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LIBRARY

OF THE

UNIVERSITY Of ILLINOIS

PLAT v’rfAMIA CECROPIA,

EBERHART’S

Economic Entomology

REVISED EDITION.

By Noble M. Eberhart, Ph.D., Sc.D., F.S.Sc. (London).

Member Victoria Institute, or Philosophical Society of Great
Britain ; Chicago Academy of Sciences, etc., etc.

Author of Some: Curious Insects ; Elements of Bntomoeogy ;
Key to Families of Insects, etc., etc.

FULLY ILLUSTRATED.

A. FLANAGAN, Publisher.
CHICAGO.

THt LIBRAftff

of use

(iumsin of amis

COPYRIGHT 1888 and 1893.

By Nobee M. Eberhart.

All Rights Reserved.

oo-c£C4r ■ # er p, ^ ^

S'? 6*. T
£ X- 3 -*-
m3

REMOTE -

\

PREFACE TO REVISED EDITION.

When this work first appeared, Entomology was not taught
except in a few agricultural colleges. The argument advanced for
the first edition was that so many thousands of dollars were annually
lost from the ravages of injurious insects, that some time surely ought
to be given in every school to the consideration of these noxious
insects and the remedies to check their ravages.

It has been, therefore, with a great deal of pleasure that we
have seen our humble text-book adopted into schools and colleges
throughout the country.

The present edition is revised to date, with some additions and
changes from the original text.

N. M. E.

Chicago, May, 1893.

CHAPTER I.

General Characteristics of Insects.

General Features. — Insects belong to that branch
of the Animal Kingdom called Arthropoda . The bodies of
arthropods differ from those of vertebrates in having the
skeleton on the out-side. The bod3r is composed of numei-
ous rings or segments. The body-wall or skeleton, forms
the joints of these rings by softening and folding in. This
gives great flexibility to the body.

The skeleton is really only an outer crust, but is suf-
ficiently firm for the attachment of the muscles and for the
protection of the vital organs of the insect.

Chitine. — The outer covering or crust is rendered firm
by the deposition of a hard substance called chitine.

Definition of an Insect. — Many authors apply the
term insect to worms and spiders, as well as to true insects.
Originally the word was used in a restricted sense, and ap-
plied only to those arthropods having six feet, or the Hex-
apoda. The word insect is derived from the Latin in, into;
and secOy to cut. The application is seen by examining an
insect, and noticing how the body narrows in, in two places
on each side, as though notches had been cut in it. This
divides the body into three distinct parts, and is an essential
characteristic of an insect.

EBERHAR T'S ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY.

Number and Distribution of Insects. — The insects
are by far the largest class in the Animal Kingdom; in fact,
they outnumber all other divisions combined. Of beetles,
alone, some 85,000 species have already been described. The
total number of described species of insects is in the neigh-
borhood of 200,000.

New species are constantly being made known, and as
our knowledge of insects is still primitive, there is a strong
probability that the number will be doubled or trebled in the
near future.

Fossil insects are numerous. In the older stratas only
the lower forms are found. In the Mesozoic age, specimens
of enormous size occur, and those insects, (Lepidoptera and
Hymenoptera) whose transformations are complete, make
their appearance.

Insects are found in all parts of the world. The largest
and most handsome species are found in tropical latitudes.

Butterflies have been found as far north as 83 degrees
North Latitude.

Length of Life . — Mayflies, in the perfect form live
but 24 hours as a rule, while bees and ants have been known
to live seven years.

Beneficial Insects. — Some insects are of great value
to man. Of these the silk-worm, the hive-bee and the
cochineal insect may be mentioned.

EBERHART'S ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY.

9

Attention may also be called to the value of insects in
fertilizing plants.

Noxious Insects. — Injurious insects are very nu-
merous, and herein lies the principal value of the study of
Entomology, since by becoming thoroughly familiar with
the habits of noxious insects we are able to successfully apply
remedies to abate or prevent their ravages. This is termed

Economic Entomology and is distinguished from
the study of

Systematic Entomology which deals with the
structure and classification of insects.

Strength of Insects. — The strength of insects in
proportion to their size is prodigious. A flea will jump 200
times its own height. Newport tells of an instance where
Geotrupes stercorarius sustained and escaped from under a
pressure of twenty or thirty ounces, the insect itself only
weighing about that many grains.

Divisions of the Body.— The three divisions of the
body to which we have already called attention, are known
as the head, the thorax and the abdomen.

10

EBERHART'S ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY.

The head has the eyes, the antennae and the mouth*
parts ; thorax is the motor centre and affords attachment
for the wings and legs ; while the abdomen contains the
digestive and excretory organs.

The Byes are of two kinds, simple and compound.
The simple or single eyes are called ocelli (singular, ocellus).
The compound eye is made up of numerous simple eyes.
In this case these divisions are called facets, and are hexag-
onal in shape as shown in the figure. It is estimated that
there are over 12,000 of these facets in the compound eye
of a dragon-fly.

The Antennae or “ feelers” are hollow, jointed
appendages. They are the seat of the sense of touch, and
many believe of smelling and hearing also. The antennae
in carrion-beetles and other insects having a remarkable
acuteness of smell are much more highly developed, which
would give us reason to believe them possessed of that
sense.

The various forms of antennae are shown injthe accom-
panying figure.

EBERHART'S ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY.

11

Various forms of antennae.

a. Setaceous or bristle-like. e. Pectinate or comb-like.

b. Filiform or thread-like. f. Capitate or having a head.

c. Moniliform or bead-like. g. Clavate or club-shaped.

d. Serrate or saw-like. h. lamellate.

The Wings vary greatly in the different orders and
serve as a distinguishing feature. The tip of the wing is
called the apex ; the costal edge is the front margin and

the inner edge that next to the body. From the tip to the

commencement of the inner edge is the outer edge. A
coriaceous wing is one that is leathery, or tough. A mem-
branous wing is thin and nearly transparent.

Figs. 10-^2.— Membranous and Coriaceous Wing*,

12

EBERHART'S ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY.

Fig. 13. — Scales on a Butterfly’s Wing, highly magnified.

The I/egS. — The plate shows the parts of the
leg named. The egg-shaped piece next the body is the
trochanter ; the long joint next is the femur, then the tibia
and finally the small joints at the end form the (sin-

gular, pfSptrs; terminating usually in a claw called the
pulvillus.

The Muscular System. This lies just beneath the
chitinous covering or skin of the insect, and according to
Newport, it consists of “numerous distinct, isolated, straight
fibres, which are not gathered into bundles united by com-
mon tendons, or covered by aponeuroses (tendinous sheaths),
to form distinct muscles, as in the Vertebrata , but remain
separate from each other and only in some instances are
united at one extremity by tendons.”

The Nervous System. This consists primarily of
two longitudinal cords, with a knot of ganglion (nerve-cen-
tre) for each segment. The position of this cord is ventral.

EBERHART'S economic entomology ;

15

The Organs of Nutrition. These are made up of
an alimentary canal with its appendages, and are found in
various stages of development in different insects, the sim-
plest form being a straight tube.

Fig. 15. — Heart of an Insect.

Circulation. The heart of the insect is a dorsal pul-
sating tube, terminating in a large artery in the head.
The blood of the insect is seldom red, — generally it is color-
less,— but sometimes of a yellow tinge.

16

EBERLlARTS ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY.

Respiration. The insect breathes through little tubes
or pores called tracheae, the terminal openings being called
spiracles, of which a row runs along each side of the body,
there being normally eleven on each side.

Fig 16.— rCut of I,arva showing Spiracles.

Aquatic insects respire “water mechanically mixed
with air,” by means of gill-like flattened expansions of the
body- wall, called branchiae. Their inner tubes are generally
termed bronchial tracheae.

The Secretive Organs. Says Packard: “The uri-
nary vessels, or what is equivalent to the kidneys of the
higher animals, consist in insects of several long tubes,
which empty by one cr two secretory ducts into the posterior
or ‘ pyloric ’ extremity of the stomach. There are also odor-
iferous glands analogous to the cutaneous glands of verte-
brates. The liquid poured out is usually offensive and is
used as a means of defense. ’ ’

Classification. — Insects are divided into seven class-
es, called orders. The basis of this distinction is the cha-
racter of the wings. The names are formed by combining

EBERHART'S ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY.

17

the Greek word ptera, meaning wings, with another Greek
word describing them.

The seven orders, beginning with those of highest in-
ligence and thence down the scale, are :

1. Hymenoptera, or “membranous-winged” insects,
including bees, ants, wasps, etc.

2. Tepidoptera, or “scale-winged ” insects. These
are the butterflies and moths.

3. Diptera, “two- winged.” Flies, mosquitoes, etc.

4. Coleoptera, “sheath-winged.” Beetles.

5. Hemiptera, “half winged.” Bugs, cicadas, etc.

6. Orthoptera, “straight- winged.” Grasshoppers, etc.

7. Neuroptera, “nerve-winged.” Dragonflies, may-
flies, etc.

To these orders many authors add an eighth, called
Thysanura, embracing minute wingless insects, such as the
spring-tails, bristle-tails, etc.

Transformations of Insects. — The changes or met-
amorphoses of insects are extremely interesting, and where
time will permit, should be carefully studied.

The egg is the primary stage. Within this the embry-
onic larva forms. When it is ready to hatch out the shell
of the egg is found to have become thinner and to be some-
what hollow or concave at the point where it covers the under

18 EBERHARTS ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY.

side of the body, and conversely, is found to be raised or
convex where it covers the dorsal or back side.

The shell bursts on the middle of the back, spreading
toward the head.

The latter and parts of the thorax are then pushed out.
They are, however, not entirely withdrawn.

“The antennae, parts of the mouth, and legs are still
enclosed within separate envelopes and retain the larva in
this covering in the shell. Efforts are then made to loosen
the posterior part of the body.” This is gradually ac-
complished and the other members then follow and the larva
is released.

The larva on emerging begins to feed voraciously. It
grows rapidly and generally moults, or changes its skin for
a number of times. A few days before the assumption of
the pupa, or intermediate stage between the worm and the
perfect insect, the larva ceases to eat, becomes restless, and
either spins a silken cocoon or makes one of earth or chips.

Duiing the semi-pupa state, the skin of the chrysalis
grows beneath the nominal coveting of the larva. After
entering its cocoon it remains in the pupa state a length of
time varying with the insect and climate, during which the
imago or perfect insect is formed, which finally emerges.
The female, after impregnation, immediately provides for

EBERHART'S ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY.

19

the propagation of the species by depositing her eggs in a
suitable locality.

In grasshoppers, and other lower orders of insects, the
pupa stage is not passed within a cocoon, and the insect
differs from the adult only in size and the development of
its wings, as seen in the accompanying illustration showing
the various stages of a locust.

20

EBERHAR 7 'S ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY.

Various stages of locust.

F<g -SO. j f,5 21 ■

EBERHART'S ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY.

21

CHAPTER II.

Injurious Hymenoptera.

The name Hymenoptera is derived from the Greek
words, hymen , membrane ; and pteron , wing, (plural, ptera ).
The order includes bees, wasps, saw-flies, ants, etc.

They are possessed of greater intelligence, and their
transformations are more complete than those of any other
order. The larvae are footless grubs, except in the case of
saw-flies, whose young have abdominal legs. The reason-
ing powers of Hymenoptera have been so highly eulogized
as to be said to differ from those of man only in degree .

THE PEAR-TREE SLUG.

(Selandria cerasi . Peck.)

The Pear-Slug hibernates as a pupa, the imagos or per-
fect insects emerging in May and June. The adult is a
bright black fly. If the tree is shaken, the insects usually

Fig. 23. Pear-tree Slug.

fall to the ground and feign death. The saw-flies (to which
family the Pear-Slug belongs), are thus named because of

22

EBERHART'S ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY .

the saw-like appendage at the end of the abdomen in most
females. With this the leaves of trees are slit, and in these
crevices the eggs deposited. Says Saunders : The female
begins to deposit her eggs early in June : they are placed
singly within little semicircular incisions through the skin
of the leaf, sometimes on the under side and sometimes on
the upper. In about a fortnight these eggs hatch. The
newly-hatched slug is at first white, but soon a slimy matter
oozes out of the skin and covers the upper part of the body
with an olive-colored sticky coating.’ * A second brood of
eggs is deposited late in July. Maturing in about a month
they go into, the ground and assume the pupa state, in
which form they remain during the winter.

Remedies. — An ichneumon fly deposits its eggs in
those of the Pear-Slug, the grub living in the egg and de-
stroying it. A wash, composed of an ounce of powdered
hellebore to each two gallons of water, sprayed on the
leaves of the tree is sufficient.

THE IMPORTED CURRANT WORM,

(Nematus ventricosus. Klug.)

This is the larva of another saw-fly. The insect gen-
erally hibernates as a pupa, — rarely as a grub. The adult
insects appear in the beginning of spring. The female is
larger than the male, and of a yellow color. The male is
spotted with dull yellow. The eggs are placed on the

EBERHART'S ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY .

23

Fig. 24. Fig. 25.

Imported Currant Worm and Moth (female).

under side of the leaves and on the principal veins. They
hatch in from ten to twelve days. The larvae eat little
holes in the leaf until nothing but the frame work or skele-
ton is left. When ready to pupate they form their cocoons
under rubbish ; sometimes in the ground, occasionally on
the stems or leaves of the currant bushes. The flies
emerge during the latter part of June or the first of July.
These lay eggs, which soon hatch, and the larvae generally
change into the pupa state, in which they pass the winter.

Remedies. — Parasites prey on the egg and on the
larvae, notably one found by Prof. Eintner, State Entomol-
ogist of New York, which attacks the egg. Dr. Packard
recommends powdered white hellebore sprinkled over the
bushes by means of a muslin bag tied to a stick. Dr.
Worcester has met with equal success in the use of carbo-
late of lime, which was sprinkled over the bushes as soon
as the worm made its appearance. Hand picking is very
good.

24

EBEKHART’S ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY.

THE NATIVE CURRANT SAW-FLY.

(Pristiphora grossularicz. Walsh.)

We quote from Packard: This saw-fly is a widely dif-

Fig. 26. Native Currant Saw-fly.

fused species in the Northern and Western States, and
injures the currant and gooseberry. The female fly is a
shining black, while the head is dull yellow and the legs
are honey-yellow. * * * * Mr. Walsh states that the

larva is a pale grass-green worm, half an inch long, with a
black head, which becomes green after the last moult, but
with a lateral brown stripe meeting with the opposite one
on the top of the head, where it is more or less confluent,
and a central brown-black spot on its face. It appears the
last of June and early in July, and a second brood in
August. They spin their cocoons on the bushes on which
they feed, and the fly appears in two or three weeks, the
specimens reared by him flying on the 26th of August.

EBERHART'S ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY.

25

This worm may at once be distinguished from the imported
currant worm by the absence of the minute black warts
that cover the body of the latter. The same remedies
should be used for this worm as are recommended for the
preceding insect.

26

EBERHART’S ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY.

CHAPTER III.

Injurious Lepidoptera.

The order Lepidoptera ( lepis , a scale), comprises the but-
terflies and moths. They are distinguished from other
insects in having their wings covered with minute feathers
or scales.

The larvae are seldom footless.

The transformations of Lepidoptera are complete.

Moths are distinguished from butterflies, in that the
antennae of the former are pointed at their tip, (occasion-
ally, though, they have small side branches), while the an-
tennae of butterflies are knobbed or thickened at their ends.

CUT-WORMS.

The numerous larvae passing under this name, belong
to the family, Noduidce , and most of them to the genera
Agrotis and Hade7ia. They are nocturnal in their habits,

Fig. 27. Cut Worm,

EBERH A RT'S ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY.

27

feeding on the roots and tips of herbs. They hibernate, as
half-grown larvae, in oval cavities in the ground. As soon
in spring as the frost leaves the ground, they ascend to, or
near to surface, and pursue their usual method of feeding ;
many living entirely on roots, and never coming to the sur-
face ; while others travel around during the night, doing
great injury by cutting off young herbs near the roots.

When full grown they descend further into the ground
than before, where they pupate, emerging in three or four
weeks, in the winged state. The eggs are generally depos-
ited on low plants, and when the young larvae hatch, they
go down into the ground and feed upon roots.

Remedies. — The Cut-worms have many natural ene-
mies such as the robin, the black-bird, the cat-bird, domes-
tic fowls, some species of ground beetles, ( Carabidce ); the
toad, etc.

Numerous parasites also infest them. Among the arti-
ficial remedies, making holes in the ground in the evening
with a pointed stick, and going around in the morning and
thrusting the stick again into the holes, will destroy any
Cut-worms that may have fallen into the holes during the
night.

Many will seek shelter at the approach of dawn under
leaves and rubbish lying on the ground, these may be found
and killed.

28

EBERHAR T'S ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY.

Late plowing is good.

The Cut-worms have a great fondness for clover, and
little bunches of it, poisoned with arsenic, and placed in the
field at night will kill many.

THE CORN WORM.

(Heliothis armigera. Hubner.)

This insect is very injurious to the cotton in the South,
and there it is called the Boll- worm, because it feeds on the
cotton boll. It hibernates as a pupa, a few inches below
the surface, in an oval cell lined with silk. In the latitude
of Illinois it is two or three brooded, the number increasing
with the distance south. The hibernating pupae become
imagos about the time the first shoots of corn appear. They
deposit their eggs (which number from fifty to one hundred)

separately, one on each blade of corn. After hatching, the
larvae eat into the stalk. They get their growth about the
time the corn tassels. This brood does so little damage that
it generally passes unnoticed.

EBERHART'S ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY.

29

The eggs of the second brood are laid in the tip of the
ear. The larvae feed on the silk, which appears about the
time they hatch.

The best remedy is fall plowing, which exposes the

pupae to the weather.

THE ARMY WORM.

(Heliophila ( Leucania ) unipuncta.)

This is a smooth caterpillar, seldom found later than
June or July. It hibernates generally as a larva ; occa-
sionally as an imago; rarely as a pupa.

The hibernating larvae pupate early, about an inch be-
low the surface, and the imagos emerge in March. There
are about three yearly broods in the latitude of Central
Illinois.

The female soon after emerging lays her eggs in grass
between the stalk and its surrounding sheath or between
the terminal blades while they are yet doubled. Will lay
in almost any situation; often in grain, corn-stalks, or hay-
stacks.

Fig. 28. Fig. 29.

Army Worm and Moth.

30 EBERH ART'S ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY .

The larvae do not travel in armies unless very numerous,
and so often pass unnoticed.

The first brood live as cut-worms, finally goingintothe
ground and undergoing the various stages, the moths ap-
pear about the last of June. In five to eight days, these
lay.

The third brood emerges in the latter part of August.

In Illinois the second brood does the greatest injury.

They are always more numerous the year following a
dry year, but are never destructive and numerous in the
same locality for two succeeding years, because of disease
and parasites.

Remedies. — The tachina fly, the ichneumon fly, the
predaceous beetles, and the bobolink destroy many. Fair
results in a wheat field, infested by Army Worms, have been
obtained by dragging a long rope over the top of the stalks,
jarring the worms to the ground. This repeated twice a
day in small fields and where the worms are not too thick
would prove advantageous, but in larger fields it is a ques-
tion whether the results would equal the time and labor
expended.

A very good method is the plowing of a furrow around
the fields.

The worms will collect in this ditch and a log dragged
along it with a rope will crush large numbers of them.

EBERHART'S ECONOMIC EN'IOMOLOGY.

31

Poisoning plants around the edges of a field with a mix-
ture of Paris green and water is useful where the worms are
not too numerous.

THE FALL ARMY WORM

(Laphygma frugiperda.')

is covered with stiff erect hairs and appears only in the fall,
therefore it may be easily distinguished from the foregoing.

THE PEACH-TREE BORER.

{Sanmna (. ALgeria ) exitiosci . )

Hibernating in the pupa state, the moth appears in May
and June. The eggs which are of a beautiful yellow-brown
color are deposited singly on the trunks of the peach and
cherry, near the roots, and held in position by a gummy
secretion. They are about one-fiftieth of an inch long, and
little more than half as wide.

The larva as soon as it hatches seeks a crevice and works
down under the bark toward the roots.

It is, according to Saunders, “a naked soft cylindrical
grub, of a pale whitish yellow color, with a reddish, horny
looking head, and black jaws.” The presence of the larva
is readily detected by the exudation of gum.

Remedies. — The larvae maybe sought for and killed,
directly. Hot water is recommended by many. In using
it, the dirt should be scraped away from the roots, and the

32

EBERHAR T’S ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY.

water poured on hot enough that it will not cool before
reaching the grubs.

A wash of carbolic acid and soap suds is also useful.

By far the best method, however, is to mound up the
ground about the trees to the height of a foot or so, which
will prevent the female from laying her eggs.

THE STALK-BORER.

( Gortyna nitela. Guenee.)

This larva may be easily distinguished because the
stripes which on most cut- worms run the whole length of
the body, are on the Stalk-Borer interrupted for four seg-
ments.

Fig, 32 and 33. — Stalk Borer and Moth.

It hibernates as a moth, which comes forth early in
spring and lays its eggs on blue grass and young grain.
The young larvae often do great injury by eating off the
terminal blades of young oats.

Pupating in the ground in August, the imagos emerge
by the latter part of August or the first of September.

EBERHART yS ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY .

33

The best remedy is keeping down such weeds and
grass as the eggs are liable to be deposited on.

The larvae are pxeyed upon by a parasite.

THE CANKER WORM.

(An isopteryx vernata.)

The Spring Canker Worm hibernates as a pupa, a short
distance below the surface of the earth.

Some emerge from October on, if the winter is a mild
one. The remainder generally do so about the middle of
March, the females appearing first. These females are
wingless. They crawl up the tree and deposit their eggs
in irregular masses of fifty to one hundred between the
branches, under scales of bark or in any other sheltered
situation.

Fig. 34 and 35.— Male and Female Canker Worm Moths.

These eggs are of a broad oval form. They hatch in
a few days, about the time the apple trees are leafing out,
and immediately attack the leaves, punctjring them with
small holes. They soon strip the trees of most of their
leaves, and will kill them in two or three seasons.

34 \EBERHAR1 yS ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY.

The color of the larva is a dark olive-green or brown,
much resembling the general color of the tree. They fasten
themselves by their two pairs of posterior or pro-legs to a
twig, and hold the body away from the tree so that they re-
semble a short spine or branch. This is a protective device.

When alarmed they drop by a slender silken thread a
few inches, so that they are out of the reach of their enemies.
The}7 mature in two or three weeks, when they descend and
pupate.

There is but a single brood. They sometimes attack
plum, cherry and elm trees.

The best and most effective remedy is to spray the lar-
vae with arsenical poison.

THE STRAWBERRY LEAF ROLLER.

{Phoxopteris comptana)

This insect generally hibernates in the pupa state, roll-
ei up in the strawberry leaf ; but sometimes as an imago.

Those that have wintered as pupae emerge in April
and May, and deposit their eggs in May and June ; the lar-
vae getting their growthin July. The second brood matures
late in September.

36. — Moth of Strawberry L,eaf Roller.

EBERHAR T’S ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY,

35

The only effectual remedy is to mow the strawberry field

%

close, after the fruit has been picked, and after letting the
grass, etc., become dry, burn it.

FOREST TENT CATERPILLAR.

( Clisiocampa sylvatica. Harris.)

The Forest Tent Caterpillar hibernates in the egg state,
the larvae often emerging before the leaves on the tree are
out ; but are able to fast from a week to ten days, and so

Fig. 39-

Forest Tent Caterpillar, Moth and Kgg-mass.

suffer no injury from their early appearance. There is but
a single yearly brood. When there are large numbers of
larvae they swarm and defoliate acres of shrubbery. They
attain their growth in June, pupate, emerge the same year,
and lay their eggs in vertical belts around the twigs. These
belts are covered with a mucous which is .sometimes so thick
that the eggs cannot be seen.

36

EBERHART'S ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY.

COMMON TENT CATERPILLAR.

(C. Americana.)

of our orchards does not essentially differ in its habits. Its
egg masses may be distinguished from the fact that they

Fig. 40 and 41. — Moth and Kgg-mass of Common Tent Caterpilar.

taper at the ends, instead of ending abruptly and vertically.

They are called Tent Caterpillars because they spin a
web, living in a community under it and going out twice
a day to feed.

Remedies. The tents may be destroyed or the larvae
killed as they crawl over the trunks of the trees. The
best method, however, is spraying the trees with arsenical
poison, which will not only destroy the larvae but also
many other injurious insects infecting the tree.

THE TOMATO WORM.

(Macrosila quinquemaculata.)

This insect is also frequently called the potato worm.
The pupa (in which form it hibernates), is readily recog-
nized by the case in which the tongue develops being bent
around so that it resembles the handle of a pitcher. The

EBERHART'S ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY.

37

Figs. 42 and 43. — Tomato Worm and Pupa. (About one-fourth natural size.)

larva is a large green caterpillar with oblique whitish
stripes on the sides and a horn on the anal extremity. The
imago emerges in June and July.

The larvae are so large that hand picking is a good
remedy. The moths may be caught with a net.

THE CODLING MOTH.

[Carpocapsa pomonella, Finn.)

The Codling Moth is easily distinguished from other
moths by a large egg-shaped spot, brown in color, edged
with a copper and situated on the hinder margin of each
fore-wing. It generally hibernates as a pupa, emerging
in the spring about the time the petals of the apple-blos-
soms fall.

The female lays her eggs in the calyx or eye of the

Fig. 44.— Tarva of Codling Moth.

forming apple. These eggs hatch in about a week and the
grub eats into the core. The larvae become full-grown in
three or four weeks. About this time the prematurely
ripened fruit falls to the ground.

Sometimes the worm escapes before and sometimes not

38

EBERHART’S ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY.

until after the fruit has fallen. Those leaving before crawl
down the trunk, or lower themselves by a silken thread,
which they have the power of spinning.

The first and last segments of the body are at first *
black but become brown as the grub matures ; the other
segments each have six or eight spots on them, from which
arise little hairs.

The larva pupates in a cocoon placed in a crevice of
the bark or in some other sheltered place. There are two
yearly broods.

Remedies. Icheumon flies destroy some. The fal-
len fruit should be gathered or the hogs allowed to devour
it, thus destroying many larvae. The best method, how-
ever, is to put bands around the trunks of the trees. The
larvae will pupate in these and may be gathered and
destroyed. These bands should be examined every ten
days or less from the last of May to the last of August.

CABBAGE BUTTERFLIES.

In the list of injurious insects, Cabbage Butterflies
occupy a prominent place, because their field of operation
is so extensive, and the means of exterminating them, as
yet, so imperfect.

THE EUROPEAN CABBAGE BUTTERFLY

{Pier is rapes.)

was first noticed in this country in the year 1857 by a Mr.

EBERHAR7 yS ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY.

39

-

Bowles of Quebec. Not long after, it spread into New
England and New York, and a few years later it was plen-
tiful all over the country.

It passes the winter in the pupa state, the perfect insect
emerging early in the spring. There are about five broods

Fig. 46.

European Cabbage Butterflies (male and female).

during the year, in the latitude of Illinois. This number
increases as we go farther south, and vice versa.

The female insect is distinguished from the male in
that it has two spots on its wings, while the male has only

one.

40 EBERHAR T’S ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY.

These eggs are usually lai'd on the upper side of a
cabbage leaf, and are not collected in a mass in one place,

Fig. 47. — I,arva of European Cabbage Butterfly.

but are scattered over the surface of the leaf. When about
to pupate, the laivae seek shelter under boards lying in the
field, or under the copings of walls and fences.

Remedies. By far the greater number of Cabbage
Butterflies are destroyed by a parasite (. Pteromalus pupa-
rum) > which lays its eggs on the pupa, and the little mag-
gots hatching out eat their way into the body of the insect,
an operation attended with much pain. They devour the
fatty portions, thus preventing the pupa from transforming
into the perfect state.

By placing boards in the cabbage field, the pupae,
which will soon be found on the under side of these, may
be collected and placed in a box covered with a screen, to
allow the parasites to hatch out and escape, while at the
same time the cabbage insect cannot.

Of late years another natural remedy is rivalling the
parasite mentioned above, for its efficacy in disposing of
the Cabbage Butterfly.

This is a contageous disease which is prevalent among
the larvae, and destroys them in a short time. Instances

EBERHAR T'S ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY .

41

are known where a whole field has been entirely cleared of
larvae in twenty-four hours.

The symptoms of the disease are that shortly after
mid-summer the larva has an ashy appearance, and later
becomes greenish milky.

After the death, which occurs in a few hours, the body
dries or shrivels up and on being touched crumbles to
pieces.

Professor S. A. Forbes, the State Entomologist of Illi-
nois, made a series of experiments, by trying to breed the
bacteria of this disease in distilled water, and then to clear
an infested field by communicating the bacteria to some of
the larvae. The success of the experiment has not yet
become established, but it is hoped that it soon will be.

The larvae may be destroyed by sprinkling them with a
mixture of pyrethrum and water, which has the advantage
of killing the worms, and at the same time it is perfectly
harmless in its effects on the human race, so that no evil
results come from sprinkling it on the cabbages. A child
with a net can do a great deal of good by capturing the
butterflies.

THE SOUTHERN CABBAGE BUTTERFLY.

Pier is protodice.

is a native of this country, and does not differ essentially
in its habits from the European or imported species, but it
is far less injurious.

42

EBERHART'S ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY.

Fig. 48. — Southern Cabbage Butterfly (female). (One-fourth natural size.)

Some gardners have found sawdust impregnated with
carbolic acid, an efficient remedy.

The tachina fly is another parasite similar in its opera-

Fig. 49. — Southern Cabbage Butterfly (male).

tions to the chalcid fly (. Pterovialus pup ar uni), mentioned
above.

THE CABBAGE PLUSIA,

{Plusia brassicce. Riley.)

“ In the months of August and September,” says Pro-
fessor Riley, “the larvae may be found quite abundant on
thi plant (ca bbage), gnawing large, irregular holes in the
leaves. It is a pale green translucent worm, marked lon-
gitudinally with still paler, more opaque lines, and like all
the known larvae of the family to which it belongs, it has

EBERHART'S ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY.

43

but two pairs of abdominal pro-legs, the two anterior seg-
ments, which are usually furnished with such legs in ordi-
nary caterpillars, not having the slightest trace of any,
consequently, they have to loop the body in marching, as
represented in the figure, and are true “Span-worms.”
Their bodies are very soft and tender, and as they live
exposed on the outside of the plants, and often rest motion-
less, with the body arched, for hours at a time, they are
espied and devoured by many of their enemies, such as
birds, toads, etc. They are also subject to the attacks of
at least two parasites, and die very often from disease, espe-
cially in wet weather, so that they are never likely to
increase quite as badly as the butterflies just now described.

Fig. 50. Fig. 51.

Cabbage Plusia and Larva.

“ When full-grown, this worm weaves a very thin,
loose white cocoon, sometimes between the leaves of the
plant on which it fed, but more often in some more shel-
tered situation, and changes to the chrysalis, which varies
from a pale yellowish green to brown, and h#$ a consider#-

44

EBERHART'S ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY.

ble protuberance at the end of the wing and leg cases,
caused by the long proboscis of the inclosed moth being bent
back at that point. This chrysalis is soft, the skin being
very thin, and it is furnished at the extermity with an ob-
tuse roughened projection which emits two converging
points, and several short curled bristles, by the aid of
which it is enabled to cling to its cocoon.

“The moth is of a dark smoke gray, inclining to
brown, variegated with light grayish brown, and marked in
the middle of each front wing with a small oval spot and a
somewhat U-shaped silvery white mark, as in the figure.
The male is easily distinguished from the female by a large
tuft of golden hairs, covering a few black ones, which
spring from each side of his abdomen towards the tip.

‘ ‘ The suggestions given for destroying the larvae of
the cabbage butterflies, apply equally well to those of the
Cabbage Plusia, and drenching with a cresylic wash will
be found even more effectual, as the worms drop to the
ground with the slightest jar.”

THE MELON WORM.

( Phacellura hyalinatilis. "Linn.)

This insect hibernates as a pupa rolled up in the leaves
of some plant or tree. Says Willet : “ The Melon Worms

are of a light, yellowish-green color, nearly translucent,
have a few scattered hairs, and when mature, are about an

EBERHART'S ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY.

45

inch and a quartei in length. They ‘ web up ’ in the leaves
of the melon, or of any plant growing near, which has flex-
ible leaves, forming a slender brown chrysalis, three-quar-
ters of an inch in length. Hundreds of these pupae were

Fig. 5-- Fig 53-

Melon Worm and Moth.

found rolled up in leaves of the tomato and sweet potato.
In passing through one of the patches referred to, numbers
of small, beautiful moths rose from the grass and weeds.
Their wings when extended measured an inch across, and
were of an iridescent pearly whiteness, except a narrow
black border. Their legs and bodies presented the same
glistening whiteness, and the abdomen terminated in a
curious tuft of white appendages, like feathers; of a pretty
buff color, tipped with white and black. These moths
proved to be the mature Melon Worms which had emerged
from the chrysalids referred td.”

Remedies- Plant early and pick off the first brood
of worms by hand. An ichneumon-fly (. Pimpla conquisitor)

46

EBERHAkT'S ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY.

and a species of tachina-fly are two parasites which prey
upon the Melon Worm.

THE PALMER WORM.

( Ypsolophus pometellus. Harris.)

During the beginning of summer or the latter part of
spring, greenish ochre-colored larvae may be noticed feed-
ing on the leaves of the apple and cherry trees.

The following account of this insect, which is com-

’Fig. 54. Moth of the Palmer Worm.

monly called the Palmer Worm, is taken from Saunder’s
Insects Injurious to Fruits :

“ It lives in societies, making its home in a mass of
half-eaten and browned leaves, drawn together by silken
threads, from which it drops when the tree or branch is
jarred, suspended in the air by a thread of silk. The larva
is of a pale yellowish-green color, with a dusky or a blackish
stripe along each side, edged above by a narrow whitish
stripe ; there is also a dusky line along the middle of the
back. Its head is shining yellow, and the top of the
next segment is of the same color ; on each ring there

EBERHART'S ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY.

47

are several small black dots, from each of which arises
a fine yellow hair. While young the caterpillars eat
only the green pulpy tissue of the leaves, leaving the net-
work of veins entire ; later on they consume the whole of
the leaf except its coarser veins. They also frequently gnaw
holes or irregular cavities in the young apples. These
larvse feed on the leaves of the cherry as well as those of
the apple.

“ When full-grown they are about half an inch long.
They then change to chrysalids within the mass of eaten
leaves occupied by the larvae, and ordinarily spin a slight
cocoon in a fold of a leaf, but when they are very abundant
the foliage is so entirely consumed that they have to look
for shelter elsewhere. Their chrysalids are then often
found under dry leaves on the surface of the ground, in
crevices in the bark of the tree, and in other suitable hiding-
places. The chrysalis is about a quarter of an inch long; at
first it is of a tawny yellow color, which gradually changes
to a darker hue. In ten or twelve days the perfect insect is
produced.

“The moth is of an ash-gray color. The fore wings
are sprinkled with black atoms, and have four black dots
near the middle, and six or seven smaller ones along the
hinder margin The hind wings are dusky above and
beneath, with a glossy azure-blue reflection, blackish veins,

48

EBERH ART'S ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY,

and long, dusky fringes. The antennae are alternately
striped with black and white. Sometimes the fore wings
are of a tawny yellow, in other specimens they are tinged
with purplish red, and in some the dots are faint or en-
tirely wanting. They rest with their long, narrow wings
folded together and laid flat upon their backs.”

Remedies. “Showering the trees with whale-oil
soap and water has been recommended, but the use of Paris
green and water would prove more effectual; the water
would dislodge many of the larvae, and there mainder would
be destroyed by eating the poisoned leaves.”

THE AMERICAN SILK WORM.

( Telea polyphemus. I^inn.)

Also commonly known in the adult state as the Poly-
phemus Moth.

The full-grown caterpillar is a very large worm often
approximating four inches in length. It feeds on the
leaves of the plum tree, and has been reared somewhat
extensively for its silk.

Remedies. — Many natural enemies prey upon it
while in the larva state. It is never very injurious, its
economic interest lying principally in the fact of its being
raised for silk, but if it should prove destructive to the
plum trees in any locality it may be readily gotten rid of by
hand picking.

EBERHART'S ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY.

41)

THE GREEN GRAPE VINE SPHINX.

{Darapsa myron. Cramer.)

We quote from Saunders, having had no opportunity
of personally observing the habits of this insect: ‘‘The
larva is one of the most common and destructive of the leaf
eating insects injurious to the grape. The first brood of
the perfect or winged insects appears from the middle to
the end of May, when the female deposits her eggs on the
under side of the leaves, generally placing them singly, but
sometimes in groups of two or three. The eggs are nearly
round, about one-twentieth of an inch long, a little less in
width, smooth, and of a pale yellowish-green color, chang-
ing to reddish before hatching. The young caterpillar
comes out of the egg in five or six da}^s, when it makes its
first meal on a part of the empty egg shell, and then at-
tacks the softer portions of the grape-vine leaves. When
first hatched, it is one-fifth of an inch long of a pale yel-
lowish-green color, with a large head and having a long
black horn near its posterior extremity, half as long as its
body. As it increases in size, the horn becomes relatively
shorter and changes in color ; the markings of the larva
also vary considerably at each moult. When full grown it
is about two'inches long, with a rather small head of a pale
green color, dotted with yellow, and with a pale-yellow
stripe down each side ; the body is green, of a slightly
deeper shade than the head, and covered with small yellow

50

EBERHART'S ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY .

dots of granulations ; along the sides of the body these
granulations are so arranged as to form a series of seven
oblique stripes, extending backwards, and margined behind
with a darker green. A white lateral stripe with a dark-
green margin extends from just behind the head to the
horn near the other extremity. Along the back are a series
of seven spots, varying in color from reddish to bluish
green, granulated with black in front, and sometimes yellow
behind and at the tip. This larva has the power of draw-
ing the head and next two segments within the fourth and
fifth, causing these latter to appear much distended ; the
feet are red, the pro-legs pale green. Some specimens
especially among those of the latter brood, will be found
exhibiting remarkable variations in color ; instead of green
they assume a delicate reddish-pink hue, with markings of
darker shades of red and brown, which so alter their ap-
pearance that they might at first be readily taken for a dif-
ferent species ; a careful comparison, however, will show
the same arrangements of dots and spots as in the normal
form. When full grown, the larva descends from the vine
and draws a few leaves closely together, binding them with
silken threads, usually about or near the base of the vine
on which it has fed, and within this rude structure changes
to a chrysalis of a pale-brown color, dotted and streaked

EBERH ART'S ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY .

51

with a darker shade, and with a row of oval dark brown
spots along each side.

The moths from this first brood of larvae usually appear
during the latter part of J uly, when the}" deposit eggs for a
second brood, which mature late in September, pass the
winter in the pupa state, and emerge as moths in the fol-
lowing May.

The wings of this insect, when fully expanded, meas-
ure about two and a half inches across, their form being
long and narrow.

The fore wings are of a dark olive-green color, crossed
by bands and streaks of greenish gray, and shaded on the
outer margin with the same hue. The hind wings are dull
red, with a patch of greenish gray next the body, shading
gradually into the surrounding color. On the under side
the red appears on the fore wings, the hinder pair being
greenish gray. The antennae are dull white above, rosy
below, head and shoulder covers deep olive-green, the rest
of the body of a paler shade of ^reen ; underneath the
body is dull gray.

This moth rests quietly during the day, taking wing at
dusk, when it is extremely active ; its flight is very swift
and strong, and as it darts suddenly from flower to flower,
rapidly vibrating its wings, remaining poised in the air
over the objects of its search, while the long, slender tongue

EBERHART'S ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY .

is inserted and the sweets extracted, it reminds one strongly
of a humming bird.

‘ ‘ The caterpillars are very destructive to the foliage of
the vine, being capable of consuming an enormous quantity
of food ; one or two of them, when nearly full grown, will
almost strip a small vine of its foliage in the course of two
or three days. In some districts they are said to nip off the
stalks of the half grown clusters of grapes so that they fall
unripe to the ground.

Remedies. — ‘‘The readiest and most effectual method
of disposing of these pests is to pick them off the vines and
kill them. They are easily found by the denuded canes
which mark their course, or where the foliage is dense they
may be tracked by their large brown castings, which strew
the ground under their places of resort. Nature has pro-
vided a very efficient check to their undue increase, in a
small parasitic fly, a species of Ichneumon, the female of
which punctures the skin of the caterpillar and deposits her
eggs underneath, where they soon hatch into young larva,
which feed upon the fatty portions of their victim, avoiding
the vital organs. By the time the Sphinx Caterpillar has
become full grown, these parasitic larvae have matured, and
eating their way through the skin of their host, they con-
struct their tiny snow white cocoons on its body, from
which, in about a week, the friendly fly escapes by pushing

EBERHAR T ’ S ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY.

53

open a nicely fitting lid at one end of its structure. No
larva thus infested ever reaches maturity ; it invariably
shrivels up and dies.

THE AMERICAN PROCRIS.

(. Procris Americana. Harris.)

Most of the insects hibernate in the pupa state ; a few
as imagos.

Those that winter as pupae emerge during June and
deposit their eggs in patches of 20 or more on the under
side of the leaves of the grape. The larva soon hatch and
feed in flocks on the back of the leaves.

“ While young, the little caterpillars eat only the soft

Fig-. 55. Farvse of American Procris.

tissues of the leaves, leaving the fine net-work of veins
untouched, but as they grow older they devour all but the
larger veins.” (Saunders.) They mature in August, and
pupate in a crevice in the bark. In a fortnight the moths
emerge, and a second brood of larvae soon follows. The
majority of these remain through the winter as chrysalids.
Remedies. Spray the vines thoroughly with Paris

54

EBERH ART'S ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY.

green and water (one-half teaspoonful of Paris green to a
gallon of water). A parasitic fly destroys the larvae.

THE IMPORTED CURRANT BORER.

{Algeria tipuliformis . Linn.)

The imago is a pretty, wasp-like moth, measuring about
three-quarters of an inch across the expanded wings. The
body is bluish black, with three yellow bands across the

Figs. 56 and 57. — Imporred Currant Borer and Moth.

abdomen. It appears about the middle of June. The fe-
male deposits her eggs singly close to the buds.

They burrow into the stem and bore up and down,
feeding on the pith. (Saunders).

They pupate in the stem, having first eaten a hole
nearly through to the outer air, so that when the moth is
about to appear it can easily burst through and escape.

Remedy. — Cut and burn all hollow stems found in
the fall or spring.

THE GOOSEBERRY FRUIT WORM.

Dakruma convolutella. Hubner.

This insect hibernates as a pupa, the moth appearing
the last of April or the first of May. The female lays her

EBERHART'S ECONOMIC ENIOMOLOGY.

55

eggs on the young gooseberries, the larvae burrowing into
the fruit. Only a single hole is made in a berry.

When alarmed the worm backs out quick!}' and drops

Fig. 58. — Gooseberry Fruit Worm.

down a few inches by a silken thread which it spins.
Sometimes it drops entirely down to the ground. It pu-
pates in a little brown cocoon amid the rubbish on the
surface of the ground.

Remedies. — Hand picking and the destroying of in-
fested berries.

Sprinkling air-slaked lime on the bushes in early
spring is useful in preventing the female from laying. Re-
new if the rain washes it off.

56

EBERHART'S ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY .

CHAPTER IY.

Injurious Diptera.

The order Diptera, (“two-winged”) includes the mos-
quito, the gnat and the common house-fly, the Hessian fly,
etc. Also the Syrphus and Tachina flies which are useful
because they destroy many injurious insects.

The larvae of Diptera are called maggots.

The distinguishing feature of this order is that the
second pair of wings are not developed as in other orders,
but are rudimentary, serving as “balancers.”

THE HESSIAN FLY.

(i Cecidomyia destructor , Say.)

“This insect is double-brooded, as the flies appear
both in spring and in autumn. At each of these periods
the fly lays twenty or thirty eggs in the leaf of the young
wheat plant.

“ In about four days in warm weather they hatch, and
the pale-red larvae crawl down the leaf, working their way
in between it and the main stalk ; passing downward till
they come to a joint, just above which they remain, a little
below the surface of the ground, with the head toward the
root of the plant. Here they imbibe the sap by suction

EBERHAKT'S ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY .

57

alone, and by the simple pressure of their bodies they be-
come imbedded in the side of the stem. Two or three
larvae thus imbedded serve to weaken the plant and cause
it to wither and die.

“The larvae become full grown in five or six weeks,
then measuring about three-twentieths of an inch in length.
About the first of December their skin hardens, becoming
brown ; and then turns to a bright chestnut color. This is
the so-called flax-seed state or puparium. In two or three

weeks the ‘larva,’ (or, more truly speaking, the semi-pupa),
becomes detached from the old case. In this puparium
some of the larvae remain through the winter. Toward the
end of April or the beginning of May, the pupa becomes
fully formed, and in the middle of May in New England,

58

EBERHAR T }S ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY.

comes forth from the brown puparium, ‘wrapped in a thin
white skin/ according to Herrick, ‘which it soon breaks
and is then at liberty.’ The flies appear just as the wheat
is coming up ; they lay their eggs for a period of three
weeks, and then entirely disappear. The maggots hatched
from these eggs take the flax-seed form in June and July,
and are thus found in the harvest time, most of them re-
maining on the stubble. Most of the flies appear in au-
tumn.0 (From Packard’s Injurious Insects of the West,
p. 696.)

Remedies. — There are a number of parasites of the
Hessian fly, which have done a great deal of late years to
check its ravages.

The predaceous beetles, swallows and martens destroy
many.

Changing or rotating crops is advantageous.

THE BLACK ONION FLY.

(Ortalis flexa. Wied.)

The fly is approximately half an inch in length, each
wing having three whitish, oblique, crescent-shaped bands,
or stripes.

There are two yearly broods.

The maggots of the first brood may be found during
the month of June. They remain from twelve to fourteen
days in the pupa state.

EBERH ART'S ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY.

59

Fig. 61. Black Onion Fly. (kines show real size.)

The imagos are rather slow of flight and do not fly
any great distance.

Remedies. — The only remedies that have as yet been
tried with any success are the careful removal of all in-
fested onions, and the use of the kerosene emulsion (see
Chapter VIII).

The application of salt, in the proportion of three or
four bushels to the acre, has proved useful.

THE IMPORTED ONION FLY.

( Anthomyia ceparum. Bouche.)

The eggs of this species are deposited on the bases of
the leaves during May and June. The larvae appear soon
and proceed to eat their way down to the base of the young
bulb.

In about fourteen days they pupate in the ground, and
a couple of j weeks later the second brood of flies appear,
which generally lay their eggs on the bulb itself.

60

EBERHAR 7 }S ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY.

Fig. 62. Imported Onion Fly.

Remedies. — Same as for the black onion fly.

The sickly onions are readily known by their turning
yellow.

THE RADISH FLY.

( Anthomyia radicum. Bouche.)

“Soon after the early radishes come up, ” says Dr.
Packard, “the roots are attacked by small white maggots,
and when the plants grow in old soil, the maggots are
especially destructive. The larvae appear in the spring as
soon as the radishes are partly grown.”

“ When full-grown they change in the ground to red-
dish-brown pupae, similar to those of the onion and cab-
bage maggots. The insect remains in this state two or
three weeks, when the fly hatches and crawls up out of the
ground, with its wing crumpled up, and climbing up the
side of a clod or any perpendicular surface which it finds,
these members expand and assume their proper form before
they become dried and firm. (Dr. Fitch’s Eleventh Re-
port.)

EBERHAR 7'*S ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY.

61

Remedies. — Destroy all infested roots.

Salt and lime sprinkled on the plants will be found use-
ful. Planting early avoids the evil to a great extent, as
does also the rotation of crops.

62

EBERHAR T’S ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY.

CHAPTER V.

Injurious Coeeoptera.

Coleoptera ( coleos , a sheath) are so named because the
front wings are usually horny and opaque and cover over
or shield the back or membranous pair, which are folded
longitudinally and transversely beneath them. These wing
covers are called elytra , (singular, elytron .) The members
of the order are called beetles. The common or popular
term for the larva is “grub” or “borer.”

THE CORN ROOT WORM.

(Diabrotica longicornis.)

The beetle may be found in corn fields in August and
September feeding on fallen pollen and thistles and other
composite plants.

About the middle of September the females deposit their
eggs in little clusters in the ground, at the bases of the hills
of corn. These eggs are about one-fortieth of an inch
long, resembling minute hen’s eggs. A microscopic exam-
ination will .show that they are covered with little six-sided
pits.

The eggs are entirely unprotected, and yet they weather
the winter, hatching out in the spring about the time the

EBERHART’S ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY.

63

Fig. 63. Adult Form of the Corn Root Worm. (Very highly enlarged.)

corn begins to grow. The full grown larva is nearly half
an inch long. It burrows into the roots of the corn, mining
lengthwise, and causing them to decay unless the season is
very wet.

The worm pupates in August, in an oval cell in the
ground, and the beetle hatching out, commences to feed on
the pollen of the corn, frequently devouring the silk, and
if they are not too hard, the grains of corn also.

As the Corn Root Worm always stays in the same lo-
cality, and does not move about much, there is a very simple
and effective remedy against it, viz., the changing of crops,
which will soon starve out the Root Worms.

STRAWBERRY ROOT WORMS.

There are three genera of Chrysomelidae , known as
Strawberry Root Worms, each occuring at different times,
as follows :

Colaspis

April — June.

64

EBERHART'S ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY.

Paiia June — August.

Scelodonta August — June.

(Active from August — October.)

They much resemble the larva known as the crown
borer, but the latter is footless, and so they are easily dis-
tinguished from it.

The eggs are laid in the ground at different periods of
the year, according to the species, the larvae feeding on the
roots of the strawberry leaves.

The genus Scelodonta feed only on the strawberry.
Paria also feed on the juniper, and Colaspis on the grape.

Colaspis hibernates in the egg state; Paria as an imago,
and Scelodonta as a mature larva. They all may be destroyed
with Paris green.

WIRE WORMS.

The Wire Worms belong to the family Elateridce , and
to the genera Melanotus , Corymbites and Agriotes. They are
hard, smooth and cylindrical, with acute senses, and pos-
sessed of great activity.

Fig. 64. Wire Worm.

They live three years in the larva state, when they
pupate in the earth, emerging from June to September.

Remedies. — Attract and destroy them by slices of por
sotied potato.

EBERHART'S ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY.

65

They do not injure corn until the second year of plant-
ing on the grass land, and letting the land lie fallow for a
time is a good remedy.

THE APPLE-TREE BORER.

(Saperda Candida. Fabr.)

This insect is also called the round-headed borer. The
eggs are laid in the bark at the bottom of the tree, during
May and June. The larvae bore upward into the wood,
where they remain for two or three years, when pupating in
a little cocoon some eight or ten inches from their starting
place, they emerge during midsummer.

Remedies. — Digging out the larvae is recommended.
Soft soap and soda, mixed with water to the consistency of
paint, and applied once in June, and once in July is
effective.

Fig. 65. Fig. 66.

Round-headed Apple-tree Borer and Beetle.

EBERHART'S ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY .

ft 6

THE FLAT HEADED APPLE-TREE BORER.

(Chrysobothris femorata. Fabr.)

The Flat Headed Borer lives one year, hibernating in a
hole in the wood of the tree. It pupates from April to June,
— in Illinois about May, — emerging in June and July. The

Fig. 67. Fig. 68.

Flat-headed Apple-tree Borer and Beetle.

adult is a flat beetle, which deposits its eggs either singly
or in patches on the bark or under scales.

The larvae hatch in a few days and burrow in the sap-
wood. A few will soon destroy the tree.

The remedies are the same as for the round-headed
borer. The larvae are found near the bottom of the trunk.

THE PLUM CURCULIO.

(1 Conotrachelus nenuphar. Herbst.)

The Plum Weevil hibernates in the adult state. The
beetle is a short thick one, with a rough-surface, and much
resembles a dried bud. It is distinguished from the apple
curculio by hiving two humps on the back. The female
makes a hole in the fruit with her snout, in which she lays

EBERHART'S ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY

67

Fig J9. Plum Curculio. (Greatly enlarged. Showing also the crescentic cu

in the fruit.)

hei eggs, and than makes a crescentic cut around the
place.

The best remedy is to spread sheets under the tree, and
hit the trunk, jarring off the beetles which may be collected
and burned.

Fig. 70. Z,afva of Plum Curculio.

THE APPLE CURCULIO.

{Anthonomus quadrigibbus. Say.)

The Apple Curculio has four humps and makes a round
puncture in the fruit, in which the eggs are deposited.

EBERHART'S ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY.

Fig. 71. Apple Curculio.

The larvae go down to the core. They pupate in about a
month in the fruit, and a fortnight or so later the perfect
insect appears.

The only remedy known as yet to be at all useful is to
jar the infested apples off the tree and feed them to the
swine.

THE PLUM GOUGER.

( Coccotorus scutellaris. L,e.C)

The Plum Gouger is somewhat similar in habits to the
plum curiculio. Its footless larvae bore into the seed, where

Fig. 72. Plum Gouger.

they live. The same remedies apply that are used for the
plum curculio.

EBERHART'S ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY.

THE PEACH CURCULIO.

(Ithycerus noveboracensis. Forster.)

Also commonly known as the New York Weevil. It
is the largest speecies of snout- beetle occurring in this

Fig. 73. Fig. 74-

Larva and image of the Peach Curculio or New York Weevil.

country. The beetles appear in May and June, doing con-
siderable injury to the buds and twigs of the peach tree,
although frequently found in the apple, plum, pear and
cherry. The female makes a hole in the twig under the
bark in which she deposits an egg. The larvae are foot-
less.

Remedies. The same as for the plum curculio.

THE POTATO BEETLE.

(Doryphora 10-lineata. Say.)

Also commonly-called the Potato-bug and the Color-
ado Potato Beetle, the last name being the correct one.

It is too well known to require any description, but a
few points may be stated which most people are not famil-
iar with.

70

EBERHART'S ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY.

They pass the winter in the perfect or beetle state,
remaining dormant in the ground, and appearing early in
the spring. The females deposit their eggs on the under
side of the leaves and the orange-colored eggs hatch in
about a week into little grubs. These begin feeding on
the leaves, and maturing in two or three weeks descend to
the ground and pupate under rubbish or in the earth.

They remain from ten to twelve days in this state,
when they emerge and the process is repeated, — the number
of yearly broods varying, sometimes being as many as four
or five, and at other times only two or three.

A closely allied beetle ( Doryphora juncta , Germar), is
often mistaken for the real one, but this latter feeds on
various species of Solanum, (the genus which includes the
ground-cherry, horse-nettle, etc.,) and never attacks the
potato.

Remedies. Paris green or some other arsenical poi-
son is the most effectual. One pound of it .should be mixed
with twenty of pulverized plaster, or with common flour,
and dusted on the leaves in the early morning, the dew
holding it there.

It may also be applied to advantage just after a
shower. A duster made of a tin box, with a perforated
bottom, and a handle four or five feet long, is recom-
mended.

EBERHART'S ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY.

71

Care should be taken not to inhale any of the green,
as it is a deadly poison.

London purple may be substituted for the green (page
49), and is a deadly poison.

THE PEA WEEVIL.

(. Bruchus pisi. Linn.)

“The Pea Weevil,” says Teat, “ is easily distinguished
from all other species of the genus with which we are
troubled, by its larger size, and by having on the tip of the
abdomen * * * two dark oval spots, which cause the

remaining white portion to look something like the letter
T. It is about 0.18-0.20 inch long and its general color is
a rusty black, with more or less white on the wing covers,
and * * * on the hinder part of the thorax, near the
scutel. * * * It is supposed to be an indigenous
North American insect and was first noticed * * *

around Philadelphia, from whence it has spread over most
of the state where the pea is cultivated. The female de-
posits her eggs on the outside of the pod. It is a very
general remark that peas are ‘ ‘ stung by the bug 5 ’ and the
impression prevails * * * that the female punctures

and deposits her eggs in the pea in which the larva is to be
nourished.” The beetles appear about the time the peas
blossom and the yellow eggs are laid on any part whatever
of the surface of the pod, being held there by fluid which is
rather viscid, and on drying is white and glistening, quot~

72 EBERHAR T’S ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY.

Fig. 76.

Pea Weevil and Larva.

in g again from Treat : “ The newly hatched larva is of a

deep yellow color, with a black head, and it makes a direct
cut through the pod into the nearest pea. The hole soon
filling up in the pod, and leaving but a mere speck, not as
large as a pinhole, in the pea. The larva feeds and grows
apace, and generally avoids the germ of the future sprout,
perhaps because it is distasteful so that most of the buggy
peas will germinate as readily as those that have been
untouched. When full grown the larva * * * eats a cir-
cular hole on one side of the pea, and leaves only the thin
hull as a covering. It then retires and lines its cell with a
thin and smooth layer of paste, pushing aside and entirely
excluding all excrement, and in this cell it assumes the
pupa state, and the beetle when ready to issue has only to
eat its way through the thin piece of hull which the larva
had left covering the hole. It has been proved that the
beetle would die if it had not, during its larval life, pre-

EBER HART'S ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY,

73

pared this passage way, for Earnest Menault asserts that the
beetle dies when the hole is pasted over with a piece of
paper even thinner than the hull itself.”

Remedies. — Take care that no buggy peas are plant-
ed. Put them in water; the sound ones sink and the buggy
ones float on top and may be readily skimmed off. In
localities where few of your neighbors raise peas, or where
they consent to do the same as you, if you plant no peas at
all for a year or two the bugs will be effectually gotten rid
of, or at least lessened so that they will do comparatively
little damage.

THE ASPARAGUS BEETLE.

( Crioceris asparagi. Iyinti.)

Hibernating in the adult state the females deposit their
first eggs in May. The larvae hatch in about a week.

The eggs are blackish and the larvae a sombre ash
color. They feed on the bark on the young shoots of aspa-
ragus. In the latter part of June they pupate in slight co-
coons under rubbish or in the earth. The second brood of
larvae emerge usually between August the ioth and 20th
and the beetles mature in September.

Remedies. “A small shining black parasitic fly”
destroys large numbers. Destroying in early spring all
young shoots or seedlings, in fact all plants but the more
mature marketable ones, is effectual, as the female must

74 EBERHART'S ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY.

Fig- 77-— Asparagus Beetle.

perforce deposit her eggs on the latter, as and these are cut
and sold every few days the eggs are not allowed to hatch
in the field.

THE STRIPED CUCUMBER BEETLE

(. Dmbroiica vittata.)

This insect is universally distributed, and wherever
found is looked upon by the cucumber raiser as his greatest
enemy.

The adult beetles appear early in the spring and at
once proceed to their destructive occupation.

Fig. 78. — Striped Cucumber Beetle.

They are said to frequently devour the terminal shoot
of the sprouting seed thus effectually destroying the plant.

The larvae which are hatched later on, are whitish
grubs, about half an inch long: becoming full grown in
about a month after hatching.

EBERHAR T yS ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY.

75

They pupate in cells in the ground. There are two or
three yearly broods.

Remedies. The cheapest and. most effectual remedy
is to cover the plants with boxes, open at the bottom and
covered with netting.

Sprinkling the plants early in the day with a mixture
of two parts of Paris green and eight parts of flour is
recommended.

THE GRAPE-VINE FLEA-BEETLE.

( Graptodera chalybea. Illig.)

Hibernate in the adult state. Comes forth early in the
spring and feeds on the buds as soon as they commence
swelling.

In three or four weeks it deposits its eggs in little
clusters on the under sides of the leaves. The eggs are
yellowish in color, and “in a few days produce colonies of
small, dark-brown larvae, which feed on the upper side of

Fig. 79- Fig. 80.

Grapevine Flee-beetle and Larva.

the leaves, ridding them ; and when numerous they devour

76

EBERHART'S ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY.

the whole leaf except the larger veins, and sometimes en-
tirely strip the vines of foliage.”

In about a month the larvae mature, “when it is a
little more than three-tenths of an inch long, usually of a
light brown color, sometimes dark, and occasionally paler
and yellowish. The head is black, and there are six or
eight shining black spots on each of the other segments of
the body, from each dot arising a single brownish hair.
The under surface is paler than the upper, its feet, six in
number, are black, and there is a fleshy, orange-colored pro-
leg on the terminal segment.”

“When mature, the larvae leave the vines and descend to
the ground, where they burrow into the earth and form
small, smooth, oval cells, within which they change to
dark-yellowish chrysalids. ’ ’ (Saunders . )

The beetles appear in a fortnight or so and feed upon
the leaves. They are possessed of highly developed thighs,
which enable them to jump some distance, and on account
of which they receive their name.

Remedies, spray the plants thoroughly in the
spring with Paris green and water (a teaspoonful to a
gallon).

The absence of rubbish about the vines will remove the
shelter which the beetles seek and thus be beneficial.

Sprinkle air-slaked lime around the vines in the fall.

EBERHAR T’S ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY. 77

CHAPTER VI.

Injurious Hemiptkra.

Hemiptera (“ half- winged ” insects) have a portion of
the upper or front wings thick and coriaceous (leathery).
The members are called “ true bugs,” and among them are
the chinch-bug, squash-bug, bed-bug and plant-louse.

The larvae are like the perfect insect except that they
have no wings.

THE CHINCH BUG.

{Blissus leucopterus. Say.)

The Chinch Bug is by far the most formidable enemy
with which the raiser of corn has to contend. It would
appear that nothing can be devised to control the ravages

I

Fig 81.

Chinch Bug and Pupa.

Fig 82.

78 EBERHARTS ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY.

of the insect, but as long as a possibility remains, the econ-
omic entomologist will seek for the panacea.

As a brief sketch of the life history of the insect, we
quote as follows from S. A. Forbes, State Entomologist of
Illinois, who has made a careful study of its life and habits
for some years. ‘ ‘The eggs are usually laid early in spring,
on the roots or lower part of the stem of grain in the field,
and to these the young are confined for a time after they
hatch.

As they get larger and more numerous, they come out
of the ground and gather on the stalks of the wheat or
oats, remaining there until the ripening of the grain com-
pels them to seek food elsewhere. At this time they are
commonly just beginning to acquire wings, but they mi-
grate to the corn field on foot, as a very general rule, gath-
ering for the first few days on the outer rows of the field.
As soon as the larger part of the brood acquire wings, how-
ever, they begin to scatter through the field, laying their
eggs on the corn, where the second brood live in the corn-
fields until cold weather approaches, when they scatter
everywhere for shelter under which to pass the winter. In
the spring they emerge and deposit their eggs in the grain
fields as already described.”

Remedies. — Wet weather has proved very destructive
in its effects upon Chinch Bugs ; no actual experiments

EBERIlARt'S ECONOMIC EMTOMOLOGV.

79

having been made, however, but this is shown by the testi-
mony of past years. Frequently plowing and harrowing a
narrow strip of land bordering the field has offered an ob-
struction to those Chinch Bugs which enter the field in
masses and on foot. Another method is to place boards on
edge around the field and keep their upper edges daubed
with coal-tar. As the bugs of the first brood remain at
first on the borders they may be reached here with insecti-
cides, and their destruction prevents the second brood from
developing.

Professor Forbes found “that a simple mechanical
mixture of water and three per cent, of kerosene” was
deadly to bugs of all ages, nor did it injure the corn, pro-
vided the kerosene was well emulsed.

The corn should be sprayed with this fluid. He found
the cost of this mixture to be about four mills per gallon.
With proper appliances the cost ought not to exceed five
dollars an acre. And “if by treating a strip at the outer
edge of a corn field, — the few rows nearest a ripening field
of wheat for example, — the whole field could be protected
against the savage ravages of the bugs, it would certainly
pay the farmer well to undertake this task.”

The greatest practical results, however, will probably
be obtained through the natural enemies of the Chinch

80 EBERHAR T’S ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY.

Bug. It was found that lady-bugs and predaceous ground-
beetles destroy a considerable number.

But by far the most deadly enemy of the Chinch Bug
is a species of bacteria. This infests the stomach and other
internal organs, and much resembles that found by Pasteur
in the silk worm. Professor Forbes’ method is to cultivate
the silk worm virus for the destruction of various insect
pests.

HARLEQUIN CABBAGE BUG.

{Murgantia (, Strachia ) histrionica . Hahn.)

This insect derives its name from its gay colors and
harlequin-like manners.

The eggs are about one-twentieth of an inch in length,
and very beautiful little fellows too. They are laid in two
parallel rows of some half a dozen each. Says Riley :
“When first deposited they are green in color, but soon
become white, with black markings. Their resemblance to
miniature white barrels with black hoops is very marked,
and the resemblance is heightened by a small black spot in
the proper position for a bung hole. The sides of the eggs
which are applied to each other are almost entirely black.

In opposition the female moves her ovipositor in a
ziz-zag manner from one row to the other. The young
larva in hatching cuts out the head of the barrel with its
beak with the utmost neatness and precision.”

EBERHART'S ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY.

81

Fig. 83. Harlequin Cabbage Bug.

This insect has a great preference for such plants as
the cabbage and the turnip ; but has no aversion to mustard
and radishes.

Remedies. — Hot water is very good, as is also the
method of entrapping them under leaves and rubbish where
they have sought shelter.

Burning weeds and rubbish and care and cleanliness in
cultivation are useful.

The kerosene emulsion might be tried.

THE TARNISHED PLANT BUG.

( Lygus lineolaris. Beauv.)

This destructive insect is plentiful all over the country.
It attacks a variety of plants, doing great injury.

Hibernating in the mature state, they deposit their eggs
in early spring, and both old and young bugs may be found
together during most of the summer. The young ones do
not differ from their parents, except in being entirely green
in color, and without wings. There are probably two
roods during the year.

82 EBERHART'S ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY.

Fig 83. Tarnished Plant Bug.

“This bug is a variable species, the males being gener-
ally much darker than the females. The more common
color of the dried cabinet specimens is a dirty yellow, vari-
egated * * * with black or dark brown ; and one of the
most characteristic marks is a yellow V, sometimes looking
more like a Y, or indicated by three simple dots on the scu-
tel, (the little triangular piece on the middle of the back,
behind the thorax. ) The color of the living specimens *
* * frequently inclines to olive green. The thorax,

which is finely punctured, is always finely bordered and
divided down the middle with yellow lines, very frequently
obsolete behind. The thighs always have two dark bands
or rings near the tips.’' (Riley.)

Remedies. Pyrethrum is effective against this insect
as is also kerosene emulsion, provided it contains not less,
than five per cent, of the kerosene.

EBERHAk TSS ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY,

83

THE COTTONY MAPLE SCALE.

( Pulvinaria innumerabilis. Rathvou.)

“The young lice hatch in spring or early in summer,
walk about actively as soon as born, and settle along the
ribs of the leaves (very rarely on the young twigs). They
then insert their beaks and begin to pump up sap and to
increase in size, a thin layer of waxy secretion immediately
beginning to cover the dorsum. In a little more than three
weeks they have increased to double their size at birth, and
undergo their first moult, shedding the skin, it is supposed,
in small fragments. After this first moult, the waxy secre-
tion increases in abundance and a differentiation between
the sexes is observable. The males grow more slender and
soon cease to increase in size, covering themselves with a
thick coating of whitish wax. The pupa then begins to
form within the larval skin, the appendages gradually
taking shape, the head separating from the thorax, the
mouth parts being replated by a pair of ventral eyes. A
pair of long wax filaments is excreted from near the anus
and these continue to grow during the life of the insect. It
is the protrusion of these filaments from beneath the waxy
scale which indicates the aproaching exclusion of the male.
The posterior end of the scale is in this manner raised up,
and the perfect insect backs out with its wings held close to
the sides of its body.

84

EBERHARTN ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY.

“Meanwhile the female larvae * * * grow larger

and also broader across the posterior portion but remain
flat. * * * Just before the appearance of the adult

males they undergo another moult, and change in color
from a uniform pale yellow to a somewhat deeper yellow
with deep red markings.”*

Remedies. Spray the trees with kerosene emulsion,
late in May or early in June. The bark louse has a number
of natural enemies, such as the predaceus beetles, the
lady-bug, a species of harvest mite, and two true parasites.

THE SQUASH BUG.

( Anasa ( Coreus ) trisis. Degeer.)

The females deposit their yellowish brown eggs in June
(in the latitude of Illinois), cementing them to the under
sides of the squash leaves. The young bugs moult their
skins a number of times and at last attain the adult state
without passing through the dormant pupal stage. The

Fig. 85. Squash Bug. Somewhat enlarged.

*C. V. Riley, Report of U. S. Entomologist, 1884.

EBERHART'S ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY .

85

perfect insects are a rust-colored brown above or rather yel-
low, so covered with tiny black dots, that it appears to be
a rusty black. The color of the under side of the body is
yellow. They are readily known by the odor which they
emit which resembles that of the banana.

They live upon the juices of the leaves which they suck
up through their beaks causing the leaves to wither and
die.

Remedies. Hand picking of the bugs, and the de-
struction of the eggs which are to be found on the under
sides of the leaves.

THE APPLE APHIS.

(AJ>hzs moli . Fabr.)

4 ‘During the winter’ ’ says Saunders, ‘ ‘There may often
be found in crevices and cracks of the bark of the twigs of
the apple tree, and also about the base of the buds, a num-
ber of very minute, oval, shining black eggs. These are
the eggs of the apple tree aphis, Aphis mali. They are de-
posited in the autumn, and when first laid are of a light
yellow or green color, but gradually become darker, and
finally black.

As soon as the buds begin to expand in the spring,
these eggs hatch into tiny lice, which locate themselves up-
on the swelling buds and the .small tender leaves, and insert-
ing their beaks feed on the juices. All the lice thus hatch-
ed at this period of the year are females, and reach maturity

86

EBERHAR 7 'S ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY .

in ten or twelve days, when they commence to give birth
to living young, producing about two daily for two or three
weeks, after which the older ones die. The young locate
about the parents as closely as they can stow themselves,
and they also mature and become mothers in ten or twelve
days, and are as prolific as their predecessors. They thus
increase so rapidly that as fast as new leaves expand, colo_
nies are ready to occupy them. As the season advances,
some of the females acquire wings, and, dispersing, found
new colonies on other trees. When cold weather approach-
es, males as well as females are produced, and the season
closes with the deposit of a stock of eggs for the continu-
ance of the species for another year. When newly born the
Apple Aphis is almost white, but soon becomes of a pale
dull greenish-yellow. The mature females are generally
without wings; their bodies are oval in form, less than one-
tenth of an inch long, of a pale yellowish-green color, often
striped with deeper green. The eyes are black, honey tubes
green, and there is a short, tail-like appendage of a black
color.’ ’ The winged females and the males are very similar
in color. The head, thorax and antennae are black, with the
neck usually green. The abdomen is short and thick, with
an oval form and bright green color, with a row of black
dots along each side ; the wings are transparent, with dark
brown veins.

EBERHART'S ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY.

87

Most of the insects belonging to this family (Aphidse)
are provided with two little tubes or knobs, which project
one on each side, from the hinder part of their bodies ; these
are called honey tubes, or nectaries, and from them is se-
creted in considerable quantities a sweet fluid. This fluid
falling upon the leaves and evaporating gives them a shiny
appearance, as if coated with varnish, and for the purpose
of feeding upon this sweet deposit, which is known as
honey-dew, different species of ants and flies are found vis-
iting them. Ants also visit the colonies of aphides and
stroke the insects with their antennae to induce them to
part with some of the sweet fluid, which is greedily sipped
up. This fluid is said to serve as food for a day or two to
the newly-born young.

The leaves of trees infested by these insects become
distorted and twisted backwards, often with their tips press-
ing against the twig from which they grow, and they thus
form a covering for the aphides, protecting them from rain.
An infested tree may be distinguished at some distance by
this bending back of the leaves and young twigs. It is
stated that the scab on the fruit of the apple tree often owes
its origin to the punctures of these plant lice. This species,
which was originally imported from Europe, is now found
in apple orchards all over the Northern United States and
Canada.

88

EBERH A RT'S ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY.

Remedies. — Lady-bugs destroy many. Syringe trees
in spring when buds are bursting with weak lye, strong
soap-suds, or tobacco-water.

THE GRAPE PHYLLOXERA.

(. Phylloxera vastatrix. Plan chon.)

“The insect* presents itself under several different
forms, all of which belong to two types. One of these is
the Leaf-Gall Type (gallicola), and the other is found *upon
the roots of the vine (radicicola) .

“ First, as to the Leaf-Gall Type {Gallicola) . The gall
or excrescence produced by this is a fleshy swelling of the
under side of the leaf, more or less wrinkled and hairy, with

Fig. 86, Female Gall Fouse. (Very highly magnified.)

a corresponding depression of the upper side, the margin of
the cup being fuzzy, and drawn together so as to form a
fringed mouth. It is usually cup-shaped, but sometimes
greatly elongated or purse-shaped. Soon after the first
vine leaves that put out in the spring have fully expanded,

*This article is condensed by Mrs. Treat from Prol. Riley and here copied
by us.

EBEKHAKT'S ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY.

89

a few scattering galls may be found, mostly on the lower
leaves, nearest the ground. These vernal galls are usually
large (of the size of an ordinary pea), and the normal green
is often blushed with rose where exposed to the light of the
sun. On carefully opening one of them, we shall find the
motlier-louse diligently at work surrounding herself with
pale yellow eggs of an elongated oval form scarcely one
hundredth of an inch long, and not quite half as thick.
She is about four hundredths of an inch long, generally
spherical in shape, of a dull orange color, and looks not
unlike an immature seed of the common purslane. At
times by the elongation of the abdomen, she is more or less
perfectly pear-shaped. Her members are all dusky, and
so short, compared to her swollen body, that she appears
very clumsy, and undoubtedly would be outside of her gall,
which she never has occasion to quit, and which serves her
alike as dwelling house and coffin. More carefully exam-
ined, her skin is seen to be shagreened or minutely gran-
ulated and furnished with rows of minute hairs. The
eggs begin to hatch, when six or eight days old, into active
little oval, six-footed beings, which differ from their mother
in their brighter yellow color and more perfect legs and
antennae, the tarsi being furnished with long, pliant hairs,
terminating in a more or less distinct globule. In hatching,
the egg .splits longitudinally from the anterior end, and the

90

EBERHART'S ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY .

young louse, whose pale-yellow is in strong contrast with
the more dusky color of the egg-shell, escapes in the course
of two minutes. Issuing from the mouth of the gall, these
young lice scatter over the vine, most of them finding their
way to the tender terminal leaves, where they settle in the
downy bed which these leaves afford, and commence
pumping up and appropriating the sap. The tongue sheath
is blunt and heavy, but the tongue proper — consisting of
three brown, elastic, and wiry filaments, which, united,
make so fine a thread as scarcely to be visible with the
strongest microscope — is sharp, and easily run into a leaf,
the growth being so stimulated that the under side bulges
and thickens, while the down on the upper side increases in
a circle around the louse, and finally hides and covers it as
it recedes more and more within the deepening cavity.
Sometimes the lice are so crowded that two occupy the same
gall. If, from the premature death of the louse, or other
cause, the gall becomes abortive before being completed,
then the circle of thickened down or fuzz enlarges with the
expansion of the leaf, and remains to tell the tale of the
futile effort, otherwise in a few days the gall is formed, and
the inheld louse, which, while eating its way into house
and home, is also growing apace, begins a parthenoge-
netic maternity by the deposition of fertile eggs, as her im-
mediate parent had done before. She increases in bulk

EBERHART'S ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY,

91

with pregenancy, and one egg follows another in quick suc-
cession until the gall is crowded. The mother dies and
shrivels, and the young, as they hatch, issue and found
new galls. This process continues during the summer until
the fifth or sixth generation. Every egg brings forth a
fertile female, which soon becomes wonderfully prolific.
The number of eggs found in a single gall averages about
two hundred; yet it will sometimes reach as many as five
hundred. Even supposing there are but five generations
during the year and taking the lowest of the above figures,
the immense prolificacy of the species becomes manifest.
As summer advances, they frequently become prodigiously
multiplied, completely covering the leaves with their galls.
The lice also settle on the tendrils, leaf-stalks and tender
branches, where they also form knots and rounded excres-
cences much resembling those made on the roots. In such
a case the vine loses its leaves prematurely. Usually,
however, the natural enemies of the louse seriously reduce
its nnmbers by the time the vine ceases its growth in the
fall, and the few remaing lice, finding no more succulent
and suitable leaves, seek the roots. Thus, by the end of
September the galls are mostly deserted, and those which
are left are almost always infested with mildew and event-
ually turn brown and decay. On the roots the young lice
attach themselves singly or in little groups, and thus hiber-

92

EBERHAR1 }S ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY.

nate. The male gall louse has never been seen, and there
is every reason to believe that he has no existence. Nor
does the female ever acquire wings. It is but a transient
state, not at all essential to the perpetuation of the species,
and does, compared with the other type, but trifling damage.
As already indicated, the autumnal individuals of Gallicola
descend to the roots, and there hibernate. There is every
reason to believe also that, throughout the summer, some
of the young lice hatched in the galls are passing on the
roots; as considering their size, they are great travelers,
and show a strong disposition to reach the earth with ease
and safety. At all events, we know from experiments,
that the young Gallicola , if confined to vines on which they
do not normally form galls, will, in the middle of the sum-
mer, make themselves perfectly at home on the roots.

THE ROOT INHABITING TYPE.

( Radiciola .)

We have seen that, in all probability, gallicola exists
only in the wingless, shagreened, non tubercled, fecund
female form. Radiciola , however, presents itself in two
principal forms. The newly hatched larvae of this type are
undistinguishable, in all essential characters, from those
hatched in the galls; but in due time they shed the smooth
larval skin, and acquire raised warts or tubercles which at
once distinguish them from gallicola. In the development

EBERHARl'S ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY.

93

from this point the two forms are separable with sufficient
eas£: one of a more dingy greenish yellow, with more
swollen fore-body, and more tapering abdomen; the other
of a brighter yellow, with the lateral outline more perfectly
oval, and with the abdomen mere truncated at tip. The
first or mother form is the analogue ol gallicola, as it never
acquires wings, and is occupied, from adolescence till death,

Fig. 87. Somewhat Mature Larva of the Root-inhabiting Type. (Very highly

magnified.)

with the laying of eggs, which are less numerous and some-
what larger than those found in the galls. We have counted
in the spring as many as two hundred and sixty-five eggs in
a cluster, and all evidently from one mother, who was yet
very plump and still occupied in laying. As a rule, how-
ever, they are less numerous. With pregenancy this form
becomes quite timid and more less pyriform, and is con-
tent to remain with scarcely any motion in the more secluded
parts of the roots, such as creases, sutures, and depressions,
which the knots afford. The skin is distinctly shagreened

94 EEERHA RT'S ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY .

as in Gallicola . The warts, though usually quite visible
with a good lens, are at other times more or less obsolete,
especially on the abdomen.

The second or more oval form is destined to become
winged. Its tubercles, when once acquired, are always
conspicuous ; it is more active than the other, and its eyes
increase rather than diminish in complexity with age.
From the time it is one-third grown, the little dusky wing
pads may be discovered, though less conspicuous than in
the pupa state, which is soon after assumed. The pupae
are still more active, and, after feeding a short time, they
make their way to the light of day, crawl over the ground
and over the vines, and finally shed their skin and assume
the winged state. In this last moult the tubercled skin
splits on the back, and is soon worked off ; the body in the
winged insect having neither tubercles nor granulations.
These winged insects are most abundant in August and
September, but may be found as early as the first of July,
and until the vines cease growing in the fall. The majority
of them are females, with the abdomen large and more or
less elongate. From two to five eggs may invariably be
found in the abdomen of these, and are easily seen when
the insect is held between the light, or mounted in balsam
or glycerine. A certain proportion have an entirely differ-
ent shaped and smaller body, the abdomen being short,

EBERHART'S ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY.

%

contracted, and terminating in a fleshy and dusky protuber-
ance ; the limbs stouter, and the wings proportionately
larger and stouter. This form has been looked upon as
the male. As fall advances the winged individuals become
more and more scarce, and as winter sets in, only eggs,
newly hatched larvae, and a few wingless, egg-bearing
mothers are seen. These last die and disappear during the
winter, which is mostly passed in the larva state, with here
and there a few eggs. The larvae thus hibernating become
dingy, with the body and limbs more shagreened and the
claws less perfect than when first hatched ; and, of thous-
ands examined, all bear the same appearance, and all are
furnished with strong suckers. As soon as the ground
thaws and the sap starts in the spring, these young lice
work off their winter coat, and growing apace commence to
deposit their eggs. Since, in 1870, the absolute identity of
these two types was proved by showing that the gall-lice
become root-lice. The fact has been repeatedly substan-
tiated by different observers. (In 1873 galls were obtained
on the leaves of a Clinton vine from the root-inhabiting
type, thus establishing the identity of the two types.)

THE MORE MANIFEST AND EXTERNAL EFFECTS OF
PHYLLOXERA DISEASE.

'The result which follows the puncture of the root-louse
is an abnormal swelling, differing in form according to the

96

EBERHARTS ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY.

particular part and texture of the root. These swellings,
which are generally commenced at the tip of the rootlets,
eventually rot, and the lice forsake them and betake them-
selves to fresh ones — the living tissue being necessary to
the existence of this as of all plant lice. The decay affects
the parts adjacent to the swellings, and on the more fibrous
roots cuts off the supply of sap to all parts beyond. As
these last decompo.se, the lice congregate on the larger ones,
until at last the root system literally wastes away.

Remedies. — Thus far, the only practicable method of
combating the insect when established upon the root, is by
drowning it by irrigating the soil. In Europe the method
largely adopted is to graft their vines upon varieties, the
roots of which are Phylloxera proof; for this purpose
American varieties have been sent to Europe in immense
numbers, as cuttings and as rooted plants. An enterprising
grape growing firm has even established nurseries in
Europe for the production of vines that resist the Phyl-
loxera.

EBERHAR T'S . ECONOMIC ENTOMOL OGY.

97

CHAPTER VII.

Injurious Orthoptera.

Orthoptera (“ straight- winged ” insects,) include the
locusts, grasshoppers, crickets, cockroaches, .etc.

The upper wings are more or less leathery, and protect
the lower ones, which are folded fan-like beneath them.

As in Hemiptera , the larvae differ from the adults only
in the absence of wings.

LOCUSTS.

{Acrididcz.)

The abdomen of the female locust is armed with an

i

ovipositor (the organ used in depositing eggs), consisting of
four horny valves, two curving upward and two downward..
When ready to lay her eggs, she makes a hole in the
ground with this ovipositor, in which they are deposited
one at a time, placed obliquely and in regular order, so as
to form an oval mass.

Fig. 88. M. femur-rubrum.

98

EBERH ART'S ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY.

The eggs are covered with a white mucus, which ulti.
mately hardens and holds them together.

The hole above the cluster is then closed, the soil being
mixed with this same mucus, which, hardening, prevents
the accession of moisture.

The eggs in the mass are placed in four rows, that part
toward the surface which will allow the newly hatched in-
sects to emerge head-foremost.

The masses are generally placed in hard and compact
earth in preference to that which is loose or sandy.

When the locusts are plentiful, the females may even
be found boring into the hard soil of a well traveled street.

The young locusts resemble the adults in every respect
except that the}^ have no wings.

In a few hours after hatching they begin to feed on
whatever appropriate food they find near them.

Fig. 89. M. Spretus.

They develop rapidly, moulting or casting their skin
repeatedly, until they' attain the adult state, the wings ap-
pearing at the second or third moult.

EBERH A RT’S ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY.

99

The locusts devour all varieties of vegetation, and
great destruction is attendant on their appearance.

The common red-legged species ( Melanoplus ( Calop -
terms') femur-rubrum , De Geer), prefers to feed upon grasses
in open areas, while the Rocky Mountain Locust (M.
spretus , Thomas), a closely allied species, differing princi-
pally in having longer wings, feeds upon any plant that
comes in its way.

Remedy. — The most effectual remedy has been dem-
onstrated to be the kerosene emulsion (see next chapter).

Noth. The following paragraphs on the locusts, from
the Ninth Report of the State Entomologist of Illinois, by
Dr. Thomas, may be of interest to many readers :

“CLIMATIC INFLUENCE. ”

“Dampness is undoubtedly the most potent natural
agent in keeping them in check.

Although they may have hatched out in excessive
numbers, yet if a rainy season follows soon afterwards, they
will be destroyed to a very large extent, and the invigor-
ated vegetation will bid defiance to the feeble attacks of
those that remain alive. Like other insects their breathing
apparatus consists of tubes that permeate the body, con-
necting with opening or breathing pores along the sides of
the body, one on each side of a segment.

The moisture taken in by inspiration in all probability

100 EBERH A RT'S ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY.

produces disease, or at least in some way prevents the free
passage of the air and thus lessens the vitality.

Excessive changes during the winter also appear to
have a tendency to destroy the vitality of the eggs. That
those of the red-legged and other allied species, which are
somewhat boreal in their habits, can withstand a greater
degree of cold, is undoubtedly true, but they are certainly
affected by sudden and considerable changes.

EffERH ART'S ECONOMIC ENIOMOLOGY.

101

CHAPTER VIII.

Kerosene Emulsions.

This remedy lias become so popular of late yaars that
it is certainly deserving of a special chapter.

It stands at the head of the Economic Entomologist’s
list of insecticides.

The methods of emulsifying kerosene were first made
public in 1880, and since that time they have come into
universal use.

‘ ‘ It cannot be to strongly impressed upon all who use
kerosene as an insecticide,” says Riley, “that it can be
considered a safe remedy only when properly emulsified.”

The great point to be looked after is that there is
sufficient agitation to make a permanent emulsion.

The following formula of Riley’s is that which Mr.
Hubbard found so satisfactory in destroying the scale-
insects infesting the orange :

Kerosene 2 gallons =67 per cent.

Common oil or whale soap ]/2 pound \ ,

Water 1 gallon j 33 Per cen •

“Heat the .solution of soap and add it boiling hot to
the kerosene. Churn the mixture by means of a force-
pump and a spray-nozzle, for five or ten minutes. The

102

EBERHAR T’S ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY.

emulsion, if perfect, forms a cream, which thickens on
cooling, and should adhere without oiliness to the surface
of glass. Dilute before using, one part of the emulsion
with nine parts of water. The above formula gives three
gallons of emulsion, and makes, when diluted, thirty gal-
lons of wash.

4 4 Another frequent cause of failure,” continues Riley,

4 4 is the attempt to form an emulsion, by churning together
a small quantity of kerosene and a large quantity of dilu-
ent. Only a very unstable compound is thus formed.
The very essence of the process requires that the oil shall
be broken down by driving into union with it, a smaller, or
at most an equal, quantity of the emulsifying solution, after
which, if a genuine emulsion is formed, it may be diluted
to any extent with water. ’ ’

Persons who are intending to use this remedy will da
well to heed the instructions given above, and to carefully
follow out the directions.

EBERHART'S ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY. 103

CHAPTER IX.

A List of the Insects in this Work, Arranged According
TO THE PEANTS they INFEST.

appee.

COTTON.

Apple Aphis.

Apple Curculio.
Apple-tree Borer.
Canker Worm.
Codling Moth.
Flat-Headed Borer.
Palmer Worm.

Peach Curculio.

Plum Curculio.

Tent Caterpillars.

ASPARAGUS.

Cotton Boll or Corn Worm.

CUCUMBER.

Melon Worm.

Striped Cucumber Beetle.

CURRANT.

Imported Currant Borer.
Imported Currant Worm.
Native Currant Saw-Fly.

Asparagus Beetle.

CABBAGE.

Cabbage Butterflies.
Cabbage Plusia.
Harlequin Cabbage Bug.
Tarnished Plant Bug.

CHERRY.

Palmer Worm.

Peach Curculio.

Plum Weevil.

CORN.

Chinch Bug.

Corn, or Boll Worm.
Corn Root-Worm.

Locust.

Stalk-Borer.

Wire Worm.

GOOSEBERRY.

Gooseberry Fruit Worm.
Native Currant Saw-Fly.

GRAIN.

Army-Worms.

Cut-Worms.

Hessian Fly.

Locusts.

Stalk-Borer.

GRAPE.

American Procris.

Grapevine Flea-Beetle.
Grape Phylloxera.

Green Grapevine Sphinx.

MAPEE.

Cottony Maple-Scale.

104 EBERHART’S ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY.

MEEON.

Melon Worm.

Striped Cucumber Beetle.

ONION.

Black Onion Fly.

Imported Onion Fly.

PEA.

Pea Weevil.

PEACH.

Peach Curculio.

Peach-tree Borer.

Plum Curculio.

PEAR.

Peach Curculio.

Pear Slug.

Plum Curculio.

PEUM.

Grapevine Flea-Beetle.
Peach-tree Borer.

Plum Curculio.

Polyphemus Moth, or American
Silk Worm.

POTATO.

Potato or Tomato Worm.
Potato Beetle.

RADISH.

Radish Fly.

SQUASH.

Squash Bugs.

Striped Cucumber Beetle.

STRAWBERRY.

Strawberry Root-Worms.
Strawberry Leaf-Roller.

TOMATO.

Tomato Worm.

GENERAE FEEDERS.

Army-Worms.

Cabbage Butterflies.
Cut-Worms.

Locusts.

Tarnished Plant Bug.
Tent Caterpillars.

)

)

INDEX

A

PAGE.

Acrididae 97

Aegeria exitiosa 31

Aegeria tipuliformis 54

Agriotes 64

Agrotis 26

American procris 53

American silkworm 48

Anasa tristis 84

Anisopteryx vernata 33

Antennae 10

Anthomyia ceparum 59

Anthomyia radicum..t 60

Anthonomus quadrigibbus 67

Aphis mali 85

Apple aphis 85

Apple curculio 67

Apple tree borer, flat-headed 66

Apple tree borer, round-headed 65

Army worm 29

Asparagus beetle 73

B

Bark -louse, maple 83

Black onion fly 58

Blissus leucopterus ’ 77

Boll worm 28

Bruchus pisi 71

c

Cabbage bug, harlequin 80

Cabbage butterfly, European 38

Cabbage butterfly, southern 41

Cabbage plusia 42

Caloptenus femur-rubrum 97

106

INDEX.

Caloptenus spretus

98

Canker worm

33

Carpocapsa pomonella

37

Cecidomyia destructor ,...

56

Chinch bug

77

Chitine

7

Chrysobothris femorata ,,,

66

Circulation

— 15

Classification

16

Clisiocampa Americana

36

Clisiocampa sylvatica

35

Coccotorus scutellaris

66

Codling moth

37

Colaspis

63

Coleoptera

62

Colorado beetle

69

Common tent caterpillar

36

Conotrachelus nenuphar

66

Corn root- worm

62

Corn worm

28

Corymbites

64

Cotton boll-worm

28

Cottony maple-scale, or bark-louse

83

Crioceris asparagi

73

Cucumber beetle

74

Currant borer, imported

54

Currant Sawfly, native

24

Currant worm, imported

22

Cut- worms

D

26

Dakruma convolutella

54

Darapsa myron

49

Diabrotica longicornis

62

Diabrotica vittati

74

Diptera

Doryphora io-lineata

E

69

Elateridae

Elytr*

62

Emulsions, kerosene

European cabbage butterfly....

Eyes

INDKX.

107

F

Fall army worm 31

Flat-headed apple-tree borer 66

Flea-beetle, grape-vine 75

Forest tent-caterpillar 35

G

Gallicola 88

Goosberry fruit- worm 54

Gortyna nitela 32

Green grape-vine sphinx 49

Grape phylloxera . 85

Graptodera chalybea yb

Grape-vine flea beetle 75

Grape-vine sphinx 49

H

Hadena 26

Harlequin cabbage bug 80

Heliophila unipuncta 29

Heliothis armigera 28

Hemiptera 77

Hessian fly 56

Hymenoptera 21

Imported currant borer 54

Imported currant worm 22

Imported onion-fly 59

Ithycerus noveboracensis 69

K

Kerosene emulsions 101

L

Laphygma frugiperda 31

Lepidoptera.. 26

Legs..... 12

Leucania unipuncta * 29

Locusts 91

Lygus lineolaris 87

108

INDEX.

M

Macrosila quinque-maculata

Maple-scale, or bark louse

Melanotus

Melon worm

Murgantia histnonica

Muscular system

N

Native currant sawfly

Nematus ventricosus

Nervous system

New York weevil

Noctuidae

o

Onion-fly, black

Onion-fly, imported

Ortalis flexa

Orthoptera

P

Palmer worm

Paria

Peach curculio

Peach tree borer

Pea weevil

Pear slug

Pezotettix femur-rnbrnm

Pezotettix spretus

Phacellura hyalinatilis...

Phoxopteris comptana

Phylloxera

Pieris protodice

Pleris rapae

Plant-bug, tarnished

Plum curculio

Plum gouger

Plum weevil

Plusia brassicae

Polyphemus moth

Potato beetle

36

*3

64

44

80

12

24

22

12

69

26

5»

59

5S

97

46

64

69

3i

7i

21

97

98

44

41
38
81
66
68
66

42
48
69

INDEX.

109

Potato worm , 36

Pristiphora grossularise : 24

Procris Americana 53

Pulvinaria innumerabilis 83

R

Radiciola 92

Radish fly 60

Red-legged locust 99

Respiration 16

Rocky Mountain Locust 99

Root- worm, corn 62

Root- worms, strawberry 63

s

Sannina exitiosa 31

Saperda Candida 65

Scelodonta 64

Secretory orgaus 16

Selandria cerasi 21

Southern cabbage butterfly 41

Squash-bug 84

Stalk-borer 32

Strachia histrionica 80

Strawberry leaf-roller 34

StrawLery root-worms 63

Striped cucumber beeetle 74

T

Tarnished plant bug 81

Telea polyphemus . 48

Tent caterpillars 35

Thysanura 17

Tomato worm 36

Transformations 17

W

Wings R 11

Wire worms 64

Y

Ypsoloplius pometellus 46

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