always be sustained by nutri- wt) ' SURGICAL AFFECTIONS. 20 tious diet, and if need be stimulants. If the burn is deep and much of the epithelial tissue and the hair-folli- cles destroyed, permanent disfigurement will result. \ FRACTURES AND DISLOCATIONS. The subject of fractures and dislocations is one which could with pro- priety be omitted from this work; for to those only who have made the anatomy of the dog a study, and who are perfectly familiar with his bony structure can an exhaustive treatise on the subject be comprehensive. For other than a skilled surgeon to attempt the treatment of a fracture or the reduction of a dislocation, he must the more often grope about in ~the dark, flounder in the mire of uncertainty, inhumanly torture his help- _less friend, and fail entirely in his purpose to repair the injury, or at best leave hiin permanently deformed. For this reason it is apparent that the discussion of the procedures of treatment is not only useless but perni- cious, inviting attempts to do what only a surgeon should undertake. To know when a fracture or dislocation does exist is important, therefore - diagnosis and a brief consideration of the subject generally is admis- sable. Fracture is said to be Simple, when there is no wound of the skin com- municating with the broken part; compound, when there is such a wound; comminuted,when the bone is broken in several fragments. In young animals fracture is sometimes partial, part only of the fibres breaking and the rest bending; to such the name green-stick or willow fracture is given. The long bones are most commonly broken; but any other may give way to direct violence. ; The symptoms of fracture are deformity; such as displacement, bending, shortening, or twisting. Unnatural mobility; as shown by grasping the two ends of a broken bone and moving each independently of the other, or the yielding of a part on pressure. Crepitus; a grating heard or felt when the broken ends are rubbed against each other. Of these three signs deformity is often absent in fractures of the ribs, pelvis, and shoulder blade; crepitus is prevented when the broken ends are displaced, and can only be felt when they are drawn into their natural positions. In addition to these symptoms there is more or less pain, swelling, and helplessness of the injured part. Dislocations are charac- terized by deformity and displacement. The external appearance of the joint is changed, the prominence disappears or moves to another part, _ usually leaving a depression in its place. A dislocated limb may be longer or shorter than the normal, according as the head of the bone is displaced we 204 SURGICAL AFFECTIONS. upward or downward. It loses its mobility; can no longer be moved about freely andin as many directions. Movements cause pain, and sonte swelling occurs. | To distinguish between fracture and dislocation is rarely difficult; in the latter crepitus is absent, the bone can be moved less freely than natural, while in fracture mobility is increased. If a broken bone is drawn into its proper shape and position the deformity then disappears, but returns as soon as extension is discontinued; when a dislocated bone is drawn into place it will usually remain there, When your dog has been injured, and the symptoms of fracture or dis- location are apparent or suspected, seek the aid of a surgeon as you would do had an accident of equal severity befallen any other near and dear friend. \ a INDEX. ACARUS, 134. _ Administration of medicine, 22. Amaurosis, 115. Anzmia, 194, Ani, prolapsus, 82. Ano, fistula in, 81. Antidote, general, in poisoning, 18. _ Apoplexy, 169. Appetite, 8. Arsenic, poisoning, 17. Ascaris, marginata, 144. Ascites, 193. Asthma, 39. BALANITIS, 105. Biliary calculi, 93. Bladder, inflammation of, 99. calculi, 101. Blain, 52. Bowels, diseases of, 55. Brain, compression of, 171. concussion of, 170. inflammation of the membranes, 172. - Bronchitis, acute, 35. capillary, 35. chronie, 37. Burns and scalds, 202. CALCULT, biliary, 93. cystic, 101. renal, 102. urethral, 102. Cancer of the liver, 94. Cancrum oris, 51. Canker of the ear, 119. Carbolic acid, poisoning, 18. Cataract, 114. Catarrh, 44. _ Causation, 22. Chest-founder, 192. . Chorea, 176. Cold, 44. Colic, 63. Constipation, 69. Consumption, 38. Convulsions, 167. Cornea, ulceration of, 112. Cystic calculi, 101. Cystitis, acute, 99. chronic, 100. DEAFNESS, 125. Dentition, 49. Diagnosis, definition of, 20. Diarrhea, 65. Digestion of starch, 96. Diphtheria, 189. Dislocations, 203. Distemper, 181. Doses, how to estimate, 24. Dropsy, 193. Dysentery, 67. Dyspepsia, 55. EAR, canker of, 119. external affections, 126. Eczema, 127. : Enteritis, 72. Epilepsy, 167. Erysipelas, 141. Erythema, 141. Exercise, 9. Expectant treatment of disease, 23. Exudation, definition of, 193. Eye, diseases of, 111. Eyeball, protrusion of, 116. Eyelids, affections of, 118. FASTING, 8. ~~ Fatness, 195. Fatty liver, 88. Favus, 139. Feeding, matured dogs, 5. puppies, 4. Fevers, eruptive, 192. Fistula in ano, 81. Fleas, 13. Fractures, 203. GALL STONES, 93. Gastritis, acute, 59. chronic, 61. General diseases, 181. General management, 5. Generative organs, diseases of, 105. Grooming, 12. Growths, morbid, 107. Gums, softening of, 50. HAMATURIA, 104, Haw, affections of, 117. Health, definition of, 19. Hepatitis, acute, 83. chronic, 86. Hernia, umbilical, 201. Hydrocephalus, 171. Hydrophobia, 151. Hydrothorax, 193. ICTERUS, 89. Indigestion, 55. Influenza, 47. Intestinal obstruction, 75. parasites, 143. Introduction, 23. Intussusception, 75. Iritis, 113. JAUNDICE, 89. KENNEL ARRANGEMENTS, 11. Kidney, inflammation of, 97. LACHRYMAL apparatus, 116. Laryngitis, acute, 41. chronic, 43. Lead poisoning, 18. Legs, crooked, 197. Lice, 14. Liver, acute inflammation of, 83. chronic inflammation of, 86. — INDEX, 207 Lungs, inflammation of, 31. Lumbago, 191. MANAGEMENT, general, 5. Mange, follicular, 136. sarcoptic, 134. Marasmus, 198. Measles, 192. Medicine, administration of, 22. how to estimate doses, 24. Meningitis, acute, 172. chronic, 175. Mercury, poisoning, 18. Metritis, 109. Mouth, affections of, 49. NASAL polypus, 45. — Nephritis, 97. Neuralgia, 177. Nursing, 24, Nux Vomica, poisoning, 17. OBESITY, 195. Obstruction, intestinal, 75. Ophthalmia, 111. Othzematoma, 126. : Otitis media or interna, 122. Ozeena, 46. PANCREAS, diseases of, 95. Paralysis, 178. Paraphymosis, 106. Parasites, external, 134, 136, 139, 140. intestinal, 143. Passage of gall stones, 93. Pasteur, scientific experiments, 161. Pathology, definition of, 19. Peritonitis, 77. Pharyngitis, 54. Phosphorus, poisoning, 18. Piles, 79. . Plethora, 195. Pleurisy, acute, 25. chronic, 29. Pneumonia, 31, Poisons, 15. Polypi of the ear, 124. of the vagina, 108. Principles of medicine, 19. Prognosis, definition of, 21. Prolapse of the vagina, 107. Prolapsus ani, 82. 208 Protrusion of the eyeball, 116. Prurigo, 138. Pruritus, 139. Puppies, care after weaning, 3. RABIES, 151. Rachitis, 196. Renal calculi, 102. Respiratory organs, diseases of, 25. Retention of urine, 102. Rheumatism, 190. Rickets, 196. Ringworm, 140. Roundworm, 144. SALIVATION, 52. Salt, in food, 7. Sarcoptic mange, 134. Scalds, 202. Scrofula, 197. . Scrotum, inflammation of, 106. Skin, diseases of, 127. Skull, fracture of, 170. Small-pox, 192. Spleen, affections of, 94. Sprains, 201. Stomach, inflammation of, 59. Stone in the bladder, 102. Strychnine, poisoning, 17. St. Vitus’ dance, 176. Sugar in the liver, 96. bs Pm 8 BS is INDEX. Sulphur, 7. TAPEWORM, 147. Teeth, treatment of, 50. Teething, 49. Tetanus, 179. Ticks, 14. Tongue, inflammation of, 53. Torpor of the liver, 92. UMBILICAL hernia, 201. z Urinary organs, diseases of, 97. Urine, bloody, 104. retention of, 102. Uterus, inflammation of, 109. VACCINATION in rabies, 161. Vagina, prolapse of, 107. _ Vaginal polypi, 108. Vermin, 18. Vertigo, 169. Vomiting, 62. Vulva, affections of, 110. WARTS, 107. Washing, 10. Watér, importance of, 8. Womb, inflammation of, 109. Wood-ticks, 14. Worms, round, 144. tape, 147. 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