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Salut INSTIT SAIYY INSTIT S31uy INSTIT 3 Pe Cade [i is V} UU ey it Ms i Hohl eyut Cols Se iregT ' ' ‘ vot ' * oo: r / WILLIAM H. DALL " SECTIONAL LIBRARY DIVISION OF MOLLUSKS 1968 FERS 1979 LIBRARIES . - ‘ ; ‘ 7 -_ 1 n 7 rr 12 au th Cs _ Am i - | : < jl 7 t ont , t i 5 : ' = ni - = uF ' | = r 7 r ] ' if p - ' } 5 ‘ ad 7 . { ' 5 2 ‘ 5 7 5 ’ a - 7 i ie a e i , q - ' - a = BO ' 4 - : t : y : : S i - ' ra ti ni | - Vr , it a 7 f = i 7 i re ' ' ‘ ¥ fe fi | _* a n 5 e | ™ ree 7 me H 7 7 ‘ t - ' 7 \ ‘ i t 7 a 7 = i i a ne fo y ~ i> q n a hes ; ae : , 7 i i - te = : | i 1 7 ‘ te n { . q . q m i q os D 2 - j q - a a - a / Ses : : ] r} 4 = i 4 ; [ : 0 i un LT = oH p fo ato Fi = n : in G ‘ : f iY i c ' : i q ‘ t , ‘ - ‘ i ‘ ' 1 A : f - i evince. ay = : ,- : ‘ A r i 8 i ca. a " 7 Va 7 _ j : _ x f ki 5 : pI) ) yy q 0} ' ‘ : 7 t — : i q - ‘ 1 iy : i e ' 1 i n A WESTERN SOCIETY OF MALACOLOGISTS, INC. Official Publication of the Western Society of Malacologists, Inc. (Founded 1968) San Diego, California Issued Yearly Distribution Limited to Members Only WSM, FIRST ANNUAL MEETING 1968 OFFICERS David K. Mulliner : at _.. President Mrs. Fay Wolfson Ist Vice President Edwin C. Allison ee 2nd Vice President Mrs. Bernadine Hughes. .... : Secretary Mrs. Helen DuShane wa Treasurer FIRST ANNUAL MEETING OF THE WESTERN SOCIETY OF MALACOLOGISTS Summary of the Conference The first annual meeting of the Western Society of Malacologists was held at Asilomar, Pacific Grove, Calif., June 19-22, 1968. Registration was conducted in the main lounge of the Administration Building, from 10:00 a.m. to 1:30 p.m. The Convention was officially opened at 2:00 p.m. by President David kK. Mulliner, who welcomed members and guests, and introduced the off- cers of this new association. All programs were held in Merrill Hall. The honor of the opening address of the new Society was accorded to Dr. A. Myra Keen, Dept. of Geology, Stanford University. Dr. Keen explained the reasons for setting up the new Society of Malacologists. High on the list of aims of the Western Society of Malacologists is the resolve to include students interested in the field of malacology. To encourage them to take an active part, the Society waived the registration fee, and provided lunch for the students on the day they appeared on the program. Towards this goal, the W-S-M presented the first of the “Stu- dent Papers” contest, with prizes of $25 and $15. Mr. Crawford Cate in- troduced the contestants. Dr. A. Myra Keen, Dr. Albert Mead, Dr. Rudolf Stohler, and Mrs. Fay Wolfson provided an outstanding panel of judges. The papers are listed in the order of their presentation. “Additional Molluscan Evidence for a Late Pleistocene Lake near Winona, Coconino County, Arizona”. George L. Batchelder and Richard D. Reger, Dept. of Geology, Arizona State University (with slides). (See abstract. ) 1st Place Winner “The Ecology of Afacoma inconspicua (Broderip & Sowerby) in Cen- tral San Francisco Bay”. Marilyn T. Vassallo, Calif. State College at Hayward (with slides). (See The Veliger, Volume 11, January, 1969, No. 3, page 223.) 2nd Place Winner “An Investigation of the Commensals of Cryptochiton stelleri ( Mid- dendorff, 1847) in the Monterey Peninsula Area, California’. Steven K. Webster, Dept. of Biological Sciences, Stanford University (with slides). (See The Veliger, Volume 11, October, 1968, No. 2, page 121.) “A Remarkable Nudibranch from the Gulf of California”. Wesley M. Farmer, Dept. of Zoology, Arizona State University (with slides and movie). (See Abstract.) Dr. Judith Terry, Geology Dept., Stanford University, so recently a student, but now in possession of her doctorate, closed the afternoon ses- sion with a “Preliminary Report on the Mollusks Collected by the “Te Vega” from the Panamic Province.” At 7:30 p.m., Mr. Eugene V. Coan, Dept. of Biological Sciences, Stanford University, presented his paper on the “Present State of West American Marine Molluscan Systematics”. (See Abstract.) bo With two such facile speakers as Ted and Betty Phillips, Santa Bar- bara, the audience enjoyed a running commentary, complete with slides, of their recent travels. “Intertidal Collecting Around Australia”. The evening program finished with outstanding underwater movies and slides. “The Twilight Reef”, an undersea documentary of Cosumel, Yucatan, Mexico, furnished by Chuck Nicklin, San Diego “Diving Locker”. Thursday morning was filled by a symposium of “Museum Methods and Techniques”, chaired by Mrs. Beatrice Burch, University of Arizona. Participants, including those who furnished material for the symposium were: Mrs. Beatrice Burch, Dr. G. Bruce Campbell, Dr. William Emerson, Mr. Wesley Farmer, Dr. A. Myra Keen, Dr. James McLean, Mr. Allyn Smith, and Mr. Gale Sphon. Topics: Where the collections are and what a collection is. Type collections. Recording and Cataloguing a collection. Preparation of data and specialized groups in the field. Handling collections in a Museum. Special problems; reconstitution of dried animals for radula preparation, Fossil material, small stuff, photographs. Publication : writing and illustration. Technique: casting and mending. Dr. Myra Keen began the Thursday afternoon session with an illus- trated talk. “Problems and Pitfalls in Searching Type Specimens”. (See Abstract. ) “Additional Notes on Northern California Benthic Invertebrates”. Robert R. Talmadge, California Academy of Sciences (with slides), (See abstract.) Dr. James McLean, Los Angeles County Museum, gave an account, amply illustrated with slides, of a recent field trip: “Molluscan Distribution on the Outer Coast of Baja California’’. Neptune’s Table, the intriguing name of a restaurant on the Wharf in Monterery, was the site of the annual banquet. The glass enclosed dining room allowed us to watch the lights come on up and down the coast. Dr. William K. Emerson, American Museum of Natural History, New York, provided the banquet address. “The Results of the Puritan-American Museum Expedition to West Mexico”, a pictorial account of a field trip down the Mexican coast. | Mrs. Barbara Good, banquet chairman, was assisted by Mrs. Helen DuShane. Packaged favors at each place contained shells from the Panamic area. Friday morning’s agenda began with Dr. Rudolf Stohler, Dept. of Zoology, University of California at Berkeley, taking us backstage in the printing processes with “The Fate of a Manuscript from Author to _Reader’’ (with slides). (See Abstract.) Using both slides and an exhibit, Mr. E. P. Chace, Conchological Club of Southern California and San Diego Shell Club gave us “A Look at Some West Coast Pododemus”’. 3 i Mrs. Fay Wolfson, San Diego Natural History Museum, contributed “Some Inter-relationships at Low Tide: Animal, Vegetable, Mineral”. The morning session closed with an illustrated discourse “The Genera of Living Cypraeidae”’, by Mr. Crawford Cate, Conchological Club of Southern California. (See Abstract.) Dr. Edmund H. Smith, Pacific Marine Laboratories, Dillon Beach, headed up the symposium “Biology of the Molluscs of Tomales Bay in Relation to the Environment”. A majority of the participants were grad- uate students at the above Laboratory. In the absence of Dr. Victor Loosanoff, his paper on “Mariculture” was read by Mr. Ralph G. Johnson. Topics: The Environmental Setting of Tomales Bay — Leslie E. Watling. Community Structure of Tomales Bay — Ralph G. Johnson and John A. Juskevice. Feeding and Gut Morphology in Relation to Habitat in two Potamids — Andrew L. Driscoll. Ciliary Currents in Relation to Sediment Preference in Molluscs — Ed- mund H. Smith. Gametogenic Cycles in the Clams Macoma secta and Macoma nasuta — John S. Tucker. Reproduction of Native and Introduced Oysters in Tomales Bay — V. Kenneth Leonard. Tate of Larvae of the Genus Crassostrea in Tomales Bay — Carl J. Berg. Opportunities for Mariculture in Tomales Bay and Similar Basins — Vic- tor L. Loosanoff. And then, we had “recess time’. For the rest of the afternoon the W-S-M clan scattered. They went shelling, Scuba-ing or shopping, and some even took a nap (to straighten out the lap from the long “Sitting Seizures” endemic to conventions). Mrs. Jean Cate, Conchological Club of Southern California, intro- duced that famous shelling area in “This is Sanibel’. (See Abstract.) In the something-for-everyone category, the W-S-M introduced an “audience participation” evening by way of a Shell Auction, Mr. Ralph Ferguson served as the auctioneer and Mrs. Helen DuShane acted as cashier. Miss Margaret Dewar, Jody Woolsey, and Mr. Paul Hughes were the “runners”. The list of donors and their donations is far, far too long to itemize here. Collectors’ items produced active bidding and the treasury was enriched by $130.00. This sum was earmarked to help defray the expenses of the publication you are now reading. The last day of the Convention held a full schedule. “The Bio- geography of Certain West American Tellinaceans’, by Eugene V. Coan, Dept. of Biological Sciences, Stanford University. (See abstract.) “Adventures in Collecting Land Shells on the West Coast of North America”, by Mrs. Jean Wilkins, Long Beach Shell Club. (See abstract.) Mrs. Jean Cate, Conchological Club of Southern California, presented a “Preview of Five New Species of Mitridae’”. (See abstract.) Dr. Edwin C. Allison, Dept. of Geology, San Diego State College, used both movies and slides to illustrate a “Gulf of California Relics of Past Climates”. MINUTES OF THE FIRST ANNUAL BUSINESS MEETING Of the Western Society of Malacologists The first annual business meeting of the Western Society of Mala- cologists was called to order by the president, Mr. David Kk. Mulliner, on Saturday at 10:45 a.m., June 22, 1968. The minutes of the Executive Board meeting were read and approved. The Treasurer’s report showed a balance, as of June 15, 1968 of $517.28. This statement will be supplemented at a later date, and was approved as presented. The Treasurer was authorized to deposit $75.00 to hold our reservation for the 1969 Convention at Asilomar, California. A membership report shows that since receiving the incorporation charter of January 8, 1968, the organization now has 205 members. This figure represents 191 charter members, and 14 regular and_ student members. The nominating committee, consisting of Gale G. Sphon, Jr., chair- man, Crawford Cate and Helen DuShane, presented the following list of proposed candidates : President Dr. William K. Emerson First Vice-President Dr. A. Myra Keen Second Vice-President. . Mr. Eugene Coan Secretary Mrs. Bernadine Hughes Treasurer Mrs. Forrest Poorman There were no additional nominations from the floor, and the slate of new officers was voted in by unanimous ballot. Petitions authored by Gale G, Sphon, Jr. requesting three changes in the Society’s by-laws were presented at the meeting. Dr. Rudolf Stohler reminded the assembly that any by-law changes must be recorded with State and Federal authorities. It was his stated opinoin that the current by- laws were functional. Mae Dean Richart, as chairman of the by-laws revision committee, explained the proposed changes and gave her recommendations. It seemed unnecessary to change Article X, Section 1, paragraph B, as the present wording indicates any number of people may share an award. A vote rejected the change. The petition suggesting two members-at-large be included on the Executive Board was carried unanimously. The original omission was an oversight of the by-laws committee. Dr. Judith Terry and Miss Betsy Har- rison were selected to fill these vacancies. The proposal to reword Article V, Section 1 to include all past presi- dents as members of the Executive Board was rejected by a unanimous _yote. Mrs. Fay Wolfson presented the motion: That the by-laws commit- tee consider the question of an advisory committee, to include at least all _ past presidents, and present a recommendation to the next annual meeting. _ It was seconded by Gale G. Sphon, Jr., and the motion passed unanimously. Because it was the first meeting of the W-S-M, with no established precedents to follow, there was a discussion from the floor concerning the , publication of the annual bulletin. Mr. Roland R. Taylor moved that the Executive Board be empowered to publish a report of the 1968 Conference, and that the contents of this report depend upon the money available and the judgement of the Executive Board. Motion seconded and passed unani- mously. Mr. Mulliner volunteered to serve as Editor of the first annual edition. After a brief discussion regarding the 1969 dues, the decision was that they would remain at $2.50 per calendar year for regular member ships, and $1.00 per calendar year for the students. A motion was moved, seconded and carried unanimously that the minimum housing conference expenses of the Secretary and Treasurer, and, in this year of heavy organizing duties, also the expenses of the President, be paid out of the funds of the W-S-M. President Mulliner received a round of applause for a job well done. Meeting adjourned. Respectfully submitted, Bernadine Hughes, Secretary ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS READ AT THE 1968 ANNUAL MEETING Additional Molluscan Evidence for a Late Pleistocene Lake near Winona, Coconino County, Arizona In 1929 H. S. Colton (Nautilus, 42) collected 5 aquatic and 4 terres- trial molluscan species from ancient lake sediments deposited when Walnut Creek was apparently dammed as a result of volcanic activity. Collections from a new site have yielded 6 terrestrial and 13 aquatic species. Of the latter, 6 species of Pisidiuwm, and Valvata humeralis, are particularly indicative of a permanent-water habitat. The l’allonia gracili- costa, Valvata, Pisidium subtruncatum and Ferrissia parallela each show progressively divergent northern distributions. Collections from five localities show only 4 of the 13 aquatic molluscs to be still living in the Walnut Creek drainage. The ecological requirements of similar living forms indicate that the fossil aquatic molluscs at Winona (98.9% of the individual organisms) existed in a meandering stream and quiescent pond, with associated marshes or bogs, and were subject to minor seasonal fluctuation. The past occurrence of this habitat, its support of the species with present northern distribution, and the local extinction of some species be- fore modern time all suggest an increase of total moisture and a depression of mean summer temperature in northern Arizona some time in the past. Charcoal found in situ with the molluscs should date these phenomena. Mr. George L. Batchelder Department of Zoology Arizona State University Mr. Richard D. Reger Department of Geology Arizona State University A REMARKABLE NUDIBRANCH FROM THE GULF OF CALIFORNIA by Wesley M. Farmer (read by Gale Sphon) | Mrs. Eva Schroeder of Phoenix, Arizona, brought to my attention a _ Coryphella cynara Marcus, 1967 that was collected by Mrs. Skoglund. The nudibranch came from Cholla Bay, Sonora, Mexico April 13, 1968. It was _ about rocks at a very low tide. The animal was 25 mm long, 7 mm wide _and 88 mm high. The distance across the cephalic tentacles was 32 mm. The most remarkable aspect of this animal is its swimming behavior. The cerata are used in unison in the “rowing movement” (like the breast stroke of swimmers) to propel the animal upward and forward. It appears that all the cerata are brought into play in the backward stroke, for they | spread out as they are brought forward in a bowed manner with the tips pointing posteriorly. With a swift movement nearly all cerata move back and downward, the last ones completing the stroke first, then the middle ones, and finally the anterior cerata, the tips coming to rest under the foot. During this motion the foot is folded straight down the center into a keel- like edge. There is no sideward movement of the body. It appears the motion is entirely in the cerata. The rhinophores tend to move about with the currents when the nudibranch is swimming, while the oral tentacles are apparently folded under the animal. | observed the animal swimming 150 consecutive strokes in 3 minutes 21 seconds, or about .75 strokes per second (45 strokes per minute). This would indicate that the muscles in the cerata were relatively strong, and possibly modified in some manner for swimming. The only other aeolidiform nudibranch displaying swim- ming by a similar means is Aeolidiella alba Risbec, 1928. Slides and a short film were presented demonstrating the method of swimming. read 20 June, 1968 The Present State of West American Marine Molluscan Systematics by Eugene V. Coan Dept. Biol. Sci., Stanford University, Calif. (Abstract) The unique history of West American marine malacology can be out- lined in terms of historical periods. Today the potential of systematics is great, yet it is being severely criticized. With the descriptive period nearly at an end, our task is chiefly one of analysis and classification of pre- viously-described taxa, and this is essential for further development of the field. It is best accomplished by revisions of large groups at a time and makes use of and yields new biological and geological ideas. It is now essen- tial because other biologists are beginning to use molluscan material for various studies. In the West American fauna, revisions are comparatively easy to accomplish, and the nomenclatural system can be adapted to fit our needs. We make use of the biological species concept, functional mor- phology, a multiplicity of characters, and an enlightened methodology of | constructing phylogenies. One should avoid needless collection and the random application of time-consuming statistical methods. The so-called dichotomy between “shell taxonomy” and “soft-part taxonomy” is imaginary. Molluscan systematists should be more aware of fossil species throughout the North Pacific Basin and paleontologists of the biological species concept. All workers should be more careful about the application of important taxonomic and nomen- clatural principles. The serious reexamination that systematics has been undergoing in recent years should not discourage molluscan systematists, of which there are already too few. Both professionals and amateurs have a role to play in increasing the prestige of molluscan systematics. In the next few years, marine molluscan systematics will tell us a great deal about speciation, biogeography, phylogeny, and ecology, and systematics on this coast, well- grounded in taxonomy, will play a major role in the development of this. body of knowledge. PROBLEMS AND PITFALLS IN SEARCHING TYPE SPECIMENS A, Myra Keen Department of Geology, Stanford University (Abstract) Looking for type specimens in old collections requires a good knowl- edge not only of the faunal material being sought but also of the history of the collection itself — how it has been housed and cared for in the past, how often moved, who was in charge, and so on. Labels cannot always be trusted, specimens may have been wrongly associated with others if there were inexperienced curators, or locality data may have been misinter- preted. As example that is especially illustrative has come to light in Tellina pura Gould, 1853. The species was described as from Panama, and from the literature one would assume the type should be in the United States. However, it was not reported in Johnson’s list of Gould types. I found in the general molluscan collection of the British Museum ( Natural History) a specimen under the name T. pura that was marked as having been figured by Reeve from Vancouver Island, British Columbia. Com- pared with Gould’s original figure it proved to be the holotype. The form is a white variant of Macoma aurora ( Hanley, 1844) and is undoubtedly, as originally stated, Panamic. ABSTRACT Additional Notes on Benthic Invertebrates from Northern California by Robert R. Talmadge This brief discussion is intended as an interim report covering a few specific genera and species from my research over the past year. The com- mercial drag-boat fleet operating out of Humboldt Bay continued to give their willing cooperation, often making special efforts to save specimens. Two irregular-shaped masses of hard, dense calcareous mud or rock were brought up from the bottom near Trinidad, California. At the present time, the method by which this formation is formed is a problem for physical oceanographers. Perhaps the most logical theory is that at one time calcareous mud filled in cavities or porous areas in the sea bed. The softer sea bed then wore away, leaving the hard hummocks awaiting the first drag net. A small crepidula was found adhering to this hardened lime- mud and identified by Allyn G. Smith as Verticumbo charybdis (Berry), a Pleistocene Fossil from the Palos Verdes Sands. Woodring, Brameltte, _and Kew found the species quite variable and actually intergraded into a smooth, round shell described as Crepidula orbiculata (Dall), which was commensal on other mollusca. The chain of sculpture variations of the species was completed when a specimen of Crepipatella with sculpture intermediate between the smooth S. orbiculata (Dall) and the coarsely corded C. charybdis (Berry) was found on an adult Neptunea smirna (Dall). Thus, the variations noted by paleontologists in the fossil is dupli- cated in recent example from Northern California. Early in March, glass sponge, Hexactinellida, was dredged from 400 fathoms. The most common mollusca associated with the sponge was the small, glassy scallop, Delectopecten tillamookensis (Arnold). The family Neptunidae is well-represented off Northern California. I was able to hatch Neptunea amianta (Dall) from eggs found on silicious sponge taken in excess of 400 fathoms. The young snails did not survive for any length of time, but some observations were possible. There is no free swimming stage; the snail has a definite shell of at least two whorls prior to hatching, and immediately crawls about. N. tabulata (Baird) and N. pribiloffensis (Dall) have both survived in a plastic tub for three days. Both species were taken from shallow water 50 to 150 fathoms. Two speci- mens of N. pribiloffensis were taken to Humboldt State Marine Station and placed in salt water aquaria, where they are doing well. It appears temperature is perhaps a basic tolerance factor, but in life probably both temperature and the substrate govern the habitat of the snail. A Pliocene Trophon from the Centerville Sea Cliffs was described by Martin. Recent specimens have been taken from the submerged Eel Canyon off the Centerville Sea Cliffs from depths in excess of 200 fathoms and on a soft mud substrate. Here we find a species described as fossil still living in the same general area and habitat today. There are four species of Colus present off this portion of California, two of which have fossil counterparts. | have recent Bathybembix bairdi (Dall) from 400 fathoms. There are a number of other Mollusca, Echinoderms, Coelenderates, and Arthopods, available only as poorly-preserved, single specimens, which may in due time furnish the basis for other detailed studies. THE FATE OF A SCIENTIFIC MANUSCRIPT, FROM AUTHOR TO READER by Dr. Rudolf Stohler An unusual presentation, showing each step in the processing of a scientific paper after it leaves the author’s hands, until it reaches final printed form. A typical MS is taken through the various stages of editing, typesetting, proofreading, page make-ready, printing text, halftone, and color plates, assembling, and mailing as done in the offices of The Veliger, a scientific journal devoted to mollusks. Many helpful hints are given on how to prepare an MS for its first stage. This program is now available through SHELLECTURES for use by local shell clubs or other organiza- tions interested in the preparation of scientific papers. THE GENERA OF LIVING CYPRAEIDAE by Crawford N. Cate (Abstract) The genera and subgenera comprising the family Cypraeidae were discussed, and Schilder’s newly revised arrangement of the systematics was explained. In this new scheme, the most primitive cowrie genera are listed) 10 first, and the most recently evolved genera are added in chronological order. Color slides illustrated the type species of each genus, and of typical species in each group as well. The Cypraeidae are divided, under this new system, into four subfamilies, 30 genera and 25 subgenera; there are ap- proximately 180 species at the present time. Schilder’s modern arrangement streamlines the older system, relegating some of the earlier taxonomic groups to synonymy and bringing a more logical sequence to the family’s systematic arrangement. A few color slides were added at the conclusion of the program which illustrated the living animals of a few species. This paper has been added to the series of SHELLECTURES now being seen by shell clubs throughout the country. THIS IS SANIBEL by Jean M. Cate (Abstract) This paper takes us on a guided tour of one of the world’s most famous shelling places, namely Sanibel Island and its neighbor island, Captiva, which are situated off the west coast of Florida near Fort Myers. The program is arranged in four sections: physical landmarks and typical scenery of the island with a brief account of their history; views of the famous shelling beaches, showing the incredible amounts of fine shells of all sorts washed in by the tides; a visit to the annual Sanibel Shell Fair, including views of the buildings and some of the exhibits, and finally, closeup views and a discussion of many of the species to be found on the islands. This program has been added to the series of SHELLECTURES now being seen by shell clubs throughout the country. The Biogeography of Certain West American Tellinaceans by Eugene V. Coan Dept. Biol. Sci., Stanford University, Calif. (Abstract) The genus Macoma had its origin in the northern Pacific in the Eocene. It evidently reached the North Atlantic as a result of the first period of submergence of Bering Strait in the late Miocene. Species ances- tral to the living Macoma obliqua (J. Sowerby, 1817) first appear in the mid-Miocene of Japan, then are found in the late Miocene of the eastern United States. The name M. obliqua was proposed in the early Pleistocene of Europe and the species is also found in the late Pliocene of that area. It died out in the Atlantic in the Pleistocene but is now found living in the North Pacific, where it has previously been referred to as M. incongrua _(v. Martens, 1865). The latter name is reserved for Japanese populations q 11 which probably have come to differ since reinvasions of the complex into the North Pacific in the early Pleistocene. Populations which remained in the North Pacific in the Pliocene probably evolved into the presently- distinct 17. middendorffi Dall, 1884. Macoma praetenuis (Woodward, 1833) represents populations of the North Pacific 17. lama Bartsch, 1929, which reached the North Atlantic briefly in the early Pleistocene and seems specifically distinct. ADVENTURES IN COLLECTING LAND SHELLS ON THE WEST COAST OF NORTH AMERICA By Jean Wilkins ABSTRACT In the beginning, I was introduced to land shell collecting by being invited on a field trip to the type locality of Helminthoglypta walkeriana at Morro Bay. The place to look for the elusive land shell is under debris around bushes and trees, by streams, or roadsides where there might be moisture. Use a sturdy garden type scratcher-tool for scraping leaves, turn- ing rocks or logs. To clean shells, boil larger shells and remove animal. Cure smaller species in alcohol a few days; remove animal. Hunting at Morro Bay one spring we found Helminthoglypta um- bilicata at the South entrance to the State Park. The Helminthoglypta walkeriana var. morrensis were found under bushes near the museum. On the banks of the Santa Rosa river were Vespericola pinacola. Later, we found Helminthoglypta dupetithoaursi under eucalyptus trees and Hap- lotrema minima by the Chorro River below Morro Bay. Monadenia fidelis was found under drift logs at Harris State Beach in Oregon. North of Requa we found them under every leaf of a large weed growing beside the road. The nettles around a spring seemed to be the favorite nesting place of Helminthoglypta arrosa var. maillardi. A PREVIEW OF FIVE NEW SPECIES OF MITRIDAE by Jean M. Cate ( Abstract) Several color slides of each of five new species of Mitridae were shown, along with the stories of their discovery and provenance. Since the paper in which these new species were to appear had not yet been pub- lished, no names could be given at this time. Subsequent publication (The Veliger 11 (2) in October 1968 listed them as Pterygia gilbertsoni, Pterygia barrywilsoni, Vexillum sitangkaianum, Strigatella rapanwensis and Vexillum coronense. WESTERN SOCIETY OF MALACOLOGISTS COMMITTEES — 1968 Auditing — Mrs. Billee Dilworth; Mrs. Nola Michel; Mr. Bill Woods By-Laws — Mae Dean Richart Historian — Miss Jody Woolsey Nominating — Mrs. Helen DuShane; Mr. Crawford Cate; Chairman Mr. Gale Sphon Publication Mrs. Bernadine Hughes; David kK. Mulliner Banquet — Mrs. Barbara Good Display Chairman — Mrs. Bernadine Hughes Properties — Mr. Paul Hughes Registration — Mr. Paul Hughes; Mrs. Bernadine Hughes Photo Signup — Mr. Charles Powell Student Judges — Dr. Myra Keen; Dr. Albert Mead; Dr. Rudolf Stohler; Mrs. Fay Wolfson WSM Dues, Ground Fees — Mrs. Helen DuShane; Mr. Joseph DuShane CAMPUS REPRESENTATIVES FOR W-S-M (Student Papers) Representative Dept. Institution Dr. Royal Bruce Brunson Zoology Univ. of Montana Peter Fankboner Zoology Univ. of Alberta, Can. Robert D, Beeman Marine Biol. — San Francisco State Frank Kilmer Phy. Science | Humbolt State Dr. A. Myra Keen Geology Stanford Univ. James J. Landye Anthrop. Washington State Univ. Steven J. Long Cuesta College, Calif. Dr. John A. McGowan Biology Scripps Institute of Ocean. Dr. Walter B. Miller Biol. Sci. Univ. of Arizona | Dr. Ross Pohlo Biology San Fernando Valley State Dr. Donald Reish Biology Calif. State at Long Beach Dr. LouElla Saul Geology Univ. of Calif. at Los Angeles Dr. Rudolf Stohler Zoology Univ. of Calif. Berkeley (Dr. Dwight W. Taylor Zoology Arizona State 13 ATTENDANCE AT THE W-S-M CONVENTION June 19-21, 1968 Mr. and Mrs. Elmo Adams Dr. Warren O. Addicott Dr. Edwin Allison Mr. Nelson Baker Mr. Carl J. Berg Mr. and Mrs. Ford Bratcher Mrs. Ondine Brohaska Mrs. Beatrice Burch Mr. Don Cadien Mr. and Mrs. Crawford N. Cate Dr. G. Bruce Campbell Mr. and Mrs. E. P. Chace Mr. Eugene Coan Mr. and Mrs. Phillip Crane Mrs. Mary Anna D’Aiuto Miss Margaret Dewar Mr. Andrew L. Driscoll Mr. and Mrs. Joseph DuShane Dr. William K. Emerson Mr. Ralph Ferguson Mr. Ralph Fox Mrs. Ruth French Mrs. Barbara Good Mr. and Mrs. Paul O. Hughes Mr. Ralph G. Johnson Dr. A. Myra Keen Mr. and Mrs. Douglas A. Larson Mr. V. Kenneth Leonard Mr. and Mrs. Steven J. Long Miss Mary E. Long Mrs. Virginia McClure Mrs. Charles McLean Dr. James McLean Dr. Albert Mead Miss Donna Mulliner Mr, David K. Mulliner Dr. James Nybakken Mr. Pete Oringer Mrs. Elizabeth Payne Mr. and Mrs. Ted Phillips Mr. and Mrs. William Pitt Mr. Norman Polonsky Mr. and Mrs. Charles L. Powell Mae Dean Richart Mrs. Ruth Richmond Mrs. Arthur Robinson Mr. Richard Roller Mr. Frank Russ Mrs. Carol Skoglund Dr. Edmund H. Smith Mrs. F, T. Smith Mr. Gale G. Sphon Jr. Mrs. Katherine Stewart Dr. Rudolf Stohler Miss Carolyn Stover ial Mr. Ray Summers M Mr. and Mrs. Roland Taylor Dr. Judith Terry Mr. Lawrence Thomas Mr. John S. Tucker Miss Marilyn Vassallo ool r. Robert Talmadge = Miss Winnifred Wagg Mrs. Diana Wait Mr. Steven K. Webster Mr. Leslie E. Watling Mrs. Jean Wilkins Mrs. Fay Wolfson Miss Jody Woolsey Mrs. Elizabeth Wray WESTERN SOCIETY OF MALACOLOGISTS EXHIBITORS AT THE CONVENTION — 1968 Mrs. Beatrice Burch: A Display of Museum Equipment Dr. G. Bruce Campbell: Handicrafted Silicone Impressions of Dimmutive Shells Mr. Crawford Cate: The Cypraeid Genus Zoila Mrs. Jean Cate: An Outline of Mitridae; also, Molluscian Philately Mr. E. P. Chace: Pododesmus; A Study in Variations Mrs. Bernadine Hughes: Live Exhibit of Renilla kollikeri (Sea Pansy) Mr. and Mrs. Howard McGee: Comprehensive Shell Collection Housed in Manila Folders Mr. Charles L. Powell: Large Selection of California Shells Mr. Robert R. Talmadge: Fossil and Recent Shells of Northern Cali- fornia and Southern Oregon Mr. and Mrs. |. Thompson: Collection of Fossil Shells from Florida Miss Winnifred Wagg: Handicraft Display of Sea Shell Pictures Mrs. Jean Wilkins: Land Snails on 16 GROUP PHOTOGRAPH WESTERN SOCIETY OF MALACOLOGISTS FRONT ROW: (left to right) Mr. E. P. Chace, Miss Mary E. Long, Mrs. Charles McLean, Dr. Edwin Allison, Mrs. Bernadine Hughes, Mrs. Fay Wolfson, Mr. David Kk. Mulliner, Mrs. Helen DuShane, Mrs. Laura Powell, Mrs. Ruth Rich- mond, Miss Winnifred Wagg, Mrs. Elsie Chace. Second Row : Mrs. Ruth French, Mrs. Ondine Brohaska, Mrs. Elmo Adams, Mrs. Virginia McClure, Mrs. Jean Cate, Dr. Rudolf Stohler, Mrs. Douglas Larson, Miss Margaret Dewar, Mrs. Roland Taylor, Mr. Roland Taylor, Dr. Albert Mead, Mrs. Jean Wilkins, Miss Marilyn Vassallo, Dr. Judith Terry, Mrs. Twila Bratcher. Third Row: Miss Donna Mulliner, Mr. Frank Russ, Mae Dean Richart, Mrs. Beatrice Burch, Mrs. Diana Wait, Mr. Don Cadien, Miss Carolyn Stover, Mr. Norman Polonsky, Miss Jody Woolsey, Mr. Ford Bratcher, Mrs. Betty Phillips, Mr. Ted Phillips, Mr. Douglas Larson, Mr. Crawford Cate, Mr. Wm. Pitt, Mrs. Wm. Pitt, Mrs. Carol Skoglund, Mr. Ralph Ferguson. BACK ROW: Mr. Eugene Coan, Dr. James McLean, Mr. Elmo Adams, Mr. Paul Hughes, Mr. Charles Powell, Mrs. Elizabeth Payne, Mrs. Mary Anna D’Aiuto, Dr. Wm. Emerson, Mr. Ralph Fox, Mr. Gale Sphon, Jr., Dr. A. Myra Keen, Mr. Joseph DuShane, Dr. Warren Addicott. (Attending the convention, but not in the picture :) Mrs. Barbara Good, Dr. G. Bruce Campbell, Mr. Ray Summers, Mr. Robert Talmadge, Mr. Lawrence Thomas, Mr. Nelson Baker, Mr. Phillip Crane, Dr. James Nybakken, Mrs. Arthur Robinson, Mrs. F. T. Smith, Mrs. Katherine Stewart. ha SEE RSS “WESTERN” SHELL CLUBS Canal Zone Shell Club c/o Mrs. Mitzie A. Rose, Sec’y Box 225 Howard Air Force Base, Canal Zone Chico Seashell Hounds c/o Mrs. Lloyd German Rt. 2, Box 467 Chico, Calif. 95926 Conchological Club of Southern California meets first Monday of every month; 7 :30 p.m. Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History 900 Exposition Park, Los Angeles, Calif. 90007 Guam Shell Club c/o Mrs. Kenneth E. Rhein 1154 B Palau Loop, Capehart c/o APO San Francisco, Calif. 96334 Hawaiian Malacological Society meets first Wednesdays Waikiki Aquarium 2777 Kalakaua Ave., Honolulu, Hawaii 96815 Long Beach Shell Club meets second Sundays, 2 p.m. (except July) 600 Long Beach Blvd. (YMCA Building) Long Beach, Calif. 90812 Northern California Malacozoological Club meets first Tuesdays, 8:00 p.m. (except July) Room 4005, Life Sciences Bldg., University of California Berkeley, Calif. 94720 Oregon Shell Club c/o Mrs. R. J. Boneff 2217 S. E. Madison Ave. Portland, Oregon 97214 Pacific Northwest Shell Club c/o Ann Smiley Rt. 1, Box 185 Ridgefield, Washington 98642 Pacific Shell Club meets the Sunday before the first Monday, 2 p.m. Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History 900 Exposition Park, Los Angeles, Calif. 90007 18 Phoenix Shell Club c/o Mrs. Beatrice Burch 914 West Palm Lane Phoenix, Arizona 85077 Sacramento Valley Shell Club c/o William D. Pitt 2444 38th Avenue Sacramento, Calif. 95822 San Diego Shell Club San Diego Museum of Natural History Meets 3rd Thursdays San Diego, Calif. 92101 Santa Barbara Malacological Society Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History meets third Tuesdays Santa Barbara, Calif. 92100 Shell Club of the Ryukyu Islands c/o Mrs. E. A. Staeheli US Army Engr. Dist. Okinawa APO San Francisco, Calif. 96331 Yucaipa Shell Club meets third Sundays; 2 p.m. (except August) Mousley Museum, Bryant St. & Panorana Drive Yucaipa ,Calif. 92399 19 SHELL STAMPS OF THE WORLD We are indebted to Mrs. Lois Van Deventer for many hours of work in assembling this list of topical stamps, which represents a favorite “Sub-Hobby” of shell collectors. Scott Catalog Number 934-40 A206 247 A39 402 A158 PAU PCA 279-A29 273-A29 267-280 88 All 102 Al5 48-53 AQ C5-6 AP3 C183 AP84 C184 AP8&4 LAL OF aul B286-7 SP244 89 A9 16 A23 220 A67 222 A67 746 A462 303 A141 172 A26 199 Al9 449 A112 480 A118 583 A115 123 A47 B419-423 SP184 C30, AP9 101 A9 Country Albania Algeria Australia Bahamas Barbados 3arbados 3arbados Cayman Islands Cayman Islands Comore Island Comore Island Cuba Cuba Dubai Dubai Dubai Germany Gilbert Islands India Jamaica Jamaica Japan Korea Maldive Islands Middle Congo Monaco Monaco Monaco Morrocco Netherlands New Caledonia New Hebrides Description Starfish Ammonite Hermit crab in shell gigas gigas Strombus Strombus File Misc. sea life gigas gigas Strombus Strombus Seashells Coral Polymita picta Ammonite Hermit crab Snail Bivalves Nautilus Shell blower XNancus pyrum Land snails Murex antillarum Perotrochus hirasei Snail Shells Squid Aquarium Starfish, ete. Fasciolaria Seashells, ete. Set of seashore life Nautilus pompilius Nautilus Year 1966 1952 1966 1965 1965 1965 1965 1935 1938-43 - 1962 1962 1958 1958 1963 1963 1967 1944 1965 1950 1964 1964 1962 1960 1966 1960 1960 1961 1964 1965 1967 1962 1963-65 386 A56 13 A5 60 A28 58 AS 293-6 A42 298-9 A43 €26-30 AP10 C42 APIS B274 SP208 B294 SP208 467 A47 J56-63 A47 128 A25 159-164 AS C18 AS C16 AP3 453 Al21 Philippines Ryukyu Islands Ryukyu Islands Singapore Somali Coast Somali Coast Somali Coast Somali Coast Switzerland Switzerland Togo Togo Turks & Caucos Isl. Wallis & Futuna Isl. Wallis & Futuna Isl. Wallis & Futuna Isl. Yugoslavia Pearl fishing Seashell group Phalium bandatum Sea horse Seashells Coral Seashells Starfish and Coral Ammonite Cypraea Octopus Shells Conch Seashells Harpa ventricosa Shell diver Argonauta argo 1935 1950 1959 1962 1962 1963 1962-63 1966 1958 1960 1964 1964-65 1960 1963 1963 1962 1956 As we go to press, the following world-wide issues of Shell Stamps have not yet received a catalog number. It is hoped the information given will be sufficient to help you locate your choices at the dealers. | Country Rumania British Solomons Israel Israel Japan | Ryukyus | Sharjak » Yeman . Papua & New Guinea Seychelles Yemen Description Sea Shells: series Lambas Bivalves: series of 9 stamps Set of shells and fish Reef shell Mitra and Murex Fish with cone Fish with distorsio Fish with harp Fish and underwater scene series — as a unit. Unusual Sea Shells, 3 issues Set of Shell stamps Shells and fish 21 Year 1966 1967 1967 1967 1967 1967 1967 1967 1968 1968 1968 WESTERN SOCIETY OF MALACOLOGISTS Abbott, Dr. Donald P. Hopkins Marine Station, Pacific Grove, Cal. 93950 Abbott, Mrs. Keith (Edith M.) 1264 W. Cienega Ave., San Dimas, Cal. 91773 Abbott, Dr. R. Tucker Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, Pa. Adams, Mr. Elmo W. 747 Winchester Drive, Burlingame, Cal. 94010 Addicott, Dr. Warren O. 345 Middlefield Road, Menlo Park, Cal. 94025 Allison, Dr. Edwin C. | Dept. of Geology, San Diego State College, San Diego, Calif. 92115 — Anders, Mr. Kirk W. | P. O. Box 68, Kissimmee, Fla. 32741 | Archerd, Mrs. Gladys D. | 1133 Spruce St., Berkeley, Cal. 94707 Arnold, Miss, Winifred | 2516 E. Kleindale Road, Tucson, Ariz. 85716 Avery, Mrs. Gail | 1823 N. 40th St., Phoenix, Ariz. 85008 ° Baker, Mr. and Mrs. John W. | 1271 Missouri St., San Diego, Cal. 92109 | 3aker, Mr. Nelson W. | 279 Sherwood Drive, Santa Barbara, Cal. 93105 | Baxter, Mr. Rae | Box 96 Bethel, Alaska 99559 | Bedford, Mr. Charles A. General Delivery, Robert Creek, British Columbia, Canada | Behrens, Grace 222 Lenox Road Apt. 6-P Brooklyn, N. Y. 11226 Berg, Mr, and Mrs. Fred (Ruby) | 214 S. Canada St., Santa Barbara, Cal. 93103. Bertsch, Hans O. F. M. 1712 Euclid Ave., Berkeley, Calif. 94709 3ickford, Mr. Glen | P. O. Box 729, Morro Bay, Calif. 93442 Blake, Mr. Orval C. 1572 Le Flore Drive, Whittier, Calif. 90603 Bratcher, Mrs. Twila 8121 Mulholland Terrace, Hollywood, Calif. 90046 3rewer, Mrs. Blanche 3614 Roselawn Ave., San Diego, Calif. 92105 Brookshire, Mr. Jack 441 Anacapa St., Point Hueneume, Calif. 93041 Brown, Mrs. Nancy L. 633 S. W. 136th St., Seattle, Wash. 98166 Brunson, Dr. Royal Bruce Dept. of Zoology, Univ. of Montana, Missoula, Mont. 59801 Burch, Mr. and Mrs. John Q. (Rose) 1300 Mayfield Road, Apt. 61-L, Seal Beach, Cal. 90740 ie) bo Burch, Dr. and Mrs. Thomas A. (Beatrice) 914 W. Palm Lane, Phoenix, Ariz. 85007 Burghardt, Mr. and Mrs. Glenn 14453 Nassau Road, San Leandro, Calif. 94577 Cadien, Mr. Don 1006 - 37th St., San Pedro, Calif. 90731 Calabrese, Alfred Ray ETR (SS) (DV) USS Carp SS338 FPO New York 09501 Campbell, Dr. G. Bruce 11221 Elm St., Lynwood, Calif. 90263 Carlton, Mr. James 521 Mandana Blvd., Oakland, Calif. 94610 Cate, Mr. and Mrs. Crawford N. (Jean M.) 12719 San Vicente Blvd., Los Angeles, Calif. 90049 Cernohorsky, Mr. Walter O. Auckland Institute and Museum, Dept of Mollusks, Private Bag, Auckland, New Zealand Chace, Mr. and Mrs. E. P. (Elsie) 24205 Eshelman Ave., Lomita, Cal. 90717 Clover, Mr. Phillip P. O. Box 3246, Chula Vista, Calif. 92011 Coan, Mr. Eugene 891 San Jude Ave., Palo Alto, Calif. 94306 | aes Mrs. G. E. G. (Anne) Casas Moviles ue San Carlos, Apdo 448, Guaymas, Sonora, Mexico Crane, Mr. Phillip C. P. O. Box 56, San Gregorio, Calif. 94074 Crittenden, Mrs. Salle 624 Waterfall Isle, Alameda, Calif. 94503 | | Cuesta LCDR Norman P. USN Ret. 5431 Via Alcazar, San Diego, Calif. 92111 -Cvancara, Dr. Alan M. | Dept. of Geology, Univ. of North Dakota, Grand Forks, N.D. 58201 ‘D Aiuto, Mrs. Mary Anna 2250 Webster St., Palo Alto, Calif. 94301 DAttilo, Mr. Anthony 3045 Bern Drive, Laguna Beach, Calif. 92651 ‘De Martini, Dr. John 1111 Azalea St., Arcata, Calif. 95521 Iemond, Miss Jean Dept. of Geology, Univ. of Calif., Los Angeles, Calif, 90024 Dewar, Miss Margaret Dept. of Zoology, Univ. of Calif., Los Angeles, Calif. 90024 Dilworth, Billee | 609 Palomar Ave., La Jolla, Calif. 92037 _Dippell, Mrs. Martha | 8588 Tremaine Ave., Los Angeles, Calif. 90005 Draper, Mr. Bertram C. 8511 Bleriot Ave., Los Angeles, Calif. 90045 Duerr, Dr. Frederick 50 Procter Place, Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada q 23 Dunbar, Mr. Edwin C. Southern State College, Springfield, So. Dakota 57062 du Pont, Mr. John E. Newtown Square, Pennsylvania 19073 Durham, Dr. J. Wyatt Dept. of Paleontology, Univ. of Calif., Berkeley, CA 94720 DuShane, Mr. and Mrs. Joseph (Helen) 15012 El Soneto Drive, Whittier, Calif. 90605 DuShane, Miss Renee 15012 El Soneto Drive, Whittier, Calif. 90605 Ehason, Mrs. Phyllis P. O. Box 905, Agana, Guam 96910 Emerson, Dr. William K. American Museum of Natural History, Central Park W. at 79th St. New York, N.Y. 10024 Eyerdam, Mr. Walter J. 7531 -19th St., N.E., Seattle, Wash. 98115 Fankboner, Mr. Peter V. Dept. of Biology, Uniy. of Victoria, Victoria, B.C. Canada Farmer, Mr. and Mrs. Wesley M. 815 N. Hayden St., Scottsdale, Ariz. 85257 Ferguson, Mr. Ralph 20848 Jamison Ave., Torrance, Calif. 90502 Fisher, Miss Larklyn 1010 W. Green St., Urbana, Ill. 61801 Torthun, Miss Effie 507 Harvard E., Apt. 203, Seattle, Wash. 98102 Fox, Mr. Ralph 1048 Monterey Ave., Berkeley, Calif. 94707 Gaines, Mr. Gerald 333 S. Westminster Ave., Los Angeles, Calif. 90005 Gemmel, Mrs. W. E. (Joyce) Club de Pexca, San Felipe, Baja California, Mexico Good, Mrs. Barbara J. 3142 Larga Court, San Diego, Calif. 92110 Grantier, Mrs. Leona 20 Hobart Drive, Willowdale, Ontario, Canada. Gregg, Dr. Wendell O. 2200 S. Harvard Blvd., Los Angeles, Calif. 90018 Gudnason, Mrs. Harold 1959 Wrenn St., Oakland, Calif. 94602 Haight, Capt. Stephen L. 05206892 83rd RR SOU, APO San Francisco, Calif. 96346 Hall, Dr. Clarence A., Jr. 557 Swarthmore Ave., Pacific Palisades, Calif. 90272 Hand, Dr. Cadet H., Jr. Dept. of Zoology, Uniy. of Calif., Berkeley, Calif. 94720. Hano, Mr. Phillip L. | 1598 Third Ave., New York, N.Y. 10028: Hanselman, Col. and Mrs. G. A. ( Virginia) 5818 Tulane St., San Diego, Calif. 92122) 24 Harrison, Miss Betsy 2310 Ferdinand Ave., Honolulu, Hawaii 96822 Hensill, Dr. John S. San Francisco State College, 1600 Holloway St. San Francisco, Calif. 94132 Hertlein, Dr. Leo G. Calif. Academy of Sciences, Golden Gate Park San Francisco, Calif. 94118 Hiatt, Mr. and Mrs. Don L. (katherine) Box 2268, Agana, Guam 96910 Hitt, Mr. Richard FE. 944 Princeton Ave., #7, Bakersfield, Calif. 93305 Hochberg, Mr. Fred, Jr. Dept. of Biol. Science, Univ. of California Santa Barbara, Calif. 93106 Holleman, Mr. John J. 4291 Baywood Court, Concord, Calif. 94521 Howes, Mr. and Mrs. Charles L. ( Marie Olive) 4817 N. Camellia Ave., Temple City, Calif. 91780 Hughes, Mrs. Bernadine FE. 12871 Foster Road, Los Alamitos, Calif. 90720 Hunt, Mrs. Helen B. 1165 Arch St., Berkeley, Calif. 94708 Hunter, Rev. Elwood B. P. O. Box 285, Yachats, Oregon 97498 Hurst, Dr. Anne Zoology Dept., Univ. of Reading, Reading, Berks, U.K. Johnson, Mrs. Myrtle FE. 3101 N. 33rd St., Phoenix, Ariz. 85018 Keeler, Mr. William R. 839 Mendocino Ave., Berkeley, Calif. 94707 Keen, Dr. A. Myra Dept. of Geology, Stanford Univ., Stanford, Calif. 94305 Kile, Mr. Charles O. Box 2046, Agana, Guam 96910 Kilmer, Mr. Frank H. | Div. of Physical Science, Humbolt State College Arcata, Calif. 95521 King, Mr. David S. 1930 Bonita St., Berkeley, Calif. 94704 Lance, Mr. James R. L. 744 Agate St., San Diego, Calif. 92109 Landye, Mr. James J. | Laboratory of Anthropology, Wash. State Uniy. Pullman, Wash. 99163 La Rivers, Dr. Ira | P. O. Box 8096, Reno, Nevada 89507 Larson, Mr, and Mrs. Douglas A. (Mary) P. O. Box 338, Cambria, Calif. 93428 ‘Lemon, Capt. Melville L., Jr. 706 Ocean View Blyd., Vandenberg AFB, Calif. 93437 ies) on Long, Miss Mary E. | 36 W. Lytton St., Sonora, Calif. 95370 | Long, Mr. Steven J. 126 Esparto Ave., Pismo Beach, Calif. 93449 | Loosanoff, Dr. Victor L. | 17 Los Cerros Drive, Greenbrae, Calif. 94904 | McCammon, Mrs. Alice R. 16570 Garden Lane, Los Gatos, Calif. 95030 | MeClure, Mrs. Virginia H. 317 S. Wetherly Drive, Beverly Hills, Calif. 90211 MeGowan, Dr. John A. Scripps Institute of Oceanography, La Jolla, Calif. 92038 McKown, Mrs. Paul F. 1640 Floribunda Ave., Hillsborough, Calif. 94010 | McLean, Mrs. Charles Rancho del Oso, Davenport, Calif. 95015 | McLean, Dr. James H. Los Angeles County Museum, 900 Exposition Blvd. | Los Angeles, Calif. 90007 Mangold, Mrs. Cathryn | 548 Crestline Drive, Los Angeles, Calif. 90049 | Margolin, Dr. Abe S. | Dept. of Biology, Phoenix College, 1202 W. Thomas Road | Phoenix, Ariz. 85013 | Martin, Mr. Clifford A. | 324 Kennedy Lane, Oceanside, Calif. 92054_ Martin, Mr. Clifton L. | 324 Kennedy Lane, Oceanside, Calif. 92054 Maynard, Mr. Ray | 900 Exposition Blvd., Los Angeles, Calif. 90007 | Mead, Dr. Albert R. Dept. of Biological Sciences, Univ. of Arizona, Tucson, Ariz. 85721 | Michel, Mrs. Nola P. | 4758 Mt. Cervin Drive, San Diego, Calif. 92117. Miller, Dr. Walter B. | Dept. of Biological Sciences, Univ. of Arizona, Tucson Ariz. 85721. Morrison, Dr. Joseph P. E. | Division of Mollusks, U. S. National Museum, Smithsonian Institute, Washington, D.C. 20560 Mulliner, Mr. David K. 5283 Vickie Drive, San Diego, Calif. 92109 Mulliner, Miss Donna 5283 Vickie Drive, San Diego, Calif. 92109 Murbarger, Mrs. Nell 1940 Maple Ave., Costa Mesa, Calif. 92626 Myers, Mrs. Barbara W. 3761 Mt. Augustus, San Diego, Calif. 92111) Myhre, Mrs. Dorothy 10638 Ledeen Drive, Lakeview Terrace, Calif. 91600 Nichols, Mrs. Lilian F. 445 Mountain Ave., Piedmont, Calif. 94611 26 Nybakken, Dr. James Marine Laboratories, Moss Landing, Calif. Old, Mr. William E., Jr. 95039 Dept. of Mollusks, American Museum of Nat. Hist. Central Park W. at 79th St., New York, N.Y. Olguin, Mr. John M. 10024 Cabrillo Marine Museum, 3720 Stephen M. White Drive San Pedro, Calif. Palmer, Dr. Katherine V. W. 90731 109 Dearborn Place, Paleontological Research Inst. Iithacay Nee Paulsen, Mrs. Marianna 1577-B Branham Lane, San Jose, Calif. Payne, Mrs. Elizabeth 711 Meadowsweet Drive, #211, Corte Madera, Calif. Petit, Mr. Richard FE. P.O. Box 133, Ocean Drive Beach, South Carolina Phillips, Mr. and Mrs. Ted (Betty) 4580 Nueces Drive, Santa Barbara, Calif. Pitt, Mr. William D. 2444 - 38th Ave., Sacramento, Calif. Plebank, Miss Claire 142 N. Edgeware Road, Los Angeles, Calif. Pohlo, Dr. Ross 14850 95118 94925 29582 93105 95822 90026 Dept. of Biology, San Fernando Valley State College Northridge, Calif. Poorman, Mr. and Mrs. L. H. (Forrest) 160 Sequoia Drive, Pasadena, Calif. Popenoe, Dr. W. P. Dept. of Geology, Univ. of Calif., Los Angeles, Calif. Powell, Mr. Charles L. 2502 FE. Santa Fe Ave., Fullerton, Calif. Purdy, Mr. and Mrs. Ben (Ruth) 3658 Euclid Ave., San Diego, Calif. Quintanilla, M. Ortiz 91324 91105 90024 92631 92105 Apartado Postal 356, Ensenada, Baja California, Mexico Rawls, Dr. Hugh C. Dept. of Zoology, Eastern Hl. Univ., Charleston, Tl. Reish, Dr. Donald J. 61920 Dept. of Biology, Calif. State College at Long Beach Long Beach, Calif. Rex, Miss Edith 273 Euclid Ave., Long Beach, Calif. Rice, Mr. Thomas C. | Rt. #2, Box 483, Poulsbo, Wash. Richart, Mae Dean | 3688 - Ist Ave., #30, San Diego, Calif. Richmond, Mrs. Ruth 220% S. Reeves Drive, Beverly Hills, Calif. Robinson, Mrs. Arthur P.O. Box 686, Carmel, Calif. 27 90804 90803 98370 92103 90212 93921 a Oa eee pS he Saran rae te Roth, Mr. Barry 1217 Waller St., San Francisco, Calif. Roworth, Mr. Edwin C. 1301 Windsor Drive, Cardiff-by-the-Sea, Calif. Russ, Mr. Frank 905 Broadway, Alameda, Calif. Russell, Mr. Richard H. Dept. of Biological Sciences, Uniy. of Arizona, Tucson, Ariz. Salter, Mrs. Virginia ase 6029 Park Ave., Richmond, Calif. Saul, Dr. LouElla R. Dept. of Geology, Uniy. of Calif., Los Angeles, Calif. Saxby, Mr. John G. 784 - 47th Ave., San Francisco, Calif. Shuman, Miss Katherine 204 Ocean Ave., Seal Beach, Calif. Skoglund, Mrs. Care! 3846 E. Highland Ave., Phoenix, Ariz. Smith, Mr. Allyn G. 722 Santa Barbara Road, Berkeley, Calif. Smith, Mrs. F. T. 715 Poplar Ave., Santa Cruz, Calif. Smith, Mrs. Mary E. 2009 W. Balboa Blvd., Newport Beach, Calif. Snell, Mr. Charles O. 4125 Everts St., Pacific Beach, Calif. Souder, Mr. John W. 4270 Menlo Ave., San Diego, Calif. Sphon, Mr. Gale G., Jr. 10206 Regent St., #3, Los Angeles, Calif. Stansbery, Dr. David H. Natural History Museum, Columbus, Ohio Starr, Mr. James 458 - 16th St., Santa Monica, Calif. Steiner, Mr. Franz B. 229 Cardinal Road, Mill Valley, Calif. Stewart, Mr. Clarence C. 823 W. Bay Ave., Balboa, Calif. Stewart, Mrs. Katherine 19 La Rancheria, Carmel Valley, Calif. Stohler, Dr. Rudolf F. Dept. of Zoology, Univ. of Calif., Berkeley, Calif. Summers, Mr. Ray H. P.O. Box 124, Petaluma, Calif. Sutcliffe, Mrs. Eric 260 King Ave., Piedmont, Calif. Talmadge, Mr. Robert R. 2850 Pine St., Eureka, Calif. Taylor, Dr. Dwight W. Dept. of Zoology, Arizona State Univ., Tempe, Ariz. Taylor, Mr. and Mrs. Roland R. 2727 De Anza Road, Shore Drive #13, San Diego, Calif. 28 90402 94941 92661 93924 94720 94952 94610 95501 85281 92109 Telonicher, Mr. Fred 2160 Terrace Ave., Arcata, Calif. Terry, Dr. Judith S. Dept. of Geology, Stanford Univ., Stanford, Calif. ‘ Teskey, Mrs. Margaret C. Rt. #2, Box 318, Marinette, Wis. Thomas, Mr. Lawrence 590 Embarcadero St., Morro Bay, Calif. Thompson, Mr. and Mrs. Ivan E. ( Helen) Box 1267, Brawley, Calif. Van Leeuwen, Mrs. Lucy 25523 Cypress St., Lomita, Calif. van der Schalie, Dr. Henry Museum of Zoology, Univ. of Mich., Ann Arbor, Mich. Van Deventer, Mrs. Lois 2056 Bel Aire Drive, Glendale, Calif. Vassallo, Miss Marilyn T. 1424 Daily Drive, San Leandro, Calif. Vedder, Dr. John G, 285 Golden Oak Drive, Portola Valley, Calif. Viney, Mr. W. E. 530 W. 6th St., Los Angeles, Calif. Wagg, Miss Winnifred 6022 Homewood Ave., Buena Park, Calif. Wahrenbrock, Mr. and Mrs. E. E. (Gertrude) 35080 Chandler Road, Calimesa, Calif Wait, Mrs. Diana 939 E. Fountain Way, Fresno, Calif. Waters, Mr. Daniel 3173 Meadowbrook Drive, Concord, Calif. Way, T/Sgt. Peter W. 2912 George Drive, Wichita, Kan. Weaver, Mr. Clifton S. 1038 Mokulua Drive, Kailua, Hawaii Wheelwright, Dr. Joseph B. | 2206 Steiner St., San Francisco, Calif. Wilkins, Mrs. Jean E. | 8202 E. Nada St., Downey, Calif. Williams, Mrs. Alice E. 1714 Butte St., Corning, Calif. Williams, Miss Bonnie 1714 Butte St., Corning, Calif. /Willis, Mr. Richard C. 1138 Keeler Ave., Berkeley, Calif. Winchell, Dr. Ruth 935 N.E. 239th Place, Troutdale, Oregon Wingard, Mrs. Emmeline | Rt. #1, Box 1481, Gig Harbor, Wash. Winkler, Dr. Lindsay R. ' 81 - 452 Francis Ave., Indio, Calif. ‘Wolff, Mrs. Robert 10820 W. Cherry Hills Drive, Sun City, Ariz. 29 54143 93442 92227 90717 48104 91201 94577 94025 90014 90620 92220 93704 94520 67210 96734 94100 90242 96021 96021 94708 90760 98335 92201 85351 eee Wolfson, Mrs. Fay 356 Kolmar St., La Jolla, Calif. Woods, Mr. Bill 2721 Murray Ridge Road, San Diego, Calif. Woolsey, Miss Jody 1543 Armacost St., #5, Los Angeles, Calif. Yancey, Mr. Thomas 1340 Oxford St., Berkeley, Calif. 30 92037 92123 90025 94709 LOST OPERCULUM CLUB LIST The “Lost Operculum” Club is an attempt to locate and list the largest size shell of each species. It was organized in 1950 by John Q. Burch of the Conchological Club Southern California. Lack of space pre- vents printing the entire list here. It is our intention to add to the species each year and update the present list. The size given is the greatest dimen- sion. One-half of a bi-valve unit is acceptable. | If you think you have a “biggie” and would like to register it, please contact Mr. B. C. Draper, 8511 Bleriot Avenue, Los Angeles (90045). A self-addressed stamped envelope is necessary for additional information. 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UPA BD slog eS6l todeiq, “Dd OSOl eq, Stsuaseip wo}d9q COPY (D' ‘uoosey] TOLIe Ay YxoR|g 6S6I osuRYSNC] Ud]a}] Z 10Z “AqS snsopouqns uayodo.1477 BAe) SE Ale) ends 0961 oysrayy seMOYT ~'0SZ ayer) snsosniypnur soyuurpy “‘xopy ‘Aeq S[oudIN' ues $961 wy “YL Oct Ula}OFY IMooT SAwRTYD “YSeAA ‘ROM.y op urn —- urepaodsy “PAA (0'°6 p[mory snioiioy sAuuepyy Ayypeo0'T a3eq I9UMO ‘WIA solqUuq 38 “xopy ‘seudensy ‘XOPY ‘O'_ ‘Sofesuy soy op eiyeq “FyeD ‘yoeoqd Oust] ‘yrped ‘eiojuadiey ppeuey “s] JaAnooueA YON BYSELY “PIIOp[aS yyey ‘Aeq o110py ‘yyeD ‘Avg o110 py Jel ‘Avg. sopwepy BOI PISO ‘9Oquie | ‘xopy ‘Aeq usyoualeyy ‘XO “O'g ‘odrayy ues ‘xop Og ‘Aeg esezuor smo7y ‘Ss “xo “O'g ‘Aeq esezuor sinoy ‘Ss ‘yseA ‘Avq meyeyy “xo ‘Avg euaepseyy ssol osol Ayseys uoc] HVdCISOA JURYSHGC] ud|oH AVGILNIOA Yow “af Jadeiq 9 -g soysny “yg wepdodyy “fA SPA) el “Gl yu “AL pu A’ | TIITTA MH SUSE LO) MAL umoig AYy}O1OCT MOL) BUIfOY T sueysnq ydosof doy SBLUOY |, YOM, 211 AVAGINHNAA | eLel THSSOvl« ‘pote? Slysoavo wumnse A ‘porg UBULLUND BLIAT] OMPI WNIOJNYS VPOALT, ‘PID ByHue, vjjoussues |, uO) 1yyeyNU snszseyjozIYyIS ‘ysoq] Snayuesis snuoprxes ‘uo> T]eWNU sNWOpIxes ‘died Buli1aue} RvoeY}OJOIg ‘dood eye1uloR] BovYIOJOIg “Aqy eutiodse eoeyjojo1g uosso’] elieuedny ey “Aq eprenbs eiiepdesayy “AqS eovqueine eiieydeso py Aer) esotapuod eiuisog ‘diey eurdeipqns xeAwosduoy ‘AqS 2 ‘porg vipus suo) 39 THE ECHO. ABSTRACTS AND PROCEEDINGS OF THE SECOND ANNUAL MEETING OF THE WESTERN SOCIETY OF MALACOLOGISTS ahs Poe a Oi aS mo rent Pacific Grove, California June 18—June 21, 1969 ae Av} At Hus Waa} Bice 0 Publication of the Western Society of Malacologists (Incorporated 1968, San Diego, California) Issued Yearly Abstracts and Proceedings of the Second Annual Meeting June 18-21, 1969 Pacific Grove, California March 9, 1970 TABLE OF CONTENTS CATE NDARIO Har VGN Gitetite: certs ei nat taitccijie Ss vel » ‘ci io os iw si 6 6 PROGRAM eum oni tion simon tat ton ve. Weallcerlel| “el slo. \cll is, he! folie @ 6s 7 NOTICE OF THE THIRD ANNUAL MEETING OF THE WESTERN SOG TVG Oba MAGA COLOGISIS | Mente, cele s 6) 66 “e's ue, 6 «ve 10 MINUDES »OF THE SECOND ANNUAL MEETING *. 2.0... «1s es 10 TURBTAVSIUPEUEME Me Mp eC rss © Ee Lamm eeiait Muleiiten Uanguaiuneilie cullcy vee isly te! 6 ‘s,s 16 12 ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS PRESENTED AT THE SECOND ANNUAL W. S. M. MEETING Contributed Papers "Common Shallow Water Mollusks from Cholla-Puerto Penasco, Sonora, Mexico,' Beatrice L. Burch and EVOL Wieeyetrhelvol 5) GRE ee Ba sol rmes 5 eres meee aly "Shallow Water Mollusks of the Gulf of California, Mexico: El Golfo, San Felipe Bay, Puertecitos, and San Luis Gonzaga Bay,'' Helen DuShane .. . 14 "Commensalism and Parasitism in the Thyca-Linckia ASS OCH ata Olney mayan Ave aH pao ft fone 2 mens: |e) ie) ts ciel he US "Notes on Feeding and the Functional Morphology of the Gut in the Reef Dwelling Muricid Morula elata (Blainville),'" Peter V. Fankboner 15 "A Swimmer, the Secretor, and the Blue Tiger (3 Nudibranchs from the Gulf of California) ," Westen Mem Manmer i.) ‘ite grist teel ol tel eh eo jen eure ee LO "The Corbicula Story: A Progress Report," Rawle MOMS TemMOG cen weliie us) vite. Volt ver Wel. el pe Were lee 1... 1c0 ny "Estuarine Mollusks of the Cholla Bay, Sonora, Mexico,' Garrell E. Long and Dwight W. Taylor . 7. "The Families Liotiidae and Skeneidae in the Bastern Pacific," James H. McLean. . ... 6 « « 18 "The University of Arizona Marine Sciences Programs eA ber te remMCaAGs wei iie hte ic) eile) Mellie | lie le 19 Page Contributed Papers (continued) "Radular Anatomy and Systematics of Some west American Conidae," James Nybakken ...... © 20 "New and Otherwise Interesting Mollusks from Braga wa dela ie Odds) direc ve ver cous oh or con! to eus 20 "Notes on the Evolution of the Muricidae," George E. Radwin and Anthony D'Attilio ... . an "The Biology and Systematics of Philippia (Architectonicidae),' Robert Robertson .... 22 "Predation by the Nudibranch Dirona albolineata on Three Species of Prosobranchs," Gordon A. sfolomideibecmecl 5 A Mag o Goo Goon loo 4% 6 & 25 "Shells of Josiah Keep," Barry Roth ....+.-+.- 24 "Sublittoral Mollusks of Pulmo Reef," Donald Rs Shasky << o @ % «..2 a4 be eu ee eet "Preliminary Report on the Littoral Molluscan Fauna of Puerto Lobos, Sonora, Mexico," (Cketowbtedoyemlibbeel oo oo Go o oo oO 6 6 6 4 6 25 "Pacific Panamic Mollusks from Stanford Oceano- graphic Expedition 18," Judith Terry Smith .. 25 "Methods of Subfamily Recognition in Pacific Island Endodontid Land Snails," Alan Solem .. 26 Symposium I: Scientific and Popular Publication in Malacology, Albert R. Mead, Chairman ..... 27? Symposium II: Nearshore Collecting Localities in the Gulf of California, Beatrice L. Burch, Chasiymamn: .c: 0s. i, sys cen Pen Uemcnncclere Reeranc edn conc MN smarter Sa Map of the Gulf of California, Barry Roth and WE wentile ile nefsvop ino oO oO Go. Go oOo Oo Glas 5) "The Antiquity of the Gullt of Calafornia, Per Mute GG Onn 68a G ooo 6 G66 4 6 Bye "Bahia de los Angeles,!\ Fay Wolfson” . . « « = +. 36 "Mulege, Loreto, and Bahia Concepcion," Ray Maynard and Hien: Brennan) ) sa) ss) 6 cee 36 h Page Symposium II (continued) WPullm Omelet DONA Cinen MASKYs (oes. 6 se foo tel so 36 "El Golfo, San Felipe Bay, Puertecitos, and Bahia San Luis Gonzaga," Helen DuShane .... 37 "Cholla Bay and Puerto Penasco, Sonora, Mexico," Beatrice Burchvand Carol Skoplund . . « 0. 6 « 37 WPUerSCORMUOUOS ea CatOlSIcOgMNINidii itis eh se veyce js 6 38 "Guaymas,'' Leroy Poorman and Forrest Poorman... . 38 "Land Snails of the Baja California Peninsula," ASSL rie Grom MAC Wellin ie Wise oe, ier (el te Wei jel 28's 6 we 56 "Estero Cholla," Garrell E. Long and Dwight w. ARE IONE og) ee coe) BOE So. Gu Boo ene dass sdulscaic en 39 "Future Work Needed,'' A. Myra Keen ..... «e+. 39 BANQUET ADDRESS "Philip Pearsall Carpenter, a Man for Our Times," PUSS TI senyee COAT ester ths tec Gy od gt in Oe! ein @tatditas ar ee OHO) EXECUTIVE COUNCIL AND COMMITTEE MEMBERS ......2.. 45 EXHIBITS AT THE SECOND ANNUAL MEETING ......... 46 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES OF OFFICERS FOR 1968-69 AND 1967-68 47 GROUP MPH OLOGRMPHs sis, veace hed oe SL et ooo we SO. rues vera os - MDA MEMBERS AND GUESTS ATTENDING THE SECOND ANNUAL MEETING . 53 MEMBERSHIP OP DERECTORY 1OG0—19697) sg 6 < us \ tes 5 a 2) apt WERE NE SHED MCRUBS em nity edhe 80) 224 (g5- deed ikst, col wal, fer en’ bir, aritOG LOST OPERCULUM CLUB LIST OF CHAMPIONS, Bertram Draper . 68 BY-LAWS OF THE WESTERN SOCIETY OF MALACOLOGISTS, INC. . 74 Editorial Board Judith Terry Smith, Editor A. Myra Keen, President, Western Society of Malacologists, 1969-70 CALENDAR OF EVENTS Wednesday, June 18, 1969 Registration Administration Building 10330 asmsr— 2 SOO; pam. Scientific Sessions Merrill Hall 3300 pom. Welcoming Address, Dr. W. K. Emerson, President Student Papers Contributed Papers Illustrated Lectures Merrill Hall TEBOW s Executive Council Meeting Thursday, June 19, 1969 Scientific Session Merrill Hall 9:00 aem. Contributed Papers Symposium: "Scientific and Popular Publications in Malacology" Banquet Asilomar Dining Room 1 < Wo wapreilts Friday, June 20, 1969 Scientific Session Merrill Hall 9 OO} arm. Contributed Papers Symposium: '"Nearshore Collecting Localities in the Gulf of California" Illustrated Lecture Merrill Hall 7250" pile Shell Auction Saturday, June 21, 1969 Business Meeting Merri Havel 9:00 a.m. Symposium (continued): "Nearshore Collecting Localities in the: Guilt of Calaforniral! PROGRAM Wednesday, June 18, 1969 Welcoming Address by Dr. William K. Emerson, President Merrill Hall BOO) pis Me Student Papers, Dr. Judith S. Terry, Chairman 1. Peter V. Fankboner: "Notes on Feeding and the Functional Morphology of the Gut in the Reef Dwelling Muricid Morula elata (Blainville)." (25 minutes) 2.e Gordon A. Robilliard: "Predation by Dirona albolineata (Opisthobranchia) on Lacuna spp. and Margarites spp. (Prosobranchia)." (20 minutes) 3. Wesley M. Farmer: "A Swimmer, the Secretor, and the Blue Tiger (3 Nudibranchs from the Gulf of California) ." (25 minutes) Contributed Papers 1. Barry Roth: "Shells of Josiah Keep." (20 minutes) 2. Albert R. Mead: "The University of Arizona Marine Sciences Program." (20 minutes) Illustrated Lectures Merrill Hall 7350 piel’. 1. Judith S. Terry: 'Te Vega Expedition to the Pacific Panamic Province." (45 minutes) 2. John E. DuPont (recorded narrative): "The Search for the perplicata [Notovoluta]" (motion picture). Thursday, June 19, 1969 Contributed Papers Merrill Hall 9:00 a.m. eae RalphmOhwnroxr Whe iConbicula stony): A Progress Report." (20 minutes) 2. Robert Robertson: "The Biology and Systematics of Philippia (Architectonicidae)." (60 minutes) 3. James H. McLean: "The Families Liotiidae and Skeneidae in the Eastern Pacific." (30 minutes) Thursday, June 19, 1969 (continued) Symposium Merrill Hall 2:00 p.m. "Scientific and Popular Publication in Malacology," Dr. Albert R. Mead, Chairman - Eugene V. Coan: "Keeping up with the Past." - Walter B. Miller: "Present Expansion and Diversity in the Malacological Literature." 3. 72. Michel, Mrs. Nola P. 4958 Mt. Cervin Dr., San Diego, Ca. 92117 Miller, Dr. Walter B. 6140 Cerrada el Ocote, Tucson, Ariz. 85718 Mulliner, Mr. David i. 5283 Vickie Dr., San Diego, Ca. 92109 Newby, Mrs. P. W. (Ruth) 35480 Yucaipa Blvd., Yucaipa, Ca. 92399 Nichols, Mrs. Lilian F. 445 Mountain Ave., Piedmont, Ca. 94611 Niles, Dr. Doris K. P. Os Box 507, Loleta,, Cae 9Qo55L Nowell, Mrs. Nelson T. (Elizabeth) P. O. Box 686, Carmel, Ca. 93921 Nybakken, Dr. James Moss Landing Marine Laboratory, Box 223, Moss Landing, Cae. 95039 Old Mass Walker Biers dlls Dept. of Mollusks, American Museum of Natural History, Central Park W. at 79th St., New York, N. ¥. 10024 Palmer, Dr. Katherine V. W. 206 Oak Hill Road, Ithaca, N. ¥. 14850 Payne, Mrs. Elizabeth J. 3700 Dean Dr., #3204, Ventura, Ca. 93003 Petit, Mie auchaad! i). P. 0. Box 133, Ocean Drive Beach, S. C. 29582 Phillips, Mr. and Mrs. Ted (Betty) 4580 Nueces Dr., Santa Barbara, Ca. 93105 64 Pitt, Mr. and Mrs. William D. (Lois) 2444 38th Ave., Sacramento, Ca. 95822 Plebank, Miss Claire 142 N. Edgeware Rd., Los Angeles, Ca. 90026 Pohlo, Dr. Ross Dept. of Biology, San Fernando Valley State College, Northridge, Ca. 91324 Poorman, Mr. and Mrs. Roy (Forrest) 160 Sequoia Dr., Pasadena, Ca. 91105 Popenoe, Dr. W. P. Dept. of Geology, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, Ca. 90024 Powell, Mr. Charles L. 2505 8.5 Santa be Ave., Fullerton, Ca. 92631 Purdy, Mr. and Mrs. Ben (Ruth) 3658 Euclid Ave., San Diego, Ca. 92105 Quintanilla, M. Ortiz Apartado Postal 356, Ensenada, Baja California, Mexico Radwin, Dr. George E. San Diego Museum of Natural History, P. O. Box 1390, San Diego, Ca. 92112 Rawls, Dr. Hugh C. Dept. of Zoology, Eastern Illinois University, Charleston, Ill. 61920 Reish, Dr. Donald J. Dept. of Biology, California State College at Long Beach, Long Beach, Ca. 90804 Rex, Miss Edith 273 Euclid Ave., Long Beach, Ca. 90803 Rice, Mr. thomas, C. P. O. Box 33, Port Gamble, Wash. 98364 Richart, Miss Mae Dean 4090 Brant St., Apt. 4, San Diego, Ca. 92103 Richmond, Mrs. Ruth 220% S. Reeves Dr., Beverly Hills, Ca. 90212 Robertson, Dr. Robert Academy of Natural Sciences, 19th and the Parkway, Philadelphia, Pa. 19103 Robilliard, Mr. Gordon Friday Harbor Laboratory, Friday Harbor, Wash. 98250 Rokop, Mr. Frank Scripps Institute of Oceanography, La Jolla, Ca. 92037 65 Roller, Mr. Richard A. 1127 Seaward St., San Luis Obispo, Ca. 93401 Roth, Mr. Barry 1217 Waller St., San Francisco, Ca. 94117 Roworth, Mr. Hdwin C. 1301 Windsor Rd., Cardiff-by-the-Sea, Ca. 92007 Russell, Mr. Richard H. Dept. of Biological Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, Ariz. 85720 Salmon, Mr. Frank E. 3016 W. Northern Ave., Phoenix, Ariz. 85021 paul, Dr. Louklla R. Dept. of Geology, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, Ca. 90024 saxby, Mr. John G. 2159 Montecito Ave., Santa Rosa, Ca. 95404 Sessoms, Junius 3B. III 461 N. Hanover St., Pottstown, Pa. 19464 Shasky, Dr. Donald R. 734 W. Highland Ave., Redlands, Ca. 92373 Shuman, Miss Katherine 204 Ocean Ave., Seal Beach, Ca. 90740 Skoglund, Mrs. Paul. (Carol) 3846 &. Highland Ave., Phoenix, Ariz. 85018 Smith, Mr. Allyn G. 722 Santa Barbara Rd., Berkeley, Ca. 94707 Smith, Mrs. F. T. 715 Poplar Ave., Santa Cruz, Ca. 95060 Smith, Mrs. Howard (Mary) 2899 Coral St., Morro Bay, Ca. 93442 Smith, Dr. Judith Terry 2170 Santa Cruz Ave., Menlo Park, Ca. 94025 Sphon, Mr. Gale G., Jr. Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History, 900 Exposition Blvd., Los Angeles, Ca. 90007 Stansbery, Dr. David H. Ohio State Museum, 1813 N. High St., Columbus, Ohio 43210 Starr, Mr. James 458 16th St., Santa Monica, Ca. 90402 Steiner, Mr. Franz B. 927 W. California Ave., Mill Valley, Ca. 94941 66 Stevenson, Mrs. Dorothy 928 MacKenzie Dr., Sunnyvale, Ca. 94807 Stewart, Mr. Clarence C. 823 W. Bay Ave., Balboa, Ca. 92661 Stohler, Dr. Rudolf Dept. of Zoology, University of California, Berkeley, Ca. 94720 Summers, Mr. Ray P. O. Box 124, Petaluma, Ca. 94952 Sutcliffe, Mrs. Eric (Joan B.) 260 King Ave., Piedmont, Ca. 94610 Talmadge, Mr. Robert R. 2850 Pine St., Eureka, Ca. 95501 Taylor, Dr. Dwight W. San Diego Museum of Natural History, P. 0. Box 1390, San Diego, Ca. 92112 Taylor, Mr. and Mrs. Roland R. 2727 De Anza Rd., Shore Dr. 13, San Diego, Ua. 92109 Telonicher, Mr. Fred 2160 Terrace Ave., Arcata, Ca. 95521 Teskey, Mrs. Margaret C. Route 2, Box 318, Marinette, Wisc. 54143 Thomas, Mr. Lawrence E. 590 Embarcadero, Morro Bay, Ca. 93442 TUESCnwU cerns. wen Gis 3843-F Miramar St., La Jolla, Ca. 92037 van der Schalie, Dr. Henry Mollusk Division, Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich. 48104 Van Deventer, Mrs. Lois M. 2056 Bel Aire Dr., Glendale, Ca. 92101 Vassallo, Miss Marilyn T. Dept. of Biology, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada Vedder, Dr. John G. U. S. Geological Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd., Menlo Park, Ca. 94025 Viney, Mr. W. E. 530 W. 6th St., Los Angeles, Ca. 90014 Wagg, Miss Winnifred 6022 Homewood Ave., Buena Park, Ca. 90620 67 Wahrenbrock, Mr. and Mrs. E. E. (Gertrude) 35080 Chandler Rd., Space 44, Calimesa, Ca. 92320 Wait, Mrs. Diana 939 E. Fountain Way, Fresno, Ca. 93704 Watson, Louise 1570 Bayside Rd., Arcata, Ca. 95521 Weaver, Mr. Clifton S. 1038 Molulua Dr., Kailua, Hawaii 96734 Welch, Linda C. Dept. of Zoology, Arizona State University, Tempe, Ariz. 85281 Wheelwright, Dr. Joseph B. 2206 Steiner St., San Francisco, Ca. 94100 Wilie, Mr. William Tiers JLo 1405 McFaddin St., Beaumont, Texas 77701 Wilkins, Mrs. Jean E. Box 125, Port Hueneme, Ca. 93041 Williams, Mrs. Alice E. 1714 Butte St., Corning, Ca. 96021 Williams, Miss Bonnie 1714 Butte St., Corning, Ca. 96021 Winchell, Dr. Ruth 935 N.E. 239th Pl., Troutdale, Oregon 97060 Winkler, Dr. Lindsay R. 81 - 452 Francis Ave., Indio, Ca. 92201 Woods, Mr. William L. 2721 Murray Ridge Rd., San Diego, Ca. 92123 Woolsey, Miss Jody 1543 Armacost St., Apt. 5, Los Angeles, Ca. 90025 Yancey, Mr. Thomas P. O. Box 9147, Berkeley, Ca. 94709 68 WESTERN SHELL CLUBS Chico Seashell Hounds c/o Mrs. Lloyd German, Sec. Route 2, Box 467 Chico, California 95926 Conchological Club of Southern California Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History 900 Exposition Boulevard Los Angeles, California 90007 (meets first Monday of every month, 7:30 p.m.) Guam Shell Club P.O. Box 2954 Agana, Guam 96910 Hawaiian Malacological Society Waikiki Aquarium 27777 Kalakaua Avenue Honolulu, Hawaii 96815 Northern California Malacozoological Club c/o Mr. Glenn Burghardt 14453 Nassau Road San Leandro, California 94577 Oregon Shell Club c/o Mrs. R. J. Boneff 2217 S.E. Madison Avenue Portland, Oregon 97214 Pacific Northwest Shell Club c/o Ann Smiley Route 1, Box 185 Ridgefield, Washington 98642 Pacific Shell Club Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History 900 Exposition Boulevard Los Angeles, California 90007 (meets the Sunday before the first Monday of every month, 2:00 poem.) 69 Sacramento Valley Shell Club c/o Mr. William D. Pitt 2444 38th Avenue Sacramento, California 95822 San Diego Shell Club San Diego Museum of Natural History Balboa Park, San Diego, California 92101 (meets third Thursdays) Santa Barbara Malacological Society Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History 2559 Puesta del Sol Road Santa Barbara, California 93105 (meets third Fridays) Southwestern Malacological Society c/o Mrs. Carol Skoglund 3846 E. Highland Avenue Phoenix, Arizona 85018 (meets third Wednesdays, September through May, 7:30 p.m., Room 163, Life Science Building, Arizona State University, Tempe) Yucaipa Shell Club Mousley Museum Bryant Street and Panorama Avenue Yucaipa, California 923599 (meets third Sundays, 2:00 p.m., except August) 70 *JTTe) forpad ues °*FTTeO ‘farezuoll *JTTeD ‘yoveg opuopey eyselTy *HoTC 440d (tedutays) *xey ‘seufeny eyseTy ‘pue[TsI yetpoy *FJTTeO *°0D cueW S32eag °4a *xoW S°xeQ SZ2nag eques etueg *ITTeD Sorpeg ues *xOy] ‘uel yezeW ‘pue[s] seTputms "FTLVO eT TAy *xeW ‘Leg eT TouD *JTTBD ‘yoveg Teas °3tTTeo ‘keg za0dmen "ued Saenye'cy €96T zedeiq 4zeg cO6T SUTHTTM weer G26T Jedeiq j198g T96T Jeyxeg sey QS6T &yseys uod €9/3 UTA Te? 03°D T9/E SUTHTTM west 69/4 &yseysg uog Oc6T SUTHTTM ueer T9/TT Ayseus uyny 09/8 Jaeyxeg sey 95/6 SUTHTTM ueer 69/9 ueumro0o0g Loy é seysny °¢ 69/S Tlemod wertystayp Few) 8 HOQT *Qqep 1OTOOTA, eMoYSOTTTeO Co He (9g2ZT ‘farydwny) wunzetnuue emozYSOTTTeD, (ae TTeys “Ane u ul i 6°9 TTS4s FINpY H9QT ‘tequedzep UNPOUTOTIGSIO (UNTTaUeIOTW) unoeeD,# G°29 (629t ‘fqaemog 4 dtazepoag) eueu esang 0°¢9T 206T STTed FE9ZOOTUUSY SsnTSuTr09g, 4°94 (69QLT ‘ITed) Trparteq xtqueqkyyeg# 9°29 (92QT ‘poom) stn3un (eTTTuean) veezysy 9°9ST (Q2QgT Spoom) esopun (xe[neuwog) eaeiqysy, G°7d (QeQTSPOOM) eedeATTO (eTTTueAn) eoeerysy BAG ‘uUAMTTTC Besoceqqts (xeTnemog) eerr,sy, 2°09 4Tgt GO8T ‘aqep esreated soueTdt4Uya# Q° aCe (2eQgt ‘£qazemog) etzea styoeuy 4°O?eT °4STH- uM u u L°O2T °F8TeTd-(LEQT ‘pequog) esoTTeo sTzUueTUY, eyseTy ‘pueTsI HeTpoy +96T Jayxed eey 72°49 G2QT ‘TTed B2eUTOITO CTIOFY« *xeW ‘OzeTTeaon efeTq Of4/2 Woorqueryem | 9°99 (SEQgtsuesto 3 Aaqs{Ttd) eweadns euespy, *TeD ‘ouped ues QO26T SUTHITM ueer T*9OT (799T ‘tequedie)) eyeTeeooyound (STxXe,OTH) uose,oy, *xeW'*O°g ‘uosanbey TH 19/9 pueukey fey T[*HT QG6T ‘UTeTJ4eH eueTSUOI,S eaeUMoy £4. 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RNR Dstt Tay SECTIONAL LIBRARY 40] ASION OF MOLLUSKS W527 THE ECHO 4 ABSTRACTS AND PROCEEDINGS OF THE FOURTH ANNUAL MEETING OF THE WESTERN SOCIETY OF MALACOLOGISTS ZEN (- Ad © PEP & AGWee SS AIBR ARIE SS June 16-19, 1971 Pacific Grove, California a wit 4 Pov wert hy y ha \ Gent ; ag ott - os “OL aM Lay ie : 4 u GS 2 by leah on A, j Can A edad f } ey Cine Wie ITY Pat My ik ; BiG Wei Esai What hte Ha . CORY EN da : stant ‘ f hae ; Lp PA Re bad ] ‘ a ? ’ A iM ‘ : Rise nal 4 ae ma al! ie : Ri ; Mee ry He oy Nhe ay oh tg Hf) Hie Wee teh aor Tieng ate 3 : ae tee 9 Mae NV ‘ a i Ae Chile at, pak ie ey NRA i che ise n ne ante fon be ci Ta oa tial Ne Ae aa Mi 4 rch tha Ab beh brstaacae tl A Fey ee pan \ vs pets unt nhs + i ta dea veh as HCHO 4 Abstracts and Proceedings of the Fourth Annual Meeting of The Western Society of Malacologists June 16-19, 1971 Pacific Grove, California Issued December 27, 1971 > : 1) wy = : 4 ~ i ‘ Hi es A n ' ‘ é 1 - : : ‘ ‘ - oan t ' : ‘ : \ + ” . » ae 7 ith 1 rea pies : = 7 ' ‘ A ‘ ' 1 . , ' act os ' ‘ - ah ‘4 : - f a ' 1 ‘ ‘ i + ‘ . ' ‘ : oo ’ an @ : ? 5 - a ‘ 5 : : 7 ; : Fi . A ‘ f a, vw TABLE OF CONTENTS © GRA eis miroir tino esse estan valle | Meduis olin) Ase lion to" aia Ga fi NOTICE OF THE FIFTH ANNUAL MEETING OF THE WESTERN DOC MOH MAAC OLOGUS TS: i. sls vc ue 6 «6 « SUMMARY OF MINUTES, EXECUTIVE BOARD MEETING AND BUS ANES Sa MnP IONG 9 is 5) en ai etre es 6s 6 2 aie 6 SDE ANU HRs ORAM ven a) eeu Reis tee @! “slulst is, ius) “sy tie vals ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS PRESENTED AT THE FOURTH ANNUAL Wicaprorem bite MIME IISIN Gr sume ys) cue fete 0 le lelle 6 iol te "Notes on the Biology of Melibe leonina (Gould), Ravehatrdi Ar vAwieskta (ye. ve xn Je co. on) oe ee) ae 3. “os te "Slide Show: The Ameripagos Expedition," wast aay acG CMe ss. Mien seus) (es (ei Gels) aie) ee vans "Color Variations of Selected West Coast Chitons," Glenna Burehardit a isuvss sl ss bie (es cel tates eres. te. os "Anomalous Records of Introduced Estuarine Mollusca Op Cala tornaa," danes 2. Card ton'. « o. «16 - © «© "Remarks on the Current Status of Marine Pollution Research," James. Tf, Carlton «6 « 2 © «© 0's « «© "Lovell Reeve--Amateur Conchologist?' Jean M. Cate "Report on Marine Conservation Programs,'! Ue New Vis COA mews erie) 6) ei eel lls eltaliNe ole ten ote "Shelling, Italian Style," Salle 5S. Crittenden. . "Eveline Marcus; and Puerto de Lobos, Sonora, Mexico," Wesley M. Farmer .. +s « « « « « © o-« "The Corbicula Story: Chapter Three," Ralph Olen Fox "Functional Chloroplast Symbionts in Sacoglossans (Mollusca: Opisthobranchia),' Richard W. Greene . "Ecological Observations on a New England Nudibranch- Anemone Association," Larry Harris . ... . Page 13 19 14 15 16 7 aby 18 any) 20 20 22 Abstracts (continued) Page "Functional Morphology and Ultrastructure of the Proboscis Complex of Epitonium tinctum (Gastropoda: Ptenoglossa),"’ W.4/G.. Hochberg, Jr. ss = 2%. ese, ae "A Review of the Muricacea," A. Myra Keen ...... 25 "Sea Shells of Tropical West America, A Revised Bdttion,'' A. Myra Keen 3a -< <3 soe «5s ce a eh Be 23 "What is Ischadium?" Vida C. Kenk ....+.eo+es-ss. 24 "The Spawning Cycle and Juvenile Growth Rates of the Gaper Clam, Tresus nuttalli, of Elkhorn Slough, California," Laurence Laurent .. ..~.-+.«-«-+«e-s. 24 "The West American Caecidae," Garrell E. Long .... 22. "Kastern Pacific Turridae: New Developments," Janes Mea Metean’« ¢.s--c te ceeees) Cees 2s eae 26 "Food Habits of Conus in the Sea of Cortez," James NybAkKen™ sx te< es fe-Me te Mele) a ces) yee ae eee 26 "Muricacean Supraspecific Taxonomy Based on the Shell and the Radula," George E. Radwin and Anthony DUA ako eaweG rnc. oO ONOMIORO m5 SO oO 6 G a Cal, "Reef-Associated Molluscan Assemblages of the Gulf of Mexico Region: Antiquity and Development," Peter Ue. ROGGa hs. 6 eis ents Paras sie) oe io hee mie ee Coke ey, "Evolution of a Nudibranch Bibliography," Henry “Dis, RUSSEUL) 5 a1 e. sedan ato: ee me tee one eatie eee 28 "Late Pleistocene Molluscan History of the San Pedro Valley, Southeastern Arizona,'' Richard H. Russell . 29 "Tropical Eastern Pacific Cancellariidae--A Review,'"'! Donald Re Shasky “<<: 6G) = < @ aw & 6. sl ue ee eure ee) "Collecting and Identifying Prosobranch Egg Masses, with Attempts at Rearing Larvae," Judith Smith .. a9 "Opisthobranchs of the Galapagos Islands," Gale G. Sphon, dre, and David K. Mulliner-s-2 2... 30 "Practical Ecology for the Shell Collector," RUGOME SLORLET as:ce.0G)" bi. 'ee cad eke, oe Genome lacey yay aaae moe 30 Abstracts (continued) "Life in a Benthic Sponge," Robert R. Talmadge ... "The Geologic History of the Muricinae and the Ocenebrinae,'"' Emily H. Vokes ..... ee «eo ce. "What is a Fossil?" Emily H. Vokes and Harold E. Vokes "Food Preference of Aeolidia papillosa,"' Vile halla Web Ors) ars WoMierEemlrs Meniiet cenit s luc’ el oy ce ues ie "The Effect of the Defenses of the Prey on the Food Preference of Aeolidia papillosa," Virginia Waters SYMPOSIUM: "THE EVOLUTION OF THE MURICACEAN GASTROPODS IN TIME AND SPACE" "A Review of the Muricacea," A. Myra Keen ...... "The Geologic History of the Muricinae and the Ocenebrinaes!! Emidiy Ho Vokes = << + i. 6. «6 0. «le "Muricacean Supraspecific Taxonomy Based on the Shell and the Radula," George E. Radwin and Anthony D'Attilio e e e °e e e oe e e e e eo e e oe e oe oe e oe EXHTBETS AT THE FOURTH ANNUAL MEETING ....+ « « « « GROUP BPPHOLOG RAPHE Ys cei is! else) 6 euneme! el i G6 sf a) «) « us © MEMBERS AND GUESTS ATTENDING THE FOURTH ANNUAL MEETING EXECUTIVE BOARD AND COMMITTEE MEMBERS . © «© © «© © « « « MEMBERSHIP DIRECTORY 1970-1971 ° e e e ° @ e eo e eo ° e @ WHSTE RNa or atm CiMUIB Seale 0 eis e) fel ie) (sce, 6 6 @) 1s oie @ ve The Echo is the publication of the Western Society of Malacologists, Inc. (Incorporated 1968, San Diego, California), and is issued yearly. Distribution is free to members in good standing as of the year of issue. Copies are available to the public upon dona- tion (tax-deductible) of $2.50 plus 50¢ mailing costs; members may obtain additional copies at the same price. Address requests to the Secretary of the Society Barry Roth, Editor William K. Emerson Eugene V. Coan, President Western Society of Malacologists, 1970-1971 32 22 35 av 2) 54 68 69 70 ai 85 PROGRAM Wednesday, June 16, 1971 Surf and Sand Registration 52700 = 5:50 p.m. Conservation Session Chapel 7:15 pm. James T. Carlton: Remarks on the Current Status of Marine Pollution Research; or, Biology According to Engineers. Eugene V. Coan: Report on Marine Conservation Programs. reception and Slide Show Surf and Sand 8:00 p.m. Twila Bratcher: The Ameripagos Expedition. Thursday, June 17, 1971 Symposium: The Evolution of the Muricacean Gastropods in Time and Space. Dr. William K. Emerson, Chairman Chapel 8:45 a.m. Myra Keen: A Review of the Muricacea. Emily H. Vokes: The Geologic History of the Muricinae and the Ocenebrinae. (Read by Anthony D'Attilio.) George E. Radwin and Anthony D'Attilio: Muricacean Supraspecific Taxonomy Based on the Shell and the Radula. (Read by George E. Radwin.) General Session I Chapel 1:20 p.m. Jean M. Cate: Lovell Reeve--Amateur Conchologist? Ralph Olen Fox: The Corbicula Story: Chapter Three. Donald R. Shasky: Tropical Eastern Pacific Cancellariidae--A Review. Thursday, June 17, 1971 (continued) Garrell E. Long: The West American Caecidae. Salle S. Crittenden: Shelling, Italian Style Emily H. Vokes and Harold E. Vokes: What is a Fossil? (Tape and slide presentation.) Glenn Burghardt: Color Variations of Selected West Coast Chitons. Executive Board Meeting 7:00 - 8:00 p.m. Shell Auction Surf and Sand 7230 Pm. Friday, June 18, 1971 Opisthobranch Symposium Mr. Steven J. Long, Chairman Chapel 8:45 a.m. Virginia Waters: Food Preference of Aeolidia papillosa. Wesley M. Farmer: Eveline Marcus; and Puerto de Lobos, Sonora, Mexico. (Filn.) Henry D. Russell: Evolution of a Nudibranch Bibliography. (Read by R. Tucker Abbott.) Richard W. Greene: Functional Chloroplast Symbionts in Sacoglossans (Mollusca: Opisthobranchia). Richard A. Ajeska: Notes on the Biology of Melibe leonina (Gould). Larry Harris: Ecological Observations on a New England Nudibranch-Anemone Association. Virginia Waters: The Effect of the Defenses of the Prey on the Food Preference of Aeolidia papillosa. General Session II Chapel AL ALS) vio) jal: Gale G. Sphon and David K. Mulliner: Opisthobranchs of the Galapagos Islands. (Read by Gale G. Sphon.) Friday, June 18, 1971 (continued) James Nybakken: Food Habits of Conus in the Sea of Cortez James T. Carlton: Anomalous Records of Introduced Estuarine Mollusca of California. Laurence Laurent: The Spawning Cycle and Juvenile Growth Rates of the Gaper Clam, Tresus nuttalli, of Elkhorn Slough, California. Richard H. Russell: Late Pleistocene Molluscan History of the San Pedro Valley, Southeastern Arizona. Robert R. Talmadge: Life in a Benthic Sponge. Vida C. Kenk: What is Ischadium? Business Meeting and Election of Officers Chapel 5:00 - 6:00 p.m. Banquet 7:00 p.m. Dr. R. Tucker Abbott, Speaker: "The Makings of a Malacologist" Saturday, June 19, 1971 General Session III Chapel 8:45 aAeMe F. G. Hochberg, Jr-: Functional Morphology and Ultrastructure of the Proboscis Complex of Epitonium tinctum (Gastropoda: Ptenoglossa). Judith Smith: Collecting and Identifying Prosobranch Egg Masses, with Attempts at Rearing Larvae. Rudolf Stohler: Practical Ecology for the Shell Collector. Peter U. Rodda: Reef-Associated Molluscan Assemblages of the Gulf of Mexico Region: Antiquity and Development. A. Myra Keen: Sea Shells of Tropical West America, A Revised Edition. James H. McLean: Eastern Pacific Turridae: New Developments. NOTICE OF THE FIFTH ANNUAL MEETING OF THE WESTERN SOCIETY OF MALACOLOGISTS June 18 to 21, 1972 University of Redlands Redlands, California Workshops and symposia will highlight the fifth annual meeting--workshops on minute shells and photographic methods, among other topics; symposia on opisthobranchs, ecology, pelecy- pods, conservation, and gastropod spawning habits. Slide shows, student papers, and a shell auction will be featured; hospital- ity will be provided by the Yucaipa Shell Club. Inquiries about the meeting should be directed to Mrs. Edith Abbott, Secretary, Western Society of Malacologists, 1264 W. Cienega Avenue, San Dimas, California 91773. Reserva- tion forms and a call for papers will be mailed to members. Applications for membership in the Society should be directed to the Treasurer, Mr. Ralph O. Fox, Department of Invertebrate Zoology, California Academy of Sciences, San Fran- cisco, California 94118. Dues are $2.50 per year for Regular Members, $1.00 per year for Student Members. SUMMARY OF MINUTES, EXECUTIVE BOARD MEETING OF JUNE 17, AND FOURTH ANNUAL BUSINESS MEETING, WESTERN SOCIETY OF MALACOLOGISTS (The complete Minutes of each meeting are contained in the records of the Secretary of the Society and will be available at the fifth annual meeting.) The meetings were called to order by the President, Dr. Eugene V. Coan. The summary of the 1970 minutes published in The Echo and the official minutes contained in the Secretary's files were approved. The President reported on the results of the membership drive. Sixty-two new members have joined since the last meeting. The Treasurer's report from last year, as published in The Echo, was accepted. The Treasurer reported a current balance of $1613.23, not including Asilomar deposits. There are 229 members who have paid their 1971 dues, plus 40 who have not yet paid. 2 The Nominating Committee, chaired by Dr. Myra Keen, pre- sented the following recommendations for the 1971-1972 officers: President: Mrs. Beatrice L. Burch First Vice President: Mrs. Twila Bratcher Second Vice President: Dr. James H. McLean Secretary: Mrs. Edith Abbott Treasurer: Mr. Ralph O. Fox Members at Large: Mr. Anthony D'Attilio Mr. Hans Bertsch The above named were voted into office by a unanimous ballot. The Board and membership decided upon the following policies: (1) The following change in the By-Laws of the Society is recommended by the Executive Board and will be circulated to the membership prior to the 1972 meeting: Add the following to Article II, Section 2(b): "Institutions may join the Society as Regular Members, entitling them to receive all publications, but they shall have no vote." (2) The Executive Board approves of our present policy of making sample copies of The Echo available to selected institutions. (3) The Executive Board agrees that the Society should not take on the extra expense of furnishing separates or abstracts of material published in The Echo. Any author who wishes should be free to do the necessary reproduction himself at his own expense. Upon request, the Editor should furnish an unbound page or pages for this purpose, with a standard heading. (4) The Editor is empowered to appoint a committee to assist him in compiling The Echo. (5) The Editor is to be complimented on the job he has jone editing The Echo, and the Society accepts with gratitude his report on editorial policy. (6) A committee shall be appointed by the outgoing Presi- dent to serve during the next fiscal year (a) to invite student papers, offering non-cash awards, and (b) to establish and offer a research grant. The amount of funds available for these pur- poses is not to exceed $250.00 (7) Next year's meeting will have a portion of the program devoted to conservation. 10 It was announced that the 1972 meeting will be held at the University of Redlands, Redlands, California, from June 18 (Sunday) to June 22 (Wednesday). Tentative reservations have been made at Asilomar for July 11 to 14, 1973, and for late June in 1974. The Executive Board accepted the new version of the Offi- cer's Manual. Mr. Barry Roth was appointed Editor of the 1971 Echo. Mr. Allyn Smith, Mr. Steven Long, and Dr. George Radwin were appointed to serve as the 1971 Auditing Committee. The Mentor- Parliamentarian will be Dr. Rudolf Stohler. Serving on the “Student Participation Committee will be Mr. James Carlton, Dr. Judith Smith, Dr. Vida Kenk, Dr. James Nybakken, and Dr. Peter Rodda. The Historian will be Miss Jody Woolsey. Cards were circulated and sent to the following persons: Mr. Walter Eyerdam, Mrs. Ruby Berg, and Mr. and Mrs. E. P. Chace. Dr. Coan introduced the new President, Mrs. Burch. (Signed) Mrs. Mary D'Aiuto Secretary AWARD OF HONOR Article X of the By-Laws of the Western Society of Mala- cologists established an Award of Honor "to be conferred in recognition of outstanding accomplishments or contributions in the fields of Conchology and Malacology.""' At the Fourth Annual Meeting, an Award of Honor was presented to Mr. Anthony D'Attilio. Mr. D'Attilio is equally well known as an expert on the Muricacea and as the contributor of accurate and beautifully drawn shell illustrations to his own and other workers' articles. He was born in 1909, in Rodi, Italy; professionally he has been an artist and designer of decorative glass projects in public, private, and ecclesiastical buildings, and a scientific illus- trator. He is a Charter member of the New York Shell Club, and was its president in 1955-1956. Since 1960 he has been Asso- ciate Editor of New York Shell Club Notes, in which periodical more than twenty of his articles have appeared. Mr. D'Attilio holds memberships in the American Malacological Union (on its Council in 1955 and 1961), Conchological Society of Great Britain and Ireland, Malacological Society of London, and Malacological Society of Australia, among other organizations. The Veliger and American Museum Novitates contain articles by Mr. D*Attilio, and at present he has in manuscript a Catalogue and Bibliography of the gastropod family Rapidae. all TREASURER'S REPORT WESTERN SOCIETY OF MALACOLOGISTS July 30, 1971 Savings Account (Bank of America) (August 1970) Checking Account (Bank of Ame-ica) August 1970 Receipts 1971 - 24 Student Memberships at $1.00 220 Regular Memberships at $2.50 1972 = 5 Memberships at $2.50 Echo Fund interest on Savings Account 1971 Asilomar Conference: ($731.25) 86 Registrations at $2.50 Auction Raffle (Strombus listeri) Less: photos for publication Total receipts Disbursements Historian Prabang Other expenses echo President Secretary Treasurer Total disbursements *Bank of America - Savings Account $ 912.57 Checking Account 651.00 $ 24.00 550.00 12,50 82.00 41.42 215.00 436.25 84.50 4.50 $1441.17 TOTAL $ 25.50 105.50 65.88 560.32 159.89 103.78 60,12 $1100.99 TOTAL* $ 899.15 324.24 aera aly, $2664.56 1100.99 $1563.57 $1563.57 Respectfully submitted, Ralph Olen Fox Treasurer (signed) V2 ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS PRESENTED AT THE FOURTH ANNUAL W.S.M. MEETING Notes on the Biology of Melibe leonina (Gould) Richard A. Ajeska Moss Landing Marine Laboratories Moss Landing, California 95039 The nudibranch Melibe leonina occurs in Monterey Bay asso- ciated with the kelp Macrocystis integrifolia. It may occur in isolated, small groups or in extremely dense populations. Popu- lations and individuals were studied in the area of the Munici- pal Wharf Number Two, Monterey, California. It was shown that the individuals are mobile within a population and that entire populations are also subject to "migratory" movements. Metabolic rates differ between the adult and juvenile M. leonina. Differences in feeding method between adults was also shown through gut analyses, the young feeding on crustaceans asSociated with the Macrocystis while the adults fed nearly exclusively on planktonic crustaceans. It was discovered that a secretion exuded by the nudibranch elicits an escape response in the echinoderm Pycnopodia helian- thoides. A commensal relationship between the polynoid poly- chaete worm Halosydna brevisetosa and Melibe leonina was also discovered. Slide Show: The Ameripagos Expedition Twila Bratcher 8121 Mulholland Terrace Hollywood, California 90046 The Ameripagos Expedition to collect and study the mollus- can fauna of the Galapagos Islands consisted of three men and four women: Ellen Brennan, Jackie Grundman, David Mulliner, William Old, Gale Sphon, Carolyn Stover, and myself. All were divers with the exception of two of the men who shore collected only. Special emphasis was placed on mollusks collected by 13 diving and on opisthobranchs, both having been neglected in pre- vious Galapagos studies. The Galapagos Islands, which lie 600 miles west of Ecuador, are made up of volcanic peaks whose activity has not yet ceased. The most recent eruption was in 1968. There are many small islands and fifteen major ones, the largest being 80 miles across. Most are uninhabited. The area near sea level is a cactus- and brush-covered desert with lava rock substrate, but the difficult-to-reach highlands of the larger islands are green and lush with tropical growth. Though the islands straddle the equator, the Humboldt Current surrounds them with frigid water about nine months of the year. Around the first of the year the warmer Panama Current replaces the Humboldt current. During March the surface temperature occasionally reached 80°F, although thermoclines were encountered and the water at greater depths was colder. Planning for the Ameripagos Expedition began in July 1969, nearly one and a half years before our arrival at the Charles Darwin Research Station on Santa Cruz Island. We received per- missicn from Captain Sie Thomas Barlow, Secretary General of the Charles Darwin Foundation for UNESCO, to use the facilities of the station. This eliminated the necessity of obtaining a spe- cial collecting permit from the Galapagos National Park Service. The personnel at the Charles Darwin Research Station were most helpful. We were furnished laboratory space and equipment. They loaned us camping gear for a field trip when our own equip- ment did not arrive on time. They offered suggestions for field trip localities and helped us in many other ways. Slides were shown of the islands, live mollusks, endemic sneils, close-ups of minute shells, collecting areas, underwater scenes, and some endemic flora and fauna, as well as members of the expedition. Color Variations of Seiscted West Coast Chitons Glenn Burghardt Steinhart Aquarium, California Academy of Sciences San Francisco, California 94118 When a collector refers to the literature to identify a shell, often he runs into the problem that his specimen does not match the color description given in the book or paper. This is particularly true with chitons, where there is such great 14 variation in many species. It is true, of course, that one is supposed to look through the color of a chiton to the sculpture and other characteristics of the specimen; but it is very diffi- cult not to be influenced by the brilliant colors of some specimens. Species with the most variation shown here are Cyanoplax dentiens (Gould, 1846); Cyanoplax hartwegi (Carpenter, 1855); Ischnochiton interstinctus (Gould, 1845) ; Lepidozona mertensi (Middendorf ‘ 1846) ; Mopalia acuta Carpenter, 1655; Mopalia ciliata (Sowerby, 1840); Mopalia laevior Pilsbry, 1892; Mopalia lignosa (Gould, 1846); Mopalia lowei Pilsbry, 1918; Mopalia muscosa (Gould, 1846); Mopalia swani Carpenter, 1864; Stenoplax fallax Pilsbry, 1892, ex Carpenter MS; and Tonicella lineata (Wood, 1815). Anomalous Records of Introduced Estuarine Mollusca of California James T. Carlton Department of Invertebrate Zoology California Academy of Sciences San Francisco, California 94118 A number of mollusks known to have been introduced acciden- tally by man into Pacific Coast estuaries have been recorded in the literature from regions (open coast rocky intertidal, off- shore subtidal) not normally recognized as supporting introduced invertebrates. These include records of the venerid clan, Gemma gemma, from 15 and 50 fathoms (from Monterey and San Diego, respectively), of the slipper shell, Crepidula convexa, from the rocky intertidal at Moss Beach, and of the mussel, Modiolus demissus from marine subtidal waters in Santa Monica Bay. All three mollusks were introduced in the late nineteenth century from the New England coast via oyster culture activities, and are found on this coast only in bay and estuarine habitats. It has been possible in most of these cases to locate the original specimens upon which the records are based; in all cases where the original material could be located, it was found that the identifications were in error, and that the shells were those of endemic species. The specimens of Modiolus demissus have appar- ently been lost. The occurrence of the Japanese star shell, Astralium tri- umphans, in 8.5 fathoms off the Golden Gate, San Francisco, based upon a specimen taken by the Albatross in 1912, and said to be taken alive, cannot be resolved at this time. The 15 original specimen, now at the California Academy of Sciences, bears the operculum, and it was found that the species involved is Astralium yuca, rather than A. triumphans. Packard's original comment, that "the probabilities are against the dredging of a single specimen that may have been carried across the Pacific and then dropped from the bottom of a ship" (Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool., 14:224), cannot be elaborated upon, as no additional mechanisms of introduction are yet known which would account for the species' presence in the eastern Pacific. No specimens are believed to have been collected here since the first recovery. Additional records of introduced mollusks being found in atypical habitats may be attributed, in part, to dispersal by fishermen using the animals as bait; thus, the shells of certain estuarine mollusks, such as Modiolus demissus, may at times be found in freshwater canals, while shells of Corbicula manilensis, an introduced Asiatic freshwater clam, are often found in estuarine and marine waters. Remarks on the Current Status of Marine Pollution Research James T. Carlton Department of Invertebrate Zoology California Academy of Sciences San Francisco, California 94118 Marine pollution surveys conducted by engineering and indus- trial agencies are often based upon poor and erroneous taxonomic work. Common invertebrates are misidentified on large orders of magnitude, at times placed in the wrong phylum, and analyses and conclusions are drawn from these data. It is also not unusual to find that both benthonic and planktonic samples are incor- rectly secured, yielding insignificant and nonquantitative samples. The problem originates with the employment of unqualified personnel to identify the samples taken in these pollution sur- veys. These workers are usually students whose college biology training has centered upon physiology, biochemistry, and the like, with often no experience in systematics or taxonomy. These students are hired by engineers who are not qualified to judge the capabilities of those they are employing (the firm assuming that a degree in "biology" is qualification enough), nor are they able to judge the resultant identifications. 16 Typical patterns thus include the identification of several different organisms as one species (in one case, six different species of clams as one species), the failure to recognize cor- rect phyletic placement of a specimen, and the misidentification at familial, generic, or species levels of organisms thought to be Significant in pollution work. Lovell Reeve--Amateur Conchologist? Jean M. Cate 12719 San Vicente Boulevard Los Angeles, California 90049 An illustrated review of all of Reeve's published works on shells, including Conchologia Systematica, Conchologia Iconica, Elements of Conchology, and the Mollusca section of Voyage of the Samarang. Biographical details are given, as well as excerpts from Reeve's diary and reminiscences by James Melvill. Many slides illustrating typical plates from the various pub- lished works are included, as well as numerous illustrations of shells named by Reeve. This program is available on tape, through SHELLECTURES. Report on Marine Conservation Programs Eugene V. Coan The Sierra Club, 1050 Mills Tower 220 Bush Street, San Francisco, California 94104 The conservation movement must be turned from a last minute defense of bits and pieces to an offensive battle designed to preserve the human race and the planet. In consequence, the environmental movement must be highly selective in the issues with which it deals. A survey was conducted of marine scientists on the east coast of the United States. They were asked their opinions about what should be the goals of the Sierra Club in the field of marine conservation. The marine environment has not received sufficient atten- tion by environmental organizations. The seas are the largest "commons" on the earth, yet there is the least authority over 17 them and the most diffuse responsibility for what happens to then. Marine conservation is chiefly the preservation of the highly productive coastal and shallow-water areas. Environ- mental problems in the marine environment tend to be very widespread. Sensitive and complex balances are easily upset, and, once upset, the natural state is not easily restored. A number of specific examples from the east coast of the United States serve to illustrate typical problems. Every malacologist has a responsibility to familiarize himself with local and national marine problems and to partici- pate in their solutions. Shelling, Italian Style Salle S. Crittenden Northern California Malacozoological Club Last fall we took a trip to Switzerland and Italy. Since it was the dry season, we were unable to find land snails in Switzerland. However, we did get two fine little books there: Coquillages Marins and Mollusques Terrestres et d'Eau Douce. Venice was the first place where we were able to get shells. We went to the open-air market at 5:30 a.m. and found the fishing fleet. We purchased or, in most cases, were given Murex brandaris, Murex trunculus, Lima Squamosa, and ten Pecten jacobaeus, plus Helicella virgata and various others. Collecting on the top of the Isle of Capri we were rewarded with Helicella tuberculosa, Otala lactea, Clausilia sp., Limnaea sp., and Rumina sp. Again to the markets, this time in Sorrento. There we got Nassa mutabilis, Natica josephina, Ocenebra erinacea and others. On the breakwater in Sorrento we were lucky to find a chiton, Middendorffia Caprianum. Based on our prior success at the markets, we tried again in Rome. The results: Apporhais pespelcani, Chlamys glaber, Modiola barbata, Donax anatinum, Cardium sp., Ensis siliqua, Chiamys varius and clams we haven't identified. All in all, successful shelling as a sidelight to an enjoyable trip. 18 Eveline Marcus; and Puerto de Lobos, Sonora, Mexico (an 8-minute film) Wesley M. Farmer 815 D-1 North Hayden Road Scottsdale, Arizona 85257 A highlight during Eveline Marcus's visit to San Diego in August, 1969, was an early morning excursion to the Point Loma tidepools. Her visit to San Diego was hosted by Jim Lance, with Richard Roller, Steve Long, Gale Sphon, Jim McBeth, and others in attendance. It is a memorable experience for me to have collected with Eveline Marcus. During April 2-5, 1969, at Cape Tepoca (Puerto de Lobos), Sonora, Mexico, a number of opisthobranch mollusks were col- lected by the author and by Carol Skoglund. Puerto de Lobos is about 100 miles south along the coast from Puerto Penasco. Animals observed in the rocky intertidal area include: Aplysia californica Cooper, 1863; Berthellina engeli Gardiner, oss (nidosomes seen); Cadlina evelinae Marcus, 1958; Chromo- doris norrisi Farmer, 1963; Conualevia marcusi Collier & Farmer, 1964 (common) ; *Dendrodoris krebsii (Moerch, 1863); *Discodoris sp. (in estuary with nidosomes); *Discodoris sp. (rocky inter- tidal); *Doriopsilla janaina Marcus, 1967; Doto lancei Marcus, 1967; Doris pickensi Marcus, 1967; eolid (undetermined, red- spotted); *Hypselodoris californiensis (Bergh, 1879); *Hypselo- doris sp.; Hermissenda crassicornis (Eschscholtz, 1831); *Laila sp.; *Navanax inermis (Cooper, 1862); *Pleurobranchus areolatus (Moerch, 1863) (150 mm in length); Polycera alabe Collier & Farmer, 1964; *Polycera hedgpethi Marcus, 1964; Spurilla chromosoma Cockerell & Eliot, 1905; *Taringa aivica timia Marcus, 1967; and Tridachiella diomedea (Bergh, 1094). Species marked with an asterisk (*) were shown on film. Also on film was Chromodoris sedna (Marcus & Marcus, 1967) from Puerto Penasco. 9. The Corbicula Story: Chapter Three Ralph Olen Fox Department of Invertebrate Zoology California Academy of Sciences San Francisco, California 94118 This exotic freshwater bivalve has recently (1970) been reported from the Atlantic Drainage, with Georgia and the Caro- linas (North and South) recording its presence. This brings the number of infested states to 23. The past year a new newsletter, "Corbicula Communications," has appeared, edited by Ralph M. Sinclair, of EPA, Cincinnati, Ohio. It serves the field, keeping malacologists and biologists informed as to current conditions in the national waterways that are concerned with this undesirable pest. Based on early records of the Chinese working in the mines, on the railroads, and in agriculture, and with most of these coming from the Pearl River region of China where the clamisa prominent food item, it is believed that it could easily have been introduced for the same purpose to the west coast of America, and lain undiscovered for years until first recorded in 1938 in Washington state and shortly thereafter in California (1945). In California new infestations continue, the latest being recorded from east of the Sierras in Owens Valley, south of Big Pine. It was probably introduced there by fishermen from the San Joaquin Valley where the clams can easily be collected in any canal. Being a well-known fish bait, it is carried afield by the angler; and through his careless actions, the stage is set for Chapter Four ? ? ? Functional Chloroplast Symbionts in Sacoglossans (Mollusca: Opisthobranchia) Richard W. Greene Department of Biology, University of Notre Dame Notre Dame, Indiana 46556 Evidence was offered to show that green symbionts existing within the digestive gland cells of several species of sea slugs of the Order Sacoglossa are not unicellular algae, but rather are chloroplasts derived from the animals! algal food. The ani- mals discussed in this regard were Elysia hedgpethi, Placo- branchus ianthobapsus, Tridachia crispata, and Tridachiella 20 diomedea. All of the animals just mentioned contained chloro- plasts which still retained photosynthetic activity as determined by incubation of whole animals with Loo both in the light and in dark. 2 The length of time that chloroplasts remained functional in Elysia and Placobranchus was discussed. It was possible to correlate loss of photosynthetic function with loss of chloro- phyll in starved specimens of Elysia, while in Placobranchus photosynthesis declined without an apparent decreased in chloro- phyll content. Elysia was cleared of its chloroplast symbionts by a 10-day starvation regime, while Placobranchus still retained functional chloroplasts within its cells after 27 days of starvation. Finally, discussion was directed to the question of whether or not the animal gained anything from this association with algal chloroplasts. In order to determine a transfer of photo- Synthetic material from the plastids to the animal, organisms were again incubated with l4co> in the light and dark. Animals were sacrificed, sectioned, mounted on microscope slides, and then were dipped in liquid nuclear track emulsion. Following adequate exposure time and standard developing techniques, the resultant radioautographs were observed with the light micro- scope. It was demonstrated that regions of the animal which contained no chloroplasts still had considerable radioactivity associated with them. This indicated that some radioactive car- bon compound was being transferred from the plastids to the host tissue. The absence of l4c-labelling in the dark-incubated animals indicated that 14¢ in the tissues of light-incubated animals was derived from photosynthesis. Since evidence was available to show a transfer of mate- rial from the plastids to the animal, it seemed reasonable to attempt to identify it chemically. Chloroplasts were isolated from the green alga, Codium fragile, from which Elysia derives its plastids. After several purification steps the chloroplasts were incubated in a small volume of sea water containing lcQo° At the end of the incubation, the plastids were centrifuged out of suspension and the medium was drawn off. Analysis of the medium by two-dimensional radiochromatography showed that a single compound was released from the plastids to the medium. The compound was subsequently identified as glycolic acid. Collaboration with Drs. Leonard Muscatine and Robert K. Trench on isolated parts of this work is gratefully acknowledged. ai Ecological Observations on a New England Nudibranch-Anemone Association Larry Harris Department of Zoology, University of New Hampshire Durham, New Hampshire 03824 Rocky subtidal communities along the southern New England coast are subject to seasonal extremes in temperature (0°-20°C) and storm-caused abrasion. The result is a simple community structure with many seasonal species. Studies are currently being conducted on the association between the aeolid nudibranch, Aeolidia papillosa, and its anemone prey, Metridium senile. Aeolidia undergoes distinct population fluctuations, being common during the winter and inconspicuous during the summer. Field and laboratory observations show that predation and temper- ature are important factors regulating A. papillosa populations. Near O°C water temperatures inhibit reproduction during the winter months and result in the build-up of large numbers of sexually mature individuals which begin spawning in the spring when water temperatures rise. Young nudibranchs begin appearing in the spring, but the population undergoes a sharp decline as fish and large crustaceans move into the rocky subtidal after spending the winter offshore. Aeolidia populations are low until fall when predators again move offshore. The seasonal abundance and absence of Aeolidia strongly influences the distribution patterns of Metridium. During the summer, many small anemones are produced by asexual and sexual reproduction, but only those growing amongst concentrations of large M. senile escape predation in the winter. Large Metridiun, due to the effectiveness of the defensive extrusion of acontia, are relatively immune to predation by Aeolidia. Therefore, Metridium is typically distributed either as large solitary individuals or in aggregations of large and small animals. Other aspects of this association were also discussed. Functional Morphology and Ultrastructure of the Proboscis Complex of Epitonium tinctum (Gastropoda: Ptenoglossa F. G. Hochberg, Jr. Santa Catalina Marine Biological Laboratory Avalon, California 90704 Ptenoglossan gastropods typically prey upon coelenterates. In southern California, Epitonium tinctum lives in specific ee association with the small aggregate anemone, Anthopleura elegantissima, throughout its postlarval life. This, so-called, micropredator is active twice a day during periods of high water when the anemone beds are covered and the polyps expanded. In order to feed, the snail everts a long, acrembolic proboscis and slips it over the tip of a tentacle. The tentacle is held in place by the jaws and radula in combination with a muscular buccal bulb. Two stylets at the end of the proboscis inject a salivary toxin or anesthetizing agent. The tip of the tentacle is cut or torn off and pulled into the digestive system upon retraction of the proboscis. The morphology of the proboscis complex has been examined _with both light and electron microscopy. The nature of the odontophore is considered in detail. In Epitonium, this radular support structure is split in half, into two oesophageal plates. Each plate is composed of a sheet of large, polymorphic carti- lage cells separated by thin seams of intercellular matrix. The whole is sheathed in turn in smooth muscle. The rigid cartilage cells are filled with a homogeneous, metachromatic cytoplasm. Included in this granular ground substance are numerous membrane- bound vesicles containing a birefringent, lipid-like material. Orbanelles such as the nucleus, golgi, mitochondria, and endo- plasmic reticula characteristically appear degenerate or nonfunctional. A Review of the Muricacea A. Myra Keen Department of Geology Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305 (This abstract appears on page 35, as part of the Symposium on Muricacean Gastropods. ) Sea Shells of Tropical West America, A Revised Edition Ae Myra Keen Department of Geology Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305 The expectation was that when the first edition of this book was exhausted, it would be re-issued, with a supplement that would list needed corrections and illustrate and discuss the forms named as new since 1958. However, a timely subsidy changed this plan, and an entirely new book became possible, 25 designed slightly larger in page size, with full-page black and white plates throughout the text and, in addition to the previous color plates, a packet of color plates emphasizing the living animals. Also to be included are the groups of marine mollusks omitted in the earlier edition--the microscopics, deep- water forms, and those lacking shells. Geographic coverage is extended to include offshore islands and the coast as far south as northern Peru. At the time of this report, the book is still in press. It will be nearly twice as large as the previous book, with around 1,050 pages. Many new illustrations have become available, espe- cially of type material, as a result of studies at the British Museum and the University of Copenhagen. Dr. James McLean, who leads the list of those who have assisted in the preparation of the new text, has provided type photographs of material in several American museums. Without the help of many loyal stu- dents and friends, the new edition could not have been completed. What is Ischadium? Vida C. Kenk Department of Biology, San Jose State College San Jose, California 95114 (No abstract submitted. ) The Spawning Cycle and Juvenile Growth Rates of the Gaper Clam, Tresus nuttalli, of Elkhorn Slough, California Laurence Laurent Moss Landing Marine Laboratories Moss Landing, California 95039 A twelve-month study to determine the spawning cycle of adult clams, Tresus nuttalli, and the growth rates of their juve- niles was conducted in Elkhorn Slough, California, from January 1970 to January 1971. The spawning study was accomplished by histological inspection of the gonads of clams collected during each series of tides lower than -0.7 feet. An attempt was made to determine growth rates of the juveniles by two methods: frequency distribution analysis of population samples taken during every low tide series, and by maintenance of premeasured juveniles in a controlled situation under natural conditions. 24 The study revealed that the spawning cycle of Tresus nuttalli extends through most of the year with the exception of July and August, when a majority of clams appeared sexually quiescent. Correlation of gonadal maturity with juvenile abun- dance suggests that there are early winter and late spring peaks of spawning. No sexual size dimorphism was found and the clams proved to be strictly dioecious. Determination of juvenile growth rates by probability paper analysis proved unsuccessful due to the prolonged spawning periods. However, protracted maintenance of juveniles in a con- trolled situation revealed that juveniles with shell lengths ranging from 4.0 mm to 30.0 mm grow at a rate near 0.25 mm per - day. The West American Caecidae Garrell E. Long Department of Zoology, Arizona State University Tempe, Arizona 85281 The concept of the typological species and the somewhat limited material available for study by early authors has resulted in the description of a large number of marine mollus- can species, many of which probably are capable of genetic exchange. More than 190 nominal species of Caecidae (Proso- branchia: Rissoacea) have been described since 1852; about 54 of these have been described from the west Americas. Comparison among species of shell sculpture pattern, plug morphology, radular configuration, and range has resulted ina definitive key to the 26 species of west American Caecidae. Based on these observations, it is concluded that interspecific differences in external morphology are insufficient to separate these forms into two or more genera. Statistical analysis of 113 dredge stations indicates that three species--Caecum dextroversum Carpenter, 1857; C. lirato- cinctum Carpenter, 1857; and one undescribed species of Caecum-- exhibit a marked preference for sandy substrates, while two species--C. firmatum C. B. Adams, 1852; and C. dalli Bartsch, 1920--are randomly distributed among sandy, rocky, and gorgonian substrates. 25 Eastern Pacific Turridae: New Developments James H. McLean Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History Los Angeles, California 90007 (No abstract submitted. The reader is referred to the following articles: McLean, J. H., 1971. A revised classification of the family Turridae, with the proposal of new subfamilies, genera, and subgenera from the eastern Pacific. The Veliger 14 (1):114-130. McLean, J. He, 1971. Family Turridae. In A. M. Keen, Sea Shells of Tropical West America. Second Edition. Stanford, Calif., Stanford University Press. pp. 686-766. McLean, J. H., and L. H. Poorman, 1971. New species of tropical eastern Pacific Turridae. The Veliger 14 (1): 89-113. --Ed.) Food Habits of Conus in the Sea of Cortez James Nybakken Moss Landing Marine Laboratories Moss Landing, California 95039 The food habits of six species of shallow water Conus from the Sea of Cortez were investigated to determine if the diver- sity of prey items was greater than that reported for Conus species in the Indo-Pacific where more competitors occur sym- patrically. The results showed that the diversity of prey items, aS measured by the Shannon-Wiener Index, found in the most abun- dant species, Conus nux, C. princeps, and C. diadema, was no greater than the diversity reported for similar congeners in the Indo-Pacific. This suggests that there has been no appreciable change in niche size, with respect to food only, in the absence of many competing congeners. The remaining three species were not obtained in enough numbers to ascertain the prey species diversity. 26 Muricacean Supraspecific Taxonomy Based on the Shell and the Radula George E. Radwin and Anthony D'Attilio San Diego Museum of Natural History Balboa Park, San Diego, California 92112 (The complete text of this presentation appears on pages 55-67.) Reef-Associated Molluscan Assemblages of the Gulf of Mexico Region: Antiquity and Development Peter U. Rodda Bureau of Economic Geology University of Texas at Austin Fossil molluscan assemblages associated with rudist-coral reefs in the Edwards Formation (Lower Cretaceous, Texas) include many forms that closely resemble modern species from the Campeche Banks and Florida Bay. Trochid and cerithiid gastro- pods are abundant and diverse; turbinids, naticids, aporrhaids, pectinids, lucinids, and venerids are moderately common; fissurellids, strombids, cymatiids, cancellariids, arcids, mytilids, and Pteriacea are present. The larger molluscan mega- fossils from the Edwards Formation include about 50 genera and 70 species; 70 per cent are gastropods. Associated fossil corals and echinoids also are strikingly similar to modern forms. Shelf limestone deposition began in this area in the Late Juras- sic and the basic elements of the modern Gulf of Mexico reef- associated mollusca are at least as old as the Early Cretaceous. Subsequent development of this fauna has involved three major changes: (1) Extinction of typically Mesozoic elements. Rudist bivalves and nerineid gastropods are abundant and diverse in the Edwards Formation. Although these forms are prominent, the total fauna retains a modern aspect. (2) Introduction of new forms. Many common, modern, reef- associated groups (cassids, Buccinacea, Muricacea, volutids, Conacea, cardiids, and tellinids) are not represented among the larger megafossils from the Edwards Formation. However, most of these groups are present in the laterally equivalent, non-reef limestones, and could have provided stocks that later occupied the reef facies. 2yf, (3) Increasing diversity. Greater diversity of the modern assemblages is the result of the introduction of new forms and the increasing diversification of the ancestral stocks. Progres- sive increase of diversity from a basic stock nas been the com- mon pattern of evolution of the shelf benthos (Valentine, 1969: Palaeontology 12 (4) 684-709). Evolution of a Nudibranch Bibliography Henry D. Russell Museum of Comparative Zoology Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138 Index Nudibranchia, published by the Delaware Museum of Natural History, had its inception when Dr. W. J. Clench sug- gested in 1933 that I investigate the neglected molluscan group, the Nudibranchia, and I discovered that I needed a good refer- ence source to do 50. There are many purposes or uses for such an index, e.g.: a Simple-to-use source of information particularly for workers at new or small institutions that do not have ready access to the older publications; the planning of biological expeditions; a time-saver for the researcher in the library, field, labora- tory or museum, but chiefly to increase the accuracy and effi- ciency, and to reduce the library research time of investigators. The Index is composed of these five parts: (1) The Authors! File references were collected from the bibliographies of pub- lished papers, hand-written, later typed, arranged alphabetically and numbered for cross-reference to the Subject Catalogue. (2) The Genus and Species File is composed of the original refer- ences to these with the original location listed for cross- reference to the Geographic File, hand-written, later typed and arranged alphabetically. (3) The Geographic File is arranged alphabetically by locality from which the species were originally described and these species in turn are arranged alphabetically under these geographic headings. (4) The Subject File is com- posed of the general subjects of the numbered Authors! File, typed, arranged alphabetically, and carry the reference numbers to the Authors' File. (5) The Abbreviations File carries the more difficult abbreviations used in the Authors’ and Genus and Species Files and these are written out in full for easy inves- tigator use. 28 Late Pleistocene Molluscan History of the San Pedro Valley, Southeastern Arizona Richard H. Russell Department of Biological Sciences University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721 In the San Pedro Valley, numerous collections of non-marine molluscan fossils provide a sequence of faunas from the late Pliocene to post-Wisconsin times. Interest in this valley, espe- cially to the south of Benson, has increased in recent years with the discovery of the remains of mammoth associated with early man sites. Collections have been made at eleven separate localities (all near 4000 feet elevation), and ages of the faunas have been determined at University of Arizona labora- tories by radiocarbon dating and/or by an examination of the mammalian fossils. A total of 57 species of Mollusca in 32 genera have been recovered. Most of the species found as fossils in the San Pedro Valley still live in Arizona; but many are found only in northern Arizona or in southern Arizona at much higher eleva- tions than the fossil localities. Ecologically, a sequence of habitats much cooler and wetter than those now existing in southern Arizona is indicated. In addition to the localities south of Benson, a recently discovered (undated) locality north of Benson has a fauna which is strongly suggestive of a lacus- trine situation. In recent times, there have been no naturally occurring lakes below 5000 feet in this part of Arizona. Tropical Eastern Pacific Cancellariidae --A Review Donald R. Shasky 734 West Highland Avenue Redlands, California 92373 (No abstract submitted.) Collecting and Identifying Prosobranch Egg Masses, with Attempts at Rearing Larvae Judith Smith 1527 Byron Street Palo Alto, California 94301 (No abstract submitted.) 29 Opisthobranchs of the Galapagos Islands Gale G. Sphon, Jr. and David K. Mulliner Los Angeles County Museum 5283 Vickie Drive of Natural History San Diego, California 92109 Los Angeles, California 90007 (No abstract submitted.) Practical Ecology for the Shell Collector Rudolf Stohler Department of Zoology, University of California Berkeley, California 94720 Illustrates ecological conditions along the coast of north- ern California, showing many different kinds of habitats and the animals living there. The typical animals of this area are seen in their respective environments. This program is available on tape, through SHELLECTURES. Life in a Benthic Sponge Robert R. Talmadge 2850 Pine Street Eureka, California 95501 At the present time, I am familiar with three distinctive groups of benthic marine invertebrates which live on or around the massive glass or siliceous sponge--Class Hexactinellidae-- off the coasts of northern California and southern Oregon. The sponge and associated animal life were made available to me through the courtesy of the commercial drag boat fleet, operat- ing out of Humboldt Bay on the extreme northern California coast. The largest and most diversified group consisted of species which utilized the Hyalospongiae as a secondary or even tertiary habitat. That is, some species preferring rock as a primary biome would utilize the sponge at one time, or some lived on mud, rock, and sponge. These were also the species most tolerant as to depth. None of these species could be identified with the sponge for any special reason. 50 Another group consisting of the crab, Chorilia longipes Dana, and the two neptuneids, Colus halidonis Dall and Neptunea amianta (Dall), utilized the sponge during November through January aS a breeding habitat, dispersing the rest of the year. The third and final group consisted of species which, as far as I could determine, spent their entire life on or within the sponge. There was a small, unidentified foraminiferan found only in detritus washed from the sponge, plus a small, lobster- like crab, Munidopsis, probably undescribed, the ornate brittle or serpent star, Ophiophthalmus cataleimmadius (Clark), and the large glass scallop, Delectopecten tillamookensis (Arnold). There are several species, some identified and some uniden- tified, which probably fall into the second or third groups, but at this time there are not enough factual data to prove this one way or the other. I hope that this brief summary, based only on the project area of northern California and southern Oregon, will stimulate others who may have such material available to make geographical comparisons of similar species to see if similar conditions exist within the ranges of the species. The Geologic History of the Muricinae and the Ocenebrinae Emily H. Vokes Geology Department, Tulane University New Orleans, Louisiana 70118 (The complete text of this presentation appears on pages 37-54.) What is a Fossil? Emily H. Vokes and Harold E. Vokes Geology Department, Tulane University New Orleans, Louisiana 70118 Traces the story of fossils and fossil collecting, illus- trating the different kinds of fossils, how to find them, and what to do with them after collecting. Points out the impor- tance of fossils as indicators of prehistoric conditions. This program is available on tape, through SHELLECTURES. Bal: Food Preference of Aeolidia papillosa Virginia Waters Pacific Marine Station Dillon Beach, California 94929 It has long been known that Aeolidia feeds on sea anemones. However, Since there is little agreement as to which species are preferred, and since nearly all the published information is on European animals, the food preference of this nudibranch in a totally different part of its range was investigated. The studies were conducted at Pacific Marine Station, Dillon Beach, California. Two types of food choice experiments were performed. The following intertidal anemones were used in both types: Anthopleura elegantissima, A. xanthogrammica, A. artemisia, Corynactis californica, Diadumene luciae, Epiactis prolifera, Metridium senile, and Tealia crassicornis. The first type of experiment involved offering nudibranchs a choice among all eight species at the same time. The second type involved offering them a choice between two anemones offered in pairs. For both types, the criteria used to determine preference were: (1) the order in which the anemones were eaten, (2) which were eaten and which ignored, (3) the length of time taken to consume each species (individuals being of equal size), and (4) the num- ber of nudibranchs wandering during each observation when with each species. The experiments indicated that Epiactis, Anthopleura ele- gantissima, and A. xanthogrammica were preferred by far to all the others offered. Considerably less preference was shown for Diadumene, Tealia, A. artemisia, and Metridium. Corynactis was the only anemone which was not eaten at all. It is interesting that Metridium was only very rarely eaten and only under certain conditions. This is in striking contrast to the reported behavior of European nudibranchs. Six of eight workers indicated that at least Aeolidia eats Metridium senile. Two of them even said that the nudibranchs prefer Metridiun. The Effect of the Defenses of the Prey on the Food Preference of Aeolidia papillosa Virginia Waters Pacific Marine Station Dillon Beach, California 94929 The effect of the defenses of the following intertidal anemones on the behavior of the nudibranchs was studied: Anthopleura elegantissima, A. xanthogrammica, A. artemisia, Corynactis californica, Diadumene luciae, Epiactis prolife: prolifera, Metridium senile, and Tealia crassicornis. Potential defenses investigated were: (ea) nematocysts (those of the tentacles of the eight species and those of the acontia of Metridium and Diadumene), and (2) possible escape responses (swimming, detach- ment, or others). In addition, a third attribute of anemones which may minimize the effects of predation, grouping of indi- viduals, was investigated in A. elegantissima, an anemone which occurs in very dense and extensive masses. The tentacles caused the nudibranchs to contract more strongly upon contact with them than the column did; however, the tentacles caused no particular problem in feeding. Never- theless, the nudibranchs tended to eat the column first, consum- ing the whole anemone only when no other food was available. The tentacles of all species were equally effective in causing withdrawal, except for those of Corynactis, which caused a much stronger response. It is noteworthy that Corynactis was never eaten during the preference experiments, although the nudi- branchs would not eat this species even when the tentacles were retracted. Contact with Aeolidia caused Metridium to extrude acontia, which in turn caused the nudibranchs to withdraw very strongly and to secrete large amounts of viscous mucus. The acontia tended to get caught in the mucus which thus prevented direct contact of the discharged nematocysts with the nudibranchs. The acontia of Diadumene were not regularly extruded and did not cause strong withdrawal or the secretion of mucus. The nudi- branchs preferred Diadumene to Metridium, which they very rarely ate. The response of the anemones to contact with the nudi- branchs (other than to discharge nematocysts) was first to con- tract sharply, then to expand the oral disk again and turn it toward the nudibranchs. When the nudibranchs started to feed, the anemones would contract strongly against their contained water and would become round and very turgid. All anemones but Diadumene detached while being eaten. None showed a swimming 29 escape response. Detachment and turgidity caused the nudi- branchs no particular problem while feeding. These behavior patterns, rather, seem to aid escape when the nudibranchs let go, when not feeding, by enabling the anemone to roll away. Grouping in A. elegantissima served to minimize the chance that a particular individual would be completely consumed. The nudibranchs ceased feeding before an anemone was completely eaten and released it. Furthermore, they often wandered off rather than remaining near their prey. The anemone meanwhile moved away on its pedal disk. These behavior patterns would maximize the probability that the nudibranchs would find a different anemone when they were ready to feed again. Grouping would also benefit the predator, and arguments were presented that (1) the food preference of the local populations of Aeolidia is primarily genetically determined, and (2) they may be evolv- ing a preference for A. elegantissima. SYMPOSIUM: "THE EVOLUTION OF THE MURICACEAN GASTROPODS IN TIME AND SPACE" William K. Emerson, Convener American Museum of Natural History Central Park W. at 79th St., New York, N. Y. 10024 The Rock Shells and their allies have long held the interest of collectors owing to the vast array of morphological form exhibited by these shells. Recent advances in our knowledge of the geologic history and the biology of these gastropods has shed new light on the classification of this perplexing group of mollusks. These findings are summarized in the papers contributed by four distinguished students of the Muricacea. The differences of opinion expressed by the contributors reflect the present state of flux in the classification. As additional information on the fossil record and on the radular, opercular, and shell morphology becomes available, further refinements undoubtedly will be required. 34 A Review of the Muricacea (abstract) A. Myra Keen Department of Geology Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305 The family Muricidae is one of six families that comprise the superfamily Muricacea, customarily cited as the first group in the Neogastropoda. A revision of the superfamily for the forthcoming second gastropod volume of the Treatise on Inverte- brate Paleontology lists 210 named subgeneric and generic units. Of these the Muricidae encompass 128; the Thaididae, 51; the Coralliophilidae, 23. Five stocks that seem to be related to the modern Muricidae were present in the Upper Cretaceous. Two of these did not survive to the Tertiary, but some of their morphologic characteristics appear in modern forms. One may suspect that the family as now envisioned was polyphyletic. The development of varices began early in the Tertiary. Although reaching a climax in modern forms, the elaborate sculpture seems not to indicate over-specialization or to be a Signal of pos- sible imminent demise. The Muricacea have dispersed widely, though most stocks prefer temperate to tropic habitats and few are hardy enough to invade deep water or the polar seas. There is a puzzling simi- larity between a number of genera of the eastern Pacific and the eastern Atlantic, whether by convergence or as a reflection of earlier common ancestors not yet being clear. These are carniv- orous mollusks, often called "drill shells." Their technique of opening clams is more a chipping than an actual drilling. The radula, which is stenoglossate, is regarded by special- ists as the best single feature for classification. It is obsolete in one family, the Coralliophilidae, which like other predaceous snails that have adapted to an easy food source, no longer need a rasping organ. Distinctions between subfamilies within the Muridicae are not always clear-cut, and one subfamily previously allocated here seems closer to Thaididae--the Rapaninae. It may even qualify as a separate family. Authors are not in agreement on the dividing lines between some of the families, such as between the Muricidae and Thaididae. There is, obviously, still much work to be done in the study of the relationships between the various groups. BD Meee nee x Yee oes oa oe cee saa = Kone woe eee eee eee oe eee eS ee oe es ee Men a a ee ee » eee Mae ee eee eee eee ee ee ee eee ee oe eae ny ry ae eee Yoooee ses ot ooo ase ee sees Yowe See e see ee ee oea ses Meena ee en eee eee ee °9ey «6° 4ASTeTd §8°OTTd ° OTN aZSueu a uaey eis ey £q peaedead ZDOTOLNOATVd ALVYEHLAAANI NO ASILVEYL DNIWOOHLYOW AHL AO SiS Siena SaaS x Q aeutued ey 41 aeutdniqg x 62 seuTpTeUL -------+--------~---------- x TG © 5 © << oveprpreuT x 1 eee es Pocprursaed x T se 6 2 6 6 + gepterop DISS x ¢2 ° * * aeptTtydotT Tes) Seoaee eae Sane ones eee eee x 9 e * ¢ ¢ aepttrequntog om eee x oz aeutyd sy, ee ete x gg eseutuoydory, moomnenoe x 42 eeUuTaAqeuss0 --------- x Gt eeutTtedsy Se Sea x Bh TES aeuToOTINy PS I Ae x Gs Oct. 2 2° fetes Seep ToT anh eee ee eee x Ola © 1) eo Se eooust inn *“3ITO °o909 ‘°OaeTed *2emD'N exey az euTpsoOgns 4Tun oTwmouoxe], uta go requnN AWATOA GOdONLSYD AHL WONT *VEOVOINNW AHL AO NOILVOIMISSVIO V HO AUVWWAS 36 The Geologic History of the Muricinae and the Ocenebrinae Emily H. Vokes Geology Department, Tulane University New Orleans, Louisiana 70118 Because the majority of the readers of this paper will not be paleontologists, perhaps it would not be out of order to begin by stating that all that will follow is based on the fossil record, which is almost unbelievably poor when compared with the knowledge we possess of the Recent fauna. Darwin, in "The Origin of Species" (6th edition, 1872) compared it to a "history of the world imperfectly kept and written in a changing dialect . .. . Of this volume only here and there a short chap- ter has been preserved, and of each page, only here and there a few lines. Hach word of the slowly changing language, more or less different in the successive chapters, may represent the forms of life which are entombed in our consecutive formations, and which may falsely appear to have been abruptly introduced." First we must accept the fact that in examining the fossil record we see but a fraction of the total number of forms that have slowly developed through the ages. Then we must realize that with rare exceptions the species of Mollusca described from the fossil record are based on but a few, often poorly preserved, shells (I emphasize the word "shell" for this is all we have, no soft parts), which are almost randomly distributed through time and space. On the basis of our present state of knowledge it is possible to make certain somewhat imaginative phylogenetic arrangements. But we should never lose sight of how truly tenu- ous is our structure. This fact can be well demonstrated by an experience I had just last year. In June of 1970, I made the statement in print that the subgenus Poirieria s.s. first occurs in the lower Eocene of Alabama. In July of 1970, we collected an indisputable specimen of Poirieria in the Paleocene beds of Alabama. Merely a matter of the record being pushed back some 10 million years or so as the result of the chance finding of a Single specimen by a single person. Had the same specimen been found by almost anyone else its presence might have never been known and we would still be laboring under the mistaken notion that the group was a descendant of the Paleocene Paziella line, when in fact the two were contemporaneous. This is but a single example; how many times must it occur all over the world? In the subgenus Purpurellus we know that there are numerous species in the later Tertiary of the south European region. The form is living today on the west coast of Africa and the west coast of af tropical America. Only the discovery of three very poor speci- mens in the lower Miocene of North Carolina gives a hint of the history of the group. Did they in fact originate in North Caro- lina? I seriously doubt it, for the ancestral Pterochelus type was widespread in the Eocene of the European area, as well as in Australia and, by Oligocene time, was in the southern United States. But we simply do not yet have the data to say. Tomorrow someone may find an Eocene specimen of Purpurellus in Australia; then we will have a new set of problems. But all of this is by way of introduction and warning not to take anything that I say as being much more than a suggestion. We all have a tendency to make very profound pronouncements such as, "Poirieria first occurs in the lower Eocene of Alabama." But in front of every statement there should be the conscious, if unstated, thought that "SO FAR AS WE KNOW TODAY, Poirieria first occurs in the lower Eocene of Alabama." Therefore, with this warning before us, let us examine the present state of our knowledge concerning the phylogeny of two subfamilies of Muricidae, the Muricinae and the Ocenebrinae. The generic groupings utilized by me here are conservative in scope, as I feel that one of the primary purposes of taxonomy is to demonstrate relationships and this is not achieved by placing each species in a separate generic "pigeon-hole." In contrast, the species I recognize are narrowly defined. The "species concept" has been the subject of considerable contro- versy over the years and there has been much written contrasting the "typological" species and the "population" species. In paleontology one is forced to resort to at least a modified typo- logical approach. In far more cases than one would like to admit, the entire concept of a species is based on knowledge of one specimen. In some fortunate instances a "population" is available for study, but we are still confronted with the prob- lem of whether this is a biocenosis (life assemblage) ora thanatocenosis (death assemblage). Molluscan paleontology suffers greatly from the fact that little work has been done in Recent marine molluscan population studies. We truly do not know how much variation may exist within a population. For this reason I tend to separate species on what seem to be small differences. In some instances these separations may prove to be erroneous but in others they have been demonstrated to be valid. One case in point would be the two species Chicoreus floridanus Vokes and C. dilectus (Adams). The principal difference between these two forms is the presence in C. floridanus of two intervarical nodes in contrast to one Such node in C. dilectus. In many muricine species the number of intervarical nodes is variable but in these two it is 38 constant. This observation is based on hundreds of specimens from many different localities. This seemingly insignificant difference has proved invaluable in the course of field work in southern Florida where the geological sequence from upper Mio- cene through Pleistocene is decipherable solely on faunal bases. Cc. floridanus is upper Miocene and Pliocene in age and C. dilec- tus is Pleistocene and Recent; the presence of one specimen of either species is sufficient to determine the age of the beds. If these two forms were found together the small degree of difference between them would hardly be sufficient for the erec- tion of two distinct species; but as they are stratigraphically separated I feel no hesitation in using two specific names. Here many persons might use a subspecies designation. The use of such a designation is a subjective matter. Other than variation in the number of varices in certain groups, the species of Muricinae exhibit a remarkable morpho- logical consistency. The members of one species are constant in the development of the number and position of varical spines, although the strength of the spines may vary slightly. The num- ber of intervarical nodes is less fixed and frequently is a variable character. The overall shape of the shell in reference to the ratio of height to diameter is relatively invariable. Development of denticulation on either or both the inner or outer lips of the aperture is constant within a species and is a useful specific or even generic character. The shell ornamen- tation consists of spiral threads and axial protuberances which may be either varices or intervarical nodes, and, in addition, numerous small intervarical axial growth lines. The pattern formed by the combination of the axial and the spiral ornamenta-~ tion is uniform within a species, usually varying only a minor amount. There are two basic types of protoconchs present in the Muricinae. I have named these the "bulbous" and "conical" types in reference to their general outline. (Figure 1.) The conical (b) eee a eeent te \-% aes Figure 1. Two basic types of protoconchs in the Muricinae:; (a) "conical" type; (b) "bulbous" type. 29 type has anywhere from three to five whorls, while the bulbous type has one to two. Apparently the multi-whorled conical type is the more primitive, for it is found in the early development of almost every group. Curiously, it usually disappears some- time in the development of the line and the bulbous type replaces it. Only in the Hexaplex group is it still present today; all others have proceeded on to the bulbous type. The earliest known murex is a Cretaceous Paziella, which is very tiny--only 6 mm in height--yet has every appearance of being an adult spec- imen with five post-nuclear whorls. Unfortunately the nature of the protoconch is not known. The first Paleocene murexes, Hexaplex, Paziella, and Pterynotus all have conical protoconchs, but very soon thereafter the latter two make the changeover to bulbous. Paziella harrisi in the New World and P. nana in the Old World (which may well be the same species) have three and one-half whorls, and Pterynotus matthewsensis has five. But by Bocene time both groups hare Sut two bulbous whorls. It has been suggested that the early members with the coni- cal protoconch type possessed pelagic larvae, after Thorson's hypothesis, and that as they changed to the bulbous type they lost this mobility. (See Tembrock, 1963, pp. 322-323.) This theory has a great attraction, for one of the real problems faced by all workers in the Neogastropoda is dispersal. Repeat- edly we see nearly identical species appearing virtually simul- taneously (geologically speaking) all over the world. How did they do it? Frankly, I wish I knew. It is certainly enough to make one espouse "continental drift," but unfortunately to move all of the various groups here, there, and yonder from whatever their point of origin, it would be necessary not only to have the continents drifting but cruising back and forth across the oceanic depths like the "Queen Mary." The chief drawback to this "changeover" theory is that some species of the Hexaplex group still possess the primitive "coni- cal" five-whorled protoconch, and they certainly do not have pelagic larvae today. This is not to say that they may not have had in the geologic past, but their retention of the pelagic larval type protoconch without the accompanying pelagic larval condition tends to cast doubt upon the entire concept. Thus far we have been speaking only of the subfamily Muri- cinae and ignoring the second subfamily to concern us, the Ocenebrinae. The reason for this apparent neglect is that the Ocenebrinae is clearly a derivative group and does not appear on the geologic scene until much later, after virtually the entire subfamily Muricinae is completely established. Within the subfamily Muricinae we find that there are two somewhat different types of rachidian tooth in the radula. One, which might be termed the "typical muricine type," has a flat, LO plate-like tooth. The other, for which I privately utilize the term "3-D" or "three dimensional," for lack of a better name, is shaped much like a triangular harrow. The median cusp is distinctly in front of the lateral cusps. (Figure 2.) Much more about these two radular types will be discussed by Messrs. Radwin and D'Attilio who are the leading workers in the field of radular study, but I must mention these radular types here for they are critical to my interpretation of the overall relation- ships among the various muricine genera. These two distinct radular types divide the subfamily into two major groupings, both of which go back to the earliest history of the line and Suggest that the entire subfamily may have been polyphyletic. “Va Y (0 ABN Figure 2. Two basic radular types in the Muricinae: (a) "normal muricine" type; (b) "3-D" type. The Ocenebrinae have a radula very close to that of the "3-D" type, and, therefore, it is assumed that the subfamily Ocenebrinae probably was an offshoot from this side of the Muricinae family tree. The nature of the early whorls in the Ocenebrinae is also much like those in the Murexiella-Murexsul group, further strengthening this supposition. There are numer- ous points of resemblance, which might be expected from the fact that many of the species in the Murexiella group have been referred to Ocenebra by authors. However, there are Some very strong points of dissimilarity, which justify the separation of the two originally closely related lines into two different subfamilies. Systematic paleontologists are fond of constructing "phylo- genetic trees" and, indeed, I have been asked by certain profes- sors in the past, if I could derive such a structure for the Muricinae. The answer is that there is no such thing as a "phylogenetic tree.'' It has been suggested by some that it would be better called a "reticulum" or net. I believe in the AL case of the Muricinae, at least, it might be termed a "phylo- genetic hedge" if one wishes to maintain the dendritic metaphor. In the Muricinae we see beginning virtually simultaneously several different lines, each of which has developed indepen- dently through time, resulting in the various genera that we recognize today. A very few of the offshoots "died on the vine" (to maintain our metaphor), but most are still living and, in general, it may be said that the entire hedge is thriving. We are in need of a term to use for these different lineages that go to make up our hedge. I shall employ the word "clan" in reference to each of the three ancestral stocks and their respec- tive offshoots. The word, I wish to make most emphatically clear, has no taxonomic status whatsoever, but is merely a device for ease of reference to the entire groupings about a central ancestral line. Since the oldest clan presently known begins with Paziella let us treat it first. (Figure 3.) In 1964 I was confronted with making a choice between Paziella and Poirieria as the genus to bear the name of their group. Because both were proposed Simultaneously neither had priority, and as Poirieria had been used by more authors than had Paziella, I selected Poirieria to be the generic name, of which Paziella was considered a subgenus. In retrospect I wish that I had done otherwise, with the recog- nition of a Cretaceous species from Saxony as a true Paziella, and hence (as of today, remember), the oldest known species of Muricinae. But the rules of taxonomy are often contrary to the nature of phylogeny, so we must live with this unfortunate selec- tion. It is not too serious, as the two lines very nearly begin Simultaneously with, as I mentioned earlier, the recent discovery of a Paleocene Poirieria. Beginning with the Paleocene, or basal Tertiary, we see three distinct lines of muricine develop- ment--Poirieria, Paziella, and Pterynotus--all much alike, but separable into the three generic types that we still recognize today. The three ancestral forms have continued through the last 70 million years without noticeable change and the modern species of the lines are almost indistinguishable from their Paleocene ancestors. But as each progressed through time various side branches developed. Poirieria has had no other muricine relatives, but I strongly suspect that the Trophoninae, at least in part, are a direct offshoot of this line. The Pterynotus stock produced another side branch very early in the history of the group, with the subgenus Pterochelus appearing in the middle Eocene. Pterochelus in turn seems to have given rise to Purpurellus some time near the beginning of the Miocene. At approximately the same time, a different strain of the Pterynotus group gave rise during the Oligocene to the Naguetia line. Thus by the beginning of Miocene time, we see 42 3s u?UepTo,, @TTetzeg ayy fo AusSoTAyud peyseseng °¢ sanSty eTHeL ST x BTTetzed ¢ SNOAOVLAAO XOINUTTTOVIH HT Ee snjzoutzeg 9 & A xaINWUOuUtsd ¢T Toes eTIetItToOg G eTTedsy eT etyenben + HNAOOdTVd xernweueg TT snyoukteyd ¢€ BSOTTTI3V OT snTeyoorteyd 2 uoydorzoTe) 6 snTTeinding T ANAOOH uotaydoxeTy Q =. ae eo my + (] : i By 1) Ps a 4 : ANAOOLSIATd # al LNAOad GT eT OT 4 9 4 e SIE TT 6 SG ¢ i the genus Pterynotus and all of its subgenera--Pterochelus, Naguetia, and Purpurellus--completely developed. Paziella, in the meantime, was also continuing along its chosen path, giving rise in the Oligocene to the subgenus Flexopteron, which is one of the few subgenera now extinct. Probably also during the late Oligocene, certainly by early Miocene, Pazinotus branched off the parent stock. We see in this group a foreshadowing of what we will see over and over again. The boundary between the Paleogene and Neogene serves to demarcate the presence of cnly a few ancestral muricine lines, and the "abrupt' appearance of almost every known modern subgenus. The Oligocene was evidently a time of great stress in the molluscan world. Most of the land was emer- gent, and in the littoral waters, conditions became extremely crowded. Competition was actte and evolution was rapid. With the advance of early Miocene seas, many new areas were opened for expansion of the Oligocere fauna and a molluscan "population explosion" took place. The Eocene and Oligocene species in every group are much alike; the subsequent Miocene and later faunas are almost totally different. Many of the older lines still survived, and in fact are still extant, but most of the early types have been pushed out of the forefront by the more vigorous younger members. Pterynotus, Pterochelus, Paziella, and Poirieria are all good examples of this. Rulers of the muri- cine world in Eocene time, they are today found only in the deeper waters of our oceans, or in the sanctuary of the Austral- asian region, where many Eocene species, or something very Similar, are still to be located. During the early Oligocene two lines branched off the parent Paziella stock to give rise to two different tribes. One of these is the genus Aspella. It is a misfortune of the Law of Priority that the name Aspella should be the one for this group, as it is a most atypical form. This is an all too frequent happening in the world of taxonomy. It is the most bizarre forms that were first named and hence often the generic name of a group least typifies the group as a whole. In this instance, Dermomurex was the original diversion from the parent line, with Takia separating in the lower Miocene. Aspella s.s. is clearly derived from Dermomurex, as is the monotypic Gracilimurex. In a parallel development with the Aspella group, another branch gave rise to Panamurex, which in turn seems to have led to Attiliosa and Calotrophon. The older of the two presently is Attiliosa, appearing in the lower Miocene, but I cannot help but feel that this is more apparent than real and that the ances- tral Calotrophon is yet to be found. At present the first occur- rence is not until the late Miocene. Of course it is possible that these two groups are not, in fact, derived one from the hb other but, instead, represent two parallel side branches from the original Panamurex stock. Now that we have completely derived one member of our phylogenetic "hedge,'"' let us see what was happening simultane- ously in the Hexaplex clan (Figure 4), which arose at the same time as the other Paleocene species mentioned above. From its radular and nuclear characters it was clearly another descendant of some common ancestor. The primary distinction between the first clan and this one is that the early members of Pterynotus- Poirieria have smooth shells, but the members of Hexaplex have strong spiral lirations, often in combination with axial growth lines, that give the shell surface a completely different appearance. Today some of the modern members of the first line, including certain species of Pterynotus and all of the species of the Panamurex branch, have secondarily developed this rough- ened surface, but in the early species the entire group is markedly smooth. This is one of the easiest ways to distinguish an early Hexaplex from an early Paziella. Again this may be a completely artificial device, but it seems to be a really basic difference. Hexaplex begins with a five-whorled, conical proto- conch. As each side branch diverges it also begins with a simi- lar protoconch. But in all cases, except in the New World part of the Hexaplex stock, this is soon lost and the bulbous type replaces it. This is a much smaller group in terms of numbers of supra- specific groups, but in terms of numbers of species, and prob- ably of individuals, it is by far the most numerous. The members are shallow water dwellers, and the group, being a Neogene development on the whole, is still in a state of rapid specia- tion in all the tropical waters of the world. The subgenus Chicoreus s.s. is by far the most numerous single group in the two subfamilies under consideration. The ancestral Hexaplex type still persists in the Mediterranean species "Murex" truncu- lus Linné, which has been made the type of a separate subgenus; put I cannot see separating it from the more foliaceous Neogene species. Likewise, the extremely spinose New World species of Hexaplex, such as radix and fulvescens, have been separated as a subgenus Muricanthus. This is a matter of personal interpre- tation, naturally, and I can see a slight justification for it on the grounds that the members of 'Muricanthus" do possess a five-whorled protoconch, suggesting that maybe they are a newly emerging line. But on the total shell morphology, there seems little reason to make the separation. In this clan we see the ancestral type again beginning with a Paleocene species that is not unlike the modern trunculus-- however, much smaller. This is one of the principal differences between the early species in each of the clans; the Paleocene 45 u°UelTo,, xeTdexeH ayy go AuaZoTAyd peysessng °y aan3ty SNOHOVLEO snjzouot Aud snjeits snezootyy xeTdexsy xoInyW wun{TTeysneyZ snUTTOd INGOEE 46 forms are all very tiny--less than 10 mm in length on the aver- age. By Eocene time, the average species was more than twice this size, with most being in the 20 to 40 mm size bracket. But in the Paris Basin, especially, a few "giant" species attained sizes up to 50 mm. Only in the Neogene do we see the develop- ment of the very large forms that typify the family today, where over 100 mm is not an unusual size and 200 mm examples occur in several different lines. In general, the members of the Poirieria-Paziella-Pterynotus clan have remained small; the largest species of Paziella, P. oregonia, is over 80 mm, as is Pterynotus bednalli, probably the largest species of that genus. But most of the members are still in the 50 mm category. On the other hand, the Hexaplex clan has members in every genus that achieve tremendous size, such as Murex (s.s.) troscheli and heros, Bolinus cornutus, Chicoreus ramosus, Siratus alabaster, and Phyllonotus brassica, all of which approach the 200 mm mark. The entire development of this clan seems to have taken place at about the beginning of the Neogene. Bolinus branched off in the middle Oligocene and there are species in the late Oligocene of Hungary that seem to be the oldest known Chicoreus. Phyllonotus began at this time in the New World and shortly thereafter we see Murex s.s. separating from Bolinus in the Old World and Siratus from Phyllonotus in the New World. The origin of Haustellum is uncertain, but it seems closer to the original Bolinus stock than to Murex s.s. We now leave the relatively simple and fairly well- documented Hexaplex history and move on to a much less well understood clan, that one which is characterized by the "three- dimensional" radular type, and a much more scabrous shell sur- face than that seen in either of the two previous clans. (Figure 5.) The early development of this part of the family is so far unknown. The first representatives of Murexiella and Murexsul both occur in the Eocene, with several well established species of both genera, appearing virtually simultaneously. Obviously the two diverged from a common ancestor, perhaps in the Paleocene. And it is probable that somewhere farther back they were related to the other members of the Muricinae. But when they first appear they are already sufficiently different so that there is no problem knowing they belong to a separate clan. In the light of the modern animals, which are still very similar in shell morphology to the Eocene ancestors, the differ- ent radular type suggests a long history of separate development from whatever the original common ancestor may have been. Yet there are certain points of resemblance that seem to justify placing them in the same subfamily with the other Muricinae. The eperculum, at least in most of the members, is typically muricoid and the protoconch is of the "bulbous" type. The ancestral lines have persisted into the Recent with almost no 4? 1°UeTO,, TNSxeInW-eTTetxeiny eyy jo AuaZoTAud paeyseSSng °C oeaun3ta eiqesuss0THW 6T : VTP LEACT SNOWOVLEAYO eTUeTIPeH QT ; eT TT emxeyy ee U3 (e) q 6 eutIqeutoo ZT : BTL atxeiny 9 eiqauesd OT , snjyoukszayzdqng 7, ANTOOAT Vd Bemoj4sozetayn CT " eyyueooTewoH 9 — styks0194g 4T essoderztolTe) ¢G [nsxeiny ¢T SNTTe1qQeuTIO + on stsdootany 2T wozeydou0g ¢ STTetqtzey) [LT eindindoteig 2 mozer T G g i LING Oda c 48 change. In the Murexsul branch, a single offshoot appears in the Oligocene, with the genus Muricopsis, which is distinguished from its progenitor primarily by the presence of denticulations of the columellar wall. Both Murexsul and Muricopsis have achieved worldwide distribution, but there are not many species in either group. Murexiella continues into the Recent with species that are almost indistinguishable from the Eocene ancestor. The genus Maxwellia apparently parted from Murexiella in the Pliocene, but we have nothing but a single fossil species and two Recent spe- cies to document it. The fossil record on the east Pacific coast is generally rather poor, and for all we know Maxwellia may have separated in the Hocene, as it is markedly different from the ancestral Murexiella. In Miocene time Homalocantha, which is an enigmatic development with atypical radula and operculum, also branched off from typical Murexiella. Morpho- logically Homalocantha, especially the Miocene species and cer- tain of the Recent species, is very close to true Murexiella. But the radula is of the "normal muricine" type, rather than the "3-D" of the rest of the clan. The operculum is of the "pur- puroid" type, such as is found in the Ocenebrinae, suggesting that this modification may have occurred more than once in the line. All in all, Homalocantha is a puzzling group and is placed here primarily on the basis of shell morphology rather than soft parts. At about the same time as Homalocantha was diverging, another line was taking off in a different direction. This small group, Subpterynotus, has never been very large, with usually no more than one or two species at any given time in geologic history. But it would appear that this may be the route which led to the development of the alate members of the Ocenebrinae, such as Pteropurpura, Ocinebrellus, and ultimately Calcitrapessa. All of these forms are very similar, the number of varices being the principal difference between Pteropurpura and Ocinebrellus, and the modification of the wing-like varix into a tubular spine separating Calcitrapessa. The earliest Pteropurpura had a more spine-like varix than does the modern type, and bears a strong resemblance to the Miocene Subptery- notus. The closed siphonal canal is the major distinction, plus the calcitic shell. The subfamily Ocenebrinae is distinguished from the Muri- cinae on several bases. One of the chief differences is seen in the nature of the operculum. In the family Muricidae there are two basic types of opercula. One is the "muricoid" type, with a basal nucleus; and the second is the "purpuroid" type, with a lateral nucleus. With but a few exceptions, all members of the Muricinae have the muricoid type, and all Ocenebrinae +9 have the purpuroid type of operculum. This would not be of much value to a paleontologist but fortunately the two groups are also distinguished by two other morphologic differences that can be seen in the fossil record. One is a completely sealed Siphonal canal; the other is the composition of the shell itself, for the Ocenebrinae have calcitic shells, and the Muricinae have aragonitic shells. This causes the fossils to have a different appearance and even without a radula or an operculum, and with the siphonal canal broken, it is usually possible to recognize fossil Ocenebrinae on the basis of the translucent shell alone. The Ocenebrinae are a strange lot, in which variability is one of the chief characteristics. In this trait they bear a resem- blance to the Murexiella-Murexsul stock from whence I assume that they came. Perhaps as a result of this extreme variability there are numerous supraspecific taxa in the Ocenebrinae, but most have only a few species, and some have only one. In the type genus, there are some 170 specific names for what are prob- ably no more than a dozen actual species, such is the variability of the form. There seem to me to be two primary groups within the Ocenebrinae, differing from each other in the nature of the aper- ture. The group which includes Pteropurpura and its subgenera has a small, oval, entire aperture, much like that of Murexiella. The other group, typified by Ocenebra s.s., has a larger, more expanded aperture, marked by denticulations of varying strength on the outer lip. Ocinebrina is the most extreme form in this line, but all of the other subgenera, including Miocenebra, a short-lived form found only in the lower Miocene of North Caro- lina, and Hadriania, have some type of denticulations. In the genus Jaton we find three subgenera that are united in all possessing a labral tooth. This is probably an artificial group- ing, for Ceratostoma and Pterorytis have the broad, denticulated aperture of Ocenebra s.s. and Jaton, which is unfortunately the oldest name, is basically only a Pteropurpura with a labral tooth. For this reason, I have united Jaton with the Pteropur- pura line in my chart, even though it is customarily placed with Ceratostoma and Pterorytis. It has been intimated by Ponder (1968, p. 31) that perhaps Murexsul gave rise to the Ocenebrinae, due to certain similari- ties in the soft parts of the animals of the two groups. It seems very probable to me that the Ocenebrinae are polyphyletic, the Pteropurpura type with the small aperture having arisen from the Murexiella line, and the Ocenebra type with the large den- ticulated aperture, from the Murexsul line. The modern day O. erinaceus and its kin have a very sca- brous shell and an early development most like the Murexiella line, but the early species have a marked similarity to Murexsul, 50 and it seems likely that the present appearance of Ocenebra is due as much to convergence as to close relationship. The paral- lel development of the same type of calcitic shell structure and the purpuroid operculum is not explicable at this time, but they may well both be in response to the same ecologic condition. It is my observation that shells of a calcitic nature, including Thais, Purpura, and others of their kind, all have purpuroid opercula, so that there may well be some connection between the two. The sealed canal is even more puzzling, but may be a result of the same cause again. In the entire Ocenebrinae we are hampered by a lack of knowledge of the early development of the group. It would seem that the whole subfamily developed somewhere in the more north- ern reaches of Hurope, in the vicinity of the present North Sea. Unfortunately this region today is largely covered by Pleisto- cene glacial drift and outcrops are extremely limited. Those few muricid species that have been described from the area fit in with the idea that this is where the Ocenebrinae got their initial start. There are species referable to Ocenebra s.5s., Pteropurpura, and Ocinebrina here. Development in a more north- ern environment might well explain the shift from an aragonitic shell to a calcitic one, as the calcite would be more stable in colder water, which is undersaturated in lime. By middle Mio- cene time this more northern seaway was connected with the Medi- terranean area and there "suddenly" appear in the Vienna Basin numerous species of Ocenebrinae, representing virtually every modern genus-group of the subfamily. The Ocenebrinae have a peculiar distribution in the world today. The species are largely confined to the northern and eastern Pacific with only remnants elsewhere such as the Medi- terranean. However, Ocenebra, Pteropurpura, Pterorytis, and Ceratostoma all occur at some time in the western Atlantic. The latter two are now extinct in the waters of the western Atlantic but survive in the eastern Pacific. Calcitrapessa seems to be a bizarre modification of Pteropurpura that has arisen twice, once in the Pliocene of Belgium and once in the Recent of Baja Cali- fornia. I seriously doubt if there is any true relationship other than a common ancestral type between the two occurrences. Ceratostoma is common in the northern Pacific, from Japan to California. Yet there is a single specimen known from the Mio- cene of North Carolina. This particular North Carolina locality is a most peculiar place. It seems to have been in virtual direct connection with the early Miocene North Sea. At this locality there are numer- ous forms that occur nowhere else, and among the muricid fauna there is a species of Ocenebra s.s. that is probably identical with one described from the Hemmoor Stage of Germany, our ppt ancestral Ocenebra s.s. There is another species which I described as "Tritonaliu' festivoidea (after its resemblance to Pteropurpura festiva) thet may be ancestral to Jaton, in that it has a labral tooth. There is the species of Ceratostoma, and a peculiar subgenus known only from here, Miocenebra, Similar tc Ocinebrina but lacking the marked denticles of that form. Amcns the Muricinae we find the oldest known species of Takia, and the Purpurellus I men- tioned earlier. Somehow the Purpurellus made its way to the east Pacific without leaving a trace. Ceratostoma lingered for a time in the western Atlantic but disappeared by late Miocene time, possibly siving rise to Pterorytis along the way. It would seem that there must have been some sort of connection across the presen: day Arctic region that permitted the migration of the various Ocenebrinae that clearly origi- nated in the northern Europe erea and have subsequently invaded the north Pacific with such great success, Possibly the North Carolina occurrence is just the southernmost incursion of the fauna. Unfortunately there is so little known about all of this northern province that we can only surmise possible migra- tion routes. While we are puzzling over the wonders of long distance migration by these various forms, I might just mention that there is a species of Ocenebra s.s. in the Miocene of Patagonia, in southern Argentina, that is very nearly the same species as one which occurs in the Vienna Basin. Maybe you can see now why I feel there is a great deal we don't know about interoceanic migrations of shallow-water mollusks. I am sorry to stop on such a note cf uncertainty but at least future generations of paleontologists can see that there is still much to be done. I have tried to give you an overall view of the history of the various supraspecific groups into which we presently divide the subfamilies Muricinae and Ocenebrinae. While there is a certain amount of glossing over of fine detail, I believe that to the best of our knowledge to date this is a reasonable picture. | From all of this mass of data we can thus arrive ata systematic arrangement of these two subfamilies, as shown in Figure 6. It is probable that some of these relationships are Specious and future work will undoubtedly change certain ele- ments of the details, but I believe the basic framework is near the truth. The information upon which this paper was based comes from many sources, both published and unpublished, but I have in most cases not cited them for the sake of simplicity. 52 MURICINAE Genus : Murex Murex s.s., Haustellum, Bolinus, Harmatia : Chicoreus "CLAN 1" Chicoreus s.s., Siratus, Phyllonotus Radula : Hexaplex (Hexaplex SoSey Muricanthus, of some authorities) ; Pterynotus Pterynotus SoSey Naquetia, Pterochelus, Purpurellus : Poirieria Poirieria s.s., Paziella, Pazinotus, Panamurex, Flexopteron Q Aspella Aspella s.s., Dermomurex, Takia, Gracilimurex "Normal Muricine" "CLAN 2" : Calotrophon Calotrophon s.s., Attiliosa : Murexiella Murexiella s.s., Subpterynotus ; Homalocantha : Favartia Favartia s.s., Caribiella ; Maxwellia : Murexsul : Muricopsis OCENEBRINAE "3-D)" Radula NCLAN Silt : Ocenebra Ocenebra s.s., Hadriania, Miocenebra, Ocinebrina : Jaton Jaton s.s., Pterorytis, Ceratostoma : Pteropurpura Pteropurpura 5.5, Ocinebrellus, Calcitrapessa, Poropteron Figure 6. Systematic arrangement of the Muricinae and Ocenebrinae, based upon paleontologic record. ve) However, I would especially like to thank Anthony D'Attilio and George =. Radwin for all the data on radulae they have given over the years, information which made possible many of the con- clusions here given. Literature Cited Ponder, W. F., 1968. Nomenclatural notes on some New Zealand Rachiglossan gastropods with descriptions of five new spe- cies. Records of Dominion Museum 6 (4):29-47, pls. 1-5. Tembrock, M. L., 1963. Muriciden aus dem Mittel- und Oberoligozan und der Vierlandschichten des Nordseebeckens. Palaontologische Abhandlungen 1 (4):299-351, pls. 1-10. EXHIBITS AT THE FOURTH ANNUAL MEETING Mrs. Ellen Brennan, Chairman Mrs. Twila Bratcher: Shells collected by the Ameripagos Expedi- tion to the Galapagos Islands. Mrs. Ellen Brennan: Turridae, according to new generic arrange- ment. Specimens furnished by Dr. James H. McLean. Mrs. Jean Cate: Worldwide Muricidae, from the collection of Miss Virginia McClure. Mr. Bertram C. Draper: One hundred twenty-five identified minute shells from the coast of California. Dr. A. Myra Keen: Stages in the preparation of the manuscript for the revision of Sea Shells of Tropical West America. Dr. A. Myra Keen and Mrs. Mary D'Aiuto: "What Can Go Wrong in the Growth of a Shell"--abnormalities of shell growth. 54 Muricacean Supraspecific Taxonomy Based on the Shell and the Radula George E. Radwin and Antheny D'Attilio San Diego Museum of Natural History Balboa Park, San Diego, California 92112 The present research has centered on the taxonomic use of the shell and radula in the gastropod family Muricidae. Asa result, we feel that an approach to the present subject must encompass all forms with a similarity in morphology of the radu- lar dentition. To do this a survey of the entire superfamily Muricacea is necessary. Superfamily Muricacea. This is a generally homogeneous group that includes forms with conical or biconical shells bearing more or less strongly Spinose or nodose sculpture. The radula is rachiglossate, consisting of three longi- tudinal rows of teeth--a three- five- or seven-cusped rachidian tooth and two simple, sickle-shaped laterals (Figure 1). The combination of this relatively simple, pectinate form of the rachidian, the simplicity of the sickle-shaped laterals, and the strongly sculptured shell is unique in the Stenoglossa. Figure 1. Generalized muricid radular dentition - 2/3 of a transverse tooth-row. Family Columbariidae. The members of this small, homogeneous group, numbering perhaps 15 to 20 species of worldwide distribution are readily distinguished from members of other muricacean families. The shell is relatively small and proportionally very elongate. Much of this length consists of an exaggerated, narrowly open, siphonal canal (Figure 2). The protoconch, according to Clench (1944), consists of two bulbous, smooth whorls; the post- nuclear whorls are generally strongly carinated, with or without spinose projections. In most species a prominent spiral groove on the lower portion of the body whorl terminates in a moderately By) Figure 2. Columbarium pagoda, shell and 2/3 ofa transverse tooth-row (after Thiele, 1929). prominent labial tooth. The concentrically annulate operculum is subtriangular, with an apical nucleus. The radula is typi- cally muricoid, with two simple, sickle-shaped lateral teeth flanking a relatively simple, three-cusped, rachidian tooth. Family Rapanidae. Rapanids have large, heavy shells with large apertures and sculpture varying from lamellose to nodose and fimbriate (Figure 3). Although rapanids also have the basal spiral groove ending in a somewhat blunt but prominent labial tooth, the siphonal canal is generally short and broadly open, in contrast to the rule in the Columbariidae. A few obvious members have been recognized in the Indo-wWest Pacific region but other family members, from the New World, differing in more or less minor details of the shell have not been recognized as belonging here until relatively recently. An example is Neorapana with three known Species in the eastern Pacific. The radula is similar to that found in the Columbariidae. A single tricuspid rachidian tooth is flanked on each side by a single, simple, sickle-shaped lateral tooth (Figure 4). Family Coralliophilidae. Members of this family vary widely in shell features, although strongly fimbriate sculpture is generally the rule (Figure 5). The diagnostic feature here is the lack of a radula. 56 Figure 3. Rapana bezoar, shell. Figure 4, Rapana bezoar, 2/3 of a transverse radular tooth-row (after Thiele, 1929). Figure 5. Latiaxis santacruzensis, shell. De This has been known since the middle of the nineteenth century. According to most authors, including, most recently, Robertson (1970), this deficiency is related to the feeding habits of the members of this group. Most coralliophilids feed suctorially on corals of several types. Others have been found to feed on colonial anemones and compound ascidians. Regrettably, without a radula their affinities above the generic level are not easily determined. The coralliophilid operculum (Figure 6) is, however, known and is similar to those of thaidid forms. This may indi- cate a somewhat closer relationship to that group than to others in the superfamily. Figure 6. Coralliophila erosa, interior (a) and exterior (b) of the operculum. Family Thaididae. This family, long united by most authors with the Muricidae, differs from that group in numerous details of shell, radula, and operculum. Certain broad features, perhaps applicable at the superfamily level, are common to both these families. The shell in the Thaididae is solid and heavy, with a moderately low spire, a large aperture and heavy, knobby sculpture (Figure 7). Figure 7. Thais haemostoma, shell. 58 The radula differs from the earlier mentioned groups primarily in the greater complexity of the rachidian tooth. Instead of three simple cusps, the outer two (lateral) cusps have smaller points appended to their inner margins. The margin of tooth outside each lateral cusp bears two to eight small denticles (Figure 8). Indications are, from illustrations in the litera- ture (Clench, 1947), that the operculum has an imaginarily external apex, and is trapezoidal in shape. Figure 8. Thais chocolata, rachidian radular tooth. Family Muricidae. This family was treated as all-inclusive by most authors until quite recently and thus in these earlier references it must often be interpreted as equivalent to our concept of the superfamily Muricacea. Despite our removal of several groups from this monolithic "family," it still must be subdivided, on the basis of shell and radula, into several subfamilies. Subfamily Typhinae. This is the most unusual subfamily and may be geologically the oldest. Although originally erected for the various Typhis- like forms, our concept of the subfamily may eventually include Aspella and the related subgenera Dermomurex, Gracilimurex, and Takia. Because of the unusual appearance of the tube-bearing typhine forms and their early appearance in the fossil record it is to be expected that there would be objections to our including non-tube-bearing forms such as Aspella in this sub- family. It has occurred to us that the presence of these per-=- sistent tubular anal canals, while striking in aspect, is not as phyletically significant as has previously been assumed. Recent evidence from collectors and colleagues indicate that many, perhaps most, Typhis species live on very soft mud or ooze substrata. It is well known that the siphonal canal of gastro- pods living on or plowing through mud bottoms grows to excep- tional lengths. This may indicate that the tubular anal canal of the Typhis line originally came about in response to a partic- ular type of substrate. Extending this line of reasoning further the absence of such tubes should not necessarily rule out rela- tionships of such forms as Aspella, especially as many, if not By) most, Aspella species apparently live on a coarse rubble type of bottom, with its obviously different biological requirements. The generally dorsoventrally flattened shells of these forms are small, with broad varices, a siphonal canal that is closed, with long, tube-like anal canals that are persistent for several varices (Typhis, Figure 9) or a narrowly open canal with several buttress-like projections of each whorl touching the earlier whorl (Aspella, Figure 10). The shell is variously colored and sculptured but a thick, white, intricately sculp- tured intritacalx covers the hard shell surface in most species. Figure 9. Typhis coronata, Figure 10. Aspella, cf. shell. Ae pyramidalis, shell. The operculum and radula of these forms allies the Typhinae most closely to the Muricinae. The typhine radula is quite small and consists of two typically muricid lateral teeth flanking a simple, five-cusped rachidian tooth. The sharp cusps of the rachidian are all of almost equal length (Figure 11). Figure ll. Cinclidotyphis myrae, 2/3 of a transverse radular tooth-row. 60 Subfamily Muricinae. The nominate subfamily is, predictably, the one thought of when speaking of "Muricidae." Additionally, the shell in mem- bers of this group is, on the average, largest. The shells are more or less solid, with spinose or foliose ornamentation (Figures 12, 13). Shapes and color patterns vary with genera and species. Figure 12. Chicoreus Figure 13. Murex cabriti, florifer, shell. shell. The radula is distinctive in its relative simplicity. As in the groups mentioned above, the rachidian tooth is shallow (i.e., has comparatively little depth) and is more or less gently arched. Generally, the central cusp is longest, followed in size by the two lateral cusps and finally by the two small intermediate cusps (Figures 14, 15). No denticles are found on the muricine rachidian tooth comparable to those on the teeth of thaidids and ocenebrine forms. The lower angles of the tooth may or may not be drawn into minor points, depending on the genus. In addition, the interior of the muricine operculum has a thickened, calloused margin and a depressed central region that is variously sculptured. 61 Figure 14. Chicoreus florifer, 2/3 of a trans- verse radular tooth-row. Figure 15. Murex cabriti, 2/3 of a transverse radular tooth-row. Subfamily Ocenebrinae. This is one of the most misinterpreted groups in the super- family. At various times its members have been assigned to the Muricinae and at others to the Thaididae. Certain of its mem- bers have also been placed in the Coralliophilidae (e-Be, "Coralliophila" kincaidi Dall [=fraseri]), and that fam iy has reciprocated, some of its members having been assigned to the Ocenebrinae (e.g., "Ocenebra" parva Smith). What apparently is needed is a clear, unambiguous characterization of the subfamily on several bases. The ocenebrine shell may be large but most forms are moder- ately to very small (Figure 16). The shell surface is generally quite scabrous but smooth forms of some otherwise scabrous spe- cies are known. In many genera a closed (ie Coy fused) canal is the rule, but this is not a uniform character throughout the subfamily. The operculum is similar to that of the Thaididae in being roughly trapezoidal and unthickened. The nucleus of the operculum is lateral. The thinness of the ocenebrine operculum, especially medially, causes it to bend sharply at that point when allowed to dry in situ. The radula is muricoid, with typical muricid lateral teeth. The rachidian is, however, distinctive. Instead of a shallow, tiara-like tooth, as in the Muricinae, it is much deeper. As in the Muricinae, there are five cusps. In the Ocenebrinae, however, 62 as in the Thaididae, the intermediates are appended to the inner margins of the laterals. Between the lateral cusps and the respective ends of the tooth a series of two to eight denticles is evident. The four lower corners of the three-dimensionally rectangular base of the tooth are drawn into sharp, cusp-like points. The central cusp is large and projects beyond the remainder of the cusps on a narrow to moderately broad, cowl- like structure. This imparts a beak-like or fang-like appear- ance to this cusp when viewed from the side (Figure 17). Figure 16. Ocenebra foveolata, shell. Figure 17. Ocenebra erinacea, 2/3 of a transverse radular tooth-row (a); side view of a rachidian tooth (b). 63 With this paper we are proposing a new subfamilial group: Subfamily Muricopsinae (new subfamily). This group, not formally recognized until now, has had its members distributed in the various other, earlier-mentioned groups. Ina sense, the existence of such a subfamily is a strong argument in favor of continuous evolutionary dynamics. it appears to resemble the liuricinae in its shell and opercular characters and the Ocenebrinae in its radular characters. We have not been able to determine the exact sequence of evolution of these groups. We believe that the fossil record can solve such a problem but only when it is clear that all pertinent fos- sils have been unearthed. The shell in the Muricopsinae, although generally Muricine in appearance, is unique in generally displaying a bald or unsculptured band between the body and the canal. The generally small shells are often scabrous and the short to moderately long spinose ornamentation bears spiral sculpture (Figures 18, 19, 20). The radular dentition of muricopsine forms is similar to that found in most ocenebrine forms with certain significant distinctions (Figures 21, 22, 23). The cowl bearing the central cusps is generally broader; the cusp itself is generally shorter and may project at a somewhat larger angle from the base of the tooth (some up to 90°); the two intermediate cusps are almost always independent (i.e., not appended to the laterals); the double end-points of the base of the ocenebrine rachidian tooth are apparently coalescent in muricopsine forms, forming only a single, strong, cusp-like point on each end. In addition, most muricopsine forms lack denticles on the rachidian tooth. (A few forms have this feature more or less developed.) In general the rachidian tooth in the Muricopsinae is even deeper (more cubical) than that of the Ocenebrinae. Our concept of the present new subfamily causes us to include in it the following generic and/or subgeneric taxa: Murexiella Clench & Farfante, 1945; Murexsul Iredale, 1915; Muricopsis Bucquoy, Dautzenberg & Dollfus, 1882; Favartia Jous- seaume, 1880; Maxwellia Baily, 1950; Vitularia Swainson, 1840; and two others that are presently undescribed but are named in a paper which is in press. The subfamily Aspellinae, recently proposed by Keen (1971), must, in our opinion, be rejected. This group, as delineated in her note, represents a heterogeneous assemblage of typhine (Aspella), muricine (Attiliosa), trophonoid (Calotrophon), muri- copsine (Favartia) and ocenebrine (Eupleura) forms. 64 Figure 18. Murexiella radwini, shell. Figure 19. Muricopsis zeteki, shell. Figure 2cQ. Favartia cellulosa, shell. rie o>? Figure 21. Murexiella radwini, 2/3 of a transverse radular tooth-row (a); side view of a rachidian tooth (b). Figure 22. Muricopsis zeteki, 2/3 of a transverse radular tooth-row (a); side view of a rachidian tooth (b). Figure 23. Favartia cellulosa, 2/3 of a transverse radular tooth-row. 66 Subfamily "Drupinae." This group was used, apparently, for the first time by Wenz (1941). He divided the entire family Muricidae, in which he included the Thaididae and part of the Rapanidae, into the Muri- cinae and the Drupinae. As a result of this uncritical division, both of his subfamilies are very much "mixed bags."" Even in the restricted usage of present-day malacologists the Drupa-Morula complexes and their apparent close relatives appear to represent heterogeneous groupings. Several muricine and many ocenebrine and thaidid forms may be found here, as well as some forms that seem to belong in none of these groups. Intensive study of the animals, shells, raduilae, etc., may eventually establish that a distinct, essentially monophyletic group does exist that may take Wenz's name. Subfamily '"Trophoninae." Several authors (Emerson & D'Attilio, 1970; Keen, 1958; etc.) have used the subfamilial name Trophoninae without explic- itly characterizing the group. Most authors have placed species with fusiform, white shells, generally with simple intritacalx and predominantly lamellose sculpture, in this group. In attempting to restrict the group on some more coherent basis, we have found that several supposed "trophons" belong elsewhere on a radular baSis. We are engaged now in studies aimed at forming a clear idea of what the trophonine radula is like. Hopefully, these studies will lead to a more solid foundation for the taxonomy of this group or groups. Literature Cited Clench, W. J., 1944. The genus Columbarium in the western Atlantic. Johnsonia 1 (15):1-4, pl. 1. » 1947. The genera Purpura and Thais in the western Atlantic. Johnsonia 2 (23):61-91, pls. 32-40. Emerson, W. K., and A. D'Attilio, 1970. Three new species of muricacean gastropods from the eastern Pacific. The Veliger 12 (3):270-273, pl. 39. Keen, A. M., 1958. Sea Shells of Tropical West America; Marine Mollusks from Lower California to Colombia. Stanford, Calif., Stanford University Press. pp. i-xi, 1-624, pls. I-X, 1709 figs. , 1971. Two new supraspecific taxa in the Gastropoda. The Veliger 13 (3):296. Robertson, R., 1970. Review of the predators and parasites of stony corals, with special reference to symbiotic proso- branch gastropods. Pacific Science 24 (1):43-54. Wenz, W., 1941. Allgemeiner teil und Prosobranchia. In: O. H. Schindewolf, ed., Handbuch der Palaozoologie 6 (5):961-1200. 67 68 MEMBERS AND GUESTS ATTENDING THE FOURTH ANNUAL W.S.M. MEETING Row 2 '(i. to r.): Delila Gifford, Mary. E. Long, Jean Cate, Mae Dean Richart, Mary D'Aiuto, Eugene Coan, Beatrice L. Burch, Ralph Olen Fox, Mary Larson, Kay Gudnason, James Carlton. Row 2: Salle Crittenden, Rudolf Stohler, George E. Radwin, Allyn G. Smith, Anthony D'Attilio, Bertram C. Draper, Virginia Waters, Ruth Shasky, Phyllis Slattery, Alice Wil- liams, Terry Slater, Kay Taylor, Vida C. Kenk. Row 3: Helen DuShane, Bonnie Williams, Lorrie Hudson, Robert R. Talmadge, Crawford N. Cate, Douglas A. Larson, Ann M. Adams, Peter D'Eliscu, Richard H. Russell, Barbara Chaney, Henry Chaney, Myra Keen, William K. Emerson, James Nybakken, Laura Burghardt, Edith Abbott. Row 4; Ford Bratcher, Twila Bratcher, Betty Phillips, Ted Phillips, William D. Pitt, Lois Pitt, Joseph DuShane, Garrell Long, Wesley M. Farmer, Roland Taylor, Christopher Kitting, George Mendenhall, Thomas C. Rice, Roy L. Hudson, Clifford A. Martin, Gale Sphon, Leslie G. Slater, Ray Summers, Clifton L. Martin, Glenn Burghardt. Row 5: Walter E. Barber, Donald R. Shasky, Edward Koepsel, Ellen Brennan. Attending the conference but not in picture: R. Tucker Abbott, Elmo Adams, Warren Addicott, Dr. and Mrs. Nelson Baker, Don Cadien, Antonio Ferreira, Mr. and Mrs. Donald Fowler, Joyce Gemmell, Michael Halperin, Larry Harris, Leo G. Hertlein, George Kennedy, Joan Kershaw, John Ljubenkor, Mr. and Mrs. Steven Long, James McLean, Peter U. Rodda, David Shonman, Dr. and Mrs. James Smith, Mr. and Mrs. William G. Stevenson, Kay Webb. 69 EXECUTIVE BOARD AND COMMITTEE MEMBERS 1970-1971 Executive Board President: First Vice President: Second Vice President: Secretary: Treasurer: Past Presidents: Members at Large: Mentor-Parliamentarian: Dr Eugene V. Coan Mrs. Beatrice L. Burch Drv Warren O. Addicott Mrs. Mary D'Aiuto Mr. Mr. Dr. Dr. Mrs Dr. Dre Ralph Olen Fox David Mulliner William K. Emerson A. Myra Keen Barry Roth James H. McLean Rudolf Stohler Standing Committees Auditing: Nominating: Dre Albert R. Mead Mrs. Forrest Poorman Mr. Dr. Drs Mr. Roy Poorman A. Myra Keen, Chairman William K. Emerson David Mulliner Committees for the Fourth Annual Meeting Mrs. Laura Burghardt Auction: Awards: Conservation: Drawing: Exhibits: Historian: Hospitality: Photograph: Registration: Student Participation: Mr. Glenn Burghardt Mrs. Jean M. Cate, Mr. Crawford Dr. Mr. Cate, Co-Chairmen Rudolf Stohler Hans Bertsch Mrs. Salle S. Crittenden, Chairman Dr. R. Tucker Abbott, Mr. George Mendenhall, Mr. Tom Rice, Donors Mrs. Ellen Brennan, Chairman Miss Jody Woolsey (for 1970 also) San Diego Shell Club, Mr. Mr. Mr. Roland R. Taylor, President Clifford A. Martin Clifton L. Martin Donation of Strombina by Mr. Dr. Mr. William D. Pitt James T. Carlton, Chairman Eugene V. Coan, Mr. Ralph Olen Fox, Dr. Leo G. Hertlein, Mr. Barry Roth, Mr. Allyn G. Smith 70 MEMBERSHIP DIRECTORY 1970-1971 WESTERN SOCIETY OF MALACOLOGISTS Revised, October 1971 by Mrs. Edith Abbott and Mr. Ralph 0. Fox Abbott, Dr. Donald P. Hopkins Marine Station, Pacific Grove, Ca. 93950 Abbott, Mrs. Keith (Edith) 1264 W. Cienega Ave., San Dimas, Ca. 91773 Abbott, Dr. R. Tucker Delaware Museum of Natural History, Greenville, Del. 19807 Adams, Mr. Elmo W. 747 Winchester Dr., Burlingame, Ca. 94010 Ajeska, Mr. Richard Hartnell College, Homestead Ave., Salinas, Ca. 93901 American Malacological Union, The 3957 Marlow Court, Seaford, N. Y. 11783 Anders, Mr. Kirk W. P. O. Box 1418, Fort Lauderdale, Fla. 33302 Arnold, Miss Winifred 2516 E. Kleindale Rd., Tucson, Ariz. 85716 Aucreman, Dr. & Mrs. Charles J. 260 Haviland St., Playa del Rey, Ca. 90291 Baker, Miss Elizabeth Ann 1271 Missouri St., San Diego, Ca. 92109 Baker, Dr. Nelson W. 279 Sherwood Dr., Santa Barbara, Ca. 93105 Barber, Mr. Walter E. 7625 Fostoria, Downey, Ca. 90241 Bauer, Mrs. Hugo C. (Laura M.) P. O. Box 894, League City, Texas 77573 Baxter, Mr. Rae P. O. Box 96, Bethel, Alaska 99559 Bayne, Mr. Christopher J. Dept. Zoology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Ore. 97331 Behrens, Grace Apt. 109, 216 W. 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We have had several requests from libraries for copies of that first, 1968, Echo. Up to now, the best we have been able to do has been to send our own personal copy on loan, and let each library reproduce it as they wished. If any W.S.M. member has a copy of The Echo for 1968 which he no longer wishes for his personal library, it could well be placed in one of these institutions. Mail the copy to the Editor, 1217 Waller Street, San Francisco, California 94117, and he will see that it gets a permanent home at one or another major malacological center. --Ed. 84 WESTERN SHELL CLUBS Chico Seashell Club c/o Mrs. Phyllis G. Slattery, Sec. 106 Terrace Drive Chico, California 95926 Conchological Club of Southern California Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History 900 Exposition Boulevard Los Angeles, California 90007 (meets first Monday of every month, 7:30 p.m.) Guam Shell Club P. O. Box 2954 Agana, Guam 96910 Hawaiian Malacological Society Waikiki Aquarium 27777 Kalakaua Avenue Honolulu, Hawaii 96815 Long Beach Shell Club 600 Long Beach Boulevard (YMCA Building) Long Beach, California 90812 (meets second Sunday of every month except July, 2:00 p.m.) Northern California Malacozoological Club c/o Mr. Glenn Burghardt 14453 Nassau Road San Leandro, California 94577 Oregon Shell Club c/o Mrs. R. J. Boneff 2217 S. E. Madison Avenue . Portland, Oregon 97214 Pacific Northwest Shell Club c/o Ann Smiley Route 1, Box 185 Ridgefield, Washington 98642 85 Pacific Shell Club Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History 900 Exposition Boulevard Los Angeles, California 90007 (meets the Sunday before the first Monday of every month, 2:00 p.m.) Sacramento Valley Shell Club c/o Mr. William D. Pitt 2444 38th Avenue Sacramento, California 95822 San Diego Shell Club San Diego Museum of Natural History Balboa Park, San Diego, California 92101 (meets third Thursdays) Santa Barbara Malacological Society, Inc. Pe. O. Box 30191 Santa Barbara, California 93105 (meets third Friday of every month, 7:30 p.m., Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History 2559 Puesta del Sol, Santa Barbara) Southwestern Malacological Society c/o Mrs. Carol Skoglund 3846 E. Highland Avenue Phoenix, Arizona 85018 (meets third Wednesdays, September through May, 7:30 pem., Room 163, Life Science Building, Arizona State University, Tempe) Yucaipa Shell Club Mousley Museum of Natural History Bryant Street and Panorama Avenue Yucaipa, California 92399 (meets third Sundays, 2:00 p.m., except August) 86 dn”) / : ABSTRACTS AND PROCEEDINGS OF THE FIFTH ANNUAL MEETING OF THE WESTERN SOCIETY OF MALACOLOGISTS a Redlands, California June 18-21, 1972 Abstracts and Proceedings of the Fifth Annual Meeting Of The Western Society of Malacologists DUNC ES 2a One2 University of Redlands Redlands, California Issued March 5, 1973 The Echo is the publication of the Western Society of Malacologists, Inc. (Incorporated 1968, San Diego, California), and is issued yearly. Distribution is free to members in good standing as of the year of issue. Copies are available to the public upon dona- tion (tax-deductible) of. $2.50 plus 50¢ mailing costs; Members may obtain additional copies at the same price. Address requests to the Secretary of the Society. Editorial Board Barry Roth, Editor Beatrice L. Burch, President Western Society of Malacologists, 1971-1972 TABLE OF CONTENTS PROGRAM NOTICE OF THE SIXTH ANNUAL MEETING OF THE WESTERN SOCIETY OF MALACOLOGISTS SUMMARY OF MINUTES, EXECUTIVE BOARD MEETINGS AND BUSINESS MEETING TREASURER'S REPORT STUDENT RESEARCH GRANT ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS PRESENTED AT THE FIFTH ANNUAL W.S.M. MEETING "Some aspects of the biology of the nudi- branchs Doridella steinbergae and Corambe pactftca," Genevieve Anderson "Sperm biology in anaspidean mollusks," Robert D. Beeman "Of water and whales, man and mollusks," Hans Bertsch "Zoogeography of opisthobranchs from tro- pical west America," Hans Bertsch "Malacological research in Hawaii," Beatrice lige deibletelal "Sediment sulfide concentrations in relation to estuarine benthic macroinvertebrates of south San Francisco Bay," Arthur G. Burton "Gastropod shell modification by hermit crabs, and paleoecological implications," James T. Carlton "The bivalve species present in the northern sector of Monterey Bay, and an analysis of thesa- spatial distribution,” Patrick Clark Page Le) Any) 22: 22 22 22. ZS 23 Abstracts (continued) Page "The growth rate of the juvenile gaper clam, Tresus nuttalilt, of Elkhorn Slough, California," Patrick Clark 24 "The scallop fishery at Bahia de Los Angeles," Eugene V. Coan 24 "A report on the rare and endangered species of west American land snails," Eugene V. Coan and Barry Roth 24 "Giant clams and hyper-active brachiopods," Richard Cowen 25 "Remarks on the Coralliophilidae (Gastropoda: Muricacea)," Anthony D'Attilio 25 "Are sphaeriids placental animals?" Peter N. D'Eliscu 26 "Diurnal cycles in a freshwater bivalve, Ano- donta californtensts Lea," Peter N. D'Eliscu 26 "Minute shells of the United States west coast," Bert C. Draper Zit "Vest, with a pouch," Wesley M. Farmer 28 "The Corbteula story: Chapter Four," Ralph Olen Fox 29 "Field observations on gastropod breeding and egg-laying," Joyce Gemmell 30 "Aspects of the prey preference and feeding biology of Polintces lewisii (Gastropoda) ," Carol N. Hopper 30 "Geologic history of the Pelecypoda (Bivalvia)," A. Myra Keen Sill "Feeding biology of Searlesia ditra," Margaret Cc. Lloyd ey) "Preparing vinyl acetate models of opistho- branch alimentary tracts," Steven J. Long 32 Abstracts (continued) Page "On a mimetic opisthobranch," Eveline d. B.-R. Marcus 33 "Coralltochama orcuttt White: Morphology and mode of life of a late Cretaceous rudist bivalve," Louie Marincovich 34 "The Ecology of the opisthobranchs of Galeta Point, Canal Zone," Kaniaulono B. Meyer 25 "Observations on the associations and feeding of six species of prosobranch gastropods on anthozoans in Discovery Bay, Jamaica," Alan C. Miller 35 "Locomotion, foot form, and tenacity in proso- branch gastropods," Susanne Miller 26 "Ecology and distribution of Helminthoglyptidae (Pulmonata) in Baja California," Walter B. 27 Miller "Breeding habits and life cycles of three species of nudibranchs from the eastern Paciive,.. David. Ke. Mullane 38 "Abundance and diversity of dorid nudibranch populations on the Monterey Peninsula," James Nybakken 38 "Taxonomic studies on Carinitfex and Parapholyx (Gastropoda: Planorbidae)," Gary L. Pace 39 "Comments on the incidence of non-pelagic larval development in the Stenoglossa (Gastropoda: Prosobranchia)," George E. Radwin and J. Lockwood Chamberlin 40 "Aspects of reproduction in deep-sea benthic mollusks," Frank J. Rokop 40 "Forms of the marginellid radula," Barry Roth 4l "Unknown, Unidentified, Undescribed," Gale G. Sphon 42 Abstracts (continued) Page "Antique collectors of the sea: \che “eno- phora," Kate St. Jean 42 "Breeding habits of the neptunids in northern California," Robert R. Talmadge 43 "Dragboats bring up the darndest things, in- cluding fish," Robert R. Talmadge 44 "Organic bromine content of algae-eating Aplysta of the Mediterranean Sea," Lindsay R. Winkler 45 "A new interpretation of the marine faunal anomalies of the California Pleistocene based on molluscan larval Distribution," William J. Zinsmeister 45 CONTRIBUTED PAPERS 47 "Zoogeography of opisthobranchs from tropi- cal west America," Hans Bertsch 47 "Coralltochama oreuttt White: Morphology and mode of life of a late Cretaceous rudist bivalve," Louie Marincovich 55 1972 PHOTOGRAPHY WORKSHOP 66 GROUP PHOTOGRAPH 80 MEMBERS AND GUESTS ATTENDING THE FIFTH ANNUAL MEETING 81 EXECUTIVE BOARD AND COMMITTEE MEMBERS 82 MEMBERSHIP DIRECTORY 1972 83 WESTERN MALACOLOGICAL SOCIETIES 100 PROGRAM Sunday, June 18, 1972 10'0.0) yayim\. Registration ALG (0)(0) yous ine Opening by the President, Mrs. Beatrice L. Burch Greetings from the University, Dr. Donald Cronkhite Ecology Symposium. Dr. James Nybakken, Chairman James Nybakken: Abundance and diversity of dorid nudibranch populations on the Mon- terey Peninsula. Patrick Clark: The growth rate of the ju- venile gaper clam, Tresus nuttalli, of Elkhorn Slough, California. Susanne Miller: Locomotion, foot form and tenacity in prosobranch gastropods. Alan Miller: Observations on the associa- tions and feeding of six species of pro- sobranch gastropods on anthozoans in Discovery Bay, Jamaica. Margaret C. Lloyd: Feeding biology of Searlesta dira. Genevieve Anderson: Some aspects of the biology of the nudibranchs, Doridella stetnbergae and Corambe pactfieca. Carol N. Hopper: Aspects of prey preference and feeding biology of Polintices lewtsti (Gastropoda). 6:00 p.m. Barbeque at the home of Dr. and Mrs. Don Shasky 390i pms Bert C. Draper: Minute shells of the United States west coast. Monday,, June .19, 1972 8:45 a.m. Opisthobranch Symposium. Mrs. Wesley M. Farmer, Chairman Wesley M. Farmer: Vest, with a pouch. (Read by Mrs. Wesley M. Farmer, with assistance by Gale G. Sphon.) Robert D. Beeman: Sperm biology in ana- spidean mollusks. Eveline d. B.-R. Marcus: On a mimetic opisthobranch. (Read by James T. Carleron, ) Hans Bertsch: Zoogeography of opistho- branchs from tropical west America. Steven J. Long: Preparing vinyl acetate models of opisthobranch alimentary EGACES.. Kaniaulono B. Meyer; The ecology of the opisthobranchs of Galeta Point, Canal zone. IPE OO) joysiute Gale G. Sphon: Unknown, Unidentified, Undescribed. Barry Roth: Forms of the marginellid radula. Anthony D'Attilio: Remarks on the Corallio- philidae (Gastropoda: Muricacea). Pelecypoda Symposium. Dr. Vida Kenk, Chairman A. Myra Keen: Geologic history of the Pelecypoda (Bivalvia). Patrick Clark: The bivalve species present in the northern sector of Monterey Bay, and an analysis of their spatial distri- DUEVON. Peter No Denlrscus Diumnal cycles ana freshwater bivalve, Anodonta californiensts ear. Monday, June 19, 1972 (continued) 70.0 prem SeeSe pss Ralph Olen Fox: The Corbicula story: Chapter Four. Louie Marincovich: Coralltochama orecuttt White: Morphology and mode of life of a late Cretaceous rudist bivalve. Richard Cowen: Giant clams and hyper-active brachiopods. Eugene V. Coan: The scallop fishery at Bahia de Los Angeles. Robert R. Talmadge: Dragboats bring up the darndest things, including fish. Lindsay R. Winkler: Organic bromine content of algae-eating Aplysta of the Mediterranean Sea. Shell Auction mucsday,., June 20, 1972 8:45 a.m. William J. Zinsmeister: A new interpretation of the marine faunal anomalies of the Cali- fornia Pleistocene based on molluscan lar- Val distribution: Molluscan Spawning Habits and Spawning Products Symposium. Dr. George E. Radwin, Chairman George E. Radwin and J. Lockwood Chamberlin: Comments on the incidence of non-pelagic larval development in the Stenoglossa. Read by George E. Radwin.) Joyce Gemmell: Field observations on gas- tropod breeding and egg-laying. Frank J. Rokop: Aspects of reproduction in deep-sea benthic mollusks. Tuesday, June 20, 1972 (continued) IPS (00) jolene 6:30 p.m. Robert R. Talmadge: Breeding habits of the neptunids in northern California. Peter N. D'Eliscu: Are sphaeriids placen- tal animals? David K. Mulliner: Breeding habits and life cycles of three species of nudi- branchs from the eastern Pacific. William D. Pitt: Slides of Gulf of California, Cabo Pulmo. Kate St. Jean: Antique collectors of the sea: the Xenophora. Workshop session. Mrs. Beatrice L. Burch, Chairman Chitons: Glenn Burghardt, Laura Burghardt Photography: Thomas A. Burch, David K. Mulliner, Roy Poorman Shell Art: Winnifred Wagg, Gertrude Wahrenbrock Minute Shells: Bertram C. Draper, Patrick LaFollette, James H. McLean, Barry Roth Pelecypoda: Eugene V. Coan, A. Myra Keen Opisthobranch discussion group: Steven J. Long Banquet, Griswold's Restaurant, Redlands. Dr. Bruce W. Halstead, speaker: "Global pollution and your health" Wednesday, June 21, 1972 8:30 a.m. Dedication to Allyn G. Smith: ‘Thomas A. Burch, Ralph Olen Fox, S. Stillman Berry 10 Wednesday, June 21, 1972 (continued) James T. Carlton: Gastropod shell modifi- cation by hermit crabs, and paleoecolo- gical implications. Arthur G. Burton: Sediment sulfide concen- trations in relation to estuarine benthic macroinvertebrates of south San Francisco Bay. Conservation Symposium. Fr. Hans Bertsch, Chairman Hans Bertsch: Of water and whales, man and mollusks. Eugene V. Coan and Barry Roth: A report on the rare and endangered species of west American land snails. (Read by Eugene V. Coan.) Business Meeting and Election of Officers Rs OOM ave mie Carol Skoglund: Slides of Panama. Dedication to S. Stillman Berry: Walter B. Miller, Roy Poorman Walter B. Miller: Ecology and distribution of Helminthoglyptidae (Pulmonata) in Baja Calatornia. Gary, Leu Pace: ,.Laxonomic. studies, on, Carintyex and Parapholyx (Gastropoda: Planorbidae). Beatrice L. Burch: Malacological research in Hawaii. 11 NOTICE OF THE SIXTH ANNUAL MEETING OF THE WESTERN SOCIETY OF MALACOLOGISTS oulive Wisco Lats. 973 Asilomar Conference Ground Pacific Grove, California The sixth annual meeting will convene at Asilomar, where the host club will be the Conchological Club of Southern California. Workshops on popular topics and symposia will supplement a full program of contributed papers. A silent shell auction and outdoor barbecue are also planned. Inquiries about the meetingshould be directed to Mrs. Edith Abbott, Secretary, Western Soci- ety of Malacologists, 1264 W. Cienega Avenue, San Dimas, California 91773. Reservation forms and a call for pa- pers will be mailed to members. Applications for membership in the Society should be directed to the Treasurer, Mr. Glenn Burghardt, Stein- hart Aquarium, California Academy of Sciences, San Fran- cisco, California 94118. Dues are’ S2-50 per year for Regular Members, $1.00 per year for Student Members. SUMMARY OF MINUTES, EXECUTIVE BOARD MEETINGS OF JUNE 17 & 20, AND FIFTH ANNUAL BUSINESS MEETING, WESTERN SOCIETY OF MALACOLOGISTS, June 21, 1972 (The complete Minutes of these meetings are contained in the records of the Secretary of the Society and will be available at the sixth annual meeting.) The meetings were presided over by the President, Mrs. Beatrice L. Burch. The summary of the 1971 minutes published in The Echo and the official minutes contained in the Secretary's files were approved. 12 Rhe, treasurer's, report as published.in, The Echo: and the current report were accepted. Mr. Fox reported that members-at ‘this, date: include:. 24 students, 239, regular, 38 new (an additional 13 were added at this meeting), 45 delinquent. Reservations have been made for the Sixth Annual Meeting at Asilomar July 11-14, 1973. Dr. Eugene Coan, Chairman of the Nominating Commit- tee, presented the following names: President: Mrs. Twila Bratcher First Vice President: Dr. James McLean Second Vice President: Dr. James Nybakken Secretary: Mrs. Edith Abbott Treasurer: Mr. Glenn Burghardt Members-at-Large: Dr. George Radwin Dr. George Davis These were elected. The Board and membership approved these policies: (1) To change the By-Laws by adding the following to Anticle th, Section 2(b): “Institutions may join the Society as Regular Members, entitling them to receive all publications, but they shall have no vote." (2) To change the legal address of the Society to care of Dr. James H. McLean, Los Angeles County Museum, 900 Exposition Blvd., Los Angeles, California 90007. (3) To compliment the Student Participation Commit- tee and award the winners as follows: Grant, Award, =' S250: Carl Stiefbold of Portland State University Student Papers Awards: Baie Site = Patnack- Glark =, S50) worth, of books). Second: Hans Bertsch - $30 worth of books. Second: Carol Hopper - $30 worth of books. (4) _- To continue the research grant, but to: discon- tinue giving money for student papers, and to authorize $50 for expenses of the committee in addition to the $250 to be awarded for the grant (of which $80 has already been donated). 13 (5) That any monies given by individuals to WSM for Student Awards be accepted only if there are no stipula- tions, and that such monies will go into the general fund of the Student Participation Committee. (6) The the Editor of The Echo, Barry Roth, be com- mended and his report be approved. He was advised to in- vestigate the use of recycled paper. It was agreed that new taxa should not be introduced in The Echo. (7) That the WSM endorses the Sierra Club project on endangered species as presented at the 1972 meeting. (8) To consider further the length of future con- ferences, with current preference expressed for double sessions rather than longer conferences. (9) The Board agreed to work to promote greater continuity in long-range program planning, particularly within the Board itself. (10) That an invitation be extended to AMU for a joint meeting in 1975. (The Board later postponed action on this until further plans can be made.) AWARD OF HONOR Article X of the By-Laws of the Western Society of Malacologists established an Award of Honor "to be con- ferred in recognition of outstanding accomplishments or contributions in the fields of Conchology and Malacology." At the Banquet of the Fifth Annual Meeting, the Award of Honor was presented to Dr. William K. Emerson. W. S. M. President for the year 1968-1969, Dr. Emerson is Curator and Chairman of the Department of Living Inver- tebrates, American Museum of Natural History. His de- grees in zoology were earned at San Diego State College (A.B., 1948) and the University of Southern California (M.S., 1950) While a doctoral candidate in invertebrate paleon- tology at the University of California, Berkeley, he served as Museum Paleontologist; he completed a Ph.D. in 1956. He was a Hancock Fellow at the University of Southern Cal- ifornia and received the Dorothy K. Palmer Award at the University of California, Berkeley for outstanding research 14 on Recent and Pleistocene mollusks. In 1957 he led the Puritan-American Museum Expedition to western Mexico, later participating in the Belvedere Expedition to the Gulf of California and other cruises to the eastern Pa- cific, Gulf of Mexico, and the Caribbean. Offices held in other malacological societies include vice-presidency and presidency of the American Malacological Union. Dr. Emerson's research interests include taxonomic, zoogeo- graphic, and ecologic studies of the late Cenozoic marine molluscan faunas, especially New World gastropods and scaphopods. He is co-author with M. K. Jacobson of "Shells of the New York City Area", recently re-issued in paperback, and author of over 100 articles in the field of malacology. (Adapted from sketch, The Echo, LOO pis 47. ) IES) TREASURER'S REPORT WESTERN SOCIETY OF MALACOLOGISTS August 10, 1972 Savings Account (Bank of America) (August 1971) Checking Account (Bank of America) (August 1971) Receipts 1971 - 18 members, 16 @ 2.50, 2 @ 1.00 $ 42.00 1972 — 277 members, 251 @ 2.50, 26 @ 1.00 653.50 1973 - 6 members @ 2.50 15.00 Echo Fund (reprints and past issues) 232.00 Interest on Savings Account 40.31 Student Papers Award Fund (3 donors) 80.00 Checks returned 222.010 1972 Redlands Conference: 123 Registrations (various rates) 431525 89 Banquet reservations @ 5.25 467.25 45 Group photographs @ 2.00 90.00 Housing and meals 1636.00 Auction 383.415 Raffle 66.00 Symposium syllabus 70.00 Total receipts $4228.96 TOTAL Disbursements Conference housing and meals $1423.60 100 Barbecue dinners 92-520 91 Banquet dinners ATTe15 52 Group photographs 104.00 Syllabus printing 26.70 Student Research Award 250.00 Echo 828.65 16 ©, Os 2 oi 651.00 4228.96 $5792.53 Treasurer's Report (continued) peCcretany Treasurer Historian AeMeUen DUES): (SG AM U.P Di. Baal 1973 Asilomar reservation Total disbursements *Bank of America - Savings Account Checking Account (signed) 1a 75.00 Zot 42.52 1s 0:0 19/2210 S317, OS TOTAL* Si16038 O22 Ra2 $2090.80 STON 1S $2090.80 Respectfully submitted, Ralph Olen Fox Treasurer THE W.S.M. STUDENT RESEARCH GRANT FOR 1973 (As formally announced in January, 1973.) The Western Society of Malacologists will award a grant of $250 to an upper division undergraduate (junior or senior) or graduate (first or second year) student for the academic year 1973-1974. The grant is offered to initiate or further research concerned with mollusks, in invertebrate zoology, physiology, paleontology, or related fields. REQUIREMENTS. Part- or full-time upper division or first or second year graduate students at a two- or four-year college, university, or marine or field sta- tion may apply. The completed application and research proposal statement must be accompanied by an outline of the student's academic background and by a letter from a faculty member, instructor, advisor, museum cura- tor or other professional scientist supervising or knowing of the student's work. DEADLINE. Applications and accompanying materials will be accepted no later than April 16, 1973. APPLICATIONS. Application forms may be obtained by writing James T. Carlton, Department of Invertebrate Zoology, California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, California 94118. 18 i ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS PRESENTED AT THE FIFTH ANNUAL W.S.M. MEETING SOME ASPECTS OF THE BIOLOGY OF THE NUDIBRANCHS DORIDELLA STEINBERGAE AND CORAMBE PACIFICA. Genevieve Anderson, neO2tGitespie Street, Santa Barbara, California 93101 Dortdella steinbergae and Corambe paectfiea occur on or near the encrusting bryozoan Membrantipora spp. found on offshore kelp (Macrocystis pyrifera from Santa Cruz, California, in this study). A close examination of this microhabitat reveals a complex assortment of hydroids, nudibranchs, caprellids, snails, tiny fish, filamentous algae, a flatworm, barnacle, crustacea and crustacean lar- vae, many closely resembling the bryozoan substratum and some found throughout the year. Both Doritdella steinbergae and Corambe paetftea lay egg masses on or near the Membrantpora colonies; both have translucent white eggs embedded in a translucent gelatinous matrix. Both have one egg per capsule, the only readily identifiable difference being the shape of the egg mass. The eggs go through typical trochophore, preveliger and veliger stages and hatch as planktonic veligers. Newly metamorphosed D. steinbergae individuals are covered with what appear to be spines. These spines are filled in with cuticle and become part of the dorsal layers that are "shed" at various times by animals over one millimeter in length. Dortdella steinbergae and Corambe pacifiea exhibit a unique respiratory movement in the laboratory if the water they are in is warm or not well aerated: the posterior part of the notum is raised and the gills extended. This is a prolonged position and is held until the water is cool- ed, aerated, or the animal is disturbed. SPERM BIOLOGY IN ANSPIDEAN MOLLUSKS.* Robert D. Beeman, Department of Biology, California State University, San Francisco, California 94132 Sea hares are simultaneous hermaphrodites that copulate reciprocally. The reproductive system is complicated enough, consisting of three sperm-containing chambers and several 19 incompletely divided sperm-transporting ducts, that ob- servers have confused the exogenous and endogenous sperm. Tritiated thymidine autoradiography now provides a method for differentiation and determination of the exact rout- ing of sperm exchange. It was found that endogenous sperm start leaving the ovotestis of Phyllaplysta taylort within 14 days after injection of H-3 thymidine and are stored in the ampulla, often in non-reactive, direct contact with endogenous eggs. During copulation the endogenous sperm are bound into a seminal strand and moved by ciliary action of the tip of the extended penis. As the seminal strand issues from the labeled animal's penis into the copulatory duct of an unlabeled mate, the strand dissolves, releasing the now exogenous, labeled sperm. Most of these sperm are soon found oriented in the seminal receptable with their heads buried into the receptable lining. These exogenous sperm remain in the seminal receptable until, much later, they are pumped out to fertilize endogenous eggs in the nearby fertilization chamber. Exogenous sperm which are surplus at copulation flow into the gametolytic gland (=copulatory bursa, spermatheca) where they are destroyed. Two special problems present themselves. First, what change occurs to allow sperm which would not react with endogenous eggs to react with exogenous eggs? Second, if the exogenous sperm must be capacitated (=activated), how does the host animal determine when to release eggs for fertilization? Transmission and scanning electron microscopy of Phyl- laplysta taylort have revealed complex changes of the developing sperm which are involved with these questions. During spermatogenesis the mitochondria undergo a startling metamorphosis in which they fuse into two concentric, dense, paracrystalline sheaths around the sperm filament. Trapped between these sheaths are two cavities which turn helically around the sperm filament. Work by others on pulmonates suggests that the paracrystalline layers con- Sist of cytochromes, the major helix contains stored glyco- gen and phosphorylase enzymes, and the secondary helix con- tains the Krebs cycle enzymes. During the exogenous sperm's stay in the seminal receptable after copulation the original plasma membrane is apparently digested off exposing the new membrane of the mitochondrially derived sheath. It is be- lieved that this sperm membrane stripping represents the first physical evidence of sperm capacitation reported for any invertebrate. Meanwhile, the surplus exogenous sperm received at copulation were being digested completely in the gametolytic 20 gland. It is our hypothesis that the titer buildup of the products of this gamete hydrolysis serves as a delay mechanism to coordinate egg release with the slow capa- citation of sperm. We propose that the breakdown pro- ducts, serve a hormonal role in stimulating a.group of electrophysiologically silent cells on the abdominal ganglia, called bag cells, which have been implicated in they istimulatron of egg-laying in Aplysia. It is a pleasure to acknowledge the fine assistance and collaboration of Brigette Brandriff, Sheila Concannon, and Suzanne Black. *This investigation was supported (in part) by National Science Foundation Research Grants GB-7843 and GB-23906 and a Frank Mace MacFarland Memorial Research Fellowship. OF WATER AND WHALES, MAN AND MOLLUSKS. Hans Bertsch, Department of Invertebrate Zoology, California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, California 94118, and Bodega Marine Laboratory, University of California, Bodega Bay, California 94923 All of us, whether professional scientist or amateur, share a common concern--life, and all its newness awaiting our discovery. We enjoy the work of research or the ar- tistic beauty of a photograph of a living animal, because we are interested in what is not human--in what is Other. We have all spoken to our friends and colleagues of our con- cern for the total world environment, of the preservation and conservation of unique wildlife forms that can never be substituted with mere remembrances of things past. The decimation of species by over-collecting, pollution, or our own blindness should appall us. For we are human, and our humanity has vision, forbidding our irreverence to any form of life. When we speak of conservation, we must first speak of ourselves, and our inter-relatedness with the other species comprising the thin biosphere on this third planet from the sun. Before conservation, as a prerequisite, is our manner of seeing. Discovery, living within the boundary-breaking situations, these will authenticate and validate our membership within the international community of living organisms. The blindness of separation and isolation needs to be given sight. Man must learn anew his name--Adam--from the Hebrew meaning "red earth". And then we must live who Wwevare. Man is'a part of, not apart from, the community of water and whales, mollusks and stones, lightning and life. Qu ZOOGEOGRAPHY OF OPISTHOBRANCHS FROM TROPICAL WEST AMERICA. Hans Bertsch, Department of Invertebrate Zoology, Califor- nia Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, California 94118, and Bodega Marine Laboratory, University of California, Bodega Bay, California 94923 (The complete text of this presentation appears on pages 47-54,) MALACOLOGICAL RESEARCH IN HAWAII. Beatrice L. Burch, P.O. Box 309, Kailua, Hawaii 96734 (No abstract submitted.) SEDIMENT SULFIDE CONCENTRATIONS IN RELATION TO ESTUARINE BENTHIC MACROINVERTEBRATES OF SOUTH SAN FRANCISCO BAY. Arthur G. Burton, 446 Forest Avenue, Palo Alto, California 94301 Sampling procedures for this benthic study were carried out during the months of July, August, and September of 1971. An Ekman dredge was used to retrieve sediment samples from 45 stations arranged in a quadrat pattern covering most of south San Francisco Bay (south of Dumbarton Bridge). At each station five sediment samples were passed though one- millimeter mesh screen. The macroinvertebrates remaining on the screen were removed for identification and preserved in 70% ethyl alcohol. Also at each station, three sediment samples were collected, placed in sealed containers, and returned to the laboratory for subsequent analysis of to- tal sulfides. The Margalef Species Diversity Index and average sediment sulfide content were calculated for each station. These values were related to one another through regression coefficient analysis. It was determined that a Significant positive correlation existed for these two sets of values (p <0.05). | The highest sulfide concentrations for this study oc- curred in sediments taken from the vicinity of the sewage outfall for the city of Palo Alto. Species diversity va- lues were high in this region. Lowest sulfide concentra- tions occurred in the deep water channel just south of Dumbarton Bridge. Species diversity values were found to be correspondingly low in this region. Two distinct macro- invertebrate associations were observed in these two sepa- rate regions. At least for the range of sulfide concentra- tions encountered in the present study, it appears that De, there is a significant positive correlation between sedi- ment sulfide and macroinvertebrate species diversity. Earlier studies such as the University of California, Berkeley Sanitary Engineering Research Lab study of the Bay have observed a negative correlation for these two factors when sulfide values are considerably higher than those measured here. GASTROPOD SHELL MODIFICATION BY HERMIT CRABS, AND PALEO- ECOLOGICAL IMPLICATIONS. James T. Carlton, Department of Invertebrate Zoology, California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, California 94118 Examination of living and hermit-crab (Pagurus samu- elts) occupied shells of Tegula funebralis reveals that only the latter support an epizoic fauna in the region of the aperture, umbilicus, and an area abraded by the oper- culum below the body whorl, in more than 50 per cent of the shells examined. Minor differences in the epizoic fauna on the outer whorls and in the sutures were also found, largely involving a decrease in the limpets and an increase in barnacles and spirorbid polychaetes in hermit-crab occupied shells. The epizoics are largely suspension feeders restricted to an area near the outer lip, though some individuals may extend well up the aper- ture. It is suggested that fossil gastropods found to have epizoics in these shell regions were probably hermit-crab occupied; such determinations may aid in the elucidation of the influence of hermit-crab shell retention and trans- port on shell assemblages. THE BIVALVE SPECIES PRESENT IN THE NORTHERN SECTOR OF MONTEREY BAY, AND AN ANALYSIS OF THEIR SPATIAL DISTRI- BUTION. Patrick Clark, Moss Landing Marine Laboratories, Moss Landing, California 95039 Eleven benthic stations in the northern sector of Monterey Bay were sampled. Two of the objectives of this study were: 1) to make a list of the bivalve species and to obtain an idea of each species' abundance for the area under study; and 2) to obtain. an idea of the spatial dis- tribution of the bivalve populations of the northern sec- tor of Monterey Bay. The Kruskal-Wallace l-way analysis of variance and Fager's determination of recurrent groups 23 (Fager, 1957) were used to analyze the bivalve data ob- tained from three Sea Grant-Ambag cruises. It was found that there is not a significant difference in diversity with depth but that there is a highly significant dif- ference in diversity among stations. It is suggested that the significant difference among stations is due to clumped populations at the sample stations. THE GROWTH RATE OF THE JUVENILE GAPER CLAM, TRESUS NUTTALLTI, OF ELKHORN SLOUGH, CALIFORNIA. Patrick Clark, Moss Landing Marine Laboratories, Moss Landing, California 95039 . Two methods of estimating the growth rates of [resus nuttallt in Elkhorn Slough were attempted. The first method, that of following a size class through time, was abandoned because, due to the phenomena of continuous re- cruitment, it was impossible to follow a given size class. The second method, that of marking individual clams, placing them in buckets in a protected area of the slough and measuring their growth at one to four week intervals was successful. These measured growth increments were plotted graphically, each line was reduced to points of length vs. day, and a linear regression analysis was con- ducted for all points within each five millimeter length class. The resultant lines were then joined together to form a growth curve for T. nuttallt. THE SCALLOP FISHERY AT BAHIA DE LOS ANGELES. Eugene V. Coan, Department of Geology, California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, California 94118 A fishery for Pecten (Oppenhetmopecten) vogdest Arnold, 1906, is under way at Bahia de los Angeles, Baja California Norte, and it is apparently very successful. A REPORT ON THE RARE AND ENDANGERED SPECIES OF WEST AMERICAN LAND SNAILS. Eugene V. Coan, Department of Geology, Cali- fornia Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, California 94118; and Barry Roth, 1217 Waller Street, San Francisco,Califor- nia 94117 A review of the rare and possible endangered species of west American land snails has been conducted under the auspices of The Sierra Club, with financial support from The Sierra Club Foundation. 24 The data compiled have been forwarded to relevant agencies, including those in the United States Depart- MenkesoL Ehe Interior. LEtiis antreipated: that,one result of these communications will be increased attention by the National Park Service to those uncommon species living in our national parks, when developments are planned in those areas. It is hoped that those species now in danger will be placed on the official list of rare and endangered species by the federal Office of Endangered Species. GIANT CLAMS AND HYPER-ACTIVE BRACHIOPODS. Richard Cowen, Depa~tment of Geology ,’.University of. California, Davis, California 95616 The living giant clam, Tridacna, has enormous size, rapid growth, and abnormal feeding mechanism and diet. It is confined to well-lit, shallow, tropical seas. These characters are directly or indirectly related to the presence of symbiotic zooxanthellae in exposed tis- sues. There are some peculiar extinct brachiopods in Per- mian rocks which must have had large areas of exposed mantle tissue. The Lyttoniacea and Richthofeniacea were also large, with abnormal feeding and hinging mechanisms. They occur in rocks which were once shallow carbonate sediments. The only clues about the mode of life of these ex- tinct brachiopods suggest that we can compare them with giant clams. By doing this, we can make up a synthesis of their biology, distribution, and evolution. REMARKS ON THE CORALLIOPHILIDAE (GASTROPODA: MURICACEA) . Anthony D'Attilio, San Diego Museum of Natural History, BallboarPark). San) Diego, California 92112 A study of the protoconch of species in the family Coralliophilidae was undertaken to determine if this fea- ture of shell morphology has critical value in determin- ing generic relationships within the family. A study of characters potentially useful for the systematics of the Coralliophilidae is necessary because of the lack of a radula in this family, the radula in the Muricacea having proven to be of great importance in assigning species to genera. 25 The results of this study of the protoconch were of negligible value for this purpose, as shell and pro- toconch morphology showed no consistent pattern of re- lationships. The incidence of some protoconch types was, however, found to be related, in part, to geo- Graphical distribution. ARE SPHAERIIDS PLACENTAL ANIMALS? Peter N. D'Eliscu, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Ari- zona, Tucson, Arizona 85721 The freshwater bivalves of the family Sphaeriidae exhibit some reproductive specializations which may ac- count for their great worldwide distribution. The in- trabranchial brood pouch of the developing embryo is de- rived from both embryonic membrane and parental tissues, as demonstrated by autoradiographic and histological techniques. Early nutritive support of the embryo by the parent is through the stalk of the "placental" at- tachment. However, developing embryos probably exchange metabolic wastes and gases with the intrabranchial water flow across the brood pouch membrane. Observations of the development of Sphaertum stmtle (Say), Ptstdium ecasertanum (Poli), Pistdium adamst Prime, and Musculium transversum Say demonstrated low embryonic heart rates and reproductive seasonalities relative to temperature. The number and morphology of the embryo sacs further supported the distinction of the genus Mus- eultum. Limited embryonic and adult aestivation was ob- served in S. occidentale Prime and M. transversum. DIURNAL CYCLES IN A FRESHWATER BIVALVE, ANODONTA CALIFOR- NIEWSIS LEA. Peter N. D'Eliscu, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721 Diurnal cycles are evident in some of the activities of the freshwater bivalve Anodonta caltfornitensts. The interrelated rates of filtration, respiration, and mo- tility occur as limited endogenous rhythms. Maximum fil- tration of suspended materials such as the alga Chlamy- domonas or graphite particles occurs during daylight hours when Anodonta is largely immotile. However, max- imum respiration and locomotion take place during normal- ly dark periods. 26 The decrease of filtration during errant periods demonstrates that feeding is not entirely continuous, and that respiration is not totally dependent upon the volume of water circulated through the gills. A com- parison between the resting and motile respiratory rates shows a 15-fold increase. This suggests that, in addi- tion to the gills, the foot and mantle surfaces are al- so important in respiration during errant periods. The cyclic character of the movement periods is partially suppressed under constant dark or light con- ditions. In constant light situations, clams respond to ultraviolet and visible white light frequencies, but do not respond to infrared. The sensory mechanisms involved in the distinction of different light qualities are not well understood. However, Anodonta does exhibit some endogenous rhythms that may be influenced by exo- genous factors. MINUTE SHELLS OF THE UNITED STATES WEST COAST. Bemiiy Cc. Draper, 8511 Bleriot Avenue, Los Angeles, California 90045 My definition of minute shells includes any species in which the largest dimension of the adult shell is ten millimeters or less. There are probably more species of minute mollusks, using my definition, than there are of mollusks exceeding this size, at least along the west coast. The collecting of these small shells has been increasing in popularity recently; with this program an attempt has been made to assist those interested in learn- ing the easiest ways to collect, clean, and display these shells. Collecting is most successfully done by gathering the grunge under and around rocks which have small shells on them, from the roots of eelgrass and kelp, and the fine grunge left over during dredging, then drying this material and sorting through it at home with the use of some type of magnification. Equipment used by the author includes a lighted magnifying glass, binocular 7-power eyepieces, and a binocular microscope. Flexible tweezers are used in sorting the small shells. The shells can then be cleaned by soaking in a mild bleach solution then removing unwanted deposits with a Snallebrush. or, fine’ pick. This can, easily be done under a magnifying glass, but the smallest shells are best cleaned under a microscope. A good method of displaying 2H tiny shells is in small flat plastic boxes with double- faced transparent tape laid on the bottom to hold the shells in place. Adding a thin layer of colored plas- tic foam beneath the tray sets off the shells. To photograph the choicest shells, I use a Pentax camera with bellows and tubes to provide magnification in the color slides of up to forty diameters. Color prints can also be made by direct photography or from the slides. At least forty families in Gastropoda have one or more minute species; some have several genera that in- clude such species. Quite a few families have only minute species, at least on our coast. All of the more commonly found species are shown, by family and genus, in the systematic order used by McLean in Marine Shells of Southern California. Families having some minute spe- cies are Acmaeidae, Trochidae, Turbinidae, Cerithiidae, Epitoniidae, Eulimidae, Columbellidae, and Turridae. Families having only minute species include Liotiidae, Phasianellidae, Lacunidae, Rissoidae, Vitrinellidae, Caecidae, Cerithiopsidae, Marginellidae, Acteonidae, Acteocinidae, and Pyramidellidae. The latter family is very prolific, having at least two humdred species des- cribed from our west coast alone. There are quite a few minute species of pelecy- pods and chitons; four species of Cadulus in the class Scaphopoda concluded the program. VEST, WITH A POUCH. (THE USE OF CASSETTE RECORDERS IN THE FIELD.) Wesley M. Farmer, 1327 E. Donner Drive, Tempe, Arizona 85282 Collectors or observers of wildlife in the inter- tidal area might find the cassette tape recorder a valu- able tool in the observation of plant and animal rela- tionships within their environment. Measurements and observations are made as the animal is found. Both hands are free to look for animals and main- tain a proper environment. This is made possible by a vest sewn to hold the recorder and microphone and eli- minate concern about an additional item to carry in the hands. The vest is attached to the belt in such a way that the recorder does not fall over the observer's head 28 whilewhey looks for mollusks, > Ltdis possibilie: to use a voice-activated microphone in the operation; however, I found that, moving about rocks, wind and waves at times tended to activate the microphone. I found that a mi- crophone with an on-off switch was more advantageous. For example, a recorded observation may transcribe laterwasc) WAt thei lowes: tide dinesat/7730)a.m.,\ dune 1, 1972, two Chromodorts banksi bankst were side by side, one measuring 10 mm and the other 13 mm in greatest length, and each one in direct contact with granitic rock am close ‘proximity with Bossea; Gigartina, Padina and Sargassum along with Sptrorbts and encrustine bryo- zoans. The rock undersurface was in water of 21° C over a sandy substrate. The rock measured approximately 8 inches by 7 inches in diameter." Color notes and similar observations can be made about the animal and the animal left in place. This goes on for each opisthobranch seen. At the end of the ob- servation the data can be transcribed to paper and cor- related for research purposes. An accurate observation about the kind of animal is very important in order not to confuse two species. Even if there were a mixture of two species in the data, directly recorded observa- tions should tend to separate them into distinct groups. In. summary, I have found the cassette tape recor- der a valuable tool for field observations. Biological data can be used for mathematical analysis. Overcol- lecting is stopped by the use of the tape recorder, since a population can be observed without any animals being collected. The same animals, being seen on several different days, can establish growth records of animalswain al transect. THE CORBICULA STORY: CHAPTER FOUR. Ralph Olen Fox, Department of Invertebrate Zoology, California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, California 94118 The previous chapters of this compilation have re- vealed that Corbicula manilensis (Philippi, 1841) has been found in 23 states of the United States and in Baja Callttonnia to tthe (south. “iDuring, the pastiiyear no new states have been added to this record, but many new finds within said states continue to record the spread of this exotic freshwater bivalve in the inland waters of the continent. 29 FIELD OBSERVATIONS ON GASTROPOD BREEDING AND EGG-LAYING Joyce Gemmell, Club de Pesca, San Felipe, Baja Califor- nia, Mexico The breeding of a varied molluscan population is observed intertidally at San Felipe, Baja California, Mexico. A tidal range of 23 feet permits field observa- tion of molluscan egg capsules on substrates of sand, muddy rock rubble, and rock reefs. Extremes in water temperature, plus an unstable bottom, influence time and placement of egg capsules. Gastropods and egg cases discussed in detail are: Solenostetra capitanea, S. macrosptra, Anachts (Costo- anachts) varia, and Fustnus ambustus. ASPECTS OF THE PREY PREFERENCE AND FEEDING BIOLOGY OF POLINICES LEWISII (GASTROPODA). Carol N. Hopper, De- partment of Zoology, University of California, Davis, California 95616 The naticid Polinices lewtstt has been found to feed on certain bivalve species found in the Bodega Bay mudflat. Observations show that the prey species are not consumed in equal proportions, suggesting that the predator P. lewtstt exhibits prey preference. This implies that the predator is capable of discriminating one species among an array of species. The purpose of this project was to evaluate this prey preference and determine if the preferenceis "innate" or if it is: im- posed upon the predator by physical or biological fac- tors of the habitat. Fourteen snails were housed in aquaria provided with running sea water and a sand substrate. Prey organisms, Macoma nasuta and M. secta, were supplied in equal numbers. These thin-shelled clams are found in different areas of the mudflat--M. nasuta sharing the same distribution as Polintces, M. seeta not generally occurring in this range. Because the two prey species were equally abundant, the ratio in the predator's diet is used as an indication of preference. The selection experiment tanks were monitored every four days. All organisms were dug up and the species eaten by the snails recorded. Poltnices-drilled shells were collected from the mudflat to serve as comparison to the laboratory results. 30 A striking difference in prey preference was found to exist between field and laboratory popula- tions. In the field M. nasuta comprises 88 per cent Ofmehergenéral dict and, M.\ sectav.only. four per. cent. However, in the experimental population M. nasuta represents, 40. per cent. and M. secta 60 per cent of the prey attacked and/or eaten. M. secta shells are signitacantly thinner at the drill site than are those of M. nasuta and hence easier to drill. This partially explains the preference for M. secta in the laboratory. M. secta has a greater metablic rate than M@. nasuta, and thus, on the basis of metabolites released, is more susceptible to detection by the chemoreceptive devices of the predator. The experimental population changed its prey preference from M. nasuta to M. secta over a period of about twelve days. This tends to indicate that prey preference is due to habit established in the field. This conclusion is borne out by the behavior of younger snails; when first exposed to equal num- bers of both species, they displayed an immediate preference for M. secta. This "field" preference of Polinteces lewitsti for M. nasuta can therefore be seen as a superficial one resulting from the co- existence of predator and prey in the same area of the mudflat, subject to population densities of prey species and influenced by the "ingestive experience" of the predator. GEOLOGIC HISTORY OF THE PELECYPODA (BIVALVIA). A. Myra Keen, Department of Geology, Stanford University, Stan- hOEGreGalki fornia’ 9431015 Classification of the clams has never been a simple Matter. Even the group name in use has not been univer- sally agreed upon, for biologists favor a name based on gill differentiation (Lamellibranchia), while the pale- ontologists favor Pelecypoda, which is consonant with the other class names that emphasize that unique organ of mollusks, the foot (-poda). Now priority has be- come the new fashion, using Linnaeus' Bivalvia. The earliest unmistakable bivalved mollusks, according to LeuRe Coxisin the -rreatise.on Invertebrate /Paleontology, appeared in middle Cambrian time, somewhat later than had the Monoplacophora; but the class did not really become abundant until the next geologic periods, the Ordovician and Silurian, when almost simultaneously re- presentatives of a least four unlike-looking stocks Sa emerged at widely separated places. From then on the bi- valves flourished, displacing the brachiopods that had earlier in the Paleozoic been dominant. The nuculoid stocks are among the oldest, although not now considered the oldest; they were soon followed by stocks that re- semble and evidently gave rise to our present-day my- tiloid and pterioid groups. The clams with differen- tiated hinge teeth arose slightly later in time, though still early in the Paleozoic. Some of the bivalves have been especially good time-markers in the geologic record, such as Inoceramus, with distinctive shell structure, and the rudistids. These are bizarre clams of the Me- sozoic, especially of the Cretaceous. Since Eocene time the changes have been less spectavular, but adaptations to temperature and substrate have continued to make these mollusks good indicators of environmental conditions. It is interesting to speculate about why the bivalves should have dispensed with a head. The early geologic record still is incomplete, and the answer to this question as well as to some others remains yet unanswered. One suggestion, by Dr. C. M. Yonge, is that the retreat into a shell and into the substrate made a head not only super- fluous but perhaps an inconvenience. FEEDING BIOLOGY OF SEARLESIA DIRA. Margaret C. Lloyd, De- partment of Zoology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98105 Searlesta dtra, an intertidal buccinoid gastropod, has a generalized diet. It feeds largely on mollusks, but also on crabs, polychaetes, seaurchins, and fish. The snail is usually a scavenger and is attracted to food by distance chemoreception, but does take live prey. Abun- dance, mobility, and size appear to influence prey selec- EvoOn: PREPARING VINYL ACETATE MODELS OF OPISTHOBRANCH ALIMENTARY TRACTS. Steven J. Long, 110 Cuyama Avenue, Pismo Beach, California 93449 Excellent inside models of many dorid and eolid opisthobranch alimentary tracts may be prepared using the vinyl acetate injection technique. The equipment ne- cessary is a hypodermic syringe, a hypodermic needle, acetone, and household bleach. Magnesium chloride (MgC1l-2) or another anesthetic may also be useful. 32 Dorids have firmer bodies than eolids and are easi- er to inject. The anesthetized or freshly killed spe- cimen is injected via the mouth using vinyl acetate in a glass or plastic hypodermic syringe with the needle point ground smooth. The vinyl acetate is allowed to harden for at least twenty minutes before placing the animal in household bleach to digest all tissues sur- rounding the vinyl acetate model. Acetone is used to clean the equipment. When the model is free of all tissues it is rinsed with water and place in a vial of distilled water for viewing. The resulting model should be a detailed in- side mold of the specimen's digestive tract, through the digestive area and diverticula, to the anus. ON A MIMETIC OPISTHOBRANCH. Eveline d. B.-R. Marcus, 01000 Sao Paulo, Brazil. In 1890 the famous malacologist Salvatore Trin- chese received from the equally famous Lo Bianco of Naples a queer green nudibranch from Capri, and des- cribed 1t as Bosellia mimettea. (1891,.Mem. R. Ac. Sci. Eto Logna (5) 773). Mimettea was a very well -chosen name, because the animal is so similar to the alga Halimeda on which it lives and feeds that it was not, found again ‘until 1956. In the. treatises’ of Thiele and Hoffmann it was not mentioned at all, and Mme Pruvot- Fol in the Faune de France treats it as "spectes in- certae sedis". In 1956, however, young zoologists of the Swiss University of Basel who were studying the Mediterranean opisthobranchs at Villefranche, brought the strange creature to the laboratory and were able to identify it with Trinchese's animal (Portmann, 1958, Rev. Suisse ZOOls »65; 405-41 ly Vie.et Milieu 9:74=-80..) im 1059 a Brazilian zoologist, -Diva Diniz:Corréa, collected nemerteans, opisthobranchs and flatworms at Curacao, N. A., and gave us our groups for studies. The vial containing some flat green blobs was, in spite of her insistence, put among the polyclads, until we found Portmann's papers and that of R. Becker (1960. Rev.Suisse Zool. 67:194-201.). Then it was quite evi- dent that we had the same animal, also from Halimeda. An exact study revealed monor differences from the ori- ginal species, so we considered it a subspecies curasoae of mimetica and published it in 1970. 33 In 1969 I was collecting at Miami, and on Grassy Key I saw many tufts of Halimeda, so I gathered a bucketful and took it to the Institute of Marine Science. After a few hours the first tiny greenlings appeared on the sur- face of the water, and by next morning there were eight of them. Back in Sao Paulo I was surprised to find the animals rather different from those in Curacao. They were described and published as a new species (1972, in press). When I returned to Miami in 1970, I was eager to ob- tain some more specimens. We went to Grassy Key, to the same locality. However, a big sign posted NO TRESPASSING made it impossible for us to come to the first locality. On my following visit, 1972, I took any Halimeda I could get, and from the first lot arose a single real fat green monster, doubtless a true Bosellia; but it was a third species. All searching during the following fortnight was in vain, but four hours before my plane left, Lt. Col. Corinne Edwards brought another sample with some small Bosellta to the lab. These turned out to be a third spe- cies for Miami; they were the typical mimettea curasoae. After my leaving good Corinne continued to collect Halt- meda and sent many specimens of all three species, so that I can now complete their description. Like some other opisthobranchs Bosellia is very much specialized as to its food plants. Unfortunately there is no Haltmeda on the coasts of southern Brazil, so that I cannot expect to find any Bosellia here. From Between Pacific Tides I see that the California coast also does not have the proper food for the genus. But perhaps one or the other of the participants of this meeting collects in regions with Haltmeda and will be lucky enough to find one of these attractive though inconspicuous rarities. CORALLIOCHAMA ORCUTTI WHITE: MORPHOLOGY AND MODE OF LIFE OF A LATE CRETACEOUS RUDIST BIVALVE. Louie Marincovich, Department of Geological Sciences, University of South- ern California, Los Angeles, California 90007 (The complete text of this presentation appears on pages 55-65.) 34 THE ECOLOGY OF THE OPISTHOBRANCHS OF GALETA POINT, CANAL ZONE. Kaniaulono B. Meyer, Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Canal Zone Within the past year, 62 species of opisthobranchs have been collected from the reef flat ( 16,000m-2) and subtidal areas (45 diving hours) at Galeta Point on the Caribbean side of the Isthmus of Panama. Of these, 37 per cent are intertidal, 42 per cent subtidal: 11 per cent occur in both areas and 10 per cent are found only in aquaria. Fifty-three per cent are represented by four or fewer specimens. Two of the abundant species are seasonal, appearing only three or four weeks during the year. One of the six abundant species is found on- ly when the alga upon which it feeds is present. None of the abundant species occurs subtidally, although there are four species which are most frequently encount- ered there. Intertidal species are subjected to a wide range of environmental stresses stemming from the frequent complete exposure of the reef flat at unpredictable intervals. At these times, exposure to sun or rain may last eight to twelve hours and may be repeated over a period of several days. Tidepool temperatures may reach a high of 40°C (the sea water normally being 26°C)s, Salinities vary from 40. 0/oo to 20 o/oo during rains, with offshore averages of 37-38 Oo/foo. The sub- tidal habitat is more uniform, although turbidity is high during December-April. Despite stress, the in- tertidal species seem to do well, the only species visibly affected being Aplysta dactylomela, which is often found severely desiccated but not dead. This contrasts drastically with the heavy mortalities of Octopus, urchins; ‘and fish. -Due to “difficulevessin standardization of sampling of errant, small, and cryp- tic species, the information supplied by diversity in- dices would be inadequate to express the composition of this community. OBSERVATIONS ON THE ASSOCIATIONS AND FEEDING OF SIX SPECIES OF PROSOBRANCH GASTROPODS ON ANTHOZOANS IN DISCOVERY BAY, JAMAICA. Alan C. Miller, Department of Biology, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403 The associations and predation of prosobranch gastropods on anthozoans were studied in Discovery Bay, Jamaica. Coralliophtla abbreviata was associated B15 with twelve scleractinian coral species, Rtcordea flort- da (Actinaria), and Zoanthus soctatus (Zoanthidea). Coralltophila eartbea was associated with six stony co- rals, three gorgonians, Zoanthus soectatus, and the acti- narians Rhodactis sanetithomae and Ricordea florida. Coralltophtla feeds by inderting the proboscis through the ectoderm of anthozoans into the gastrodermis, or by extending the proboscis over the colony and inserting it into the oral opening of an individual polyp. Cyphoma gtbbosum is associated with erect gorgoni- ans, upon which it grazes using its radula to tear the tissue. Heltacus cylindricus and H. infundtbultformis (one individual each) were found among Zoanthus flortda po- lyps. Feeding was not observed. One Calltostoma javanteum was found grazing on an Agarteta agaricttes (Scleractinia) colony in the lab; this has been observed before at the Discovery Bay Ma- rine Laboratory. Its fecal pellets contained many un- digested zooxanthellae and undischarged nematocysts, which suggests that it might be digesting animal tissue. LOCOMOTION, FOOT FORM, AND TENACITY IN PROSOBRANCH GASTROPODS. Susanne Miller, Department of Zoology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98105 The speed and tenacity of species of prosobranchs with different types of locomotion and different foot forms are compared to determine what combinations result in optimum tenacity and speed in different marine en- vironments. Ciliary and leaping locomotion both yield high velocity but almost no tenacity and are associated with soft substrate habitats. Patterns of rhythmic pe- dal muscular waves yield relatively high speeds and high tenacity and are associated with hard substrate habi- tats. Tenacity within a species employing pedal muscu- lar waves is directly proportional to foot area. Evi- dence is presented that some species living in areas of much wave action tend to have a larger relative foot size in areas where wave shock is greater than popula- tions of the same species do in more protected areas. The pedal muscular wave patterns are balanced within a species between requirements for speed, which usually result in a large wave size, and the need for tenacity, which is favored by a pattern of small and few waves. 36 ECOLOGY AND DISTRIBUTION OF HELMINTHOGLYPTIDAE (PUL- MONATA) IN BAJA CALIFORNIA. Walter B. Miller, Depart- ment of Biological Sciences, University of Arizona, TUCSON. Atl zonal e572. The Helminthoglyptidae is a large family of New World land snails ranging from British Columbia to Pa- tagonia. In temperate North America, it is mainly west- ern (west of the Pecos River to the Pacific Ocean). In tropical America and South America it spans the conti- nent. It is closely related to the Helicidae and the Bradybaenidae. Its origin was probably Asiatic and the fossil record shows it in North America possibly in the Cretaceous and certainly in the Eocene. There are approximately 60 genera and subgenera in the family. A particularly rich fauna exists in Baja California as follows: Helminthoglypta (Helminthoglyp- ta), H. (Charodotes), Mtcraritonta (Mtcrartonta), M. (Xerartonta), M. (Plesartionta), M. (Eremarionta), Sono- relix (Herpeteros), Greggelic. Micrartonta (Xerartonta) occupies the largest range, along the Pacific coastal zone from El Rosario to the Magdalena Plain and on offshore islands; it is subfossil along the Gulf, south of La Paz. It lives on and under bushes, cactus, ocotillo, etc., and seems to require the frequent moisture of coastal fogs and heavy dews. It may be ancestral to several of the other genera. The rocky, arid interior of Baja is populated by Sonorelix (Herpeteros) in the north and by Greggelix in the south, as far as San Javier. These snails live deep in the rockslides and are active only during the infrequent rains. Relict, isolated populations of Ss. (Herpeteros) are found in the Sierra de la Laguna and in occasional pockets as far north as Solement, Califor- nia. Micrartonta, sensu stricto, is restricted in Baja to the island of Guadalupe. Micraritonta (Plesarionta) occurs in the northwest corner of the peninsula along with Helminthoglypta. Micrartonta (Eremartonta) is restricted to the northeast canyons that empty into the Laguna Salada. There are large areas of Baja that remain totally unexplored malacologically. Further exploration will certainly uncover new populations of undescribed spe- cies and genera. 37 BREEDING HABITS AND LIFE CYCLES OF THREE SPECIES OF NUDIBRANCHS FROM THE EASTERN PACIFIC. David K. Mulliner, San Diego Museum of Natural History, Bal- boa sPark, sani Diego, Calitornia. 92112 The opisthobranchs are hermaphroditic animals. Male and female gonads are united in one individual. In the higher opisthobranchs, such as the Aeolidiacea and Doridacea, a central part of the gonad is special- ized for formation of sperm with a series of outlying follicles producing the eggs. Pairing occurs in most nudibranchs, each passing sperm to the other for eventual fertilization. Opistho- branch eggs are usually small, each with its own al- bumen coat, and the whole mass is enclosed in a matrix of mucus. The aplysioids put out a yarnlike mucous string. The pleurobranchs, the dorids, and the aeolids produce a broad, flat or round ribbon attached ina coil or folds to the substrate. Three distinct developmental types can be recog- nized. Type 1 includes those species which possess planktotrophic larvae. Type 2 have lecithotropic lar- vae. Type 3 have a direct development. An 80 mm long specimen of Trtopha grandis pro- duced 400,000 eggs per spawn-mass. Each capsule con- tained an average of eighteen eggs. On the sixth day the larvae hatched as free-swimming, planktotro- phic veligers. A 15 mm long specimen of Aeolidtella takanosimen- sts produced 600 eggs, one per capsule. The eggs hatched into lethargic larvae that crawled but did not swim. Species with direct development produce large eggs in small batches per spawn-mass. A yellow porostome was collected at Bahia de Los Angeles in the Gulf of California by Jim Lance. The egg mass contained 400 eggs, one per capsule. The larvae developed without forming a shell within the capsule. The hatched juve- nile was in the form of a miniature adult. ABUNDANCE AND DIVERSITY OF DORID NUDIBRANCH POPULATIONS ON THE MONTEREY PENINSULA. James Nybakken, Moss Landing Marine Laboratories, Moss Landing, California 95039 (No abstract submitted.) 38 TAXONOMIC STUDIES ON CARINIFEX AND PARAPHOLYX (GASTRO- PODA: PLANORBIDAE).* Gary L. Pace, Biology Department, University of Michigan, Flint, Michigan 48503 Several anatomical studies have confirmed the po- sition of Carinifex and Parapholyx in the planorbid subfamily Helisomatinae. Until recently these were considered distinct and valid genera, each containing several species and subspecies. The reduction of Carintfex to a subgenus of Helt- soma was first suggested by Henderson on the basis of unpublished anatomical information from Pilsbry. With- in the next three years, however, Henderson published a new species and Pilsbry described two new subspecies under the genus Carintfex. Baker's posthumously pu- blished monograph of the Planorbidae presented several anatomical bases for retaining Carintfex and Heltsoma as distinct genera. In 1966, however, Taylor again reduced Caritntfex to a subgenus of Helisoma (dextral and hyperstrophic), while raising Planorbella to a ge- nus containing the subgenera Pterosoma and Semtnolina (sinistral and orthostrophic). Considering the con- flicting evidence and the taxonomic importance of these changes, it is suggested that the traditional arrange- ment of Carintfex and Helisoma be retained until more biosystematic work can be completed. Z2lchis subordination -Of Parapholyx to Vortierfex also seems premature. Meek described Vorttctfex as a subgenus Of “Carintfex in 1870. In 1888, Call. named Pomphotopsts as a subgenus of Lea's Pompholyx. How- ever, in 1922 Hanna replaced Lea's preoccupied name with Paraphotyx, saying that Call's taxon was a separate genus. Unfortunately, both Vorticifex and Pompholopsts are based on fossil species whose holotypes have been lost. While Pompholopsts is high spired as are some Parapholy=n, Levis also, distinctly umbilicate’-asis Vor- tietfex. All species originally assigned to Vorttetfex were low spired and umbilicate. While a high spired form of Parapholyx may have a minute umbilical chink, all low spired forms are imperforate. Therefore, con- sidering the potential taxonomic disruption, and in ViewrOrulthe lost fossil heolotypes, if isuggest that. these genera be retained as distinct. No one has yet provided the evidence to justify the synonymy of many of the nominal species and sub- species of Carinifex and Parapholyx. The following conchological characteristics are demonstrated to be 39 so variable as to require further study: sculpture, height of spire, height and shape of aperture, thick- ness and shape of columella. It is hoped that future biosystematic studies can clarify some of the problems listed above. *Field work supported (in part) by the National Science Foundation Training Program in Systematic and Evolution- ary Biology (GB-3366) at the University of Michigan. Research supported (in part) by a research grant (5 Tl Al 41) from the National Institute of Allergy and In- fectious Diseases, U. S. Public Health Service, and (in part) by a stipend from the Office of Academic Studies, Smithsonian Institution. COMMENTS ON THE INCIDENCE OF NON-PELAGIC LARVAL DEVELOP MENT IN THE STENOGLOSSA (GASTROPODA: PROSOBRANCHIA). George E. Radwin, San Diego Museum of Natural History, Balboa Park, San Diego, California 92112; and J. lock— wood Chamberlin, National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Agency A study of the mode of larval development in a small number of stenoglossan gastropods has led to a compilation of similar data from the literature. Re- sults of this compilation have suggested the probable need for restudy and refinement of Thorson's widely accepted principle on the correlation between mode of larval development and latitudinal location. The im- portance of phyletic relationship is indicated by the patterns apparent in the compilation. ASPECTS OF REPRODUCTION IN DEEP-SEA BENTHIC MOLLUSKS. Frank J. Rokop, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, Calli fornia 9'2103:7 The vast regions comprising the deep sea are the most constant biological environments on earth, the physico-chemical parameters such as oxygen content, salinity, and temperature changing only very slowly over thousands of years and displaying little or no season variation. Thus, the deep sea can be consi- dered ideal for the study of reproductive behavior under unchanging physical condition. 40 In order to obtain information on the reproductive patterns of deep-sea: benthic organisms, I initiated a sequential, seasonal sampling program of two bathyal communities in the continental borderland off San Diego, California. The two areas of concentration were the San Diego Trough and Tanner Basin, approximately 25 and 130 miles, respectively, off the mainland in depths of 1250 and 1300 meters. Both regions were monitored at 12-week intervals from October 1970 through October IS) Ff The reproductive condition of those invertebrate species that are both abundant and easily sorted from the samples is ascertained during each time period through gonadal and size-frequency distribution analyses. Although all the available species have not yet been examined in detail, the results thus far indicate that continuous breeding is the common mode of reproduction in bathyal benthic invertebrates. Within the molluscs, for example, the protobranch bivalve species Nuculana pontonta, Tindaria cervola, and Nuecula darella display a continuous breeding pattern. Fully ripe testes and ovaries are present throughout the year. Furthermore, the siz-frequency distribution of these populations remains constant, i.e. a bimodal distribution represent- ing young and adults occurs at all sampling periods. FORMS OF THE MARGINELLID RADULA. Barry Roth, 1217 wWal- ler Street, San Francisco, California 94117 Five major radular conditions have been observed in species of Marginellidae, correlating fairly well with recognizable shell types found in the family. A straight, comblike rhachidian plate with numerous cusps occurs in the genera Cryptospira, Prunum, and Vol- varina. The strength of the cusps and their arrangement are variable, even within a species. In the volute- like genera of the subfamily Marginelloninae, Marginel- Zona and Afrivoluta, the rhachidian plate is very broad, with! more than’ 75 cusps. Chevron-shaped plates charac-— terize the Australian genera Alaginella and Austroginel- la. A strongly arched plate, with various modifications, occurs in Persicula and Gibberula. A wishbone-shaped tooth, with or without subor- dinate cusps, characterizes Granula and Granulina, genera placed by some authors in the subfamily Cystis- GinaessDeri vation. of-this "condi tien» from) a ipersiculoid ancestry seems plausible. Al The radula is absent in Marginella, sensu stricto, in Glabella, and in at least one species of Denttmargo (=Volvarinella), a genus which, as now construed, ap- pears polyphyletic. Discovery of lateral tooth structures on the ra- dula of Cystiscus jewettit suggests that some changes in the classification of the Marginellidae may be in- dicated as radular studies of the family progress. UNKNOWN, UNIDENTIFIED, UNDESCRIBED. Gale G. Sphon, Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, 900 Exposition Boulevard, Los Angeles, California 9007 (No abstract submitted.) ANTIQUE COLLECTORS OF THE SEA: THE XENOPHORA. Kate St. Jean, 12 South Encino Road, Laguna, California. Photography by Magda R. White, Santa Ana, California Xenophora is a Latin word, xeno meaning strangers, and phora-carrier of. “The. Xenophora have been ain.the sea at least 35 million years and can be called living fossils. Three species from the Miocene and two from the Pliocene are shown on slides. The Xenophora are the supreme camouflage artists of the mollusk world. Their survival depends upon looking so like their environment as to be indistin- guishable from it. The animal picks up an object from the ocean floor with its foot and with cement from its mantle glues it onto the whorl, with tiny shells, rocks, and coral at the apex and larger objects as the shell grows. The animal uses what is available on the ocean floor, but with selectivity. The animal moves with the loping gait of its relative, the Strom- bus, enabling it to jump over the debris-strewn ocean bottom where it picks up with its radula algae and de- Eritus stor stood: Xenophora live on the continental shelf from 15 to 30 degrees north and south of the equator, from shal- low water to depths of 800 feet. The genus was named in 1805 by Fischer de Waldheim, a Russian scientist. The genotype, X. conchyltophora, was named by Baron Ignatius Born, an Austrian publisher al glee 43100 42 The following species are shown: X. conchyltophora Born, Florida and West Indies; collects rocks, shells, coral; widely distributed throughout Caribbean Sea in shallow water. xX. palltdula Reeve, Japanese carrier; resembles X. conechyltophora, with same habits of col- lecting; widely distributed. xX. peroniana Iredale, Australia; collects mostly rocks; trawled. X. neo- zelantea Suter, New Zealand; one specimen collects shells and rocks, the other rocks; both dredged, 180- 240 feet. X. robusta Verrill, west Mexico; shells and rocks superimposed with barnacles and worm shells; 150; feet.) X2 senegalensts Gray, west Africa; tiny and covered with shells. xX. tenuts Fulton, Japan. Very thin and few rocks only. xX. flindersii Cotton and Godfrey, Australia; 3/4 inch, rocks and shells; Gabe. | X41 ,sprrata, Trucial Coast, Persian Gulf, dredged; covercdowrth tiny tellens:, *. longleys ‘Bartsch, Dry Tortugas and Texas; largest five inches, juvenile two and one-half inches; no attachments. X. caribeae Pe- tit, Caribbean Sea; no attachments; rare, 600-800 feet. Onustus helvacea Philippi, Australia; few peb- bles at apex, no other attachments; 600 feet. Onustus exustus Reeve, Japan; no attachments. Stellarta so- laris Linne, western Pacific; Sunburst carrier; limy projections only. BREEDING HABITS OF THE NEPTUNIDS IN NORTHERN CALIFOR- NIA. Robert R. Talmadge, Department of Invertebrate Zoology, California Academy of Sciences, San Francis- co, California 94118 The Neptuneidae, a family of marine Mollusca, is well represented in both the Recent and fossil faunas of northern California. Through the cooperation of the dragboat fishermen operating out of northern Califor- Mia ports; Ll havevbeen able to accumulate series of Re= cent neptunids with ecological data, plus egg capsules of several species, which I have been able to match with certain adults. In a small, unsophisticated, plastic aquarium, I have hatched three species of Neptunea after watching the embryos develop into fully formed snails. The egg capsules are deposited either as indivi- dual capsules or attached in clumps and/or stacks of varying forms, on bits of water-soaked wood, rocks, loose shells, and on the shells of other specimens of the same species. The capsules are found in several shapes; sizes, textures, and colors, and it is possible 43 in many instances to recognize the capsules and clust- ers without the adult snail being present. Dr. I. McT. Cowan (1964, The Velager 7. (1):43-44; and 1965, (The Veliger 8 (1)31=2.) discussed and illustrated :egg :cap- sules and young of two northern genera and in personal communication with me has discussed a third genus. All of the development of the snail takes place within the egg capsule. There is a noticeable de- crease in the number of individual snails a few days prior to hatching, which may indicate cannibalism in- Side the capsule. The incubation period appears to be around four months, and in northern California egg capsules may be found as early as late July and early August, and as late as December, indicating a rather lengthy deposition period. I have been unable to raise the hatchling young, probable due to a lack of specialized equipment which would duplicate the biome in which the snail lives. However, I have learned that propagating young of gastro- pods (Haltotts) is a time-consuming and exacting pro- cess. At the present time egg capsules of several unidentified species of gastropods have been noted, and I will continue to seek out and identify such. DRAGBOATS BRING UP THE DARNDEST THINGS, INCLUDING FISH. Robert R. Talmadge, Department of Invertebrate Zoology, California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, Califor- nia 94118 The basic purpose of the dragboats or Otter Traw- lers, fishing off the northern California and southern Oregon coasts, is to catch bottom-feeding fishes for the commercial market--that is, for human consumption. In so doing, their nets. often encounter objects other than these fishes, which are brought to the surface and become available for study. Besides the fish, the nets catch on geological and/or paleontological items; historical objects, usual- ly the relics of some marine disaster, and some dating to Manila Galleons*; and biological specimens, some- times vertebrate, but usually invertebrate. Selected examples of such items are illustrated by slides with brief comments on their origin and history. *Permission to make and use slides of jars from a wreck- ed Manila Galleon was obtained from the Clarke Museum, Eureka, California. 44 ORGANIC BROMINE CONTENT OF ALGAE-EATING APLYSIA OF THE MEDITERRANEAN SEA. Lindsay R. Winkler, 81 - 452 Fran- cis Avenue, Indio, California 92201 The organic bromine content of native California Aplysta caltforntca is uniformly high but fluctuating. To ascertain if the same was true of the Mediterranean Aplysia, specimens taken by the collecting service of the Naples Zoological Station were analyzed for the or- ganic bromine content of their digestive glands. Me- thods used on site were analysis for halogens using a flame-halogenometer and sealing of 5 ml samples for return to the home laboratory for chromatographic analysis with bromine estimation. Both field results and chromatographic estimation indicated highly varia- ble quantities of bromine in 50 per cent of the Aplysia fasetata taken and none in Aplysta depitans. This cor- relates with the dietary habits of the two species, in that A. fasectata eats both green and red algae while 4. depitlans eats only greens and browns. These data sup- port the gypothesis that the bromine organics of Aplysta of the subgenus Varria are the result of detoxification of the Bromo-phenols of certain families of red algae. A NEW INTERPRETATION OF THE MARINE FAUNAL ANOMALIES OF THE CALIFORNIA PLEISTOCENE BASED ON MOLLUSCAN LARVAL DISTRIBUTION. William J. Zinsmeister, Department of Geological Sciences, University of California, River- side, California 92502 The California Pleistocene molluscan faunas are characterized by a number of faunal associations in which cold and warm water taxa occur together. These associations have been considered anomalous in some of the previous literature because such taxa normally do not co-exist in the same community at present. Pre- vious discussions of these associations have postu- lated that current action has mixed elements from closely adjacent warm and cold water habitats such as cold-water upwelling centers in subtropical regions or warm water embayments in temperate regions. I propose that some of these anomalies resulted from periodic local and temporary current changes that permitted the introduction of ‘larva of tropical mol- lusks into areas of cooler water temperatures. Physio- logically some tropical taxa can survive in water which is quite cold, but at the same time the temperature is 45 too cold to permit reproduction. Thus these newly ar- rived taxa would represent only temporary members of the community. Since these mollusks possess a preservable shell, they are just as likely to be preserved in the fossil record as any other shell-bearing member of the community. This hypothesis is supported by a number of occurrences of warm water Panamic mollusks in the tem- perate waters along the coast of Southern California during the past 50 years. 46 CONTRIBUTED PAPERS Zoogeography of Opisthobranchs From Tropical West America Hans Bertsch Department of Invertebrate Zoology, California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, California 94118, and Bodega Marine Laboratory, University of California, Bodega Bay, California 94923 The Gulf of California is a recent geological phe- nomenon--both in the age of the formation of the Baja California land mass as a separate entity, and in the isolation of the Panamic faunal region (tropical west America) from the Caribbean Sea. Approximately four to Six million years ago the northwestward-moving Pacific plate became attached to the Baja California peninsula and Baja was torn away from the mainland of Mexico, form- ing the Gulf of California (Anderson, 1971). The Cen- tral American land mass has had a complicated geologic history, at times submerged and at other times forming a land bridge for the movement of terrestrial animals between North and South America. It has existed in its present condition for about three million years, form- ing an almost complete barrier to the exchange of ma- rine organisms between the Panamic and Caribbean faunist- ic zones (Briggs, 1970) Paralleling the geologic history is the comparative newness of interest in the opisthobranch fauna of the Gullit sok iCallatornitas Over 25 per-scent tof the icephailla— spideans, anaspideans, notaspideans, sacoglossans and nudibranchs have been named only in the last ten years. When the nudibranchs alone are considered, more than 40 per cent are of such recent vintage, and the per- centage seems to be rising with each volume of our va- rious Pacific molluscan journals and technical museum series. Recent papers by Gosliner and Williams (1972), Farmer (1963), Sphon=(1971) ;,cLance !(1966)), Bertsch (19:70), Marcus and Marcus (1967, 1970) and other workers have added substantial information to our knowledge of the Panamic opisthobranchs. 47 With the available data, I think that we can draw some preliminary generalizations regarding the zoogeo- graphical affinities of these opisthobranchs. Keen (1971) has described the primarily tropical character of the Panamic mollusks, and Emerson (1967) has writ- ten about the endemic molluscan fauna of the offshore islands of Clarion, Socorro, Cocos, and the Galapagos, and the exceptionally high proportion (47%) of mollusk species on Clipperton Island having Indo-Pacific fau- nal affinities. There are four tropical regions that can be con- sidered as distinct: the western Atlantic, eastern At- lantic, Indo-West Pacific, and eastern Pacific (Pana- mic). They are all bounded on the north and south by the 20° C isotherm for the coldest month of the year. The Gulf of California, the northern limit of the Pana- mic zone, is definitely a tropical region by this cri- terion. The mean minimum water temperature at Puerto Penasco is| 20:9°:C; “at ha’ Paz,i22.2°% G. » Mean maxamum water temperatures are 25.5° and 26.9° C respectively (Parker, 1964). The longitudinal barriers between these faunal provinces are either wide expanses of deep water or land masses. In general, these barriers are considered fairly effective, with any exchange oc- curring eastward across the Atlantic, eastward across the Pacific, and westward around the Old World land barrier. In analyzing the Panamic opisthobranch faunal re- lationships I have limited myself to the five better known groups: cephalaspideans, anaspideans, notaspi- deans, sacoglossans, and nudibranchs. Although the Pyramidellacea have more named species in this region than all the other groups combined, I feel that unre- ported synonymy among them is so great that they should not be considered in this comparative study. Also, in the first comparison, I do not include the five species of notaspideans because there are not enough of them to change the statistics, and because no correlations between faunal provinces can be made within this group. I. The number of species of Panamic opisthobranchs accurring in each tropical faunal province and also in the temperate Californian province is tabulated in Table l. A number of conclusions can be drawn from this tabulation. 48 3G ~E 35° 0 SG°E SS °8Z 3S° 8G $9°S LNAONdd (LUT) S i: G (a 98 8 STVLOL é He Ss Le 6e € Ssyouezrqt pnn G 0 a E 8 0 suessozTb00esg 0 0 T G T G sueoptdseuy 0 0 0 OT BE 0 suevoptdsetzteydag (ueaqqtized) oTytToed AT uo *TavV 3S0mM "Ta3w 3seg 4 SOM-Oput STtpe] oTweueg Teotdoszjunoiatg “To qed 49 1) The major faunal relationship, on the species level, between the tropical Panamic province and another region, is with the temperate Californian province. 2) Influences on the Panamic opisthobranch fauna from the Indo-West Pacific, the Caribbean, and the Fastern Atlantic are quite rare and can be considered as "freak" occurrences. This is probably because of the effectiveness of the barriers and the lack of coral reef substrate and nutritional availability. Emerson (1967) has noted that coral reef diminished rapidly during the Tertiary in west America, and these serve as essential environmental conditions for the mollus- can fauna of the Caribbean and Indo-Pacific regions. Clipperton Island, with its large proportion of Indo- Pacific species, is the only coral atoll in the eastern Pacific Ocean. 3) The circumtropical species are mainly the algae- associated anaspideans. In the Panamic province more than half of the anaspideans are circumtropical. Pos- sibly the algae provides both a distributional method, and also a food source, thus allowing the establish- ment of circumtropical anaspideans in the Panamic pro- vince. 4) The high proportion of endemic species in this geologically young area hints that the Panamic province is an evolutionary center of recent age. It seems to differ from the Indo-West Pacific in not serving as an evolutionary source-center from which a large number of species have been dispersed. It is not known in which geographical province the animals occurring in both the Californian and Panamic provinces originated. II. To more closely examine the Panamic-Califor- nian provincial species associations, I compared the northern and wouthern latitudinal range limits of the species in the five opisthobranch groups from the Panamic region (Table 2, page 53.) The lengths of the ranges (in degrees latitude) of the Panamic opisthobranch species are: Range length Number of species (degrees latitude) All five groups Cephalaspideans only 0=10 83 (56%) Sle 67s) Vai 20) 29 (203%) 6 (14%) 50 Table from preceding page continued. 21-310 21 (043) 7: (1638) 31-40 13 09'S) 3. (6%) 40 + 2 1 2)) 0 There are a number of observations to make regard- ing these north-south distributions: I) sthe figures could change significantly with more intensive research in northemCalifornia, Oregon, and Washington, and in Central and South America. The ranges probably reflect. the concentration of study in a few areas as much as the actual ranges of the species. In tabulating these data I have used the unpublished data from the Galapagos Islands and Costa Rica amassed by Gale G. Sphon and Antonio Ferreira. 2) The mean northern range limit of the five goups of Panamic opisthobranchs is the northern end of the Gulf of California, between 30° and 32° N. latitude. The mean southern limit is the 23° N. latitudinal line-- EhemeaprorL Baya California. 3) The ranges of the cephalaspideans are skewed much farther to the south. Eliminating this group would place the median farther to the north. 4) The north-south range of most Panamic opistho- branchs (83) is between 0 and 10 degrees latitude in length. This is approximately the distance from Santa Barbara to La Paz. A major factor contributing to this tendency to have smaller range limits is the high num- ber of rare species (48) which have been collected on- ly from their type localities or immediately adjacent regions. 5) Point Conception, north of Santa Barbara along the Californian coast, is often considered a faunistic barrier separating warm-water animals from the colder- water forms. However, on the basis of the north-south range limits of these Panamic opisthobranch species, one can predict that if an opisthobranch occurring in the Panamic province is also in the southern California region (43 species), it will probably also occur north of Pt. Conception (35 species--more than 80% of the species occurring in both zoogeographical regions). Salt There are at least two interpretations to this: (a) a substantial proportion of opisthobranchs are tolerant of a broad range of such environmental conditions as water temperature; and (b) for the opisthobranchs, Pt. Conception is not important as a "barrier" nor as a demarcation of different faunal regions. These preliminary data need amplification from more Panamic localities, and comparison with other faunal regions. There are also two methodological questions underlying present and future studies of faunal comparisons. First, the evolutionary aspect: what relationships existed between zoogeographical provinces in past ages, how have these changed throug- out long periods of time, and what do they contri- bute to the present relationships? Second, should comparisons of fauna be done on the species level or by larger taxonomic groupings? What is the relative importance of these two kinds of comparisons, and what information does each contribute? A great deal more work is needed to answer these questions. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Preparation of this manuscript was aided in part by National Science Foundation Grant NSF-GY-9815 to the Bodega Marine Laboratory. I wish to thank Dr. Cadet Hand, Dr. Michael Ghiselin, Mr. Jon Standing, and Mr. James Carlton for advice and helpful discus- Sions during the writing of this paper. I also thank Dr. Antonio Ferreira, Mr. Gale Sphon, Mr. Terrence Gosliner and Mr. Gary Williams for allowing me to use their unpublished collecting records. D7 NE v AqTuo *sebuer ,setoeds oy} JO SRTWIT eyy ACF uetpaew ey} seqoueq ¥y, 6 "3eT YANOS 4 "N ov-0 62 "N 06-S El "N ofT-OT ee "N o@Z-ST 92 "N oLZ-€2 8h "N of€-8Z sueoptdsezteudeg EW. epnqatyzerT sserbeq SYTWTT UzeYyINOS i c “3eT Yanos SAE 02 *N oOT-0O zi © S Ni OG bE v (AL SNe otc=0¢ *IT 6T “N 062-SZ 8 x OP oN oGe=O€ S 8 TNeo Peck (G OF. = N c6E=SE (A 6T "N oLS5-0P7 AqTuo sueoptdseteude9 TEENY apnqtAeT seerbeq SZTWUTT UtTSY4FI0N “2 SLded, 53 Literature Cited Anderson, Don L., 1971. The San Andreas Fault. Scien- tific American 225 (5):52-68. Bertsch, Hans, 1970. Opisthobranchs from Isla San Fran- cisco, Gulf of California, with the description of a new species. Contrib. in Sci., Santa Barbara Mus. NatweHusc. 2:16 ppw, 13> text figs. Briggs, John C., 1970. Tropical shelf zoogeography. BPrOC wm Caluiirs gACadia oCike, (4) a SiGn G7) sel Spe lesion Emerson, William K., 1967. Indo-Pacific faunal elements in the tropical East Pacific, with special reference to mollusks. Venus 25 (3 + 4):85-93, 1 text fig. Farmer, Wesley M., 1963. Two new opisthobranch mollusks from Baja California. Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist. 13) (6) s81—G4, lopli, Ti text Big. Gosliner, Terrence, and Gary Williams, 1972. A new sp- cies of Cheltdonura from Bahia San Carlos, Gulf of California, with a synonymy in the family Aglajidae. The Veliger 14 (4):424-436; 1 map; 8 text £igs.; 1 table. Keen, A. Myra, 1971. Sea Shells of Tropical West Ameri- Ga. “2nd edition. Stantord, Calata, Stantord Uni versity Press. xiv + 1064 pp., illus. Lance, James R., 1966. New distributional records of some northeastern Pacific Opisthobranchiata (Mollus- ca: Gastropoda) with descriptions of two new species. Dice Vetsger: 9 Gl )p69— 6 lees tem ardor Marcus, Eveline, and Ernst Marcus, 1967. American Opisthobranch Mollusks. Stud. Trop. Oceanogr. Miami Oi Via + 256 pp., text figs. I=155, -95.. , 1970. Some gastropods from Madagascar and West Mexico. Malacologia 10° {1)s18i=223,. 93 text Erqs. Parker, Robert H., 1964. Zoogeography and ecology of some macro-invertebrates, particularly mollusks, in the Gulf of California and the continental slope off Mexico. Dansk Naturh. For. Videns. Meddel. 1261-178, ‘pls adtenve Sphon, Gale G., 1971. New opisthobranch ‘records for the eastern Pacific. The Veliger.13 (4) 2368-369" 54 Coralltochama oreuttt White: Morphology and Mode of Life of a Late Cretaceous Rudist Bivalve Louie Marincovich Department of Geological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90007 Coralltoehama oreuttt White, 1885, is the best- known of the late Mesozoic rudist bivalves occurring on the Pacific Coast. It was described from specimens col- lected at Gualala, Mendocino County, California, and Punta Banda, Baja California, Mexico. White (1885) based his description on 16 specimens, of which 12 are reasonably complete valves or whole specimens, and four are small fragments. This species has received very little attention Since its description by White. Except for a few cases (Moore, 1968; Perkins, 1969), published illustrations of this species are copies of White's original figures. The drawings given by White (Figures 1 and 2) adequate- ly illustrate the external morphology of both valves, but apparently he had only one specimen that showed any internal features, and those for only part of one up- per valve. Early in the present study, the range of morphologic variation was found to be greater than that indicated by White (1885). The purposes of this study are to describe the morphology of C. oreuttt and to infer its mode of life from these features. Original illustrations of newly-collected specimens, and a detailed discussion of their morphology and sig- nificance, are given in Marincovich (in press). Specimens of C. oreuttt used in this study were collected at Punta Banda from the Rosario formation. These beds, as first mapped by Lindgren (1888), were reported to extend along the north side of Punta Banda for about three miles and inland for one mile. Since then they have been visited by many collectors. At the present study site, the sea cliff is about 70 feet (21 m) high and shows the beds dipping north at 10° to 20°. The molluscan fauna at Punta Banda (Anderson and Hanna, 1935; Saul, 1970) and the foraminiferal fauna of correlative beds to the north (Sliter, 1968) indicate a Late Campanian to Early Maestrichtian age for the Coralliochama beds. 55 Coralltochama oreuttit is the only rudist bivalve known at Punta Banda. Although this species is said to occur throughout several hundred feet of strata here (Anderson and Hanna, 1935), it is found most abundantly in one bed, 1.5 to 2.0 meters thick, in which the rudist shells form the bulk of the deposit. This bed consists of gray, fine- to coarse-grained, angular, micaceous sandstone, whose permeability has allowed ground water to cement shells and matrix into an indurated mass. Above and below this layer are siltier and less permeable beds in which C. orecuttt and other mollusks are generally well-preserved. These finer sediments are predominantly brown sandy siltstone, but range from claystone to medium- and coarse-grained sandstone, and are not indurated by calcite. Cobbles and boulders of volcanic rocks up to 25 cm in diameter occur throughout the exposed section. ORIENTATION It is often difficult to determine which are the right and left valves in rudists, especially for those species in which both valves are uncoiled and conical (Perkins, 1969). However, the asymmetrical valves of C. oreuttt do contain apparent indications of their true orientation. The beaks of most modern bivalves are directed anteriorly, and if this relation holds true for Coralltochama then the coiled upper valve is the left and the conical attached valve is the right. Similarly, the siphons of modern bivalves are lo- cated at the posterior end of the body. If the positions of the siphonal passages of C. oreuttt have been correctly interpreted here, then their placement supports the in- ference that the attached valve is the right and the upper valve is the left. The dentition is not always a reliable guide to orientation, as in some rudists and modern Chamidae either the upper or attached valve bears the typically left- or right-valve dentition pattern (Yonge, 1967; Perkins, 1969). As interpreted here, the morphology of C. orecuttt thus supports the inference (Perkins, 1969) that attach- ment was by the right valve in the Caprinidae. However, the criteria used here are not entirely reliable, because rudists as a group are not yet well understood; thus the conclusions here are only tentative. The terms "anterior" and "posterior" are used here assuming attachment to the substrate by the right valve. 56 Figure 1. Interior of upper valve of Coralltochama orecuttt (After White, 1885). Figure 2. Dorsal aspect of a complete individual of Coral- Liochama orcuttt (After White, 1885). 57 SHELL STRUCTURE The shell of C. oreuttt consists of a prismatic outer layer and a cellular inner layer. On the largest spe- cimen at hand (an attached valve), the greatest thickness of the outer layer is 4.6 mm, and of the inner layer 41.0 mm, measured across the posterior margin. The innermost rank of tubules making up the inner shell layer have their walls coalesced to form the smooth lining of the body cavity. White (1885) mistook these coalesced-tubule walls for a porcellaneous inner shell layer, but Chubb (1971) has noted that rudists have only two calcareous shell layers. The thick inner layer is made up of thin- walled polygonal tubules that extend in the direction of growth and are partitioned by closely-spaced tabulae which are concave toward the commissure. In transverse section, the tubules in the inner part of the tubular layer are nearly equidimensional, although these become radially elongate toward the outer part of the layer and eventually form radial plates with pyriform inter- spaces. The radial plates are more obvious in the upper valve (Figure 1), although they are present also in the attached valve. The cellular construction of the valves produces an unusually (for bivalves) strong, light sheli per unit of calcium carbonate used. The porous construc- tion also probably allowed rapid shell growth (Perkins, 1969), which would have been advantageous in an environ- ment of rapid sedimentation and intense biotic compe- tition for space. MORPHOLOGY Attached valve The attached valve (Figure 2) is typically conical and attached at its apex. Radial sculpture is of closely spaced striations over the whole shell surface, and ad- ditional coarser ribs on the dorsal surface. Concen- tric sculpture consists of growth lines ranging from minute striae to coarse undulations. The ligament in each valve is contained within a narrow cavity formed by an inflection of the prismatic outer shell layer in- to the cellular inner layer. On the exterior of the valves, the position of the ligamental cavity is marked by a posteroventral groove running along the valve from the apex to the commissure. This is shown well in 58 Figure 2, left’ of center. The ligament was probably of little value in opening the valves, and may have served mainly to hold the dorsal margins of the valves together (Perkins, 1969). Valve opening may have been accomplish- ed mainly by expansion of soft parts such as the foot, as described for other types of rudists by Dechaseaux CUSIG9 re The shell cavity is relatively large and extends into the apex undivided by tabulae. The only feature within the cavity is a radial ridge located below the tooth and extending the entire lenght of the cavity. This ridge may have been for attachment of the adductor muscles (Perkins, 1969). The dentition of the attached valve is typical for agnudsi (Perkins, 1969’), consisting of alsingle broad tooth flanked by anterior and posterior’ sockets. “The relative sizes of the tooth and sockets vay consider- ably, some specimens with a moderately elevated tooth flanked by small, shallow sockets, and others with a massive, strongly projecting tooth and a large, deeply impressed socket on either side. The anterior and posterior walls of the attached valve are usually very thick, with the posterior wall being the thicker one. The largest individual in the present collection has a posterior wall 4.3 cm thick, and an anterior wall 3.0 cm thick, at the commissure. The ventral wall is the thinnest part of the attached valve, and is commonly crushed by compaction of enclosing sediments after horizontal burial. The mid-dorsal mar- gin of the attached valve bears a shallow, eroded notch to accomodate the umbo of the upper valve. This notch was necessary for even the slightest opening movement of the upper valve, because the notch in the attached valve is completely filled by the umbo of the upper valve in a whole specimen (Figure 2). It is possible that the upper valve was lifted straight up by expan- Sion of the soft body parts, eliminating the need for tilting the upper valve when opening. Upper valve Specimens in the present collection comprise a growth series of individuals ranging in height frome ll) mm to. 79 mm. The proportions, of: the upper valves vary so much that either the height or length of a specimen may be its greatest dimension. 59 The earliest-formed portion of the umbo is generally concealed by later growth, and most adult valves have slightly more than one visible whorl. The umbones range in relative height from greatly elevated to low, and convexity of an upper valve increases with the age of the individual. However, upper valves of equal size are not necessarily equally convex. Upper valves are generally trigonal in outline, with juveniles most of- ten longer than high. The outer shell layer bears closely and irregularly spaced concentric rugae that are prominent on the adult portion of the valve. Mi- nute incremental growth lines numbering about 15 per millimeter may represent diurnal growth increments. The margin of the upper valve is broad (up to 14 mm), except dorsally, exposing the ends of the tabulate canals of the inner shell layer. The margin thickness varies among individuals of equal size, but is rela- tively broad (up to 3 mm) even in the smallest juvenile specimen. The medial portion of the broad posterior margin of adults is interrupted by an elongate callus that is not prominent in juveniles and not seen in the smallest upper valve. In life position, this callus would have rested in a shallow depression on the broad posteroventral portion of the hinge plate of an attached valve. This arrangement may have aided in maintaining valve alignment when the valves were closed, thus re- moving some stress from the hinge teeth. The upper valve bears two prominent teeth located at the posterior and median parts of the hinge area (Figure 1). The posterior tooth is massive, with a rounded termination, and is usually the more prominent of the two, although the median tooth may be larger. Juveniles show a marked outward inclination of the posterior tooth, which projects beyond the adjacent shell margin in one specimen. The median tooth lies directly below the umbo or slightly posterior to it, and may have a bifid termination in adults. A septum extends from the posteroventral edge of the anterior tooth to the ventral shell wall in all growth stages. It becomes progressively less elevated as it approaches the ventral wall, and it intersects the ventral rim in the figured specimen. The septum divides the upper valve into two cavities, of which the anterior one is the larger. The walls of the an- terior cavity show no evidence of muscle scars. The posterior cavity was mostly occupied in life by the massive tooth of the attached valve. An irregularly shaped area of the shell wall extending from the posterior tooth to the distal end of the septum is thick- ened and roughened by the exposed ends of the pallial 60 canals; this area is present in all growth stages, but its function is unknown. The adductor muscles probably were inserted on the septum, as it aligns with the muscle-insertion ridge running the length of the attached valve. A ligamental inflection is located on the dor- sal margin above the posterior tooth, and the cor- responding groove on the exterior shell surface is shallow. A shallow groove across the valve margin, between the posterior tooth and the posteroventral callus, may be a siphonal canal. One attached valve has a corresponding groove between the tooth and the elevated posteroventral portion of the hinge plate. These grooves traverse only the inner parts of the valve margins, so the animal could not have extruded its Siphons without opening its valves. However, these passages would have been exposed to the sea with only a slight parting of the valves, so the animal could have respired in comparative safety. MODE OF LIFE The accumulation of C. oreuttt and other mollusks at Punta Banda is often informally referred to as a reef. However, there is no evidence that the prolific mass of rudists at Punta Banda formed the mound-like structures characteristic of true reefs. The most fossiliferous beds here are lenticular in section and lack the variety and abundance of life forms associated with true rough-water coral reef deposits (Lowenstam, 1950). The Coralliochama beds are better referred to as a biostrome rather than as a bioherm or reef. A population of rudists consisted of an irregular patch of living and dead individuals, some cemented to their neighbors and others solitary. Assuming that the shells were geotropic, the relatively straight shells of most specimens indicates that they grew upright, although some were recumbent. In the Punta Banda beds the rudists show chaotic orientation. Most of the specimens are broken and worn, and single valves are common, although many specimens are stall acticulated. “The disarray in which ‘the rudists appear may be due solely to post-mortem mixing by wave action during storms. However, if most individuals were supported upright by an attenuated lower valve attached at its narrow umbo, they probably would have 61 been broken from their attachment commonly by storm waves and the work of other organisms both before and after death. The basic instability of the living po- sition thus would account for the disarray in which the shells occur. The extent to which individuals were given added support by sediment trapped around their growing shells is not known. The generally fine sediments enclosing the fos- sils attest to the low-energy environment that prevail- ed during their accumulation. If most of the indivi- duals in a population of C. oreutti stood upright on the sea floor, clastic debris would have been trapped in the spaces between neighboring shells. Cobbles and boulders which occur commonly among the fossils indicate that the rudists were in a high-energy environ- ment from time to time. The associated molluscan fauna and plant debris (Anderson and Hanna, 1935; Saul, 1970) suggest a shallow-water environment for the Coralltochama beds. The population preserved at Punta Banda was probably living below mean wave-base in a shallow-water, low-energy environment, but was affected periodically by storm waves. The accumulation of rudists was close enough to a high-energy shoreline to receive a continual influx of terrestrial debris. The elongate attached valve was necessary for sur- vival in the area of fine sedimentation in which the species lived. As Kauffman (1969) recently noted, the tall, conical lower valves of Cretaceous rudists elevated the feeding and respiratory margin above the surround- ing substrate to prevent clogging and suffocation. The strongly arched, convex upper valve may also have aided survival. The flat or concave upper valves known in many Other rudists (Kauffman, 1969) would have served as sediment traps in rapidly accumulating deposits, whereas the rounded upper valves of C. orecutti would shed sediment easily. The limited gape possible be- cause of the closeness of the umbones (if the valves did not open by vertical elevation) also inhibited entry of sediment particles into the mantle cavity. The ex- ternal morphology of this species is thus well adapted to the sedimentary conditions under which it existed. Specimens of C. oreuttt were said by White (1885) either to grow separately or in clusters, although he did not describe or illustrate a cluster of these clams nor describe the attachment of an individual to the sub- strate. Specimens collected or assembled during the present study show that some individuals were attached to One another. In several instances among the rudists at 62 hand, the outer shell layers of adjacent individuals are unmistakable cemented together. Where two indi- viduals were cemented together and grew approximately parallel with each other, evidence of their attachment would persist even after the individuals were separated by post-mortem processes. This is because an irregular ridge of shell material on each attached valve traces the line of contact where the two rudists were formerly cemented together. This feature is seen on two attach- ed valves of the present collection, and is not a more common feature because outer shell layers are often missing from specimens due to abrasion and solution. The abundance of specimens seen in outcrop with an intact outer shell layer and lacking such ridges im- plies that individuals may have lived in close proximity, but were not necessarily cemented together. Spiral growth of the attached valve took place during early ontogeny, in the plane of the commissure and directing the apex of the valve anteriorly. Re- tention of this spiral growth aided survival, because it produced a relatively broad, stable base for future upward growth. The spiral growth phase probably did not last long, so the individuals quickly reached the Size where they began to develop the characteristic conical attached valve and elevate their feeding and respiratory margins above the potentially suffocating sediments. In the first stages of establishing a popu- lation of C. oreuttt at a new location or of expanding an existing population, pioneer individuals probably would have attached to scattered boulders and cobbles. Once a successful first generation had matured and re- produced, the following generation could use the shells of its predecessors as convenient attachment sites. There are several possible reasons why many of the specimens seen at the outcrop were articulated. As described above, the ligament has such a small cross- sectional area that it probably was ineffectual in open- ing the valves and served mainly to hold the dorsal valve margins together. If valve opening was accom- plished primarily by expansion of the soft parts (Dechaseaux, 1969), there would have been no opening pressure on the valves after death. In addition, the roughened margins of each valve, produced by the ex- posed ends of the cellular inner shell layer, might also have tended to keep the valves together after death. If most specimens grew relatively erect, the consider- able weight of the upper valve would have helped to pre- vent it from being easily dislodged in the predominantly 63 low-energy environment. It is also possible that some of the individuals were buried alive by shifting sedi- ments, perhaps during storms. This would have preserved individuals in their life orientation. Literature Cited Anderson, Fs. M.,. and. G. D. Hanna, 1935. Cretaccous geology of. Lower-California., Proc. California Acad* Scum (4) 923 (1) 34 lie pls: Chubb, L. J., 1971. Rudists of Jamaica. Palaeontogra- phiica Americana: 74(45)2161-257,-pls.. 27-567 Dechaseaux, C., 1969. Hippuritacea. In R. C. Moore and C. Teichert, eds., Treatise on Invertebrate Paleon- tology, Part N; ‘vol. 2, Molluscal.6,. Bivalvia. )Spps sien Tole! 164-7605 Kauffman, E. G., 1969. Form, function and evolution. In R. C. Moore and C. Teichert, eds. Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology, Part N, vol. 1, Mollusca 6, Bivalvia, “pp. U2Z9=205.. Lindgren, M., 1888. Notes on the geology of Baja Califor- Nia, Mexico. Proc. California Acad. Set.) (2) 13273-19167 dk, Bale pe Lowenstam, H., 1950. Niagaran reefs of the Great Lakes area. Journ. Geology 58 (4) :430-487. Marincovich, L., [1973, in press] Morphology and mode of life of the Late Cretaceous ridist, Coralltochama oreuttt White (Mollusca: Bivalvia). Journ. Paleontology. Moore, E., 1968. Fossil mollusks of San Diego County. San Diego,Soc. Nat. jHist., Occas.: Paperii521-761, S34 3poice Perkins, B. Fs, 1969. .Rudist morphology. In. Risi@. Moore and C. Teichert, eds., Treatise on Invertebrate Paleon- tology, Parti N,2vol. 2),4Molluscay 6, «Bivalvia. sop. uwole 764. Saul, L. R., 1970. Upper Cretaceous faunas of Punta Banda. in Pacific slope geology of. northern Baja California and adjacent Altay Cali fornia jy yATA. Pl. G.— Sy be Pome Pacific Section, Field trip, Guidebooks ~pp.579=82),4 1 pills 64 Sliter, W. V., 1968. Upper Cretaceous Foraminifera from southern California and northwestern Baja California, Mexico. Univ. Kansas Paleontol. Contrib. GANG) es LANL oA el Ets White, C., 1885. On new Cretaceous fossils from Califor- Mikdc WUeos GEOL. survey, Bull 2227-14)" pls. i—5:. Yonge, eC. Me, 1967. Eorm, habit and evolution iain the Chamidae (Bivalvia) with reference to conditions in the cudists (Hippuritacea).. 1 Phil. Trans. Royal \'\Soc. Mondonyser., By, Biol. Scr. 252749=H0Ss; witacsei=31 65 1972 PHOTOGRAPHY WORKSHOP A portion of the Fifth Annual Meeting was devoted to workshop sessions, in which malacological specialties were taken up by small groups, with demonstrations and discussion. Papers on technique by the leaders of the Photography Workshop are reprinted here. CLOSE-UP PHOTOGRAPHY OF LIVING MOLLUSCA. Thomas A. Burch, 236 Kuuhoa Place, P. O. Box 309, Kaiula, Oahu, Hawaii 97634 While it is possible to calculate exposure factors, depth of field, etc., I usually just get confused and frustrated whin I try it. Those who want to do this should check the references at the end of this paper. In fact, you should do this even if you are not interest- ed in formulas. I used the tables put out by the camera manufactur- er as a basis and then developed my technique by trial and error--keeping careful notes on each exposure. The following photos in the second edition of Myra Keen's Sea Shells of Tropical West America were taken with the procedure to be described: Plate 12, figs. 1, 2, 5; plate ibey, agakegeyy ii jolehersy VE paealofsa tia Ci jolene. ALG) azaiey, Sik plate; Eigse 1) 3.7) 4), 06)). ai lace JC Elicit Silo: mors All of the pictures were taken of living Mollusca in dishes of sea water and all were taken either with an Alpa 8 or an Alpa 5b camera equiped with a 40 mm Mak- rokilar lens at 1:60 of a second and f 22. Light source was a Honeywell Strobonar 600 and a 52A "slave" each of which had an exposure guide of 95 with Kodochrome X film. Camera mounted flash units will give a reflection of the flash on the surface of the water or side of the aquarium. This is not the case if the flash is at a 45° angle to the camera-object axis. Flash is used since the heat of flood lights is apt to kill or injure the specimen before positioning and focussing is completed. As the object is moved closer and closer to the lens than the focal length of the lens, greater and greater exposure is required. This can be accomplished by in- creasing exposure time, opening the diaphram or increasing 66 the amount of light. Exposure time is determined by the flash duration; opening the diaphram decreases the depth of field and hence I varied the exposure by varying the amount of light. This was done by vary- ing the distance from the flash to the object. To facilitate varying the distance of the flash I had a V-shaped demountable frame constructed to hold the flash lamps. The distance of the flash lamps was varied in accordance with the following table. Inci- dentally, it is the distance from the closest flash lamp to the object that determines the exposure. Un- equal distance will give more modeling effect but will not change the exposure. Light objects require less exposure than dark ob- jects and hence the distance of the flash units should also be varied slightly depending upon the character- istics of the specimen being photographed. The following table is based upon the equipment that I have used. Other equipment will require some- what different settings, but this can serve as a guide. References Kodak Co., Close-up Photography and Photomacrography VOL. ds. Close-up photography, 1969. ‘Kodak publ. #N12A vol. 2. Photomacrography, 1969. Kodak publ. #N12B 67 EXPOSURE CHART FOR ALPA 5B OR 8 CAMERA WITH A KILFITT MAKRO-KILAR 40 mm LENS AND HONEYWELL STROBONAR 600 AND 52A"SLAVE FLASH UNITS EXPOSURE GUIDE 95 WITH KODOCHROME X FILM ALL EXPOSURES AT 1:60 SECOND AT F 22 EXTENSION LENS FIELD CLOSEST FLASH TUBES SETTING WIDTH DISTANCE NONE 50cm 39. 5¢em 44" 30cm 226 Fem 38" 21cm 16.0cm 36." 14cm 11..0¢m 34" 10cm 9.6cm 32% 8cm Pokiom Zila 7com 7.1cm 2G 6cm 4.7cm 250 5cm 4.0cm 24" 54mm infinity 2.6cm Tos 10cm 2.0cm 54 5cm oem 14% 68 SIMPLE CLOSE-UP PHOTOGRAPHY. Thomas A. Burch, 236 Kuuhoa Place, P. O. Box 309, Kailua, Oahu, Hawaii 97634 Close-up photography does not need to involve ex- pensive and complicated equipment, careful calculations of exposure, light-to-subject distance, or even careful focussing. Kodak has developed two cameras that are almost guaranteed: to take good close-up pictures... The first (now discontinued) was called the "Startech" and the second the "Instatech". Both are based on inexpensive amateur-type cameras usually used for "snapshots". Both have very small diaphram openings, which give an extended depth of field. Focussing at established distances is achieved by supplemental lenses. Light is from camera-mounted flashbulbs or flashcubes. Lester A. Dine Inc. (2080 Jericho Turnpike, New Hyde Park, New York 11041) has developed a series of frames that extend out from the camera to demarcate the area to be included in the picture. Mrs. Burch has used the Startech for many years including both of her trips to the Antarctic. and,-has obtained many excellent pictures. The main trouble that she has had with the Startech involved the reflec- tion of the flashbulb, if the specimen was wet or in water. I overcame this by wiring a short piece of flash cord into the battery contacts in the camera. (very simple in this camera) This was then plugged into a portable flashcube holder. The flashcube holder was mounted on a very small tripod and arranged so the flash was the same distance from the object as the camera's built in flash unit. Lester Dine has developed a much more complicated rig #ror, the Instatech.. I have not.used. 1t yet but as marketed, it has the disadvantage that it can be ex- tended up from the camera only--not off to one side. This should be simple to modify, however. INSTRUCTIONS FOR USING KODAK INSTATECH II CAMERA MiEMes Kodak 126 f£iidm cartridge: BLACK & WHITE: Verichrome Pan COLOR: Kodachrome X, Ektachrome xX FLASH: Regular Blue flashcubes CAMERA CONTROLS, ETC.: Same as regular Instamatic 69 BLUE LENS AND FRAME Distance: 4 1/2 to 8 1/4 inches Reflector unit: insert slotted end into camera bracket. Push all way in. Close-up frame: insert slotted end into reflector bracket. Viewfinder: Special prism built into reflector ($5.00 extra) adjusts for parallax. What see in viewfinder, will see in photo. IN FOCUS: 3/4" from frame towards camera to 3" away from camera frame. GREEN LENS Distance: 12" to 36" Reflector unit: insert as above Frame: none used Chain’ focus: Chain with gold ball. 15" ‘trom lens and silver ball 20". Aim camera and extend chain Straight out an, front. “Drop chain, out of view before snapping shutter. Viewfinder: Small portion of top of finder block- ed off for parallax. Anything visible below will be in photo. GOLD LENS AND FRAME Distance: 2" Reflector and Frame: install as above Focus: From edge of frame farthest from camera and for i 1/2" Reflective surface: take photo as per usual and then rotate camera 90° and 180°. WITHOUT AUXILLIARY LENS Take’ in bright: sun’ only Film: use high speed Ektachrome or Verichrome Pan Exposure: Insert used flashcube to give slower shutter speed. Field of view: more of scene will appear at top of photo than appears in viewfinder. EXPOSURE--GENERAL Light colored object: use farther half of distance range for whichever lens is being used. Dark colored object: use nearer half of distance range for whichever lens is being used. 70 FIELD SIZES & DEPTH-OF-FIELD RANGES WITH INSTATECH ITI zal nie eal 36" Ay kha seal we eg | is | ad) | Sage \ | | 1 | | Cc | aa J B | | | el | Weel j ! A | i | ! Beir lsiaccara ly (ee eee bo pan | - er | By aly Za | Saeteei oe | | L I A. Blue Lens & frame 3 1/4" square B. Green Lens & gold ball on chain 9 1/2" square C. Green Lens & silver ball on chain 12 1/4" SOME PROBLEMS IN MACROPHOTOGRAPHY. Roy Poorman, 160 Se- uoia Drive, Pasadena, California 91105 Even an experienced photographer who, for the first time, desires to photograph small shells, will encounter some new problems. These are in the area of depth of field, exposure, lighting, types of film, and posing the subject. DEPTH OF FIELD: Most better quality 35mm cameras will be equipped with an f 1.8 or f 1.4 lens with a minimum focus of 18 inches. At this focal setting, the maximum dia- meter of the field will be about 220mm for a 50mm lens and 190mm for a 55mm lens. Because different lenses have different characteristics, the following discussion will apply to the Super Takumar 50mm, f 1.4 lens with which the author has had most experience. Any conver- sion to other lenses must be based on approximation and experimentation. fal At minimum focus, the depth of field is 0.25mm at f 1.4 and 60mm at f£f 16. Once this problem was clearly understood, all exposures were made at minimum aperture CE 6s To obtain a field smaller than that described above, one has several choices. Auxiliary lenses which screw into the front of the standard lens are available. These decrease the field to about one third its normal length at minimum focus but depth of field and definition are markedly decreased. Such lenses are not satisfactory. A second method is to introduce a bellows or extension tubes between the lens and the camera body. By increas- ing the length of this train, a field of 35mm can be ob- tained. There is a slight loss of depth of field and definition; but acceptable results are easily obtained. To decrease the field below 35mm, a reverse adapter ring is used. This screws into the front of the lens and then into the camera body so that the lens is turned around and used backwards. The effect of this is to in- crease depth of field several times at all magnifica- tions. Bellows or tubes may be introduced between the lens and camera body for additional magnification. Using a 3X Teleconverter, four sets of extension tubes, and a reversed lens, a field of about 1.25mm is obtained (28 magnifications on the negative). It must be re- membered that the lens will lose its automatic function when it is reversed and so it must be stopped down manually after focussing. Focussing should be done at Maximum aperture and from the bottom up until the top of the shell is just in focus. This procedure will make maximum use of the depth of field. LIGHTING: The three variables of exposure are light in- tensity, f-stop, and time. If tungsten lamps are used for lighting, their distance to the subject or time, or a combination of these can be used. However, we found that color rendition was not as good with tungsten; and so we now depend on two electronic flash units joined to- gether with a y-connector. One of these units is rated at 1500 BCPS and the other at 1000 BCPS. The aperture for shooting has already been established as f 16. The use of electronic flash lighting removes time as a variable. Therefore, light intensity remains the sole variable in controlling exposure. EXPOSURE: With light intensity as the sole variable and with the light output of the flash units powered with 100v AC being nearly constant, distance of the flash units from the subject will control the exposure once distance has been correlated with the field diameter. Viz Let us assume that we know the correct distance for the flash units to be away from the subject when shooting at minimum focus. When the field is smaller, the lens must take the amount of light coming from this reduced field and dilute it to what the field is at minimum focus. Let us take an example: Field at minimum focus - 220mm Desired field - 60mm Ratio 220= 4(Therefore, 16 times 0 as much light is neces- sary since area depends on the square of linear dimensions.) To produce 16 times as much light, move the flash units to 1/4 their distance at minimum focus (inverse square law). Thus, if light distance at minimum focus is known, a simple graph can be constructed relating distance of lights to field diameter. This graph is specific for thewlens. for which it.is constructed or for other: lenses of comparable design. The graph will apply only to films with the same speed as originally planned but can be con- verted quite easily by applying the inverse square law to the distance. CHOICE OF FILM: The author prefers Ektachrome X (64 speed), daylight type, because the colors seem quite natural and because the film reaches into the shadows with good detail. The resulting slides project well and, in case of small shells, are better for study than the original specimens. When using black and white film for publication, Panatomic X (32 speed) is pre- ferred. Distance conversion for the lights requires daviding by the square root of two (1.4). POSING THE SUBJECT: Several mounting stands, having ends but no sides, and carrying platforms of clear window glass, were made. Varying sizes provide the glass to be 2, 4, and 6 inches above the bottom of the stand. The specimen is mounted on the glass with a small bit of holdit plastrve. Background. color 1s provided by..a square of construction paper below the glass on the base. The glass must be carefully cleansed and kept free of dust with a camel's hair brush. Even a tiny filament will look like rope at high magnification. 3 The lights are best hand-held at an angle of 45 degrees with the axis of the lens; but care must be taken that all shadows fall outside of the field projected onto the base. RELATED PROBLEMS: When we first began to mount the shells on glass, problems of reflection occurred. These were of two types. Any shiny part of the lens mount would re- flect light down onto the glass and then up the barrel of the lens. This was overcome by using a lenshood of a non-reflecting material such as rubber. This hood must be used whether shooting normally or backward through the lens. The second type of bothersome reflection was from objects behind the camera. This was solved by using squares of black construction paper with holes cut in the middle so that a square could be used between the lens and the camera. Using the techniques outlined here, the author has produced hundreds of good quality pictures with only a minimum of failure. The original exposure graph was constructed after taking one roll of film with exposures based on educated guess. Careful records were kept and distances were corrected for obvious over and under ex- posure. Using this data, a graph was made and is still in use without any further correction. The above techniques are offered only as guidelines. The primary essential of success in this area is a willing- ness to experiment, to make an occasional mistake, and EOR PEO tey Bromy sk. EQUIPMENT Camera-Honeywell Pentax Spotmatic with Super Takumar 50mm, £ 1.4 lens Reverse adapter ring 3X Teleconverter lens 5 sets of extension tubes (not automatic) Cable release Lenshoods - one for the front and one for the back of the lens Electronic flash units - two with rating of 900 to 1500 BCPS (110v AC) Y-connector 5 ft. leads - three Copying stand - Rowi Mounting stands - three, homemade 74 Holldat Plastic Camel's hair brushes - several Glass cleaning fluid and paper towels Fine tweezers for handling small fragile shells Squares: of black construction paper with holes in Center Blue construction paper for background Tape measure or yardstick Exposure graph 5 FOUR TECHNIQUES FOR MOLLUSK PHOTOGRAPHY. David K. Mulliner, San Diego Museum of Natural History, Balboa Park, Sam Diego, Calitorniarg2li2 1. Copy your slides. Photo equipment: Camera, bellows, copy attachment. The method I have found to give the most natural color copy is to use Kodak Ektachrome Reversal Print film 5383. The light source is a Number 2 photoflood 3200K. Correc- tion filters are needed; use Kodak No. 2B + CCO5R. The exposure is approximately one second at £f 16. I usea through-the-lens light meter and open up two stops, the ASA index being set on 12. Bellows Lens Holder Light Source Camera 2. Photography of live animals ina photo aquarium. Photo equipment: Camera, macro lens, bellows, focussing light, strobe light. The exposure is an educated guess. Use the guide number of. the strobe light, account for loss of light through the water, account for loss of light due to bellows extension, and bracket the exposure on both Sides by moving the light closer and farther away. 76 Strobe Light Reflector Specimen ae = (Rock or Algae & Background Velvet 3. Underwater photography. Photo equipment: Nikonos camera, close-up attachment, strobe light. When sunlight strikes the surface of the water, imme- diately some of the light is reflected upward into the air. Light passing through the surface reduces in intensity in proportion to its penetration. Colors are absorbed as the light penetrates the water. As you descent, red disap- pears at 20 feet. Orange is lost between 30 and 40 feet. Tal Yellow is gone at 60 to 70 feet. At 100 feet every- thing is blue or blue-green. Strobe light -Close-up Lens Wire Frame ————fi 4, Microphotography. Photo equipment: Camera, wide-angle movie camera lens, strobe light. The photography of small objects 7 mm or less in length can be accomplished quite simply by using a 78 wide-angle movie camera lens backward or bellows and camera. Advantages: 1) less costly than extension tubes; 2) less susceptible to vibra- trons!) 3) Can ibe shot hand-held, Ss on the camera, 719 80 MEMBERS AND GUESTS ATTENDING THE FIFTH ANNUAL W.S.M. MEETING Rowman (Ih. cow.) 3!) David, Mulliner; William K: Emerson; Hans Bertsch. Row 2: Gertrude Wahrenbrock, S. Stillman Berry, Ralph Olen Fox, James H. McLean, Beatrice L. Burch, Edith M. Abbott, Eugene V. Coan, Myra Keen, Mary Long. Row 3: Fay Wolfson, Lois Goldsmith, Lupe Ferguson, Hazel.Porter, Bert C. Draper, Kate St...Jean/\ Harold Whiting, James T.. Carlton, Mary R. Larson, Vida C. Kenk, Lucinda V. Draper. Row 4: Arthur Burton, Thelma Crow, Kaniaulono Meyer, Kay Webb, Bernadine Hughes, Barbara Good, Carol N. Hopper, Rose A. Burch, Alice Williams, Sara DeLaney- Row 5: Mario Pena G., Betty Phillips, Peter D'Eliscu, Laura Burghardt, Lorrie Hudson, Margaret Cunningham, Forrest Poorman, George Radwin, Ruth Shasky. Row 6: Louise Russell, Nola Michel, Jody Woolsey, Joyce Gemmell, Bernie Crampton, Bonnie Williams, Lois Pitt, Bill Pitt, Merton Goldsmith, Ann Marti. ROWsa/ sn Anthony DtAttLiiioe,;, Richard Behrendt, Bob :Tal— madge, Wendell O. Gregg, Walter B. Miller, Helen DuShane, Agnes Thompson, Ivan E. Thompson, Margaret Chavannes), Doug Larson, Chris Kitting, Carol Skoglund. Row 8: Patrick LaFollette, Ted Phillips, Ralph Ferguson, Paw OnwHughes, Tom Burch, Joseph, DuShane,, Roy, L. Hudson, Don Shasky, William L. Woods, Barry Roth. Row 9: Karen Long, Steve Long, James Lance, Glenn Burghardt, Robert Beeman, Gary McDonald, Del Wil- liams, Louie Marincovich, Richard Cowen, Roy Poorman, Ciiketon Lh. Martin, 'Gale“Sphon, Es (E. Wahrenbrock: Attending the conference but not in picture: Genevieve Anderson, Dr. and Mrs. Nelson Baker, Ruby Berg, Ellen Brennan, Don Cadien, Mr. and Mrs. Emory Chace, Patrick Clark, Conrad Clausen, David Crabtree, Mr. and Mrs. Philip yerane,. Ds.|and Mrs. Fi N. Crider, Elouise Crum, Mrs. Wesley Farmer, Ruth French, Dr. and Mrs. Bruce Halstead, Ernest Haigh, Mrs. John Johnson, Margaret Lloyd, Clyde Martin, Lillian Miles, Alan Miller, Su- Sanne Li. Miliver, Jack D. Mount, Ruth Newby, James Ny- bakken, Jo-Carol Ramsaran, Frank Rokop, Dorothy Ruther- ford, Winnifred Wagg, Ruth White, Marilyn Vassallo, Lindsay R. Winkler, William Zinsmeister. 81 EXECUTIVE BOARD AND COMMITTEE MEMBERS 1971-1972 Executive Board President: Mrs. Beatrice L. Burch First Vice President: Mrs. Twila Bratcher Second Vice President: Dr. James H. McLean Mrs. Mie. Secretary : Treasurer: Past Presidents: Dr. Dias Dit 5 Members at Large: Mr. Be. Mentor-Parliamentarian: Die Edith Abbott Ralph Olen Fox William K. Emerson A. Myra Keen Eugene V. Coan Anthony D'Attilio Hans Bertsch Standing Committees Wil anes Dray, Miss Daa Dag Des Auditing: Nominating: Rudolf Stohler; Dr. Eugene V. Coan, pro tem Steven J. Long George E. Radwin Allyn G. Smith Eugene V. Coan, Chairman A. Myra Keen William K. Emerson Committees for the Fifth Annual Meeting Auction: Mrs. Laura Burghardt Mr. Glenn Burghardt Awards: Mr. Anthony D'Attilio, Chairman Coordination: Dr. Donald Shasky Drawing: Mrs. Carol Skoglund, Chairman Mrs. Rose Burch, Mr. Glenn Burghardt, Mr. Tom Rice, Donors Exhibits: Mr... Ted Phillips, ,charnman Historian: Miss Jody Woolsey ; Hospitality: Yucaipa,Shell Club; Mr. andiMigsy E. E. Wahrenbrock Photograph: Mig SW am 2 Diy wPartt Registration: Mrs. Edith Abbott, Mrs. Helen DuShane, Mr. Ralph Olen Fox Student Participation: Mr. James T. Carlton, Chairman Dron Judd ch —Smasth, .D4.) pVasdal Kenk, Dr. James Nybakken, Dr. Peter Rodda 82 MEMBERSHIP DIRECTORY 1972 WESTERN SOCIETY OF MALACOLOGISTS Revised, September 1972 by Mrs. Edith Abbott and Mr. Ralph O. Fox AbbOrt Dies Donald PP’. Hopkins’ Marine Station, Pacific Grove, Ca..93950 Abbott, Mrs. Keith (Edith) 1264 W. Cienega Ave., San Dimas, Ca. 91773 Abbott, Dire, Re Tucker Delaware Museum of Natural History, Box 3937, Greenville, Del. 19807 Adams, Mr. Elmo W. 747 Winchester Dr., Burlingame, Ca. 94010 Adducote, Dre. Warren O. U. S. Geological Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd., Menlo Park, Ca. 94025 Ajeska, Mr. Richard Hartnell College, Homestead Ave., Salinas, Ca. 93901 American Malacological Union, The 3957 Marlow Court, Seaford, N. Y. 11783 Anders, Mr. Kirk W. PHO. Box, 4s, Kort, hauderdale, Fila. 33302 Anderson, Mrs. Shane (Genevieve) 1802 Gillespie Street, Santa Barbara, Ca. 93101 Archerd, Mrs. Gladys D. 2412 Foothill Blvd., Rancho de Calistoga # 28 Calistoga, Ca. .94515 Arnold, Miss Winifred 2516 Hoo Kleandale Rd: , Tucson, Ariz. 85716 Aucreman, Dr. & Mrs. Charles J. P. O. Box 2366, Palos Verdes Peninsula, Ca. 90274 Australian Museum, The Librarian, Pe Ol BOX A285, sydney South, N.S.W., Australia 2000 83 Baker, Miss Elizabeth Ann 1271 Missouri Sst.7 ScanebDiego, Ca.<92109 Baker, Dr. Nelson W. 279 Sherwood Dr., Santa Barbara, Ca. 93105 Barber, Mr. Walter E. 3520 Leward Way, Oxnard, Ca. 93030 Barron, Miss Atella 322 Nordina St., Redlands, Ca. 92373 Baxter, Mr. Rae P. O. Box 96, Bethel, Alaska 99559 Bayne, Mr. Christopher J. Dept. Zoology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Ore. 97331 Behrendt, Richard 220 North Fowler, Bishop, Ca. 93514 Behrens, Miss Grace 5901 Cantesubury De., Apt. 26, Culver City, Ga. 90230 Bennett, Sally 112 E. Alvarado Rd., Phoenix, Ariz. 85004 Berg, Mrs. Ruby 214 S. Canada St., Santa Barbara, Ca. 93103 Berry, Dr. S. Stillman 1145 W. Highland Ave., Redlands, Ca. 92373 Bertsch, Father Hans, O.F.M. Dept. Zoology, University of California, Berkeley, Ca. 94720 Bickford, Mr. Glen P. ©. Box 729, Morro Bay, Ca.- 93442 Bernice P. Bishop Museum, Library Box 6037, Honolulu, Hawaii 96818 Bratcher, Mr. Ford (Twila) 8121 Mulholland Terrace, Hollywood, Ca. 90046 Breitigam, Mr. Richard R. 420 Alameda Padre Serra, Santa Barbara, Ca. 93103 British Museum of Natural History, General Library c/o R.E.R. Banks, Acquisitions’ Librarian, Cromwell Rd., London, S.W.7 84 Brookshire, Mr. Jack W. 2962 Balboa Ave, Oxnard Ca. 93030 Brown, Mrs. Nancy 17825 6th Ave., S. W., Seattle, Wash: 98166 Brown, Miss Sharon A. 17825 6th Ave.,' S. W., Seattle, Wash. 98166 Brunson, Mr. Royal Bruce 1522 34th St., Missoula, Montana 59801 Bumehy, Disa wi, Br. Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich. 48104 Buseh,>. Mss. wohn ©. 1300 Mayfield Rd., Apt. 61-L, Seal Beach, Ca. Burch, Dr. and Mrs. Thomas A. (Beatrice) 236 Kuuhoa Place, Kailua, Oahu, Hawaii 96734 Burghardt, Mr. and Mrs. Glenn (Laura) 14453 Nassau Rd., San Leandro, Ca. 94577 Burton, Arthur G. 446 Forest Ave., Apt. 1, Palo Alto, Ca. 94301 Cadien, Mr. Don 1207 Paseo del Mar, San Pedro, Ca. 90731 Carmitton,;-Mr.9vsgames) I. Dept. Invertebrate Zoology, California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, Ca. 94118 Carnegie Museum Library ZA0 Forbes Aves; Pittsburgh, Pa. U52i'3 Casebolt, Gerald L., M.D. 962 N. W. Harlan St., Roseburg, Ore. 97470 Cate, Mr. and Mrs. Crawford (Jean) PEO Drawes Rie Sandbely shila. 6339157 Chace), aie.) Emery» P's 24205 Eshelman Ave., Lomita, Ca. 90717 Chan, Dr. Gordon 11 Morningside Dr., San Anselmo, Ca. 94960 Chaney, Mrs. Barbara K. 1633 Posipipo Lane, Santa Barbara, Ca. 93103 85 Chaney, Mr. Henry W. 1633 Posipipo Lane, Santa Barbara, Ca. 93103 Clover, Mr. Phillip W. Box 33 - B126, FPO New York, N. Y. 09540 Coan, Dr. ‘hugene Ve 891 San Jude Ave., Palo Alto, Ca. 94306 Cowen, Dr. Richard Dept. Geology, University of California at Davis, Davis, Ca. 95616 Craig, Mrs: 1Gz mi 7G. 1. CAnne’ G.) Aptdo. Postal 448, Guaymas, Sonora, Mexico Crampton, Mrs. Bernie 475 N. San Jacinto, Hemet, Ca. 92343 Grane, Mr. Phillip ce. P. Of Box (56, San Gregorio, Ca; 94074 Crider, Dr. and Mrs. EF: N.--(Jane) 25378 Lane=St., Loma-hinda, Ca. 923/54 Crittenden, Mrs. John (Salle S.) 624 Waterfall Isle, Alameda, C. 94501 Cvancara, Dr. Alan M. Dept. Geology, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, N. D. 58201 D'Aiuto, Mrs. John (Mary) 1551 El Camino Real, Palo Alto, Ca. 94306 D'Attilio, Mr. Anthony 4124 47th Sts; San Dirego,7€as 192105 Davis, Dr. George M. Dept. Malacology, Academy of Natural Sciences, 19th and the Parkway, Philadelphia, Pa. 19103 DeLaney, Miss Sara T. 232 Ee Padre. St. Santa ‘Barbara, Ca. 93205 D'Eliscu, Peter N. Invertebrate Museum, Bio. Sci. East, University Of FAGEZOnay. LUSCOn, «Atelier DeMartini, Dr. John D. fil Azalea St., McKinileyviille,, Ca. 29552: 86 Demond, Miss Joan 4140 Grandview #1, Los Angeles, Ca. 90066 Dilworth, Mrs. Billee 609° Pallomar, La Jolla, “Ca: 92037 Dippell, Mrs. Martha 858 S. Tremaine Ave., Los Angeles, Ca. 90005 Digapeim iis: wbernemam C. 8511 Bleriot Ave., Los Angeles, Ca. 90045 Dundee, Dr. D. S. Dept. Biological Science, Louisiana State Uni- versity, New Orleans, Louisiana 70122 Durham, Dr. J. Wyatt Dept. Paleontology, University of California, Berkeley, Ca. 94720 DuShane, Mr. and Mrs. Joseph (Helen) 5012 Ei Soneto Dr., Whittier, Ca. 90605 Edivason, Mrs. Phyllis M. P. O. Box 905, Agana, Guam 96910 Emerson, Dr. William K. Dept. Living Invertebrates, American Museum of Natural History, Central Park W. at 79th St. New York, N. Y. 10024 Farmer, Mr. and Mrs. Wesley M. (Michaelene) Lee he OOonner Dra, Rempe, Al zi. se o2 02 Fassig, Mrs. Margaret 216 S. Occidental Blvd., Los Angeles, Ca. 90057 Ferguson, Mr. Ralph 617 N. Fries, Wilmington, Ca. 90744 Ferreira, Dr. Antonio J. 2060 Clarmar Way, San Jose, Ca. 95128 Field Museum of Natural History, Library Roosevelt Rd. at Lakeshore Dr., Chicago, Ill. 60605 Fisher, Larklyn Dept. Zoology, Washington State University, Pullman, Wash. 99163 BRocthun, Effie Re SOm Harvard. Ee Apt. 203, ceavele,, Wash. 98102 87 Fowler, Mr. Donald R. and Irene 1027 N. Idaho St., San Mateo, Ca. 94401 Fox, Mr. Ralph Olen 1048 Monterey Ave., Berkeley, Ca. 94707 Franchini, Dario A. 37, Via Cremona, 46100 Mantova, Italy Furtwangler, Mrs. Heinz O. (Mary Lee) 2011 W. Lupine Ave., Phoenix, Ariz. 85029 Furtwangler, Miss Paula 2011 W. Lupine Ave., Phoenix, Ariz. 85029 Gemmel, Mrs. W. E. (Joyce) Club de Pesca, San Felipe, Baja California, Mexico Goldsmith, Mr. Merton J. 1622 N. 20th St., Phoenix, Ariz. 85006 Good, Mr. and Mrs. Frank E. (Barbara J.) 3142) Larga Count, San. Daego, “Cs 92110 Grantier, Mrs. Bruce J. (Leona L.) 7 Tiverton Drive, Ottawa, Ontario K2E 614 Canada Greenberg, Mrs. Ruth C. 31705 Sea Level Drive, Malibu, Ca. 90265 Gregg, Dr. Wendell O. 2200 S. Harvard Blvd., Los Angeles, Ca. 90018 Gudnason, Mrs. Harold (Kay) 1959 Wrenn St., Oakland, Ca. 94602 Haigh, Mr. Ernest S. 8009 Dunbarton Ave., Los Angeles, Ca. 90045 Hand; DE. Cadet Ae. vic. Bodega Marine Laboratory, P. O. Box 247, Bodega Bay, Ca. 94923 Hanselman, Col. and Mrs. G. A. (Virginia) 5818 Tulane St., San Diego, Ca. 92122 Harry, Dr. Harold W. 4612 Evergreen, Bellaire, Texas 77401 Haven, Dr. Norine D. Dept. Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby 2, British Columbia, Canada 88 Hensid, Dr: John “S* San Francisco State College, 1600 Holloway Ave., San trancisico, ‘Cas (94132 Herring, Mrs. Muirid 5561 MacDonald Ave., El Cerrito, Ca. 94530 Henangi, Maes Vaigill Vi. 5561 MacDonald Ave., El Cerrito, Ca. 94530 Hickman, Mrs. Carole S. Dept. Biology, Swarthmore College, Swarthmore, Pa. 19081 Hitt. Mes Richard E. 1210 W. Highland Ave., Santa Ana, Ca. 92703 Holveman, Me. John J. Merritt College, 5714 Grove St., Oakland, Ca. 94609 Hopkins Marine Station, Library Pacific Grove, Ca. 93950 Hopper, Carol Dept. Zoology, University of California at Davis, Davis, Ca. 95616 Houston, Roy s.. Dept. Biological Sciences, University of Arizona, Miscon, AGiz.. 857 2. Hudson) Mas. Roy Ti. 1215 Monterey Blvd., San Francisco, Ca. 94127 Hughes, Mrs. Paul (Bernadine) IOS ostes: Rad. , Los Alamitos, ‘Ca. 910720 Hunt, Michele 2854 N. Marmora, Chicago, Ill. 60634 Jensen, Edythe S. 10352 Mallison Ave., South Gate, Ca. 90280 bh okep es i iDire 12) 3 Geological Dept., Natural History Museum, Basel CH-4000, Switzerland Kalas, Dr. Leonard g30s0=— 33 St., No We, Calgary”44,"Albertay,, Canada 89 Keeler, Mr. William R. c/o Shell Chemical Co. Manufacturing Technical Center, P. O. Box 2633, Deer Park, Texas 77536 Keen, Dr. A. Myra 2241 Hanover St.., Palo Alto, Ca. 94306 Kenk, Dr. Vaida’ Cc: Dept. Biology, San Jose State College, San Jose, Ca. 95114 Kershaw, Mrs. Joan Box 577; Hamilton City; Ca. 95951 Kirk, Mrs. Myrle A. 6040 Sutter St., Ventura, Ca. 93003 Kitting, Christopher Lee 15644 Taloga St., Hacienda Heights, Ca. 91745 Lacourt, Dhr. A. W. Merelstraat 33, Leiden, The Netherlands LaFollette, Patrick 6435 Repton St., Los Angeles, Ca. 90042 Lance, Mr. James R. 744 Agate St., San Diego, Ca. 92109 Landye, Mr. James J. Dept. Zoology, Arizona State University, Tempe, Ariz. 85281 la Rivers, Dr. Ina P. O. Box 341, Verdi, Nev. 89439 Larson, Mr. and Mrs. Douglas A. (Mary) P. O. Box 388, Cambria, Ca. 93428 Lewis, Dr. John R. 23W 551 Warrenville Rd., Lisle, Z1l1. 60532 Long, Garrell E. Dept. Zoology, Washington State University, Pullman, Wash. 99163 Long, Miss Mary E. 26 He lytcOne Situ SOnOiscype Caen 9 55740 Ong, Mrs istevien: wiz 110 Cuyama Ave., Pismo Beach, Ca. 93449 90 MOOSIAN Oils ViLCtOr, Ti. 17 Los Cerros Dr., Greenbrae, Ca. 94904 Lucas, Mr. Kenneth E. California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, Ca. 94118 Macquin, Mrs. Hazelle B. 437 Douglas St., Salt Lake City, Utah 84102 McCammon, Mrs. Alice R. 16570 Garden Lane, Los Gatos, Ca. 95030 McClure, Mrs. Virginia H. 37434 Sumac Ave., Palmdale, Ca. 93555 McDonald, Gary P. O. Box 223, Moss Landing Marine Laboratory, Moss Landing, Ca. 95039 McKenzie, Mimi 226 N. Monte Verde, West Covina, Ca. 91791 McKown, Mrs. Paul F. 1640 Floribunda Ave., Hillsborough, Ca. 94010 McLean, Mr. and Mrs. Charles A. III Rancho del Oso, Davenport, Ca. 95017 McLean, Dr. James H. Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History, 900 Exposition Blvd., Los Angeles, Ca. 90007 Margolin, bs. Abe. Dept. Biology, Phoenix College, 1202 W. Thomas Rd., Phoenis HAGE. CoO L3 Marincovich, Mr. Louie Dept. Geological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, Ca. 90007 Marshall, Mr. David C. (Pt PewoSth Stn, Lng lewood ,.,.Cai..90 302 Maiti) Mies,Ann. Pi, P. O. Box 892, Balboa, Canal Zone Mie Waren AY Wie) (@akaiammenatel Wye 324 Kennedy Lane, Oceanside, Ca. 92054 Maratainina Mia. (Gla ton Th. 324 Kennedy Lane, Oceanside, Ca. 92054 Onl: Mendenhall, Mr. George 876 San Mateo Ave., San Bruno, Ca. 04066 Merino, Joe M. c/o Woodward-Envicon, Inc., 3489 Kurtz St. ; San Diego, Ca. 92110 Metcalf, Mr. Artie LL. Dept. Biology, University of Texas, El Paso, Texas 79968 Michel, Mrs. Nola P. 4758 Mt. Cervin Dr., San Diego,’ Caz 92117 Miller, Dr. Walter B. 6140 Cerrada el Ocote, Tucson, Ariz. 85718 Moore, Robert 1056 S. Alma, Los Angeles, Ca. 90023 Morse, Dr. M. Patricia Marine Sciences Institute, Northeastern University, East Point, Nahant, Mass. 01908 Mount, Jack D. Dept. Geological Sciences, University of California Riverside, Riverside, Ca. 92502 Mousley, Louis B. Mousley Museum of Natural History, 11555 Bryant Street, Yucaipa, Ca. 92399 Muldiner, Mrs. David K. 5233 Vackre Des, San Diego, Cas 92109 Murray, Dr. Harold D. Biology Dept., Trinity University, San Antonio; Texas 78212 Mumwmay; Matlbot us, wis. Pacific Marine Station, Dillon Beach, Ca. 94929 National Museums of Canada, Librarian Ottawa 4, Ontario, Canada Natural History Museum Basel, CH-4000, Switzerland Neiswanger, Mrs. Gordon (Marjorie) 1340 New York Dr., Altadena; Ca. 9LOO0L Newby, Mrs. P. W. (Ruth) 35480 Yucaipa Bivd., Yucaipa, Ga. 92399 oe Nichols Mrs. laddan FE 1200 Lakeshore Ave., Oakland, Ca. 94606 Niles Die. Doris): K. Pew Ow Boxes Oi), Loleta,, Cas 95551: Nybakken, Dr. James Moss Landing Marine Laboratory, Box 223, Moss Landing, Ca. 95039 O'Connor, John SIS. Guiriath Pack Dir. ; Burbank, Ga. 91506 Olde Mims iWasllitam hs), oie. Dept. Mollusks, American Museum of Natural History, Central Park W. at 79th St., New York, N. Y.. 120024 Pace, Dr. Gary lL. Dept. Biology, University of Michigan, Hlinty Mach. 43503 Pacific Shell Club c/o Los Angeles County Museum, 900 Exposition Blvd., Los Angeles, Ca. 90007 Palmer, Dr. Katherine V. W. 206 Oak Hill (Rdi., Lthiea, N. ¥. 14850 Payne, Mrs. Elizabeth J. 3700 Dean Dr., #3204, Ventura, Ca. 93003 Pena Gonzales, Dr. Mario Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina, Departa- mento de Ciencias, Apartado #456, La Molina, Lima, Peru Petite, Mrs Richard, E. PavOmebox 3s), Ne Myrtle Beach S. Ca 29582 Phadiips!, \Mr. tandyMrs. Ted (Betty) 4580 Nueces Dr., Santa Barbara, Ca. 93110 Pitt, Mr. and Mrs. William D. (Lois) 2444 38th Ave., Sacramento, Ca. 95822 Plebank, Miss Claire 140 N. Edgeware Rd., Los Angeles, Ca. 90026 Pohlio, Dr. Ross Dept. Biology, San Fernando Valley State College, Northridge, Ca. 91324 e)s) Poorman, Mr. and Mrs. Roy (Forrest) 160 Sequoia Dr., Pasadena, Ca. 91105 Popenoe, Dr. W. P. Dept. Geology, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, Ca. 90024 Powell, Mr. Charles L. 2505 BE. Santa Fe Ave., Fullerton, Ca. 92631 Purdy, Mr. and Mrs. Ben (Ruth) 3658 Euclid Ave., San Diego, Ca. 92105 Quattrin, Mr. John L. 4021 (‘Carl-Court, Antioch, ‘Ca. 94509 Ouimtanw lay MM. Ortaz Apartado Postal 356, Ensenada, Baja California, Mexico Radwin, Dr. George E. San Diego Museum of Natural History, P. O. Box 139077 San Drego, Ca. 9292 Rammer, Alan D. 566 Sutter St., Salinas, Ca. 93901 Rawls, Dr. Hugh C. Dept. Zoology, Eastern Illinois University, Charleston, Ill. 61920 Redington, Mr. Oliver 126 B St., Redwood City, Ca. 94063 Reish, Dr. Donald Jd. Dept. Biology, California State College at Long Beach, Long Beach, Ca. 90804 Rice, Mr. Thomas C. P. O. Box 33, Port Gamble, Wash. 98364 Richart, Miss Mae Dean 4090 Brant St., Apt: 4, San Diego, Ca. ‘92103 Riley, Ronald T. 1164 Central Ave., McKinleyville, Ca. 95521 Roach, Michael A. 15694 Los Altos Dr., Hacienda Heights, Ca. 91745 Robertson, Dr. Robert Academy of Natural Sciences, 19th and the Parkway, Philadelphia, Pa. 19103 94 Robiistiard: Dr. Gordon Woodward-Envicon, Inc., 3489 Kurtz St., San Diego, Gale 9200 Rodda, Dr. Peter U. Dept. Geology, California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, Ca. 94118 ROKOp,) Dine (Mrankrdi- Scripps institution of Oceanography, La Jolla, Ca. Rosewater, Dr. Joseph Room E-512, National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D. C. 20560 ROth; Mel Barry 1217 Waller St., San Francisco, Ca. 94117 Roworth, Mr. Edwin C. 1310 Windsor Rd., Cardiff-by-the-Sea, Ca. 92007 Royal Scottish Museum, Library Chambers St., Edinburgh EH1 lJF St. Jean, Mrs. George (Kate) I2eo-Enelno Rds, Laguna, Ca. )9267 7 Saidmon;, Mieso Baeank Ei 3016 W. Northern Ave., Phoenix, Ariz. 85021 Santa Barbara Malacological Society, Inc. PeeOe wboxesOlo ll, «Santa Barbara, 1Cas 193 105 Saul, Mrs. LouElla R. Dept. Geology, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, Ca. 90024 Saxby, Mr. John 2159 Montecito Ave., Santa Rosa, Ca. 95404 Sessoms, Junius 'B.) TLL 46l Ne. Hanover St.,: Pottstown, Penn. Shaskiwys,, Da. Donalid wR. 734 W. Highland Ave., Redlands, Ca. 92373 Shuman, Miss Katherine 204-Ocean Ave., Seal. Beach, Ca. 90740 Skoglund, Mrs. Paul (Carol) 3846 E. Highland Ave., Phoenix, Ariz. 85018 5 920137 Slater, Leslie G. Box 525, Route 15, 2386 Crestline Blvd., Olympia, Wash. 98501 Smithy, Mase Aulalyari Ge 722 Santa Barbara Rd., Berkeley, Ca. 94707 Smith, Mrs. Colleen Route 1, Box 290, Ketchikan, Alaska 99901 Shblaclaiy; Whe! Ge 1a Wee 715 Poplar Ave., Santa Cruz, Ca. 95060 Smith, Mrs. Howard (Mary) 2899 Coral St., Morro Bay, Ca. 93442 Smith, Dr. Judith Terry L527 Byron St,, PalosAlto, Can 94507 Solem, Dr. Alan Dept. Zoology, Field Museum of Natural History, Roosevelt Rd. at Lake Shore Dr., Chicago, Ill. 60605 Stansbery, Dr. David H. Ohio State Museum, 1813 N. High St., Columbus, Ohio 43210 Starr, Mr. James 458 16th St., Santa Monica, Ca. 90402 Steiner, Mr. Franz B< 927 W. California Ave., Mill Valley, Ca. 94941 Stevenson, Mr. and Mrs. William G. (Dorothy) 928 MacKenzie Dr., Sunnyvale, Ca. 94807 Stewart, Mr. Clarence C. 823 W. Bay Ave., Balboa, Ca. 92661 Stohler, Dr. Rudolf Dept. Zoology, University of California, Berkeley, Ca. 94720 Strother, Brigette 551 Suncourt Terrance, Glendale, Ca. 91206 Summers, Mr. Ray P. O. Box 124, *Petaluma, Ca. 94952 Sutciliete, Mss bitten (Oa Eis) 260 King Ave., Piedmont, Ca. 94610 96 Talmadge, Mr. Robert R. 2850) Pine Sx, Bureka; Cay 95501 Taylor, Mr. and Mrs. Roland R. (Kay) 2437 *Astér .St2,; San Diego; ‘Ca... 92109 Telonicher, Mr. Fred 2160 Terrace Ave., Arcata, Ca. 95521 Teskey, Mrs. Margaret C. Route: 2,:.Box 318, Marinette, Wisc. 54143 Thomas, Mr. Lawrence E. 590 Embarcadero, Morro Bay; Ca. 93442 Thompson, Mr. Ivan E. (Ges. 2nd St., Space-178,.El Cajon, eCa. °92020 University of Kentucky Libraries Acquisition Dept., Central Record, Serials, Lexington, Ky. 40506 van der Schalie, Dr. Henry Mollusk Division, Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich. 48104 Vassallo; Dis. Marilyn Tf. 1106 Oxford St., Berkeley, Ca. 94707 Vedder, Dr. John G. 285 Golden Oak Dr., Portola Valley, Ca. 94025 Vaney, Mir. W. E. 530 W. 6th St., Los Angeles, Ca. 90014 Wagg, Miss Winnifred 6022 Homewood Ave., Buena Park, Ca. 90620 Wahrenbrock, Mr. and Mrs. E. E. (Gertrude) 35080 Chandler Rd., Space 44, Calimesa, Ca. 92320 Wait, Mrs. Diana 939 E. Fountain Way, Fresno, Ca. 93704 Waters, Virginia L. PeOwubox LOS, Arcata, Can 95524 Watson, Louise [5/0uBaysidewRd,, Arcata, Ca... 95521 Way, Msgt. Peter W. (Sera hakesdde: Digs, (LUSCOon,.pAraz)., 057 10 oF, Webb, Dr. Glenn R. Route 1, Box 148, Fleetwood, Pa. 19522 Webb, Mrs. R. D. (Kay) 50d-Anita Sts pispace 186, ~Chulla-Vista, Cassa 20it Wheelwright, Dr. Joseph B. 2206 Steiner St., San Francisco, Ca. 94115 Whitaker, Steven 1834 Chevy Chase Way, Bakersfield, Ca. 93306 White, Ruth M. 223 Nanette St., Redlands, Ca. 92373 Whiting, E. Harold Box 2065, Tauranga, New Zealand Wilkins, Mrs. Jean E. Box 125, Port Hueneme, Ca. 93041 Williams, Mrs. Alice E. and Miss Bonnie 7-5) Bubce St. , Corning, Ca. 96021 Williams, Eddie i Se Butte pote, AcOining,. Gan. 9/6 02s: Willie, Mr. William L. Jr. 1405 McFaddin St., Beaumont, Texas 77701 Winkler, Dr. Lindsay R. 81 = 452 Francis Ave. , Indio; Ca. 92201 Wolfson, Fay $56) Kolmar Sts, ha Jgollay Gas 92037 Woods, Mr. William L. 2721 Murray Ridge Rd., San Diego, Ca. 92123 Woolsey, Miss Jody 1543 Armacost St., Apt. 5, Los Angeles, Ca. 90025 Wright, Miss Eugenia I. 3968 Cogquina Dr., Sanibel, Fla. Wunderle, Jeraldine C. 16401 San Pablo Ave.,, Sp. 335, San Pablo, Ca. 94806 Yancey, Mr. Thomas Dept. Geology, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Selangor, Malaysia 98 Young, Hew Di. P=) O. BOX 1931), Seattle «Wash. 9987111 Zellers, Lucille VIASEAMSSt., Hl Cerrito, Calif. 4530 919 WESTERN MALACOLOGICAL SOCIETIES Chico Seashell Club c/o Mrs. Phyllis G. Slattery, Secretary 106 Terrace Drive Chico, Calrtormniia, 959126 Conchological Club of Southern California Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History 900 Exposition Boulevard Los Angeles, California 90007 (Meets first Monday of every month, 7:30 p.m.) Guam Shell Club Pe Oe Box, 2954 Agana, Guam 96910 Hawaiian Malacological Society 2777 Kalakaua Avenue Honolulu, Hawaii 96815 (Meets first Wednesday of every month, 7:30 p.m. First United Methodist Church, 1020 S. Beretania Street) Long Beach Shell Club 600 Long Beach Boulevard (YMCA Building) Long Beach, California 90812 (Meets second Sunday of every month except July; 220.0) prim) Northern California Malacozoological Club c/o Mr. Glenn Burghardt, 14453 Nassau Road San Leandro, California 94577 Oregon Shell Club Cfo Mus. Rod.) Bonerer 2217 S. E. Madison Avenue Portland, Oregon 97214 100 Pacific Northwest Shell Club c/o Miss Ann Smiley ROWE, 2405 4Ne B. 279 Street Ridgefield, Washington 98642 Pacifirve Shell Club Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History 900 Exposition Boulevard Los Angeles, California 90007 (Meets first Sunday of every month, 1:30 p.m.) Sacramento Valley Shell Club COW. WWaliliam De Patt 2444 38th Avenue Sacramento, California 95822 San Diego Shell Club Pe On Box 1390 San Diego, California 92112 (Meets third Thursday of every month, San Diego Museum of Natural History, Balboa Park) Santa Barbara Malacological Society, Inc. Pi Ong BOX, SOUL Santa Barbara, Calraftornia 93105 (Meets third Friday of every month, 7:30 p.m., Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History, 2559 Puesta del Sol, Santa Barbara) Southwestern Malacological Society €7o Mrs'..Carol Skoglund 3846 E. Highland Avenue Phoenix, Arizona 85018 (Meets third Wednesdays, September through May, 7:30 p.m., Room 163, Life Science Building, Arizona State University, Tempe) Yucaipa Shell Club Mousley Museum of Natural History Bryant Street and Panorama Avenue Yucadpal,, California 92399 (Meets third Sunday of every month except August, ‘21010! p.m.) OM: — OLW IAIN. BARA DIVISION OF MOLLUSKS Qk 40]. W 5 27 Mall. WILLIAM H. DALL a SECTIONAL LIBRARY = LUSKS ABSTRACTS AND PROCEEDINGS DIVISION OF MOLLUSKS OF THE aan eR ae ee ae eee aa ga ace ae aE fa SIXTH ANNUAL MEETING OF THE WESTERN SOCIETY OF MALACOLOGISTS LL ee Ne Re PATTON OT duly 11-14, 1973 a Pacific Grove, California Volume 6 Abily la iC. Hin@ 6 Abstracts and Proceedings of the Sixth Annual Meeting of The Western Society of Malacologists duly, P14 19.73 Pacific Grove, California Issued February 1974 The Echo is the publication of the Western Society of Malacologists, Inc. (Incorporated 1968, San Diego, California), and is issued yearly. Distribution is free to members in good standing as of the year of issue. Copies are available to the public upon dona- tion (tax-deductible) of $2.50 plus 50¢ mailing costs; members may obtain additional copies at the same price. Address requests to the Secretary of the Society. Editorial Board Barby ROth, dato Twila L. Bratcher, President Western Society of Malacologists, 1972-1973 TABLE OF CONTENTS PROGRAM NOTICE OF THE SEVENTH ANNUAL MEETING OF THE WESTERN SOCIETY OF MALACOLOGISTS SUMMARY OF MINUTES, EXECUTIVE BOARD MEETING AND BUSINESS MEETING AWARD OF HONOR TREASURER'S REPORT ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS PRESENTED AT THE SIXTH ANNUAL W.S.M. MEETING "Tonga Expedition," Twila L. Bratcher and Billee Dilworth "The unique environment of the Galapagos marine mollusk," Ellen Brennan "Ecology and larval development of Phyllaplysia tay lora Dall" CectitaiBa Bridges "Chitons from A to Z," Glenn Burghardt and Laura Burghardt "Progress in protecting the marine environ- ment," Eugene V. Coan "Vital stains: a marking technique for nudibranchs," Sandra V. Crane "Morphological shell characters in the Recent species of the muricid family Typhinae," Anthony D'Attilio "Report of conservation meeting between some southern California shell clubs and the California Department of Fish and Game," Bertram €. Draper "The making of a nudibranch," Wesley M. Farmer Page 5 16 16 17 7, 17 ily 18 18 Abstracts (continued) Page "The Corbicula story: Chapter five," Ralph Olen Fox AS) "Determination of photosynthetic function in algal and chloroplast symbionts in opisthobranchs," Richard W. Greene A) "Present activities of the Office of Endangered Species concerning endangered mollusks," Marc J. Imlay 20 "Taxonomic problems in the Sacogloss," A. Myra Keen 20 "Accumulation and dissemination of information," Steven J. Long 23 "Notes on Crassatella lomitensis (Oldroyd, 1924) (Mollusca: Bivalvia) from the Plio-Pleistocene of southern California," Jack D. Mount 24 "Columbellid genera of the eastern Pacific,' George E. Radwin 24 "Collection, organization, and presentation of ecological data on poisthobranchs," Gordon A. Robilliard and J. Sherman Bleakney 24 "Zoogeography of snails of the Helminthoglypta ayresiana series, coastal California and the northern Channel Islands," Barry Roth 25 "Mollusks as environmental indicators," Robert W. Rowland 26 "Distribution and associations of eight species of intertidal Nassarius at Cholla Bay, Sonora, Mexico," Carol Skoglund uf "Evolution and distribution of warm-water giant pectinids from California, Mexico, and the Caribbean," Judith Terry Smith 27 "A technique for rearing opisthobranch larvae," L. L. Stephens and J. E. Blankenship 28 Abstracts (continued) "Morphological and physiological studies of possible neuroendocrine sites in the xock=boring ‘clam, Penitella :penita," Carl Stiefbold "How to cook a whelk," Robert R. Talmadge "The effect of log storage on the life cycles of the bivalves Macoma balthica and Tellina nuculoides in Isthmus Slough, Coos Bay, Oregon," Janet K. Thompson "Geologic history of the aspelloids," Emily H. Vokes "Two symbioses of Conus (Mollusca: Gastropoda) with brachyuran crabs," Fay Wolfson CONTRIBUTED PAPERS "How to cook a whelk," Robert R. Talmadge "Notes on Crassatella lomitensis (Oldroyd, 1924) (Mollusca: Bivalvia) from the Plio-Pleistocene of southern California," Jack D. Mount "Factors contributing to the unique environ- ment of Galapagos marine mollusks," Ellen Brennan "Progress in protecting the marine environ- ment," Eugene V. Coan EXECUTIVE BOARD AND COMMITTEE MEMBERS GROUP PHOTOGRAPH MEMBERS AND GUESTS ATTENDING THE SIXTH ANNUAL MEETING MEMBERSHIP DIRECTORY WESTERN MALACOLOGICAL SOCIETIES Page 29 30 Sik cal a2 33 33 37 45 Se) 63 64 65 67 83 ‘ 1 ‘ a . PROGRAM Wednesday, July 11, 1973 S}8(0)0) Tolauute Gy OO)(0) olauute 7:00 p.m. Registration Barbeque Opening session Ralph Olen Fox: The Corbicula story: Chapter five. Carol Skoglund: Distribution and associa- tions of eight species of intertidal Nassarius at Cholla Bay, Sonora, Mexico. Twila L. Bratcher and Billee Dilworth: Tonga Expedition. James H. McLean: Shell collecting at Panama, Ecuador, and Peru (slide show). Thursday, July 12 8:45 asm. AL BO). jovosutes A. Myra Keen: Taxonomic problems in the Sacoglossa. Emily H. Vokes: Geologic history of the aspelloids. Judith Terry Smith: Evolution and distribu- tion of warm-water giant pectinids from California, Mexico, and the Caribbean. George E. Radwin: Columbellid genera of the eastern Pacific. Barry Roth: Zoogeography of snails of the Helminthoglypta ayresiana series, coastal California and the northern Channel Islands. Donald Shasky: Shell collecting in Peru (motion picture). Carl Stiefbold: Morphological and physiolo- gical studies of possible neuroendocrine sites in the rock-boring clam, Penitella penita. (Read by James T. Carlton.) Anthony D'Attilio: Morphological shell characters in the Recent species of the muricid family Typhinae. Identification workshops: Bivalves - Eugene V. Coan and A. Myra Keen; Caecidae and Triphoridae - Bertram C. Draper; Panamic chitons - Allyn G. Smith; West coast chitons - Laura Burghardt; Columbellidae - George E. Radwin; Epitoniidae - Helen DuShane; Marginellidae - Barry Roth; Muricidae - Anthony D'Attilio; Terebridae - Twila Brat- cher; Turridae - James H. McLean. 7:30-0.m.- Shell auction. Priday, July 13 8:30 a.m. Opisthobranch symposium. Dr. Gordon A. Robilliard, Chairman. Gordon A. Robilliard and J. Sherman Bleakney: Collection, organization, and presentation of ecological data on opisthobranchs. (Read by Dr. Robilliard.) Sandra V. Crane: Vital stains: a marking technique for nudibranchs. (Read by Dr. Robillard.) Richard W. Greene: Determination of photo- synthetic function in algal and chloro- plast symbionts in opisthobranchs. (Read by David K. Mulliner.) L. L. Stephens and J. E. Blankenship: A technique for rearing opisthobranch larvae. (Read by Ms. Stephens.) Cecilia B. Bridges: Ecology and larval development of Phyllaplysia taylori. Wesley M. Farmer: The making of a nudibranch. AERO) joven ues Sy (O)0), Joyous M330) poem. Steven J. Long: Accumulation and dissemina- tion of information: Informal showing of shell pictures. Glenn Burghardt and Laura Burghardt: Ehitons' frome Avwtoms.. Ellen Brennan: The unique environment of the Galapagos marine mollusk. Robert W. Rowland: Mollusks as environ- mental monitors. Business meeting Banquet, The Outrigger, Cannery Row, Monterey. Morris K. Jacobson, speaker: "Mollusks in literature." Saturday, July 14 8:45 a.m. Fay Wolfson: Two symbioses of Conus (Mollusca: Gastropoda) : Janet K. Thompson: The effect of log storage on the life cycles of the bi- valves Macoma balthica and Tellina nuculoides in Isthmus Slough, Coos Bay, Oregon. Robert R. Talmadge: How to cook a whelk. (Read by James T. Carlton.) Jack D. Mount: Notes on Crassatella lomitensis (Oldroyd, 1924) (Mollusca: Bivalvia) from the Plio-Pleistocene of Southern California. Bertram C. Draper: Report of conservation meeting between some southern California shell clubs and the California Department of Fish and Game. Eugene V. Coan: Progress in protecting the marine environment. Marc J. Imlay: Present activities of the Office of Endangered Species concerning endangered mollusks. NOTICE OF THE SEVENTH ANNUAL MEETING OF THE WESTERN SOCIETY OF MALACOLOGISTS June 19 to 22, 1974 Kellogg West Conference Center California State Polytechnic University Pomona, California The Seventh Annual Meeting of the Western Society of Malacologists will be held June 19-22, 1974, at the Kellogg West Conference Center on the campus of Califor- nia State Polytechnic College, Pomona, California. The program will feature contributed papers, symposia, dis- plays, and study workshops on molluscan subjects. In addition to the program of research papers, there will be a concurrently running program of popular presenta- tions on shells or shell collecting. A silent auction of shells will be held. Inquiries about the meeting should be made no later than May 15th and should be directed to the Secretary, Mrs. Edith Abbott, 1264 West Cienega Avenue, San Dimas, California 91773. Applications for membership should be sent to the Treasurer, Mr. Bertram C. Draper, 8511 Bleriot Avenue, Los Angeles, California 90045. Dues are $5.00 for regular members, $1.00 for additional family members, and $2100 for students. Regular mem- bers and students receive the annual publication of the Society, THE ECHO. 10 SUMMARY OF MINUTES, EXECUTIVE BOARD MEETING OF JULY 12, AND SIXTH ANNUAL BUSINESS MEETING WESTERN SOCIETY OF MALACOLOGISTS, JULY 13, 1973 (The complete Minutes of these meetings are contained in the records of the Secretary of the Society and will be available at the seventh annual meeting.) The meetings were presided over by the President, Mrs. Twila L. Bratcher. The minutes as written in the Secretary's book and summarized in The Echo 5 were approved. Dr. A. Myra Keen was named the first Honorary Member of the Western Society of Malacologists. Officers unanimously elected were: President: Dr. James H. McLean First Vice President: Dr. George Radwin Second Vice President: Dr. Judith Terry Smith Secretary: Mrs. Edith Abbott Treasurer: Mr. Bertram C. Draper Members-at-—Large: Dr. Vida C. Kenk Mri Barry Roth The Board and membership approved these policies: (1) To raise the W.S.M. membership dues to $5.00 per year for regular members with each additional member of a family being able to join for $1.00, with the stipu- lation that each family will receive only one Echo. Student memberships will be $2.00. (2) To accept Dr. Radwin's invitation for the San Diego Shell Club to sponsor the joint meeting with the American Malacological Union in 1975, and to plan for the meeting by forming a committee, consisting of the newly elected First Vice President, Dr. Judith Terry Smith, and a third member to be appointed by the First Vice President. (3) To have the Second Vice President head a Site Selection Committee to make arrangements for the annual meeting of the second following year. (4) To accept the report of Mr. James Carlton, Chair- man of the Student Participation Committee, naming Carol Hopper, Department of Zoology, University of Hawaii, winner Py ies 1 BEANE By (Previous recipients of the Award of Honor are: 1970, Jean and Crawford Cate; 1971, Anthony D'Attilio; 1972, William K. Emerson. Recipients of the A.M.U.P.D. Award of Honor are: 1960, Elsie and Emery Chace; 1963, Myra Keen; 1964, Wendell 0. Gregg; Chairman's award, S. Still- man Berry; 1965, Rudolf Stohler; 1966, Trevor Kincaid; 1967, Allyn G. Smith; Chairman's award, Rose and John Q. Burch! 1968; hee’ Gi. Hertleimn:)) TREASURER'S REPORT WESTERN SOCIETY OF MALACOLOGISTS July 18 7119.73 Balance, August 10, 1972 $2090.80 Income Dues, regular memberships 1973 (206) 31 51500 Dues, regular memberships 1972 (1) 250) Dues, student memberships 1973 (24) 24.00 Echo sales, 1972 issue (21) 54.00 Echo reprint sales 262 Receipt from AMU-PD for M. Keen expenses 13. 20 Interest on savings account 49.14 Conference receipts: Registration 212.00 Banquet 39/825 Ground fees 62.00 Accomodations 22715290 Photographs 70.00 SOU OES EAS) Total income $3860.56 13 Treasurer's Report (continued) Disbursements AMU annual dues 6.00 Purchase of AMU-PD display cases 2% O10 Echo expenses: Typing 101.00 Printing BiS0 7/5! Mailing TU AIT 1397.50 Historian expenses 25.05 Student awards: 1972 expenses £56.96 1973 expenses* 43255 20d sO Deposit on 1974 conference -Pomona 100.00 Treasurer conference expenses 40.60 Secretary expenses: Printing USe7h0) Postage HOS ie Conference expenses 40.60 223°. 0n Conference expenses: Banquet 384.75 Accomodations & ground fees 2207/5910 Photographs 74.20 Decorations 20.63 Refund of deposit - Good 10.00 2697.48 Total disbursements 4046.15 Year net loss (511854159) Balance, July 18, 1973 Checking account 694.69 Savings account LZMOR 52 Sii9i0/5: 2H * $250.00 student award yet to be paid for 1973. Submitted: (signed) Glenn E. Burghardt LPBeadsiuaer 14 ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS PRESENTED AT THE SIXTH ANNUAL W.S.M. MEETING TONGA EXPEDITION. Twila L. Bratcher, 8121 Mulholland Terrace, Hollywood, California 90046; and Billee Dil- worth, 609 Palomar, La Jolla, California 92037. The expedition to the Ha'apai group of islands in the middle Tongas was made in June 1972. The Kingdom of Tonga's 150 islands and 1,000 reefs are tucked away in a far corner of the Pacific about equal distance from Samoa and Fiji. No record of molluscan fauna from that area has been published. Members of the Hawaiian Malacological Society arranged to charter a boat, the Just David, to transport us and our gear from Nuku'alofa to the island of Uiha. The boat, equipped with a compressor for SCUBA tanks, remained with us to take us collecting at a different island each day. We returned in the evening to the na- tive style fales built for us by the people of the island. Mats stuffed with palm fronds were our beds and tapa cloth our blankets. During our two week stay there, we collected each day except Sundays. In deference to our Tongan hosts, who frown on any activity except church that day, we spent Sundays after church caring for material already collected. The people of the island brought us drinking coconuts and island fruits each day and invited us to native feasts prepared in our honor. Our party was composed of SCUBA divers, snorkle divers, and reef crawlers, as the ones who do not wade more than knee-deep are called. We showed Mano, the young native skipper of our boat, a picture of Strombus thersites Swainson, 1823. He said he knew where they can be found. He took us to his home island, Ha'afeva. When he anchored in about 30 feet of water, sandy bottom, Mano put on a mask and fins, no tank, and went overboard. He came up with two S. thersites. The water suddenly was boiling with divers hitting the water. We collected enough S. thersites to share with the snorkle divers and reef crawlers of our party. 1e5 Members of the expedition are working with Dr. Harald Rehder of the Smithsonian Institution on a check list of the mollusks collected in the Ha'apai group. THE UNIQUE ENVIRONMENT OF THE GALAPAGOS MARINE MOLLUSK. Ellen Brennan, 9636 La Cima Drive, Whittier, California 90603. (The complete text of this paper appears on pages 45-57.) ECOLOGY AND LARVAL DEVELOPMENT OF PHYLLAPLYSIA TAYLORI DALL. Cecilia B. Bridges, Pacific Marine Station, Dillon Beach, California 94929 Phyllaplysia taylori Dall is a small, green-patterned opisthobranch which lives on blades of Zostera marina, the common eelgrass occurring along shores of eastern Pacific estuaries. Studies of larval development and adult ecology indicate that genetically isolated popula- tions may exist within relatively short distances. The egg mass is a tightly packed nidosome consisting of double layered parallel rows of the egg string. Each capsule contains a single ovum and a single smaller re- fractile sphere which is probably a nutritional body. Prior to loss of the velum this is broken down by ciliary action and the particles ingested. Development is direct and the encapsulated period approximately 30 days at 17.5°C. Metamorphosis commences with resorption of the velar lobes. Settlement immediately follows hatching and the veliconch takes up a crawling existence, feeding on the diatom layer covering the egg mass and Zostera. Settlement studies show no preference for eelgrass sub- strate as long as the diatom layer is present. Speci- ficity for this substrate is explained by the nature of direct development and by the observed absence of the diatom layer on macro-algae. After settlement, growth of the shell continues to form a visor-like hood up to four times the size of the larval shell. Fate of the shell has not been determined, but past reports are questioned. Studies of larval development as a function of temperature show that lower temperatures result in slower development. Effect of temperature on develop- mental time was greater with progressive developmental stages. The development and settlement of P. taylori is the first record of metamorphosis and of direct development 16 in the anaspideans. Ecological data indicate a complex interrelationship existing among P. taylori, Z. marina and the diatom cover. A summary of opisthobranch devel- opmental literature is updated and aspects of direct development are discussed. CHITONS FROM A TO Z. Glenn Burghardt, Steinhart Aquarium, California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, California 94118; and Laura Burghardt, 14453 Nassau Rd., San Leandro, Callkittornia 794577. (No abstract submitted.) PROGRESS IN PROTECTING THE MARINE ENVIRONMENT. Eugene V. Coan, The Sierra Club, 1050 Mills Tower, 220 Buch Street, San Francisco, California 94104. (The complete text of this paper appears on pages 59-62.) VITAL STAINS: A MARKING TECHNIQUE FOR NUDIBRANCHS. Sandra V. Crane, 1033-264 Street, R.R. #1, Aldergrove, British Columbia, Canada. The technique of vital staining for the purpose of identification of individuals and groups was tested by the use of Neutral Red on the nudibranch Archidoris mon- teneyensis.'’~ Marked animals’ were tested in the’ labora- tory and in various field situations. Some of the pro- blems encountered during a limited use of this technique are mentioned. MORPHOLOGICAL SHELL CHARACTERS IN THE RECENT SPECIES OF THE MURICID FAMILY TYPHINAE. Anthony D'Attilio, San Diego Museum of Natural History, Balboa Park, San Diego, Caltrornira 92112). The purpose of this study was to demonstrate by means of detailed camera-lucida drawings, using the mi- croscope, poorly known or rarely observed aspects of gross form and microscopic detail in this subfamily. 1E7) These characters may be useful for distinguishing genus- level taxonomic units in the Typhinae. The characters observed were found to essentially confirm the currently accepted supraspecific taxonomic categories. In the Typhinae I recognize fourteen genera into which approximately forty-five Recent species may be assigned. Due to the comparatively large number of genera in comparison to the number of species, and to their con- siderable geologic age, it is speculated that a large number of the Recent species and genera are relict in nature. REPORT OF CONSERVATION MEETING BETWEEN SOME SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA SHELL CLUBS AND THE CALIFORNIA DEPARTMENT OF FISH AND GAME. Bertram C. Draper, 8511 Bleriot Avenue, Los Angeles, California 90045. (No abstract submitted.) THE MAKING OF A NUDIBRANCH. Wesley M. Farmer, 1327 E. Donner Dr., Tempe, Arizona 85282. In order to make a resin Acanthodoris pina a few tools are needed: First of all the animal or a photo- graph of it, like that found in Lance (1963), is of help. Clay for a negative mold, pointed sticks like tooth picks to shape dorsal papillae, a palette knife or similar tool and the round end of a tool like a screw driver handle to form the dorsum. An epoxy or polyester resin, catalyst, alizarin crimson, black and white oil paint for color. Glass strips on a glass plate or metal bands for a final mold and masking tape. In making an animal, a form is made in clay to the size desired, usually enlarged several times. The appro- priate papillae are pressed into the clay and "holes" for rhinophores and gills are added. Red resin is mixed and placed in the papillae holes and left to set hard. Then a white tail is added, later the body is filled with black resin and the adhering clay removed with turpentine. White spots are added to the edge of the mantle and the rhinophores and gills cemented into place with resin. 18 The name of the animal is written onto the foot. At this point the dimensions of the glass mold is set to house the nudibranch. One thin layer is poured to hold the animal off the bottom. The second layer is poured. The hardened block is sanded and polished. One thought about the combination is that there should not be any internal stresses due to a difference in coefficient of expansion. In effect the resin nudi- branch should expand and contract much like the rest of the block. To date I have constructed 50 species of opistho- branchs by various methods and modifications of those mentioned above. Most are on the order of 1 x 2 x 3 inches. Various species were on display. THE CORBICULA STORY: (CHAPTER: FIVE “Ralph Olen Fox, Department of Invertebrate Zoology, California Academy ofr Scrences, San iF rancisco, California) 94118. As the exotic freshwater bivalve Corbicula contin- ues to spread through the previously reported 25 states we now learn that it has been found in the Atlantic drainage in the vicinity of Philadelphia. The continued spread of this bivalve has been re- ported nationwide in noted periodicals - but unfor- tunately often prepared by uninformed writers, for much of the printed data reveals that conditions and areas covered were never investigated or checked. For example, a canal "cleared for navigation" NEVER accommodated any vessel larger than a skiff - then only for short distances - due to canal design and water flow. Slides presented the magnitude of Corbicula in- festation in the Delta-Mendota Canal, a Bureau of Re- clamation water project serving the San Joaquin Valley One (Celilalicenaiguivel DETERMINATION OF PHOTOSYNTHETIC FUNCTION IN ALGAL AND CHLOROPLAST SYMBIONTS IN OPISTHOBRANCHS. Richard W. Greene, Department of Biology, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556. 19 This paper presented three methods by which one might assess photosynthetic capacity by autotrophic symbionts in sea slugs. Any such study must be carried out in both light and dark conditions in order to esta- blish light-dependence of the process in question. Monitoring the pH of water in a reaction vessel con- taining an animal with algal symbionts will give the in- vestigator an approximation of photosynthetic activity if no other method is feasible. During darkness, CO9 will be removed by the symbionts, and the pH should rise. Oxygen in the reaction vessel may also be followed in light and dark. Animal respiration in dark will deplete 05 in the water. Photosynthesis in the light will produce 05 which will be reflected by a change in O09 concentration in the water. Finally, the carbon-14 photosynthesis assay was described. This entails incubating animals in light (with dark controls) in water containing 14coQ . The animals are extracted with ethanol, and the extracts are acidified and assayed for radioactivity. Photo- synthesis is occurring if more radioactivity is found in the light as opposed to the dark-treated sample. If appropriate equipment is available, this last method is by far the most sensitive assay. PRESENT ACTIVITIES OF THE OFFICE OF ENDANGERED SPECIES CONCERNING ENDANGERED MOLLUSKS. Marc J. Imlay, Office of Endangered Species and International Activities, Department of the Interior, Washington, D.C. 20240 (No abstract submitted.) TAXONOMIC PROBLEMS IN THE SACOGLOSSA. A. Myra Keen, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305 The Sacoglossa are opisthobranch gastropods with mouthparts that are modified for feeding on green algae. The group comprises three superfamilies: Oxynoacea, with thin, spirally coiled shells; Juliacea, with divided or bivalved shells; and Plakobranchacea (formerly called Elysiacea), without shells. Modern workers recognize, 20 among the shelled forms, three families, divided into 7 genera, one genus among these having 6 subgenera. There are 4 families of the non-shelled forms, compris- ing 21 named genera, one of which has two subgenera. Specialists on these non-shelled forms are not, how- ever, in complete agreement on synonymies or ranking. Nomenclatural changes that will have to be made include: 1) Use of terms Plakobranchacea and Plako- branchidae for the group that has been called Elysiacea and Elysiidae, for the other family-group name has priority. 2) Aplysiopsis Deshayes, 1864, proves to be a prior name for Hermaeina Trinchese, 1874. 3) Laura Tranchese, 1872, is not only valid but must take prece- dence over Placida Trinchese, 1876. 4) The family Oleidae, which was thought to be unique.to the West Coast, seems rather to be close to Stiliger, and the oldest family-group name for the complex is Hermaeidae. Olea has taken to a carnivorous diet, using its radula to pierce the egg-capsules of other opisthobranchs, but some other hermaeid groups are now known to have begun to exploit this richer food-source, also. The ordinal name Sacoglossa presents some problems. If priority were to hold for names above family-group rank, we should have to accept Monostichoglossata or Stichoglossata of Pagenstecher, 1874. But priority is not carried above superfamily level. Von Ihering in 1876 proposed Sacoglossa and cited a manuscript name of Bergh's -- Ascoglossa -- as a synonym. Thus, he might be considered to have selected Sacoglossa, acting as "first reviser". Usage also favors Sacoglossa, for it occurs in the literature about twice as often as Ascoglossa. Taxonomic Units of the Opisthobranch Order SACOGLOSSA (Summary of a revision for the "Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology") Order Sacoglossa (=Monostichoglossata; Stichoglossata; Ascoglossa) Superfamily Oxynoacea Family Oxynoidae (=Lobigeridae; Lophocercidae) Genus Oxynoe Rafinesque, 1819 (=Lophocercus Krohn, 1847) Lobiger Krohn, 1847 Lophopleurella Zilch, 1956 (="Lophopleura" Thiele, 1912) Zit Family Volvatellidae (=Cylindrobullidae; Arthessidae) Volvatella Pease, 1860 (=Arthessa Evans, 1950) Cylindrobullla Fischer, .1857 Superfamily Juliacea (=Bertheliniacea; Tamanovalvacea) Family Juliidae (=Prasinidae; Tamanovalvidae; Bertheliniidae) Subfamily Juliinae Julia Gould, 1862 (=Prasina Deshayes, 1863) Subfamily Bertheliniinae Berthelinia Crosse, 1875 Anomalomya) Cossmann, 1888 - (Edenttellina) Gatliff & Gabriel, 1911 (Ludovicia) Cossmann, 1888 (Midorigai) Burn, 1960 B. (Tamanovalva) Kawaguti & Baba, 1959 Superfamily Plakobranchacea (=Elysiacea) Family Plakobranchidae Gray, 1840 (=Elysiidae H. & A. Adams, 1854) Plakobranchus Von Hasselt, 1824 (=Placobranchus, auctt.) Bosellia Trinchese, 1891 BRivshtalinasso,. 2818 (enotadon Ferussac, 1819 + 9 others) Thuridilla Bergh, 1872 Tridachia Deshayes, 1857 Tridachiella MacFarland, 1924 Family Caliphyllidae (=Phyllobranchidae) Caliphylla Costa,, 1867 (=Beccaria Trinchese, 1870) Cyerce ‘Bergh, 1871 (=Lobiancoia Trinchese, 1881) Sey eueiia © Pease, 1860 (="Phyllobranchus" Alder & Hancock, 1864; Lobifera Pease, 1866 + 2 others) Family Hermaeidae (=Stiligeridae; Oleidae; Alderiidae) Hermaea Loven, 1844 (=Physopneumon Costa, 1864) Alderia Allmann, 1846 (=Canthopsis Agassiz, 1851) Alderella Franc, 1968 (="Alderina" Pruvot-Fol, 1954) DI to] | | 22 Alderiopsis Baba, 1968 Aplysiopsis Deshayes, 1864 (=Hermaeina Trinchese, 1874) Ercolania Trinchese, 1872 Laura Trinchese, 1872 (=Placida Trinchese, 1877) Olea Kjerschow-Agersborg, 1923) Phyl lobranchopsis Cockerell s Eliot, 1905 (?Possible may prove to be a subgenus under Aplysiopsis) Stiliger Ehrenberg, 1831 (=Calliopaea Orbigny, 1837; Custiphorus Deshayes, 1864) S. (Costasiella) Pruvot-Fol, 1951 S. (Hermaeopsis) Costa, 1869 Family Limapontiidae Limapontia Johnston, 1836 (=Chalidis Quatrefages, 1844; Pontolimax Muller, 1848) Acteonia Quatrefages, 1844 (="Ictis" Alder & Hancock, 1847; Cenia Alder & Hancock, 1848; Lafontia Locard, 1886) ACCUMULATION AND DISSEMINATION OF INFORMATION. Steven J. Long, 110 Cuyama Avenue, Pismo Beach, California 93449 The opisthobranch literature has reached almost 7000 published articles which are scattered through several hundred journals and present the researcher with an almost impossible task when trying to find all the literature pertaining to a given animal or subject. The major abstracts and indexes provide some assistance but their broad subject coverage prevents in-depth coverage of any given animal group. The OPISTHOBRANCH NEWSLETTER attempts to bridge this void with current information on the opisthobranch literature and on the research now underway in all parts of the world. Monthly compilations of correspondence and literature searches are printed and mailed to all researchers interested in this information. This keeps everyone up to date on events in the field and provides a forum for informal discussion of research topics. 25 NOTES ON CRASSATELLA LOMITENSIS (OLDROYD, 1924) (MOLLUSCA: BIVALVIA) FROM THE PLIO-PLEFSTOCENE OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA. Jack D. Mount, Department of Earth Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CGalloskoreniia 25020 (The complete text of this paper appears on pages 37-44.) COLUMBELLID GENERA OF THE EASTERN PACIFIC. George E. Radwin, San Diego Museum of Natural History, P.O. Box 1390, San Diego, California 92112. The Columbellidae are almost unique in the Gastro- poda in several ways, among which are their distinctive radular dentition, their heterogeneity of shell form from genus to genus, and the resemblance of the shell in some genera to that of other gastropod groups. With consideration of the close relationship between present- day eastern Pacific and western Atlantic columbellid faunas, the large and diverse columbellid component of the eastern Pacific gastropod fauna is reviewed at the generic level. COLLECTION, ORGANIZATION, AND PRESENTATION OF ECOLOGICAL DATA ON OPISTHOBRANCHS. Gordon A. Robilliard, Woodward- Envicon, Inc., 3489 Kurtz Street, San Diego, California 92110; and J. Sherman Bleakney, Department of Biology, Acadia University, Wolfville, Nova Scotia. Most serious shell collectors, malacologists or professional biologists are aware, in principle, of the desirability of obtaining detailed collection data for all the specimens they collect in the field. Unfortu- nately, in practice, these collection data are often limited to date, location, and collector and other data are not recorded for one or more reasons. It is sug- gested that detailed data should also include at a minimum: height above or depth below MLLW: physical substratum? prey; predators; -size; reproductive con- dition; spawn; color and other external characteristics; ceneral habitat type. In addition, the behavior of the animal should be observed and recorded before col- lection. All data should be kept in an organized fashion. We suggest that a matrix be developed for 24 each species, the vertical columns listing each of the several parameters listed above and the horizontal rows listing the data by date and each individual animal. Ecological data, to be meaningful, should be tem- porally and spatially comprehensive. Several years' data at regular intervals during each year for each of several habitats provide the basis for a fairly complete and, accurate description of the Jife history, natural history, etc., of each species studied. These data should be presented succinctly, prefer- ably as tables or figures, with a minimum of narrative. Quantitative data are preferable for the obvious reason that they are comparable from person to person and place to place. Only those statistical tests which will Pillustrate..a point should’ be used; ‘statistics for its own sake is of little use except to confuse the reader. In addition, caution must be exercised when using spe- cies diversity indices, statistical tests, and other "quantitative" procedures, to be sure that the implicit and explicit assumptions of the procedure are understood and are met. ZOOGEOGRAPHY OF SNAILS OF THE HELMINTHOGLYPTA AYRESIANA SERIES, COASTAL CALIFORNIA AND THE NORTHERN CHANNEL ISLANDS. Barry Roth, Department of Geology, California Academy /orvociences; San Francisco, California 94118 Helminthoglypta ayresiana (Newcomb, 1861), H. fieldi Pilsbry, 1930, H. walkeriana (Hemphill, 1911), and "Helix Var. morroensis” Hemphill, 1911, comprise a group of eloselyivellated) Species. (H.ayrestana Vives:-on ‘the north-— ern California Channel Islands; the other species occur in coastal and subcoastal Santa Barbara and San Luis Obispo Counties, most typically associated with dune plant communities. The genitalia of the first three species are similar in general character and relative proportion of the or- gans, with relatively large dart sac, short common duct of the mucus glands, and long spermatothecal diverticulum. All species have basic shell sculpture consisting of in- cised spiral lines which obliquely intersect radial growth striae, the raised, roughly rhomboidal surfaces thus defined being more or less produced into papillae. Degree of papillation increases, and number of whorls decreases, as one moves from morroensis, the northern- most member, to ayresiana, the southernmost member of the group. 25 The morphological relationships and Recent distri- bution suggest that the ancestors of the series lived south of the group's present range on the continent, reaching the Channel Islands in mid- or late Pleisto- cene time when a peninsular connection existed with the mainland. This may have coincided with a southward displacement of climatic zones accompanying a glacial- pluvial stage. Xerothermic conditions following the Wisconsin glaciation may have driven the mainland popu- lations north and isolated them in enclaves moistened by the condensation of coastal fog on sand dune plants. MOLLUSKS AS ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORS. Robert W. Row lanes U. S. Geological Survey, Menlo Park, California 94025. Trace metals are concentrated in the tissues and shells of mollusks. Large bivalves are well-suited for analysis; tissue concentrations reflect environmental levels at the time the animal was collected, and shell concentrations record past environmental levels, incor- porated in the shell as the animal grew. One valve can be subsampled at concentric intervals for atomic absorp- tion analysis, while the other can be ground and sec- tioned and the growth lamellae counted to determine the time frame represented by the subsamples. This methodology will allow continuous environ- mental monitoring without the necessity of continuous sampling; additionally, pre-industrial base-line con- centrations of trace metals may be determined by analy- sis of historically documented museum specimens or fossil shells. specimens of Mytilus edulis were collected in the yacht harbor at Santa Cruz, California, and from the nearest coastal population, 1 kilometer eastward. Preliminary atomic absorption analysis of the mantle tissue indicates that the harbor specimens have higher concentrations of copper and zinc than the coastal specimens. lpublication authorized by the Director, U. S. Geological Survey. 26 DISTRIBUTION AND ASSOCIATIONS OF EIGHT SPECIES OF INTER- TIDAL NASSARIUS AT CHOLLA BAY, SONORA, MEXICO. Carol Skoglund, 3846 E. Highland Avenue, Phoenix, Arizona S5OMSe Five transects were selected, each representing the known habitat of a different species of Nassarius. One hundred and ten samples, each of 1/10 of a square meter and 5 cm deep, were washed through 1/8 inch hard- ware cloth. All live material retained in the mesh was counted and identified to determine the distribu- tion, density, maturity and associations of intertidal Nassarius. A total of 2,526 live animals representing eleven classes in six phyla were tallied, including 1,036 Nassarius. Nassarius moestus (Hinds, 1844) is the most common mollusk in the bay. It ranges from the muddy upper salt marsh area throughout the bay, to the edges of the sand bars. Nassarius tiarula (Keiner, 1841) is locally abundant in areas of broken shell fragments with a mix- ture of sand and mud at about the -1 ft. tide level. Nassarius iodes (Dall, 1917) is the most universally distributed but seems to prefer areas of fine, clean sand. Nassarius angulicostis (Pilsbry & Lowe, 1932) (common) and Nassarius pagodus (Reeve, 1844) (rare) can be found at the -4 ft. tide level or below, where under- lying rocks are covered with a thin layer of sand. In addition, other areas were collected in a ran- dom fashion over a period of several years. Nassarius taeniolatus (Philippi, 1845) and N. guaymasensis (Pilsbry & Lowe, 1932) both rare, are found in the -4 ft. sand-over-rock habitat. Nassarius limacinus (Dall, 1917) was found on the tops of bars of fine, clean sand at the -4 ft. tide level in June 1969. EVOLUTION AND DISTRIBUTION OF WARM-WATER GIANT PECTINIDS FROM CALIFORNIA, MEXICO, AND THE CARIBBEAN. Judith herry Smith, U.S. GeologicalsSsunvey, Menlo Park, Calif— ornia 94025.1 Giant’ pectinids referred -to the subgenus Nodipecten Dall, 1898, live in 1 to 100 fathoms in the Caribbean, Gulf of Mexico, and tropical eastern Pacific. They are descendants: of Ly ropecten? Conrad ,. 1862), -a wide-ranging ancestral group that originated in the eastern Pacific Ocean during the Miocene. Holocene species are Pecten PAT (Nodipecten) nodosus (Linnaeus, 1758) in the Caribbean, P. (N.) subnodosus Sowerby, 1835, ranging from southern California to Peru, and P. (N.) magnificus Sowerby, 1835, in the Galapagos Islands. The last of these is very close to the California Miocene index fossil Lyro- pecten crassicardo Conrad, 1856. Variability studies of Pecten (Nodipecten) nodosus and P. (N.) subnodosus indicate that rib counts, positions of hollow nodes, and microsculptural details are the most diagnostic characters. Morphologic changes through time and be- tween different geographic areas are more striking in left than in right valves. Adult animals recline most commonly on sandy substrates with the left valve upper- most. Species vary in the tendency to show ledging, a steplike profile produced by periodic shell growth at an angle to the shell margin. Verification is needed for the hypothesis that this series of ledges, commonest in early growth stages, is caused by environmental factors. Work in progress involves comparisons of Holo- cene and fossil morphologic forms from the eastern and western coasts of Mexico and Central America to help locate more precisely in time and space marine connec- tions between the Pacific and Caribbean. Preliminary studies indicate that four Lyropecten species found as fossils at Cedros Island off western Baja California ranged northward to California during the Pliocene. This permits correlation of formations from as far north as the Salinas Valley to the Imperial Valley and Baja California and contributes to more precise defini- tions of marine megafossil stages. A fifth species from Cedros Island, Pecten (Nodipecten) veatchii Gabb, 1866, is. related clloseliy to’ Bb. (N.)) peedecnsis) Tuomey and Holmes ,. 1855, from South Carolina; this affinity faciii-— tates correlation of Miocene and Pliocene Gulf and Caribbean faunas with those from the Tertiary of Calif- Ornia. lpublication authorized by the Director, U. S. Geological Survey. A TECHNIQUE FOR REARING OPISTHOBRANCH LARVAE. Mine allne Stephens and J. E. Blankenship, Marine Biomedical Insti- tute. University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77550. A closed seawater culturing system which supports the growth of veliger larvae of Aplysia californica has 28 been developed. The system is composed of three inter- connected aquarium units through which artificial sea- water is continually circulating. An 80-gallon tank with circulating pump and internal filtering serves as central reservoir for adult animals and maintains a temperature of 58-62°F. A 60-gallon tank maintains a variety of sea- weeds, their associated substrates, and invertebrates, all representing possible substrates for inducing veliger metamorphosis. Its autotrophic nature reduces eutrophy- imguenrichment to ‘the total system..a The thind part of the system holds eggs and larvae and is composed of ten 3.1-gallon plexiglas aquaria. Water lifted from the re- servoir is pre-filtered, U.V. sterilized, filtered through two cartridges of 15 and 1-3 micron porosities and pumped into the bottom of each of the individual working tanks. Each small tank has its own variable aeration and supplementary cooling coil. A coarse mesh plastic screen lies near the slanted bottom of each tank and serves to support added seaweed and allow separation from debris on the bottom. Each tank also has a vari- able height standpipe with a 37 micron nylon mesh filter through which water exits but veliger larvae are retained. Water flows through each tank at a rate of 3-10 ml/minute and is collected in a manifold containing a filter bed of cracked oyster shell and charcoal and eventually re- turns to the reservoir. The small tanks remain rela- tively free of bacterial and predator contamination. A photoperiod of 12 hours light is employed. Supplementary food containing various proportions of Cyclotella nana, Isochrysis galbana, Monochrysis lutheri, and Skeletonema costatum is cultured separately in enriched media. With densities of 200 algal cells/larva/day, we have observed a doubling of length of larvae held in this system for three weeks. (Supported by USPHS grant NSO9652, and grant from the Moody Foundation. ) MORPHOLOGICAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL STUDIES OF POSSIBLE NEU- ROENDOCRINE SITES IN THE ROCK-BORING CLAM, PENITELLA PENITA. Carl Stiefbold, Biology Department, Portland State University, Portland, Oregon 97207.1 The life cycle of Penitella penita is divided mor- phologically and behaviorally into two distinct stages The tarst. ls the monsexual "working |), or) | Ziptaeal stage, and the second is the sexual "resting" stage. A study of possible neuroendocrine sites in this clam has been initiated to determine whether or not the transformation from the work- ing to the resting stage is dependent upon neurosecretory activity in any way. 29 Both working and resting stage animals are being collected monthly and a histological examination is being made of their cerebral, visceral, and pedal gan- glia using a paraldehyde-fuchsin staining technique. Three distinct fuchsinophilic cell types have been found. Two of these suspected neurosecretory cell types are found in the cerebral and visceral ganglia, and the third type is found only in the pedal ganglion. Before a final comprehensive analysis can be made of differences between the histology of working and resting animals it is necessary that the natural ga- mate development and spawning activity of the animal be completed. Although the animals have not yet spawned, a preliminary analysis of data already col- lected indicates that some differences in neurosecre- tory activity do exist between working and resting animals. In the cerebral and visceral ganglia of resting stage animals a relationship of the type described by earlier pelecypod investigators seems to exist between increasing neurosecretory activity and the progress of gamete development. The level of neuro- secretory activity in the same ganglia of working stage animals is less than that in resting stage animals and appears to remain at a constant level. Also, suspected neurosecretory cells in the pedal ganglia of working animals are considerably more active than in resting stage animals. Injections of seawater homogenates of cerebral and visceral ganglia from adult resting animals into ripe adults have no effect.on gamete development or spawning. Injections of seawater homogenates of cerebral and visceral ganglia from working stage animals into resting stage animals, and from resting stage animals into working stage animals also pro- duce no noticeable effects. lfhis work is being totally supported by the 1972- 1973 Western Society of Malacologists Student Re- search Grant. HOW TO COOK A WHELK. Robert R. Talmadge, 2850 Pine Street, Eureka, California 95501. (The complete text of this paper appears on pages 33-35.) 30 THE EFFECT OF LOG STORAGE ON THE LIFE CYCLES OF THE BIVALVES MACOMA BALTHICA AND TELLINA NUCULOIDES IN ISTHMUS SLOUGH, COOS BAY, OREGON. Janet K. Thompson, University of Oregon, Eugene Oregon. 1 The effect of log storage on the biology and water chemistry of Isthmus Slough was studied as part of a project to determine future leasing programs of estu- aries by the state to private industries. Two clams, Macoma balthica and Tellina nuculoides, were chosen as indices due to their distribution throughout the slough and the ease with which relative age could be determined. The intertidal mud flat was sampled be- fore, during and after the annual log storage. Logs were not stored throughout the length of the slough and thus a natural control group was present. Logs were stored in pens, but were free to move up and down with the tide and therefore rested on the mud flat at low tide. This storage caused a sediment build-up between logs. This sediment build-up and/or the logs resting on the mud flat resulted in a sharp increase in mortality in both species. Storage areas were repopulated following seasonal removal of logs either by migration and/or transport of individuals by CUEGENtS. lpresent address: U. S. Geological Survey, Office of Marine Geology, 345 Middlefield Road, Menlo Park, California 94025. GEOLOGIC HISTORY OF THE ASPELLOIDS. Emily H. Vokes, Department of Geology, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana 70118. Two muricine genus-groups, Aspella Moerch and Dermomurex Monterosato, share certain unusual shell- characters which suggest that they had a common an- cestor, which has not been recognized as yet. The two groups, although usually combined by modern au- thors, begin essentially simultaneously in geologic time with species closely related to existing forms, and thus it seems more useful to treat them as separate but parallel genera. Aspella-first occurs in the late Oligocene beds of southern France and has only a meager representation in the fossil record. There are few fossil species known, all from the European area, but it would appear that from the beginning there were Sill two distinct species lineages represented, which have continued through time culminating in some six Recent species found only in the western Atlantic and the Pacific Oceans - none in European waters. A Recent monotypic subgenus, Gracilimurex, occurs in the Gulf of ‘Calitornia. The genus Dermomurex first occurs in slightly older beds in the early Oligocene of Mississippi and then in the late Oligocene beds of northern France, together in time though not in space with the ances- tral Aspella. There are numerous species, represent- ing four subgenera, found in all parts of the tropical world throughout ensuing geologic history. In the Recent fauna the group is best represented in the New World with six species; there are but two Indo-Pacific species, plus the type of the genus found in the Medi- terranean. Five of the Recent species are placed in Dermomurex s.s., two in the subgenus Takia Kuroda, one in the subgenus Trialatella Berry, and one in a new subgenus not yet named. TWO SYMBIOSES OF CONUS (MOLLUSCA: GASTROPODA) WITH BRACHYURAN CRABS. Fay Wolfson, San Diego Museum of Natural History, P.O. Box 1390, San Diego, California 92112. (No abstract submitted.) 32 CONTRIBUTED PAPERS How To Cook A Whelk Robert R. Talmadge Eureka, California 95501 To begin with, perhaps, it might be best to explain what a "Whelk" actually is. The name is based upon the Middle European "Welk" or "Wilk", which was derived from the Anglo-Saxon "Weoloc" or "Weloc", probably from the Danish "Wulk", all pertaining to the shape or spiral horn, of both of the large European marine Mollusca, Buccinum undatum and Neptunea antigua, which were given their present names by a Swedish gentleman, Karl von Linne in 1758. In Europe both species are consumed as a delicacy in season and some people consider these snails to have the same property as the Rhinocerous horn - that is, if we are to believe the syndicated column of Charles McCabe who several years ago wrote that the flesh of the whelk was an aphrodisiac. Other species of large marine Mollusca are also eaten, as several years ago I received a parcel containing some Colus islandicus (Gmelin), which had been picked up by a fishing trawler on the Faeros Sill. Upon opening the package a strong smell of garlic emitted from the shells, and in answer as to why, as I did not think that such snails ate garlic, I was informed that all large snails were saved and the cook boiled them up in garlic for the crew to eat. My first experience with eating whelks was in south Wales during 1942. I found Buccinum undatum (Linnaeus) quite palatable, even though the snails were only boiled. At times a sauce of a mild cheese spiced with black pepper was added, which enhanced the taste. At that time I suspected that there were many other ways to pre- pare these delicacies which would be more tasty to an American, than just boiling. In Holland during 1944- 1945, I learned to eat Neptunea antigua (Linnaeus), broiled with chopped onions, made into a chowder, or broiled with the cheese and black pepper sauce. Upon 33 my return to America, I found that some of our local dragboat fishermen, many of whom were Scandanavians, Italians, or Portuguese, saved and ate one species of large whelk, which in 1971 was given the name Neptunea humboldtica by Allyn G. Smith. Although Allyn and I do not quite agree on the taxonomic status of this Pacific Coast snail, we do agree that it is a distinct zoological unit and that it resides within a desig- nated geographical area. I have tried all of the other Species of Neptunea taken locally and they are either too small such as N. tabulata (Baird) or N. ithia (Dall), live on soft mud and take on that taste as does N. amianta (Dall) and N. smirnia (Dall), or are too scarce as N. lyrata (Gmelin) and N. phoenicea (Dall). This leaves only the one large white whelk, which I refer to as Neptunea pribiloffensis humboldtica A. G. Smith. This species lives on a sand-mud or muddy sand substrate, between 150 and 200 fathoms (274-366 meters), and at times is taken in considerable num- bers. I have specimen material of this subspecies from the Noyo Submarine Canyon off Fort Bragg, Mendo- eCino County, California, north ‘to La Perouse Bank oft the Straits of Juan de Fuca. In this northern area it appears to become somewhat intergradational to- ward N. p. meridionalis A. G. Smith, which in turn, at least to me, seems to intergrade with the nominate race on the outer portions of Prince William Sound, Alaska. But enough of systematic taxonomy, and onto the cooking. I use several recipes for these snails and use them the same as clams, either in a chowder or patties in most instances. But we first must consider one important item. One must obtain a bucket of freshly taken living Neptunea, and unless one is the personal friend of several dragboat captains, or else has a next door neighbor working on such a vessel, the chances of picking up a mess of these snails are just about nil. If and when you do get a bucket of whelks, boil the snails for about fifteen minutes, chill, and then screw the soft parts out of the shell, remove the operculum, viscera, and branchia, and you will end up with a chunk of delicious meat. There are then two ways to prepare this flesh, either by cutting into thin slices or grind- ing. Ground whelk flesh is excellent in chowder, used just the same as clams, or patties may be made, either plain or mixed with diced onion and breadcrumbs plus the usual egg which binds all of the ingredients together. Some Italian fishermen prefer to make a sauce with onion, garlic, mushrooms, and tomato paste and cook the whelk in this, then serve over any pasta, or marinate sliced whelk and broil. 34 This summer I hope to see the Japanese methods of preparing whelks which is a major fishery there. Dr. Tadashige Habe writes that the Tsubu (Neptunea arthritica [Bernardi]) are sold on the streets by street vendors in small stalls where the snail is cooked and sold hot. The baked meat is scooped from the shell and dipped in soy sauce before eating, and I have found that slices fresh-dipped in soy sauce and then broiled are very good. Sovin conclusion, 1h any of you,.obtaina nice batch of fresh living whelks, I refer to the well known T.V. commercial, "Try Them, You'll Like Them". 35 Notes on Crassatella lomitensis (Oldroyd, 1924) (Mollusca: Bivalvia) From the Plio-Pleistocene of Southern California Jack D. Mount Department of Earth Sciences University of California, Riverside, California 92502 The Lower Pleistocene Lomita Marl of southwestern Los Angeles County, California, abounds in its variety and number of taxa of fossil marine Mollusca. My recent discovery of the holotype of one of the characteristic species in this fauna, Crassatella lomitensis (Oldroyd, 1924), which had been missing for many years, has prompt- ed the preparation of this report. Ida S. Oldroyd,. then Curator of Conchology at Stan- ford University, named and described Crassatellites lomitensis in 1924 in the Bulletin of the Southern Calif- ornia Academy of Sciences. The types were included in a lot of vertebrate and invertebrate fossils loaned to Stanford University by Mr. Samuel Maus Purple. The ver- tebrates were studied by David Starr Jordan and Harold Hannibal, and Oldroyd examined the mollusks. The speci- mens were obtained from the Lomita lime quarry in the community of Lomita, Los Angeles County, California, which was developed in the Lomita Marl of Early Pleistocene age. Purple, an inveterate collector of all sorts of natural history curiosities, was then general manager of the quarry operations. A preliminary list of the Mollusca from the quarry, prepared by Oldroyd, was included in Jordan and Hannibal's (1923) monograph describing the sharks and rays. Following their study the fossils were returned to Purple apparently with the instructions that they be placed in the collections of either the Southern California Academy of Sciences, the Los Angeles County Museum, or Stanford University; however, unfor- tunately being possessive of his personally collected specimens, Purple retained the types for his private col- lection. Purple retired to Monterey, California, and after his death the material remained there neglected for many years until 1968, when the Purple collection was donated to the Municipal Museum of Riverside, Calif- ornia, by his widow. 3H Recently I was invited to examine the collection and identify the Mollusca. In addition to the holotype of C. lomitensis, I discovered 24 primary and secondary types _ of fossil vertebrates, mostly shark teeth, which were described by Jordan and Hannibal. These I segregated and labeled since they were not clearly marked and I published a note (Mount, 1974) making known the location of their repository. The holotype of C. lomitensis was placed in the Type Collection of the Department of Earth Sciences, University of California, Riverside (UCR). The purpose of this paper is to redescribe Crassa- tella lomitensis and to define the morphologic charac- teristics upon which this species may be differentiated from the Recent Crassatella fluctuata (Carpenter, 1864: 611, 642). Most authors have regarded C. lomitensis to be a valid species, although Woodring (in Woodring, Bramlette, and Kew, 1946) believed the; holotype of C. lomitensis to be a large specimen of C. fluctuata. Woodring noted, however, that at the time of writing he had no large Recent shells of C. fluctuata for refer- ence and that the holotype was a small immature right valve. I am of the opinion that the two species are Explanation of Plate l All figures x1.5 Pigs. 1-6. Crassatella lomitensis (Oldroyd)...1,2, left valve, Holotype; UCR\6621/1;),UCR loc. 6621, Lo- mita quarry, Los Angeles County, California; Lomita Marl, Lower Pleistocene. 3,4, right valve, Hypotype, UCR 1040/20; UCR loc. 1040, Hilltop Quarry, San Pedro, Los Angeles County, California; Lomita Marl, Lower Pleistocene. 5,6, left valve, Hypoty pe, .UCR.4915/273;,UCRi loc. (4915; east bluff of upper Newport Bay, Orange County, California; Fernando Formation, Upper Pliocene. Hugsew7 lO Crassatella fluctuata (Carpenter). 17,8, Lett Valverl Topotype, UCR) 7279/47 UCR loc. 7279, an 54.9 to 82.3 meters off Santa Catalina Island, Los Angeles County, California; Recent. 9,10, right ivailve, .rTopotype, UCR4/279/27. UCR Loc. 7279). 39. distinct, based on a comparison of the recently located holotype of C. lomitensis with a large lot of adult topo- types of C¢.. fluctuatay (pl. 1, figs. 7-10) Gatnmy sda'sposaly Subclass Teleodesmata Order Heterodontida Suborder Diogenodontida Family Crassatellidae Genus Crassatella Lamarck, 1799 Crassatella lomitensis (Oldroyd, 1924) Py CGS le tOv.o Crassatellites sp. indescr. .1. S. Oldroyd. in Jordan and Hannoali ODS ep. 65). Crassatellites lomitensis Oldroyd. Oldroyd, 1924, p.10, DLC 2) Eags’. -Grant-and Galle, 1931" ps274% Crassatella lomitensis (Oldroyd) >. SS. Berry) in: Schenck, LOAD Pobls. Eucrassatella fluctuata (Carpenter). Woodring in Woodring, Bramlette and Kew, 1946, p.81, pl.31, figs.1-8. ?Eucrassatella aff. E. fluctuata (Carpenter). Winterer and Durham, 1962, Des 02 Type Material: Holotype, UCR 6621/1 (figs.1,2). Paratype, missing. Type Locality: Lomita lime quarry, in the southern part of Lomita, Los Angeles County, California. Lomita Marl, Lower Pleistocene. Original Description: Shell of medium size, thick, solid, subtrigonal, about two-thirds as long as wide. Umbones small not prominent, strongly plicated. Anterior end broadly rounded, posterior bluntly truncated; the an- terior portion of the lower edge rounded, posterior straight; umbonal ridge prominent, broad and rounded. Surface marked with small lines of growth. Inner margin crenulated. Both valves are complete and well preserved. (Oldroyd, 1924, p.10) Additional Description: Shell of moderate size, height about four-fifths of length, moderately inflated, rounded- triangular in outline, shell substance thick and solid; umbones not very prominent, centrally located, wide, blunt, 40 prosogyrate; lunule depressed, narrow, short, about one-half the length of the anterior dorsal border; anterior dorsal border nearly straight; anterior por- tion of ventral border rounded; posterior end slightly rounded to nearly straight; posterior dorsal border straight to slightly rounded; escutcheon short, narrow; sculpture of coarse, undulating, rather irregular, con- centric ridges covering entire outer surface. Dentition of right valve: one strong trigonal posterior cardinal tooth just anterior of center bound- ed anteriorly by a narrow, deep, oblique socket and posteriorly by a shallow, small, subcircular socket; anterior cardinal tooth reduced to nearly obsolete; ligament pit a triangular depression in the dorsal half of the hinge plate immediately behind the posterior cardinal tooth; anterior dorsal border bearing a shallow lateral socket situated below the forward part of the lunule; posterior lateral tooth moderately narrow and oblique; posterior cardinal tooth somewhat shorter, bounded above by the chodrophore; anterior lateral tooth short and narrow, situated below the anterior third of the lunule; posterior lateral socket long, narrow, extending nearly the full length of the es- cutcheon and slightly beyond the posterior end. The measurements are listed in Table l. Dilsitrabwevon': Lower Pleistocene: Lomita Marl, Lomita, Los An- geles County (Oldroyd, 1924); Lomita Marl, San Pedro, Los Angeles County (Schenck, 1945; Wood- ring, Bramlette and Kew, 1946); Timms Point Silt, San Pedro, Los Angeles County (Woodring, Bramlette and Kew, 1946); San Pedro Sand, San Pedro, Los Angeles County (Woodring, Bramlette and Kew, 1946) Upper Pliocene: Fernando Formation, Upper New- port Bay, Orange County (UCR locality 4915) ?Lower Pliocene: Towsley Formation, near Honby, Los Angeles County (Winterer and Durham, 1962) 4l Table 1. Measurements (in mm) of the type specimens of Crassatella lomitensis (Oldroyd) and C. fluctuata (Carpenter) Specimen no. Length Height Inflation C. lomitensis: Holotype: UCR 6621/1 + 742!..0 33a del oh? Hypotypes: UCR 1040/20 37.29 3.50 S29 UCR 4915/273 35.3 232 Bez CG. f£luctuata: Holotype: USNM 1060 8.0 6.0 nee) Topotypes: UCR 727971 46.7 Chewy) TLi50 UCR (#27972 42.7 S13 10:0 UCR 7279/3 52.10 48.7 126 Discussion: As originally noted by Oldroyd, Crassatella lomitensis appears to be closely related to the Recent Cc. £luctuata, and as most Likely its: precursors: iCrassa— tella fluctuata differs from the fossil species principally in its higher, more pronounced beak which is closer to the anterior end; the undulating sculpture is generally absent and when present it is located only on the umbones. The general shell profile and the configuration of the hinge 42 plate also serve to distinguish the two species. Many specimens of C. fluctuata are larger than any of the specimens of C. lomitensis that I have examined. The differences in the ecologic requirements of the two species of Crassatella also suggest that the two taxa are distinct. Although the two species appear to have enjoyed the same depth range, C. lomitensis may have lived in colder water. Crassatella fluctuata ranges from Santa Barbara Island to Santa Catalina island, California (McLean, 1969), and is found at a depth of 54 to 83 meters. Paleoecologic studies on the Lower Pleistocene Lomita Marl, Timms Point Silt and San Pedro Sand in the San Pedro area by Clark (1931), DeLong (1941), Schenck (1945), Woodring, Bramlette and Kew (1946) and Valentine and Meade (1961) have shown that these formations were deposited at moderate depths, approximately 45 to 90 meters, and that the water at this time may have been somewhat colder that at the present time at the latitude of San Pedro. An equiva- lent fauna would perhaps be found today off the coast of Monterey to San Francisco. My paleotemperature analysis (Mount, 1971) of a large molluscan fauna, which includes C. lomitensis (pl.1, figs.5,6), from the Upper Pliocene portion of the Fernando Formation on the east bluff of upper Newport Bay, Orange County, California, suggests that the sea temperature at the depth of 27 to 360 meters was considerably colder than at the present time. Today many of the extant members of this fauna do not range south of Puget Sound. References Cited Carpenter, P. P., 1864. Supplementary report on the present state of our knowledge with regard to the Mollusca of the west coast of North America. Rept. BEETS NSSOC Aden SCie MOOS 2.) o Sli —68'6i. Clark, A., 1931. The cool-water Timms Point Pleistocene horizon sat San Pedro, ‘California. San, Diego Soc. Nat. Hist. pebweanSe 227-4: DeLong, J. H., 1941. The paleontology and stratigraphy OfsthelPleustocene ‘at Signal Hide, Long Beach, ‘Calit— Obnvan Cane DMegoOpsOC wi Nata plciesmnGanci) 92S 250. 43 Grant, U. S., IV.,,: and. H. RR. Gale, 1931.° Catalogue, of the marine Pliocene and Pleistocene Mollusca of California and adjacent regions. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist., Mem. LT et—LO036., 32 plist Jordan, D..S.,* and H. Hannibal, 1923. Fossil sharks and rays of the Pacific slope of North America. So. Calif- Onnila ACad a SoCia 7) BULI. . 22-27-60), VOyoills:. McLean, J. H., 1969. Marine shells of southern California. Los Angeles Co. Mus. Nat. Hist., Sci..Ser. 24:1-104, 54 figs. Mount, J. D., 1971. Paleoecology of a Late Pliocene Marine invertebrate fauna from southern California. Geol. Soc. America Abstracts with Programs S 2 67—=V68. , (1974, in press). Type vertebrates from Lomita, California, in the Municipal Museum, Riverside, Calif- ornia. Journ. Paleontology 48. Oldroyd, I. S., 1924. Description of a new fossil species of a clam of the genus (Crassatellites). So. California ACadee Sin bulle, 2or Oe aoe Schenck, H. G., 1945. Geologic application of biometrical analysis of molluscan assemblages. Journ. Paleontology 19 504—5 20) pilis 366-67. Valentine, J. W., and R. F. Meade, 1961. Californian Pleistocene paleotemperatures. Univ. California Publi- cations Geol. Sci. 40:1-46. Winterer, E. L., and D. L. Durham, 1962. Geology of south- eastern Ventura Basin, Los Angeles County, California. Uso. Geol. Ssunvey PGOr Papers.) So4—Hicte wi 25 —S10Gr Woodring, W. P., M. N. Bramlette, and W. S. W. Kew, 1946. Geology and paleontology of Palos Verdes Hills, Calif- ornia. U. S: Geol. Strvey Prot. Paper... 207:1-145,53iepisr 44 Factors Contributing to the Unique Environment of Galapagos Marine Mollusks Ellen Brennan Museum Associate, Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History, Los Angeles, California 90007 The Galapagos Islands are located on the equator, approximately 600 miles west of Ecuador. They include 5 fairly large islands, 11 smaller islands and numerous rocks and islets, scattered over an ocean area 200 miles square. Their mid-ocean insular environment supports a molluscan fauna which is primarily related to that of the Panamic province. The fauna further includes a sig- nificant element of endemic species and a small element of species of Indo-Pacific affinity. A close look at available material from the Gala- pagos reveals that many of the Panamic species occurring in the Galapagos differ from their mainland relatives in shell morphology or radular structure enough to be troublesome to taxonomists. Some bear so little super- ficial resemblance to their mainland counterparts that it takes considerable study by an expert to make an identification. The endemic fauna comprises a significant percentage of the total species composition of the Galapagos fauna. Emerson (1967) predicted an endemic element of less than 10% for entare fauna of the archipelago. The Ameripagos Expedition material collected intertidally and subtidally to a depth of 30 m (100 ft.) in the south central islands in 1971 included a 23% endemic element. Study of the mollusks collected by the Ameripagos Expedition from 39 stations has shown that the fauna is general in the inshore areas of the south central islands, with no great differences in species composition from island to island. However, it appears that there are some interesting differences between the species compo- sition cd the south central islands and that of the north- ernmost islands. More Indo-Pacific species occur in the northern part of the archipelago. Certain species occur in the northernmost islands which do not occur throughout the rest of the islands, and vice versa. The morphological differences between some mainland and Galapagos forms of Panamic species, the interesting endemic fauna, and the differences in species composition 45 between northern and south central island faunas prompt- ed an investigation of factors in the environment which might contribute to these developments. In recent years a number of articles have appeared dealing with factors which influence the biogeography and marine climate of the Galapagos. The following is a sum- mary of some of the more important factors contributing to the interesting and complex marine environment of the archipelago. Volcanic in origin, the islands rise from a platform located at the intersection of Cocos Ridge (depth less than 2195 m) extending northeastward toward Costa Rica, and Carnegie Ridge (depth less than 2560 m) extending eastward toward Ecuador and Peru. The major islands are grouped together in the southern part of the archipelago on a surrounding platform no deeper than 366 m. The north- ern two islands are separated from the main group by a channel slightly deeper than 914 m. Within the archi- pelago the bottom topography is irregular, the inshore areas dotted with submerged rocks and rocky reefs, many uncharted. Present knowledge indicates that there are three major currents which directly influence the Galapagos marine climate. They are the Peru Oceanic-South Equa- torial Current, the Cromwell Current, and the northern winter, southern summer current originating in the Panama region. In addition, the Equatorial County Current which flows north of the archipelago appears to have an in- direct effect upon the climate of the Galapagos, although its waters do not flow directly to the islands. The Peru Oceanic Current becomes the primary current in the Galapagos Islands (Figure 1). It is a northward flowing current occurring west of 82° W longitude. Sub- tropical surface waters of relatively high salinity com- prise its surface layer. Its deeper water consists of Ssubantarctic water of lower salinity. Between 20° S and 10° S this current begins to bend westward, its northern boundary crossing the equator at about 83° W. As it bends west, it becomes the South Equatorial Current flowing directly to the Galapagos bringing upwellings of colder waters from the Chile and Peru offshore region. There is some seasonal variation in the transport of the South Equatorial Current. It is strongest and fastest in the Galapagos during the southern winter with 46 the peak of its influence felt during August and Septem- ber. Average sea surface temperatures during the Gala- pagos winter ‘ane y 21° = 225 '(Co” The Little’ raintall*occur— ring during the winter period is in the form of a fine mist locally called "garua." The South Equatorial Cur- rent is weakest during February and March owing in part to the decreased velocity of the southeast trade winds. This is the Galapagos summer with average sea surface EOmperatunes Ori 25° —i2/? 1C. a tropical” down. pours. OCCUr during this time of year. The Peru Oceanic-South Equatorial Current is support- ed throughout the year by the prevailing mean sea-level winds. The southeast trade winds blow through the Gala- pagos all through the year. However, there is a seasonal variation in the strength of the trade winds which cor- responds by season to the variation in transport of the South Equatorial Current. Winds are stronger during the southern winter and lightest during February and March, the southern summer. One weather expert speaks of the Galapagos as being almost becalmed during the February - March period. Surface drift in the Galapagos is generally westerly at about one knot, although it varies seasonally from northwest to southwest. Workers familiar with the literature are accustomed to attributing cold upwellings of Subantarctic Waters in the Galapagos Islands to the Humboldt Current. It appears now that this is not accurate. The Humboldt Current, or Peru Coastal Current, as it is otherwise named, flows northward along the coast of Chile and Peru. It provides most of the upwelled water along the South American coast. H owever, studies made during Scripps Institute of Oceanography Step-I Expedition in 1960 revealed that the Humboldt Current does not extend north of Callao, Peru. Instead, it is the Peru Oceanic- South Equatorial Current which provides cold upwellings in the Galapagos. To round out the picture south of the equator, note that the Humboldt Current is separated from the Peru Oceanic Current by the Peru County Current (Figure 1) which originates in a great pool of equatorial sub- surface water of high salinity and low oxygen content in the area between the Galapagos and the mainland. The Peru County Current flows southward along the coast of northern Peru, leaves the coast south of Punta, Aguja, then flows south along 80° W longitude between the Hum- boldt and Peru Oceanic Currents. 47 PUgGure sls Peru Oceanic Current (POC) becomes the South Equatorial Current (SEC), flowing through the Galapagos. Peru Counter Current (PCC) separates the Humboldt Current (HC) from the Peru Oceanic Current. 48 80° \ Caloo Figure 2. Cromwell Current (CC) or Equatorial Undercurrent flows from the mid-Pacific to the Galapagos. 49 The second current of importance to the Galapagos marine environment is the Cromwell Current (Figure 2) which begins in the central Pacific about 162° E longi- tude. It flows eastward along the equator to the area just west of the Galapagos Islands. The stream is some 200 m thick with the core centering at 100 m depth at the western end and at about 40 m depth at the eastern end. A couple of degrees west of Isabella Island it suddenly deepens and its velocity slackens. Although it does not occur east of the Galapagos, it does cause accumulation of equatorial subsurface water of high salinity and low oxygen content between the islands and the mainland (where the Peru Counter Current ofi- ginates). The thermal structure of the water column in the Galapagos is influenced by the presence of the Cromwell Current. There is a shallow surface layer of warm, well-mixed water and a thermocline which separates the warmer surface water from the colder waters below. This structure is present throughout the tropical Pacific, but the surface layer is more shallow and the thermo- cline weaker near the equator where the Equatorial Undercurrent or Cromwell Current is present. The warm surface layer extends to a depth of less than 20 m (66) ft.) The foregoing statement may have more impact accom- panied by the following examples. A diver writing for a popular publication described encountering an abrupt thermocline,. which felt like an ice bath, at 15 m (50 ££.) depth at Gordon Rocks, near Plaza Islands. One set of temperature readings from the Ameripagos Expedition field notes from Duncan Island shows that on March 25, 1971 (the height of summer) the water temperatures were as follows: surface temperature - 25.5° C; at llm (SiSr he.) hae 2S Ce wand sake 24 aie (SOm te ss) pO one. The presence of the Cromwell Current and associated upwellings strongly influence the vertical distribution of temperature, salinity and nutrients in the Galapagos region. Surface concentrations of nutrient elements are relatively high throughout the year in the archipelago. The third current of importance occurs during the southern summer. At this time strong upwellings occur in the Gulf and Bight of Panama. Associated with these upwellings, strong currents originating in the Panama area move south and west to join the South Equatorial Current and flow directly through the Galapagos (Figure 3). 50 The waters from Panama are warmer and less saline than the waters of the South Equatorial Current. Not much information is available about this seasonal current from Panama; however, it is apparent that its appearance in summer and disappearance in winter plays a part in the annual warming and cooling of the waters of the Galapagos. Residents of the Galapagos call it "El Nino" (The Child) because its influence is first felt in the Galapagos around Christmas time. El Nino is also the name given to another phenom- enon of more widespread and spectacular consequences. At irregular intervals in southern summer, warmer waters flow as far south as the northern coast of Peru, bring- ing unusually high sea surface temperatures, a southward flowing current along the coast of Ecuador and Peru, red tides, and mass mortality of marine organisms. Unusually heavy rainfall is associated with this phenom- enon. The effects of these "crash" years are felt in the Galapagos as well. The consequences to the Gala- pagos marine environment have not been studied, but it is assumed that they would be disruptive. Indirectly influencing the marine climate of the northern part of the archipelago, the North Equatorial Counter Current flows eastward from the western Pacific along an axis 5° - 7° north of the equator. In the eastern Pacific, the Equatorial Counter Current exhibits a marked seasonal shift in size and intensity. During the Galapagos winter it transports water from the western and central Pacific at a rate of two knots (55 miles per day). It terminates west of 90° W, its main residual flow being northwestward along the coast to- ward the Gulf of California. During the Galapagos summer, especially during February - April, this east- ward flowing current is absent or nearly absent. Its absence allows the warmer, less saline waters to its north to move southward. At the same time, the west- ward flowing warm current from Panama becomes present in the Galapagos. A zone of transition exists between the warmer, less saline waters from north of the Equator, and the cooler, more saline waters of the South Equatorial system (Figure 4). This zone of transition passes through the Galapagos at latitudes of 2° N to 1° S, depending on the season. It appears to shift north and south through the Galapagos in a yearly cycle. With the disappearance of the North Equatorial Counter Current, and the appearance of the current from Panama, Byal Figure 3. Warmer current from Panama flows through the Galapagos in southern summer. 52 Transition Zone Figure 4. Transition Zone between warmer, less saline waters and cooler, more saline waters fluctuates between 2° N during southern winter and 1° S during southern summer. 53 warmer, less saline waters move southward, the zone of transition extending south to the region of 1° S, in- volving all the archipelago except for Floreana and Hood Islands during the Galapagos summer. In winter the North Equatorial Counter Current returns north of the Islands, the warm current from Panama disappears, and the South Equatorial Current with its colder, saline waters returns to full force in the islands. The zone of transition between warm, less saline, and cool, more saline waters is displaced northward to the area of 2° N, involving in the Galapagos region only the two northernmost islands. Apparently, surface temperatures and salinities of the Galapagos region are controlled to a large extent by the shifting position of this transition zone. It should be noted that the above sea surface temperatunes rom 2199 — 122°C in winter ganda 5 20 27 cae in summer are averages for the entire archipelago. The average meridional temperature gradient will vary from 2° to 3° C per degree of latitude in this transitional zone, the largest gradients occur during the winter months when the Peru-South Equatorial Current is strong- est. Because of the complexities of the local current pattern in the central Galapagos, the temperature gradient from north to south is somewhat irregular. But in general, the approximate 3° of latitude between the southernmost and northernmost islands indicate a difference in surface temperature of 6° C to 9° Cc. At any given time, gradients may be larger. In November, 1955 a temperature change of 0.5° C in two miles was observed just east of the Galapagos. This was accompanied by a salinity change of 0.05 parts per thousand. The location of the two northern islands in this transitional zone causes them to have a different marine temperature regime from that of the central group of islands. There is a predicted 2° - 3° C difference in the sea surface temperature from 1° S to the equator, the region containing over 80% of the land mass of the Galapagos. In contrast, there is a predicted 6° to 9° C difference in sea surface temperature from the region of the southern islands to the region of the northernmost islands. It should be remembered that salinity is fluctuating with temperature. Thus the fauna of the transitional zone must adapt to a yearly fluctuation in salinity as well as temperature. 54 The marine climate of the Galapagos as a whole is probably best classified as subtropical, comparing roughly with the climates of Guaymas, Mexico and La Libertad, Ecuador. However, the climate of the southern islands probably approaches that of warm-temperate regions bordering on the tropics, while northern island conditions probably approach those of the tropics. So we find marine climates approaching warm-temperate bordering on the tropics, subtropical and tropical in the space. of. 3° of latitude. It appears that there may be instances of species in the Galapagos fauna which are related to those of the (Calitornia,faunal, province.. If further-study con- firms this possibility, a look at a possible path of access from the California province to the Galapagos Islands might be of interest. The California Current flows south eastward along the coast of California and Baja California to about 25° N, where it swings westward to become part of the North Equatorial system. In the southern summer when the Equatorial Counter Current is weak or abse nt, the California current.may split at about. 20°. N, part of it flowing southward to the area of Costa Rica or Guatamala where it turns westward, becoming part of a great clockwise flowing pool of water existing in this area. The seasonal current from Panama is the southern limb of this clockwise pool. It is conceivable that transport might be possible from the California pro- vince along this route to the Galapagos. — Since the Peru Oceanic-South Equatorial Current is the primary current flowing through the Galapagos, one might expect that mollusks otherwise restricted to the Peruvian province might have become established in the archipelago. To date, however, no mollusks of strictly Peruvian affinity have been collected there. In his list of Peruvian mollusks, Dall (1909) reports seven species collected in the Galapagos which are otherwise restricted to the Peruvian province. None of these records have been verified. Turning to the visible environment, the tidal fluctuation in the archipelago is worth noting. The extreme tidal range is in the neighborhood of 7 feet, surprisingly large for islands on the equator. To the student of intertidal mollusks, the signi- ficant fact about the tidal fluctuation in the Galapagos 5S is the relative stability between successive daily low tides as they vary from spring tide to neap tide during any given lunar period. For example, the average dif- ference between low low water and high low water in the Galapagos for 1974 is a mere .9 feet, as predicted by the tide tables. The diurnal tides are symmetrical daily with more fluctuation between successive high tides than between successive low tides from location to location. Galapagos tides are figured on the tide tables for Salina Cruz, Mexico. For the seven localities reported from the Galapagos, the low tide constant deviation factor is only .1 feet from location to location, while the high tide constant deviation factor varies 1.4 feet from Darwin Bay, Tower Island, to Bahia Isabella. In summary, the geographical location of the Galapagos archipelago at the transition zone between the waters of the South Equatorial Current and the warmer, less saline waters north of the equator pro- vides the island group with a yearly fluctuation in sea surface temperature and salinity and a spectrum of marine climate regimes. The seasonal current originating in the Panama region and the seasonal ab- sence of the North Equatorial Counter Current contri- bute to the seasonal north and south displacement of the transition zone in the archipelago. Vertical distribution of temperature, salinity and nutrients is influenced by the Cromwell Current flowing from the mid-Pacific and providing the area with a thermal structure which includes a shallow warm surface layer and an abrupt thermocline at less than 20) m- The interplay between currents, bottom topography and surface winds creates a tidal fluctuation pattern unique in its extremes for equatorial islands, and with a comparatively small amount of low tide fluctuation. The above summary should be regarded as tentative Since available information about the ocean currents of the Galapagos region dates only from the past two decades. It is assumed that the picture will be re- fined as further information becomes available. 56 Selected References Abbott, Donald P., 1966. Factors influencing the zoogeo- graphic affinities of Galapagos inshore marine fauna. Pp. 108-121, in R. I. Bowman (ed.) Proc. Symp. Galapagos Int. Scient. Project. Univ. Calif. Press, Berkeley and Los Angeles. Albert, Leo, 1963. The climate of the Galapagos Islands. Occ. hapersxGalaf | Acad. Sei. «44:21—44. Bjerknes, Jacob, 1961. "El Nino" Study based on analysis of ocean surface temperature 1935-57. Inter-American Tropical Tuna Commission Bul. 5 (2) s219—272. Daly, Wests, 1909. “Report on a collection of Shells £rom Peru, with a summary of the littoral marine Mollusca of the Peruvian zoological province. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 37(1704) :147-294. Emerson, William K., 1967. Indo-Pacific faunal elements in the tropical eastern Pacific, with special reference to the mollusks. Venus 25(3-4):85-93. Hedgpeth, Joel W., 1969. An intertidal reconnaissance of rocky shores of the Galapagos. Wasmann Journ. Biol. 27 (rs 244,°4 fags’. Palmer. Gc Peyjeancd RR. ln Pyle, 1966. The climatological setting of the Galapagos. Pp. 93-99, in R. I. Bowman (eds)7s Proce. Symp. "Galapagos Int. Scient. Project. Univ. Calif. Press, Berkeley and Los Angeles. Thornton, Ian, 1971. Darwin's Islands: A Natural History of the Galapagos. The Nat. Hist. Press, Garden City, Ne NG le solo), cl es aa le a (Gye oy By Wooster,/Warren’S., 1960. .Bl,Ninos. Repts. Calif. Coop. Oceanic Fish. Invest. 7:43-45. , and Joel W. Hedgpeth, 1966. The oceanographic Setting ofthe 7Galapagos....°Pp. 100-107, in R. 1. Bowman (ed.), Proc. Symp. Galapagos Int. Scient. Pro- yect.)| Univ. Calif. Press,-Berkeley and Los Angeles. ST) Sed trp Progress In Protecting The Marine Environment Eugene V. Coan The Sierra Club, San Francisco, California 94104 At our annual meeting two years ago I reported ona survey trip I had made to marine research facilities on the East Coast of the United States, the purpose of that trip being to find out from experts how badly things were really going for the marine environment and what these persons thought the priorities of the Sierra Club should be in doing something about it. As many of you will recall, the report I gave was somewhat discouraging. The purpose of the present paper is to tell you about the progress that has been made during the last two years to solve some of the problems that I outlined. I wish I could tell you that things are now much better, that coastal land and marshes are protected, that water quality is greatly improved, that oil is no longer spilled at sea, and that decisive steps have been taken which will save threatened fisheries and the endan- gered whales. But I can't; things simply do not move that fast, particularly on a set of problems that is really global in scope and involves many nations. However, I can report that significant progress has been made. New laws are on the books in this country, and new international conventions are vigorously enforced and still others are sought, we shall se very signifi- cant improvement within our lifetimes. I would like to outline for you what seem to be the major developments that have occurred these last two years, or that will soon take place. (1) Perhaps the most important development was the passage of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act Amend- ments over the veto of President Nixon in October, 1972. These amendments, really a complete rewrite of our water pollution laws, aim at eliminating significant water pollu- tion by 1985, especially pollution by toxic materials, using a system of standards and permits. This law covers coastal waters, as well as freshwater rivers and lakes, the latter being the source of most marine pollution. 59 (2) The next most important development was the passage of the Marine Protection, Research and Sanctuaries Act, which also became law in October 1972. This act created a system of permits to control ocean dumping of waste material. It will mesh with a new international agreement on the same subject. The idea of the act and the convention--as such agreements are known--is to grad- ually phase out all ocean dumping, particularly that of potentially harmful chemicals. Thus far, The Environ- mental Protection Agency, which is supposed to enforce this law, has shown less than enthusiasm for doing so. (3) Another law of October vintage was the Federal Coastal Zone Management Act. This provides financial aid to state to plan and manage coastal land. However, the President has held up all funding for it, the excuse being that he would like to see all land, not just coastal land, covered by such a law. Well, comprehensive land planning legislation is now on its tortuous way through the Congress. We expect that it will pass this session of Congress and will sufficiently dovetail with the Coastal Zone Act to satisfy the President. As many of you know, California and several other states--notably Washington, New Jersey and Delaware-- have enacted strong coastal protection laws, and many battles will be fought over the next few years as citi- zens strive to use these tools to protect the coast. (4) At this point I should add that both the Federal Coastal Zone Management Act and the act controlling ocean dumping set up systems for establishing marine sanctuaries in our coastal waters. The executive branch has yet to use the authority of either act to do so, but we are certain that these provisions will become important one day. (5) The Federal Environmental Pesticide Control Act, which became law last year, establishes tighter federal controls over pesticides, and the registration of DDT was cancelled for almost all uses at about the same time. Hopefully the new law will help to prevent the tragedy of DDT from occurring again, at least in our coastal waters. (6) Last Congress also saw the enactment of the Ports and Waterways Safety Act giving the Coast Guard considerably increased jurisdiction over vessel design and movement. Hopefully, this new authority will help 60 prevent such accidents as the ship collision that result- ed in the big oil spill in San Francisco Bay three years ago. (7) October, 1972, also saw the President sign into law the Marine Mammal Protection Act, establishing tight controls on the taking of all marine mammals. (8) A series of encouraging developments has also taken place at the international level. There are new agreements among nations covering marine oil pollution and the liability for oil spills. Still other agreements are under negotiation at the present time on vessel design and marine pollution. (9) The Department of the Interior is moving ahead in implementing the Endangered Species Act, covering many marine species, and an international convention on endangered species was recently concluded in Washington. Additionally, Congress is busy revising the act to strengthen it and bring it into line with the new inter- national agreement. We are confident that this revision will soon pass. (10) Still other legislation is pending before Congress which will control the siting of offshore faci- lities, such as ports for supertankers, and onshore facilities, such as nuclear power plants. A bill to establish comprehensive controls over hazardous sub- stances like mercury, now fragmented among several agencies, is on its way, as is legislation over so- called non-point sources of water pollution, such as that occurring from agricultural drainage. (11) The banning of almost all marine collecting in the State of California has vividly pointed out to us the extreme vulnerability of shallow water marine life, and other states will probably adopt similar restrictions. I don't think I need to point out that these legal tools are only as effective as you allow them to be, or as you make them. Laws won't work well if good rules are not made by the agencies enforcing them. Programs are meaningless unless necessary funds and personnel are available to agencies. Pollution will not be cleaned up if standards are relaxed. Laws cannot be enforced unless violators are reported and prosecuted. 61 Where the public counts most of all is in the cases where the heat is really on, where vested eco- nomic interests come up against the general public welfare, and nowhere is this more important than in the protection of coastal land, particularly wetlands. I would like to conclude with what is by far the most important event with regard to the oceans to occur this century: 2 am referring tothe international’ con- ference on Law of the Seas scheduled to begin in New York this fall and to continue in Santiago, Chile, next spring. The seas are now international territory governed under several rather old and out-of-date agreements among nations--for example the right of free passage on the high seas and the Convention on the Territorial Sea and the Contiguous Zone. Technology now exists to drill and dredge in deep water, and the corporations want to move ahead rapidly. But, this is a different world than the days when the oceans were the undisputed realm of a few maritime nationa. All the countries of the world, including the landlocked ones, want a piece of the action. The race to loot the seas is on, and almost completely forgotten amongst all this cla- mour is any concern for the seas themselves and their long-range productivity. A priority project. for the Sierra Club is to get the international politicians who will soon decide the ultimate fate of most of the earth's surface to recog- nize environmental factors in their deliberations and to set up a system that will preserve the seas for future generations. 62 EXECUTIVE BOARD AND COMMITTEE MEMBERS OF 2 = 297.3 Executive Board President: Mrs. Twila Bratcher First Vice President: Dr. James H. McLean Second Vice President: Dr. James Nybakken Secretary: Mrs. Edith Abbott Treasurer: Mr. Glenn Burghardt Past Presidents: Dr. A. Myra Keen Dr. Eugene Coan Mrs. Beatrice Burch Members-at-Large: Dr. George Radwin Dr. George Davis Mentor-Parliamentarian: Dr. Rudolf Stohler Standing Committees Auditing: Mrs. Diana Wait Mr. David Mulliner Dr. Nelson Baker Nominating: Mrs. Beatrice Burch Dr. A. Myra Keen Dr. William K. Emerson Committees for the Sixth Annual Meeting Auction: Mrs. Billee Dilworth Awards: Dr. William K. Emerson Dr Rudo, Stoner Mr. Ralph Fox Exhibits: Mr. David Mulliner Historian: Miss Jody Woolsey Hospitality: Mrs. Salle Crittenden, Mr. Robert Nickelson, Mr. Tom Rice Photograph: Mr. Helen DuShane Projector: Mr. Bertram Draper Mr. David Mulliner Registration: Mrs. Edith Abbott, Mrs. Ellen Brennan, Mr. Glenn Burghardt, Mrs. Laura Burghardt Student Participation: Mr. James Carlton, Dr. Eugene Coan, Dis Judathoterry Sma thi, Dr. Vida Kenk, Dr. James Nybakken, Dr. Peter Rodda 63 MEMBERS AND GUESTS ATTENDING THE SIXTH ANNUAL W.S.M. MEETING First Row: Glenn Burghardt, Twila Bratcher, George Rad- win, Edith Abbott, James McLean, Rudolf Stohler, Standing: James Carlton, Clifford Martin Second Row: Joe DuShane, Bert Draper, Laura Burghardt, Mary Larson, Myra Keen, Marjorie Bailey, Delila Gifford, Anna Morris, Billee Dilworth, Anna Adams, Virginia Waters, David Mulliner, Carol Skoglund Third Row: Lois Goldsmith, Merton Goldsmith, Diana Wait, Fay Wolfson, Karl Jacobson, Phyllis Slattery, Kate St. Jean, Lucinda Draper, Sally Ritter, Emily Vokes, Gordon Robilliard, Janet Thompson Fourth Row: Salle Crittenden, Linda Stephens, Roy Hudson, Lorrie Hudson, Nola Michel, Ellen Brennan, Allyn Smith, Gladys Archerd, Erva Barber, Walter Barber, Tom Rice Fifth Row: Clifton Martin, Ralph Fox, William Emerson, Helen DuShane, Barry Roth, Robert Nickelson, Don Shasky, Jo Ramsaran, Elmo Adams, Steven Long, Mary D'Aiuto, Eugene Coan Attending the conference but not in the picture: Ford Bratcher, Dick Dilworth, Anthony D'Attilio, Phillip Clover, Marc Imlay, Chris Kitting, Bill Pitt, Karen Long, Judith Terry Smith, James Smith, David Shonman, Peter Rodda, Jack Mount, Wes Farmer, Gary McDonald, Cecilia Bridges, Betty Hollingsworth, and Mr. and Mrs. Phillip Crane. 65 MEMBERSHIP DIRECTORY 1973 WESTERN SOCIETY OF MALACOLOGISTS AbbotEe, Mes. Keath (hdai:th) 1264 W. Cienega Ave., San Dimas, Ca. 91773 Abbot, Dr. Re. Lucker Delaware Museum of Natural History, Box 3937 Greenville, Del. 19807 Adams, Mr. Elmo W. 747 Winchester Dr., Burlingame, Ca. 94010 Addicott, Dr. Warren O. U. S. Geological Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd., Menlo Park, Ca. 94025 American Malacological Union, The P.O. Box 394, Wrightsville Beach, N.C. 28480 Anders, Mr. Kirk W. P.O. Box 1418, Fort Lauderdale, Fla. 33302 Anderson, Gregory L. Pacific Marine Station, Dillon Beach, Ca. 94929 Archerd, Mrs. Gladys D. 2412 Foothill Blvd., Rancho de Calistoga # 28 Calistoga, Ca. 94515 Arnold, Miss Winifred 2516 Be Kileindale Rada, Tucson, Ariz. 85716 Aucreman, Mrs. Charles J. P.O. Box 2366, Palos Verdes Peninsula, Ca. 90274 Bailey, Mrs. Marjorie P.O. Box 611, Arroyo Grande, Ca. 93420 Baker, Miss Elizabeth Ann 27d Massouriy Sit, i sam Drege, Ca. 921-09 Baker, Dr. Nelson W. 279 Sherwood Dr., Santa Barbara, Ca. 93110 67 Bannister, Betty S. 2800) Be SedeSt.,, Tuscon, Amz 6 SAG Barber, Mr. Walter E. 3520 Leward Way, Oxnard, Ca. 93030 Baxter, Mr. Rae P.O. Box 96, Bethel, Alaska 99559 Bayne, Dr. Christopher J. Dept. Zoology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Ore. 973371 Bedegrew, Miss Morgan 3234 Neal Ave., San Jose, Ca. 95117 Bennett, Mrs. Peter ‘(Sally) 514 W. Rose Lane, Phoenix, Ariz. 85013 Berg, \Miss. Ruby 214 S. Canada St., Santa Barbara, Ca. 93103 Beary, Dea Ss Sta liman 1145 W. Highland Ave., Redlands, Ca. 92373 Bertsch, Hans Dept. Zoology, University of California, Berkeley, Ca. 94720 Bickford, Mr. Glen Pee bOx 729) MorrnorBay,,, Cae 93442 Bernice P. Bishop Museum, Library Box 6037, Honolulu, Hawaii 96818 Bratcher, Mrs. Ford (Twila) 8121 Mulholland Terrance, Hollywood, Ca. 90046 Breitigam, Mr. Richard R. 420 Alameda Padre Serra, Santa Barbara, Ca. 93103 Brennan, Mrs. Ellen 9636 La Cima Drive, Whittier, Ca. 90603 Bridges, Cecilia 50 Larkspur, Apt. 2, San Rafael, Ca. 94901 British Museum of Natural History, General Library c/o R.E.R. Banks), Acquisitions Librarian, Cromwell Rd., London, S.W.7 68 Brookshire, Mr. Jack W. 2962 Balboa Ave., Oxnard Ca. 93030 Brown, Mrs. Nancy 17825 6th Ave., S.W., Seattle, Wash. 98166 Brunson, Mr. Royal Bruce University of Montana Missoula, Montana 59801 Busch; (Mrs. John. 0. 1300, Mayfield Rd. Apt. 61-L; Seal Beach, Ca. .90740 Burch, Dr. Thomas A. and Mrs. Beatrice L. P.O. Box 309, 236 Kuuhoa Place, Kailua, Oahu, Hawaii 96734 Burghardt, Mr. and Mrs. Glenn (laura) 14453 Nassau Rd., San Leandro, Ca. 94577 Bucton, Min. Arthur Gs 40 Heritage Ct., Walnut Creek, Ca. 94596 Ganslton, Mr. James: T. Dept. Invertebrate Zoology, California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, Ca. 94118 Carnegie Museum Library 4400 Forbes Ave., Pittsburgh, Pa. 15213 Casebolt, Gerald L., M.D. 962 N.W. Harlan St., Roseburg, Ore. 97470 Cate, Mr. and Mrs. Crawford (Jean) PO. Drawer R. ‘Sanibel, (Fla. 33957 Castro; ens jALEred!D. IMArIeta Sts isan Ebanciseo, Ca. 94134 Chan; (Dr? Gordon: Ti: 11 Morningside Dr., San Anselmo, Ca. 94960 Chaney, Mr. and Mrs. Henry W. (Barbara K.) 1633 Posilipo Lane, Santa Barbara, Ca. 93108 Chico Seashell Club c/o Mrs. Marylib Wallace 1448 Esplanade, Chico, Ca. 95926 69 Coan Dr. hugenen Vi. 891 San Jude Ave., Palo Alto, Ca. 94306 Craig, Mrs. G. E. G. (Anne G.) Aptdo. Postal 448, Guaymas, Sonora, Mexico Crane, Mr. Phillip C. P.O. Box 56, San Gregorio, Ca. 94074 Crider, Dr. Es Ne 25378 lanes St. oma, Landay Ca. 92554 Crittenden, Mrs. John (Salle S.) 624 Waterfall Isle, Alameda, Ca. 94501 Cvancara, Dr. Alan M. Dept. Geology, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, N.D. 58201 D'Aiuto, Mrs. John (Mary) 1551 El Camino Real, Palo Alto, Ca. 94306 D'Attilio, Mr. Anthony 4124 47th St., San Diego, Ca. 92105 Davis, Dr. George M. 510 Homestead Ave., Haddon Field, N.J. 08033 DeLaney, Miss Sara T. 232 E. Padre St., Santa Barbara, Ca. 93105 D'Bliscu, Peter N. Bio Science East, University of Arizona, TusGOn, ALiZze ooo: DeMartini, Dr. John D. 1111 Birch Ave., McKinleyville, Ca. 95521 Demond, Miss Joan 4140 Grandview #1, Los Angeles, Ca. 90066 Dilworth, Mrs. Billee 609 Palomar, La Jolla, Ca. 92037 Dippell, Mrs. Martha 858 S. Tremaine Ave., Los Angeles, Ca. 90005 Draper, Mr. Bertram C. 8511 Bleriot Ave., Los Angeles, Ca. 90045 70 Durham; Dass id. Wyatt Dept. Paleontology, University of California, Berkeley, Ca. 94720 DuShane, Mr. and Mrs. Joseph (Helen) 15012 El Soneto Dr., Whittier, 'Ca. 90605 Eliason, Mrs. Phyllis M. P.O. Box 905, Agana, Guam 96910 Emerson, Dr. William K. Dept. 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(Lois) 1622 N. 20th St. Phoenix, Ariz. 850016 Good, Mr. and Mrs. Frank E. (Barbara J.) 3142 Larga Court, San Diego, Ca. 92110 Grantier, Mrs. Bruce J. (Leona L.) 7 Tiverton Drive, Ottawa, Ontario K2E 614 Canada Greenberg, Mrs. Ruth C. 227/62 Paciive Coast Hwy.,, Malai.) Cay 910/265 Gregg, Dr. Wendell O. 2200 S. Harvard Blvd., Los Angeles, Ca. 90018 Haigh, Mr. Ernest S. 8009 Dunbarton Ave., Los Angeles, Ca. 90045 Hamilton, Mr. Paul V. Dept. of Biological Science, Florida State University Tallahassee, Fla. 32306 Hand; Dr. Cadet H., wor. Bodega Marine Laboratory, P.O. Box 247, Bodega Bay, Ca. 94923 Harry, Dr. Harold W. 4612 Evergreen, Bellaire, Texas 77401 Haven, Dr. Norine D. Hopkins Marine Station, Pacific Grove, Ca. 93950 Hensill, Dr. John S. San Francisco State College, 1600 Holloway Ave., San Francisco, Ca. 94132 Hickman, Mrs. Carole S. Dept. Biology, Swarthmore College, Swarthmore, Pa. 19081 Hill, Mr. Charles *W., wir. Dept. of Oceanography, Texas A. & M. University, College Station, Texas 77843 Holleman, Mr. John J. Merritt College, 12500 Campus Dr., Oakland, Ca. 94619 72 Holtz), Wedd zabeth 278 Barbara Ave., Mountain View, Ca. 94040 Hopkins Marine Station, Library Pacific Grove, Ca. 93950 Hopper, Carol Dept. Zoology, 2538 The Mall, University of Hawaii Honolulu, Hawaii 96822 Houston, Roy S. Dept. Biological Sciences, University of Arizona, MUSCOM Ata re) 1 s/i2 Hudson, Mr. Roy L. 1215 Monterey Blvd., San Francisco, Ca. 94127 Hughes, Mrs. Paul (Bernadine) 12871) Hoster Rds, Los Alamitos, Ca. 90720 Hunt, Michele 2854 N. Marmora, Chicago, Ill. 60634 Dmlaye eo Dis eMac hd. 12900 Kendale, Bowie, Maryland 20715 Jacobson, Mr. Morris K. 455 Beach 139th St., Rockaway, New York 11694 Keen. Dig) A Myra 2241 Hanover St., Palo Alto, Ca. 94306 Kenki,, iDis. ViadawiG.. Dept. 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Dept. of Biological Sciences, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas 79968 Michel, Mrs. Nola P. 47/58 Mes Cervan DE. , San Diego, Ca. 92117 Miller, Dr. Walter B. 6140 Cerrada el Ocote, Tuscon, Ariz. 85718 Moore, Robert 1056 S. Alma, Los Angeles, Ca. 90023 Mount, Jack D. Dept. Geological Sciences, University of California Riverside, Riverside, Ca. 92502 Mousley, Louis B. Mousley Museum of Natural History, 11555 Bryant Street. MacGampa, «Ca. 92399 Mulitianen’ Mrs) Davad K. 5283 Vickie Dr., San Diego, Ca. 92109 Murray, Dr. Harold D. Dept. Biology, Trinity University, San Antonio, Texas 78284 Us) Munnay, Talbot Ee, wk Pacific Marine Station, Dillon Beach, Ca. 94929 Nash, Ruth 65 Crest Road, Belvedere, Ca. 94920 National Museums of Canada, Librarian Ottawa 4, Ontario, Canada Natural History Museum Basel, CH-4000, Switzerland Neiswanger, Mrs. Gordon (Marjorie) 1340 New York Dr., Altadena, Ca. 91001 Newby, Mrs. P. W. 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Geological Survey, Office of Marine Geology, 345 Middlefield Road, Menlo Park, Ca. 94025 Roworth, Mr. Edwin C. 1310 Windsor Rd, Cardlit—by—th—-Sea, Ca. 92007 Royal Scottish Museum, Library Chambers St., Edinburgh EH1 lJF Russell, Mrs. Richard S. 2229 Hollister Terrace, Glendale, Ca. 91206 St. Jean, Mrs. George (Kate) General Delivery, Carmel, Ca. 93921 Santa Barbara Malacological Society, Inc. P.O. Box 30191, Santa Barbara, Ca. 93105 78 Saul, Mrs. LouElla R. Dept. Geology, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, Ca. 90024 Sharpe, Mr. Stephen G. Amherst, R.R. #2, Nova Scotia, Canada Shasky, Dr. Donald R. 734 W. Highland Ave., Redlands, Ca. 92373 Shuman, Miss Katherine 204 Ocean Ave., Seal Beach, Ca. 90740 Skoglund) Mics@ Paul, i(Caxroil) 3846 E. Highland Ave., Phoenix, Ariz. 85018 Smant lye Mase A delimit Gre 722 Santa Barbara Rd., Berkeley, Ca. 94707 Smith, Mrs. Colleen Route 1, Box 290, Ketchikan, Alaska 99901 Sma Ch Mi Stee cat dre (M5ePoplag Ave. ;, Santa Cruz, Ca. 95060 Smith, Mrs. Howard (Mary) 2399 Conaliist. ;, Morro Bay, Ca. 93442 Smakthe Dis aqua teh herr. ES27/= Byason St., Palio Alto, Ca. 94301 Solem, Dr. Alan Dept. Zoology, Field Museum of Natural History, Roosevelt Rd. at Lake Shore Dr., Chicago, I1l. 60605 Starr, Ms. wanes, ii. AVI N23G0NSte,oanta Monica, Cal. 90402 Steiner, Mr. Franz B. 927 W. California Ave., Mill Valley, Ca. 94941 Stern, Mr. Edward Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, La. 70803 Stevenson, Mr. and Mrs. William G. (Dorothy) 928 MacKenzie Dr., Sunnyvale, Ca. 94807 Stierbold, Mr. Carl A: Dept. Biology, Portland State University, Portland, One 97/2057 79 Stohler, Dr. Rudolf 1584 Milvia St., Berkeley, Ca. 94709 Sutclatie, Mrs Herece(voan Ba) 260 King Ave., Piedmont, Ca. 94610 Swartz, Sarah 306 20th Ave., Calgary, Alberta, Canada Talmadge, Robert C. 912 W. Hacienda Ave., Campbell, Ca. 95008 Talmadge, Mr. Robert R. 2850 Pine St., Eureka, Ca. 95501 Tan, Ms. Barbara 11722 Eucalyptus St., Hawthorne, Ca. 90250 Taylor, Mr. and Mrs. Roland R. (Kay) 2437 Aster St., San Diego, Ca. 92109 Telonicher, Mr. Fred 2160 Terrace Ave., Arcata, Ca. 95521 Teskey, Mrs. Margaret C. Route 2, Box 318, Marinette, Wisc. 54143 Thomas, Mr. Lawrence E. 590 Embarcadero, Morro Bay, Ca. 93442 Thompson, Mr. Ivan E. PUGS. 2nd US. Spacer 17 Si,. tla Casion;, 1Carn 9 2020 Thompson, Janet K. Geological Survey, Office of Marine Geology 345 Middlefield Road, Menlo Park, Ca. 94025 University of West Florida Library Pensacola, Fla., 39704 van der Schalie, Dr. Henry Mollusk Division, Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich. 48104 Vedder, Dr. John G. 285 Golden Oak Dr., Portola Valley, Ca. 94025 Viney, Mr. W. E. 530 W. 6th St., Los Angeles, Ca. 90014 80 Wagg, Miss Winnifred 6022 Homewood Ave., Buena Park, Ca. 90620 Wahrenbrock, Mr. and Mrs. EH. E. (Gertrude) 35080 Chandler Rd., Space 44, Calimesa, Ca. Wait, Mrs. Diana 939 E. Fountain Way, Fresno, Ca. 93704 Waters, Virginia L. PHOmy Box. OS] Arcata, Cas 9552a Watson, Louise 1570 Bayside Rds, Arcata, Ca. 95521 Wheelwright, Dr. Joseph B. 9 Live Oak Way, Kentfield, Ca. 94904 Whitaker, Steven 1834 Chevy Chase Way, Bakersfield, Ca. 93306 White, Ruth M. 223 Nanette St., Redlands, Ca. 92373 Whiting, E. Harold Box 2065, Tauranga, New Zealand Wilkins, Mrs. Jean E. Box 125, Port Hueneme, Ca. 93041 Williams, Mrs. Alice E.-and Miss Bonnie PTS RBuEECm ot... Corning, Ca. 602i: Williams, Eddie IVES PBUete (Sts, Corning, Ca. 960/21 Wilie, Mr. William L. Jr. 1405 McFaddin St., Beaumont, Texas 77701 Winkler, Dr. Lindsay R. Sl TAS 2 Ee rancis Aves, Indio, Ca. 92201 Wolfson, Fay 356sKolmariSt.,. la dolla, Ca..9 2037 Woods, Mr. William L. 2721 Murray Ridge Rd., San Diego, Ca. 92123 81 92320 Woolsey, Miss Jody 2900 Sunset Place, Apt. 221, Los Angeles, Ca. 90025 Wright, Miss Eugenia I. 3968 Coguina Dr., Sanibel,’ Fla. Yancey, Mr. Thomas Dept. Geology, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Selangor, Malaysia YOUNCH ais Dis P.O. Box 1931, Seattle, Wash. 98111 Zellers, Lucille 714 Him St., Bly Cerrito, Caz 94530 82 WESTERN MALACOLOGICAL SOCIETIES Chico Seashell Club c/o Mrs. Marylib Wallace 1448 Esplanade Chico, California 95926 Conchological Club of Southern California Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History 900 Exposition Boulevard Los Angeles, California 90007 (Meets first Monday of every month, 7:30 p.m.) Guam Shell Club BO Box 2954 Agana, Guam 96910 Hawaiian Malacological Society 2777 Kalakaua Avenue Honolulu, Hawaii 96815 (Meets first Wednesday of every month, 7 230.pema Parse United Methodist Church, 1020 S. Beretania Street) Long Beach Shell Club 600 Long Beach Boulevard (YMCA Building) Long Beach, California 90812 (Meets second Sunday of every month except Oly PAR OMO onslas) Northern California Malacozoological Club c/o Mr. Glenn Burghardt, 14453 Nassau Road San Leandro, California 94577 Oregon Society of Malacologists PO, Box. .2 712 Portland, Oregon 97208 83 Pacific Northwest Shell Club c/o Miss Ann Smiley Route 1, 2405 N.E. 279 Street Ridgefield, Washington 98642 Pacific Shell Club Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History 900 Exposition Boulevard Los Angeles, California 90007 (Meets first Sunday of every month, 1:30 p.m.) Sacramento Valley Shell Club c/o Mr. William D. Pitt 2444 38th Avenue Sacramento, California 95822 San Diego Shell Club P.O. Box 1390 San Diego, California 92112 (Meets third Thursday of every month, San Diego Museum of Natural History, Balboa Park) Santa Barbara Malacological Society, Inc. 12 e(O)5 4 1eYepig §S\(0) 1bC) Ih Santa Barbara, California 93105 (Meets third Friday of every month, 7:30 p.m., Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History, 2559 Puesta del Sol, Santa Barbara) Southwestern Malacological Society c/o Mrs. Carol Skoglund 3846 E. Highland Avenue Phoenix, Arizona 85018 (Meets third Wednesdays, September through May, 7:30 p.m., Room 163, Life Science Building, Arizona State University, Tempe) Yucaipa Shell Club Mousley Museum of Natural History Bryant Street and Panorama Avenue Yucaipa, California 92399 (Meets third Sunday of every month except August, 2:00 p.m.) 84 a ios a. O° a: is ae ‘eas aT \ iN ya 1 me Uae aii ay © JINOSHLINS SAlYVud MITHSONIAN Ly 4D», LY we SSIYVYd!IT LIBRARIES VINOSHLINS SAIYUV NVINOSHLINS MITHSONIAN NOILALILSNI VINOSHLINS Nas MITHSONIAN INSTITUTION YINOSHLIWS . 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