BLM LIBRARY

111

I II I

III

1

CO

495

FIELD EDITION

SD

397

.D7

D68

1964

UNITED STATES

DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR

BUREAU OF LAND MANAGEMENT,
OREGON

£0 -r -

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■■ -V

• ■- '

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BUREAU OF LAND MANAGEMENT
OREGON STATE OFFICE

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THINNING HANDBOOK
DOUGLAS -FIR

October 1963

40

Field Edition
May 1964

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

Definitions

1

Pruning

1

Yield Tables

2,3

Site Index

4

Basal Area Table

5

Mortality Tables

Periodic Annual International

6

Periodic Annual Scribner

7

Cumulative International

8

Cumulative Scribner

9

Mortality Calculation

10

Cruising

10

Appraisals

11

Volume Tables

International 1/8

15

Cubic Foot

16

Priorities of Thinning

17

Spacing Guides

Site II

18

Site III

19

Site IV

20

Sample Plots

Types

21

Photographic Records

21

Procedures

21

Establishment

22

Slope Correction

25

Tree Class

26

Tree Number

26

Tree Mapping

27

Tree Measurement

27

Precommercial Exception

27,28

Plot Data

28

BLM Library
Denver Federal Center
Bldg. 50, OC-521
P.O. Box 25047
Denver, CO 8Q225 .

Exhibits

Plot Reference

(k)

32

Plot Layout

(g)

33

Photographic Orientation
Horizontal

(i)

34

Vertical

(j)

35

Tree Position Map

(nl)

36

Plot Record (Tally Sheet)

(n)

37

DEFINITIONS

For purposes of definition we will refer to a thinning
made in an immature stand which does not produce saleable
products as being a pre commercial thinning; to a thinning
made in an immature stand which does produce saleable
products and in which the residual trees are capable of
response to release as being a commercial release thinning.
To a thinning made in a young stand, no longer capable of
significant response to release, for the salvage of dead
trees and anticipated mortality as being a sanitation
thinning.

Crown classification

Dominant The tallest trees in the stand. They receive
full light from above and part from the side. The well-
developed crown may be somewhat crowded on the sides.

Codominant These trees are in the upper level of the
canopy, but below the dominants. They receive full
light from above and a little from the side. The medium-
sized crown is frequently crowded on the sides.

Intermediate Trees shorter than dominant or codominant,
but with tip of crown extending into upper canopy and
receiving some direct light from above but none from the
sides. Crowns are small and are crowded on the sides.

Suppressed Crowns of these trees are below the upper
canopy level and they receive no direct light from above
nor from the side. Crowns are small and poorly developed.

PRUNING

All dead and dying limbs should be removed. Pruning of
live limbs should progress gradually up the tree trunk as
height is increased. It should never exceed more than 1/3
of the crown length nor over 50% of total tree height. It
should ultimately be carried to a height of 18 feet in order
to produce a clear 16 foot log. Such pruning begun early
enough will restrict the knotty core to a diameter of 4 or
5 inches.

The costs of the pruning operation require that it be
confined to eventual crop trees. The number of trees
required per acre for the site at harvest age will indicate
the number of trees to be pruned initially. This number
should be increased by 20% to provide a safety factor for
error and loss during the development of the stand.

1

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TECHNICAL BULLETIN 2 01, U. S.

DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Site Class I

Site index
210

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Site index
200

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350

240

176

138

113

97

84

75

69

63

59

55

51

48

Site index
190

Number

654

408

282

208

164

135

115

100

89

81 i

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69

64

60

57

Site Class II

Site index
180

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Site index
170

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555

385

290

228

186

159

138

123

111

101

94

88

82

78

Site index
160

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Site index
150

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Site index
140

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Site index
120

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110

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Site index
100

Number
4, 150
1,800
1,090
764
580
468
394
347
311
281
259
240
224
211
200

Site Class V

Site index
90

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3

12 TECHNICAL BULLETIN 2 01, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Table 1. — Average total height of dominant and codominant trees , hy site

classes

Site Class V

Site Class IV

Site Class III

Site Class II

Site Class I

t

Age (years)

Site

Site

Site

Site

Site

Site

Site

Site

Site

Site

Site

Site

Site

Site

index

index

index

index

index

index

index

index

index

index

index

index

index

index

80

90

100

110

120

130

140

150

160

170

180

190

200

210

Feet

Feet

Feet

Feet

Feet

Feet

Feet

Feet

Feet

Feet

Feet

Feet

Feet

Feet

20

21

24

26

29

31

34

37

39

42

44

47

49

52

54

30

37

41

46

50

55

60

64

69

74

78

83

88

92

96

40

48

54

60

66

72

78

84

90

96

102

108

114

120

126

50

56

63

70

77

84

91

98

105

112

119

125

132

139

146

60

63

70

78

86

93

101

109

117

124

132

140

148

156

163

70

68

77

85

94

102

110

119

127

135

144

152

161

170

178

80

73

82

91

100

109

118

127

136

145

154

163

172

181

190

90.

77

86

96

105

115

125

134

144

153

163

172

182

192

201

100.

80

90

100

110

120

130

140

150

160

170

180

190

200

210

110.....

83

93

104

114

124

135

145

155

166

176

187

197

207

218

120..

85

96

106

117

128

138

149

160

170

181

192

202

213

224

130....

87

98

109

119

131

141

152

163

174

185

196

207

218

228

140

88

99

110

121

133

144

154

166

177

188

199

210

221

232

150...

89

101

112

123

134

145

156

168

179

190

201

213

224

235

160

90

102

113

124

136

147

158

170

181

192

203

215

226

237

As an example, if the age of the stand is 50 years, and the average
total height of the dominant and codominant trees is 98 feet, Table
1 shows that this height at 50 years corresponds to site index 140,

4

BASAL AREAS IN SQUARE FEET
CORRESPONDING TO DIAMETERS IN INCHES

Diameter, tenths of

an inch

Diameter,

inches

0.0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

Area, square feet

1

0.006

0.007

0.008

0.009

0.011

0.012

0.014

0.016

0.018

0.020

2

0.022

0.024

0.026

0.029

0.031

0.034

0.037

0.040

0.043

0.046

3

0.049

0.052

0.056

0.059

0.063

0.067

0.071

0.075

0.079

0.083

4

0.087

0.092

0.096

0.101

0.106

0.111

0.115

0.121

0.126

0.131

5

0.136

0.142

0.147

0.153

0.159

0.165

0.171

0.177

0.184

0.190

6

0.196

0.203

0.210

0.216

0.223

0.230

0.238

0.245

0.252

0.260

7

0.267

0.275

0.283

0.291

0.299

0.307

0.315

0.323

0.332

0.340

8

0.349

0.358

0.367

0.376

0.385

0.394

0.403

0.413

0.422

0.432

9

0.442

0.452

0.462

0.472

0.482

0.492

0.503

0.513

0.524

0.535

10

0.545

0.556

0.568

0.579

0.590

0.601

0*613

0.625

0.636

0.648

11

0.660

0.672

0.684

0.697

0.709

0.721

0.734

0.747

0.760

0.772

12

0.785

0.799

0.812

0.825

0.839

0.852

0.866

0.880

0.894

0.908

13

0.922

0.936

0.950

0.965

0.979

0.994

1.009

1.024

1.039

1.054

14

1.069

1.084

1.100

1.115

1.131

1.147

1.163

1.179

1.195

1.211

15

1.227

1.244

1.260

1.277

1.294

1.310

1.327

1.344

1.362

1.379

16

1.396

1.414

1.431

1.449

1.467

1.485

1.503

1.521

1.539

1.558

17

1.576

1.595

1.614

1.632

i .651

1.670

1.689

1.709

1.728

1.748

18

1.767

1.787

1.807

1.827

1.847

1.867

1.887

1.907

1.928

1.948

19

1.969

1.990

2.011

2.032

2.053

2.074

2.095

2.117

2.138

2.160

20

2.181

2.204

2.226

2.248

2.270

2.292

2.315

2.337

2.360

2.383

21

2.405

2.428

2.451

2.475

2.498

2.521

2.545

2.568

2.592

2.616

22

2.640

2.664

2.688

2.712

2.737

2.761

2.786

2.810

2.835

2.860

23

2.885

2.910

2.936

2.961

2.986

3.012

3.038

3.064

3.089

3.115

24

3.142

3.168

3.194

3.221

3.247

3.275

3.301

3.328

3.355

3.382

Diam-
eter, in.

Area,

sq.ft.

Diam-
eter, in.

Area,

sq.ft.

Diam-
eter, in.

Area,

sq.ft.

Diam-
eter, in.

Area,

sq.ft.

Diam-
eter, in.

Area,

sq.ft.

25

3.41

32

5.59

39

8.30

46

11.54

53

15.32

26

3.69

33

5.94

40

8.73

47

12.05

54

15.90

27

3.98

34

6.30

41

9.17

48

12.57

55

16.50

28

4.28

35

6.68

42

9.62

49

13.10

56

17.10

29

4.59

36

7.07

43

10.08

50

13.64

57

17.72

30

4.91

37

7.47

44

10.56

51

14.19

58

18.35

31

5.24

38

7.88

45

11.04

52

14.75

59

18.99

5

TABLE VI

Periodic Annual Mortality per Acre for Fully Stocked Douglas-fir

Board Feet - International Rule 1 J
(1 /0-inch kerf)

Age

Period

SITE CLASS

I

11

III

IV

V

Years

Board Feet

20 - 30

40

30

• «.

• -

• -

30 - 40

220

140

100

30

40 - 50

390

250

160

80

10

50 - 60

560

350

210

140

50

60 - 70

730

430

260

170

60

70 - 80

910

520

300

170

80

80 - 90

960

600

330

170

80

90 - 100

970

660

360

160

80

100 - 110

950

690

370

160

90

110 - 120

930

700

380

160

80

120 - 130

910

690

390

150

80

130 - 140

890

680

390

150

80

140 - 150

860

660

380

150

90

150 - 160

830

640

380

140

80

1/ All trees 7 inches D.B.H. and larger to 5-inch top. Stump height 1.5
feet. Scaling, length 16 feet with 0.3 feet trim allowance.

Gross Yield and Mortality Tables for Fully-stocked Stands of Douglas-fir
Pacific Northwest Forest and Range Experiment Station
Research Paper No. 14

6

TABLE VII

Periodic Annual Mortality per Acre for Fully Stocked Douglas-fir
Board Feet - Scribner Rule 1 .(

Age

Period

SITE CLASS

I

II

III

IV

V

Years

Board Feet

20 -

30

—

- _

- -

- -

30 -

40

50

20

--

--

--

40 -

50

90

40

20

--

--

50 -

60

180

80

40

10

--

60 -

70

370

120

50

20

— -

70 -

80

600

180

70

30

10

80 -

90

680

300

80

40

10

90 -

100

700

400

110

40

10

100 -

110

700

460

140

50

10

110 -

120

690

480

180

50

10

120 -

130

690

480

230

40

20

130 -

140

680

480

250

40

20

140 -

150

670

470

250

40

20

150 -

160

660

450

240

40

20

1 J All trees 12 inches D.B.H. and larger to 8 -inch top. Stump height 2-0
feet. Scaling length 16 feet with 0.3 feet trim allowance.

Gross Yield and Mortality Tables for Fully- stocked Stands of Douglas-fir
Pacific Northwest Forest and Range Experiment Station
Research Paper No. 14

7

TA3LE IX

Cumulative Mortality per Acre for Fully Stocked Douglas-fir

Board Feet - International Rule
(1/8-inch kerf)

Age

SITE CLASS

I

II

III

IV

V

Years

Board ^eet

30

400

300

__

40

2,600

1,700

1,000

300

--

50

6,500

4,200

2,600

1,100

100

60

12,100

7,700

4,700

2,500

600

70

19,400

12,000

7,300

4,200

1,200

80

28,500

17,200

10,30p

5,900

2 , 000

90

30,100

23,200

13,600

7,600

2,800

100

47,800

29,800

17,200

9,200

3,600

110

57,300

36,700

20,900

10,800

4,500

120

66,600

43,700 •

24,700

12,400

5,300

130

75,700

50,600

28,600

13,900

6,100

140

84,600

57,400

32,500

15,400

6,900

150

93,200

64 , C00

36,300

16,900

7 , COO

160

101,500

70,400

40,100

18,300

8,600

1/ All trees 7 inches D.B.H. and larger to 5-irch top. Stump height 1.5
feet. Scaling length 16 feet with 0.3 feet trim allowance.

Gross Yield and Mortality Tables for Fully- stocked Stands of Douglas-fir
Pacific Northwest Forest and Range Experiment Station
Research Paper No. 14

8

TABLE VIII

Cumulative Mortality per Acre for Fully Stocked Douglas-fir
Board Feet - Scribner Rule 1/

Age

SITE CLASS

— I .

II

. Ill

IV

V

Years

Board Feet

40

500

200

- —

50

1,400

600

200

--

60

3,200

1,400

600

100

--

70

6,900

2,600

1,100

300

80

12,900

4,400

1,800

600

100

90

19,700

7,400

2,600

1,000

200

100

26,700

11,400

3,700

1,400

300

110

33,700

16,000

5,100

1,900

400

120

40,600

20,800

6,900

2,400

500

130

47,500

25,600

9,200

2,S00

700

140

54,300

30,400

11,700

3,200

900

150

61,000

35,100

14,200

3,600

1,100

160

67,600

39,600

16,600

4,000

1,300

1 J All trees 12 inches D.B.H. and larger to 8-irxh top. Stump height 2.0
feet. Scaling length 16 feet with 0.3 feet trim allowance.

Gross Yield and Mortality Tables for Fully-stocked Stands of Douglas-fir
Pacific Northwest Forest and Range Experiment Station
Research Paper No. 14

9

EXAMPLES OF MORTALITY CALCULATIONS

Example One:

70 year old stand site III
First thinning at age 70
Thinning interval - 10 years
From Table VI, mortality for period
70-80 years - 3,000 bd. ft.

This anticipated mortality volume including any dead
merchantable trees may be removed at age 70.

Example Two:

Second thinning same stand at 80 years
From Table VI, mortality for period 80-90 years,
3,300 bd. ft.

This anticipated mortality volume may be removed in
the second thinning at age 80.

Example Three:

Age of stand 90 years, site III
Length rotation 100 years
Average age at time of cutting 120 years
From Table IX

Cumulative mortality 120 years 24,700 bd. ft.

Cumulative mortality 90 years 13 , 600 bd. ft.

Anticipated mortality which may be
removed in first and only thinning

at 90 years of age 11,100 bd. ft.

CRUISING

All thinnings will be cruised 100%. The tally sheets,

Form No. A-87 (Exhibit e) , can easily be used for cruis-
ing thinnings. However, any type of tally sheet may be
used, as the cruiser sees fit. Trees need be tallied
only by DBH in 2" classes from 8" to 20,! (20M class includes
trees with 21.9” DBH) and total height to the nearest 101 -
no form class and no log grade. Of course, it will be neces-
sary to keep notes on any cull material present. Volumes are
quite easily determined by multiplying each tally by the volume
of each DBH-Height category as found in the volume table
(Exhibit a) . Logs will not be graded.

10

APPRAISALS

1 . General

The same general system used for appraising regular
Douglas- fir sales will be used for appraising thin-
nings. That is, the milling and logging costs will
be deducted from the realization value to determine
a conversion return which is multiplied by .50 to
derive the stumpage value.

2. Realization Values

As pointed out in the section on cruising, there will
not be different realization values for different log
grades or diameters. Only one realization value will
be determined and it will be effective for the range
of DBH classes up to 20". Material larger than this
should be cruised and appraised under the conventional
system.

3. Milling Costs

Use one milling cost, that for the group of logs having
the range of lowest volumes, those up to 80 board feet,
for all thinning sales. (Timber Sales Handbook,

Chapter III-F, Exhibit a)

4. Logging Costs

Falling, bucking, yarding, loading per Mbf - $18.90.

A weight equivalent of 11,000 lbs. per M bd.ft. Scribner
Decimal C is used as the key to the transportation cost
tables .

Pond value: November 18, 1963

$39.50

5. Conversion Factor

Scribner Decimal C Volume for Reporting Purposes

When the occasion arises in which it is necessary to
determine the volume of the material in thinnings in
terms of the Scribner Decimal C rule, the International
1/8 inch rule volume should be multiplied by the convert-
ing factor of .8.

11

UNITED STATES

Form No. Al-o/ department of the interior Computer Sale No.

BUREAU OF LAND MANAGEMENT

October 1961 .

D is trie t

District Sale No . .72/0

Cruiser /?c>lJL4 /$-* (Sreen
Sheet No.

Subsale No
Species

TALLY SHEET

Form Class.

Da te J tL t y /*? 0 S3

T. J_~S R. IA/ Sec.

Sub .

Defect Factor by Log

Grade Code: 1-3

, , 4-6

NF ‘

Logs

3

3

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

Trees

1

M

l/o/

’ui*e

o^Typr

SJ&IUhie

!3

■fe>

i

3 -70

z_

of

/f.o

2

3 -So

C4

!

n-(

/

/o-fo

2 40

270

/ /

2

{0-/60

0. 70 1

/ 63- f

rr s

)2~ NO

|

JjL

so

l L 4S

rr s

M-- 4c

JZ

\jce

' /

l4-/oo

2

74

F/O.O

/

M-1&

3\i(.

48-o

' /

/S ~!2P

S'

-to

74*

i

/&-/#>

1

i

72.

l&Zx>

* /

WW- 1

'ofu t

w®

4y\xo

J4

/ um.

622

.0

/

Nedg'f' Af

it)

4 All

v. r

. i

y

1

i

if- vraiio

2 ^

1.0

|

<2^L2-o I _

JU±.

1_

i

i

4t-i4° 1

1

|

!44

si

tyf JaJ '{c-v\ufaL

14 1

y \foU<

yu&i

jTZ^

l 1

Ay?**

(Sc.

• sA vo

fi/lA*-

f Jp- J lout

/?a\ <if»

^ |

*

!

/PoJ

2^

\ S(f&

Totals: Graded-Lines.

. Trees.

.Ungraded” Lines,

.Trees.

TERIOR- -FORTLANO. OREGON

Exhibit e

12

EXAMPLE:

Pond value per Mbf

Falling, bucking, yarding and loading

$42.00

-18.90

$23.10

Transportation Cost

(9570 recovery, 11,000# per M;

2% rise and fall; 10-20% rise;
3 miles dirt, 20 miles gravel,
5 miles surfaced)

-8.60

Conversion return
Stumpage factor

$14.50
x . 5

Stumpage per Mbf

$ 7.25 (rounded to nearest

$0.05)

Stumpage ($7.25) x volume (4 M bd. ft.)

= $29.00 (total value)

Exhibit f

13

This volume table is to be used for estimates
only. Volumes for appraisal purposes will be
obtained from form factor volume tables.

m

<

s

VOLUME TABLE FOR YOUNG GROWTH DOUGLAS -FIR

Exhibit a

15

Reprinted from: 'Table 7, Volume Tables for Pacific Northwest Trees" - Agriculture Handbook No. 92

s =

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Q

Exhibit b

16

Reprinted from: "Table 5, Volume Tables for Pacific Northwest Trees" - Agriculture Handbook No. 92.

PRIORITIES OF THINNING

1. Pre commercial

Limitations of funds available for the purpose, the
existing degree of stocking, and site productivity
will require a determination by priority of areas to
be precommercially thinned. Site, accessibility,
stocking, age, and topography will be prime matters
of consideration.

2. Commercial and Sanitation

The older young growth stands qualifying for sanitation
thinnings contain large volumes of merchantable material
in imminent danger of loss. This is a serious economic
matter both from the standpoint of the loss of values
involved and the loss of raw products needed by industry.
Therefore, top priority will be given to sanitation thin-
nings in order to recover these values and volumes.

Stands qualifying for commercial release thinnings also
face these losses of values and volumes. However, due to
the younger ages of these stands, potential volume and
value losses are much less, comparatively, and the situation
is judged less critical than that which exists in the older
stands. For that reason a lower economic priority is given
to stands qualifying for commercial release thinning.

A clearcut decision confining thinning on a basis of priority
exclusively to the sanitation type cannot be made. The
operational feasibility of individual areas and the access
to them among other things are determining factors in the
type of stands available for thinning.

The type of thinning will be fitted to the needs of avail-
able stands. Accordingly, sanitation and commercial thin-
nings will usually be carried on simultaneously in most
districts .

17

Age

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age

50

60

70

80

Site II
Index 170

First Thinning at Indicated Years

Ten Years

Twenty Years

DBH

Trees

Spacing

Age

DBH

Trees

Spacing

302

12 x 12

7.

227

14 x 14

20

4.5

409

10 x 10

11 .

165

16 x 16

30

8.2

262

13 x 13

14.5

130

18 x 18

40

11.5

195

15 x 15

17.5

108

20 x 20

50

14.3

158

16.5 x 16.5

20.3

92

21. 5x 21.5

60

16.8

131

18 x 18

22.8

81

23 x 23

70

19.1

113

20 x 20

25.0

81

23 x 23

80

21.2

113

20 x 20

Th

irty Years

Forty

Years

DBH

Trees

Spacing

Age

DBH

Trees

Spacing

7.

340

11 x 11

10.1

243

13 x 13

40

9.4

276

13 x 13

12.8

191

15 x 15

50

12.0

217

14 x 14

15.2

158

16. 5x 16.5

60

14.3

178

15.5 x 15.5

17.4

134

18 x 18

70

16.4

150

17 x 17

19.4

134

18 x 18

80

18.4

150

17 x 17

Fifty Years

Normal Stand

DBH

Trees

Spacing

Age

DBH

Trees

Spacing

11.8

227

14 x 14

10

14.0

187

15 x 15

20

4.5

880

7x7

16.0

157

16. 5x 16.5

30

7.0

555

9x9

18.0

157

16. 5x 16.5

40

9.4

385

10.5 x 10.5

50

11.8

290

12 x 12

60

14.0

228

14 x 14

70

16.0

180

15 x 15

80

17.9

159

16. 5 x 16.5

18

Age

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Site III

Index 140

First Thinning at Indicated Years

Ten Years

Twenty Years

DBH

Trees

Spacing

Age

DBH

Trees

Spacing

436

10 x 10

10

5.8

332

11 x 11

20

3.4

666

6.5x 6.5

8.8

245

13 x 13

30

6 . 2

428

10 x 10

11.5

194

15 x 15

40

8.7

309

12 x 12

13.9

160

16.5 x 16.5

50

11.0

241

13 x 13

16.1

137

18 x 18

60

13.1

197

15 x 15

18.1

118

19 x 19

70

15.1

167

16 x 16

20.0

118

19 x 19

80

16.9

167

16 x 16

Thirty Years

Forty

Years

DBH

Trees

Spacing

Age

DBH

Trees

Spacing

10

20

5.5

520

9x9

30

7.9

367

11 x 11

40

7.4

414

10 x 10

10.1

283

12 x 12

50

9.5

313

11 x 11

12.1

230

14 x 14

60

11.5

253

13 x 13

14.0

190 '

15 x 15

70

13.3

204

15 x 15

15.8

190

15 x 15

80

15.0

204

15 x 15

Fifty Years Normal Stand

DBH

Trees

Spacing

Age

DBH

Tree s

Spacing

20

3.4

1460

5.5x 5.5

30

5.5

865

7 x 7

40

7 .4

585

9x9

9.3

330

115 x 11 .5

50

9.3

430

10 x 10

11.2

264

13 x 13

60

11.1

337

11 x 11

13.0

223

14 x 14

70

12.8

274

12.5 x 125

14.6

223

14 x 14

80

14.3

232

14 x 14

19

Site IV

Index 110

First Thinning at Indicated Years

Ten to Twenty Years

Thirty Years

Age

DBH

Trees

Spacing

Age

DBH

Trees

Spac ing

10-20

436

10 x 10

30

6.6

388

10. 5 x 10.5

30

3.9

864

7x7

40

8.5

305

12 x 12

40

5.7

592

8x8

50

10.3

248

13 x 13

50

7.4

441

10 x 10

60

12.0

212

14 x 14

60

9.0

357

11 x 11

70

13.5

190

15 x 15

70

10.4

303

12 x 12

80

14.8

190

15 x 15

80

11.7

303

12 x 12

Forty Years

Fifty Years

Age

DBH

Trees

Spac ing

Age

DBH

Trees

Spac ing

20

20

30

30

40

5.5

643

8x8

40

50

7.1

484

9x9

50

7.0

659

8x8

60

8.6

394

10.5 x 10.5

60

8.5

500

9x9

70

9.9

337

11 x 11

70

9.8

405

10 x 10

80

11.1

337

11 x 11

80

10.9

345

11 x 11

Normal

Stand

Age

DBH

Trees

Spacing

20

2.2

3069

4x4

30

3.9

1472

5x5

40

5.5

927

7x7

50

7.0

659

8x8

60

8.5

500

9x9

70

9.8

405

10 x 10

80

10.9

345

11 x 11

20

PROCEDURES

For the establishment and measurement of Thinning Sample
Plots .

The use of this condensation should be preceded by a study
of the procedures in full.

PLOT TYPES

The system will require the use of a minimum of two 1/10
acre circular plots on each thinning area. One will be a
permanent control plot. One will be a permanent sample
plot .

The Permanent Control Plot should be located within
the body of the stand to be thinned in a position
which represents an average of stand conditions,
type, site, aspect, and slope. The 1/10 acre plot
is to have a buffer strip surrounding it of not
less than 50 feet in width. See Exhibit g.

The 1/10 acre Permanent Sample Plot is to be estab-
lished at a selected location within the thinning
area. See Exhibit g. The location should be repre-
sentative of the average stand, however, the plot
should be free of large openings.

PHOTOGRAPHIC RECORDS

Establish equidistant about the perimeter of each permanent
plot four permanent photographic reference points. Dupli-
cate photographs should be taken immediately before and
immediately after thinning. At the same times photograph
crown closure from the plot center. See Exhibits i, j.

PROCEDURES

Plot description, data, measurements, and procedures will
be taken under the following adaptation of the Permanent
Sample Plot procedure as set forth in the Outline of Forest
Inventory Procedure dated June 1959. Data will be recorded
on Form Al-159. Omit items (6), (7), (8), (9), (10), (11),
(12), (18), (19), (26) and (27) by entering the proper number
of zeros in data spaces.

21

RECORDATION

(1) (2)

(3) Record in office.

(4)

Kind of Plot. Record as a single-digit code as
follows:

5. Permanent BLM Control Plot

6. Permanent BLM Sample Plot

(5)

Stand Age. Record as a three-digit code on each
plot card. A specific stand age is assigned to
each even-aged plot stand. Stand age is the actual
age as determined from the subsequent measurement
of selected trees. See (20) and (14) Site Tree.

(6)

Volume Stratum. Record as zero.

(7)

Local Type. Record as zero zero zero.

(8)

Stand-size Class. Record as zero.

(9)

Stocking. Record as zero.

*(10)

Understory Stocking. Record as zero.

*(n)

Under story Species. Record as zero.

*(12)

Past Cutting Record. Record as zero.

(13)

Site. Record site index not site as a three-
digit code as follows:

Actual site index - to nearest foot.

Determine this from the averaged data recorded
under Site Tree.

(14)

Not Coded. All items in the block are to be filled

out on each permanent plot record card.

Photo No. List the photo project symbol, the
flight and print number.

T. R. S. Township, range and section in which
the plot is located.

Plot R. P. Establish a plot reference point by
selecting a prominent cultural or topographic
feature within a reasonable distance of the

22

plot. See Exhibit k. Identify on the photo-
graph by a pinprick a nearby tree as the begin-
ning point to the plot. Attach an aluminum
plot reference tag to the tree at a height on
the bole which ordinarily will be below stump
height if the tree is cut. To facilitate
relocation attach a second tag at a point
higher on the bole where it will be readily
visible. The second tag need not bear refer-
ence data. Record on the lower tag the symbol
"RP1', plot number, bearing, and measured distance
to the plot. Example:

RP

010-0
N23°E
10.35 ch.

Pinprick the plot position on the photograph
and project connecting lines to RP.

Enter on the back of the photograph and on
the plot record the following information:

SP . - species of the plot reference tree.

DBH - Diameter of the plot reference tree.

Dist . - measured distance from the R.P. to
the plot.

Brg. fr. R.P. - record to nearest degree
the bearing from the R.P. to the plot.

Peel . - record the local declination used

to take bearings.

Sp. Ref. - establish the 1/10 acre plot by
setting a permanent marker at the plot
center. Select two live trees near the
plot center as witness trees. (For
permanent sample plots, these should be
trees which are unlikely to be cut.) The
trees chosen should vary in bearing from
the plot center by at least 60 degrees.

On each plot witness tree attach, facing
the plot center, an aluminum reference tag
at the DBH point. Designate on each tag

23

the plot number, the bearing and distance
in feet from the witness tree to the plot
center. Example: permanent control plot
nine:

009-0
N32°W
15 1

Permanent sample plots will be numbered
as was the case with subplots under the
inventory procedure system. Example,
permanent control plot number nine,
adjacent permanent sample plot number
one:

009-1
N32°W
15 1

Additional permanent sample plots, if
any, will be numbered consecutively.

On the plot record card, list for each
witness tree, the species, DBH, distance
to the plot center in feet and the bearing.

Supplement the plot reference data with
a sketch map of the area showing existing
and proposed roads in relation to plot
location. This map is to be revised as
road construction progresses in the area.

Site Tree - three site tree measurements
are required for each plot. Measure the
heights of three of the tallest dominant trees
on the plot. Average these measurements for
recorded height. Measure the actual age of
these trees and record the average age.
Individual measurements for these trees are
to be recorded under (20) and (25) . These
instructions are intended primarily for use
with the predominant species of the stand.

Estimator - print full names of all crew
member s .

Date - record month, day and year of plot
establishment .

24

Slope - measure average slope of the 1/10
acre on topographic abney. If two
distinct slopes are found on a subplot,
record the average.

Aspect - record one of the following aspects:
NE, E, SE, S, SW, W, NW, W, or level (less
than 4 on a topographic abney) .

Plot rad. - record the plot radius in feet,

O&C, CBWR„ PD - record the ownership class
of the land on which the plot is estab-
lished.

Distances must be taped and corrected for slope.
This applies to the determination of the plot
boundary and not to the mapping of individual
trees .

The radius of a horizontal 1/10 acre circular
plot is 37.2 feet. An increase in slope will
change the shape of the plot on the slope to that
of an ellipse. The following table gives the
slope radius to be used in measuring 1/10 acre
circular horizontal plots.

Topog . Plot Radii %

0

37.2

0

4

37.3

6

8

37.5

12

12

37.8

18

16

38.3

24

20

38.9

30

24

39,6

36

28

40.4

42

32

41.4

48

36

42.4

55

40

43.5

61

44

44.7

67

48

46.0

73

52

47.4

79

56

48.8

85

60

50.2

91

64

51.8

97

66

52.6

100

25

(10) (11) (12) Tree Class. This will be used for all species.
Record in the left hand margin adjacent to column
(15) as a three-digit code using the following
classification:

The first digit will denote canopy position; the
second, stem quality; the third, crown condition.

The four canopy classes are:

1. Dominant 2. Codominant

3. Intermediate 4. Suppressed

The three stem classes are:

1. Good stem 2. Slightly defective stem
3. Very defective stem

The stem quality should be viewed in respect to that
most desirable in the ultimate crop tree.

The three crown classes are:

1. Good crown 2. Fair crown 3. Poor crown

Canopy class described crown position, crown class
describes crown condition found in each canopy class.

Examples of Coding:

A codominant tree having a good stem and a
fair crown would be coded 212.

An intermediate tree having decay in the stem
and a poor crown would be coded 333.

A suppressed tree having a badly scarred stem,
but with an excellent crown considering its
canopy class would be coded 431.

(15) Tree Number . Each plot will be oriented to the

north. The upper-right quadrant of the plot will
always be the NE quadrant and all trees will be
tallied by quadrants in sequence clockwise from
the north. Measure and identify each live tree
tallied, 5.0” DBH and larger, with a numbered
aluminum tag placed at DBH (4.5') measured from
the "up-hill" side of the tree, each tag facing
the plot center. Record consecutively as a three-
digit code.

26

Example: tree number 12

record as 012.

Each tree so numbered is to be mapped in place on
the Tree Position Plot Diagram. See Exhibit h,
page 80, Start in the NE quadrant and proceed
clockwise. Each tree’s position will be indicated
on the map by its indiv^^pal. number circled.

Thus: tree number 12 fl2J See Exhibit nl .

If trees to be cut in thinning have been marked
prior to the time of initial measurement of the
permanent sample plot, then the marked trees will
be measured concurrently with the trees with which
they are intermingled. The data will be recorded
on the same sheet. The tree numbers of marked trees
will be preceded by an X on the data sheet.

See Exhibit n, page 37 , Thus: X 012 . Super-

impose an X over the circled tree number on the
tree position diagram and follow with the date.

Thus: QvJ 1960. Place the tree identification
tag beTcJw probable stump height.

In a plot established after thinning, the stumps of
trees which have been cut will be mapped and dated
as of time of cutting. Thus: yK') 1958.

A number will be assigned preceded by an X on the
data sheet and stump DIB will be recorded as DBH
for these missing trees. No other items will be
recorded. All required data will be secured for
live trees. Plot history will include the average
per acre volume of the material removed from the
stand as a whole in the first cutting.

No measurements will be taken for trees which are
dead at the time of establishment of permanent plots
since it is the subsequent development of the living
trees which will be studied. Trees which die or are
windthrown after the establishment of permanent plots
are to be identified as dead and fully accounted for
at the time of remeasurement.

Precommercial thinning in the very small dbh classes
imposes conditions not anticipated when the sampling
procedures were devised. The 5 inch dbh minimum tree
measurement limitation is too restrictive to enable
dealing adequately with stands composed of very small
stems. In order to obtain representative data the
dbh measurement standard must be reduced.

27

DOUGLAS -FIR

Control Plot . On the N.E. quadrant of the plot,
count the total number of live trees estimated to
be \\ inches dbh and over. Tally the count by one
inch dbh classes. Derive the average dbh. Do not
use tree position map.

Sample Plot ♦ Before thinning count the total number
of live trees on the N.E. quadrant of the plot esti-
mated to be \\ inches dbh and over. Tally the count
by one inch dbh classes. Derive the average dbh.

For all quadrants tag, measure and record data for
all residual trees of \\ inches dbh, and over. Map
position of residual trees. Do not,, map position of
trees cut in thinning.

PONDEROSA PINE

Control Plot ♦ On the N. E. quadrant of the plot,
count the total number of live trees estimated to
be .6 inch dbh and over. Tally the count by one
inch dbh classes. Derive the average dbh. Do not
map tree positions.

Sample Plot . Before thinning count the total number
of live trees on the N. E. quadrant of the plot esti-
mated to be .6 inch dbh and over. Tally the count by
one inch dbh classes. Derive the average dbh.

For all quadrants tag, measure and record data for
all residual trees of .6 inches dbh and over. Map
position of residual trees. Do not map position
of trees cut in thinning.

(16)

Species . Record as a two-digit code using the following
code:

01 Douglas- fir

11 Ponder osa pine

12 Jeffrey pine

13 Sugar pine

14 Western white pine

15 Lodgepole pine
24 Knobcone pine
26 White bark pine
31 White fir

32 Shasta red fir

33 Grand fir

34 Pacific silver fir

35 Noble fir

36 Subalpine fir

41 Engelmann spruce

42 Sitka spruce

46 Brewers spruce

47 Mountain hemlock

28

(17)

(18)

(20)

48

Western hemlock

76

Maple

51

Incense cedar

77

Willow

52

Alaska cedar

81

Black oak

53

Port Orford cedar

84

Canyon live oak

54

Western red cedar

86

Oregon white oak

55

Western larch

87

Tan oak

56

Alpine larch

91

California laurel

62

Pacific yew

93

Golden chinquapin

63

Western juniper

94

Madrone

71

Alder

95

Dogwood

72

Ash

96

Sycamore

75

Cottonwood

98

All other hardwood

DBH

. Measure all diameters

to 1

the nearest 0.1" and

record as a four-digit code, i.e., a 10. 5M DBH tree
would be coded as 0105 , a 30.5” DBH would be 0305 ,
a 6.5" DBH would be 0065 .

Merch . Class . Record as zero.

Actual Age . For each plot determine total age of
three tallest dominant trees. Record each tree's
age in three digits. Record average age of these
trees under site tree (14) . Also record the average
age under (5) .

See site tree (14)

See Item (25)

(21) C .D . (Cause of Death) Only when remeasurements are
made, tally cause of death for all trees which have
died since the initial measurements, using the follow-
ing codes:

0 Live tree

1 Insect-killed tree

2 Disease-killed tree
Fire-killed tree

4 Other cause of death
_8 Windthrow
2 Logging damage

Actual death will probably be due to
secondary causes. However, if such
attacks followed severe logging damage,
such damage will be considered the primary
cause of death.

(22) Keen Class . This crown classification system was designed
for and has specific application to ponderosa pine. How-
ever, we believe it adaptable to other pine species for

29

descriptive purposes. Record as a two-digit code
for all species of pine using the following classi-
fication:

Keen Class

11- 1A

31-3A

12-1B

32-3B

13- 1C

33-3C

14- 1D 34- 3D

21-2A 41-4A

22-2B

42-4B

23-2C

43-4C

24- 2D

44-4D

CM3-A11 dead trees (applies only to pine and
at time of remeasurement)

99-All species other than pine

(23) Tree Condition. Record as a two-digit code using
the following classifications:

00 Tree dead
99 Tree okay

01 Bark-beetle attack (western pine beetle, mountain
pine beetle, Douglas- fir beetle, Engraver beetle,
etc .)

02 Other insect attack

03 Conks

04 Mistletoe and/or witches-broom
03 Blister rust

06 Other disease and rot

07 Multiple stem

08 Fire scar

09 Forked top

10 Top dead or dying (spike top)

11 Top out

12 Lightning struck

13 Logging damage

14 Winter injury

15 Other mechanical injury

(24) Risk. Record risk as a one-digit code for all trees
5.0" and larger DBH.

0 Dead tree

1 Dying tree - one which will probably die within
the next ten years

2 Weak tree - one of declining vigor, but which will
probably not die within the next ten years

3 Thrifty tree - one of apparent good vigor and show
ing no indications of a dangerous decline

30

(25) Total Height Feet . For each plot measure total
height of three tallest dominant trees. Also,
record average height of these trees under Site
Tree (14) . See instructions Site Tree (14)

Time permitting, important supplemental measure-
ments of actual tree heights can be obtained at
the time marked trees are cut on the sample plots.

The data should be recorded by tree number on the
tally sheet.

(26) Defect by Log Position . Record as zero 1, 2, 3,

4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9.

(27) Percent Merch. Record as zero.

(28) Radial Growth . Radial growth borings will be taken

on all live trees 5!' DBH or over at DBH on the side
of the tree facing the plot center and will be meas-
ured for the last 10 years to the nearest l/20th (.05)
inch. This will be recorded as a three-digit code as
follows: 10-year radial growth of 1.05 inches would

be coded 105 , radial growth of 0.65 inches would be
coded 065, etc.

(29) Bark Measurement . For all trees recorded for Radial
Growth (28), measure bark thickness to the nearest
1/20 (.05) inch. If possible measure bark thickness
on the side of the tree facing the plot center at
approximately DBH. Record single bark thickness as

a three-digit code. For example, if the bark thickness
was 1.95'1, it would be recorded as 195 .

(30) Under story Stocking. Record as zeros.

31

32

Permanent Plot Layout

Exhibit g

33

Photograph Orientation

Permanent

Picture Points [§]

Direction of Photographs

Exhibit i

34

Photograph Orientation

Crown Closure
N

Camera setup

Exhibit j

35

UNITED STATES

DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
BUREAU OF LAND MANAGEMENT
State Office

TREE POSITION PLOT DIAGRAM
Plot No. 0/0—/

Geographic Stratum (FMA) / / / District So

Recorder C < $• m • //? Date / 2~ ~~ (& — O

Scale 1" = 15 feet

Record all live trees over 5" DBH

Legend

Plot trees - tree number circled (l2)

Marked trees - X over tree number and dated (^) 1960

Stumps - X over tree number and dated (^)) 1960

Exhibit nl

36

SUBPLOT RECORD

UNITED STATES

DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
BUREAU OF LAND MANAGEMENT

Form No, Al-159 FIRST MEASUREMENT

October, 1957 /4 f icy trtarK y before, cuf-ting

(1) Plot Number

(2) County

(3) Geo. Stratum (FMA)

(4) Kind of Plot

(5) Stand Age

(6) Volume Stratum

(7) Local Type

(8) St. Size Class

(9) Stocking

(10) Under story Stocking

(11) Understory Species

XXX-X 0/0-
XX

XXX t t /

X

XXX 4-2L

X

XXX

X

X

XX

XX OQ

L (12) Past Cutting Record X 0
(13) Site XX /3 «g

(14) Not. Coded

/V? JOS

Photo No. 2.C A-l T.Z? N R.^H/S. !7
Plot RP:Sp. of DBH 1C' Dist. / ( > 3 S~ Ch
Brg.fr. RP /V&.^gPlot Brg.j — Peel. 2/ *7
SP.Ref :Sp. Ot DBH /^rFt.Brg. -£4± &
SP.Ref :Sp. 0/ DBH Z-£'-/‘>t-ttrgT v' o 70 C
Site Tree :Sp. <2_J_ Ht. 73 & Age & 2-
Estimator s**,/ /4, /Gray” Date <4 -ao

Slope 20 Aspect /V/^ Plot Rad. 3T.2'
O&C, CBWR, PD

/r

ALL TREES 5.0" DBH ♦

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