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Por

[ENTS OF CONCHOLOGY,

INCLUDING
“THE FOSSIL GENER A

ae &
THE ANIMALS. .

By T. EDWARD BOWDICH, Eso. °

HONORARY MEMBER OF THE CAMBRIDGE PHILOSOPHICAL SOCIETY AND OF THE
WETTERAVIAN SOCIETY OF HANAU. MkMprR OF THE GEOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY
OF PARIS. CONDUCTOR OF THE.MISSION TO ASHANTEE.

P ART I. UNIV ALVES. Pc:

WITH UPWARDS OF 500 FIGURES.

So PF) - Emenee

PARIS,

PRINTED BY J. SMITH,

‘AND SOLD BY TREUTTEL AND wuRTZz, SOHO-SQUARE, LONDON.

1822,
(Price Twenty Shillings.)

Gi MoH rel

PREFACE.

a Manual, like those of the Mammalia and the Orni--
thology already published, originated in the notes and
drawings collected during a study of the subject, prepa-
ratory to a second travel in Africa. I had intended to
arrange the similar materials for the publication of the
Reptiles and Fish before the Mollusca, until a further
progress in the study of Geology convinced me that the
present Manual was not wanting to the Zoologist alone.
M. Brongniart has shown that the Formations containing
the remains of marine shells, very rarely, and then under
peculiar and evident local causes, present those of fresh-
water shells; and that the contrary had been alleged, be-
cause Genera containing both marie and _ fresh-water
shells, differmg not merely in specific but in generic cha-
racters, had not been reformed or subdivided. M. Lamarck
acknowledged the justice of the observation, and resumed
his labours, which had previously advanced this branch of
Natural History considerably towards perfection, by es-
tablishing separations of marine, fresh-water, and ter-
restrial shells; but, unfortunately, his Extrait du Cours
de Zoologie, published in 1812, contains the mere outline
of-his system, without the descriptions of the genera; and
the lst and only part (which appeared two years ago) of
the 6th volume of his Histoire Naturelle des’ Animaux
sans Vertebres, without figures, contains merely the three
or four first genera of the Univalves, and reminds us so
frequently of the melancholy affliction which has now
compelled this illustrious Naturalist to depend entirely on
the eye-sight of others, that the appearance of the remain-

6

iV PREFACE,

ing parts, if they should appear, must be hailed by the
friends of science with much less confidence, although
with equal admiration and gratitude.

The system of classification desirable to the Geologist,
is that by which a shell may be readily and accurately
determined, without considering the animal which has
inhabited it. Such a system is equally convenient to the
Conchologist, when each genus is followed by a reference |
to the place which the animal occupies in the Natural
System, which should always be adjoined. To be unable
to determine the shell, unless we found the animal, would
be like having no other aid than Crystallography for the
study of Minerals.

These elements are principally compiled from Cuvier’s
‘¢ Mémoires pour servir al Histoire et a l Anatomie des
Mollusques,” and the 2d vol. of the “‘ Régne Animal”
of the same author; M. Lamarck’s Mémoires sur les Fos-
siles des Environs de Paris ;” M. Brongniart’s “ Mémoires
sur des Terrains qui paroissent avoir été formés sous ? Hau
Douce,” and others on the same subjects, scattered
through the 22 quarto volumes of the “Annales du Mu-
seum ;” M. Blainville’s and M. Defrance’s articles in the
< Dictionnaire des Sciences Naturelles ;” M. de Ferussac’s
‘“ Histoire Naturelle, générale et particuliere, des Mol-
lusques Terrestres et Fluviatiles ;” and many other rare
and costly works, collected in the splendid library of
Baron Cuvier, to which I have had access at all hours,
with the liberty of taking home whatever I pleased, for
the last two years.

The figures which illustrate the system of M. de Ferussac
have been copied from those which accompany his work,
with the exception of such as were to be found in the
Museum. Almost all the other figures of the recent, and
some few of the fossil shells, have been drawn from the.
objects themselves ; which I have invariably been per-
mitted to take home from the Museum for that purpose,
without being limited either to time or number. I have
occasionally been favoured with such specimens as were
not to be found there, from the cabinets of MM. Lamarck
and Dufresne. . i

PREFACE. ; Vv

The remaining part will contain the Bwalves, Multi-
valves, and the Suwb-Coronalia and Vermicularia of La-
marck (the Brachiopoda and Tubicole of Cuvier): a
figure of the entire shell, of each valve, and of the hinges
and teeth, when at all complicated, will be given. The_
Animals and Fossil Genera will also be included.

I beg to repeat that this Manual, as well as the others,
has been compiled for those of my countrymen, whose
remote situations in our colonies do not permit of their
acquiring so desirable a species of knowledge, by the study
of collections; as well as for those who, like myself, may
cultivate Natural History, as the most agreeable delasse-
ment to mathematical studies.

Paris, November &, 1821.

INTRODUCTION.

VUVAVUVBAULUVUVY

oe shells, being necessarily without brilliance, colours, or
beauty, and frequently imperfect, were formerly rejected from
collections as destitute of interest; but since it has been observed
that these fossils are precious monuments for the study of the
revolutions undergone by different points on the surface of the
globe, they have become objects of the greatest interest to the
Naturalist (1). . ?

It appears to have been proved that the shells, testaceous ver-
micularia, echini, and different species of polypt which are found
so profusely in the fossil state beneath the soil or on its surface,
even in the middle of continents and on the highest mountains (2),
are the remains of multitudes of marine animals which lived in
these places, and that several of the species are analogous to
those now inhabiting the seas (3). For, as the quantity of these
remains is enormous, since we know of masses nearly a hundred
miles in extent, and as shells of an extreme thinness and fragility —
are found entire amongst them, we cannot but conclude that
their animals have really lived in these parts of the globe, and,
consequently, that the sea has formerly been stationary there (*).

(4) Conchology, when rendered subservient to geognostic investigations.
assumes the rank of an useful science, and then becomes a subject of the
highest importance. Bulimus trifasciatus, a very common West Indian shell,
occurs imbedded in the same limestone which incloses the fossil human ske-
leton, lately sent to the British Museum, from the grande terre of Guadaloupe,
by Sir A. Cochrane, proving that rock to be of modern date, and contempo-
raneous with the existing creation of animals.—Leach’s Zoological Miscel-

lany. Vol.i, p. 42.

(2) eecord ile to Ulloa, shells have been found at the height of 14,220 feet
above the sea, on a mountain in Peru.

(3) M. Defrance has discovered at least 500 species of fossil shells in the
calcaire grossier at Grignon, the equivalent of the London clay.

(4) Les terrains les plus bas, les plus unis, excavés jusqu’a de trés-grandes
profondeurs, ne montrent que des couches horizontales de matiéres varices,
enyeloppant presque toutes dinnombrables produits de la mer. Des couches

»

VIL INTRODUCTION.

The shells whose analogous species do not live in our seas, but
in those of warm climates, form a part of the fossils found in the
north of Europe. The Nautilus Pompitius found at Courtagnon,
and the remains of which are not uncommon at Grignon, is one of the

peal des produits semblables, composent les collines jusqu’aux plus grandes
auteurs. Quelquefois les coquilles sont si nombreuses, cqiellag forment 4 elles
seules toute la masse du sol. Presque partout elles sont si bien conservées, que
les plus petites d’entre elles gardent leurs parties les plus délicates, leurs crétes
les plus subtiles, leurs pointes les plus dchées. Elles s’élévent 4 des hauteurs
supérieures au niveau de toutes les mers, et ou nulle mer ne pourroit étre
portée aujourd'hui par des causes existantes. Elles ne sont pas seulement en-
veloppées dans des sables mobiles, mais les pierres les plus dures les incrustent
souvent et en sont pénétrées de toute part. Toutes les parties du monde, tous
les hémisphéres, tous les continens, toutes les fles un peu considérables pré-
sentent leméme phénoméne. On est donc bientédt disposé a croire, non seule-
ment que la mer a envahi toutes nos plaines, mais qu'elle y a séjourné long-
temps et paisiblement pour y former des dépéts si étendus, si épais, en partie
si solides, et contenant des dépouilles si bien conservées: Le temps n’est plus
ou Tignorance pouvoit soutenir que ces restes de corps organisés étoient de
simples jeux de la nature, des produits concus dans le sein de la terre par ses
forces créatrices. Une comparaison scrupuleuse de leurs formes, de leur tissu,
souvent méme de leur composition chimique, ne montre pas la moindre diffé—
rence entre ces coquilles et celles que la mer nourrit ; elles ont donc vécu dans
la mer ; elles ont été déposées par la mer: la mer existoit donc dans les lieux
ot elle les a laissées; le bassin des mers a donc éprouvé au moins un change-
ment, soit en étendue, soit en situation. Voila ce qui résulte dé}a des premiéres
fouilles, et de observation la plus superficielle.

Les traces de révolutions deviennent plus imposantes quand on s’éléve un
peu plus haut, quand on se rapproche davantage du pied des grandes chaines.

Il y abien encore des bancs coquilliers; on en apercoit méme de plus épais,
de plus solides: les coquilles y sont fout aussi nombreuses, tout aussi bien
conservées; mais ce ne sont ali les mémes espéces ; les couches qui les con-
tiennent ne sont plus aussi généralement horizontales. Elles se redressent
obliquement, quelquefois presque verticalement. Au lieu que, dans les plaines
et les collines plates, il falloit creuser profondément pour connoitre la suc-
cession des bancs, on les voit ici par leur flanc, en suivant les vallées produites
par leurs déchiremens. D’immenses amas de leurs débris forment au pied de
leurs escarpemens des collines arrondies, dont chaque dégel et chaque orage
augmentent la hauteur.

Kt ces bancs redressés, qui forment les crétes des montagnes secondaireés, ne
sont pas posés sur les bancs horizontaux des collines qui leur servent de pre-
miers échelons; ils s’enfoncent au contraire sous eux. Ces collines sont ap-
puyées sur leurs pentes. Quand on perce les couches horizontales dans le
voisinage des couches obliques, on retrouve celles-ci dans la profondeur :
quelquefois méme, quand les couches obliques ne sont pas trop élevées, leur
sommet est couronné par des couches horizontales. Les couches obliques sont
donc plus anciennes que les couches horizontales ; et, comme il. est impossible
quelles n’aient pas été formées horizontalement, il est évident qu’elles ont été
relevées, qu elles ont été avant que les autres s'appuyassent sur elles.

Ainsi la mer, avant de former les couches horizontales, en avoit formé
dautres, qu'une cause quelconque avoit brisées, redressées, bouleversées de
mille maniéres. Il y a done eu aussi au moins un changement dans le sein de

INTRODUCTION. | 1X

numerous instances (1). The fragments of palm-trees; the fossil
masses of gum-elastic; the impressions of exotic ferns in slate and
coal; and the fossil bones of the Elephant, Crocodile, etc. found
in England, France, Germany, and other parts of Europe, seem to
attest a mutation of climate (2);
Cuvier and Brongniart were the first who announced the exist-
ence of formations, anterior to history, composed in the same
manner and presenting the same characters, although situated at
great distances from each other, and containing Terrestial and
Fresh-W ater instead of Marine productions (3). It is impossible
to admit the hypothesis of the transport of these terrestrial produc-
lions to the sea by means of rivers. They might have carried into
the sea some remains of vegetables andsome fluviatick and terrestrial
shells, but then the formations which are composed of them ought

e

cette mer qui avoit précédé la ndtre; elle a éprouvé aussi au moins une
catastrophe ; et comme plusieurs de ces bancs obliques qu elle avoit formés les
premiers s’élévent au-dessus de ces couches horizontales qui leur ont succédé,
et qui les entourent, cette catastrophe, en rendant ces bancs obliques, les avoit
aussi fait saillir au-dessus du niveau de la mer, et en avoit fait des tles, ou au
moins des écueils et des inégalités, soit quils eussent été relevés par une
extrémité, ou que l’affaissement de lextrémité opposée eit fait baisser les
eaux; second résultat non moins clair, non moins demontré que le premier,
pour quiconque se donnera la peine d’étudier les monumens qui l’appuient.—
Cuvier, Discours sur la Théorie de la Terre. Paris, 18214.

() See the note on that singular shell the Zrochus agglutinans, p. 35.

The Zerebellum perditum (the analogous living species of which is not
known) is found in great numbers and of all ages at Grignon, which M. La-
marck considers would not have been the case unless the enormous quantity of
marine shells had lived in that region, instead of being accumulated there by
some great catastrophe. At Courtagnon, near Rheims, an enormous bed of
fossil shells discovers itself in several points ; it proceeds from east to west,
appears again at Grignon and:some other places, and from M. Lamarck’s
comparison of the species with those found in Hampshire, appears to have
extended to that part of England. If so, there is reason to believe that this
bed has been divided by the Channel since its formation ; and, consequently,
that its formation was anterior to the last invasion of the sea.

(2) The rocks of the western coasts of France are interlarded with Gry-
phites, Ammonites and other shells (coquilles pelagiennes) known to inhabit
the sea only at great depths. Recent littoral shells have been found fixed on
these fossil deep-water shells, which are also common in the hills called Vaches-~
Noires. There isa pottery in that neighbourhood which is supplied with clay
from that part of the beach which is uncovered at low water: this clay, which
is said to be yery superior, contains quantities of deep-water fossil shells. Tt
would seem, therefore, that these parts are not now subjected to the sea for
the first time. Again, the fossil marine shells found more than 60 feet deep in
the earth, probably were not deposited during the last invasion or passage of
the sea.—Hydrogeologie, par J.B. Lamarck. Pages 85, 86.

(3) Lamanon is said to have observed immense beds of fresh-water shells
on beds of marine shells in the mountains of Provence.

¥*

eile INTRODUCTION.

to present the forms and all the characters of alluvium; that is to
say, a mixture of all sorts of heterogeneous matters, more fragments
than entire bodies, coarse sands, unequal and irregular strata.
We find nothing of this kind in the Fresh-Water Formations; the
limestone is almost pure, every thing is in its place and perfectly
entire, the most delicate shells present themselves in complete
preservation; indeed, fragments of them are scarcely to be found
in this formation, whilst, in the marine, fragments are met with in

_ large quantities. We must, therefore, suppose a great trahquillity

in the waters wherein these shells have lived. They are deposited
in beds, often very thin and perfectly horizontal, like the masses
of limestone and the zones of silex which they contain ; the silex
is in beds, frequently continuous, and never in rolled pieces. The
disengagements of gas, indicated by the tubulures, have almost
always been made vertically, and have often proceeded from the
same plane, which is a further proof of the tranquillity of the liquid
and the homogeneity of the Formation. Lastly, the immense extent
of these deposits, which occupy spaces of more than 1200 square
leagues, and which in so great a surface do not present any trace
of disorder, renders this hypothesis perfectly admissible (1).

The extent of these masses of Fresh-Water Formation ought not
to astonish us; we know of others at least as vast in North America.
If the lakes Superior, Michigan, Huron, Erie, and Ontario de-
posited stony layers on their beds and became dry, they would
leave Fresh-Water Formations more extensive than any of those
just described (2). :

Among the different stages of alteration in which we find fossil

shells, the most frequent is that in which only the animal part has

(1) M. Brongniart remarks that marine and fresh-water shells have in no
instance been found mixed together, except in the quarries of Grés at Beauchamp
near Pierrelaie, where the cause 4s local ; for the fresh-water limestone, which
forms the surface of the soil, reposes immediately on the marine sand which
forms the bed or fond ; the mixture of the two, therefore, in this point of contact
is natural. M.Defrance has since adduced and explained another instance ;
see note on the Genus Helix. At Montmartre the Calcaire Marin forms a kind
of mamelon or small hummock, and the gypsum in depositing itself on these
beds, which are porous and friable, has enveloped the marine shells which
they contain. Indeed, there is no proof that gypsum may not be a salt-water
deposit; the upper marine formation contains small beds of gypsum at inter-
vals, and the oysters are often covered with chrystals of selenite. There are

~ only 3 fresh-water genera of bivalve shells, and it is remarkable that no species

of either has been found in the Fresh Water Formation.

Y) Fresh-water deposits must not be determined by the presence of doubé-
ful shells, but, like that of the environs of Paris, on the constant presence of a
considerable majority of shells not found elsewhere, and on the constant
absence of all marine bodies. See PI. 4. ‘

~

INTRODUCTION. Xi

been destroyed, that is to say, the gelatinous or membraneous
portion which is mixed with the cretaceous part ; so that after its
destruction the shell is almost exclusively composed of calcareous
matter. It has lost its brilliance, its colours, and often evenits mother
of pearl, if it had any, for it owed all these to the presence of the
animal part. It has generally become quite white, but sometimes,
having been long buried in a slime containing coloured particles, it
has acquired a peculiar hue, not its own. Other fossils have not only
lost the animal part, but even their substance has been transformed
into siliceous matter; in this case, the closer approximation of the
component parts leaves a small void space around the shell, in the
stone wherein it is imbedded, more or less interrupted by lateral
adherences. Shells have sometimes been so peculiarly disposed by
volcanic eruptions, as to preserve their natural colours even in the
fossil state. ‘

“We scarcely condescend to examine microscopic shells, from
their insignificant size ; but when we reflect that it is by means of
the smallest objects that Nature every where produces the most
astonishing and remarkable phenomena, they become highly in-
teresting, from their multiplication or abundance, and their conse-
quent influence on the composition and extent of the masses com-
posing the exterior crust of the globe. Whatever Nature may seem
to lose in point of volume in the production of such bodies, is
amply made up by the number of the individuals, which she mul-
tiplies with admirable promptitude to infinity. The remains of
these minute animals, therefore, have much more influence on the
“ose of the globe than those of Elephants, Hippopotami, or

ales.

A

Lt Be Dhaiee

UNIVALVE SHELLS.

DIVISIONS.

MGLCONGaVemdutI = 6 Se ee ell Se ea,

nf

=

flatzy ..
discous .
spheroid

straight or almost straight. .

Symmetrical... .

volute; with whorls

Concave. . . - « « « « »

woluté 2% gyc7 2 Se:
monolocular.. ...../arched....:......

straight ; in the form of a.

very large,, 2...

envire.. 27.93 elliptical .
4

moderate

round . .

conical or spiral; mouth
angular. .

P hannelled. . :
} ea € AEN i ghee tae
Not Sy Ea notched... + io es a

imvelule, orentioly-flat. Po.) kk og ia,

° e ° e e

e

semi-round .

adhering

6

°

multilocular. ..... .{ partly straight... . 2.2...
se adhering

SVs,

wD,

touching.

penetrating Nautilacee. .. .
...... Argonautacex.. . p.

sheath. .
shield. .

Sepiacee. .. .. p
Nummulacee. . . p. 15.
Spherulacez,. . . p. 16.
Orthoceracer. . . p. 17
Lituaceer. .... p
Spirulacee. .. . p. 21.
Ammonacee. . . p

P

Carinacer.. . . . p. 2

Vaginacez. ...\. ps2

Clypeacer. *. . . po 2

Megastomata. . . p. 2

Ellipsostomata.. . p. 2
Pp

be

gy

Cag
DIVISION 1. SEPIACER.

GENERA.

4. Lotico. Lam. CGALMAR.

A plate of horn on the VY. Animal, p. 54.
back, instead of a shell,
in the form of a sword or
lancet. Pl. 4, fig. 2.

2. Sepia. Lan.
Shell oval, thick, gib- V. Animal, p. 54.

bous ; composed of an in-
finity of very thin cal-
careous plates, parallel,
joined together by innu-
merable little hollow co-
lumns. Pl. 4, fig. 41 (1).

(1) Being friable, from its structure, it is employed to polish various substances;
it is also given to young birds to sharpen their beaks,

(i: )

DIVISION If. NUMMULACEA.

GENERA.

4. Nummura. Lam. Ca-
MERINA. Brug.
Exterior form lenticu- _No siphon. Marine.
lar, without any apparent
opening ; a spiral cavity
divided by septa into an
infinity of small chambers

(1).

a. Perfectly discous, Only one row of cham- Fossil and living.
Pl. 4, fig 3,4. (2) bers to each turn of the
spire.

=

b. (Siderolites, Lam.) The edge with blunt or — Microscopic.
sharp rays. PI. 1, fig. 23.

ec. (Renulites, Lam.) Several rows of cham- ......... 77 ++ isle wle ee es
bers to each turn of the
spire.

2. Discorbires. (3) Lam.

Spiral, all the turns vi- No siphon.
sible and exposed. (4). PI.
1, fig. 5

(1) The Nummulites are amongst the most widely-spread fossils, forming, al-
most exclusively, entire chains of calcareous hills and immense beds of building
stone. The Pierre de Laon is composed of Nummulites; the pyramids of Egypt
were constructed with stone of this nature, and are raised upon the rocks which
supplied it. They were formerly considered, by some, to be Lusus Nature, b
which portions of calcareous matter assumed the form of organised bodies; By
others, as petrified seeds, opercula, bivalve shells, etc. etc. Breynius, in 1732 ‘dnd
Gesner, in 1758, concluded them to be univalve shells, very analogous to the Am-
monites. Bruguiere thought that the animal was contained in the last chamber of
the shell. Cuvier considers them to be interior sheils. To observe the chambers
more distinctly, let a drop of ink fall on the worn face, and when it is quite dr
rub the Nummulite delicately on a stone to take off the exterior black, after which
all the points which have retained the ink become evident on a white ‘eround and
the interior organization is perfectly discovered. This practice is useful for recog-
nising several other delicate fossil shells. ;

(2) These are the most common and the largest amongst the fossil species, but
the living species are very small. :

_ (3) The termination tles distinguishes the Genera exclusively fossil, no analogous
living species having been yet discovered.

(4) This character distinguishes them from the Spiroliné
siphon from the Nautili. e Spirolinctes, the absence of the

ar

( 16 )

“DIVISION Il. SPHERULACEK.

4. Mrtrona. Lam.

Oval, globulous, or ob-
long ; subtrigonal ; the spi-
ral turning around an axis
perpendicular tothe planes
of the turns; divided into
2 or 3 chambers, the last
pierced by a lateral hole,
which is the only aperture.
Pl-4, fig. 6.

2. Pottontes. Monif.

Resembling the Miliola, ,

but the chambers pierced
alternately towards both
ends of ‘the shell, and
the last open the whole
breadth. Pl. 3, fig. 16.

3. ARETHUSA. Monif.

Chambers rolled ob-
liquely (making the shell
turreted) and only the

last perforated. Pl. 3,

fig. 17.

4, MeEtonires. Lam.

No apparent mouth;
consisting of numerous
tubes or siphons united in
a plane rolled on_ itself.
Pies die, 4. ;

5. Gyroconitrs. Lam.

Hollow spheroids, com-
posed of several linear
pieces, curved, joined at
the sides, the extremities
terminating in the poles;
the surface furrowed in
transversal circles (2).

Pl. 4, fig. 14.

(1) The fossil species have formed, exclusivel
cially in the quarries of the environs of Paris.

(2) Only one species known, the size of a pin’s head, G, medicaginula, Lam.

GENERA.

With chambers.

Oe (eee Sy We, Oe, haere ae, YP

Without chambers.

y, immense beds of stone, espe-

Marine. Some species
found on Fuci, in the
neighbourhood of Cor-
sica (1).

On the shores of the
Mediterranean Sea and
Indian Ocean.

Microscopic. On the
shores of the Adriatic.

*

Scattered throughout |
the masses of silex be- —
longing to the First and ~
Second Fresh Water —
Formation of the envi- —
rons of Paris. IL

\

cr }

DIVISION IV. ORTHOCERACEZ.

4. Betemnitrs. Boet. de
Boot.

A thin double case,.

composed of two cones
united at their bases ;
the interior cone much
‘shorter than the other,
divided within by paral-
lel septa, concave towards
the base ; only one cham-
ber (conical) apparent, the
older ones being succes-
sively effaced by the piling
up and contiguity of the
septa. Pl. 1, fig. 9, 22, etc.

GENERA.

A siphon extending
from the summit of the
exterior to the same part
of the interior cone,
whence it continues ei-
ther along the edge or
through the centre of the
septa.

Very abundant, es~
pecially in strata of
Chalk and Compact
Limestone.

a. Elongated in cylinders, sharpened at the end only. —
6. Narrowed towards the base, like a distaff or lance.

2. ORTHOCERATITES. Brey-
nius ..

Straight or slightly bent;
chambered; margins of
the septa even, or with 1
or 2 small undulations.

Pl. 1, fig. 25. Pl. 2, fig.
#1.

3. Conutaritres. Miller.
Concave, hollow, mouth

half closed by an inflexion
ofthe lip. Pl. 3, fig. 19,24.

4, AMPLEXITES. Sowerby.

Nearly cylindrical; di-
vided into chambers by
numerous transverse sep-
ta embracing each other
with their reflected mar-
gins. Pl. 2, fig. 10.

5. Noposarra. Lam.

Straight, chambered,
slender, with a contrac-
tion at each septum.

A siphon central or
lateral.

Septa imperforate.

Said to characterise
the Transition Rocks of
Werner.

In Transition Lime-
stone, in Ironstone, in
Schale, with marine
shells.

In the Limestone of
the Black Rock at Lime-
PICK.

Akin to the Raphanis-
ter (Pl. 2, fig.15), Echid-
nus (PL. 2, fig. 14), and
Telebois (Pl. 3, fig. 22)

* of Montfort ?

B

( 18 ) (Orthoceracece.)
a, Contractions moderate. PI, 2, fig. 9.

6. Contractions sa deep that the septa are united by the siph 1 "
pear as if strung together. Pl. 2, fig. 12. y iphon only and ap

6. Hippunires. Lam. Cor-
nu-copiz. Thomson. . :
Thick, cylindrical or A siphon, a gutter in- _ Several large species
conical, with irregular sep- stead ofasiphon,orboth. in the older Secondary
ta traversing two longitu- Mountains: :
dinal cylindrical projec-
tions adhering to one of
the sides; mouth closed
by an operculum. Pl. 4,
fig. 24, 26, 28, 31,33. Pl.
2, fig. 18.

a. Conical, more or less arched. Pl. 4, fig, 24.
6. Batholites, Montf. Straight, cylindrical.

7. Bacunites. Faujas. Ha-
MITES. Parkinson.

Straight, cylindrical, a ~ Maestricht. In the
litttle conical, fusiform, clay at Folkstone. In
hooked or bent, com- | the chalk at Hamsey and
pressed : septa transverse, at Horton.

undulated at the mar-
gins. Pl. 1, fig. 17, 419.
Pl. 2, fig. 16. Pl. 3, fig.

18, 23.
a. With a siphon at the outer edge of the chambers.
6. Without es oe ws

8. Turriites. Montf.
Spiral, turreted: with — Septa pierced in their | St. Catherine’s Mount

chambers divided by si- disks. near Rouen. In the

nuous septa: the turns green sand at Horning-

contiguous, all visible : sham, Wilts. Hamsey

mee round. Pl. 4, fig. Marl Pit.
Belemnites.

According to M. Beudant, they have never been found in transition limestone,
or grey wacke, but first appear in the argillaccous tron stone which alternates with
bituminous slate. The internal of the two testaceous cones is filled with a solid
substance, presenting either radiating fibres or conical beds enveloping each other,
and their bases corresponding with the edges of the septa of the interior cone: |
this solid part is sometimes found alone; at others, the kernels of the chambers of |
the interior cone or the alveoli are also met with. PI.1, fig.9. Most frequently the al-
veoliand the chambers themselves have left no other traces than some projecting cir-
cles within the interior cone; but we sometimes meet with the alveoli still piled on
one another, but detached from the double conical case which envelopes them. |
The exterior cone has generally a notch on one side of the base continued in a Jongitu- _
dinal furrow. Klein, in 1734, was the first who considered the fusiform Belemnitesto _
be spines of Echin‘, from the similar exterior form, and the radiation presented in

(19)

both on fracture, PI. 1, fig. 8. pl. 2, fig. 7 : it does not appear, however, that he thought

of making alongitudinal section of the Echinus, such as M. Beudant has submitted, pl.

4, fig. 8. pl. 2, fig.8. A Belemnite, in the collection of the Conseil des Mines, which has

not entirely passed into the calcareous state, presents in some of its parts the same

spongy and radiated tissue which we observe in the spines of the Echinus. This Belem-
nite also offers the peculiarity of a nipple at the base, with projecting sides, striated
transversely, and diverging from the centre to the circumference ; the centre is per-
forated by a small shallow round hole: the summit sometimes terminates in folds.
Pl. 4, fig. 10,11,12. Some present alarge conical cavity at the base, which has been
often considered as the last chamber or dwelling of the animal; others have none,
or at least a very small cavity. Theophrastus’s description of the lynx stone is not
applicable to the Belemnitc : it would seem that we owe the first notice of it to
Pliny, but it is not quite clear whether his dactylus idwus (1. 37, c. 10) which he
clearly distinguishes from the lynx stone (1. 8, c. 38) was a fossil species of Echinus
or Belemnite. In the 15th century they were considered to be meteoric stones, and
marvellous medicinal virtues were ascribed to them. Boetius de Boot, in his
Treatise on Stones, pronounces them to be petrified darts, and it was not until the
end of the 16th century that they were first regarded as natural organised bodies.
Erhart, in 1724, appears to have been the first who concluded them to be shells
akin to the Nautilus. Deluc insisted that the Belemnite was an organised bone,
like that of the Sepia; and they have been concluded by other authors to be sta-
lactites; petrified wood; the teeth or the back bones of fish; the tusks of the

Narwal ; Crocodile’s teeth ; tubulites, etc. etc. Cuvier, Réegne Animal, t. 2. p. 371.
Sage, Jour. de Phys. ventose. an- x. Beudant, Observations sur les Belemnites.

Ann. du Mus. t-16.-p.77. Faure Biguet. Considerations sur les Belemnites, etc. Lyon,
4819. t ; :

Orthoceratites.

Mr. Farey ‘‘ finds them referable to twenty different places in the British series
of strata; extending from (1st) the London clay above the chalk, to (20th) the lime-
stone resting on slate.” According to Spallanzani, the islands of the coasts of Dal-
matia are masses of orthoceratites. M. Sage thinks, from the sections he has made
pi. 4, fig. 24, that the Orthoceratites are alveoli of different species of Belemnites and
contained within the funnel, pl. 4, fig. 29, which, however, according to M. Ben-
dant, does not always exist. This opinion has not been generally adopted. Deluc, in
particular, combated it (Journ. de Phys. vent. an. 12.), asserting that the alveoli
of the Belemnites have no siphon. M. Sage considers the organization of the
siphon to be evident in pl. 4, fig. 27, and in the centre of fig. 25, which is confirmed
by Platt and Beudant : Montfort seems to have viewed the alveoli as the envelope
ofa parasite. Breynius submits fig. 30 as an orthoceratite, with the siphon passing
through the axis; fig. 35, as the convex front of the last articulation, with the
siphon, of a species found most frequently in the marble of Oeland, on the coast of
Sweden, four feet long, and only two inches in diameter at the base: fig. 34, or
the same part of another species, whose diameter is three inches, whence he infers

‘its length to be more than five feet ; fig, 11, p.2, isthat of a species from Gothland
with a large siphon at the circumference, and remarkable for the projecting ra s,
sometimes filled with crystals of fluor, the proportion between the leneth and ite
diameter appeared to be 10:4. Dissertatio Physica de Polythalmiis. Gedani 1732,
Some are smooth, others have circular sides; both kinds are found in the greyish
marble of Norway ; they are of a whitish calcareous spar, with a case or envelope
of a reddish brown; the chambers are separated by hemispherical yellowish lines.

iT ippi rites.

Some consider what we call the operculum to be the last septum, in which case
the shell may be interior, unless it is hereafter discovered to be a bivalve: fie. 26
pl. 1, shows the gutter or canal, c. which replaces the siphon ; fig. 28 is the under
part of a convex operculum, with two prolongations having the appearance of a

( 20 )

hinge ; whether this is natural or accidental to the petrifaction cannot be decided,
for no other example is known amonst the various species which have been found ;
fig. 31 isa Hippurite, with a gutter, a, and a siphon, b; its surface is smooth and
the septa are concave: fig. 33 is one of the most singular species which have yet
been discovered ; the operculum is entire, and pierced with two eyes; it is onl
six lines in depth and fifteen in diameter: fig. 18, pl. 2, found in a considerable bed
on the mountain of Montferrand is sometimes a foot and a half long, the diameter
not exceeding an inch; the operculum has been destroyed by long exposure; M.
de la Peyrouse observes, that their situation in the rock clearly indicates that they
have been petrified in the same position and in the same place in which they had
originated. De novis quibusdam Orthoceratitum et Ostracitum spectebus Dissertatiun-
cula, Erlange, 1700. Dr. Thomson, formerly Professor of Anatomy at Oxford, saw
_several species in the cabinet of M. Chiarelli, at Palermo, in 1789, in the form of
the femur of a cow or. horse, which had been found entire at Cape Passora (the
ancient Pachynus), with no bones whatever in their neighbourhood. Dr. Thomson,
on visiting the spot expressly, could only meet with species in the form of a case or
sheath, and equal in dimension to the horn of a bull about three years old; the
interior hollow, and containing two cylindrical bodies, like two candles. The base
of this cone is closed by a speeies of lid, similar to that of a powder horn. The
internal structure resembles a heap of egg shells, broken transversely, and piled
up so as to touch each other, but leaving a void space in the middle. These plates
are so flexible that they allow the concave part of the horn to bend inwards when
squeezed. Their disposition has some resemblance to the diaphragm of the human
body. The Hippurite, therefore, is not entirely divided into concamerations, and has
no tubes of communication, or siphons, as we find in the Ammonites, Belemnites,
and Orthoceratites. The texture of this case, as it exists in a fossil state, is scaly
lengthwise and across. The transversal fracture, when it is fresh, appears to be
strong, and composed of concentric layers; but after having been some time ex-
posed to the air, this fracture appears rotten and spongy, so that in the part
changed by the air, it becomes ramified like an animal substance, which gives it
the appearance of a bone. This fossil case is closed by an operculum, the internal
surface of which is imbricated in converging rays, like the shell of the Pecten.
The thickness of the operculum led Dr. Thomson to conclude that this case was
inhabited by one animal only, and that it was not the nest of several.

DIVISION V. LITUACE.

GENERA,
4. Lrruus. Breynius.
The last turn elongated.
a. Lituites, Montf. Turns contiguous. Pl. 4,
fig. 7.
4. Hortolus, Montf. Turns separated. Pl. 1, China: Foss. in the
fig. 32, red limestone of Oeland ;
Meudon ; in the limestone
at Namur.
2. Scapnires. Parkinson. i |
The last turn (after being In the London ICay ;
enlarged and elongated) Crag Marl; Melbury.
diminished and reflected Marble. Oe:

inwards. Pl. 2, fig. 6.

|

|

|

DIVISION VI. SPIRULACE/.

GENERA.

4. Sprruza. (1) Lam. ’

The turns of the spire Siphonoccupying the Austral Seas. Gulph
not touching ; divided middle of each chamber of Florida. V. Animal,
transversally into cham- and continued to the ex- p. 54.
bers. Pl. 4, fig. 18. tremity of the shell. !

2. Serrorinitzs. Lam. ees

The turns of the spire Siphon traversing the —_ Grignon. (2)
touching; the septa pro- septa and chambers.
jecting ina small degree,
so as to divide the exterior
surface of the spire by
a or striz. Pl. 1, fig.

3. AmMonocErAtiTEs. (3)

Lam_
Septa numerous, undu- Siphon marginal, in- Rolled on itself in the
lated at the margins. Pl. 3, terior. same plane?

fig. 14.

(1) Peron’s discovery of the animal of the Spirula, so nearly akin to the Nautili
that Linnzus placed it amongst them, has thrown much light on all the multilocular
univalves : thitherto, it was a question whether the animal inhabited the last
chamber of the shell; whether it was contained entirely or partly within it; or
whether the shell was enveloped more or less completely by the animal. The
animal of the Spirula is perfectly analogous to the Sepia, and its shell is enchased
in the posterior extremity of the body, and only visible in part. There is now very
little, or no doubt, therefore, that the Rotalites, Belemnites, Hippurites, etc. etc.
were more or less enchased in the posterior extremity of the animal, a portion of
whose body was enveloped in the last chamber and connected, probably, bya
tendinous filament inserted at the extremity of the siphon, similar to that of the
Nautilus. Breynius, on the authority of Woodward (Catalogue of English Fossils.
Part I, p. 143), says, that the shells of the Spirula abound on the shores of Jamaica,
Barbadoes and the Bahamas: he adds, “‘de figura autem animalculi domicilium
hoc testaceum curiosissimum inhabitantis, altum apud omnes silentium.” p. 22.

(2) Lamarck has mentioned the genus Cristeltaria (Pl. 5, fig. 13), but without
defining it, and there are none in the Museum. These shells are cretaceous, and
almost microscopic. Fossil species, pyritous or ferruginous, are found in Tuscany ;
and M. Defrance possesses others, which are said to have been brought up with
the soundings off Teneriffe.

(3) The locality is unknown. M. Lamarck purchased it by accident: he kindly
allowed me to take it home. in order that the figure, which is the first that has been
made, might be as accurate as possible.

( 22 )
DIVISION VII. AMMONACEZ.

GENERA.

4. Ammonites. Brug.

Septa of the chambers A siphon, generally | Abounding in the Se-
undulated at the mar- marginal. | condar Mountains,
gins. (1) | from ‘the size of a pin to

that of a coach-wheel.

a. Ammonites, Lam. All the turns visible. Pl. 4, fig. 45.
6. Orbulites, Lam. The last turn enveloping all the others. Pl. 3, fig. 44, 42.

(1) According to Spallanzani, there are vast beds of Ammonites in the environs
of Nevers. They have been found in England, in all the formations from the 1st
or alluvium, to the 8th or first sand stone, inclusive.

DIVISION VII. NAUTILACES.

GENERA.
1. Naurizus. \

The last turns of the Septa numerous, sim- —_-V. Animal, p. 54.
spire not only touch but ple, transverse, siphun-
envelope the preceding. culated.

Pl. 2, fig. 2,3, 4.
a Navriurtes. (1)

§ Microscopic.

a Lenticulina, (2) Lam. The last turn, as in the existing species, pl. 2, fig. 47.

§ in the middle of the septa.

\ towards the anterior edge.

towards the edge.

scattered.

ranged in a longitudinal line.

ranged in a transversal line.

A slit, instead of a siphon .. 1 phe cust :

& Rotalites. (3) Lam. The mouth placed more on one side than the other, |
or entirely on one side, pl. 2, fig. 13.

y Discorbites. (3) Lam. Allihe turns visible, pl. 1, fig. 5,

o +-—-——_ — —-——— The last turn very large in comparison with the |
rest of the spire.

aK) Large or moderate.

a Angulites.(4) Monif. One siphon.
B Bisiphites. Ment. Two siphons.

One siphon. .

Several siphons...

y Planulites. Lam. Siphon towards the edge.
§ Ellipsolites.(5) Montf. Spire elliptic, pl. 3, fig. 45
v Amaltes. Mont f- Siphon in the middle.

(1) Foss. in the London Clay; Crag Marl; Chalk Marl; Green Sand ; Under ©
Oolite ; Blue Lias; Derbyshire Peak or Mountain Lime Stone. i

(2) Foss. at Senlis; Soisson; Grignon; Meudon. Lamarck possesses Lenticu- |
line in the recent state which were found in 125 fathoms off Teneriffe.

(3) Foss. Grignon.

(4) Foss. Grignon. Defrance has received specimens in the recent state from —
New-Hoiland and the Red-Sea.

(5) Foss. in the Derbyshire Peak Lime Stone.

(25)

DIVISION IX. ARGONAUTACE/.

GENERA.
1. ARGONAUTA. a
Very thin ; the last turn Mediterranean. At-
so disproportionately large | lantic. Fossil species

-as to give the spire the ap- between Rouen and St.

pearance of the poop ofa Ouen (Pl. 3, fig. 9),
ship. Pl. 13, fig. 4. and at D'Anvers. Y.

Animal, p. 55.

DIVISION X. CARINACEZ.

GENERA.

1. Canaria. Lam.

Conical, flattened at the Mouth entire, oval, Mediterranean, At-
sides. The summit an oblong, narrowed to- lantic, Indian Seas.
involute and very small wards the angle of the V. Animal, p. 72.
spire; the back with a keel.
dentated keel: very thin.

Pl. 5, fig. 16.

DIVISION XI. VAGINACE/.

GENERA.

4. VacineiirKs. Daudin.

Tubular, oblong; thin A superior but no la- _In the interior of the
and pointed at one end, teral aperture. Jossil shells of the envi-
and an enlarged mouth at rons of Bourdeaux.

the other. Pl. 3, fig. 10.

2. CLeopora. Peron.

Cartilo-gelatinous; like .....--....., Seas of warm climates.
a reversed truncated py- V. Animal, p. 56.
ramid. Pl. 5, fig. 2. ‘ |

3. CympuLia. Peron.

Cartilo-gelatinous, very | Aperture lateral and =~ Mediterranean, near
transparent, crystalline, anterior. Nice. ‘
oblong, like a truncated V. Animal, p. 56.
sabot or boat. Pl. 5, fig. 3.

4. Hyara. Lam.

Horny, oval-globulous ; es 3 a Mediterranean, At-
tridentated posteriorly. PI. lantic, etc. VY. Animal,
5, fig. 1. p. 5

( 24 )

DIVISION XII. CLYPEACEE.

GENERA.
4. Parewya. (1) Lin. |
_Oval or almost orbicular, Mostly marine, ad-
in dilated cones, more or hering to the rocks and
-less obtuse and concave - other hard substances
beneath. Pl. 5, fig. 5, 6. bordering the sea.

VY. Animal, p. 73.

2. Fissuretra. (2) Lam.

A small hole at the Marine. VY. Animal,
summit. Pl. 5, fig. 10. p. 72.

3. Emarernura. (3) Lam.

A notch at the poste- Marine. Y. Animal,
rior edge. »Ph...5, tig. 1h. ip. 42,
4. Scutus. Montf. Par-
MAPHORA. Blainv.

Elongated, flattened ; Marine. New Zea-
summit apparent towards land. Fossil species at
the posterior part, which Grignon. . Animal un-
is rounded; the anterior known.

truncated. PI. 5, fig. 4.

5. Sepranra. Feruss.
NAvICELLA. Lam.

_ Summit symmetrical , A horizontal plate _ In the rivers of warm
inclined towards the pos- within. climates.
terior edge : an opercu- V. Animal, p. 72.

lum. Pl. 5. fie. 23.
6 AncyLus. Geoff,

Conical. VY. Animal, p. 63.

de Pls 5, fig, 7, Fresh-water.

6. Plectrophorus, Fer. With an interior winding Terrestrial.
impression. P1,6, fig.2,3. Teneriffe. Maldives.

(1) The animal of the fresh-water Patella differs from that of the marine,
although the shell has scarcely any distinguishing character. The fossil species
P. cornucopie (pl. 5. fig. 6.) resembles a cap, and is of considerable thickness.
Foss. in Alluvia; Crag Marl; Chalk Marl; Clunch Clay; Alum Shale of Whitby ;
Forest Marble.—Grignon ; Houdan; Pontoise. shi

(2) Foss. in the beds of coarse marine limestone at Grignon, and in the marl-pits
of Touraine.

(3) Foss. in Limestone analogous to that at Grignon.

( 25 )

DIVISION XII]. MEGASTOMATA.

GENERA.

A. In the form of a shield or cap.

4. Caputus. Montf.

Conical, the summit
curving spirally. Pl. 5,
fig. 13.

2. Hrpponyx. (1) De

France.
Conical, summit in- Support adherent and
clined backwards. Pl. 6, bearing (as well as the

shell) a muscular impres-
sion in the shape of a
horse-shoe.

fig. 1.

3. Creprpura. Lam.

Oval or oblong, the
summit obtuse, inclined
towards the edge. Pl. 5,

Half closed by a ho-
rizontal plate.

fig. 12.

4, CatypTReA. (2) Lam.

Conical, the summit ver-
tical and pointed.

Marine.
Mediterranean.
badoes..

Y. Animal, p.i 71.

Bar-

Marine.

Marine.

On the rocks of the
Caribbean Sea. Mediter-
ranean.

VY. Animal, p. 72.

Marine.
Atlantic, Indian Seas.

a The plate (adhering to the bottom of the cone) folded, and descending
vertically. Pl. 5, fig. 8.

6 Infundibulum, Montf. The plate simple, almost horizontal, adhering fo
the sides of tbe cone, which has a spiral line on the exterior. Pl. 5, fig. 20.

5. Umprecza. Lam.

Orbicular, slightly con- A callous, colored disk,
vex above, a small apex within.
near the summit. Pl. 5,
fig. 15.

Marine.
Mediterranean,
dian Seas. -

In-

_ (A) Several valves of different sizes having been found at Grignon, in the marl-

pits of Hauteville, Montmirail, etc. they were considered by some naturalists as
the type of the genus Acardo. M. Defrance having remarked a similar support
adhering to a recent shell (Patella mitrata, Gm. ), foresaw that some other Patella
were to be separated from that Genus to form the present. His conjectures were
afterwards realised by finding one of the fossil species on its support.

(2) Foss. Grignon.

(3) Foss, in the London Clay; Crag Marl; Weelwich Loam; Green Sand.

( 26 ) (Megastomata.) |
B. In the form of an ear. oP
7. Haryotis. Lam.

Spire or spiral apex flat- Marine.
tened, excedingly small.

a, Halyotis, Lam,

Pierced by a series of | Adhere to the rocks like
holes. Pl. 5, fig, 24. limpets, but inhabit deep
water, generally ata short
distance from the shore
(1). V. Animal, p.7!.
6. Padolla, Montf.

‘Adeep furrow with- — Almostall the holesob- Coasts of Africa. Ani-
in, forming a_ ridge literated. mal unknown.
without. PI. 6, fig. 4.

c. Stomatia, Lam.

Spire more promi- — No holes.
nent; shell deeper.
Pl. 5, fig, 21.

Animal unknown.

d, Stomatella, Lam.
Whorls carinated. = ....-- ofa: se Se RSE

Pl. 5, fig. 22.
8. Sicaretus. Adans.

Ditto; mouthverydeep; No holes. Seas of warm cli-

shell hidden within a spon-
gy buckler. PI. 5, fig. 25.

9. Trstacerta. Lam.

Oval, spire very small ;
semi-corneous, transpar-
ent. Pl. 5, fig. 9. PI. 6,
fig. 7, 8,9.

10. ParmMacerna. Cuv.

Oblong, flat, with a
slight commencement of a

spire behind. PI1.6. fig. 10.

44. Virrina. Draparn.
HeLico-timax. Feruss.

Very thin, transparent, The mouth (diminish-

mates.

VY. Animal, p. 74.

Terrestrial. South of
France. Teneriffe.

V. Animal, p. 61.

Terrestial, Mesopo-
tamia.

Y. Animal, p. 61.

Terrestial. Those of |

flattened. Pl. 5, fig. 44. ed by the projection of Europe live in humid |
_ the penultimate whorlof places and are very |
the spire) in the formof small; those of warm

a crescent, broader than climates are larger.

deep.

s

(4) They are found on the coasts of Brittany, Asia Minor, Barbary, Western
Africa, India, New Holland, New Zealand, and California. Luid and Scheuchyer
report that they have found the Halyotis in a fossil state. Bertrand, in his Dic-
tionnaire Orictologique, says that he possesses a shell of this Genus, brought from Vir-

ginia, resembling a ferruginous stone,

(27 )
DIVISION XIV. ELLIPSOSTOMATA.
GENERA.
A. Longitudinally volute; the last whorl considerably larger than
the preceding. .
4. Lymneus. (1) Lam.
Spire oblon thin; no Columella* with alon- In stagnant waters

lum. PI.6, fig. 142. gitudinal fold entermg and marshes.
Coe ie Shliquély intothemouth. V. Animal, p. 63.
2. Puysa. Drap.
Spire short Pecaderate; Columella simple. In springs.
very thin; no operculum. V. Animal, p. 63.

Pl. 6, fig. 13.
3. Metanza. (2)

Outer lip advancing and ie ero aaa Marine and Fresh
narrowing the mouth ; an Water. —
operculum. VY. Animal, p. 67.
a. Melania, Lam. RY
Peristoma complete, Turreted. Fluviatic. Isle of France.
effusive (3) at the base Madagascar, East Indies.

of the columella; black.
Pl. 6, fig. 14.
6. Melantho.
Peristoma incom- Sub-globular. Marine.
plete, not effusive; very
thick: white, Pl. 6,

fig. 15.
c. Melanopsis, Lam.
Peristoma incom- Turreted. Fluviatie.,

plete, inner lip very
broad, reflected, effu-
sive; black. Pl. 6, fig.
18.

d, Melanella, Dufresne. ‘
Semi-transparent, Turreted;spirecurved. Marine.

mouth invaded by the

last whorl; white. Pl. |

6, fig. 47.
(1) Foss. in the Cowes Roch of Limestone; Grignon; 4st and 2nd Fresh Water
Formations of the environs of Paris. * See the section Pl. 42, fig. 16.

_ (2) Ihave ventured to separate the marine Melanix, under the name of Melantho,
the Melanella (in the cabinet of M. Dufresne), and the Meclanamona; adding the
name of Melanatria to Lamarck’s Pyrene, in order to indicate its connexion with the
others. Foss. in the London Clay; Purbeck Limestone; Coral Rag; Blue Lias; at
Grignon, Courtagnon, Houdan, Parnes and Ponchartrain. The fossil species of Me-
lania found at Grignon differ remarkably from the fresh water species. In the M.
castellata, pl. 13, fig. 14, the peristoma is continuous, but the mouth is not circu-
lar, and it is entirely detached from the columella towards the upper part of the
lip. In the M. cochlearclla, pl. 13, fig. 13, the lip is prolonged like a spoon; in the

- marginata, pl. 43, fig. 10, the peristoma is margined or thickened. The fluviatic
Melanie brought by Olivier from the East are very distinct in appearance from all other
species: see PI, 8, fig. 144, 17. This Genus is, probably, entirely foreign to Europe.

(3) Versante is the French term, which they explain by saying if the shell were
laid on its back and filled with water, it would run out at this part of the mouth:
this has been concluded to be the meaning of Linnzus’s term E/fusus, but it appears
improbable that he should take a perfect instead of a present participle, when we
consider his Latinity. |

(28: ) (Ellipsostomata.)
ce. Melanamona.

Effusive, with one Turreted. Fluviatie.
very deep sinus ; black.
Pl. 6, fig. 19.

f- Melanatria. Pyrene.
Lam.
With 3 undulating... . «0 2%. eh B+ Saver ie © 6 8 ee ce) ae phe ole ee
sinuses: black. Pl. 6,

fig. 20.

4. Puastanesa. (1) Lam.

Oblong : operculum, Columellasimple, flat- Marine. Indian Seas.
calcareous. Pl. 6, fig. 21, tened at the base. Shores of New Holland.
V. Animal, p. 67.

5. Auricuna. (2)

Oval or oblong, outer — Columella, with large Mostly Fresh Water,
lip thickened. Pl. 6, fig. oblique channellings or but some Marine.
ee. folds ; no umbilicus. VY. Animal, p. 63.

6. Scariszus. Montf.

Oblong-oval, spire a- Innerliptoothed,with | On herbs in the Mo-
cute ; ouder lip thickened, a hollow below the mid- luccas. The marshes,
dentated. Pl. 6, fig. 23. dle. woods, and mountains

: of Asia.
Animal unknown.

7. Carycurum. Muller.

Oval or oblong, spire Inner lipplicatewitha The /oodsof Europe,
obtuse; outer lip thicken- hollow belowthe middle, under moss. St. Vin-
ed, margined ; penulti- the upper part wanting. cent’s.
mate whorl much larger
than the preceding, but
considerably less than the
Jast ; no operculum. Pl. 6,

fig. 24.

8. Conovutus. Lam.
Merampus. Montf.

An inverted cone; lip Columella with pro- — Rivers of the West
finely striated; no opercu- jecting folds. Indies.
lum. Pl. 6, fig. 25. \. Animal, p. 63.
9. Acuatina. (3) Lam.
AGATHINA.
Oval or oblong. Columella truncated Zrees and sands of

at the end. warm climates.

VY. Animal, p. 62.

(1) Foss. in the Cowes Rock of Limestone. .

(2) Foss. in the London Clay; Green Sand; at Grignon.

(3) A smooth, thin, globulous shell is found in the marme deposits of Plaisantin,
approaching very nearly to the Achatina, but without the columella being trun-
cated at the base, pl. 8, fig. 22. Brocchi calls it Bulla Hclicoides.

( 29)

a. Liguus, Montf.
A callosity within the
last whorl. Pl. 6, fig. 26.

b. Polyphemus, Montf.
The end of the colu-
mella curving inwards.
Pl, 12, fig. 41.
40. Butimus. (1)

; blong. Columella smooth. On rocks and trees in
ae? 8 cool shady places. Large
species in warm climates.

V. Animal, p. 62.

a Bulimus, Lam. Outer lip thick, blunt, pl. 6, fig. 27.
6 Bulimopsis, Lam. Outer lip thin, sharp, pl. 4, fig. 19. 5
c Bulimulus, Leach. Outer lip thin, sharp ; inner lip inflected, pl. 6, fig. 26.

44. Ampniputima. Lam.
SuccinEA. Drap.
{ Elongated or oval ; spire, _ ¥. Animal, p. 62.
short, of 2-4 whorls, the
last forming almost the
whole of the shell. Pl. 6,
fig. 5,6. Pl. 7, fig. 5, 6.

42. TorRNATELLA. Lam.
Acton. Montf.

Spire projecting but lit- Columellawith oneor = Marine.

tle; mouth elongated, en- two large folds. Coasts of Africa.
larged below. PI. 6, fig. VY. Animal, p. 63.
29. . ,

B. Longitudinally volute ; the last whorl very little larger, or less, than
the preceding.

43. Crausmia. Drap.
Slim, long, pointed; With orwithoutteeth In mosses at the feet

the last whorl contracted, or projecting plates. of trees.

_ compressed ; mouth edged V. Animal, p. 62.
with a callous pad. Pl. 6,
fig. 36.

(1) Fossil species have been found in the 2d Fresh Water Formations of the en-
virons of Paris. The marine species at Grignon have not the same generic cha-
racter as the Bulimi, according to Brongniart, and ought to be referred to the
Phasianellz. Lamarck has observed that only terrestrial shells have the lip reflected.
The Bulimus dombeyanus , B, octronus, and B. terebraster, pl. 13, fig, 15, and many
other species which inhabit Asia, Africa, or America, are turreted with numerous
whorls ; others are of a conical form, as the Bulimus trochoides of Bruguiere, See the
singular species, and its monstrosity, Pl. 6, fig. 35, 34.

( 30 ) (Ellipsostomata.)

14. Onosromia. Fleming.
Spire produced; mouth With teeth or plates. The greater number

ee s eure . terrestrial; under stones,

istinct fr i

ot a rom the body on rocks, and in mosses.
orl. Animal unknown.

a, Spire destral. Pl. 8, fig. 28.
6. .. sinistral, Pl. 8, fig, 23. -

15. Pura. (1) Lam.

Summit obtuse; mouth With or without teeth Marine and Terres-
narrowed byacallous pad, or plates. trial. -
and ne hitied on the side Y. Animal, p. 62.
of the spire by the prece-
ding whorl. Pl. 6, fig. 37,

34.

a Without a tooth, pl. 8, fig. 29.
6 A tooth in the part of the mouth invaded by the penulti-
timate whorl, pl. 8, fig. 32.
¢ Teeth within the outer lip, pl. 6, fig. 37.
Oval. § 2 Chondrus, Cuv. Teeth at the lip, or plates within the mouth,
) pl. 8, fig. 24.

Cylindrical.

C. Horizontally volute ; mouth transyersally elliptical.

16. Pranorsrs. (2) Brug.

Rolled almost in the Stagnant waters.
same plan ; the whorls in- V. Animal, p. 63.
creasing gradually ; no

operculum, PI. 6, fig. 32.
47, Hetrx. (2)

Globulous or subconical, Lorrestsiak
spire depressed ; mouth V. Animal, p. 62.
somewhat diminished by
the projection of the pen-
ultimate whorl. Pl. 7.

(1) The shells of the marine and terrestrial Pupe are similar, but an experienced
Conchologist may always distinguish them : the animal of the former is not known.
Lamarck doubts the Pupa mumia to be marine. Foss. in the 2d Fresh Water
Formation.

(2) Fossil species have been found in the Limestone of Fontainebleau (2d Fresh
Water Formation) ; in the Silex near Paliseau (2nd Fresh Water Formation); in the
Marne Blanche covering the Gypsum at Pantin and Chaumont (1st Fresh Water For-
mation); in the Cowes Rock of Limestone ; London Clay ; Green Sand ; Under Oolite ;
Derbyshire Peak Limestone. Neither of the three Planorbes cited at Grignon can be
exactly referred to this Genus; the Carinata resembles the Delphinata.

(3) The distinction of fresh water formations, so precisely established by Geo- |
logists, has made it indispensably necessary to study this Genus attentively. Anar- |
rangement with a view of easily distinguishing the species is difficult, from the
great accumulation, for whilst the shells present the greatest varieties of form, the.
animals offer no differences of any importance. As M. de Ferussac appears to
have studied the excessively numerous species of this Genus more completely than
any other author, accompanying the eipliratee of his system, which comprebends
all the known species, with accurate and beautiful engravings, I shall adjoin his

(31)

a Helix, Lam. Globulous, pl. 7, fig. 9

Lam.

6 Caracolla,
ma, Lam.

c Anostoma,

48. Hericrna. (1) Lam.

Subglobulous or coni-
cal ; spire a little depress-
ed; inner lip enlarged at
the base in a callous pad
entirely covering the um-
bilicus ; a small blunt an-

le at the base of the right
ip. Pl. 12, fig 6.

49, Hetcanton. Ferruss.
Very thin, transparent.

20. Ampuntaria. (2) Lam.
Round and ventricose,

spire short; umbilicate ;

operculum horny.

a.

Mouth narrower,
more elliptical, thinner.
Pl, 9, fic. 1.

6, Ampullina.

Considerably. thick-
er. Pl. 9, fig. 2

Carinated, coficals pl. 7, ae,
9

Mouth dorsal, toothed, pl.

Columella callous.

Columella spiral, solid,
formed by the inner lip
and confounded with the
whorl of the mouth.

Columella umbilical.

Inner lip sharp.

22.
fig. 20. :

Terrestrial.

VY. Animal, p. 66.

Marine.
Australasia.
VY. Animal, p. 62.

Fresh Waters of warm
climates.

Marine. ;
V. Animal, p.2%

method of distribution, impressing that it is purely artificial. The Helices being
terrestrial shells, it appears extraordinary that we should meet with them in the
fossil state in marine deposits; but when that happens they have been brought
there by floods or rivers, or by some irruption of the sea, attesting that previously
to these deposits there had been dry land in the same places, whereon the animals

lived which formed the sh

ells.

The Marl Pit of Touraine is the only place on

record where they thus occur, and there they are frequeutly filled with the remains

of Polypi and marine shells.

Fossil Helices are generally found in Fresh Water
Formations, and often accompanied by Lymnzi and Planorbes.

We meet with

them in breccia, and sometimes in the districts which have been overthrown by

volcanoes.

the Green Sand, and in the Derbyshire Peak Limestone.

(1) Foss. Blue Lias Limestone.

(2) Their opercula, being horny, are never found, although these shells are very
common in beds of coarse, calcareous, shelly matter ; whilst the opercula of the
Naticw, to which some authors would refer them, are very frequently met with
from their being calcareous. Fossil Ampullarize are also found in the extinct vol-
canoes of the valley of Ronca, where they have been so disposed by the eruptions

M. Faujas found a species of Ampullaria, with a very
thick shell,at St. Paulet, near Pont St. Esprit, in bituminous marl, above a mine of
fossil coal; the ree edge of cach whorl bears an ascending keel, and it differs

as to preserve their colours.

from all that are

In England they have been found in the Cowes Rock of Limestone, in

nown, by an oval mouth, pl. 12, fig 12,43, 14.

( 52)

DIVISION XV. HEMICYCLOSTOMATA.

GENERA.

Nenita, Liz.

Semi-globulous ; mouth — Columellainastraight
semi-circular or semi-el- line.
liptical, closed entirely by
an operculum ; spire al-
most effaced.

a. Natica, (14) Lam.

Operculum horny. | Columella umbilicate. Marine.
Pl. 9, fig. 24. V. Animal, p. 67.
6. Nerita, (2) Lam.

Operculum stony, | Columella umbilicate, — Marine.
shell thick, Pl. 9, fig. dentated. V. Animal, p. 67.
20.

e. Neritina, Lam.

Operculum horny, Columella rarely den- — Fluviatic.
shell thin. Pl. 9, fig. tated. (3) V. Animal, p. 67.
4.

(41) In the fossil state, in the London Clay and Crag Marl; at Grignon.
(2) In the fossil state, at Retheuil, Courtagnon, Houdan, Grignon.

(3) Those with the columella dentated form the genus Clithon of Montfort, whose
Clithon corona, pl. 9, fig. 23, differs from the Clithon coronata of Leach. é

5
DIVISION XVI. CRICOSTOMATA.

GENERA.

4. Turso. (1) Lam.

Round 1; thick. Mouth completed by Marine.
ey. the penultimate whorl. V. Animal, p. 65.

a. Meleager, Montf. Umbilicate. Pl. 9, fig. 3.
6. Turbo, Montf. Not umbilicate, Pl. 42, fig. 45.

_ 2. Turriteria. (2) Lam.

Spire elongated like an Mouth completed by = Marine.
obelisk ; thin : operculum the penultimate whorl. V. Animal, p. 65.
horny or cartilaginous. PI.

9, fig. 12. Pl. 42, fig. 17.

3. VERMICULARIA. 4dan-

son. 3
Whorls not touching, Ditto. Marine.
irregularly curved. Pl. 9, V. Animal, p. 65.

fig. 17.

4, DELpHINULA. (3) Lam.

Thick; rolled almostin Mouthentirelyformed Marine.
a same plane. Pl. 9. fig. by the last whorl. V. Animal, p. 65.

5. Scauanra (4) Zam.

Turreted, with pro- Ditto; but margined. Marine.

jecting sharp longitudinal VY. Animal, p. 65.
vhs. P1.9, fig. 6.

6. Acton. (5) Leach.

WENDLETRAP.
Ditto, but whorls dis- Mouthentireandmar- Marine.
tinct and distant ; no co- gined. Animal unknown.

lumella. Pl. 9, fig. 5,

(1) Foss. in the Crag Marl; at Presles; Grignon. No fossil species of this genus
has been discovered in the Fresh Water Formations; the little shell: of the ponds
of Havre and Magentone have been erroneously referred to it.

(2) Foss. in the London Clay; Crag Marl; at Grignon, Chaumont.
(3) Foss. Grignon, Courtagnon.
(4) Foss.in the London Clay; Crag Marl; at Grignon, Presles.

(5) ** The museum of Mr. Bullock contains the largest known specimen of the
Aciona Scalaris, which was purchased at a sale for twenty-seven pounds; but it

is now estimated at worth more than double that sum.”—Leach’s Zoological Mis-
cellany, vol. 2, 1815. é

C

r
7

( 34 ) (Cricostomata.)

7. Cyciostoma. (1) Lam.

Oval -spiral, mouth Mouth bordered by a — Terrestrial and aqua-
round or nearly round, callous pad. lic.
closed entirely by a round, V. Animal, p. 66.
thin, calcareous opercu-
lum : peristoma complete.

Pl. 9, fig. 13, 14.
8. Vatvata. Muller.

Rolled almost in the Fresh waters.
same plane. Pl. 9, fig. 22. Y. Animal, p. 66.
9. Patupina. (2) Lam.

Vivieara. Montfort.

Oval-spiral; opercu- Mouth with a small Marine, and in siag-
lum with an angle like angle towards the upper nant waters.

that of the mouth. PI.9, part. V. Animal, p. 66.
fig. 15.
10. Monoponta. Lam.

Oval, or conical ; oper- A blunt and slightly Marine.
culum round, horny. Pl. projecting tooth at the V. Animal, p. 66.
9,. ig, 25. base of the columella.

Base flat or concave.

(1) Young Cyclostome may sometimes be confounded with the shell of the genus
Turbo; forthe upper part of the peristoma is not completed, that is to say,. the
lips do not join, before the adult state; in the Turbo they always remain separated.
The Missenau chain of hills near Mayence is composed of fossil Cyclostomz, not of
Bulimi, and of two species which, according to M. de Ferussac, are again found in
Quercy, Agenois, and in Silesia. M. Brongniart expects that the Cyclostome will
hereafter be divided into two genera; the one aquaiic, the other terrestrial. The
C. mumia, Lam. pl. 4, fig. 1, belongs to the latter ; it has only been found as yet
in the 4st ox Lower Fresh Water Formation in the environs of Paris; M. Brongniart
conceives that on further investigation it may be found to characterise it: the
enlargement or projection of the upper part of the peristoma is uot unfrequent in
the living species. All those indicated at Grignon differ from true Cyclostome,
The Cyclostoma carinata of the canals of Egypt, Pl. 43, fig. 9; C. bulimoides of the
environs of Alexandria, Pl. 8, fig. 13; C. unicolor, Pl. 8, fig. 15; and the Helix ecre-
neluta, Pl, 12, fig.10; brought by Olivier, differ in form from all the other fresh-
water shells yet known, and, as M. Brongniart justly observes, if found in the fossil

tate, would certainly have been considered as marine.

(2) Foss. in Gravel and Alluvial Clay; London Clay ; Crag Marl.

(08 do
DIVISION XVII. GONYOSTOMATA.

GENERA.
4. Trocuus. (1) Lam.

Conical; mouth moreor Base flat or concave. —- Marine, or inhabiting
less quadrangular, in an the brackish ponts com=
oblique plane to the axis municating with the sea.
of the shell; operculum Y. Animal, p. 66.

thin, horny, orbicular.

a The columella, in the form of a concave arch, continued with the
outer lip. Pl. 9, fig. 7.

= 6 Soe Montf. Flattened; lip sharp, like the rowel of a spur, Pl. 9,
° fiz. 40.
" 3 c With a small prominence, or vestige of a tooth, towards the base of
g the columella.
5 § d Mouth much broader than long; base concave. Pl. 9, fig. 9.
ff e¢ Mouth much broader than long; and the columella in the form of a
a spiral canal.
f Turreted.
o ( g No projection to the columella.
5 h Flattened; the exterior angle edged.
= ( ¢ Flattened; the lips rounded.
-& }) k Columella with a prominence towards the base.
‘= { Columella embattled lengthwise.

2. Cirzites. Sowerby,

Conical ; whorls united. No columella: umbi- In the Chalk Marle,

Pl. 9, fig. 4. licus funnel-shaped. under Oolite, and Der:
byshire - Peak Lime-
7 Stone.

3. Soxarium. (2) Lam.

Spirelikeadilatedcone. A very large umbili- Marine.
a9; fig, 14: cus, hollowimg out the V. Animal, p. 66.

base.
4. Evompnauites. Sow-
erby.

Rolled almost m the Concave or largely um- © In the LimestoneShale -
same plane, depressed bilicate underneath. in the 4st or Upper
above. PI. 9, fig. 18, 19. Grey and in the Peak

Limestone of Derby
shire.
5. Tanruina. Lam.
Subglobulous, horizon- Columella prolonged Marine. .
tally volute; no opercu- beyond the mouth. Mediterranean. Aus-
lum. Pl. 9, fig. 26. tralasia.

A floating shell.

VY. Animal, p. 67.

(1) Foss in the London Clay ; Crag Marl; Under Oolite; Blue Lias ;

near Pont Chartrain; Longjumeau. The Trochus agglutinaus, Pl. 9, fig. 8, is re-

markable for its habit of agglutinating to, and even of incorporating with, its

shell, during the growth, small pebbles, fragments of other shells, sand, etc. etc

It often covers the umbilicus with a testaceous plate. A fossil variety of this cu-
rious shell, which inhabits the_seas of South America, is found at Grignon
(2) Foss, in the London Clay; Purbeck Limestone ; at Grignon. es

at Grignon 3.

( 36 )
DIVISION XVIII. SYPHONOSTOMATA.
GENERA.
A. With varices. (1)

4. Munex. (2) Lam.
Oval or oblong; turbi- Varicesintwoopposite Marine.

nated, canal projecting rows. V. Animal, p. 70.
and straight; operculum
horny.

a Murex, Montf. Canal long and slim ; varices spinous. PI. 10; fig. 3.

6 Brontes, Montf. Canal long and slim; varices knotty.

e Typhis, Montf. Canal moderate ; varices spinous, with projecting tubes
between, penetrating the shell. Pl. 12, fig. 7.

d Chicoracex, Montf. Canal moderate or long, with folded leaves notched
or divided. Pl. 10, fig. 5.

e Aquila, Montf. Canal moderate or short; varices knotty; umbilicate.

f ay eres , Montf. Canal moderate or short ; varices knotty; not umbi-
icate.

g Tritonium, Montf. Canal moderate or short; varices simple; spire ele-
vated ; mouth generally wrinkled transversely on both lips. Pl. 40, fig. 4,

h Trophones, Montf. Canal moderate or short; varices numerous, com-
pressed, almost membranous.

t Canal moderate or short; varices few, very much
compressed, projecting considerably.

2. RaAnewtta. Lam.

Turbinated; canalshort; Varicesborderigboth Marine.
surface armed with tuber- sides. ~ V. Animal, p. 70.
cles; lips of the mouth
wrinkled. Pl. 10, fig. 6.

a. Apollo, Montf. Umbilicate.
B. Without varices.

3. Fusus. (3) Lam.

Fusiform, peristoma en- Columella simple. Marine.
tire ; spire elevated. VY. Animal, p. 70.

a. Fusus, Montf. Umbilicate.
6. Lathires, Montf. Not umbilicate. Pl. 40, fig. 7.

(1) Varices are projecting callous pads with which the animal edges the mouth |
or aperture of its shell, each time that it suspends the growth. V¥. Pl. 10, fig. 2,
a.b.c.d.e. :

(2) Foss. in the London Clay; Crag Marl; Woolwich Loam; Green Sand; at
Grignon, Courtagnon. The Muresx tripteris, living in the Indian Seas, near Batavia, |
is very common at Grignon. |

(3) Foss. in the London Clay. In France they are found in the newest Shelly Lime=
stone, and are much more abundant in that than in any other formation. Although:
the fossil species are numerous, we meet with scarcely any which are perfectly
analogous to those now found in the recent state. These remarks also apply to.
the Fasciolaria,

4..FasctouanyA. Lam. -

_ Subfusiform. Pl. 40, Columella with oblique Marine.
fig. 14, folds at the base. VY. Animal, p. 70.

a. Fulgur, Montf. Whorls of spire flattened at top ; striated within the mouth.

4

5. Turpinetya. Lam.
~Turbinated or subfusi- | Columella with large — Marine.

form. PI. 40, fig. 15. transverse folds. V. Animal, p. 70.
6. Pyruta. (1) Lam.
Subpyriform : spire flat- Columella simple. Marine.
tened or rounded. Generally in warm
climates,

Y. Animal, p. 70.

a. Umbilicate. Pl. 40, fig. 8.
6. Not umbilicate.

7. Preuroroma. (2) Lam.

Fusiform; a notch in Ditto. ~ Marine.
the right lip towards the V. Animal, p. 70.
spire ; canal long : opercu-

lum horny. Pl. 40, fig. 13.

8. Cuavatuta. (3) Lam.

Subturreted; a notch Columella toothed. Marine.
in the right lip towards Coasts of Africa.
the spire ; left lip excavat- Animal unknown.
ed; spire pointed. PI. 13,
ig. 8.

(1) Foss. at Grignon; Courtagnon; Houdan; Parnes.

(2) Foss. in the London Clay ; Green Sand; at Grignon ; Betz, near Crepy ; Parnes.

(3) There is no Clavatula in the Museum ; I was therefore compelled to copy the
obscure figure of Seba, :

( 55 )

DIVISION XIX. ENTOMOSTOMATA.

A. Turreted.

41. Esurna. Lane.
Shell smooth. Pl. 10,

ig

2. Awcrtrarta. (1) Lam.
ANCILLA.

Oblong, spire short.

PL. 10, fig. 10.

3. Mirra. (2) Lam.

Turreted or sub-fu-
siform; spire pointed ,
mouth oblong. Pl. 40,
figs

4. Pyramipenta. Lam.

Mouth broad, crescent
shaped. PI. 10, fig. 12.

5. ‘Terepra. (3) Brug.
Spire atleast double the

greater diameter of the
mouth : no operculum.

Pl. 40, fig 20.

6. Crriruium. (4) Brug.

Mouth oval, curved to
the left at the notch: oper-
culum round and horny.

GENERA.

Columella deeply and
broadly umbilicate.

A callous pad ‘on the
base of the columella.

Columella with large
folds, the largest nearest
the spire.

Columella with the
base twisted obliquely
in sharp, spiral folds.

Columella convex or
naked, the visible part
very short.

A gutter in the upper
part of the right lip.

a. With varices, but no fold on the columella.
6. With folds on the columella, Pl. 43, fig. 2.
ce. No folds on the columella; no varices. Pl. 10, fig. 19.

Marine.

VY. Animal, p. 69.

Marine.

Marine.
Warm climates.

VY. Animal, p. 69.

Marine.

V. Animal, p. 63.

Marine.

V. Animal, p. 70.

Marine.

V. Animal, p. 70.

(4) Foss.in the London Clay; at Grignon; Courtagnon; Environs of Paris.
(2) Foss. at Grignon; Parnes near Magny.
(3) Foss. at Grignon; Parnes.

(4) This genus of univalves presents more species in the fossil state than any |
other. There are already upwards of a hundred in the cabinet of M. De France: |
they are almost all found in the newest formations. M. de Gerville, however, re-
ports that he has found four species in the bed of Ammonites and Belemnites, in the
environs of Bayeux.—Journal de Physique, October, 1813. They have been found
in England, in the London Clay and in the Chalk Marl. The Cerithium Gigas,
pl. 43, fig. 2, is sometimes from fifteen to sixteen inches long, and four in diameter
at the last whorl.

(59 )

7. Poramipss. (1) Brongn.

‘ent, No gutter. _ Salt-water marshes,
ri oe qs Pe 10, ‘ or the brackish waters
fig. 18. : ry of the mouths of rivers.

8. RosTeviaria. (2) Lam.

Fusiform ; a second Marine.
canal, ascending along V. Animal, p. 70.
the spire, formed by the
outer lip and by the con-
tinuation of the columella.

Pl. 10, fig. 16.

B. Oval, sub-conieal, or sub-globulous.

9. Buccinum. (3) Lam.

Oval or elongated ; Columella convex, na- Marine,
mouth notched below ; ked. Y. Animal, p. 69.
lips simple : operculum
cartilaginous. Pl. 10, fig.
21.

40. Dotium. Lam.

-Ventricose ; sub-globu- Columella twisted or = Marine.

lous ; outer lip undulated, sharp at the base. VY. Animal, p. 69.
notched below. Pl. 40,
ihe, 22.

41. Harpa. (4) Lam.

Oval or gibbous; with | Columella smooth. Marine.

longitudinal or oblique Generally in warm
sharp ribs, the last form- climates.

ing a Callous pad at the VY. Animal, p. 69.

lip; mouth oblong, sim-
ple, notched below. PI,
44, fig. 4. *

(1) This Genus is founded on the habits of the animal, rather than on the im-
portance of the character of the shell. Fossil species are found in formations pre-
senting only terrestrial and fresh-water shells. P. Lamarckii, pl 4, fig. 6, is found
in the opaque silea which covers the sand at Longjumeau ; in the forests of Mont-
morency ; above St. Cloud; mixed with Lymnzi, Planorbes, and stalks of reeds in
the Limestone, east of Aurillac, in Cantal; in the compact limestone beds (with
the Helix Cocquii, pl. 4, fig. 20) , at Nonette, near Issois, in Puy de Dome. It re-
sembles the Cerithium radula, figured by Lister as a fresh-water shell; and, ina
lesser degree, the Bulimus auritus of Bruguierc, from the interior of Africa.

(2) Foss. in the London Clay; at Courtagnon; St. Germain en Laye; Parnes.
(3) Foss. at Grignon.
(4) Although the Harpzx are by no means rare in the seas of warm climates, only

two species have as yet been found in the fossil statc, and those in the coarse Shelly
Limestone at Grignon and Haateville,

( 40 ) (Entomostomata.)
42. Nassa. Lam.
Oval; mouthterminated (Columellacoveredwith Marine.

below by a deep notch. a plate. Y. Animal, p. 69.
PI. 40, fig.'23. ¥
13. Purpura. (1) Lam.
Oval. Pl. 41, fig. 2. Columella naked, flat- Marine.
tened. V. Animal, p. 69.

a. Purpura.

6. Monoceros, Montf. A spine projecting from the base of the outer lip.
Pied, fig. 3.

. Ricinella, Lam. Lip of the columella toothed. Pl. 11, fig. 4.

44, Concnotepas. (2)
Lam.

Patelliform ; outer lip A furrow from the Marine.
dentated ; spire very cavity ofthesummit ter- Coast of Peru.
small : operculum ea minating between the Animal unknown.
horny. Pl. 10, fig. 17. two anterior teeth of the

mouth.

45. Cassrparra. Lam.
Morio: Montfort.

Conical; mouth effu- Columella covered by Marine.
sive; notch terminating asimpleplateformedby V. Animal, p. 70.
in a small canal reflected the left lip.
to the left at the base. Pl.
A1, fig. 6.

16. Cancetrart, (3) Lam.

Oval], last whorl ven- Columella with com=- Marine.
tricose, right lip furrow- pressed folds anda plate VY. Animal, p. 69.
ed within the mouth; formed by the inner lip.
almost entire at the base.

Pl. 14, fig. 6.

(4) Foss. at Couriagnon.

(2) Lamarck placed the Concholcpas with the Patella, but most zoologists seem
now to agree with Bruguiere in approaching it to the Buccinum, since, according
to Dombey’s report, the animal is furnished with a tendinous operculum, which
only partly closes the shell. The muscular impression, like a large horse-shoe open
in front, has some resemblance to that of the Calyptrea.

(3) Foss. at Grignon; Piedmont ; Environs of Florence.

Gah )
DIVISION XX. ANGYOSTOMATA.

: ; GENERA.
A. With folds, platts, or wrinkles, on the columella.
4. Cassis. (1) Brug. .

Oval ; mouth oblong or Columellacoveredwith Marine.
narrow ; the notch termi- a plate formed bytheleft | Generally mm warm
nating ina short canal re- lip, wrinkled transver- climates, at some dis-

flected towards the left at sally. tance from the shore, in
the base; right lip wrinkled sandy bottoms.
transversally. : V. Animal, p. 70.

a. The callous pad of the lip dentated extericrly towards the notch, Pl. 41,

12. -@
b. The haloes pad of the lip not dentated exteriorly towards the notch.
2. Cyprma. (2) Lam.

Oval, gibbous in the Mouth long, narrow, Marine.
middle, and narrowed at wrinkled transversally YY. Animal, p. 68.
both ends; lip rolled in- on both sides.
wards: no epidermis. PI.

11, fig. 7, 9. a,b, e.

3. Oxiva. (3) Lam.

Sub-cylindrical; notch- _ Columellastriated ob- = Marine. |
ed at the base; mouth nar- liquely. In warm climates.
row; channels between . VY. Animal, p. 68.
the whorls of the spire.
Pat fie, 13)

4. Conoriix. Swainson.

Coniform ; spire very Columella plaited. Marine.
short; mouth linear, nar- Pellew Islands, Ota-
row. Pl. 12, fig. 1. heite.

5. Votuta. (4) Lam.

Oval; spire varyingin Columella with folds, = Marine.

projection, summit obtuse the lowest the largest. Generally in warm
or nippled. Pl. 12, fig. 2, climates.
3,4, 5. V. Animal, p. 68.

a Cymbium, Montf. The last whorl ventricose.
6 Voluta, Montf. The last whorl conical, narrowing at the ends.

(4) The fossil species (and amongst them the Cassis Harpaformis, pl. 11, fig. 12)
are found only in the newest formations, and it is remarkable that they are very
small, compared with the living ones, which are sometimes of a considerable size.
They have been found in England in the London Clay and in the Crag Marl.

(2) In the infant state, the Cypraa resembles a small thin Ancillaria, curved and
truncated at the base, pl. 11, fig.9, a; in the middle age, it is thin, with a project-
ing spire, pl. 11, fig. 9, 6; when adult, it is thicker, and the spire is covered, pl. 11,
fig 9,c. Foss. in the London Clay; at Grignon.

(3) Foss. at Grignon; Aumont, near Monimorency.

(4) Foss. in the London Clay ; in the Crag Marl; at Grignon ; Courtagnon ;
Chaumont; Beauvais, °

( 42 ) ( Ingyostomata.)

6. Marcinena. (1) Lam.
Oblong-oval ; a project- | Columella with folds. Marine.

ing callous pad on the * Seas of warm climates,
outer lip ; mouth scarcely principally in the neigh-
notched at the base: no bourhood of the Senegal.
operculum. VY. Animal, p. 69.

a Spire conical. Pl 414, fig. 20.

b Spire obscure. Pl. 11, fig. 19.

¢ Colombella, Lam, The callous pad of the right lip swelled in the
middle; folds of the columella numerous, Pl. 11, fig. 47.

7. Vouvarta. (2) Lam.

Cylindrical, no appa- Columella with one or ~ Marine.
rent spire; mouthnarrow, several folds at the base.
as long as the shell. Pl. 14,
fig. 18.
B. Columella simple.

§. Sraurnrorarta. (3)

Lam.
Turreted : 3 undulating . Columella covered with Marine.
sinuses. Pl. 12, fig. 9. a plate formed bythe left = Animal unknown.

lip.
9. Srromsus. (4) Lam.
Ventricose, withashort | Columella truncated Marine.

canal; notched or trun- below. Generally in warm
cated at the base ; right climates.
lip dilated in a wing (in VY. Animal, p. 70.

the adult), with a sinus to-
wards the base: opercu-
lum horny, long, narrow.

PL 44, fig. 45.

410. Terrseiium. (5) Lam.

Oblong or sub-cylin- — Ditto. Marine.
drical ; mouth narrow V. Animal, p. 68.
above, simple, enlarzed
towards the base, notch-

ed. Pl. 14, fig. 14.

(1) Foss. at Grignon.

(2) Foss. at Grignon. Bee

(3) The Museum gave 100 francs for the type of this new genus, which is now
figured for the first time.

(4) Foss. in the London Clay; at Grignon. ;

(5) Foss. at Grignon; Environs of Paris. The Terebellum perditum (the analo-
gous living species is not known) is found in great numbers, and of all ages, at
Grignon.

41. Prerocera. Lam.

Ventricose, with an
elongated canal; right lip
dilated in a wing (in the
adult) divided into long,
narrow digitations. Pl. 11,
fig. 16.

12. Conus. (4) Lam.

Like inverted cones, or
cylindrical ; mouth longi-
tudinal, narrow, simple,
effusive at the base : oper-
culum small, horny.

Marine.

V. Animal, p. 70.

Marine.

Generally within the
tropics, at ten or twelve
fathoms deep, near sandy
coasts.

V. Animal, p. 68.

a Conical spire, crowned with tubercles. Pl. 41, fig. 21.
6 Conical spire, not crowned with tubercles. Pl. 11, fig. 22.

c Sub-cylindrical spire, not crowned with tubercles.

43. Ovuta. Brug.

Gibbous, elongated in
a point at eachend; mouth
longitudinal. Pl. 44, fig.
O10.

14. Axera. Muller.

Oval-oblong or oval-
concave; more or less
rolled on itself; no pro-
jecting spire; mouth as
long or almost as long as
the shell, without notch or
canal.

Both lips rolled in- Y. Animal, p. 68.
wards.

Right lip sharp. Marine.
- In the muddy bottoms
of the seas of all climates.

V. Animal, p. 61.

a Bullea, Lam. Contained within the mantle, too small to hold the

animal, Pl. 5, fi

18.

6 Bulla (5), Lam. Covered with a thin epidermis, large enough to contain
the animal, and turned more than the Butiwa, Pl. 5, fig. 17.

C. Almost flat.

45. Apztysra. Lin. La-
PLISIA. Lam.

A little convex within,
obliquely conical ; base
thin, summit thickened
and obscurely spiral. PI.
13, fig, 5

(4) Foss. at Courtagnon;

Horny. Marine.
V. Animal, p. 60.

Grignon. The Conus deperditus, Lam. found in the

calcareous shelly matter in the environs of Paris, is, according to Bruguiere, the
analogous fossil of the Cone treillisée, which lives in the Pacific Ocean, in the neigh-

bourhood of Otaheite.
(5) Foss. at Grignon.

( 44 ) (Angyostomata.)

46. Dowanetta. Lam. Pl. * ‘
13, fig. 6.
Ditto, but base more Calcareous. Marine.
enlarged in proportion ; ’ Mediterranean, In-
summit more prolonged dian Seas.
and curved. V. Animal, p. 60.

47. PLEUROBRANCHUS. Cuv.

An oval plate. - Marine.
V. Animal, p. 60.

48. Pranosprrires. (1 )
Faujas. —
Sub-orbicular; a spiral _ Maestricht.
cord-like ridge on the in-
ferior surface. Pl. 4, fig.
20.

(1) This is one of the rarest and most singular shells found at Maestricht, only
three having as yet been met with. It seems impossible to determine whether it is
an univalve or a bivalve; for although it resembles the valve of an oyster in form
and thickness, it wants the little hollow found at the summit of that shell and
serving to lodge the ligament which characterises the genus; neither has it any
apparent muscular impression. If it be a bivalve, it is nearest to the genus
Acardo of Lamark, but its spiral cord or ridge, with the absence of the hollow
and muscular impression, lead us to conclude that it is an univalve.

(45%)

GENUS HELIX. (1) FERUSSAC.

SUB-GENERA.
A. Horizontally volute,

4. Hericocena. Fer.
Globulous or elliptical; | Umbilicus masked.
peristoma simple.

a Collumellate. Columella solid and twisted. Pl. 7, fig. 7,8.

b Acave. Umbilicus entirely covered by an expansion of the columella.
wie, ag. 14, 14.

c Perforate. Umbilicus appearing in part, like a cleft, behind the expan-
sion of the columella. Pl. 7, fig. 9, 10.

d Imperforate. Depressed, umbilicus closed. Pl. 7, fig. 15, 16, 18.

2. Heticoponra. Fer.

More or less globulous Mouth generally tooth-
and depressed ; peristoma ed in the perfect state.
reflected or thickened.

a Personate. Peristoma sinuous and thick; or reflected with teeth, plates,
or folds. Pl. 7, fig. 17.

6 Lamellate. Mouth with one or more elongated internal plates. Pl. 7,
hie. 19, a, 6, c; d,¢.

c Maxillate. Peristoma with large teeth; a gutter at the base of the co-
lumella. Pl. 7, fig. 21.

d Anostome., Tomogeres, Montf. Mouth reversed or dorsal, with elevated
folds or teeth. Pl. 7, fig. 20.

e Impresse. Inner lip with longitudinal elevated folds. Pl. 7, fig. 23.

_3. Hetrcicona. Fer. Ca-
RACOLLA. Lam.

Carinated, sometimes
conical.
a Caracollz. Umbilicus covered. Pl. 7, fig. 22; pl. 8, fig. 1, 2.
b Vortices, Ocken. Umbilicus masked or visible. Pl. 8, fig. 3.

4, HUrricenia.’ Fer. Vor-
TEX. Ocken.

Elliptical or flattened. Umbilicus exposed.

a Lomastome, Peristoma reflected. Pl. 8, fig. 8.

6 Aplostome. Peristoma simple. Pl. 8, fig. 4.

c Marginatex. Peristoma margined, Pl. 8, fig. 5, 7,18.
(1) Vide p. 30. | |

( 46.) (Helix, Fer.)
5. Hewicostyia. Fer.
Elliptical or trochiform. — Columella solid.

a Aplostome. Columella straight; peristoma simple PI. 8, fig. 6.

b-Lamellate. Columella straight, round 5. peristoma simple; an internal
plate on the last whorl. Pl. 8, fig. 9, 10.

ce Canaliculate. Columella twisted, as if truncated at the:base, or with an
internal spiral rib forming a gutter, under the form of a tooth or cal-
losity. Pl. 43, fig. 4.

d Marginata. Columella flattened, without teeth or plates; peristoma
reflected. Pl, 8, fig. 41.

6. Hericopnanra. Fer.

Spire depressed; volu- Perforated or umbili-
tions rapidly increasing cate.
horizontally ; mouth very
large and oblique; only
three to three and a half
whorls; the last enormous.

a Vitrinoides. Peristoma simple. Pl. 7, fig. 2.
6 Vesicule. Peristoma thickened and sub-reflected. Pl. 7, fig. 3, 4.
B. Longitudinally volute.

7. Cocutonypra. Fer.
AMPHIBULIMA. Lam. Suc-
CINEA. Drap.

Elongated, oval ; volu- —_ Peristoma simple.

tions rapidly increasing
vertically ; spire short,
with 2 to 4 whorls, the
last forming almost the
whole of the shell; mouth
very large. Pl. 6, fig. 5.
Pl. 7, fig.-5, 6.

8. CocutostyLa. Fer.

Elongated or ventricose ; Columella solid, not
spire elevated : whorls in- truncated at the base.
creasing rapidly.

a Lomastome. Peristoma reflected. Pl. 8, fig. 27.
b Aplostome. (1) Peristoma simple.

9. Cocutroma. Fer.
AcwATina. Lam.

Conical or very ventri- Columella solid, flat,
cose , solid, little transpa- and truncatedat the base.
rent.

a Ligne, Montf. Base conical; mouth short; outer lip advanced. Pl. 8,
ig. 20. i
b Ache Ue Ventrical; mouth very large; outer lip vertical. PI.
, fig. 3.

(1) The Sultana (Helix Gallina Sultana, Chem.) was sold, at the sale of the
Count de Latour d’Auvergne, for 560 francs.

MC)

40. Cocnticora. Fer.
(AcHATINA. Lam.)
Oviform or turreted ; Columella solid, flat,

thin, transparent ; mouth truncated, and arched at

narrow. the base.
a Polyphemus, Montf. Oviform ; mouth long; outer lip vertical, Pl. 8,
fig. 22.
6 Styloides. Columna, Per

ry. Turreted; mouth short ; outer lip a little
advanced. PI. 8, fig. 19.

44. Cocuricetta. Fer. ‘
(Butimus. Brug.)
Conical or turreted; Columella twisted and
perforated ; whorls nearly hollow.
equal, or the last shorter .
than all the others toge-
ther. PI. 6, fig. 38.

12. Cocunocena. Fer.
(Auricuta. Lam. Bunt-
mus. Lam.)

Oblong or oviform ; last Columella hollow,
whorl of the spire gene- twisted, straight, perfo-
rally longer and larger rated, umbilicate.
than all the others toge-
ther; mouth elongated.

a Umbilicate. Columella straight. Pl). 8, fig. 20.
Perforate. A
b { Eatiaclas, Leach. \ Columella twisted. Pl. 6, fig. 28.
ce Lomastome. Bulimus, Lam. Columella twisted; peristoma reflected.
Pl. 6, fig. 27.
d Helicteres. Turbo, Chemn. Mouth short, crescent-shaped. Pl. 42, fig. 15.
e Stomotoides. Auricula, Lam. Mouth elongated, angular at its extremi-
ties, or effusive in the upper part ; peristoma thickened and reflected ;
columella large, more or less spiral, sometimes forming a fold in
' the mouth. Pl. 6, fig. 22, 34.
f Dontostome. Mouth crescent-shaped ; peristoma margined, a little re-
flected; columella twisted, hollowed, flattened at the base, or forming
a protuberance ; often perforated. Pl, 8, fig. 23.

43. Cocutoponta. Fer.
(Pura. Lam. Oposio-
mia. Fleming.)

Cylindrical orfusiform ; Columella solid or
whorls equal, numerous, nearly hollow.
- narrow; mouth short, al-
most as broad as deep in
the direction of the axis:
several inner teeth or thin
plates; peristoma reflected.

a Pupa, Lam. Cylindrical, Pl. 6, fig. 34, 37 ; pl. 8, fig. 32.
6 Chondrus, Cuv, Fusiform, Pl. 8, fig. 25; pl. 13, fig, 12,
?

( 48 ) (Helix, Fer.)

44,.- CocuLopina. Fer.
Cravusitia. Drap. Voi-
yuLus. Ocken.

Cylindricalor fusiform; | Columella solid, often | A pedunculated elas-
‘whorls equal, numerous, with plates. - ~ tic operculum.
narrow; mouth generally
with elevated plates, and
always wth one or two
gutters.

a Pupoides. Mouth without teeth or plates; peristoma not continuous.

b Rees \ Peristoma continuous. Pl. 8, fig. 34.

A les. i
c ; Papa, Des De \ Mouth without plates. Pl. 8, fig. 29.

d Clausilia, Drap. Mouth with plates. Pl. 6, fig. 36.
45, Vertico. Muller.

Cylindrical, very spi- Peristoma often sinuous
ral ; volute increasing and reflected.
gradually ; mouth narrow,
short in the direction of
the axis, often dentated.

a Mouth not dentated. Pl. 8, fig. 34.
6 Mouth dentated. Pl. 8, fig. 35, 36.

46. Partuna. Fer.

Oval, pointed; spire Columellarside callous
conical ; last whorl gib- at base.
bous and longer than all
the others together ; mouth
short in the direction of
the axis, sometimes den-
tated or with elevated
pers ; peristoma general-

much reflected. Pl. 8,
fe. 30.

}

:

(49 )

SHELLS. ri

Shells are envelopes, formed by a calcareous aulsignice, of a foliated
texture, and almost as heavy and hard as marble. They form ws ings a
great number of animals of the class of Mollusca ; and every ae ae a
the variety of their forms, their more or less vivid colours, an the bri ise
of their mother of pearl, constitute some of the finest pisses ) :
cabinets of virtuosi. We have sufficiently explamed these forms, and we sha

presently show their relation with the Orders and Genera of the animals

which inhabit them : at present we have only to consider their aie their
growth, andthe manner in which they are united to the rest of the body.

They are composed, like bones, of a calcareous matter 5 ante y shi
nected with a gelatinous substance, and which may bee in e Spel
separated by means of acids; but this matter 1s not cispstee * a or
fibres ; it is uniformly extended throughout the whole body of t : s a oma

It is only in some species that we find strata easy or an i
were, agglutinated to each other like the leaves of paper im the formation ¢

-vati ; do not all exist in
pasteboard. We know, from observation, that these pager aang tare
young animals; they have only the most external, mie are, a surge
time, the smallest. In proportion as the animal increases m ae vee
new stratum on the internal surface of the shell, which ape anes (a ve
edges of all the preceding strata, so that each operation of th.'s kind adds to
the size of the shell, in length, breadth, and thickness. These ce certain
facts ; to prove them it is only necessary to compare some shells of y.\ es
species that have belonged to individuals of different ages; the fewest ». ceil
will always be found in the shells of the young. Muscles, which may bv
observed when very young, and even before they quit the matrix of their
mother, have, at that period, shells consisting of one stratum only; but the
shell is not therefore soft and gelatinous; it possesses the same firmness as the
adult shell, and its greater fragility is merely owing to its thinness.

But are the strata which thus aegis augment the dimensions of shells,
produced by developement, or by a simple juxta-position? Do the nutritive
vessels deposit the calcareous juice at different points, or does it only transude
through the skin of the animal, and attach itself to the pre-existing strata ?
These are questions with respect to which physiologists are not agreed.

The body of the snail appears to adhere to its shell only where the muscles
are attached ; but Reaumur having placed thin pellicles between the body and
parts of the shell, which he purposely broke, these fractures were not
repaired ; but when this, or any other obstacle, no longer prevented the
juices flowing from the surface of the skin, the injured part was speedily
regenerated. ;

These facts favour the idea of the simple juxta-position of a transuded
matter : we observe, however, on the other hand, that the oyster and muscle
adhere to the shell not only by their muscles, but by the whole border of
their mantle ; besides, the oyster has always between the two last strata of
the conyex valve, a considerable vacuity, which is filled with a foetid acrid
liquor, and which communicates with the interior of the body by a particular
aperture. How is this vacuity produced? and, above all, how is it removed
upon the formation of each new stratum, if the arterial and absorbent vessels
do not penetrate into the centre ‘of the strata, to regulate its position, and to
remove, from time to time, the particles of the shell ?

Some observations seem to prove that. there are

testaceous animals, which,
D

( 50 )

at certain periods, cast their old shells entirely off, and acquire new ones ;
but this re-production may also take place by development, as in the horns
of the Deer. If the internal strata of those shells which are not cast off, be
produced bya developement of this kind, it may be compared to that which
forms the internal laminze of the hollow horns of the Ox, Sheep, and other
Ruminating Mammalia, and even to that by which the epidermis is produced -
in all animals; that isto say, there must take place a withering, or, as it were,
the death of a membrane, which seems to preserve a sort of organization
while it remains unexposed to external elements, or while it has not acquired
its proper degree of solidity.

In this manner, it appears, are Pence all the hard parts which may be
regarded as the bones of animals that have no vertebre. In cray-fish, for
example, the calcareous crust which, in them, is at once skin and skeleton,
grows no more after it is completely indurated. The animal, however, con~
tinues to increase in all its soft parts; and when these become too much
confined by the envelope, the latter splits and is detached : but a new covering
is found below.the old one, which is formed while the latter loses its con-
nection with the body, and as it were dies. The new envelope is at first soft,
sensible, and even provided with vessels : but a quantity of calcareous par-
ticles, previously accumulated in the stomach, is soon deposited in this
covering, hardens it, obstructs the pores and the vessels, and renders it in
every respect similar te, the shell it has replaced. .

The induration of the covering of insects is not completed until they acquire

their last form, ater which they have no longer any occasion to change their
skin : but all their skins they previously cast, though soft, are dead, and
already Ter ,zaced. by others, which develope themselves underneath that which
is dest” ed to fall off.
7 ailthe hard parts, therefore, of white blooded animals, whatever may be
.neir consistence and chemical nature, ought to be compared with respect to
the manner of their growth to the epidermis, to nails, and to hollow horns,
rather than to real bones. 'The same remark should perhaps be applied to
certain external parts of fishes, though their substance is strictly osseous; for
instance, to the bucklers of the Sturgeon and Cyclopterus, and the spimous
tubercles of the Ray.

Some white leaded animals have also hard parts internally; but they are
not articulated in such a manner as to form the bases of moveable members,
and their texture differs considerably from that of ordinary bones. The most
remarkable of these hard parts are the teeth in the stomach of the lobster.

The common Cuttle-fish (Sepia officinalis) contains in the flesh of the
back an oval substance, convex before and behind, white, solid, friable, and
of a calcareous nature. This substance is not attached to the flesh, but has
the appearance of a foreign body introduced into it. 'There is no indication
of any vessel or nerve penetrating it, nor is any tendon affixed to it. It is
composed of thin parallel lamelle, which are not in immediate contact with
each other. ‘The intervals are occupied by an infinite number of small
hollow columns standing perpendicular between one lamella and another, and
arranged in a very regular guincunx. .

As the superfices of the lamellz are plane, and those of the bone itself
convex, they necessarily intersect each other: the points of intersection are
marked on the surfaces of the bone by regular cuvilinear striz. ‘lhese bones
have a kind of wings which are of a less opaque nature, less brittle, and have
greater resemblance to thinelastic horn, than the body of the bone. |

To this last substance the parts called the bone in the Calmar (Sepia
loligo) bear a resemblance ; they are transparent, elastic, and yery brittle ;

( 51 )
their shape is sometimes that of a leaf, and sometimes it is similar to a sword
blade. Their connection with the soft parts is the same as the bone of the
Cuttle-fish.

We also find a small semi-corneous and semi-friable plate in the body of
the fleshy lobe which covers the branchiz of the Aplysia, and there is ‘one
still smaller in the cloak of the Slug.

Every thing tends to convince us that those hard parts which are found
within Mollusca, grow by strata, like their external envelope, and {that they
are a kind of internal shells.

Motuvsca. Cuvier. (4)

Without vertebre or articulated members; with blood vessels and nerves (2);
a simple spinal marrow ; lymph, chyle and blood of the same color (a bluish
white) ; generally with salivary glands; a voluminous liver furnishing a great
quantity of bile; no pancreas or mesentery ; muscles (3) attached to the skin,
which forms a soft envelope, contractile, engendering (in several species)
stony plates or shells; the viscera and nervous system within this envelope,
the latter composed of scattered masses united by nervous filaments, the
principal of which, placed on the cesophagus, are called the brain; a com-
plete system of circulation; respiratory organs; organs of digestion and se-
™cretion almost as complicated as in vertebrated animals (4).

(1) Before Cuvier, naturalists divided all the invertebral animals into two classes,
Insects and Worms.

(2) Humboldt has adopted an ingenious method of distinguishing the nerves
from the arteries, or other parts, in the smallest animals. He uses two needles, one
gold, the other silver : a point of one is applied to the muscles, and a point of the
other to the filament, the nature of which he wishes to discover, while the other
extremities of these instruments are brought in contact. If the filament bea nerve,
contractions immediately take place in the muscular fibre.

_ (3) The Mollusca with an exterior shell, as Helices, Bulimi, Volutz, etc. have but
one muscle which attaches their body to the shell, by a small part of the back and
nearly in the middle of its length. This muscle forms a considerable tendon,
similar to a thin ribband, which divides itself into two or three principal ribbands.
Each of these subdivides itself into several smaller, which disperse and distribute
themselves into all parts of the body. The Mollusca witha univalve shell furnished
with an operculum, have two muscles of attachment : one of these muscles unites
the animal to its shell and resembles that just described in the univalves without
opercula; the other, which adheres to the operculum, is generally round very
wide, but not thick. ai?

(4) The Mollusca with a trunk, as the Buccini, Voluta, etc. are carnivorous:
they make use of their trunk as a gimblet, and even bore through other shells aud
suck the flesh of the animals within. Those which have strong horny jaws and a
beak like a parrot, are also carnivorous or nourish themselves with animal sub-
stances, like the Cephalopoda. The Mollusca which have a muffle and two jaws
one of which at least is furnished with small teeth, are herbivorous or frugivorous,
suchas the Limaces, Helices, Bulimié, etc. ' :

\

( 52) .

MOLLUSCA.
CLASSES.

A. With univalve shells, or none.

wo

4. (CEPHALoropa.

Body in the form of a A head covered with Sexes separate.
bag, open before, con- large, long, fleshy pro-
taining the branchiz. ductions, serving for lo-
comotion and prehen-
sion.

2. PTEROPODA.
Body entirely closed. Appendages of the Hermaphrodite.

head small or none; or-
gans of movement two
‘wings or membranous
fins on the side of the
neck, and frequently
bearing the branchial
tissue.

3. GASTEROPODA.

Creep on the fleshy disk A head distinct and Hermaphrodite and
of the belly, sometimes anterior, or none. sexes separate.
compressed into a fin (2).

(1) These are the only Mollusca in which organs of hearing have béen disco-
vered, and which have the brain (sending forth innumerable optic nerves from the
two ganglions) within a cartilaginous box: they are called Cephalopoda because
they have the feet on the head. They have three hearts; they respire in water by
branchiz ; their mouth is placed in the centre of their feet, and resembles a beak;
the head is also distinguished by very large eyes, and has the ears placed inter-
nally; the stomach is muscular like a gizzard, the liver very voluminous. A par-
ticular gland secretes a black liquor, which they throw out, and which darkens the
water around them whenever they wish to conceal themselves. They swim with
their head behind; and walk in all directions with the head below and the body
above. Aristotle remarked, that certain herbs, which have a strong odour, were
avoided by cutile-fishes and the octopus.

(2) They are so called because they crawl on their bellies; the head is move-

able, and frequently provided with tentacula ; the heart is single.

When the name of the genus appears in the following tables without any cha-
racteristic particulars, the animal is very imperfectly known,

( 53 )

B. With bivalve shells, or none.

4. ACEPHALA.

No apparent head ;
mouth hidden in the bot-
tom or between the folds
of a two-lobed mantle
containing the branchie
and viscera.

5. Bracuropopa.

Mantle lobed: mouth
exterior, between the ba-
ses of two long fleshy
arms supplying the place
of a foot and with nume-
rous filaments.

6. Cirnnopopa.

With numerous hairy
filaments, in pairs, com-
posed of small articula-
lions representing feet or
fins, towards the orifice
of the shell; mouth at the
bottom of the shell.

Branchize composed

of large leaves covered
with vasculary net-
work, upon or between
which the water passes.

Branchiz composed

Hermaphrodite.

Fixed, without

the

of small leaves, ranged power of lecomotion.

round the edge of the
inner face of each lobe.

Ditto.

( 54)

CLASS |. CEPHALOPODA.

GENERA.

A. No exterior shell.

1. Ocropus. Lam. (Poly-
pus of the Ancients.
(1). Pl. 14,-fig: 44,

Bag oval, without fins. 8 Feet, very large in { 2 Small conical horny
proportion to the body, grains on each side of
and united by a mem- the back.
brane at their base.

2. Louco. Lam.

Bag with two fins to- 8 Feet with little A horny plate within
wards the point. Pl. 14, suckers (or short pedi- the back.
fig. 4, 10/ cles), and two arms to
the head, much longer
than the feet, with suck-
ers at the end only (2).

3. SEPIA. (3) Lam.

A fleshy fin along each _ Ditto. Shell oval, thick, gib-
side of the bag. bous.

B. Shells interior ; chambered.

4. Sprruta. Lam.

Ditto. Pl. 14, fig. 3.

5. Navutius. |
Ditto. Mouth with several A ligament from the
circles of numerous back passing through-
small.tentacula without out the syphon, and at-
suckers. taching the animal. (4)

(1) The reservoir for the ink is enchased in the liver. Some believe that the
Sepia rugosa is the species which furnishes the Indian ink. The Mediterranean
produces a species remarkable for its musky odour.

(2) They make use of these as anchors.

(3) They lay their eggs attached to one another like bunches of grapes, which
has given rise to the vulgar name of Sea-grapes.

(4) According to Rumphius; who says that the animal of the Nautilus Pompilius
is partly lodged in the last chamber of the shell, and has the bag, eyes, parrot-beak
and funnel of the other Cephalopoda. \t is also probable that the epidermis is
prolonged on the exterior of the shell. i

(55°)

C. Shells exterior ; not chambered.

6. Arconauta. (1) ‘

Ditto. Two of the tentacula
with a membranous en-
largement.

(14) The animal uses its shell as a boat, and when the sea is calm it is seen navi-
gating on the surface, employing six of its tentacula as oars, and raising two, which,
from the considerable membranous enlargement, serve as sails, Pl. 15, fig. 4. If
the waves are agitated, or any danger appears, the Argonaut draws its tentacula or
arms within the shell, concentrates itself, and sinks to the bottom. The ancients
were acquainted with this singular animal and its manceuvre; it is their Nautilus
and Pompilus.—Plin. IX, cap. 29. Blainville and Dr. Leach consider the animal
found in the 4. argo (PI..15, fig. 2) to be parasitical, and allied to the Octopus, |
under the name of Ocythoé.

a x

CLASS II.

( 96 )

GENERA.

A. Head distinct.

4. Ciro. > Lin.

No mouth; head form-
ed by two rounded lobes;
tentacula small. PI. 45,
fig. 3.

2. Cxiropora. Peron.

Two
wing, with the mouth
between, having a small

lip.
3. Cympuuia. Peron.

A large fin with three
lobes, two tubercles and
a small fleshy beard at
the base of the smallest.

4. Limacrna. (1) Cuv.

Head and wings resem-
bling those of the Clio:
body terminated by a spi-
ral tail lodged in a very

thin shell.

5. PyrumopErRMon. Cuv.
Branchize on the sur-

face of the body ; fins
small; a small ie or
fleshy tentaculum beneath
the mouth. Pl. 15, fig.
Ne

membranous —

Fins with a vasculary
net-work
branchie.

No mantle.

B. Head indistinct.

6. Hyarea. Lam.
Two large wings ; man-
tle cleft at the sides, bran-

chie within the clefts.
Pl. 14, fig. 8.

PTEROPODA.

instead of

No shell.

An envelope. Ph. 5.

fig. 2.

Envelope cartilagi~

nous or gelatinous. PI.

5, fig. 3.

A shell.

No shell.

A shell.

(1) This animal also uses its shell as a boat, and its wings as oars, when it swims

on the surface of the sea.

The species known (Clio Helicina of Phipps. Gmel. Ar-

gonauta arctica, Fabric Faun, Greenl, 387) is scarcely less abundant in the northern
seas than the Clio borealis, and, like it, is said to be one of the principal aliments of

the whale.

(97 )

CLASS Ill. GASTEROPODA.

4. Nuprrancur. (4)

No shell. PI. 15, fig. 7,
8, 9.

2. INFEROBRANCHI.

Ditto. Pl. 15, fig. 10,
44, 12.

3. TEcTIBRANCHI.

Shell more or less de-
veloped, within the man-
tle. Pl. 16, fig. 4, 2, 3.

4, PuLMOBRANCHI.

A great number with
turbinated shells, always
without opercula.

5. PErcrinIBRANCHI.

Shells completely tur-
binated, and generally
more or less closed by
an operculum attached to
the posterior part of the
foot.

6. Scurrprancul. (2)

Shells very open, often
in the form of a shield,
without opercula. Pl. 14,
foe. 20.

7. CYcLOBRANCHI.
Shells of one or several

pieces, never turbinated, foot, under the edges of

without opercula.

ORDERS.

Branchie naked, dor-
sal.

Branchiz naked, un-
der the edges of the
mantle.

Branchiz covered by
the mantle.

A cavity for respira-
tion, opened and shut
at will.

Branchiz hidden in a
dorsal cavity open above

the head. PI. 13, fig. 18.

Ditto.

Branchiz around the

the mantle. Pl. 14, fig.
5, 6.

Hermaphrodite.

Sexes separate.

Hermaphrodite,

(1) The greater number swim reversed, the foot (concave like a boat) on the surface,
aiding themselves with the edges of their mantle and using their tentacula as oars.

(2) The heart is traversed by the rectum, and receives the blood by two auricles,
as in the greater number of Bivalves.

(98 )
ORDER I. NUDIBRANCHI.

- GENERA.
1. Doris. (1) Cuv.

Branchie posterior, 2 Small conical ten- Mouth a small trunk
ranged in qed, tacula to the mouth, onthe fore part of the
and 2 club-shaped from mantle.
the upper part of the

mantle.

2. Potycera. Cuv.

Branchie as in Doris, 2 Club-shaped tenta-
but more simple and with cula before; 4 or 6
two membranous plates others simply pointed.
covering them in the mo-
ment of danger.

3. Trironta. (2) Cuv.

Branchiz ranged along _ Ditto. _ Mouth with large
the two sides of the back. membranous lips.

4. Tueruys. Lin.

Two rows of branchie 2 Compressed tenta- | Mouth amembranous
the whole length of the cula, with a small coni- trunk without jaws.
back, like bunches of fea- cal point on the edge.
thers; a large, membra-
nous, fringed veil on the

head.
5. Scyir#a. (3) Lin.

Body compressed; foot _ Ditto. Mouth like a small
narrow, with a furrow trunk.

for seizing the stems of
fuci : two pair of mem-
branous crests on the

back. Pl. 45, fig.7, 8, 9:

6. Graucus. (4)

Body long, slim; three | 4 Very small conical Swim on their back.
or four branchiz on each tentacula.
side, formed of long
thongs, disposed like fans
and serving as fins.

(1) A peculiar liquor issues from a gland interlaced with the liver. They are _
found in allseas. Their spawn is spread like gelatinous bands onstones, varecs, etc.

(2) The orifice for the liquor is pierced to the right, and their mouth is armed
within by two lateral jaws, horny and sharp, and resembling shears. —

(3) The middle of the stomach is furnished with a fleshy ring, armed with sharp
~ horny blades like knives.

(4) They are beautiful little animals inhabiting the Mediterranean and the Ocean,
agreeably coloured with azure and mother of pearl, and swim on their back with
great swiftness. They have not yet been dissected, and the species are not very
clearly distinguished. .

(99 )

7. Eos.

Branchie like plates or
leaves, in transversalrows
on the two sides of the
back. Pl. 15, fig. 6.

8. Tercrprs. Cuv.
A row of branchie (1) 2 Tentacula. Walk on their back.

_ along each side of the
back. ;

ORDER IJ. INFEROBRANCHI.

GENERA.

1. Puyuurpra. (2) Cuv.
Mantle naked, general- 1 Tentaculumon each Mouth a small trunk.
ly coriaceous. Pl. 15, fig. side of the mouth, and

10,41, 12. 2 from above the two
small cavities of the
mantle.

2. DIpHYLLIpIA.

| Mantle more pointed ~ 4 Pointed tentaculum
behind : head semicircu- and a slight tubercle on

lar. | each side of the head.

(1) These are each terminated by a little sucker, and serve as feet for walking on
the back.

(2) Their heart is towards the middle of the back, the stomach is simple and
membranous, and the intestine short. :

ORDER III.

4. PLevRoBRANcHUS. (1)
Cuv.
Body as if between two

shields formed by the foot

and the mantle; the lat-
ter sometimes containing
an oval calcareous plate.

2. Aptysta. (2) Lin.

Edges of the foot turn-
ed up, flexible, encircling
the back in every part:
head borne on a_ neck.

PL. 14, fig. 2, 11,14.

3. Doxabetta. Lam.

( 60 )

GENERA.

2 Tubulous and cleft
tentacula on the mouth
(a small trunk), sur-
mounted by a lip.

2 Superior tentacula,
hollowed like the ears
of a quadruped, with
the eyes at the hase ; 2
others flattened and at
the edge of thelower lip.

TECTIBRANCHI.

Branchiz along the
left side, in the furrow
between the mouth and
the foot.

Branchiz on the back
and attached to a stem
covered by asmall mem-
branous mantle, con-

taming a hollow _ flat
shell.

Body dager | atrun- _ Ditto. Branchiz at the pos-
cated cone; shell calca- terior extremity of the
reous. hody.

4. Norarcuus. Cuv.
Mantle with an oblique _Ditto. Branchiz as in Aply-

cleft above the neck com-
municating with the bran- —
chiz.

SId.

(1) They have four stomachs; the second is fleshy, sometimes armed with bony
pieces, and the third furnished interiorly with longitudinal projecting plates ; the
intestine is short.

(2) An enormous membranous crop conducts to a muscular gizzard, armed with-
in by pyramidal, cartilaginous corpuscles, followed by a third stomach sown with
sharp crooks, and a fourth in the form of a coecum: the intestine is voluminous.
These animals feed on fucus. A peculiar gland furnishes, by an orifice situated
near the womb, a limpid humour, which is said to be sour in some species; a deep
purple liquor issues abundantly from the edges of the mantle, with which the
animal colors the water to a considerable distance on the approach of danger.
When Apuleius was accused of magic and poisoning, it was reported as a principal
evidence that he had engaged some fishermen to procure him an Aplysia (Sea-
Hare) ; and it is to the following part of his description that we owe the only cha-
racteristic which has enabled us to recognise so celebrated an animal. ‘¢ It has
an extraordinary property, of which my predecessors have been ignorant, which
is, that being otherwise destitute of bone, it has twelve small ones in its belly,
similar to the astragali of the hog, attached and tied together.” The form of the
Aplysia explains the name of Sca-Hare ; and their smell, and the liquor which they
produce, account for the pernicious propertics attributed to them.

( GF ) ;
5. Axera. (1) Muller. .

Tentacula so short
and broad as to appear
wanting or replaced
by a fleshy rectangular
shield. Pl. 16, fig. 1, 2,
3, 4, 5.

ORDER IV. PULMONACEE.
GENERA.
A. Terrestrial ; shell interior ; almost all with 4 tentacula;

4. Limax. (2) Lin.

Body elongated ; a Orifice of respiration
fleshy disk instead of a on the right side towards
mantle, anterior. and co- the front.
vering the pulmonary ca-
vity only. Pl. 13, fig. 48.

Pie ¥5, hig. 13.

2. Trsraceita. (3) Lan.

Mantle very small, pos- Orifice of respiration
terior. Pl. 16, fig. 18. posterior.

3. PARMACELLA. Cup.

Mantle membranous, Orifice of respiration
with the edges flaccid. under the right side of
Pl. 14, fig. 9. Pl. 16, fig. the middle part of the
9.

mantle.

B. Terrestrial 3 shell exterior ; almost all with 4 tentacula.

4, Virrina. Drap. He-
tLco-Limax. Ferus. (4)

Body protected in front Body too large to en-
by a sort of cuirass, and ter entirely within the oe
behind by a thin shell shell.
which may be partly co-
vered by the lobes of the
collar or mantle. Pl. 14,
fig. 12.

(1) Their hermaphroditism, the position of their two sexes,
_ and armour of their stomach, the purple liquor produced by se
_ cies, approach them to the Aplysia.
(2) Their mouth has only an upper jaw,
which enables them to gnaw herbs and fruits,
_ _ (3) The T. haliotidea lives under ground
_ de Ferussac has observed, that its mantle
_ too dry a place, affording it a sort of shelter.
__ (4) The mantle has a double edge ; the upper,
lobes, can extend far beyond the shell, and fold back

the complication
veral of their spe-

in the form of a dentated crescent,

» and feeds principally on worms. M.
expands extraordinarily when it is in

which is divided into several
to rub and polish it,

5. Henicarnion. Ferus.
Body truncated behind,

with a cuirass in front,
under the anterior edge
of which it retires its
head : shell posterior ;
foot separated from the
body by a furrow and
with a mucous pore at its
extremity. Pl. 14, fig. 7.
Pl. 16, fig. 6.

6. Henrx. (1) Lin.

Body with a muscular
disk or foot, sometimes
ediculated, more or less
gibbous and spiral above.

a. Bulimus, Lam. (2)
6. Pupa, Lam.

. Scarabeus, Montf.
Chondrus, Cuv.

eS

Clausilia, Drap. (4)

d.
e.
f.
g. Achatina, Zam. (5)

(1) V. p. 74.

( 62 )

Mantle forming a kind
of ring or collar (at the
point of junction of the
two parts of the body),
in which is pierced the
round orifice of the re-
spiratory cavity.

~ (Pulmonacee.)

Head indistinct, with
two pair of retractile
tentacula, the posterior
the larger, and bearing
the eyes at the summit ;
mouth with a pair of
short appendages.

Amphibulima, Lam. (3) Inferior tentacula very small.

(2) Large and beautiful species are found in warm countries : some are remark-

able for the size of their eggs, the shell of which is stony ; and others for their sinis-
tral shell. The Helix decollata has the singular habit of breaking the whorls at the
top of its spire, proving that the muscles of the animal can detach themselves from
the shell without injury, and that they adhere to different points of the shell suc-
cessively. How is it that they thus effect the separation of the vessels from one
part to implant them in another? for it sometimes Happens that this Helix or Bu-
limus has but one of the original whorls of its spire left. Some species of Pupa,
Clausilia, and Melania are found in the same state. The Kambeul of Adanson ap-

ears to pass the dry season in a deep trance, like the Limax of Europe, for he
Ponad several half buried after the month of September. Some had even already
began to close the mouth of their shell with a whitish plastery matter, to defend
themselves from the long drought, which continues at Senegal from October to the

following June. :
(3) This animal may perhaps be considered as a Testacella with a large shell.

Its inferior tentacula are very small, and it lives on herbs and bushes by the side
of streams, which has caused it to be thought an amphibious genus.

(4) In the narrow part of the last whorl we generally find a small plate, slightly
curved like an S: its use to the animal is unknown. “i

(5) At the extremity of the truncated columella we find the first indication of
the notches in the shells of the marine Gasteropoda, 7

( 63 )

C. Aquatic ; 2 tentacula.

Without a shell.
5. Oncniprum. (4) Bu- }
chanan.
A broad fleshy mantle. 2 Long retractile ten- Orifice of respiration
Pl. 16, fig. 8. tacula, and two triangu- under the posterior part
: lar lips. of the mantle.
With shells.

6. Ancytus. Geoff:

Eyes at the inner base
of the tentacula.

7. Pranonsis. (2) Brug.
Pl. 16, fig. 10. |

Tentacula thin, fili- Ditto.
form.

7. Lymna&us. (3) Lam.
Tentacula compress- _ Eyes near the base of

ed, broad, triangular. the inner edge.
8. Puysa. (4) Drap.

Two dentated lobes to Tentacula thin, point- _-Eyes at the inner base,
the mantle. - ed, which is much enlarged.
9. AuricuLa. Lam.

10. Conovura. Lam.
41. Tornaterta. Lam. Animals unknown, but (from the form of the shell

and the absence of the operculum) approximating

: to the Auricula,
42. PyrampELLa. Lam. Auricuta

$e
_ (1) The,mollusca, destitute of jaws, have a muscular gizzard, followed by two
membranous stomachs,

(2) A red and abundant liquor exudes from the edges of its mantle, but it is not
their blood ; they are the constant companions of the Lymnzi in all stagnant waters.

(3) We find them floating on the surface of the water with the foot turned up-
wards, and very rarely creeping on hard substances ; when disturbed they fall or
_ sink, and remain a long time immoveable before they reappear at the surface.

(4) This animal, when it swims or creeps, covers its shell with the two dentated
lobes of its mantle.

( 64 )

ORDER V. PECTINIBRANCHI.

FAMILIES.

4. Trocnoiba.

Shell spiral, mouth en- — An operculum.
tire, without notch or ca-

nal. PI. 9, fig. 7.

2. BuccrinoiDA.
Shell spiral, with a

notch or canal for the
passage of the siphon,
which is a prolonged fold
of the mantle. Pl. 10, fig.
aa:

3. SIGARETOIDA.

Shell flattened, hidden
during life within a spon-
y buckler which is the
true mantle. Pl. 5, fig. 25.
Pl. 14, fig. 15, 16.

(.65 )

FAMILY I. TROCHOIDA. ~

GENERA.

4; ‘Torso, Lin.

Shell turbinated. mouth
round.

a. Turbo, Lam. (1)

Membranous wings
; on the side of the foot.
Peis, ig. 6; 1. Br 9,
110.

2 Long tentacula,

G Delphinula, Lam.

c. Vermicularia. Pi.

19, fie, 5.9

Marine.

2 Triangular, flattened,
small tentacula.

d. Turritella, Lam.
e. Scalaria, Lam, (2)
Bl. 47, fig...

2 Long, slim tentacula.

Fa

Eyes on stems at the
outer bases of the tenta-
cula,

Ditto.

Ditto.

(1) To these belong the thick, strong opercula, so frequently found in collections.
which were formerly employed in medicine under the name of unguis odoratus.

(2) The mouth is encircled by a callous pad, which the animal repeats from
space to space as its shell increases, so as to give the appearance of ladders.

oe

( 66 ) (Pectinibranchi. Trochoida.)

f. Cyclostoma, Lam.

A vascular net-work 2Tentaculaterminated Eyes on two tubercles.
on the partitions of the by blunt tubercles. near the base of the ten-
pectoral cavity, instead tacula,
of branchiz ; respira-
tory cavity communi-
cating with the exte-
rior air by a lateral
cleft.

g- Helicina, Lam. (1)

Head proboscidi- 2 Filiform tentacula. Eyes at the outer base.
form, bilabiate ; respi-
ratory cavity as in Cy-
clostoma.

h, Valvata, Muller. (2)

With branchiz. 2 Slim tentacula. Eyes at the superior
bases

Fresh-water and Terrestral.

i. Paludina, Lam. (3)

With branchie; a 2 Pointed tentacula. Eyes at the outer base.
very short trunk. PI.
14, fig. 19. Pl. 17, fig.
2

Je Monodonta, Lam.

Animal more orna-
namented, generally
with three filaments
on each side as long
as the tentacula.

2. Trocuus. Lin.

Mouth of the shell an- Three filaments at
gular, more or less quad- each edge of the man-
rangular, oblique to the tle, or appendages to
axis. the foot. Pl. 17, fig. 3,

4, 12*, 13.

a. Trochus.
6. Solarium.

(1) M. Blainville is convinced that this is the place of the Felicina; but M. de
Ferussac says that it has a collar, with the respiratory hole pierced to the left.

(2) In the V. cristata the branchie, formed like a feather, proceed from under-
neath the mantle, and float beyond it with a vibratory motion when the animal
wishes to breathe ; on the right side of the body is a filament resembling a third
tentaculum.

(3) The female of the P. vivipara produces living young, which are found in her
oviductus, in the spring, in all the stages of developement. Spallanzani asserts that
these young separated at the moment of their birth, and nourished apart, repro-
duce without fecundation like those of the Vine-fretter. The P. cristata one of
the small species found in salt water ponds, and described by M. Beudant, moves
its tentacula incessantly as oars when it sails on the surface of the water. q

( 67 )
3. Concuyiium. Cuy.

Entirely aquatic or
breathing by branchiz.

a. Ampullaria.
Animal not yet de-

scribed, but probably re-
sembling the Paludina.

56. Melania.
Animal not wellknown.

ec. Phasianella.

Double lips notched —_2. Long tentacula, Eyes on two tubercles

and fringed, each wing at the outer base of the
with three filaments. tentacula.

-

d. Janthina. (1)

A vesicular organ un-
der the foot, like a fro-
thy ball but solid, which
admits of floating but
not of creeping; head
like a cylindrical trunk,
mouth with little fangs.
Pl. 14, fig. 13.

4. Nerita. Lin.

Shells with the colu-
mella straight, the mouth
semi-circular or semi-el-
liptic, and closed entirely
by an operculum.

a. Natica, Lam. .

Foot large; opercu- _Tentacula simple.
lum horny. Pl. 17, fig.

b

Eyes at the base of the
tentacula.

6. Nerita, Lam. (2)

oe ee es oer: Eyes on stems at the
culum stony. 41 de GRe
fig. 11, 12, ? side of the tentacula.

c. Neritina.

Foot moderate ; oper-
culum horny.

(1) The common species (Helix Ianthina, Lin.) List. 572, 24
oured shell, abounding in the Mediterranean. When the
tsheds a thick liquor of a deep violet colour, which tints the se

» is a pretty violet-
animal is touched,
a around it.

(2) The opercula of some univalve shells, particularly of the Nerita, are articu-
ed by ginglymus,

PAMILY I.

4. Conus. Lin.

Trunk elongating con-
siderably ; | operculum
placed obliquely on the
foot, narrow, too short
to close the mouth of the
shell; a long respiratory

tube; Ply 46; fig. 42:

2. Cyprma. (1): Lin.
Mantle large enough to
curl up and envelope the
shell: foot thin; no oper-
culum. Pl. 46, fig. 41.

3. Ovura.

Brug.

La
—_

. LTerupertum. Lei.

Vonura. Liv.

Oe

Shell terminated by a
notch, with projecting
and oblique folds on the
columella. Pl. 18, fig. 1,2.

‘a. Oliva, Brug.

A tube above the
head for respiration.

b. Voluta.

An elongated trunk,
cylindrical and retrac-
tile, with small crook-
ed teeth; a respiratory
tube projecting ob-
liquely behind the
head ; foot very large ;
no operculum. Pl, 18,

fig. 2.

c. Cymbium.

A very large foot;
no operculum. Pl. 48,
fig. i

( 68 ) (Pectinibranchi.)

BUCCINOIDA.

GENERA.

Tentacula elongating

Eyes near the points
considerably.

on the outer side of the
tentacula.

‘Tentacula moderate. Eyes at the outer base.

2 Long pointed tenta-
cula.

_ Eyes towards the mid-
dle of the tentacula,

2 Pointed tentacula, Eyes at the outer base.

from a veil on the head.

~

2 Tentacula, from a veil

Eyes on the veil outside
on the head.

the tentacula.

(4) The mantle is sufficiently large to turn back upon the shell and envelope it;
at a certain age it covers the shell with a layer of another colour, so that this di
ence, added to the form assumed by the aperture, might cause the adult to
taken for another species, V.p. 41.

( 69 )
d, Marginella.
Foot very large, part- * Eyes on the outer base
ly covers the shell by of the tentacula.
raising the lobes of the
mantle ; a_retractile
trunk, a _ respiratory
tube above the head ;
no operculum.

e. Mitra.
f: Cancellaria.

6. Buccinum.

Shells without folds on
the columella; with a
notch ‘or short canal in-
flected towards the left.
for the passage of the re-
spiratory tube. PI. 40,
fig. 21.

a. Buccinum.

No veil to the head ; 2 Conical tentacula far Eyes on the outer side
a trunk; a respiratory apart. of the tentacula,
tube formed by the
mantle ; operculum
horny. Pl. 47, fig, 45,
bb Pits, fig. 205149,
2),

6. Eburna, Lam.
ec. Dolium, Lam.
d. Harpa, Lam.

e. Nassa, Lam.

Ventral disk en- 2 Pointed tentacula,
larged, truncated an-
teriorly, prolonged be-
yond the head; a tube
above the head formed
by the mantle.

Eyes in the middle part
of the tentacula.

f. Purpura, Brug. (1)

Foot elliptical; re- Ditto. Eyes in the middle of
spiratory tube prolong- the outer part of the ten-
ed above the head ; tacula.

operculum _ cartilagi-
nous. Pl. 47, fig. 14,
t

(1) The animal furnishes a matter fit for dying red, which the ancients used, and
which is still employed in the north of Europe,

g: Cassis. Brug.

Animal resembling
the Buccinum, but the
operculum horny and
dentated in order to
pass between the wrin:,
kles of the outer lip.
Pl. 18, fig. 7.

h. Cassidaria, Lam.

Animal resembling
the Buccinum.

i. Terebra, Lam.

7. CERITHIUM.

Shell with a turreted
spire, mouth oval, canal
short, curved to the left
or backwards ; operculum
round and horny. Pl. 13,
fig. 17. Pl. 18, fig. 3.

8. Murex. Lin.

Canal of the shell pro-
jecting, straight ; opercu-

lum horny. PI. 10, fig. 2.

a. Murex, Lam.

( 70 ) ‘(Pectinibranchi. Buccinoida.)

A veil on the head.

No veil.

A retractile trunk; a tubu-
lous prolongation of the man-
tle ; operculum small, horny.

PI. 18, fig. 4, 6. Pl. 19, fig. 2.

6. Ranella, Lam.

c. Fusus, Lam. Pl. 18, fig. 5.

d. Turbinella, Lam,
e. Pleurotoma, Lam.
f. Pyrula, Lam.

g. Fasciolaria, Lam.

9. Srromsus. Lin.

Canal straight or in-
flected towards the right ;
hip dilating with age but
preserving a sinus near
the canal, under which
the animal passes its head.

a, Strombus, Lam.

Operculum horny, long, nar- -
row; foot small. Pl. 19, fig. 1.

5. Pterocera, Lam.
ce. Rostellaria, Lam.

Two tentacula, far
apart, with the eyes at
the side.

2 Long tentacula,
near to each other, with
the eyes at the exterior
side.

CSA

FAMILY If]. SIGARETOIDA.

GENERA.
1. SIGARETUS. Cuv.
A notch and semi-canal _Tentacula conical. Eyes at outer base of
in front, conducting the the tentacula.

water into the branchial

cawity. Pl. 14, fig. 15, 16.

2. Cryprostoma. Blainv.

Foot enormous, four or Tentacula short, co-
five times larger than the nical, with appendages
body; mouth hidden un- at the base.
der the anterior edge of
the shell.

ORDER VI. SCUTIBRANCHT,

GENERA.

1. Hanyoris. Lin.
Shell turbinated. Pl. 5.

fig. 24

a. Halyotis. Lam. (1)

Mouth a short trunk. Tentacula long, some Eyes on two cylindrical
Pl. 43, fig. 21. Pl. 14, at the edges of the cavity stems.
fig. 20, Pl. 19, fig. 3, of the branchie, and pass-
4,5, ing through the last holes
of the shell.

{

6. Padolla.
c. Stomatia. (2)

2. Caputus. Montf.

Shell conical ; branchiz 2 Conical tentacula.
on the anterior edge of
the cavity: trunk rather
long; a folded membra-
nous veil under the neck.

PL. 46, fig. 7.

_ Eyes on the outer base
of the tentacula.
x

(1) The mantle is deeply cleft on the right side, and the water which passes
through the holes of the shell, proceeds by this cleft intoehe branchial cavity. Mhere

are three or four filaments along the edges of the mantle, which the animal has the
power of pushing out through the holes,

(2) The animal is got known: it may possibly belong to the Pectinibranchi.

( 72) (Scutibrancht.)
3. CREPIDULA. Lam.

Shell with an oval base ;
the abdominal bag) con-
taining the viscera) on the
plate of the shell ; the
foot beneath; the head
and branchize in front.

Pl. 16, fig. 15, 16, #7.

Shells, and the position of the heart and branchice, symmetrical.

4. Fissuretta. Lam.

A conical shell on the 2 Conical tentacula. Eyes at the outer base
middle of the back, with of the tentacula.
a small hole at the sum-
mit (for the passage of the
water for respiration) ex-
tending to the cavity of
the branchiz on the fore
part of the back; a bran-
chial comb on each side;
with filaments on the sides
of the foot. Pl. 16, fig.

44.27 A9, fie26; 7.

5. Emancinuta. Lan.

A fissure instead of a Eyes on a tubercle at
hole, for the same pur- the outer base of the ten- -
p
pose ; edges of the mantle tacula.

covering a great part of
the shell. PI. 16, fig. 13.

6. Srerania. Fer. Navi-
CELEA. Lam. 7

A moveable, angular,tes-
taceous plate (besides the ‘
shell) hidden in the back
of the abdominal bag.

7. CARINARIA. Ch) Lam.

A compressed, muscu- 2 Tentacula. Eyes at the base, of
jar portion under the bel- ihe tentacula.
ly, serving as a fin; shell
attached on the branchiz :
a trunk; head furnished
with tubercles. Pl. 14, fig.
i?

%y
8. Caryerrma. Lam.
(1) The skin of these animals is almost gelatinous, and has a layer of fibres under —

it, which, when they are taken, contracts 50 much as to tear the body and let out
the intestines,

( 735 )

~ ORDER VIY. CYCLOBRANCHE.

GENERA.
1. Parenia. (1) Lin.
Shell of a single piece; 2 Pointed tentacula. Eyes at the outer
a cord of small branchial base of the tentacula.

leaves under the edges of
the mantle; a thick, short
trunk. Pl. 14, fig. 5, 6.

2. Curron. (2) Lin.

A range of testaceous, A membranous veil
symmetrical scales along on the mouth instead of
the back of the mantle. tentacula.

(1) The mouth is fleshy, and contains a spiny tongue, lengthened posteriorly,
and folded deeply- within.

(2) The shell of the Chiton will be figured and described with the Multivalves.

(74 )
HELIX.

The eggs of the Helices are generally round, white, and moderately large ;
they are at first rather glutinous, and especially in those species which de-
posit them in series or in the form of a chaplet. The are frequently
deposited one by one, or in an irregular mass, in holes hollowed in soft
ground by the animal; but generally in natural excavations, cracks in the
ground, trees, rocks, or old walls, where there is a constant humidity. At
the end of a period, which varies according to the species, and perhaps
according to circumstances, the eggs hatch, and a small snail comes out,
clothed with a shell (Pl. 7, fig. 3) so extremely thin and so nearly mem-
branous, that, fearful of the effect of the air and sun, they only quit the
holes wherein they were born, during the night. They at first grow very
_ rapidly, and afterwards so gradually that the growth may be judged of by
the striz of the shell: they probably live very long, but this is a part of their
history not very well known. The increase of their bodies necessarily re-
quires a proportionate increase of the shell, and at the period when this
takes place, the Helices assemble in numbers: the animal remains in a state
of repose, buries itself in some cavity, and there produces from every part
of its mantle, and especially from the edge (thickened into a pad), a layer of
a glutinous, calcareous matter, which lies within the preceding, projecting
a little beyond its edge ; it is this point of junction with the new_layer
which forms the stria marking its growth, and it is as much wider as the
animal is better nourished and more vigorous. When the shell has attained
its full growth, it merely thickens, and in the greater number of species
forms a callous pad, more or less thick; it also deposes, on the part of the
spire which invades the mouth of the shell, a thin calcareous matter, which
joins the two lips, and is called a callosity. (Pl. 7, fig. 3.) Although this
is termed the complete or finished shell, the animal becomes adult, or has
the power of reproduction, long before: but it is important to remark, that
the shell of the same individual differs considerably according to the age of
the animal. The spire is less elevated as the animal is younger, and the
last whorl is consequently much greater in proportion; the umbilicus js
more exposed, the mouth wider, the lip sharper, and the shell thinner.

When it is completed, the last whorl swerves from the spiral line which
renders the mouth narrower. We also find anomalies which we cannot
account for. (V. Pl. 7, fig. 12,13, 14. Pl. 6, fig. 13.)

It appears that the larger species serve as food in several countries. Ac-
cording to Pliny, the Romans consumed a great many, and sought them for
their tables, and he gives the name of the person who first thought of raising
them in a sort of park and fattening thein with choice food. L. 8, c. 39.
Some authors assert that they are still eaten in different countries, and amongst
others in Si'esia, Brabant, Liége, Switzerland, Italy, and several provinces
in France, [n the neighbourhood of Rochelle they are said to be parked by
putting them one alsove another in layers, moss or other plants being strewed
between each. It is admitted that those which live in elevated spots are the
best, and that they partake a little of the taste of the plants on which they
feed. The Ashantees eat snails after they have been smoke-dried, and the
Tamou] people eat the animal of the Ampullaria (Pl. 9, fig. 1), which
they Call Netté. A great many are sold in the markets of Paris and other
great cities, not as food, but to make mucilaginous broths for those who
are attacked with certain disorders of the lungs. One would be still more
inclined to doubt the efficacy of snails in curing hernia in its earliest stage,

: : ° oi, eae
Y producing the contraction of the inguinal ring; yet M. Georges Ta-

(75 )

renne, the author of a little treatise called Cochliopérie, assures us of this.
He employs the blood of the animal, which he obtains by pricking it with
a sharp-pointed instrument, and puts it in the shape of a cataplasm on the
cushion of the bandage.

Physiologists have made use of these animals to prove that reproduction
does not confine itself to unimportant parts, or to animals of a very low rank.
The beautiful experiments of Trembley, on green hydre or fresh water po-
lypi, had put it beyond doubt, that in this degree of organisation an animal
could not only reproduce the different parts of its body, but that, if it were
cut in pieces, each piece would become a perfect animal: he even caused
six and seven heads to spring from a simple body, by dividing the animal
into as many longitudinal shreds. The following year (in 1745), Bonnet,
wishing to repeat the experiments of Trembley, and being unable to procure
the green hydre, tried if fresh water worms, a species of Nats, could not
also reproduce the parts which were cut off. He cut the body into 26 parts,
and each part reproduced a complete animal. This faculty of reproduction
when mutilated, was also demonstrated in the Actinie, by the Abbé Dicque-
mare; who shewed that their bodies might be divided into a considerable
number of parts, if a part of the mouth were left on each shred. . In 1764
Boscoyisch announced, in a letter to Lacondamine, that snails, when their
heads were cut off, could reproduce others entirely similar, as the experi-
ments of the Abbé Spallanzani had proved. Some experiments on the same
subject, even more conclusive than those of Lavoisier, Schcefter, Bonnet,
Muller, etc. were made by M. G. Tarenne, who published them in 1808.
They proved that snails can reproduce their entire head, since he assures us
that the piece which he cut suddenly with very sharp scissars, placing them
perpendicularly a little behind the great tentacula and under the foot, con-
tained not only the tentacula, the jaw, and the upper lip, but the brain and
anterior part of the foot. The snails thus mutilated reproduced a complete
head at the end of a year or more; and if other observers, adds M. Tarenne,
have not witnessed this fact, it is because they have not enabled the mutilated
Helix to nourish itself. Spallanzani, however, does not speak of this circum-
stance, and positively says that the head is regenerated whether the section
is made above or below the brain. The new head only differs from the old
by having a whiter and smoother skin; sometimes there is a sort of fur-
row at its junclion with the trunk. According to Spallanzani, it would
seem that the manner in which this reproduction is made is variable, and that
sometimes it remains incomplete; but M. Tarenne says, that having cut off
the heads of 200 Helices, and thrown them into a damp grove at the end of
a garden, (that they might find their proper nourishment the more easily,)
at the end of the fine weather he perceived a new head, resembling a grain
of coffee, on all the individuals which he could again meet with: this head
had four small horns, a mouth, and lips. At the end of the following sum-_
mer the heads were perfectly reproduced, with the difference only of the
skin being smooth or cicatrised. Although Spallanzani has given fewer de-
tails than M. Tarenne, it is clear that he had already obtained the same re-
sults. Still it is diflicuit to conceive how the nervous filaments, the muscles,
the vessels which have been cut in the m‘ddle of their length, reaccord with
the portions which shoot forth from the head, which has become a sort of
bud; or, admitting that the regeneration proceeds from the nervous and
musculary filaments themselyes, how the former can shoot forth and give
birth to the brain. For entire conviction, it is necessary to have a careful

dissection made of the head thus reproduced, and to compare it with that
which has been cut off. :

PTENOPODAs,....0555 mes

GASTEROPODAs 66 0 i +.0.6 2 00%

\
TRACHELPODA.. ....2605.
A

CEPHALOPODA.:.. cesoee

(AER

(

ss]

Greater part of the body 4

,Lower part of the body :

SYNOPTIC TABLE

No foot for crawling; no

arms for dragging orf
seizing prey. Two fins,( Shell ensheathing; of one
alike and opposite, for|

swimming............

Body straight, never spiral

or with a shell capable :
of containing it ; 2 mus- Shell without columella or

cular foot united to the? °Perculum; not ae
body in its. whole} 2 complete spire, unless
length, placed under rolled: 220i" inated
the belly, fer crawling.

twisted in a spire, sepa- ¥
rate from the foot, and {Shell always spiral, whort!s
always enveloped in a/ _ generally numerous, with
spirivalve shell; foot\ either a columella or an
free, flat, attached tof’ operculum.........-..
the inferior base of the }
neck, for crawling....§

contained in a mantle } 4
formed like a bag ; head ‘Shell regularly multilocu-

gtd , lar ; or, if unilocular,
projecting, from, thas whorled in the same
bag, crowned by arms : a ae An
dat artienlated farnise planes, the epitecalering
éd/i with-. suckers Sgn eee. the mouth or in-
rounding the mouth; 2 § clining towards it,......
horny jaws.........-- :

OF LAMARCK’S SYSTEM. i

piece, never spiral, always exterior.......++- orate WEEN IDNs sae etape lee NP sitelw 12 A's

Shell exterior, covering: in one piece in the form of a shield, cap, or

sandal; or in several imbricated pieces: imperfectly or not at all} 2.
MMM os asic a sion: wiry? mete ayl Snel e 4 Bee Mob sie: «,-5, sia stan say alnsicgies _ ae
Shell partly or completely interior ; cavity simple or none; only forming, 3
a spire when the whorls completely cover each other.............. ; :
Shell exterior ; not capable of entirely containing the animal; the spire 4
imperfectly formed of two whorls.............+. sb aNpe aerate eeereheta ;
Mouth of the shell entire ; no notch or canal at the base.............. 5.
A channel more or less long at the base of the shell ;) 6 :
; : : ), CANALIFERS,
outer lip not changing with age ............0065-
A channel more or less long at the base of the shell;
Shell channelled Cuter SCE ERS its form with age and havinga$ 7, Avatz,
‘ hed. or}, Sunus Belov re 3 5s eben eee eee ences Sisk Sunde
Orne ».. ., JA short channel ascending towards the back, or an poe
Ri Mueine” at ats oblique notch sub-ascending at the base of the shell. \ apis ieee
i BaRee.- WENO, No channel, a notch at the base of the mouth; folds{ gq ¢
; on the columella......... PROS. a ee Ae =f eer arena
: No channel, the base of the mouth notched or effu-} qe Tene
1 sive; the whorls large, rolled round the axis......§ °° A ae
la Shell straight or almost straight; \ 44, Canes eenk
cll, partially. spiral, last_ whorl}
| She artia spiral, 210r1 ?
Multilocular, Septa simple at fertaitatie int straight line... jt Lamar cin.
with septa. .. the edges, su-§ Shell semi-discoid, spire eccentric 413. Cristacex.

tures — neither | Shell globulous spheroidal or oval ;
notched or un-! whorls of the spire enveloping, 1

i dulated on the’ or cells united within a covering
} internal parti- | Shell discoid, spire central, cells
{ tion of the tes- | radiating from the centre to the $45. Rapiare.
\ taceous cover- circumference............6...
q TOF soe Shell discoid, spire central, cells,
in a spiral line, not extendingt4¢ Nyyrpacer
from the centre to the on ; A
PELOM CE, i: ofexerenahera tres oa © °
; Septa notched at the edges, united against the inter- |
nal partition of the testaceous covering and arti- 47 A yaonacer
culated in sinuated sutures notched like parsley; * ~ meas
IBAVES! «..: ai cipeMMen sty viel us, «cot open tot Sepa 6 rosa ae
Unilocalar, univalve, involute; spire entering the mouth or tending) 18
towards it..... Wace: = vitye 9) gate east a hat ine b eiaoke ein eia © veval aurea oe

* F., Note, p. 27.

SYNOPTIC TABLE

a for dragging orf 1
hetidgrores? Teo ins, Shell ensheathing; of one

Hi foot for crawling; no

Sa eae alike and opposite, for|
swWimming...-+++-+-7°
Body straight, never spiral
or with a shell capable Shell without columella or
of containing it; a ae operculum ; not forming
GASTENOPODAr s+ vere rere ee foot united ioe 4 complete spire, unless
(¢ tae
length, placed underf "°°
the belly, fer crawling.
’
Greater part of the body
twisted in a spire, sepa- :
rate from the foot, and }Shell always spiral, whorls
L always enveloped in a generally numerous, with
TRACHELPODA,. «. +--+ +1 spirivalve shell; foot either a columella or an
free, flat, attached to operculum .....+ sees.
the inferior base of the
neck, for crawling...-
iN
Lower part of the body
contained in a mantle Sh ‘ velaeee
: ell regularly multilocu
formed like a bag ; bead lar; or, if unilocular,
projecting from this} horled in the same
CEPHALOPODA,,.. «++ aa bag, crowned by arms,

plane; the spire entering
into the mouth or in
clining towards ity...

not articulated, furnish-
ed with suckers sur-
rounding the mouth; 2
horny jaws

|

OF LAMARCK’S SYSTEM.

piece, never spiral, always exterior......-6+- se steerer ener eee

sandal; or in several imbricated pieces: imperfectly or not at all
spiral ? 30
Shell partly or completely interior ; cavity simple or none ; only forming
a spire when the whorls completely cover each other
Shell exterior ; not capable of entirely containing the animal; the spire}
imperfectly formed of two whorls..........+..+- :

Mouth of the shell entire ; no notch or canal at the base.............- 5.
A channel more or less long at the base of the shell ;)
outer lip not changing with age
A channel more or less long at the base of the shell;
outer lip changing its form with age and having a
sinus below
A short channel ascending towards the back, or an
oblique notch sub-ascending at the base of the shell. '
No channel, a notch at the base of the mouth; folds)
Onithe;coltimel lat... sjatarerarerereretsta ee veiel stpleleleleie reir 5
No channel, the base of the mouth notched or effu-} 10
sive; the whorls large, rolled round the axis...... j

“I

Shell channelled

or notched, or

Is exterior, covering: in one piece in the form of a shield, cap, or

effusive” at its

'
base;
i
t

Xo}

Shell straight or almost straight; ) 4,
NO SPITE sorte eee cece eee

Shell partially spiral, last whorl) 45
Multilocular, :

Septa simple at
with septa, ..

the edges, su-
tures neither
notched or un-
dulated on the
internal parti-
tion of the tes-
taceous cover-

whorls of the spire enveloping,
or cells united within a covering

Shell globulous spheroidal or oval ,
414
Shell discoid, spire central, cells

ses

i ,
~

circumferences... (eine sles
Shell discoid, spire central, cells
in a spiral line, not extending | 4¢
from the centre to the pe |
ference :
Septa notched at the edges, united against the inter-
nal partition of the testaceous covering and arti-' 47

culated in sinuated sutures notched like parsley ;
leaves ....

Unilocalar, univalve, involute; spire entering the mouth or tending) 48

towards it

* F, Note, p. 27.

wo

terminating in a straight line... 4 ~~"
Shell semi-discoid, spire eccentric 413.

radiating from the centre to the $15,

. CANALIFERE.
. Atatz,

8. Porrunirerz,
. Coivmectatrez,

- Ixvorurx.

LitvoLacrs.

Cnisracer.—

Raprare.

. Navrinacez.

7. AMMONACEE,

. OntTHoceracta,

LAMARCK’S DIVISIONS.

Page Page. Page
1. AVPICUIA sy oe esa 28 Clavatula.......... 37.
Hyalea ........... 23 Lymneus.......... 27 Turbinella......... 37
Cleodora..... ....- 23. Physa.....-...0.:. 27 Fasciolaria......... 37
Cymbrulia......... 23 Planorbis........ ~.. 30. Piypalange sas. 37
Melania....... ... 27 Fusus...... eta iike we 36
= ” Melanopsis......... 27 > Miurex,. ci. cack ee 36
GENO ae eee Ze yrange. ibe oe 28. Ranclia.!. eee 36
Patella... . asa asi ME @eonovdlais cutie 28. rcttamecs |e ees 36
Ancylus........-.-. 49. Palndinas::...i+++4 34 Struthiolaria....... 42
Umbrella.......-.- 24 Valvata......... oo 2B
Scutinas 22... 06o os 24 Ampullaria......... 34 PR Lye
Fissurella iP aC OLR aC 24 Navicella LU heehee ik 94 Rostellaian tee 39
Eicrargenie ce gore Nerimatnn 32 Pterocera.......... 43
Calyptrea.......... Done Necihan .. 32 Strobes fo ie
Crepidula ........- 25. Natieas...ciseck ss 320 i, en ee
3. Ampullina . .. .s.) 34 8. PoRPuRIFERE.
Ianthina........... 35
erase tei hs i 25 Purputa 23 06050..0 40
See ead amet riedsene ee 29 Goncholepas......s. Av
Pyramidella........ 38 Hassan wate = ag
Bulla............+. e Vermicularia....... 33 rape iv geen 39
4. Pealarta ovearenae | tele ae 33 Buccinaneen ae 39
Testacella.......... 26 ae we so Se ea | a Terebra ys «os .ch hs 38
Vittins 0.)..2 eee 26 FONE ine thee Cassidaria......... 40
Stomatiaes 2 ier.’ <i. 26 Caer ee oe NR 44
5. Stomatella. ........ 26 Nassagin ieee 40
Helixe.cseh S6i3k 20. speangeiseat c's <2 26. mioinidal. 565, 40
Carocolla.......... 34 ‘pte oe 33 Monoceros......... 40
Anostoma.......... 31 Phasianella......... 28 Bburna........:... 38
Helicella..,........ 45 Turbo. .ese+sse. ee, 33
Helin 34 Monodonta......... 34 9, CoLuMELLATZ.
Pupas... 5 (ithen ge 30) 7 A RER ME caine soa 89 | i@adediiaiia. sy s.. >- 4 40
Clausilia.... 5 $350.4 29 Solarium........... 35 Colombella ........ 42
Bulimus........... 29 6. Ciivistae WEDMEAN. aft ore.ciave, oleh 38
Amphibulima...... 29 : b) | PM 44
Achatinaws. 6...) bc% 28° Cerithium.......... 38 Marginella......... 42

i nee 37. -Volvaria........... 42

Page
40. InvoLUTz.
Ovula.....--.--++-: 43
Cyprea...-+-+++->> 41
Terebellum........ 49,
Ancillaria........-- 38
GUE. cence ee 41
PAGIUS Ss oie'. ve oe ewes 43

44, OntHoceracks.

Belemnites......... 17

Orthoceratites...... 47
Nodosaria.........- 17
Hippurites......... 18
42. LirvoLacez.
Spirula..... abehed the: ohe 24

LAMARCK’S DIVISIONS.

Page.
Spirolinites ...... nee L
Lituolites.. ...... oe 20
43. Cristacsz.
Renulites.......... 15
Cristellaria......... 21
Melonites.......... 16
14,
Miliolites.......... 16
Gyrogonites........ 16

45. Raptatz.

Rotalites............ 99
Lenticulinites ...... De

PUN ES,

Page.
16. Navrinaces.
Discorbites......... 15
Siderolites ......... 15
Nummulites ....... 15
Nautilites.......... 22
17. AmMMonACcEx.
Ammonites........ 22,
Orbulites.......3.. 27,
Tarrilitésn. 2 ao. . 18
Ammonoceratites... 24
Baculites..... ..... 18
18.
Argonauta....... eee

Page.

Acephala. ........ 93
Achatina........... 28
eee 46
rn ee 47
Be eis 62
PRION A acs oe acne seus 33
PECTEOD 64,0. 6 care ces 29
Migathina..... 00,6054 28
PURCTR eo 5 oc ao ntedes 43
eek awash bawe 64
Amaltes.«,..3or. ies 22.
Ammonaceratites... 24
Ammonites........ 22
Amphibulima...... 29
a ee 46
ene 62
Amplexites ........ 17
_ Ampullaria ........ 34
Et —— ...,.... 67
Ampullina. ....... 34
Anastoma.......... 31
mca c. ow ke os sc 38
Aneillaria....<. os 4s 38
MEGCVIUS,. 6. ss 24
tee eee 63
A MPS. s. » isan 22
Mplysia sf aks weelian 43
a 60
LO) 36
J 36
Arethusa........... 16
Argonauta......... 23
ae 55
Auricula .......... 28
22 CST eee Oe 47
ee 63
Baculites ........., 18
Batholites ......... 18
Belemnites....... oo 47
Disiphites..... 3.6.4... 22
Brachiopoda ...... 53
Brontes....... ete 36
Buccinoida......... 64
————— ‘ats Rondtieh ates: 68
Buccinum.......... 39
ee toes inagnitl pve G9
Bulimopsis......... 29
Bulimulus.......... 29

INDEX,

Page
Bulimus-sso.: 6 ics 0s 29
eee 47
Ss oe ele 62
Bullayer noses 43
Balleeais ces. 0.23.8 43
Galmar.......%. eee A:
Calyptrea.........5
ee 79
Camerina.......... 415
Cancellaria......... 40
ee 69
Capulus.is 0. cee 25
ee 71
Caracolla .......... 31
eee tio
Gartaaria..ss.. 6 ose 23
i en 72
Carychium......... 28
Cassidaria.......... 40
or 70
Cassis. 5.0 0's ARR 41

Smasebowhe we tant 70
Cephalopoda....... 52
Cerithium.......... 38
aa a ee eee * 70
Chicoracez,........ 36
CAT 73
Chondrus...,..,... 30
oo 62
Cirrhopoda......... 53
——— ——_ 54
Cirtltessecs-c ic 35
Clavatula.......... ae
Clausilia 2.450.480. 29
me eee 48
ae ee eee 62
Cleodora........66. 23
re 56
Glios Gut, cemnercr ee. 56
Cochlicella......,.. 47
Cochlicopa......... i
Cochlitoma......... 46
Cochlodina...... wing 48
Cochlodonta,...... 47
Cochlogena........, 47
Cochlohvdra..;.... 46°
Cochlostyla........ 46
Columbella ........ 49

Concholepas ......, 40
Conchylium.....,., 69
Conoelix ern? | ae 44
Conovalus ......... 28
————— . 63
Conulantes......... 47
Conus) aoe 43
fm ea ce date 68
Cornucopia ........ 48
Grepidala SoA gad ate 25
eel 72
Cristellaria. ......., 24
Cryptostoma....... 74
Cyclostoma......,, 34

ms — 66
Cyclobranchi....... 57
————-— ...,.., 3
Cymbium.......... 44
Seniesa ee 68
Cymbulia.......... 23
a el 56
Oypreaes haste 41
ra eee 68
Delphinula......... 23
Spt a ee eee EN Cie ue sl or gp 65
Diphyllidia,,......) 59
Discorbites......... 45
i , 22
Dolabella.......... 44
a 60
Doli 6 ce0.do vies ck 39
eee rn 69
DOTS 66 vtee cine ek! 58
Eb urgta pees cece fh Se 38
a el. 69
Ellipsolites......... 22
Emarginula....., -. 24
—————— .....,.. 72
Wolidias ioc eceece 53 59
Euomphalites ...... 35
Fasciolaria....., Heerlen yf
eee es 70
Fissurella..... Sepa: §
~————— ee ~ 72
PSUS. s 6. PROD: 36

Page
Gasteropoda........ 52
LEC aos 6 OF
‘Glaucus...... Ca 58
Gyrogonites........ 16
Halyotis ......+-+.> 26
ES ay ena 74
Hamites..........- 18
Parpa.aaicc ese. ss me: 39
eo See ae 69
Helicarion........-+ 34
ae ee i =; 4:62
Helicella........... 45
Flelicina........... 31
PS EE Ee ee fava: -agOO
Helicigona...... tages AO
Helicodonta........ 45
Helicogena......... 45
Helico-Limax ...... 26
Ba) es ee
Helicophanta....... 46
Helicostyla.......... 46
Peli Kec c.0.c. sesso’ 30
a ee re rT 45
cere aug ase Sassi ae
i gel ela nana es 74
Hipponjx.........- 25
Hippurites......... 18
Hirtolus....... Heer geO
Hyalea ......eereus 23
ES ce Ea, ee 56
lanthina.......... e259
Bete, elias re hea he 67
Inferobranchi...... 57
——_——— EU SY coe teni 6°)
Infundibulum...... 25
Baaplysia ... 006 ee 43
fo kues et tr; 36
Lenticulina........ 2D
MASUUS...~,0580:8,9.4 aysi0it 28
Limacina ....0.s.6. 56
MAMMA R Sars os aye ase 64
Bituites. ose ss 20
DACuUsS:... «<5. ds eceuees 20
BOZO, 5 > acs .opecdrgoie tose 14
Bee, he ies n,, SCALAR 54
Lotorium .... 65,65 36
Lymneus.......... 27
tS fee EE eh eens 63
Marginella ......... 42
eae ane 69
Meiampus.......... 28
Melanamona....... 28

_ Melanatria......... 28
Melanella.... ..... a7
Melanin. «és... ssa e+. 27
a eT 67

INDEX.

Page
Melanopsis......... 27
Melantho .......... 27
Meleager.;...% Jf. 33
Melonites.......... 16
Mialtola. ....e.e eden 16
Mittracs ook cece bene 38
Be re eR 9-21 69
Monoceros......... 40
Monodonta......... 34
a... ee, 66
ILOTIO, i oso oe. 0 0 wktcies 40
BENTO R's «i've qo eters 36
Fer ee ie cad boa 70
NASSAR Uae. uk ae 40
gs Seesaw oun 6 Oi 69
Naticds 05586 oe 5 ahs 32
me eee cas caw cy 67
Nautilites.......... 22
Nautilus .3.. 2. ssid. 22
——— ...... line Bh
Navicella .......... 25
a eee 72
INGLIGE foe ces oigiie sores 32
Se Rereen oy 4
Neritina.... .....: 32
Seal 2. ata SRE 67
Nodosaria.......... 17
Notarchus........-. 60
Nudibranchi........ 57
nee 58
Nummula.......... 45
Octopus . ,. esses 54
Odostomia......... 30
Oliva 25 hence cis. 6 reer 44
Be 5s dale, nae ate 47
eH nee nelod oe valet 68
Onchidium........- 63
Orbulites. . .. 2. se <s-s 22
Orthoceratites...... 17
Ovullaci ase dgucretr due 43
a cig ena itecead 68
Padolla.... 60%. emis 26
ey AeA gett
Paludina........ Rg ngon nai
eee oe ee 66
Parmacella......... 26
ee 64
Parmaphora........ 24
Partula :..,..... aise 48
Batella... s.... eed 24
Bao we sce 73
Pectinibranchi...... 57
Ge Se ee ae Cel ghereke 64
Phasianella,... ssai:c 28
Cente hee ke 5 1m BROT SN here) 67
Phyllidia... .... 2.442 59

RIYSA (acco i's cea ciao 27

Page
Physaiiviecees ics sank’ &
Planorbis =... ..... 30
a eee 63
Planospirites....... 54
Planulites........ ayes
Plectrophorus ...... 24
Pleurobranchus,... . 44
a, oie ID
Pleurotoma......... 37
a es 70
Preumodermon..... 56
Pollontes,.. 2... 0's 16
pycers oo AR gee 58
olyphemus........ 28
Polypus....s06606%% 54
So a, hierar chorale 56
Potamides ..... 4. o%% 39
Pterocera........+5 43
ee es ga ee 70
Pteropoda......... 52
Pulmobranchi...... 57
Pulmonacez ....... - 64
Pupa. co 5 6 SOO 30
beth ns ao ci got MAR 47
wees so ole glee es 62
Rurpura. ...2%s.s 40
Leen, age Ee 69
Pyramidella........ 38
————— ,....... 63
Pyrulas. 6. 1 fB0H 37
Se acs | gl ods 6 oS « 70
Ravella..... «shee 36
yg ge is 2 0hO
Renulites .... 0.6. 6s" ont EG
Ricinella......5..06 -40
Rostellaria......... 39
pis SADR ga ear 70
Rotalites:...ssy08s 22
Sealaria.......0.se 33
fee aa neoe i G ats is CI 65
Scaphites,.... ..... 20
Scarabeus .. ...... 28
Be eae « Socata SER 62
Scutibranchi....... 57
rs |
Scutus....... . wading 24
Scyllwa............ 58
Sepia........6 ueceol GE
ea 25 ie bia -ar0 10 To ne tN 54
Septaria........+.- 24
ee eee.) fas, ca ieee 72
Siderolites .......+.+ 45
Sigaretoida.......-- 64
Po neneg ec ne gs ns PM
Sigaretus .......++- 26
ee a ee pe
Solarium..... puller
i eee 2 ae 66

INDEX.

Testacella.,.,......° 64
Thethys'.'s/....4e) > 02 58
-Tornatella...2..... 29
ee 63
Tritonia.... ative «cet 58
Tritonium ......... 36
Trochoida......... 64.
— bos a os oe 65
Trochus’. (28... ...3 35
cee 66
Trophones......... 36
Turbinella......... 37
—— ode 70
Turboreerec es. a. Yami Yo:
mre eer e pauses 65
Wurrilites): <= ...c5. 18
Tarritella;; >. 622.2: 33
a ee 65
PRIS. Wee aa eh ae 36

Voluta..... ee

SS

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4

ple d-stexs

oOo en HD Ct W WD wa

=
mm Co

ee er ee
CO S226) —- Cc

PLATE I.

. Shell of the Sepia rugosa.

. Shell of the Calmar. Loligo sagitiata, Lam.

. 4. Nummulites, with sections.

. Discorbite.

. Miliolite ceeur de Serpent.

. Lituolite.

. Transverse and longitudinal sections of a Belemnite.
410. 44. 12. Belemnites.

»

. Spirolinites.

. Upper and under view, with a section, of the Gyrogonites medicagi-

nula.

. Simplegades colubrinus.
. Turrilites compressus.
. Baculites vertebralis.

. a. Spirula fragilis seu australis.

b. The siphon traversing the chambers. ,

c. Section magnified.

. Baculites gigas.

. Planospirites ostracinus.

. Hippurites cornu-copiw.

. Belemnite.

. Siderolites calcitrapoides.

. Section of a Belemnite.

. Orthoceratite.

. Hippurite with a gutter, c.

. Hippurite with a siphon.

. Under view of the operculum of a Hippurite, shewing the two prolonga-

tions resembling a hinge.

. Belemnite.

. Section of an Orthoceratite with a siphon passing through the axis.

. Hippurite with a gutter, a. and a siphon, 6.

. Lituites Breynii, found in the marble of OEland: the shaft or straight

part extends in a length equal to the depth of the Plate, gradually
enlarging towards the base.

. Hippurite, the operculum pierced with two eyes.

. 35. Orthoceraiites with a siphon towards the edge or periphery.

PLATE rE 19. Baculites gigas.
20. Planospirites ostracinus.

21. Hippurites cornu-copia.

92, Belemnite.

23. Siderolites calcitrapoides.

R 24. Section of a Belemnite.

4. Shell of the Sepia rugosa. 25. Orthoceratite.

9, Shell of the Calmar. Loligo sagittata, Lam. 26. Hippurite with a gutter, c.

3, 4. Nummulites, with sections. | 97. Hippurite with a siphon.

5. Discorbite. 28. Under view of the operculum of a Hippurite, shewing the two prolonga-
6. Miliolite coeur de Serpent. tions resembling a hinge.

7. Lituolite. | 29. Belemnite. ;

8. Transverse and longitudinal sections of a Belemnite. 4 30. Section of an Orthoceratite with a siphon passing through the axis. :
9.10. 41. 12. Belemnites. 34. Hippurite with a gutter, a. and a siphon, 6.

43. Spirolinites. 32. Lituites Breynit, found in the marble of OEland: the shaft or straight
14, Upper and under view, with a section, of the Gyrogonites medicag- } parlegiends age length equal to the depth of the Plate, gradually

Aula. } enlarging towards the base.
15. Simplegades colubrinus. 33. Hippurite, the operculum pierced with two eyes.

16. Turrilites compressus. 34. 35. Orthoceratites with a siphon towards the edge or periphery.

47. Baculites vertebralis.
18. a. Spirula fragilis seu australis.
b. The siphon traversing the chambers by

c. Section magnified.

> ae i ee harnehe is. 4

» >
r

Sees ee

‘ See =e

ORE?

ae

PLATE It. @

. a. b. c. d. Nautilus melo, with sections.

. Section of Nautilus flammatus, shewing the siphon.

3. Section of Nautilus caudatus, Lister (N. major seu crassus, Kumph.)

IHAHG oN Ss

shewing the siphon passing through the chambers. 1-4th.

. Nautilus Pompilius.
. Nautilus auricula. ‘

. Scaphites Defrancii.

a. b. c. d. Scaphites equalis.

. 8. Transverse and logitudinal sections of the spine of the Zchinus ci-
daris. ! | ;

9. Nodosaria (Nautilus raphanus).
10. Amplexus coralloides.
41. Orthoceratites Gothlandiw, 1-2.
12. Molossus gracilis.
43. Rotalite.
44. Echidnis diluvianus.
45. Raphanister campanulatum.
16. Hamites gibbosus.
47. Lenticulite.

18. Hippurites organicus.

PLATE Il, eae
9, Nodosaria (Nautilus raphanus).
40, Amplexus coralloides.

| 41, Orthoceratites Gothlandie, 1-2.

42, Molossus gracilis.

? 43, Rotalite.

4. a. b. c. d. Nautilus melo, with sections. 14, Echidnis diluvianus.

2. Section of Nautilus flammatus, shewing the siphon.

3. Section of Nautilus caudatus, Lister (N. major seu crassus, Rumph.)
shewing the siphon passing through the chambers. 4-4th.

15, Raphanister campanulatum,
46, Hamites gibbosus.
47. Lenticulite.

4. Nautilus Pompilius. 18, Hippurites organicus.

5. Nautilus auricula. z r
6. Scaphites Defrancii.
6. a. b. c. d. Scaphites wqualis.

7. 8. Transverse and logitudinal sections of the spine of the Zchinus ci-
davis. f

PLATE IU.

4. Helix Lemani, in the 2d Fresh-Water Formation.
. Helix Menardi, in the limestone near Mans.
Second Fresh-Water Formation.
3. Oval grain found in the silex at Longjumeau.

. Cylindrical, channelled grains, found in opaque silex at Longjumeau.
They have no resemblance to any genus now known.

. 6. Small cylindrical stems, with a channel in the centre, and divided by
transverse partitions.

. A body in the form of a date, with sinuous channels.

. The ear of a plant (which may be compared to certain species of Paspa-
lum) found in the silex at Longjumeau.

. Argonautites levis.

. Vaginella depressa.

. 12. Orbulites.

> CRESEGUICTIE: 0 ev io say's

. Ammonaceratités Lamarckii, 1-3d. s. siphon.
. Ellipsolites compressus.

4 Pollontes vesicularis.

. Arethusa corymbosa.

. Baculites veriebralis. Montf.

. Conularia quadrisulcata.

*

teres.

”
quadrisulcata,

. Lelebois annulatus.

- Ltranites gigas.

PLATE I.

4, Helix Lemani, in the 2d Fresh-Water Formation.
2. Helix Menardi, in the limestone near Mans.
Second Fresh-Water Formation.

3. Oval grain found in the silex at Longjumeau.

4, Cylindrical, chamnelled grains, found in opaque silex at Longjumeau,
They have no resemblance to any genus now known.

5. 6. Small cylindrical stems, with a channel in the centre, and divided by
transverse partitions.

7. A body in the form of a date, with sinuous channels.

8. The ear of aplant (which may be compared to certain species of Paspa-
lum) found in the silex at Longjumeau.

_ Argonauliles levis.

. Vaginella depressa-

412, Orbulites.

Gristellaria se es

_ Ammonaceratites Lamarckii, 1-3d. s. siphon.
. Ellipsolites compressus.

. Pollontes vesicularis.

7, Arethusa corymbosa.

. Baculites vertebralis. Montt.

9. Conularia quadrisulcata.

leres. v

quadrisulcat

29, Telebois annulatus.

3, Tiranites gigas.

. PLATE IV.

én,

bs

First Fresh-Water Formation.

1. Cyclostoma mumia.

2. Lymneus strigosus. 2
3... ~~ dongiscatus. _
4, ee acuminatus. ” i €e
5. Planorbis lens. :

6. An articulated stem (with projecting papille), resembling the root of

an Equisetum.

Second Fresh-Water Formation.

1.2. Lymneeus ovum.
3. Bulimus pusillus.

4 - atomus.

5. Cyclostoma elegans antiquum.
6. Potamides Lamarckit.

7. 8. Planorbis rotundatus.

9 cornu.
40. si Prevostinus.

41. Lymneus corneus.

42. oe Fabulum.
13. mS ventricosus. —
44, A enflatus.

45. Bulimus pygmeus.

45. .. terebra.

16. Lymneeus palustris antiquus.
17. Pupa Defrancii.

48. Helix Ramondi.

49... Desmarestina.

20... . Cocquit.

21. .. Moroguesi.

es». Lristani,

» PLATE IY.

First Fresh-Water Formation.

4. Cyclostoma mumia.

2. Lymneus strigosus. iad
3... ~~ longiscatus. a
A. ++ acuminatus. ‘. €
5. Planorbis lens.

6. An articulated stem (with projecting papille), resembling the root of
an Equisetum.

Second Fresh-Water Formation.

. 2, Lymnaus ovum.

. Bulimus pusillus.

atomus.

. Cyclostoma elegans antiquum.
. Potamides Lamarckii.

. 8. Planorbis rotundatus.

cornu.

Prevostinus.

. Lymneus corneus.

Fabulum.

ventricosus.

enflatus.

. Bulimus pygmaeus.

terebra.

- Lymneeus palustris antiquus.
. Pupa Defrancii.
. Helix Ramondi.

Desmarestina.
Cocquit.
Moroguesi.

Tristani.

oe

ne ee

ich Lar

yy
Ss

10.
V4.
AD
13.
14,

CoN Ro fF WWD >

PLATE ¥:

. Hyalea tricuspidata.

. Cleodora pyramidalis.
. Cymbulia proboscidea.
. Parmaphora elongata.

. Patella elongata.

i.
cornucopia. x

. Ancylus fluviatilis.
. Upper and under view of the Calyptrwa equestra.

ier of the Testacella haliotidea.
Fissurella (Patella Greeca, List.).
Emarginula clypeata.
Under and side view of the Crepidula porcellana.
of the Capulus torlus.

Vitrina pellucida.

45.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.

24.
25.

Umbrella Indica.
Carinaria witrea.
Dolabella.

Bullea.

Bulla aperta.
Infundibulum echinulatum.
Stomatia phymotis
Stomatella imbricata.

Septaria seu Navicella (Patella Borbonica).
a. Back view.

b. Under ..

c. Side

d. Operculum.

Halyotis vulgaris.
Sigaretus concavus. —

Some of the figures in this Plate are inadvertently reversed.

ap ae A ee er ee ee ve Si a sae. ©) ei a
ae 2 SS ee ee ae

PLATE VY.

4, Hyalea tricuspidata.

2. Cleodora pyramidalis.

3, Cymbulia proboscidea.

4, Parmaphora elongata.

5. Patella elongata.

6... cornucopia.

7. Ancylus fluviatilis.

8. Upper and under view of the Calypire@a equestra.
9. on .. of the Zestacella haliotidea.
40. Fissurella (Patella Greca, List.).

4. Emarginula clypeata.

42. Under and side view of the Crepidula porcellana.
13. i .. of the Capulus torlus,

14. Vitrina pellucida.

=

5, Umbrella Indica.

;. Carinaria vilrea.

. Dolabella.

. Bullea.

. Bulla aperta.

. Infundibulum echinulatum.
. Slomatia phymotis

. Stomatella imbricata.

, Septaria seu Navicella (Patella Borbonica).

a. Back view.
b. Under ..
c. Side

d. Operculum.

4. Halyotis vulgaris.

. Sigaretus concavus.

Some of the figures in this Plate are inadvertently reversed.

<“~4
$<2eke appro
BREW cee ceed

th

. Lymneus stagnalis.

. Physa N. Hollandica.

PLATE VI.

. Hipponyx cornucopie. Defr.

a. In profile, 1-2.

6. Shewing the support within, 1-2.

c. In profile, without the support, 41-2. |

d. Seen within. |

e. On its support, as it was found.

J. The support seen within.

g. Hipponyx mitrata, Defr. a recent shell, with its support.
h. Hipponyx cornucopie, shewing the mouth.

. Plectrophorus costatus, Yeruss.

orbignii, Feruss.

. Padollus scalaris, Leach. |
. Ambrette Succinea, Drap. (Amphibulima, Lam.)
. Amphibulima, Lam.

. Testacellus ambiguus, Feruss.

haliotideus, Feruss.

Maugei, Veruss.

. Parmacella Olivierii, Feruss.

. Helicarion Cuvierii, Feruss.

. Melania.

. Melantho.

. Melania amarula.

. Melanella Dufresnii.

- Melanopsis.

. Melanamona.

. Pyrene, Lam. Melanatria.
. Phasianella picta.

. Auricula Judea.

. Scarabus imbrium, Leach.
- Carychium undulatum. Leach.
- Conovula coniformis.

» Achatina Virginiana.

- Bulimus radiatus.

. Bulimulus trifasciatus.

. Lornatella fasciata.

. Helicina neritella.

. Bulimus auris-leporis (monst.).
. Planorbis.

. Bulimus ovularis.

. Pupa modiolinus.

. Bulimus auris-leporis. 4

. Clausilia.

. Pupa.

. Bulimus decollatus.

S| =
wow ne ©

Ooms nn Sw nv

PLATE VI.

. Hipponyx coinucopie. Defr.

a. In profile, 1-2.

b. Shewing the support within, 1-2.

c. In profile, without the support, 1-2. |

d. Seen within.

e. Onits support, as it was found.

Ff. The support seen within,

g. Hipponyx mitrata, Defr. a recent shell, with its support.
h. Hipponyx cornucopie, shewing the mouth.

. Plectrophorus costatus, Teruss.

orbignit, Feruss.

. Padollus scalaris, Leach.
. Ambrette Succinea, Drap. (Amphibulima, Lam.)
. Amphibulima, Lam.

. Testacellus ambiguus, Feruss.

haliotideus, Feruss.

Maugei, Feruss.

. Parmacella Olivierit, Feruss.
. Helicarion Cuvierti, Feruss.
. Lymneus stagnalis.

. Physa N. Hollandica.

|

, Melania.

. Melantho.

|. Melania amarula.

| Melanella Dufresnit.

. Melanopsis.

, Melanamona.

. Pyrene, Lam. Melanatria.

. Phasianella picta.

, Auricula Judea.

. Scarabus imbrium, Leach.

. Carychium undulatum. Leach.
. Conovula coniformis.

26. Achatina Virginiana.

. Bulimus radiatus.

. Bulimulus trifasciatus.

. Tornatella fasciata.

. Helicina neritella.

. Bulimus auris-leporis (moust.).

32. Planorbis.

33. Bulimus ovularis.

. Pupa modiolinus.

. Bulimus auris-leporis.

Clausilia.

» Pupa.

Bulimus decollatus.

COONAN

PLATE VII.

. Helico-Limax elongata, Feruss.
. Helix brevipes, Drap.
. 4. Cornu giganteum, Chemn. in the young and in the adult state ; one

of the smaller figures represents the egg entire, and the other the
animal in its shell coming out of the egg: 1-2 the natural size.

. Bulimus patulus, Brug. (Amphibulima cucullata, Lam.)
in the young state.

. Helix naticordes, Drap.

Listeri, Feruss.

ligata, Muller.

deformis, Feruss.

1.
12.
45.
16.
47.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23,

Helix aspersa, Muller.
Ret ke (monstrosities).
Pouchet Adans (Turbo variegatus, List.)
Helix alonensis, Feruss.
Helix plicata, Lin.
. aspersa, List.
carabinata, Feruss.
ringens (Tomigeres ringens, Leach. Anostoma, Lam.).
imperator (Polydontes imperator, Montf.).
. carocolla, Chemn. (Carocolla, Lam.)

sorora, Feruss.

PLATE VU.

4, Helico-Limax elongata, Feruss.

2. Helix brevipes, Drap.
3. 4, Cornu giganteum, Chemn. in the young and in the adult state; one

of the smaller figures represents the egg entire, and the other the
animal in its shell coming out of the egg : 1-2 the natural size.

5. Bulimus patulus, Brug. (Amphibulima cucullata, Lam.)

6.

in the young state.

7. Helix naticordes, Drap.

8.
9.
40.

Listeri, Feruss.
ligata, Muller.

deformis, Feruss.

—— —

_ Helix aspersa, Muller.

43. 44.0% ate (monstrosities) -

. Pouchet Adans (Turbo variegatus, List.)
| Helix alonensis, Teruss.

. Helix plicata, Lin.

aspersa, List.
carabinata, Feruss.
ringens (Tomigeres ringens, Leach. Anostoma, Lam.).
imperator (1 ‘Polydontes imperator, Montf.).
- carocolla, Chemn. (Carocolla, Lam.)

sorora, Feruss.

PLATE VIII.

2. Helix pyrostoma, Feruss.

Madagascariensis, Lam.

. Helicella lavipes, Feruss. Helix spadicea, Gmel.

. Helix sub-dentata, Feruss.

albella, Chemn. side view.

planata, Chemn.

. Helicella sepulcralis, Feruss.

. Helix ochroleuca, Feruss. Helix albella, Chemn.

epistylium, Gmel.
strobilus, Feruss.

nitida, Drap.

. Cyclostoma bulimoides, Oliv.
. Melania buccinoidea.

. Cyclostoma unicolor, Oliv.

. Bulimus labrosus, Oliv.

. Melania costata, Oliv.

. Helix villosa, Drap.

49.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
eo
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.

Bulimus acicula, Drap.
Buccinum majus, List. (Kambeul, Adanson.)
Bulimus Dufresnii, Leach.
Bulla helicoides, Brocchi.
Bulimus montanus, Drap.
Pupa quadridentata, Drap.
granum, Drap.

Helix regina, Feruss. Achatina, Lam.

- . frater, Feruss.

Cyclostoma Odostomia. (Auris Mide, ete. Chem.)
Pupa fragilis, Drap.
Partula australis, Feruss. (Auris Mide fasciata, etc. Chemn.)
Cochlodina Blainvilliana, Feruss. (Cyclostoma, Lam.)
Pupa modiolus.

Clausilia plicata, Drap.
Pupa edentula, Drap.

. vertigo, Drap.

. antivertigo, Drap.

mae Nak a Vs ane! ie al aE a

PLATE VIII.

19, Bulimus acicula, Drap.

+ 9, Buccinum majus, List. (Kambeul, Adauson.)
9|, Bulimus Dufresnii, Leach.
92, Bulla helicoides, Brocchi.
Sw 23, Bulimus montanus, Drap.
24. Pupa quadridentata, Drap.
4. 2. Helix pyrostoma, Feruss. 9%, sracunDiao.

3. Madagascariensis, Lam. 26, Helix regina, Feruss. Achatina, Lam.

4, Helicella levipes, Feruss. Helix spadicea, Gmel. _ +. frater, Feruss.

28, Cyclostoma Odostomia. (Auris Mide, etc. Chem.)

wo
a

5. Helix sub-dentata, Feruss.
6. .. albella, Chemn. side view. 29. Pupa fragilis, Drap.
30, Partula australis, Feruss. (Auris Mide fasciata, etc. Chemn.)

7. .. planata, Chemn.

8. Helicella sepulcralis, Feruss. > 31, Cocklodina Blainvilliana, Feruss. (Cyclostoma, Lam.)
9, Helix ochroleuca, Feruss. Helix albella, Chemn. 32. Pupa modiolus.

40... epistylium, Gmel. 33, Clausilia plicata, Drap.

4, .. strobilus, Feruss. 34, Pupa edentula, Drap.

42, .. nitida, Drap. 35... vertigo, Drap.

13. Cyclostoma bulimoides, Oliv. 36... antivertigo, Drap.
44. Melania buccinoidea. P

45. Cyclostoma unicolor, Oliy.

46. Bulimus labrosus, Oliv.

47. Melania costata, Oliv.

48. Helix villosa, Drap.

F woh Bowlin Lithog SET PLY,

PLATE IX,

Ampullaria.
. Ampullina. {Rk re beadt, OW, Labe edd pr
. Turbo picta, with its operculum.

. Cirrus acutus, Sowerby.

As,

2

3

4

5. Aciona scalaria (Wendletrap), Leach.
6. Scalaria clatrata.

7. Trochus crenularis.

8 agglutinans, with and without the adhering substances.
9 imperator (Imperator coronatus, Montf.)

MOS fou calcar.

41. Solarium perspectivum.

42. Turritella.

aa
44.
45.
16.
a7.

48.
49,

20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.

Cyclostoma mumia.
elegans.
Paludina fasciata (Helix vivipara, Lin.)
Delphinula.
Vermetus, Adans.

oo pentangulatus,
catillus,

\ Sowerby. |

Nerita Malaccensis, and its operculum.

Neritina zebra.

Valvata spirorbis, Drap.
Clithon coronata.
Natica.

Monodonia.

Ignthina fragilis.

PLATE IX.

4, Ampullaria.
2. Ampullina. | f Y, Zep
3. Turbo picta, with its operculum.

4. Cirrus acutus, Sowerby.

5. Aciona scalaria (Wendletrap), Leach.
6. Scalaria clatrata.
2h
8.
9

. Trochus ecrenularis.
agglutinans, with and without the adhering substances.

imperator (Imperator coronatus, Montt,)
402 -\; » calcar.
41, Solarium perspectivum.
42. Turriiella.

me

, Euomphalus pentangulatus, \

Cyelostoma mumia.

elegans.

. Paludina fasciata (Helix vivipara, Lin.)
, Delphinula.

. Vermetus, Adans.

catillus, Sowerby.

. Nerita Malaccensis, and its operculum.
. Neritina zebra.

. Valvata spirorbis, Drap.

93. Clithon coronata.

. Natica.

. Monodonta.

, Janthina fragilis.

So —_

—
pK)

O ON A TO » oO

PLATE X.

. Murex lampas.

Tritonia.

Brandaris.

. Tritonia Atlantica, Montf.

Murex frondescens.

. Ranella Buffonia.

. Fusus.

. Pyrula melongena.

. Eburna areolata.

. Ancillaria cinamomea.

. Mitra.

. Pyramidelta dolabrata.
. Pleurotoma tigrina.
Fasciolaria tulipa.

. Turbinella scolyma.

. Rostellaria subulata.

- Concholepas Peruviana.

. Potamides Lamarkii.

. Cerithium.

. Terebra lanceolata.
. Buccinum undatum.
- Dolium variegatum.

. Nassa Thersita.

PLATE X.
12. Py yamidella dolabrata.

13. Pleurotoma tigrina.

} Md. Fasciolaria tulipa.

SS Se

15. Turbinella scolyma.

16, Rostellaria subulata.
4. Murex lampas. 17. Concholepas Peruviana.
9. .. Tritonia. 18. Potamides Lamarkii. O
5... Brandaris. 19. Cerithium.
4. Tritonia Allantica, Mont. } 90. Terebra lanceolata.
5. Murex frondescens. iF 9, Buccinum undatum. P
6. Ranella Buffonia. 2. Dolium variegalum.
3, Nassa Therstta.

7. Fusus.

8. Pyrula melongena.

9. Eburna areolata.

40. Ancillaria cinamomea.

41. Mitra.

Mo ona mtr wn

10

PLATE XI.

. Harpa mutica.

. Purpura patula.

. Monoceros.

. Ricinula horrida. ©

. Cassidaria echinophora.
. Cancellaria reticulata.
. Cyprea moneta.

. Ovula gibbosa.

. a. Cyprea in the infant state.
bi a we eld dle si
Gees «adult

. Ovula oviformis.

. Cassis glauca.

harpeeformis.

. Oliva litterata.

. Terebellum punctatum.
. Strombus pugilis.

. Pterocera lambis.

: Colombella hilaris.

. Volvaria monilis.

- Marginella bimarginata.

sub-ceerulea.

- Conus nocturnus.

beiulinus.

PLATE XI. 11. Cassis glauca.

42... harpeformis.

13. Oliva litterata.

—_—_—<—$<—$——$——————— 14, Terebellum punctatum.
* 15. Strombus pugilis.

16. Pterocera lambis.

17. Colombella hilaris.

4. Harpa mutica. .
2. Purpura patula. é Maen
3. Monoceros.
19. Marginella bimargii
4. Ricinula horrida. © arginata.
A A 20. oa sub-cerulea.
5. Cassidaria echinophora. ois eee
oe Urnus.
6. Cancellaria reticulata. H £0) ven ?
a CLD TIO US.
y

7. Cyprea moneta.

8. Ovula gibbosa.

9. a. Cyprea in the infant state.
b. ws =e ~smiddde --
Ge oo oo eeulG

10. Ovula oviformis.

PLATE XIE.

4. Conelix lineatus, Swainson.
2. Voluta rugifera seu musica.
3. .. wolvacea.

4 .. wvespertilio.

f .. olla.

6. Helicina neritella.

7. Murex tubsfer.

8. Bulimus zebra, Oliv.

9. Struthiolaria Lamarcki.

10. Helix crenelata, Oliv.

41, Polyphemus Bruguireus.

42. Ampullaria (found im bituminous marl above a mine of fossil coal.

43. So compressed laterally ; giving it an accidental, elongated form.
44. Bes aie vertically ; changing the form of the mouth, and

giving it the appearance of another species.
“45. Turbo lugubris, Chemn.

16. Section of a Pyramidella, to shew the columella.
47. Turritella. (au jour).
18. Cyclostoma bulimoides, Oliv.

PLATE XIE

4. Conelix lineatus, Swainson.
2. Voluta rugifera seu musica.
3. .. volvacea.

4 . . vespertilio.
52... alla.

6. Helicina neritella.

7. Murex tubifer.

8. Bulimus zebra, Oliv.

9, Struthiolaria Lamarckic.

OF

(0, Helix crenclata, Oliv.

1, Polyphemus Bruguireus.

12. Ampullaria (found in bituminous marl above a mine of fossil coal.
io compressed laterally ; giving it an accidental, elongated form.
Ww oo 36 vertically ; changing the form of the mouth, and

giving it the appearance of another species.
15. Turbo lugubris, Chemn.

{6, Section of a Pyramidella, to shew the columella.
47. Turritella. (au jour).

18. Cyclostoma bulimoides, Oliv.

~— a
Ch Gk me Co NS ee SS COCO

<f O Gt ok: to Nw

PLATE XIE.

. Helix unidentata, Chemn.
. Ceriihium gigas, 1-4th.
. Achatina fulica, Lam.
. Argonaquta.
. Aplysia.
Dolabella.

. Interior mould of a Cerithium gigas, 1-4th.
. Clavatula scabra.

. Cyclostoma carinata, Oliv.

. Melania marginata.

. Helix conoidea, Drap.

. Pupa avena, Drap.

. Melania cochlearella.

costellata.

. Bulimus terebraster.

. Buccinum Barbadense, Laster.

h. The head.

té.* .. tentacula.
m.-.. mouth.
Lie ak.
CES EVES.
Figs rbot.

o. .. operculum.

17. Cerithium. (Buccinum Africanum, Lister.)

h. The head.
tt. .. tentacula.
m. ... mouth. ‘
ee. .. ‘eyes.
#.- ...- trunk.
eyes, eae LOOK.

Oo. .. operculum.

18. Limax phosphorescens, 4-2.

19, 20. Vetus, Adans. (Buccinum Persicum, Lister.)
h. The head.
it. .. tentacula.
m. .. mouth. . .
ee. .. eyes.
f.; «-°. trunk.
k extremity of the mantle, forming a sort of pipe.
nn. .. membrane accompanying the mantle.
f- A part of its enormous foot.
21. Halyoiis.

h. ‘The head.
tt. .. four tentacula.

ێ. Ph eyes.
n. .» membrane which attaches the lower tentacula to the head.
i,

two anterior extremities of the mantle, coming out of the se-
cond hole of the shell.

PLATE XIII.

_ Helix unidentata, Chemn.

. Cerithium gigas, 4-4th.

. Achatina fulica, Lam.

. Argonquta.

, Aplysia.

. Dolabella.

. Interior mould of a Cerithium gigas, 1-dth.
. Clavatula scabra.

. Cyclostoma carinata, Oliy.
. Melania marginata.

. Helix conoidea, Drap.

. Pupa avena, Drap.

43. Melania cochlearella.
14. costellata.
15. Bulimus terebraster.
46. Buccinum Barbadense, Listev.
h. The head.
it." .. tentacula.
m. .. mouth.
T. .. trunk.
ec. .. cyes.
tp oo ihbdis

o. .. operculum.

——

17,

48.
19.

21,

Cerithium, (Buccinum Africanum, Lister.)

h. The head.
i... tentacula.
m. .. mouth.
ee. -« eyes . .
T. . trunk.
fi ~- foot.
o. +. operculum.

Limax phosphorescens, 4-2.

20. Yetus, Adans. (Buccinum Persicum, Lister.)

h. The head.

tt. .. tentacula.

m. .. mouth.

ec. .. eyes.

T. .. trunk.

k. .. extremity of the mantle, forming a sort of pipe.
nn. .. membrane accompanying the mantle.

f- A part of its enormous foot.

Halyotis.
i. ‘The head.
tt... four tentacula.

ee. or eyes.
n, 4. membrane which attaches the lower tentacula to the head.
1... two anterior extremities of the mantle, coming out of the se-

cond hole of the shell.

Othe Go

*
PLATE XIV.

. The hearts. of the Calmar.

a. The hollow vein. dad.

bb. lateral hearts. ee.

cc. .. pulmonary arteries. | wis
¢ gE.

. The heart of the Aplysia.

a. The hollow vein.
d. branchiz.

J.
g.

. Spirula fragilis with its shell.
. Lapada putris, with its shell.
. The under side of a Patella, the head bent towards the foot.

a. The foot. e.
b. mouth. ff.
cc. tentacula. gee.
d. anus and orifice of ge-
neration. : hh.
il.

. A Patella of the species m which the br

The place of the branchiz.
pulmonary veins.
middle heart.
aorta.

e. The auricle and pulmonary vein.

heart.
arteries.

The pericardium.
trunk of the branchial vein.
circular part of.the above
vein.
branchie.
branchial artery.

anchie are interrupted.
intestines.

a. The mouth. | gg. The

bb. tentacula. h. branchiz.

c. .. fleshy mass. it. branchial veins.
d. nervous collar. qq- oviductus.

Mo ovarium.

. Helix brevipes, with its shell.
. Hyalea australis, with its shell seen on the side of the projecting valve.

a. b. c. The projecting points of the flat or ventral valve.

ad. The dorsal valve.

Sf:

to which are the branchiz.
l.m. .. fins.
nm. .. mouth.

. Parmacella Olivieri, Cuy. opened.

a: The mouth. Ul.
bb. great horns. Kk.
C. brain. bs:
d. __.. salivary glands. mM.
e.ff .. organs of generation. nN.
Ee.

bag for the colouring | 0.

liquid.
h. .. stomach.
Calmar (Sepia Loligo).
a. The head be)
b. eyes. S:
¢. >... feet. g.
d. arms.

mantle coming out from the interstice between the valves, close

The retracting muscles.
liver.
lungs.
.. auricle.
heart.
intestine.
mantle turned back.

e. The funnel.

abdomen.
fins.

41. Brain of the Polypus;
a. The ring round the ceso-, dd. The lateral ganglions.

phagus. e. .. abdominal ‘plexus.
By .. brain. 7
ce. .. optical ganglions.

41.* Brain of the Aplysia.’
a. The ring round the oesophagus. .
Oe. .) PEaL.
e. .. abdominal ganglion.

42. The animal and shell of the Helico-Limax elongata.
_ 413. Janthina penicephala, with its vesicular appendage (spuma cariila-
_ginea) attached to the posterior part of the foot.
14. Aplysia.
a. The head.

b. inferior tentacula.
Cen superior

d. eyes.

e. mantle.

J.

operculum of the branchie.

45. The female Sigaretus seen underneath: the head and foot a little bent,
to shew the entrance of the branchial cavity.

a. The notch. , | &. The anus.

46. The male Sigaretus seen underneath.

*.@. Thenotch. d. The anterior part of the foot cleft
bb... tentacula. transversely.
Ge. Sot. e. .. organs of generation:

i .. edges of the mantle.
17. Carinaria Mediterranea.

18. -Plectophorus with its shell. ~

19, The female Vivipara taken out of its shell.
a. The foot partly folded in two.

b. operculum attached to the posterior part.

os head with the tentacula and trunk.

d. little siphon prolonged under the right tentaculum.
é. lateral membrane of the left side.

fe edge of the mantle.

4 A small portion of the branchiz shewing itself from underneath.
. The orifice of the womb and anus.
20. Ee. tts, drawn from the living animal, with all its ornaments.

PLATE XIV.

1. The hearts. of the Calmar.

a. The hollow vein.
bb. lateral hearts.
Ch pulmonary arteries.

2. The heart of the Aplysia.

a. The hollow vein.
d._.. branchie.

3. Spirula fragilis with its shell.
4. Tapada putris, with its shell.

dd. The place of the branchiz.
ee... pulmonary veins.

J. middle heart.
' ge. aorta.

e. The auricle and pulmonary yein,
See wo" heart: d
g. .. arteries.

5. The under side of a Patella, the head bent towards the foot.

a. The foot.

6... mouth.

ec. .. tentacula.

d... anus and orifice of ge-
neration.

6. A Patella of the species in which
a. The mouth.

bb. tentacula.
ce... fleshy mass.
d.__.. nervous collar.

J. ovarium.
7. Helix brevipes, with its shell.

e. The pericardium.

af: .. trunk of the branchial vein.

ggg. circular part of. the aboye
vein.

hh. branchiz,

uw... branchial artery.

the branchi are interrupted.
gg- The intestines.

h. — .. branchiz.
i... branchial yeins,
97q- +. oviductus.

8. Hyalea australis, with its shell scen on the side of the projecting valye.

a. b. c. The projecting points of
d. The dorsal valve:

Sf-

to which are the branch
im. .. fins.
n. .. mouth.

9. Parmacella Olivieri, Cuy. opened.

a. The mouth.

bb. great horns.

co brain.

d._.._ salivary glands.

e.ff .. organs of generation.

g- bag for the colouring
liquid.

h. stomach.

10. Calmar (Sepia Loligo).
a. The head. 6)

b. .. eyes.
C-.. feck.
d. ., ams.

the flat or -yentral valve.

mantle coming out from the interstice between the valves, close
ie.

vi. The retracting muscles.

kk. liver.

1. .. lungs.

m. ., auricle.
n. .. heart.

o. .. intestine.

z. .. mantle turned hack.

e. The funnel.
J... abdomen.
g. .. fins.

i oe

{{. Brain of the Polypus;

a. The cits round the o@so-| dd, The lateral ganglions.

phagus. e. abdominal plexus.
b. °.. brain.
ce. .. optical ganglions.

j1.* Brain of the Aplysia.’
a. The ring round the cesophagus.
b. .. brain.
e. .. abdominal ganglion.
12. The animal and shell of the Helico-Limax elongata.

13. Janthina penicephala, with its yesicular appendage (spuma cartila-
ginea) attached to the posterior part of the foot.
14, Aplysia.
a. The head.
b. .. inferior tentacula.
c. «superior
d. .. ~eyes.
e, .. mantle,
f. «= operculum of the branchiz.

on

. The female Sigaretus seen underneath; the head and foot a little bent,
to shew the entrance of the branchial cavity.

a. The notch. | &. The anus.

46. The male Sigaretus seen underneath.

a. The notch. d. The anterior part of the foot cleft

bb... tentacula. transversely.
CC: -entOOt. e. organs of generation:
JG .. edges of the mantle.
17. Carinavia Mediterranea.
18. Plectophorus with its shell. >

19. The female Vivipara taken out of its shell.

a. The foot partly folded in two.

b. .. operculum attached to the posterior part.

ec... head with the tentacula and trunk.
1... little siphon prolonged under the right tentaculum.
¢. .. lateral membrane of the left side.

J... edge of the mantle.
g- Asmall portion of the branchia shewing itself from underneath.
h. The orifice of the womb and anus.

20. Halyotis, drawn from the living animal, with all its ornaments.

PLATE XY.

. The Argonauta argo sailing.

. Ocythoé Cranchii, Leach, sitting within the shell.

. Clio Borealis.

a. The body.

b. .. viscera seen through the common coverings.

cc. .. tubercles of the head, and the holes into which the three tenta-
cula on each side retire.

dd. .. branchis and fins.

. Pneumodermon, front view:

a. The body. e. The chin or pointed fleshy appen~
O: > 42> head: dage.

@.. > «a maouth: iis 95 “ESE

dd. .. “lips. g. _.. branchie.

fh... trunk of the branchial vein.
. Pneumodermon, with the skin divided to shew the position of the peri-
cardium and fleshy tunic.

i. The auricle.

k. .. pericardium.

Ul... fleshy tunic with its longitudinal fibres.

. The Zolis, placed obliquely, shewing the belly and right side.

. Scyllea pelagica, on the right side.

HH. The under surface of the foot hollowed into a deep furrow, by
which it suspends itself.

G. .. mouth.

AA. .. two tentacula. :

BC. Two pair of membranous flexible These and the back bear the

wings. branchiz in the form of little fi-
D. A crest on the tail. brous tufts.

E. The orifice of generation.

~
J

orifice of the anus.

13.

. Seyllea pelagica secn on the side of the belly.
. Scyllea pelagica suspended to a branch of the Fucus naians.
: Phyllidia trilineata seen on the upper side.

aa. The indentations for the upper tentacula.
Bs. a: of the anus.

. An upper tentaculum magnified.

. Phyllidia trilineata seen underneath.

aa. The inferior tentacula, between which is the mouth.
b. .. branchie of the left side.
Cc. .. orifice of generation.

A. Limax seen on the right side, the tentacula half developed.

aa. The great tentacula.

bb... smaller

c. .. mouth, between which and the small tentacula are seen the
papilla of the upper lip.

dd. .. foot

e. .. posterior point of the back, whence issues the mucosity by
which it suspends itself.

Es mantle.

g. orifice for respiration.

Aer. generation.

1. The Argonauta argo sailing.

g, suylleca pelagica seen on the side of the belly.

PLATE XY.

9, seyllea pelagica suspended to a branch of the Fucus natans.

10. Phyllidia trilineata seen on the upper side.
qq. The indentations for the upper tentacula,

es
By oo be of the anus.

{{, An upper tentaculum magnified. :
r 42, Phyllidia trilineata seen underneath.
qa. The inferior tentacula, between which is the mouth.
b. .» branchie of the left side.

. Ocythoe Cranchii, Leach, sitting within the shell. :
Clio Borealis. c. «orifice of generation.
a. The body.

b. .. viscera seen through the common coverings.

13, A Limax seen on the right side, the tentacula half developed.
aa. The great tentacula.

cc. .. tubercles of the head, and the holes into which the three tenta- bb. .. smaller
cula on each side retire. c. . mouth, between which and the small tentacula are seen the
dd. .. branchie and fins. it papilla of the upper lip.
, Pneumodermon, front view: ee sont 4 F
a. The body. e. The chin or pointed fleshy appen- 4 aed point of the back, whence isnes the mucosity by
i eehead: dage. which it suspends itself.
e $0 quout Jib fa +g y f. «mantle.
: +. lips. g. . branchie. i ri . erat
Ge ee RRR Tec’ TO Respiration.
| 1by 50 ro generation.

. Pneumodermon, with the skin divided to shew the position of the perl |
cardium and fleshy tunic. |
i. The auricle.
k. .. pericardium.
Wl... fleshy tunic with its longitudinal fibres.
. The Eolis, placed obliquely, shewing the belly and right side.
. Scyllea pelagica, on the right side.
HH. The under surface of the foot hollowed into a deep furrow, by
which it suspends itself.
G..._ mouth. b
AA. .. two tentacula. v

BC. Two pair of membranous flexibley These and the back bear the
wings. Povanchie in the form of little fi-

D. A crest on the tail. brous tufts.
E. The orifice of generation.
FP... orifice of the anus. |

Ww

ee)

s

PLATE: XVEL

. Bulla aperta entire, seen on the back.
a. The fleshy plate which covers the front of the body, or the tentacular
disk i

Cc... part containing the shell.

. Bulla aperta on the right side, with the ventral fleshy plate separated
from the dorsal, to shew what is between them.

a. The tentacular disk. e. The anus.

b. .. plate serving as afoot. | f. .. common orifice of the male

. | organ and oviductus.

. Bulla aperta, seen underneath.

b. The plate serving as a foot.

c. .. part containing the shell.

d. A part of the branchiz.

. Bulla aperta, partly dissected.

a. The stomach. e. The heart.
b. .. cesophagus. Uf sex LIVER,
d. .. branchie. g. .. intestine.

h. .. testicle.
The tongue of the Bulla aperta greatly magnified.

. Helix pomatia, taken from its shell, and seen on the left side: a large
portion of the eos of the pulmonary cavity has been taken away
to shew its position; also the teguments of the remainder of the spire,
to shew the situation of the heart, the bag of viscous matter, etc.

a. The large right tentaculum}| & The hole for respiration seen

half developed. within the pulmonary ca-

b. .. hole whence the left vity.
tentaculum issues. L. .. diaphragm.

c. .. hole for the small tenta- ‘led
culum of the same| 7% -- heart and auricle in their
ea proper place in the open

dd. .._ two lobes of the veil or Peveueniae:
upper lip. 0. .. commencement of the great

eee... edges of the foot. artery of the spire.

ff Two of the lobes placed un- | p. bag of viscous matter.

der the collar. aa Yat tha’ ete

gg. The pad of the collar. Dai irt rst part oi the intestine.

hh. .. place where the cover-| 7. ..__ second part.
ing of the pulmonary |} ss, lobes of the liver.
cavily has been cut
away.

i. .. rectum.

- Testacellus halyotideus, animal and shell.

- Capulus, Mont. (Patella Hungarica, Lin.) detached from its shell, and

seen on one side.

a. The foot. d. The trunk.
6. A sort of ruff which this foot | ee. .. tentacula.
has in front. J: .._ liver and apart of the viscera,
c. The muscle which attaches which occupy the bottom
the foot to the shell. of the shell.

. Onchidium, wonder view.
- Parmacella, seen on the back: the shell has been taken eel and only

its impression remains.

. The horned Planorbis, with its shell.
. The animal of the Cyprea.

Conus.

. Emarginula entire.
. Neryous system of the Fissurella.

. Animal of the Crepidula, detached from its shell, seen above; the ab-

domen and branchial cavity in their natural position.

. Shell of the Crepidula seen underneath.

a. Plate which retains the point of the abdomen.

. Animal of the Crepidula, detached from its shell, and the upper parti:

tion of its branchial cavity turned back to shew the branchiz.

e

w

wo

PLATE XVI

Bulla aperta entire, seen on the back.
a. The fleshy plate which covers the front of the body, or the tentacular
disk
c. .. part containing the shell.
Bulla aperta on the right side, with the ventral fleshy plate separated
from the dorsal, to shew what is between them.

a. The tentacular disk. e. The anus.

-

b. .. plate serving as afoot. | f. common orifice of the male
9 organ and oyiductus.

. Bulla aperta, seen underneath.

b. The plate serving as a foot.
ce. «part containing the shell.
d. A part of the branchiz.

. Bulla aperta, partly dissected.

a. The stomach. e. The heart.

b. .. cesophagus. Si liver.
d. .. branchie. §- :. intestine.
h testicle.

. The tongue of the Bulla aperta greatly magnified.
. Helix pomatia, taken from its shell, and seen on the left side: a large

portion of the covering of the pulmonary cavity has been taken away
to shew its position; also the teguments of the remainder of the spire,
to shew the situation of the heart, the bag of viscous matter, etc.

a. The large right tentaculum}| 4. The hole for respiration seen

half developed. within the pulmonary ca-
b. .. hole whence the left vity.
tentaculum issues. L diaphrag
c. .. hole for the small tenta- soe :
tulumeof the! aeame) (72> heart and auricle in their
ala, proper place in the open
dd, .. two lobes of the veil or pericardium.
upper ae o. .. Commencement ofthe great ——
eee. .._ edges of the foot. artery of the spire.
Two of the lobes placed un- p bag of viscous matter.
der the collar. es = ae
gg. The pad of the collar. q- first part of the intestine.

hh. place where the cover- | 7 second part.
ing of the pulmonary | ,,.
cavily has been cut
away.

i -. rectum.

lobes of the liver. |

ss

|. Capulus Mont. (Patella Hungarica, Lin.) detached from its shell, and

seen on one side.

a. The foot.

}. A sort of ruff which this foot
has in front.

c. The muscle which attaches
the foot to the shell.

d. The trunk.
ee. tentacula.
liver and a part of the viscera,

which occupy the bottom
of the shell.

. Onchidium, under view.

Parmacella, seen on the back: the shell has been taken away, and only
its impression remains.

, The horned Planorbis, with its shell.
. The animal of the Cypreea.

Conus.

, Emarginula entire.
. Nervous system of the Fissurella.

. Animal of the Crepidula, detached from its shell, scen aboye; the ab-

domen and branchial cavity in their natural position.

. Shell of the Crepidula seen underneath.

a. Plate which retains the point of the abdomen.

. Animal of the Crepidula, detached from its shell, and the upper parti-:

tion of its branchial cavity turned back to shew the branchie.

Testacellus halyotideus, animal and shell.

&

8
o
4A,
roll
Ld.

PLATE XVII.

a &

1

4. Scalaria.
2. The female Vivipara taken out of its shell, and the branchial cavity
opened.
a. The foot folded in two. h. The orifice of the womb.
b. operculum attached to its | 7 part situated under the spire.
posterior part. :
Cc. head, with the tentacula | ?: anus.
and trunk. . canal of viscous matter.
d. Sane he EH tone m. «projecting line, forming a se
mi-canal, which terminate
e icc aanade of the at The sipieen a
left side. n. heart and its auricle.
J edge of the mantle. 0. parts of the liver and intestine.
g. branchie. qj
A. womb swelled by the foe- ‘

5
culum.
(SRS a Turbo littoreus.
8.9.40. . Turbo chrysostomus.—
44.
42. Nerita eauvia, with its operculum.
13. Trochus, Gualt.

tus within.

Trochus. (Cochlea sublivida, Lis.)
h. The head.

tt.
ee.

Do.

tentacula.
eyes.

seen underneath..

SF. The foot.

Nerita canrena, taken out af its shell.

p:
P
Oo.

|

. Animal of the Zrochus pharonius, taken out of its shell, with ils oper-

The languette.

foot.
operculum.

«

m. The mouth.

13.

14.

£5.

16

a].

18.

Trochus levis, List.

h. 'The head. P. The foot.

ee. (4 eyes. f. .? filaments.
tt. .. tentacula. o. .. operculum.
p. . male organ.

Purpura. |

h. The head. T. The trunk.

ce. 4 eyes. Pe oe £0.

tt. .. tentacula. o. .. operculum.

Buccinum undatum, half the natural size, seen on the left “side; the
trunk drawn in, and the male organ turned back, and hidden in the
branchial cavity.

a. The male organ. e. The position of the heart,
c. .. siphon. f. .. mucous plates placed to the
dd... position of the branchiz. | right of the branchie.

Buccinum undatum, with the trunk and male organ extended,
a. The male organ.

b. .. trunk.

c. .. siphon.

Natica ». Fossar, Adan. magnified.
h. The head. tt. The tentacula.
62j50.) eyes. Oo. .. operculum,

il... fleshy appendages at the
base of each tentacu-
lum.

Natica

m. The mouth.

“af =... foot.

PLATE XVII.

Scalaria.

2. The female Vivipara taken out of its shell, and the branchial Cavity

opened.
a. The foot folded in two. h. The orifice of the womb.

b. .. operculumattached toits | 7, part situated under the spire
posterior part. ‘
i .. anus.

c. .. head, with the tentaeula
: ee ane ak 2... canal of viscous matter.
Co woe ANS STUN Tea oae gS m projecting line, formin,
x “i oe | ig a se
under. the right tenta raha eal)
z at the siphon d.

which terminate |

oa

|

|

'

e. .. lateral membrane of the 3 g
left side. n, .. heart and its auricle,
fi .. edge of the mantle. 0. parts of the liver and intestine
g- . branchie.
h. .. womb swelled by the fee- N
tus within.
3. Trochus. (Cochlea sublivida, Lis.)
h. The head. p. The languette.
tt. tentacula. P. .. foot.
ee. .. eyes. o. operculum.
4. Do. seen underneath.
JF: The foot. | m. The mouth.
5. Animal of the Zrochus pharonius, taken out of its shell, with ils ope
culum.
6. 7. Turbo littoreus. |
8.9.10. .. Turbo chrysostomus.
Lue Nervita canrena, taken out af its shell.
12. Nerita eauvia, with its operculum.
13. Trochus, Gualt. |

— Trochus levis, List.

A. The head. P. The foot.
ec. .. eyes. WR filaments.
wt... tentacula. o. .. @operculum.
p. » male organ.

. Purpura.
h. The head. T. The trunk.
ce. ., eyes. p- foot.
ut... tentacula. o. .. operculum.

. Buccinum undatum, half the natural size, seen on the left side; the

. Buccinum undatum, with the trunk and male organ extended

b. .. trunk. a
ec... siphon.
. Nalica Fossar, Adan. magnified.

. Natica

i. wlool;

trunk drawn in, and the male organ turned back, and hidden in the
branchial cavity.

a. The male organ. e. The position of the heart,
c. siphon. 2 mucous plates placed to the
dd... position of the branchie. right of the branchiz.

a. The male organ.

h. The head. tt. The tentacula.
ee. .. eyes. f 0. operculum,
1... fleshy appendages at the

base of each tentacu-

lum.

m. The mouth.

OTD Lathes:

wo on aw wD =

‘Ve PLATE XVII.

. Voluta Ethiopica, 1-2.
. Voluta.

. Cerithium.

Aquila.

. Fusus.
. Murex decussatus.

- Cassis glaucus.

Voluta Ethiopica,

Voluta.

. Cerithium.

. Aquila.

Fusus.

. Murex decussatus.

. Cassis glaucus.

PLATE

XVUI.

1-2.

PLATE XIX. ,

. Strombus pugilts.

2. Murex saxatilis.

. Halyotis vulgaris, its shell taken away, seen on the back, and the edges
of the branchial cavity put asunder.

A. The large muscle which attaches the animal to the shell.

a. The anus. | c. The viscous organ.
bb. .. branchie. | d. .. heart in its pericardium.
. Halyotis, etc. the pericardium and branchial cavity opened.
A. The large muscles above. d. The heart.
Gs, ES? e. .. right auricle.
bb. .. branchiz. Sf... left auricle.
c. .. viscous organ. g. .. heartsurrounding the rectum.
wz. .. branchial arteries.

. The heart and large vessels magnified.
a.i. As the preceding figure.
h. The right branchial vein.

“1

_ Fissurella entire, covered with is which is set in the edges of its

mantle. "

open.

a. The disk of the foot. g. The heart.
bb. .. circular muscle which | ;,
joins it to the shell, | .. ~ j 7
and which has been | 24 -. Imtestine.
cut. | &. .. cesophagus.
b. A portion .of this muscle re- | 7, pharynx.
maining with the man- ;
ie mm. .. salivary glands.
cc. The mantle thrown back,and | nn... lateral ganglions ofthe brain.
seen on the under side.

auricles.

: : ee Oe .. extremity of the tongue.
d. .. hole with which it is ; J 6
pierced. | pp. «liver.
ee. .. branchiz. q: .. ovarium.
J. 3s. aus.
. Vermeius, Adanson.
c. The tentacula: o. Operculum.
Y. ... eyes. M. Manile.

Po ve foot. A. Aperture by which the animal
F. Cylindrical filaments. breathes.

. The same animal seen underneath.

p. The foot put on one side, to make it more apparent.
B. The mouth.

;

ce

PLATE XIX

» Slrombus pugils.
. Murex saxatilis.

. Halyotis vulgaris, its shell taken away, seen on the back, and the edges

of the branchial cavity put asunder.
A. The large muscle which attaches the animal to the shell.

a. The anus. | c¢. The viscous organ.
bb... branchiw. | dd... heart in its pericardium.
. Halyotis, ete. the pericardium and branchial cavity opened.
A. The large muscles above. d. The heart.
a. anus. — e. .. right auricle.
bb... branchiz. SF... left auricle.
ec... viscous organ. [Fee v00 heart surrounding the rectum.
a. .. branchial arteries.

. The heart and large vessels magnified.

a.i. As the preceding figure.
h. The right branchial yein.

6, Fissure
mantle.
cit aan open.

a. The disk of the foot. :

6b. .. circular muscle which
joins it to the shell,
and which has been
cut.

b. A portion of this muscle re-
maining with the man-
tle.

cc. The mantle thrown back, and
seen on the under side.

d. .. hole with which it is

pierced.

ee. .. branchiw.

f+ anus,

8, Vermeius, Adanson.

c. The tentacula:

Y. .. eyes.

P. .. foot.

F. Cylindrical filaments.

9, The same animal seen underneath.

lla entire, covered with its ‘shell, which is set in the edges of its

g- The heart.

hh... auricles.
wi... intestine.

k. —.. cesophagus.
1. .. pharynx.

mm. .. salivary glands.

nn... lateralganglions ofthe brain.
0. .. extremity of the tongue.
pp.» liver.

q- +. ovarium.

o. Operculum.

M. Mantle.

A. Aperture by which the animal
breathes.

p. The foot put on one side, to make it more apparent.

B. The mouth.

z

EGA OOO Ge

veeied: 4

RES

.. MULTIVALVES. ‘TUBICOLA.

Ws
a Y
ay
aber + A) ra Py

i A Sidhieeans sMiTH, es Nan
BY Bh cicutiy , 33, KING sneer, corniinagllli

y fg og * ae
st ITC puny, 3, Dove counr, “OLD JEWRY, LONDON.

™

oO me ij by t

.

Bivatvgs...

Mo tivaLves

Tonicouz...

(1) See Fig. 15, 6.

with accessory pieces..-........- 4.
without -- Soe oly seperereas
beaks (!) scarcely perceptible. ...
a large tooth like a spoon, on one
or both valves, for receiving the
ligament: no other tooth... ...
ligament inserted in a hollow in
each valve; lateral teeth......
diverging teeth, or none.......--
rude and irregular teeth. .......-
many teeth.........0ees ee eeees
lamelliform, striated teeth.......
no teeth, and crenated; or with 4.
large cardinal, and 4 elongated
lateral tooth. ......- eee eee ee

exterior; valves gaping at the lateral
extremity... ee seee cee eeeeeeereeces

interior; valves gaping or not......-...
equivalved; ligament(2)

with 2 muscular im- exterior, valves not gaping; hinge with...
pressions, separate

and lateral; (3)...

Neyer, sectoyee!
fan
-

‘ : : OXLETION¢» oo 0.) cvs cc ad pele oso oe 8 wiejers oe o te Wiha ees state Sree RO Sm oo Sle oe 41.
ineguivalvedstigament| Coreg’. ct. oS ea Aloe: hens Seen ee 42.
marginal, very long, simple and linear / Shel! solid, upper edge undulated 13.
occupying a large ) -- -+ withoutteeth....... 44.
space ........... (sub-linear, sometimes divided by undulations, or teeth 15.
not marginal, con-
h ligament.....-..+-- tracted into ashort { interior or semi-interior, always known.....--.---+-- 16.
awith 1 muscular im- space, sometimes known.. 47.
} pression, sub-cen- unknown, but ne-\_ -- -- sometimes unknowné unknown } 49
Fo tral. (4).....005% ver forming a tube ornone j}
under the shell... *
shells adhering, either immediately or by tendinous tubes.....+---++sseeeeeeeresceretserssse ss 19.
valves adhering to the opening of a tunic. ....:2.+..sesere eee e eee ects ese ecnew eter ec cr nesses es: 20.
On Re ie Se Ps Si a rw ee Oe Be ha po a ee 24.
PediOleli es le cade perieretrs Cas we omethliee ens s Rete 8 sve tai as Soe eet et TU Ee eee 22.
Se ee cee eee ra Pea Cana a a ker dee i age 23.
with accessory pieces distinct from the tubes....--+ss+sscerrecseseceenctsessseseccsseesess pe nbin Selene eS eee
without -- -- -- -- and variously twisted.......eceeecer eer eeee eer eesscen ees easeces se essees 25.
almost regular ; either twisted in a spire, simply arched, or conical .....-++++e+eseesecsersesetreceecnseere sess see” 26.

(3) See Fig. 30, a. b.c.

(2) See Fig. 8, /. (4), See Fig, 66, a.

Pholadarie..p.
Lithophagt. .p-
Solenacea@...p-

Myaria.....p.

Mactracce. .p-

Conche...-
Cardiacee ..
Arcace@...-

P
P
P

Trigone@..-Pp-
Naiades...-p
P

Camacce...p.
Corbulacee .p.
Tridacne@. .p-
Mytilacee ..p.
Malleacee...p-

Pectinides...p.
Ostrace@ ...Pp-

Rudistes....P-

Lingulacce..p.
Corniformes. p-
Seriales ....P+
Pediculate..p-
Sessiles...--
Annexe «+.
Contort@..-
Subreguilares. P-

P:
p-
Pp:

(4)
DIVISION I. PHOLADARLE.

GENERA. (1)

4. Puoras. Lin. T.

Transverse, gaping at A plate from each Ligament exterior,
eachend; generally white valve, projecting imto with accessory pieces
and striated, Fig. 4. the other valve. distinct from the valves.

(2)

DIVISION Hi. LITHOPHAGI.

GENERA.
4. Gastrocumna, Spen-
glerT. :
Gaping at both ends, Hinge linear, mare Ligament exterior.

but at one much more ginal.
than the other: very fra-

gile. (3) Fig. 2.

2. Byssomia. Cuv. M.

Oblong, opening oppo- _— Hinge without teeth. Ligament exterior :
site’'to the beaks. Fig. 43. with a byssus. (4)

3. Perricotra. Lam. M.

Subtrigonal, inequilate- § Hinge with2teethon Ligament exterior.
ral; one end rounded, one valve, and 4 on the

the other gaping. Fig. 5. other, or 2 on each. (5)

(4) Where the habitat is not mentioned, the genus is found in the seas and dif-
ferent climates of both hemispheres : T. indicates that it is terrestrial ; M. marine;
F. fluviatic.

(2) Some of these accessory pieces are attached to the hinge, and cover the liga-
ment exteriorly; others are within, fixed under the beaks. The animals pierce |
stone or wood, or bury themselves in the sand; they are generally stationary in
the holes which they have bored, and the shell is very fragile. They have been
much sought for on account of their agreeable flavour; some species are found on
the coasts of France. Fess. in Crag Marl, London Clay.

(3) They pierce and live within madrepores. The animals of this Division
bury themselves, with their anterior extremity always near the mouth of the
hole which contains them, ready to receive the water.

(4) One species is very abundant in the Northern Seas, and is provided with a
byssus.

(5) Lamarck formerly divided this genus into Petricola and Rupellaria; but the
variations he has subsequently discovered in their hinges, have induced him to
reunite them. They inhabit stones, Foss. in Italy, at Pont Levots.

(5 )

4. Saxicava- Bellevue. M.
Transverse, inequilate- | Hinge with only 2 Ligament exterior.

yal, gaping at the upper dentiform tuberosities,
‘part. Fig. 3. © wide apart.

5. Veneniruris. (VENE-
ruPIs. Lam.) M.
Inequilateral, gaping at — Hinge with 2 teeth on Ligament exterior.
one end. Fig. 4. one valve, and 3 on the
other, or 3 on each,
- small, near together, and

parallel.

DIVISION Ill. SOLENACE/:

. GENERA.
4. Sottn. Lin. M.

Equivalved, transverse- Hinge lateral, with 2 —‘ Ligament exterior .
ly elongated; gaping at or 3 little teeth, joining
eachend,sometimesalittle each other laterally
curved. Beaks very small, when shut.
not projecting. Fig. 6.

a. Cardinal teeth contiguous to the anterior edge.
k. ae .. distant from
y- nF ~. nearly in the middle. (1)
2.Sancurnovaria. Lam.M.
Sub-elliptic, gaping a
little at the lateral extre- 9 contiguous cardinal _—_ Ligament exterior. (2)

Sa upper edgearched. teeth on each valve.
ig. 8. ]

3. Grycreris. Lam. M.

Shell gaping widely on

each side: the second’ Hinge callous, no Ligament exterior,on
edges * (interior and cal- teeth. the shortest side of the
lous) projecting without. shell. (3)

Fig. 7.

(1) They live in the sand on the sea-shore, and bury themselves even two feet
below the surface, in a vertical position; consequently, when the animal is living,
the shell is always placed perpendicularly on one of its sides, the gaping part
uppermost for the passage of itsttubes, Its movements are confined to leaving the
bottom of itshole, coming to the surface, and re-entering by means of the exten-
sions and contractions of its muscular foot, whichis at the lowest end of the shell.
Foss. at Grignon, Bourdeaux, Italy, and in the London Clay.

oi Jamaica, New Holland, American and Indian Seas, Foss. in the London
ay.

* Apud Gallos, Nympha. v. Fig. 30. a.
(3) Northern Seas, Foss. at Grignon.

4. Panop#a. Menard. M.
Equivalved, transverse,

unequally gaping at the
sides. Fig. g.

5. Psammosis. Lam. M.

Oblong-oval, rather
fiat, a little gaping on
each side. Beaks more
projecting. Fig. 10.

6. Psammorea. Lam. M.
Oblong-oval, a_ little

gaping at the sides. Beaks
more projecting. The in-
ner, Callous, edges project-

ing alittle. (2) Fig. 11.

\

C36)

One conical cardinal
tooth on each valve, and
a compressed callosity
at the side, not project-
ing without.

Hinge with 2 teeth on
one valve, and / on the
opposite valve, entering
between the other two
when cloged.

“4 cardinal tooth on
each valve, or on one
valve only.

Ligament exterior, on.
the longest side of the
shell; fixed on the cal-
losities. (41)

Ligament exterior.

Ligament. exterior,
attached to the inner,

callous, edges.

DIVISION TV. MYARLE.

- 4. Mya. Lin. M.

Shell gaping at each
_ end. Pig. 12:

2. Anatina. Lam. M.

Sub-equivalved, gaping
at both ends, or at one

only, Fig. 13.

GENERA.

A. large compressed,
rounded, cardinal tooth,
projecting almost verti-
cally, and hollowed like
a spoon. A cardinal hol-
low on the other.

A tooth like that of
the AZya on each valve,
the teeth supported ei-
ther by a rib or a plate
running obliquely into

the shell, and frequently ©

a decurrent fissure giving
the appearance of a se-
cond plate.

Ligament interior, in-
serted on the tooth and
in the hollow. (3)

Ligament interior, at-
tached to each tooth.

(1) Mediterranean. Foss.at Parma. The species found at the foot of the Appe-
nines is in such good preservation that itappears as if justtaken from the sea.

(2) Lamarck supposes this genus to be composed of degenerated Psammobia,

Foss. at Grignon.

(3) Foss. in the London
Faller’s-carth Rock.

Clay, Crag Mar!, Woolwich Loam, and Green Sand,

——

|
|
|
|

DIVISION V.

4. Lurraria. Lam. M.
Inequilateral; gaping
at the lateral extremities.

Fig. 14.

(C7)

GENERA.

Hinge either with 1
tooth folded in two, or
2 teeth, one of which
is simple, with a deltoid
hollow close to it: no
lateral teeth.

he Shell transversely oblong.

pe

2. Mactra. Gmel. M.

Tnequilateral, subtrigo-
nal; alittle gaping at the
sides: beaks protuberant.

Pig. 15.

3. CRASSATELLA. Lam. M.

‘ Inequilateral, suborbi-
cular, valves close. Fig. 16.

4. Uncurma. Daud.

Shell transverse, round-
ed above, almost equilate-
ral: valves close, fur-

rowed. Fig, 19.

5. Erycina. Lam. M.
Sub-inequilateral, equi-

valved, rarely gaping.
Fig. 20. :

orbicular or sub-trigonal.

1 compressed cardi-
nal tooth, folded in a
furrow on each valve,
with a hollow close to it ;
or 2 lateral compressed
teeth.

2 sub-diverging car-
dinal teeth, with a hol-
low at the side: lateral
teeth none, or obscure.

A short sub-bifid car-
dinal tooth on each
valve, with an oblong
marginal hollow by its
side, divided in two by
a contraction.

2 unequal cardinal
teeth, diverging, with
an intervening hollow :
2 lateral oblong teeth,
compressed, short.

MACTRACE.

Ligament interior,
fixed in the cardinal hol-
lows. (1)

Ligament interior, in-
serted in the cardinal
hollow. (2)

Ligament interior, in-
serted in the hollow of
each valve. (3) ,

Ligament interior, in-
serted in the hollows
and seen without. (4)

Ligament interior,

fixed in the hollows. (5)

(1) This shell is sometimes found in the sand at the mouths of the rivers of

rance,

Foss. in the Marl Pits of Touraine.

(2) Foss. in Great Odlite, Crag Marl, at Grignon. L
(3) The greater number of species become very thick with age. Atlantic,

Coast of Guinea, East and West-Indies, New-Holland, Southern Seas.

Foss at

Grignon, Bourdeaux, St, Brieux, Courtagnon, Magnitot, Vaucluse, Beauvais, Houdan.

(4) There is only one species; habitat unknown.
. (5) The only living species known, comes from New-Holland. Foss. at Houdan,
Parnes, Pontchartrain, Grignon, Ecouen,

6. Sorenmya. (SoLEMYA.
Lam.) Mi.» i}

Inequilateral, equival-
ved, obtuse .at the extre-
mities ; a shining epider-
mis, projecting beyond
the shell; beaks scarcely
perceptible, a little gaping
on one side. Fig. 47.

7. AmpHIpDESMA. Lam. M.-

Tnequilatefal, sub-oval
or rounded, sometimes a
little gaping at the sides.
Fig. 18.

(8)

4 cardinal tooth on—

each valve, dilated, com-
pressed, very oblique,
slightly concave above,
receiving the ligament.

Hinge with 4 or 2
teeth and a narrow hol-
low for the inner liga-
ment; sometimes with
lateral teeth.

Ligament partly in-
terior and partly exte-
rior, (4). epee

Ligament double, the
external short, the in-
ternal fixed in the hol-
lows. (2)

DIVISION VI. CONCH.

4. MecaprsmMA. PotaAmo-
PHILA Sowerby. GALATEA.
Lam. F.

Equivalved, sub-trigo-
nal, covered with a green-
ish epidermis : inner edges
prominent. Fig. Day

2. Crcuas. Lam. F.

Equivalved, ventricose,
oval, beaks protuberant,
very fragile. Colour ge-
nerally grey or greenish.

Fig. 22.

GENERA.

2 furrowed cardinal
teeth, approaching at
base on one valve, 3 on
the other, the middle
projecting and separa-
ted, lateral teeth wide
apart.

Cardinal teeth very
small, sometimes scarce-
ly any, sometimes 2 on
each valve, one of which
is folded in two; some-=
times only 4 (folded or
lobed) on the one valve,
and2 onthe other. La+
teral teeth transversely
elongated, compressed,
lamelliform.

Ligament exterior,
short, projecting and
swelling considerably.
Muscular impressions

appearing doubled. (3)

,

Ligament exterior. (4)

(1) This ligament is pressed between the tooth and edge of each valve, and
shows itself without, enveloping the edge.
(2) This genus forms a link from the Mactracez to the Dimyariz, with an exte-

rior ligament.

(3) The only species known, comes from Ceylon and the East-Indies.

Mr.

Sowerby has lately substituted the name of Potamophila, because that of Galatea
had already been applied by Fabricius toa Crab; but, unfortunately, Latreille,
had established a genus of Crustacew, under the name of Potamophila, upwards of
five years ago. W. Regne animal, tome 3, p. 18. I have therefore presumed to
propose the name of Megadesma (yeye great, deoyos a ligament). The name of
Galatea, being that of a Seca Nymph, was, moreover, by no means well chosen for
a Fluviatic shell. Aaah

(4) The exotic Cyclas becomes very large, especially that from Asia. Foss. in

Crag Mari at Betz; the species foundat Betz, resembles the exotic Cyclades more
than these of Europe. ; t

3. Crrena. Lam. F.

-.. Reunded, triangular,
swelled or ventricose, so-
lid, inequilateral ; with an
epidermis, but the beaks
naked. Fig. 23.

(9)

_ 3teeth on each valve,

- generally two lateral
teeth, one of which is
often close to the car-
dinal teeth. :

a. Lateral teeth dentated.

Pas 2 .. entire.

4, Carsa. Lam. M.
Equivalved. Fig. 24.

2 cardinal teeth on
the right valve, 4 bifid

entering tooth on the

_ other. No lateral teeth.

5. Loriprs. Poli. M.
Lenticular. (3) Fig. 37.

6. Livers. Brug. M.

Sub-orbicular, inequi-
lateral ; beaks small, point-
ed, oblique. Fig. 25.

7. Corsis. Cuv. M.

Equivalved, without

fold or anterior edge,

beaks curved within, op-

posed. Fig. 26,

(1) There are none found

Cardinal teeth almost

effaced.

2 diverging cardinal
teeth, 1 bifid, all vary-
ing or disappearing -with
age; 2 lateral teeth (1
close io the cardinal) or
none.

2 cardinal and 2 late-
ral teeth.

in Europe.

only in habitation, but in lateral teeth.

(2) From Brazil and the Indian Ocean.

(3) Lamarck only sees a specific difference in these shells,
‘Poli and Cuvier.

Ligament exterior, on

the largest side. (4)

Ligament exterior, on
the shortest side. (2)

Ligament exterior, in
a simple furrow. Be-
sides the usual impres-
sion, a line from that of
the anterior muscle to-
wards the beaks.

Ligament exterior, the
muscular impressions
(one of which is pro-
longed into a_ streak)

very wide apart. (4)

Ligament exterior,
muscular impressions

simple. (5)

Fluviatic and Marine Conche differ not

adopted as a genus by

(4) Foss. Grignon, environs of Paris, Chaumont, Longjumeau.

(5) Indian Ocean. The

Grignon, Marl-pits of Granville.

fossil species of this genus are very flat, Foss, at

(10 )
8. Trnuna. Lin. M.

Orbicular, generally 1 or 2 cardinal teeth Ligament exterior, on
flattish, anteriorsideangu- on the same valve: 2 the ot side. (1)
lar, presenting an undulat- lateral teeth.

ing irregular fold. Fig. 51.

e. Shell transversely oblong.

f. .. orbicular or a rounded oval.

9. Tevirnormes. Lam. M.

Inequilateral, flattish, 2 diverging cardinal Ligament exterior.
slightly gaping atthesides, teeth on each valve: 2
beaks small, not swelled, lateral teeth, almost ef-
without fold. Fig. 36. faced onone valve, 1 of
them very near the car-
dinals.

40. Donax. Lin. L. M.

Equivalved, imequila- 2 cardinal teeth, ei- Ligament exterior,
teral, anterior side very theron each valveoron short. (2)
short, and very obtuse. one only, 4 or 2 lateral
Fig. 27. teeth,

a. Internal edge of the valves entire.

ee ry oa ae .. distinctly crenated or dentated.
44. Cytuerea. Lam. M. A eet danl teeth son
Equivalved, inequila- the right valve (4),3 of Ligament exterior.(3)
teral, sub-orbicular, tri- which are diverging,
gonal, Fig. 28. but near tegether at
the base; and 1 (isola-
ted under the 3 diver-
ging cardinal teeth) on
the other valve, which
has a hollow parallel to
the edge: no lateral
teeth.

_y Anterior cardinal tooth with a
striated channel ora dentated
a. Internal edge of valvesentire. edge.
Anterior cardinal tooth neither
channelled nor dentated.
6. Internal edge of valves crenated or den-
tated.

-

(1) Austral Ocean. They arg frequently found at a small depth in the sand on
the sea-shore. Foss. in Crag Marl; at Grignon, Parnes, Daw, Bourdeaux, Environs
of Troyes.

(2) These are also found in the sands of the sea-shore. Foss. at Parnes, Beynes,
Houdan, Grignon.

(3) Foss. at Bourdcaux, Mont-Marius, Turin, Beauvais, Grignon, Courtagnon, —
Houdan, Pontchartrain.

(4) The valve on the right hand, when you hold. the shell with its hinges down-
wards, and the side with the ligament farthest from you.

A2. Venus. Lin. M.
Equivalved, inequila-

(1)

3 cardinal teeth close

Ligament exterior, co-

teral, suborbicular. Fig. together on each valve, vering the furrow. (1)

29 and 30.

lateral teeth diverging
at the summit.

a. Internal edge of valves crenated or den- Siriz scaly.
Striz not scaly.

tated.

6. Internal edge of valves entire.

43. Venernicarpia. Lam.
M. Foss.

_ Equivalved, inequilate-
ral, sub-orbicular, with
longitudinal radiating ribs.

Fig. 32.

44. Crassina. Lam. M.
Astarte. Sowerby.

Sub-orbicular, equival-
ved, sub - inequilateral,

close. Fig 34, 35.

45. Cyprina. Lam. M.
Equivalved, inequilate-
ral, like an oblique heart ;

beaks obliquely curved.
Fig. 33. )

2 oblique cardinal
teeth, directed to the
same side.

Hinge with 2 strong
diverging teeth on the
right valve, and 2 very

unequal on the other

valve.

3 unequal cardinal
teeth, close together at
their base, a little di-
verging at the top: 1
lateral tooth, distant
from the hinge, on the
anterior side, some-
times obscure.

Ligament exterior. (2)

Ligament exterior, on
the longest side; gene-
rally a third muscular
impression, very small.

(3)

Ligament exterior,
partly sunk under the
beaks: callosities of the
inner edge large, arched,
terminated near the

beaks by a hollow. (4)

(4) There are a few species which have their teeth almost straight; they gene-
rally live in the sand at a moderate distance from the water’s edge; they are more
numerous and varied in warm climates. Foss. in Crag Marl, Green Sand, London
Clay; at Grignon, Pontchartain.

(2) Foss. in the London Clay, at Grignon, Beauvais, Courtagnon, Cambray, Oise,
Essanville, Italy, Piedmont, Angers, Paris, Marl pits of Touraine, Chaumont.

(3) Foss. Crag Marl, Portiand-rock, Oak-tree Clay, Under Oidlite.

(4) By their lateral tooth (sometimes obscure) and their persisting epidermis,
the Cyprine approach the fluviatic Conche, and it is probable that many live in the
sea, atthe mouths of rivers, Foss. at Sienna, Turin, Italy, Bourdcaux, England,
Piedmont,

DIVISION VII.

4. Carprum. Lin.

Equivalved, ‘sub-cordi-

form, beaks protuberant,

valves dentated or folded

on their internal edge ;
longitudinal ribs,
thorny or scaly. Fig. 38.

often

( 12 )

GENERA.

4 cardinal teeth on
each valve, close toge-
ther, oblique, joining in
across with the corres-
ponding teeth: 2 lateral
teeth, wide apart.

CARDIACEA.

Ligament exterior,
very short : muscular
impressions not very aps
parent. (4)

a. No peculiar angle on the beaks; the anterior side at least as large as the

posterior.

f. Beaks keeled or with an angle; the posterior side often larger than the

anterior.

2. IsocarpiA. Lam. M.

Equivalved, cordiform,
ventricose; beaks wide
apart, diverging, rolled
in a spire. Fig. 39.

Daud. M.
Equivalved, very ine-

quilateral, gaping at the

upper edge. Fig; 40.

3. Hirarewa.

4, Cypricarpi. Lam. M.

Equivalved, inequilate-

ral, obliquely elongated.
Pig:A2.)

. (4) They are found in ail seas.
may be recognized which now live in the Asiatic Ocean.

2 flattened cardinal
teeth, one of which
curves and enters under
the beak: 1 elongated
lateral tooth.

4 small cardinal tooth
on the right valve, and 2
oblique teeth a little
larger on the left valve.

3 cardinal teeth under
the beaks: 4. lateral
tooth.

Ligament exterior,
forked on one side.

Ligament exterior. (2)

Ligament exterior.(3)

Amongst the fossil Cardia of Europe, species

They bury themselves

in the sands of the coasts. Foss. in London Clay, Crag Marl, Woolwich Loam and
Green Sand, Limestone Rock, Derbyshire Peak Rock, at Grignon, Bourdcaux, Plai-
sance, Touraine, Sienna, St. Jean d’Assé, Chaujfour, Ban, Paris, Pontchartrain,
Montfort-Lomori, Cherbourg. The fossil species Cardium Hibernicum, is so sin-
gular in form, that notwithstanding its affinity to the Cardia in other respects,,
M. Lamarck thinks, were its hinge known, it would form a distinct genus.

(2) This shell is generally found amongst the fucus in the sand of the Northern
Seas.

(3) New-Hoiland, Coast of Guinea, St. Domingo. Foss, Italy, Caen, Moutiers.

(13 )
5. Canpita. Brug. M.

Equivalved, regular, in- 2 unequal cardinal Ligament exterior.(1)
equilateral. Fig. 41. teeth, one short and.
_ straightunder the beaks,
the other oblique, and !
marginal.

a. Shell sub-cordiform or oval, more transverse than longitudinal.
@. .. more longitudinal than transverse.

DIVISION VIII. ARCACE/E.

GENERA.

4. Cucurr#a. Lam. M.

Equivalved, inequilate- Hinge linear, straight, Ligament exterior ;
ral, trapeziform, yventri- with little transverse muscular impression
cose; beaks wide apart, teeth: the extremities forming a projecting an=
separated by the area of with from 2 to 5 ribs. gular edge.
the ligament. Fig, 47. (2)

o. ARCA... Lim»-.M.

Sub-equivalved, inequi- | Hinge in a straight Ligament exterior.(3)
lateral ; beaks wide apart, line, with numerous pa-
separated by the area of rallel teeth; no ribs to
the ligament: shell fre- the sides.
quently gaping. Fig. 44.

#. Upper edge not crenated within.

Bist he a .. crenated within.

(1) The exterior sides very long, and the posterior very short : some are said
to attach themselves to marine bodies by threads, like the Mytili and Arce. Foss.
in Great Odlite, Green Sand, Kelloway Stone, Bedford Limestone, Under Odlite
Blue Lias, at Grignon, Touraine, Sienna, Angers. i

(2) The greater number of the Arcacce live under the sand, at a little distance
from the water’s edge. The fossil species of the Cucullea prove that it thickens
as it grows older, and the lateral ribs of the hinge are proportionally more nu-
merous; the area of the ligament also enlarges and acquires more furrows. Foss.
in Green Sand, at Beauvais.

(3) Several Arca are covered with a scaly or hairy epidermis, and some have
one valve larger than the other at the upper edge. One species is found at Timor
in a semi-fossil state. Foss. in Chalk Marl, Green Sand; at Houdan, Marl pits of
Touraine, Bourdcaux, Grignon, Parnes, Angers, Paris, Plaisance, Turin.

Ge)

3. PrcruncuLus. Lam. M.

Orbicular, almost len- Hinge arched, with Ligament exterior. (1)
ticular, equivalved, sub- numerous serial oblique e,
equilateral, close: beaks teeth, the middle ob-

apart, with an area forthe scure or none.

ligament. Fig. 45.

a, Furrows jongitudinal, distant, with fine stria, either longitudinal or
transverse.

&. Furrows longitudinal, projecting and radiating, with or without trans-
verse striz.

4, Nucura. Lam. M.

Oval, trigonal or ob- Hinge in a_ broken Ligament marginal,
long, equivalved, mequi- line, multi-dentated, in- partly interior, inserted
lateral; beaks contiguous, terrupted in the middle in the hollow or spoon.
without an area. Fig.46. by a hollow or a lit- (2) meh

ile oblique projecting |
spoon ; teeth often ad-
vancing and pectini-
form. ee

(1) Several species become very thick with age, and frequently change their
form, which makes them difficult to recognise ; they are generally found in mud.
Foss. in London Clay, Woolwich Loam and Green Sand ; at Grignon, Courtagnon,
Beauvais, Bourdeaux, Dax, Piedmont, Sienna, Cassel, Pontchartrain, Soueurs, Plai-
sance, Mans, Touraine.

(2) Foss. in London Clay, Crag Marl, Chalk Marl, at Grignon, Courtagnon, Parnes,
Bourdeaux, Bourgogne, Plaisance, Mont-Marius.

( 15 )

DIVISION IX. TRIGONEZ.

\

i. Tarconta, Brug. M.

Equivalved, inequilate-

GENERA.

Cardinal teeth oblong,

ral, trigonal, sometimes flattened on the sides,

sub-orbicular. Fig. 48.

2. Casrarra. Lam. F.

Equivalved, inequilate-

ral, trigonal; beaks na-

ked, curved back.

diverging and furrowed
transversely ; the 2 on
the right valve furrowed
on each side, and the
4 on the other valve
furrowed on ong side
only. !

Hinge with 2 lamelli-
form teeth, transversely
striated ; one posterior,
distant, shortened, sub-
trilamellate ; the other,
anterior, elongated, la-
teral,

Ligament exterior,

marginal. (4)

Ligament exterior. (2)

(4) The only living species was found by Peron at King’s Island, New-Holland.

Itis covered with mother of pearl within; is a shell of singular beauty, and valued

at a high price.

Foss. in Crag Marl, Green Sand, Upper Odlite, Under Qdlite; at

Puy-de-Déme, Mans, Coulaines, Courtagnon, Gundershofen, Havre, Caen,

(2) This shell seems to form a link between the Trigonia and Naiades; it is im-
perfectly known from there being but one of the kind, in the Cabinet of M, le
Marquis de Dree, which is not at present accessible.

Habitat unknown.

Sa

(16).

DIVISION X. NAIADES. —

GENERA.
4. Unio. Brug. F.

Equivalved, imequila- 2 teeth on each valve; Ligament exterior,
teral ; beaksnaked, worn: one cardinal, short, irre- posterior, muscular im-
epidermis ~greenish or gular, simple or divided pression composite. (1)
brown ; sometimes a.little in two, sub-striated ; “
gaping. Fig. 55. _ the other elongated, .

_ compressed, lateral.

#. Cardinal tooth short, thick, neither crested nor sub-striated.
E. » 1. «+ compressed, projecting, and frequently crested.
2. Hyrw. Lam. F.

Equivalved, obliquely Hinge with2creeping Ligament exterior, hi-
trigonal, auriculated, base teeth; 4 cardinal, divid- near. (2)
truncated and straight. ed into numerous di-
Fig. 54. verging parts, the inte-
rior the smallest; the
(2 ptuk other lateral, very long,
and lamellar.

3. Anopon. Brug. F.

Equivalved, inequilate-
ral, beaks naked. Fig. 53.

Hinge linear; no _ Ligament exterior, li-
tooth; a cardinal plate, near, entering at one
smooth, truncated or end into the sinus of the
forming a sinus at the cardinal plate; muscu-
anterior extremity, ter- lar impressions wide
minating the base of the apart, sub-geminate.(3)

shell.
a. No distinct angle at the posterior extremity of the cardinal line.
Ba We es Bae ” - ak a
4, Inpina. Lam. I’. ae ,
Equivalved, inequilate- Hinge long, linear, Ligament exterior,:
ral; beaks small, almost lessened in the middle, marginal ; muscular .im-
Fig. 52. tuberculous, almost sub- pressions like those of

crenated ; tubercles nu- the Anodon. (4).
merous and unegual.

(1) These shells exist in the rivers of Europe and both Indies ; they are buried
in the mud, with their beaks downwards: many of them furnish good pearls.
Foss.in Gravel, Alluvial Clay, Sand, Coal-shale, Crag Marl, Portland Rock, Blue
Lias, Yellow Limestone. The plate should be turned to view the figure of the
Unio. Having received a better specimen after the first was engraved, I could
only enlarge the characters to give them more force, which I fear has produced
confusion, by making the figure too large for the space it occupies in the plate.
The lower part of the valve Fig. 55, fits into the upper part of the valve, Fig. 55a-

(2) The babitat is unknown.

(3) They live in fresh-water lakes and ponds, under the mud at the bottom;
they are not eaten on account of their insipid taste. There is a genus of serpents
named Anodon (v. Dictionaire des Sciences Naturelles), but as the shell appears to
have the prior claim, I have not altered the name but merely corrected it, the
French Conchologists having, unaccountably, written it in the accusative
Anodonta. i

(4) It lives in the rivers of warm climates, and when it is deprived of its epi-
dermis, both the inner and outer surfaces present a beautiful appearance, the
mother of pearl being of a reddish hue and reflecting the colors of the rainbows

(
\

(17)
DIVISION XI. CAMACE/.

GENERA.

4. Dicrrnas. (1) Lam.

Inequivalved, adherent; 4 very large, thick, —
beaks large, diverging, concave, sub-auricular
conical, turned in irregu- tooth, projecting into

lar spires. Fig. 56. the largest valve.
2. Cuama. Lin. M.

Irregular, inequivalved, 1 thick, oblique, sub- Ligament exterior,
adherent ; beaks curved, crenated tooth, fitting deeply inserted. (2)

unequal. Fig. 60. into a hollow on the op-
So posite valve.

2. Beaks turning from left to right. ( r

| Mee : .. right to left.
3. Eruenima. Lam. M.

Irregular, inequivalved, | No tooth; hinges un+ Ligament exterior,
adherent; beaks short, as dulated, sub-sinuated, twisted, partly penetra-
if sunk into the base of unequal. ting the shell: muscular
the valves; shell foliated, impressions distant, la-
with irregular blisters (ap- teral, oblong. (3)

parently accidental) with-
in. Fig. 59.

a. An oblong callosity in the base of the shell.
f. No callosity a fe

_ (4) Ihave only been able to procure the mould of a Diceras to draw from ;
there is but one species known, and that in a fossil state. Cuvier does not see
any essential difference between it and the Chame. It is found at Mount Saléve,
and in the environs of St. Mihiel in Lorraine. ‘Interior moulds of a smaller size
have been found at Clévre, near Ferte-Benard, in the department of Sarthe, and
in that of Calvados.

(2) Almost all the Camacee adhere to rocks, corallines, and frequently to each
je Foss.in the Green Sand, Kelloway Stone, at Piedmont, Angers, Plaisance,
rignon.

(3) This is a very rare shell, and is sold at a considerable price : the blisters
found on its inner surface, have never been satisfactorily explained. East-
Indies and Madagascar,

DIVISION XI. CORBULACE.

4. Corsura. Lam. M. F.
Shell regular, inequi-

valved, inequilateral ; not,
or scarcely gaping. Fig.57.

2. Pannora. Lam. M.

Shell regular, inequival-
_ ved, inequilateral, trans-
versely oblong; one valve
flattened, the other con-
vex. Fig.-58.

3. Propuctus. Sowerby.
‘Foss.

Equilateral, inequival-
ved, margin reflexed; the
one valve convex, the
other flat or concave ex-
ternally ; frequently fur-
nished with spines. Fig.
61. 62. 63.

(1) Some of these live within stones. M. de Ferussac has a fresh-water spe-
cimen in his splendid collection of terrestrial and fluviatic shells.

( 18")

GENERA.

4 cardinal tooth on
each valve, conical and
curved; a hollow onthe
side: no lateral teeth.

2 oblong cardinal
teeth, diverging and un-
equal, on the flat valve,
2 oblong hollows on the
other.

Hinge transverse, li-
near.

Grignon, Bourdcaux, Italy, Courtagnon.

(2) Mediterranean and British Ocean. Foss, in the Limestone Rock, Derbyshire-

Peak Rock.

fixed in the hollows. (4)

Ligament interior. (2)

oem
—_—
a)
~~ S

DIVISION XIII. TRIDACNE.

GENERA.
4. Trwacna. Brug. M.

Shell regular, equival- | 2compressedcardinal § Ligament marginal,
ved, inequilateral, gaping, teeth, unequal,anterior. exterior: muscular im-
upper edge always undu- pression elongated, at-
Jated; with a byssus. tached. (4)

Fig. 54.
2. Hirporus. Lam. M.

Equivalved, regular,in- | 2 compressed, une- Ligament marginal,
equilateral. Fig. 49. qual, cardinal teeth. exterior. (2)

_(4) These shells sometimes attain an enormous size, and are the largest and
heaviest known. Those which contain the holy water in the Church of St. Sulpice,
at Paris, were presented to Francis the First, by the Republic of Venice. The
tendinous byssus, which suspends. them to the rock, is so thick and tenacious,
that it is only to be separated by a hatchet; the flesh of the animal is eatable,
but very hard. Foss. Normandy, in the environs of Dives, .

(2) There is but one species known.

( 20 )
DIVISION XIV. MYTILACEE.

GENERA. (1)
4. Mopiora. Lam. M.
Shell sub-transverse, Noteeth; hinge late- Ligament almost in-—

equivalved, regular, pos- ral and linear. terior, received in a
terior side very short: marginal furrow: mus-
beaks almost lateral, in- cular impression sub-
clined on the short side. lateral, elongated. (2)
Fig. 64.

2. Lirnopomus. Cuv. M.

Almost equally rounded
at both ends: beaks near the
posterior end. (3) Fig. 65.
3. Myritus. (4) Zin.M.F.

Equivalved, regular, -- --

pointed at the base; fixed
by a byssus; beaks al-
iwnost straight, terminal,

pointed. Fig. 66.
¢. Shell furrowed longitudinally.
2. No longitudinal furrews.

4. Pinna. Lin. M.

Longitudinal, wedge- -- -- Ligament marginal,
shaped, equivalved, ga- linear, very long, almost
ping at the summit, point- interior. (5)

ed at the base; beaks
straight : byssus extreme-

ly fine and silky. Fig. 67.

(1) The greater number of Mytilacee attach themselves to marine bodies, by a byssus.

(2) These do not attach themselves by a byssus. Foss. in the London Clay,
Green Sand, Upper Oodlite, Clunch Clay, Alum Shale, Blue Lias, at Grignon,
Plaisance, Vaches-Nowres, St.Jean d’Assé, Chauffour, Domfront, Tanrie.

(3) Lamarck does not admit this as a distinct genus. They have a byssus,
which does not grow after they have lodged themselves in stone. ‘Ihe manner in
which the Lithodomi, Pholades, and some others, hollow out the stones which
they inhabit, has given place to much discussion: some believe it to be effected by
the mechanical action of the valves; others by dissolution. One of the Lithodomé
is very common in the Mediterranean, where it is esteemed from its agreeably
pungent taste.

(4) Towards the end of autumn, we frequently find small crabs, who take
shelter in the shells of the Mytili, without injuring the animal. M. de Ferussac

has shewn me what is supposed to be a fresh-water Mytilus. They are frequently _ .

eaten, but are dangerous in any quantity. Besides the cardinal, they have a
thinner ligament, fixed within, towards their superior extremity. Dr. Leach
first determined its use to be that of moderating the effects of the elasticity of the
cardinal ligament, without obliging the muscle of attachment to contract itself :
there is another at the base of the shell, which probably strengthens the cardinal
attachment. The Mytiloides found in white chalkand chalk tufau, is so thin and fragile,
and adheres so closely to the rock in which it is found, that the hinge is unknown,
and it is merely placed temporarily with the Mytili, from its apparent resemblance.
It varies considerably in form and size, and the folds are sometimes very delicate.
Vide fig. 68.

(5) The byssus of the Prana is long, fine, lustrous, silky, and full; it takes

DIVISION XY.

4. Crenatuta. Lam. M.

- Sub-equivalved, flatten-
ed, foliated, somewhat ir-

regular. Fig. 69.

2. Perna. Lam. M.

Sub-equivalved, flatten-
ed, irregular; substance
scaly ; beaks small, at one

end of the hinge. Fig. 72.

3. Inocenamus. Sowerby.
Foss.

Inequivalved, one beak
curved inwards; substance

scaly. Fig. 74. 75.

4. Matteus. Lam. M.

Sub - equivalved, rug-
ged, irregular, sub-lobed
at the base; beaks small

and diverging. Fig. 73.

( 21)

GENERA.

Hinge lateral, crena-
ted, callous.

Hinge linear, margin-
al, composed of trans-
verse, parallel, sulciform
teeth.

Hinge straight, with
teeth like the Perna.

Hinge without teeth :
an elongated conical hol-.
low, situated under the
beaks, traversing the
area of .the ligament

obliquely.

MALLEACE.®.

~

Ligament linear, inar-
ginal, received in the
hollows of the crenaied
hinge ; no passage. for a
byssus. (1)

Ligament inserted be-
tween the teeth: a pos-
terior sinus, gaping un~
der the extremity of the
hinge, for the byssus.
(2)

ox }
A,

Ligament like that of
the Perna ; no passage

for a byssus. (3)

Ligament almost ex-
terior, imserted on the
short area and slope of
each valve : with a bys-~
sus. (4)

every kind of dye, and is frequently woven, in Italy, into borders for shawls, etc..
The shells are found half buried in the sand. Foss. at Parma, Grignon. The
species found at the latter place, is distinct from all others; it is rather narrow,
three inches and a half long, and slightly rounded at its upper edge, covered
within and witbout with mother-of-pearl, and longitudinally furrowed, without
offering any traces of scales or projection ; the striz of growth only forming some
- faint wrinkles on the upper part.

(1) They are very rare, little known, and principally found in warm climates,
enveloped insponges,

(2) Foss. in Blue Marl, Alum Shale, Virginia, Alsace, Vaches-Noires, Bur-
gundy.

(3) Foss. in Blue Marl, Chalk, Clay, M. Brongniart wishes to separate the
Catillus (fig. 84) from the Inoceramus ; both are found in cha/k, but in beds distant
from each other. An entire specimen of the Catillus, which certainly differs from
the Inoceramus, has not yet been discovered. Its hinges, from their fragments
(fig. 84. a. b.), resemble those of the Perna.

(4) These shells are very rude in appearance ;. the animal occupies but a smal?
space, which is covered with mother-of-pearl,

5. Avicuta. Lam. M.

Inequivalved, fragile,
base transverse, straight,
its extremities advanced
and the anterior cau-
diform; a slope on the
left valve: beaks small.
Fig. 70.

6. Mereacrina. Lam. M.

- Sub-equivalved, almost
a round cornered square ;
scaly ; without cardinal
edge; straight; without
_anterior tail. Fig. 74.

(1) Foss. in the London Clay, at Grignon, Bourdeaux.

( 22 )

Hinge linear, 1 car-

Area of ligament mar-

dinal tooth oneachvalye ginal, narrowed like a

under the beak.

Hinge linear, without
teeth.

channel, not crossed by
the byssus. (1)

Area of ligament mar-
ginal, long, almost ex-
terior, dilated in the
middle: A sinus at the
posterior base for the
byssus, the left valve
being narrow and slo-

ped. (2)

(2) The most celebrated species, is the Mytilus margaritiferus of Linneus; the
inside is covered with the most beautiful mother-of-pearl, which is employed for
ornamental purposes, and its pearls, so celebrated in the East, are dived for on

the coasts of Ceylon, Cape Cormorin, and the Persian Gulph.

in New-Holland and the Gulph of Mexico,

It is also found

( 25 )

DIVISION XVI. PECTINIDES.

GENERA.

4, Prpum. Lam. M.
Inequivalved, a little | Hinge without teeth. Ligament partly exte-

auricular, gaping and rior, inserted in an ob-
sloped at its inferior valve : long channelled hollow,
beaks unequal, wide apart. sunk in the interior of
Fig. 78. the beaks. (1)
2. Lma. Brug. M.

Longitudinal, sub-equi- == =< Ligament partly ex-
valved, auricular, a little terior, received in a car-
gaping on one side, beaks dinal hollow. (2)

wide apart. Fig. 79.

3. PiaciostomMa. Sower-

by. Foss.

Sub - equivalved, sub- -- -- Ligament received in
auricular; base, trans- a conical cardinal hol-
verse, straight; beaks low below the beaks,
somewhat distant, their partly interior, opening
interior sides in transverse without. (3)

furrows flattened exter-
nally, one straight, the
other inclined obliquely :
shell thin. Fig. 82.

4. Prctren. Lam. M.

Regular, inequivalved, -- -- Ligament received in
apricular, lower edge a triangular, interior,
transverse, straight ; beaks cardinal hollow. (4)
contiguous. Fig. 80. ;

a, Ears equal or almost equal.
Pf. .. unequal.

(1) There is but one species known, which comes from the Isle of France, and
the Indian Seas; it is very rare and precious.

(2) There is a beautiful species in the Mediterranean, the animal of which is
eaten. Foss. in the Under Odlite ; Grignon, Italy, Marl-pits of Touraine.

(3) These shells are difficult to recognise, from the hard stone which fills
them ; they are only known ina fossil state, and are found in the Upper Chalk,
Lower Chalk, Blue Lias, White Lias, Portland Rock, Kelloway Stone, Upper Oilite,
Fuller’s-carth Rock, and at Carantan, Mamert, Chateau de Loir, Bourdcaux.

(4) The greater number are ornamented with brilliant and various colors; one
species, the Ostrea maxima of Linnzus, is eaten. Foss. in the Lower Cha’‘k,
reen Sand, Chalk Marl, Kelloway Stone, Bedford Limestone, Upper Oolite, Under

(24 )
5. Prucaruta. Lam. M.

Inequivaived, narrowed _ 2 strong teeth on each Ligament interior, re-
at the base, upper edge valve. ceived in a cardinal hol-
rounded, sub-folded; | | low, between the teeth.
beaks unequal, without (1)
external furrows. Fig. 76.

6. Sponpytus. Lin. M.

Inequivalved, adherent, 4 strong © cardinal Ligament interior, its
auricular, with thorns or teeth.on each valve; an remains seen in the fur-
rugged; beaks unequal; intermediate hollow row without. (2)
inferior valve with an ex- Communicating at the
ternal cardinal area or base with the external
lieel, flattened and divided furrow.
by a furrow, and enlar-
ging with age. Fig. 77.

7. Popopsis. Lam. Foss.

Inequivalved, sub-regu- Hinge without teeth. Ligament interior. (3)
lar, adhering by its infe-
rior beak; the inferior
valve the largest and most
convex, and its beak
more advanced. Fig. 81.

8. Hipropopium. Sower-
by. Foss.

Equivalved ; valves sub- 1 rugged tooth. Ligament exterior. (4)
bilobed: a heart-shaped
cavity behind each beak. ra
Fig. 83.

~

Oélite, at Grignon, Parnes, Bourdeaux, Doué, Bailleul, Pera ass pani
Venice, Ferté-Benard, Perpignan, Mans, Coulaines, Décize, Chauffour, Boutonnet,
Sienna, Marsigni.

(1) America, Jamaica. Foss. Paris, Daw.

(2) Spondyli are frequently eaten; their shells are often tinted with the liveliest
colors, and adhere to all sorts of substances. Several species abound in tem-
perate climates, but they are principally found in the seas of warm countries.
Foss. at Turin, Grignon, Havre. :

(3) Known only in the fossil state, and is found in England, in France, at~
Touraine, Meudon, Dax, and in Jialy.

(4) Known only in the fossil state, and found in England at Colebrook Dale, at

Toddenham in Gloucesiershire, at Fenny Compton, and at Cheltenham in upper beds.
of Litas.

( 25 )

DIVISION XVII. OSTRACEE.

GENERA.

1. Gryeu#a. Lam. M.

Inequivalved ; inferior | Hinge without teeth; | One muscular impres-
valve large, concave, ter- a cardinal hollow, ob- sion on each valve. (1)
minated by a projecting long, arched.
beak, curved in a spire;
upper valve small, smooth,
like an operculum. Fig.86.

2. Osrrea. Lin. M.

Shell adherent, inequi- Hinge without teeth, Ligament partly inte-
valved, irregular, beaks hollow of the inferior rior, imserted in the
‘wide apart, becoming very valve increasing with cardinal hollow of the
unequal with age, the up- age. valves.
per valve displacing itself
during the life of the ani-
mal. Fig. 85.

ad

a. Edges of the valves simple or undulated, but not folded.
[eh CO ae a ane .. distinctly folded. (2)

(1) With the exception of one species (G. angulata) all those known are fossil,
and are found in Alluvia, Crag Marl, Portland Roch, Kelloway Stone, Under
Oélite, Blue Lias, Derbyshire Peak Limestone, and at Mans, Breuiile, Nevers,
Champagne, Gazonfier, La Rochelle, Rochefort.

(2) The most remarkable circumstance attending the Oyster, (whose functions
seem to be very limited), and which we only observe in it and the Spondylus, is,
that in proportion as it grows older and larger, it displaces itself in its shell, and
gradually leaves the base of its lower or convex valve, displacing the upper valve
at the same time, as well as its ligainent; consequently, the lower valve fre-
quently forms a beak or heel of considerable length. The hollow in which the
ligament has been successively placed, elongates as the shell increases and becomes
a gutter, transversely striated, whilst the ligamental hollow of the upper valve
scarcely grows at all. Its fecundity is astonishing. The Ostrca edults is that
which is most frequently eaten. Foss. in the London Clay, Bedford Limestone,
Chalk, Green Sand, Blue Marl, Clay, Coral Rag, Clay in Upper Odlite, Oak-tree
Clay, at Mans, Grignon, Angers, Cany, Champagne, Neuville, Maestricht, Mont-
Marius, Bourdeaux, Boutonnet, Sceaux, Montmartre, Roquencourt, Longjumeau,
Piedmont, Houdan, Meudon, St. Saturnin, Valogne.

3. Vurseria. Lam. M.
Shell longitudinal, sub-
equivalved, irregular ;

beaks equal. Fig. 89.

( 26 )

Hinge with a pro-
jecting callosity on each
valve, depressed above,
bearing the impression
of a conical obliquely

_ arched hollow.

4. Pruacuna. Lam. M.

Irregular, flattened,
sub-equivalved, of a thin
foliated substance and al-
most transparent. Fig. 87.

5. Anomra. Lin. M.

Inequivalved, irregular,
adhering by the oper-
culum; one valve perfo-
rated, generally flattened,
with a hole or slope at its
beak; the other a little
larger, concave and en-

tire. Fig. 90.

Hinge presenting two
longitudinal sharp ribs
in the form of an in-
verted V on one valve,
and two corresponding
impressions on _ the
other.

Operculum small, el-
liptic, bony, with the
interior muscle of the
animal attached.

Ligament inserted in
the hollow. (4)

Ligament attached to
the impressions. (2)

Ligament interior and

cardinal. (3)

(1) They are frequently found in the sponges of the Indian Ocean and New-

Holland. Foss. at Grignon.

(2) M. Leschenault found pearls in the Placuna sella, which differ in shape and
appearance from those generally found, fig. 88. Indian Ocean, Red Sea.

(3) The Anomie, like the Ostree, always remain in the same place, and are

found in all seas,

( 27 )
DIVISION XVIII. RUDISTES.

GENERA.

4. Speue#roucites. Lam.
Foss.

Shell inequivalved, or- , Hinge unknown. (1)
bicularly globulous, a lit-
tle depressed above, armed
exteriorly with large sub-
angular horizontal scales :
upper valve smaller, flat,
like an operculum, with
two unequal sub-conical
tuberosities (curved and
projecting) within; infe-
rior valve larger, a little
swelled ; radiating scales
outside the edge forming
a crest or projecting keel
by a fold of the inner
‘edge. Fig. 93.

| 2. Raproures. Lam. Foss.

_ Inequivalved, striated * Hinge unknown, (2)
exteriorly, striz longitu-
dinal, radiating : lower

| valve turbinated, largest ;

| upper valve convex, or

conical, like an opercu-

Jum. Wig. 92° °:

| 3. Catcrora. Lam: Foss.

Inequivalved, triangu-
| lar, turbinated, flattened
| underneath : the large
_ valve hollowed lke a
| hood, obliquely truncated
at the opening, with its
cardinal edge straight.
transversal, a little sloped
and sub-dentated in the
middle, and its upper edge
arched; the small valve
flattened, semi-orbicular,
in the form of a lid,
| having a tubercle on each
side of its cardinal edge,
‘and; in the middle, a
hollow with a small scale.
Fig. 94. —

(1) There is but one species known, from the Isle of Aw.
(2) These shells are only found in beds of antient formation; the Pyrenees con-
| tain a considerable number. They are the same as the Ostracites of La Peyrouse,
| and the Acardines of Cuvier. The Acardo of Bruguicre, adopted by Lamarck, is a
double epiphysis of the vertebra of a Cetacea, | i

(3) In the environs of Juliers,

4. Brrosrrires. Lam. |
Foss. Interior of shell un-
Inequivalved, valves known. (1)

elevated at their disk, un-
equal, diverging, almost
straight, like horns, one
enveloping the other at
the base. Fig. 95.

5. Discina. Lam. Foss.(2)

A ronnded oval, a little
depressed ; valves of equal
size, each with a very dis-
tinct, central, orbicular
disk: disk of upper valve
not pierced, with a protu-
berance in the middle;
that of the lower, very
white, divided by a trans-
versal cleft.

a

6. Cranta. Brug. (3)

Tnequivalved, sub-orbi-
cular, inferior valve
smooth, pierced internally
by three unequal oblique
holes, upper valve very |
convex, with two pro- |
jecting callosities within.

His. O4-
7. Draycnors. Sowerby.
Foss. J
Inequivalved, adhe- Hinge without teeth. —

rent; the attached valve
with an opening instead
of a beak, the Rive valve
beaked and eared. (4)
Hig. 96.

(1) The valves diverge like a very open V, appearing as if one proceeded from |
the base of the other; it is always the shortest which is enveloped.

(2) It is found on the coasts of Great-Britain. There is no trace of a hinge or
ligament, or any distinct muscular impression.

(3) The Crania personata is said to be the only species living. The fossils are
found in Sweden; at Meudon, Nehou.

(4) Found in Lower Chalh and Green Sand.

( 29 )

DIVISION XIX. LINGULACE.

GENERA.
4? Orsicuta. Lam. M.
Sub-orbicular, -inequi- Hinge not apparent.
valyed, lower valve very (1)

thin and flat, adhering to
marine bodies, upper
valve sub-conical, beak
more or less_ elevated.

Fig. 97.

2. TerEsraTuta. Brug.M.

Inequivalved, regular,
sub-trigonal, attached to
marine bodies by a short
tendinous pedicle; the
largest valve with the
beak advanced, frequently
curved, pierced at the
summit by a round hole
or slope ; 2 ramifying and
almost bony appendages
within, slender, forked,
and differently branched,
springing from the disk of
the small valve, and
serving as a support to
the animal, (2) Fig. 98.

a. Shell smooth, without striz or longitudinal furrows.
{. .. longitudinally furrowed. (2)

(1) The lower valve, which I have not been able to procure or figure, is some-
times so thin that it is scarcely perceptible. The Huropean seas are said to
produce a small species. Is it a bivalve, or a Hipponyx?

- (2) They appear to inhabit deep seas, for the fossil species exist in secondary

formations, with Ammonites, Gryphites, Belemnites, etc. Many, however, have
been found in a recent state. M. Valenciennes has observed, that the hole of
the béak of the larger valve is generally round, and when it offers only a longi-
tudinal notch, it is from the absence of two small lateral and accessory pieces,
which, when united, complete the opening; this hole is alsosometimes completed
by the edge of the smaller valve. ‘The little tendinous cord which proceeds from
the hole of the 7. Caput-serpentis, divides at the end into a bunch of byssiform
filaments, which serve to fix the animal to bodies under the water. . Foss. in
Gravel and Alluvial Clay, Sand, Crag Marl or Soft Limestone, Upper and Lower
Chalk, Chalk Marl, Green Sand, Bedford Limestone, Clay under Limestone, Great
Oodlite, Under Ooélite, Fuller’s-earth Rock, Blue Murl, Marston Marble, Blue Lias,
Coal Shale, Limestone Rock, Mountain Limestone, Derbyshire Peak. Limestone, at
Meudon, Trowre, St. Saturnin, Mans, Domfront, Valogne, Plaisance, Bourges,
Grignon, Turin, Cologne, Havre, Coulaines, Mont-Marius, Maestricht,

3. Lincura, Lam. M.

Sub - equivalved, flai- Hinge without teeth.
tened, oblong-oval, trun- u4

cated at the summit, a

little pointed at the base,

raised on a fleshy ten-

dinous pedicle affixed to

marine bodies. Fig. 99.

4. Spinirer. Sowerby.

Foss.

Equilateral, inequival- Hinge transverse, long
ved, one valve with a large and straight, two spirally
angular sinus along the in- coiled linear appendages
side of the beak. Fig. 404 A to the hinge, nearly file

ling the shell. (2) -

5. Macas. Sowerby. Foss.

Equilateral, inequival- Line of hinge straight,
ved, one valve with an a partial longitudinal
angular sinus along an in- septum with appenda-
curved beak; back of the ges attached to the hinge
other valve straight, with within. (3)

two projections near the

middle. Fig. 100.

6. Penramenus. Sowerby.
Foss.

Equilateral, inequival -
ved; one valve divided u
by a longitudinal internal
septum into two parts, the
other by two septa into
three parts or valves ;
beaks incurved, imper-

forate. (4) Fig. 103, 104.

(1) There is but one species known; from the Indian Seas. Foss. in the London
Clay, Crag Marl, Coal Shale.

(2) The Terebratula spirifera of Lamarck, which is only known in a fossil state,
and is found in the Derbyshire Peak Limestone.

(3) In Chalk.

(4) I have hesitated in putting this shell amongst the Bivalves, suspecting that
the septa mentioned by Mr. Sowerby, may prove to be a number of valves
soldered together; but until it is perfectly known, it may be premature to
alter his classification of it as a Bivalve. Itis found in the Derbyshire Peak Rock.
J add Mr. Sowerby’s figure and description of the Axinus (fig. 102), being
too imperfect to admit of its classification, as memoranda for the geologist.
“¢ A free, equivalved, transverse, bivalve; anterior side very short ; posterior
‘¢ side produced, truncated, witha lunette near the beaks: hinge with a long
¢¢ oblique ligament placed in a furrow. It is muchto be regretted that there
is very little probability of discovering the interior structure of the hinge,
‘¢ but I suspect it has no teeth. The shell appears to be thin, but I can trace
neither the cicatrices of the muscles, nor of the edge of the mantle in the
‘© Angulatus, which I consider the type of the genus,”

Glee.
DIVISION XX. CORNIFORMES.

GENERA.

4. Orton. Lam. M.

A membranous tunic

‘ with an opening, at the -
summit of which are two
small triangular testaceous
valves. separated, but ad-
hering to the tunic. (4)
Big f17 2.

DIVISION XXI. SERIALES.

GENERA.

4. Curron. Lin. M. (2) f
A series of longitudi-
nal, imbricated, trans- .
verse moveable valves, <
varying in number from
6 to 8, held together by
a coriaceous ligament,
sometimes _shagreened,

hairy, and eyen thorny.
Fig. 105

2. CurronEtivus. Lam. M.

A series. of longitudi-
nal valves, disposed like
a narrow ribbon on the
middle of the back, not
held together by a liga- 2
ment. Fig. 106. <

(1) Northern Seas.

(2) The valves have been found separated in a fossil state at Grignon, but the
‘ligament which held them together having been destroyed, it is difficult to

determine the species. Cape of Good Hope, America, European and Southern
Seas.

(3) New-Holland.

( 92 )

DIVISION, XXII. PEDICULAT EE.

GENERA.

3. ANATIFERA (ANATIFA).
Lam.

Five unequal valves,
two on each side, and one
dorsal, like a keel; valves
united by a membrane,
like a flattened cone sup-
ported on a tubular pe-

dicle. (1) Fig. 148.

A. Pouricrers. Leach. M.

Valves thirteen or more,
the lower marginal, much
smaller, compressed, and '
supported on a wrinkled,
or aed pedicle. (2) Fig.
419.

5. Crnernas. Leach. M.

Five valves, oblong and
separated, two at the
side of the opening of the
membranous tunic, and

the others dorsal. (3) Fig.
420.

(1) The species most numerous in our seas, was called Lepas anatifera by
Linneus, from the fable of the Barnacles and Scoters being born from them ; it
attaches itself to rocks, stones, and keels of vessels, etc. According to Cuvier,
it varies in the number of its valves.

(2) European and Indian Seas.
(3) British Ocean.

(33 )

DIVISION XXIIL

6. Baranus. Lam. M.

Fixed, conical, trnn-
cated at summit, closed at
the bottom by a testaceous
adhering plate, open at
the top, sub-trigonal or
elliptic. Fig. 107, 1410.

7. Cornonuta. Lam. M.

Valves altogether ap-

pearing sub - orbicular,
coniform, truncated at the
‘extremities; divisions or

artitions very thick, hol-

rg. 541. ANZ.
8. Acasta. Leach. M.

Sub-conical ; cone
formed of six lateral une-
qual valves, having an
orbicular plate at the bot-
tom, concaye internally,
resembling a goblet or
patella. Fig. 116.

9. CreustaA. Leach. M.

A convex cone, com-
posed of four unequal
valves, distinct by the
sutresu. Fig. 414.

40. TuprcineLta, Leach.
M.

Valves forming a tubu-
Jous straight shell, attenua-
ted towards the base,
truncated at both ends,
open at the top, and the
base closed by a mem-
brane, furnished with
transverse callous pads.

Fig. 4115.

owed by radiating cells.

GENERA.

SESSILES.

Operculum interior,
4-yalved, valves move-
able, inserted near the
internal base of the

shell. (1)

Operculum of 4 ob-
tuse yalves. (2)

cy

Operculum of 4 valves.

Operculum interior,
bivalved. (4)

Operculum of 4 ob-
tuse valves. (5)

(4) They abound in almost all seas, and attach themselves to all sorts of sub-
stances. ‘They are found in a fossil state in Italy, and in England in Crag Marl.

(2) They live in the bodies of marine animals, and have even been found, with
the Tubicinella, within the fat of whales; they also adhere to shells.

(3) They are found in sponges, and never fix on hard or solid bodies.

(4) These and the Pyrgome@ are generally affixed to Madrepores: the Creusia
are from the Northern and Indian Seas.

(5) There is but one species knoyn, found on the South American whales,

Cc

( 54 )

41. Pyrcoma. Savigny.
M.

Valves united, having Operculum biyalyed.
the appearance of an uu-
valve, sub-globulous, ven-
tricose, pierced at the
summit, opening small,

and elliptic. Fig. 443,

DIVISION XXIV. ANNEXE.

GENERA,
4. Terepo. Lin. M.

A testaceous, cylindri=- 2 operculiferous ho=
cal, twisted tube, open dies, adhering to thesides
at each end. Shell bival- of the tubes of the ani-
ved, situated posteriorly mal. (1)

withoutthetube Fig.421.

2. AsprrcittuM. Lam. M.

Tube insensibly nar=
rowing towards its ante~
rior part, where it is
open, and widening into
a club at the other end,
which has two valves in=
crusted into its side; the
ierminal disk is pierced
with scatle:ed sub-tubu-
lar holes, having a fissure
in the centre. (2) Fig. 426.

e

(1) They are found in wood which has been sunk in the sea. The Popan of
Adanson belongs to them ; their shell is enclosed in a thin sheath, which remains
attached to the stony bodies in which they are buried. They do much mischief
to vessels and piles driven into the sea. They are cannaeee to bury themselves
deeper as they grow bigger, and to hollow out the wood with their valves; their
tubes always. remaining at the opening, for water and food; their passage is
lined with a calcareous crust, which exudes from them and forms a sort of
tubulous shell. They are said to have been brought from the Torrid Zone to
Holland, and more than once to have threatened that country with destruction,
by destroying the wood of the dykes. Foss. in the London Clay. oh

(2) The common species is from 8 to 10 inches long, and is said to be found
attached by its smaller end to the rocks of the Indian seas; which M.- Lamarck
denies by asserting that this end is necessarily open, The Red Sea, Indian Seas,
New Holland. OF Tami PR

3. CxavacertaA. Lam.
Foss.

Tube attenuated and
open anteriorly, termina-
ted at the other end by an
oval club, compressed,
armed with spiniform
tubes. Club presenting
one valve enchased into
the side, and the other
free in the tube. (1)
Fig. 134.

4. Fistutana. Lam. M.

Tube swelled and clo-
sed posteriorly, attenuated
towards the anterior ex-
tremity, opening at the
top and containing a free,
equivalved, bivalved, ga-
ping shell. (2) Fig. 125.

5. Seprarra. Lam. M.

Tube very long, insen-
sibly attenuated towards
the anterior part, and di-
vided interiorly by arched
cells, mostly incomplete ;
shell unknown, but sup-
posed to be bivalved. (3)
Fig. 122.

6. Tereprna. Lam. Foss.
Tube cylindrical, pos-

terlor extremity closed,
shewing the two valves of
the shell; anterior end

open. (4) Fig. 124.

Italy.

(2) They live in wood, sand stones, and in the shells which they have pierced;
the valves of certain species resemble Modiole. They are found in the Indian
Ocean; and, ina fossil state, at Grignon, Beynes, Courtagnon, and Sienna,

.(3) In the sands of the Indian Ocean,

(4) At Courtagnon, Plaisance,

3 )

(1) These are only known in the fossil state, and are found at Grignon and in

( 356 )
DIVISION XXV. CONTORT.

GENERA.

4. Smrguarra. Brug. M.-
' Tube attenuated pos-
teriorly, sometimes twist-
ed in a spire at the base,
open at the anterior end,
with a longitudinal cleft
throughout _ its whole
tength. (1) Fig. 432.

2. SerpuLa. Lin. M.

Tubes grouped or so-
itary, adherent, with a
round, simple, terminal

opening. (2) Fig. 120.

3. Vermiuia, Lan. M.

Tube cylindrical, atte-
nuated at the posterior
end, more or less twisted,
and affixed to marine
bodies; opening round,
furnished with a_ beak,
and frequently with from
one to three teeth. (3)
Fig. 129.

An orbicular, calca
reous, simple operculum

4. Ciymene. Savigny.
M.

Tube thin, open at
each end, incrusted with-
out with sand and frag-
ments of sheils. (4)

(1) Nyhan the animal has left iis shell, we sometimes find transverse septa; the
ateral cleft is sometimes very indistinct. Indian Seas. Foss. -a wea 5
fa Plaie, Grignon, t St. Clément. de

(2) Foss. in the London Clay, Woolwich Loam and G :
Dax, Grignon, Bayonne, Montbart, Mans, Séez, "TS Hea ates Sand, in Italy, at

(3) Foss. in Chalk Marl, Green Sand, Upper Oolite.

. (4) The only known species is from the Red Sea. The tube of th ,
Savigny, found in the sands of the European seas, is but imperious ae fae

( 37 )
DIVISON XXVI. SUBREGULARES.

GENERA.

4. Dentatium. Lin. M.
Tube almost regular,

slightly curved, insensibly

attenuated at the posterior

end, open at each extre-

mity. Fig. 134.
a. Tubes with ribs or longitudinal striz.
B. .. perfectly smooth and simple. (1)

2, PecrinarntA. Lam. M.

Tube membranous, like
areyersed cone. Fig. 435.

3. SaBELLARIA, Lam. M.

- Tubes numerous, uni-
ted in a common mass,
alveolar above, composed
of grains of sand and
fragments of shells; ori-
fices of tubes hollowed
like cups.

4. Terepetta. Cuv. M.

_ Tube long, cylindrical,
attenuated and pointed at
the base, membranous.

(3) Fig. 138.

5. Ampuitrite. Brug. M.
Tube long, cylindrical,

narrowing at base, mem-
branous or coriaceous,

penny naked. (4) Fig.

Grignon, Sarthe, Plaisantin, Sienna, Piedmont, Dax, Mons.
(2) European Seas.

isolated,

(1) Foss. in London Clay, Crag Mart, Chath Marl, Green Sand, Blue Marl, at

(3) There is one species found onthe European coasts, very remarkable from the
appearance of its tubes, which are formed of large fragments of shells ; and the
openings of the edges are prolonged into several branches, formed of the same
materials: they are chiefly from Norway, Holland, and Carolina.

(4) European and American Seas. There is a large species in the Southern
Seas, the tube of which, thin and polished, appears to be transversely fibrous,
and to be formed of some soft filamentous substance dried. The tubes of another
species, when in acompact mass, are so symmetrically arranged that they appear
like honeycombs. They are generally very small, found affixed to Fuci, shells,
and other marine bodies, in great numbers on the same body, but always

_

6 Sprrorsis, Lam. M.

Tube turned in an or-
bicular spire, discoid, flat-
tened, and adherent un-

derneath. (1) Fig. 123,

7. GALFOLARIA. Lam. M.

Tubes numerous, cylin-
drical, sub-angular, un-
dulated, collected in tufts,
fixed at base; openin
superior, orbicular. (25
Fig. 133.

8. Maarus, Montf. M.

Tube convex above, ca-
rinated underneath, twist-
edina short oval, with a
heliciform spire, re turns
contiguous, the last pro
longed i in a straightly un-
dulating line ; scaly folds
on the outside, thicker on
one side than the other.
(3) Fig. 128.

9. SABetta. Cuv. M.

Tube composed of fine
poe of clay and sand.
Fig. 127.
40. Nereis. Cuv. M.

Tube long, horny or
membranous. (4) Fig. 137.

(1) Foss. at Grignon.
(2) New-Holland.

(3) The tube is sometimes 3 feet in length. Lamarck supposes the Serpe
gigantea of Pallas, to be a species of this genus.

(4) Several of the smaller spécies contribute to the luminous appearance dl of

the sea.

( 58 )

- galeiform, armed

to the edge of one side

Isle of France.

Operculum orbicular !

from 5 to 9 various.
taceous pieces, the mid
dle one of which is trun
cated, and all attache

o

ta)

Page Page Page.
PMpardOds aca scrs. 2 Gorbula.. 2.2... as 48 Inoceramus....... is), DP
IN CASES a dis ghee vee ds Se. "Cormifories’ 0.) ode Teidina, . 2083 528 e 16
Amphidesma....... 8 Corbulacee......-- 48 Isocardia........+-- 12
Amphitrite......... af. Coronulaias 7 oases 33 Lima........-. rene 23
MATURED... 0s, 0's,0/0: 00 Se (Cranias asco + «s)se 6 98) Lingulal,e! sd <f0.)255/ 430
Anatifera.......... 32 Grassatella......... 7 Lingulacer.......-. 49
MAUNA 6. cos see ws Ge. Grassinahs®. oo. fe 41 Lithodomus........ 29
ee 0 NRT 34, Crenatula’. oi 25 ons. 21 Loripes........---- 9
MNOAOM ss 6 oi os od AG @reustae ace das nate de 33 Lucina............ 9
Winomias.'ss. 0. ads’ 26) . Gucullea.'.”.'.. Ye. 3 43 Lutraria............ idee
fa a Ree 1 ie i Of (5) 21 ea a ce ar 8
Bvenicola.... 3: .-... 36 Cypricardia........ 12 Mactra......--.--- 7
Aspergillum........ Ban CY OTA s ssc hie: 5 alas a AAP Mia Gagne sos ae a4» 30
Mfarte rs oo. os Fs Ade Eyrvenaes sis a5 sss ne OM, Mig els) oi, evs a5, « cas 38
Mien soe. 9D)) ‘Cytherea... ores. 53 40 Malleacez.......... 24, °
fbr ee 30 Malleus ........... 24
Dentalium......... 37 Meleagrina........ 22
Balanus..... veces. 33 Dianchora.......... 28 Megadesma........ 8
_Birostrites......... , 28 Diceras............ 47° Modiolainiy ci, cs.ccce- 20.
PPYSSOMMIA. «2 we es 4 Discina ........... 28 INE Bara tepae eae ccces eke 6
Donax.........50. 10 Mytiloides...2. 005... 20
@aleeola. . 6... os 27 : Wivtrlttpia. oo gehts ex 20
Se fa shape gis a: + G eee Re aS Sie bat ie 7
As tee ae 43 Etheria....... yee a ade ee gee en ae 2 33
Ek ea 12 Fistulana........... 35, AUC ae a
Cretan. 55 5 6s. 5 45 |
GUS ioif 5 0s + aie =) 2k = Galatea. si 4 use. as 8 Orbicula........... 29
AMAR 5). 5 oe. wae 4.7%.” Galeolaria. daa. +. 38). Ostrea. ccc acess»: 25
Chamacee......... 47 Gastrochena........ Si -Otiantsis wae eee. «3% 34
CHiGiie....2-.-0- '34 Glycimeris. 3.055... 5
Chitonellus......... 38, Gry phatal.. ahead: 4. D5 Pandora. . os + ae « a 18
Merde: fwnlic ies s 32 Panopxa.'ss i066 yeas 6
Olavagella........... 35, .‘Hiratellax. 30a |S. 49%: Béctlen’:. s'04:5/e iat. 23
Clymenic .....,..60. 36 Hippopodium...... 940 Pectinariat iy oo )o. 37
Contorte :.....5... 36 Hippopus:.:. .df,5.: . 1 Rectinides sie. ey. 2m

COM idas cea. 9 Eyriavi.sovaens o: : 16 Pectunculus........ 14

Page
Pedum iy 2. 5 .o ss) 23
Pentamerus........ 30
Perales. ekg ss oes 24
Petricdla. is ssa sues « 4
Peinolasits. 3, io.« aleenae che, 4.
PPUIN Tia soe dens eae ee 20
Plactina... . 0%. «2.05. 26
Plagiostoma........ 23
Plicatula........... 24
Podopsises:..2s sche 24
Potamophila....... 8
Pollicipes .....+.... 32
Productus./. » <.0,0 00% 418
Psammobia......... 6
Psammotea......... 6
PHTSOMAG ss octets 34
Radiolites......... aay,
Rudistes..... Mana 27

INDEX.

Page
Sabella, .,.. ag aN A . - Bs
Sabellaria. .... vic heel” aa
Sanguinolaria....... 5
Saxicava,.coe ss jessie 5
Septaria / <6... singe aoe
Sertales.c. <r ’ciguelce OL
Serpillai.es cs. .6 ofr 36
Siliquarias.. ss, - Ssh 36
Solenimya ...:0..%-, 9
oleae. s,..ch sioner s 5
Spherulites :.. 2.0... 27
Spiniler vols w ce jeteee 30
Spirorbis., 4...) 5» 38
Spondylus.;.%.. #.,. 24.
Subregulares....... 37
Merling... seieie's saotes 40
Tellinoides......... 10
Terebella .......... 37

FINIS.

Page
Terebratula;.. .... 29
Teredina.. Wesssu- 35
Teredo |... ao «= 34
Tridacna.<.:h«cccen 49
irigonia.’.. . if =e 45
Tubicinella....... 33
a ubigolees... sss bas 34

Ungulina, .. is ain 1 nea,
Wie. «ia so aBeiste ee eee

Venerirupis .. 2...

Venericardia...... 13
Venusi st. 5 8 ae 41
Vermilias 5. 4.47 273% 36

Vulsella,:; 4. 5.... 26

PLATES."

PHOLADARIE. ‘LITHOPHAGI. SOLENACEH. MYARLE.

Fig. 4. Pholas costata.
a. b. the two hinges.
c. one of the inner accessory
pieces.
2. Gastrochena cuneiformis.
a. front view of ditto.

3. Saxicava veneriformis.

4. Venerirupis crenata.
a. b. the two hinges.

5. Petricola distans.
a. outer view of the opposite
valve.
6. Solen vagina.

a. 6. c. three hinges, shew-
img each of Lamarck’s diyi-
sions of this genus.

Fig. 7. Glycimeris siliqua.
8. Sanguinolaria occidens.
9. Panopea Faujasit.

40. Psmammobia.
a. b. the two hinges,

11. Psammotea serotina.
a. the opposite hinge.

42. Mya.
a. the opposite hinge.

13. Anatina truncata.

MACTRACES. CONCHLE.

Fig. 14. Lutraria rugosa.

45. Mactra.
a. b. the two hinges.

16. Crassatella nonacina.,
47. Solenimya australis.

18. Amphidesma variegata.

Fig. 19. Ungulina transversa.

a. inner view of the opposite
valve.

20. Erycine cardioides.

24. Galatea radiata.
a. b. the two hinges.

* All the figures not marked with an asterisk, which amount to four-fifths of the
whole, are original drayyings from the objects themselves.

PLATES.

Fig. 22. Cyclas rivicola. Fig. 29. Venus.

a. inner view of the valves
shewing the hinges.

23. Cyrena Syrie.

a. b. the two hinges.

24. Capsa.
a. b. the two hinges.

25. Lucina Pensylvanica.

26. Corbis.
a. b. the two hinges.

27. Donax.
a. the hinge.

28. Cytheria.
a. b. the two hinges.

CARDIACEH. ARCACE.

Fig. 38. Cardium.

a. b. the two hinges.

39. Isocardia cor.
a. b. thetwo hinges.

40.* Hiatella arctica.

a. inner view of the opposite
valve

41. Cardita calyculata.
a. the hinge.
42. Cypricardia Guinaiea.

43.* Byssomia. (Mytilus Pho-
ladis.)

44. Arca.

a. the hinge.

30. Venus.
a. the hinge.
31. Tellina sulcata.

32. Venericardia imbricata.
33. Cyprina Islandica.
34.* Astarte planata.

35. Crassina.
a. b. the two hinges.

36. Tellinides Timorensis.
a. b. the two hinges.

37. Loripes. (Lucina lactea.)

TRIGONEH. TRIDACNEX.

Fig. 45. Pectunculus.

a. inner view shewing the
hinge.
46. Nucula Placentina.
_q@. inner view shewing the
hinge.
47. Cucullea auriculifera.
ad. inner view.

48. Trigonia pectinata. |
a. hinge of the opposite valve.

49. Castalia ambigua.

50. Hippopus maculatus.
a. the hinge.

541. Tridacna serrifera.
a. b. the two hinges.

Fig.

PLATES.

NAIADES. CAMACER. CORBULACE. MYTILACER.

52. Iridina exotica.

53. Anodonta.
a. b. the two hinges.

54. Hyria avicularis.
a. b. the two hinges.

55. Unio.

a. the hinge of the opposite
valve.

56. Diceras arietina.
57. Corbula.

58. Pandora rostrata.”

59. Etheria elliptica.

a. the hinge of the opposite
valve.

MALLEACEE.

69. Crenatula nigrina.

70. Avicula crocea.

71. Meleagrina margaritifera.
72. Perna femoralis.

73. Malleus vulgaris.

74.* Inoceramus concentricus.
a*. profile of ditto.

75.* Inoceramus sulcatus.

7 Plicatula reniformis.

a. inner view of the opposite
valve.

b. the second hinge,

Fig. 60. Chama.

a. inner view of the opposite
valve.

61.* Productus punctatus.

62.* —— longispinus.
63.* a0 aculeatus.
64. Modiola.
a. inner view of the opposite
valve.

65. Lithodomus. (Modiola li-
thophaga.)

a. the hinge.

66. Mytilus.

67. Pinna pectinata.

68.* Mytiloides labiatus.

PECTINIDES.

Fig. 77. Spondylus ducalis.

a. b. the two hinges.
78. Pedum spondyloideum.
79. Lima inflata.

80. Pecten varius.

a. b. the two hinges.

81. Podopsis gryphoides.

a. inner view of ditto.
82.* Plagiostoma cardiiformis.

83.* Hippopodium ponderosum.

PLATES.

OSTRACEH. RUDISTES. LINGULACER, ETC.

Fig. 84.* Catillus Cuvierit, an im-
pression of the whole shell.

a. b.* fragments of the hinge.
85. Ostrea folium.

a. b. the two hinges: this figure
shews the impression of the
wood to which the shell has
been attached.

a. b. thetwo hinges.

86. Gryphia arcuata.
87. Placuna papyracea.
88. Three of the pearls found

in the Placuna sella.
89. Vulsella ovata.

90. Anomia ephippium, with the
two operculum.
a. b. the two hinges.
91.* Crania Parisiensis.

a. supposed to be the smaller
valves of the Crania ad-
hering to a piece of coral.

Fig. 92. Radiolites turbinata.
93.* Spherulites foliacea.
a. the smaller valve.
94. Calceola sandalina.
a. the largest valve separated.
95. Birostrites inequiloba.
96.* Dianchora striata.

97. Supposed to be a valve of
the Orbicula.
a. inner view of ditto.
98. Tenebratula dentata.

a. b. wmer views of each
valve.

99. Lingula anatina.
a. inner view of the opposite
valve.
100.* Magas pumilus.
a.* profile of ditto.

MULTIVALVES, ETC.

Fig. 101.* Sprrifer oblatus.

a.-one valve taken away to
shew the appendages of the
hinge.

402.* Axinus angulatus.
103.* Pentamerus levis.
104.* --
405. Chiton marginatus.

ay lesfordi e

a. inner yiew of ditto.

Fig. 106. Chitonellus striatus.
a. profile of ditto.

107. Balanus stalactiferus.

408. Balanus with an oper-
culum.

409. An operculum of a Balanus
separated.

410. Balanus perforatus.

PLATES.

Fig. 1441. Coronula testudinaria.

4142. A Coronula with its oper-
culum.

413. Pyrgoma cancellata.
114.* Creusia verruca.

415. Tubicinella Lamarckii.

a. the end of the tube, shew-
ing the operculum.

Fig. 116. Acasta glans.
a. the lower valve Separated.

447. Otion Cuviert.
448. Anatifera striata.
119. Pollicipes mitrata.

420.* Cineras vittata. (Lepas

Coriacea.)

a. b. c.* three of the valves.

TUBICOLE.

F ig. 421. Teredo navalis.

a. the two valves which assist
the animal in piercing the
wood.

422. Septaria poly thalamia.

a. the smaller end of ditto,
shewing the passage for the
two tubes of the animal.

423. Spirorbis carinata.
a. natural size.

424. Teredina personata.
425. Fistulana gregata.

126. Aspergillum Javanum.

a. the larger end of the shell,
shewing the perforations.

Fig. 427. Sabella rupifica.

128. Magilus antiquus.
429. Vermilia rostrata.
130. Serpula arenaria.
131.* Clavagella echinata.
432. Siliquaria levigata.
133. Galeolaria ceespitosa.
134, Dentalium fasciatum.
135.* Pectinaria capensis.
436. Amphitri te penicillus.
437.* Nereis fimbriata.
138.* Terebella conchilega.

Peay

Kay Cee

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ik SO
RA i

SUPPLEMENTARY PLATE TO THE MAMMALIA.

In my Introduction to the Ornithology of Cuvier, I added a new genus of
Cheiroptera, established subsequently to the publication of my ‘+ Analysis of
the Natural Classifications of Mammalia ;”’ and I have now to adjoin the
imperfect descriptions of two new fossil genera of Pachydermata, to be
inserted in page 72.

4. ExasMoruErium. Cuvier. The jaw in its present state, has 4 grinders,
regularly increasing in size, and atrace of the alveolusof a fifth (fig. 1.): the
teeth are prismatic like those of a full grown horse, the length is double the
width of the crown, and the base is not divided into fangs, fig. 2-4. The

_Elasmotherium is distinguished from all other animals; first, by the plates of

*

its teeth forming a very elevated pillar, (which increases like that of the horse

and preserves its prismatic form a long time), descending vertically throughout

its length, and not dividing into roots until after a considerable time; whilst

_ in other animals, these plates unite very soon into a single bony body, which

is almost immediately divided into roots. The three transverse oblique bands,
fig. 2. 3. result from double plates of enamel, with a bony substance between,
and, apparently, united with the other bands by a cement or third substance,
as inthe Elephant. The remains of this anima] were found in Siberia; and
from the dimensions of its jaw, it must have been larger than the Rhinoceros.

2. Lopniopon. Cuvier. 6 incisor and 2 canine teeth to each jaw; 7
grinders on each side inthe upper, and 6 on each side in the lower jaw, with
an interval between the.canine and the first grinder; points in ‘which it
resembles the Tapir, but the last lower grinder has a third ridge (fig. 5.) which
is not fouud in the teeth of the Tapir. Again, the anterior lower grinders are
not furnished with transverse ridges like those of the Zapir, but present a lon-
gitudinal series of tubercles, or a single conical and isolated tubercle. The
upper grinders having the transverse ridges more oblique, approach those of
the Rhinoceros, but the fangs of the ridges are wanting. In some species
the ridges of the anterior grinders, becoming more oblique and more arched,
fig. 6, approach that form of crescent peculiar to the teeth of the Daman and
Rhinoceros, and thus conduct us by degrees to the Palwotherium. The fol-
lowing are Baron Cuvier’s remarks on this fossil genus, of which 42 species,
varying in size, have already been determined :—

‘* The mostimportant circumstances connected with these animals, as regards
the theory of the earth, are, that all their remains of which it has been pos-
sible to ascertain the site, are enveloped in stones or earths exclusively filled
with fresh-water shells, and consequently have been deposed in fresh »
waters; that the animals whose remains are found with them, are either
terrestial and unknown, or Crocodiles, Trionyces, and Emides, aquatic
animals now inhabiting the fresh waters of warm countries ; lastly, that in
several well determined spots, these beds are covered by others of a decidedly
marine origin.

‘* Consequently, the genus Lophiodon combines with the Paleotherium
and Anoplotherium, ree other unknown genera which I shall hereafter
describe, to demonstrate the certitude of an anterior state of an animal
creation which occupied the surface of our present continents, and especially
France ; and of an irruption of the sea which destroyed this race, to cover
its remains with rocks of a recent origin.” — Ossemens Fossiles. tom. it.
p- 222. nouv. edit. .

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