ECOLOGY AND DISTRIBUTION OF THE BENTHIC COMMUNITY ON THE MONTEREY BREAKWATER, MONTEREY, CALIFORNIA Steven J, Busch NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL Monterey, California THESIS ECOLOGY AND DISTRIBUTION OF BENTHIC COMMUNITY ON THE MONTEREY MONTEREY, CALIFORNIA THE BREAKWATER , by Steven J. Busch March, 1981 Thesis Advisor: E. C . Haderlie Approved for public release; distribution unlimited T 1 2 53 SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF THIS RAGE (Whan Data Entarad) REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE i *tro*r humICh a. OOVT ACCESSION NO 4V,TITLE r«"rf SubUUm) Ecology and. Distribution of the Benthic Community on the Monterey Breakwater, Monterey, California 7. AUTHORS Steven J. Busch >. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME ANO AOORE1S Naval Postgraduate School Monterey, California 939^0 READ INSTRUCTIONS BEFORE COMPLETING FORM J. REORIENTS CATALOG NUMBER S. TYRE OF REPORT ft PERIOD COVEREO Master's Thesis March 1981 4. PERFORMING ORG. REPORT NUMBER «. CONTRACT OR GRANT NUMSERCO 10. PROGRAM ELEMENT, PROJECT TASK AREA ft WORK UNIT NUMBERS ' II. CONTROLLING OFFICE NAME ANO AOORESS Naval Postgraduate School Monterey, California 93940 12. REPORT OATE March 1981 13. NUMBER OF PAGES 129 14. MONITORING AGENCY NAME * AOORESSflf dlllatant tram Control ling Otttea) IS. SECURITY CLASS, (al thla riport) Unclassified ISa. DECLASSIFICATION/ DOWNGRADING SCHEDULE 16. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT (al thla Xoport) Approved for public release; distribution unlimited 17. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT ol tha abatract antarad In Stock 30, II dlttarant tram Raport) IS. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES IS. KEY WORDS (Contmua an rawmtaa tida II nacaaamrr and identity ay M««« nimmmar) Ecology, Breakwater, Benthic community 20. ABSTRACT (Ccmttnua an rarmaa aid* II nacaaamy and Idamtltr *T Mac* manaar) An ecological baseline study was conducted on the Monterey breakwater. Qualitative and quantitative survey of the plants and animals occupying meter square quadrats along a cross-sectiona!. transect covering the breakwater and the adjacent mud bottom out to depths of 13 meters was made. Overall, the differences between the populations of the inner and outer parts of the breakwater appeared minor and primarily involved differences in relative dd ,: FORM AN 73 1473 EDITION OF 1 NOV • • IS OBSOLETE S/N 0103-014- S«0l I SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF THIS PAGE (Whan Data gntarad) *•» n*«« *•<•*•# abundance of only a few species. Data from this study establish an ecological baseline for future studies on the Monterey breakwater. Form 1473 014-6601 ucu«it* cla*»i*<«a* Cross-sectional profile of inner transect, rubble stones and mud, with relative position of quadrats S20-S36 30 Figure 10. Typical view of the outer transect and the distribution of selected organisms 40 Figure 11. Typical view of the inner transect and the distribution of selected organisms 43 3 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I wish to express ray sincere appreciation to those indi- viduals who contributed their time and expertise to the com- pletion of this thesis. Especially, ray advisor, Distinguished Professor Eugene C. Kaderlie of the Naval Postgraduate School Oceanography Department, whose patience, assistance and gui- dance were particularly valuable. Also, I am indebted to Dr. Isabella A. Abbot, Hopkins Marine Station, for her assistance in identifying various algae, to Lcdr. Gerald Mills, NOAA, for his assistance in running the third order levels on the break- water, and to all my diving partners, especially Lt. Rick Hoffman and Lt. Walter Bloss. Most of all, I would like to thank my loving wife Sue and my children for all their support and understanding during all phases of this study. I. INTRODUCTION Ecological baseline studies, when properly conceived and executed, can serve as a basis for evaluating possible damage to the marine environment following some natural or man-made accident. To accomplish this, these baseline studies should be conducted in areas where minimal ecological damage has occurred. Although extensive studies have been done on the wharf pilings in the harbor at Monterey and the kelp beds off Del Monte Beach, there has never been a detailed ecological study of the breakwater. The purpose of this study was to establish an ecological transect across the Monterey breakwater and to make qualitative and quantitative studies of the plants and animals occupying meter square quadrats along the transect covering the break- water and the adjacent mud bottom out to depths of 13 m. Data from this study will establish an ecological baseline for future studies on the Monterey breakwater. The applicability of this study to the Navy lies in the fact that naval officers must have an understanding for the need of properly managing the marine environment. The effects of constructing naval facilities or possible oil spills and their interrelationships with the environment requires the naval officer to draw from many fields of knowledge in interpreting 10 the effects. To do this, a naval officer must have a working knowledge of how to carry out a basic ecological survey, and prepare and/or interpret environmental impact statements. Also, a naval officer may have to advise on how to properly dispose of wastes and other materials with a minimal impact on the marine environment. Though the Navy's presence in Monterey harbor and the sur- rounding waterfront area is limited primarily to port visits from ships, the Navy would have a vested interest in Monterey's marine ecosystem should an unfortunate oil spill occur from one of its ships. This and other studies conducted at the Naval Postgraduate School would serve as reference baselines for any resulting ecological changes. II. AREA OF STUDY A . BACKGROUND 1 . Monterey Harbor Monterey harbor is located at the southern end of Monterey Bay approximately 160 km south of San Francisco, California (Figure 1). During the early 1900s, Monterey's waterfront area was a natural roadstead for a growing commercial fishing industry. The continual expansion of the fishing fleet and its shore facil- ities, over three decades, required construction of a breakwater for protection from storms. In 1931 i construction began on a rubble-mound breakwater and this was completed late in 193^ • 11 MONTEREY BAY Figure 1. Location of Monterey Harbor 12 The fishing industry continued to flourish until the decline of the sardine fishery in the early 1950s. Since then, the activities of the harbor have been largely reoriented to recre- ational boating and tourist attraction features. 2 . Breakwater Characteristics The Monterey breakwater is a typical permeable rubble- mound type preferred for coastal harbors because it is econo- mical, adaptable to any reasonable water depth, suitable on nearly all foundations, and readily repaired. Rubble-mound breakwaters are usually constructed with a heterogenous assem- blage of natural stones of varying shapes and sizes dumped pell- mell or placed in courses. Side slopes and armor stone size are designed to effectively counter the expected wave action. The rubble-mound type is used extensively throughout the United States and almost exclusively on the Pacific Coast. The first part of the Monterey harbor breakwater was a 393 meter rubble-mound structure begun in 1931 and completed in early 1934. A final 122 meter extension to the breakwater was completed late the same year (Figure 2). Breakwater blue- prints (numbers 285 and 728), from the Monterey City Engineer's Office, show the following design parameters (Figure 3) J The crest elevation is +3 m above mean lower low water (MLLW) and is 4.6 m in width. The orginal 393 m has a seaward and harbor side slopes of 33 • 7° (i.e. rises 1 m in the vertical for every 1.5 m in the horizontal) . The 122 m extension has a seaward side slope of 33-7° down to a depth of 4.8 m (MLLW), and 38.6 ° 13 Figure 2. Monterey breakwater showing position of study area 14 en o CO cc ■> Ol i_ QJ +-> c o +J <^- o o oo c Ol +J X oj s_ _ -t-» c en M- -r- o oo OJ 3 -a a> •i- CT> > C •r- i— s n3 O C -C O to 4-> S- o aj 00 03 i s to -^ 00 fO o CJ -Q CO CD 15 (rises 1 m vertically for every 1.25 m horizontally) below that depth. The harbor side slope, for the 122 m extension, is 45° (rises 1 m vertically for every 1 m horizontally) . The struc- tural adequacy of the breakwater has been substantiated by the fact that no replacement of stone or other preventive mainten- ance has been required since it was built. The granite quarried locally in Monterey for the con- struction of the breakwater was a Santa Lucia granodiorite of late Cretaceous age, with typical hardness and specific gravi- ties associated with granodiorites. The interior section, or core, consists of granitic quarry waste (rubble), where 50 percent of the rubble weighs more than 227 kg per piece. The exterior "A" stones, or armor stones, placed to attain an inter- locking fit, are approximately 9t000 kg per piece for the ori- ginal 393 m, and 3,000 to 10,000 kg each for the 122 m extension. The original 393 m has a cement cap roadway laid in conjunction with the construction of a wharf and mooring dolphins on the harbor side. Mooring dolphins were also placed along the 122 m extension but were removed during the spring of 1980 due to advance stages of deterioration. 3. Environmental Characteristics Water motion through the permeable armor stones results primarily from wave surge and tidal fluctuations. Waves over- topping the breakwater were observed when wave heights exceeded 0.5 m and the tide was greater than +1.5 m (MLLW) . Wave heights observed during this study were less than 1.0m. Tides ranged 16 from a low of approximately -0.5 m (MLLW) to a high of about +2.0 m for the year. Breidenstein and Thomas (1965) measured currents inside the harbor and found them to be tidally controlled (Figure 4) . These currents are predominately weak (2.^ cm/sec) but are of sufficient strength to carry silt-size sediment into the harbor area. Figure 5& shows the monthly average morning surface temperatures recorded at the tide station at the end of Munici- pal Wharf No. 2, located 300 m south of the breakwater. Six months of bimonthly water samples for salinity determination were taken at the breakwater from August 1980 through January 1981 (Figure 5t>) • Salinities were determined in the laboratory using a portable salinometer, Model 623ON by Plessey Corporation. B. TRANSECT AREA 1 . Site Selection Three criteria were to be satisfied before a particular area was selected for this study. First, the transect area should be situated so as not to disturb unduly the California sea lions residing on the breakwater. Second, the intertidal region through the crest of the breakwater should have suffi- cient spaces between the armor stones for square meter quadrat sampling. Finally, some sub-tidal caves, found in between the armor stones, should lie along the transect line. 17 18 Figure 5a. Biweekly morning surface temperature averages at the tidal station, Municipal Wharf # 2, from 1 January to 31 December, 1980. °u I 34.0 . ■ 33.8 - 33.6 - • / v 33.4 . ^ / /. X 33.2 ■ 33.0. A S 0 N D j Figure 5b. Bimonthly surface salinity averages at the 122 meter extension from 1 August, 1980 to 15 January, 1981 19 The required site was found approximately 25 m eastward of the cement roadway and 5 m from the periphery of the sea lion population. The transect area chosen also had six quad- rats located within the crest of the breakwater and three small sub-tidal caves. Further underwater exploration showed that a north-south magnetic heading (5° to the left of the perpendi- cular on the breakwater) would facilitate underwater marking of the transect and still satisfy the basic criteria. III. EQUIPMENT AND METHODS A . GENERAL Ecology is the study of how organisms interact with the physical and biological parts of their environment. Ecological methods refer to the systematic, orderly procedures for collec- ting the data for its interpretation. During this study, an eco- logical transect line was used, instead of random statistical sampling, for two reasons. First, it ensured a complete cross- sectional sampling of the breakwater and the mud bottom out to a depth of 13 m. Second, future repeatable samplings along the identical transect line can be made for direct comparison of data. Sampling was conducted in square meter increments along the transect line using a grid. The grid was nothing more than a moveable, aluminum square meter that established a boundary area (quadrat) for identifing and counting the organisms along the transect line. 20 A total of 185 dives were made during the period of study using standard scuba equipment. Diving began in February 1980, with the first four dives made to determine the optimum location for the study. The following 13 dives consisted of laying out and measuring the transect line selected. During the following months of March and April, the intertidal quadrats were sampled. This allowed for testing of collection methods and increased the investigator's ability to identify organisms in the field. The next 86 dives, from May to September, involved sampling the 39 sub-tidal quadrats (designated by the letter Q) on the seaward side of the breakwater. The following 72 dives, during October 1980 to mid-January 1981, were devoted to sampling the 33 sub-tidal quadrats (designated by the letter S) along the inside or harbor side of the breakwater. An additional ten dives were devoted to other general observations. On the average, the study of each quadrat required two dives, with eight quadrats needing three dives to complete the sampling (Table 1). This latter normally occurred when a quadrat was located at interfaces between the armor stones and rubble or the rubble and mud bottom due to the changing biota associated with each substrate. Three dives were also required for the study of quadrats Q10, Q15» S7» and Q21 encompassing three caves and half of a Macrocystis -pyrifera holdfast, respectively. Bottom time for each dive was a function of depth with dives below 10 m averaging 60 minutes and above 10 m, 90 minutes. Total hours logged underwater was 230. 21 TABLE I Number of dives for each quadrat? Outer Breakwater Dives Q1-Q6 - Q7 2 Q8 2 Q9 2 Q10 3 Q11 2 Q12 2 013 2 Q14 2 Q15 3 Q16 3 Q17 2 Q18 2 Q19 3 Q20 2 Q21 3 Q22 2 Q23 2 Q24 2 Q25 2 Q26 2 Q27 2 Q28 2 Q29 2 Q30 2 Q31 2 Q32 2 Q33 2 Q34 3 Q35 3 Q36 3 Q37 2 Q38 2 Q39 2 Q40 2 Q41 2 Q42 2 Q43 2 Q44 2 Q45 2 TOTAL 86 *Refer to figures 6 t Inner Breakwater SI S2 S3 S4 S5 S6 S7 S8 S9 S10 Sll S12 S13 SI 4 S15 S16 S17 S18 SI 9 S20 S21 S22 S23 S24 S25 S26 S27 S28 S29 S30 S31 S32 S33 S34 S35 S36 Dives TOTAL 72 through 9 for quadrat location. 22 B . EQUIPMENT In order to maintain the integrity of the populations of organisms found along the transect line, the collection of ani- mals and plants was kept to a bare minimum. Yet some represen- tative samples had to be collected for laboratory identification. The collection of organisms required a wide range of rather simple tools that were readily available. Putty knives, of varying thickness and stiffness, were required for scrapping and prying off attached forms. Small forceps were needed for handling the more delicate organisms and a larger pair for reaching into crevices to pull out crabs and other animals. A hand-held coring apparatus (5 cm inside diameter) was used to collect core samples along the twenty quadrats on the mud. Collected organisms were placed in an assortment of plastic bags or 3. 78 liter plastic jars, which could be firmly sealed. All tools, jars and bags then were placed in a large divers' nylon bag that could be clipped onto the diver's weightbelt. Drawings, notes, and species tabulations were recorded on three kl by 31 cm bakelite slates, ringed together in notebook fashion. A pencil was inserted into a surgical tube and tied to a ring by a ko cm cord. On the slates were a listing of the organisms that could be identified in situ, which facili- tated the tabulation phase of the sampling. Also, a grid drawn to l/5 scale on one of the slates was used for drawing a sketch of each quadrat. 23 Two square aluminum grids were used in the sampling process. . . . 2 The first grid was divided into 100 squares, each 10 cm , by a series of crossing wires. This grid was used only on the armor stones. The second grid had no inner divisions and was used on the rubble and mud portions of the transect. This allowed for stones to be pulled out of the quadrat for sampling, or coring samples to be taken, without any major interference to the remainder of the quadrat. C. MEASUREMENT METHODS 1 . Transect Centerline Position The transect* s centerline position, on the crest of the breakwater, was determined by running a tape measure from Mon- terey County Disk (No. 301). This disk is located at the end of the cement roadway, directly under the Coast Guard small craft warning tower (Latitude 36° 36' 32.l4l"N, Longitiude 121° 53' 23. 998 "W). One end of the tape was placed on the disk and then the tape measure was walked out to the transect 's center- line position and measured. The transect' s centerline position was 26.57 m eastward of the disk (refer back to Figure 2). The centerline position has been marked by a red "X" for future reference. 2. Transect Centerline Elevation The transect' s centerline elevation above M1LW was determined by running a double-run third order level using the Ni 2 self-leveling level, made by 2eiss Corporation, and level 24 rods. The tidal datum used was bench mark 21M (elevation +7.31 m) located at the west corner, right angle curve of Can- nery Row at the foot of the breakwater. The center line eleva- tion was determined to be I.58 m above MLLW. 3. Transect Marking, Measuring, and Map-ping Marking off the transect required having three fixed reference points. One at the centerline position and one fixed reference point at the bottom on each side of the breakwater. The centerline position was conveniently over a fissure on an armor stone, in which, a one meter long two cm diameter rod was driven into the fissure. The bottom references consisted of two 12 kg cement clumps with eyebolts. The clumps were run out on north-south magnetic headings, using a surveyor compass, from the centerline position with a Zodiac boat and lowered down onto the mud with handlines. Next a diver swam a nylon line, marked in one m increments, out on a north-south magnetic head- ing, using an underwater compass, from the centerline position to a distance of ten m from the bottom edge of the breakwater. The clumps were picked up by the diver and finally positioned by placing the clumps at the end of the line. The nylon line was then pulled taut and tied off at the clumps and rechecked for an accurate north-south magnetic bearing. Once the bearings were checked, one meter long scrap metal rods were sunk into the rubble, every two meters, along the transect line. Rods were driven into the armor stones when- ever a suitable fissure occurred along the transect line. The 25 transect line was then untied from the clumps and secured be- tween each rod and rechecked again for proper bearings. The whole procedure for the outer breakwater had to be redone for on one occasion divers had completely removed all the rods. Mapping of the transect line required measuring the dimensions of each rock and recording their depths. Measure- ments were made using a plastic meter stick that could bend somewhat without breaking. Proceeding down the transect line, measurements were made in one meter increments. All depths were recorded, using a Scubapro helium-filled depth guage , along with the time, and then converted relative to MLLW using the Tide Tables 1980 for West Coast of North and South America. The depths were rechecked on three other occasions, once at a high tide, low tide, and at MLLW. Figures 6 through 9 show cross-sectional profiles of the transect line and relative quad- rat locations along the transect line. D. OBSERVATIONAL METHODS 1 . General Quadrat Sampling Techniques and Identification of Organisms The initial work on each quadrat consisted of describing the quadrat in terms of gross topographical and biological fea- tures. During this examination the identity and numbers of all large benthic animals, such as seastars and crabs, were recorded, These animals were then removed and placed in a previously sam- pled quadrat, to help facilitate the ongoing sampling process. 2 The quadrat was then divided into four 50 cm areas and the 26 LT) s VX3 1 I o > to B co A 00 0J c o -M CO S- o E s- (O e LT> #» -t-J o s- cu +-> £ 3 . r~ O CT> ^— 4- cr O 1 r- • O) o- r— £= •r- CO 00 M- -M O rc i_ S- Q.-0 n3 i — =3 <7> ro cr C O <4- •r- o +J (_> CO a; c o CO o 1 'I- CO +■> CO -i— O co S- C O Q. r- CO C1J s_ CD 27 E S CO i cr. o o T3 3 c (ts to c o VI ^ ««=r -m cr a i +J ^ ro S- S- a; -a +-> A3 13 3 o CT <4- *♦- o o •r— "i- +J +■» U 28 29 -o 13 c (a to a> c o +-> 00 E -Q 3 S_ • 10 ** +-> oo U i a o ;/> C\J c on 13 5- +-> +J n3 S. S_ CM •i— •■— +-> +-> <_> rt3 O) r— 00 CU 1 S- 00 00 -C E O +-> '"" S- •t- O 2 CTt OJ CD 30 algae were identified and tabulated for each inner grid. Ira- mature algae posed the greatest difficulty as they had to be collected and brought back to the laboratory for microscopic examination. Once identification and enumeration of the algae 2 were completed, the four 50 cm areas were examined again and the animals on the exposed surfaces were identified and tabu- lated. If new or unknown species were encountered, samples were taken and labelled for laboratory study and their numbers noted. As the investigator gained familiarity with the species present, many organisms could be identified in situ. However, there were many exceptions and these animals all had to be col- lected for positive identification. Some examples were the sponges, encrusting bryozoans, and immature crabs. Once the exposed surfaces were completely studied, sampling began on the undersides of the rocks or if out on the mud, core samples were taken. Each sampling technique will be addressed later on. Once any one quadrat study was completed, the grid was placed in the next square meter increment (quadrat) and secured down to prevent any slippage. On the chance that it might be disturbed by a passing diver or heavy bottom surge during the investigator's absence, its position was measured and recorded from prominent bottom features so that it could be reset, quickly. This allowed the diver to begin sampling the new quadrat immed- iately upon the next dive. 2. Sampling Techniques - Caves The three small caves encountered were actually under the grids, but required swimming down and around the armor stones 31 under an imaginery stereoscopic projection of the grid through the armor stones into the caves. The dimensions of the caves did not allow the grid to be placed inside. However, by run- ning lines, from the secured grid, into the caves and using a meter stick a representative grid was laid out in the cave. The same sampling technique, as mentioned earlier, was carried out, but was very slow and cumbersome due to restricted mobility and the use of an underwater light. The dominant organisms were sponges, barnacles and encrusting bryozoans. 3 . Sampling Technique - Rubble Stones Once the sampling on the exposed surfaces was completed, the rocks were turned over, one at a time, and the organisms were identified, counted, and collected if required. The depth into the rubble core that could be excavated was a function of slope and rock size. As the rocks were removed and turned over, a critical point would eventually be reached where rocks from previously sampled quadrats would slide down into the excavation. This would contaminate the tabulation and cause unnecessary damage to the organisms living on these rocks. Sampling exca- vation was also stopped when rocks too heavy to lift were en- countered. The deepest excavation was 83 cm, with the average being 50 cm. Once the sampling was completed, the stones were returned to their original order and position and every attempt was made to reconstruct the area in its original form. 32 k. Sampling Technique - Mud The mud quadrats were studied only on days when under- water visibility was excellent and there was little or no bottom surge. Upon reaching the base of the breakwater, and before venturing out onto the mud, the divers' swimfins were removed to reduce the turbulence that stirred up the sediment. After the quadrat was reached and the collecting equipment set up it normally required several minutes of lying motionless on the bottom to allow the disturbed sediment to resettle. Sampling was then carried out, as previously described, but all movements had to be calculated and executed slowly or visibility would be momentarily lost. A hand-held coring apparatus (5 cm inside diameter) was used to collect ten random core samples at each quadrat from the top ten cm of sediment, giving a total sampling 2 area at each quadrat of 0.05 m . Samples were emptied into 3.78 liter plastic jars, sealed, and returned to the laboratory. There they were washed through a screen and the animals were sorted from the sediment and identified. 5. Species Numerical Determinations Whenever possible, tabulations were done on an indivi- dual to individual basis, a slow but accurate method. On several occasions, a single species was found to dominate a quadrat and their numbers required confining the tabulations to one or more 2 10 cm areas. Then an appropriate factor had to be multiplied 2 to the 10 cm area to obtain a corresponding number for a square meter or some fraction of a square meter. A prime example was 33 the annelid worms of the family Spirorbidae. All identification and enumeration of spirorbids was done under the microscope in the laboratory. Four representative rocks, from four different 2 quadrats, were brought back to the laboratory and one 10 cm 2 grid was secured to each stone. Inside the 10 cm grid was 2 placed a movable one cm grid. The rock was placed under the microscope and the spirorbids were identified and tabulated 2 for 100 squares, each one cm . This procedure was repeated for each rock and then the numbers for each species were averaged for each side of the breakwater. Since, the spirorbids on the armor stones could not be brought back to the laboratory, three 2 squares each 10 cm were tabulated for total spirorbids on each side of the breakwater. The three tabulations were averaged and then multiplied by the percentages found from dividing each species population by the total spirorbid population from the rocks brought back to the laboratory. This gave an estimate of the percentage of each species on the armor stones for a given population count. See Appendix G for a statistical break- down for each species. 6. Problems and Errors The orginal objective of this study was to sample a transect area in square meter increments while doing as little damage as possible to the area. As a result, no attempt was made to scrape off all the organisms and return them to the laboratory for identification and tabulation. By leaving the quadrats relatively undisturbed a baseline was established that 34 allows for future comparative studies. As a result of these precautions, the enumerations of numbers of individuals of any one species were minimums and were not indicative of their total abundance. Also, organisms were found deep within the rubble core and probably extended downward as far as their oxygen and food requirements would allow. Though every attempt was made to collect previously unrecorded specimens, some of the more mobile animals eluded capture. Animals living in deep crevices had to be identified and counted from a distance using a light. Many of the very small macroscopic animals, such as amphipods, were too numerous and too difficult to capture and no attempt was made to sample them. On some occasions, errors might have resulted from fa- tigue and cold setting in after the third or fourth dive on a day. The precise location in the quadrat was sometimes lost when the diver was distracted by overly friendly sea lions. It was also impossible to correct for animals migrating between quadrats from one day to the next. At the start of this study, all these possible errors were realized and whenever possible were minimized. IV. PRESENTATION OF RESULTS A . GENERAL The results of this study are presented in four parts. Appendix A and B are Tables of Species, for the outer and inner breakwater, respectively, with species abundance at each quadrat 35 interval of sampling. Appendix C is a Species List with com- ments on some selected organisms. Appendix D is a List of Fishes with general comments on their distribution. In the Table of Species, the specific animals and plants are listed by phyla. Numbers in parentheses next to the phylum name represent the number of species found and assigned to that phylum. The column "Lg. Dim" tabulates the largest approximate dimension recorded for each species. Sizes for the colonial forms represent the largest dimension of the colony. Species tabulations are given primarily in numerical nota- tion, with the exceptions of the quantitative symbols "A" and 2 "P" and the percentage of coverage per m for the coralline algae Lithothamnium. These symbols are explained in Table IV at the end of Appendix B. The Species List (Appendix C) is also arranged by phylum with further subdivisions (i.e. classes, families, orders) given for clarity. The invertebrate keys found in Smith and Carlton (1975) were used in making most of the identifications and in assigning species names. Organisms identified using other sources have such sources indicated after the comments. Com- ments are made on selected species, and these refer to their distribution, occurrence, new range extensions, or difficulties in identification. 36 B. OUTER TRANSECT A progression along the transect line, northward, down and through the intertidal quadrats (Q1-Q7) showed these quadrats to be characterized by low species diversity (approximately ^0 species) and high densities, ranging up to 9»15^ individuals 2 per m . The most abundant organisms, the barnacles, made up 80 percent of the total population. The highest sub-tidal quadrat (Q8) showed a significantly higher diversity (about 65 species) while maintaining upwards of 6,000 animals per square meter. Sub-tidal quadrats (Q9- Q15) showed a continually increasing diversity (averaging 77 species) with densities approximating ^-,000 individuals, this number being biased somewhat by the large colonies of the tubed annelid worm Dodecaceria fewkesi {S5 percent of the total popu- lation) . Red algae, especially the corallines, became the dominant plants throughout these quadrats. Here, the brown algae were conspicuously absent, which was probably due to the unfavorable conditions caused by excessive wave surge and turbulence . Quadrat sixteen (Ql6) was the first quadrat encountered which contained rubble stone. It was unique, as it was pro- tected by armor stones on three sides. Also, it harbored five of 22 species that were only found once on the entire outer transect. Several of the organisms found are rare or uncommon in this region (i.e. Pseudopotamilla intermedia, Paraxanthias taylori, and Searlesia dira) . 37 The deepest armor stone (in quadrats Q17-Q18) was marked most conspicuously by scattered red algae, primarily Rhodymenia •pacif ica and, to a lesser extent Gigartina exas-perata. Inver- tebrates were noticeably scarce, represented by several species of encrusting bryozoans and small crabs. The scarcity of ani- mals was probably due to the flat profile of the armor stone, which afforded no depressions or cavities for animals to reside in. Though quadrat Q19 covered the undersides of the above armor stone, its lower profile was buried under rubble stones and can be treated along with the rubble quadrats (Q20-Q35) . The most striking feature in the distribution of the animals in the rub- ble quadrats was the pronounced increase in their diversity, averaging 85 species per quadrat. The abundance and the diver- sity of the organisms was even more pronounced from quadrats Q20 to Q25. Here, tunicates were numerous, along with the bryozoans. Sponges were well represented with 13 of 18 iden- tified species found within this region. The chiton, Placi- phorella velata, was more abundant at this locality then at any other locality along the transect. Also, at these quadrats, the red alga Rhodymenia pacif ica became dominant and remained so down the transect. It was here also that the brown alga Macro- cystis -pyrifera was found and occurs at this depth throughout the length of the outer breakwater. Continuing down the transect there was a steady decline in both species diversity and density. At Q3^» it was possible 38 to reach the mud by excavating 50 cm deep into the rubble. At Q35» some of the animals associated with the mud bottom community first began to appear. At the base of the breakwater, there was a gradual transi- tion phase between the animals found on the breakwater and those associated with the muddy bottom. The data showed that quadrats Q36-Q38 were the interface area. Along these quadrats the red alga Rhodymenia pacif ica decreased in numbers as did the numbers of animals found on the breakwater. At the same time animals associated with the mud began to increase modestly. Finally, at a distance of three meters from the edge of the breakwater, Rhodymenia pacif ica occurred only sparingly, due to the lack of stones buried just beneath the mud, and it was here that muddy bottom animals appeared more frequently (i.e. Stylatula elon- gata, Glycera sp_p_. , and Polinices lewsii) . Also observed 10 m from the edge of the breakwater, but not within the transect line, was the gaper clam Tresus nuttallii (see Figure 10 for a general overview of selected organisms and their distribution) . C. 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O a. u to »*- 3 ^ re rO l/> "p— &. l/» C -i- ■ — c •<- — e c at o u 3 *- <— o a ro CU 10 -Q o •«- •r- O _j ca (O rQ >Q Q. i/) .— .— C 3 •— l— — •- O *J HI Ol ^- -- ■— •r- •— ^- CU c ifl Ifl IO+J O to vo :- ro •»— o o o s- s- mauoa *-> •-- m -I- 4-> CU c i. m O 13 T3 ■*- 0»i- i. 1- i. a. o ■— ■ O -C U rO •f- U T3 S — O 3 C T3 O 1- 3 ■— O »>>>» i. -a -o +-> o o o -c x: co of QC 98 TABLE IV Explanation of symbolSpUsed in Appendix A and B for organisms collected in the 1.0 m samples. Explanation Numbers given in Appendix C Numbers were impossible to determine Symbol Descriptive Term A Abundant P Present 99 APPENDIX C SPECIES LIST ANIMALS PORIFERA DEMOSPONGIAE Halisarca sp. Found predominantly along the outer transect, under the first layer of rubble stones. A-plysilla polyraphis de Laubenfels, 1930- Rare, a single specimen was found 30 cm deep in the rubble on the inner transect . Haliclona sp_. Found in a cave on the inner transect. Reniera sp. Xestospongia vanilla (de Laubenfels, 1930) • Sigmadocia edaphus de Laubenfels, 1930- Rare. Two speci- mens were collected under the first layer of rubble on the inner transect. Sigmadocia sp. Zygfaerpe hyaloderma de Laubenfels, 1932. Axocielita originalis (de Laubenfels, 1930)* Common along both transects, on undersides of the rubble. Rostanga pulchra was observed feeding on A^_ originalis on two occasions. Ophlitaspongia pennata (Lambe, 1895)- Found in small cre- vices and under overhangs of the armor stones on both transects . Acarnus erithasus de Laubenfels, 1927 • Uncommon. ?Astylinifer arndti de Laubenfels, 1930. Hymedesmia brepha (de Laubenfels, 1930). Rare. Collected on the sides of uncovered rubble stones. Hymedesima sp. 100 Hymenamphiastra cyanocrypta de Laubenfels, 1930* Found at depths "below four meters and only on the rubble stones along both transects. Lissodendoryx topsenti (de Laubenfels, 1930) • Halichondria -panicea (Pallas, 1766). Found only along the inner transect on the armor stones, in well-lighted situations Hymeniacidon ung;odon de Laubenfels, 1932. Hymeniacidon _sp_. Collected from the undersides of a 75 cm long overhang on an armor stone along the inner transect. Cliona ?celata Grant, 1826. Cliona sp_p_. Found predominantly on dead Balanus nubilus shells that have fallen off the mooring dolphins along the inner transect. Stelletta clarella de Laubenfels, 1930- Specimens were col- lected down to 75 cm in the rubble on both transects. CALCAREA Leucosolenia eleanor Urban, 1905* Numbers tabulated refer to the individual clusters of anastomosing tubes. Common on the stipes of the red algae. Leucandra heathi Urban, 1905- C0ELENTERATA HYDR0Z0A Aglaophenia struthionides (Murray, i860) . Observed along the outer transect only. Aglaophenia latirostris Nutting, 1900. Common on red algae, in large clusters, along both transects. Plumularia sp_p_. Present throughout the transects. Their delicate nature made numerical determinations impossible. Sertularella s_p_p_. The most common and widely distributed hydroid on the transects. ANTH0Z0A Anthopleura artemisia (Pickering in Dana, 1848). 101 Anthopleura elegantissima (Brandt, I835) . Anthopleura xanthogrammica (Brandt, 1835). Epiactis prolif era Verril, I869. Found on the undersides of the rubble, along the outer transect to a depth of two meters. Tealia coriacea (Cuvier, 1798). Observed in the mud on the outer transect only. Tealia crassicornis (Muller, 1776). Found on the side of a large rubble stone along the outer transect at a depth of eight meters. Tealia lofotensis (Danielssen, 1890). A single juvenile specimen was found along the outer transect. All the mem- bers of the genus Tealia were conspicuously absent along the inner transect. Metridium exilis Hand, 1955' Metridium senile (Linnaeus, 1767) . Found in sheltered caves on both transects. Balanophyllia elegans Verrill, 186^. Common, on the vertical protected faces of the armor stones. On the inner tran- sect (see Appendix B, S15) 873 of the 889 specimens were juveniles and pure white in color. This phenomenon was observed on almost every similar armor stone along the length of the inner breakwater, at this depth. Gorynactis calif ornica Carlgren, 1936. Pachycerianthus f imbriatus McMurrich, 1910. Several speci- mens exhibited high degrees of variance and were synomy- nous with P. torreyi. See Arai (19&5) > Stylatula elongata (Gabb, I863) . PLATYHELMINTHES POLYCLADIDA Hoploplana calif ornica Hyman, 1953 • Found among the dead Pododesmus cepio shells scattered about the mud along the inner transect. Stylochoplana gracilis Heath and McGregor, 1912. Found on the stipe and blade of a small Macrccvstis ovrifera. 102 Stylochus tripartitus Hyman, 1953 • All specimens were col- lected off the armor stones. S^ tripartitus is normally found on kelp stipes and holdfasts (see Haderlie (1975) in Light's Manual). However, the quadrats where S_^ tri- partitus were found are occasionally covered by drifting Macrocvstispyrif era being washed up and over the break- water. This would account for its presence through these quadrats. Eurylepta aurantiaca (Heath and McGregor, 1912). On quad- rats Q7-Q12 there were a large number of this flatworm found. A single 10 cm2 grid yielded 35 specimens, the largest being only seven mm. Even with the thinest col- lecting spatula, E_j_ aurantiaca was hard to remove from the rocks. Based on the single 10 cm2 grid and other observations, the population of E^ aurantiaca was conser- vatively estimated to exceed 300 per m^ , for the six quadrats . NEMERTEA ANOPLA Tubulanus pellucidus (Coe, 1895) • Found in delicate tubes under the dead Pododesmus cepio shells on the mud of the inner transect. Tubulanus sexlineatus (Griffin, 1898). Found only on the armor stones on both transects. Cerebratulus calif orniensis Coe, 1905- Lineus ruber (O.F. Muller, 1771). Micrura verrilli Coe, 1901. Two specimens were found beneath rubble stones that were wedged inbetween armor units on the inner transect. Micrura pardalis Coe, 1905- EN0PLA Amphiporus imparispinosus Griffin, 1898 . Paranemertes peregrina Coe, 1901. Tetrastemma nigrifrons Coe, 190^. Found in algal holdfasts. 103 SIPUNCULA GOLFINGIIDAE Themiste pyroides (Chamberlain, 1919). One specimen was found ko cm deep in the rubble on the outer transect. PHASCOLOSOMATIDAE Phascolosoma agassizii Keferstein, I867. Found throughout the transects in crevices, shells and holdfasts. ANNELIDA POLYCHAETA (Most diverse group observed and is presented here using the family format listed by Blake (1975) in Light's Manual ) . POLYNOIDAE Arctonoe pulchra (Johnson, 1897) • Commensal with Neoam-phi- trite robusta. Halosydna brevisetosa Kinberg, 1855- Most common scale worm found. Harmothoe imbricata (Linnaeus, 1767). Lepidonotus squamatus (Linnaeus, 1767) . Lepidasthenia gigas (Johnson, 1897). Commensal with Neo- amphitrite robusta on the inner transect. Hartman (1968 , p. 113) lists L^_ gigas range as limited to Southern California. EUPHROSINIDAE Euphrosine aurantiaca Johnson, 1897 • Always found under the first layer of rubble on the outer transect. See Hartman (1968). PHYLLODOCIDAE Anaitides medipapillata Moore, 1909. Anaitides williamsi Hartman, 1936. Eulalia aviculiseta Hartman, 193^. Eulalia bilineata (Johnson, 1840). Found in algal holdfast. Eulalia virdis (Linnaeus, 1767) . 104 HESIONIDAE Ophiodromus pugettensis (Johnson, 1901). One specimen was found free living. All others were observed in ambulacral grooves of Patiria miniata. SYLLIDAE Autolytus spp. Eusyllis assimilis Marenzeller , 1875- See Hartman (1968). Odontosyllis phoshporea Moore, 1909. Found among algal holdfasts, only on the inner transect. Pionosyllis gigantea Moore, 1908. Syllis gracilis Grube, 18^+0. Predominately found in crevices between armor stones. Trypanosyllis ingens Johnson, 1902. NEREIDAE Nereis eakini Hartman, 193&. Nereis pelagica neonigripes Hartman, 1936. Platynereis bicanaliculata (Baird, I863) . Dominant Poly- chaeta Errantia on both transects. GLYCERIDAE Glycera americana Leidy, 1855- Glycera capitata Oersted, 18^3* Both Glycera were found only in the mud on the outer transect. DORVILLEIDAE Dorvillea moniloceras (Moore, 1909) • Both specimens were found inside dead Balanus aquila shells. LUMBRINERIDAE Lumbrineris zonata (Johnson, 1901). Specimens were excavated at depths in excess of 50 cm from quadrats that had rubble and muddy sediments mixed together. ARABELLIDAE Arabella iricolor (Montagu, 1804) . 105 SPIONIDAE (All the species listed below were found boring into the shells of Pododesmus cepio or into coralline algae.) Boccardia tricus-pa (Hartman, 1939). Boccardia sp_. Several specimens were too small for species placement. Polydora convexa Blake and Woodwick, 1972. Polydora giardi Mesnil, 1896. Polydora pygidialis Blake and Woodwick, 1972. CHAETOPTERIDAE Chaetopterus variopedatus (Renier, 180^) . Found most often at depths below eight meters. Phyllochaetopterus prolif ica Potts, 191^-. Common through- out the transects. When found under rocks, the aggregate of tubes usually numbered less than ten. CIRRATULIDAE Caulleriella alata (Southern, 191^). See Hartman (1969). Dodecaceria f ewkesi Berkeley and Berkeley, 195^« The most abundant annelid encountered, with large calcareous masses formed on the vertical faces of the armor stones. FLABELLIGERIDAE Flabelliderma essenbergae Hartman, 1961. A single specimen was found among the holdfast of Macrocystis pyrif era on the inner transect. Hartman (i960, p. 287) lists its range as Southern California. Pherusa inflata (Treadwell, 191^). Pherusa papillata (Johnson, 1901). MALDANIDAE Axiothella rubrocincta (Johnson, 1901). SABELLARIIDAE Phragmato-poma calif ornica (Fewkes, 1889). Sabellaria cementarium Moore, 1906. Common throughout both transects, especially on the undersides of rocks. 106 Sabellaria gracilis Hart man, 1944. PECTINARIIDAE Pectinaria calif orniens is Hartman, 1941. Found on the mud, only along the inner transect. TEREBELLIDAE Eupolymnia crescentis Chamberlin, 1919. Neoamphitrite robusta (Johnson, 1901). The dominant Tere- bellid found on the breakwater. Pista elongata Moore, 1909. Thelepus crispus Johnson, 1901. Terebella calif ornica Moore, 1904. Found in algal holdfast. SABELLIDAE Eudistylia polymor-pha (Johnson, 1901). A single specimen was found on the vertical face of an armor stone on the outer transect. Pseudopotamilla intermedia Moore, 1905. Pseud o-potamilla occelata Moore, 1905. Sabella crassicornis Sars, 1851. Sabella media (Bush, 1904). Schizobranchia insignis Bush, 1904. SERPULIDAE Grucigera zygo-phora (Johnson, 1901). Uncommon. Serpula vermicularis Linnaeus, 1?67. Found on all rocks. Chitono-poma groenlandica (Morch, I863) . See Hartman (1969). SPIRORBIDAE (See Knight- Jones , 1979) Circeis armoricana Saint-Joseph 1894. The second most com- mon Spirorbidae, averaging 276 individuals per m2 on the armor units and 46,000 per m2 along the rubble quadrats. 107 J ana nip-ponica (Okuda, 1934) • The least common of the four species found. Averaging only 68 per m2 on the armor units and 7.000 per m2 in the rubble. Pilodaria potswaldi Knight-Jones, 1978. The dominant Spirorbidae found. Averaging 800 per m2 on the armor stones and 100,000 per m2 in the rubble. Protolaeospira exima (Bush, 1904) . The third most common species found. Averaging 140 per m2 on the armor stones and 18,000 per m2 in the rubble. ARTHR0P0DA (Crustaceans, the only class present, is presented by sub-families using the format in Smith and Carlton (1975) Light's Manual.) CRUSTACEA C0PEP0DA (Specimens of different generea were collected by accident when larger animals or algae were placed in con- tainers. One species was observed in the matrix of the ascidian Aplidium solidum. Illg (1975) in Light's Manual lists Pholeterides furtiva as being found in A^_ solidum, but no positive identification was possible.) CIRRIPEDIA Pollici-pes polymerus Sowerby, 1833- Specimens were found only on the exposed vertical faces of the intertidal armor stones on the outer transect. Balanus aquila Pilsbry, 1907. Balanus crenatus Bruguiere, 1789 . Balanus nubilus Darwin, 1854. Found only intermittenly , except for Q19. a large overhanging ledge, where the under- sides had 13 individuals per m2. Balanus glandula Darwin, 1854. Extremely abundant in the high intertidal forming dense stands along with C^ dalli. Megabalanus californicus (Pilsbry, 1916) . Found only in crevices or on the undersides of the armor stones. Low intertidal. Chthamalus dalli Pilsbry, 1916. Tetraclita rubescens Darwin, 1854. 108 MALACOSTRACA Synidotea ritteri Richardson, 190^. Found on Aglaophenia Synidotea sp. Unable to identify to species due to size and systematic complexity. Paracerceis cordata (Richardson, 1899) • Podocerus sp_. Common, found on hydroid Sertularella sp_p_. Deutella calif ornica Mayer, 18 90. Tritella pilimana Mayer, 1890. Caprella calif ornica Stimpson, 1857. Caprella equilibra Say, 1818. Caprella ferrea Mayer, 1903. Ca-prella sp.. Unable to identify to species due to size or systematic complexity. Pandalus danae Stimpson, 1857. Heptacarpus brevirostris (Dana, 1852). Heptacarpus pictus (Stimpson, 1857) ■ Spirontocaris prionota (Stimpson, 1864) . Two specimens were found along the inner transect. Alpheus spp. Common throughout the transect. Their mobility precluded any enumerations. Heterocrypta occidentalis (Dana, 185*0 • Present only on the mud bottom of the outer transect. Loxorhynchus crispatus Stimpson, 1857. Loxorhynchus grandis Stimpson, 1857. See Schmitt (1921). Mimulus f oliatus Stimpson, i860. Pugettia gracilis Dana, 1851. Pugettia products (Randall, 1839) . Pugettia richii Dana, 1851. 109 Cancer antennarius Stimpson, 1856. Cancer .jordani Rathbun, 1900. Specimens were found only on the vertical faces of the armor stones along the inner transect. See Schmitt (1921). Cancer productus Randall, 1839. Lophopanopeus bellus (Stimpson, i860). Lophopanopeus leucomanus heathii Rathbun, 1900. Paraxanthias taylori (Stimpson, i860). A single specimen was excavated from a depth of 15 cm in the rubble of Ql6. Pinnixa franc iscana Rathbun, 1918. Found in the tubes of the Terebellid Neoamphitrite robusta. Pinnixa longipes (Lockington, 1877). Found with the annelid Pectinaria calif orniensis . Pinnixa tubicola Holmes, 1895- Found in the tubes of Eupolym- nia crescentis . Pachygrapsus crassipes Randall, 1839 • Pagurus beringanus (Benedict, 1892). Found only on the rubble or mud, in water depths greater than six m. Pagurus granosimanus (Stimpson, 1859). Pagurus hirsutiusculus (Dana, 1851). Pagurus samuelis (Stimpson, 1857). Acanotholithodes hispidus (Stimpson, i860) . Two specimens were found, one on each transect, in water depths greater than six m. Both were excavated from the rubble 15 cm deep where they were hiding in small dark crevices. See Schmitt (1921). Crypt olithodes sitchensis Brandt, 1853 ■ Cryptolithodes typicus Brandt, 1853. See Schmitt (1921). Hapalogaster cavicauda Stimpson, 1859. Uncommon, found normally at depths in excess of 15 cm in the rubble. Pachycheles pubescens Holmes, 1900. Pachycheles rudis Stimpson, 1859- 110 Petrolisthes cincti-pes (Randall, 1839). Petrolisthes rathbunae Schmitt, 1921. HALACARIDAE (Mites were observed subtidally on the coralline algae. Newell (1975) in Light's Manual lists Thalassacarus spp. as being known only from this region.) MOLLUSCA CEPHALOPODA Octopus si). Small specimens observed were believed to be 0. rubescens. The one large specimen (77 cm) may have been 0. dof leini or Ch_ dof leini martini. See Hochberg and Fields (1980). POLYP LAC 0PH0RA Callistochiton crassicostatus Pilsbry, 1893 • Most abundant chiton found, occurring from under the first layer of rubble down to the greatest depth excavated (83 cm) . Nuttallina californica (Reeve, 1847). Cyanoplax dentiens (Gould, 1846). Ischnochiton radians Carpenter in Pilsbry, 1892. Ischnochiton regularis (Carpenter, 1855). Lepidozona cooperi (Pilsbry, 1892). Lepidozona mertensii (Middendorff , 1846) . Stenoplax fallax (Pilsbry, 1892). Stenoplax heathiana Berry, 1946. Tonicella lineata (Wood, 1815). Leptochiton rugatus (Pilsbry, 1892). Katharina tunicata (Wood, 1815) • Two small specimens were found on the exposed armor rocks on the outer transect. Mopalia ciliata (Sowerby, 1840) . Mopalia lignosa (Gould, 1846). Mopalia lowei Pilsbry, 1918. Ill Mopalia muscosa (Gould, 1846). Mo-palia -porifera pilsbry, 1893- Placiphorella velata Dall, 1879- Common in the rubble, especially on vertical surfaces buried by one or more layers of rubble. GASTROPODA Haliotis cracherodii Leach, 1814. Haliotis ruf escens Swainson, 1822. Common throughout the transect. Large specimens were normally found in the crevices of the armor stones. Juveniles averaged three per m^ in the rubble quadrats, with several specimens excavated at depths in excess of 60 cm in the rubble core. Frequently, sea otters were seen feeding on H^ ruf escens. However, based on the numbers of abalone counted and others seen during the study, a conservative estimate of the red abalone population on the 122 m extension exceeds 10,000. Haliotis walallensis Stearns, 1899 • Diodora arnoldi McLean, 1966. Specimens were found on the inner transect only and in a single group of three. They were excavated from a depth of 20 cm in the rubble. See McLean (1966) . Fissurella volcano Reeve, 1849. Megathura crenulata Sowerby, 1825. Acmaea mitra Rathke , 1833 • Collisella digitalis (Rathke, I833) . Collisella ochracea (Dall, 1871). Collisella pelta (Rathke, I833). Collisella scabra (Gould, 1846). Collisella triangularis (Carpenter, 1864). Lottia gigantea Sowerby, 1834. Notoacmea persona (Rathke, 1833)* Specimens were found on the undersides of ledges along the intertidal armor stones. Notoacmea scutum (Rathke, 1833) • 112 Calliostoma annulatum (Lightfoor, 1786). Galliostoma canaliculatum (Lightfoot, 1786). Calliostoma ligatum (Gould, 1849) • Common throughout both transects. Tegula brunnea (Philippi, 1848). Tegula funebralis (A. Adams, 1855). Tegula montereyi (Kiener, 1850) . Astraea gibberosa (Dillwyn, 1817). Homalo-poma baculum (Carpenter, 1864). Homalo-poma luridum (Dall, 1885) . Tricolia pulloides (Carpenter, I865) . Lacuna porrecta Carpenter, 1864. Found on drifting eel- grass Zostera sp. that had settled on the bottom along the inner transect. Littorina planaxis Philippi, 1847. Littorina scutulata Gould, 1849. Petaloconchus montereyensis Dall, 1919- Two specimens were found on a subtidal ridge (-1 m) on an armor stone along the outer transect. Serpulorbis squamigerus (Carpenter, 1857). Batillaria attramentaria (Sowerby, 1855) • Specimens were normally found in mud that had collected inside of dead Balanus aquila and B^ nubilus shells on the inner transect. Balcis si). Single specimen was found in the holdfast of Macrocystis pyrif era. Crepidula adunca Sowerby, 1825 . Found on Calliostoma ligatum, Haliotis ruf escens and Tegula funebralis . Cre-pj-patella lingulata (Gould, 1846) . Specimens were found on the horizontal surfaces of the armor stones along the inner transect. All were completely encrusted with Lithothamnium sp_. Crepidula nummaria Gould, 1846. 113 Polinices lewisii (Gould, 1847). Geratostoma foliatum (Gmelin, 1791)- Ocenebra interf ossa Carpenter, 1864. Searlesia dira (Reeve, 1846). Anrphissa versicolor Dall, 1871. Mitrella aurantiaca Hinds, 1844. Mitrella carinata (Hinds, 1844). Nassarius f ossatus (Gould, 1850) . Fusinus luteopictus (Dall, 1877). Pteropurapura trilata (Sowerby, 1841). See Abbott and Hader- lie (1980) . Mitra idae Melville, 1893. See Abbott and Haderlie (1980). OPISTHOBRANCHIA Aplysia calif ornica Cooper, I863. Anisodoris nobilis (MacFarland, 1905). Archidoris odhenri (MacFarland, 1966). Archidoris montereyensis (Cooper, 1862). Cadlina modesta MacFarland, 1966. Cadlina f lavomaculata MacFarland, 1905. Coryphella pricei MacFarland, 1966. Diaulula sandiegensis (Cooper, 1862). Discodoris heathi MacFarland, 1905. Dorio-psilla albopunctata (Cooper, I863) . Hermissenda crassicornis (Eschscholtz, I83I). Melibe leonina (Gould, 1852). Small specimen was found on the blade of a small Macrocystis pyrif era. Onchidoris hystricina (Bergh, I878). 114 Onchidoris sp. Common on the armor stones of the inner transect. Always found on or near the bryozoan Reginella. See McDonald and Nybakken (1980). Polycera atra MacFarland, L905« All specimens were found on the bryozoan Bugula neritina. Rostanga pulchra MacFarland, 1905- Found on the following sponges, Acarnus erithacus, Ophlitaspongia pennata, Axocielita originalis and Lissodendoryx topsenti . Triopha catalinae (Cooper, I863) • Triopha maculata MacFarland, 1905. BIVALVIA Irus lamellifer (Conrad, 1837). Mytilus calif ornianus Conrad, 1837. Mytilus edulis Linnaeus, 1758. Chama arcana Bernard, 1976. Pseudochama exogyra (Conrad, I837). Pododesmus cepio (Gray, 1850) . Common throughout both transects. The dead shells littering the mud of the inner transect probably came from the mooring dolphins that were removed in the Spring of 1980. ECT0PR0CTA CTEN0ST0MATA Bowerbankia gracilis O'Donoghue, 1926. CYCL0ST0MATA Crisia maxima Robertson, 1910. Crisia occidentalis Trask, 1857. See Osburn (1953). Crisulipora occidentalis Robertson, 1910. Diaperoecia californica (d'Orbigny, 1852). Abundant. Found predominantly encrusting the stipes of red algae. 115 CHEILOSTOMATA Bugula calif ornica Robertson, 1905- Bugula neritina Linnaeus, 1758. Lyrula hippocrepis (Hincks, 1882). Membranipora serrilamella Osburn, 1950 • On blades of Macrocystis. Reginella nitida Osbrun, 1950. See Osburn (1950). Celleporaria brunnea (Hincks, 1884). Coleopora gigantea (Canu and Bassler, 1923). Gryptosula pallasiana (Moll, 1803) . Eurystomella bilabiata (Hincks, 1884). Found only on the inner transect. Hippodiplosia insculpxa (Hincks, 1882). The most abundant bryozoan, encrusting red and brown algae. Hippothoa sp_. Lagenipora spinulosa Osburn, 1952. See Osburn (1952). Phidolopora pacif ica (Robertson, 1908). Found normally on the vertical faces of the armor stones. ENT0PR0CTA PEDICELLINIDAE Barentsia gracilis (M. Sars, 1835) • ENCHINODERMATA ENCHINOIDEA Strongylocentrotus purpuratus (Stimpson, 1857). Strongylocentrotus franc is canus (Agassiz, I863) . Found deep in the crevices of the armor stones along the outer transect Strongylocentrotus sp. Many specimens were too small to allow species identification. 116 ASTEROIDEA Dermasterias imbricata (Grube, 1857). More common along the inner transect. Henricia leviuscula (Stimpson, 1857). Patiria miniata (Brandt, 1835)- Ninety three percent of the population had the annelid Ophiodromus pugettensis in their ambulacral grooves. One specimen carried 73 indi- vidual worms . Evasterias troschelli (Stimpson, 1862) . A single specimen was excavated at the depth of 70 cm in the rubble along the inner transect. Leptasterias hexactis (Stimpson, 1862). Orthasterias koehleri (de Loriol, 1897). Pisaster brevispinus (Stimpson, 1857). Pisaster giganteus (Stimpson, 1857). Pisaster ochraceus (Brandt, 1835). Pycnopodia helianthoides (Brandt, 1835). Small specimens were always beneath the rubble. Large specimens were found mainly on the mud along both transects. 0PHIUR0IDEA Amphiodia occidentalis (Lyman, i860). Found only in the mud on the outer transect. Ophionereis eurybrachyplax Clark, 1911. Occurred between depths of -7 m to -13 m, only on the outer transect. Ophioplocus esmarki Lyman, 187^. Ophiopteris papillosa (Lyman, 1875) • Ophiothrix spiculata LeConte, 1851. H0L0THUR0IDEA Parastichopus calif ornicus (Stimpson, 1857). Parastichopus parvimensis (Clark, 1913) • A single specimen was found on the undersides of an armor stone on the inner transect. See Brumbaugh (1980). 117 Cucumaria miniata Brandt, 1835. Common. Cucumaria piperata (Stimpson, 1864) . Eupentacta quinquesemita (Selenka, I867) • CHORDATA ENTEROGONA Aplidium californicum (Ritter and Forsyth, 1917). Aplidium solidum (Ritter and forsyth, 1917). Archidistoma diaphanes (Ritter and Forsyth, 1917) • Clavelina hunstmani Van Name, 1931* Common on the outer transect. Cystodytes lobatus (Ritter, 1900). Cystodytea sp. Ascidia ceratodes (Huntsman, 1912) . PLEUR0G0NA Boltenia villosa (Stimpson, 1864) . Small specimens were found attached to the tubes of the terrebellid Eupolymnia crescentis on the mud along the outer transect. Large specimens (3 cm) were found on the vertical faces of the armor stones along the inner trahsect. Cnemidocarpa f inmarkiensis (Kiaer, 1893). Halocynthia hilgendorf i igabo.ja Oka, 1906. Fairly common among the stones of the inner transect. Pyura haustor (Stimpson, 1864) . One specimen was excavated at a depth of 60 cm in the rubble. Styela montereyensis (Dall, 1872). Styela truncata Ritter, 1901. Found nestled among algal holdfast. 118 ALGAE Identified using Abbott and Hollenberg (1976) or by Dr. I. A. Abbott. CHLOROPHYTA Bryopsis corticulans Setchell, 1903- Ulva expansa (Sethchell) Setchell and Gardner, 1920. Ulva lobata (Kutzing) Setchell and Gardner, 1920. PHAEOPHYTA Ralfsia pacifica Hollenberg, 19^. Demareastia ligulata var . ligulata (Lightfoot), Lamouroux, 1813. Macrocystis pyrif era (Linnaeus) G. Agardh, 1820. Egregia menziesii (Turner) Areschoug, I876. Gystoseira osmundacea (Turner) C. Agardh, 1820. RH0D0PHYTA Litothamnium calif ornicum Foslie, 1900. Lithothamnium pacif icum (Foslie) Foslie, 1906. Lithothamnium sp_. Coralline officinalis var. chilensis (Decaisne) Kutzing 1858. Bossiella calif ornica (Decaisne) Silva, 1957. Bossiella chiloensis (Decaisne) Johansen, 1971. Bossiella orbigniana (Decaisne) Silva, 1957- Endocladia muricata (Postels and Ruprecht) J. Agardh, 18^7 Grateloupia doryphora (Montagne) Howe, 191^. Geldium pusillum (Stackhouse) LeJolis, I863. Prionitis f ilif ormis Kylin, 19M. 119 Prionitis lanceolata (Harvey) Harvey, 1853 • Iridaea cordata (Turner) Bory, 1826. Iridaea f laccida (Setchell and Gardner) Silva, 1957 Iridaea lineare (Setchell and Gardner) Kylin, 19M. Rhodoglossum calif ornicum (J. Agardh) Abbott , 1971. Rhodymenia calif ornica Kylin, 1931* Rhodymenia -pacif ica Kylin, 1931. Botryocladia pseudodichotoma (Farlow) Kylin, 1931 • Gigartina corymbifera (Kutzing) J. Agardh, I876. Gigartina exasperata Harvey and Bailey, 1851. Gigartina s-pinosa (Kutzing) Harvey, 1853- Cryptopleura lobulifera (J Agardh) Kylin, 192^. Botryoglossum farlowianum (J. Agardh) De Toni,1900. 120 APPENDIX D LIST OF FISHES Identified using Miller and Lea (1972). Plainfin Midshipman, Porichthys notatus . A single specimen was observed at the base of the inner breakwater. Northern Clingfish, Gobiesox maeandricus . Found when over- turning rocks for quadrat sampling. Cooper Rockfish, Sebastes caurinus . Common. Whitebelly Rockfish, Sebastes vexilaris . Treefish, Sebastes serrice-ps. Normally found residing in deep crevices in the armor stones. China Rockfish, Sebastes nebulosus . Gopher Rockfish, Sebastes carnatus . Kelp Rockfish, Sebastes atrovirens . Common on the outer breakwater. Black Rockfish, Sebastes melanops . Blue Rockfish Sebastes mystinus . The most common rockfish seen, but very few large adults. Olive Rockfish, Sebastes serranoides . Painted Greenling, Oxlebius pictus . Lingcod, Qphiodon elongatus . Comon during their spawning months of November through January. On a single dive along the inner breakwater, 15 individuals were counted within a 20 m^ area. The larger concentration along the inner break- water was probably due to the fact that no sport diving is allowed on the harbor side of the breakwater. Kelp Greenling, Hexagrammos decagrammus. Rock Greenling, Hexagrammos superciliosus . Juveniles were common. 121 Cabezon, Scorpaenichthys marmoratus . All specimens seen were large adults, one was estimated to exceed five kg. Longfin sculpin, Jordania zonope . Red Irish Lord, Hemilepidotus hemilepidotus . Coralline Sculpin, Artedius corallinus . Extremely common. Smoothhead Sculpin, Artedius lateralis. Tidepool Sculpin, Obigocottus maculosus . The most common sculpin seen. Rosy Sculpin, Obigocottus rubellio . Kelp Bass, Paralabrax clathratus. A small school exists on the inside of the breakwater. The largest individual was esti- mated to exceed 2.5 kg. Opaleye, Girella nigricans. Several large specimens were seen among the armor stones along the inner breakwater. Halfmoon, Medialuna calif orniensis . Seen along the inner breakwater . Rubber lip Surf perch, Rhacochilus toxotes. Common. Barred Surf perch , Amphistichus argenteus. Calico Surfperch, Amphistichus koelzi. Walleye Surfperch, Hyperprosopon argenteum. Pile Surfperch, Darmalichthys vacca. Wolf Eel, Amarrhichthys ocellatus . One large specimen was found in the crevices of the armor stones along the outer breakwater . Giant Kelpfish, Heterostichus rostratus. A large specimen (40 cm) was observed guarding an egg mass in the Macrocystis . Crevice Kelpfish, Gibbonsia montereyensis . Common throughout the breakwater. Monkeyface Eel, Cebidichthys violaceus . Common in the crevices of the armor stones. Black Prickleback, Xiphister atropurpureus . Common, hiding in the rubble. 122 Red Gunnel, Pholis schultzi. Blackeye Goby, Coryphopterus nicholsii . Very common in the rubble. California Halibut, Paralichthys calif ornicus. Small indivi- duals were seen on the mud flats around the outer breakwater. Pacific Sanddab, Citharichthys sordidus . Common along the mud of the outer breakwater. Common Mo la, Mo la mola. Two specimens were observed swimming along the outer breakwater during the month of August. 123 LITERATURE CITED Abbott, D.P. and Haderlie, E.C. 1980. Prosobranchia: Marine Snails, pp. 230-307, in R.H. Morris, D.P. Abbott and E.C. Haderlie, Intertidal Invertebrates of California. Stanford University Press. 690 pp. Abbott, D.P. and Newberry, A.T. 1980. Urochordata: The Tuni- cates, pp. 177-226, in R.H. Morris, D.P. Abbott and E.C. Haderlie, Intertidal Invertebrates of California, Stanford University Press. 690 pp. Abbott, I. A. and Hollenberg, A.T. 1976. Marine Algae of Cali- fornia. Stanford University Press. 832 pp. Arai, M.N. 1971. Pachycerianthus (Ceriantharia) from British Columbia and Washington. Journal of Fisheries Research Board of Canada 28: 1677-80. Blake, J. A. 1975. Phylum Annelid: Class Polychaeta, pp. 151- 2^9, in R.I. Smith and J.T. Carlton, eds., Light's Manual: Intertidal invertebrates of the central California coast. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press. 716 pp. Breidenstein, J.F. and Thomas, D.M. I965. A study of water circulation in Monterey harbor using rhodamine B dye. Mas- ter's thesis. Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, Cali- fornia. 66 pp. Brumbaugh, J.H. 1980. Holothuroidea: The Sea Cucumbers, pp. 136-145, in R.H. Morris, D.P. Abbott and E.C. Haderlie, Intertidal invertebrates of California, Stanford University Press. 690 pp. Haderlie, E.C. 1975- Phylum Platyhelminthes , pp. 100-111, in R.I. Smith and J.T. Carlton, eds., Light's Manual: Inter- tidal invertebrates of the central California coast. Berke- ley and Los Angeles: University of California Press. 716 pp. Hartman O.A. 1968. Atlas of the errantiate polychaetous anne- lids from California. Allan Hancock Foundation, University of Southern California. 828 pp. 1969. Atlas of the sedentariate polychaetous anne- lids from California. Allan Hancock Foundation, University of Southern California. 812 pp. 124 HochbergJr., F.G. and Fields, W.G. 1980. Cephalopoda: The Squids and Octopuses, pp. 429-444, in R.H. Morris, D.P. Abbott and E.C. Haderlie, Intertidal Invertebrates of California. Stanford University Press. 690 pp. Illg, P.I. 1975 . Subclasses Copepoda and Branchiura, pp. 250- 258, in R.I. Smith and J.T. Carlton, eds., Light's Manual: Intertidal invertebrates of the central California coast, University of California Press. 690 pp. Knight-Jones, P. and Knight-Jones E.W. 1979. Spirorbidae (Polychaeta Sedentaria) from Alaska to Panama. Journal of Zoology of London 189, pp. 419-458. MacFarland, F.M. 1966. Studies of opisthobranchiate mollusks of the Pacific coast of North America. Memoirs of the Cali- fornia Academy of Science 6, 546 pp. McDonald, G.R. and Nybakken, J.W. 1980. Guide to the Nudibranchs of California. American Malacologists , Inc. 72 pp. McLean, J. H. 1966. A new genus of Fissurellidae and a new name for a misunderstood species of west American Diodora. Los Angeles County Museum Contributions to Science 100: 1-8. Miller, D.J. and Lea, R.N. 1972. Guide to the Coastal Marine Fish of California. Department of Fish and Game, Fish Bul- letin 157. 235 pp. Morris, R.H., Abbott, D.P. and Haderlie, E.C. 1980. Intertidal Invertebrates of California. Stanford University Press. 690 pp. Newell, I.R. 1975- Halacaridae (Marine Mites) pp. 425-430 in R.I. Smith and J.T. Carlton, eds., Light's Manual: Inter- tidal invertebrates of the central California coast. Berke- ley and Los Angeles: University of California Press. 716 pp Osburn, R.C. 1950. Bryozoa of the Pacific coast of America. Cheilostomata Anasca. Allan Hancock Pacific Expedition 14: 1-269. 1952. Bryozoa of the Pacific coast of America. Cheilostomata Ascophora. Allan Hancock Pacific Expedition 14: 271-611. 1953. Bryozoa of the Pacific coast of America. Ctenostomata, Entoprocta, and addenda. Allan Hancock Pacific Expedition 14: 613-841. Schmitt, W.L. 1921. The Marine Decapod Crustacea of California, University of California Publications in Zoology 23, 470 pp. 125 Smith, R.I. and Carlton, J.T. eds . 1975- Light's Manual: Intertidal invertebrates of the Central California Coast Third edition, University of California Press. 716 pp. 126 INITIAL DISTRIBUTION LIST No. Copies 1. Defense Technical Information Center 2 Cameron Station Alexandria, Va. 22314 2. Library, Code 0142 2 Naval Postgraduate School Monterey, Ca. 93940 3. Chairman, Code 068 Mr 1 Department of Oceanography Naval Postgraduate School Monterey, Ca. 93940 4. Chairman, Code 63 1 Department of Meteorology Naval Postgraduate School Monterey, Ca. 93940 5. Professor Eugene C. Haderlie, Code 68 He 2 Department of Oceanography Naval Postgraduate School Monterey, Ca. 93940 6. LCDR. Calvin Dunlap, Code 68 Du 1 Department of Oceanography Naval Postgraduate School Monterey, Ca. 93940 7. Lt. Steven Busch 2 c/o Commanding Officer Surface Warfare Officers School Command, Bldg. 446, Class 70 Newport, RI. 02840 8. Director 1 Naval Oceanography Division Navy Observatory 34th and Massachusetts Avenue NW Washington, D.C. 20390 9. Commander 1 Naval Oceanography Command NSTL Station Bay St. Louis, Ms. 39529 127 10. Commanding Officer Fleet Numerical Oceanography Center Monterey, Ca. 939^0 11. Commanding Officer Naval Ocean Research and Development Activity NSTL Station Bay St. Louis, Ms. 39529 12. Office of Naval Research (Code 480 ) Naval Ocean Research and Development Activity NSTL Station Bay St. Louis, Ms. 39529 13. Scientific Liaison Office Office of Naval Research Scripps Institution of Oceanography La Jolla, Ca. 92037 14. Library Department of Oceanography P.O. Box 2367 La Jolla, Ca. 92037 15. Library Department of Oceanography University of Washington Seattle, Wa. 98105 16. Library CICESE P.O. Box 4803 San Ysidro, Ca. 92073 17. Library School of Oceanography Oregon State University Corvallis, Or. 97331 18 . Library Moss Landing Marine Lab California State College Sandholt Road Moss Landing, Ca. 95039 19. Library Hopkins Marine Station Pacific Grove, Ca. 93950 128 20. Commander Oceanographic Systems Pacific Box 1390 Pearl Harbor, Hi. 96860 21. Chief, Ocean Services Division National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 8060 Thirteenth Street Silver Springs, Md. 20910 22. Chairman, Oceanography Department U.S. Naval Academy Annapolis, Md. 21^02 23. Mr. Charles Baxter Hopkins Marine Station Pacific Grove, Ca. 93950 24. Mrs. Andrea McDonald, Code 61 Department of Physics Naval Postgraduate School Monterey, Ca. 93940 129 *4*ft «« ***o*3 '^9/ *<*<* brey °« the Mo^ Thesis B9 c.l * 192391 Busch Ecology and distri- bution of the Benthic community on the Mon- terey breakwater , Mon- terey, California. thesB9 Ecology and distribution of the Benthi 3 2768 002 08819 7 DUDLEY KNOX LIBRARY