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| OF oo 

CONCHOLOGY: 
oO R, 

AN ee N TT R- GD B.C FN 

TO 
The KNowLepGe of SHELLS. 


By EMANUEL MENDES DA COSTA, 
Member of the Academia Czfar, Imper. Nat. Curiof. Plinius 1V, 
And of the Boranic Society of Frorence. 


WITH SEVEN PLATES, 
Containing Figures of every Genus of Shells. 


Concharum genera, in quibus mira ludentis nature varietas, tot 
eolorum differentiz, tot figure. © 


Pinu Hist, Natur. LIB. Ix. CAP. XxxIIf. 


LONDON, 


Printed for BENJAMIN W Hp E; 
at Horace’s Head, in Fleet-Street. 


MDCCLXXVI. 


amy” oN 


a a 


SE coe . 


Si We Pe bee . 


eae to Pre ed oH x ia age : nt 


fe be tag “it , Be 


RR Sey Buck we dee 


S Inever profefled myfelf a Concho- 

logift, I think it incumbent on me 

to give fotne account of the caufe for at= 
tempting the elements of the ftudy. 


The bent of my refearchés is the foil 
kingdom. In purfuing that fcietice, the patt 
of it emphatically called the extraneous foffils, 


‘as fubftances not the real productions of 


the earth, but inconteftably the exuvie 


or remains of animals and vegetables, L- 


found fhould be methodized only by the 


fyftems of Zoology and Botany. 


The moft numerous remains of animals 


found foffil, are of the Teftaceous order. 


They are not only very frequent, but 
generally near entire or perfef&t: whereas 


the foffil remains of other animals, as alfo 


vegetables, are moftly found in detached 
parts or fragments. 
ee a % I was 


J 


© fay 
iv PREFACE. 


I was therefore induced to dedicate an 
attention to the ftudy of this particular 
branch : of Zoology; which produced a 
work, at firft formed into’ a Gourfe of 
public le&tures on Conchology: but, not 
meeting with the defired encouragement, 
I have now modelled it into the prefent 
treatife. | 


In regard to the merit of it, inthe devia 
tions from other fyftems, I entirely fubmit 
tothe candid judgement of the learned in 
this branch of natural hiftory, either to 
confirm or reje&t. : 


One fubjeét however I thall infift upon ; 
that is, to explode the Linnzan obfeenity in 
his characters of the Bivalves; not only for 
their licentiouf{nefs, but alfo that they are 
in no ways the parts exprefled. Science 
fhould be chafte anddelicate. Ribaldry at 
times has been paffed for wit; but Linneus 
alone pafles it for terms of fcience. His 
merit in this part-of natural hiftory is, in 
my opinion, much debafed thereby ; and I 
ean 


Ps Rp gj ArG: Ey ¥ 


can compare thefe his terms only to Spin- 
trie *, ina valuable colleCtiorof Roman 
coins. 


I therefore with due fubmiffion recom 
mend to that otherways great naturalift, 
to change them, and expunge, this re= 
proachable: obfeenity + from his works. 


In the printing off the fheets, fome very 
effential errors have inadvertently efcaped 
me. Thefe errors, as eflential ones, and 
relative to my method, I beg leave to note 
here, rather than in a common table of 
errata; that they may appear more con- 
{picuous, or open to the corre&tion of the 
candid reader: however, I muft obferve 
that they remain only in the text, as the 
Tabulz Synoptice are right. 


* Very obfcene coins ftruck by the Emperor Tibe- 
tius in his retreat with his favourite Sejanus to the 


land of Caprea ; not reearded by ee on ac- 
count of their obfcenity. “ 


¢ One inftance will more than fuffice, and let it be 
his Venus Dione, Syft. Nat. XII. p. 1128, N° 1123 2 
defcription, fit only for the perufalof a profligate Aretin, 
er Rochefter, 


Page 


vi PREFACE, 


. Page 154, third paragraph, r+. This 
fecond part, which is the fifth family, 
contains fix Genera, one Genus whereof, 
viz. the Orthoceratites; 1s of a finiple 
figure; four Genera, as the Lituite or — 
Croziers, Turbines Polythalami, Ammonia 
and Ammonoidz,. are all turbinated; 
and the other Genus, or Nautilus, is re- 
volved. 


P. 173, third paragraph, r. This third 
part, which is the fixth family, contains 
three Genera; to wit, 1. Nuces feu Bulla, 
the Pewits eggs or Dippers; 2.Semiporcel- 
lane; and, 3. Cyprez five Poreellane, the 
Cowries. 

The firft Genus is the Nuces feu Bulla, 
&c. 

P. 174, 1]. 2,12, and 74, and p. 175, laft 
line, for family and families, 7. Genus and 
Genera. | 

P. 176, 1.1, 7, and 14, for families and 
family, r. Genera and Genus. 


7 
P. 1773 


PR EF ACE. vi, 


PR. r7g7ede 1s family, r. Genus; and 1, 6, 
for eighth family, r. third Genus, 

P.178, 1.1, and 4, family, read Genus, | 

P. 182, |. 2, ninth family, r. feventh 
family, 

P. 187, 1.1, tenth family, r. eighth fa- 
amily. 

'P. 189, 1. 3, eleventh family, 7. ninth 
family. | 

P. 191, 1..10, twelfth family, r. tenth 
family, 

P. 193, 1. 19, thirtecenth family, r. ele- 
venth family. 

_ P.195, 1. 19, fourteenth family, r. 
twelfth family. 

P. 197, 1. 6, fifteenth family, +, thir- 
teenth family. 
rag 198, 1, 12, fixteenth family, r, four- 
teenth family. 

P. 207, 1.11, feventeenth family, r. fif- 
' teenth family. 

All which errors the reader will: per- 
ceive originate from the Bara one, 
F735 

Another 


viii PRE FMC E. 

' Another very capital error, which is ty- 
pographical, occurs, p. 128, 1.8, viz. “thefe 
animals are abfolutely loofe from their. 
fhells;” whereas it fhould be, « thefe ani- 
mals are not abfolutely loofe from their 
fhells.” | 

jeedae, in the lit of Univalves, after 

Aures Marine, add Vermiculi and Dentalia; 
and ‘after Cochlez, dele Turbines. ° 

I repeat hy fubmiffion ‘to the candid 
judgement of the learned; and fhall con- 
clude my preface with the motto ufed by 
the celebrated Dr. Lifter, in fome of his 
ornamental plates to the firft edition of hig 

Hiftoria Conchyliorum: | 

~ Joculare tibi videtur ; 
et fané bené: 
dum nihil habemus majus, 
Calamo ludimus. 


EMANUEL MENDES DA CosTA, 


London, 4th September, 1776. 


pean = 
EXE YM 
CONTENTS. 


SECTION I. 


F the Study of Conchology. The 
definition of Teftacea and Cruftacea. 
Of the Fifh inhabiting Shells; and whe- 
ther the Syftem fhould be formed from 
the Fifth, or from the Shells, &c. Pager 


Sei ot EO Woah 
An account of the Writers on Shells, p. 24 


SEC: TE OLN Tm 
Of the Ufes of Shells; and Inftructions 


for collecting, cleaning, and preferving 


them, Regs =) ) <a = Ss le ge gs 


) SECTION 


w @ On it aie? S 


SECTION OW. 
_ Of the Syftems or Methods of Shells, p. 79 


PECT EO ery, 
The Characters and Parts of Shells defined, 
and other obfervations, - - p. 10% 
SE CTI 0 N- VI. 


The Author's Syfem, = = - ‘p. 124 


SECTION Vil. 
Continuatio: of the Auther’s Syftem, and 
the Claffification of the Simple Uni- 
valves, pe et ee yl ee 


‘ 


9-H CE DQ Nr i WIh 
Clatincation of the Chambered Uniyalves, 


p. 454 


SECTION 


BSUS e U's & “e 


SC a} OW > BS, 
Clafification of the Revolved Univalves, 
P- 173 
9S APRS NOR 
Claffification of the Turbinated or Spiral 
Univalves, - - - = = = p. 180 
$B.C.T.1,.0,N XL. 


Of Bivalves, and their charaéters, and 
parts, with the Syftems of Authors, 


ps 23a 
eh Al 7 2 ON 2. 
Claffification of Bivalves, - - p. 244 


SEC TL ON: SOE 


Claffification of the Bivalves that never 
thut clofe, or the Conche Hiantes, p.274 


b 2 SECTION 


w €@tn fT Be eS & 


SECTION XIV. 


Of Multivalves and their arrangement, 
p. 278 


Explanations of Plates, - - - p. 281 


Tabule Synoptice Teftaceorum ; or, 
{chemes of Shells, p- 297 & 298 


Index, 2 ~ “ - 209 


CON- 


®.O-N .C HH: On bs: 0: Gx, 


Se OT Orn ok 


HE ftudy of Shells, or teftaceous 

animals, is a branch of Natural 
Hiftory, though not greatly ufeful in 
human ceconomy, yet perhaps, by the 
infinite beauties of the fubjects it treats 
of, is adapted to recreate the fenfes, and 
infenfibly to lead the amazed admirer into 
the contemplation of the glory of the 
Divinity, in their creation. 


Shells feem to form a part of the 
Creation, not fo immediate to the ufe of 
B mankind ; 


,' CONCH Gap: ¥. 


mankind; they rather appear to be a link 
of that wife and provident chain of na- 
ture, by which each part is conneéted 
with the whole, and the feeming voids 
or breaks between the ranks of animals 
is with infinite wifdom filled up. 


This peculiar branch of the Hiftory of 
Nature, I fhall call Conchology*. It 
“comprehends the ftudy of all animals 
that are teftaceous, or have fhell co- 
verings; not only thofe of the Sea, but. 


alfo thofe of the Rivers and Land. 


The definition of a Shell I make as 
follows. A kind of ftone-like calcareous 
covering or habitation, in which the 
whole animal, otherwife quite naked or 
flefhy, (for each part or limb is not par- 
ticularly covered with this ftoney cruft,) _ 
‘lives included as ina houfe: whereas. the 
cruf{taceous animals, as lobfters, crabs, &c. 
(whofe cruft can bear no other definition 


* Many authors call it Canchyliology.. - 


9 


2 than 


SE CEL O-nN: : 1, 3 
than this given for Shells,) are not naked, 
but have every particular limb or part 
feparately covered with the cruit, which 
confequently is formed into many joints, 
infomuch that the whole animal feems 
as it were loricated, or in a coat of mail®, 


All Petaceous animals are formed of 
two diftiné parts: the one, which is the 
animal, is foft or flefhy ; the other, which 
is the Shell or habitation, is hard, of a 
ftoney confiftence, and covers the animal ; 
to which it is connected or attached by 
mufcles, 


All Shell animals are exanguious, that 
is, have no blood fimilar to that of qua- 


’ Some Authors have flrove to give definitions of 
a Teftaceous and a Cruftaceous animal, but in vain, 
or without any fixed or folid charafters. See Klein, 
Nat. Difp. Echinodermatum, Sect. 1. Shells and 
crufts of fifh have the fame nature and qualities, and 
therefore, I think, no other definition can be made, 


B2 drupeds, 


£¢ Gonc'hH OFOCy 


drupeds, birds, fifhes, or reptiles ; and 
therefore properly appertain to the fifth 
clafs of animals, or infects. They are alfo 
deftitute of any bones; thofe fulcra or 
props to the mufcles of the animal ftruc- 
‘ture, being exterior in thefe creatures, in 
their Shells; and not interior, as all 
‘bones of other animals are placed. How- 
eyer, they are endowed with the principal 
“parts, as the mouth, lungs, heart, &c. 
befides other parts fuitable to their na-. 
ture of life. The full defcriptions of 
the animals themfelves, or any anatomical 
difquifitions, are not the fcope of my 
prefent work. It is rather too abftrufe 
and unentertaining: but for thofe curious 
particulars I fhall refer my readers to the 
‘principal authors who have inveftigated 
them {cientifically ; efpecially Lifter ‘, 

; Adanfon 


‘ 
¢ The Oyfter, common Land Snail, &c. in his 
Hiftoria Conchyliorum—Exercitatio Anatomica, in 
qua de Cochleis maxime terreftribus et Limacibus 
vagitur. Lond. 1694, 8vo. Exerc. Anat. altera, in 
qua maxime agitur de Buccinis Fluviatilibus et 


Marinis. 


Sabet weed O NL 5 


Adanfon in his Hiftory of the Senegal 
Shells; and Argenville, in his Zodmor- 


phofe, added to the fecond edition of his 
Conchyliologie. 


Befides the above, we meet with many’ 
defcriptions of Shell fifth difperfed in the 
works of the curious ; fuch as Columna’s’ 
account of the Purpura‘; Rumphius, of 
the animals of the chambered and paper 
Nautili; Reaumur of Solenes* and Pho- 
lades; Sellius of the Teredo or Ship- 
worm; and feveral others®; and laftly, 

| the 


Marinis. Lond. 1695, 8vo. et Exerc. Anat. tertia, 
Conchyliorum Bivalvium utriufque Aque. Lond. 
1692, 4to. all with figures. 


4 Fabii Columne Lyncei Purpura, feu de Pur- 
pura ab animali teftaceo fufa, aliifque rarioribus 
teftaceis quibufdam. Rome, 1616, cum fig. Ato. 

® In the Memoirs of the Royal Academy of 
Sciences at Paris. 

£ Godofredi Sellii Hiftoria Naturalis Teredinis feu 
Xylophagi Marini. Trajeéti ad Rhenum, 1733, 4° .fig. 

& Joh. Jacobi Harderi M. D. Bafil. &c. Examen 
Anatomicum Cochlez terreftris domiporte, Bafil.1679, 
42°. fig. | : 


B 3 | Ant, 


6 conevoL oc ¥. 

the juftly celebrated Linnzeus, who places 
at the head of the definition of each genus 
of Shell the genus of animal, which, ac- 
cording to his fyftem, inhabits them: 
however, all thefe defcriptions of the ani- 
mals have never yet been collected to- 
eether, and methodically digefted. 


This naturally leads me to the difcuf- 
fion of a fubject of great debate among 
Naturalifts, which is, whether the metho- 
dical fyftem or arrangement of teftaceous 
Animals fhould be formed from the Ani- 
mals themfelyes, or from their habitations 
or Shells. The former method feems 
moft {cientifical ; but the latter, from the 
Shells, is univerfally followed, for many 
reafons. 


Ant. de Heyde M.D, A:ft. Anatome Mytuli. 
Amftelod. 1684, 12™°. fig. 

Rouffet, Observations fity les Vers de Mer qui per- 
gent les Vaiffeaux, &c. La Haye, 1733, 8v0. fig. 
Swammerdam, Biblia Nature, Leydz, folio. 2 vols. 


hg. 
The 


SCT OW oT. - 


The vaft number of {pecies hitherto 
difcovered, and the numerous collections 
made, exhibit only the fhells or habita- 
tions, the Animals themfelves being {carce- 
ly known or defcribed. Of the fhells 
we daily difcover, few are fifhed up living; 
the greater number are found on fhores, 
dead and empty. Accurate defcriptions 
of Animals, whofe parts are not eafily 
feen or obvious, and anatomical refearches, 
are not in the capacity of every one to 
make; nor are the particular parts and, 
their refpective functions fo eafily cog- 
nizable to any, but expert, affiduous, and 
philofophical enquirers. How is it -pof- 
fible then to arrange a numerous fet of 
Animals by characters or parts, we can 
with difficulty, if ever, get acquainted 
with, in the far greater number of the 
{pecies we colleét or difcover? 


‘The indefatigable and accurate Fabius 
Columna was furprized at the omiffion ; 
he even complains of it. It is aftonifhing, 


B 4 fays 


$ , CONCH Oey, 


fays he, that of all the writers on this — 
fubje&t, not one has confidered the Ani- 
mals that inhabit the ¢hells, or given 
figures.of them, He owns, however, that 
many are feldom feen by us, and that 
the refearches on their manner of life 
are extremely difficult. The great dif- 
ficulty of thefe refearches -fhould have 
been his anfwer: and it muft always re- 
main fo; for of the great number of fpe- 
cies difcovered fince his time, (an era 
in which natural hiftory has flourifhed 
more than at any other period) we {carcely 
know the inhabitant Animals of fome 
{cores; and even thofe are very few of 
diftant regions, but chiefly of the coafts 
of Europe, countries in which affiduous 
and expert naturalifts have refided., 

The moft eafy and obvious characters 
are certainly the beft on which to found 
all fyftems of natural hiftory. I have 
treated this point fully in my lectures on 
foffils. Scientifical refearches in regard 

to 


Se LON - I tg 


to the arrangement of Animals are to be 
held in the fame light, as chemical ones 
in regard to foflils: they are the extreme 
difquifitions to afcertain the fpecies, when 
the more obvious and eafy characters are 
vague or wanting. 


Thus all ranks of animals are arranged 
into fyftems by obvious and external, not by 
fcientifical charaéters; even the animals of 
bulk, and that are our conf{tant companions. 
Quadrupeds are methodized by their teeth, 
horns, hoofs, and hides or coverings ; 
birds, by their plumage, beaks, and claws; 
reptiles and infects, by like particulars ; 
the very fifhes, though of a different ele- 
ment, undergo arrangements by their fins; 
and the vegetables are diftinguithed by 
their flowers and fruits. All thefe arrange- 
ments are on the principles of external and 
obvious characters. Why then is it re- 
quired to arrange by {cientifical or difficult 
charaéters a fett of animals who chiefly 
live in the depths of the fea, have hardly 


a pra- 


%:' C OWN @ EO tk Gy. 

a prdgreffive motion, and are for the greater 
part difficultly, if ever, in our reach?°I 
répeat, why fhould naturalifts demand of 
fuch animals only, a fyftem, or arrange= 
ment, the moft difficult to attain? while 
all the other orders of animals, whofe ar- 
rangements by fuch methods are more 
éafily attainable, aré methodized only, and. 
with univerfal confent, by the obvious 
characters, of teeth, plumage, and fins: 
characters that cannot be held in any other 
light, than as analogous to the external 


characters, or the Shells of teftaceous 
animals? | 


Tam well aware of the arguments al- 
ledged againft it, v/z. that, as long as we 
ftudy only the very Shells, thofe empty 
habitations, thofe fpoils or remains only 
of the animals, the prefent fole objects of 
our refearches and colle€tions, we confider 
thefe beings but partially, or with a fide 
view. There is more to be required. The 
animals that inhabit them fhould certainly 


ouid 
guide 


Se te a Aes IN? 1 Ir 


guide us in our methodical arrangements ; 
they alone are the principal parts, the very 
fabricators of the habitations, and give 
them their forms, bulk, hardnefs, colours, 
and all the other particulars of elegance, 
we admire. If we were to examine at- 
tentively thefe new or almoft unknown 
beings, we fhall difcover, in their a€tions 
and ways of life, an infinity of admirable 
curious and interefting particulars, capable 
of exciting the attention of the mofit in- 
quifitive and expert naturalifts. We fhall 
alfo difcover, in their ftru€ture, a number 
of parts as remarkable for their forms as 
for their functions: this part of the ftudy, 
therefore, fhould be ferioufly contem- 
plated; and not the fuperficial pa or the 
Shells only. 


Neither is this fuperficial arrangement, 
or by the Shells, exempt from many and 
great difficulties; for Shells, in their dif- 
ferent ftages of growth, are of very dif- 
ferent colours and forms. It is therefore 


indif- 


2m CONCHD LOGY. 


indifpenfably neceflary to define and know 
_ the animal itfelf, to fix the fpecies. ‘This 
objection, however, I do not confider as a 
folid one; fince the naturalift muft know, 
that different colours and forms or appear- 
ances, in the different flages of growth, 
run equally with teftaceous animals, 
through all the orders of nature. Thus 
for example: the horned quadrupeds have 
their horns only at ftated growths; the 
birds, a {tated colouring of plumage. fome 
‘infects, yet more remarkable, crawl one 
part of their lives on the terreftial, or cut 
the watery, before they {port in the airy, 
element. ‘Thefe are far greater changes 
than any we know of teftaceous animals: 
and therefore the abfolute neceflity to feru- 
- tinize or define the creature by the differ- 
ent {tages of its growth, can never, I 
think, be demanded for them, more than 
for any other order of animals, 


I fhall elucidate this point by the follow- 
ing account: Mr, Adanfon, in his Natural 


Hultory 


SPOR ION TS" yy 


Hiftory of Senegal, 4.27, an accurate Au- 
thor, who would methodize teftaceous 
animals by the Fifh and not the Shells, 
defcribes the Libot or Black Limpet found 
on that coaft. In his defcription, he fays, 
that fuch a vaft variety of differences is to 
be obferved in this fpecies, that it is diffi- 
cult to meet with two Shells alike; and 
any perfon would be led to conclude that 
they were abfolutely diftin& fpecies, did 
not the fifh, or animal, prove the con- 
trary, by being the fame in all. The 
Shells differed in colour and form; fome 
were white, others grey, afhen, or 
black; very flat, or very raifed, or copped, 
the number of furrows unequal, from 
twenty-five to fifty, and are at times fet 
with fmall prickles. The jaggings or 
toothings of the contour alfo differed 
widely; fome being f{mall, or meéerly 
notches, while others were fo flafht, or 
deep, that they gave the whole Shell the 
form of a ftar with five or feven rays. 


After 


42 CONGHOLOG  Y. 


After having made my obfervations, 
continues Mr. Adanfon, on great quan- 
tities of this fpecies, I find that all thefe 
Varieties proceed not only from their dif; 
ferent ages, but alfo from the difference 
of places they are found in: however, in 
all the Shells, whether young or old, | 
found a conftant or fixed character in the 
eye, or beak, which is always pretty ob- 
tufe, and fituate at about two thirds of the 
length of the Shell. 


I fhall obferve, in anfwer to the above, 
that the different ages of Shells certainly 
make them wear different appearances, in 
colour, fhape, work, Gc.; and I am con- 
vinced, that fome are even fo greatly 
changed from one age to another, that 
they appear abfolutely different fpecies. 
The want of opportunities to trace the dif- 
ferent progreflions, growth, or changes 
thefe animals of the deep undergo, is a de- 
fideratum which human powers can never 
attain; and confequently, we muft always 


be 


SE CGCZLO.N I. 15 


be open to fome confufion and error in this 
branch of natura! knowledge. 


Mr. Adanfon obferves, with great pre- 
cifion, that the ditference of the Shells of 
this kind was fo extremely great, that he 
fhould not have hefitated to pronounce 
them diftinct fpecies, had he not found 
the fame animal in them all. Indeed a 
‘{crutiny into the different Shells he quotes 
to be of this one fame kind is amazing, 
for hardly one of them agrees with the 
others: for, befides this Lidot or Black 
Limpet*, he alfo joins with it the Thorny 
Limpeti, the Beauty*, and the Afrolepas 
_ Limpets!, all as of the very fame fpecies; 
which Shells have not the leaft refem- 
blance to each other, 


h Patella nigra, Anonymous New. Conchology, 


P}. 1. fig. 8. p. 5. N°8. 
i Patella echinata, Id. Pl. 3. fig. 12. p. 18. N° 13. 
*. Patella pulchra, Id. Pl. 2. fig. 8. p. 22. Ne. 
1 Aftrolepas, Id. Pl. 3. fig. 2. p. 14, N? 2. 


Obfer 


‘£6 CONCHOLOGY. 
Obfervations ‘made by refpeétable and 
learned naturalifts deferve particular at- 
tention. I therefore allow with Mr. Adan- 
fon, that the fame fort of fith being found 
in all the above Shells is a very pre- 
fumptive proof of their being of one 
fame fpecies, though I cannot allow it 
to be a pofitive or decifive one. I will 
allow him, that the whole external ap- 
pearance of the fifh and the particular 
parts were nearly the fame; yet I think 
even that is not a pofitive proof. For I 
imagine, the very fame kind of animal 
inhabits different covers or Shells. As 
for example, the Snails may be the fame 
kind of fifth, and form the genus, yet 
vary fo much in their habitations or Shells, 
as to form different fpecies of that fame 
genus, from only the differences of the 
Shells or coverings: for the Shell, or 
covering, may be held for as great a @ha- 
racter of the fpecies, as the very fith. 
% Thus the Volutes called Admirals, Bro- 
cades, Purple Tips or Onyxes, Tigers, &c. 
though 


eh crTrron Te, 17 


though fuch different Shells may be in- 
habited by the fame kind of fith, to wit, 
a Limax or Snail. And therefore, though 
the Limax or Fifh is of the very fame 
kind, and forms or fixes the genus, yet 
the Shells, always conftant, will fix or 
define the fpecies of that fame genus. 
An analogy to this bears ftrong through 
all the Animal kingdom ; for fpecies of 
Quadrupeds are diftinguithed and defined. 
in their genera, from the different colours 
of their hides; Birds by their various 
plumage; and Infects by their different 
colourings. ‘Therefore, why fhould not 
Shells, which wear fuch {trong characters, 
by the fame parity of reafon, form fpecies 
of the fame genus? or, in other words, 
why fhould not the fame fifth, or genus, 
yield many different fpecies, according to 
the feveral charaéteriftical differences of 
its Shells or habitations? 


I have allowed that Shells in their ‘dif- 
ferent growths vary exceedingly, even 
| C fo 


8: CONIC Hrepigoe ¥v. 


fo much in fome, as to appear different 
fpecies, All orders of Animals vary in 
like manner in their different fexes, as 
well as in their different ftages of life. 
Thus for example, the Tadpole feems a 
different {pecies from the Frog; the Cater- 
pillar from the Butterfly ; the Flamingo 
bird when young is quite white, but when 
-of a certain age of a beautiful fcarlet; 
the cornigerous quadrupeds that fhed their 
horns alfo run through feveral ftages, 
before their horns are complete. Thefe 
changes we are acquainted with, becaufe 
they are always obvious to us, and are 
wrought on animals that are our com- 
_ panions, and breathe in the fame ele- 
“ment. It is otherwife with the animals 
of the deep, the knowledge of which 
we acquire only by accident; and it is 
even impoflible for us to follow them 
in their various growths and changes, 
by the moft affiduous obfervations. 


I there- 


SECTION I 1g 
I therefore hold, that the arrangement 
of ‘Teftaceous animals fhould be made 
only from their Shells, as the moft ob- 
vious and ftrong characters, and not from 
the fifh: for the efpecial colours and 
forms of the Shells do not the lefs sive 
a diftribution or order, and proper cha- 
-racters to go by, than does the mecha- 
nifm of the very fith themfelves. How- 
ever, I do not by this deny all affift. 
ance from the fifhes to aid the fyftem; 
the knowledge of them will undoubt- 
edly be of help, but then they are 
meer fecondary and not primary charac 
ters. I do not adhere to this opinion, 
from the fole difficulty of human powers 
ever attaining compleat obfervations on 
thefe animals of the’ deep, but alfo for 
the ele: reafons. 


Though Shells are of fuch different 
appearances in their different growths, 
I will venture to eftablifh an axiom as 
inconteftable ; by which the accurate and 

Cre judicious 


20 -C ONC H OPOGy. 


judicious Naturalift fhall always be ca- 
pable of diftinguifhing the fpecies by the 
Shells alone, though he has many of the 
fame kind, of very different appearances, 
before him: for every f{pecies has one ~ 
or more particular {pecific character, either 
in work, colour, or fubftance, &c. which 
it retains through all its various ftages 
and forms, and therefore is always to be 
diflinguifhed and known <& it. 


Mr. Adanfon drew a conclufion of the 
different Shells he propofes for the {pecies 
of the Black Limpet, from the fituation 
of its eye or beak being at two thirds ~ 
of the length of the Shell. This fitu- 
ation of the eyé, he, for want of accu- 
racy, thought to be a particular character 
of the Black Limpet: but he overlooked, 
or did not know, that the eyes or beaks 
of many other fpecies of Limpets.are 
placed in ike manner, or at two-thirds of 
the length of the Shell. He therefore erred 
as much in making that particular the 

criterion» 


Sno TON 21 


criterion of the Shell, as in making the 
fith only, the criterion of the whole ani- 
mal, or fifh and fhell. ; 


But to produce fome inftances of what 
I advance, the Goat’s Eye Limpet! wears 
perhaps as many different appearances as 
any {pecies of Shell, and even often greatly 
refembles others; but look only on its 
ridges, the character of which is to be 
three-edged like a triple-edged {pear or 
{word, and it is immediately recog nized 
through its different appearances. 


The Garnet Limpet ™ has in like 
manner many different appearances; ne- 
verthelefs its elegant garnet-like femi- 
tranfparent eye or top always charaéte- 
rifes it through all its colours and forms. 


1 Anonymous New Conchology, Plate 2. fig. #. 


m Id. Carbunculi oculus, Pl. 2. fig. 4. p. 10. 


N° 4. 


a ‘} 


2 CONCH ODOC Y. 


The {mall Blue-rayed Limpet" of our 
coafts is, when young, thin, horny, and 
very conical; when old, thick, fattith, 
and miffhapen; yet its few blue ftreaks 
always characterife it, 


The Bloody-tooth Nerit is known 
through all appearances, by the bloods 
like fpots on its teeth, 


Each volute has fome particular ftreak, 
band, fpot, or colour, which it preferves 
through all its ftages, 


Even the Rocks or Murices, the 
Spiders, and the Winged Shells, whole 
appearances in their feveral growths, 
above all other Shells, are fo extremely 
different, that when young they have 
narrow, fharp, thin, fmooth and even 
lips, and the opening is pretty clear or 
free; when old, this lip is greatly ex- 


* Id. Patella integra exigua, levis, cornea, coeruleis 
lineis infignita. Plate 4, fig. 4. p, 20. N®4. 


tended 


SECTION I. 23 


tended, very thick, pronged or fet with 
large fpikes, and almoft clofes their mouth 
or opening. Yet even all thefe Shells, 
either in the turban, body, tip, work, 
or colour, have conftant and fixed cha- 
racters, which diftinguifh them through- 
out all thefe extremely different appear- 
ances. 


It is needlefs to enumerate anh in- 
ftances; they will occur in the feveral 
claffes, as we proceed. I .will therefore 
clofe this fubje& with the following 
reafoning ; vix. Granted that the various 
growths or ftages of the inhabitant ani- 
mals change the forms and colours of 
the Shells fo very greatly; it evidently 
enfues, that the animals themfelves mutt 
undergo as material changes in their 
forms. It cannot be otherwife; for the 
shell muft always anfwer to the animal, 
and its ways of life; therefore, if great 
ia s happen to the animal as well 

the Shell, we remain in equal un-- 
4 certainty 


24 CONCHOLOGY. 


certainty as to an arrangement by the 
fith, as by the fhells: but as the Shells 
have the moft obvious and eligible 
characters, and are more eafily attainable, 
the methodical arrangement from them 
is certainly to be preferred. 


The term of Conchology, applied to this 
branch of Natural Hiftory by all authors, 
is quite applicable to its arrangement by 
the Shells, and not by the fifh. 


ME OM OR si: OA © lok, OM 4 


I fhall now proceed on another general 
part of the fubje& 3 that 1s, to give fome 
account of the works, written folely or 
profeffedly on Shells, in order to enable 
celle&ors to make a proper choice of 
authors. | 


Buonanni, Ricreazione dell’ Occhio, e 
della Mente, nell’ Offervazione delle — 
Chiocciole, printed in Italian, in 4to, at 
Rome, in i681, is the firft profefled work 

on 


SEOTTON ©. ag 


on. the fubject. It was afterwards tranf- 
lated into Latin by the Author, and was 
republifhed with additions, alfo in 4to, 
and at Rome in 1684, but this Latin 
edition israre. 


Buonanni’s work gives us a feries of 
- figures of the feyeral fpecies of Shells, 
to the number of 450 in the Italian edi- 
tion, and of 550 in the Latin edition; 
they are moft of them tolerably well 
engraved, but faulty in that the Shells are 
reverted by the inaccuracy of the engraver. 
He accompanies each with its particular 
defcription ; but the defcriptions are not 
good, being too concife and uninftructive; 
he betides gives feveral philofophical chaps 
ters on the origin, nature, forms, co- 
lours, properties, and other curious par- 
ticulars of Teftaceous animals. | 


The next is Lifteri Hiftoria Conchy- 

liorum, publifhed in folio, at different 

times, from 1685 to 1692. It is an exe 

| cellent 
3 


276 CONGHOLOGYY. 


cellent work, and I do not hefitate to . 
pronounce it the very beft, though the 
fecond on the fubjedt, that ever was 
printed. 


This work, which confifts entirely of 
engravings, has the following faults, that 
render the copies more or lefs perfect. 
Firft, no two copies are found to be ex- 
adtly alike, it is fubje& to fo many va- 
riatios. The plates about 1067 (in the 
moft perfect copies) are augmented or 
diminifhed, mifplaced, or corrected, at 
different times, according to the fancy 
or fubfequent difcoveries made by the 
author; it is therefore very difficult to 
quote the work in fuch a manner as to 
be quite anfwerable to other copies. The 
engravings are very elegant and accurate, 
and were done by his two_ daughters, 
Sufanna and Anne. In regard to de- 
fcriptions there are none, but what the 
fynonyms infer, which are generally very 
‘good. The native countries of a few 
; are 


SECTION IL ay 


are alfo added, but the greater part are mere 
engravings without any name: and though 
the many divifions of the hiftory into 
books, parts, fections, and chapters, feem 
very puzzling and confufed, yet an ac- 
curate obferver will find, that they are 
proper and neceflary to the methodical 
arrangement, and the minute and nice 


difpofition of Shells Dr. Lifter propofed. 


This difference in the feveral copies 
has induced a French author, Mr. Davila, 
in his Cabinet, vol. ii. p, 231, to give a 
collation of his copy with that in the 
king of France’s library, from M. de Bure, 
who in the fecond volume of his Biblio- 
graphie Inftructive, has alfo many per- 
tinent obfervations of the different times 
of taking off the plates: by the account 
M. de Bure gives, it appears that the 
French king’s copy is a very perfect one, 


and was prefented to that Royal Library 
by Dr, Lifter himfelf, 


I have 


& CONC HOT OGY. 


I have alfo collated fome copies of this 
work, and found them all to difigree: 
the moft perfect copy in London is faid 
to be in the library of the College of 
Phyficians. 


Some foreign Naturalifts have been 
pleated to call Lifter’s Hiftory a dry and 
fterile work, alluding to its having no 
defcriptions, but only fynonyms, though 
in-all other refpe&s they extol it greatly. 
But Mr. d’Argenville has carried his 
cenfures on it beyond prudence or fenfe: 
therefore it behoves me to take fome par- 
ticular notice of that author. 


For example, he infinuates, that of the 
frtt book of terreftrial Shells, three parts 
af them are known to be marine ones. 
Later difcoveries, without any accufation 
of Lifter, may have illuftrated this point 
fince his time, were it really fo; but, on 
the contrary, it appears to me an erro- 
neous aflertion. 


His 


SRC ya ON Yi. 29 


His next criticifm fhews him divefted 
of common grammatical knowledge: his 
words are, the third book of Lifter is 
of Bivalves; he mixes the families with 
the Murex or Rock, and calls fome 
Peéten Muricatus, Spondylus Muricatus, 
&c.  Argenville certainly might have 
{pared the prefs from groaning under fuch 
trivialities, had he known common ex- 
prefhon: for the word muricatus has no 
dependence on murex at all; it is an ‘ad¢ 
jective, of itfelf grammatically fignifying 
any fubject rugged, or full of fharp points. 
Yet this poor critick would ftrive te 
prove, that Lifter, by his Pe&ten or Spon- 


dylus Muricatus, joins, as he expreffes ~~ 


himfelf, two different families of Shells 
together, and means a Rock Turbinite 
Efcallop, or Rock Turbinite Spondyle: 
whereas he means no more than a-Muri- 
cated or Thorny Eicallop or Spondyle, 
without any relation or tendency to: the 
Mutices or Rock Turbens. He alfo cri- 
_ticifes Lifter’s adjetives of wargaritiferas 
+ and 


jo CONCHOLOGY. 


and echinatus, in a like ignorant manner ¢ 
for the former term fignifies only a pearly- 
coated Shell, or, as the French even now 
anfwerably exprefs it, une Coquille Nacre¢; 
and the latter, or echinatus, only a Shell 
fet with thorns or fpines, like the — 
or Sea. Pees: 


Another very detrimental and pres 
fumptive criticifm | mutt alfo take notice 
of ; a few lines further, he tells you, 
that Lifter in his fourth book makes all 
univalve Shells Buccina; for example, 
the Limpet he calls Buccinum leve Dif- 
fcoideum, or flat Buccinum, the Sea Ear | 
Buccinum perforatum or perforated Buc- 
cinum. It is a falfe aflertion, grounded 
on his ignorance of language: Lifter 
indeed intitles his fourth book de Buc- 
cinis Marinis; but there the term Buc- 
cinum is ufed by metonymy or tranfpo- 
fition of names, for Univalves in general ; 
for the term of Univalve is of modern 
date, and was never ufed by Lifter, nor 


aby 


SECTION I.» 31 


any other author before him, or in his time. 
Thus a later author, Gualtieri by a like me- 
tonymy, calls his third part, which com- 
prehends all the univalve turbinated Shells, 
Cochlee Marine. Therefore you will 
find that Lifter, in the fynonyms of each 
feftion or family, never repeats the term 
Buccinum again, but only the very ge- 
nerical name of the refpective families, 
as Patella or Limpets, Vermiculi, Nautili, 
Cochlez or Snails, Cowries, Rhombi, &ce. 
and ufes it only again in the very genus 
of Buccina or Whelks, as the particular 
name of that family: and in like manner 
Gualtieri ufes the term Cochlea. 


Thefe criticifms, to difparage Lifter’s 
work, are clofed by an infinuation of a 
yet more hurtful and envious nature, viz. 
the very laft lines of his account are thus 
worded: ‘* One may fay, that not any 
‘¢ author has thrown fo much confufion 
«« on the Hiftory of Shells as Lifter, other- 

| ii? <<“ wife 


32 CONCHOLOGY. 


«¢ wife a good philofopher, and a great 
s¢ phyfician.” 


I fhould not have troubled my Readers 
with fuch unentertaining criticifms, had 
not Argenville’s Conchology been a work 
fo greatly in vogue among the Colleétors, 
and fo univerfal, as it is wrote in French, 
the fafbionable language. Impreffions there- 
fore to the difadvantage of Lifter, had 
not thefe erroneous infinuations been 
hinted at, mnft confequently have taken_ 
place in the minds of the curious in this 
branch of Natural Hiftory, and have led 
- them to reject a moft excellent work for 
the trivialities of a writer of very inferior 
merit. 


I will moreover be bold enough to 
affert, that Lifteri Hiftoria Conchyliorum 
is a moft ufeful work, as perfect as any 
ether fince publifhed, and of great cons 
fequence to thofe who make the Natural 
Hiftory of Shells their ftudy. ; 

There 


Sher voNn i fy 


There was publifhed in 1770, ano- 
ther’ edition of this excellent work, in | 
large folio, by the Reverend William 
Huddesford, of Trinity College, Oxford, 
and Keeper of the Afhmolean Mufeum. 
I with I could add more, than that the 
public is indebted to the late learned 
editor for the republication, as Lifter’s 
work is become fo fearce ; but the indexes 
and other additions are very trivial, and 
there are alfo errors and inaccuracies in it 
which do no honour to Lifter’s memory. 


I do not think it unentertaining to re- 
late fome circumftances relative to this 
ufeful and coftly work which have oc- 
curred to me on the collation of many 
copies of the old editions of Lifter, and on 
a collation of numbers of his proof prints 
difperfed among the curious by Dr. Lifter 
himfelf, before the names or numbers on 
the plates were added to complete the 
work : thefe proof prints, which are what 
the print colleétors ftile variations, will 


D lead 


34 CONCHOLOGY. 


lead us into fome curious particulars that. 
otherwife would have been unknown. 


Dr. Lifter, in 1678, publifhed his Hift. 
Anim. Angliz, in which he treats of the 
Englith Shells, and gives excellent figures 
of them, and good defcriptions; he there- 
fore defigned this work (his Hift. Con- 
chyl.) only for exotic or foreign Shells, 
as evidently appears from the proof head 
plates of the firft book, N° 8, 25, 33, 40, 
43, 63, 74, 83, 99, 108; 125, and 136, 
which are entitled Cochlez, Buccina, &c. 
Exotica, but the word Ewotica was erafed 
when he changed his mind to make it a 
general hiftory of Shells, which probably 
was at the fecond book, and the erafement 
of the word Ewotica is even now plainly 
feen in all thofe quoted plates. — 


Dr. Lifter, to complete his intended 
work, carried home all the fhells fingly 
to his daughters, to engrave on fingle or 
detached copper plates (as 1s feen by the 
work), referving their arrangement till he 


had 


SECT TON Nn. 35 
had a fufficient number, fome not be- 
ing done to his approbation, or getting 
better fpecimens afterwards, he had them 
re-engraved, and therefore many Shells ap- 
pear twice in his work, and in fome copies 
only the firft engraving, while in others 
only the fecond engraving, is found; this 


circumftance is alfo evident from the proof 
plates or variations. 


.Dr. Lifter undoubtedly publifhed the 
firft.edition, in detached pieces, at different 
periods from 1685 to 1692; and I imagine 
a fecond edition was publifhed at one time, 
which was foon after the completion of 
the firft edition of 1692. 


I therefore think it a miftaken -notion 
that there was but one edition of this 
work, for certainly there were two; but 
as the title-page and heads of the chapters, 
&c. are plates with the engravers (his 
daughters) names, and bear the fame date, 


they appear only as one and the fame 
edition. 3 


D2 However 


36. CON CROLL O GY. 


However, there’ are marks by which 
thefe editions may be diftinguifhed by an 
accurate critick, wiz. 1. The fecond edition, 
has 75 Shells more than the firft. 2, In the 
preface plate, p. 4, the third paragraph, 
begins Septuaginta autem, &c. the fecond 
edition has Centum autem, &c. 3. In, plate 
a which fpecifies the places where they. 
are found, the firft edition has only one co-- 
lumn of names, whereas the fecond edi- 
tion has a name, viz. Fret. Magel. ina 
Second column. 4. The title: and all the 
head plates, as 1, 2, 3, 100, 106, 139, 
140, &c. are printed; partly in black, and! 
partly in red letters; whereas.in the fecond’ | 
edition, only the title, plate 1, is printed: 
in red and black letters, all the others 
being printed only in black letters. 


In regard to the differences in the 
copies, it fhould be obferved, that as the 
work is entirely iconical, or confifts only 
of figures without any letter prefs, catch 
word, alphabet, or number to the pages, 
it was new and uncommon to the book- 


binders : 


ii GS a A 9 a ab 37 


binders: they therefore committed nume- 
‘yous miftakes, and I attribute thefe dif- 
ferences to them and not to the work it- 
felf, which circumftance thofe who re- 
ject Lifter’s work have not refleéted on. 


The third publication, in date of time, 
‘is Rumphius’s Rarity Chamber of Am- 
boina, in folio, printed firft in Dutch at 
Amfterdam in 1705, another edition in 
4711, and another in 1745. The little cur- 
rency of the Low Dutch language, and 
its having only been tranflated into Ger- 
man, and printed at Vienna, in folio, in 
1766, has partly flung a mift on this 
work; and the figures, in general very 
good and correct, have only been con- 
fulted. However, Rumphius in his ac- 
counts of the Shells is very accurate, and 
is well worthy the perufal of the ftudent. 
It is indeed furprizing to me, that this 
work has never yet been tranflated into a 
more current language, fince it would be 
of great advantage to the knowledge of 
Shells, efpecially thofe of that part of the 
Fatt Indies. tae Petiver 


38: CAO N- CHB O Gir. 


Petiver, in his Gazophylacium, has 
copied, in twenty-two plates, Rum- 
phius’s figures, both Cruftacea and Tef- 
‘tacea, with a meer nominal index; he | 
{tiles it Aquatilium Animalium Amboine, 

&c. Icones & Nomina, containing near 
four hundred figures; but never mentions 
Rumphius’s name in particular, or as bor- 
rowed from him; 


the figures are very 
indifferent, the fubjects are confufedly 
mixt, and the index is very trifling or unin- 
{tructive, and often erroneous. 


The Mufeum Kircherianum, by Buo- 
nanni, in folio, in Latin, Rome 1709 3 
this work is rather the defcription of the 
natural and artificial rarities of the col- 
le&tion of the famous and learned father 
Kircher, and not profeffedly wrote on 
Shells; but as the twelfth clafs, or latter 
part, is intirely on Shells, with their 
figures and defcriptions, to the number of 
about five hundred and eighty-fix, this 
book has generally been efteemed as a 
Conchology, or work on Shells. 

It 


See Tuo Nf. 39 


It is, indeed, if I may fo exprefs my- 
felf, another edition of Buonanni’s for- 
mer work, with additions ; and the figures 
are in general good, but reverfed. 


Janus Plancus de Conchis Ariminenfi- 
bus minus notis, in Latin, Venice, 1739, 
in 4to, with figures. Another edition in 
1748, and another alfo in ato. but with 
great additions, at Rome, in 1760. The 
plates are extremely good, and his ac- 
counts very learned. It is a natural hifto- 
ry of fome teftaceous animals of Rimini, 
in the Adriatic fea, more particularly of 
minute recent Cornua Ammonia and Or- 
thoceratitz, now firft difcovered in the fea- 
fands of that place. 


La Conchyliologie of Mr. d’Argen- 
ville, in French, Paris, 1742, in 4to, 
with thirty-three plates : and a new edi- 
tion in 1757, alfo at Paris, and in 4to, 
appears the next onthe litt. 


D4 This 


40, C QIN MiQU,aiG yY, 


This author has, in the firft part of the 
work, not only treated his fubject philo- 
fophically, but alfo ceconomically, in ten 
chapters, anda preliminary difcou:fe on 
the formation of Shells, the different me- 
thods of arrangement, the manner of clean- 
ing them, their ufes, on foflil Shells, and 
their origin, and an account of the prin; 
cipal Mutea of Natural Hiftory now in 
being. 


The other part is the hiftory of the 
Shells, ranged in their refpe&tive clafles, . 
with proper tables and characters, Indexes, 
and remarks to each. The plates are 
twenty-nine in number, for the moft 
part elegantly and correctly engraved from 
the author’s own defigns. Twenty-eight 
of them amount to near five hundred 
feures of recent fhells; the laft, or twen- 
ty-ninth plate, is of foflil Shells. The 
defcriptions of the Shells which. accom- 
pany the plates are generally too concife 
or rather imperfect. | 


This 


SB: BON) Bs 


This work in the whole is excellent, 
though not perfe&t, as it does not com- 
prehend the whole feries or fpecies of 
Shells difcovered : but, as the author him- 
~ felf obferves, it is only a number of the 
fineft and rareft fea, river, and land Shells, 
many of which have never been engrav- 
ed before. The expence, fays he, would 
have been too great to have engraved all 
that are methodized in the work; be- 
fides that the greater part are to be found 
already figured in. Buonanni, Lifter, 
-Rumphius, and other Corichologifts. 


The fecond edition is augmented by 
three elegant plates, containing thirty- 
three univalves and eight bivalves, with 
their defcriptions, and the Zoomorphofe 


er reprefentation of the animals which in- 
habit the Shells. 


This curious addition, or account of 
the animals, is illuftrated by nine elegant 
copper-plates of them and their Shells, of 
the different families, as well natives of 
the Indies as of Europe, — Gual- 


go © CONCHOLOG Y. 


Gualtieri Index teftarum Conchylio- 
rum, &c. in large folio, in Latin, Flo- 
‘rence, 1742. This work contains one 
hundred and ten plates of Shells, befides 
feveral large tail-plates of Corals. ‘The 
figures in general are extremely good and 
accurate, but are oddly placed on their 
tips or points, as if fpinning. ‘The read- 
ing or explanation of the Shells, not Co- 
rals, confilts meerly of his own fynonyms, 
fometimes fomewhat defcriptive, without 
any fynonyms or references to other au- 
thors : fo that it 1s a meer Index, or very 
fterile and imperfect. Befides the dedica- 
tion to the Emperor Francis III. alfo 
great Duke of Tufcany, fome account of 
the work is given in feven other pages, 
and a Syftem of Tournefort, never before 
publifhed, and his own arrangement, in ~ 


fix other pages. 


Jacobi Theodori Klein Tentamen Me- ° 
thodi Oftracologice, five Difpofitio Natura 
lisCochlidum & Concharum, in fuas clafles, 
genera, & fpecies, Iconibus fingulorum 

generum 


SECTION: th. 4s 


generum én incifis iluftrata, &c. in La- 
tin, at Leyden, 1753, in 4to. This work 
exhibits Klein’s Syftem of Shells, with 
the fynonyms of authors, and Indexes of 
all Lifter’s Shells difpofed according to his 
method. It has twelve plates, which are 
but indifferent ; and to it are added two 
diflertations, viz. on the form, growth, 
and colours of Shells, and a critical one 
on Pliny Hift. Nat. lib. ix. c. 33. of the 
differences of Shells. 


George Geve, a celebrated painter at 
Hamburgh, publithed. a work cn Shells 
in German and French, intitled, The 
Monthly Pleafure of Shells and Sea Pro- 
ductions, with illuminated plates, at Ham- 
burgh, 1755, in large 4to. This work 
~ only gave the Defcription of the firft five 
families of Shells, and was well received 
by the public, but, being pirated, was dif- 
continued. It had a fy{tematical order 
for a ground-work : there are only twen- 
ty-four plates publithed, with 265 figures — 
ef Nautili, Poft-horns, Dolphins, and other 

Snails 


44 CONCHOLOGY. 
Snails and Nerits; but the defcriptions 
reach no farther than the 175th figure, 


and are comprifed in fifteen pages, co- 
lumnwife. 


*A Treatife on Shells and other ma- 
rine bodies of Amboina, and the neigh- 
bouring iflands, by Francis Valentyn, Cler- 
gyman, at Amboina, Banda, &c. with fine 
cuts ; as alfo Notices, ferving as a Conti= 
nuation to Rumphius’s Rarity Chamber, 
Amfterdam, 1754, 1n folio. ‘This work 
is in Dutch. In the account of the Eaft 
Indian Shells the author follows Rum- 
phius chapter by chapter, makes additions 
to their Indian names, their places where 
found, their varieties, and the new fpecies 
difcovered ; he further notices the Shells 


* Verhandeling der Zee Horenkens en Zee gewaffen 
ir en omtrent Amboina, en de Nabygelegene Eilan- 
den Door Francois Valentyn,- in zyn leven bedianaar 
des Goddelyken woords in Amboina, Banda, enz, 
Met zeer Nette Prentverbeeldingen Verrykt. als 
mede Het Afbeeldzel van den Schryver. Diende tot 
een vervolg Van de Amboinfche Rariteitkamer befch- 
reyen Door G. E, Rumphius, 


of 


“SBC T DON Il. 4.5 
of any rare or valuable fpecies, as the 


Ventletrap, Admirals, &c. in whofe col- 
le€tions they are, and their original prices. 


He gives like accounts of the Weft In- 
dian and'European Shells; as alfo enume- 
rates the collections made by the Dutch 
in the Eaft Indies, from Rumphius’s g0- 
ing there in 1655, and of the chief col- 
lections in Holland, with lifts of the moft 
capital Shells in each collection. 


The whole is embellifhed with fixteen 
copper-plates of Shells, well engraved, | 
containing one hundred and four univalves_ 
and thirty bivalves. ! 


This is a curious but not a {cientifical 
work. And in two large, or fheet plates, 
wherein he has figured. fome fea: plants,, 
and fome fifh, he has given a fine figure. 
of a Mermaid as vulgarly. painted ;. this. 
ridiculous circumftance alone has degraded 
his work among the foo /:ve/y collectors. 


Les 


46 COBMCHOL OGY. 


_ Les Delices des Yeux & de lEfprit, ou 
collection generale de differentes Efpeces 
de Coquillages que la Mer renferme, com=- 
muniquée au Public, par George Wolff- 
gang Knorr, a Nuremberg, Partie I. 1764. 
Wi.1765. Wl. 1768. 1V. 1750. V. 1771. ° 
& VI. 1773. The five firft parts contain 
each thirty plates, and the fixth part for- 
ty plates, befides the letter prefs or their 
defcriptions in French, the Indexes, &c. 
This work treats of the Shells without. 
any order or fyftem, and the figures are 
for the greateft part extremely well done. 


Adanfon, Hiftoire Naturelle du Senegal, 
tom I. Les Coquillages, Paris, 1757, in 
4to. in French, This author is a topo- 
graphift, or defcriber of a particular coun- 
try, viz. Senegal in Guinea. The firft 
part of the book relates to his voyage and 
refidence there from 1749 to 1753. In 
this relation he only notices the particu- 
lar cuftoms, &c. of the people, and the 
occurrences which happened to him ;- and | 
informs us, he defigns to treat of the na- . 

tural 


‘SECT BOWE. B 


tural hiftory, fully, in other parts of the 
work ; he therefore begins with the hif- 
tory of the Teftaceous animals of Senegal, 
which makes the fecond part of this vo- 
lume, and is the only one, to my know- 
ledge, he has yet publithed, 


This Natural Hiftory of teftaceous ani- 
mals is illuftrated with nineteen copper- 
plates, not only of the Shells, but even of 
the fith of each family, to the number, as 
he tells us, of one hundred and eighty-five 
fpecies, and above four hundred figures: | 
they are moftly well engraved and correct. 


Seba’s Mufeum, intitled, Thefauri Re- 
rum Naturalium locupletiffimi Alb. Se- 
be accurata Defcriptio, cum Iconibus, 
&c. printed at Amfterdam in 1758, in 
large folio, in Latin and French. This is 
the third volume of the defcription of the 
fine colle&tion of Natural Hiftory of Al- 
bert Seba, an apothecary, at Amfterdam ; 
which noble collection has fuffered the 
fate of moft others, and is now difperfed. 

This 


48 CONCHOLOGY. 


This third volume treats on marine fub: 


jects, as fifh, cruftaceous and teftaceous 


animals, and corals ; and the Shells alone 
make a great part, for the whole volume 
is illuftrated with one hundred and fix- 
teen plates, of which from plate thirty- 
five to ninety-four are all of fhells. 


Seba’s'is a moft coftlyand noble work, » 
but without any prejudice might have 
been rendered lefs expenfive and more ufe- 
ful, by numbering the Shells, which is 
wanting in fome plates, and alfo by re- 
trenching’ many of them, .and the repes 
titions of the fame Shells to form com- 
partments and Shell-works, as they were 
placed in his colle&tion ; as for example, 
plate 3%, 36, 37, and 85, which are 
whole theets; fhewing compartments, 
flower-works, and carvings on Nautili; 
and the repetitions of the fame fhells 
in other plates, efpecially 53, 58, 90, 92, 
&¢. a prodigious expence, and of no uti- 
lity whatever. The engravings in general 
are correct, and'the deferiptions good. 
Srp: Recueil 


SRG TION-f - 46 


Recueil de Coquillages, de Limacons 
& de Cruftacés, peints d’apres nature, 
eravés en taille douce, & illuminés de 
Jeurs vrais couleurs, par Francois Michel 
Regenfus, and publifhed by the order of 
the king of Denmark at Copenhagen, in 
1758, ona very large folio paper. 


This royal work has twelve plates finely 
illuminated; and the letter prefs, which is in 
German and French, contains, befides the 
dedication and preliminary epiftle, the Na- 
tural Hiftory of Shells, in two parts. Part I. 
confifts of twenty-eight pages; and part IT. 
of fifty-four pages. A fecond volume of this 
work has been begun, and a confiderable 
progrefs is made in it; but as the ingenious 
author colours every plate by his own hand, 
the progrefs is confequently flow. 


Martini on Shells, intitled, the New Syf- 
tematical Cabinet of Shells, by Frederick 
William Martini, printed at arog 
1768, in 4to*, 


* Neues Syftematifches Conchylien- Cabinet Geerd- 
net und befchriben, Von Friedrich Heinrich Wil- 
helm Martini, &c. Nurnburg, 


apa This 


te CONCHOROGY. 


This publication is the firft number, or 
part, of a Conchology, defigned to be given 
at different periods, by the faid Mr. Mar- 
-tini, a phyfician at Berlin; the reading is 

German. ‘This firft part contains the fa- 
milies of Worms, Limpets, Sea-Ears, Nau- 
tili, and other chambered Shells; and has 
twenty-two plates, befides head and taik 
plates. of Shells and their fifth, and of Co- 
rals. 


‘Fhe twenty-two plates are coloured, the 
head and tail pieces are only printed in red, 
and are good; but many of the plate-fi- 
sures are very incorrect, and the colouring 
1s too glaring and unnatural. ‘This au- 
thor, however, is more hiftorical and ac- 
curate than any other, and his fynonyms 
or references of authors are moftly very 
correct, and his defcriptions good, 


The fecond part, which compleats a firft 
volume, was publifhed in 1769: this con- 
tains from plate 23 to 31, and in all to 
| 340. 


§ B/G*T 1/O WN *) F or 
340 figures, and their defcriptions; it ex- 


hibits the families of the Bulle and 
Cowries. 


The third part was publifhed in 1771 : 
it continues the hiftory to figure 415 and 
to plate 4c, figure 481 ; and comprehends 
the families of helmets, veneroide, cylin- 
droidz and cylindars or olives. 


- A new anonymous Conchology began 
to be publifhed in this Metropolis in 1770, 
in folio, illuftrated with copper-plates. It 
was to be publifhed in monthly numbers, 
and each number to contain two plates of 
Shells, with their defcriptions in Englith 
and French. It was alfo intended to be a 
General Natural Hiftory of Shells, and 
to include the figures of all the known 
a fpecies, common as well as rare, beautiful, 
or otherwife ; and fome copies were de- 
figned to be accurately coloured for the 
ufe of the curious. Six numbers of it 
were publithed, comprehending the fami- 

EB 2 hes 


3 CONCHOLOGY. 


lies of the Limpets, Sea-Ears, and Worms 3 
~ but not meeting with fuitable encourage- 
ment, the authors have laid it afide, at 
leaft for the prefent. 


Natural hiftories, without figures of the 
objects, are at beft imperfect ; for at one 
view figures imprefs the idea of the body 
much ftronger than the moft finifhed or 
accurate defcription. It is for that reafon, 
in the above lift of authors, I have only 
mentioned thofe with figures, as they of 
courfe muft ftrike the mind, and aid the 
knowledge of the ftudy. 


However, it remains yet requifite to re- 
cite fome few other writers, who, though’ 
they have not illuftrated their works with 
proper figures, {till merit attention. 


The firft of thefe is John Daniel Ma- 
jor, a phyfician of Kiel, in Holftein, who 
republifhed Columna’s excellent work De 

Purpura, 


SECTION It. 53 


Purpura, with learned annotations, fo early 
as 1675, at Kiel, in 4to™. 


He therein gives a method or fyftem of 
teftaceous animals, which he pretends 
will immediately, on infpe@tion of any 
one. fhell, capacitate a perfon to place it 
in its proper rank, For this purpofe he 
forms ten tables, which are too prolix to 
{pecify here. It is proper to obferve that 
his chief merit confifts in being the firft 
~ who has formed a method of Shells ; 
for it is more fpeculative than practical. 
It is indeed only good to thew at one 
view all the different forms of Shells, for 
he does not properly diftinguifh their ge- 
nera and {pecies. ) ‘ 


* Fab. Columne Opufculum de purpura, cym 
Annotationibus Joh. Dan. Majoris, cui adjecit {peci- 
‘men de teftaceis, ad prediétas annotationes illuftran- 
dum, & infuper ad Conchylia & Teftacea reliqua in 
Principum Conclavibus difponenda facile inferviendum, 
cum Djittionario Oftracologico, Keil, 1675, 4to, 


E 3 The 


gs CONCHOLOGY. 


The next in date is Langius*, a phyfi- 
cian of Lucerne, in Switzerland, who, in 
1722, publithed, in a thin quarto, in La- 
tin, a New and Eafy Method of Shells, 
difpofed in their due clafles, genera, and 
fpecies, but without a fingle figure. 


This author, in his title-page, which is 
very prolix, gives us his reafon for not 
having figures, as he refers to the icons, 
and recites the fynonyms of the chief au- 
thors on Conchology, and gives {ufficient 
characters to his clafles and genera ; he 
further notes, that his work was princi- 
cipally defigned to elucidate the foffil tef- 
taceous remains, 


* Caroli Nicolai Langii, &c. Methodus Nova & 
facilis Teftacea Marina, pleraque, que huc ufque 
nobis nota funt, in fuas debitas & diftin€tas claffes, 
genera, & fpecies diftribuendi, nominibufque fuis pro- 
prus ftructure potifimum accommodatis nuncupandi, 
von Bec, Lucerne, 1722, 4to, 


\ 


Breynius 
= 


SECTION AI. $5. 


, Breynius de Polythalamiis, Dantzick, 
1732, in 4to. has given us, from p. 3 to 
p. 5, his thoughts on Shells, and a fhort 
fyftem : which {cheme he afterwards print- 
ed ina loofe fheet, without date, place, 
or author's name. 


The fourth author is the celebrated 
Linneus, who, in his feveral editions of 
his Syftema Nature, has methodized the 
teftaceous animals; but more fully in his 
laft or twelfth edition, publifhed at Stock- 
holm, in 1767, in 8vo. This learned 
naturalift has given a few bad figures, in 
fome of the former editions. 


Mr. Davila, in his Catalogue Syftema- 
tique & Raifonné des Curiofités de fon Ca- 
binet, printed at Paris, in 1767, in French, 
in three volumes in 8vo. This fine col- 
_leGtion was fold at Paris the following 
year. The firft volume only treats of 
| Shells, and is illuftrated with twenty 
plates of rare {pecies. Moft of the figures 
are good: and this work, though a meer 
Pgist E4 catalogue 


5 CONCHOL OGY. 


catalogue of the fale, contains many cu- 
rious and interefting particulars. 


~ Another 8vo catalogue of a fale, intitled, 
Catalogue Syftematique des Coquillages 
de Arnold Leers de Rotterdam, fold in 
May, 1767, at Amfterdam. This catalogue 
was wrote by Mr. Fred. Chriftian Meuf- 
chen, Envoy for fome German Princes 
at the Hague. It contains a fheet fyftem 
of Shells, befides many obfervations dif- 
perfed in the catalogue, 


The laft work I fhall particularly recite 
is a fmall book, printed at Paris, 1767, 
intitled, Conchyliologie Nouvelle et Porta- 
‘tive, in which, like as in a Di&tionary, the 
Shells are recited in an alphabetical. order. 
It is avery inftructive book, and worthy 
the perufal of every collector. 


There are fome other treatifes on Con- 
- chology, which are rare, or little known ; 
~as, V. A. Walenbrocei Cochlearia Curiofa, 

: | Leipf. » 


Se Ts OW :11. 54 


Leipf. 1674, 8vo. & Jo. Ern. Hebenftreit 
de Ordinibus Conchyliorum Methodica ra- 
tione inftituendis, Leipf. 1728, 4to, &c. 
Befides which, moft of the naturalifts and 
_mufeographifts have included Sheils in 
their works, as Ariftotle, Pliny, Bellonius, 
Rondeletius, Gefner, Aldrovand, Impe- 
ratus, Wormius, Calceolarius, Mofcardo, 
Grew, Vincent, Sloane, Petiver, and a 
number of others. 


SECTION 


55 CONCH OLOGY. 


Sh, Ca eee a Pl. 


FAVING finifhed the: review of the 

& authors on this branch of Natural 
Hiftory, I fhall proceed on two other ge- 
neral points, viz. of the ufes of Shells, 
and inftructions for collecting, cleaning, | 
and preferving them. 


1 obferved on fetting out, that this part 
of the creation feems more adapted as a 
link or harmony of Nature, than as ceco- 
nomical, or of immediate ufe to mankind. 
Mott part of the animals are nourifhing 
food, though not folely or for conftancy, 
as beafts, birds, fifh, and vegetables are ; 
not any nation, tomy knowledge, having 
been mentioned to fubfift on them alone. 
In medicine their fhells or habitations are 
of fome ufe ; and, in agriculture, a manure 
of recent fhells, fea-fand, or comminuted 


- fhells, and the foffil hells of the craig-pits 
. ae 


SECTION HH.) 


in Suffolk, and of the falunieres in France, 
are in great efleem. 


The beauty, politure, and hardnefs of 
fhells, render them very fit for luxurious 
ufes ; and toys and ornamental utenfils, 
&c. are frequently made of them. 


The morbid ftate of fome fpecies of bi- 
valves yield, next to foflils, the moft pre- 
cious and valuable luxurious article of any 
other parts of Nature, I mean Pearls. 


Before the ditcovery of filk and of co- 
cheneal, this branch of Nature yielded 
two other luxurious articles to civilized 
nations, which, by thefe difcoveries, are 
now rendered of no value and ufelefs.; to 
wit, F 


The Tyrian purple, made from the li- 
quor of a fpecies of turbinated univalves 
firft difcovered at Tyre, and for which that 
city was famous, this dye was accounted fo 
beautiful and fo precious, that it became a 
» peculiar mark of royalty and grandeur. 


Howevers 


6 CONC HOLOG Y. 


However, later difcoveries prove, that 
it is not peculiar to one fpecies only, but 
that feveral kinds, nay, different families, 
afford and effund this purple juice : indeed 
a whole family of Shells ftill retain the 
name of Purpure, or purples, from this 
property. | | 


The fame and coftlinefs of the dye, the 
manner of dying, the prodigious prices, 
and all other particulars of it, which are 
foreign to my prefent purpofe, may be feen 
in the Grecian and Roman naturalifts Arif- 
totle and Pliny, as alfo in Aldrovandus, 
Columna, and other modern writers, 


The coftlinefs of the dye proceeded from 
the {mall quantity of the purple liquor 
each fhell fith yielded ; and that it was 
abfolutely neceflary to get it from the fith 
when alive and frefh ; and alfo, that my- 
'riads of animals fcarcely yielded liquor 
enough to dye a mantle. 


But 


ee oad ig Ce ae a 6 aaa 


But the cocheneal infect, an American 
product, quite unknown to the antients, 
which affords fo fine a fcarlet dye, being 
now got in quantities, and to be ufed, pre- 
ferved, or dried, and at all feafons, makes it 
mot only cheaper, but more ufeful ; and 
therefore has now intirely overthrown this 
rich or royal dye of antient times. 


However, authors fay that it is till in 
fome ufe in the Spanifh America: we 
have a fpecies of purple fhell-fith on the 
coa{ts of Somerfetfhire, Cornwall, and other 
parts of England, alfo on feveral coatts 
of France, and other parts of Europe ; 
but no other ufe is made of them than to 
mark linen, and no lixivium or art car 
efface the colour. Mr. Cole gives a very 
curious account of the Somerfetthire:Shells 
in the Philofophical TranfaGions * ; and 


Mr. 


* Phil, Tranf. Ne 178, table iii. fig. 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 
by Mr. William Cole of Briftol, It is a white vein, 
lying tranfverfely in a little furrow or cleft, next to 

the 


62 CONCHOLOGY. 


Mr. Du Hamel of thofe of France, in the 
Hiftory and Memoirs of the Royal Acas 
demy of Sciences of Paris. 


The Byffus of the antients, which I 
am convinced was made of the beards 
of the Pinne Marine, or Sea Wings, 
and fuch like bivalves. ‘The Pinne Ma- 


the head of the fifh, which muft be digged out with 
the ftiff point of a horfe-hair pencil. 


The letters, figures, fpots, or what elfe fhall be fo 
made, will prefently appear of a pleafant light green 
colour 3 and, if placed in the fun, will change into the 
following colours; Firft, @ deep green, then a full fea- 
green, after into a watchet blue, then into a purpleifh red, 
and laftly, into a very deep purple red, beyond which the 
fen can do no more. But then the laft and moft beauti- 
ful colour, after wafhing in fcalding water and foap, and 
dried in the /um, will be of a fair bright crimfon, or 
near the Prince’s colour, which will continue, though 


_ ~ there is no ufe of any ftiptic to bind it. 


The changes of colours are made fafter or flower, 
according to the degrees of the /un’s heat. 


While the cloth fo dyed lies in the fun, it will yield 
a very ftrong foctid {mell, like garlick, or affofetida. 
TINes, 


SECTION IIL 63 
“rine, by fome are called the Sik-Worms 
of the Sea. They have beards, by which 
they faften themfelves to the rocks, &c. 
of fine, long, gloffy filk-like brown fibres, 
which are eafily wove into a filken ftuff. 
There are now manufactories of it at Na- 
ples, Meffina, and Palermo. 


Thofe bivalves, fays Mr. Adanfon, which 
have fuch beards, (for only bivalves are 
yet difcovered to have them) have them 
fometimes in feparate fibres, as the Pinnz 
and Mufcles, or united, as it were, into 
one nerve, asthe Arks. ‘Thefe threads, or 
fibres, proceed from the beginning of the 
pedeftal of the fifth, and are analogous to 
the hair of other animals, or the nerves 
and fibres of Quadrupeds. The Shells 
which have thefe beards remain fixed in 
the fame place; and when the fibres, or 
threads, are cut, or broken off, they, im- 
mediately fpin, or form new ones, with 
their pedeftals, which is the part that con- 
ducts the work, and by this means refix 

6 themfelves 


64. CPOLN Coe O10 GY. 


themfelves to the rocks, or other immove- 
able places they meet with. 


In regard to inftructions for colleCting, 
cleaning, and preferving Shells, fit for ob- 
fervations or cabinets, I fhall offer the fol- 
lowing hints : 


For collecting. It is always neceflary, 
‘if poffible, to get them alive, or with 
the animals in them. It not only inftructs 
us in the natural hiftory of the very ani- 
mals, a part extremely ufeful to a thorough 
knowledge of Shells, (though as I have al- 
ready advanced, it is not neceffary to form 
the method or fyftem of them) but it alfo 
preferves the Shell in its perfect nature 
and beauty ; for only live Shells bear the 
full glow of their colours. 


When any Shells with their fifh are 
collected, I would not have them imme- 
diately killed, but kept for a few days in 

their pat:ve fea water (not longer, for 
| the 


SHAN UON Wh 6 
the fith wafting or dying in the Shells muft 


neceflarily hurt them) to make obfervations, 
if poflible, of their motions, ways of life, 
&c. and fome defcriptions of them ; for 
univalves, principally, if with or without 
horns, their figure and fituation, and the 
form of the pedeftals, &c. In regard to bi- 
valves, I do not find any particular part is 
eafily obfervable, that is, without anatomy ; 
therefore the whole form, colour, and 
other remarkable and very obvious parts, 
are only neceflary to be defcribed.. Thefe 
obfervations are pretty eafily made, and 
without any great afliduity ; but, fhould 
the perfon who collects them be of a cu- 
tious and inguifitive nature, he may puth 
his refearches to what extent he pleafes, 
to the advantage of Natural Hiftory. 


Live Shells may be fifhed up by drags 


nets, the log-line in founding, the cable 
in weighing anchor, or fuch-like workings. 


F The 


6 CONCHOL OG Y. 
The collector muft likewife have fome 
judgment in the picking of fuch Shells, 
‘for fometimes they are found, though alive 
or with the fifh in them, bad, or worn 
through age, pierced with worms, or other 


accidents, which makes them yellew, li- 
vid, and imperfect. 


All fpecies of Shell-fith, like other ani- 
imals, have their particular or peculiar re- 
forts ; fome are pelagian, or inhabit only © 
the deeps of the fea, others keep in lefs 
depths; fome in fhallows and in bays; and 
fome are even littoral, or inhabit thé very | 
fhores. 


However, Jet their refort be what it 
will, get the Shells from the. deeper parts 
of thote reforts ; for, if in too fhallow 
Water, they are more expofed to the fun, 
or other accidents, which hurt them much. 


It has been obferved, that as fine fpecies 
é§ any are met with in narrow {traits be= 
bi tween 


FCI ON MH. 67 
tween iflands, andin bays; as alfo fhal- 
lows of four or five fathom water. 


After violent ftorms live Shells may be 
picked up on the fea beaches or fhores, as 
the great agitation of the water, during thofe 
hurricanes, raifes, and brings them from ~ 
their native beds. But then they muft be 
collected as foon after the ftorm as poffible, 
the fun fading their colours, and {poiling 
their beauty. As for Shells that have lain 
fome time on the fhores, known by the 
name of Dead Shells among colleéors, 
they are feldom of good colour, by being 
expofed to the fun, and are alfo often im- 
perfect, from being bowled to and fro, and 
by that means wofn and broken. 


Of the Shells that adhere to rocks, 
bottoms of fhips, &c. always chufe thofe 
which le under water. 


Land and River Shells are more eafily 
obtainable; and the colleftor needs no 
F 2 | other: 


66 CON Ciao LL OGY. 


other inftructions, but only to be jidi- 
cious in his choice. 


The River Shells in general are obferv- 
ed not to be of a pleafing colour, or to 
have any great variety of colour; there- 
fore, in that point, they are lefs curious 
'than the Land or Sea Shells, 


River Shells are moft generally alfo ex- 
tremely thin, fome have even imagined it 
a character to diftinguifh them ; but they 
ate miftaken, for though in general River 
Shells are thin, yet we find Sea Shells as 
thin; witnefs the Cymbia, or Paper Nau- 
till, fome Pinne, and many other Sea 
Shells, as alfo many Land Shells. 


The above is fufficient for collecting 
Shells. Now, to prefervethem. As Shells 
are of a calcareous .nature, all acids fhould 
be avoided as much as poflible ; and even 
when you kill the fith, as continued boil 
ing them may detriment the Shells, I 

| would 


Sec Tow .:10. 69 


would advife only to give them a quick 
dip in ftrong boiling water, which alone 
will kill the fifh: and foon after, but 
giving them time to difcharge the heat ac- 
quired by dipping (that they may not im- 
diately pafs from one extreme to another, 
or from hot to cold, and by that fuffer 
fome injury), fling them into pure cold 
water, to lie till you intend to clean them, 
or for fome little while. 


As by being thus managed the fifth be- 
comes condenfed, or fomewhat folid, it is 
afterwards eafily picked out of its fhell by 
pins, or fuch fharp inftruments, 


The above is meant for turbinated uni- 
valves only ; for as to Limpets, and fuch 
open Shells that are not fpiral, and 
all bivalves, the fifh are eafily got out 
with a knife : however, care is to be ta- 
ken not to cut, or otherwife hurt the H- 
gaments or mufcles of them, nor to mif- 
'-match the Shells, fhould you happen to 
funder or feparate them, | 


By ta 


_— 


ro CON €HIO'L)0'G y. 


In cleaning or preferving Shells for ca- 
binets, take the following hints: Let them 
not be touched much by aqua fortis, or by 
any other acid, as oil of ‘vitriol, fpirit of 
filt, or even vinegar ; nor be boiled, or 
expofed to the heat of the fire, or fan, for 
they greatly fpoil sis 


Many Shells are fifhed up exttemely 
beautiful and polifhed, fo perfedtly, that 
art cannot better it. Thefe need only be 
ranged in their refpective claffes : fuch 
are the Cowries, Tuns, fome Buccina, 
the Volutes, and the Olives. 


Others, on the contrary, come out of 
the fea flimy, and evén fometimes cover- 
ed and encrufted with filth, coralline mat-_ 
ter, mofs, &c, and have a pellicle or epi- 


dermis; fach are the Tellens, Mufeles, 


Snails, &c. For’ thefe, firft {teep them 
a day in hot water, to foften the filth 


_gt ctuft, then brufh them very much 


(but the bruthes thoutd I not be too hard); 
if 


rE 
‘ 


SECTION It 71 


if that does not compleat the cleaning, I 
would advife to rub or bruth them again 
with tripoli or emery, or a weak acid, or 
with a ftronger one, much diluted with 
water ; always taking care to dip them 
every minute in clear cold water, Strong . 
foap may alfo be ufed with a rag or piece 
of woollen or linen, with whichrubthem; 
and when fufficiently cleaned this way, a 
fine bruh, with fine emery, will finith the 
whole. But all thefe procefles muft be 
judicioufly managed according to the at- 
tendant circumftances, which it is impof 
fible to regulate in writing. | 


The {cientifical colle€tors, or naturalifts, 
are always defirous of haying the Shells in 
their rough ftate, or juft as they are fithed. 
This method, though extremely ufeful, is 
not to be abfolutely followed ; not only 
becaufe their beauties would be loft, but 
alfo on account that the fpecies differing 
jn colours could never be truly defined. 
However, as a medium, I would advife all 

Fe. collectars 


» CONCHOL OGY. 


collectors to have fome Shells of each ge- 
nus in their rough ftate, while the others 
fhould difplay their beauties by all the ac- 
complithments of art: and a more eafy 
medium: may be kept in bivalves, by one 
fhell or valve being rough, while the 
other is polithed. 


Numbers of Shells have an outer fkin, 
or pellicle, different from the Shell itfelf, 
called the Epidermis. {In regard to Na- 
tural Hiftory, it is really of ufe to know 
the nature, colour, &c. of this Epidermis, 
as it often characterifes fome {pecies, as 
much as any other part. I therefore would 
recommend a due notice or obfervation on 
it; and alfo to preferve fome fpecimens 
covered with it: to enrich your cabinet 
with fpecimens for know ledge, as well as. 
for beauty. : , 


The Epidermis, by its thicknefs, hin- 
ders a Shell fometimes of being polifh- 
| ed. In that cafe, it muft be wholly taken 


off with an acid diluted with water. 
And 


SECTION IIL. 73 


And afterwards it is to be brufhed with 
a brufh charged with emery, putty, or 
tripoli, till it becomes polifhed, or glofly ; 
but if, inftead of a thick Epidermis, it 
is a meer pellicle, it is fufficient to fteep 
it in hot water, and then pick it, or 
flightly file it off. Vinegar, or a weak 
acid, is alfo good, and, indeed, much 
better than aqua fortis. 


When the Epidermis is fo very crafs, 
or grofs, that acids diluted, and even pure 
aqua fortis, does not do; ftrong emery, 
with ftrong bruthes, feals fkin, or pumice- 
ftone, is fometimes employed: if that 
does not do, the only way left, is to fteep 
it in a cup of pure aqua fortis, in the | 
following manner. Firft ftop or cover the | 
mouth or opening of the Shell with wax, 
that the acid may not penetrate to, or 
touch, the infide of it. And care muit be 
taken, from mimute to minute, or from 
time to time, to plunge it in clean cold 
water, and every time to examine what 

effects 


“5 CONCHOLOGY,. 


effe&ts the acid has had. It is alfo ne- 
ceffary to cover with wax all the fine points 
or delicate parts of the Shell, to hinder the 
acid from any-wife corroding or hurting 
them: after which the whole Shell is 
polifhed with fine emery, and patfed over 
with gum-water, or whites of ‘eggs. 


A Shell of a {mooth furface, or that 
is not very rugged, warted, or fet with 
fpikes, proceffes, &c. and which naturally 
has fome flight politure, though dull or 
deadith, fhould only be rubbed with 
chamois leather by the hand. Jt will 
then become bright or glofly, efpecially if 
a little very fine tripoli is ufed. Indeed, 
‘powder of emery fhould not be often ufed, 
for it works rather too rudely. How- 
ever, all thefe operations muft be ufed and 
adapted to the circumftances, otherwife 
they deftroy or hurt the colours, and the 
fine workings on the Shell. 


Wher 


SECTION I 95 


When the Shells are polifhed enough, 
and quite dry, pafs them over by a fine pen- 
cil with gum. arabic water; which glows 
the colours without hurting them, or even 
giving any {mell, as varnith does. Whites . 
of eggs is alfo good ; 5; it is more glaring, 
but, however, it is fubjec to turn yellow 
in time. 


The laft and leaft work to be ufed for 
Shells, is working or rubbing them quite 
down, fo as to take off evar their true 
and native coat. This is done by working 
them like agates, or other {tones, on wheels 
fmeared with emery. This work often 
quite fpoils them, and very great care 
muft be taken: however, they may be 
polithed by hard brufhes of boars briftles, 


with 2 turning machine. 


Patience and judgment can only over- 
come working of Shells that are warped, 
rugged, bumped, thorny, &c. A bruth or 
a feather can only be ufed to convey the 


bin wie aqua 


6 CONCHOLOGY. 


aqua fortis on the parts required to be 
wrought on, and then it muft be from 
minute to minute, fteeped in clean water, 
to hinder the acid from corroding it too 
much 3; afterwards, like other Shells, they 
are to be polifhed, or paffed over with tri- 
poly or emery: even then, all parts cannot 
be clean alike, and gum-water or whites of 
“eggs muft be ufed to thofe lefs cleaned 


parts, to render them vivid; elfe they 
would fhew but dull. 


The rubbing down of Shells re-pro- 
duces new ones, as they are called. Thus 
the Volute, called by us the Purple or 
Violet Tip, and by the French the Onyx, 
has a brown epidermis, which being taken 
off ditcovers the ground colour to be a dull 
yellow. When this is worked down to 
beneath the cruft, or furface, it is of a 
pure white, with the tip of a fine violet 
colour. | 


The 


6 CO T-1O NH. vi 


The common Cowry, in like manner, 
is worked down fo a fine violet. 


The Nautilus, like many trochi, fnails, 
and other Shells, works down to a fine 
mother of pearl; but, if only cleaned, 
it is fullied white, with large fallow or 
yellowifh rays. 


The Sea-Ears alfo work down to mo- 
ther of pearl, whereas, when only po- 
lifhed, they are finely clouded brown, 
white, green, &c. 


Many of the Limpets, when worked 
down, wear a very different appearance to 
what they do when only polifhed. 


Several other fuch examples may be 
brought: but I neither applaud this, nor 
many other proceffes and frauds, that are 


daily 


% CONCHOLOGY. 


daily practifed on Shells, which deftroy 
their true or natural appearance, 


~The Dutch are very much famed for 
thefe practices; they even colour and file 
Shells to fuch a degree, as to alter them 
quite : all thefe particulars are to be avoid- 
ed by the judicious colleétor. | 


SECTION 


SECTION... 4g 


BRERBS 
SECTION iv. 


y WITHERTO I have only treated 
of Conchology in géneral: | fhall 
therefore now. proceed to the particular 
parts, and begin with the feveral fy{tems 
or methods of Shells eftablifhed by differ- 
ent authors ; and alfo lay before my 
readers the arrangement I propofe, that 
they may be able to judge how far any . 
deviations I make from thofe now efta- 
blithed are judicious or.approveable. . 


The moft general manner of the old 
-authors has been, to divide all Shells into 
fimple, turbinated; and bivalve. | It is 
evident that this divifion is very erro- 
neous, as it.entirely excludes the mul- 
tivalves, 


Succeeding 


3% COUNERTOL 0G'Y. 


Succeeding writers, inftead of this fub- 
ftituted three other divifions, viz. uni- 
valves, in which they comprehend both 
the non-turbinated and turbinated ; the 
bivalves and the multivalves. 


To'this laft, which is the generally- 
received divifion, I adhere: and I fhall 
adopt the term Univalve now ufed, though 
it is not very proper. My only reafon 
for fo doing is, that cuftom has ftampt 
an authority on it; and Iam unwilling to 


change a term now univerfally received, 
to avoid confufion. 


I proceed to the firft divifion, or wti- 
valves; but fhall only take notice here, 
of thofe authors who have treated Shells 
in a methodical or fyftematical manner. 
Atid 


Firft, Lifter, who begins with the land 
and frefh water univalves, in which, 
in regard to method; not any thing res . 

matkable | 


ee 


SsBC T LO: N) wavs a 


markable occurs; but in his fourth book 
he divides his fea univalves into eleven fa- 
milies, viz.1. Limpets. 2. Dentalia. 3. Ver- 
miculi. 4. Nautili. 5. Snails. 6. Nerits. 
7. Sea-Hars. 8. Trochi. 9. Cowries. 10. 
Rhombi, or Strombi; by which he means 
olives or cylindars, figs, and fome other 
wide-mouth Shells, and alfo Volutes ; 
and, tr. Buccina, which he fubdivides into 
five fets, viz. 1. Thofe with a toothed co- 
lumella or pillar. 2. Bilingues. 3. Ampulla- 
ceous, or bellied. 4. The Turban or Clavi- 
cle, and the top-lengthened or produced: 
and 5. The top or mouth no ways pro- 
duced. | 


Lifter’s above method is indeed very 
confufed, and no wife to be followed. His 
‘I, 2, 354, 8, and gth families are good. I 
think him right in making the Dentalia a 
diftin& family from the Vermiculi: the 
former being always of a regular determi- 
nate figure; the latter, or Vermiculi,. of 
a figure irregular and uncertain. His 7th 
family of Sea-Ears feems outrageoufly 
mufplaced between the Nerits and Trochi; 

G it 


Pa 


$6 CONCHOLOGY. 

it fhould be the 2d, or following the 
Limpets, to which they are nearly allied; 
and his 5th and 6th families, Snails and 
Nerits, are really only one: but the greateft 
ccnfulion is his roth and 11th families of 
Rhombi and Buecina : they are indeed fo 
inextricable, that it is impoffible to reduce 
them to any order, or render them ufeful 
to the ftudent. 


However, had Lifter but added an in- 
dex of the numerous feétions, parts, and 
chapters, to his work, his Shells would 
be very eafily traced, though they feem 
more confufedly placed than in any other 
author. His arrangement, though not 
good i the whole, 1s fo critically metho- 
dical, that a perfon the leaft converfant in 
Conchology ¢an immediately find if a. 
Shell is figured by him or not. For 
example, his chapters of the Cowries are 
regulated as follows, viz. Cowries of one 
colour, 2d. Streaked. 3. waved. 4. Simply 
ringed or banded, and banded and fpotted. 
5. and 6. '{potted or painted in a nett- 

work. 


SECTION IV. $3 


work, 7. Striated. 8. Pimpled, or with 
prominent knobs. g. Smooth-mouthed, or 
not toothed, as the Weaver’s Shuttle, 
and the Poached Egg; and roth. Um- 
bilicated, as the Pewit’s Eggs; which two 
laft he places in the Cowry family. By 
this expofition it is plainly feen, that, had 
he made an anfwerable index, a perfon 
might immediately find, without turn- 
ing pages over or wafting time, whether 
Lifter figured the Cowry fought for, fooner 
than‘in any other author. However, I con- 
fefs, I think it rather’ too much clogged, 
or circumftantial. 


An author, whom I did not mention - 
in my lift of writers on Shells, as being 
only a defcriber of a mufeum, I mean 
Dr. Grew, in his account of the Royal. 
Society’s collection, has given us feven 
{chemes, or fyftems of Shells. He di- 
vides all Shells in his firft fcheme into 
fingle, not whirled and whirled; into 
_ doubles, or bivalves, andinto multiple, or 
multivalves. 


G2 His 


CON Ge & OG ¥ 


His fecond {cheme takes in the fingle 
Shells not whirled: he conftitutes three 
families of them, the Echini, the Patellz, 
And the Aures Marine. His third fcheme 
takes 1m the conic whirled Shells, as 
Murices and Olives. ‘The fourth the oval 
whirled Shells. The fifth, Shells more 
ereatly whirled or produced, as the Trochi, 
Strombi, Purpure, &c. The Sixth, Shells 
whofe whirles or windings are latent or 
hid within their body, as the Cowries. 
But, however, all thefe his fchemes are 
fo puzzling, and without proper definitions 
or figures, that they are rather to be reckon- 
ed ingenious than ufeful. 


Rumphius has the three divifions of 
fimple and turbinated Univalves, and the 
Bivalves: as for the divifion of Multi- 
valves, he has it not, but blends them with 
the other divifions. His families are, 1. 
The Chambered Nautilus. 2. The Paper 
Nautilus. 3. The Cornua Ammonia, or 
Helix Snails, called Poft-Horns. 4. The 
Cochlea Lunares. 5. Trochi. 6. Cochlea 

Valvate, 


Me IN AV 85 
Valvate, Nerits, or operculated Snails. 
~. Helmets, 8. Murices. 9g. Cochlee 
Globofe. 10. Buccina, 11. Strombi. 12. 
Volutes. 13. Alata, as Spiders, Devil’s 
Claws, &c. 14. Olives, or Cylindars, and 
15. Univalve Shells, as Limpets, Vermi- 
culi, &c. but every one of his families 
are fo confufed, that little aid to an arrange- 
ment can be gained from his work. 


Langius difcufles the general fubje& in 
fix fe&ions, of which the fourth gives 
his characteriftical notes from the whole 
ftructure and figure of the Shell, or from 
the principal parts, viz. the aperture in 
the turbinated Shells, and. the beaks 
(Umbones) in the bivalves. Other minor 
characters are their being fulcated, {mooth, 
&c. or from the different fituations of the 
parts: And alfo negative characters that 
are common to other Shells, as, e. g. the 
character of the firft clafs of Univalves is, 
that they are not turbinated, or turnedin a 
fpiral manner; and adds, that all characters 
laid down fhould be fuch as are {trong and 

G 3 vifible s 


86 CONCHOLOGY. 


vifible ; and thefe charaters fhould al- 
ways be kept in view by the writers who 
fet them forth. He divides all fhells into, 
1. Simple Univalves, or thofe that are _ 
not turbinated. 2. Turbinated Univalves, 
by which he only underftands thofe whofe 
whole form is fpiral, and not partly fo, 
as-is the Cyprea or Cowrie; and, 5. Bi- 
valves. 


His firft Part, Simple Univalve Shells, 
or not turbinated, contains clafs 1. The 
Limpets and Vermiculi. Clafs 2. The 
Nautili, Nuces or Dippers, vere or Cow- 
ries, and Amnionia. 


“Part I, Turbinated Univalves. Clafs 1, 
Of a lengthened aperture, or the mouth 
open on the upper part; as the Volutes, 
Cylindars, &c. Clafs 2. Canaliculated, or 
whofe aperture on the upper part ftretches 
out into along pipe or beak, as the Murices 
Purpure, Helmets, &c. Clafs 3. Whofe 
aperture and tip are both lengthened, and 
whofe firft, or body fpiie, is remarkably 

6 ‘ian fwelled, 


SECTION iy, Sy 
{welled, as the Buceina, &c. Clafs 4, 
Whofe firft, or body fpire, is narrow, 
or tapers with the reft of the fhell, as 
the Strombi, Mitre, Crane, &c. Clafs 
5. Whofe turban or clavicle is very pro- 
duced or fharp, as Strombi, Trochi, &c. 
| Clafs 6. Thofe Shells whofe aperture and 
clavicle are little produced, as the Snails, 
Nerits, and Sea Ears, 


Part III. the Bivalves, Clafs 1, Equal or 
fimilar-fided Bivalyes, or whofe cardo is 
central, as Cockles, Chamz, Tellens, &c. 
Clafs 2. Diffimilar or unequal fided Bivalves, 
er whofe carda is not central, as Mufcles, 
Pholades, and many others ; and Clafs 3. 
Conche anomale@, or of unequal valves, 
as Efcallops, Spondyles, Oyfters, é&c. 


It is evident, this arrangement of Lan- 
gius is confufed, and wants great cor- 
rection. | 


Argenville divides all Shells inta the 
three general claffes, of Univalves, Bi- 
G4 valves, 


8 CONCHOLOGY. 


valves, and Multivalves. The Univalves 
he arranges into fifteen families, viz. 1. 
Limpets. 2. SeaEars. 3. Vermiculi. 4. 
Nautili. 5. Cochlez Lunares, or round 
mouthed Snails. 6. Semilunares, or half 
mouthed Snails. 7, Flat mouthed Snails. 
8. Buccina. Gs TUPUINeS. pe. V OMILeS, eae 
_ Rhombi, Cylindars, or Olives. 12. Mu- 
rices, 13. Purpure. 14. Tuns: and 15. 
Cowries. 


This author’s method is very good ; but, 
however, there is fome confufion in it 
‘efpecially in the following families, viz. 
7. The fat mouthed Snails. 8. The Buc- 
cina. 12. The Murices ; ; and 3. The Pur- 
pure. Befides, a proper place is wanting 
for the Paper Nautili, which he very erro- 
neoufly ranges with the chambered or com- 
mon pearly Nautilus ; but I fhall refer to 
further particulars, when I treat of each 
| family pee anpnge 


Gualtieri arranges Shells into five parts, 
VIZ. +’ Part I, Land and River Shells, both 
amply 


SECTION Jy. 89 


fimple and bivalves. Part II. Sea Shells, 
that are fimple or not turbinated, in two 
clafles. 1. Simple, as the Limpets, Vermi- 
culi, and Dentalia ; and 2. whofe fabric 
or ftructure is latent, or hid within the 
body of the Shell, as the Paper Nautili, 
Pewit’s eges, and Cowries; or that are of 
a chambered firucture, as the Nautili, 
Cornua Ammonia, and Orthoceratite., 


Part III. which he by metonymy calls 
Cochleze Marine, as Lifter calls them 
Buccina, comprehenads all the turbinated 
Univalves. He ranges them into the fix 
following clafles, viz. 1. Cochlez Longe, 
or the Volutes and Cylindars. 2. Cochlez 
Canaliculatze, as the Purpure, Murices, 
Winged Shells, Spiders, Helmets, &c. 3. 
Buccina. 4. Strombi, as he calls them ; 
but are not the Strombi or Needles, pro- 
perly fo named, but Murices and Buccina. 
5. Snails very lengthened or produced, as 
the Strombi or Needles, and Trochi: and 
6. The thort Snails, or not much pro- 

duced 


go CONCHOLOGY. 


duced or lengthened, as the Snails of all 
kinds, Nerits, fimilunar, round mouthed, 
Helices, &c. and with thefe he ranks the 
Sea Ears. 


Part IV. Bivalves : and Part V. Multi- 
valves, among which he places the Echini, | 


I fhall comment very little on his fyf- 
tem, and only obferve, that, in all his 
claffes, there occurs an inextricable con- 
fufion; and that he feems to borrow his 
arrangement chiefly from Langius, 


Gualtieri has likewife favoured the 
learned with a publication of a manufcript 
fyftem or arrangement of Shells by the 
celebrated Mr. Tournefort. This method 
has the three ufual and general divifions of 
Univalves, Bivalves, and Multivalves. The 
firft is fimple Univalves, as the Limpets, 
The fecond, the turbinated of all kinds ; 
as Buccina, Cochler, Cowries, &c. and 

the 


$.E,CiTM:ON <1V.> or’ 


the third family 1s the tubular Univalves ; 
as Vermiculi, Dentalia, &c. 


Though Mr. Adanfon only treats of the 
teftaceous animals of Senegal, and confe- 
quently is a partial writer, or one that 
does not give an intire fyftem or Method 
of Shells, I cannot withhold mentioning 
him, as he is very remarkable, He ranges 
all thofe he exhibits by the animals them- 
felves, and not by the {hells or fpoils: 
however, he gives ten tables of affinities 
of Univalves; that is to fay, of the very 
Shells, founded on the fix following parts ; 
the {pires ; the top; the opening, aperture, 
or mouth of the Shell; the operculum or 
‘cover ; the pearlinefs of the fubftance of 
the’ Shell; and its periofte or epidermis, 
He likewife gives feven tables of affinities 
taken from the parts of the animals ; as 
the horns, eyes, mouth, &c. and from thefe 
ce. ofa Hinitics be parse his arrangement. 


The hau a. are exceeding’ ingeni- 
pus, but onan in Lanes they are very 
om petplke 


92 CONCHOLOGY.. 


perplexed, and require an intenfe ftudy to 
unravel them: befides, he has clogged the 
whole with fuch unmeaning and ridicu- 
Yous new names to his Shells, rejecting all 
former and received ones, that he makes 
himfelf very fingular. 


The vaft and coftly work of Seba offers 
next. It has no general fyftem or method; 
but the editor, in the index of the plates, 
(Plate 84,) exhibits an arrangement of the - 
Univalves : and fays, he hopes to publifh 
his whole fyftem foon, which will come 
prehend the Univalves, the Bivalves, and 
the Multivalves, with their characters and 
divifions. | 


The fyftem or method of Univalves 
he exhibits, contains fifteen families, to 
wit, 1. Cowries. 2. Tuns. 3, Nautili. 4. 
Semilunar mouthed Snails. 5. Round 
mouthed Snails. 6. Trochi or tops. 7. 
Strombi or Needles. 8. Olives. 9. Vo- 
Jutes. 10, Helmets. 11. Winged Shells, 
ie : 12, Mus 


SECTION ‘Iv. 93 
12. Murices, 13. Purpura. 14. Buccina, 
and 15. Sea Ears. All thefe families, fays 


he, proceed from a fpiral, which extends 
or widens more or lefs. 


In the above work, as he mentions the 
{piral form only, he has neither placed 
the Vermiculi or the Limpets. How- 
ever, in his fy{tem he has given fome fi- 
gures of the former ; but of the latter, or 
Limpets, he has neither figured or men- 
tioned a fingle {pecies, in his whole work ; 
which is very remarkable. 


Breynius divides all Shells into two ge- 
neral divifions of tubular or vafcular: that. 
is, into Shells that are hollow, or like 
tubes, and into thofe that are like cups 
or veflels. The firft divifion he fubdi- 
vides into Monothalamias, or of one ca- 
vity ; and into Polythalamias, cham- 
bered, or with many cavities. The fe- 
cond into fimple, as the Limpets; or com- 
pofit, as the Bivalves and Multivalves. 
On this {cheme he forms eight principal 


clafles 


o¢ CONCHOLOGY., 
claffes or families. viz. 1. Tubulus, or 
Vermiculus. 2. Cochlidium, or all turbi=" 
nated Shells. 3. Polythalamia, or chambered: 
Shells. 4, Limpets. 5. Conchz, or’ Bi= 
valves. 6. Conchoides, or Multivalves. 7. 
Balanus, and 8. Echinus. 


- Je is evident this method is neither’ cor= 
re& or clear, and therefore rather imagi- 
nary than ufeful. 


Linnzus’s fyftem places the teftaceous 
animals in his fixth clafs of Vermes, and 
begins with the Multivalves, follows with 
the Bivalves, and ends with the Univalves. 
_ He has fourteen families of the turbinated 
Univalves, and five of the fimple, or non- 
turbinated. 


His fourteen families of turbinated Uni- 
valves.are;: 1. The Paper Nautili. 2. The 
common or chambered Nautili. 3. The 
Conus or Volutes. 4. The Cyprea’ or 
Cowries. 5. The: Bulla, in which are the 
Poached: Egg, the Weaver's Shuttle, the 


Pewit’s 


SECTION Iv. . 95 


Pewit’s Egg, the hump-backed Cowry, vul- 
garly fo called, the Figs, the Turnip, &c, 


The fixth family is the Voluta, in which 
not one Volute, commonly and properly 
fo called 2 volvendo is inferted ; but confifts 
of Midas’s Ear, Cylindars, Olives, and 
their congenera, Tower of Babel, Bifhops 
Mitre, Tiaras, Mufics, and Devils. 


Seventh family Buccinum, in which are 
the Helmets, Harps, Perfian Conques, and 
Strombi, 


Eighth family Strombi, as Spindles, 
Spiders, and Winged Shells. | 


Ninth family the. Murices. 
Tenth family the Trochi of all kinds, 


Eleventh family the Turbo; in this he 
comprehends all fuch Shells that run be- 
tween the Buccinum and Cochlea, as the 
Periwinkle, 


96 CONCHOLOGY. 


winkle, the Ribband Snail, the Serpent’s 
Skin, the Gold and Silver Mouths, the 
Dolphin, the Wintle Aap» the Grub, and 
fome Strombi. 


The Helix, M4 twelfth family, in which 
he includes all the horny or femipellucid 
Univalves that are very thin and brittle ; 
as the common River Buccina, Pomatia, 


&c. 


The thirteenth family is Nerita: and 
he places therein only the true Neritz, as 
Green Peas, Painted Nerits, Magpies, &c. 


The fourteenth family is the Haliotis, 
or Sea Ears. 


The next are the fimple, or not tur- 
binated Univalves: as fifteenth, the Pa- 
tell or Limpets, Sixteenth, the Denta- 
lia. Seventeenth, Serpula, or Vermiculli. 
Eighteenth, Teredo, or Ship Worms, And 
Nineteenth, Sabella, or fuch whofe tubes 
are made of grains of fand like the 
caddos worms. — » I fhall 


SECTION iv. 97 
I fhall take more particular notice of 
thefe families, when I treat refpectively of 
them in my fy{tem or method: and at pre- 
fent fhall only make a general remark; 
viz. that his fixth, feventh, eighth, and 
twelfth families are very confufed. His 
feventeenth and eighteenth may with pro- 
priety be made one family only ; and, as 
for his nineteenth, or Sabelle, I mutt 
needs own, I do not think they can ftri@t- 
ly be denominated teftaccous, as they are 
only tubular ftructures, made up of meer 
grains of fand united together; like tholé 
of the caddos! 


This moft juftly celebrated naturalift, 
notwithftanding the great adoration paid 
to him through Europe, I will be bold 
‘enough to declare, merits great and fevere 
cenfure, for changing long-received and 
authorized nathes, to othets which have 
as long and conftantly conveyed a different 
‘received idea or mieatiing. Thus, the 
Greck naiie Lepas, always fynonymous 
with the Latin name Patella, the latter 

H | being 


98 CON C.H.0.L-0G Y. 
fignifying little facrifice-dithes, or faucers, 
‘Was given to the Limpets, from the earlieft 
Grecian times, and the Roman name from 
their refemblance to’ thofe little difhes; yet, 
Linnzus wantonly tranfpofes the name of 
Lepas to the Balani; multivalves conftantly 
fo named from! a fancied refemblance they 
bear to acorns, and thereby not only over- 
throws cuftom,but reafon; forthe fimilitude 
to other objects, from which thefe very bo- 
dies received thofe original names, are by 
hiri equally tran{pofed with the very names: 
for certainly the Balani, though they do » 
not very greatly refemble acorns, lefs re- 
femble platters or faucers. In like man- 
ner, the common received name of Voluta, 
from @ volvendo, ox rolled up, which thefe 
feem to be, he changes to Conus; and claps 
that very rejected name on another family, 
wherein he does not place a fingle fhell of 
that kind, always known and diltinguifhed 
by the name of Volutes, or of a roll ftruc- 
ture. And again, family cighth he calls 
Strombi; which contains not one Shell hi- 
therto known by that name; and the very 
5 Strombi, 


SHERMOVTYLOON “TV. 99 
Strombi, or, as conimonly fo called, he 
places in family ninth; which he names 
Murex. 


Such tranfpofitions of nates, from one 
object to another, is not a trivial affair: 
it creates a vaft confufion in {cience. Names 
given to bodies that are univerfally autho- 
rized and adopted by cuftom, though they 
are mot even very appofite or proper, 
fhould be kept facred, arid continued with- 
out interruption : and when once a body, 
or fet of bodies, havé obtained an éfta- 
blifhed or fixed name, certainly no writer 
whatever, to gratify his pride or his fancy, 
has a right to tranfpofe it: they only have 
aright to frame hew and correct names, 
- More appofite and {cientifical, to define 
fuch bodies by ; but to tranfpofe names 
from one to another very different objea, 
is a wantonnefs can never be juftified. 


The next author in rank is Mr. Davila. 
This gentleman arranges his Shells on 
d’Argenville’s fyftem, though not without 

H 2 making — 


x00 «6 CONC HOO GY, 


making fome changes in fubdividing, tranf> 
pofing, or joining families together, to 
give his method more order and con- 
nexion. I muft own, that in my opinion, 
Mz. Davila’s fyftem will re very little 
correction. 


_ The laft fyftem I fhall note is that of 
Mr. Meufchen, Envoy from feveral Ger- 
man courts to the Hague. Mr. Meufchen 
has the three common and general divi- 
fions of Univalves, Bivalves, and Multi- 
valves. AsI fhall have occafion to note 
his method more particularly in regard to 
feveral families, I fhall wave faying fur- 
ther of it at prefent. 


Of Mr. Martini’s method I cannot fay 
any thing, asthe work is not yet completed, . 


_. es 


SECTION 


Cf oxProon: y. 6O1 


HOKOOIOK 


SET OF Nay 


S the feveral fyftems of authors are 
d fet forth, I fhall gradually proceed 
on my method or arrangement: however, 
I will not open the whole at one view, 
it being my defign to detail the feveral 
families as I progreffively treat on them. 


But, before I begin, it is abfolutely ne- 
ceffary to fix fome effential or ftandard 
characters to all Shells ; by which they 
can be diyided into families or clafles, 
genera and fpecies. Thefe charaéters muft 
always be formed from the chief parts of 
the Shells, the differences of which, in | 
fhape, fize, fituation, or other marks or 
particularities, will enable us to form re- 
{pective families or clafles, and thofe fami- 
lies into genera, and afterwards into {pecies, 
by other fubordinate charaéters. Thus in 

H 3 Univalves, 


102° CON@GHOL OGY. 


Univalves, let me note the five following 
ftandard or effential chgracters for the 
claffes or families. 


Thefe are, 1, Simple or not turbinated. 
2. Turbinated, with a fingle continued 
cavity. 3. Turbinated and.chambered, or 
with many compartments or cavities. 4. 
The total fhape: and, 5. The aperture, 
mouth, or opening of the Shell. 


The fubordinate characters for genera 
and fpecies, I reckon to be only five 
for Univalves, viz. 1. The number of 
{fpires, convolutions, rounds, or wreaths, 
2. Whether operculated, or covered with 
a lid, or not operculated. 3. The thelly 
fubftance, whether opake, horny, pearly, 
&c. 4. The Epidermis: and, 5. The head 
and end or tip. 


As thefe characters include the principal 
parts of all Univalves, they of courfe 
conftitute the rudiments of the fyftem. 


tr 


SECTION Y, 103 


It is only laudable to colle&; but when 
a collector alfo makes it his ftudy, to 
contemplate {cientifically the natural cu- 
riofities he acquires, he then adds the 
refpe&t of mankind to the praife already 
gained by his affiduity. 


As on this view ] have prefumed to 
trouble the learned with this treatife, 
which [ fhall ftrive to render inftruétive, 
as well as meerly curious, fo far as the 
fubje&t of Conchology will permit; I think 
it further necefiary to lay down fome 
rules to enable even the collectors as well 
as the {tudious, to be aiding or affifting to 
the ftudy. 


Dr. Woodward judicioufly obferves *, 
that affuredly, the man who fhould fpend 
his whole life in amafling together ftone, 
timber, and other materials for build- 
ing, without ever aiming at the making 


_*® Preface to Catalogue of Enelifh feffils, p. xiii. 
H4 an 


io COIN OCMOL OGY. 


an ufe, or raifing any fabrick out of them, 
might well be reputed very fantaftic and » 
extravagant. And a like cenfure would 
be his due, who fhould be perpetually 
heaping up of natural colletions, without 
defign of building a ftru€ture of philofo: 
phy out of them, or advancing fome pro- 
pofitions that might turn to the benefit 
and adyantage of the world. This is in 
reality the true and only proper end of 
collections, of obfervations, and natural 
hiftory : and they are of no manner of 
ufe or value without it, Now, as collec- 
tions are the materials, it behoves every 
colleftor to make obferyations, or give 
what accounts his capacity or leifure per; 
mit him, that others, who fhall have more 
fcience and leifure to purfue the defign, 
may, find land-marks and notices fufficient 
to conduét themfelves by in that fo ufefu} 
a puriuit. 


Few Conchologifts have duly attended 
to this view; and what few curious obfer- 
vations have been made, are {cattered or 


diff perfed 


She TPGOceN -¥: Io 


5 
difperfed through many and tedious vo- 
dumes. 


My views being to remedy thefe inatten- 
tions, as far as lies in my power;I fhall 


{trive to give fome inftrudtions to obtain 
fuch fcientifical ends, 


I have always found each feparate col- 
IeGtion to contain fome or many {fpecies 
ot met with in others; and alfo particu- 
larities of {pecies, caufed either by different 
growths, accidents, &c. that are inftru@ive. 
A number of fuch obfervations relative to 
the fizes, colours, &c. of one {pecies, fe- 
lected from different colleGions, united 
and collated together, cannot fail to form a 
confiderable part of the natural hiftory of 
bodies : and fhould therefore always be at- 
tended to, by thofe that are f{peculative. . 


For example, Dr. Lifter ftiles the Tor- 
toife Limpet ingens, or of the firft mag - 
nitude; yet we feldom fee them very large 
jn our collections, The Shells are genes 


rally 


06 CONCHOLOGY. 

tally of a middle fize, and Rumphius 
gives them the contour of a rixdollar, or 
about an inch acrofs. However, the {pe- 
cimens preferved in the Britifh Mufeum 
confirm Lifter’s appellation, and inform 
us they are to be found from the common - 
fize of an inch, and an inch and a half 
acro{fs, to above two inches and a half 
acrofs. Thus, by the collation of united | 
obfervations, we always gain additional 
knowledge, and therefore fuch enquiries 


fhould be affiduoufly purfued. 


In order, therefore, to acquire fuch il- 
luftrations of natural hiftory, it will be 
neceflary to intreat every collector to keep 
a meer catalogue, if his will or leifure 
does not prompt him to take further 
trouble, and only enter the kinds, fizes, 
and colours of his Shells, whence bought, . 
and other very remarkable particulars. A 
parcel of fuch meer notices may be of 
great ufe to a man of fcience, who fhould 
happen to perufe them. | 


This 


SH Ee FTPON.. ¥V. 107 


This procedure would even make fa- 
fhionable collectors, at the coft of trifling 
labour to themfelves, ufeful to fcience. 


But for thofe, whofe inclination, abili- 
ties, and leifure, prompt them to purfue the 
ftudy {cientifically, the route is to be 
changed ; their catalogues fhould be very 
particular, and attended with defcriptions 
and obfervations. 


As there is‘a method to be obferved in 
every action of life, I will point out the 
chief heads, under which to form and di- - 
geft the faid catalogues and obfervations. 
Firft, the family you think it of, of what 
eenus of that family, and of what f{pecies of 
that genus, or if of a new-difcovered {pecies, 
genus, or family. Secondly, if in its rough 
or native ftate, note its appearance ; as 
hikewife how it appears when polifhed, 
&c. .Thirdly, its country, if fearce or 
plenty, and the foils, or what places of re- 
fort it has; with what other Shells or 

fifth 


if CONAMAVOL OE Y. 


fifth it is found ; or whatever anfwerable 
notices you can procure, 


A good defcription and figure muft fo}- 
low. The defcription fhould include all 
the obvious or vifible particulars of the 
fubje& ; as fize, fhape, coloyr, and other 
circumftances. 


Tt is a very difficult matter to frame a 
good or accurate defcription of a body. 
That depends on the call of ideas, the 
force of language, and the choice of com- 
-parifons. It behoves me not to explain it 
further here, as it touches on the fcience 
of rhetoric and pure writing. ‘The diffi- 
culty of making intelligible and good de- 
{criptions has been the rock on which 
moft writers have {plit. 


It is neceffary to avoid the affected con- 
cifeneis and quaint terms now fo much in 
fafhion, and only to ufe the proper lan- 
suage and eftablifhed terms. Linnzus, 
otherwife the great ornament of natural 

| hiftorians, 


SBC ON Ni 1d 
hiftorians, is very blameable in this re- 
{pect. 


To finith this fubjeét, I fhall define and 
name the different parts of Shells, thata - 
proper and diftinguifhed name may be ap- 
plied to each part: a particular yet much 
wanted, At the prefent I will confine 
mytlelt only to Univalves, leaving the Bi- 
valves and Multivalves to be difcuffed here- 
after. I am the more defirous of fixing 
technical names, as the unjuftifiable and 
very indecent terms ufed by Linnzus in his 
Bivalves may meet their deferved fate, by 
being exploded with indignation ; for 


Immode{t words admit of no defence, 
And want of decency is want of fenfe. 


‘Thefe my terms being adopted, will ren- 
der defcriptions proper, intelligible, and 
decent ; by which the fcience may become — 
ufeful, eafy, and adapted to all capacities, 
and to both fexes. 


The 


110 CONCHOLOGY. 


The names I propofe for the chief dif- 
ferent parts of Univalves are as follow : 


r. The Epidermis, or Periofteum. ‘This 
part is common to Bivalves as well as Unt- 
valves. It is a rough covering or {fkin, 
which many but not all Shells have, only 
on the outfide, never withinfide the Shell. 
The Epidermis, perhaps, is a periofte or 
membrane, that covers the Shells to defend 
them from exterior accidents, to preferve 
them, and aid their growth. In that it does 
the fame office as the periofte or mems- 
brane that covers the bones of other ant« 
mals: for the Shells of thefe fifh may be 
confidered, and indeed are, as analogous © 


to the bones of other animals. There 
are many {pecies of Shells conftantly have 


the Epidermis ; and there are others that 
never have an epidermis, as the Cowries, 


Olives, 8c. 


_ The Epidermis feems as much a genuine 
covering of the Shell formed by the fith 
itfelf, 


SECTIGN  V. ILt 


itfelf, as the Shell. And, could we fee 
the recent fifh, and examine its organs, I 
doubt not but we fhould find the rudiments 
ef a proper apparatus for making the Epi- 
dermis as well as the Shell. 


- The ftru@ure of this Epidermis is very 
different in different genera. In fome 
laminated, in fome fibrous and brufh-like, 
&c. It deferves to be more minutely exa- 
mined, and it feems not improbable but 
among the feveral ufes of this covering the 
two following may deferve confideration. 


Firft, to prevent the falt water from cor- 
roding the Shell. For all Shells that have 
the Epidermis have a {cabrous furface. 


Secondly, to prevent other Shell-fifh or 
marine infects from fixing their habita- 
tions on thefe Shells, as they do upon all 
bodies in the fea, where there 1s not a power 
of defence. 


And this makes me imagine that the 
fifth inhabiting all naturally polifhed Shells 


whatever, 


viz, CONCHOLOGY. 

whatever, are capable of not only adding 
to the extent and growth of their Shells, 
but can likewife, from time to time, add 
a frefh polifhed covering to the whole 
Shell ; at leaft their organs extend to fuch 
a length as to clear away all impurities. 
from their Shells. We feldom find any 
Cowries with Coral or any extraneous 
bodies adhering to any part of them. 


The head (apex) of an Univalve is the 
part jut over the mouth or aperture. The 
bafe end or tip, (bafin feu acumen) that part 
oppofite toit, orthe end oftheturban ,though 
fome authors have given them quite contra- 
ry names, by calling the tip or end the part 
over the mouth. In {peaking of Shells 
it may be underftood, that when the up- 
“per or under fide, or ends are mentioned, 
it is fuppofed that the Shell lies on its 
mouth upon a table, with the head towards 
‘the right hand, and the end or tip towards’ 
the left. A: 


The 


” 


SrecrTriron Vv.” it; 


The body of the Shell (corpus) is that 
part which runs from the top to the 
extreme limits of the aperture, and may 
with propriety be alfo called the firft whirl. 
Plate I. Fig. 3, 4, 6, Atid 7p, deglly Buin 


A whirl, turn, fpire, or wreath (Spira, 
Anfra&tus) denotes each fingle or feparate 
turning or circumvolution. See Plate I. 


| Te oy ee 


The difpofition of the fpires, fays Mr. 
Adanfon, p. xxxi. is not the fame in all 
Shells: it varies according to the diferent 
plans they turn on, and they can turn on 
four different plans, which are; 1. the 
Horizontal Plan ; 2. the Cylindrick Plan, 
or fpread on a cylindar; 3. the Conic 
Plan; and 4. the Ovoid Plan. From thefe 
four difpofitions of the fpires, all the dif. 
ferent forms or figures of Shells proceed. 


im: CONCHOLOGY. 


Thefe are the four principal difpofitions of - 
the fpires ; but there are many intermediate 
ones, which proceed from different degtecs 
and combinations of thefe four. 


_ The number and forms of the fpires 
vary in the fame fpecies, either in their 
different growths or fexes. Young Shells 
have always a lefs number than the old 
ones : the reafon is plain, as all turbinated or 
{piral Shells take their growth from the tip 
er end to the mouth, or upwards. Some 
Shells, though of the fame age, fometimes | 
have not the fame number of {pires: that 
is to be attributed to ficknefs, or rather it 
is an effect of the fex. Thus, in the Pur- 
puree, the Buccina, and in fome other kinds, 
it is Common for the males to have their 
fpires lefs numerous; more flender and 
lengthened, or lefs {welled ; and the whole 
Shell fmaller, than in the females. This 
obfervation, which I have not neglected 
to make whenever opportunity offered, 
| L always found to be conftant. 
The 


Seerron ¥.° Fr5 

The Turban of Clavicle (Clavicula) is the 

aggregate, or whole fet of the whirls, and 

always forms the lower part of the Shell. 
See Pl. I. fig. 35 4 and 7. 6. 6..G 


A flat or helix turban Acta ta helix) 
is one fo flightly prominent as to be near 
on a level, as Pl. V. fig. 7, 9. The fhort 
turban (clavicula depreffa) as Pl. V. fig. 
354, 8. The produced turban (clavicula 
longiore) as Plate I. fig. 3, 4. Pl. Il. fig. 
I2, 13. Pl. V. fig. 1,2, &. The Jong 
turban (clavicula longiffima) as PL. III. fig. 
g. PIL. IV. fig. 4 and 7, are explained by 
the very names or terms. 


The Pillar (Columella) is the middle 
patt, or axis, which runs through the 
Shell its length, or from top to bottom, 
and from which all the fpires commence 
and tutn round, and is the fuppott. or 
bafis of them, It always lies afide the 
mouth, and though not feen in all the 
Shells, yet in many it is the moft obvious - 
patt of the mouth, after the lip. See Pl. I. 
fig. 5. &d.d.- Ia The 


x6 CO) NaH IO: L O1@ Y: 


The mouth or aperture (apertura) needs 
no explanation, See Pl. I. fig. 3, 6. ee. 


A full or round mouth. Plate III. fig. 12. 
A fimilunar mouth, Plate III. fig. 14. 


The lip (labium) fimply, is the meer 
outer contour of the mouth or aperture; 
but the inner, or columella lip, Gdabrum _ 
interius vel columella) is the polifhed or 
{mooth part oppofite to the lip, and 1s al- 
ways fpread on the columella. See Pl. I. 


fig. 3,6. ff gg 


The beak (roftrum) is that prolonged 
furrowed part, extended ftreight upwards 
from the top of the aperture like a horn, 
more or lefs in the different families. It 
is by fome authors called the tongue or 
bore, efpecially when fpoken of the Pur- 
pure; as it is imagined they bore the Shells 
of the fith they feed on, with it, See Pl. L. 

| «fig. 


Shy Oe TA sOAN *- Vi. 117 


ie. 2, 4. coger. bbb db); allo Pl IV, 
fig. ado sy 


The fcoop (finus) is the hollowed or 
gutter-like procefs placed fide-ways of the 
beak, and lower down on the very lip ; 
which is feen in the fpiders, &c. Such 
Shells have been called, from thefe two- 
fold proceffes, the beak and this, Buccina 
Bilinguia. See Pl. I. fig. 6, 7. 77. 


The claws or prongs (digiti, dactyli, un- 
guli vel appendices) are the proceffes that 
iffue from all the contour of the lip, as in 


the fpiders. See PII. fig. 6, 7. & &. 


Umbilicated Shells (Cochleez Umbili- 
cate) are thofe that have a navel or hol- 
low placed on the firft or body whirl, 
er in the center, which penetrates the 
Shell deeply, or its length. ‘This is moft- 
‘ly feen in Cochlez, Trochi, and fome Buc- 
eina. See Pl. II. fig. 11, Pl. IV. fig. 6. 

| I 3 | Helices 


iS  ©0 Bee D4 Oe Y. 


Helices (Helices) are thofe Shells that 
have their whirls or turnings lying, as it 
avere, between two flats or levels, as fome 
river {nails, poft-horn fails, ammonite, 
and others. See Pl. I, fig. 19, 22. Pl, Il. 
fig. 10. | 


Revolved Shells (univalvia turbinata, 
clavicula intus recondita, vel ita in fe con- 
torta, ut eorum circumvolutiones nulla ex 
parte promineant) are thofe that turn or 
vevolve withinfide, or whofe whirls or 
turnings are hidden or abforbed within the 
‘body of the Shell, fo that only the outer 
whirl is feen, and they have no clavicle; 
fuch are the Nautili and the Cowries. See 


PL II, fig. 16. Pl. WL fig. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5. 


Winged Shells (Alatz) are thofe whofe 
lips expand greatly outwards, and form 
large flaps or wings ; as the Plough, the 
‘Duck’s, Wing, the Spiders, and many 
others... See Pla I. fg. 6, 7, and PL V, 


= tort 
fig. iB é RIgiile 


~— 


SEG TION’ V. 11g 


Right-handed Shells (heteroftropha) 
are fuch whofe whirls, or convolutions, 
turn from right to left, or contrary to the 
moft general manner of turbinated Uni- 
valves. 


Operculated Shells (cochlea operculate) 
are fuch as have a loofe piece, which fhuts 
up or covers the aperture or mouth of the 
Shell, like a lid. So that the Shell really 
confifts of two feparate and very unequal 
pieces, viz. one piece flat and {mall, the 
other large and {piral: the former being 
the lid, the latter the Shell itfel& None 


_but turbinated Univalves have opercula or 


dids. 


Thefe opercula, or lids, feePI.I. fig. ro. 
ake {mall, in comparifon to the Shells: and 


_ ofditferent fubftances, as thelly, leathery, or 


- horny. They are alto of different forms, as 
perfectly round, fimilunar, elliptical, oval, 
or very lengthened: and they are generally 


ae oe wrought 


wor 6 COYNUBD OLOGY. 


wrought with a fpiral work, or with con- 
centric circles. 


The operculum, or lid, is always fixed 
on the upper part of the pedeftal of the 
fith. In fome at the outer end or extre- 
mity, fo that it retires confiderably from 
the Shell when the animal moves or walks. 
In others it is placed at the inner extre- 
mity or root. The operculum exadtly 
covers or clofesthe Shell in thofe whofe 
mouths are round, femicircular, or oval, as 
the Nerits, Pl. HI. fig. 14. Turbines, 
Pl, III, fig. 12, Purpure, Pl. IV. fig..4, 

~ and 5, &c.; but in thofe Shells that have 
very lengthened or narrow mouths, as the 
Volutes, Pl. V. fig. 8 and g, it is not 
eafy to conceive what ufe the opercula 
are of 3 for they feem not to fhut or co- 
ver much above the fifth part of the 
MOUTH F441 1; r } 


The 


* Surely all the Opercul ferve as covers, and en- 
tirely fhut up the fifh,; therefore, though they do not 
feem 


SO) Aya wv org 


The above is meant only for Sea Uni- 
valves, whofe opercula are a part of the 
animal, and is brought forth with it. The 
operculated Land Univalves:are very differ-. 
ent; they form a new lid or operculum 
every year, or oftner ; and that is only 
at fuch times that the animals want to 
fhelter themfelves from the injuries of 
the weather. It is compofed of a vif- 
cous flabber, from the body of the animal, 
which condenfes into a kind of toughifh 
coriaceous or leather-like fubftance, and iS 
pretty thick. This lid or cruft is never 
attached to the body of the animal, as in 
the Sea Univalves, but merely covers the 
mouth ; nor is it ever wrought with a {pi- 
ral or with concentric circles, or indeed 
any other regular work. 


feem to fit the outer mouths or apertures of the 
Shells, yet the fifh retires within the Shell, fo far as 
to make it fit, or clofe exa&tly to where he retires, 


P| 


All 


122 coNe PHOLOGY 


All fhell-like senda are of a er 
nature, and diffolve in acids. It is thére- 
fore, that when put in vinegar or other 
acids, they move brifkly to and fro for fome 
time, by the ebullition; from which particu- 


Y 
2 


Jar, among the common people fond of cu- 
tiofities, they have ebtained the name of 
Creeping Stones. The horny and leathery 
opercula fpurn acids. They have a kind 
of greafinefs or unGtuofity, which, when 
they are burnt, exhales a {trong fmell, 
fometimes agreeable, but moft generally 
_very foetid. The Blatta Byzantia, Con- 
chylium, or Unguis Aromaticus of the 
antients, and greatly valued, till of late, 
in the materia medica, was of this latter 
kind. It was called Unguis, becaufe ima- 
gined torefemble the talons of a bird of 
prey. Diofcorides propofes two kinds; one 
from the Red Sea, white and greafy, which 
was the moft efteemed: the other black 
and not fo large, which came from Ba- 
bylon. Of later times they have ufed 
indifferently the {mall round opercula of 

Purpura, 


ey Ce hs: oO “rx V. 123 
Purpure, &c. by the name of Blatta By-. 
zantia. .When burnt they exhale a fmell 
fomewhat like that of Caftoreum, and 
their {moak was held good for vapours 
and the epilepfy, and in decodtions they 
were reckoned laxatives: but at prefent 
thefe medicines are exploded. | 


_* Simple Univalves (Univalvia non tur- 
binata, vel in fe non contorta) as the 
Limpet, Pi. I. fig. 1 and 2, the eye or 
apex. /, 


Chambered Univalves, (Univalvia Poly- 
thalamia) as the Ammonite, &c. Pl. Ik. 
fig. 125 145 075 20, and 21. 


Revolved Univalves. See p. 118. 


_ Turbinated Univalves, (Univalvia turbi- 
mata.) See PILI. fig. 3, 4, 6, 7 


SECTION 


. 125 GO NeCrhyO:TA0:G. Y, 


ZRBZREZL 


o oe eee ee N 


| AC I have now finifhed the general 
parts of the ftudy, I fhall ‘regular- 
ly proceed to my fyftem or method of 
Shells ; but, previous to it, muft make 
fome obfervations, | 


Firft, I do not think it neceffary to di- 
vide Shells, as Lifter, Gualtieri, Argen- 
_ ville, and others have done, into land, river, 
and fea Shells. I really do not find efflential 
characters enough between thofe Shells to 
pofitively or definitely determine which 
are which. Some have pretended to efta- 
blifh a character between them, from the 
extreme thinnefs of land and river Shells to 
fea Shells; and the want of colour in the. 
land and river Shells. But they are no fixed 
characters; for numbers of fea Shells are 

ds 


SECTION VIL 425 


as thin as river Shells, e.g. the Paper 
Nautili, Partridges, &c. Mr. Davila has on 
this error placed the {mall blue rayed, 
and the cracked Limpets, as river Shells, 
which are fea Shells, 


“In regard to Jand Snails, many of them 
are as thick and well coloured as any fea 
Shells; therefore this character is alfo very 
vague and uncertain. | 


However, one character is very fixed, or 

a ftandard in the land operculated Uni- 
valves, and is extremely different from the 
fea operculated Shells. I took notice of it 
in my account of the opercula or lids. It 
is, the opercula, or lids, of all Land Shells, 
are never wrought with fpiral lines, are of a 
tough or leathery fubftance, and not ftoney 
or cartilaginous; and befides, they are never 
attached to, or make any part of. the very 
animal. It is extremely feldom that we can 
elucidate this particular in colletions ; as 
Shells and their opercula are rarely feen to- 
gether. 


126 CONCHOLG VY. 


gether, therefore it is from the réfult of 
obférvations only I affert it. However, 
any land Snail will demonftrate it; which, ~ 
if we did not know was a land Snail, we 
might pofitively affirm to be one from its 
operculum or lid ; for it is leathery, has 
no concentric or fpiral lines, and is {pread 
over the mouth in fuch a manner, as even 
to pafs over the very edges or contour: 
whereas, on the contrary, a Bloody Tooth, 
_Nerit, or any Buccinum, can be proved to be 
fea’Shells, by their opercula being fhelly, by 
the work on them, and alfo by being clofed 
within the lips or edges of the aperture, 
and not ipread over them. 


Thefe eid make mé reject, in my 
fyftem, the divifion of Shells into land, 
river, and fea ; becaufe, for want of com- 
mon fixed characters, we never can pofi- 
tively afcertain which are which. I there- 
fore fhall blend all Shells together without 
fuch diftin@ions. 


A fe- 


S-B:e Ta & A wNE 127 


A fecond obfervation I fhall make is, 
that the moft general f{truCture of tefta- 
ceous animals is to be attached to their 
Shells, and to be always fixed in them by 
one or more ligaments or mufcles, This 
fixation certainly anfwers to reafon ; for 
thefe creatures can never probably be ima- 
gined to form their Shells, and augment 
them when neceflary, had not the animal 
itfelf a fixed and common communication 
with its Shell, by means of mufcles, to 
tran{mit the proper juices for the increafe 
of it. Yet, however, it is averred, that 
the fifth of three families are not always 
affixed by mufcles to their Shells, and thofe 
are the Vermiculi, the Dentalia, and the 
Paper Nautili. | 


The Paper Nautilus appears not to be 
fixed by any one part to its Shell, and is 
very frequently feen without it.. The fifher- 
men muft be very nimble to catch the fith 
in its fhell, they quit their Shells with fuch 

eafe. 


28 | CONGHOL OG‘Y. 

eafe. The Vermiculi and Dentalia are 
found floating, as it were; in their Shells, 
‘no ways fixed, but quite loofe and free, 
like any thing in a fheath. However, to 
reconcile this feeming paradox, and per-_ 
haps it is the real ftate of the cafe ; it is 
more reafonable to advance, that thefe ani- 
mals are abfolutely loofe from their Shells, 
but rather that they are only very flightly 
connected to it: and, perhaps, when the 
Shell is complete or full grown, they de- 
tach themfelves from the mufcles. Ana- 
Jogous to what lobfters and other crufta- 
~ ceous fifh do when they caft their yearly 
crufts; that is, they detach the mufcles 


of the old crufts, to affix them on their 
new ones. , 


_ There is another obfervation to be made 
with regard to Vermiculi, viz. that thefe 
‘teftaceous animals border on, or conneét 

fo clofe to, all the coral Polypes, that it is 
‘impoffible to fix their diftin& limits, fo 
_as to pronounce definitively whether Corals | 
| fhould 


SECTION VI i29 


fhould be-ranked as teftaceous animals, as 
a late author, Martini, has done in fome 
particulars ; or, whether the Vermiculi 
fhould rather be ranked as Corals, and éex- 
punged the Teftacea. I muft needs own I 
waver fo much in my opinion, as not to 
be able to determine it at prefent 3 there-. 
fore, fhall leave it to be fettled by future 
naturalifts. However, I am of the cele- 
brated Linnzeus’s opinion, to feparate them, 
and make the Vermiculi atid Dentalia tefta- 
ceous animals, and the Corals a quite fe- 
parate or diftinct order. 


Another particular is alfo to be fettled in 
regard to the Echini. The Echini ate as 
yet very indefinitely placed by naturalifts ; 
many ranking them as cruftaceous, many 
as teftaceous, and even many as animals 
of an order diftin& from either. Thus 
Lifter and Adanfon take no notice of them 
among the Teftacea. Rumphius and Seba 
place them with the Sea Stars and Cruftacea. 
Linnzus calls them Mollufca, as he does 

ae Sea 


yo CONCHOLOGY. 


Sea Stars, é&c. and diftinc& from Shells, 
while, on the other hand, Buonanni and 
Grew, who rank them with the Teftacea, 
place them as Univalves ; and Woodward, 
Argenville, Gualtieri, Breynius, Davila and 
~ Meufchen, all rank them as Multivalves, 


I thall therefore give my opinion of the 
rank of thefe animals as follows, viz. that 
though the. Echini, by being a lump of 
naked flefh, merely included or lodged in 
the Shell, brings them to my definition of 
Teftacea, and not of Cruftacea ; yet the two 
orifices in the very fhell for their food and 
excrements, their {pines and progreffive 
motion thereby, and their crufts fimilar to 
that of Cruftacea, approach them fo near to 
it, that 1am led to reject them from the 
order of teftaceous animals: nor can they 
be properly arranged as cruftacea. There- 
fore, 1 would propofe to range them in an 
order by themfelves. 


Thofe 


SECTION’ VI. 131 


Thofe recited authors ‘who have ranged 
them as Shells, place them as Univalves, 
or as Multivalves. The latter difpofition 
is Cettainly very erroneous ; for, though 
they define the many futures feen in Echi- 
nias fo many valves, yet they cannot ifi 
anywile be reckoned as fuch, for they have 
no play or motion whatever, as valves, but 
are meer joinings of feveral pieces, always 
permanent and fixed. Neither indeed would 
the name of Multivalves anfwer to all 
~Echini, could the futures even be termed 
valves ; as only fome genera, not all Echi- 
ni, are compofed of fuch futures. 


As for making them a genus of Mol- 
lufca, with the Sea Stars, &c. as Linnzus 
does, I can in no wile approve it; becaufe, 
certainly, the Sea Stars being coriaceous, 
and the Echini crufiy, they demand dif- 
ferent orders, for they cannot be reckoned 
genera of the fame order, It is, therefore, 


K 2 I think 


122. CON ¢R OOH, 


I think myfelf further juftified in creating 
a new order*. 


Now to the fyftem or method. 


4 


J divide all teftaceous animals into the 
three ufual general divifions of Univalves, 
Bivalves, and Multivalves, 


_ Exch of thefe three general divifions con- 
tains many families, genera, and fpecies. 


Mr. Tournefort well obferves, there ought 
to be certain principles or characters in 


* ‘The numerous elafs of Echini moft certainly are 
cruftaceous, are conjoined to the Star fifh, or at leaft are 
| Affines. “Vhey have no common character with the 
Teftacea, but their living in the fea, and partaking of | 
the nature of marine animals. It is not clear, that 
they do not in certain pertods even change their Shells, 
as crabs and lobfters. How elfe ean we account for 
their increafe ? The form and fubftance of thefe Shells 
render it extremely difficult to account for this, with- 
out fuch a fuppofition —they are neither Univalves 
nor Multivalves. They are a clafs apart, as much as 
the Aes &c. 


Some of the Sea Stars confift of many cruftaceous 
parts; their food, their progreffion are, fimilar, and 
muft be conjoined. Corio-cruftacea. 

3 every 


ae t YON. ‘VI. 133 


every fyftem or method; which principles 
or characters fhould always be taken from 
the chief part of the objects, and not from 
feveral parts. ‘This character fhould alfo 
be the conftant one through the whole 
fyftem, to preferve a perfect regularity. 
Thus ail bodies which agree in one fixed 
character form the clafs, and the affinities 
or differences of thofe bodies to each other 
in other lefs chief or principal parts, create 
the fubordinate genera and fpecies. 


On this maxim I fhall build my fyftem, 
and for all the turbinated Univalves, I thall 
fix on the aperture or mouth of the Shell 
as the head or chief character. For the 
Bivalves on the hinges, and for the Mul- 
tivalves, on the number of valves. 


The fimple figure, the-chambered ftruc- 
ture, and the latent whirls of the revolved. 
Shells, which are all the remaining Uni- 
valves that are not characterifed by the 
| mouth, {uch as the Limpets, Ammonia, and 
K 3 Cowries, 


134 CONCHOLOGY. 
Cownies, fhall be the head charter for 


thofe families. 


In regard to fecondary or fubordinate 
characters for genera or {pecies, I fhall note 
the following: 1. The figure or fhape. 
2. The turban or clavicle. 3. The work 
on the Shell: and, 4. The other lefs eflen- 
tial particularities ; as, thicknefs or thin- 
nefs of the Shell, the epidermis, and the 
fubftance, whether pearly, horny, or opake, 
&c. 


SECTION 


SECTION VIL 4336 
EXEREX 


REC E1L0.N VIL 


“FT HERE is one natural order of -uni- 

valve Shells, which ought to be 
adhered to as {crupuloufly as poflible. One 
fhould proceed from the fimpleft forms 
to the moft complex. 


The Patellz undoubtedly ftand firft. 
The Aures Marine.. 
Cowries. 
Olives. 
_ Volutes. 
-_ Nerits. 
Globofe. 
Caffides. 
Trochi.: 
Cochlez. 
~ Turbines. 
Buccina. 


Murices. 


36 CONCHOLOGY. 


It will be difficult to fix the limits where 
one clafs ends, and another begins. But, 
by keeping clofe in view the natural pro- 
ceflion, it feems practicable to form a bet- 
ter fy{tem than any yet propofed. 


The enumeration of the Univalves is as 
follows : 


Divifion I. Univalves. 


Part I. Simple Univalves, or Univalves 
not turbinated, or little, if at all, fpiral. 
This part contains four families: viz. 1. 
The Limpets. 2. The Aures Marina, which 
are lightly {piral. 3: The Vermiculi or 
Worm Shells: and, 4. The Dentalia, 


Family 1. Limpets. Patella. 


This family derives its Latin name from 
its refemblance to a little plate ; like this 
utenfil, the Limpets are for the moft part 
round, or oval, or approaching thereto ; 
, the 


SECTION VIL. igy 


the part that contains the fifh is concave, 
{mooth, and often finely wafhed with co- 
lours. ‘The Shell is more or lefs conical. 
The apex, or eye, is either whole or per- 
forated, and is feldom placed exaétly in the 
middle of the Shell, but moft commonly 
inclines towards one end; that is, taking it 
in its longeft dimenfions. The rim of the 
Shell, which forms its bafe, is likewife 
various, fometimes without any promi- 
nencies or {mooth, fometimes with large 
ones or jagged, and fometimes with flits 
only, or crenated. Their external furface 
is often rough and fcabrous, and their 
apices often imperfect ; for, moft of this 
family adhering to the rocks, they are much 
expofed to the fun during ebb, and to all 
the violences that render dead Shells unac- 
| ceptable to the curious, 


Though it commonly happens, - that 
the Shells moft remarkable for the bril- 
liancy of their colours are of the fimpleft 
form, as the Nerits, Olives, Volutes, &c. 
yet this tribe feems anexception. It is true 
_ there 


138 CONCHOLOGY. 


there are confiderable numbers that have 
very lively colours; yet, 1m general, they 


abound with lefs variety than moft other 
Shells... Iu fome parts of England the 


Limpets have obtained the name of Nipple 
Shells. 


The Limpets from particular characters 
may be divided into three genera, viz. 


1. Whole or entire Limpets (Patella 
vertice integro), or that are not perforated 
Or open at top. 


2. Chambered Limpets (Patella conca- 
merate five cavitate soe interno donata. ) 


3. Pierced or perforated Limpets, Maifks, 
(Patella vertice perforato) or thofe that 
have their tops perforated with a hole 
pierced quite through the Shell. 


Some authors have made a fourth ge- 
nus of Limpets, with atwirled, crooked, or 
produced beak. (Vertice adunco) But as 


feveral Limpets run much on it, though 
| not 


SECTION. VI. 139 


not properly twirled or produced, when 
their beaks are pointed and fituated fide- 
 ways*, I cannot think it a character fufhi- 
cient or ftrong enough to form a genus. 


I have already obferved, that in the vatt 
volume of Seba, it is very remarkable, not 
a fingle Limpet is figured, defcribed, or 


even mentioned. 


‘The Limpets, though not feemingly fo, 
are a numerous family. Ihave recognized 
about feventy fpecies. 


The firft genus, or whole Limpets, 18 
very numerous. The fecond, or Cham- 
bered Limpets, has many fpecies : but the 
third genus, or perforated Limpets, or 
-Matks, has but few {fpecies. “The enu- 
meration of all the fpecies appertains more 
properly to a hiftory of Shells, than to 
thefe rudiments, 


* Concho-lepas, Cochlea-lepas, dc. 
Europe 


96 CONG@HOE OGY. 


Europe affords few fpecies. The fineft 
and largeft are from the Faft-Indies. Africa, 
efpecially the Cape of Good Hope, produces — 
many fineones. America has many of the — 
chambered. and fmaller kinds: and late 
difcoveries have brought us fome large and 
fine Limpets from the Streights of Magel- 
lan and the South Sea. 


- Plate I. fig. 1, 2, reprefents the common 
Englifh Limpet in two views. 


Plate II. fig. 1. The Goat’s Eye Limpet. 
Ocil de bouc, Argenville, p. 188. Plate II. 
B. Gualtieri. Tab. 9. H. A Mediterra- 
nean Shell. Phot 


Plate II. fig. 2. A Chambered — 


from America 1 in two views. 


Plate IL. fig. 3. The Magellanic Matk 
Limpet. | 


Thefe 


SECTION VII. 141 


Thefe are the neceflary notices that oc- 
cur to me relative to the recent Limpets, 
or thofe known from fea, But, as appen+ 
dixes to the feveral families of recent Shells, 
I fhall enumerate fome foffil Shells which 
are not yet, to my knowledge, difcover- 
ed or known recent or living, in order to 
form amore complete fyftem of teftaceous 
animals than has hitherto been done: by 
interpolating the unknown foffil Shells with 
the recent ones. For not only fingle {pe- 
cies of foffil Shells yet remain undifcovered — 
in their recent or living ftate ; but genera, 
and even whole families, as the Ammonia, 
Anomiz, &c. by which means I add thofe 
Defiderata which we are fure ftill exift 
in the feas, though not yet known to us 
otherwife than in the foffil ftate. 


Foffil Limpets are very rarely met with; 
however, there are two kinds which feem 


to challenge a place in this appendix, 
¥IZ. 


A {mall 


mz CONCHOLOGY. 


A {mall {pecies of Fools Cap. It feems 
different from the Weft Indian kind, but 
approaches it nearly, This is not un- 
frequently found in the calcareous foils of 
France. 


The fecond is a very curious and res 
markable kind, and the fragments of it, 
called by foffilogifts Trichites, are found 
in great abundance in the Englith chalk- 
pits*, yet the Shells are fo exceffive rare to - 
be met with entire, or even nearly fo, that 
I have never feen but four, which are all 
in the elegant collection of my efteemed 
friend Mr. Ingham Fofter, of London, 
who found them in the chalk-cliffs near 
| Dover. 


Thefe Limpets are very large, and, like 
the Concho Lepas, refemble a fingle a 


© Trichites Cretaceorum, il nig Lith. Brit. Tebmigr. 
Ns 1751 & 1752 
Dok 


SECT VON ' Vir. 143 


of a Bivalve. They feem to be of two 
kinds, and are more irregular than that 
Shell, and, inftead of being fulcated length- 
wife, are circularly wrought, or in a trant{- 
verfe manner, with very high irregular 
ridges, not thickly, but rather thinly fet. 
The Shells are very thick. One fort is high, 
or copped, the other is broad or flattith. 
The infide is quite {mooth, the edges turn 
outwards, and, under the beak, or that 
part which anfwers to the hinge in Bi- 
valves, they {ftretch out (all towards the 
dame fide) into a broad flat ledge, the per- 
pendicular fide of which, is curioufly work- 
ed with ftreight and parallel furrows, like 
te the hinge of a Multarticulate Bivalve. 
On the very top or beak part, it has a 
large, wide, roundifh opening, like a frac- 
ture, which, from its remarkable thinnefs, 
makes it difficult to determine, whether 
it be a natural perforation or an accidental 
fracture, though, by its regular edge, and 
being quite alike in all the four fpecimens, 
ene would incline in favour of the former. 
; : Family 


m4 CONCHOLOGY. 


Family 2. Haliotis*, Aures Marine, Sea 
Ears. The definition of this family is 
as follows: Shells of an ear-like form, 
flattifh, almoft wide open, or hollow, for, 
from the apex or head, all along one fide, it 
has only a broad ledge or margin. The apex 
has alfo a fingle perfect whirl, and a curv- 
ed row of holes, or perforations, runs its’ 
length, from the head to the oppofite 
end. 


Thefe Shells, in appearance and nature, 
approach fo extremely to the Limpets, for 
they alfo fix themfelves to rocks, that I 
think they juftly demand the next Pian or 
link in the method. 


* Haliotis. Lifter could have had no doubts about 


this family being next in order to the Limpets, had. he. 


obferved, the natural method, 1. e. fimplicity of figure. 
It is true this Shell has a whirl (rather than a {pire) 5 
but in fome fpecies it fcarcely projects. One fees, in 
many of the Nerits, very evident tokens of more 
circungyrations. 

However, 


$BETION? VI. x4 


However, they cannot be properly called 
fimple, or Shells that are noways {piral ; 
becaufe at their head they have as perfect 
and fine a whirl as any other turbinated 
Shell: but, as Nature in her works has mads 
fuch flight tranfitions from one family to 
another, it is impoffible to fix them by hu- 
man definitions. Thus feveral of the 
Chambered Limpets have fuch fingle whirls, 
and the Trocho Lepas and Cochlea Lepas 
are even fo greatly f{piral, as exteriorly to. 
refemble a Trochus or a Snail; yet are 
they true Limpets. It is therefore im- 
poffible to regulate natural objects to a per- 


fe&t precifion, by the moft elaborate and 
minute definitions. 


This fpiral head of the Haliotis has 
made fome authors not only feparate them 
from the Limpets, but alfo even reject. 
them from the fimple Shells. Thus 
Lifter * places them in his Hiftoria Con- 


* See the note which is printed in p. 144. 
L chyliorum 


wb, -C-O:N Gyn Iy.0 Gy. 


chyliorum among the turbinated Shells, 
after the Nautili, the Snails, and the Ne- 
rits, and preceding the Trochi. He does 
the fame in his work de Animalibus An- 
gliz, wherein, p. 167, he fays, it is fpiral 
at, the. Clavicle in the fame manner as 
other turbinated Shelis,, and therefore, by 
fome is wrongly placed among the fimple 
Shells, Gualtieri ranks them among the 
Snails with deprefled or flatted clavicles; 
and Adanfon and Meufchen take them from 


the fimp! e Shells, and place them as. the 
fark family of the {piral Shells. 


“I hall fix another character to this. fa- 
mily, i in which all other authors, Linnzus 
excepted, differ from me: thatis, I can 
allow no Shell to be of the Haliotis family 
without having-the row of perforations ; for 
T hold that to be.an eflential character. Thus 
the Venus Ear, ranked as a Haltotis, I fhall, 
like Linnzeus*, feparate from them. 


* Syft. Nat. p. 1250, 713, Helix Haliotoidea. 


T ere 


gECTION Vir 145° 


There is yet another charaéter, which 
feems to belong to this family ; that is, 
their infide is always of the fineft or moft. 
orient pearl; and even pearls are often bred 
inthem. ‘This is alfo another reafon why 
I do not allow the abovefaid Venus Ear to 
be of the family, for it wants the pearly 
infide, as well as the perforatiotis. 


In the tow of holes, or perforations, there 
are generally fix or feven quite perforated, 
or very open; the reft are clofed, and ap- 
pear rather like tubercles than holes; for it’ 
is faid the fith always clofes one towards 
the head, and opens another towards the 
end, as he grows bigger, and by thefe 
holes he flings his excrements forth from 


his Shell. 


There ate very few fpecies of this fas 
mily. It is even doubted, whether fome 
{pecies propofed by authors, are not rather 
varictics: but they are found in greet abun- 
dance in moft parts of the world. 

L, 2 I never 


148 CONCHOLOGY. 


_I never knew a fingle inftance of a Ha- 
liotis being found foffil. Pl. Il. fig. 4, re- 
-prefents a Haliotis or Sea Ear. 


The third family is the Vermiculi, of 
Worm Shells. The definition of this fami- 
ly is, tubular cylindrical Shells, fingle, in 
mafles together, or adherent to other Shells. 
or bodies. Varioufly finuous, by winding 
or twifting to and fro in a very irregular 
manner. The Vermiculi in general are of, 
no determinate or fixed regular fhape, from 
their windings and twiftings. But as there. 
are fome fpecies which either wholly, or 
in particular parts, have a regular form ; 
and others which have a kind of concame- 
rated ftru€ture; and in that only differ 
from the generality of them, as the Wa- 
‘tring-pot, and the Chambered Worms; I 
fhall conftitute a particular genus for them. 
Thus the Vermiculi will range under 
two genera, viz. 


ls: VPte 


¥ OCR M(OIN:) VI: 149 


i. Vermiculi, or tubular Worm Shells, 
which have no fixed or regular form, as 
the common Vermiculi. | 


2. Penecilli, or thofe other Worm Shells 
which i in the whole or any efpecial or par- 
ticular part, have a determinate regular 


fhape or ftruature, 


I have already hinted the.near approach 
of thefe Shells and their animais to corals ; 
but that I fhould keep them feparate, and 
as teftacea. However, I thall reje@ all 
the Sea Worms which inhabit tubes made 
up of grains of fand and other {ubftances, 
connected or joined together by a gluti- 
nous matter; for they are not a ftru@ture 
of a folid teftaceous fubftance, and there- 
fore cannot be reckoned as Teftacea : fuch 
as the Sabelle Linnzi * ; 


* Syft. Nat. 1268, 336. 


I, 3 The 


0 CONGHOLOGY. 


The firft genus of Vermiculi, though 
found every where in great abundance, are 
not of many different {pecies. 


Vermiculi, in their various windings, 
are fometimes fo regularly {piral, as to 
emulate the moft perfect turbinated Shells ; 
but that is only accidental. Pl. IL. fig. 6, 
a groupe of fmall Vermiculi Shells, and a 
jingle large one fomewhat {piral. 


The fecond genus, which I call Pene- 
cilli, are Worm Shells, of a regular deter- 
mipate figure in the whole, or fome par- 
ticular part, or elfe of a particular ftructure, 


There are few fpecies of this genus, 
The Watering-pot, PI.II. fig. 8.* from 
the Eaft Indies, is the chief kind, and, 
when perfect, is much valued. | 


* Serpula Penis, Linnei Syft. Nat. p. 1267. 806. 


Gualtieri 


SRO TE FOLN i VIF: 151 


Gualtiert ranks the famous Shell the 
Wentletrap, or Stair-cafe*, with Vermi- 
culi: he gives for reafon, thatthe fpires 
of this Shell are meer locfe ones, not 
produced from, or any-ways connected or 
fupported by, a pillar or columella, run- 
ning through the middle of the Shell, its 
length, as is the conf@ant and true ftruc- 
ture of all turbinated Shells. If fo, they 
cettainly are not Buccina, as moft authors 
rank them, but Vermicult. Davila alfo 
places it among his Vermiculares, with- 
out giving any reafon for fo doing. 


There are alfo Vermiculi, which have 
concamerations, or are divided into cham- 
bers by a few or many tranfverfe plates, 
PILI. fig. 5+, but they are {eldom regu- 
Jar, or fet at equidiftant intervals, -and are 
not pierced by a pipe or fiphunculus, that 
communicates from chamber to chamber, 
foas to permit the fith to penetrate morethan 
one chamber or inclofure at a time, in which 


* Turbo Scalaris, Linnzi Syft, Nat. p. 1237. 630. 
+ Serpula Polythalamia, Linn. p. 1266. 802. 
| Ly particulars 


132 CONCHOL OGY. 


particulars they effentially differ from the 
concamerated Shells, as the Nautili, &c. 
Befides, thefe concamerations do not feem 
conftant to apy particular ipecies, and ap- 
pear rather the clofing up, and deferting 
the old place of habitation of the fith, 
when it augments tts Shell; like as the 
very bottom fpires of a turbinated Shell, 
which the animal fills up as it grows big- 
ger, and enlarges its habitations. The So- 
Jen Arenarius of Rumphius, Tab. 41.fig. E; 
and thofe of Davila, Tab. 21; which latter 
author clafies them among his multivalves, 
are of this kind. 


The Vermiculi are frequently found in 
the foflil ftate; but I do not recollect 
any {pecies, but what is known recent, 
or from Sea. 


The laft and fourth family of fimple 
Shells, or not fpiral, is the Dentalia. The 
definition of this family is, Simple tubular 
Shells, of a regular, determinate, curved, 
conical fhape, and open at both ends. 


The 


SECTION Vill. 153 


This family has very few fpecies: and 
the foflil ones afford not any kinds yet 
undifcovered recent. Pl. IL fig. g, the 
Jarge green furrowed Dentale of the Eaft- | 
Indies. PI. II. fig. ro, the fmooth yel- 
lowifh Dentale of the Englifh fea. 


SECTION 


4 CON GHO-L-O'G'Y. 


Se ew te Vili. 
IVISION 1 


concame e 
! k Le 
walves, that have aany reoular and near. 
equidiftant cells or chambers, and a pipe 
or fiphunculus, that opens into, and com- 
~-municates from chamber to chamber. 


_Univalves, part 2. 


chambered Uni- 


This chambered ftruature, I fix as the 
efential and {pecific character of the Shells 
of this {econd part of the firft divifion; for 
there occur among them not only revolved 
and turbinated Shells, but even quite fimple 
or no-wife turbinated ones. 


This fecond part contains fix genera, 
ue genus whereof, viz. the Orthoceratites, 


is of a fimple figure; four genera, as the 


Lituite, or Croziers, Polythalami, Turbines 

“Ammonia and Ammonoides, are all turbi- 

yated; and the other genus, or Nautilus, 
7 ° 


1S revolt Ved. 


(adde " Lor py. v7 .’) i ' For 


SECTION VIL x55 


For the arrangement of thefe chambered 
Shells, we muft have recourfe to the foffil 
kingdom; fince there are only two genera 
of the fix, viz. the Lituites and Nautilus, 
that are known recent or from fea. Con- 
fequently the foffil kingdom alone helps 


us to arrange fot whole genera, and 


many fpecies of the two other genera in 
the fyftem of Shells, all which yet remain 
undifcovered living or recent from fea. 


In my twenty-fifth lefture, on foffils, I 
have treated this fubject fully; and have | | 
obferved how furprizing it is, that thefe/ 
genera, which are found foffil in fach amaz-, 
ing abundance, all over the globe, and 
befides are numerous families, have to this 
hour efcaped the refearches of mankind, | 
to difcoyer them recent or living. Befides 
other arguments given, their being Pe- 
lagian Shells, or Shells that inhabit the very 
deepeft receffes of the fea, feems one prin- 
cipal caufe; as thofe deep recefles are not 
fubject to the agitations of the great tem- 

pets 


16 CONCHOL OGY. 


pefts and other violent ragings of that im- 
menfe mafs of waters; and therefore the 
Shells conftantly remain undifturbed in 
them. " 


Genus 1. Orthoceros, fimple ftreight 
conical Shells, or no-wife turbinated ; and 
gradually tapering from a broad end to a 
fharp-pointed top, like a {trait horn, whence 
‘their name. They are chambered from 
bottom to top, and have a fiphunculus, or 
pipe of communication, from chamber to 
chamber.- Pl. Il. fig. 12. is greatly mag- 
nified, fig. 13. being the natural fize of 
the Shell difcovered, — taken from Gual- 
tierl, 


Pl. IL fig. 14, 1s a fragment of a fofiil, 
orthoceratites, in a {mall {cale, taken from 
Breynius de polythalamiis; @ aaa, the 
cells or chambers; 6466, the fiphuncu- 
lus, or pipe of communication, which 
in hoth thefe figures is central. | 


Plancus 


SECTION Vin’, ie 


Plancus in his book de Conchis minus 
‘notis littoris Ariminenfis, defcribes fome 
recent minute kinds of this genus, which 
he found in great quantities in the fea fedi- 
ment, at Rimini in Italy. The Orthocerofes 
he difcovered were {fpecies fo very minute, 
lefs than one quarter of an inch, and not 
thicker than a pin, that they demanded 
the aid of the microfcope, to difcern their 
ftructure. Gualtieri, Tab. 1g, has figured 
four kinds of them, fent him by Plancus; 
and Linnus ranks them in his fyftem, as 
Nautili *.. | 


How different thefe are from thofe found 
foffil, is extremely ftriking; the recent 
{pecies are fo very minute, as to demand 
the microfcope to view them; the foffil 
ones, on the contrary, are moftly very large, 
frequently above a foot in length, andabove 
an inch and a half over, even the {malleft 
kinds; asthe Alveoli are feldom lefs than an 


* Nautilus Orthccera, Linnzi, Syft. Nat. p. 1164.289- 
6 inch 


i698 CON CHOL OG ¥, 


inch long, and a quarter of an inch over: and 
befides their great difference in fize, they 
no wife tally in other particulars with the 
larger, fo as to be imagined, young ones 
of the fame fpecies. 


Breynius, who firft formed this genus in 
his work de Polythalamiis, propofes nine 
kinds and I have obferved fome others 
not mentioned by him. 


I would divide this genus into two fec- 
tions, viz. 1ft. thofe that have the fiphun- 
culus placed on or near the edge; and 2dly, 
thofe that have it central, or near the 
center. 


It is proper to obferve, that thefe foffils 
are always catts of {tone or replacements 
of {parry matter. I have however feen, 
though extreme rarely, flight fragments of 
the fhell on them, which fragments were 
whitifh and very thin. 


- 


Genus 


SECTION VI” rig 


Genus 2. Lituus, the crozier. This 
Shell exactly refembles a Bifhop’s crozier 
itt fhape, for it has a long cylindrick ftem, 
one end whereof turns in a fpiral manner ; 
but the fpires are few, feparated, and re- 
cede from each other. 


Breynius, who firft formed this genus, 
in his above quoted work, defcribes and 
figures a fingle {pecies, fo that it 1s an ex- 
tremely rare foffil. But there is a fpécies 
of {mall recent Shell, commonly called 
the rams horn*, found in great abundance, 
both in the Eaft and Weft Indies, which’ 
is ranked by moft authors as a nautilus or 
ammonis, that certainly is the very iden- 
tical fpecies with the foffil kind. We 
only fee the fpiral end of this recent 
{pecies in our collections, and never with 
its tem. However, the view alone of it 


* Nautilus exiguus, albus, pellucidus, teres, Lift. 
Hift. Conch. lib. 4. Seét. 401. fig. 2. Nautilus Spirula 
Linnei Syft. Nat. p. 1163. 279. Rape ee 

evinces 


160 CONCHOLOGYY. 


evinces its analogy; for as the fpires are 
few, and greatly recede from each other, 
it muft follow that the outer fpire will 
at laft infenfibly fall into a ftrait line 
or a ftem: and the reafon we never find 
it with the ftem, probably, is owing to 
the thinnefs and brittlenefs of the Shell; 
fo that the agitation of the waves, for it 
is only found caft up on the fhores, eafily 
breaks off this ftem or cylindric part. Pl. II. 
fig. 18, is the entire Shell and fig. 19. is 


cut open, to fhew its chambered ftructure. 


Genus 3. Turbo Polythalamus five Con- 
cameratus. I am the firft who has propofed 
this Genus. It is only found foffil; and 
even in that ftate but one fpecies is known 
tome. It is a turbinated or fpiral Shell, 
of a produced or lengthened fhape, exactly 
like a Buccinum in appearance, but is con- 
cameratedor chambered, and the diaphragms 
or partitions are cut and jagged, like to 
the foliaceous futures of the Ammonia. 


Cafts 


Sa CT PON. Vill iby 


Cafts of ftone of this kind, for I have 
never feen it in the Shell ftate, are found 
in Dorfetfhire, France, and Switzerland, 
but never in any great degree of perfection. 


Pl. Il. fig. r1, is a Turbo Polythala- 
mus, but by the miftake of the engraver, 
the figure is laid flat; whereas it fhould 
have been erect, in the famie mannef as a 
Whelk, or other turbinated Shell. 


Genus 4. Cornua Ammonis, or Am- 
monia. The Shells of this genus are per- 
fect Helices, the fpires lying between two 
flats or levels. PI. II. fig. 20, is an Ams 
monis, and fig. 21, 1s cut or opened, to 
fhew its feveral cells or chambers. 


The fpires are cylindric, and conneéted 
to each other. They gradually diminifh 
or taper (on both levels equally alike) 
from the circumference to the center ; fo 
that by the gradual tapering of the fpires 
to the center, the centers of both flats are 
concaves. 


M The 


62. CON CALL O Ew. 


The inner ftructure is chambered ; bug 
the diaphragms, or partitions of the cells 
or chambers, are not roundifh and with an 
even edge, as thofe of the Orthoceros and 
Nautilus, but are flafhed, or jagged, into 
procefies or appendages, which laid toge- 
ther tally and clofe into one another fo 
ftrongly and curioufly, that, when joined, 
the flats or furfaces of the whole Ammo- 
nis are embellifhed with a beautiful leaved 
work, exactly fimilar to that on the feulls _ 
of animals: and this by foffilogifts is 
called the foliaceous futures of the Am- 
monites. 


However, this foliaceous work does not 
feem to be a particular character of the Am- 
‘monia, for the Turbines Concamerati, or 
preceding Genus, have it; and I have like- 
wife feen fpecies of Orthoceratite and 
foffil Nautili with the fame work. 


The 


SECTION VIiIt. 163 


The fiphunculus, or pipe of communi- 
cation from chamber to chamber in the 
Ammonia, feems to be placed on the back 
of the fpires, and not near the edges or in 
the center of them; but, as I can only 
draw this conclufion from foffil ones, which 
are very rarely fo perfect as to fhew the 
pipe diftinaly, we muft yet remain un- 
certain in regard to this and fome others 
of their particular characters, 


It is a matter of aftonifhment in this 
and other families of teftacea, that in ge- 
neral the moft commion foflil Shells are 
the fcafceft in the recent ftate, and vice 
verfa. It could be readily explained, were 
all the foflil kinds, not known recent, 
reckoned Pelagian Shells, as the Ammo- 
nia certainly are: but then what reafon 
can be given for the Limpets, Sea Ears, 
Volutes, Cowries, &c. which, though in 
extreme plenty recent, are very rarely 


Mz found 


ai C ON CHIOMs0'1G' & 


found foffil, with many other fuch pa- 
rallel inftances. 


The foffil- Ammonia, or Ammonite, 
are found in great abundance, and of ma- 
ny fpecies, in moft parts of the world ; 
from the fmall fize of a pea, through 
all the gradations of fizes, to above a 
yardin diameter, and proportionably thick. 
Thefe are not objects that efcape the eye 
by their minutenefs ; yet, neverthelefs, all 
the fpecies of them ftill remain to be dif- 
covered, except one very minute kind. 


This difcovered living fpecies of Ammo- 
nis is fo very minute, as hardly to exceed 
the bignefs of a turnep feed, and does not 
weigh the hundredth part of a grain ; 
therefore demands the aid of the micro- 
{cope to view it. It was found by Plan- 
cus with the recent Orthoceroses above- 
mentioned in the fea fediment at Rimini: 
he has defcribed and figured it in his 

work, 


FE'C TRON” VI. 165 


work. Gualtier1 has alfo figured it as 
magnified by the microfcope in Tab. 19. 
fig. H. I. and Linnzus ranks it among 
the Nautili. 


It is very remarkable, that this recent 
{fpecies is a diftinét kind from any of the 
foffil ones known. It not only differs in 
particular circumftances, but even in an 
effential charaéter ; which is, that as all 
the foflil ones, or Ammonite, have a con- 
cave center, this recent kind has a very 
prominent: or projecting one. 


By what general obfervations I have 
made on the Ammonite, I think the fpe- 
cific character for their fections, or arrange- 
ments, is to be taken from the work on 
the back of their fpires; for it is the 
moft obvious, conitant, regular, and cer~ 
tain character. 


On this character I thall divide the Am- 
‘monia into eight fections or arrangements. 
M 3 I have 


146 CONC -HOLOGY. 


[have given a full account of the feétions, 
and the fpecies that rank under them, in 
my twenty-fifth le€ture on foffils; which. 
I thall here briefly recapitulate. — 


Section |. Ammonia, whofe backs are 
quite {mooth and plain: Ammonia dorfo 
levi. 


Section I]. Ammonia, whofe backs are 
ftriated, fulcated, or ribbed: Ammonia, 
dorfo ftriato, fulcato, vel coftato. 


Section LH, Ammonia that havea plain 
prominent ridge along the back : Ammo- 


nia limbo prominulo per totum dorfum 
duce, 


Section ree Ammonia with a plain pro- 
minent ridge between two furrows: Am- 
monia limbo prominulo inter duo sfulcos 

- erecto, 


Section 


SECTLION VIL 169 


Section V. Ammonia with a prominent 
ridge, not plain as in Sedtion III. but 
wreathed or twilted like a rope: Ammo- 
nia limbo teniolato. 


Section VI. Ammonia with a plain fur- 
row or channel along the back: Ammo- 
nia fulco unico per dorfum ducto. 


Se&ion VII. Ammonia whofe backs are 
ftudded or {piked: Ammonia dorfo tuber- 
culato vel aculeato. 


Se&tion VIII. Ammeonia whofe backs 
are deeply notched or toothed like a faw: 
Armonia dorfo dentato. 


Genus 5. Ammonoides. The definition ~ 
of this genus is, that, in all other refpeés 
except fhape, it refembles the Ammonite ; 
for thefe bodies are quite globofe like Nau- 
tili, and not flat like Ammonite. The - 
outer {pire alone makes above one half of 


M4 the 


168°. C:O.N CH O-L.O Geox. 


the body; and all the other fpires are very 
{mall, and taper into a concavity, fo that 
the center is deeply hollowed or umbili- 
cated. Pi. IT. fig. 15, an Ammonoides, 
Thefe elegant foffils are found at Draycot 
in Wiltthire, and in Switzerland. 


Genus 6. Nautilus. The Nautili I de- 
fine to be revolved Shells, or fuch whofe 
{pires never appear externally, but lie la- 
tent or quite hidden within the body of the 
Shell. Turbinata, volute apice non emi- 
nente : vel clavicula intus recondita. 


The Nautili are of achambered ftructure; 
the partitions of the cells or chambers being 
concavo-convex roundifh plates. How- 
ever, I have feen foffil kinds with folia- 
ceous futures like the Ammonite ; which 
implies, that all the {pecies have not fuch 
regular roundifh partitions : and, indeed, 
Breynius folely, on this account, divides 
the Nautili into two orders, of thofe with 
concavo-convex femilunar diaphragms, and 
thofe with jagged or finuated diaphragms. 

3 “Prd, 


SBC: T TON’ VII. -169 


Pl. Il. fig, 16. the Indian pearly Nautilus. 
Fig. 17. the fame Shell laid open, to thew 
its cells or chambers, and its fiphunculus 
or pipe of communication. 


The Paper Nautilus, though claffed by 
moft authors as a Nautilus, is of a diftin& 
genus; it not being of a chambered ftruc- 
ture. ! 


The fpecies of Nautili are few. Au- 
thors make two forts of the Eaft Indian 
or pearly kind, to wit, the umbilicated 
and non-umbilicated; which I afflent to. 


This pearly Nautilus is by feveral au- 
thors very erroneoufly called Nautilus Gre- 
corum : whereas the Nautilus of the 
Greeks was the Paper Nautilus, not this 
kind, 


The animal of this Shell is faid to inha- 
bit only the uppermoit or open chamber, 
which is greatly larger than the others. 
The reft remain empty, except that the 
pipe, or fiphunculus, which communicates 

from. 


170 CONCHOLOGY. 


from chamber to chamber, is filled with 
an appendage or tail of the animal*, like a 
gut or firing +. 


Mr. Hooke (Philofophical Experiments 
and Obfervations, p.306.) imagines the ani- 
mal ufes this tail or gut, which fills the 
pipe or fiphunculus at will, as its necef- 
fities require, to exhauft the water or air 
from the chambers, or vice verfa, to fill 
them with either; by which aé€tions he 


* See the Gentleman’s Magazine many years ago on 
this fubject. “The fiphunculus is a dilatable tube under 
the command of the animal. When it is dilated, 
like the fwimming-bladder of a fifh, it renders the 
the Nautilus buoyant. When it is contraéted, the fifh 
and fhell fink, and juft to fuch a degree as the prefent 
occafions of the animal require. I believe no water 
ever enters this tube. 


+ I have my doubts whether the Nautilus fifh in- 
habits more than one chamber of his Shell. I think 
it does not ; for if it does, how is the fifh ever got 
from thofe chambers, as the fiphunculus is fo fmall ? 


renders 


$BO.T, LON Vit. 171 


renders himfelf -of more or lefs {pecitic 
gravity, to fink or {wim. 


Thefe opinions however are merely {pe- 
culative, for I cannot find we have ac- 
quired an accurate hiftory of the animal, 
or its way of life. Rumphius indeed gives 
a figure and defcription of the fith; but 
J am of Breynius’s opinion, that it is fo 
confufed and unintelligible, as not any 
information can be gathered from it. 


Plancus defcribes and figures fome very 
minute recent Nautili from the fea fedi- 
ment at Rimini. Gualtieri refigures three 
{pecies of them, Tab. 19, A. B. C. They 
are fo minute that three and thirty of them 
hardly equal a grain in weight. Linnzus 
has’ entered them among his Nautili. 


I have feen two remarkable foffil kinds 


yet undiicovered, living or recent fromthe 
fea, v1Z, 


A Nau- 


172 CO Mir OL Ore a. 


A Nautilites about the fize of a pippin, 
quite pyritical, without the flighteft veltiges 
of the natural Shell. It is deeply um- 
bilicated, has fine foliaceous: futures in 
feveral parts, and befides is thickly and 
finely ridged acrofs from fide to fide, the 
ridges not ftrait, but curved, the curvature 
‘tending downwards, or from the mouth. 
This is in the elegant collection of my 
efteemed friend Mr. Ingham Fofter, of 
London. 


A fmall kind, with undulated or zigzag 
futures, found in the limeftone of puthyr 
hires and in Germany, 


SECTION 


SCPE PON SIX. 173 


 *EREXES 
Subic TON: Ix, 


ART III, revolved Shells, or Shells 

whofe fpires are latent, or hidden 
within the body, and do not in any man- 
ner appear externally ; fo that they have 
no clavicle or turban *. 


The common Nautilus is alfo a revolved 
Shell, but being more remarkable for its 
chambered ftructure, it is arranged in Part 
fecond. 


This third part contains three families, to 
wit, family fixth, Nuces feu Bulle, the 
Pewit’s Eggs, or Dipping Snails. Seventh, 
Semiporcellane. Eighth, Cyprez feu Por- 
cellane, the Cowries. 


The fixth family is the Nuces, feu Bullz, 
commonly called the Pewit’s Eggs, or 


Dipping Snails, but which I fhall hence- 


* Univalvia turbinata, clavicula intus recondita, 
vel ita in fe contorta, ut eorum circumvolutiones nulla 
¢x parte promineant, Turbinata involuta. 

forward 


OLED a dd. Vid € TA ‘ 


me CC CONATE OL ORY: 


forward call Dippers, or Sea Nuts. ‘The 
definition of this family I make as fol- 
lows; moft generally of an oval fhape, and 
umbilicated at bottom. The mouth very 
patulous, efpecially at the top, for it nar- 
rows greatly downwards. ‘The lip thin, 
—fharp, and naked, or without any border 
or other works; and with a {mall facing or 
columella lip on the upper part of the 
“mouth. PILI. fig. 4, 5,a Nux, or Dip- 
per, fhewn on both fides. 


‘The arrangement of this family ig much 
confufed in authors, by their feeming con- 
nexion with the two following families of 
Semiporcellane and Cypree. Lifter makes 
them a genus of Cowry, and calls it Con- 
cha Veneris bafi umbilicat.a Grew and 
Buonanni place it with the Snails. Rum- 
phius, with his Cochlez Globofz » Argén- 
. ville, Davila, and Meufchen do the fame’; 
and, indeed, Linneews’s genus of Bulla is 
of the fame complexion; for it alfo in- 
cludes the figs, turneps, &c. equally with 
the Dippers, Gualtieri makes it a genus 

I preceding 


SBC LE LGIN. AX. 


479 
preceding the Cowries, and following the 
Paper Nautili. me 
7 
The arrangement that Rumphius, Ar- 
genville, Linnzus, Davila, and Meufchen, 
give them as Cochlez Globof, or Tuns, 
is very furprizing and extremely erroneous: 
fince they have avery different effential cha- 
racter, though all have patulous or very 
large mouths. For the Nuces, or Bulle, like - 
the Cowries, have no clavicle or turban ; 
becaufe their fpires are latent within their 
bodies : whereas the Conchz Globofz, as 
the Partridges, Tuns, &c, are really turbi- 
nated Shells, and have a very fair and {trong 
external clavicle, but it is generally flattifh, 
or not much produced. 
Though there is a vaft difference of co- 
touring in the Dippers, I am, neverthelefs, 
inclined to think they are only varieties, 


and that this family is not numerous. 


The 


16 CONCHOLOGY. - 


The feventh family is the Semiporcel- 
Janz, or Shells greatly refembling the Cy 
prez or Cowries in their appearance, Their 
aperture, however, is not fo narrow, but 
more open, neither are the lips toothed or 
dentated; which are the differential cha- 
racters I eftablifh between the two families. 


I have already obferved, that Grew, 
Rumphius, Seba, Argenville, Gualtieri, and 
others, have ranked them as Cowries. Lif+ 
ter calls them Concha Veneris apertura 
non dentata. Linnzus makes a genus of 
them he calls Bulla; in which he alfo in- 
cludes my preceding family of Nuces or 
Dippers. Davila, refining on Argenville, 
divides the Cowries into two genera, of 
toothed and not toothed ; which latter is 
this kind; and Meufchen, in like manner, 
makes them a divifion of Cowries by the 
name of Semiporcellane. 


The 


SECTION IX. 177 


The {pecies of this family are not nume- 
tous ; but among them the Weaver’s 
Shuttle, Pl. III. fig. 3, the Poached Egg, 
and fome others, are éfteemed rare and 
curious Shells, — 


The eighth family : Cyprea vel Por- 
cellana, the Cowry, Shells generally fe- 
mioval, whofe flat part is the mouth. The 
fpires of the Cowries in no wife appear 
externally, but make their revolutions 
quite latent, or within the body of the 
Shell. The aperture is on the flat fide; it 
1S a narrow opening, or fent, the length of 
the Shell. The lips near together, broad, 
turning inwards, and toothed; the two ends 
or extremes on the upper part are very 
bumped and prominent. At one extreme 
it has awry gutter, or opening, like the 
mouth of a foal or other flat fith: the 
other extreme has alfo a gutter, but it is 
{trait or perpendicular; and afide of it, in 
fome kinds, there is another protuberance 
like a {mall rude clavicle or turban. 

| EW The 


v8: CAINL AW LIOG Y. 


The particular chara&ter of this family. 
I make to be the deep toothing on the in- 
ner edges of the lips, which diftinguifhes 
it from the foregoing family of Semipor- 
cellane. lLinneus has kept:to this cha- 
racter; but Grew, Lifter, Argenville, Gual- 
tieri, and others, not regarding it, have 
confounded them all together. 


The Cowries are extremely numerous, 
and moft of the fpecies very beautiful in 
colour and polifh. They have this elegant — 
polifh even from the fea, naturally, or 
without the aid of art; and were they not 
common Shells, would perhaps be as highly 
valued as the Volutes or any others. 


It is of no importance to enumerate any 
of the kinds. I fhall only remark, that 
they feem to be litoral Shells, and chiefly 
to inhabit the feas round iflands ; for the 
greateft number of them are found at the 
Moluccas, the Maldives, Madagafcar, the 
Weft India iflands, &c. . . 
| Though 


SECTION IX. ‘fo 


Though the Cowries are found in im- 
menfe abundance in the recent or living 
ftate, they are very rarely found foflil ; 
and as they lofe their colours when in 
the foifil ftate, it is impoffible to determine 
whether any of them are Species yet un- 
difcovered recent. However, the kinds 
found foffil near Turin, and in France, 
feem to be well known in the recent ftate. 
Pl. II. fig. 1, 2, a Cowry, or Cyprea, 
fhewn on both fides. 


N 2 SECTION 


0 CONCHOL OGY. 


REZ RM 


SECTION X. 
ART IV. turbinated or ine Uni- 


valves. 


The turbinated Shells, properly fo called, 
are thofe Shells whofe fpires are external, 
aud fhew themfelves on the outer part of 
the Shell in what is called the clavicle or 
turban (clavicula) which is either produced 
fhort or flat, according to the feveral genera 
or {pecies. 


It isthis fourth part, or turbinated Uni- 
valves, which is the moft difficult to ar- 
range, and in which authors, in their dif- . 
ferent fyftems, have difplayed their different 
opinions. No wonder! fince it not only 
contains myriads of fpecies more than all 
the other three parts put together ; but 
befides, the characters of them are fraught 

| pant t ‘ with 


SEC FION X. 181 
with innumerable difficulties not eafy to 
furmount. . 


The feveral authors have formed their 
methods from one fingle, or from a com- 
‘bination of characters; but I reject all 
the fyftems hitherto broached: and, as 
I obferved, there fhould always be one 
head chara¢ter, deduced from.the principal 
or chief part of the objet, which charac- 
ter fhould run through the whole fyftem, 
to preferve a perfect regularity ; I have 
fixed on the aperture or mouth of the 
Shell, for this head character of my fy{tem 
or arrangement of turbinated Univalves. 
The aperture or mouth will therefore be 
the touchftone of my families ; and the 
fhapes, clavicles, colours, and works of the 
Shells, I fhall ufe only as. fubordinate 
characters. 


Having thus fixed the head or effential 
character, I fhall begin with thofe Shells 
that are the moft fimple, or leaft turbi- 
nated, and very patulous, or almoft wide 

N 3 open ; 


82 CONCHOLOGY. 


open; therefore the firftfet, which contti- | 
tutes the ninth family, is the Cymbium, or» 
Paper Nautilus. Plate III. fig. 6. 


This family, it is true, has no external 
fpires, nor indeed 1s it, ftri€tly fpeaking, a 
turbinated Shell, except at the very head, 
which turns in one fpire only ; but, the 
Shell being quite open, this fpire is ex- 
pofed to view; for it is evident, if the 
Shell was not open, or vafcular, but, on 
the contrary, was clofed or fhut up, it 
would come under Part IIT. of Revolved 
Univalves: as the fpires like in the com- 
mon or ‘pearly Nautilus would be hidden, 
or turn within the body of the Shell. 
However, though fo unlike the Nautilt in 
not being ‘chambered, yet, in form and 
other particulars, it much agrees with 
them. | 


The definition of the Cymbium family 

I ftate thus. Shells, in their external 
fhape refembling a fhip or boat, whofe 
| upper 


SEe.TAON SX 183 


upper part or head 1s narrow, turns fpiral- 
ly, and is like the flern ; the reft of it 
widens to the other end, is quite hollow, 
forms a horizontal aperture, and lies lower | 
than the ftern or fpiral end. 


The fpecies of this family are very few, 
not above three or four. And thofe known 
are brownifh or whitifh, and thin almoft 
as paper, whence they have obtained the 
name they bear of Paper Nautilz. 


Thefe Shells have by moft authors been 
- ranked with the common Nautili, by the 
name of Nautili Vacui, on account of their 
failing ; but it is evident, thatin ftructure 
they have not the leaft affinity to one an- 
other. | 


Gualtieri has made them a different ge- 
nus, and named it Cymbium, which name 
I have adopted. Linnzus alfo makes it a 
- diftine genus, and calls it Argonauta. 


N4 It 


i884 CONCHOLOGY. 


It is this family that is the true Sailor, 
the very Nautilus or Pompilus of the 
Greeks and Latins, and which our cele- 
brated Englith poet refers to, 


‘s Learn of the little Nautilus to fail :” 


for Ido not find that it is proved in any fa- 
tisfatory manner, that the other kind, of 


pearly Nautilus, ever fails, or navigates his 
Shell. 


. Pliny *, as ufual, gives a concife but ele- 
gant recital of its navigation. It fails, fays 
he, after having difcharged or pumped 
the water from its Shell, aloft on the fea, 
extending a membrane of an admirable 


* Plinii Hitt. Nat. lib, ix. c. 29. Inter precipua 
autem miracula, eft qui vocatur Nautilos, ab aliis Pom- 
pilos. Supinus i in fumma gequorum pervenit, ita fe 
paulatim fabrigens, ut emiffa omni per fiftulam aqua, 
velut exoneratus fentina, facile naviget. Poftea prima 
duo brachia retorquens, membranam inter illa mirc 
tenuitatis extendit, Qua velificante in aura, cateris 
fubremigans brachiis, media cauda, ut gubernaculo, fe. 
revit. ita vadit alto, liburnicarum ludens imagine, & 
fi quid payoris intery eniat, haufta fe mergens aqua. 


thinnefs, 


SECTION xX, 48s 


thinnefs, and cafting backwards two of his 
arms, for he rows with the others, he 
fteers his courfe, till, refilling his Shell 
with water, he finks himfelf to the bottom, 


Thefe Shells are found in many parts of 
the Mediterranean, and alfo in the Eaft- 
Indies. Mr. Argenville, in his Zoomor- 
phofe, p. 29, gives us a recital of the lateft 
obfervations relative to the animal and its 
failing. The fifth is of the Polypus or 
Pourcuttle kind ; its head is pretty big, 
with two large eyes; it has eight arms or 
legs, of a foft flefhy fubftance ; they are 
thicker towards the body, and are con- 
nected, or webbed together, by a flight 
membrane, They are of a filvery colour, 
fet with fuckers or knobs on the fides, 
are flatted like oars, and ferve him to 
{wim ; and with thefe he feems to row 
and iteer his veflel, The fix foremoft are 
fhort, and he balances himfelf and extends 
them as he fwims. The two hinder ones, 
{onger than the others, he plunges in the 

Jat fea, 


16 CONCHOLOGY, 


fea, to ferve as arudder; and thefe up-_ 
hold the fkin, or membrane, which he ufes 
for a fail to ply the wind. Thus equipped, 
he navigates in calm weather; when fear- 
ful of danger, he retires within the Shell, 
by which action it gains water, and finks 
to the bottom. He often pumps the wa- 
ter out, and alfo often quits the Shell, 
which, floating empty, is carried by the 
waves, and daihed to pieces on the rocks, 


The fith quits the fhell at pleafure, for 
he is not attached to it by any part of its 
body. "Frequently he turns himfelf and 
thell topfy-turvy, and rifes with his head 
downwards from the bottom of the fea, 
and, when he has gained the furface of the | 
water, turns his fhell very nimbly empties 
the water in it, extends his arms, and fets 
fail. ‘They are frequently found without 
their Shells ; and the fithermen muft even 
be extremely expert to catch them in it *. 

The 


* I much fufpeé this account ; but I cannot deny it 


to be true, though I know not of any animals, that 
| have 


Be CT FON kK. +S) 


The tenth family I fhall call the Ear 
Snails, or Auris-Cochlea, a combination 
of two names, which exprefles the affini- 
ty thefe Shells have to the Sea Ears, while, 
at the fame time, they are truly a kind of 
Cochlea or Snails. This Shell is called 
the Venus Ear. See Pl, Ill. fig. 7, 8, in 


two Views. | 


Their fhape fo much refembles the Sea 
Ears, that moft authors have ranked them 
in that family, and call them non-perfo- 
rated Sea Ears. Lifter and Gualtieri rank 


have proper domicilia, who quit them voluntarily.. 
Fear or neceflity may poffibly caufe this feparation 
fometimes. Befides, as this animal may be fuppofed to 
frame its own habitation, like others of the teftaceous 
kind, it feems neceflary to have an attachment, how- 
ever flight, to fome one point, as that from which it 
uniformly extends itfelf for the formation of its fhell : 
if this was not the cafe, is it poffible to conceive, that 


a fhell fo delicate, fo regular in every refpect, could 
be fabricated? 


them 


718 CONCHOL GG Y. 


them as Cochlex, and Linnzus places them 
in a genus he calls Helix. ~ 


T define the Auris Cochlee, or Ear 
Snails, as follows. Shells fo wide and open 
as to refemble Sea Ears, but are not per- 
forated or fet with a row of holes. They 
‘have a broad ledge along one fide, which 
projects over the cavity, and turbinates 
into one fingle flat fpire, quite even or 
evel with the bottom of the Shell. This 
{pire is alfo very wide, and extends to near 
the middle of the bottom or under part: 
fo that this family abfolutely participates 
of the characters and fhapes of the Sea Ears, 
~and of the Snails, and is, as it were, a com- 
“bination of thofe two familhes, as alfo 
one of the innumerable inftances of the 
"4nfenfible progreflions nature takes from 
one family to another; which progreflions 
baffle human powers to limit, or the re- 
fined definitions of the moft accurate na- 
turalifts, | 


There 


SEC TiO NX 189 


“There are very few Shells of this fa- 
mily. 


The eleventh family is the Cylindri, 
Cylindars or Olives. Shells of a-cylin- 
drick form, and ending pointed at the 
lower end; the mouth is long, narrow, 
(apertura linearis), and notched on the top; 
the notch turning backwards, is large and 
fomewhat awry, like the mouth of a flat 
fifth ; the pillar is faced half way down, 
and is greatly wrinkled or pleated; the 
turban generally fhort, very pointed, and 
with the whirls or {pires nearly level, or 
meerly prominent one from the other ; and 
the turban itfelf is divided from the body 
by only a meer prominent line, Pl. V. 
fig. 4 the Panama or Camp. PI. V. fig. 7, 
another Cylindar o r Olive. 


This family in moft authors is placed 
nearly inthe fame manner. Lifter calls 


them 


1909 CONCHOLOGY. 
them, Rhombi five Strombi Cylindracei, 
Lib. iv, Sect. x. Partiz.c.1&5. Rum- 
phius forms a Genus of them he calls 
Cylindri. Argenville makes them his 
eleventh family, and names them Rhom- 
bus, Cylindrus, vel Olea. Davila places 
them as two Genera of Volutes, viz. as 
the fecond genus or cylindrical Volutes or 
Rouleaux, and as the third genus or den- 
tated Volutes or Olives : and Meufchen, 
whofe feventeenth genus they are, alfo 
calls them Cylindri five Dactili. 


Gualtieri names them Cochlez Cylin- 
droidez, and places them the next Genus 
after the Volutes, to wit, Genus 2. of 
feGtion I. of clafs 1. of the third part ; 
and Linnzus ranks them in his Genus of 
Voluta, by the name of-Cylindroidea. 


This family I fhall divide into two ge 


nera, V1Z. - 


Genus 


wee. FUN XxX, 1g! 


Genus 1. Cylindri emarginati, or fuch 
whofe edge is quite even and fharp. And 


Genus 2. Cylindri marginati, or fuch 
whofe edge is not fharp and f{mooth, but 
has a very thick border, which turns over 
into a very prominent ledge on the back, 
like to the Helmets. 


The fpecies of this family are many, 
and very beautiful Shells, 


The twelfth family of the Univalves is — 
the Voluta or Volute. It is very nume- 
rous in its {pecies, and is the family which, 
for richnefs and beauty of colouring, fur- 
pafies all the other families of the Uni- 
valves, and isreckoned the ornament or 
capital object of colletions. . The far 
greater number of Volutes always bear a 
value ; fome kinds, as the Admirals, &c. 
have fetched furprizing prices when per- 

fect 


992 CONCHOLOGY 
fe& Shells ; and the Cedo Null: is fo exs 
tremely rare and beautiful, that it is now 
rated at the prodigious fum of one hun- 
dred guineas. Pl. V. fig. 3, 8, and g. are 
Volutes. 


The Volutes are Shells of a pyramidi+ 
cal or conic fhape, for the bafe is flat and 
wide, and the body rifes gradually into a 
fharp point at the top. The turban is — 
the bafe, and all the whirles are diftin- 
guifhed by flight linear prominences: fome 
kinds have this bafe quite flat, or a perfect 
Helix, as Pl. V. fig. 9. In others it prolongs 
into a fharp clavicle, as in the Imperial 
Crown, the Fleabite, the Flamboyante, 
as in Pl. V. fig. 3 and 8. However, thefe 
differences of the turban or clavicle are not 
effential enough to caufe a fubdivifion into 
- different genera ; though Davila’s fecond 
genus of Volutes, he calls Rouleaux, is 
formed on thefe differences. 


‘The 


wclPTON KX? 15 

The aperture of the Volutes runs the 

length of the Shell: it is fo extremely 

narrow as to be linear, (apertura linearis) 

is all along of equal breadth, and refembles 

a meer flit or fent. The Volutes have no 
inner lip. | 


Dr. Lifter calls the Volutes, Rhombi 
vel Strombi Cylindro-pyramidales, Part II. 
Section X. of lib. iv. Linneus calls the 
genus Conus, atid tranfpofes the name of 
Voluta to the Mitres; Perfian Crowns, Cy- 
lindars, and other Univalves, that have their 
pillar pleated or wrinkled. Gualtieri calls 
them Cochlez cotieidex, the firft genus of 
part iti, clafs t. or Cochlee lIonge; and 
mioft other authors, as Rumphius, Argen-. 
ville, &c. make a diftin@ genus of them, 
by the eftablifhed riame of Voluta. 

% 3 

The thirteenth family I thall call Glo- 
bofe, or Turns, and define them, Shells 
moft generally of a fomewhat globofe 

‘ O ~ thapes 


194 CONCHOLOGY. 


fhape, the body being greatly fwelled, or 
Founded, from whence they aequiré ‘the 
name they bear of: Globofee, or Tuns. 
_They have fhost turbans ; the mouth is 
extremely patulous or wide, and very: larges 
the upper part of it ends ina wry’ chan+— 
nel, like a foal’s mouth, which is very 
fhort, and turns backwards. None have 
a pillar, or columella lip; though in,fome, 
as the Perfian Crowns and Melons; the 
columella or pillar itfelf is wrinkled or 
pleated, Pl. IV. fig. 8. a fmall Me- 
Jon. Pi. AWN. fig. 9, & curious. ite tate 
knobbed Tun. , gg OU 


The Shells srhjch come under this fa- 
mily are the Tuns, Partridges, Figs, sei 
aoe Crowns, and Melons. rare 

ap rank of this family, i in fyiteuaabieds 
authors, is, that Lifter places thofe with a 
wrinkled or pleated pillar, as the Perfian 
Crowns, &c. among his Whelks, of the 
fame ftrugture, Lib. iv, Seftion xi, the 


SE Tun y 


CPR Cet 1 ON xX.’ 196 
Tuns and’Figs among his Buccina Ampul- 
lacea, Section XII. andthe Partridges, in 
cap. Iv. of Seétion XV. , 


Linnzus likewife pie. choke with a. 
wrinkled or pleated pillar, on account of 
that {tru€ture, in the genus he calls Vo- 
luta; and the Partridges, Tuns, Harps, 
&c. among his Buccina. 


Rumphius calls them Cochlee Globo- 
fe, as alfo Argenville, who makes them 
his fourteenth family; Davila his ninth 
family, and divides them into three gene- 
ra; Gualtieri has placed the Figs as Coch- 
lee Pyriformes ; and the Tuns he calls | 
Cochlez Caffidiformes, and Caffida. 


This family is not very numerous ; how- 
ever, it contains fome extremely beautiful 


and Kites. sai 


_ The fourteenth bamily is the Caffides 
er Helmets. I define it Shells femi- -glo- 
bofe, the back being very convex or round,’ 

O 2 the 


996 CONCHOLOGY. 


the under, or mouth part, flat. They 
have near flat, or, at moft, “very” fhort 
clavicles or turbans.. st he mouth 1 1s, long, 
rather narrow; and ends at top ina out 
ter, which turns very large, {trong, and 
wry on the back ;. the lip is always, 
ftrongly and thickly toothed, and rites. 
into a high thick border, or ledge, on the, 
“upper part or backs .and the pillar is moft, 
generally ftrongly toothed, ridged, or tet 
with fmall bumps or afperities. Pl 1V. 
fie. no, a helmet fhewn on the flat Or. 
mouth fide. 

| LS .e Vitae 

Some: fyftematical authors have agreed - 
with me in making a diftinct or particular 
family of thefe Shells, and call them. Caf- 
fides. Such are Rumphius, Meufchen,,_ 
and Gualtieri. 

Linnzus ranks them as Buccina, Ar- 
genville and Davila as Murices; and, laft- 
ly, Lifter among his Buccina, Lib. iv. 
— XV. c. A and 8, by the name of 
—beNied 


SE CTION Xx. 107 
bellied or {welled “Whelks with a Mae: 


vet 


mouth. 


SA, 


me isa 
' This genus is not very numerous,, but 


fome of the fpecies are e extremely large 
and heavy. 


The fifteenth family is the Trochi, or 
Tops. Shells of a conic or pyramidal 
fhape, the top being broad and flattith, 
and gradually tapering thence to a very 
{harp point. ‘The aperture or mouth is 
moft generally angular, low, and narrow. 


PLOT. fig. '13.° a rrochus. 


It is remarkable, that all the authors 
who have wrote on Shells, agree in this 
genus and in its characters ; fo that few 
Trochi are found mifplaced. 


Itis a very numerous family, and abounds 
With curtous and fine Shells. 


There is a fotlil {pecies of Trochus, 
which to me feems yet undifcovered re- 
: O 3 | cent. 


198 CONCHOL OGY. 
cent. <A large kind, flattifh, and like a: 
Cochlea Helix,. generally about two inches 
in diameter, and ftrongly and thickly 
wrinkled, with fharp prominent ridges like 
plates, which are fpiked at regular diftances; — 
thefe run acrofs the fpires ; but the whole. 
Shell is likewife flightly ftriated, accord- 
ing to the run of them. This Trochus is 
found in the Limeftone of Coalbrook-: 


dale in Shropfhire, and pbb sog in Staf- 
fordfhire. 


The fixteenth-family is the Cochlez, or 
Snails ; the chara¢ter of which is a round 
mouth or approaching thereto, perfectly 
bordered, circumferibed, or defined, (ore 
inte€gro.) 


I thal! divide this family into five gene- ~ 

ra; ‘to wit, 
. Nerits, (Nerita) or Snails with fe- 

iliasd mouths. (Semiunares.) Pl. UI. 


fig. T4e 


2. Helices, 


4 SEC T 10 N xX. 199 


Bs Helites, or ‘Snails that are flattith, 
and whofe ites lie, as it were, between 
‘two planes or levels. Pl: Ill. fig. 10. 


3. Snails with a hort or flat turban. 
yeni breviore.) PI. III. fig. 11. | 


4 “Tugbo,, Or, Gein kn a a produced 
or lengthened turban. (Clavicula longiore.) 
Pl. Ill. fig. 12, 


5. Cochleez Strombiformes, or Snails 
whofe turbans are extremely long and 
flender. (Clavicula tenui & Joqg uit.) 
Pl, UI. fig. 9. 


I thall kc each of thefe genera fepa- 
gately. And to begin: The firft genus, 
or Nerits, are Shells whofe mouths are a 
half circle, the columella or inner lip 
running diametrically acrofs it in a ftrait 
line. This lip is very broad or faced, and 
extends greatly on the columella, They 

O04 are 


209 CONCHOLOGY, 


are very full-bodied Shells, nearly glo- 
bofe; and the turban 1s never much pro-_ 
duced, but lies flat or level with the 
bottom. | ee 

The Nerits are moft generally toothed 
on both lips, 


The arrangement of this genus in all 
authors is near to or with the Snails 5 
and they are moft generally called Nerits. 
Rumphius calls them Cochlee Valvate, 
and by many they are alfo called Se- 


milunares. 


The fpecies of this genus are very nu- 
merous, and they are generally beautiful 
Shells. Pl. UI. fig. 14, the Magpye Ne- 


rit fhewn in two views. 


There is found, in a calcareous fub- 
ftance in France, a large kind of foffil © 
WNerit, which [ fhall call the Limpet-like 
Neriis, It is a very thick Shell, fize’of 
an apricot, and» rather flattifh, ‘The 

upper 


‘$B C'T TION’ X. vor 


upper fide is fine chefnut brown, fome- 
what convex, and rifes to a knob or point 
which is not central, but placed fide- 
ways. It is this upper fide that re- 
fembles a Limpet. The ‘under’ part. ‘is 
guite milk white, flattith, and round ; the 
mouth femicircular, the inner lip rifés or 
{wells, expands or facés quite to the up- 
per fide, and is toothed with two {trong 
teeth, Itisa very Curious {pecies, and is 
ftill undifcovered recent, or from the fea. 


Helix. My chara&ter of this fecond oe~ 
hus is, that they are moft generally round 
mouthed Snails, whofe {pires lie horizon- 

tal, or between two levels. PI. LiL, fig 1o, 
the Planorbis River Snail. 


The arrangement this genus bears with 
fyftematifts is among the Snails. Mot of 
them being land or freth water Shells, are 
placed by Lifter among the terreftrial and 
fluviatil Snails ; and the Dolphin, a 
kind, he has placed, Lib. iv. among the 


202 CONC HO;Lwoey. 


fea fails, Gualtieri,. like Lifter, places 
many among thelandand river Shells; and 
the fea ones he ranks as Cochlew depreflz. 
Argenville and Davila place them with 
the Cochlez ore depreffo, or Trochi; and 
the other authors rank them i nduerders 


nately with Snails, by the names of Poft- 
horns and Lamps. 


“There ; are many curious fpecies of His 
“genus. . 


The third genus of Snails has.a very fhort, 
or but little produced turban, (Clavicula . 
breviore) and that is their only character, 
they agreeing in the mouth and other par- 
ticulars with the reft. Indeed, I have formed — 
this genus more for regularity and clearnefs 
in the method, than on account of its hav- 
‘ing any effential diftin@ character ; and in 
moft authors they are indifcriminately in-. 
termixed with all the Snail kind, . Pl. III. 
fig g. 11, the umbilicated whitifh thin Snail. 


However, 


+ CTO Ny Bo dee 


However, as it renders the method more 
eafy, I have ranked them in a diftiné& 
genus : for it is very fertile in fpecies, 
the common land Snails — many others 
numbering in it. . 


‘The Snails with a produced ot length- 
ened clavicle or turban, (Clavitula lon- 
giore) which T fhall particularly call Tur-. 
bo, form the fourth genus, Thefe moft 
generally have a perfe& round mouth ; the 
columella or inner lip is not much faced 
outwards, and the body {pire is very bel- 
lied, fo that the turban is not infenfibly, 
but fuddenly or difproportionately pro- 
duced from it, like as in the Buccina. 
Pl. HL fig. 12. 


The arrangement and names this genus 
of turbo bears with fy{tematifts is as fol- 
lows. Lifter places them as a feftion of 
the Snails. Gualtieri calls them Cochlee 
Marine Terreftriformes. Rumphius, Ar- 

genville, 


204 CONCH OLOGY. 
genville, Davila, and Meufchen, Cochlez 
Lunares, or round mouthed Snails, and 
Linneus, Turbo. 

- There < a vaft number of fpecies of 
this genus, moft part very fine Shells. 
Among them is the Gold Mouth, the Sil- 
ver Mouth, the Serpents Skin, the Midas 
Ear, Land Snail, &c. And if that valuable 
Shell the Wentletrap proves not to be a 
Vermiculus Penecillus, as 1 have hinted 
above, then it is a Shell of this genus. 


It is an anecdote of the Wentletrap 
worthy to be tranfmitted, as it fhews the 
value of particular {pecies at times, that 
in 1753, at the fale of Commodore Lifle’s 
Shells at Lang ford’ s, four Wentletraps 
were fold for feventy-five pounds twelve 
fillings, MiZe, sve 4 


Firft 


SECTION Xs, 5 295 


, +. cp 
Firft Day, Feb. 21, "et 96, One |e og 
not quite perfect - - } 16. 


Third Day; Lot 98, a fret. fine g 18 
and perfect one, - eh 8 Rey. 
Fourth Day, Lot ror, one foci - 16 16 
Sixth Day, Lot 83, one for - - 23 2 


£75 12 


The fifth and laft genus of Snails is 
what I hall call Cochle Strombiformes: 
(Clavicula tenui et longiffima) for they 
are very long and flender Shells, tapering 
to a fharp point, and therefore exaétly . 
refemble the Needles or Strombi, whence 
I have ‘named them gil gr Nits Pl. TH. 


fig. 9. 


Thefe Snails have a perfect round mouth, 
well defined or bordered, by which parti- 
cular alone they are immediately diftin- 
guifhed from the Strombi, whofe length 
and flendernefs they emulate ; for the 

mouths 


»6 CONCHOLOGY. 

mouths of the Strombi are long, and have 
a very thick columella afide them, erect, 
and fomewhat twirled ; 3 and many kinds 
befides prolong i into. a wry gutter, turning’ 


backwards, like the mouth of a Soal, or 
other flat-fith. | ; 


The firft, or sieesigie ee or fpire, is ‘not 
more than proportionably fwelled, fo that 
the whole Shell gradually ay rs toa rel 
point. | 


Lifter, who iS critically methodical, has, 
arranged this genus as Snails with avery 
long and. flender turban. Rumphius inter-, 

mixes them with the Strombi, as does alfo 
Argenville, Gualtieri, and Davila, who 
call them Turbo or Strombus. Meuf- 
chen likewife intermixes them, and Lin- 
_peeus ranks them iin his genus of Turbo. 
. There ane not many fpecies of this. 
ye A foffil 


VBOOTHON A> see 


A Foffil ‘Kind i is ; found 3 in the fand pits 
at ‘Woolwich in Kent, in inamenfe quan- 
tities, which to me feems to be a fpecies 
yet undifcovered living or recent from fea. 
I call it ‘Cochlea Strombiformis,  clavata, 
from one inch and a half to. two, inches 
long, wrinkled, or ftriated the run of the 
ipires, | and each {pire is alfo circularly fet 
with .a row of, depreffions, like the 
marks, of. heads of naus, » 


The feyenteenth Se | is the Buccina, 
in Englith Whelks. It is chiefly this 
family that creates the many differences 
among: authors, and the confufion that j 


“ye 


hardly to be unravelled. The immer f 
quantities of fpecies it contains, and the 
many fubordinate ‘charaéters of them; 
which fubordinate characters moft authors 
have attended to, and made them effential 
inftead of fubordinate, has produced all 
the perplexity and confufion we meet with 
Sggive to this family, 


nd 


gvok The: 


208 CDP MOH OL OGY. 


The error of authors in fetting afide 
‘the figure of the mouth, which I make 
‘the eflential or head character of all tur- 
inated Univalves ; and framing their gen 
nera from fubordinate characters, is not 
more vifible: in any family of the tefta- 
ceous animals, ‘than in this. For the 
Shells called Buccina by the feveral Con- 
chologifts, : inftead of being a fet of fimi- 
lar mouthed Shells, is indeed a farrago, 
or jumble of feveral families, all placed 
pell-mell, or confufedly together : and 
Lifter, though erroneous in feveral parti- 
culars, by ranging many kinds not truly 
Buccina, with Davila, are, in my opinion, 
‘the only authors who have arranged this 
family with any propriety or order. 


Argenville, after criticifing Lifter very 
unjuftly, as I have already obferved , makes 
the effential or head charaéter of Buccina, 
_to be a broad and very lengthened mouth: 
but he nowife further diftinguithes the 

feveral 


feveral genera, and therefore i is a fcene of 
confufion. Davila, who follows and cor: 
reéts his method, defines them to have a 
| large oblong aperture, and divides them 
into four genera ; but the firft genus which 
he. calls whole-mouthed ” without a tail | 
or gutter, is my genus of ‘Turbo among 
the Cochlez or Snails, and are not Bucci- 
na; for their mouth is perfe@ly circum- 
{cribed or bordered: fuch are the Midas’s 
Ear, and others ;. for thefe Shells, though 
in fhape and appearance they feem Buccina, 
yet, their mouth being perfetly cireum- 
. {cribed or bordered, and devoid of gutter 
ot break, ftrongly diftineuifhes them. Lin- | 
- nzeus defines the Buccina extremely well 
by an oval aperture ending in a gutter ; 
but his fe€tions of them are perplexed and 
vague. THe other authors, as Buonanni, 
Rumphius, Seba, &c. give no character for 
Buccina, but range Shells as fuch, only as 
their fancy furmifes. 


* Buccins, 4 bouche entiere dépourvue de queue. 


P I thall 


210 “GON CHOLOG Y. 


I fhall now define all Buccina to be Shells 
whofe mouths are an oblong or very length- 
ened oval, the upper part whereof is pro- 
duced or lengthened into a gutter or flight 
beak: all other characters are fubordinate, 
and ferve only to conftitute the different 
genera of the family, 


On this principle I fhall divide the fa- 
mily of Buccina or Whelks, into the fix 
following genera, viz. 


y. Buccina Canaliculata, vel Buccina 
roftro Canaliculato. Guttered Whelks, 
or thofe whofe upper part of the mouth 
ends in near a ftrait, and fomewhat pro- 


| longed gutter. Pl. I. fig. 3, 4, 5. 


2. Buccina Recurviroftra, vel Buccina 
ore quafi abfciffo, Canaliculo recurvo ; Buc- 
cina plagioftoma. Wry-mouthed Whelks, 
or thofe whofe mouth is, as it were, cut 
fhort at top, for the gutter or beak does 

not 


€ 


POHETION KX. ait 
fot extend ftreight forward from the upper 
part of the mouth, but bends or falls on 
the back, in a wry manner, éxadtly like 
the mouth of a fole or other flat fish: 
Pl, UVi fig. 1) 2, 


3. Buccina Roftrata, vel cum roftro lon- 
gifimo. Beaked Whelks, or thofé which 
have a very lengthened beak ; as the Crane, 
Spindle, Purpurea; &c; PILIV. fig. 4; 5. 
Pl, \" fig. 63 


4. Buccina Umbilicata. Umibilicated 
Whelks; of fuch as have an umbilicus of 
perpendicular hollow, or navel, afide the 
columella of pillar-lip, on the firt or body 
whirl, Pl. IV. fig. 6. 


5. Buccina Columella dentata, vel pli- 
cata. Whelks with a wrinkled, ot pleated 
pillars In thefe the Columella or Pillar- 
lip is wrinkled, ridged, or wrought with 
pleats. PILIV. fig: 3: 


i's 2 6. Strombi; 


a2 CONCHOLOGY. 


- 6 Strombi, or Needles, are Buccina 
with a very long and taper clavicle or 
turban, and a wry-mouth turning on the 


back, in fome fpecies of fuch length as _ 
to be like a fpur. Pl. IV. fig. 7, 


Genus 1. Buccina Canaliculata, or gut- 
tered Whelks ; becaufe the top of the 
mouth prolongs itfelf fomewhat into a near 
ftrait cylindric gutter, and the inner or 
columella-lip is always extremely fmooth. 
Pl. I. fig. 3, 4, §, acommon Whelk, 


The fpecies of this genus are very nu- 
merous. The,varieties of work and fhape, 
which are only fubordinate charatters, 
are amazing. 


The rank thefe guttered. Buccma, . or 
Whelks, hold in fyftematical authors, 1s 
ds follows: Lifter’s fection xiv. of his 
Book IV. is, for the greater part, of this 
genus. -Gualtiert places thofe with fhort 
clavicles or turbans, Tab. 26, among what 

4 he 


rer ren kop 
the calls Cochiez pyriformes; and thofe 
with produced turbans, tab. 43, he calls 
Buccina. Davila makes them the third oe- 
nus of Buccina, which he calls Buccina * 
whofe mouths terminate in a fhort tail, 
Linnzus ftrangely intermixes them among 
his feveral feGtions; and the other authors 
place them indifferently, and only as Buc- 
cina. 


Genus 2. Buccina recurviroftra five pla- 
gioftoma, Buccina oris apice quafi abfciflo, 
roftro vel Canaliculo parvulo recurvo, & 
extror{um porrecto. Wry-mouthed Whelks. 
The top of the mouth of this genus is 
not prolonged or extended forward, but 
has anotch or crooked gutter, which turns 
outwards on the back, and exaétly refem- 
bles the mouth of a fole or other flat fith. 
PLIV. fig, 1, the furbelow, and fig, 2, the 


Grimace, 
¥ Buccins, a bouche garnie d’une queue peu longue, 


rig The 


24 CONCHOLOGY. 


The fpecies of this genus are very nu» 
merous; and the varieties of their fhapes 
and: works are vaftly diverfified. 


I donot find that any authors, except Lif+ 
ter and Davila, have made a feparate genus 
of thefe Whelks, folely on account of this 
character. Lifter ranges moft of them 1n 
fect. xv. af lib. iv. and calls them Whelks* 
whofe tops are fhort, or do not extend be- 
yond the mouth. Davila makes them his 
fecond genus, which he calls Whelks + 
with a notched mouth without any beak. 


The third genus of Buccina I make ta 
be thofe with a very long and extended 
beak, (Buccina longiroftra), fuch as the 
Purpure +, Tower of Babel, Crane, and 
/® Buccina qua roftrum breve oris hiatum non ex- 
cedens. aque. 

. + Buccins a bouche échanerée, depourvue de 


queue. 


{ The Purpure are Bcbeily to be placed with thefe 
Buccina longiroftra, and not form a diftin& genus, 
for the diftinétions between them are not built on 
real or decifive characters. | 


‘Oye sC+T 1 ON’ X. 215 


others. PI. IV.. fig. 4, the Crane, and 
fig, 5, the Thorny Woodcock. 


I do not meet with any author except 
Davila who agrees with this genus, and 
he makes them his fourth genus, which 
he calls Buccina.*, whofe mouths are fure 
nifhed with a very long tail or beak. 


The Purpure prey on other Shell fith, 
and for that purpofe bore a round hole in 
the fhells of the fifth they feed upon, by 
_ pafling their tongue, which is hard, boney, 
long, and fharp, through the hole it bores. 
This practice of the animal was obferved by 
the antient naturalifts; Ariftotle de Part. 
Animal. 1. ii. c. 17. verfus finem; and 
Plinii Hift. Nat. 1. ix. c. 36. The latter 
fays, the tongue of the Purpura is a fin- 
gers length, by which it preys in boring 
or perforating other Shells, it is of fuch 
hardnefs. However, I cannot conceive 


* Buccins a bouche garnie d’une Jongue queue. 


P 4 mf that 


26. CONCHOLOGY. 


that the animal, properly {peaking, can 
bore or perforate Shells, as it would ims 
ply a motion of turning brifkly backwards 
and forwards, of on an axis or point, mo- 
tions it cannot well be capable of. Per-: 
haps therefore it may perform this action 
of perforating other Shells by virtue of 
fome menftruum it emits through the 
tongue, whereby it foftens or corrodes 
the other fhell, and then digs out the 
corroded fubfiance with the beak, and all 
this without any verlatile or other ftrong. 
motion ®, 


* I fufpee 6, doftrine contained in this article, 
To make this hole i it is not neceffary that the fifh fhould 
have a rotatory motion $ that 1S, that, like a wheel, 
the tongue fhould always move circularly the fame 
way. It is fufficient that it turns brifkly backwards 
and forwards. And, if the holes, which are imoit 
commonly found in fome fpecies of the Chama, and 
the Screw Shells Pare otatly are examined with a 
eiafs, they will be found to be fo finely, ‘circular, 
that it is impoffible’ to conceive any menfirunm 
fhonid ad apy it 1 fo reoular a manner. 


m Further, 


pRciraeAR” x, te 


Lifter has feyeral Shells he calls Purpu- 
re, but thefe more efpecially are his Buc- 
cina Ampullacea. Rumphius and Linnzus 
place them among the.Murices, Gualtieri 
calls them uPrpure. Argenville makes 
his thirteenth family Purpure, but gives 
no definition for them: and Davila fol- 
lows him, except that it is his eighth fa- 
mily, and that he forms two genera of 


racterized, . 


The Purpure have obtained that name 
from the purple juice or dye the fith yielded, 


Further, I do not apprehend the Purpura extracts its 
food by this hole, It is done with a view, either to 
force the animal out of its Shell, or to kill it, that it 
may devour it at leifure. There feems to be a wife 
choice in that part fixed upon. It is in fuch a part of 
the Screw Shell that the animal cannot crowd itfelf be- 
jow the perforation, and efcape the piercer: fo like- 
wife in the Chamez and other Shells there is not the 
featt reafon to apprehend 2 menftraum, 


which 


28 CONCHOLOGYY. 


which is fo famous in hiftory by the name 
of the Tyrian purple; becaufe it is imagi- 
gined, that a Shell of this kind was firft 
difcovered to afford it: but indeed moft 
turbinated Shells yield a like purple liquor. 


This family of Buccina longiroftra con- 


tains many fpecies very rare and curious. © 


Genus 4. Buccina umbilicata. _Umbi- 
licated Whelks, or thofe that have a per- 
pendicular hollow or navel afide. the colu- 
mella or pillar-lip, on the firft or body 
whirl. PIL1V. fig.6, the Joppa Whelk.. 


This is the pofitive charaéter of the 
genus; and all Buccina or Whelks that. 
have a hollow or navel rank under it, whe- 


ther guttered, wry-mouthed, or beaked, &c, 


There are very few fpecies of this 
genus. 


I do not find any author who has formed 
a genus from this fecond character, {fo 
| | that 


SECTION. X. 219 


that the Shells herein ranked are difperfed 
among their other Buccina. 


Genus 5. Buccina columella dentata vel 
plicata. Whelks with a wrinkled or pleated 
pillar. The Shells of this genus have the 
inner or pillar-lip wrought with one or 
more high or prominent tranf{verfe ridges 
or pleats. PI. IV. fig. 3, the Tiara or Pas 
pal Crown. 


Thefe tranverfe prominent ridgesor pleats 
on the inner or pillar-lip, are the ftandard 
character of this genus; for all Whelks, 
whether beaked, guttered, &c. if the pil- 
lar is thus pleated, range herein;: and 
there are of all kinds with this character. 


However, it 1s very proper to obferve, 
that it is only the Whelks whofe pillars 
are pleated, that are to be arranged in this 
genus; for there are other families of 
Shells, as the Perfian Conques, the Mu- 
-yices or Rocks, &c. which have their inner 
or pillar-lip wrinkled or pleated in the 

| | oe fame 


20 CONCHOL OGY, 
fame manner. 'Thofe are to be placed in 


their refpective families, and not here folely 
on that account. 


Lifter and Linnzeus are the only authors 
who have ranged any Shells by this fubor- 
dinate character. It is Lifter’s feGtion xi. 
of lib. IV. Buccina columella dentata: | 
but he has not only arranged the Buccina - 
therein, but likewife all other Shells whofe ' 
pillars are pleated. 


Linnzeus has done the fame; and from 
this fingle character of columella pheata, 
he has formed the genus he calls Voluta; 
in which not only Buccina are included, 
but alfo Olives, fome Murices or Rocks, 
the Perfian Crowns, Midas’s Ear, and 
“other Shells of different families, eo 
mell, or confutedly intermixed, 


. The fixth and laft genus includes the 
Strombi, or Buccina with an exceeding 
Jong and very taper clavicle or turban, 


They 


“SECTION Xx. 225 


They have a wry-mouth exaétly the fame 
as the fecond genus, which fometimes 
extends or turns fo far on the back, as to 
be ikea fpur. Pl. 1V. fig. 7, a Strombus. 


All Shells fo prodigioufly tapering and 
long have been generally held as a parti- 
cular family, by the name of Strombi, or 
Needles, only on account of their taper 
fhape, and without regard to the contour 
of their mouth. However, I have fol- 
lowed Lifter, and only placed thofe Shells 
here which have a wry-mouth like the fe- 
cond genus; for all thofe that have a per- 
-fe&-round mouth, I have already rankéd 
among the Snails, by the name of Coch- 
lee Strombiformes. 


Litters whom, as abovefaid, I follow, 
calls them Whelks with an extreme length- 
ened and tapering turban: however, he 
has erroneoufly placed them among the 
Whelks with a pleated paler, Lib. IV, 
Sect, Xi. Caw, 35- 


Gualtiert 


222 CONCHOLOGY. 


Gualtieri has arranged all the taper 
Shells together, both round-mouthed 
and thefe, in his Part III. Clafs 5. and 
calls them Turbo, or Cochlee with a 
fmall mouth, and remarkable lengthened : 
or taper body. The French authors Ar- 
genville and Davila call them all, Turbo 
and Strombus (La Vis or Screws); and 
Rumphius likewife calls them Strombus. 


Lifter, on what account I cannot di« 
vine, has called the Olives, Rhombi or 
Strombi; but the great Linnzus has beer 
pleafed to change the eftablithed name of 
Strombus, always ufed for thefe taper 
Shells, to others of a quite different form 
for his Strombi, except fome few, are 
winged Shells or Alate. I have in ano- 
ther place taken notice of that celebrated — 
author’s licentioufnefs in changing and 
tranfpofing long-eftablifhed names, which 
J hold is very blameable. 


The 


The genus of Strombi is bresey nu- 
merous. 


T have now finithed with the Buccina or 


— Whelks, known recent or living from 


fea. I therefore proceed to mention fome 


foffil kinds, hitherto undifcovered in their 
living ftate. 


Firft, the Buccinum heteroftrophum, or 
other handed Whelk; becaufe the whirls 
and mouth lie to the right hand -inftead 
of the left; which is the moft general 
manner of turbinated Shells. This fpe- 
cies belongs to the firft genus, and is found 
in great plenty, in the foffil ftate, in the 

counties of Effex and Suffolk. However, 
it is faid, a recent thell of this {pecies was 
lately purchafed for a noble colle&tion, 


Another foffil Buccinum from France, 
and Hampfhire, a {pecies of the fifth ge- 
nus, or with a wrinkled or pleated pillar, 
yet unknown recent. Brander’s Foff. Han- 


ton.’ fig. 45. The 


24 CONCHOLOGY. 


The Murices conftitute my Sixteenth 
family. As they confift of many Shells 
that have very different fubordinate cha- 
racters, I fhall form different genera of 
them ;_ but the fixed or effential character 
of the family, is an oblong and equally 
narrow mouth length ways, (Apertura fub- 
linearis) which runs into a fhort gutter at 
top. Moft authors have added another 
character, that is, of always being thor- | 
ny or {piked, bumped, or otherwife rough 
all over the furface, like the fpikes or 
afperities of rugged rocks, from which it 
has obtained the Latin name of Murex, 
the Englith one of rocks, and the French 
name of Rochers: however, I cannot al- 
low this character to be a fixed or effential 
one. 


I fhall fubdivide the family of Murices 
or Rocks into four genera, viz. 


Genus 


SOE OPKON ¥.+ dey 


Genus 1. Murex, Rocks, or thofe Shells 
that have a long and equally narrow mouth, 
(apertura fublinearis) and are externally 
- ery waged. Pl. Ve fig. ©, aDevil. 


Genus 2. Rhombi, whofe fubordinate 
character is, that their thape or contour 


is rhombic. PI. V. fig. 2. 


Genus 3. Alate, or winged Shells, whofe 
lips extend juto a large flap or wing. PI.V. 


fig. I. 


Genus 4. Aporrhaide, or winged Shells, | 
whofe flaps or wings are bordered with 
large {pikes or procefles, like fingers, as 
tie Sudesedic. Pld. fig. 6:7. .% 


Jt is needlefs to mention here the rank 
my feveral genera of Murices bear to other 
fyftems, for they are placed by moft au- 
thors ina family called Murex, or among 

Q Buccina 


226 Ci, POSH OD G Gy. 


Buccina, wing particulars excepted, which 


I thall fpecify. 


T now sibecebe regularly on each ge. 
nus, VIZ. 


- Genus 1. Murex or Rocks. Shelis whofe 
mouth is oblong, narrow, and ends gutter 
wite at top ; the clavicle or turban generally 
fhort or near flat, and the pillar is wrinkled 
- or pleated. They are moft commonly very 
thick Shells;: and extremely rugged and 
rough on the outfide, from their * being 
wrought with bumps, prongs, foliated, 
and other works. Pl. Ve figs 12 

This genus is pretty numerous, and 
fome of the fpecies are vaftly large and 
heavy. 


Genus 2. Rhombi. Shells whofe fub- 
ordinate charaGter is to have always a 
rhombic fhape or contour, from which 
particular alone, as it carries an idea of 


w A. '  ghe 


Se Cc. TEOUIN XxX. aay 


the fubjects propofed, I have allotted them 
the ndme of Rhombi. Pl. V. fig. 2. 


In the elder authors we find a fet of 
Shells called Rhombi,: feemingly a meer 
fantaftic name without meaning or appli- 
cation. Thus Columna makes Rhombus, 
Turbo, Strombus, and Trochus, all fyno- 
hymous terms. Lifter, as I have obferved 
- before, calls the Volutes and Olives, Rhom- 
- bi, or Strombi; and Sibbald, _Wood- 
- ward, &c: do the fame ;_ but in the later 
or modern authors, we feldom fee the 
name of Rhombus ufed. This confufion 
apparently arifes from the double mean- 
ing of the Latin word Rbombus, which not 
only fignifies a lozange or rhombic figure, 
but alfo a reel, a {pinning-wheel, a whirl, 
or other rolling inftrument ; and it is from 
this laft fimilitude the Olives and fuch- 
like Shells have been called Rhombi by 
the elder authors, and not from a lozange 
or rhombic figure, as fome have erroneoufly 
imagined, | 


Q2 However, 


18 CO WOH OL OGY 


However, I declare my appellation for 
thefe Shells is from their rhombic or lo- 
zange fhape: for if one of this genus be 
laid down, or held, and its contour traced, 
the refult will be the figure of a Rhomb or 
Lozange. This figure proceeds from the 
clavicle or turban, which is generally fi- 
tuated about the middle of the Shell, 
running out into very fharp or acute an- 
gles with the top and bottom, and there- 
by the whole Shell fairly exhibits a rhom- 
bic fhape, or contour. 


There is fome reafon to furmife, that 
many of thefe Shells are only growths of 
the next genus, or winged Shells. How- 
ever, as it is not the cafe of all of them, 
and that they all now wear this defcribed 
- appearance, I imagine it is neceflary to 
form this genus. 


This genus is not numerous, but con- 
tains pretty Shells; and fome kinds are 


very large and heavy. ie 


"g E.C age ON X. 229 


There is a very elegant foffil fpecies of 
Rhombus, yet undiicovered recent from 
fea, foundin France and in Hordell cliffs 
in. Hampfhire. It is curioufly figured in 
Brander’s Fofhlia Hantonienfia. p. 31. 
Pl. V. fig. 64 4 68. 


The third genus is the Alate or wing- 
ed Rocks ; for foI name them in com- 
mon with moft authors, from their lip 
being greatly extended, or expanded out- 
wards, like a flap or wing. Pl. V. fig. 1. 


Some few kinds have the flap or wing 
quite fimple, or with the edges even; but | 
the greater part of thefe, as alfo of the 
next genus or Aporrhais, have always to- 
wards, or a little afide of the very top of 
the mouth, a broad hollowed finus, which 
I call the $coop, from which particular 
Lifter calls them Purpure feu Buccina Bi- 
linguia, and claffes them Section XII. of 
Lib. iv. Rumphius and Meufchen make 

Q 3 a diftint 


330 CONCHOLOGY. 


a diftinét genus of them, they call Alata, 
Davila ranks thefe by themfelves in the 
third genus of his Murices, by the name 
of fimple or not-pronged winged Shells ; 
and Linnzus ranks all the winged Shells 
together in his genus of Strombus. 


This genus is numerous, and contains 
many fine or beautiful {pecies. 


An elegant and large foffil kind of this 
genus, not yet difcovered living or from 
~{ea, is found in Hordell cliffs ‘in Hamp- 
fhire; which is accurately figured in, Bran- 
der’s Foffilia hh Sl Pp. 34. Pi. Vi. 
fig Pah a 

‘The fourth and laft genus of Murices 
“or Rocks, is the Aporrhais, or winged Shells 
whofe edges are fet with ftrong or valid 
“prongs or fingers + eas the Spider Sy Devils 
coal é&c. Pi. I. «cath iki eels Ia 


(Boveild alae khele his fourth genus of 
Maes. phish he Gpils winged Murices 


wit th 


SEO. TTI Og Xi 2.214 


with prongs or fingers ; but all the other 
authors have intermixed them with the 
foregoing genus. 


The fpecies are few, but they are fine 
Shells. | 


I have now gone through the firft gene= 
ral divifion of Shells, or Univalves. This 
divifion is the moft numerous of the tefta- 
ceous animals ; for I do not hefitate to 
pronounce, that the: fpecies of Univalves 
furpafs, by great numbers, the two other 
general divifions of Bivalves and Multi- 
valves joined together. In this divifion of 
Univalves the wonderful works of the crea- 
tion are alfo manifefted by the immenfity 
of beauties in their colours and ftructures. — 
On this account it is that Univalves are 
the choiceft objets of colle€tors, and bear 
more value than Bivalves or Multivalves ; 
for few of the latter ever fetch above five 
or fix guineas, while numbers of the Vo- 
lutes and other Univalves bear to ten, twen- 

ty, or thirty guineas, and even greater prices. 


‘5% Q4 SECTION 


232 CO NCHOLOGY, 


LRLRAS 


SEQ TION XI 


& AM now come to thé fecond divifion 

of Shells or Bivalves ; that is, double 
Shells, or compofed of two pieces or parts, 
which, by means of proper connexion by 
hinges, play on each other, fo as to open, 
fhut; and perform all other functions ne- 
ceflary to the ceconomy or ways of life of 
the animals included in them, or whofe 
habitations they are. 


In relation to the fifth or animals, I have 
already given fome little account ; nor fhall 
I further trouble my readers on the fub- 
jet, as my fyftem or method is built only 
on the habitations or Shells, and not on 
the animals, or any of their parts. 


This divifion of Bivalves may be arranged — 
into three general parts, to Wit, 


Part 


SECTION Xt. 2.33 


Part 1. Shells that have unequal valves 
and fhut clofe ; as the Efcallops, Oyfters, 
Anomiz, &c. 


Part 2. Shells that have equal valves and 
fut ‘clofe:; as the Cockles;. Tellens, 
Muticles, &c. and ae 


Part 3. Shells with valves that never 
fhut clofe, but are always open or gaping 
in fome part; as the Tridacne, Bafon 
Conques, or Bears Paws, the Chama, Pin- 
nee, and Solenes, &c. 


Under thefe three arrangements all the 
Bivalves yet known may be ranked. 


Thefe three arrangements are general 
ones; but, as I have already obferved, thé 
chief or effential charagter of Bivalves’ is 
their cardo, or hinge: it is that charac- 
ter I hold as the principal one of the fyf- 
tem, and therefore by that character alone 
I fhall rank the families. 


But, 


234 CONCHOLOGY. 


But, before I proceed on my fvftem, I 
think it neceflary to give a compendious 
view of the arrangements of Bivalves hi- 
therto fet forth by the feveral fy{tematical 
authors, in like manner as I did before. 
with refpect to the Univalves, 


Lifter begins his hiftory of the fea Shells 
with ‘the Bivalves, which he divides into 
two paris, and into twelve families, viz. 
Part I. is of thofe with unequal valves, and 
contains three families, as 1.the Efcallops. 
2. the Oyfters, and, 3. the Spondyles. His 
fecond part is of the Bivalves with equal. 
valves. ; this contains the other nine fami- 
lies, and are 4. the Margaritifere. 5. Ma- 
‘ny-toothed Cockles. 6. Toothed Cockles 
in many feCtions and chapters. 7. Mutfcles, 
8. Pinne. 9g. Tellens. 10. Solenes. 16, 
Chame ; and 12. Chama Pholas, 


Lifter, in his arrangement, has great 
regard to the character of the hinge, though 
re does not entirely build upon it. 


His 


SECTION XI. 235 

His above method wants corre€tion in 
his third family, or Margaritifere: in 
his feventh family, his placing the Noah’s 
Arks or boats, as Mufcles: in his ninth fa- 
mily of Tellens, which is not truly defined ; 
and, laftly, in his making two families of 
the Chama and Chama Pholas, which in 
reality have no pofitive character to diftin- 


guifh them, 


Dr. Grew, in his Mufeum Regalis 
Societatis, p. 153, gives, as his feventh 
{cheme of Shells that of the Bivalves and 
Multivalves ; but it is fo confufed and 
puzzling as to be ufelefs: however, his 
two chief divifions of Bivalves are into 
inarticulate and articulate hinges. 


Breynius’s fcheme of Bivalves is very 
jejune and ufelefs, 


Argenville is the next fyftematift: he 
divides all his Bivalves into fix families, 
viz. 1, The Oyfters, 2. Chamz. 3. Mufcles, 

| Tellens, 


236 CONCHOLOGY. 


Tellens, and Pinnaz. 4. Cordiformes, or 
Cockles. 5. the Efcallops ; and the fixth 
and laft family are the Solens. 


This author’s method is entirely arbi- 
trary and very faulty; nor does he cha- 
racterife a fingle family "y the cardo or 
or 


Beaiied forms his method from thofe | 
whofe valves and fides are equal or fimilar ; 
which is his firft elafs. His fecond clafs 
confifts of thofe whofe valves are equal, and 
their fides unequal or diffimilar: and his 
third clafs is of Shells with unequal valves. 
By this arrangement he rejects the hinges 
as characters, and mixes all the families 
together, folely on account of their fimi- 
lar or diffimilar fides, &c. fo that it is im- 
poffible to collate his method with mine, 
in fuch manner as to be of. any utility to 
the reader. 


The 


+ SEC TIGN Xt 


The method of Mr. Tournefort, which 
this author gives, divides all bivalves into 
two parts. Firft, Such as fhut clofe all 
round ; and, fecond, fuch as are always 
open or gaping in fome part. This di- 
vifion, though good, 1s incomplete, and 
his families and genera are very arbitrary. 


Linnezus offers next. This celebrated 
naturalift divides all Bivalves tnto fourteen 
families, which he charatterifes by their 
hinges in a very accurate manner; and 
his method feems to be the moft perfec 
yet publifhed. As I fhall have occafion to 
recite this author’s genera in collation with 
my own, | will enlarge no farther at pre- 
fent on his arrangements. 


Mr. Davila forms fix families of Bi- 
valves, viz. 1. Oyfters. 2. Efcallops. 3. 
Chama. 4. Heart Cockles. 5. Tellens, and 
6. Mufcles : but all is very arbitrary and — 


confufed. 


Mr. 


28 CONCHOLOGY. 


Mr. Meufchen makes eleven Ene! | 
to wit, 1. Mufcles. 2. Eicallops. 3 . Oyfters. 
4. Arks. 5. Spondyles. 6. Cakes. 7. Ba- 
fons. 8. Hearts. 9. Chame. 10. Tellens; 
and 11. Solens. Moft of thefe are mif- 
placed, and fome are unneceffary ; but it 
is impoffible to make further remarks of 
him, as his method is a meer fheet table 
without any explanations. 


~ Ido not make any mention of Buonanni, 
Rumphius, Seba, and feveral others, as 
they give no methodical arrangements of 
Bivalves. | 


However, there yet remains an author 
who merits particular notice, though noe 
a profefied Conchologift. It is Dr.. Wood- 
ward I mean. ‘The Doétor, in his cata- 
logues of foffils, has given a very good 

method of Bivalves on the character of 
the hinges, and alfo on the form: but his 
dyftem of Univalves is very faulty and 

imperfect. 


SECTION XI. “239 
imperfe&, Dr. Woodward arranges all Bi- 
valves in the following manner, Part I. 
Eared Shells, as 1. the Efcallops. 2. the 
Spondyles ; and, 3. the Margaritifera:, 
Part II. Shells not eared, and with un- 
equal valves, as 4. the Oyfters; and, 5s. 
the Anomiz. Part HI. Not eared, with 
equal valves, as 6. the Cockles. 7. the 
Cunei and Tellens ; and, 8. the Mufcles: 
and thofe Shells which are always open or 
gaping in fome part, he ranks, 9. the So- 
lens ; 10. the Chame; and 11. the Pinnez. 


I have now fet forth the fyftems of the 
authors known to me, to fhew how far they 

are perfect or erroneous; but I fhall re- 
* tmark, that all of them, except Wood- 
— ward and Linneus, feem no wife fcientifical, 
but arbitrary and confufed. 


Before I begin to detail my fyftem, I 
_ think it very neceffary to fettle the tech- 
nical terms or names for the parts of Bi- 
valves, ufeful for making their defcriptions 

intelligible 


‘240 CONCHOLOGY. 
‘intelligible and eafy, as alfo decent; for I 
hold in great deteftation the obfcene terms 


made ufe of by the Linnean School. Syft. 
Nat. p.. 106g, 1070, &c. 


The terms or names ate as follow: 


1. The fummit ( Apex) is the part where- 
on the teeth, joints, or properly the 
hinges are placed. Pl. VII. fig. 1. @ a. 


2. The beaks (Umbones) are the peaked ends 
of the Shell, which moft generally ftand 
behind the /wmmut, or that part which an- 
fwers to it. Pl. VIL fig. 1, 2, 3. 6568. » 


3. The margins or borders (margines) 
are the edges or contour of the Shell, pro- 
duced from the beak or hinge on either 


fide. Pl. VII. fig. 1. cece. 


4. The furfaces, (fuperficies) concavitas 
& convexitas Concharum ; the convex 
exprefies the exterior or convex fide of the 
Shells, and the concave, the infide. 


7 - Sadtbe 


See FY ON “XI. 24t 


5. The length of a Bivalve is from the 
beak or hinge to the very oppofite ex- 
tren, FIZVIl. fiov ry 8. a d. 


6. The breadth is from fide to fide. 
PROVil. ig. 17:8. 2 ¢, 


7. The margins or borders are faid to 
be fimilar*, if equally produced or ex- 
tended from the fummit, or of equal length; 
PI. VI. fig. 5, 3, 10, 113 and difimilar, if 
unequal or more extended on one fide than 
on the other. Pl. VI. fig. 2, 4, 5, 6, and 
8. Pl. VII. fig. 1, 5, 10, 11, and 12. 


8. The Hinge (Cardo), ftritly {peak- 
ing, is the very part that connets the 


* Conche equilatere funt Conch ex utroque car- 
dinis latere equaliter effufz. 


Conche inzquilatere funt Conchz ex utroque car~ 
dinis latere inequaliter effufe. 


R, two 


242, CON CHO L OG ¥. 


two valves together, that is to fay, the 
teeth or joints on which they play in the 
actions of opening and fhutting. Pl. I. 
fig. 13, 14, and 15. Pl. VI. fig. 1, 2, 3, 
4, 4- 43,0. PVG R nes. 11, and oe 


g. A hinge is inarticulate when not fer 
with any vifible joints or teeth. Pl. I. fig. 
Bly. Vides figs. 25) 3-vk }) VIL. fig,.9, and age 
Articulate when fet with fome few. Pl. I. 
fig. 14. Pl. VI. fig. 4. a. 11. 6. Pl. VII. 
fig. r,and 5. Multarticulate, when fet with 
many or a large number. PII. fig. 15. 
Pl. VI, fig. 6 andg. Pl. VII. fig. 13. 


10. The furrow, (Sulcus canaliculus ) is 
the gutter or furrow, when the Shells are 
clofed that runs along parallel to the 
hinge. | 


11. The flopes, (Declivitas) are the places 
which flope or flant from the beak down 
the fides, and generally are flightly flatted, 
fhallow, or concaye. PJ. VII. fig. 2, 3. 


SSS: Mis 


Src iON” XI.” aa 


Me 


The fent (Rima) is the opening of the 
Shells on the flopes. 


The cartilage (Cartilago) joins the valves 
together at the furrow and at the flopes. 


12. The flat (planities, latus complana- 
tum) is that fide of thofe Shells that is 
flat; as the flats of the Heart Cockles, 
Bears Paws, &c. Pl. VI. fig. 5, 8, and 12. 
Pl. VII. fig. 4 and ro. 


I fhall here repeat the obfervation made 
at the end of the Univalves, which is, 
that the fpecies of Bivalves are very few 
when compared to the immenfe numbers of 
{pecies of Univalves ; nor are they com- 
parable to them for beauty : and, further, 
that there are no land Bivalves, and few 
of frefh water ; whereas the fpecies of Land 
Univalves are extremely numerous, and 
many kinds alfo occur in frefh waters. » 


Now to my method or fyftem. 


R2 SECTION 


24. CBN CH.O.L.O.G.Y. 


PE See 
9 CT 10 N.. XI 


Division IJ]. BIvALveEs. 


ART I. Shells that have unequal 
valves, and fhut clofe. 


Family 1. Pectens or Efcallops. Though 
fome fpecies of this family have equal 
valves, yet, as the far greater number 
have unequal valves, to wit, a flat and a 
concave, I range them under this part. 
The fame particular likewife occurs in the 
families of the Spondyles and Oyfters. 


The head or effential character of the 
Efcallop family, isa trigonal finus. PI. 
VI. fig. 1. a. and an elaftic cartilage for 
its hinge in the very center of the top of 
the Shell. 


The 


See Tron Xi,” gee 


The fubordinate charaters of Efcallops 
are being eared ; indeed moft authors have 
injudicioufly made it the chief charater, 
whereas there are other eared Shells be- 
fides Efcallops, as the Spondyles, Marga- 
ritiferee, &c. and, wice verfa, there may 
be Efcallops without ears. The other 
{ubordinate character is to have the top 
run into a perfect {trait line, and thence 
gradually widen to a round bottom. 


The fpecies are numerous, fome where- 
of are very curious and of great beauty, 
as the Ducal Mantle. Pl. VI. fig. 1. the 
Compafs or Sole, the Duck's Foot or Coral, 
Efcallop, &c. 


It is worthy remark, that the colours of 
the under Shells of Efcallops are always 
fainter than the colours of the upper Shells, 
and fometimes the valves are differently 
coloured, as the Compa/fs or Sole, which 
| R3 has 


246 CONCHOLOGY. 


has one valve of a chefnut brown, the 
other valve milk white. 


Moft authors rank thefe Shells as a parti- 
cular family, and call them Pectens. 
Gualtieri makes different genera of thofe 
with equal, and thofe with unequal valves; 
the former he calls Pe&ten, the latter Con- 
cha Pedtinata ; and the Efcallops with un- 
equal or fingle Ears he calls Pectuncult : 
Linneus makes them a genus of Oytters, 
and has accordingly arranged them with, 
and by the names of Oyfters in his 313th 


Tenus. 


It is faid, that Efcallops will move fo 
{firongly as fometimes to leap out of the 
catcher wherein they are taken way: their 
of leaping, or raifing themfelves up, is by 
forcing their under valve again{t the body 
whereon they lie. 


The 


SeeTron am’ 3 


The chief kinds of foffil Efcallops yet 
undifcovered, recent or living from fea, are 
as follow. 


Firft, Size of the common Oyfter, with 
jarge but unequal ears, of a perfectly round 
contour ; the iurtace tranfverfly thick fet 
with prominent fharp thin ridges, like 
plates. The valves are equal. Thefe are 
found very frequently in the quarries at 
Thame in Oxfordfhire. 


A fecond kind very elegant, about double 
the fize of a Cockle, the valves unequal, 
one being quite flat, thé other exceeding 
concave. It is thickly ridged length-ways 
with many common ridges and interme- 
diate ones, that are very prominent or 
high, andthe furrows are broad and deep. 
It is found in the quarries of Dorfetfhire, 
Wiltthire, and the adjacent counties, as 
alfo fometimes in the chalk-pits of Kent 
and Surrey. 


R4 The 


248, CON CHOL OG Y. 


( 


The fecond family is the Spondyli. The 
Spondyles are moft generally eared Shells 
with unequal valves, rude or uncouth in 
fhape, partaking of the ruggednefs of the 
Oyfter with fomewhat of the Efcallop 
form, fo as to feem a medium between the 
two families. However, the Spondyles 
like the Efcallops, have fome fpecies with 
equal valves, and without ears, 


The head character is the hinge, which» 
in the upper Shell confifts of a triangu- 
Jar hollow and cartilage, like the Efcal- 
lop, in the very center, on each fide of 
which is a large deep cavity, and a very 
large thick and prominent tooth or joint 
lies on each fide of the cavity. Pl. VI. 


ee gee, 


The fummit and beak of the under valve 
is alfo extremely thick and ftrong, and ex- 
tends from the hinge outwards into a broad 
triangular flope or flat. 

| — Some 


SHC TPON! Xu. 2x9 


Some kinds of Spondyles are thickly and 
curioufly fet with long thorns or {pikes ; 
thefe are generally, and very erroneoufly, 
called Thorny Oy/fters, and, when perfed, 
are greatly valued. Pl. VIL fig. 4. 


This family 1s not very numerous in its 
{pecies. 


Lifter, Woodward, Gualtieri, Linnzus, 
and Meufchen, all rank them asa particular 
genus, by the name of Spondylus ; but 
Rumphius, Argenville, Seba, and Davila, 
rank them very erroneoufly as Oytfters. 


The third family is the Oftreum or 
Oyfter. The Oyfters have unequal valves, 
though there are fome fpecies that have 
equal valves, but none are eared. ‘The 
hinge of this family has not any teeth, 
but confifts of one large inarticulate gut- 
ter running the length of the top of the 
Shell, in both Shells alike, and is covered 

and 


2co CONCHOLOGY. 


and filled with a ftrong cartilage, as in 
Pl. VI. fig. 2. 4. 


The fpecies of this family are very nu- 
merous; fome are curious though not 
beautiful, and bear a large price, as the 
Hammer Oyfier, the Cock/combs, &c. 


This family is ranked as a diftinét one 
by all authors, but with many additions 
or omiflions: as for example, Linnzus 
tanks the Efcallops with them, and Ar- 
genville, and others the Spondyles, while 
Lifter ranks the Hammer Oyfter, and fome 
others, as. E{callops. 


The foffil Oyfters yet undifcovered re- 
cent or living from fea are very many ; 
the chief of them are the Gryphyte of 
foflilogifts, of which there are feveral {pe 
cies ; anda very large flat kind with equal 
valves, found in Shotover and Heddington 


quarries in Oxfordfhire, PI. VI, fig. 2, 


The 


SECTION XIL, a5 


The fourth and laft family of Shells 
with unequal valves and that fhut clofe, 
is the Anomiz. | 


This family has long been known foffil, 
and contains a great number of fpecies, all 
of which, except three or four, remain 
yet undifcovered recent or living from fea; 
and even thefe few known are difcoveries 
made within thefe twenty years paft. 


Columna firft mentioned fome foffil {pe- 
cies, and he being convinced that all foflil 
Shells were real exuviee or {poils of ani- 
mals, and not finding thefe defcribed or 
noticed by Conchologifts as Shells, called 
them Conche rariores Anomiz; which 
word Anomia has fince been fo generally 
ufed for them, that it is now become the 
univerfal and eftablithed name of the fa- 
mily, | | 


Columna 


a5z CONCH OL-OG Y. 


Columna defcribed and figured fome 
foifil kinds, Lifter has alfo figured feveral 
in his Appendix de Conchitis to his Hifto- 
ria Conchyliorum ; but no recent kind be- 
ing difcovered fo early, is the reafon that 
neither he, Buonanni, Rumphius, or other 
early authors, have taken any notice of 
them. 


Woodward was the firft who arranged 
the Anomiz from the foffil Shells. He 
kept the eftablifhed name, and ranked 
them with the Shells of unequal valves, 
and not eared; and further defined them to 
have both valves convex, and one of them 
beaked. He then arranged them into 
{mooth, ftriated, and fulcated, each of which 
articles has feveral neceflary fubdivifions, 


Woodward had only fofil Shells to in- 
fpect, confequently could not accurately 
define their peculiar interior ftru€ture, or 
their hinge; his definition however is » 


very 


SEC LOrvN «XU. | 2a 


very juft, except that he makes both 
Shells convex, which is not fo in feveral 
{pecies. 


Gualtieri, who figures three recent kinds, 
Pl. XCVI. has made a particular genus 
for them, and calls it Terebratula. He 
defines them, very erroneoufly, as Shells 
with equal valves, and diffimilar fides, of 
a peculiar ftructure, for inftead of a beak 
it has a perforation, and alfo has a very 
fingular articulation or connexion within- 
fide. The faid author’s figures are very 
good. 


Linnzus, who has enjoyed the difco- 
veries of the recent or living Shells, has 
made them his genus 314 Anomiez. He has 
mixed the recent with the foffil kinds, and 
defines them to be Shells with unequal 
valves, one valve being flattifh, the other 
convex, the beak perforated, and the hinge 
inarticulate or toothlefs. 


How- 


agg CONC HO LOGY, 


However, he has much confufed his ge 
nus and the fpecies ; for he propofes the 
Gryphites, which, by all its characters, 
is a true Oyfter, and the pellucid or glafs 
Chinefe Oyfter, improperly fo called, as 
{pecies of Anomiz ; uit many other 
inaccuracies, 


As for Argenville, he figures the recent 
Anomia levis very badly, and without 
any further. refletion, places it among 
his Heart Cockles; but, in his additio- 
nal plates of the fecond edition, he gives a 
very good figure of the fmooth kind. 


But Mr. Davila treats them fyftemati- 
cally, and as a genus of his firft family or 
_ Oyfters. He defines them as Shells whofe 
beak or top of the under valve is perfo- 
rated, and rifes curved up on the upper 
valve. He does not however particularize 
any characters of the hinge, though he 
gives an excellent figure of the inner 

7 ftructure, 


SbhCT LON) XiL 255 


ftructure, or appendices, as he calls it, of 
one kind, Pl. XX. fig. a. 


He alfo gives other figures in the faid 
plate, but two of them, viz. D. and E. 
are not teftaceous animals. He defcribes 
them, p. 311, & feq. in the following 
manner; the hinge of the under valve is 
compofed of two {mall hooks, which are 
taken in or hinged into the finufes or ca-. 
vities of the upper valve, and it has two 
interior appendages fixed towards the top 
of the upper valve: this ftructure he ob- 
ferved in two fpecies. In another {pecies, 
the hinge was nearly the fame, but had 
two long and narrow fide appendages pro- 
ceeding from the top of the upper valve, 
which extend themfelves to the middle of 
it, where they are bound or ftopped by 
two {mall ligaments, and then return again 
towards the top, in a very remarkable and 
curious manner, Pl. VI. fig. 7. And a 
third fort, (which is that of Gualtiert), 
has an interior appendage like to a per- 

pendicular 


26 CONCHOLOGY 


pendicular gutter or pipe, fixed to the top, 
and running down to the middle of the 
apper valve. 


I fhall now give my definition, and 
charaéterife the genus as much as can be, 
for I hold it impoffible to be accurately 
made till we difcover more recent {pecies; 
for thofe already difcovered recent are few, 
and even differ in fome particulars; and 
the foffil {pecies, which are very numerous, 
never fhew their inner ftructure, and fo 
extremely feldom the hinge, that as yet 
we cannot fix any characters with ac-. 
curacy. 


T fhall therefore, under thefe circum- 
ftances, define the Anomiz as follows, Bi- 
valves with unequal valves and never eared, 
the beak of the largeft or under valve is 
greatly produced, and rifes or curves over 
the beak of the fmaller or upper valve, 
and is perforated or pierced through like’ 

a tube 


SECTION XI. 267 


atube, from which particular they have 
alfo obtained the name of Terebratule. 
The hinge is inarticulate or toothlefs, and 
they have always a remarkable interior 
ftrudture. Pl. VI. fig. 3. a. 


However, by what obfervations can be 


/ made, fome of the foffil kinds have an evi- 


dent multarticulate, ormany-toothed hinge. 


PI. VI, fig. ro. 


ee | 


Tam therefore led to conclude, that the 
valves of the Anomiz are connected toge- 
ther in two ways, inftead of being only in- 
articulate, viz. 1. By an inartilate hinge ; 
and z. By a multarticulate hinge. 

The firft fet have no teeth or joints on. 
the hinge; but the fmaller or upper valve 
is always indented into a wide finus, or. 
opening of the larger or under valve, in 
which it plays like a joint, when the exi- 
gencies of the animal requires opening or 


fhutting. Pl. VI. fig. 3. a. 
S The 


28 CONCHOLOGY. 


The fecond fet have a vifible and regu- 
lar multarticulate hinge; exactly like that 
of the Noah’s Arks, or the multarticulate 
Cockles. Pl. VI. fig. 10. 


On a due confideration of the deep grooves, 
the indentings, the undulated margins, and 
other diftortions of thefe Shells, more than 
in any other genera, and by the beak, © 
which is perforated or tubular quite to 
within the Shells; I am apt to imagine 
thefe animals feldom open their Shells, as 
moft others do, to take their food; but 
nourifh themfelves through the tube or 
perforated beak only. 


By the obfervations made on the few 
{pecies lately difcovered recent, this my 
opinion ftands in fome manner confirmed, 
as the living Anomiz have all been found 
Jurking in the nooks between the branch- 
ings of corals, or cavities of rocks. They 
lie therein lifted upon their flat furfaces 

or 


Sc OUN XI) 259 


or horizontally, without any prop or fo- 
lid body to reft on, but are upheld or 
fuftained only by a {trong adhefion of 
their tubes or perforated beaks to the fides 
of the cavities, as if in the action of fuck- 
ing; and this pofition is the general one 
of the recent kinds *. 


The interior firucture of one of the re- 
cent kinds feems alfo not at all particu- 
larly adapted to the efpecial ufe of open- 
ing the Shells. It confifts of a griftly or 
boney thin ftring, which twifts in and out to 
above half-way within the Shells, like the 


* T believe the hole in the beak of the Conche 
Anomiz is for the purpofe of tranfimitting a ftrong Li- 
gament or griftly fubftance, by which they adhere 
firmly tothe rocks, corals, &c. inthe fame manner as 
that clafs of Shells commonly called Bears Paws ; 
at leaft fome fpecies of them have an opening be- 
tween the two valves on one fide the hinge, through 
which pafles, from the infide of the Shells, a ftrong li- 
gament, whereby the fifh adheres firmly to rocks, co- 
rals, &c. I have feen this fpecies of Shell fticking in 
this manner to coral. 


1 Bi 2 twiftings 


*a60, - C¥O. N&C FIAOLLAWO Goy. 


twiflings of Ribbands, vulgarly called True 
Lovers Knots. This is the fecond fort men- 
tioned by Davila. Pl. VI. fig. 5. The 
other ftructure, which is Davila’s third fort, 
is a guttered triangular appendage, with a 
cut or fent half-way down it, fixed per- 
pendicularly on the upper valve, from the 
top or beak, to the middle of the Shell. 


I have been very prolix on the Anomiz, 
in order to eftablifh what characters I could 
to form, if poffible, a proper definition 

‘of this curious genus of Shells. 


A very furprizing and unaccountable 
circumftance, relative to the foffil and re- 
cent teftaceous animals, which has been 
already noted, is, that all thofe found in 
immenfe quantities in the foffil ftate, are 
hardly known recent, and vice verfa. 1 
inftanced it in the Ammonia, that are 
found in incredible quantities foffil all over 
the world, though none are yet difcovered 
recent; and this family of Anomiz, though 
alfo found foffil in an aftonifhing abun-. 


dance 


SECTION XI. 261 


dance, has very few recent fpecics yet dif- 
covered. 


But to conclude, from what has been 
_ abovementioned, I fhall divide this family 
of Anomiz into two genera, to wit, Ge- 
nus 1. Inarticulate Anomiz, or thofe in 
which the hinge of the under valve is a 
large finus or cavity, the corners whereof 
form two prominencies or joints ; and the 
upper valve is indented into it by a corre- 
{pondent prominency to the cavity, and by 
two {mall hollows, anfwerable to the two 
prominencies or joints. Pl. VI. fig. 3. 


Genus 2. riteaieaea ite Anomieg, or 
thofe whofe hinge lies on a long flreight 
line, and is fet with many deci, exactly 
like the Noah’s Arks. Pl. VI. fig. ro. 


Pl. VI, fig. 3. fhews the recent T'erebra- 
tula, which is alfo found in very great quan- 
tities in the foffil ftate ; the fig. 3. 4. fhews 
the top of the under valve, and its perfo- 
ration. 


r= he Pl, VE. 


262 CONCHOLOGY. 


P]. VI. fig. 7. fhews the under Shell of 
another kind, with its griftly appendages; 
lately difcovered recent or living. 


Pl. VI. fig. 10. fhews a large foffil kind 
with a multarticulate hinge, not yet dif- 
covered recent or living, 


I now proceed to Part IL. or Shells that 


have equal valves, and fhut clofe; fuch as 
the Cockles, Tellens, Mufcles, &c. 


1 thali fubdivide this Part into three 
Scétions, viz. 1. Multarticulate, or with 
a great number of teeth on the hinges. 
2. Articulate, or with few teeth: and 
3. Inarticulate, or without any teeth, 

Part II. Section 1. Leptopolyginglymi, 
or multarticulate Shells, 


‘The multarticulate Shells give us three — 
families, viz. 


Family 


SECTION XI. 263 


Family 5. Pectinoide, or Shells with 
equal valves, generally very flat; the hinge 
lies on a ftreight line like the Efcallop, 
but is fet with feveral parallel and ftrait 
ridges and intermediate furrows, and the 


fides are diffimilar. Pl. VI. fig. 6. 


There are few {pecies of this family. Lif- 
ter ranks the two kinds he figures, Lib. iil, 
Part I. Se&t.i. cap. 3. by the name of Pec- 
tines Margaritifere Polyginglymi. Wood- 
ward, among his Pectunculi Leptopoly- 
ginglymi figura oblonga, Clafs 3. Sect. 1. 
Art. 2. Gualtieri, Pl. 97. A. figures a kind, 
and calls it Concha Longa Brachiata; and 
Seba, Pl. g1. figures fome among the 
Pinne, and calls them Volfella: but I can- 
not find them methodized in any other 
authors. 


There is a very large and extremely 
thick {pecies of this family, not yet kown 
recent, found foflil at Bononia ‘in Italy, 

S4 which 


24 CONCHOLOGY. 


which is fully defcribed and figured in the 
memoirs of the Bononian Inftitute*. 


Family 6. Pe€tunculi Polyginglymi,or 
multarticulate Cockles. The Shells of this 
family refemble the Cockles in all refpects 
except the hinge; which in thefe is fur- 
nifhed with a great number of teeth, and in 


thofe with but few. Pl. VI. fig. 9. 
This family has not many {pecics. 


The rank the multarticulate Cockles ’ 
hold in Lifter is Lib. iti. P. II. Se. 2.— 
cap. 2 and 3, or Peétunculi Leptopoly- 
ginglymi margine rotunda. Woodward 
ranks them in Art.2. of Set. 1. of Clafs 25 
alfo on the fame account of their being 
of a roundifh fhape (figura /ubrotundé). 
Linneus places them in his 312 genus of 
Arca; and the other authors have mixed 


* De infigni quodam Oftreo, & Jofephi Montii de 
Offtreo foffili magnitudine & figura infigni. Commen- 
tarii Inftituti Bononienfis. Vol.U. P. I. p.71. Vol. UH. . 
P. Il. p..339, cum fg. 


them 


S ByQsTiHOiNs Mle, 26% 


them indifcriminately with the articulate 
Cockles. 


Family 7. Arce, the Arks or Boats, fuch 
as have their hinges on a perfect ftrait 
line, and are of a fomewhat f{quarifh fi-. 
gure or oblong ; as the Noah’s Arks and 
~f{quare Cockles. 


The rank the Arks hold in Authors 
is: Lifter puts fome kinds among the 
multarticulate Cockles, Lib. iu. P. IL Seé. 
2. cap. 1. and the Noah’s Arks he places. 
among the Mufcles, as many-toothed 
Mufcles, Ibid. Seat. 6. cap. 2. Woodward 
ranks them among his Polyginglymi for- 
ma oblonga, or with family 5. fupra, 
Argenville places them in his fourth fa- 
mily, or of Heart -Cockles ; but Davila 
makes them a diftiné& genus of his fourth 
family, or Heart Cockles, and calls them 
Arks. Gualtieri forms a genus of them 
by the name of Concha Rhomboidalis: 
and Linneus and Meufchen rank them as 
a diftinét genus, and call them Arca, 

This 


206 CONCHOLOGYY. 
This family has not many fpecies. 


To this family of Arks I imagine the 
fofhl Hippocephaloide belong, and that they 
are fpecies of it, yet undifcovered recent 
or living from fea: my reafon for rank- 
ing them with the Arks, and not the 
Cunei, is, that they appear to me to be 
multarticulate Shells. 


Part II. Sect. 2. comprehends all Bi- 
valves with equal valves, that are not eared, 


and have few teeth upon their hinge. 


This fection is extremely numerous, and 
very confufed in authors. I fhall there- 
fore proceed firft with the eighth family of 
Peétunculi or Cockles, whofe character is 
a curved or femilunar hinge fet with two 
to four ftrong teeth. Pl. I. fig. 8,9, 14. 
PE VIS ig 8, tae PLOVIT, 1; '2,'9) fore 


This family of Cockles is fo extremely 
numerous, and befides has fuch ftriking or 
i remarkable 


SECTION XI. a6 


remarkable fubordinate chara&ters, that it 
can, with great propriety and eafe, be di- 
vided into three genera, viz. 


Genus 1. Peétunculi or Cockles, the 
Chamz of fome later authors. Pl. VII. 
fig. 1. | 


Genus 2. Cordiformes or Heart Cockles, 
PE fig. 8s 9. Pl.. Vi. fig. 8s And 


Genus 3. Truncati or flat-fided Cockles, 
FI, Vi. ng. 12, Pi Vil. figs ro. 


Genus 1. Peétunculi or Cockles. Shells 
convex or flattifh, of a roundifh fhape, 
and with fimilar or diffimilar fides; whofe 
beaks are not very peaked or prominent, 
and curve, or turn much upwards towards © 
the hinge; fuch are the flattifh Cockles, 
and many others. This genus is numerous. 


Lifter intermixes them with my two 
following genera, all by the name of Pec- 
tunculi, 


268. CONCHOLOGY. 


‘tunculi; -and he has alfo placed) féveral 
among’his Tellens. Argenville, Davila, and) 
_Meufchen call them Cames; and Davila: 
divides them into [four genera. Gualtieri 
alfo calls them Chamz; and Linnzus dif- 
perfes them into feveral of his genera. 


Genus 2. Cordiformes, or Heart Cockles, 
are fuch Cockles whofe beaks are very pro- 
ainent, and curve up greatly towards the 
hinge, thereby forming a figure perfectly 
like a heart, as vulgarly painted. ) 


This genus is pretty numerous. Lifter 
intermixes them with the others. ‘Argen- 
ville makes them his fourth family, Coeurs 
or Boucardes. It is alfo Davila’s fourth 
family, who calls them Coeurs, and di- 
vides them into three genera, of which only 
the firft is this my genus. ‘They are the 
twenty-cighth genus of Meufchen. Gual- 
tieri places them among his Conchz Cor- 
diformes : and by Linnzus they are ranked 
in his Cardium genus. 60H 


Genus 


PCT. WOON. XI 369 


‘Genus 3. Truncatior flat-fided Cockles. 
_ 'Thefe are fuch Cockles as are truncated, or 
have one fide flat, and, as it were, cut off. 
Thefe fpecies rank in moft authors with the 
Cocklesin general; and Davila only, to my 
knowledge, has made a particular or’ dif- 
tin& genus of them + it is his third genus 
of Hearts, which he calls Cames Tronquées 
ou Conqgues de Venus. This genus is not 
very numerous. ’ basrte 


Family g, is the Telline or. Tellens ; 
Shells more broad than long, rather flat, 
and the-hinge has two teeth fet clofe’ to- 
gether. Pl. VI. fig. 11, and 11. 0. 


This family may be divided into two ge- 


nera, VIZ. 


Genus 1. Telling ; Shells with fimilar 
fides, whofe beak and hinge are central, | 


PL VI. fi tr. 


~ 


240 CONCHOLOGY. 


~ Genus 2. Cunei; Shells with diffimilar 
or unequal fides, whofe beak and hinge 
are placed near to, or quite at one end. 


Genus 1. Tellens. It is not very nume- 
rous in its fpecies. The rank it holds in 
authors is as follows : Lifter places them 
after the Pinne. Lib. iii. P. 2. Sec. 8. 
and defines them Shells fhaped like wedges, 
Woodward makes a genus of them, and 
fays they have few teeth on the hinge, and 
are oblong Shells or with lengthened fides : 
he might have exprefled himfelf better by 
faying they were broad Shells. Rumphius, 
Gualtieri, Linnzeus, and Meufchen, have 
all a genus they call Tellina; Davila alfo, 
but he defines them very inaccurately, and 
includes the Solens as a genus of them. 
As for Argenville, he ranks them among 


the Mufcles. 


In regard to the fecond genus, or Cunet, 
they are intermixed by authors among the 


_¥ellens, 
3 There 


SRCTLON XI «ogg 


There are feveral kinds of foffil Cunei, 
which remain yet undifcovered recent or 
living from fea ; and fome are very ele- 
gant and curious: as for example, the 
ftudded kind, Pl. VI. fig. 5. the reticu- 
lated, andthe fulcated Cunei, &c. 


Family ro. Placente; Shells with equal 
valves, whofe hinge or cardo lies quite 
within the Shell, and in one valve confifts 
of two ftrait linear ridges, pretty promi- 
nent, and laid obliquely to each other, fo as 
to meet at one end in a very acute angle ; 
and the other valve has two correfpondent 
furrows. Pl. VII. fig. 13. 


_ I know of but two fpecies of this ge- 
nus, to wit, the Chinefe Glafs or Pellucid 


Oyfer. Pl. VII. fig. 13. and the Poli 
Saddle. 


I am the firft who has formed this genus ; 
for Lifter places the Glafs Oyfter as an Ef- 
callop, Linnzus as an Anomia, and others 

as 


azz CONCHOLOGY. 


as an Oyfter; and the Polith Saddle by all 
‘authors is ranked as an Oyfter. 


I now proceed to Se@ion 3, or thofe 
‘Bivalves that are inarticulate, or have no 
‘teeth on their hinge ; as the Margaritiferze, 
Mutcles, &c. Pl. I. fig. 13. Pl. VI. fig. 


9, 14, and1s. 


Family 11. Margaritifere, or Pearl, Oy- 
fters, are eared Shells with equal valves, 
and their hinge is meerly a gutter or flight 
furrow, without a fingle tooth. Pl. VII. 


fig, 14. 


The fpecies of this family are few : they 
- are the Mother of Pearl Shells or Pearl 
Oyfiers, the Swallow, &c. Ihave made a 
difting: genus of them; but Lifter calls 
“them Pearly Efcallops: Rumphius, Da-_ 
vila, and Meufchen, rank them as Oyfters. 
Woodward forms a genus he cails Marga- 
ritiferze ; and defines it as eared Shells 
with a fmooth hinge; and Gualtieri de- 
fines them by placing the Pearl Shells in 


3 one 


¢ 


‘ 


SECTION XiL. 273 
one genus, by the name of Conche Inz- 
quilatere ; and the Swallow in another vee 
nus he calls Conchz Aliformes. 


The laft and twelfth family of Bivalves 
with equal valves, is the mufcles ; they 
- are not cared; are moft generally very con- 
vex, of a long and narrow fhape, and 
the hinge 1s a meer flight furrow without 
any tooth, and is fituated not at the top 
of the Shell, but a little way down one 
of the fides. 


a 


The fpecies are not many; and this 
genus is univerfally agreed upon by authors. 


ae SECTION 


274 CONCHOLOGY 


RL RZKLZK 


St tl a ee ae’ KITT: 


AM now come to Part III. Conche 

Hiantes, or Bivalves, whofe Shells ne- 
ver fhut clofe, but are always open or gap- 
ing in fome part. 


This part conftitutes the thirteenth fa- 
mily, and confifts of four genera, to wit, 


Genus 1. Tridacne, or Bafon Conques. 
Genus 2. Chame, or Gapers. 
Genus 3. Solens, or Sheaths: and 


Genus 4. Pinne, Sea Wings, or Hams, 


Genus rt. Tridacne, or Bafon Conques. 
Shells of equal valves and diffimilar fides, 
in hinge and pbpsargnce like the Heart 

3 | Cockles, 


SECTION XIll.+ avg 


Cockles, but on the longeft fide, from 
the beak to near the extreme margin, the 
two Shells do not elofe, but leave a large 
oval or heart-like gap or opening, the lips 
whereof are very broad, and turn up on 


the edges, Pl. VII. fig. 4, 5 *. 


Thefe are the Bafon-Conques, &c. af 
which there are few fpecies: but they are 
the largeft and heavieft Bivalves yet known, 
fome weighing from three hundred and 
a half to fix or feven hundred weight. 


Genus 2. Chamz, Purrs or Gapers. 
The Chame have a broad, thick, and 
large tooth for their hinge, and are, as 
it were, abruptly cut off on one fide, which 
fide is always open or gaping, as the valves — 


* { think fome difiin&tion fhould be made between 
thefe and the Chame. ‘The Apertures in the firft are 
meerly to tranfmit a fixe tentaculum, to prevent their 
being dafhed to pieces by the rocks and waves. The 
Hiatus in the Chamz is for a very different purpofe, 
‘to permit the fifh to extend itfelf in fearch of food, 
and immediately to retire in cafes of danger. 


rE 2 cannot 


( 


46 ‘CONCHOL OGY. 


cannot fhut clofe at that part. Pl. VII 
fig. 16. ? 


The name of Chama, notwithftanding 
its fignification of a gaping or open body, 
has of late years been very erroneoufly 
applied to Shells which always fhut clofe, 
as the Cockles, &c. * 


There are very few fpecies of this 
genus. fa 


Genus 3. Solenes, Sheaths, or Razor 
Shells. Thefe are very broad, though ex- 
tremely fhort. They are open at both ends ; 
and the hinge has teeth placed quite at one 
end, Pl. VII. fig. 8. 


There are very few fpecies of this 
genus. 


Genus 4. Pinne, Sea Wings or Hams. 
The Pinne are Shells of a fomewhat tri- 


* Chame a Grecis Xicuae nominate funt ab 
hiando, propterea alii illas etiam Aliatu/as vocarunt, 


angular 


SECTION XII, ay» 


angular fhape, widening from a pointed or 
narrow top to a very broad end, which 
broad end is always open. ‘The hinge 
is inarticulate, and is placed on one fide. 


The f{pecies of this genus are few. 


hg SECTION 


28. CONCHOLOGY, 
Sheth 
oot YONI ene XIV 


‘HE third general divifion of tefta- 

ceous animals is the Multivalves, 

or thofe Shells that are made up of many 

valves or pieces. "There are three families 
in this divifion, viz. 


Family 14. Pholas, or Piddocks. 
Family 15. Anatifere, or Barnacles: and 


Family 16, Balani, or Acorns. 


Family 14. Pholas or Piddocks. Thefe 
Shells are trivalves, and have two large 
valves, with a imall valve placed between 
them, near tothe hinge. The hinge turns 
up on the outer part of the Shell, and 
under it, within the Shell, is a long curved 
tooth or fpur. Pl. VIL. fig. 17. 


~The fpecies of this family are very few. 
Family 


SECTION XIV. 279 


Family 19. Anatiferze or Barnacles. Thefe 
Shells are quingue-valves, and are made up 
of two large valves with two {mall ones 
beneath them, and a long narrow fpur- 
like valve, which conneéts them, and runs 
lengthwife. Pl. I. fig. 11. m. The neck 
or cartilage it hangs by. o The fpur-like 
valve ; and f, the {maller valves. 


There are but few fpecies of this family. 


The Latin name Anztifera was given 
them from the fabulous ftory of their be- 
coming geefe ; as was alfo the Englifh 
name Barnacle from the fame origin, as 
thofe birds they were fuppofed to breed 
were the Barnacles or Brent Gee/fe. 


The fixteenth and laft family of Sheils is 
the Balanior Acorns. ‘The Balani are made 
up of many valves lying parallel to each 
other, and in a perpendicular pofition, con- 
trary to the pofition of all other valves, 
which lie horizontally. The top is open, 

i 4 and 


280 CONCHOLOG ¥. 
and the fith performs its neceflary functions 
by that aperture; for the valves never 
open or feparate, as they have no hinges, 
The bottom is the part by which they 
affix themfelves to other bodies; for the 
Balani are never found loofe, or otherwife 
than affixed to fhells, ftones, and other fo- 
did bodies. Pl. I. fig. 12. Pl. VIT. fig. 6, 7, 


There are few fpecies of this family. 


There is. another fet of marine animals 
called Ofcabiorns, which though their co- 
vering is like Shells, yet 1 cannot agree 
to rank them as teftacea, for I think, 
like the Echini, they are genera of crus 
{taceous animals. However, Argenville, 
Adanfon, Linneus, and Davila, rank them 
with Shells ; I fhall neverthelefs keep to 
my opinion for. the prefent, and pafs them 
over with only obferving, that, if the col- 
leGtor thinks they are he fices: with the 
authors above quoted, the rank they will 
hold is in this divifion, and that they will 
form a feventeenth family. 


4 EXPLA- 


[ 28r° | 


ExPLANATIONS OF PLATES, | 


Pi, ane sf 
Fig.t. — vulgaris, the com- 


mon Limpet in profile, to fhew 
the fimple Univalves, / the eye or apex. 


2. Infide of the fame in full view. 


3. Buccinum Jala Anglicum, the 
common Englifh Whelk in full view, or 
on the fide of the aperture, © 


4. The fame on the back part. 


. -s, The fame cut open to fhew the inte- 

rior ftruéture. a, The body. 6. A fingle 
wreath. ¢. The turban, or affemblage of 
wreaths. d. The Columella or pillar; and 
b. The beak, or roftrum., | 


VL. 


282 CONCHOLOGY. 


6, 7. A Spider Shell, or Aporrhais, in 
full view, and on the back part. aa. The 
body. 4. A wreath. c. The turban or cla- 
vicle. ¢. fig. The lip. 4 The roftrum, 
beak, or top. 7. 7 The finus or fcoop. 
k. The prongs, or claws. 


8, 9. A large Cockle, fhewn infide and 
outfide, toexhibit Bivalves of equal valves, 
and that always fhut clofe. 


10. Two opercula, or lids of Univalves; 
the largeft is the Blatta Byzantia. 


1z. An Anatifera, or Barnacle, a Quin- 
quevalve. m. The neck, or eriftly appen- 
dage to which the Shell 1s affixed. o. The 
long, narrow, {fpur-like Shell, that is the 
fifth valve, and lies in a tranfverfe pofition 
to the other four valves, of which p. are 
the two fmaller. 


12. A group of common Balani, or 
Acorn Shells, which are Multivalves. 


13. Cardo 


mel, AC thc] 283 


13. Cardo Edentulus of a Bivalve. An 
inarticulate hinge, or without any teeth. 


14. Cardo paucis dentibus. A hinge 
fet with few teeth, 


15. Cardo dentibus numerofis feu po- 
lygymon. A multarticulate hinge, or fet 
with numerous teeth. 


PLATE 


24 CONCHOL OGY. 


at eb aa 


Fig.t. PATELLA Oculus Hirci. The 

| Goat's Eye Limpet, taken from 
the anonymous new Conchology. T'ab.2. 
fig. 6. p. ir. N* 6, 


2. Patella Concamerata. A chambered 
Limpet from ditto. Tab. 6. fig. 1. fhewn 


infide and outhde. 


3. A Mafk Limpet from Falkland ifland, 
from ditto. Tab. 7. fig. 5. 


4. An Auris Marina, or Sea Ear, 


5. Achambered Vermiculus, taken from 
Davila’s Catalogue. Tome I. Pl. ar. 


6. A group or clufter of common Vers 
miculi, from annoymous new Concholo- 
gy. Tab, to. fig. 17. 


PLATE It 285 


Fig. 7. A fingle Vermiculus, or Worm- 
tube, from anonymous new Conchology. 


Tab. 10. fig. 15. 
8, Penecillus, The Wazering-Pot. 


Q. The green fulcated Indian Dentale, 
or Elephant’s Tooth. «New Conchology. 
Tab. 12; fig. 12. | 


10. The common fmooth Englith Den- 
tale, from ditto. Tab. 10. fig. 3. 


tr. A Turbo Concameratus, in the fof- 
fil ftate, or a ftone-caft. 


12. A recent Orthoceratites from the 
fhores of Rimini, in the Adriatic Sea, cut 
open, and greatly magnified. From Gual- 
tierl Index Conchylicrum. 


13. Shews the Shell of its natural fize, 
from the fame author. 


Pig. 


285 CONCHOLOGY.. 


14. Fragment of a foffil Orthoceratites, 
in which the chambers and the fiphuncu- 
lus are diftinély fhewn; from Breynius de 
Polythalamiis. Tab. 6. fig. 1. 


y 5. An Ammonoides foffil. 


16. The Pearly Chambered N autilus, or 
Sailor, and 


17. The fame Shell cut open, to fhew 
its internal chambered ftructure. 


18. The Lituus or Rams Horn, and 


19. The fame Shell cut open, to fhew its 
internal chambered ftructure. 


20. An Ammonites foffil, and 


21. The fame laid open, to fhew ‘its in- 
ternal chambered ftructure. 


PLATE 


ad Pe TH. 237 


PL Aye . It. 


Fig. 1. M& COWRY on the upper fide. 
| Cyprea. 


2. The fame Shell onthe under fide, to 
fhew the mouth or aperture. 


3. The Weavers Shuttle, Semiporcellana. 


4. A Dipper, fhewn on the aperture or 
under fide. Nux. 


5. The fame on the upper fide. 
6. The Paper Nautilus, Cymbium. 
7. Venus Ear, on the upper fide. 


8. The fame Shell on the under fide, 


or fhewing the mouth or aperture. 


9. Cochlea Strombiformis, five Clavicula | 
longiffima, 


Fig. 


238 CONCHOLOGY. 


Fig. 10. Cochlea Helix vel depreffa. 


11. Cochlea Clavicula depreffiore, vel 
breviores | 


12, Turbo five Cochlea clavicula pio- 
ductiore. The Sxake. 


13. A Tiochus. 


14. The Magpye Nerit, Neritaon the 
iupper fide. 


15, The fame Shell fhewn on the under 
er mouth-fide. 


PLATE 


i ACE EV: 


Fig. 1. HE Furbelow from Falkland 
Iland; Buccinum Fimbriatum. 
A Buccinum of the canaliculated kind. 


2. The Grimace. A Buccinum of the 
recurvirofrum kind. 


3. The Tiara or PapalCrown. A Buc- 
cinum of that kind with the Pleated Pillar ; 
Columella Dentata. 


4. The Crane. A Buccinum of the longi~ 
rofirum kind, 


5. The Thorny Woodcock. A Purpura, 
and of the /ongiroffrum kind. 


6. The foppa Whelk, A Buccinum of 
the umbilicated kind. ® 


Us 7 A 


290 © ON: C MeL O G Y. 


Fie. 7. A Strombus or Needk. 
8. A curious knobbed Tun, Globofa. 
9g. A Melon Tun, -Globofa. 


10. A Helmet, Catlis, fhewn on the under. 
or mouth fide, 


Pa re PLATE: 


PaA Tt E * Y. 291 


SF abennmnn RR 


PLA Se VE 


Fig. 1. 4 MUREX of the Alata ge- 
. nus; A kind of Plougéd. 


2. A Murex of the Rhombus genus. 
3. A Volute. A kind of Admiral. 


4. The Panama or Camp. An Olive or 
Cylindar. | 


5. A Murex. The Devil. 

6. A Purpura, called the Skeleton. 

7. An Olive or Cylindar. 

8, A flamboyante Volute. 

g. Another Volute. A kind of Admiral, 


U 2 PLATE 


292 CONCHOLOGY, 


FRI SEEIRIEL 


PL AGaE MI. 


Fig. 1.2 §NHE Ducal Mantle Efcallop. 
Fig. 1. a. fhews the infide 
_ top or the hinge of the Shell. 


2. The foffil Oyfter, found at Hedding- 
ton in Oxfordfhire. A fpecies yet undif- 
covered recent or living, Fig. 2. a. thews 
the infide top or hinge. 


3. The Anomia Zerebratula, only of 
late years difcovered recent or living. Fig. 
3. 4. the top or hinge part of the fhell. | 


4. A Spondyle, vulgarly called the Thor- 
ny Oyfler. Fig. 4. a. the infide top or the 
hinge. 


_ 5+ Theftudded Cuneus, a fofiil, of which 
the living f{pecies yet remains undifcovered, 


6. A Peétinoides, 


7. Fig. 


PLATE vi. 293 

Fic 7. The bottom valve of a fpecies of 
Anomia lately difedveréd living, and fhews 
the infide with the griftly appendages of 
the animal, taken from Davila’s Catalogues _ 
Vol. gel: xx. fig. a: 


8. A Cardium or Heart-Cockle, the 
Strawberry. 


g. A Polygitiglymon or Multarticulate 
Cockle. 


10. A Polyginglyrmon or Multarticulate 
Anomia, foffil, of which the living fpecies 
{till remains undifcovered. 


11. The Tulip Tellina, fig. 11. 4. fhews 
the infide top or hinge. 


12. The painted Cockle, of the truncated 
or flat-fided kind, 


U3 PLATE 


294 CONCHOLOGY. 


YOKIOOOIOK 
BE AT Rs Vi. 


Fig. 1. PECTUNCULUS hewn 
on the infide. 

2. And in two fide views. a. a. the 

3-4 fummit. 6.4.6. the beaks. c. c.c. 

the margins or borders. d. d. the 

length of the fhell. e¢. ¢. the 


| breadth of the fhell. fi. ff. the 
_ Uflopes. 


4. A Tridacna, the Bafon Conch or 
Clamp. , 


5. The infide top or the hinge part of 
the faid Shell. 


-6. A Balanus or Acorn Shell. A Mul- 


tivalve. 


7. The fame cut open to fhew its in- 
terior ftructure. 


Fig. 


Pome e vi? oe 


Fig. 8. Solen, the Sheath, Razor Shell or 
Spout-Fifh. A Shell of equal valves, but 
that never fhuts clofe; a Concha hians ; the 
line d. d. fhews its length, and e. e. its 
breadth. 


g. The Common Mufcle. A fpecies of 
the Shells with inarticulate hinges. 


10. The Bears Paw, of the kind of 
flat-fided Cockles. 


11. The infide top or hinge part of the 
faid Shell. 


12. The Pearl River Mufcle thewn of 
the infide. 


_ 13. The Glafs or Chinefe pellucid Oyfter, 
of the Placenta family, an infide view to 
fhew the hinge. 


14. The Pearl Oyfer of the Margari- 
tifera'family, an infide view to fhew the 


inarticulate hinge. 
U4 Fig. 


296 COM WHOL O.C ¥, 


Fig. 15. Another figure of an inarti- 
culate hinge. 


16. A Chama Pholas, the Spoon-hinge, 
fhewn on the infide, and 1s a Concha 
hians, or a Shell that never fhuts clofe, 
but is always open or gaping at one end. 


17. The Spur Pholas, alfo fhewn on the 


infide. 


TABULA 


i 
Patella. Limpets, 1 Vertic 
a 2 Conc 


le Li 
sae (fh 


ORDER IHL Revolved. 


2 ‘Fam. : ' GeENUs. Fam. 
VI. |Turbinata  in-{14 Nuces five Bulle, Dippers, VII. Cyinbidime 
voluta, 15 Semiporcellana. . J VIII. | AurisCochlea, 
eo 16 Cyprea vel Porcellana. Cows Ix. gg Se 


ries. ee 


x | Voluta. = <- 
XI. |Globofa. = - 
XII. |Caffides. - - 
- 3 XII. |Trochi. - - 


+ XIV. |Cochlea. - - 


Us 


cep DER I. Simple, 0 or ie Se * “ORDER Bai rChambered, 


ORDER Iv. eal or Spirals 
{17 Paper Nautilus. 


[4g Emarginati. 


Genus. 


Soa queens Horns. es Se 
{gl Lituus. Croziers.. 
10 Turbinoides, 

11 Ammonia, Snakes, 
12 Ammonoides. . 
13 Nautili. » Sailors. 


 GEnus. Fam. 


; eh aes! ae 7 eres - - 
30 B.Canalicula ta, guttered, | 
31B. ae outh- 


18 Venus Ear. 
Olives,or Cylindars. 


20 Marginati. 
zr Volutes 
22 Tuns. 
23 Helmets. 
24 Tops. 
Snails. 
25 Nerits. 
26 Helices. 
27 C.Clavicula breviore. 
28 Turbo. 
29 Strombiformes. 


Rocks, 

"361 see Rocks, 

37 Rhombi. Lozenges. 

| 38 Alata, Winged Rock 

39 Aporthaide, Fingered. 
or Spiders. 


~ 


ee 2 ‘ 

) ers , ( 

ae 7 der EPS os wis 
\ 


oe 
yer 


it ro fae p 


‘ 4 Ca ae ale es f 
Le Be VE LS fh oti sly 
Corer eS thy, MO Se ela 
= Da eke ar ei , m Re 
a Ay i mt 
5) 6 ECHR, Ot? 


Larges Dah ciel pe cy ae att ipa 
ae vO ast ronan) ue ee 


i cate’ { te oe “at mad fy ati? "y Y f at 


TERESA RRR oe aie set alah aie enrshe rk lh porate nly my i i 
‘ ane nw mr i 2 


or * “ Fo « _ i) 
wena A, itz , as a a 
Rind : : . 
4 Ry eee ivy ‘ . 
rae fe y 7 ad rip rs . b . yi Sih: a“ ; 


ar f a 

BELEN ae) 
ra oS Fae 

ee ths Oe tie 


[ 298 ] 


TABULA SYNOPTICA TESTACEORUM. IL & III. Brvarvia and MutTivaLvia, 


Division II. BIVALVES have three Orders or Subdivifions. 
J. With unequal Valves, and fhut clofe. II, With equal Valves, and fhut clofe ; and, III. With Valves that never fhut clofe, 


ORDER I. With unequal Valves, and thut clofe, ORDER II. with equal Valves, and thut clofe, 
Sect. I. Leptopolyginglymi, or Multarticulate. 
Fam. GENUS, Fam. Genus. 
Peéten, - - - | 1 Efcallops. Wir Peftinoides. - - - = = | 6 Pettinoides. 
II. |Spondylus. - -| 2 Spondyles. VI. | Pectunculi Teptopolyginglymt, 7 Multarticulate Cockles. 
Ill. |Oftreum. - - - | 3 Oyfter. Wi, }Arca.' = ‘= a 8 Ark, or Boat, 
IV. |Anomia, - - - Anomia. 
4. A. Inarticulate, Sect. II, Articulate, or fet with few Teeth. 
5, A. Multarticulate. , { VIII. |PeGtunculus. - -°- - - Cockles. 
g Cockles. 


1o Cardium, or Heart Cockles. 
11 Truncatus, or flat-fided Cockles; 
1X. {Telling + © = 2 + © Tellens, or Sand Mufcles. 
12 Tellens, 
; 13 Cuneus. 
x. Placentaa - = + y = = |14 Placenta. 


Secr. III. Inarticulate, or without any Teeth, 
XI. |Margaritiferaa - - - - - |15 Pearl Oyfter. 
XII. |Mufculu. - - - - - - 16 Muicles. 


ORDER III. with Valves that never fhut clofe. Conche Hiantes. 


XIII. Chama, Gapers. ~ - + + {17 Tridacna, Bafon Conques, or Clamps, 
ae 18 Chama, Purrs. 
tg Solen, Sheath, or Razor Shell, 
20 Pinna, Sea-Wing, or Ham. 


Diviston II. MULTIVALVES, 


Fam. Genus. 

XIV.|Pholas. = « + « 21 Piddocks. 
XV. | Anatifere, - - 22 Barnacles. 
XVI] Balani. - + - = 23 Acorns. — 


U6 


Pe 


Ws.) 


45, My 


he ielh oie HINA Pre 


[ 299 J 


| EXEXERES 
1G Ta EM 8 opemma sket HO 


A. 


Ac ORNS. See Balani., 
ADANSON, 12, 20, 46, 91. 
Admirals, See Volutes. 
féquilatere. See Margins. 


Alata, 22, 118, 225, 229. 


fofil, 230. 
ALDROVANDUS, 57- 
Alvesli, 157+ 


Ammonia, 154, 1616 


Ammonoides, 154, 167. 
Anatifera, 278, 279+ 
Anfrag&tus. See Whirl. 
Anemia, 251. 
ANONYMOUS, 51. 
Apertura, or aperture, 116, 133. 
Apex. 


300 foe Seva x. 


Apex. See Head and Summit. 
Aporrhais, 22 S$» 230. 

. Appendix. See Prongs. 

Arca. See Arks. 
ARGENVILLE, 28, 39, 87, 235. 
Argonauta. See Cymbium, 
ARISTOTLE, 57° 

Arks, 265. 

Aftrolepas. See Limpet. 

Auris Cochlea, 187. 

Auris Marina. See Haliotis. 


Balani, 98, 278, 2.79. 

Barnacles. See Anatifera. 

Bafon Conchs. See Tridacna. 

Beak, 116, 240. 

Beards. . See Bivalves. 

Beauty. See Limpet. 

BELLoNIUS, 57. 

Bilinguia. See Buccina. 

Bivalve, definition of, 132,035; 232. 
———— Syftem of, 233. 


of unequal valves and fhut clofe, 233, 244. 


of equal valves and fhut ciofe, 233. 
Bivalve 


Fae 


INDEX. ~ 301 
Bivalve of equal valves that never fhut clofe, 293, 


274. 


with an articulate hinge, 262, 266, 


with a multarticulate hinge, 262. 


-——— with an inarticulate hinge, 262, 272. 


not fo numerous and beautiful as Univalves, 
231, 243. 

. ————— land ones none, 243. 

——— breadth and length of them, 241. 

beards of, 63. 


Blatta Byzantia, See Operculum. 
Bloody Tooth. See Nerit. 

Boats. See Arks. 

Body of an Univalve, 113. 

Borders. See Margins. 

Boucardes. See Cockles Cordiformes. 
BREYNIUS, 555 93) 235 

Brocades. See Volute. 

Buccina, 70, 207. 

——— Ampullacea. See Globofa. 


Bilinguia, 229. 
anne Canaiculata, 210, 212. 
——— Columella dentata, 211, 215. 


——— foffil, 223. 


heteroftrophon foffil, 223. 


—— plagioftoma, vel recurviroftra, 210, 212. 


Buccina, 


302 hans B Bik 


Buccina, toftrata, 211, 214, 219, 220, 22T¢ 


Strombi, 212, 217. 


Umbilicata, 211, 215- 
Bulla, 173. 

BuoNANNI, 24, 38, 233+ 

Bure de, 27- 

Byflus, 62. 


CALCEOLARIUS, 57+ 
Cames. See Cockles. 
Camp. See Olives. 


Canaliculus. See Furrow. 

Cardium. See Cockles Heart. 

Cardo. See Hinge. 

Cartilage, Cartilago, 243. 

Caffides, 195: 

Cedo nulli, 1926 

Chama, 274; 275¢ 

Claws, 117+ 

Clavicula, or Clavicle. See Turban. 
Cochlea, 198. 


Conoides. See, Volutes. 


———— Lunares, 204- 


a——— Semi-Lunares, 2006 


Cachleds 


1 hm eg ca AE 
Cochlea, Valvate, 299- | 


——_—— Nerites, 198, 199. 

——_—— Helices, 199, 201- 

——— Clavicula breviore, 199, 202. 
—— Turbo, 199, 203. 

sated Strombiformes, 199, 205. 
——— Pyriformes. See Figs. 
——— Cylindroidez, See Cylindri, 
——— foffil, 207. 

——— See Snails, 

Cochlidium. 94. 

Cockles, 2,66. 

- articulate, 266, 267. 


= 


——— multarticulate, 264. 


303 


——— Heart, or Cordiformes, 267, 268. 


—— — truncated or flat-fided, 264, 2.69- 


——— fquare. See Arks. 
Cock/comb. See Oyfter. | 
Columella. See Pillar. 
CoLumna, 6, 7. 53- 

Compafs. Sec Efcallop. 

Concha, 94. | 
Conchoides, 94. 

Conchology, ftudy of, 1, 25 24 
Conchyliology, 2. 


ConcuyLioLoci£ Nouvelle, 56. 


Conchylium, 


304 Pia yt Bs X 


Conchylium. See Operculum. 
Conus, 193+ 

See Volute.. 

Corals, 128, 149- 


——-— See Efcallop. 

Cornua Ammonis. See Ammonia. 
Corpus. See Body. 

Cowries. See Cyprea. 

Cover. See Operculum. 

Crane, 214. | 
Creeping Stones. See Operculum. 


Crozier. See Lituus. 
Cruftacea defined, 2. 


Cuneus, 270. 


fofli], 271%. 

| Cylindrt, or Cylindars. See Olives. 
Cymbium, 68, 125, 127, 169. 

Cyprea, 70, 76, 110, 1125 173 1779 182: 


D. 


Daétyli, See Prongs, 
DAVILA, 55 99> 237+ 
-Declivitas. See Slopess 
Dentale, 127) 1526 
Devil, 225: plied 
Devil's 


RR RR I a 


Devil’s Claws, 230. 

Digiti. See Prongs. 

Dippers, or Dipping Suails. See Bulla. 
Dolphin, 201. 

Ducal Mantle. See Efcallop. 

Duck's Foot. See Efcallop. ? 


E. 


308 


Ear-Shells. See Auris Cochlea and Haliotis, 


Echini not teftacea, 129. » 
Egg poached, 177. 

— Pewit’s. See Bulla. 
Epidermis, 72, 110, 134. 
Efcallops, 244. | 


Ducal Mantle, 245. 
—— Compas or Sale, 245. 
——— Duck's Foot or Coral, 2.45. 
——— foffil, 247. | 


F. 


Fent of a Bivalve, 243. 

Fig. 194. 

Figures in Natural Hiftory neceflary, 52. 

Flats of a Bivalve, 243. : 
“§ 


Flamboyants, 


3c6 oe” a ee ae 


Flamboyanis, 192. 
Fleatite, 192+ 
Furrow of a Bivalve, 242+ 


G, 


Gapers. See Bivalves and Chama, 


Garnet. See Limpet. 
GESNER, 57+ 

GEVE, 43. 

Glafs Oyfer. See Placenta. 
Globofa, 193- 

Geat’s Eye. See Limpet. 
GREW, 57, 83) 235: 

Grimace, 213. 

Gryphite. See Oyfters foffil. 
GUALTIERI, 31, 42, 88, 236. 


H. 
Haliotis, 77> 144. 
HAmEL du, 62. 
Hams. See Pinna. 
Hammer Oyfter. See Oyfter. 
Harper, 6. 
Harp, 194. - 
Flead of an Univalve, 112 


Hearts. 


< 


I WN DE x 307 

Barts. See Cocktes. 
HenENstREIT, 57. 
Helix. See Shells, Turban, Cochlea. 
Flelmets. See Caffides. 
Heteroftrophon. See Shells. 
Hevpg, 6. 
Hiantes. See Bivalves that never clofe. 
Hinge of Bivalves, 133, 2335 241- 

——<— articulate, 242. 


multarticulate, 242, 


eh ee pee 


inarticulate, 242. 
Hippocephaloides, foffil, 266. 


Huppesrorp; See Lifter. 


I, 


IMPERATUS, 57. 

Imperial Crown, 192. 

Inequilatere. See Margins. 

Inftructions for collecting, &c. Shells. See Shells. 
Foppa Whelk, 215» 


KircHER, 38. 
KLEIN, 42. 


Kore, 46. 
x Labium. 


«<% 


meso | MN 1 oe oe 


Lie 


Labium. . See Lip. 
Lamps. See Cochlea Helix. 
LANGIUS, 54, 85. 
Latus Complanatum. See Flat. 
Lepas. See Limpet. 
Leptopolyginglymi. See Bivalves multarticulate. 
Libot. See Limpet. : 
Lid. See Operculum. 
Limax. See Snail. 
Limpet, 69, 773 939 975 136% 
whole, 138. 


——_—— chambered, 138, 140. 

——— matks, 138, 140. 

——— foffil, 142. 

——— common. 140.. 

——— Libot or black, 13, 20. 

——— Thorny, 15. 

———— Beauty, 15. 

——— Afirolepas, 15. 

——— Goat’sEye, 22, 140+ 

~——— Garnet, 22. 

——— blue-rayed, 22, 125. 

——-— tortoife, 105. 

—— cracked, or notched, 12g. 
Limpet, 


& Mi mi Bw’ x 
Liinpet, Concho Lepas, 139. _ 


— Cochlea Lepas, 139. 
LinNnEus, 55, 94, 97, 108, 237. 
Lip of a turbinated Shell, 116. 
LisTER, §, 25, 80, 234. 
Lituus, 154, 159. 


Magpyey 200+ 

Major, 52. _ 

Margaritifera, 272. 

Margines, or Margins of a Bivaluz, 240% 
MartTINI, 49, 100. 

Mafks. See Limpets. 

Melons, 194. 

Meuscuen, 56, 100, 238. 
Midas Ear, 204. | 
Monothalamia. See Shells fimple. 
Moscarbo, 57. - 

Mouth. See Aperture. 
Multivalves, 132, 133, 231. 
Murex, 22, 224, 226. 


Mufcles, 6, 70, 272; 294. 


X 2 


£399 


Nautilus, 


310 mB Mi Dy By ay 


Nautilus, §, 77, 1626 
— Paper. See Cymbium. 


——— Vacuus. See,;Cymbium. 
——— Grecorum, 169. 
——— foffil, 172. 

Needles. See Buccina. 

Nerit, 137. 

——— Bloody Tooth, 22. 
foffil, 200. 

Nipple Shells. See Limpets. 

Nuts, or Nux. See Bulla. 


Ov” 


Olea. See Olives. 
Olives, 70, 11C, 1375 189. 


— Camp, or Panama, £89; 


Onyx. See Volute. 
Operculum, 119. 

) of Land Shells, 121, 
Orthoceratites, 154, 156, 162. 
Ofcabiorns, 280. 

Oftream. See Oy/er. 


Oy/ter, 


eM me ROE 


Oyfiery Ay 2445 2.49- 
Cockfcomb, 250. 


———— Chinefe, or Glafs, See Placenta, 
——— Hammer, 250. 

——— Pearl. See Margaritiferz, 
———— Thorny. See Spondyle,' 

w—— foffil, 250, 


P, 


Panama, See Olive. 

Papal Crown. See Tiara, 
Partridge, 125) 194. 
Patella. See Limpet, 

Pearl, 59. 

Peéten. See Efcallop, 
Peéiincides, 263. 

——-—— foffil, 263, 
Pe&unculi. See Cockles. 
Penecilli. See Vermiculus. 
Periofteum, See Epidermis, 
Perfian Crown, 194. 
PETIVER, 38, 57. i 
Pewit’s Egg. See Bulla. 
PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS, 63¢ 


Pholas, 5, 278» 
X 3 Piddocks. 


i iy Na DY Ee sy 
Piddocks. See Pholas. 

Pillar, 115. 

Pinna, 62, 68, 274, 277- 

‘Placenta, 271. 

PLANCUS, 39. 

Planities. See Flat, 

Planorbis, 201. 

PLINY, 57; 

Poached Egg, 177. 

Polifh Saddle, 2716 

Polythalamia. See Shells chambered. 
Porcellana. See Cyprea. by 
Pofthorns, See Helix Cochlea, 
Prongs, 117.. 

Purple Dye, ‘Tyrian, 59, 222- 
——— Engelifh, 61. 

— French, 62.: 

Purple-tip. See Volute. 


Purpura, 5 3; and fee Buccina. 


— bilinguia. See Buccina. 


Purrs. See Chama. 


— how they bore holes in Shells, 220. 


Rag's-horn. 


Ram’s-horn. See Lituuse 
Razor-Shells. See Solen. 
REAUMUR, 5. 


REGENFUS, 49. 
Revolved, See Shells. 


Rhombi, 225, 226. 


Cylindracei. See Olives. 


foffil, 229. 

Rima. See Fent, 

Rocks and Rochers. See Murex. 
RONDELETIUS, 57+ 

Roftrum. See Beak. 
RoussET, 6. 

RumPHIUs, 37, 84, 238. 


Se 


Sabella, 149+ 

Scoop, 1175 2.2.9. 

Screws. Soe Strombi. 

Sea Ears. See Haliotise 
Wings. See Pinna. 


Cylindro pyramidales. See Volutes, | 


3*3 


Sea 


314 Ey EY a 
Sea Nuts. See Bulla. 

— Silk-Worms. See Pinna, 
SEBA, 47, 92, 238. 


SELLIvs, 6. 

Semiporcellana, 173, 176. 

‘Sheaths. See Solen. 

Shells, definition of, 2, 3. 

——-— fifth, of them, 3, 4, 5, 6, 

——-— whether the Syftems of them fhould be formed 
from the Animals or the Shells, 6. 

——— Syitems of, 79. 

——— Syftem of the Author, tor, 132, 1353 & 
the Tabule Synoptica. 

je ge! Joe, 

——— Inftructions for colle&ting, ckaning, &c. 64, 
68, 103. | | 

enone, MO RCIORS OE, 108. 

~~-— dead, 07. 

———— Land, 4, 67, 1215 F244, 125, 

2 Fret Waren” 3) G77 66,’ 124. 

——— Sea, 4, 124. 

——-- fimple, 123, 133, 136. 

—-— turbinated, 123, 180. 

——-—- chambered, 123; 133, 1546 

——— revolved, 118, 123, 133, 173 

nines: tubular, - 14; 

_-— Menothalamia. See Turbinated and Simple. 


Shells, 


LON De BM x. ats 
Shells, Polythalamia. See Chambered. 


w——— Helices, 118. 

—— Heteroftropha, 1194 

——-— Operculated, 1 19. 

——— Umbilicated, 117. 

——— See Bivalves, Univalves, and Muleivalves. 

~——— thofe moft common in the recent or living fate 
occur feldom foffil, and vice verfa, 163, 260. 

Ship Worms. See Teredo. 

Sinus. See Scoop. 

SLOANE, 57. 

Slopes of a bivalve, 242. 

Snails, 175 70, 77- And fee Cochiea. 

Gold Mouth, 204. | 

a+— Silver Mouth, 204, 


+— Serpents fkin, 204. 

—~ Ear. «See Auris Cochlea, 
—— Land, 4, 5. 

Sole. See Efeallop. 

Solen, 5,274, 276. 

Spiders, 22, 230% . 

Spire, or Spira, 173. See Whirl. 
Spondyle, 244, 249.- 

Sirombi, See Buccina. 

Sulcus. See Furrow. 

Summit of a Bivalve, 240. 
Surface of a Bivalve, Superficies, 240. . 
Swallow, 272. 

SWAMMERDAM, 6, 


4 Tellen 


YT. 


Tellen & Tellina, 70, 269, 270- 
Terebratula. See Anomia. 
Teredo, 5, 6. 

Teftacea. See Shells. 

Thorny Oyfier. See Spondyle. 
Tiara, 216. 

Tongue, 116. 

Tops. See Trochi. 
TOURNEFORT, 42, 90, 237 
Trichites, 142. 

Tridacna, 274. 

Trocht, 772 197 

—— Foffil, 197. 

Juns. See Glbofe — 
Turban, 115- 

Turbinated. See Shells. 

Turbo, 199, 203. 

——— concameratus, 154, 160, 164. 
Turn. See Whirl, 
Tyger, See Volutes, 


Us 
Umbo. See Beak. 
Unguis. See Operculum. 


- Unguli 


e IN ® EB X, “hugay 
Unguli. See Claws. 
Univalves, 132, 133, 136. | 
moft numerous and moft beautiful Shells, 


493i. 


Vv. 


VALENTYN3: 44. 
Venus Ear. “See Auris Cochlea. 
Vermes & Vermiculi, 127, 128, 148. 


chambered, 148, 151. — 


———— penecilli, 148, 150. 
VINCENT, 57. 

Vis. See Strombus. 

Volutes, 22, 70, 98, 1375 

— Admirals, 16. 


—— Brocades, 16. 


——— Onyx, or Purple Tip, 16, 76. 
——— Tygers, 16. 
Volflia. See Pe&tinoides. 


W. 


WALENEROCH, 56. 

Watering Pot. See Penecillus, 
Weavers Shuttle, 177. 
Wentletrap, 151, 204. 

Whelk. See Buccina, 

Whirl, 113. 


Wooge 


- 318 fay Die” 


Woodcock Thorny, 2.15. 
Woopwarb, 238. 
WorMIvus, 57. 
Worms. See Vermes. 

—— Sea Silk. See Pinna, 
——— - Ship. See Teredo. 
Wreaths. See Whirl. 


x. 
‘ylophagus, See Teredo, 


RRAX 


ey ilk, Wee At Aw 


pag. lin. 
97. Catch word, being si fignifying | 
g8. 22. roll. rolled 
ror. 17. after thells, add which 
IIz. 12. the bafe end r. the bafe, end or 
—— 15. orend the, 7. or end, the 
153. «ztle.Section VIII. r. VII. 
159- 2, in thenote. Sect. gor. 7. Sect. 4... Te 
160. 40. 11. fig. 18. is the entire fhell, and fig. 1g. is cut open. 
r. fig. 19. is the entire fhell, and fig. 18. is cut open, 
166. penult. 1. duo sfulcos 7. duos fulcos 
186. 17. ofiernimbly, adda comma 


189. 1. fhells r. {pecies 

TOO. © BL Ce. and Ga fots Be Age 

204. 8. after ear, dele comma 

207. ~~‘. after {trombiformis de comma 
242. 7. after Pl. I. fig. add 13, 


—- 14. (fulcus Canaliculus) add commas to each word, 

245. 14. dele the comma afer coral 

246. 16. aretaken way; their of leaping r, are taken; 
their way of leaping 

257. 13. inartilate r. inarticulate 

272. laft line, defines r. divides 

283. 1. 5.6. polygymonr. polyginglymon 

284. penult. 1. annoymous 7. anonymous 

286. fig. 18.7. 19. and fig. 19.7. 18. 

287. 5. femiporcellanea r. femiporcellana 


What other Errata occur, the candid Reader is defired to corred, 


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