TEXAS TECH UNIVERSITY Natural Science Research Laboratory Occasional Papers Museum of Texas Tech University Number 279 30 October 2008 Dragonfly (Odonata: Anisoptera) Holdings of the Museum of Texas Tech University Bryan A. Reece and Nancy E. McIntyre Abstract Specimens of dragonflies held in the Museum of Texas Tech University were reviewed. Prior to our work, this collection had only been partially sorted and not cataloged. Most specimens are from the state of Texas, with fewer individuals having been collected from other states and countries. The holdings for Texas include some undersampled areas. A total of 54 new county records were uncovered for the state of Texas. Key words: Anisoptera, dragonfly, Museum of Texas Tech University, Odonata Introduction Dragonflies and damselflies (Insecta: Odonata) appear to be useful as bioindicators, with members of the suborder Anisoptera (dragonflies) being the focus of attention in studies of diversity and ecological health (Oertli et al. 2002). Because of the increasing importance attributed to presence/absence or diversity of species of the aniospteran fauna in natural areas, it is obviously important to have a good understanding of the distribution and diversity of species of these insects. The state of Texas has a wide variety of suit¬ able habitats that support large populations of odonate insects and recent work by Abbott (2005a, 2006,2007, 2008) has provided new data on distributions. How¬ ever, because of undersampling, many of the odonate communities around the state remain unknown. Recent surveys have focused attempts on sampling the as¬ semblages of odonates inhabiting the Southern High Plains (Abbott 2001,2005b; Abbott et al. 2003; Reece and McIntyre, in press), an area identified as needing additional collecting to more completely document existing biodiversity. However, a valuable resource has been over¬ looked in previous documentation: the holdings of the Natural Science Research Laboratory (NSRL) at the Museum of Texas Tech University (TTU). Until recently, access to this resource has not been easily available and thus it has been underutilized. Therefore, an analysis of dragonfly species housed at the Museum of TTU was conducted. 2 Occasional Papers, Museum of Texas Tech University Methods The odonate collection at the NSRL had not been previously sorted and cataloged systematically, thereby limiting its potential utility. During 2006-2007, drag¬ onfly specimens were sorted into two groups: 1) those with firm identifications, and 2) those as yet unidenti¬ fied. Unidentified specimens were identified using Needham et al. (2000) and, when possible, specimens were cross-referenced with vouchers identified by M. J. Westfall Jr. (also housed at the Museum of TTU). Species were then tabulated and organized based on taxonomic relationship and collection locality. Indi¬ vidual specimens were given a unique TTU-Z catalog number with corresponding barcode for quick specimen tracking and are housed in the Invertebrate Zoology Collection of the Museum of TTU. Results Most specimens housed in the collection were collected in the state of Texas, although additional states and other countries also are represented (Ap¬ pendix I). The Museum of TTU contains 29 species representing collecting localities from 52 counties in Texas (Fig. 1), with collecting dates ranging from the 1920’s to 2008. Fifty-four specimens representing 21 species were previously unreported from the counties in which they were collected in Texas (Appendix II), although for some records, specific locality data were not available. The largest number of specimens and species in the collection were obtained from habitats in Kimble and Lubbock counties. The large number of samples for these two counties is likely due to the proximity to the two Texas Tech University campuses in Junction, Texas (Kimble Co.) and Lubbock, Texas (Lubbock Co.). Although these specimens represent several previously undocumented records for these counties, all species that were identified in our study do occur relatively near or within their known distributions. In total, 398 specimens of458 individuals were identified to species in this investigation; the remainder could only be identified to genus or family. Discussion The specimens representing the Odonata housed in the invertebrate collection at the Museum of TTU were collected from only 52 of the 254 counties in Texas. However, these holdings cover much of the state, particularly the Southern High Plains, and there¬ fore are useful in understanding the distributions of dragonflies in this area. The large number of county records reiterates the fact that this area has been un¬ dersampled and further studies in this region are likely to advance our understanding of the diversity of this important group of insects. Furthermore, by making this information available, it can be utilized by other researchers in the future. Acknowledgments We thank James Cokendolpher and Mary Belden for their assistance (Invertebrate Zoology Collec¬ tion, Museum of TTU) and John Abbott (University of Texas, Austin) for helpful discussion during the processing of specimens. Comments from several reviewers improved the manuscript. Reece and McIntyre—Dragonfly Holdings of the TTU Museum 3 Figure 1. Map of the counties of Texas from which odonates were collected and deposited into the Natural Science Research Laboratory (NSRL) at the Museum of Texas Tech University. Literature Cited Abbott, J. C. 2001. Distribution of dragonflies and dam- selflies (Odonata) in Texas. Transactions of the American Entomological Society 127:199-228. Abbott, J. C. 2005a. Dragonflies and damselflies of Texas and the south-central United States: Texas, Louisi¬ ana, Arkansas, Oklahoma, and New Mexico. Princ¬ eton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey. Abbott, J. C. 2005b. New and notable records of Odonata from Texas. Southwestern Entomologist 30:169- 174. Abbott, J. C., editor. 2006. Dragonflies and damselflies (Odonata) of Texas. Volume 1. Odonata Survey of Texas, Austin, Texas. Abbott, J. C., editor. 2007. Dragonflies and damselflies (Odonata) of Texas. Volume 2. Odonata Survey of Texas, Austin, Texas. Abbott, J. C., editor. 2008. Dragonflies and damselflies (Odonata) of Texas. Volume 3. Odonata Survey of Texas, Austin, Texas. Abbott, J. C., R. A. Behrstock, and R. R. Larsen. 2003. Notes on the distribution of Odonata in the Texas Panhandle, with a summary of new state and county records. Southwestern Naturalist 48:444-448. Needham, J. G., M. J. Westfall, Jr., and M. L. May. 2000. Dragonflies of North America. Scientific Publish¬ ers, Inc., Gainesville, Florida. 939 pp. Oertli, B., D. A. Joye, E. Castella, R. Juge, D. Cambin, and J.-B. Lachavanne. 2002. Does size matter? The relationship between pond area and biodiversity. Biological Conservation 104:59-70. Reece, B. A., and N. E. McIntyre. In press. New county records of Odonata of the playas of the Southern High Plains, Texas. Southwestern Naturalist. 4 Occasional Papers, Museum of Texas Tech University Addresses of authors: Bryan A. Reece Nancy E. McIntyre Department of Biological Sciences Texas Tech University Lubbock, TX 79409-3131 USA b.reece@ttu.edu Department of Biological Sciences Texas Tech University Lubbock, TX 79409-3131 USA nancy. mcintyre@ttu. edu Reece and McIntyre—Dragonfly Holdings of the TTU Museum 5 Appendix I Anisoptera holdings at the Museum of Texas Tech University. Species are presented in alphabetical order with number of specimens, collection location, and TTU-Z catalog numbers indicated. Country is the United States unless otherwise indicated in all capital letters. Family Aeshnidae Anaxjunius (Drury) (55).—Kansas: Pawnee Co. (31208). Oklahoma: Delaware Co. (31277). Pennsylvania: Lu¬ zerne Co. (30986). Texas: (31233); Archer Co. (22445,22456); Baylor Co. (22444); Bexar Co. (22432); Briscoe Co. (31212, 31214); Carson Co. (31218); Childress Co. (31213, 31216, 31217, 31241); Clay Co. (22418, 22458, 22460); Crosby Co. (31226); Culberson Co. (35288); Dickens Co. (31224, 31225); Colorado Co. (31211, 31236); Hale Co. (31228); Hemphill Co. (31234, 31238); Kaufman Co. (31229, 31230); Lubbock Co. (22390,22440,31207,31209,31210,31220,31221,31237,31239,31240,31242, 31243,31246,31260,39797); Lynn Co. (31235,31244,31245); Moore Co. (32005); Motley Co. (31215); Parmer Co. (31219); Randall Co. (31223) Scurry Co. (31227); Swisher Co. (31222, 31232); Wichita Co. (22462). Boyeria vinosa (Say) (1).—Pennsylvania: Luzerne Co. (30973). Rhionaeschna confusa (Rambur) (4).—ARGENTINA: Buenos Aires (35001-35004). Rhionaeschna multicolor { Hagen) (14).—New Mexico: Chaves Co. (35268). Texas: Crosby Co. (34945, 35000); Culberson Co. (35795); Jones Co. (34941, 34942); Lubbock Co. (31247, 31258, 34940, 34943, 34944, 34946, 34947) Lynn Co. (31248). Undetermined (1).—Pennsylvania (30980). Family Corduliidae Epitheca ( Tetragoneuria ) petechialis (Muttkowski) (1).—Texas: Lubbock Co. (31231). Family Gomphidae Dromogomphus spinosus (Selys) (1).—Texas: Kimble Co. (22236). Erpetogomphus designatus (Hagen) (4).—Texas: Brown Co. (31284); Kimble Co. (22235); Loving Co. (22233); Lubbock Co. (22234). Gomphus externus (Hagen) (5).—Texas: Kimble Co. (22237-22241). Hagenius brevistylus (Selys) (3).—Texas: Kimble Co. (22230-22232). Octogomphus sp (1).—MEXICO: Nuevo Leon, Sabinas Hidalgo (22451). Stylurusplagiatus (Selys) (2).—Texas: (22242), Kimble Co. (22243). Undetermined (3).—Texas: Kimble Co. (31252, 31254). Washington: Whitman Co. (22449). 6 Occasional Papers, Museum of Texas Tech University Appendix I (cont.) Family Libellulidae Brechmorhoga mendax (Hagen) (2).—Texas: Jones Co. (22463); Kimble Co. (31255). Celithemis eponina (Drury) (1).—Texas: Lubbock Co. (31184). Diplacina braueri (Selys) (1).—PHILIPPINES: Luzon, Pampanga (Magalang) (31261). Diplacodes trivialis (Rambur) (2).—PHILIPPINES: Luzon, Pampanga (Angeles City) (31268, 31269). Dythemis fugax (Hagen) (10).—Texas: Brown Co. (22419, 22434); Crosby Co. (31190, 31191); Kimble Co. (31185, 31186, 31188, 31274); Lubbock Co. (31189); Travis Co. (31187). Dythemis velox (Hagen) (12).—Texas: (31197); Brown Co. (22425); Kimble Co. (31193, 31194, 31198, 31253, 31256, 31257, 32156); Lubbock Co. (31195, 31196), Wichita Co. (22452). Erythemis simplicicollis (Say) (23).—Texas: (22329); Archer Co. (22426); Callahan Co. (31161, 31163); Erath Co. (31159, 31166); Fort Bend Co. (31175); Jones Co. (11568, 22466); Kimble Co. (31167, 31170, 31172, 31174, 31176); Lubbock Co. (31162, 31168, 31169, 31171, 31177); San Patricio Co. (31160, 31164, 31165); Travis Co. (31173). Libellula auripennis (Burmeister) (1).—Mississippi: Harrinson Co. (35764). Libellula comanche (Calvert) (3).—Unknown (34997). Texas: Lubbock Co. (34998); Travis Co. (34999). Libellula croceipennis (Selys) (2).—Texas: Kimble Co. (31205, 31206). Libellulaflavida (Rambur) (1).—Pennsylvania: Luzerne Co. (30974). Libellula luctuosa (Burmeister) (24).—Oklahoma: Payne Co. (31099). Texas: (31100); Childress Co. (31112); Crosby Co. (31114,31119); Erath Co. (31120); Kimble Co. (31101,31104,31108,31110,31116-31118); Lubbock Co. (31027, 31102, 31105, 31113, 31115); Lynn Co. (31109); Randall Co. (31103); Stonewall Co. (31111); Travis Co. (31107); Wichita Co. (22427); Wise Co. (31106). Libellula pulchella (Drury) (7).—Colorado: Weld Co. (31154). Pennsylvania: Columbia Co. (30989). Texas: Briscoe Co. (31158); Crosby Co. (31153); Hall Co. (31157); Lubbock Co. (31155, 31156). Libellula saturata (Uhler) (7).—-New Mexico: Sierra Co. (31200). Texas: Carson Co. (31204); Colorado Co. (31201); Crosby Co. (31203); Culberson Co. (35259); Lubbock Co. (31199); Lynn Co. (31202). Miathyria marcella (Selys) (6).—Texas: Colorado Co. (22328); Fort Bend Co. (22326); San Patricio Co. (22323- 22325, 22327). Neurothemisfluctuans (Fabricius) (1).—PHILIPPINES: Luzon, Pampanga (Magalang) (31262). Neurothemis terminata (Ris) (2).—PHILIPPINES: Luzon, Pampanga (Angeles City) (31265, 31266). Reece and McIntyre—Dragonfly Holdings of the TTU Museum 7 Appendix I (cont.) Orthemisferruginea (Fabricius) (14).—Texas: (31086,31091); Castro Co. (31092); Colorado Co. (31087,31093); Hall Co. (31090); Hidalgo Co. (31096,31097); Kimble Co. (31085,31088,31089); Lubbock Co. (31094); Lynn Co. (31095); Williamson Co. (31083). Orthetrum sabina (Drury) (2).—PHILIPPINES: Luzon, Pampanga (Angeles City) (31263, 31264). Pachydiplax longipennis (Burmeister) (19).—Mississippi: Harrinson Co. (31124). Texas: Brazoria Co. (15099); Crosby Co. (31122); Dickens Co. (31135); Haskell Co. (31123, 31129); Kaufman Co. (31134, 31136); KimbleCo. (31275); Lubbock Co. (15330,31121,31125,31126,31130,31132,31133); Lynn Co. (31128); Scurry Co. (31131); Williamson Co. (31127). Pantala flavescens (Fabricius) (10).—MEXICO: Colima (31137). Texas: (31143, 31144); Brown Co. (22455); Carson Co. (31142); Floyd Co. (31139); Kimble Co. (31140); Lubbock Co. (31138, 31141, 39959). Pantala hymenaea (Say) (9).—-New Mexico: Hidalgo Co. (31147, 31148). Texas: (31145, 31146); Hale Co. (31150); Kimble Co. (31152, 31251); Lubbock Co. (31149, 31151). Perithemis tenera (Say) (24).—Unknown (30943). Ohio: Green Co. (30990-30992). Texas: (30940,30945,31249); Archer Co. (22468); Dickens Co. (30946); Hall Co. (30937-30939); Kimble Co. (30944); Lubbock Co. (30941, 30942, 30947, 30952-30954); Stonewall Co. (30950); Tarrant Co. (30948, 30951); Wichita Co. (22439); Williamson Co. (30949). Plathemis lydia (Drury) (25).—Michigan: Saginaw Co. (30998). Ohio: Green Co. (3100). Pennsylvania: Colum¬ bia Co. (30964). Texas: (31002-31004); Callahan Co. (30995); Clay Co. (22441); Crosby Co. (30960); Dallas Co. (30955, 31001); Hall Co. (30962, 30963, 30993, 30999); Scurry Co. (30996, 30997); Taylor Co. (30958); Wichita Co. (22459). Sympetrum sp. (9).—Colorado: Larimer Co. (35271, 35278). Michigan: Saginaw Co. (22349,22351-22354, 22357). Pennsylvania: Luzerne Co. (30981). Sympetrum ambiguum (Rambur) (1).—Texas: (31192). Sympetrum corruptum (Hagen) (74).—New Mexico: Hidalgo Co. (31037, 31038). Texas: (31012, 31013, 31017, 31025, 31031); Archer Co. (22420, 22429); Brown Co. (22417, 22430); Castro Co. (31064); Colorado Co. (31015); Crosby Co. (31028, 31030, 31032, 31036); Fayette Co. (31010); Floyd Co. (31051, 31052, 31055,31058,31061); Hall Co. (31008); Jones Co. (22465); Kimble Co. (31050,31059,31060); Lubbock Co. (22464, 31005, 31007, 31009, 31011, 31014, 31018-31022, 31024, 31026, 31029, 31033-31035, 31039, 31040, 31045, 31046-31048, 31053, 31054, 31056, 31057, 31063, 31065, 31067, 31069); Lynn Co. (31041); Mason Co. (31062); Potter Co. (31049, 31068, 31070); Randall Co. (31980, 34799-34801, 34804); Runnels Co. (31023); Swisher Co. (31016); Wichita (22423). Sympetrum obtrusum (Hagen) (2).—Idaho: Latah Co. (31273); Nez Perce Co. (31271). Sympetrum vicinum (Hagen) (11).—Texas: Brown Co. (31285,31288); Culberson Co. (31291); Erath Co. (22411); Hemphill Co. (31278); Jack Co. (22448); Kaufman Co. (22409); Lubbock Co. (22410, 31276, 31279); Wichita Co. (22467). 8 Occasional Papers, Museum of Texas Tech University Appendix I (cont.) Tramea lacerata (Hagen) (13).—Texas: Bexar Co. (22437); Brown Co. (22435); Clay Co. (22454,22461); Crosby Co. (31073, 31079); Kendall Co. (31071, 31075); Lubbock Co. (31072, 31074, 31076-31078). Tramea onusta (Hagen) (8).—Texas: Brown Co. (22447); Gonzales Co. (31182); Jones Co. (34939); Lubbock Co. (31179, 31180, 31183); Parmer Co. (31181); Stephens Co. (31178). Tramea sp. (1).—MEXICO: Coahuila (22370). Undetermined (36).—Unknown (22368). ARGENTINA: Misiones Province (30969), ECUADOR: Napo Prov¬ ince (22414,22416); Pastaza Province (22412). HONDURAS: Chaloma (22413). MEXICO: Coahuila (22372, 35762); Colima (22369, 22415); Tamaulipas (22450). Colorado: Larimer Co. (22348). Idaho: Latah Co. (30988). Michigan: Saginaw Co. (22350, 22355, 22356). Mississippi: Harrison Co. (35276, 35309, 35313, 35314, 35317, 35321, 35737, 35738, 35739, 35740, 35741, 35765, 35799); Jackson Co. (35772). Texas: Brewster Co. (22428); Culberson Co. (35287, 35291, 35295, 35302, 35322). Reece and McIntyre— Dragonfly Holdings of the TTU Museum 9 Appendix II Species collected in Texas held at the Museum of Texas Tech University. New county records are indicated by bold type. County Species Archer Baylor Anax junius (Drury) Erythemis simplicicollis (Say) Sympetrum corruption (Hagen) Perithemis tenera (Say) Anax junius (Drury) Bexar Brazoria Anax junius (Drury) Tramea lacerata (Hagen) Briscoe Pachydiplax longipennis (Burmeister) Brown Anax junius (Drury) Libellula pulchella (Drury) Callahan Dythemis fugax (Hagen) Dythemis velox (Hagen) Erpetogomphus desginatus (Hagen) Pantala flavescens (Fabricius) Sympetrum corruptum (Hagen) Sympetrum vicinum (Hagen) Tramea lacerata (Hagen) Tramea onusta (Hagen) Carson Erythemis simplicicollis (Say) Plathemis lydia (Drury) Castro Anax junius (Drury) Libellula saturata (Uhler) Pantala flavescens (Fabricius) Childress Orthemis ferruginea (Fabricius) Sympetrum corruptum (Hagen) Clay Anax junius (Drury) Libellula luctuosa (Burmeister) Anax junius (Drury) Plathemis lydia (Drury) Tramea lacerata (Hagen) Colorado Anax junius (Drury) Libellula saturata (Uhler) Miathyria marcella (Selys) Orthemis ferruginea (Fabricius) Sympetrum corruptum (Hagen) 10 Occasional Papers, Museum of Texas Tech University Appendix II (cont.) County Species Crosby Anax junius (Drury) Dythemis fugax (Hagen) Libellula luctuosa (Burmeister) Libellula pulchella (Drury) Libellula saturata (Uhler) Pachydiplax longipennis (Burmeister) Plalhemis lydia (Drury) Rhionaeschna multicolor (Hagen) Sympetrum corruptum (Hagen) Tramea lacerata (Hagen) Culberson Dallas Anax junius (Drury) Libellula saturata (Uhler) Rhionaeschna multicolor (Hagen) Sympetrum corruptum (Hagen) Sympetrum vicinum (Hagen) Dickens Plathemis lydia (Drury) Erath Anax junius (Drury) Pachydiplax longipennis (Burmeister) Per it hem is tenera (Say) Erythemis simplicicollis (Say) Libellula luctuosa (Burmeister) Sympetrum vicinum (Hagen) Fayette Sympetrum corruptum (Hagen) Floyd Pantala flavescens (Fabricius) Sympetrum corruptum (Hagen) Fort Bend Gonzales Erythemis simplicicollis (Say) Miathyria marcella (Selys) Hale Tramea onusta (Hagen) Hall Anax junius (Drury) Pantala hymenaea (Say) Haskell Libellula pulchella (Drury) Orthemis ferruginea (Fabricius) Perithemis tenera (Say) Plathemis lydia (Drury) Sympetrum corruptum (Hagen) Hemphill Pachydiplax longipennis (Burmeister) Anax junius (Drury) Sympetrum vicinum (Hagen) Reece and McIntyre—Dragonfly Holdings of the TTU Museum 11 Appendix II (cont.) County Species Hidalgo Orthemis ferruginea (Fabricius) Jack Jones Sympetrum vicinum (Hagen) Kaufman Brechmorhoga mendax (Hagen) Etythemis simplicicollis (Say) Rhionaeschna multicolor (Hagen) Sympetrum corruptum (Hagen) Tramea onusta (Hagen) Kendall A mix junius (Drury) Pachydiplax longipennis (Burmeister) Sympetrum vicinum (Hagen) Tramea lacerata (Hagen) Kimble Loving Brechmorhoga mendax (Hagen) Dromogomphus spinosus (Selys) Dythemis fugax (Hagen) Dythemis velox (Hagen) Erpetogomphus desginatus (Hagen) Erythemis simplicicollis (Say) Gomphus externus (Hagen) Hagenius brevistylus (Selys) Libellula croceipennis (Selys) Libellula luctuosa (Burmeister) Orthemis ferruginea (Fabricius) Pachydiplax longipennis (Burmeister) Pantala flavescens (Fabricius) Pantala hymenaea (Say) Perithemis tenera (Say) Plathemis lydia (Drury) Stylurusplagiatus (Selys) Sympetrum corruptum (Hagen) Erpetogomphus desginatus (Hagen) Lubbock Anax junius (Drury) Celithemis eponina (Drury) Dythemis fugax (Hagen) Dythemis velox (Hagen) Epitheca (Tetragoneuria) petechialis (Muttkowski) Erpetogomphus desginatus (Hagen) Erythemis simplicicollis (Say) Libellula comanche (Calvert) Libellula luctuosa (Burmeister) Libellula pulchella (Drury) Libellula saturata (Uhler) Orthemis ferruginea (Fabricius) Pachydiplax longipennis (Burmeister) 12 Occasional Papers, Museum of Texas Tech University Appendix II (cont.) County Species Lubbock (cont.) Pantala flavescens (Fabricius) Pantala hymenaea (Say) Per it hem is tenera (Say) Plathemis lydia (Drury) Rhionaeschna multicolor (Hagen) Sympetrum corruptum (Hagen) Sympetrum vicinum (Hagen) Tramea lacerata (Hagen) Tramea onusta (Hagen) Lynn Anax junius (Drury) Libellula luctuosa (Burmeister) Libellula saturata (Uhler) Orthemis ferruginea (Fabricius) Pachydiplax longipennis (Burmeister) Rhionaeschna multicolor (Hagen) Sympetrum corruptum (Hagen) Mason Moore Sympetrum corruptum (Hagen) Motley Anctx junius (Drury) Anax junius (Drury) Parmer Potter Anax junius (Drury) Tramea onusta (Hagen) Randall Sympetrum corruptum (Hagen) Runnels Anax junius (Drury) Libellula luctuosa (Burmeister) Sympetrum corruptum (Hagen) San Patricio Sympetrum corruptum (Hagen) Scurry Erythemis simplicicollis (Say) Miathyria marcella (Selys) Anax junius (Drury) Pachydiplax longipennis (Burmeister) Plathemis lydia (Drury) Stephens Tramea onusta (Hagen) Stonewall Libellula luctuosa (Burmeister) Perithemis tenera (Say) Swisher Anax junius (Drury) Sympetrum corruptum (Hagen) Reece and McIntyre—Dragonfly Holdings of the TTU Museum 13 Appendix II (cont.) County Species Tarrant Taylor Perithemis tenera (Say) Plathemis lydia (Drury) Travis Wichita Dythemis fugax (Hagen) Erythemis simplicicollis (Say) Libellula comanche (Calvert) Libellula luctuosa (Burmeister) Williamson A it ax junius (Drury) Dythemis velox (Hagen) Libellula luctuosa (Burmeister) Perithemis tenera (Say) Plathemis lydia (Drury) Sympetrum corruptum (Hagen) Sympetrum vicinum (Hagen) Wise Orthemis ferruginea (Fabricius) Pachydiplax longipennis (Burmeister) Perithemis tenera (Say) Libellula luctuosa (Burmeister) Publications of the Museum of Texas Tech University Institutional subscriptions are available through the Museum of Texas Tech University, attn: NSRL Publications Secretary, Box 43191, Lubbock, TX 79409-3191. Individuals may also purchase separate numbers of the Occasional Papers directly from the Museum of Texas Tech University. ISSN 0149-175X Museum of Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409-3191