QK941 oN7 R6 Roberts, Edith Adelaide The Ecology of the Plants Native to Dutchess County, New York wr cok eos * en pie ae ‘an iy aN: as nv Tota * ae a fr hy ad ta; Yy : » F ; 7 te a al : To " ( i | | Nay 7 2 j a » oe ~ J Hay . ‘ee Thal , : i ar ee | #s : y a - - - | ER PRS 8 ty 0G Rae ie UR ae A ie Vii!) ! ie 1 fl yf aoe a nat uteri ut > I Ab Ty wt ae ip j 7 &y ia Wy, a : * rh itl Te de A Veh iene a SR i ie eA dele af ae fe ac we eae ies 44 7 NATIVE PLANTS of DUTCHESS COUNTY by EDITH A. ROBERTS AND MARGARET F. SHAW “Nor Eyene celia Aa otste esas To n dus ¢ that ath of flowers.”’ —Whittier PUBLISHED BY THE CONSERVATION COMMITTEE OF THE GARDEN CLUB OF AMERICA MELEAREEEE A EA KR AEAE A AAA AR ALAR AR AR AR AR A A RR RI MR MR MN MR AR AM AR RR A A Gl Bcc book is the result of the Grad- uate Scholarship established in the Botany Department of Vassar College by the Conservation Committee of the Gar- den Club of America. It is the hope of the Committee that this published report will demonstrate the value of the work accomplished. The plants are listed as they are found in their ecological association. ithe COLOG Y OF THE PLANTS NATIVE TO DUTCHESS COUNTY NEW YORK By 1D DUMAEl sve ROBERTS MARGARET F. SHAW e PUBLISHED BY THE CONSERVATION COMMITTEE OF THE GARDEN CLUB OF AMERICA BORE WORD “af ATIVE PLANTS” is a term familiar to all. Native plants have been and are being used in gardens in many ways, some as isolated plants because of some intrinsic quality of the plant itself, others in groups for the purpose of producing a desirable naturalistic effect. In both these ways and many others it has meant an appreciation of the plants which have grown up about us through no effort on our part. About these there 1s much to learn. The main purpose of this study is to add to that phase of our knowledge, which will tend toward the conservation of these plants. Conservation means greater utilization through wiser utilization. It is to increase the enjoyment of our native plants, and to increase their value by contributing to a greater understanding of nature’s creations. We need to know more about what to plant, and where to plant in order that the trees, shrubs, and herbs may be placed in their proper environment. Correct environmental planting will insure greater success and lessen the destruction of plants. Also it will insure greater accuracy in the character of naturalistic effects. The term ‘ ‘plant ecology”? may be unfamiliar to some. To those we may say it is the term applied to the study of plant forms in relation to their environment. Environment includes atmospheric conditions, soils, water, and other plants,— for plants too are a part of the environment. In motoring through any country one is conscious of exposed rocky hillsides, of moist ravines, swamps filled with cat-tails and forests of evergreen or deciduous trees. If one stops to analyze nature’s planting, it is found that the plants are arranged in definite groups, that is certain plants are associ- ili Foreword ated together. These groups are made up of plants that have adapted themselves to the same environmental conditions, producing what is called a “plant association.” This associa- tion of plants 1s determined to a great extent by the influence of the environment. Only those plants that can propagate naturally in dry open places will be found upon dry exposed hillsides. Plants requiring a great deal of moisture will be found only in shady ravines. Once the plants have become established, however, their very establishment creates a change in environmental conditions. Thus they pave the way for an association of plants requiring other conditions than they themselves required,—other conditions of soil, atmosphere, moisture and shade. These new conditions tend to eliminate the plants first occupying the area. In other words one association of plants will occupy an area only so long as the environment is favorable to its devel- opment. Each association will be followed by an association of a different type. This series of associations produces what is called a “plant succession.”’ Thus in the ecology of plants there is found this dynamic phenomenon in which no associa- tion is static, and plant associations merge one into another in a succession. To determine the plant associations in any area, as for example, Dutchess County, one must select the outstanding types as unit associations, and study the content of these types in detail. The associations in Dutchess County group themselves into an Upland Succession and Lowland Succes- sions. The latter are subdivided into the successions found in Lakes and Ponds, Bogs, Rivers and Streams, and Ravines. The following are the associations of plants found in the Upland Succession. The Ecology of the Plants Native to Dutchess County, New York ito UREAND*SUCCESSION. 1. THe AssociATION OF HERBACEOUS PLANTS Founp IN Open FIE Lbs. Alfalfa ae oes aie eat Medicago sativa No commen name..... Medicago falcata Aspatagusy .. 3c: 5.4: Asparagus officinalis Asperula galioides....A4sperula galioides Aster, Calico Aster lateriflorus Aster, Heart-leaved Aster cordifolius Aster, New England .. Aster nove-anglie No common name Aster ptarmicoides Asters Purplesie sik ness. Aster patens Aster, Small White Aster vimineus BS AS TE she REINS ch ote ol Satureja vulgaris Beard-tongue....... Pentstemon hirsutus BedsStras scene sacs Galium Mollugo Bellflower..... Campanula rapunculotdes Bergamot, Wild...... Monarda fistulosa Bindweed.......... Convoloulus spithamaeus Black-eyed Susan...... Rudbeckia hirta Blephilia, Downy...... Blephilia ciliata BIWEtS a Aint. winters ss ©: Houstonia cerulea Bouncing Bet Saponaria officinalis Butter and Eggs Linaria vulgaris Buttercup, Bulbous. . Ranunculus bulbosus Butterfly Weed Asclepias tuberosa Campion, Bladder Silene latifolia Campion, White Lychnis alba Catchfly, Night-flowering DiGi Cee onto eee Silene noctiflora Cichorium Intybus Se eels ea Stellaria longifolia Chickweed, Common... . Ste/laria media Chickweed, Common, Cerastium vulgatum Chickweed, Field Mouse Cerastium arvense CoO ONC Gach Cth Od a ec [1] RAE Gio WS 3 Potentilla arguta Potentilla pumila Cinquefoil Cinquefoil Cinquefoil, Five Fingers beeen eeis Uo iaa? Potentilla canadensis Cinquefoil, Rough-fruited Pea eta ae ers en ay ets Potentilla recta Cinquefoil, Silvery... . Potentilla argentea No common name. .Potentilla intermedia Clover, Alsike...... Trifolium hybridum Clover Bushieg. «>. oc Lespedeza capitata Clover Bushes... Lespedeza simulata Clover, Low Hop. . Trifolium procumbens Clover, Rabbit-foot... Trifolium arvense GloversRedia tes. 5: Trifolium pratense Clover, White Trifolium repens Clover, Yellow Hop. . Trifolium agrarium Crowfoot, Early. .Ranunculus fascicularis Cudweed..... Gnaphalium polycephalum Gnaphalium uliginosum Cuphea petiolata Cuphea, Clammy Daisy, Ox-eye elec Chrysanthemum Leucanthemum Dandelion, Common ARE SN rare eee Taraxacum officinale Dandelion, Red-seeded ; Taraxacum erythrospermum Dianthus Armeria Deptford Pink Devil’s Paint Brush Hieractum aurantiacum Antennaria Parlinit Everlasting Everlasting, Pearly Sat etree, Anaphalis margaritacea Everlasting, or Pussy’s Toes SPs Sn osc Antennaria plantaginifolia No common name... Antennaria neglecta Plants Native to Dutchess County, New York No Common Name, Antennaria neodtotca Fern, Hay-scented ran Bee he Dicksonia punctilobula Fireweed...... Epilobium angustifolium Bleabane, Daisy-c.- ore Erigeron annuus Goatiswbeardesena Tragopogon pratensis Golden=rodajaneaae Solidago altissima Golden-rod, Canada. . Solidago canadensts Golden-rod, Gray .... Solidago nemoralis Golden-rod, Hard-leaved, Solidago rigida Golden-rod, Lance-leaved eee ees Solidago graminifolia Golden-rod, Rough-stemmed OF oats tae") eeepc ane Solidago rugosa No common name Ze aE ae ep ane Solidago rugosa var. villosa Grass, Rib recy) arte Piantago lanceolata Gronovite tics: ae Hieracium Gronovtt Hemp, Indian... Apocvnum cannabinum Hypericum Canadense Hypericum canadense King Deville. .o2.. Hieracium florentinum Lobelia, Pale Spiked..... Lobelia spicata Mupimes Wilde cue ek.n1- Lupinus perennts No common name..... Medicago falcato Melilot, Yellow..... Melilotus officinalis Milkwort, Whorled. . Polygala vertictllata Mint, Mountain peers tee Pycnanthemum flexuosum Mint, Mountain Pycnanthemum virginianum IMIGMISESEHN S'S 5 6 ems < Hieracium Pilosella Mullein, Common. . .Verbascum Thapsus Mullein, Moth..... Verbascum Blattaria INerdle minted ea: Stachys arenicola Nightshade, Common. .. . Solanum nigra Painted ups... 221. Castilleja coccinea Peat ricky vescr-qab ae Opuntia vulgaris Pennyroyal, American Sey Seine tee Hedeoma pulegioides Pennyroyal, Bastard SS PU aA Se: Trichostema dichotomum Plan tating wy cee Plantago major Plantain, Poor Robin’s a iautbay Beware Erigeron pulchellus No common name... Polygala sanguinea Plinth Ose. eras eee Oenothera pumila Primrose, Evening... . Oenothera biennis Queen Anne’s Lace..... Daucus Carota Selichealign ame tee Prunella vulgaris Silversrodiae, Saar yeee Solidago bicolor Sorrel Aaa wee as se ne ee Oxalis stricta Sorrell aahiiawaon + eee Oxalis filipes Sostels Sheepees syne Rumex Acetosella Spanish Buttons. 4=..... Centaurea nigra St. John’s-wort ... Hypericum canadense St. John’s-wort, Common LO ce Hypericum perforatum Strawberry Mos oe Fragaria virginiana Strawberry, Barren Waldsteinia fragarioides Sundropss este ease Oenothera fruticosa Suntlowereys. 4-2 Helianthus divaricatus ARASH ts ces en a Reever LTanacetum vulgare Reaselliy enn anes orien ras Dipsacus sylvestris Thistle, Bulllee Cirsium lanceolatum Mobaccowlinciranka en Lobelia inflata Tomato, Strawberry. .Physalis pruinosa Venus’ Looking Glass Specularia perfoliata Vecch Crowne tase Coronilla varia Vetch.) Wintense sacs Vicia villosa Viola) 75.2 yaa ede enra ott ieee Viola fimbriatula Viperisubugloss) sonye.emn Echium vulgare arrow seine nee Achillea millefolium YellowaRockets mas: Barbaria vulgaris 2. THe Oren FIELD SHRUB ASSOCIATION. SHRUBS Arrow-wood........ Viburnum dentatum Arrow-wood, Downy Sain oe ts oer Viburnum pubescens Ash, Prickly... Zanthoxylum americanum Barberry, Common..... Berberis vulgaris IBitterswecteamrnn ern Celastrus scandens ChekeChennye sas: ce Prunus virginiana CurrantaRedneeay. i see Ribes vulgare IDEN GINS, boa dboonuo doo. Rubus villosus Dogwood, Panicled... Cornus paniculata Dogwood, Round-leaved, Cornus circinata Ferm, Sweet. 2.1.50... Myrica asplenifolia Gooseberry, European. .Ribes Grossularia Grape, Northern Fox...... Vitis labrusca Grapes Sumniere, «0am Vitis estivalis Haw, black wta cs: Viburnum pruntifolium Hazelnuts (suerte Corylus americana Plants Native to Dutchess County, New York Honeysuckle, Trumpet SS Some a ooner Lonicera sempervirens Ivy, Poison Rhus Toxicodendron Juniper, Common. . . funiperus communis Male’ Berry... 2.0.6.5 Lyontia ligustrina Nannyberry Viburnum Lentago Oak, Scrub Quercus ilicifolia Pham, Ganaday 6.0 4k Prunus nigra Plum, Dennison Prunus instititia No common name Raisin, Wild Raspberry Rose, Acacia AD) POI OCMOO AS PIC ne OOOO Rubus ideus Robinia hispida Rose, Sweetbrier Rosa rubiginosa No common name Rosa blanda No common name... Rubus allegheniensis No common name Rubus recurvans Sumach, Dwarf Rhus copallina Sumachs Smooth sauces oo. . Rhus glabra Sumach, Staghorn Rhus typhina Tree of Heaven... .Ailanthus glandulosa Woodbine Psedera quinquefolia HERBS . Anemone, Canada. ..4nemone canadensis Anemone, Tall Anemone virginiana Aster, Heart-leaved Aster cordifolius Aster, New England. . . Aster nove-anglie Aster, Small White Aster vimineus Aout, SanelorNaes ada Sate oe Aster levis AStEty SPLeading. oii eas +: Aster patens Aster, White Heath Aster ericoides No common name... . Aster ptarmicoides Bean, Wild Phaseolus polystachyus Beggar’s Lice Lappula virginiana Bergamot, Wild...... Monarda fistulosa Bindweed, Hedge. . ..Convolvulus sepium Black- eyed Susan Rudbeckia hirta Blephilia, Downy. ......Blephilia ciliata Butter and Eggs Linaria vulgaris Buttercup, Bulbous, Ranunculus bulbosus Cinquefoil Potentilla canadensis Cinquefoil Potentilla pumila Cinquefoil, Silvery. . . . Potentilla argentea Clover, Alsike...... Trifolium hybridum Cleaver; Busha. 295252 : Lespedeza capitata Clover; Bush: 2.5.3. : Lespedeza simulata Clover, Reds: 08)... Trifolium pratense Clover Whites tn s..4i...3 Trifolium repens Crowfoot, Early, Ranunculus fascicularis [3] Cudweed Cudweed....... Daisy, Ox-eye sharers Chrysanthemum Leucanthemum Devil’s Paint Brush Nis ensesdtoaer ets Hieracum aurantiacum Dogbane, Spreading Apocynum androsemifolium Gnaphalium polycephalum Gnaphalium uliginosum ee eee Everlasting... 220. Antennaria neglecta Everlasting ).4;... Antennaria neodioica Evvetlasting,.. sac. Antennaria Parlinii Everlasting. . . 4ntennaria plantaginifolia Everlasting, Pearly Sb ae Soo Anaphalis margaritacea Fern, Hay-scented, Dicksonia punctilobula Kleabane ws: .. >: Erigeron philadelphicus Fleabane, Daisy....... Erigeron annuus Golden=rody 2 3...52.% Solidago altissima Golden-rod, Canada, Solidago canadensis Golden-rod, Gray... . Solidago nemoralis Golden-rod, Hard-leaved, Solidago rigida Golden-rod, Lance-leaved RR Retreat te Solidago graminifolia Golden-rod, Rough-stemmed Se Resta n eee ean eae Solidago rugosa No common name Solidago rugosa var. villosa Plantago lanceolata Grass, Rib Hawkweed.......... Hieracum Gronoviti KoneDevilli so. Hieracum florentinum Marjoram, Wild...... Origanum vulgare Mint, Mountain setae secs Pycnanthemum flexuosum Mint, Mountain Pycnanthemum virginianum Seek 3... Potamogeton pectinatus Bondweed? 4.0255 Potamogeton perfoltatus Rondweed 10 sa.65 Potamogeton Robbinsti Bondweedmn ner Potamogeton xosterifolius fhaperGracsen senate Vallisneria spiralis Water \Weediien, ewan: Elodea canadensis 11. THe AssoctaTIon OF FLoatinc Aquatic PLAnts. Duckweed dea: ohne eas os Lemna minor WDOGKWEEEIE «Fv setilic alee 8 Lemna trisulca Duckweed:. ).. 2... Spirodela polyrhyza Muekweedi tsi: Holfia columbiana Knot-weed....... Polyganum amphibium Nerlya Cowie Weise... Nymphea advena Water Lily, Sweet-scented BES AGS aac See eae Castalia odorata 12. [THE AssociaTION OF EMERGENT AQuatTic PLanrts. AT GOWAATUINS = 2 = «1. =< Peltandra virginica Arrow-head.......:.. Sagittaria latifolia iBur-reeds sn. Sparganium eurycarpum UL reed war kha Sparganium lucidum Bur-reed ing. s(50.¢... Sparganium minimum No common name Ba Rea eeee Sparganium americanum No common name Bice Sparganium americanum var. androcladum 13. THE SEDGE ENSUE 0s righ tine Meee Aster lateriflorus LENSES Gens Rae aac kee gp Aster paniculatus INSECTS RaeyPe tsi) Seka s titers Aster puniceus aXe Cae ae AY Corre ae Aster vimineus Aster, New England... Aster nove-anglie Balinoniygrns sce od ke see Chelone glabra Berets: Wicks>.. 2.04. 14% Bidens frondosa Besvar's WiCKSas ss aol: Bidens vulgata Bluebell, Marsh. .Campanula aparinoides BluclaghMarger .c's24 2%. Iris versicolor Blue Flag, Slender ....... Tris prismatica BOMESEE 52). his)-.s Eupatorium perfoliatum Chickweed Yeahs ces: Cerastium nutans Fern, Chainer s:h 0 W oodwardia virginica Fern, Crested Shield. . 4spidium cristatum Fern, Marsh...... Aspidium Thelypteris Ferny Sensitive. .....0. Onoclea sensibilis iar Sweet yee ets Acorus Calamus Gentian, Closed... .. Gentiana Andrewsti Gentian, Fringed....... Gentiana crinita Goldenzrod: 22 Pe... 2 Solidago Elliotit GrassaCottonmn ae. Eriophorum gracile Cat-tail, Common....... Typha latifolia Cat-tail, Narrow-leaved Best pallens 1. meee Typha angustifolia Cinquefoil, Marsh. ... Potentilla palustris Golden Club. ...... Orontium aquaticum lye Cowper % sacs. Nymphea advena RickereluWeedmans Pontederia cordata Plantain, Water, dlisma Plantago-aquatica Rush, Common. 4.29555. Juncus effusus Rush, Common...... Juncus marginatus ASSOCIATION. Grassm Culver ge ace Schizea pusilla Hemlock, Water-.......: Cicuta bulbifera Hemlock; Water. <.....- Cicuta maculata Florsetailher. sess.) Equisetum palustre No common name...... Selaginella apus Ironweedea.1s 4) Vernonia noveboracensis Joe-Pye-Weed... Eupatorium purpureum Lady’s Thumb....Polygonum Persicaria Boasestiitena pa ae Lythrum alatum Loosestrife, Spiked. ...Lythrum Salicaria Marigold, Marsh........ Caltha palustris Mermaid Weed... Proserpinaca palustris Milkweed, Swamp. ..Asclepias incarnata Monkey Flower........ Mimulus ringens Parsley, Hemlock. .Contoselinum chinense Parsnips Cowie... a: Heracleum lanatum Parsnip, Golden....... Thaspium aureum Pennywort, Water, Hydrocotyle americana Pipewort) en. os.: Eriocaulon articulatum Rocket; Vellow...3%<.: Barbarea vulgaris Seed boxe eee: Ludvigia alternifolia Sedge Moti aka Gite eee Carex sp. Plants Native to Dutchess County, New York ————— Skunk Cabbage....Symplocarpus fetidus Smartweed, Common eae eee hae Polygonum Hydropiper Smartweed, Water...... Polygonum acre No common name ss ae getas Polygonum pennsyloanicum Nocommon name Polygonum Muhlenbergii Sneezeweed........ Helenium autumnale Speedwell, Thyme-leaved Biin ata st forts: . Veronica serpyllifolia St. John’s-wort...... Hypericum boreale St. John’s-wort... Hypericum punctatum St. John’s-wort, Marsh Sistine ats Hypericum virginicum Suck-tight: ees ey Bidens cernua Stonecrop, Ditch..... Penthorum sedoides Tear Thumb, Arrow-leaved ahs eaten Polygonum sagittatum Tear Thumb, Halberd-leaved SESS Soe Polygonum arifolium Vervain,-Blue.....-5 aoe Verbena hastata Vervain, White...... Verbena urticefolia Violet. pte k ene ee Viola cucullata Violets chatter eee Viola pallens Violet, Common...... Viola papilionacea Violet Diop tire Ania: Viola conspersa Willow-herb:. 73... 242 Epilobium molle 14. THE Swamp SHrus AssociaTIONn. SHRUBS Aldersblounry2 sete. se Alnus incana Alder; Smooth=2¥s0c2) +: . Alnus rugosa Alder Whites <4 Sstsece Clethra alnifolia Arrow-wood......... Viburnum dentatum Azalea, Clammy..Rhododendron viscosum Blueberry, High Swamp SeueRS reketee Vaccinium corymbosum Biden Green see eae Smilax rotundifolia Buttonbush. ...Cephalanthus occidentalis Chokeberry ..Pyrus arbutifolia var. atropurpurea Chokeberry, Black...Pyrus melanocarpa Cinquefoil, Shrubby. . Potentilla fruticosa Clematis 5412 3322-3: Clematis virginiana Dogwood, Red-osier...Cornus stolonifera Elder, Common .... Sambucus canadensis Gales Swectisa.oc'eneeee Myrica Gale Gooseberry, Smooth ....Ribes oxyacanthoides var. calicola Hawthorns ssscmes: = Crategus Crus-galli Hawthorn ieeats 4-0. 26 Crategus fecunda Huckleberry ase: .2- Gaylussacia baccata Huckle berry. ase Gaylussacia dumosa Ivy Poisoneaneee or Rhus Toxicedendron Kannikinnikec22 schaioe Cornus Amomum Meadow-sweet.......... Sptirea latifolia Nightshade, Climbing Solanum Dulcamara Oaky Scrubis deen on sis cc Quercus ilicifolia Raspbetty same act ... ...% Peltandra virginica Arrow-head.......... Sagittaria latifolia Brooklime, American, Veronica americana Brooklime, European ES SAA as Veronica Beccabunga Blags earger ‘Blues. ces... Tris versicolor Flag, Smaller Blue....... Tris prismatica BlaeSweetucc: peace Acorus Calamus Forget-me-not, True HES eee roe oe Myosotis scorptoides Forget-me-not............ Myosotis laxa Grass; Lape:<= 2. a. Vallisneria spiralis Marigold, Marsh........ Caltha palustris ‘Parsnip; Water.cee.ce Sium cicutefolium Pepperinigg.j.cece ae Mentha piperita Pickerel Weed....... Pontederia cordata Pipes. suescees eee Equisetum fluviatile Plantain, Water, Alisma Plantago-aquatica Saxifrage, Golden ssdohteee Chrysoplenium americanum Skunk Cabbage... Symplocarpus fetidus Spearminiter sey. tccto eee Mentha spicata Speedwell, Water sigpAVeesfe Veronica anagallis-aquatica Water Weed......... Elodea canadensis 23. THE Association oF MARGINAL Piants. TREES AshsiBlackoeiyie sine ecie Fraxinus nigra Ash, Redon... 6 Fraxinus pennsylvanica Ash, White......... Fraxinus americana Elder Boxes BS pahib ors Acer Negundo Elm, American........ Ulmus americana Ein olippetyc te ieistrtases: Ulmus fulva ackbertyemee ene: Celtis occidentalis Ironwood......... Carpinus caroliniana Maple, Redes 5. waa-. 57-02% Acer rubrum Maple; Silver= -.....-.. Acer saccharinum Mulberry, dked =< 6): clei Morus rubra Plum, Gatada’..-.2-%—cer re Prunus nigra Poplar, Balsam..... Populus balsamifera Sycamores asc: Platanus occidentalis Willow,- Black ric... sion. e Salix nigra Willow, Weeping....... Salix babylonica Witch=hazel=. .. -- Hamamelis virginiana SHRUBS Alderwioaryaeeemeoceee. Alnus incana Alder’Smooth 20. 4-5 see Alnus rugosa Arrow-wood........ Viburnum dentatum Bladdernutaaneenee .Staphylea trifolia Dogwood, Red-osier. . .Cornus stolonifera Grape, Hrostem ss -4seee Vitis cordifolia Grape, River Bank........ Vitis vulpina Nanny berry. ose = Viburnum Lentago Nightshade, Climbing Des ae Se Solanum Dulcamara Nine-bark 7). Physocarpus opulifolius Shad Bush...... Amelanchier canadensis Spice Bush: 2s aera Benzoin estivale Willows. a6 aso eee Salix cordata Wallow22 ances cee etene Salix discolor Willow; ‘Shining... 0-25 2222. Salix lucida HERBS Apple, Wild Balsam. . . Echinocystis lobata Bindweed, Black, Po/ygonum convoloulus Bindweed, Hedge... .Convoloulus sepium IBonieseh. (sae aces Eupatorium perfoliatum Buckwheat, Climbing False frie Re aN enna Polyganum scandens Bur Cucumber, One-seeded Joes Ae sere Sicyos angulatus Burdock, Common....... Arctium minus Burdock; Great--s...24-< Arctium Lappa Clematiss3.420-—-e- Clematis virginiana Fern, Sensitive........ Onoclea sensibilis Cardinal Flower...... Lobelia cardinalis Hemp-weed, Climbing, Mikania scandens Hellebore, False, or Indian Poke fija pe oens aR Veratrum viride Indigo, False: 2-2 <3 - Amorpha fruticosa Joe-Pye-Weed... Eupatorium purpureum [16 ] Plants Native to Dutchess County, New York Mobelia,'Great. a0... Lobelia siphilitica Milkweed, Swamp... Asclepias incarnata Moneywort..... Lysimachia Nummularia Parsnip, Cow. ......: Heracleum lanatum Selina,’ Wild. ..4.... . Cassia marilandica St. John’s-wort, Great, Hypericum Ascyron MOOER Wort ey Wo.it. 6.04: Dentaria diphylla Toothwort) .: 42.5 és. Dentaria laciniata Mupeletiead’s si. at Chelone glabra WiGle Geet 5 Me bY os) a: Viola cucullata IGE EN ae itttre ct a betstai acl ae Viola pallens 24. THE Association oF Morst Meapow Pianrts. HERBS Aster, Panicled White. . Aster paniculatus Aster, Purple-stemmed. .. Aster puniceus PACTS EA eRe ere Geum canadense PAEMISE.S aceaceie anes hase Geum vernum Bloodroot ...... Sanguinaria canadensis Burcacksoamere. sees Arctium Lappa Buttercup, Small-flowered Rees ee Re Ranunculus abortivus Buttercup, Swamp Sete os Ranunculus septentrionalis iputtercup xlall 2 .fe. « Ranunculus acris Cancer=noot eee Orobanche uniflora Garrion Hlower........- Smilax herbacea Coltsfoot, Sweet... ... Petasites palmatus CulyersyROOts =... 35.0: Veronica virginica Dock; Patience. << 22). Rumex patientia Pitcanipane. emesis S Inula Helenium Fern, Marsh...... Aspidium Thelipterts Hern Sensitive. c ...1: Onoclea sensibilis Garlic iWaldie ec aoe Allium canadense Grass, Blue-eyed Meter sthss Sisyrinchium angustifolia Grass, Stout Blue-eyed tees cake i etcs Sisyrinchium gramineum Hellebore, False, or Indian Poke nde SER ORE Re Veratrum viride Hound’s Tongue, Common Sic eee Cynoglossum officinale Plorsetailiee itn toa. : Equisetum arvense Blorsetaily:2. a sas aver Equisetum hyemale Felorsetail@aaseee cee Equisetum pratense Knotweed... Polygonum pennsylvanicum Ladies’ Tresses, Spiranthes Romanzoffiana Eee Wal dlteevase ei Allium tricoccum Lily, Wild Yellow..... Lilium canadense Vilys Wood 222.4 : Lilium philadelphicum Marsh-Marigold........ Caltha palustris Milkweed, Common... .Asclepias syriaca OntonsWildses.. ...05-- Allium cernuum Orchisnes4 ia elo, Habenaria psy codes Orchis, Ragged-fringed, Habenaria lacera Parsnip, Golden...... Thaspium aureum Rue, Tall Meadow, Thalictrum polyganum Rue, Early Meadow, Thalictrum dioicum Spring Beauty....... Claytonia virginica Whistle; Canada+....... Cirsium arvense WaGle bee yesh enccd as es Viola cucullata Mivletscmctsipeoacnt tte Sos Viola pallens WilGlSE wpm Repariotecstan sees + Viola sorosia 25. THE ASSOCIATION OF PLANTS OF THE Low Foop Puan. TREES AST Belo ee Pe Seen: Fraxinus nigra Ashreitedin 5. 2. Fraxinus pennsylvanica PASTMaVVinitee sae ee Fraxinus americana Birtentitt #20 60 20.2 /o Carya cordiformis BUECernUts A> ee eR soy Fuglans cinerea Elm, American....... Ulmus americana Fla eSlppenys oncek ae Ulmus fulva Mackoerrya eh. nee o 2 o- Celtis occidentalis Tronwood= = ...%%.. - Carpinus caroliniana Maple wRedwmcae 8 2 sda .c 3 Acer rubrum Maple; Stlversc<.... -<- Acer saccharinum Miliberigysp ikea met oe Morus rubra alsin etait cis os Quercus palustris Oak, Swamp White...... Quercus bicolor Sycamore: isp - Platanus occidentalis Walnut, Black... . . 2.2.42. Fuglans nigra SHRUBS Arrow-wood........ Viburnum dentatum L171 Plants Native to Dutchess County, New York Bladdemut? sic)... Staphylea trifolia Grape; Hrost)ec.22h)-)-- = Vitis cordifolia Grape, River Bank......... Vitis vulpina Hawthoinite 2: ccisc.: Crategus Crus-galli Hawthornyck 2 i335. Crategus fecunda INA, IROOM. cage oo0s Rhus Toxicodendron Moonseed..... Menispermum canadense Shad: Busi... ;. « Amelanchier canadensis SpicesBushinsc’.: tet tcee Benzoin estivale Woodbine.) 9.5.5. Psedera quinquefolia HERBS AGrimionyeeWerishieo aoe Agrimontia striata Anemone, Wood. . . 4nemone quinquefolta Beppansubices nt ae: Lappula virginiana Bloodroot....... Sanguinaria canadensis Carrion Flower......... Smilax herbacea Cockleburast. 23: Xanthium canadense Comfrey, Common, Symphytum officinalis Cone-flower......... Rudbeckia laciniata Dutchman’s Breeches, Dicentra cucullaria Dame’siViolet: 25.5. Hesperis matronalts Fern; Ostriche. 5)... Onoclea struthiopteris Fern, Sensitive........ Onoclea sensibilis Garlre Wilder a. Allium canadense Geranium, Wild... .Geranium maculatum Gill-over-the-ground... Nepeta hederacea piGimngers Wildieitns ar 2c Asarum canadense Green Brier: ....2:.. Smilax rotundifolia Hellebore, False, or Indian Poke He ERR Sls sort OR Veratrum viride Hop, Common....... Humulus Lupulus Horse tale ace: Equisetum pratense Beek Wilditaccencs Sie Allium tricoccum Lily, Yellow June... Steironema ciliatum Mint. ... Mentha arvensis var. canadensis Nettléscys sata aan er Urtica gracilis Nettle; Sanpine? = 62 sere Urtica dioica Nightshade, Enchanter’s, Circea lutetiana OnioneiWildaa eres Allium cernuum Parsnip, Golden...... Thaspium aureum No common name, Angelica atropurpurea Rush, Scouring...... Equisetum hyemale No common name. . Tenidia integerrima Solomon’s Seal, False, Smilacena stellata Spring Beauty....... Claytonia virginica Thoothworts uke. nen Dentaria diphylla Toothwort, Cut-leaved, Dentaria laciniata Touch-me-not, Pale... Impatiens pallida Touch-me-not, Spotted, Impatiens biflora Violétetee tease nee Viola cucullata Viole tics 2. atten pomeectrae Viola pallens Wi oleteys ci tee gis terete Viola sororia Violet, Dog’s-tooth funelopueese Erythronium americanum Neato, WAIL Gas ao oon oe Dioscorea villosa 26. THE ASSOCIATION OF PLANTS OF THE HicH Foop PLain. TREES AshyRedma.. &-1- Fraxinus pennsylvanica JAS Winitess «5 se oe Fraxinus americana Basswood sce... dias, nee Tilia americana Butternut seen ce Fuglans cinerea PlmsAmerican=. «...-. Ulmus americana Blmyslipperyn. nce. eer Ulmus fulva Hickory, Bitternut. ...Carya cordiformts Hickory, Pignut:/.94.0.070 Carya glabra Hickory, Shell-bark........ .Carya ovata FAA CEI Y See's en ecm 33 Celtis occidentalis Hop Hornbeam........ Ostrya virginiana Ironwood......... Carpinus caroliniana NMaplegRedaey sss: aa.leey Acer rubrum Maple, Stlvers.c2. «7.3 Acer saccharinum Miullbernyauikediwaeesenr cer Morus rubra Oak Butsine ssa: Quercus macrocarpa Oak, Swamp White...... Quercus bicolor Sycamores 2 4eenne Platanus occidentalis Walnut; Black. oe 2 sates Fuglans nigra Witch-hazel...... Hamamelis virginiana SHRUBS Arrow-wood........ Viburnum dentatum Bladdernttyneaaasc-ee Staphylea trifolia Grapewhroste ss nara Vitis cordifolia GrapeyRiver Banko aes Vitis vulpina vay Olsonpeieeeee Rhus Toxicodendron iVioonseedaee ric Menispermum canadense Shad Bush...... Amelanchier canadensis Spice-Bush 343 sta-ceeic Benzoin estivale Viburnum, Maple-leaved Sa aeen haces Viburnum acerifolium Woodbinies=. )-a.-. Psedera quinquefolia [18] Plants Native to Dutchess County, New York HERBS Adder’s Tongue, Yellow eGafeWast Sania 3s Erythronium americanum Anemone, Wood... Anemone quinquefolia > Bedstraw, Rough...... Galium asprellum Bellwort.. 255% 40-5 Uvularia perfoliata Bellwort, Great..... Uvularia grandiflora Nocommon name... . Oakesta sessilifolia Bloodroot....... Sanguinaria canadensis Carrion Blower)... ..... Smilax herbacea Carrion Flower...... Smilax rotundifolia CISER elisa Sean Galium Aparine Cow Wheat........ Melampyrum lineare Drapon, Green... «. Arisema Dracontium Dutchman’s Breeches, Dicentra Cucullaria ern bladder 055; <0)... Cystopteris fragilis Fern, Cinnamon. . .Osmunda cinnamomea Fern, Interrupted. .Osmunda Claytoniana Fern, New York. . Aspidium noveboracense Bern, Ostrich... Onoclea Strutheopteris Fern, Sensitive........ Onoclea sensibilis Fern, Spinulose Wood Ris rigou sats. oe Aspidium spinulosum Henn, Woods. -.24..: Aspidium cristatum Garlic Wialdiva ss oe Allium canadense Geranium, Wild. ...Geranium maculatum Gingers Wilds... 6....6 Asarum canadense Greenbrier nne os Smilax rotundifolia Hellebore, False, or Indian Poke Be ee ens ren ee nar Veratrum viride Horsetailis wate ct. Equisetum pratense Jack-in-the. pulpit... drisema triphyllum Tecke sila ee es, Allium tricoccum Onion, Wilde oss... Allium cernuum Solomon’s Seal, False, Smilacena racemosa Solomon’s Seal, Great sees tate Polygonatum commutatum Solomon’s Seal, True SAE eat eee Polygonatum biflorum Spring Beauty....... Claytonia virginica Sweet Cicely........ Osmorhiza Claytoni Sweet Cicely. .7-: Osmorhiza longistylis Trillium, Large-flowering IA raya Mecha Trillium grandiflorum Trillium, Nodding. .... Trillium cernuum Minlett sat eee eee Viola cucullata WioleGs:t emcee ere erat Viola pallens VOLE tee ea Pee tae Viola scabriuscula Wiolett pecs. sate a ee Viola sororia Violet, Sweet White........ Viola blanda Wake Robina... >. .ce. + Trillium erectum Yeas Ville ee ee ee Dioscorea villosa 27. THe Mesopnuytic Oak AssociaTION. D. Ravines. 28. THE ASSOCIATION OF PLANTS IN A Younc Rock Ravine. TREES ED OLAV AES Ss eee WS). «i Thuja occidentalis ler Oe ke boise ae Shae Tsuga canadensis SHRUBS Yew, American........ Taxus canadensis HERBS JANINE OO fs ees ieee Heuchera americana Bishoprs; Gaps. «4:3 e141 Mitella diphylla Bluebell. os... Campanula rotundifolia Brake wClit 2 cicites = Pellea atropurpurea Brake, Rock...... Cryptogramma Stelleri Buri bee. ae soos a Sanguisorba minor Cinquefoil, Silvery... . Potentilla argentea Cinquefoil, Silvery... Potentilla tridentata Columbine... ..7 Aquilegia canadensis Corydalis, Pale... Corydalis sempervirens Gress sRiack a £265 essarsre Arabis lyrata Dutchman’s Breeches, Dicentra Cucutlaria eta ees eon te neces es Woodsia ilvensis Per Mees yr- crxatek wee «po rlacs Woodsta obtusa Hern, Bladder. ..:, 20.4 Cystopteris fragilis Fern, Christmas et eee Polystichum acrostichoides Fern, Marginal Shield FM SOE ae Aspidium marginale Fern, Spinulose, Wood SF yaaa tear Aspidium spinulosum Fern, Walking. . Camptosorus rhizophyllus No common name. . . Se/aginella rupestris Grass of Parnassus, Parnassia caroliniana [t9 ] Plants Native to Dutchess County, New York Pearlwortsaes joo nee Sagina nodosa Polypod, Common. . Polypodium vulgare Rue, Early Meadow. . Thalictrum diotcum Saxifrage, Early... . Saxifraga virginiensis Spleenwort...... Asplenium platyneuron Spleenwort..... Asplenium Ruta-muraria Spleenwort, Maidenhair Seas ak aes Asplenium Trichomanes Stonecrop, Missy... << :cusme Sedum acre Mihalictsumie sea Thalictrum- revolutum 29. THE ASSOCIATION OF PLANTS IN A Younc Sort RAvINeE. TREES Alder JHoanyAeese eres Alnus incana Alder Smoovthiycsaasseeee Alnus rugosa Butternutercy. cere eer Fuglans cinerea Hickory, Bitternut....Carya cordiformis Ironwood......... Carpinus caroliniana Willow; Black 2-2). Sai4-besae Salix nigra Willow, Weeping....... Salix babylonica SHRUBS Shad Bush: 72 --: Amelanchier canadensis Willow? steerer Salix glaucophylla Willow, Glaucous......... Salix discolor Willow, Heart-leaved...... Salix cordata Willow, Shining: 22557. = Salix lucida HERBS BOHESe ce eee ee Eupatorium perfoliatum Fern, Sensitive-...:.. Onoclea sensibilis Horsetatltrs: se. te Equisetum pratense Joe-Pye-Weed...Eupatorium purpureum Milkweedeee se Asclepias incarnata 30. THE ASSOCIATION OF PLANTS IN A MarureE Ravine. TREES PANS nts NAMES oon oso Fraxinus americana Basswood! saos2..-ee= Tilia americana Beech? tate eeni a hice Fagus grandifolia Birch) Blackeme sr ere Betula lenta Birch, Winitec-/s5, eee a Betula alba Birch. Mellowssessk see ee Betula lutea Dogwood, Flowering. .... Cornus florida Elemiocke weep ccts- cris Tsuga canadensis Maple, Mountain........ Acer spicatum Maple, Striped... .. Acer pennsyloanicum Maple Sugant...< see Acer saccharum ‘TLulipMirees= Liriodendron Tulipifera Witch-hazel...... Hamamelis virginiana SHRUBS Hobble-bush....... Viburnum alnifolium Honeysuckle, American Fly mie (oye sdoce eaten ake Lonticera canadensis Laurel, Mountain....... Kalmia latifolia HERBS Baneberrys Redes...) 24.5 Actea rubra Baneberry, White........... Actea alba Beech-drops........ Epifagus virginiana Bellwort.s 227-270 Uvularia perfoliata Bellwort, Great..... Uoularia grandiflora Brake, Purple Cliff, Pellea atropurpurea Brake, Rock...... Cryptogamma Stelleri Bunchberry.... 450005 Cornus canadensis Cleanweed tick... Setsion= Pilea pumila Cucumber-root, Indian SOS en? o Medeola virginiana Dragon, Green....Arisema Dracontium Dutchman’s Breeches A OUR Dicentra Cucullaria Fern, Beech. . Phegopteris hexagonoptera Fern, Beech... . Phegopteris polypodiodes Fern, Bladder. .... Cystopteris bulbifera Ferns Bladder. 52. = Cystopteris fragilis Fern, Christmas k coceeea ree Polystichum acrostichoides Fern, Christmas a Seat Polystichum acrostichoides var. Schweinttzit Fern, Maidenhair... Adiantum pedatum Fern, Marginal Shield oral syotanet seer Aspidium marginale Fern, Marginal Shield .... Aspidium marginale var. elegans [ 20] Plants Native to Dutchess County, New York Fern, New York, 4spidium noveboracense Berns Oak 0.5 Phegopteris Dryopteris Fern, Rattlesnake See Botrychium virginianum Fern, Spinulose Wood iter yes Aspidium spinulosum Fern, Walking, Camptosorus rhizophyllus Ginger, Wild oi. Asarum canadense Jack-in-the-Pulpit. . 4risema triphyllum Lady’s Slipper, Stemless Oe Nereis tekavote ti caskets Cypripedium acaule Lily of the Valley, False YO ee TERA Matanthemum canadense Nettle, Wood... =... Laportea canadensis Partridge Berry <<)... ...- Mitchella repens Polypod, Common. . Polypodium vulgare Rattlesnake Root....... Prenathes alba Ree; Walls. .:. Asplenium Ruta-muraria Saxifrage, Golden aor enters Chrysosplenium americanum Solomon’s Seal, False, Smilacena racemosa Solomon’s Seal, True Be ate sete steel & Polygonatum biflorum Sorrel, Common Wood, Oxalis Acetosella Spleenwort, Maidenhair RS te Asplenium Trichomanes Spleenwort....Asplenium acrestichoides Spleenwort...... Asplenium platyneuron Stalk, Twisted. ...... Streptopus roseus Star Flower....... Trientalis americana Mrilliuanas i545 ot acres Trillium erectum Wrallinum ye. cr<.c< c Trillium grandiflorum Trillium, Nodding. . Trillium declinatum Trillium, Painted. ..Trillium undulatum WiGleGs pein tekeus hee. aiere Viola blanda WiGletircr teeters. cispie-e ated © Viola palmata Widle Gree artes. at. ‘Viola rotundifolia Violet, Dog-toothed eS ectet: Erythronium americanum Violet, Long-spurred...... Viola rostrata WioodStal’s ae cccraes Woodsia ilivensis Wioodsiateeesn rise W oodsia obtusa Wood Sorrel, Violet. .... Oxalis violacea In making such an ecological study, photographs are made to illustrate the differ- ent associations. These together with the above lists give a working basis for the selection of such plants as will make a naturalistic planting based on a scientific as well as an esthetic study of plant groupings. Printed by R. R. Donnelley & Sons Co. [21] ri =e j nil Th i ? iS ' A : _ \, 2 Rat 3 - ; * \ C : WW ro aed. = 7 — « ao 4 = em 5, ah erat oe " ‘ b ' “ ; —_ 77 ~~ eak He a yy a ge gly e. { — : \ i ie a = ? be - . r ; : a ew. S ; Z : r OLA f = J i 2 iM i ‘ ra Pd ° * i ' i ~ Pay By sit nh New York Botanical TT 3 5185 0 ba Be ey HON 0) i?