UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PUBLICATIONS

COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE

AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION

BERKELEY, CALIFORNIA

FUMIGATION STUDIES No. 5

DOSAGE TABLES

By C. W. WOOD WORTH

BULLETIN No. 220

(Berkeley, Cal., July, 1911)

SACRAMENTO

W. W. SHANNON .... SUPERINTENDENT STATE PRINTING

1911

Benjamin Ide Wheeler, President of the University.

EXPERIMENT STATION STAFF.

E. J. Wickson, M.A., Director and Horticulturist.

E. W. Hilgard, Ph.D., LL.D., Chemist (Emeritus).

W. A. Setchell, Ph.D., Botanist.

Leroy Anderson, Ph.D., Dairy Industry and Superintendent University Farm Schools

M. E. Jaffa, M.S., Nutrition Expert.

R. H. Loughridge, Ph.D., Soil Chemist and Physicist (Emeritus).

C. W. Wood worth, M.S., Entomologist.

Ralph E. Smith, B.S., Plant Pathologist and Superintendent of Southern California

Pathological Laboratory and Experiment Station.
G. W. Shaw, M.A., Ph.D., Experimental Agronomist and Agricultural Technologist, in

charge of Cereal Stations.

E. W. Major, B.Agr., Animal Industry.

B. A. Etcheverry, B.S., Irrigation Expert.

F. T. Bioletti, B.S., Viticulturist.

TV. T. Clarke, B.S., Assistant Horticulturist and Superintendent of University Exten-
sion in Agriculture.

John S. Burd, B.S., Chemist, in charge of Fertilizer Control.

J. E. Coit, Ph.D., Assistant Pomologist, Plant Disease Laboratory, Whittier.

George E. Colby, M.S., Chemist (Fruits, Waters, 'and Insecticides), in charge of
Chemical Laboratory.

H. J. Quayle, M.S., Assistant Entomologist, Plant Disease Laboratory, Whittier.

H. M. Hall, Ph.D., Assistant Botanist.

C. M. Haring, D.V.M., Assistant Veterinarian and Bacteriologist.
E. B. Babcock, B.S., Assistant Agricultural Education.

W. B. Herms, M.A., Assistant Entomologist.

J. H. Norton, M.S., Assistant Chemist, in charge of Citrus Experiment Station, River-
side.
TV. T. Horne, B.S., Assistant Plant Pathologist.
C. B. Lipman, Ph.D., Soil Chemist and Bacteriologist.
R. E. Mansell, Assistant Horticulturist, in charge of Central Station grounds.

A. J. Gaumnitz, Assistant Agronomist, University Farm, Davis.
N. D. Ingham, B.S., Assistant in Sylviculture, Santa Monica.

T. F. Hunt, B.S., Assistant Plant Pathologist.

P. L. McCreary, B.S., Chemist in Fertilizer Control.

E. H. Hagemann, Assistant in Dairying, Davis.

R. M. Roberts, Farm Manager, University Farm, Davis.

B. S. Brown, B.S.A., Assistant Horticulturist, University Farm, Davis.
J. I. Thompson, B.S., Assistant Animal Industry, Davis.

J. C. Bridwell, B.S., Assistant Entomologist.

P. L. Hibbard, B.S., Assistant Fertilizer Control Laboratory.

L. Bonnet, Assistant Viticulturist.

F. E. Johnson, B.L., M.S., Assistant Soil Chemist.

C. H. McCharles, M.S., Assistant Agricultural Chemical Laboratory.

B. A. Madson, B.S.A., Assistant Experimental Agronomist.
Howard Phillips, B.S., Assistant Animal Industry, Davis.

Walter E. Packard, M.S., Field Assistant Imperial Valley Investigation, El Centre
L. M. Davis, B.S., Assistant in Dairy Husbandry, University Farm, Davis.
S. S. Rogers, B.S., Assistant Plant Pathologist, Plant Disease Laboratory, Whittier.
H. A. Ruehe, B.S.A., Assistant in Dairy Husbandry, University Farm, Davis.

C. O. Smith, M.S., Assistant Plant Pathologist, Plant Disease Laboratory, Whittier.
F. C. H. Flossfeder, Assistant in Viticulture, University Farm, Davis.

E. H. Smith, M.S., Assistant Plant Pathologist.

S. D. Wilkins, Assistant in Poultry Husbandry, University Farm, Davis.

C. L. Roadhouse, D.V.M., Assistant in Veterinary Science.

F. M. Hayes, D.V.M., Assistant Veterinarian.

M. E. Stover, B.S., Assistant in Agricultural Chemical Laboratory.

W. H. Volck, Field Assistant in Entomology, Watsonville.

E. L. Morris, Field Assistant in Entomology, San Jose.

E. E. Thomas, B.S., Assistant Chemist, Plant Disease Laboratory, Whittier.

A. B. Shaw, B.S., Assistant in Entomology.

G. P. Gray, M.S., Chemist in Insecticides.

H. D. Young, B.S., Assistant in Agricultural Chemistry, Plant Disease Laboratory,

Whittier.
A. R. Tylor, B.S., Assistant in Plant Pathology, Plant Disease Laboratory, Whittier.
E. W. Rust, A.B., Assistant in Entomology, Plant Disease Laboratory, Whittier.
L. T. Sharp, B.S., Assistant in Soils.
W. W. Cruess, B.S., Assistant in Zymology.
J. F. Mitchell, D.V.M., Assistant in Veterinary Laboratory.
J. C. Roper, Patron, University Forestry Station, Chico.
E. C. Miller, Foreman, Forestry Station, Chico.

D. L. Bunnell, Secretary to Director.

FUMIGATION STUDIES No. 5.

DOSAGE TABLES.

By C. W. Woodwobth.

The study of the leakage of fumigation tents has now reached the
point where it becomes possible to present tables of dosage so calculated
that there may be approximately equal killing power under tents of
varying degrees of leakage.

A recent publication1 states "Most of the ducks and drills now used
in California are about equally gas-tight," but actual measurements
of the leakage of the fumigation tents operating in the orchards in
Orange and Los Angeles counties have shown wide variation in this
respect and the same tent is much tighter moist nights than on dry
nights, indeed, practical fumigators have long realized that it was
impossible to secure a good killing of scale on dry nights.

If it were possible to figure on the tent always maintaining the same
degree of leakage, a single dosage schedule would be sufficient, though
different tents might not require the same schedule. The fact is, how-
ever, that variation in leakage proves to be the most important factor
to be considered, and as long as it is neglected will result in errors in
dosage several times greater than those that are liable to occur through
mistakes in guessing the size of a tree, which heretofore has been sup-
posed to be the most important cause of irregularity in results secured.

Only the very wide margin of safety, permitting the use of gas very
much stronger than necessary to kill the scale insect, has enabled
fumigators to obtain fairly uniform results, notwithstanding the varia-
tion in loss of gas through the tent. When trees are dosed according
to leakage it will probably be found safe to materially economize in the
amount of chemicals used. In these tables, however, the full strength
of chemicals now commonly used is indicated, since there must be con-
siderable more data secured before it will be safe to recommend a mate-
rial reduction. The use of these tables, therefore, simply insures greater
uniformity in results.

The true basis for any system of dosage is the volume of the spaces
enclosed by the tent, that is, the cubic contents. All the older tables

The early studies of this series are as follows :

1. Bulletin 122, Orchard Fumigation.

2. Bulletin 152, Fumigation Dosage, 1903.

3. Circular 11, Fumigation Practice, 1904.

4. Circular 50, Fumigation Scheduling, 1910.

bulletin 90, U. S. Division of Entomology, "Fumigation of Citrus Trees," R. S.
Woglum, p. 53.

Z UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA — EXPERIMENT STATION.

of dosage2 are based solely upon the volume. Eight years ago we sug-
gested (Bulletin 152) the use of the surface area of the tent as a basis
for dosage, showing that this corresponds very much nearer with the
actual practice of fumigators. It was understood at the time that
such a calculation was fundamentally wrong, but since the data was not
at hand for determining the leakage factor ; that is, the amount the dose
must be increased to allow for the leakage, it was suggested as a rough
approximation.

The area basis has been adopted by all subsequent writers on fumiga-
tion and has been generally supposed to correctly allow for leakage3. If
this were true differences of leakage could be provided for by simply
making a proportionate increase or decrease of dose. On a volume
basis one tent twice as large in each dimension as another would require
eight times the dose, while on an area basis it would require only four
times. Now any amount of proportionate increase of dose for a tighter
tent would still retain the ratio 1 to 4 instead of approaching 1 to 8, as
it should.

From these considerations one will readily appreciate that an area
basis of calculation will not produce an accurate table of dosage for any
degree of leakage whatever, and can be an approximation for only one
definite degree of leakage.

The full explanation of the method of calculation of the leakage factor
and the detail of the experiments, upon which it is based will be given
in another bulletin. For the present purpose it will only be necessary
to explain enough to permit intelligent use of the tables.

LEAKAGE.

In the experimental work the tents were tested double thick, that is,
a fold of the cloth was placed in the apparatus. The reason for this
was that by doing so a test could be made at any point over the surface
as easily as at the edge. The average of over 5,000 determinations of
the leakage of tents in operation was, when calculated for a single thick-
ness of the cloth, approximately .25 per cent. With this leakage the gas
will escape through a square foot of the average tent material at the
same rate it would through a hole about -J of a square inch in size. Some
tents were found in operation with more than twice this leakage and
others were less than half as leaky. The common range was from .10 to
.40 per cent. The tables below have been calculated for .10 per cent,

*Morse, Bulletin 71, Calif. Agr. Exp. Station, 1887.

Coquillett, Report for 1887, U. S. Dept. of Agr. pp. 123-142, 1888.

Coquillett, Insect Life, Vol. II, pp. 202-207, 1889.

Wood worth, Bulletin 115, Calif. Agr. Exp. Station, 1896.

Johnson, Bulletin 57, Maryland Agr. Exp. Station, pp. 72-95, 1898.

Woodworth, Bulletin 122, Calif. Agr. Exp. Station, 1899.

•Woglum, Bulletin 79, U. S. Division of Entomology, 1909, p. 47, determined
"leakage surface" by dividing the area by the volume and the dose by multiplying
this by the volume ; the product is, of course, only the area.

Bulletin 220] DOSAGE TABLES. 3

.15 per cent, .20 per cent, .25 per cent, .30 per cent, .35 per cent, and
.40 per cent, and the leakage meters designated for determining the
leakage are graduated into these degrees. A full account of the con-
struction and use of leakage meters is given in another bulletin.

The determination of the leakage of the tent must come to be a very-
important part of the process of fumigation. There seems to be no way
of estimating the leakage with sufficient accuracy except by actually
measuring it. We may know that one tent is tighter than another, and
that any tent holds the gas best when the air is damp, but the only way
to make full use of this knowledge is to have it in a definite form so as
to choose the correct system of dosage. With the new apparatus now
available the measuring of leakage is a very simple and rapid process,
and there is no reason why every fumigating outfit should not be pro-
vided with a leakage meter.

A result sure to follow the adoption of the rational basis for dosage
now advocated will be the elimination of the more leaky tents. Such
tents will either be made tight by treatment or discarded altogether,
because the doses by this system will be so large that the economy of
so doing will be very evident.

In the selection of new tents the saving that will follow the adoption
of the tighter material will be capable of being accurately estimated
and the question of its economy readily determined.

THE DOSE.

After measuring the leakage of the tent, the next question will be
determining the dose which will correspond with the degree of leakage.
Evidently there are three factors in this problem. First, the insect to
be killed ; second, the size of the tent, and third, the leakage of the tent.

The insect, as far as our present knowledge goes, has a constant effect
on the dose, that is, if the dose is determined for the purple scale, that
for the black scale is always a certain fraction of the purple scale dose.
This relationship has never been accurately tested out, but is probably
true, and has been uniformly accepted as true by all who have had to do
with fumigation. In the tables given below the relationship assumed as
the correct ratio of dosage for the black, red and purple scales, respec-
tively, is 4:5f :7£.

The size of the tree, as pointed out above, affects the dosage differently
according to the leakage. With an absolutely tight tent the dose should
correspond strictly with the size, but as tents average in the field, the
universal practice is to vary the dose very much less rapidly than the
size or volume basis of calculation would provide. This factor is, there-
fore, incapable of adequate treatment without a knowledge of the leak-
age.

UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA — EXPERIMENT STATION.

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Fig. 1. — Fumi-
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leakage
basis.

The determination of the size is very fully discussed in
Circular 50 and a new rapid method described below.

The leakage is very easily determined, but to determine
its relationship to the dose requires a very complicated
mathematical formula. This much, however, can be
readily appreciated, that given trees of equal leakage and
different size will differ in dose, and if equal in size but
different in leakage they also differ in dose, it is evident
that the same dose may apply to two trees of different sizes,
provided they have a certain definite difference of leakage.

FUMIGATION RULE.

The impossibility of briefly describing the effect of the
leakage upon the dose is shown by Fig. 1, where the doses
corresponding with trees of different sizes and with differ-
ent degrees of leakage are given.

The effect of the leakage upon the dose in the case of
any particular size is shown by the numbers read crosswise
of the rule. The smaller the tree the greater the effect of
the leakage upon the dose. This is due to the larger
amount of leakage surface as compared with the volume
enclosed by the tent.

The effect of the size on the dose is shown by following
the lines of figures lengthwise along the rule. The greater
the leakage the less the effect of the size of the dose, since
a decrease in size is affected by the increase in amount of
leakage due to the larger relative leakage surface in the
case of small trees.

By the use of this rule one may read the dose for black
scale corresponding with any size and leakage. By increas-
ing it in the proportion of 4 : 5f one obtains the dose for
red scale and by the ratio of 4 : 1\ that for purple.

The doses given on the rule are for the common average
shaped trees in which height and width are equal and
these dimensions may be read on the scale marked ' ' diam-
eter." To obtain the dose for trees of a different shape
than this find both dimensions on this scale and the correct
dose will be found at a point about two fifths way from
the diameter towards the height. Or find the diameter
and increase or decrease by an amount equal to two fifths
of the difference between the two dimensions. Opposite
this point on the scale will be found the dosage.

If one has the dimensions of a tree in circumference and
distance around, the rule is not as convenient as the tables

Bulletin 220]

DOSAGE TABLES.

that follow, but it is still possible to read the dose by noting the diameter
on one edge of the rule which corresponds with the given circumference
on the other, increasing this one fifteenth and then decreasing by an
amount equal to one fifth the number of feet in the difference between
the two measurements, circumference and distance over.

This rule contains the complete system of dosage based on leakage,
and besides, may be used as a measure for trees according to the method
given on the concluding pages of this bulletin.

THE MINIMUM DOSE.

This rule shows a fact not hitherto noted, that there is a point for
each degree of leakage where the tree requires a minimum dose. With
no leakage the minimum point is approximately at zero, and as the
leakage increases so does the minimum dose till, as shown on the rule,
8 ounces is the least amount that will do effective work with .40 per cent
leakage, which is the dose for a seven and a half foot tree. Smaller
trees would require more cyanide, so much, indeed, that the danger to
foliage would probably render the method impractical. The reason for
increase of dose for smaller trees is the fact that the leakage surface is
so large relatively to the volume of gas contained within the tent in such
cases, that the percentage of gas present drops very rapidly, and must
be made very strong in order that enough remain to the end of the
killing period to insure the death of the insects treated. It is probably
not wise to attempt to use a tent for a tree much smaller than indicated
on the rule. The theoretical minima are as follows :

Leakage.

Minimum
size of tree.

Dose.

Black Scale.

Red Scale.

*

ounce.

ounce.

H

ounces.

3

ounces.

5

ounces.

8

ounces.

12

ounces.

Purple.

.10 per cent
.15 per cent
.20 per cent
.25 per cent
.30 per cent
.35 per cent
.40 per cent

| ounce.
| ounce.

1 ounce.

2 ounces.
Sh ounces.
54 ounces.
8" ounces.

£ ounce.

1 ounce.

2 ounces.
4 ounces.
7 ounces.

1L ounces.

15 ounces.

LEAKAGE BASIS AND ACTUAL PRACTICE.

The dosage system calculated on the leakage basis must be shown to
accord with the dosages given by practical fumigators in order to be
accepted with any degree of confidence, since on the whole the results of
their work has been very satisfactory. For this purpose the dosage
scheme for the twenty-six fumigators, as presented in Bulletin 152,

b UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT STATION.

have been compared with the tables given below with the following

results :

.40 per cent none

.35 per cent 3

.30 per cent 5

.25 per cent 7

.20 per cent 8

.15 per cent 3

.10 per cent none

In the above table each fumigator is placed in the class corresponding
most closely with the record we have of his actual work.

Classifying, again, the same 26 fumigators according to the size of
dose, which is quite a different thing from the rate of increase of size
shown in the table above, we have

Above 5

Purple scale dose 1

Red scale dose 10

Black scale dose 5

Below . 5

In both these particulars the leakage basis is thus seen to be in
remarkable agreement with the practice of fumigators, simply supplying

the means of determining when the
system of one fumigator is to be fol-
lowed and when that of another.

SCHEDULING CHARTS.

The study upon which this bul-
letin is based was undertaken largely
in fulfilment of a promise made in
Circular 50, where it was pointed
out that while differences of leakage
required the use of different bases
of calculation it was impossible to
specify what chart to use in any par-
ticular case. We are now able to
give this very necessary information,
and we, therefore, reproduce the two
charts which give approximately cor-
rect dosage for the average tent and for those better than the average.
The directions accompanying the charts are revised to include these
determinations, as follows:

Fig.

2. — Method of scheduling with
a chart.

DIRECTIONS FOR USING THE SCHEDULING CHARTS.

To use these charts one should first determine the dose for the average
sized tree in the orchard to be scheduled by means of the fumigator 's
rule, after determining the leakage with a leakage meter.

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Scheduled 191 by FUMIGATOR'S SCHEDULING CHART. des,gNed Bv c. w. woodworth.
Dose for 10 foot tree ounces. Agricultural Experiment Station — University of California. AREA BASIS.

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Fumigated 191 by Location of Plot

Scheduled 191 by FUMIGATOR'S SCHEDULING CHABT.

Dose for 10 foot tree ounces. Agricultural Experiment Station — University of California.

DESIGNED BV C. W. WOODWORTH.

VOLUME BASIS.

Fumigated 191 by

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Bulletin 220] DOSAGE TABLES. 7

The charts provide for leakages from 0 to .25 per cent, as follows :

Leakage.

0 Heavy lines on volume chart.

.05% Light lines on volume chart.

.10% Dotted lines on volume chart.

.15% Dotted lines on area chart.

.20% Light lines on area chart.

.25% Heavy lines on area chart.

For tents with greater leakage or for trees either very large or very
small, use the rule instead of the charts for determining dosage.
The method of using the chart is as follows :

First — Place this chart in a holder provided with a loop of flat wire. This should
project from the upper right-hand corner of the chart and extend exactly 14f inches.

Second — In using the chart one should always stand at a uniform distance from
the tree to be measured. In most cases the most convenient point is midway between
four trees (or between three trees in case the orchard is planted in oblique rows) ; by
looking down between the rows of trees one can locate oneself quite accurately. Do
not attempt to measure the nearest trees, but those just beyond. This will make the
distance between thirty and forty feet, according to the way the trees are planted.

Third — The distance between the chart and the eye must also be maintained con-
stant Before beginning to schedule an orchard, fasten a light flexible wire around
the hatband, allowing the end to project forward 8 or 10 inches, then standing oppo-
site an average tree at the distance which you find best to measure the tree, move the
slide and slip the flat wire loop till the end of the wire touches the dose line at the
dose determined for the size and leakage by means of the rule. Then move the chart
to or from the face till the distance across the loop corresponds with the size of the
tree. Now bend the end of the wire around the hatband into a hook into which the
flat wire loop will lie, holding it at the desired distance.

Fourth — Having thus adjusted the apparatus, one can proceed to measure the
trees by moving the slide and slipping the wire loop until the outline of the tree
exactly corresponds with the loop (the fringe of slender twigs are disregarded in day
scheduling, since these will always be bent down by the tent). See that the wire
lies straight across the chart, and where the end of the wire comes one may read off
at once the proper dose ; and should write the amount in the appropriate square.
One may readily schedule four rows of trees at a time by this method for daytime
work.

Fifth — When scheduling very large trees adjust the apparatus for half the dose
desired and double all readings. By having hooks at each end of the wire around
the hatband one hook may be set for ordinary sized trees and the other for large
trees when extremes occur in the same orchard.

Sixth — Where one desires extreme accuracy in measuring, attach the transparent
diagram described in the same bulletin and use a specially graduated tape, instead of
the wire loop and graduations on the chart, for determining the dose. With the aid
of a boy to handle one end of the tape, two rows may be scheduled about as rapidly
as four rows by the former method.

Seventh — This chart may be also used for calculating the dose when direct meas-
urements are made if one first graduates an oblique line to correspond with dimen-
sions. Hold a card square with the sides of the diagram and in such a position that
the two dimensions are indicated by the adjacent edges of the card and the corner
between will indicate the dose. This will give determinations accurate to a small
fraction of an ounce.

Note (a). — Some fumigators increase or decrease the dose a half ounce or more
for badly infested trees, for especially dense trees, or for irregularly shaped trees.
Where this is done it may be indicated on the chart by placing a dot in a corner of
the appropriate square. If the dose is increased, put the dot in an upper corner ; if
reduced, below ; and if on account of the character of the tree place the dot to the
left ; if because of the abundance of the scale place it in one of the right-hand
corners.

8 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA — EXPERIMENT STATION.

DIRECT MEASUREMENTS.

Many may prefer to use direct measurements for determining the
size. The most accurate method of measuring is to determine the dis-
tance around the tent or circumference, and the distance over the top.
This plan was first suggested in 1899 in Bulletin 122 of this Station, and
a dosage table based on volume was presented for use with such measure-
ments. The data secured for Bulletin 152 was obtained by the use of
such measurements. This method of measuring is now largely known as
the Morrill or Woglum system, since these two investigators have par-
ticularly urged its adoption. The most convenient plan is to mark the
tents so as to readily determine the distance over the top and use a tape
line around the side for the circumference.

Such measurements give the dimensions very accurately, but must be
used with properly calculated tables or the dose may be far from correct.
The original table published in Bulletin 122 is accurate only for tents
without leakage. No such tents are in use, but if such tents were pro-
vided the dose would be much stronger than necessary. The marking
suggested in Bulletin 152 and the tables given by Morrill, Woglum, and
Quayle are all based on area and are approximately right for a .25 per
cent leakage, except at the two extremes, where they are all defective,
particularly at the lower end and where the dose is only half large
enough as compared with the center of the table. For any other degree
of leakage they are incorrect throughout, though the dose recommended
is high enough to be effective in most cases, notwithstanding the inaccu-
racy of the tables.

EXPLANATION OF THE NEW TABLES.

The tables given below are arranged in a new form which will be
found very convenient in practice. In each table at the top is given the
dosage, below the corresponding dimensions.

The dosage is given for all the ingredients instead of only for the
cyanide as has been the practice in all tables heretofore offered. This
will avoid the error that sometimes results from the mental calculation
heretofore required to determine the amount of water (or acid in the
case of sodium cyanide) to use. The amounts given are simply 3, 2 J, 2,
and 1£ times the cyanide dose. The formula recommended for sodium
cyanide is l-§-l£, that is, 1 ounce of the acid, § of an ounce of the
cyanide to 1J ounces of water. The formula longest used for potassium
cyanide is 1-1-2. If accurately measured this is sufficient water to keep
the all-acid sulfate formed in solution. When the water is slightly less
than this amount or the acid slightly more there is danger of the
crystallization of the salt and the generator is said to "freeze." To
avoid this many fumi gators use 1-1-3, though with an appreciable loss
of gas. The use of 1-1-2 \ gives ample water to offset inaccurate meas-

Bulletin 220] DOSAGE TABLES. 9

urements and by the use of these tables is as convenient as the former,
though it would not be so practical if it had to be calculated mentally.

The dimensions given at the beginning of each line are the circumfer-
ence, and when the distance over is the same as in high trees the dose
will be read in the column above this figure. The remaining figures on
each line represent the distance over the tent. To obtain the dosage of a
tree, therefore, first find the circumference at the left end of a line and
follow along that line till the distance over is found, and then follow up
the column and read the dose.

If one decides to use the formula 1-1-2^, a line of red ink should be
run through the lines beginning x3, x2, xl^, and xf , and if he does not
wish to dose to the half ounce, red ink may be run through the alternate
columns. The use of these red ink lines will avoid the danger of using
the wrong figure5?.

If the dimension is smaller than any given in the table, a tighter tent
should be used since it has passed below the point of minimum dose
described above and effective treatment is not to be expected.

10

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Bulletin 220] DOSAGE TABLES. 31

NEW METHOD Of MEASURING TREES.

The use of tables of any kind always introduces the possibility of an
error in reading that it would be very desirable to avoid. The fumi-
gator 's rule may be used to measure the tree and gives either the dimen-
sions in feet or indicates directly the dose. The method of using the rule
for this purpose is shown in figure 3.

This figure is almost self-explanatory — one stands in any position in
the orchard, preferably equidistant from two trees, one of which he
desires to schedule ; holding the rule in the left hand, as shown in posi-
tion A, bringing it towards the face until the two ends correspond to the
trunks of the two trees, then holding the hand perfectly steady, rotate
the body slightly till the rule is brought into position B, then grasp it
with the right hand in such a way that the thumb will mark off the
apparent diameter of the trees; then keeping the rule at exactly the
same distance from the eye, turn the hand into positon C ; one can read
at once on the rule the proper dose corresponding with each degree of
leakage. In the figure the circumference of the tree is shown to be
46 feet, the height about 13| feet ; the row of figures between these two
points gives the correct dosage for the different degrees of leakage, that
is, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 11, 13 ounces, according to the different degrees of
leakage.

This tree, therefore, represents a seven-ounce dose with average leak-
age, but may only need four ounces with a tighter tent, or should receive
thirteen ounces with the most leaky tent.

The dose is found approximately midway between the two dimensions,
or more accurately two fifths of the way from the diameter towards the
height.

In case the distance between the trees is more or less than 20 feet the
length of the rule should be increased or decreased proportionately since
this rule reads to a 20 feet, as shown on the scale on the edge marked
diameter.

The rule illustrated is graduated for black scale, the dose for purple
scale is approximately twice as large. We propose to produce similar
rules for red and purple scale.

This method of measuring trees is sufficiently accurate for practical
purposes, and is rapid and convenient and not liable to the errors inci-
dent to the use of tables, and may be found better in practice than
previous methods.

3— bul 220

30

UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA — EXPERIMENT STATION.

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Bulletin 220] DOSAGE TABLES. 31

NEW METHOD OE MEASURING TREES.

The use of tables of any kind always introduces the possibility of an
error in reading that it would be very desirable to avoid. The fumi-
gator 's rule may be used to measure the tree and gives either the dimen-
sions in feet or indicates directly the dose. The method of using the rule
for this purpose is shown in figure 3.

This figure is almost self-explanatory — one stands in any position in
the orchard, preferably equidistant from two trees, one of which he
desires to schedule ; holding the rule in the left hand, as shown in posi-
tion A, bringing it towards the face until the two ends correspond to the
trunks of the two trees, then holding the hand perfectly steady, rotate
the body slightly till the rule is brought into position B, then grasp it
with the right hand in such a way that the thumb will mark off the
apparent diameter of the trees; then keeping the rule at exactly the
same distance from the eye, turn the hand into positon C ; one can read
at once on the rule the proper dose corresponding with each degree of
leakage. In the figure the circumference of the tree is shown to be
46 feet, the height about 13J feet ; the row of figures between these two
points gives the correct dosage for the different degrees of leakage, that
is, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 11, 13 ounces, according to the different degrees of
leakage.

This tree, therefore, represents a seven-ounce dose with average leak-
age, but may only need four ounces with a tighter tent, or should receive
thirteen ounces with the most leaky tent.

The dose is found approximately midway between the two dimensions,
or more accurately two fifths of the way from the diameter towards the
height.

In case the distance between the trees is more or less than 20 feet the
length of the rule should be increased or decreased proportionately since
this rule reads to a 20 feet, as shown on the scale on the edge marked
diameter.

The rule illustrated is graduated for black scale, the dose for purple
scale is approximately twice as large. We propose to produce similar
rules for red and purple scale.

This method of measuring trees is sufficiently accurate for practical
purposes, and is rapid and convenient and not liable to the errors inci-
dent to the use of tables, and may be found better in practice than
previous methods.

Bulletin 220] DOSAGE TABLES. 33

RESUME.

Recent studies now make possible the proper allowance in the dose for
leakage.

Tents differ very greatly in leakage.

Present dosage tables fundamentally wrong.

More uniformity and economy will result from leakage determination.

Excessive dosage now necessary to cover errors in the tables.

Average leakage as determined with doubled tents is .25 per cent.

The common range of leakage was found to be from .10 per cent to .40
per cent.

The dose for black, red, and purple scale for ten-foot tree and with
tent having .25 per cent leakage is 4, 5f , and 7 ounces, respectively.

The dose should be always in this proportion.

Large size or great leakage both require an increased dose.

The proper adjustment to leakage is a complicated problem.

The amount of increase given in the form of a rule showing the whole
dosage system.

Small trees require very tight tents.

The limits of effective fumigation are given for all leakages.

This system of dosage agrees with the actual practice of fumigators.

Scheduling charts may be used under this system.

The errors of previous dosage tables are pointed out and a full set of
new tables given.

Dosage tables are given for using direct measurements.

A new method is presented which may supersede all other methods of
estimating the dose.

REPORTS.

1896. Report of the Viticultural Work during the seasons 1887-93, with data regard-

ing the Vintages of 1894-95.

1897. Resistant Vines, their Selection, Adaptation, and Grafting. Appendix to Viti-

cultural Report for 1896.

1902. Report of the Agricultural Experiment Station for 1898-1901.

1903. Report of the Agricultural Experiment Station for 1901-03.

1904. Twenty-second Report of the Agricultural Experiment Station for 1903-04.

BULLETINS.

Reprint.

No. 128
and
133.

147.

149.
151.
153.
159.

162.

165.

167.

168.

169.

170.
171.

172.

174.
176.

177.

178.
179.

180.
181.
182.

183.
184.

185.

186.
187.

188.

Endurance of Drought in Soils
of the Arid Region.

Nature, Value, and Utilization
of Alkali Lands, and Tolerance
of Alkali. (Revised and Re-
print, 1905.)

Culture Work of the Sub-sta-
tions.

California Sugar Industry.

Arsenical Insecticides.

Spraying with Distillates.

Contribution to the Study of Fer-
mentation.

Commercial Fertilizers. (Dec.
1, 1904.)

Asparagus and Asparagus Rust
in California.

Manufacture of Dry "Wines in
Hot Countries.

Observations on Some Vine Dis-
eases in Sonoma County.

Tolerance of the Sugar Beet for
Alkali.

Studies in Grasshopper Control.

Commercial Fertilizers. (June
30, 1905.)

Further Experience in Asparagus
Rust Control.

A New Wine-cooling Machine.

Sugar Beets in the San Joaquin
Valley.

A New Method of Making Dry
Red Wine.

Mosquito Control.

Commercial Fertilizers. (June,
1906.)

Resistant Vineyards.

The Selection of Seed- Wheat.

Analysis of Paris Green and
Lead Arsenic. Proposed Insec-
ticide Law.

The California Tussock-moth.

Report of the Plant Pathologist
to July 1, 1906.

Report of Progress in Cereal
Investigations.

The Oidium of the Vine.

Commercial Fertilizers. (Janu-
ary, 1907.)

Lining of Ditches and Reservoirs
to Prevent Seepage and Losses.

No. 189.

190.
191.
192.

193.

194.

195.
197.

198.
199.
200.

201.

202.

203.

204.

205.

206.

207.

208.
209.
210.

211.

212.
213.
214.
215.

216.

217.
218.
219.

Commercial Fertilizer. (June,
1907.)

The Brown Rot of the Lemon.

California Peach Blight.

Insects Injurious to the Vine in
California.

The Best Wine Grapes for Cali-
fornia ; Pruning Young Vines ;
Pruning the Sultanina.

Commercial Fertilizers. (Dec,
1907.)

The California Grape Root-worm.

Grape Culture in California ;
Improved Methods of Wine-
making ; Yeast from California
Grapes.

The Grape Leaf-Hopper.

Bovine Tuberculosis.

Gum Diseases of Citrus Tres in
California.

Commercial Fertilizers. (June,
1908.)

Commercial Fertilizers. (De-
cember, 1908.)

Report of the Plant Pathologist
to July 1, 1909.)

The Dairy Cow's Record and the
Stable.

Commercial Fertilizers. (De-
cember, 1909.)

Commercial Fertilizers. (June,
1910.)

The Control of the Argentine Ant.

The Late Blight of Celery.

The Cream Supply.

Imperial Valley Settlers' Crop
Manual.

How to Increase the Yield of
Wheat in California.

California White Wheats.

The Principles of Wine-making.

Citrus Fruit Insects.

The Housefly in its Relation to
Public Health.

A Progress Report upon Soil and
Climatic Factors influencing
the Composition of Wheat

Honey Plants of California.

California Plant Diseases.

Report of Live Stock Conditions
in Imperial County, Cal.

CIRCULARS.

No. 1.

5.

7.

9.
11.
12.
15.

19.
29.

30.
3 2.
33.

36.

39.

46.

48.

49.
50.

Texas Fever.

Contagious Abortion in Cows.

Remedies for Insects.

Asparagus Rust.

Fumigation Practice.

Silk Culture.

Recent Problems in Agriculture.
What a University Farm is For.

Disinfection of Stables.

Preliminary Announcement Con-
cerning Instruction in Practical
Agriculture upon the University
Farm, Davis, Cal.

White Fly in California.

White Fly Eradication.

Packing Prunes in Cans. Cane
Sugar vs. Beet Sugar.

Analyses of Fertilizers for Con-
sumers.

Instruction in Practical Agricul-
ture at the University Farm.

Suggestions for Garden Work in
California Schools.

Butter Scoring Contest, 1909.

Insecticides.

Fumigation Scheduling.

No. 52. Information for Students Concern-
ing the College of Agriculture.

54. Some Creamery Problems and

Tests.

55. Farmers' Institutes and University

Extension in Agriculture.

58. Experiments with Plants and Soils

in Laboratory, Garden, and
Field.

59. Tree Growing in the Public

Schools.

60. Butter Scoring Contest, 1910.

61. University Farm School.

62. The School Garden in the Course

of Study.

63. How to Make an Observation

Hive.

64. Announcement of Farmers' Short

Courses for 1911.

65. California Insecticide Law.

66. Insecticides and Insect Control.

67. Development of Secondary School

Agriculture in California.

68. The Prevention of Hog Cholera.

69. The Extermination of Morning-

glory.

70. Observations on Status of Corn-

growing in California.