U.S-Arm Coast Ens. an Ctr. MR 78-3 (AD -A062. OLS) Ecological Effects of an Artifical Island, Rincon Island, Punta Gorda, California by G.F. Johnson and L.A. deWit MISCELLANEOUS REPORT NO. 78-3 SEPTEMBER 1978 WHOT™ DOCUMENT COLLECTION Approved for public release; distribution unlimited. Prepared for U.S. ARMY, CORPS OF ENGINEERS COASTAL ENGINEERING RESEARCH CENTER Kingman Building as, Fort Belvoir, Va. 22060 kee. 4-2 Reprint or republication of any of this material shall give appropriate credit to the U.S. Army Coastal Engineering Research Center. Limited free distribution within the United States of single copies of this publication has been made by this Center. Additional copies are available from: National Technical Information Service ATTN: Operations Division 5285 Port Royal Road Springfield, Virginia 22151 Contents of this report are not to be used for advertising, publication, or promotional purposes. Citation of trade names does not constitute an official endorsement or approval of the use of such commercial products. The findings in this report are not to be construed as an official Department of the Army position unless so designated by other authorized documents. un I wii UNO A SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF THIS PAGE (When Data Entered) REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE sea Se nates T. REPORT NUMBER 2. GOVT ACCESSION NO.| 3. RECIPIENT'S CATALOG NUMBER MR 78-3 4. TITLE (and Subtitle) a re = 5. TYPE OF REPORT & PERIOD COVERED ECOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF AN ARTIFICIAL ISLAND, RINCON ISLAND, PUNTA GORDA, CALIFORNIA Miscellaneous Report 6. PERFORMING ORG. REPORT NUMBER 7. AUTHOR(a) B. CONTRACT OR GRANT NUMBER(4) G.F. Johnson L.A. deWit DACW 72-76-C-0011 9. PERFORMING-ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS 10. PROGRAM ELEMENT, PROJECT, TASK Dame = & Moore Vas AREA & WORK UNIT NUMBERS —Dame C _1100.Greendon Avenue G31532 Los Angeles, California 90024 11. CONTROLLING OFFICE NAME AND ADDRESS 12. REPORT DATE Coastal Engineering Research Center 13. NUMBER OF PAGES Kingman Building, Fort Belvoir, Virginia 22060 14. MONITORING AGENCY NAME & ADDRESS(/f different from Controlling Office) 15. SECURITY CLASS. (of thia report) UNCLASSIFIED 15a. DECLASSIFICATION/ DOWNGRADING SCHEDULE 16. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT (of thia Report) Approved for public release; distribution unlimited. 17. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT (of the abstract entered in Block 20, if different from Report) 18. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES 19. KEY WORDS (Continue on reverse side if necessary and identify by block number) Artificial island Microecosystem Bottom sediment Punta Gorda, California Ecological effects Rincon Island 20. ABSTRACT (Continue om reverse sida if neceasary and identity by block number) ‘ This study documents marine ecological conditions at Rincon Island, located approximately 0.8 kilometer offshore between Ventura and Santa Barbara, California, in a depth of 14 meters. The island, which was con- structed between 1957 and 1958 to serve as a permanent platform for oil and gas production, is particularly suitable for ecological study. Habitat fea- tures associated with the armor rock and concrete tetrapods surrounding the island support a "microecosystem' which differs. in biotic composition from surrounding natural bottom areas. (continued) FORM DD . jan 73 1473 —- EDrTIon OF 1 Nov 65 1S OBSOLETE UNCLASSIFIED SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF THIS PAGE (When Data Entered) / Se —————_——————EEEee SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF THIS PAGE(When Data Entered) Major associations of macrobiota (organisms >1 millimeter in size) were distinguished on the basis of cooccurrences of conspicuously dominant organ- isms. Thirteen major associations, covering various parts of the island between the upper intertidal zone and shell debris or natural bottom at the foot of the rock revetments, were defined. The boundaries of each of the major associations and certain questionable or transition zones were mapped over the entire island. These associations were further characterized by extensive measurements of biomass and abundance of macrobiota occurring in quadrats placed according to a stratified random sampling scheme. Using these data, statistically based comparisons of biotic character were made between certain transition areas and definite associations. In some cases, questionable associations were lumped together. A major part of the study was devoted to analysis of seasonal dynamics in biotic composition. Permanent transects extending from the high inter- tidal to natural bottom were established normal to each of the four cardinal sides of the island. All macrobiota were censused in duplicate 1-square meter quadrats along each transect during each of the four seasons. Data analysis indicated that many species exhibit significant variability in abundance from one season to the next. Other studies included a gill net survey of fish fauna, mapping of mussel "talus" beds at the base of the island, and a survey of biota along a natural bottom transect between the island and shore. In general, the findings indicate a rich and varied fauna and flora associated with the high-relief solid substrate of Rincon Island which differs substantially from the more depauperate natural bottom habitats in the area. 2 UNCLASSIFIED SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF THIS PAGE(When Data Entered) PREFACE The U.S. Army Coastal Engineering Research Center (CERC) conducts and sponsors research to provide definitive information on the ecological impacts of constructing coastal structures such as groins, jetties, breakwaters, and islands. Rincon Island, Punta Gorda, California, was the first major artificial island to be constructed with full ocean © exposure. This report describes an 18-month study sponsored by CERC to examine ecological effects of construction of Rincon Island (CERC Con- tract No. DACW 72-76-C-0011). The report was prepared by G.F. Johnson, Project Marine Ecologist, and L.A. deWit, Staff Marine Ecologist, with supervision provided by Dr. B.A. Wales, Principal-in-Charge; all of Dames §& Moore, Consultants in the Environmental and Applied Earth Sciences, Los Angeles, California. Professor W.L. Brisby of Moorpark College, Moorpark, California, partici- pated in the fieldwork and provided valuable consultation and review. Special recognition is due to the following students of Professor Brisby, who were responsible for a major part of the field data acquisi- tion: G. Wilson, D. Ospenson, D. Rasmussen, and R. Dawson. The authors gratefully acknowledge the interest in the project and valuable assist- ance provided by Dr. J. Siva, J. Hundley, C. Miller, and R. Carlson, all of Atlantic Richfield Corporation. Marine Ecological Consultants, Inc. of Solana Beach, California, were subcontractors for taxonomic work. Dr. K.R. Critchlow of Dames §& Moore assisted during two of the seasonal surveys of permanent transects. Dr. R.A. Park III, Professor of Geology and Ecosystem Analysis, Renssalaer Polytechnic Institute, directed an analysis of data using an R-mode cluster analysis computer program. A.K. Hurme of the CERC Coastal Ecology Branch was the technical monitor for this contract under the general supervision of E.J. Pullen, Chief, Coastal Ecology Branch. Comments on this publication are invited. Approved for publication in accordance with Public Law 166, 79th Congress, approved 31 July 1945, as supplemented by Public Law 172, 88th Congress, approved 7 November 1963. OHN H. COUSINS Colonel, Corps of Engineers Commander and Director IV V VI APPENDIX A CONTENTS CONVERSION FACTORS, U.S. CUSTOMARY TO METRIC (SI). INTRODUCTION . POW ACIE ASIFIMUUING Ss 5 o G-6 6 PREVIOUS SREEATED SHUDEESMcecene aes 1. General Studies of Artificial Heibatexe. 2. Previous Studies at Rincon Island. SHON WIENUCOISS so Glo 5 6 6 oo 6 656 Go Ho, Geiveraits 6 oo 6 6 2. Reconnaissance Dies 3. Talus Bed Measurements 4, Seasonal Survey of Permanent TRANSCCES 5. Mapping of Major Species Associations. 6 7 8 - Quantitative Characterization of Species Acsockasions. . Natural Bottom Survey. - Gill Net Surveys RESULTS AND DISCUSSION . 1. General. 3/0 2. Volume and Dinensdons of Talus Bedel 3. Analysis of Seasonal Data from Permanent Tansee 4. Distribution of Major Species Associations 5. Quantitative Characteristics of Major Species Associations. 6. Gill Net Survey RoswiEs. 7. Natural Bottom Survey Results. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS. LITERATURE CITED . DETAILED METHODOLOGY . SUMMARY DATA, SURVEY OF PERMANENT SEASONAL TRANSECTS . R-MODE DENDROGRAMS AND BOUNDARIES OF PRELIMINARY SPECIES ASSOCIATIONS . dep By wy Lolooswosntal Yo SUMMARY DATA, QUANTITATIVE CHARACTERIZATION OF MAJOR SPECIES ASSOCIATIONS . OB uor we seb tes Jom Jo OBSERVATIONS ALONG NATURAL BOTTOM TRANSECT . SIEVE ANALYSIS OF NATURAL BOTTOM SEDIMENT SAMPLES. GLOSSARY . Page 101 103 107 Ss e & 14 15 16 LY 18 19 20 21 CONTENTS--Continued TABLES Master species list for Rincon Island. Seasonal transect data summary Gill net catch per hour at Rincon Island . Biota of natural bottom sediment samples FIGURES Aerial photograph of Rincon Island, spring 1977. Local bathymetry of Rincon Island. Locations of permanent seasonal transects, gill nets, natural bottom transect, and sediment grab sampling stations. Structrue of permanent seasonal transects. North-side talus bed and armor rock measurements West-side talus bed and armor rock measurements. South-side talus bed and armor rock measurements East-side talus bed and armor rock measurements. Major species associations, northwest quadrant Major species associations, southwest quadrant Major species associations, southeast quadrant Major species associations, northeast quadrant Seasonal overview of distribution of major species associations and substrate character, north-side permanent transect. Seasonal overview of distribution of major species associations and substrate character, west-side permanent transect Seasonal overview of distribution of major species associations and substrate character, south-side permanent transect. Seasonal overview of distribution of major species associations and substrate character, east-side permanent transect Vertical distribution for dominant biota, north side Vertical distribution for dominant biota, west side. Vertical distribution for dominant biota, south side Vertical distribution for dominant biota, east side. Dominant biota and substrate type along natural bottom transect. Page 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 59 CONVERSION FACTORS, U.S. CUSTOMARY TO METRIC (SI) UNITS OF MEASUREMENT U.S. customary units of measurement used in this report can be converted to metric (SI) units as follows: Multiply by To obtain inches 25.4 millimeters 2.54 centimeters square inches 6.452 square centimeters cubic inches 16.39 cubic centimeters feet 30.48 centimeters 0.3048 meters square feet 0.0929 square meters cubic feet 0.0283 cubic meters yards 0.9144 meters square yards 0.836 square meters cubic yards 0.7646 cubic meters miles 1.6093 kilometers square miles 259.0 hectares knots 1.852 kilometers per hour acres 0.4047 hectares foot-pounds 1.3558 newton meters millibars NOI 83 IOe kilograms per square centimeter ounces 28.35 grams pounds 453.6 grams 0.4536 kilograms ton, long 1.0160 metric tons ton, short 0.9072 metric tons degrees (angle) 0.01745 radians Fahrenheit degrees 5/9 Celsius degrees or Kelvins! 1To obtain at aie (C) temperature readings from Fahrenheit (F) seaginesy use formula: To obtain Kelvin (kK) readings, = (6/9) @ -82))o use formula: = (6/9) | - 32) + 273.15. ECOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF AN ARTIFICIAL ISLAND Rincon Island, Punta Gorda, California by G.F. Johnson and L.A. dewit I. INTRODUCTION Several studies on the ecological effects of the addition of artificial substrate in a nearshore coastal marine environment have been conducted in the past. The California Department of Fish and Game, for example, has made detailed studies at oil platforms and in areas where artificial reefs composed of streetcars, old car bodies, concrete cubicles, and riprap have been established (Carlisle, Turner, and Ebert; 1964; Turner, Ebert, and Given, 1969). In general, these studies conclude that the habitat features created by the addition of solid substrate are beneficial to the local ecosystem, especially in areas where such substrate is limited. In time, communities of organisms develop which usually support more species. than the sedimentary habitat that existed before the addition of hard, high-relief substrate. The biomass of the encrusting flora and fauna is an important food source for species of recreational, commercial, or aesthetic value which would otherwise not populate the area. In addition, physical characteristics of the solid substratum, such as crevices and vertical relief in an otherwise featureless bottom, attract a variety of fishes. The armor rock revetments of Rincon Island represent a signifi- cant addition of solid substratum to the local nearshore marine envi- ronment which has contributed to an enhancement in the richness of local marine communities (Carlisle, Turner, and Ebert, 1964; Brisby's Biota Appendix in Keith and Skjei, 1974). Although observations on Rincon Island's marine life have been made since these studies, no comprehensive delineation of major habitats nor detailed character- ization of communities extant at any one time or on a seasonal basis has been done. This study was undertaken with the recognition that this information would be valuable in understanding the ecological consequences of artificial island construction. The objectives of the study were to: (a) Delineate, map, and quantitatively characterize major species associations around Rincon Island, and compare these with the biota of the natural bottom between the island and shore; (b) document the morphology and volume of the beds of shell debris lying along the flanks of each of the four cardinal sides of the island; (c) establish permanent transects on each side of the island and survey major benthic organisms along these transects on a seasonal basis, documenting changes in biotic compo- sition and habitat character; and (d) conduct a gill net survey of the fish on each side of the island; and (e) expand the existing species list of the area. II. PROJECT SETTING Rincon Island is located in the Santa Barbara Channel approxi- mately midway between the cities of Santa Barbara and Ventura, California. The island is about 0.8 kilometer off Punta Gorda in about 14 meters of water, and is connected to the mainland by a causeway (Fig. 1). The extreme tidal range at the island is 3.05 meters. Mean sea level (MSL) lies 0.79 meter above mean lower low water (MLLW). The island covers about 0.026 square kilometer of ocean floor and the area above MLLW is approximately 0.013 square kilometer. The island is constructed of rock revetments containing sandfill. It was constructed in stages between February 1957 and September 1958, using many types and gradations of quarry rock. The most exposed face (west side) is protected with 1,130 concrete tetrapods, each weighing about 31,000 kilograms. The general shape of the is- land and the local bathymetry are shown in Figure 2 (Dames § Moore, 1974). Bottom conditions vary uniformly throughout the area (Blume and Keith, 1959). The sediment consists of siity sand ranging into sandy silt with a thickness ranging from 4.3 to 7.6 meters. It overlies a geologically recent shale or "siltstone" formation. Average bottom slope is 3 percent. Details of the construction and engineering considerations in the design of Rincon Island are summarized in Keith and Skjei (1974) and Blume and Keith (1959). III. PREVIOUS RELATED STUDIES i General Studies of Artificial Reef Habitat. The value of artificial structures for attracting marine fishes was the subject of many papers presented at an International Arti- ficial Reef Conference, cosponsored by Texas A&M University, the Texas Coastal and Marine Council, and the National Marine Fisheries Service (Colunga and Stone, 1974). The fish-attracting properties of nearshore artificial reefs composed of tires, car bodies, and riprap on the gulf and Atlantic coasts have been documented by Buchanan (1972), Stone (1972, 1973); Stone, Buchanan, and Parker (1973); and Stone, Buchanan, and Steimle (1974). The latter investigators reported an increase in the fish-carrying capacity of an area 300 to 1,800 times that of the open bottom before reef construction. Figure 1. Aerial photograph of Rincon Island, spring 1977. 100 METERS KEY: === APPROXIMATE LOCATION OF RUBBLE=HOUND TOE = BATHYMETRIC CONTOURS IN FEET BELOW MLLW Figure 2. Local bathymetry of Rincon Island (from Dames § Moore, 1974). Studies of artificial substrate properties affecting fish attrac- tion and ecological succession in southern California were reported by Carlisle, Turner, and Ebert (1964), Turner, Ebert, and Given (1969), and Fager (1971). Carlisle, Turner, and Ebert (1964) con- ducted visual surveys of biota in bottom areas before and after artificial reef establishment, noting that fishes were attracted within hours of reef construction. Carlisle, Turner, and Ebert (1964) also made ecological observations at a number of offshore oil installations, including Rincon Island. They concluded that these sites exhibited similar attractions for fish and, more generally, that "habitat changes brought about by establishing offshore oil- drilling installations were generally beneficial to the flora and fauna." Results of a 4-year study of various aspects of manmade reef ecosystems and optimal materials for reef construction, conducted by the California Department of Fish and Game, were published by Turner, Ebert, and Given (1969). Of four types of reef construction mate- rials evaluated, quarry rock was judged optimal on the basis of practicalities of cost and handling, fish attraction (although con- crete shelters were better in this regard), and minimal sediment disturbance. More than 200 invertebrate taxa were recorded during the study. Succession on the newly established reefs proceeded from an initial barnacle-hydroid phase, into a mollusk-polychaete assem- blage, to an ascidian-sponge stage, and finally a stage characterized by the presence of abundant encrusting ectoprocts (moss animals). Aggregate anemones, gorgonians, and stony corals appeared in later stages. Approximately 5 years was required for successional change to cease on these artificial reefs. Drs Previous Studies of Rincon Island. The California Department of Fish and Game biologists made an initial survey of Rincon Island in July 1958, 18 months after con- struction of the island began (Carlisle, Turner, and Ebert, 1964). They conducted 26 observational dives over the period, August 1958 to December 1960. Despite many fluctuations, possibly due to water clarity or incoming year classes of fishes, an overall upward trend in fish populations was observed. Toward the end of the survey period the biota of the island had the appearance of ''a well-balanced animal community.'' Fifty-three species of fish belonging to 44 genera in 22 families were observed during this study. About 97 percent of the fish fauna belonged to the following groups: silver- Side, (Atherinidae), surfperch (Embiotocidae), sea bass (Serranidae), damselfish (Pomocentridae), rockfish (Scorpaenidae), and halfmoon (Scorpidae). The biologists noted populations of large, active fishes in turbulent waters along the west (seaward) side of the island, sedentary forms such as sculpin (Cottidae), and rockfish occupying Spaces among the rocks, and the young of many species (especially keip bass (Paralabrax clathratus), blacksmith (Chromis punctipinnis), and species of surfperch and rockfish) apparently using the kelp beds in the lee of the island as nursery grounds. Approximately 54 months after island construction, the inverte- brate fauna and algae were surveyed along a transect on the east (lee) side of the island by sampling a 0.09-square meter area at each 3.05-meter depth interval, This sampling was augmented with numerous diving observations. The results of the survey are sum- marized in Appendix H of Carlisle, Turner, and Ebert (1964). Rela- tively high densities and a pronounced vertical zonation in major taxonomic groups were apparent. The work of the California Department of Fish and Game biolo- gists provided an idea of the pattern of early colonization for Rincon Island. Brisby's Biota Appendix in Keith and Skjei (1974) provided valuable insight into the contrast between ecological con- ditions associated with the island and those of the natural bottom at the site of the island before its construction. Brisby knew the area before construction, and has had an arrangement with the Atlantic Richfield Company to use the island since its construction as a field station for educational purposes. His study methods involved use of scuba techniques, surface craft, mechanical collecting gear (includ- ing Peterson grabs, dredges, trawls, traps, and other fishing gear), and underwater photography. Brisby's conclusions provide a basic introduction to the island's ecology. In summary, Brisby found that with construction of the island, the area developed from a biologically depauperate condition into a mature and balanced reef. Before construction, only 14 species of benthic fish were observed. After establishment of a "climax" com- munity on the island, 298 species, representing all major marine phyla, were recorded. Ecological characteristics were somewhat different on each of the four sides of the island, owing to differ- ences in degree of exposure to waves and currents. High water tur- bidity typified conditions on the landward side of the island. The seaward side was reported to be particularly rich in life. The other two sides were observed to provide an intermediate environment and each, because of differences in exposure, had a somewhat different ecology. "Talus slopes" of mollusk shells were observed along the bases of the three seaward sides. IV. STUDY METHODS ihe General. This study was divided into five major subtasks. Detailed information on specific methodologies is provided in Appendix A. 2 Reconnaissance Dives. The first subtask involved reconnaissance dives by two diver biologists to make a preliminary survey of major species associations around the island. A limited amount of randomly placed quadrat sampling was done to determine variability in densities of biota. . So Talus Bed Measurements. The second subtask was to calculate the volume of the mounds of mollusk shells and shell fragments at the base of the rock revetments around the island (shell "talus''). The dimensions of the talus beds were determined and volumes of shell debris in the beds along each of the four cardinal sides were estimated. Dimensions of the shell talus beds were determined by the follow- ing method. Divers swam along each of the cardinal sides of the is- land, noting significant changes in the morphology of the talus bed (i.e., changes in slope or upper and lower margin). Where such changes occurred, the distance between the upper and lower margins was measured using a steel tape. Depths of the upper and lower margins were also recorded to +0.2 meter. Cross-sectional geometry of the talus bed at each measurement point was determined from the distance from the waterline, water depth, and slope of the rock revet- ment. These cross sections were plotted on base charts for each of the four cardinal sides. The volume of the accumulated shell mate- rial along each side of the island was then estimated. Boundaries of the talus beds were charted. 4. Seasonal Survey of Permanent Transects. The third subtask was to survey permanent transects on the island to determine seasonal variability in densities of macrobiota. Transects, extending from the upper limit of the wave splash zone to the limit of the island's influence on the bottom, were established on the four car- dinal sides of the island (Fig. 3). These transects were surveyed dur- ing each season for 1 year (see App. B for a summary of the data). Heavy stakes of steel angle iron marked the upper and lower limits of each transect. A single stake was anchored in the armor rock above the splash zone on each side of the island, marking the upper limit of the transect. Three identical stakes were driven into the natural bottom sediment near the seaward margin of the talus bed, and were alined parallel to each side. The three stakes were con- nected with 0.6-centimeter-diameter polyethylene line and floats were attached to each stake to facilitate locating them during conditions of restricted visibility (Fig. 4). A nylon line marked off in 1-meter increments, was used as the transect line. During each survey, one end of the transect line was 13 Yo- Se WEST SIDE TRANSECT ‘ ‘ APPROXIMATE TOE OF REVETMENT %O e : PPROXIM ae 1 ! APPROXIMATE MLLW LINE ‘ 1 94° 21 00 S10E TRANSECT “ok. =) \ ae) oe TRANSECT 9 NOE a Aaa) © PERMANENT SEASONAL SURVEY TRANSECT bs) GILL NET LOCATIONS 9 —— NATURAL BOTTOM TRANSECT = @ SEDIMENT GRAB SAMPLE STATION {o) 50 , 100 M Figure 3. Locations of permanent seasonal transects, gill nets, natural bottom transect, and sediment grab sampling stations. (Depth contours in feet below MLLW.) STEEL STAKE LODGED IN ROCKS ABOVE WATER WATERLINE TRANSECT LINE (REMOVED BETWEEN SURVEYS) POLYPROPYLENE LINE MARKER FLOATS X-SECTION THROUGH ISLAND REVETMENT 1.5-M STEEL STAKES DRIVEN INTO BOTTOM Figure 4. Structure of permanent seasonal survey transects. attached to the upper (splash zone) marker stake and the other end was attached to the center stake on the bottom. This ensured exami- nation of the same area on each side during the four seasonal sur- veys. Divers carrying 1-square meter quadrats, underwater clip- boards, and plastic collecting bags swam the transect lines, re- cording data on densities of all species of macrobiota (in duplicate. samples) at l-meter increments. Seasonal density values were recorded as percent of unit area covered for algae and encrusting colonial animals or as number per unit area for species for which individuals could be counted. Cer- tain species (e.g., Serpulorbis squamigerus, the scaled worm shell) were recorded for both numbers of individuals and percent coverage. Species of uncertain identity were collected, making notation of the quadrat number from which they were collected, and later identi- fied. Each transect was photographed using an underwater camera. The marker stakes remained intact during the entire year of sur- vey. They were located on each sampling trip except one on the north side of the island. Extreme water turbidity precluded attachment of the transect line to the bottom marker. In this case, the transect was repeated by placing the line on structures (including a submerged pipeline) recognized from previous surveys. The same two diver biologists recorded the data on each seasonal survey with the exception of the north side during the summer (August 1976) and the west side during the winter (February 1977) surveys, when another diver was used. Heavy surf prevented collection of complete data on the west-side transect during the fall (November 1976) and winter (February-March 1977). Data were not collected in the upper zone during either of these two seasons. All data were transcribed from the field sheets to data tables which listed densities of both plants and animals in each quadrat. Fifty-four of the more common species were analyzed for seasonal abundance. Details of the methods used in the analyses of the perma- nent transect data for significant seasonal differences in species densities are provided in Subsection 2 of Appendix A. S. Mapping of Major Species Associations. The fourth subtask was to chart the distribution of major species associations over all submerged parts of the island. A series of charts was prepared depicting the boundaries of major species associ- ations and the spatial disposition of these associations, accurate to +0.2 meter in depth and +0.3 meter in horizontal distance from perma- nent reference points on the island. This phase of the work required identification of faunal and floral associations on the basis of sub- strate character and recurrent groups of species that were conspicu- ous by virtue of size, abundance, or biomass. 16 Initial identification of major species associations was based on subjective judgment developed during reconnaissance and permanent transect diving. These preliminary identifications were corroborated by computer analysis of the field data. An R-mode cluster analysis program (unweighted pair-group arithmetic average clustering method (UPGMA) as described by Sneath and Sokal, 1973) was used. Input data consisted of presence-absence designations for all species encoun- tered in each 1-square meter quadrat from the east and north sides for the summer (August) and fall (November) seasonal surveys. The program generates a matrix of similarity for all species. A CALCOMP plotter program was used to generate dendrograms showing the aggregate hierarchical classification among species (see App. C). On the basis of this information, 13 tentative species associations were identified. Measurements were made to the boundaries of the various species associations from fixed reference points around the island. Depths (referenced to MLLW) and distances were recorded at transition zones or boundaries. between associations. These measurements were taken along transects located at 10-meter intervals around the island (5- meter intervals were used around the four corners of the island to assure adequate radial coverage). The starting point for each tran- sect was the upper boundary of the barnacle-limpet zone. In plotting the data, boundaries of associations were extrapolated between transect lines to depict the distributions of the associations. Actual dis- tances were plotted on a base chart of the island. Boundaries of the talus beds, measured during the fourth subtask, were also plotted on this chart. The actual distances were then trigonometrically recti- fied for plan view plotting according to the methodology in Appendix AVS): Areas covered by each species association were determined by cutting out the associations on the base chart (before trigonometric rectification), weighing the pieces from each association on a Mettler analytical balance to a precision of +0.001 gram, and calcu- lating the percent each association represents of the total area of the island bounded by the upper limit of the barnacle-limpet zone and the lower limit of rock on the bottom. 6. Quantitative Characterization of Species Associations. The fifth subtask involved quantitative characterization of the species associations. Biomass and densities of macrobiota around the island were measured. Analysis of these data provided the rationale for separating or combining associations lying adjacent to one another or on different sides of the island. Densities and biomass of macrobiota within the associations were determined using randomly placed sample quadrats. Quadrats used in all associations except those in the upper intertidal were of 0.25- square meter size. Duplicate 0.01-square meter quadrats were used in the upper zones. Numbers drawn from a random numbers table, equating to vertical and horizontal distances from permanent points on the ‘is- land, were used in locating the sampling quadrats. Divers measured the distances with an underwater steel tape and then, looking away from the bottom, released the quadrat about 1 meter above the bottom. This minimized sampling bias. If the quadrat came to lie in or over a crevice between rocks, it was re- leased a second time. ; The depth of the quadrat and time of sampling were recorded and the area within the quadrat was photographed. A record was made of the densities of each species within the quadrat (numbers or percent coverage). Large organisms less than 50 percent enclosed within the quadrat boundaries were not recorded. All detachable macrobiota were removed and placed in labeled plastic bags for subsequent biomass measurement. The contents of each collecting bag were wet-blotted and weighed on a triple-beam balance (precision approximately +0.2 gram). Wet weights were recorded for each species. ¥ To develop biomass data on organisms that are permanently at- tached to the substrate, measured areas were scraped by a diver using a steel chisel and hammer. The removed fragments were collected, using a specially designed slurp gun, fitted with a collecting cham- ber lined with Nitex plankton netting of 333-micrometer mesh size. Contents of the collecting chamber were subsequently weighed as described above. All raw data (numbers, percent coverage, and wet weight for each species) were tabulated for each quadrat. Tables were arranged in columnar form with species categories across the top and quadrat numbers along the left-hand margin. Quadrats were grouped according to the association and the sampling locations. Quadrats within tran- sition zones and from apparently similar associations on different sides of the island were separated to facilitate testing against "typel association quadrats (those lying well within the boundaries of distinct associations). These quadrats were then either combined with or separated from type associations. This method of tabulation permitted calculation of summary sta- tistics for all species in each association which in turn facilitated intercomparison of the characteristics of these associations. The following summary statistics were calculated: Frequency (ratio of number of quadrats of occurrence to number of quadrats sampled in each group); mean abundance and 95-percent confidence limits for the mean abundance; and average weight per individual (or per 100-square 18 centimeter coverage for species whose densities were estimated as percent coverage). Comparison of summary statistics on biomass and densities per- mitted separation of associations in a subjective manner for the intertidal associations (down to and including the macrophytic algae zone). However, this approach was too arbitrary when it came to identifying possible differences between similar associations on different sides of the island or between associations grading into one another on the same side. For these instances, a more rigorous statistical test was necessary. Application of parametric statistical tests requires that the data be normally distributed. This was not the case for most of the data collected during quantitative sampling. Also, it is unlikely that data transformation could be effectively used to normalize the data. The nonparametric Wilcoxon "'t"' test (Tate and Clelland, 1957) was applied to test differences between densities of selected dominant species within potentially similar associations and between dissimilar associations. An association on the north side, which is dominated by the encrusting coralline alga, Lithothamnium-Lithophyllum complex, was selected as the type associ- ation against which most other associations were tested. Uke Natural Bottom Survey. In addition to the above subtasks, ecological conditions in nearby natural bottom habitats were investigated. This information was to aid in interpreting the ecological changes induced by the presence of the island. The composition of the epibenthic macrobiota (plants and animals) on or just above the surface of the sediment or rock on the natural bottom between the island and shore was surveyed along a transect lo- cated away from the influence of the island and causeway (Fig. 3). The transect survey was completed in two segments. The first segment, over a depth of 13.7 meters MLLW near the island to a depth 6.1 meters MLLW toward shore, was surveyed by divers using Farallon underwater propulsion units. The second segment, extending from shore to the 6.1-meter MLLW depth, was surveyed by divers entering through the surf and swimming offshore. Triplicate sediment samples for infauna (animals inhabiting the sediments) were taken at the outer terminus of the.transect at a 13.7-meter depth and at a point midway in the transect at a depth of 10.7 meters MLLW (Fig.3). The samples were collected by pushing 3.13-liter lidless coffee cans into the sediment and carefully sealing both ends of the cylinder with plastic caps. Samples for grain-size analysis were collected by pushing 0.2-liter jars 10 centimeters into the sediment. Infaunal samples were sieved through 1-millimeter sieve screens and preserved for later taxonomic analysis. 8. Gill Net Survey. A gill net survey was conducted on 15 and 16 June 1977. A single multimesh nylon monofilament net, 30.5 meters long and 2.4 meters deep, was deployed obliquely along each cardinal side of the island (Fig. 3). The nets consisted of ten 3.05-meter-long panels with two panels each of 1.27-, 2.54-, 3.81-, 5.08-, and 6.35-centi- meter bar mesh. Position of these panels in the net was random. When deployed, the nets extended from the intertidal zone of the island to the toe of the island revetment. The nets were fished for two periods: a daytime period of about 4 hours, and a day-night period ranging from a minimum of 17 hours (west side) to a maximum of 23.5 hours (east side). Fishes caught in each net were removed and identified, and a record was made of the standard length (snout to distal end of caudal peduncle) for bony fishes and total length (snout to end of caudal fin) for sharks. Lengths were recorded to the nearest 0.5 centi- meter. Numbers of individuals occurring in each mesh size were also recorded. Summary data tables were prepared listing numbers of indi- viduals, mean length, and length range for each species captured on each side of the island. V. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION IL General. A total of 330 species of macrobiota was identified during this study; 160 of these taxa had not been reported as occurring at Rincon Island. This addition to the number of species reported in Keith and Skjei (1974) brings the total species list to 458. Many additional species undoubtedly exist among the island's varied habitats. An up- dated master list of taxa of Rincon Island is given in Table 1. DD Volume and Dimensions of Talus Beds. Dimensions of the shell talus beds along each of the four cardi- nal sides are shown in perspective view in Figures 5 to 8 and in plan view in Figures 9 to 12. (The upper boundaries of the talus beds do not match precisely with the lower boundaries of the deepest associ- ations in these figures for two reasons: First, talus bed measurements were taken at positions of change of the talus bed geometry, while associations were measured along fixed transects; second, the deepest association frequently extended into the talus bed on isolated rocks.) Approximate volumes of shell calculated from the measurement of talus bed dimensions are as follows: West side: 1,450 cubic meters South side: 98 cubic meters 20 Table 1. Master species list for Rincon Island. Occurrence during present study c aa 1 Scientific name Common name North West South East ALGAE DIVISION CHLOROPHYTA 2 GREEN ALGAE Bryopsis corticulans Chaetomorpha aerea? Cladophora sp. x Codium fragile Deadman's fingers X Derbesia marina xX cf. Enteromorpha sp. x x Ulva sp. Sea lettuce x xX xX Unid. green algae #1 x DIVISION CYANOPHYTA BLUE-GREEN ALGAE cf. Phormidium sp. xX xX X xX DIVISION PHAEOPHYTA BROWN ALGAE Cystoseira osmundacea xX x Desmarestia herbaceae? Dictyota binghamiae xX D. flabellata , x xX xX Ectocarpus sp- Egregia menziesii (=laevigata) Feather-boa kelp xX x Giffordia granulJosa X Halidrys dioica Macrocystis sp. 2 Giant kelp x Petrospongium rugosum Pterygophora californica Ralfsia pacifica Taonia lennebackeriae Unid. brown alga #1 Unid. brown alga #2 Unid. brown alga #3 Unid. juv. laminariales DIVISION RHODOPHYTA RED ALGAE Antithamnion sp. x Bossiella orbigniana x x x Bossiella sp. Callithamnion sp. Callophyllis flabellulata x Ceramium codicola cf. Ceramium sp. X x xX x Corallina officinalis x x x Cryptopleura cf. crispa Delesseria sp. x Gelidium coulteri G. cf. robustum G. purpurascens G. cartilagineum G. sp. #1 G. sp. #2 x Gigartina canaliculata x G. cf. exasperata ; Re G. sp. G. spinosa armata x G. sp. (juv.) Grateloupia doryphora (=abreviata) x Hildenbrandia prototypus2 Laurencia pacifica x Lithothamnium/Lithophyllum complex x x x x Lithothrix aspergillum Lomentaria hakodatensis x Microcladia cf, coulteri Neoagardhiella (=Agardhiella) sp. x x Peyssonellia sp, Kooi x x PS OO OS CN te) x DP SD OS SS OS OOS OOS See footnotes at end of table. 2 | Table 1. Master species list for Rincon Island.--Continued. Occurrence during present study 1 Scientific name Common name North West South ‘East Scientific name DIVISION RHODOPHYTA (Continued) Platythamnion villosum P. sp. x X x Polysiphonia simplex x P. cf. pacifica x u P. spp. Porphyra perforata? Prionitis lanceolata x xX xX x Pterosiphonia dendroidea Pterosiphonia sp. x xX Rhodoglossum affine x x x Rhodymenia sp. F xX xX x R. californica X fs cf. R- sp. Schizymenia pacifica : Stenogramme interrupta x x xX xX Tiffaniella snyderiae xX Veleroa subulata/Murrayellopsis dawsonii complex 4 xX Unid. red alga #1 x Unid. red alga #2 Unid. filamentous red alga #1 Unid. juvenile red alga Unid. filamentous red alga #2 Unid. "leafy" red alga Unid. "tall" red alga Unid. red alga #3 Unid. red alga #4 Unid. red alga #5 Unid. "flat" red alga ig Unid. red alga #6 Unid. red alga #7 Unid. coralline #1 x Unid. coralline #2 % x Unid. coralline #3 De DS OS OOS bd DS OO OK PHYLUM PORIFERA SPONGES Cliona celata californiana Boring sponge x x x x Geodia mesotriaenia2 Halichoclona gellindra Haliclona ecbasis? Geode sponge Lavender sponge Lavender-blue encrust- ing sponge Hymenamphiastra (=Hymeniacidon) cyanocrypta Blue leaf sponge x x x Hymeniacidon ungodon2 Little leaf sponge H. sinapium Yellow leaf sponge Leucetta losangelensis x x Leucilla (=Rhabdodermella) nuttingi Urn sponge Leuconia heathi? Leucosolenia sp. Finger sponge Lissodendoryx noxiosa? Noxious sponge Spheciospongia confoederata Liver sponge x Tedania toxicalis Tethya aurantia2 Verongia thiona Unid. "sulfur" sponge Unid. red sponge #1 Unid. purple sponge #2 Unid. orange sponge #3 Unid. yellow sponge #4 Thistle sponge Sponge Orange. puff-ball sponge Sulfur sponge x x See footnotes at end of table. 22 Table 1. Master species list for Rincon Island.--Continued. Scientific name PHYLUM PORIFERA (Continued) Unid. grey sponge #5 Unid. sponge #6 Unid. sponge #7 Unid. "white" sponge PHYLUM CNIDARIA CLASS HYDROZOA Aglaophenia struthionides Antennella avalgnia Campanularia sp. cf. Eudendrium sp. Obelia sp. Sertularia cf. furcata cf. Plumularia sp. cf. P. lagenifera cf. Sertularia sp Unid. green hydroid Unid. hydroid sp. #1 Unid. hydroids CLASS ANTHOZOA Anthopleura xanthogrammica/ A. elegantissima3 Antropora tincta Astrangia lajollaensis Balanophyllia elegans Cerianthiopsis sp. Corynactis californica Eugorgia rubens2 cf. Epiactis prolifera Lophogorgia chilensis Metridium sp. 2 Muricea californica/ M. fruticosa3 cf. Pachycerianthus sp. Paracyathus stearnsii Renilla kollikeri? Stylatula elongata? Tealia sp. Unid. anemone #1 Unid. white anemone #2 Unid. burrowing anemone Unid. red cerianthid PHYLUM ANNELIDA 2 Chaetopterus variopedatus cf. Chaetopterus sp. Dexiospira spirillum Diopatra ornata Dodecaceria fewkesi Eudistylia polymorpha Eudistylia sp- Eunereis longipes Eupomatus gracilis Halosydna tuberculifera H. brevisetosa? See footnotes at end of table. Common name ANEMONES, HYDROIDS, CORALS, GORGONIANS HYDROIDS Ostrich plume hydroid Campanulate hydrozoan ANEMONES /CORALS Green anemone Colonial coral Solitary orange coral Burrowing anemone Colonial red anemone Purple sea fan Prolific anemone Pink gorgonian Solitary anemone California/rust gorgonians Tube anemone Solitary coral Sea pansy Elongate sea pen Anemone WORMS Parchment tube worm Parchment tube worm Feather-duster worm Feather-duster worm Nereid worm Scale worm Scale worm 23 Occurrence during present study North SO OOM West MOS OO mS OS be South mM OS OS x Ete East DS PS Od OS Table 1. Scientific name PHYLUM ANNELIDA (gontinued) Nereis eakini N. mediator? Paleonotus bellis? Salmacina tribranchiata Serpula vermicularis? Spirorbis eximius Polyopthalmus pictus Unid. serpulids Unid. Syllidae PHYLUM ARTHROPODA CLASS CRUSTACEA Alpheus clamator Ampithoe sp. Balanus cariosus? B. crenatus2 B. galeata B. glandula B. nubilus B. pacificus B. tintinnabulum B. sp. Cancer antennarius2 (a5 anthonyi2 ; Cancer cf. productus Chthamalus fissus Crangon dentipes2 Erichthonius brasiliensis Heptacarpus palpator Hippolysmata californica? Hyale frequens Jaeropsis dubia Loxorhynchus crispatus L. grandis? Membranobalanus orcutti Munna chromatocephala Pachycheles pubescens Pachygrapsus crassipes Paguristes turgidus2 P. ulreyi Pagurus californiensis Pandalus gurneyi? Panulirus interruptus Petrolisthes cinctipes2 5 Bs Pollicipes polymerus cf. Isocheles pilosus Pugettia producta P. sp. Scyra acutifrons* Spirontocaris brevirostris? Tetraclita squamosa rubescens Unid. pagurids Unid. shrimp ; Unid. barnacles PHYLUM MOLLUSCA CLASS GASTROPODA Acanthina spirata Acanthodoris lutea Acmaea mitra See footnotes at end of table- Occurrence during present study Common name North Nereid worm Nereid worm Chrysopetalid worm Colonial tube worm Serpulid worm JOINT-LEGGED ANIMALS CRUSTACEANS Shrimp Amphipod Acorn barnacle Acorn barnacle Acorn barnacle Acorn barnacle Acorn barnacle Acorn barnacle Tcorn barnacle Rock crab Yellow crab Rock crab Acorn barnacle Pistol shrimp Amphipod Shrimp Red rock shrimp Amphipod Isopod Sheep crab Sheep crab Barnacle Amphipod Hermit crab Striped shore crab Hermit crab Hermit crab Hermit crab Shrimp Porcelain crab Porcelain crab Gooseneck barnacle Hermit crab Kelp crab Kelp crab Masking crab Bent-back shrimp Thatched barnacle Hermit crabs SNAILS, NUDIBRANCHES, CLAMS, OCTOPUSES SNAILS AND NUDIBRANCHES Oyster drill Nudibranch White-cap limpet 24 Master species list for Rincon Island.--Continued. West South mM x OM OS East x CLASS GASTROPODA Table l. Scientific name A. persona? Amphissa sp.2 Anisodoris nobilis Antiopella barbarensis Aplysia californica A. vaccarla Archidoris montereyensis Armina californica? Astraea undosa? Cadlina luteomarginata Callistochiton crassicostatus Calliostoma annulatum Cc. canaliculatum Cc. gloriosum Ce supragranosum? Ceratostoma nuttalli Collisella cf. conus C. digitalis c. cf. limatula (G5 pelta? C. scabra Go Bao fink C. sp. #2 (ridges) Cc. sp. #3 C. cf. strigatella Conus californicus Coryphella trilineata Crepidula Cf- aculeata Crepipatella lingulata Cypraea spadicea Diaulula sandiegensis Diodora aspera Doriopsilla albopunctata (=Dendrodoris fulva) Fissurella volcano Flabellinopsis iodinea Haliotis corrugata2 H. cracherodii2 He fulgens? H. rufescens Hermissenda crassicornis Hypselodoris californiensis? Jaton festivus Kelletia kelletii Laila cockerelli? Littorina planaxis2 L. scutulata? L. sp. Lottia gigantea Maxwellia gemma Megathura crenulata Mitrella carinata Mitra idae Nassarius mendicus Navanax inermjs Neosimnia sp. Norrisia norrisii? Ocenebra foveolata See footnotes at end of table. (Continued) Common name Mask limpet Amphissa Nudibranch Nudibranch Sea hare Sea hare Light yellow sea slug Pansy sea slug Wavy turban snail Nudibranch Chiton Purple-ringed top shell Channeled top shell Glorious top-shell Granulose top-shell Nuttall's hornmouth Limpet Fingered limpet File limpet Shield limpet Rough limpet Limpet Limpet Limpet Limpet California cone Nudibranch Spiny slipper shell Half-slipper shell Chestnut cowry Circle-spotted sea slug Rough keyhole limpet Yellow sea slug Volcano limpet Purple sea slug Pink abalone Black abalone Green abalone Red abalone Yellow-green sea slug Blue-orange sea slug Festive murex Kellet's whelk Orange-white sea slug Eroded periwinkle Checkered periwinkle Periwinkle Owl limpet Gem murex Giant keyhole limpet Carinate dove shell Ida's mitre Lean nassa Nudibranch Pink louse shell Smooth turban 25 Master species list for Rincon Island.--Continued. Occurrence during present study North DS OS PS PS OP be West South MOS OO OM East Table 1. Master species list for Rincon Island.--Continued. Occurrence during present study Scientific name 1 Common name North West South East CLASS GASTROPODA (Continued) oO. poulsoni? O. cf. barbarensis Poulson's dwarf triton O. sp. x Polycera tricolor Nudibranch x Pteropurpura festiva Festive murex x xX x P. macroptera Murex xX Pterynotus trialatus? Three-winged murex Serpulorbis squamigerus Scaled worm shell x xX xX x Simnia (Neosimnia) vidleri Vidler's simnia x x Tegula aureotincta? Gilded tegula T. brunnea? Brown tegula T. funebralis Black turban snail Triopha maculata Nudibranch Tritonia festiya Nudibranch x Unid. limpet #1 x Unid. limpet #2 2 Unid. blue/white eolid a Unid. navanax-like eolid x Unid. gastropod #1 as Unid. dorid #1 2s Unid. chiton #1 23 Unid. limpet #3 28 Unid. eolid #1 2 Unid. eolid #2 % CLASS PELECYPODA CLAMS AND SCALLOPS Anomia peruviana/ Pearly jingle/ Pododesmus cepio3 Abalone jingle x x x x Bankia setacea Ship worm Chaceia ovoidea? Wart-necked piddock Chama pellucida Agate chama ? x Chlamys latiaurata? Kelp scallop Gari californica? Sunset clam Hiatella arctica Nestling clam x x Hinnites multirugosus Rock scallop Kellia laperousii xX Lima hemphilli? File shell Lithophaga plumula Date mussel Mytilus californianus California mussel xX xX M. edulis Bay mussel x x x Nettastonnella rostrata? Beaked piddock Parapholas sp. Boring clam x x x Pecten diegensis San Diego scallop Penitella penita? Flap-tipped piddock Pseudochama exogyra Reversed chama Semele rupicola? Rock dwelling semele Teredo diegensis? Ship worm Unid. pholads x x Unid. boring clam x CLASS CEPHALOPODA OCTOPUSES AND SQUIDS Octopus bimaculoides Two-spot octopus Octopus. sp. : x x CLASS POLYPLACOPHORA Mopalia muscosa2 Callistochiton crassicostatus See footnotes at end of table. 26 Table 1. Master species list for Rincon Island.--Continued. Occurrence during present study 1 Common name North West South East Scientific name PHYLUM ECTOPROCTA MOSS ANIMALS Antropora tincta x xX x Bugula neritina xX X x x Crisia occidentalis xX Diaperoecia californica x xX xX Filicrisia franciscana X Lagenipora punctulata x X xX x Hippothoa hyalina Membranipo.a membranacea M. savarti? M. tuberculata X Phidolopora pacifica xX xX x X Rhyncozoon rostratum x ».4 x xX Scrupocellaria diegensis xX X x x Smittina sp.2 Thalamorporella californica? Unid. encrusting ectoprocts x x x xX Unid. ectoproct #1 x x Unid. yellow ectoproct X xX PHYLUM ECHINODERMATA SEASTARS, URCHINS, BRITTLE STARS, CUCUMBERS CLASS ASTEROIDEA SEASTARS Astropecten armatus Sand starfish Patiria miniata Bat star x xX x x Pisaster brevispinus Pink seastar saw 32 x S Bs) SCALE 0 10 20 ee METERS 1= TALUS PRESENT BUT ONLY A THIN OVER— DEPTHS SCALED TO MLLW BURDEN ON ROCK Figure 8. East-side talus bed and armor rock measurements, 15 October 1976. 33 + -@-© OUTLINE OF TALUS BED —-— TRANSECT LINES(DEPTH IN METERS BELOW MLLW) FIMAL ASSOCIATIONS BASED OM STATISTICAL COMPARISONS: - BARNACLE/LIMPET - MYTILUS/POLLICIPES . ANTHOPLEURA SPP » MACROPHYTIC ALGAE ~ LITHOTHAMNIUM/VELEROA « VELEROA/LAGENIPORA/LOPHOGORGIA/MURICEA . RIODYMENTA/VELEROA. LITHOTHAMN] UM/TETRACLITA DIOPATRA/CERIANTHID ANEMONES H=ammonw> O10 20-30 40 __SOFEET C) 5 10 15 20 METERS — (FOR ACTUAL DISTANCES DOWN NORTH AND WEST SIDES, DIVIDE BY 0.893 AND 0.925, RESPECTIVELY) Figure 9. Major species associations, northwest quadrant. 34 (SCR ACTUAL DISTANCES DOWN WEST AND SOUTH SIDES, DIVIDE BY 0,925 AND 0.892, RESPECTIVELY) <3 x E Sn ~ 9-), ~> TT . % ® : ‘ My go bd AS id i x ~ s ‘ get g Nowe PSP SS SSSS t + ¢ t + — ¢ “ a + ce fe : = Se einer O-s N17 at 11.9 EGE Ppa — 10.4 pa = ae Ze : = 5 . a 81S mr i F C = E 4p 6.8 ~ \ e+e OuTLINe oF TALUS AcD | \\ HE vocari0y oF prrsnwent gaanscers sete —-—— TRANSECT LINFSIOEPTH IN METERS BELOW MLLW) / FIMAL ASSOCIATIONS BASED OM STATISTICAL COMPABIGOMS: BARNACLE/LIMPET MYTILUS/POLLICIPES ANTIIOPLEURA SPP. MACROPHYTIC ALGAE ~ LITHOTHAMNIUM/VELEROA VELEROA/LAGENIPORA/LOPHOGORGIA/MURICEA - RIODYM! VELEROA LITHOTHAMNJ UM/TETRACLITA + DIOPATRA/CERIANTHID ANEMONES Hzanmong» © SAMPLE SIZE INADEQUATE FOR STATISTICAL COMPARISON E \ . —— 0 19 20 30 _40__SOFEET : ——= = S — Nh a \ \ 0 5 lo 15 20 METERS Figure 10. Major species associations, southwest quadrant. 55 TRANSECTS ——-—- TRANSECT LINES(DEPTH IN METERS BELOW MLLW) FINAL ASSOCIATIONS BASED ON STATISTICAL COMPARISONS; A. BARNACLE/LIMPET B. MYTILUS/POLLICIPES - LITHOTHAMNIUM/TETRACLITA + DIOPATRA/CERIANTHID ANEMON O10 2030 -40__SOFEET 10 15 20 METERS (FOR ACTUAL DISTANCES DOWN SOUTH AND EAST SIDES, DIVIDE BY 0.892 AND 0.877, RESPECTIVELY) Figure 11. Major species associations, southeast quadrant. 36 P TALUS BEC TON OF PERMANENT TRANSECTS — TRANSECT LINES(DEPTH IN METERS BELOW MLLW) FIMAL ASSOCIATIONS BASED OM STATISTICAL COMPARISONS: A. BARNACLE/LIMPET B, MYTILUS/POLLICIPES ANTHOPLEURA SPP. IC ALGAE NIUM/VELEROA ENIPORA/LOPHOGORGIA/MURICEA D E = c 4 I * SAMPLE SIZE INADEQUATE FOR STATISTICAL COMPARISON 50 FEET I Figure 12. Major species associations, northeast quadrant. Sil North side: 49 cubic meters East side: No significant accumulation. Moreuls 1,597 cubic meters These figures apply only to the talus beds shown in Figures 9 to 12. The talus beds extended around the southwest and northwest wings of the island and contained a large volume of shell debris. At the west edge of each of these wings, talus beds were of dimensions similar to those lying along the west side. The beds diminished markedly on the flanks of the southwest and northwest wings where they adjoin the south and north sides, respectively, of the island. No significant shell talus accumulations were observed around the base of either the northeast or the southeast wing. The west-side talus beds, averaging 16.5 cubic meters per meter of lineal distance along the west revetment, were considerably more voluminous and extensive than the beds on the other sides. This is because the tetrapods on the west side supported a very heavy growth of mussels (Mytilus californianus) in the intertidal zone. Parts of this are sometimes removed by heavy surf, which is most pronounced on the west (seaward) side. Some of the detached mussels gravitate into quarry rock and tetrapod interstices, but many accumulate at the foot of the revetments. West-side talus beds were composed almost entirely of mussel shells, many of which were of unusually large size for this species. Paine (1976) reported a specimen of M. californianus exceeding 26.6 centimeters in length from a subtidal mussel bed on Duncan Rock off Washington. The previous record was 25.1 centimeters, as reported by Chan (1973). A mussel measuring 25 centimeters has been reported at an offshore oil platform in southern California (Southern California Coastal Water Research Project, 1976). Although no measurements were taken on shells in the Rincon Island talus bed, many specimens appar- ently approaching this size were observed. Some shells of Pododesmus cepio were also present in the west-side talus area. The seaward boundary of the west-side talus bed (where it graded into natural sedimentary bottom) was very distinct and lacking in irregularities. The inner margin was somewhat irregular and interspersed with iso- lated rocks. Isolated pockets of talus existed above the upper margin of the main talus bed. In contrast, the east side was nearly devoid of shell talus. Only one pocket'of talus was observed, approximately 4 meters from the south boundary of the side. Small mounds of mussel shells were observed at the bases of causeway pilings. The east side is the most sheltered side, and appears to act as a deposition site for sediment carried to the rear of the island in turbulent eddies (Keith and Skjei, 1974). The middepth and deeper parts of the east-side re- vetments were always overlain by a veneer of fine sediment: the 38 transition from rock revetment to sedimentary bottom is distinct, primarily because of a contrast in slope of the two substrate types. The north- and south-side talus beds are intermediate in size between those of the west and east sides. The upper and lower mar- gins are highly irregular on both the north and south sides. Some "fingers' of talus extend more than 3 meters up the north-side re- vetment, and an isolated shallow pocket of talus exists in a flat area about half way down the side near the location of the permanent transect. The sediment lying near the base of the island on both the north and south sides is inclined, possibly because it overlies a buried part of the talus bed. Many isolated rocks punctuate the natural bottom sediment, particularly along the north side. Shells of the bivalves, Pododesmus cepio (jingles), Hinnites multirugosus (rock scallop), and unidentified species form the bulk of the talus beds on the north and south sides. Some Mytilus talus exists near the west end of the north side which may have been carried around from the west side by currents. Biota frequently encountered in association with the talus beds include the tube worm, Diopatra ornata; the tube anemone, Pachycerianthus sp; the nudibranch, Dendrodoris fulva; the whelk, Kelletia kelletii; the bat star, Patiria miniata; and hermit crabs including Paguristes ulreyi and Isocheles pilosus. Sr Analysis of Seasonal Data from Permanent Transects. An overview of the vertical distribution of tentatively discrimi- nated major species associations, synthesized from data of the first two seasonal permanent transect surveys (summer and fall, 1976) is graphically represented for each side of the island in Figures 13 to 16. Figures 17 to 20 augment information provided in Figures 13 to 16 by illustrating the vertical distributions of selected dominant macrobiota over the permanent transects. A broad vertical pattern for Patiria miniata is apparent on all sides. Also noteworthy is the dominance of the Lithothamnium-Lithophyllum complex over the upper reaches of all but the east side. The east side also appears unique in that distributions of several species are much less restricted vertically than is the case on the other sides (e.g., the red algae, Veleroa subulata-Murrayellopsis dawsonii complex and the abundant ectoproct, Lagenipora punctulata). A total of 250 taxa of macrobiota was identified during the four seasons of the permanent transect sampling program. These taxa are listed in Table 1 together with information on which side of the is- land each occurred. The species occurring in transects on all four sides of the island may be regarded as ubiquitous and generally the dominant macrobiota over the entire island. Many of the species listed in Table 1 undoubtedly occur on more sides of the island than indi- cated. An example is the giant kelp, Macrocystis sp. Kelp is most 39 Waterline (MLLW) Depth MLLW (m) LITHOTHAMNION with Muricea MACROPHYTIC ALGAE ZONE BARNACLE/LIMPET ZONE Transition present 10 | | Distance (meters) @ ©) i) SUBSTATE: SCATTERED ROCKS WITH TALUS ROCKS WITH SOME POCKETS ROCK ROCK OF COBBLES DOMINANT BIOTA: Cerianthid anemones Muricea spp. Gelidium robustum Collisella spp. Astrangia lajollaensis Dodecaceria fewkesi Corallina officinalis Lottia gigantea Lophogorgia chilensis Serpulorbis squamigerus Prionitis lanceolata Pachygrapsus crassipes Phidolopora pacifica Lithothamnion complex Egregia laevigata Balanus glandula Diopatra ornata Veleroa/Murrayellopsis complex Chthamalus fissus Tetraclita squamosa Figure 13. Seasonal overview of distribution of major species associations and substrate character, north-side permanent transect. 40 41.5 Waterline (MLLW) TRANSITION LITHOTHAMNION ZONE TALUS SLOPE ZONE MUSSEL/GOOSENECK BARNACLE ZONE MACROPHYTIC ALGAE ZONE BARNACLE/LIMPET ZONE SUBSTRATE DOMINANT BIOTA SUBSTRATE: DOMINANT BIOTA: TALUS WITH ISOLATED ROCKS Cerianthid anemones Doriopsilla albopunctata Muricea spp. (R)* Diopatra ornata Corynactis californica (R) @ TETRAPODS Egregia laevigata Coralline algae Stenogramme interrupta (R) = Associated only with isolated rocks in this zone Figure 14. Seasonal overview of distribution of major species Distance (meters) @ ROCK Corynactis californica Veleroa/Murrayellopsis complex Lagenipora punctulata Scrupocellaria diegensis Phidclopora pacifica © TETRAPODS Mytilus californianus Pollicipes polymerus TETRAPODS Lithothamnion complex Serpulorbis squamigerus Dodecaceria fewkesi Strongylocentrotus purpuratus © TETRAPODS Balanus glandula Chthamalus fissus Collisella spp. Lottia gigantea associations and substrate character, west-side permanent transect. 4 SUBSTRATE ; DOMINANT BIOTA: SUBSTRATE: DOMINANT BIOTA TRANSITION ZONE LITHOTHAMNION |ZONE MACROPHYTIC ALGAE ZONE BARNACLE/LIMPET ZONE Waterline (MLLW) Depth MLLW TALUS WITH ISOLATED ROCKS Cerianthid anemones Diopatra ornata Astrangia lajollaensis (R)* Lophogorgia chilensis (R) @ ROCK Lithothamnion complex Dodecaceria fewkesi Strongylocentrotus purpuratus (Note: Veleroa very sparse in this zone) (R) = Associated only with isolated rocks in this zone 20 Distancq (meters) @ ROCKS WITH TALUS POCKETS Corynactis californica Lagenipora punctata Scrupocellaria diegensis Phidolopora pacifica © ROCK Gelidium coulteri Corallina officinalis Lithothamnion complex Codium fragile Tetraclita squamosa ROCK Lithothamnion complex Veleroa/Murrayellopsis complex Serpulorbis squamigerus © ROCK Lottia gigantea Collisella spp. Chthamalus fissus Balanus glandula Pachygrapsus crassipes (}) Not a separate zone but shows less Veleroa and greater Lithothamnion coverage than the lower zone 3. Figure 15. Seasonal overview of distribution of major species associations and substrate character, south-side permanent transect. TETRACLITA ZONE | } ZONE | +09 PILING LOPHOGORGIA| TRANSITION ZONE ZONE PILING Depth MLLW (a) ® SUBSTRATE : ROCK WITH SILT DOMINANT BIOTA ; Lophogorgia chilensis Corynactis californica Veleroa/Murrayellopsis complex Scrupocellaria diegensis Serpulorbis squamigerus 10 pDistance| (meters @ ROCK Veleroa/Murrayellopsis complex Dodecaceria fewkesi Lagenipora punctulata Scrupocellaria diegensis (20 | ®@ | ® | @ r at @ ROCK Lithothamnion complex Lagenipora punctulata Veleroa/Murrayellopsis complex (Ny, BARNACLES/LIMPET Waterline (MLLW) @ ROCK Tetraclita squamosa Collisella spp. Lottia gigantea Balanus glandula Chthamalus fissus Figure 16. Seasonal overview of distribution of major species associations and substrate character, east-side permanent transect. 43 tal o 4 a EY % * Q tl un 2) is) o 5 vu 4 Gal za = 4 Dd a Q S % 12] Qy ro) 1) 1 . S C q\ vv 3 E 0 E a oO 0 (<) % 2 ° % “< o a, 4 oq 4 rt) % £0) 13) v = 3 0) vu “4 ion 4 ie) 4 q v oO o v << Oo i) & os wv Ss 4 Y Q n % (3) ~ % 3 al gu is) 5 3 s 0 vu is) Q fs MB Q % ) Q 4 oO % |] a) al Og g 3 al al Q fe) Qy tal a) % U n E Ow [= a) Ny Q C a dD a) | 4 bea o 40 cy oO re (3) % q 4 v Q s Yn Lal % Dw c vu 16) fo) "4 KK vu fe) d ie) v 7s) is} aa BH oO % bal v v o d S % ta] Ss v o is iis) Q is iS) 3 1) % aS) Q A Ss g % Q, Ss Tr) OSs eS ie) oO Q % Q q << 4 =) a) atl Bo te) eS ge 0S) t yal oe ee Slee men Ch al % al 7 4 a Q HAY HN 5 Q Lop) Ay Q = g x 1s) ny 1S) Coan 150/ (%) 8/1 9/1 (%) (%) (%) 73/ 3/1 100/ 7/1 4/1 (%) (%) (%) 60/ (m2) 10 100/ 100/ 90/ 26/ 1 1 10/ 10/ 20/ 1 : 20 i eas yp eben (1) Values below each column indicate maximum (upper value) and minimum (lower value) densities encountered in 1-square meter quadrats over those depths where each species occurred. Values below the (%) signs represent percent coverage for encrusting forms. The remaining values represent numerical densities. Figure 17. Vertical distribution for dominant biota, north side. 44 (il % % * | 4 73) ~ a ery ‘a 3 0 v 3 A s Oy as] y # S ~ % ~ % ‘4 7) s mi i} 3 7) “41 ar) is uy ci Se pea 8 ‘A S (ty ise % Yu q % 0 4 Os] a £ 3 Cl tl “4 a5 c “OO SM 4 re) ~ 4 D fal a oO E Quy fag Mm waa HY ee) 4 ce gi g sits} Cy Oy ye) OS Qs 9 % 4 U4 o 4 YW Tw SK aX ADT ON © OM VWH DW GH An BV H 970 04 a 3 30 On HO OO WH DH AH AH DH HE BOND O b nO c gl Sai AGS OA re) ied) ORG Ky eis Maly Wat SCS) fet) O-n R60 4 G ed PA SO oO a WX cd Rus RS VG HH GO US & ao 3b ol 4 tn 4 2 Is ae AN O> @ Gs TMH HN DE SH 0 NHS HY fo) Gg De Sax A ao OW ge Ss OS SH AN OG R38 O03 vA 54 Ov .S) gm =u PA HO SO OO H & HH PH Ah VO 2&2 AG QA FH HV 60 se) ze) Q H 50 + eit a | 40 d---- 30 20 — q A al 3 w ie) 5 8 4 3 is) Q % q oS ee Sah re MG MSO oe See, eb Mu gchas oO hy © 5 5 Ga) E wy 7) > Q q 6 in) v “ 5 ag 3 8) 0 sf q g 3s On q tr) "i fs a, S % O wx OO fey a H OO is) v 5 4 xy rm) 4 % 4 % OO ra ste S Seas 6 us} tal 9 By q is} is} a is} 3 S % x O S a ba) 4 % S Q Ww ia oO oa Q a) q BD 4 E is] 4 yy rt) ee) UO 5 re 4 co v ie) Yo © Q is) fy) e) “A . . % 2 o 3° i) 8 Lo) Ba) Gey a ee S & § SF & & & So § 4 = Qa aD 40 1 1 a hh op 1 30 @ hes cod} gs | - 4 --| st @id) , 30/ 110/ (%) (%) (%) (%) 29/7 6/1 10/ (%) (%) (%) 48/7 (%) (8) 50/ (8) oe IM BY AS) BO? Gor Heap “a 1 30/2 90/457) al (50/1257, Il 140/, Loris eae ee te see eka 1 (1) Values below each column indicate maximum (upper value) and minimum (lower value) densities encountered in 1-square meter quadrats over those depths where each species occurred. Values below the (%) signs represent percent coverage for encrusting forms. The remaining values represent numerical densities. Figure 19. Vertical distribution for dominant biota, south side. 46 Serpulorbis squamigerus Corynactis californica Lithothamnion complex Lagenipora punctata Patiria miniata Parastichopus sp. Dodecaceria fewkesi Strongylocentrotus purpuratus Phidalopora pacifica Velorea subulata Lophogorgia chilensis complex Scrupocellaria diegensis nw ov a 12} oO i= My oO a Limpets 40 30 10 CER. - 5s 2 ee ae fee = 1 @Oiax/min (s) 35/ (8) (%) go/ 9/1 6/1 (%) 26/ (%) (%) (8) 5/1 (8) (m2) 100/ 6 25/ 85/ 1 50/ 1 10/ 30/ 95/ 80/ 7 1 al (1) Values below each column indicate maximum (upper value) and minimum (lower value) densities encountered in 1-square meter quadrats over those depths where each species occurred. Values below the (%) signs represent percent coverage for encrusting forms. The remaining values represent numerical densities. Figure 20. Vertical distribution for dominant biota, east side. 47 abundant on the south end of the west side of the island, but sparse in the central part, which is where the transect was located. This small kelp bed on the southwest wing of the island varied considerably in size during the course of the study. Heavy wave action and grazing by sea urchins may have offset normal seasonal growth. Also, many species, in addition to those listed in Table 1, have distributions that did not coincide with the permanent transects. Some of these were collected during quantitative characterization of major species associations using randomly placed quadrats. Others were found dur- ing reconnaissance dives. The analysis of the permanent transect data for significant sea- sonal differences in species densities is summarized in Appendix B, Table B-1. Table 2 provides a summary of the permanent seasonal tran- sect data. The table shows that a total of 37 of the 52 taxa (71 percent) examined exhibited significant variability in mean abundance in the transects, apparently due in most cases to seasonal changes in population densities. Twenty of these taxa were absent from the transects during one or more seasons. Seventeen taxa showed signifi- cant seasonal differences despite being present in the transects during all four seasons. Table 2 also indicates the side of the island and season of maximum abundance in the transects for each species. Among echinoderms, the urchins (Strongylocentrotus franciscanus and S. purpuratus) and cucumbers (Parastichopus spp.) showed apparent seasonal differences, while none of the four starfish species examined were Significantly variable. The results for motile species such as these must be interpreted with caution: seasonal differences may re- flect changes in distribution rather than actual variations in abun- dance. All three ectoproct (moss animal) species examined, which collectively account for the bulk of ectoproct biomass on the island, showed seasonal variability. Gorgonians of genus Muricea varied sea- sonally; Lophogorgia chilensis did not. Among other coelenterates, significant differences were shown by the anemone, Corynactis californica, and the coral, Paracyathus stearnsii, but not by Anthopleura sp. or Astrangia lajollaensis. The two sponges examined showed seasonal differences. Most of the red algae species (Codes 22 to 45 in Table 2, and Table B-1) were seasonally variable, as was expected. The only exceptions were Laurencia pacifica, Prionitis lanceolata, and Rhodoglossum affine. Most red algae showed peak den- sities in spring and summer, as was the case with the green algae (Codes 1 to 6 in Table 2, and Table B-1) and generally with the browns (Codes 11 to 20). Conversely, the widely distributed blue- green alga, Phormidium sp., was most abundant during the winter. 48 Table 2. Species Common Name Enteromorpha sp. Ulva sp. Codium fragile Cystoseira osmundacea Egregia menziesii Unid. juv. laminariales Dictyota flabellata Bossiella orbigniana Corallina officinalis Gelidium coulteri G. robustum Gigartina canaliculata G. exasperata Laurencia pacifica Lithothamnion- ; Lithophyllum complex Peyssonellia sp. Prionitis lanceolata Rhodoglossum affine Rhodymenia sp. R. californica Stenogramme sp. S. interrupta cf. Phormidium sp. Cliona sp. Hymenamphiastra cyanocrypta Anthopleura sp. Astrangia lajollaensis Corynactis californica Lophogorgia chilensis Muricea spp. Paracyathus stearnsii Anomia peruviana Pododesmus cepio Doriopsilla albopunctata Kelletia kelletii Lottia gigantea Megathura crenulata Mytilus californianus M. edulis Serpulorbis squamigerus Diopatra ornata Dodecaceria fewkesi Eudistylia sp. Lagenipora punctulata Phidalopora pacifica Scrupocellaria diegensis Parastichopus spp. Patiria miniata Pisaster brevispinus P. giganteus P. ochraceus Strongylocentrotus franciscanus S. purpuratus : Sea lettuce Deadman's fingers Boring sponge Blue leaf sponge Anemone Colonial coral Colonial red anemone Pink gorgonian Gorgonians Solitary coral Jingles Yellow sea slug Kellet's whelk Owl limpet Giant keyhole limpet California mussel Bay mussel Scaled worm shell Worm Worm Feather-duster worm Moss animal Lace moss animal Moss animal Sea cucumber Bat star Pink seastar Giant seastar Ochre seastar Red urchin Purple urchin 1 Species code referenced in Appendix B, Table B-1. *(s) 'S) NS Significant, based on absence during one or more seasons Significant, despite presence during all seasons Not significant at the 95 percent confidence level 49 Seasonal transect data summary. Seasonal Variability’ (S) NS (S) (S) NS (S) (S) (Ss) Ss (S) (S) (S) (S) NS High Densit Side East East South North West East West West South South North East West West South South North North East North North East East West East South East West East North East East West West South West North North North South North North East East East East North North West East North West Season Summer Summer Summer Spring Summer Fall Spring Spring Summer Fall Spring Winter Summer Winter Spring Winter Spring Summer Spring Winter Summer Summer Winter Winter Summer Spring Spring Spring Spring Winter Winter Spring Summer Spring Summer Summer Spring Winter Fall Fall Summer Winter Fall Summer Fall Spring Winter Summer Winter Winter Spring Fall 4. Distribution of Major Species Associations. Dendograms resulting from the computer analysis are presented in Appendix C. The species groups identified by the computer generally agreed with the field observations. Clusters are particularly distinct for intertidal associations, as might be expected. On the basis of this exercise and first-hand field observations, the following 13 species associations (not including the shell talus beds) were tenta- tively identified and designated with generic names of conspicuously dominant species: Diopatra/cerianthid anemones Astrangia/gorgonians Lagenipora/Scrupocellaria Lithothamnium complex/Serpulorbis/Veleroa Macrophytic algae Mytilus/Pollicipes Barnacles/limpets Corynactis/Astrangia Lithothamnium complex/Serpulorbis/Dodecaceria/Veleroa Astrangia/Corynactis/Lophogorgia Tetraclita/Lithothamnium complex Lithothamnium/Lagenipora/Veleroa Lophogorgia/Corynactis/Veleroa lo Oe 2 oe © a’) The results of the fieldwork which entailed charting of the bound- aries of these preliminary or tentatively identified associations rela- tive to permanent features on the island are shown in Appendix C (Figs. C-3 to C-6). The scale on each of these charts may be used to determine plan view distances and actual (i.e., measured down the slope of each side) distances of all association boundaries from permanent features on the island. Permanent features include: navigational warning devices, surveyor triangulation points, and corners of concrete planter boxes used for landscaping the island. Over most transects, boundaries between associations were distinct. Certain areas which appeared to have characteristics in common with adjacent associations are labeled "transition" zones in the charts. The intertidal associations 5, 6, 7, and 11 were particularly dis- tinct. They contained species not found in other associations, their boundaries were sharply defined, and they were generally much nar- rower than the remaining (subtidal) associations. Associations 4 and 9, characterized by heavy coverages of Lithothamnium complex, accounted for the largest subtidal area of the island. The east (protected) side differs in the general pattern of as- sociations from the other three (more exposed) sides. Over most of the east side, sea cucumbers (Parastichopus), gorgonians (Muricea, Lophogorgia), stony corals (Astrangia, Paracyathus), and ectoprocts (Lagenipora, Scrupocellaria) occurred in abundance. These groups were 50 generally restricted to the deeper waters on the other three sides. On the east side, a layer of silt varying in thickness from a few milli- meters to over a centimeter covered most rock surfaces up to the lower intertidal. This silt precludes growth of some encrusting organisms (especially Lithothamnium complex), while others (e.g., Veleroa com- plex) seem tolerant of it. Se Quantitative Characteristics of Major Species Associations. The following average biomass values were developed for common attached biota not amenable to routine quantitative removal from the substrate: Dodecaceria fewkesi (animals only, no tubes): 465 grams per 0.25 square meter Lithothamnium complex: 783 grams per 0.25 square meter Serpulorbis squamigerus (animals only, no shells): 1.9 grams per individual Veleroa complex: 242 grams per 0.25 square meter Corynactis californica: 190 grams per 0.25 square meter When the 250 quantitative quadrats were grouped according to the preliminary association in which the quadrat was placed and the side of the island sampled, 26 groups or "subareas'' resulted (see App. D, Table D-1). The designation of each of the 26 subareas in Table D-1 corresponds to the numerical association designations in Figures C-3 to C-6. For example, the data in Table D-1 for south-side association 5, refer to the macrophytic algae association on the south side only. Data for this association in other areas of the island are found under correspondingly different designations. For all species encountered in each of the 26 subareas, the fol- lowing summary statistics are tabulated in Tables Dl and D-2: fre- quency of occurrence (ratio of occupied quadrats to total number of quadrats examined in the subarea; mean abundance per quadrat (numer- ical or percent coverage); 95-percent confidence limits for mean abundance; and average weight per individual (or per 100-square centimeter coverage for species with densities estimated as percent coverage). Multiplication of the value for mean density by the aver- age weight value yields an estimate of biomass for any species in any of the 26 groupings. Reliability of this estimate will be best for common species whose densities are relatively uniform from one quadrat to the next, as indicated by relatively narrow confidence limits for the mean. Table D-3 contains information on areas covered by each of the 26 subareas which were subjected to statistical analysis. The resulting biomass data are useful in characterizing and com- paring the major species associations of Rincon Island. However, the S| data are of limited use beyond this for species whose weight is largely composed of nonliving material (e.g., clams, stony ectoprocts). Species associations as determined by statistical differences within and between the 13 preliminary associations on each side of the island are shown in Figures 9 to 12. These associations may be compared with the preliminary species associations of Figures C-3 to C-6. Based upon statistical analysis, 4 of the 13 preliminary associ- ations were combined with other associations, resulting in a total of 9 distinctly different major species associations. Areas covered by each of these final associations are given in Table D-3. The quantitative characteristics of these major species associ- ations are discussed below. a. Barnacle-Limpet Association. This uppermost association (association A in Figs. 9 to 12) was relatively uniform in composi- tion on all sides of the island. Dominant biota include acorn barna- cles (Chthamalus fissus, Balanus glandula, and Tetraclita squamosa, in descending order of abundance) and limpets (Collisella digitalis, C. scabra, and Lottia gigantea). The thatched barnacle, Tetraclita squamosa, was the species with the highest biomass in the aggregate samples. The only algae occur- ring in the samples from this zone were small amounts of Enteromorpha sp. and patches of Ralfsia sp. b. Mytilus/Pollicipes Association. This association (associ- ation B in Figs. 9 to 12) is largely confined to a narrow band (about 2 meters wide) on the west side of the island. A small area of this association also exists on the southwest wing, but it was not sam- pled. The association is dominated in biomass by the California mussel (Mytilus californianus), which has an average biomass of 16.9 kilograms per square meter, and gooseneck barnacles (Pollicipes polymerus) which average 1.0 kilograms per square meter. A few limpets, striped shore crabs (Pachygrapsus crassipes), and acorn barnacles (Balanus spp.) are also found here. Small bay mussels (Mytilus edulis) were common below the surface layer of larger California mussels. Both species also occur in small numbers on the north and south sides, but only M. edulis was found on the east (most sheltered) side. Algae occurring in this association include Bossiella orbigniana and Lithothamnium complex. The Mytilus- Pollicipes association is higher in biomass per unit area than any other association on the island. — c. Anthopleura spp. Association. This association (associ- ation C in Figs. 9 to 12) is composed almost entirely of green anemones of the genus Anthopleura. Although Anthopleura spp. occur in large numbers in the macrophytic algae zone, their occurrence in 52 large patches which could reasonably be labeled as a distinct associ- ation was limited to a few areas on the southeast and northeast "wings'' of the island. , d. Macrophytic Algae Association. The macrophytic algae association (association D in Figs. 9 to 12), extends around the island in a continuous band except on the east side under the wharf, where light is presumably the limiting factor. Its composition is variable from side to side. Statistical comparisons between associ- ation D in various parts of the island and association E on the north side (the type Lithothamnium association) generally showed no signifi- cant differences for the three taxa selected as characteristic domi- nants for association E (Lithothamnium complex, Veleroa complex, and Dodecaceria fewkesi). The only exceptions were the south side, which had significantly less Veleroa and Dodecaceria than association E, and the southeast wing, which had significantly less Veleroa. Thus, it appears reasonable to consider association D as an extension of association E, overgrown by macrophytes to depths where physical conditions (including illumination) are favorable. Lithothamnium dominates algal biomass on all sides of the island. The macrophytic algae zone on the south side is unusual in that Lithothamnium complex there is composed of much thicker and irregular patches than elsewhere on the island. The south side also supports the densest growths of a coralline alga (Corallina officinalis) and a green alga (Codium fragile). Other common species on the south side include feather boa kelp (Egregia menziesii), Gelidium robustum, and Gigartina canaliculata. The north side also supports substantial beds of Egregia. Other north-side macrophytic dominants include Prionitis lanceolata and Gelidium robustum. Cystoseira osmundacea and coralline algae are abundant in some areas of the north side. Quantitative data for the west side are of limited value in character- izing the macrophytic algae because none occurred in any of the ran- dom west-side quadrats. Qualitative observations and results of the seasonal surveys suggest that this zone is dominated by Egregia, Cystoseira, coralline algae, and Gigartina canaliculata. A bed of giant kelp (Macrocystis sp.) is located at the south end of the west Side of the island. Judging from earlier air photos, however, the present kelp bed is small compared to the extensive beds that have existed in the past. Large numbers of sea urchins now exist on the island and may account for this phenomenon. It is possible that kelp and urchins alternate in cycles of abundance on the island. The in- verse relationship between urchin and algae abundance has been dis- cussed, for example, by North (1962). e. Lithothamnium-Veleroa Association. The Lithothamnium association (association E in Figs. 9 to 12) is characterized by high concentrations of Lithothamnium complex, 53 Veleroa complex, and Dodecaceria fewkesi. Macrophytic algae and deeper dominants such as Corynactis, Astrangia, gorgonians, and ectoprocts are scarce. An exception to this generalization is found on the north side, where a dense band of gorgonians (Muricea fruticosa and M. californica) exists (see Figs. 9 to 12). Dense growths of ectoprocts (mostly Lagenipora punctulata, Scrupocellaria diegensis, and Phidolopora pacifica) and Serpulorbis squamigerus are found at the bases of the gorgonians, apparently taking advantage of sheltered habitat conditions. A quadrat from the northeast wing Lithothamnium-Veleroa association (outside the dense Muricea band) produced the highest number of species (37) of all 250 quadrats analyzed. Bat stars (Patiria miniata) and urchins are abundant over the Lithothamnium-Veleroa association on all sides. The giant key- hole limpet (Megathura crenulata) is frequently encountered here, as are sea cucumbers (Parastichopus californicus and P. parvimensis). This association accounts for more subtidal areal coverage than all other associations combined and it is highly uniform in species composition around the island. Despite relatively intensive sampling, no statistically significant differences in biomass of the character- istic dominants (Lithothamnium, Veleroa, and Dodecaceria) were found between this association on the ncrth side and similar associations elsewhere on the island (associations 4, 9, and 12 in Figs. C-3 to C-6 were found not significantly different from the north-side Lithothamnium-Veleroa association). Bo Veleroa-Lagenipora-Lophogorgia-Muricea Association. In deeper areas of the Lithothamnium zone around the island, the upper parts of the rocks support species representative of that association, while ectoprocts abound on the side and undersurfaces. Deeper yet, the dominant taxa are distinctly different from those characteristic of the Lithothamnium association. Taxa commonly oc- curring in this area include Veleroa complex, solitary and colonial corals Paracyathus stearnsii, Balanophyllia elegans, and Astrangia lajollaensis), gorgonians Muricea spp. Lophogorgia chilensis), colonial anemones (Corynactis californica), ectoprocts (Scrupocellaria diegensis, Lagenipora punctulata, and Phidolovora pacifica) and the scaled worm shell gastropod, Serpulorbis Ssquamigerus. During the phase of work involving charting of the major species associations, five associations were provisionally discrimi- nated (2, 3, 8, 10, and 13 in Figs. C-3 to C-6) in this deeper area. Although this group of associations is distinctly different from the Lithothamnium association, there was no statistical reason on the basis of the data and observations to separate any of the five pre- liminary associations from one another. Accordingly, these deep as- sociations are combined under the letter designation F in Figs. 9 to 12. A large "transition zone'' on the west side was not significantly different from the Lithothamnium association; however, two smaller transition areas, one on the northwest wing and one on the southeast wing, were significantly different. 54 g. Rhodymenia-Veleroa Association. On the east side, an association exists which is signifi- cantly depauperate in Lithothamnium complex and significantly en- riched (relative to adjacent Lithothamnium associations) in the red alga, Rhodymenia sp. This is the Rhodymenia-Veleroa association, labeled G in Figs. 9 to 12. High densities of Veleroa complex, ectoprocts, colonial anemones, corals, Serpulorbis squamigerus, and the densest growths of Dodecaceria fewkesi on the island are found here. Nudibranches, especially Flabellinopsis iodinea, are also common in this zone. The more fragile branching ectoprocts which occur in deeper water on all four sides of the island exist at shallow depths only on the east side, apparently because wave forces are much reduced relative to the other three more exposed sides. le Lithothamnium-Tetraclita Association. Above the Rhodymenia-Veleroa association (association G) on the east side, an association composed almost entirely of Lithotham- nium complex and the large thatched barnacle, Tetraclita squamosa occurs over extensive shallow subtidal and intertidal areas (associ- ation H in Figs. 9 to 12). Although the two species are found in association in other parts of the island's intertidal and shallow sub- tidal areas, these occurrences are very limited in extent. Th. Diopatra-Cerianthid Anemones Association. Small pockets of shell talus, usually partially covered with silt, are commonly found in the deeper areas of association F. These areas are designated as association I in Figures 9 to 12, and they extend over the talus beds to the natural bottom. The tube worm, Diopatra ornata; tube anemones, Pachycerianthus spp.; bat stars, Patiria miniata, and nudibranches (Dendrodoris fulva) are very common in these associations. 6. Gill Net Survey Results. Results of the gill net survey are summarized in Table 3. The nets yielded a total of 270 fishes of 23 species. Five taxa ac- counted for 61 percent of individuals captured. In decreasing order, they were: olive rockfish, Sebastes serranoides; midshipman, Porichthys spp.; walleye surfperch, Hyperprosopon argenteum; swell shark, Cephaloscyllium ventriosum; and white seaperch, Phanerodon furcatus. Four of these species (all except C. ventriosum) were captured on all four sides of the island. The highest number of individuals and species was captured on the east (most protected) side of the island. Average catch rates were highest during the day on the west side, lowest on the east side. However, for the gill net sets overlapping day and night periods, this pattern was reversed. The south and east sides had the greatest number (15) of species in common; the north and west sides were least similar in this respect. 35 SE wee Chas [La4 ove sO LT ST i ag eT T 89 v9 v ek OL z Des yes -* rad T yozsdgans ska TTeM 3 Serge Pee i yorzadgans dttrzeqqny s SEL S + * yozed atta z SZ-£T 6T Zz 8 81-21 ert 8 eee ete b €2-ST 6T € rd T L b2-2T Oe — & 6T-9T S°*LT z REPOS 2 EIU c 9T-9 It z WER EE Bia et T pe T p £p-6£ sob ob eketedo T G@ 4 € S*02-S"8T EGE € UST TUONO ZayeOID 93TUM t G:bz Zayeois yoeTE £ tE-9T OZ € sseq dtex T Le T (a T2-T s°LT c OZ STE) T 54 poobutT ystyyoor dtax T T ystzyx001 drow T Te 1 ystzyx901 drow T 8T 8T T T Ge ir ystgxo0x umozg (x4 [REPL 6°02 92 8T 8T T 6 TE-LT £9? 6 YSTFAIOT PATTO yst3yxo0r anta € (Eee ye S°eT € ystzx901 taddop 9 0z-8T z6T «9 €z Te-st Be Ge uewdtysptW T £6 T T 88 T yustz6op Autds 6 se-8s £769 6 6 ZL-€S 9°79 «66 HAPS TTaMS TesoL (uid ) (uid) “ON (cs) (uid) “ON TPROL (us ) (ud) “ON (wid) (wis) “ON GWYN NOWWOD abuey yzbuey abuey ya buat abuey y3buet obuey ybueT yzbuet uray uqbuet uray yqbuet ureyW yzbuet ueeW SaH TZ SaH Pp SAH €c Sau p :peysta Sanoy T4stN-Aeq Kea TUB iy -Aeq Rea POUuTL yynos U3I0N ?opts *pueTS] uooduty ye anoy rod yoqeo you [TID “g 9TgeL (setoeds T[Te) INOH/Yyo3eD sbersay "ddS TwLOL “SON IVLOL unazuebre uodosoidiedAy $830X02 snTTyD0DeYyYy B22PA sNTTYDODe4Yy snzeoinz uoporaueyd Tuosyoel eooj0TqQuiZ SSHOdadTaNS stuutdtjound stuo1y> supotizbtu eTTairy SHLIWSNOWIG/SAATIVdO sn3zrjod snydtias SN}PSUTT snueuohua9 unuinjzes eulazrZOT Tayo Saawouo snzeryzelO xeIqeleieg sassvavgas snjeiowzew shyzyotused102¢$ SNIdInoS sn3e6u0Te uoporydo SONTINSSYD. cH ds -s T# ‘ds -s SUBITAOIRE “Ss snze—norine -s saproueiias “Ss snuTzshu -s snurained - 39 sazseqes SAHSTINO0N *dds sAyzyorrog SAHSTAGYOL seryquese sntenbs unsorijuaa wntTTAosoTeydad SYUWHS sarogds 56 s*z €°% se Bz ze 4 et Tt Ss oz 0z (Yard €s 6£ oT LL 9L £2 z LT-9T = “9T z Lt CT=O) eiiavu LT yoradgins adaT Tem ot £ Te TE T Sc-T% ta z p 67-S°EZ T°9z e yoaadgans dttrzeqqny b T Tz T z pZ-LT = S"0z z yorzed attd 8T € TZ-€T 91 € Ss S°8T-IT L*bT Ss yorsadeas 9374 LT € TZ-0Z S02 z 18 Tl ie € 61-ST LT € yozed yorta cat 8 O%-bT 8 z Ele Phe z yu; twsxoeTa he € LE-=TE “PE € z QE-PE SE z akatedo 8 T LT T £ G6T-S°LT SBT € ystyusand £ € S*81-S°ST LT £ AOXPOLD 93TUM 6 8 Wee p°6c 8 Zayeois yoeTa s z €p-1b zp z sseq dtox v T Te ur uozeqeo z T Lb T poobutT T Tt oz I yustjyxo0a dtay T ystyx901 drayx 4 I €2 T ystgyxo01 dtax b z S*SZ-6T €°2z z YSTJx901 umoig “s 9 bZ-8T 8°02 Ss zz T ST S*€%-S*OT 6°6T oT 8T 8T T YSTJA201 BATTO 9 b QT-bT ST z 6T-ST LT z z S*LT-9T S“9T z Ystjyxo0r anta ¥ T Sr v ystzx901 zaddo5 bb It T2-LT 8°8T TT 9z-8T Bez v uewdtyusptW (4 yst3bop Autds <4 b 8s-—S 8°ss p 4zeYS TTOMS ‘ S3GIS uNoF TPIOL (us) (us) ON (ud) (wd) ON TROL (up) (5) “ON (ws) “ON SWWN NOWWOO IWLOL GNWud abury y3buet abuey y3buet ebuey yz buey yzbuet y3buey ueoW uqbuet uray uy buet uealy upapy ?peysta SanoH aq SaH_LT SH p SAH SEZ SaH b TystN- al Hemilamprops californica al iL 2 3 Lamprops cf. carinata 2 1 OSTRACODA Asteropella sp. 1 ISOPODA Serolis carinata iL ECHINODERMATA OPHIUROIDEA Amphiodia digitata 1 1 A. sp. (juv.) 2 Amphipholis squamata Amphiodia occidentalis 4 HOLOTHUROIDEA Unid. holothurian Jk CHORDATA CEPHALOCHORDATA Branchiostoma californiense 1 5 Total species 20 17 25 7 23 14 Total individuals 38 30 35 16 35 20 Simpson's index of diversity4 0.94 0.92 0.95 0.79 0.94 0.91 Wet weight (gm) Polychaetes 0.42 0.19 0.19 0.01 0.22 0.18 Total 0.44 0.72 1.20 0.02 0.86 0.22 A part of this sample was lost A hard bottom-type species. Undescribed species De= lee 2D (p,)? 1 2 3 4 6| VI. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS Rincon Island's rock revetments offer a diversity of habitat features for a great variety of marine species which do not occur in adjacent natural bottom areas. This study added 160 taxa of macro- biota to the master species list for the island, bringing the total to 458. Extensive beds of mollusk shells lie at the bases of the three sides of the island most exposed to wave action. The bed on the west (seaward-facing) side is the most extensive; it is composed primarily of shells of the California mussel, Mytilus californianus. The volume of shell on the north and south sides combined are an order of magnitude less than on the west-side bed. Species other than mussels characterize these beds. Shell accumulations are lacking along the flanks of the east (landward) side. Densities of 53 common taxa occurring in permanent transects on each of the four sides of the island were analyzed for seasonal variability. About three-fourths of these showed statistically Significant variation. This was the case for most of the algae tested and generally for ectoprocts, sea urchins, and certain worms, coelenterates, and sponges. Thirteen major species associations were provisionally iden- tified on the basis of dominant biotic components. Detailed charts of the boundaries of these associations, referenced to permanent features on the island, were prepared from field measurements of depths and distances. Sharpness of the boundaries generally de- creases with depth. In general, the associations are continuous horizontally around the island and grade into one another vertically. Statistical analysis of species abundance and biomass data from each of the 13 preliminary major species associations provided a basis for final characterization of associations. Five of the pre- liminary 13 associations could not be differentiated statistically. Combination of these and addition of one association resulted in a total of nine distinctly different major species associations. An association dominated by acorn barnacle and limpet biomass encircles the island in the uppermost part of the intertidal. Below this on the west side lies a mussel-gooseneck barnacle association, which ex- ceeds all other associations in biomass per unit area. Small pockets of an intertidal anemone association are found on the southeast wing. Starting at about the MLLW line and extending a few meters down the revetments, a macrophytic algae association is found on all but the east sides. Below this is a broad zone characterized by encrusting and filamentous algae and a species of polychaete worm. The deeper parts of the revetments are characterized by an association dominated by ectoprocts, colonial anemones, corals, and gorgonians. Talus beds 62 with high densities of tube worms and tube anemones separate the deep associations from natural bottom on all sides except the east side. Two associations are unique to the east side. The shallower of the two is composed almost entirely of large barnacles and encrusting algae. The deeper association has high densities of certain species of red algae. Twenty-three species of fishes were captured in gill nets placed on all four sides of the island. Rockfish, surfperch, toadfish, and swell sharks dominated the catch. Nets on the west (most exposed) side yielded the highest catch (numbers and species) during day- time sets. The east-side nets had the highest catches in the com- bined day-night sets. The biota along a transect over natural bottom from near the island to shore were considerably lower in abundance or density and in number of species relative to biota at corresponding depths on the island's revetments. This was especially the case for sedimentary bottom in deeper water where the island is situated. Samples of natural sediments were dominated by polychaete worms (35 percent of biomass and 50 percent of species), small crustaceans, clams, ribbon worms, and brittle stars. The construction of Rincon Island has had a major beneficial effect on local ecological conditions. The quarry rock and tetrapod construction materials offer habitat features which are not found in a natural sedimentary bottom area. The solid substratum is colonized by a high diversity of encrusting and attached biota. Many of these are habitat-forming species in the sense that they provide shelter and food for additional species. High vertical relief and vast amounts of interstitial space attract many species of fishes which are seldom or never encountered over sedimentary bottom areas. 63 LITERATURE CITED BLUME, J.A., and KEITH, J.M., "Rincon Offshore Island and Open Causeway,'' Journal of the Waterways and Harbors Division, American Society of Civil Engineers, Vol. 85, No. WW3, Sept. 1959, pp. 61-93. BUCHANAN, C.C., "A Comparison of Sport Fishing Statistics from Man-Made and Natural Habitats in the New York Bight," Coastal Plains Center for Marine Development Services, Seminar Series, No. 1, 1972, pp. 27-37. CARLISLE, J.G., Jr., TURNER, C.H., and EBERT, E.E., "Artificial Habitat in the Marine Environment,'' Fish Bulletin 124, The Resources Agency of California, Department of Fish and Game, Long Beach, California, 1964. CHAN, G.L., ''Subtidal Mussel Beds in Baja California With a New Record Size for Mytilus californianus, The Veliger,", Vol. 16, 1973, pp. 239-240. COLUNGA, L., and STONE, R. eds., Proceedings of an International Conference on Artificial Reefs, Center for Marine Resources, Texas A & M University; National Marine Fisheries Service; and Texas Coastal and Marine Council, Houston, Tex., 1974. DAMES & MOORE, ''A Study of the Performance of Certain Artificial Islands on the Pacific Coast of the United States," Report No. 2443-079-10, Los Angeles, Calif., 1974. FAGER, E.W., ''Patterns in Development of a Marine Community," Limnology and Oceanography, Vol. 16, No. 2, Mar. 1971, pp. 241-253. KEITH, J.M., and SKJEI, “Engineering and Ecological Evaluation of Artificial-Island Design, Rincon Island, Punta Gorda, California," TM-43, U.S. Army, Corps of Engineers, Coastal Engineering Research Center, Fort Belvoir, Va., Mar. 1974. NORTH, W.J., "Ecology of the Rocky Nearshore Environment in Southern California and Possible Influences of Discharged Wastes,'' International Conference on Water Pollution Research, London, Sept. 1962, pp. 247-273. PAINE, R.T., "Biological Observations on a Subtidal Mytilus californianus Bed,"" The Veliger, Vol. 19, 1976, pp. 125-130. 64 SNEATH, P.H.A., and SOKAL, R.R., Numerical Taxonomy: the Principles and Practice of Numerical Classification, Freeman § Company, San Francisco, 1973. SOKAL, R.R., and ROHLF, F.J., Biometry, the Principles and Practice of Statistics in Biological Research, Freeman §& Company, San Francisco, 1969. SOOT-RYEN, T., ''A Report on the Family Mytilidae (Pelecypoda) ," Allen Hancock Pacific Expedition, Vol. 20, No. 1, University of Southern California Press, Los Angeles, Calif., 1955. SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA COASTAL WATER RESEARCH PROJECT, 1976 Annual Report, El Segundo, Calif., 1976, pp. 179-186. STONE, R.B., ''Artificial Reefs of Waste Material for Habitat Improvement," Marine Pollution Bulletin, Vol. 3, No. 2, Feb. 1972, pp. 27-28. STONE, R.B., “Artificial Reefs and Coastal Fishery Resources," Pro- ceedings of the 10th Space Congress, Canaveral Council of Tech- nical Societies, 1973, pp. 2-19. STONE, R.B., BUCHANAN, C.C., and PARKER, R.O., ''Expansion and Evaluation of an Artificial Reef of Murrells Inlet, S.C.," Final Report, Coastal Plains Regional Commission, Washington, D.C., 1973, p. 55. STONE, R.B., BUCHANAN, €.€., and STEIMLE, F.W., Jr., "Scrap Tires as Artificial Reefs," Report SW-119, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C., 1974. TATE, M.W., and CLELLAND, R.C., Nonparametric and Shortcut Statistics in the Social, Biological, and Medical Sciences, Interstate, Danville, I1l., 1957. TURNER, C.H., EBERT, E.E., and GIVEN, R.R., ''Man-made Reef Ecology," Fish Bulletin 146, The Resources Agency of California, Depart- ment of Fish and Game, Long Beach, Calif., 1969. 65 APPENDIX A DETAILED METHODOLOGY il. Details of Talus Bed Measurement and Data Processing Methodology. An initial dive was made to calibrate depth gages of all divers and to verify criteria for use in determining the inshore and offshore bound- aries of the talus bed. The north side had an irregular fill base (where rock and talus meet), and a heavy sediment overburden downslope which made the talus boundary difficult to determine. Using a steel tape, a metered line, and an underwater slate, one diver made the first measurement of the rock revetment, holding the free end of the 30.5-meter steel tape on an azimuth perpendicular to the cardinal side. When the diver reached the end of the rock revetment (beginning of the talus bed), the depth, distance, and time were re- corded. Three divers then swam to the first diver's location. Measure- ments were taken on the cardinal sides between the points where the angle of the side changed direction (beginning of "wing'' of the island). The first team of two divers measured the talus bed width (inner to outer margin) by having one diver hold the free end of a 50-meter line (marked) in meter intervals) while the sedond diver swam along the per- pendicular azimuth to the outer edge of the talus bed. At this point the second diver recorded depth, time, and distance. The first diver was then signaled to join the second diver at the outer edge. The pair then measured the outer edge of the talus along the entire length of the side, using the method discussed below. A second team of two divers measured the talus along the inner edge. Swimming along an azimuth parallel to the side, one diver deployed the steel tape along the inner or outer edge of the talus bed (the second diver held the free end of the tape and remained at the start point) until a change in depth (+0.15 meter) or direction (+10°) was noted. At that point the first diver stopped, noted distance swum, depth, and time. The second diver was then signaled to swim to the first diver. From this point the first diver swam up the revetment to the waterline. At the waterline, the diver noted distance and time. He then returned to the bottom where the second diver was waiting. The width of the talus bed was measured from this point to the outer edge where again time, depth, and distance were recorded. The first diver returned to the second diver and repeated the process, moving along the cardinal side. The team on the outer edge used an identical method except that team measured the width of the talus bed from the outer to inner edge. Each time a talus width was measured, the corresponding distance up the revetment (waterline to inner edge of talus bed) was measured. This method allowed multiple points of measurement and allowed divers to observe changes at the outside and inside limits of the bed. 67 The following diagrams illustrate the methodology used for charting the talus beds. (1) Line of measured distance (waterline to talus bed-revetment bor der) (dl) and width of talus bed (d2) was drawn on quadrangle paper (1 cm = 2.4m) Sos ‘ waterline al | | | ac | \ ! (2) The next line (distance between revetment measurement points) was then plotted in the form of circle with that distance (d3) as the radius. waterline (3) The length of the second revetment measurement (a4) was then plotted to where it intersected the circle. This gave the dis- tance between measurements at the waterline (d>) which could be converted for three-dimensional diagraming. 68 Sa ——— Wwacerikne (4) The second talus bed length ca) was then plotted as shown —— — waterline (5) This methodology was continued along the entire side until a planar view of that side was constructed. (6) To show these data in three-dimensional diagram, the planar diagram was converted to a series of triangles using dl as the hypotenus of the revetment and d? as the hypotenus of the talus. Depths (height) were converted to MLLW by adding or subtracting the number of meters difference according to time (e.g., at 1330 hours, 15 October 1976 tide at Rincon Island (Ventura) was +0.76 meter; thus, 0.76 meter would be subtracted from the height of the "revetment triangle''). waterline 69 (7) The series of triangles was then placed in Decspe ceive by con- verting the USUENCO between measurements (d> ) to a distance 0.71 times d° The 0.71 conversion allowed a three-dimensional depiction of these triangles scaled to the total side of the lisitande) | (0.71l = sinwot alr she trrangillen= M2) De Permanent Transects Seasonal Data Analysis Methods. The master species list for the seasonal surveys included 250 taxonomic categories (70 were marine algae and 180 were marine in- vertebrate taxa). From this master list 24 taxa of marine algae and 30 taxa of invertebrates were selected for special study of seasonal variability. Proportionately, more algal taxa were used than in- vertebrate taxa, because seasonal effects are often well pronounced among algae, especially reds (Rhodophyta). The only algal taxa omitted from the analysis were those of uncertain identity or which (a) occurred in low density, and (b) were found on only one side and during only one season. The number of invertebrate taxa selected for analysis was in part dictated by data-handling considerations. Even when unidentified taxa were eliminated, the amount of data remaining was formidable. Many of these taxa were observed at such low fre- quencies as to be of little value in any seasonal analysis. Either these species are uncommon on the island; the transects missed their centers of abundance; or, if they were seasonally abundant, their peaks in abundance did not overlap the sampling periods. Many taxa were observed only once (i.e., in only one quadrat). It is assumed that most if not all of the singular-occurrence taxa and most of the low-frequency taxa were generally uncommon on the island. Observa- tions elsewhere:on the island during other times of the year (i.e., during reconnaissance diving, measurement of boundaries of associa- tions, and biomass measurements) tend to corroborate this. For these reasons, these rarely encountered taxa were excluded from the sea- sonal analysis. 70 For the 54 taxa selected for the seasonal effects analysis, ad- ditional analysis was necessary to maximize data utility. A bias factor existed if a particular species occurred over a limited part of a permanent transect, and its density was calculated by dividing total abundance by n, the total number of quadrat samples taken in the permanent transect. This provided a value for mean density over the entire island; however, this would be justified only for species ubiquitously distributed (i4.e., over the entire length of the transect). The distribution of only one species, the starfish, Patiria miniata, approaches this (see Figs. 17 to 20). A better approach would be to divide total abundance by the number (n) of quadrats where the species may reasonably be expected to occur, and express mean density with reference to the parts of the island over which the species actually occurs (or those associations of which it is a member). Mean densities of each species may be more meaning- fully compared to resolve seasonal differences using this approach. Briefly, the mechanics of this data processing operation involved scanning the raw data tables to bracket the upper and lower occur- rence limits for each species and then logging onto computer keypunch forms the frequency of every density value observed (including zero density values for quadrats lacking a given species, but falling within its range of occurrence). Before the data were subjected to parametric statistical analy- sis, it was necessary to perform data transformations to normalize the data. For species whose densities were recorded as percentage coverage, the values were transformed to angles through the use of the arcsine transformation (6 = arcsin WOE where pg is a proportion). This transformation rendered a distribution of percentages or pro- portions more nearly normal by stretching out both tails of the dis- tribution and compressing the middle values (Sokal and Rohlf, 1969). Numerical densities were subjected to the square root transformation. Because zero values were frequent in the data, the computer was pro- gramed to add 0.5 to all values before data transformation. The transformation was then of the form \/Y + % (Sokal and Rohlf, 1969). The actual calculations of the means used all the raw data for variances to be calculated for each of the 54 taxa examined. Seasonal means (data for all four sides lumped) were first tested for Significant differences by performing an F test (variance ratio test) to determine whether variances for two seasons under comparison were equal. If the F test was nonsignificant (variances probably equal), the following student's t test for differences between seasonal means was applied (Sokal and Rohlf, 1969): | with n, =n 2 df. When significant F ratios were found, indicat- ing disparaté variances, an approximate t test was used (Sokal and Rohlf, 1969): \ Me er ~ ¥)) oa * 5) S Summary data for all 54 species selected for seasonal analysis are presented in Table B-1. For each species, this table presents transformed and untransformed means, standard deviations, transformed variances, transformed range data, and an indication of whether the F and t tests are significant at the 95-percent confidence level. These values are tabulated for each of the four seasons with data combined for all four sides, and for each of the four sides with data combined for all four seasons. Side differences were not tested for significance. Note that the values in Table B-1 of Appendix B for mean densities for each species refer to their abundance only over the parts of the island wherein the species may reasonably be expected to occur--not over the entire extent of the island revetments. Because of the lack of data during two seasons for the west-side macrophytic algae, Mytilus-Pollicipes, and barnacle-limpet zones, special consideration was required for the species that occurred in these zones. These included most of the algae species and the follow- ing invertebrates: Anthopleura sp., Lottia gigantea, Mytilus californianus, and Pisaster ochraceus. For these species, means for seasons 1 and 4 were compared since data from seasons 2 and 3 were questionable. A rerun of the entire analysis for all these species resulted in changes from significant to nonsignificant (at the 95- percent confidence level) for only four species: Laurencia pacifica, Rhodoglossum affine, Lottia gigantea, and Pisaster ochraceus. No species changed from nonsignificant to significant with the reanalysis. UZ oe Methodology for Preparation of Figures 9 to 12 and Appendix C Figures C-3 to C-6 (Boundaries of Major Associations). ARCO Drawing No. CE~1-8, dated 3 March 1965, was used as a base chart for plotting field-acquired data on boundaries of species asso- ciations. Different tide levels were shown on the drawing for four different parts of the island; these levels corresponded to times when measurements were taken over the four parts of the island. Spot measurements taken between fixed reference points and the waterline (which was not at MLLW) at times of corresponding tidal heights agreed well with the distances represented on the drawing. The first step was to adjust the waterline to MLLW. This was done by dividing the tidal height (e.g., +1.2 meters MLLW) by the tangent of the side-slope angle. The slope angle for each side was determined by averaging data obtained during the talus bed measure- ment phase of this project (see Figs. 5 to 8). The resulting MLLW line is as it would appear if observed directly from some altitude above the island. True distances measured down the slope of each side may be determined using the scale provided on each island sector chart (Figs. 9 to 12 and Figs. C-3 to C-6). Next, distances measured from fixed reference points at the top edge of the island to the upper limit of the splash zone (barnacle- limpet association) were trigonometrically corrected for slope and plotted. The width of the zone bounded at the top by the barnacle- limpet line and at the bottom by the MLLW line (representing the main part of the intertidal zone) was uniform around the island, providing a positive check on accuracy of the waterline shown on the drawing. Only 2 of the 15 points showed discrepancies. One on the south side was off by about 1.2 meters, and the decision was made to redraw the MLLW line at this point to maintain width uniformity for the inter- tidal. The other, on the west side, was off by almost 6.1 meters (the measurement during this study indicated a shorter distance). This discrepancy may be due to movements of tetrapods in response to wave forces since the 1965 drawing (a semisubmerged tetrapod lies just seaward of the "first" waterline); or the difference may be a result of the manner in which the measuring tape was laid over the tetrapods (i.e., a greater distance would result if the tape were placed over the highest points on the tetrapods). The top margin of the barnacle-limpet zone served as the ref- erence point for all distance measurements taken during the associ- ation mapping phase of the project. Distances to association bounda- ries measured down the slope of each side of the island were multi- plied by the sine of the average slope for each side. These cor- rected distances were plotted in Figures 9 to 12 and Figures C-3 to C-6. 73 APPENDIX B SUMMARY DATA, SURVEY OF PERMANENT SEASONAL TRANSECTS 74 SIDE/ 2 SPECIES con! SEASON eee eee NNNN NANNY BAe FARR ll ll ll ll 11 1 ll 1) 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 eee eo eee eee eee NAN ARAN eee eee ee ee eee eee eee rune Baru COMBINED rune By COMBINED Pune Ce) COMBINED eune DNA COMBINED rune Bae COMBINED rune Ce a) COMBINED @BvYAanN PUN COMBINED Table B-1. min 4 2524 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 v.000 0.000 0.000 2524 0.000 0.000 0.000 524 0.000 «464 0.000 -322 0.000 2580 0.000 2464 0.000 «322 0.000 2071 0.000 2580 0.000 0.000 0.000 2580 v.000 2685 0.000 2464 0.000 0.000 0.000 2685 0.000 0.000 0.000 2685 0.000 9.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 2685 0.000 0.000 0.000 e142 0.000 0.000 0.000 2247 «0.000 2247 0.000 0.000 0.000 2142 0.000 0.000 0.000 2247 0.000 2.739 0.000 1.225 2707 1.225.707 1.225 «707 1.225 2707 °707 2.739 2.739 0.000 0.000 2580 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 ©580 0.000 0.000 0.000 2580 0.000 0.000 0.000 2100 0.000 0.000 0.000 2464 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 e100 0.000 2464 0.000 2464 0.000 Summary data: seasonal surveys of permanent transects. TRANSFORMED See footnotes at end of table. 2003 0.00U 0.000 0.000 210s 2054 0.000 0.000 0.000 2066 0.000 0.000 o o 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 201) 0.000 0.000 02000 veouu 0.000 2104 0.000 US) UNTRANSF OK MEO 22.500 15.u00 0.000 0.000 ? = Species (8) ©£. Enteromorpha sp. (s) (s) (s) (s) Ulva sp. Codium fragile Cystoseira osmundacea Egregia menziesii Unid. juvenile Laminariales Dictyota flabellata SPECIES 37 37 37 37 37 37 = 37 39 39 39 39 39 39 39 39 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 41 41 41 41 41 41 41 41 42 42 42 42 42 42 42 42 48 46 48 48 48 48 48 48 CON wee s1oes 2 SEASON rune DAW COMBINED rune DIAN COMBINED rune DAW COMBINED PUNE DAN COMBINED rwNe Daan COMBINED rune PNW COMBINED Pune PYDrH COMBINED rwne DATUM COMHINED TRANSFORMED MAX see2D s.vev.6 0.000 2049 2057 ley min 4 0.000 001 0.000 +000 0.000 001 0.000 0.000 0.000 000 v.000 2001 0.000 =000 0.000 -000 0.000 +000 0.000 +006 0.000 2002 0.000 =007 0.000 2015 0.000 +010 0.000 -0ue 0.000 0.000 0.000 -002 0.000 -007 0.000 2022 0.000 2003 0.000 0.000 0.000 011 0.000 +015 0.000 +01 0.000 0.000 0.000 v.000 0.000 2010 0.000 0.000 0.000 2002 0.000 +003 0.000 2017 +006 +001 008 0.00u 0.000 2006 U.000 0.000 0.000 v.000 0.000 20le 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 2005 See footnotes at end of table. 76 UNTRANSFO*4ED SeNEv. MEAN 239? 2005 «lee +05) 2 5b6 2066 v.00 Uevu0 1.ATT 2403 1.604 +231 2904 2667 4.1719 eld 2 BMG 200 v.000 0.0u0 1.41) 242 4eB44 1-529 +?36 2086 v.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 4,963 1.019 0.000 0.600 1.239 22465 12825 2323 6.543 1.668 4.024 2959 -Slo +070 4.141 «820 0.000 0.000 3.506 v.000 0.000 7.477 07193 v.00 0.000 7.609 +821 0.000 02000 v.000 uv.000 D.06K 1.621 v.000 0.000 0.000 9.u00 u.000 2000 400 096 4.650) leouse 4.204 wKse cotue 2465 €.40H 3432 1e1sl e171 0373 2069 1.035 «169 2.697 2357 elie -017 1.390 e151 NS (s) (s) (s) (s) (s) Species Peyssonellia sp. Prionitis lanceolata Rhodoglossum affine Rhodymenia sp. Rhodymenia californica Stenogramma sp. Stenogramma interrupta cf. Phormidium sp. SPECIES CON 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 89 89 89 69 a9 89 89 89 103 103 103 103 103 103 103 103 104 104 104 104 104 104 104 104 106 106 106 106 106 106 106 106 108 108 108 108 108 108 108 108 109 109 109 109 109 109 109 109 110 110 110 110 110 110 110 110 mann NUNN NUNN NAN nun nnn NNANN ANAND SIDE/ SEASON rune mya COMBINED rune DNA COMBINED rune RiIT) COMBINED rue DARN COMBINED rune PAOD COMBINED rune Dar COMBINED rune DAA COMBINED rune BAW COMBINED 2 max 3 o1T4 «226 2396 «322 #226 174 322 2398 2398 +226 0.000 0.000 +142 071 9.000 «226 2174 +226 3.937 3.536 4.526 4.528 1.225 4.52 1.581 2.915 4.528 «886 464 1.107 1.173 322 1.107 +785 1.173 1.173 2.345 22345 2.550 2.345 1.581 2.345 2.550 0.000 2.550 2.121 2.739 4.528 3.937 4.528 0.000 0.000 0.000 4.528 1.671 2.12) 2elel 1.871 2.121 1.581 2.121 0.000 TRANSFORMED MINS seez5 S.vev.6 Fay 0.000 001 2U2Zb 2005 6.000 +002 +042 efit 0.000 +00> 2070 2032 0.000 006 «0646 Ned 0.000 2002 =039 -O11 0.000 001 +040 2010 0.000 «002 2udU O17 0.000 2006 -08U -037 0.000 0023 2055 uly 0.000 +003 205¢ -01> 0.000 0.000 u.uou 0.006 0.000 0.000 v.00Uu U.00U 0.000 200) 2032 2007 0.000 -0uU 2013 20nd 0.0uuU 0.0uu veuou 0.000 0.000 001 20365 2008 0.000 001 +037 2906 0.000 2001 «03 2006 «707 «206 #454 2HNS «707 e137 371 o TAT 707 +2lo +467 +796 «707 +265 2515 ehl> «707 2010 2090 «720 «707 1-306 1el4s 1.269 «707 016 +13> +734 +707 +09" +307 “777 707 2207 2455 «HOL 0.000 2006 077 2026 0.000 2003 25a 200% 0.000 2005 +Ule 20aT7 0.000 2004 -09uU 2034 0.000 2003 2059 2019 0.000 +006 «0BY 2937 0.000 006 090 2060 0.000 001 2025 2003 0.000 2006 076 +03¢ 0.000 2050 e172 ell? 0.000 2013 ell4 2055 0.000 -036 «1AY ele7 0.000 2044 +210 114 0.000 2005 +060 2025 0.000 2029 2176 207K 0.000 «014 +116 20RD 062 2469 215 2054 + lR6 ell¢ 707 elao 366 otha 2707 +136 2369 24d 2707 147 Perry B52 «707 163 =404 2 A968 -707 2011 +106 2725 707 2091 «302 2 7TRO 2707 2216 #464 2960 0.000 0.000 u.2000 0.00U «707 «144 «379 2864 2707 2200 2 46T 2975 2707 2348 +590 14105 +707 1.Sue 1eees 2450 -707 2722 -85U 1.140 «707 706 1.168 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 v.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 2707 2708 Bal 1.148 2707 2021 0730 «707 2060 2793 707 071 oAle 0707 2063 2804 2707 2 0R1 +793 «707 2071 2737 «707 2071 otlT 0.000 0.000 0.000 707 2056 2 7hG e121 See footnotes at end of table. (OG UN TH ANSF On ar) S.DEV. ejoT eT49 1.790 1.504 MEAN 269 2149 2D6R 254 eud4 veuon +154 2136 (s) Species Cliona sp. Rymenamphiastra cyanocrypta Anthopleura sp. Astrangia dajollaensis Corynactis californica Lophogorgia chilensis Muricea spp. Paracyathus stearnsii TRANSFORMED UNTRANSFUR™EU SIDE/ spectes con! season 2 wax 3 NA rocco iapecien 8 2 1 2707 2707 2000 2000 e797 u.000 ueduU Ale (s) , " 5 2 2 1.225 2707 2009 097 2722 «147 2036 Hae sepeeayeeruviane 128 2 3 1.225 707 2010 +101 eTe7 e195 2039 1hee ododesmus cepio 128 e 4 2.739 2707 2060 2249 2756 Ton e135) Awe 128 2 5 1.225 707 +01) +104 2774 220) 5042 1146 128 2 6 2707 = 707 2000 2000 .707 0.000 U.000 Se. 128 2 7 2.739 2707 2036 olde 2735 257? 207K Abe 128 2 Pp 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 v.00 0.0u0 0.000 ve COMBINED 2.739 «707 01 2144 2730 244 2053 397. 148 2 1 2.121 =o 707 2064 ra 2318 259K 2237) 1446 ss Doriopeilla 148 2 2 1.225 707 2008 2092 2724 2177 eus2 124, albopunctata 148 2 3 1.871 707 2023 2182 2739 2346 2070 «1A. 148 2 4 2.121 «707 +060 2244 2795 257? 219) 19h. 148 2 5 1.871 «707 2040 2190 2743 lib. 148 2 6 1.581 707 2015 2124 +736 248. 148 2 7 1.581 707 2027 +163 2752 170. 148 2 8 2.121 .707 .074 2273 eID 250. COMBINED 2.121 4707 2041 2204 2770 2466 2144 744. 153 2 1 1.871 «707 +205 2775 2444 2143) 154. (Ss) Kelletia kelletii 153 2 2 2707 = 707 2000 2707 0.000 e000 Ino. 153 2 3 1.871 707 2116 2725 2270 2940 176. 153 2 4 2.121 707 2227 e777 2546 2155 lab. 144 153 2 5 1.871 707 0173 2748 2397 2090 O 153 2 6 1.581 707 2088 e714 2194 2023-132. 153 2h Guat) 1.871 2707 2166 e751 2367 2042 1206 153 2 8 2.121 .707 -186 275> 2437 2105) can. COMBINED 2.121 707 20eT 2164 2745 2377 20d? 634. 155 2 1 4.528 .707 1.038 1.019 1.201 4.673 1.960 38650. S&S Tottia gigantea 155 2 2 3.674 707 2519 -720 2937 22953 2875 24, 155 2 3 32240 2707 2269 2519 2925 1.738 2619 42. 155 2 4 3.240 2707 237b 2615 2935 2.119 2750 4b. 155 2 5 3.082 2728 1615 22423 16421 3h. 155 2 6 4.183 1.073 1.292 4.628 ce2y5 ah, 155 2 7 1.225 2097 2725 2187 2036 56. 155 2 a 4.528 2776 2919 3.939 2923 Ao. COMBINED 4.528 +760 «1.015 30191 16104 164. 157 2 1 1.581 .707 2033 -160 2375 e118 149. s Ss Megathura crenulata 157 2 2 1.561 707 2013 elle 223? 2043 lhe. 157 2 3 1.225 707 2013 2115 o2e2 2051 136. 157 2 4 1.581 707 2022 2150 e311 207A 1h6. 157 2 5 1.225 6707 2016 2127 2246 2064 1716 157 2 6 1.225 707 2005 2070 2135 2019 Low. 157 2 7 1.225 2707 2000 2091 2175 2032 272. 157 2 8 1.581 707 2056 2236 2506 +205 132. COMBINED 1.581 e707 20A1 2144 0744 2296 0974 FASS 158 2 1 30240 2707 2313 2560 Aol 20105 2542 Pee s NS Mytilus 158 2 2 2707 «707 0.000 0.000 2707 0.000 v.000 2. californianus 158 2 3 3.808 .707 0437 2661 2BOs €0965 +636 2c. 158 2 4 11.853 6707 = 44790 9 2o HY =e LKO 270439 50500 158 2 5 11.853 6707) «= 20860 = 16691) 10057) = ue 283) 341TH 158 2 6 1.871 707 e117 2343 2713 2803 2273, 2. 158 2 7 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 6.000 0. 158 2 8 2707 «707 0.000 0.000 2707 0.000 v.000 4. COMBINED 11.853 6707 16891 14375 2965 166354 2.247) TH 159 2 1 3.240 2707 2267 2517 2813 2.04) 2417 9 24 (s) Mytilus edulis 159 2 2 0.000 159 2 3 14.509 159 2 4 0.000 159 2 5 14,509 159 2 6 2707 159 2 7 0.009 159 2 8 0.000 COMBINED 14.509 See footnotes at end of table. 78 SPECIES 170 170 170 170 170 170 170 170 185 185 185 145 185 185 185 165 186 186 186 186 186 186 186 186 187 187 187 187 187 167 187 187 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 201 201 201 201 201 201 201 201 202 202 202 202 202 202 202 202 228 228 228 228 228 228 228 228 See footnotes at end of table 1 SIDE/ CON * SEASON 2 1 2 2 2 3 2 4 2 5 2 6 2 7 2 a COMBINED 2 1 2 2 2 3 2 4 2 5 2 6 2 7 2 A COMBINED 1 1 1 2 1 3 1 4 1 5 1 6 1 7 1 8 COMBINEU 2 1 é 2 e 3 2 4 2 Ss 2 6 2 7 2 8 COMBINED 1 1 1 2 1 3 1 4 1 5 1 6 1 v 1 aR COMBINED 1 1 1 2 1 3 1 4 1 5 1 6 1 7 1 8 COMBINED 1 1 1 2 1 3 1 4 1 5 1 6 1 7 1 8 COMBINED 2 1 2 2 2 3 2 4 2 5 2 6 2 7 2 8 COMBINED 2 TRANSFORFEIY UNTHANSF OREN) 10,025 A.9T2 8.860 10.025 6-205 10.025 7.106 9.925 7.106 7.106 7.106 7.106 0.000 9.925 9.925 +785 +535 2398 2685 2685 540 785 2524 «785 1.871 1.871 1.581 2.121 2.121 1.871 1.225 1.581 2-121 «846 1.173 2866 0735 3464 580 1.173 2404 1.173 2322 2398 2142 +226 2247 2396 322 «142 2398 322 1.107 2466 2464 322 3464 1.107 322 1.107 2.550 2.121 3.536 3.536 2.345 1.871 3.530 2.550 3.536 1.550 1.635 leetio 1.767 e.loe 1-195 1.591 1.096 ols 11.30% 13.604 o.97) 14.605 lo.35A yelo7 1.038 Gaur 6.002 12.62) 4.499 b.150 7.773 7.53n v.900 10.441 79 Species Serpulorbis squamigerus Diopatra ornata Dodecaceria fewkesi Eudistylia sp. Lagen{pora punctulata Phidolopora Pacifica Scrupocellaria diegensis Parastichopus spp. SPECIES 229 229 229 229 229 229 229 229 230 230 230 230 230 230 230 230 231 231 231 231 231 231 231 231 241 241 241 241 241 241 261 241 242 242 242 242 242 242 242 242 con! Season 2 SIDE/ NnaNnNNw NANNY NnNNN NANNY Nann NNN NUNN NANNY NNN NAnNnw NNN NaNNwNn rune DAD COMBINED rune @Onouw COMBINED rune @Ooryoryn COMBINED rUWNne @noyw COMBINED ewne Rana COMBINED rwne DBraDN COMBINED TRANSFORMED max3 MIN4 See22 5.0EV.9 MEAN 3.536 2707 2409 2639 1.315 3.937 0707 2359 2599 1.354 4.301 2707 2501 2708 1.368 3.808 0707 2429 2655 1.336 4.301 2707 2551 2742 1.515 3.536 2707 2516 2718 1.454 3.0862 2707 0297 2545 1.277 3.937 0707 2283 2532 1.172 4.301 0707 2425 2652 1.3463 1.225 °707 e011 2106 e73U 1.225 2707 2004 Vol e714 1.225 0707 2000 2089 e723 1.225 2707 2004 2063 e715 1.225 2707 e011 2107 0730 1.225 707 2004 2065 e719 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 1.225 707 2005 2073 eTlT 1.225 e707 2007 2 0ARc e720 1.871 0707 2056 0236 0 ANG 2.121 2707 20049 e221 2° 79K 220345 e707 2063 2252 0h14 2.12) o707 2051 2226 e791 1.871 0707 2046 e215 eBN6 1.581 2707 2038 0196 o7Re 2.121 2707 2058 2240 2f12 22345 0707 2067 2259 eANT 223485 0707 2055 0234 ele 1.225 e707 2008 2091 0773 1.225 2707 e012 e110 e731 1.581 e707 2037 0192 e774 1.225 0707 2013 e1l5 0 134 1.581 e707 2022 e149 e743 1.225 0707 2017 e131 0742 1.581 0707 2026 ol62 e756 1.225 0707 2007 20RO e722 1.581 e707 2917 0130 0739 3.082 2707 0224 0473 0976 20915 0707 0194 0440 0943 32536 0707 e301 0546 1.0160 3.082 2707 0308 2555 1.072 3.391 °707 1.147 22550 0707 1.004 20121 2707 2856 3.536 2707 0924 3.536 .707 9254 2504 2996 2707 2576 0759 1.195 0707 070¢ °B38 1.209 0707 0157 0396 0707 0984 2992 0707 048 2694 See footnotes at end of table 80 UNTRANSFORMED SeDEV. NS NS Species Patiria miniata Pisaster brevispinus Pisaster giganteus Pisaste. ochraceus Strongylocentrotus Strongylocentrotus purpuratus N ONDMHHWN re = Arcsin conversion used for data transformation Square root conversion used for data transformation summer (July 1976) fall (November 1976) winter (February 1977) spring (April 1977) north side south side east side west side Sieecimem value of density (transformed) “gen dance value of density (transformed) variance standard deviation 7y number of quadrats examined over zone of occurrence BF "F ratio'' (ratio of variances) 2s "Student's t,'’ the deviation of the estimated mean from that of the sample population S Significant (95 percent confidence level) NS = Not significant (95 percent confidence level) (S) Significant difference in means due to absence during at least one season 8| APPENDIX C R-MODE DENDROGRAMS AND BOUNDARIES OF PRELIMINARY (TENTATIVELY IDENTIFIED) SPECIES Note: ASSOCIATIONS In Figures C-3 to C-6, each association is labeled with an alpha or numeric designation. The number refers to the preliminary identity applied to each association for purposes of field recognition and charting of the boundaries of each major species association (see Sec. I1V,4). The letter represents the designation of the identity of the association after the completion of statistical analysis of quantitative compositional data as described in Section V,5. 82 Se r ° = r Yr 1 no eco £2'0 ALO so°0 ho"o 2p) qr r ¥ r sayaadc AOU 56°0 9e°0 at) e9°0 6s°0 0s°0 S3ILIYMIIWIS 83 North-side R-mode dendrogram showing similarities in occurrence among species Figure C-1. surveyed in a permanent transect (species with high frequencies of co-occurrence cluster at high similarity values) See Table C-1 for key to species codes. pop sainads howl $6°0 98'0 cL'0 e9'0 65'0 0s'0 Vheo 2e'0 €2'0 ALO s0'0 hO*O° S3ILIYBIIHIS 84 North-side R-mode dendrogram. --Continued. Figure C-1l. epo> | sarnads yo) = S60 S= 6S° = BARNACLE /LIMPET MYTILUS/POLLICIPES ANTHOPLEURA SPP. MACROPHYTIC ALGAE LITHOTHAMNION/VELEROA VELEROA/LAGENIPORA/LOPHOGORGIA/MURICEA RHODYMENIA/VELEROA . LITHOTHAMNION/TETRACLITA « DIOPATRA/CERIANTHID ANEMONES 1020 30 _40__SOFEET 5 lo 15 20 METERS (POR ACTUAL DISTANCES DOWN NORTH AND WEST SIDES, DIVIDE BY 0.893 AND 0.925, RESPECTIVELY) Figure C-3. Preliminary and final species associations, 5 a 1 fe northwest quadrant. 88 eee (ESR ACTUAL DISTANCES DOWN WEST AND SOUTH SIDES, DIVIDE BY 0.925 AND 0.892, RESPECTIVELY) PRELIMINARY ASSOCIATIONS BASED OW FIELD OBSERVATIONS: . DIOPATRA/CERIANTHIDS « ASTRANGIA/GORGONIANS - LAGENIPORA/SCRUPOCELLARIA - LITHOTHAMNION COMPLEX/SERPULORBIS/VELEROA 1 2 3 4 s 6. MYTILUS/POLLICIPES 7 8 9 10 - 1 MACROPHYTIC ALGAE > BARNACLES/LIMPETS * CORYNACTIS/ASTRANGIA ) LYTHOTHAMNION COMPLEX /SERPULORBIS/DODECACERIA/VELEROA | _ASTRANGIA/CORYNACTIS/LOPHOGORGIA 11. TETRACLITA/LITHOTHAMNION COMPLEX 12) LITHOTHAMNION/LAGENIPORA/VELEROA 13. LOPHOGORGIA/CORYNACTIS /VELEROA + OUTLINE OF TALUS BED (=: * LOCATION OF PERMANENT TRANSECTS —-—— TRANSECT LINES(DEPTHW IM METERS BELOW KLLM) PIMAL ASSOCIATIONS BASED OM STATISTICAL COMPARISONS : BARNACLE /LIMPET MYTILUS/POLLICIPES ANTHOPLEURA SPP. MACROPHYTIC ALGAE LITHOTHAMNION/VELEROA VELEROA/LAGENIPORA/LOPHOGORGIA/MURICEA RHODYMENIA/VELEROA LITHOTHAMNION/TETRACLITA . DIOPATRA/CERIANTHID ANEMONES rzoannoos> O10 20 30 _40__SOFEET Figure C-4. Preliminary and final special associations, southwest quadrant. 89 PRELIMINARY ASSOCIATIONS BASED ON FIELD OBSERVATIONS: 1. DIOPATRA/CERIANTHIDS 2. ASTRANGIA/GORGONIANS 3. LAGENIPORA/SCRUPOCELLARIA 4. LITHOTHAMNION COMPLEX/SERPULORBIS/VELEROA 5. MACROPHYTIC ALGAE 6. MYTILUS/POLLICIPES 7. BARNACLES/LIMPETS 8. CORYNACTIS/ASTRANGIA 9. LITHOTHAMNION COMPLEX/SERPULORBIS/DODECACERIA/VELEROA 10. ASTRANGIA/CORYNACTIS /LOPHOGORGIA 11. TETRACLITA/LITHOTHAMNION COMPLEX 12. LITHOTHAMNION/LAGENIPORA/VELEROA 13. LOPHOGORGIA/CORYNACTIS/VELEROA. += OUTLINE oF TALUS BED * LOCATION OF PERMANENT TRANSECTS ——-—— TRANSECT LINES(DEPTHS IN METERS BELOW MLLW) FIMAL ASSOCIATIONS BASED ON STATISTICAL COMPARISONS: BARNACLE/LIMPET MYTILUS/POLLICIPES ANTHOPLEURA SPP. MACROPHYTIC ALGAE LITHOTHAMNION/VELEROA VELEROA/LAGENIPORA/LOPHOGORGIA/MURICEA RHODYMENIA/VELEROA LITHOTHAMNION/TETRACLITA, + DIOPATRA/CERIANTHID ANEMONES: HrONMOOeD> ° i 15 20 METERS (POR ACTUAL DISTANCES DOWN SOUTH AND EAST SIDES, DIVIDE BY 0.892 AND 0.877, RESPECTIVELY) | 1e 12/136 AP PAB Figure C-5. Preliminary and final special associations, southeast quadrant. 90 12/136 PRELIMIMARY ASSOCIATIONS BASED OW FIELD OBSERVATIONS: 1 2. 3. a 5. 6 7 - DIOPATRA/CERIANTHIDS ASTRANGIA/GORGONIANS LAGENIPORA/SCRUPOCELLARIA LITHOTHAMNION COMPLEX /SERPULORBIS/VELEROA MACROPHYTIC ALGAE - MYTILUS/POLLICIPES BARNACLES/LIMPETS CORYNACTIS /ASTRANGIA LITHOTHAMNION COMPLEX/SERPULORBIS/DODECACERIA/VELEROA ASTRANGIA/CORYNACTIS /LOPHOGORGIA - TETRACLITA/LITHOTHAMNION COMPLEX . LITHOTHAMNION/LAGENIPORA/VELEROA - LOPHOGORGIA/CORYNACTIS/VELEROA +++ OUTLINE OF TALUS BED * LOCATION OF PERMANENT TRANSECTS —-— TRANSECT LINES(DEPTHS IN METERS BELOW MLLW) FIMAL ASGSOCIATIOMS BASED OM STATISTICAL COMPARISONS : BARNACLE /LIMPET MYTILUS/POLLICIPES ANTHOPLEURA SPP. MACROPHYTIC ALGAE LITHOTHAMNION/VELEROA VELEROA/LAGENIPORA/LOPHOGORGIA / MURICEA RHODYMENIA/VELEROA LITHOTHAMNION/TETRACLITA - DIOPATRA/CERIANTHID ANEMONES nxanmooo> (POR ACTUAL DISTANCES DOWN NORTH AND EAST SIDES, DIVIDE BY 0.876 AND 0.877, RESPECTIVELY) Figure C-6. Preliminary and final special associations, northeast quadrant. w)I APPENDIX D SUMMARY DATA, QUANTITATIVE CHARACTERIZATION OF Note: MAJOR SPECIES ASSOCIATIONS In order to calculate biomass values per unit area (0.25 square meter or, in the case of associations 6 and 7, 0.01 square meter), multiply values for average weight (average weight per individual specimen) by values for x (mean abundance per unit area). See Section 5 for average weight values applicable to Dodecaceria fewkesi, Lithothamnium complex, Serpulorbis squamigerus, Veleroa complex, and Corynactis californica. 92 zz"0 98" pz+ 00°S8 €/e so Le-o+ ££°0 9/T oT ££°0 68 °12+ TIT OT/b g PUTSSTQURbaTO pana tdoyzuy “(9-9 19'S be “ott fee €/@ o*zee Se"0 190+ 5 se 1et aa : EE°ET 9/2 9/2 a) 69°LT+ SL 8/T ie) t°0c T9°S+ St OT/E 6°Lb 9¢ e+ oo'T OT/T eReruTW erbarby purqzebT9 snjzo1qUaD0TAbuor3 g Psourds snaoezys0 qaqzsestd st3tuorid BUTT[ PIO) ¢ TaazTNOD unTPTT29 oy £ fe: CY snazabrwenb priaor2apog snjeindind g Paoepunuiso g PF PTOsOURT Bqz[NotyeuTs gSTIPUTITIFO 9 SuOTJETOOSSE [EPrTaqns pue Tept3za3Uy AeMOT UT SeToeds UOUMIOD s9"OT+ S*b 9/z soadtsseio snsdezbAyoed g Puerubrq10 PT Terssog g PUdzouorz93ug wn ruwey3oy3 rT snueturozT Teo SNTTIAW vazuebrb PITeStTIOD PTTASTITOO BTTestIlOD srrezrbrp PLTeSTIIOD SUOTJRTIOSSE TeptzizequUT azaddn ut satoads uoumoD 02 €-9 “SB3tTY eas) suot}zeto0sse satoads aofew ut ej0Tq Fo sseuortq i) zee €e°LT+ £9°OT 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¢# uOT}eTOOSSY "MBL oo000000 ow dni oOomon g prozpAy “ptun gSPptuotz0yud *ptun ANNA x19 %S6 *panutjuoD--“suotzetoo0sse satoads rtofew satjeqUay UT Hutzaino590 setoads uoumlod sseatT OJ ejep sseWoTq pue TeOTiewumu Azeuwms “7-d eTqeL Js) Table D-3. Areal coverages of major species associations (areal coverages are expressed as percent of total island area between the upper limit of the barnacle-limpet zone and the lower limit of revetment rock on the bottom). Provisional Species Associations (numerical designations for associ- ations on various sides of the island correspond to those designations in Table D-1 and Figs. C-3 to C-6). Table D-1 Percent Table D-1 Subarea Coverage Subarea Percent coverage Upper Intertidal 11 2S Association #7 12 Sool (Barnacle-Limpet) 6.70 13 3.80 Association #6 14 4.80 (Mytilus-Pollicipes) 1.28 15 3.62 Lower Intertidal and Subtidal 16 1.22 1 0.76 17 185 D 0.95 18 1.78 3 DIN 19 2.36 4 0.91 20 2.66 5 0.54 21 1.02 6 0.23 22 1.40 7 0.70 23 1.69 8 ADs 24 0.66 9 Seri 10 12.40 Remaining island area not quantitatively sampled: polo} Total 100.00 (15,560 m2) Final Species Associations (see Figs. 9 to 12) Association Percent Designation Coverage A Barnacle- limpet 6.70 B Mytilus-Pollicipes ZS C Anthopleura Spp. 0.10 D Macrophytic algae 7.38 E Lithothamnium complex 53.47 8 Veleroa-Lagenipora-Lophogorgia-Muricea 29.1 G Rhodymenia-Veleroa 1.02 H Lithothamnium- Tetraclita 0.61 I Diopatra-cerianthid anemones 0.34! Total 100.00 (15,560 m2) lpresent as small isolated pockets on the lower parts of association F and, on the north side, association E. 4 100 APPENDIX E OBSERVATIONS ALONG NATURAL BOTTOM TRANSECT The following is a discussion of substrate and biotic composition of the first segment of the transect (13.7- to 6.1l-meter depth). Over the depth range 13.7 to 11.3 meters, the substrate is silt with some shell fragments. The sediment is very soft and similar to that existing at the base of the east side of the island. The domi- nant biota are sea pens (Stylatula elongata), bat stars (Patiria miniata), whelks (Kelletia kelletii), and cerianthid anemones. Ona few isolated rocks (maximum vertical relief 0.25 meter) stony corals (Astrangia lajollaensis) were present and the tectibranch, Navanax inermis, was observed. At about 10.7 meters the substrate is more sandy with many shell fragments. Isolated smooth boulders (1- to 2-meter diameter) are present with the evidence that they are intermittently covered with sand (no epiphytic algae present). Diopatra spp. are common to abun- dant in patches of up to about 100 individuals. Kelletia, Patiria, and Strongylocentrotus franciscanus are present. Vertical pipes (about 1 meter high) were observed with cf. Metridium sp. attached. Diaulula sandiegensis, Corynactis california, Cancer sp., cf. Stylatula, and cerianthid anemones were present. Also at this depth, gorgonians (Muricea spp. and Lophogorgia chilensis) appear on iso- lated rocks, with Muricea common to locally abundant. From 10.7 to 9.1 meters, smooth boulders, as described above, dominate the substrate. However, these boulders are more heavily encrusted with Astrangia, Veleroa, and Lithothamnium complex. Around the rock bases, where some sand is present, Diopatra ornata occur. The midshipman (Porichthys spp.), juvenile olive rockfish (Sebastes serranoides) and sanddabs (Citharichthys sp.) are also present. Lithothamnium coverage ranges up to 15 to 20 percent of exposed rock areas. Also present on vertical pipes and rocks are sponges (Leucetta losangelensis), Metridium, and Strongylocentrotus franciscanus. Strongylocentrotus purpuratus was also observed along these depths, but this species was not abundant. Cypraea spadicea, Tethya aurantia, Pisaster brevispinus, P. giganteus, and Dermasterias imbricata were also present to common on the solid substrate. From 7.6 to 6.1 meters the substrate changes from smooth boulders to solid shale bedrock with isolated boulders and sand patches. Pholad bivalves, starfish, and urchins dominate the macrobiota. Some red alga (Veleroa complex and Lithothamnium) are present; also juve- nile red algae was observed attached to the rock. 101 The next segment of the transect, extending from a depth of about 4.6 meters to shore, is predominantly sand and largely de- pauperate in macrobiota (visibility was yery poor during the two occasions this area was examined). From this point shoreward, scat- tered rocks (30- to 60-centimeter diameter) were commonly encountered. Acorn barnacles were abundant on these rocks, and coverages of Lithothamnium complex and the tunicate, Styela montereyensis average about 15 and 45 percent, respectively. Other organisms present to common in this nearshore zone include starfish (Patiria miniata and Pisaster ochraceus), feather boa kelp (Egregia menziesii), hydroids and tunicates. Tunicates are especially abundant (60 to 70 percent coverage) between depths of 4.3 to 3.7 meters. In general, the deeper parts of this transect are predominantly Silt. Where rocks occur, they are comparable to the deeper areas of the east-side permanent transect (i.e., very little epibiota, and much silt). Farther inshore along the natural bottom transect, less silt and more sand are present. The rocks, which are smoother than in deeper water, resemble deeper rocks on the north side of the island in that much Astrangia lajollaensis is present but differs in that ectoprocts are for the most part missing. 102 APPENDIX F SIEVE ANALYSIS OF NATURAL BOTTOM SEDIMENT SAMPLES 103 Han i GHG Hl A ¥aSuVOD INZ9u3d UNITS PHI Seive analysis results from natural bottom sediments (station locations shown on Fig. Figure F-1. 18). 104 Table F-l. Sieve analysis, natural bottom sediments, Sample 1 (Sample location shown on Figure 18.). T5307 SIEVS ANALYSIS Sax.ie Date anc no. SED SamPes at) Megh. As2l. Shzet No. 3 os A (Revised Nov. 1930) ESSREY tp Null VINO ise RI anne oR Pe4 Mig = 3.65 Big 2-25 Avspa 4 prea Z eS = a4 Analyzed by Dy Dat P0hhlg7? £e.+816 () = Mg = Mg-Nas =(S) «= : S/og 0 = ag = KiJCOn SAMPLE DESCRIPTION Color __ Size Sorting Roundness Composition Wt. Dish] Wt. of | Wt. of % of Cum % Notes Sample Dish Sample | Tot21 Wits Bs SNS wW Ly we ES S i) Be |hes ~N > q uy Ki S ™ ~ WY ~s ion | bs 105 Table F-2. Sieve analysis, natural bottom sediments, Sample 2 (Location shown on Figure 18.). oe’ SIEVE ANALYSIS Sr 23 Date ane no. SBD Sampee ee Meck. Anal. Sh=2t No. 3 ‘ Sa =) (Reyised Nev. 1930) ccaLity 38 Analyzed by D. Avarey DateCIWET? a a eye fgathyg 3.62) = Ng = 1 7G Mg-d 5s =S = Le S/og Sag = a SAMPLE DESCRIPTION Color Size Sorting Roundness Composition Dish [Wt. Dish} Wt. of | Wt. of hb of Cun -% Notes No. Sample Dish Sample Total i We. | az | F_|48.93014 05, | roo BS ns Ua (au SS & |X | NI eae Ry RIE oX\ Le, bad] 4,823. Vea, 713 | 32027 03. AF 3 to 34 139.043 : /o4, 5. asthe shyt 74¢a Vox | ese EO pss hes 106 APPENDIX G GLOSSARY armor rock - Heavy rock, usually weighing 500 pounds or more, used to protect a coastal structure or shore from heavy wave attack. associations - In ecology, a subunit of community organi- zation identified by its major organisms. azimuth - In this case, the arc of the horizon measured in degrees, clockwise from north to the point toward which the diver is swimming. bathymetry - The measurement of depths of water in oceans, seas, and lakes, also infor- mation derived from such measurements. benthic - Pertaining to the subaquatic bottom. biomass - The amount of living material in a unit area for a unit time. biota - The living part of a system; flora and fauna. caudal peduncle - The con- stricted part of a fish immediately ahead of the tail fin. climatic community - a community that is in equilibrium with the general climate. climax - The final stage in community succession. complex - An assemblage of inter- connected or interacting parts. dendogram - The type of diagram commonly referred to as a "family tree'' designed to show postulated relationships between taxa. depauperation - Falling short of usual development or size. ecosystem - The living organisms and the nonliving environment interacting in a given area. ectoprocts - A bryozoan (moss animal) of the group Ectoprocta. epibiota - Life forms attached to or living upon surfaces. F test - A method used to test the hypothesis that the means in several classes statistically are similar. genus - A unit of biological classification (taxa) which includes one or several species that share certain fundamental characteristics, supposedly by common evolutionary descent. gill net - A single-webbed net with meshes sized to catch in the gills of the fish being sought. infauna - The animals that live in the bottom sediment. intertidal zone - The zone bounded by the high and low water extremes of the tide. macrobiota - Large forms of life visible to the naked eye. macrophytic - Refers to large aquatic plants, e.g., kelps. nonparametric test - A statistical test that is not concerned with the specific parameters, but rather with the distribution of the variates. Also referred to as distribution free. See parameter. parameter - A parameter is a measurable characteristic of a population. The mean is an example of a parameter. quadrat - A plot usually square but occasionally rectangular or circular, in which the organisms are intensely examined and one or several of which form the basis for assessing the entire popu- lation of the area. revetment - A facing of stone, con- Erete,) tC y, DuIlitReonprorectaa Scarp, embankment, or a shore structure against erosion by wave actions or currents. riprap - A layer, facing, or pro- tective mound of stones randomly placed to prevent erosion, scour, or sloughing of a structure or embankment. Also, the stone so used. Simpson's Index - An index of the proportions and numbers of species and individuals in a community used to measure the diversity. species - A group of individuals having common attributes and designated by a common name. splash zone - The zone immediately landward of the mean high water level affected by the wave spray. substrate - The base on which an organism lives. subtidal - Below mean low water (lower low on the Pacific coast of the United States). succession - In ecology, an order- ly process of community development and changes with time which result from inter- actions between species and environment. 108 taxa - A taxanomic group or entity such as genus or species in a formal system of scientific nomenclature. tetrapod - A massive concrete shape for wave protection con- sisting of a central body and four equal-length limbs radiat- ing out at equal angles from the central body. The tetrapods at Rincon Island weigh between 19.5 and 38.0 tons each. transect - A line (or belt) through a community along which the important characteristics of the individuals of the species being studied are observed and noted; sampling along a transect may be plotless or refer to specific plots located along a line. turbidity - An optical condition of water resulting from suspended matter; water is turbid when its load of suspended materials is conspicuous. Wilcoxon ''t'' test - A nonpara- metric test used to statistically determine whether the ranked differences between measurements came from the same or different populations. £29 €=82 °ou amg cn* £€020L *LL00-0-92=ZZMOVG 390P1}U0D “TeqJUaD YyDIeAS|y SuyieouTsug TeISeOD *S*N :SeTtes “AI ‘E=gs “ou 3toder snooueTTeostTy *ZejUeD yOIeesey B3ufyiseuTsuq Te3seoD *S*n :seTzesg “TIT ‘1zoy ne quTof **y *T “ITMeP “IL “STIFL ‘I “FETED Sepzop equng *y ‘“5TTeO *pueTs] uoouTy *¢ “sqoezJa TeOTZSoOTOOG *Z “SpueTST TeTOTITIAV “[ ‘uofjonpoad se3 pue [To z10y wxzosjeTd Jueuewzed e se aAras 03 8S6L pue /¢6| Ueehjeq pejzoONaqsuod SeM pueTST ey_ ‘“eTuIOJTTeDQ ‘eareqieg Bquesg pue PinjUe, UseM}eq SIOYSFJO TejJeWoOTTY g*Q ATeqewTxoadde paqeoo0T ‘pueTS] uoouTY Je suoTITpuoD TeoTSoToOIe suTIeW squUoMNoOp Apnqs sTuUy “79 ‘d : Aydea80tTqT¢E (LL00-0-92-ZZMOVa $ 12QuUeD YyIRasey Suyiseutsuq Teqyseog *s*n — JOeTRUOD) (€-g/ “ou { TeqUeD YyOIePesSay SuyLeeuTsuq TeqIseop *s*n — Jzoder snosueTTeSTW) “ITE : *d 901 "Q/6, ‘e0TAIOG UOTJeEWIOFUT TeOTUYS], TeuOTIeN worz oTqeTTeae : ‘ea ‘pTetzys8utadg { azeqjue9 yoreesoy Butro99UuT3Uq TeIseOD *S*'n : “eA “1fOATeg ‘34 — *IFMPP “VY “I pue uosuyor *y *9 &q / eTuLoFFTeD Seproy ejung ‘pueTs] uoouty ‘pueTst TeToTsTjze ue jo sjzOezya TeoTSsoTooY “a *9 Suosuyor L709 €-82 ‘ou amp gcn* £€0ZOL “LLO00-0-92-ZZMOVE 39P1T}UOD §=“*AejUeD YoTREeseYy SuTiseuTsuq [Te seoD *S'N :SeTes “AI ‘E-gs “ou yaodea snoaueTTeosTH *Iajuep yoreesey SupiseuT3uq Teqseog *S*n :seTazesg “TIT ‘soy ne qufof **y "7 S3EM9P “II ‘OTIFL “I “FFTeD Sepizop ejung *h “FETED ‘pueTs] uoouTy *¢ ‘*sjOeTJa TeOTSoTOOY *Z “SpueTST TeTOTITIY ‘1 *uotTjonpoad se3 pue [To 10F wiozsqeTd queuewired e se aArVS 03 8S6L Ppue /C6| UeeMjeq pazONAJSuOD sem pueTST sy_ “eTUAOFTTeD ‘ereqieg BjuesS pue eAinjUaeA UseMjeq BIOYSFJO TajzewoTTY g*Q ATeqIewTxordde paqedoT *‘pueTS] woouTY Je suOTRTpuod TeoTZoTOoV9 suTieM squeunoop Apnqs stTyL "79 ‘d : Aydeaso0tTqTg (LL00-0-92-ZZMOVG § TeqUaD YyOIeasey Suyiseutsug Te seoD *s*n — 4oRIqUOD) (E-gs ‘ou § TeqUeD YoOTREeSEeYy SuTiseutsug [Teqyseog *s*n — 4zodexr snosueTTecosTW) “TTF : *d 901 “Q/6| ‘e80TATeg UOTJeMIOFUT TeoTUYyDe] TeuoTIeN wWory sTqeTyTeae : ‘ea SpteTysutadg § tequUeD yO1eesoy ZutTrseuT3uq TeqIseoD *S*n : “eA ‘TJOATeg “3a — *IFMPP “VY “IT pue uosuyor *y “9 Aq / eTUOZTTeD ‘epi0g ejung ‘pueTS] uoouTy ‘pueTst TeToTjTqze ue jo sjoesJa TeoTSoToOoY “a *9) Suosuyor £09 €=82 *ou aupgon* £0¢0L “LLO0-0-92-ZZMOVG 39B1}U0D =“ AejqUeD YDIREeSeYy SuTilseuTsug TeISPOD *S*N :SeTIeg “AI ‘“E€=QL *ou Jaodear snosueTTsoSTW ‘ZajUaD yOTeesey BuTAVSeUTZUq TeISPOD *S*p tSeftes *TII ‘*1zo0yqne quFOF “*y “7 “AEMEeP “IL “STIL “L “FETED “epa0p equng “yh “ZTE ‘pueTS] uoouzy *€ *szIeTjJe TBOFSOTOoY *Z *spueTSsT TeTOTFTIAV “1 *uoftjonpoad se3 pue [fo 10oF w1rozzeTd Juouewrzsed e se aAras 03 8S6[ pue (G6, Userjeq pejONAjsuoD seM puUeTST su_ ‘“efuarosTTeg ‘eaeqaieg eBjuesg pue einjUueA UseMjzeq eTOYSFJO Tej,OWOTTY g°Q ATejewFRoadde pajedoT ‘pueTS] uoouTY Je SUOT}TpUOD TedTZOTODS suTieU squewnoop Apnjs sTyuL "yg *d : AydeasotTqtg (L1L00-0-92-Z7/MOVd § 203UeD YyOIRESSY Supfiseupsug Teqseop *S*pn — 30e1}U0D) (E€=g/ “ou f ABsqUeD YOIeeSESY SuTseUuTsUq TeIsSeOD *S*n — 34todea snosueTTeDSTW) “TTF : *d 901 "8/6, ‘20TAITeS UuOoTJeWAOFUT TeOTUYDe], TeuoTIeN worz oT qeTTeae : "eA Sprefxssutadg § rzequep yOAeesey BupaseuT3uq TeqseoD *s'n : “BA “IpOATeq “34 — “FEMEP *V *T pue uosuyor “gq *D Kq / epTuroZTTeD ‘epsz0p ejung ‘pueTs] uoouTy ‘pueTst Tef_oOFJTIAe ue Jo sqyoazzo TeoTSoToOoY a ‘5 Suosuyor L279 G=82, 50U au gon* €0ZOL "LLO0=0"9Z=ZZMOVG J0eAQUOD *Aa}UeD YOIeEeSSYy SuTL9euTsUq TeISPOD *S*pn :SeTteg “AI ‘“€-g/ “ou 4Arodezr snosueTTeosTW *Zejuep yoTeesey BSuTLseuTsug TeISePOD *S*n :SeTazeg “III “soy Ane qufof **y °7T SAEMep “IIT “OTIFL *I = “FFTeO Sepazop ejung *y “JFTeO ‘pueTs] uoouTy *g€ "sjoesya TeOFSOTOOY *Z “spueTST TeFOFFFIAV *L *uotjonpoid ses’ pue [To 10F wiozjetTd jJueuewized e se aATES OF 8S6L Ppue /G6| UeeMjeq pajonzjJsuOD SeM pUeTST oy] “eTUAOZTTeD ‘eaeqseg ejues pue einjusA Usehqeq eAOYSFJO AeJeWOTTY g°Q ATazeuTxoadde pojeooT ‘pue[Ts] uoouyy je suof}Tpuoo [TeoT~SoTOo.e suTiew sjuaunoop Apnjs sTyL "79 °d : AyderS0TT qT (L1L00-0-92-Z/MOVG $ 1eqUeD YyOIResSYy SuTieeuysug Tejseop *S*n — 30e1RUOD) (E€-gs “ou { ATaeqUeD YyoIRESSYy SuyTiseutsug Teqseog *s*n — 3aodexA snosueTTeo.sTW) “TTF : *d 901 "8/6, ‘80TATeg uoTIeMAOFUT TeOTUYyoe], TeuotIeN worz eT qeT pear : ‘eA ‘pTety3utids { tejueD yoreesey BuTToeuTSuq TeIseoD *S*N : “BA ‘ifoaTeg “34 — ‘IEMEP “VY “I pue uosuyor “gy "9 Aq / eTUIOZTTeD ‘eprz09 Bjung ‘pueTs] uooutTy ‘pue[st TeroTjT ize ue jo sjoeFjo TeoT-ZoTOOG “a °9 Suosuyor ——— ies = Sg te a ij ; 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wrzozsjeTd Jueuewized e se aAres 03 8S6L pue /C6] UeeAReq paqONAAZSuUOD SeM pURTST sy, “*eTUIOZTTeD ‘fereqieg BQUPS PUP PinjUdaA UseM}eq BIOYSFJO TajewWOTTY g*Q ATe_ewTxoidde pejeooT *‘pueTST uooUTY Je SUCTIT_pUOD TeoTZoTOOs |uTIeW sqUeUNDOp Apnqs sTyL *79 °d : AydeaSotT ata (LL00-0-92-ZZMOVa § 183uUeD YyoreaseYy SuyIseutsug TeqIseop *S*n — 4oRIqUOD) (E-gs “OU § TaRUeD YOTRESeYy SuTiesutTsuq Teqseop *S*m — 4aoder snooueT{TeosTW) “TIT : “d 901 "Q/6| ‘e0TAIVS UOTIeWZOFUT TeOTUYyDS] TeUuOCTIeN wory sTqeTTeae : ‘ea *‘ppetysutads { azaquep yo1essoy SuTissuT3uq Te3seoD *S'n : “BA “1foATeg “34 — *3EMeP “Vv “I pue uosuyor *y “9 Aq / eTUIOZTTeD ‘epr0y ejung ‘pueTs] uoourty ‘pueTst [epotFTqaze ue jo szIezJo TeoTZoT[ooY "ag ‘9 Suosuyor £9 c €=82 ‘ou aug cn* £0201 “LLO0-0-92-ZZMOVG 39823U0D 6° AeaqUeD YorPaSDy BuTloeuTsuq TeISeOD *S*A :SeFAGS “AI “E€-8l °oOu Aaodea snooueT[e0STW *ZejUeD) yOIeesey BupAseuTsug TeqIseoD *S*p :seTses *TII *10y Ine qupof ‘°y °7 SIEMeP “II “STIFL °I “°3FFIeD ‘epaog ejung *y “FETED ‘pueTS] uooury *€ “*sqz0esTJe TeOESoTooY *Z “*spueTST TePFOTFFIIV “1 *uofjonpoad se3 pue [fo 170F wxozqeTd Jueueuszed e se AAAS 03 8S6, Pue /G6| Uee%Jeq peqONzJSUOD SBM pUeTST oyL “eTUAOZTTeD ‘eazeqaeg equeg pue einj}UeA UsehJeq eLOYSFJO AsJOWOTTY g°Q ATeIeuTxoadde poazedoT ‘pueTS] uoouTY Je suOTI_puoD TeoTSoToOoe auTiew sqjueunoop Apnqs stuL "yg *d : AydeasotTqtg (LL00-0-92-ZZMOVd § 4eqUeD YyorReSseYy SupiseuTsug TeIseoD *S*n — JOeTRUOD) (E€=g/ “ou § AeqUeD YyOIeESEYy SuTiseutTsugq TeIseoD *s*n — 3t0deA snosueTTeSTW) “TTT : °*d 9OL "QL6| S@0TAIeg UOTIJeWAOFUT TeOPUYyDeT, TBuoTIeN wory eTqeTTFeae : "eA ‘SpTeTysutadg § rzejquep yoAResey SupiseuT3ug TeqseoD *S*n : “FA “IZOATOG “Jd — “FEMEP *V “I pue uosuyor *gF *D Kq / eTuAOZTTeD ‘epz0p ejung ‘pueTs] uoouTzy ‘puelsT~ [eToOFJTAAe ue jo sqyoezFjo TeoT~SoToOog °7 *9 Suosuyor £79 €-82 “ou awL 8 cn * €072OL "LLO0*0-92=ZZMOVE J9PAQU0D *tajUeD YOITRPEeSSYy Sup~toouTsugq [TeIseoD “S*fp :SeTIeS “AI “E€-gs *ou 4zodea snosueTTeosTH *leqjuepg yoTeesey BuTTveuTZuq TeqISeoD *g*A :seTzeg “III ‘roy Ine qurof *°y “7 S3EMep “IT “STIL *l “FELTED Sepzop ejung *y ‘“5TTeO ‘pueTs] uoouTy "Eg ‘*sjOeFTyJo TeOTSOToOoOY *Z “spuelst [eTPOFITIAV “1 *uoTjonpoid se’ pue TfTo toy wiozjeTd Jueuemized e se aATeS 07 8S61 Pue /S6,| UeeMJeq peqoOnazqjsuod SPM pueTS|T sy] “eTusOFTTeDQ Serzeqieg Bques pue einjueA UseM}zeq eT0YSFJO TejaWoOTTY g*Q ATeqJewpRoadde pazeooT ‘pueTS] uoouyy Je suOT}TpuoD TeoTZoTOo.s suTseu squewnoop Apnqs sTyL ‘yg *d : AydeasorTqta (L100-0-92-ZZmoVa § 203uUeD YyorResey SuyTieeuTsug TeqIseop *S*N — 3OeAIUOD) (E€-gs cou § AeqQUeD YOITRESDY SuTieeuTsugq Teqseop *S*n — 3zodex snoseueTTeostW) “TIF : °d 9OL "8/6, ‘a0FATeS UOTJeWAOFUT TeOTUYOST, TeuofAeN worzy eTqeTTeae : ‘eA SpTeTyzZutads { tequep yoreesey BuTTseuTsuq Teqseop “s*N : “FA “TfOATSG “34 — “IEMEP “VY “TI pue uosuyor *g *D Aq / eTUAOFTTeD ‘epszop Bjung ‘pueTs] uooupy ‘puey[st [eros ae ue jo sjzdezjJo TeoT~soTOoG *“g °9 Suosuyor i.) ‘ he n “ y j & i ee, oy 1s ¥ a i: ;