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Pibrary of the Museum COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY, AT HARVARD COLLEGE, CAMBRIDGE, MASS.
Pounded by private subscription, in 1861.
DR. L. DE KONINCK’S LIBRARY. No. 672.
_ ELEMENTS OF CONCHOLOGY, THE FOSSIL GENERA
AND
THE ANIMALS.
By T. EDWARD BOWDICH, Eso.
HONORARY MEMBER OF THE CAMERIDGE PHILOSOPHICAL SOCIETY AND OF THE WETTERAVIAN SOCIETY OF HANAU. MEMBER OF THE GEOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY OF PARIS. CONDUCTOR OF THE MISSION TO ASHANTEE.
PART I. UNIVALVES.
WITH tpwarps or 500 FIGURES.
PARIS, PRINTED BY J. SMITH, AND SOLD BY TREUTTEL AND WURTZ, SOHO-SQUARE, LONDON. Feb, © 1822. (Price Twenty Shillings.)
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PREFACE.
VUVADAARUAAVAYD
Tus Manual, like those of the Mammalia and the Orni- thology already published, originated in the notes and drawings collected during a study of the subject, prepa- ratory to a second travel in Africa. I had intended to arrange the similar materials for the publication of the Reptiles and Fish before the Mollusca, until a further progress in the study of Geology convinced me that the present Manual was not wanting to the Zoologist alone. M. Brongniart has shown that the Mormations containing the remains of marine shells, very rarely, and then under peculiar and evident local causes, present those of fresh- water shells ; and that the contrary had been alleged. be- cause Genera containing both marine and fresh-water shells, differing not merely in specific but in generic cha- racters, had nat been reformed or subdivided. M. Lamarek acknowledged the justice of the observation, and resumed his labours, which had previously advanced this branch of Natural History considerably towards perfection, by es- tablishing separations of marine, fresh-water, and ter- restrial shells; but, unfortunately, his Laxtrait du Cours de Zoologie, published in 1812, contains the mere outline of his system, without the descriptions of the genera; and the Ist and only part (which appeared two years ago) of the 6th volume of his Histotre Naturelle des Animaux sans Vertebres, without figures, contains merely the three or four first genera of the Univalves, and reminds us so frequently of the melancholy affliction which has now compelled this illustrious Naturalist to depend entirely on the eye-sight of others, that the appearance of the remain-
1V PREFACE.
ing parts, if they should appear, must be hailed by the friends of science with much less confidence, although with equal admiration and gratitude.
The system of classification desirable to the Geologist, is that by which a shell may be readily and accurately determined, without considering the’ animal which has inhabited it. Such a system is equally convenient to the Conchologist, when each genus is followed by a reference to the place which the animal occupies in the Natural System, which should always be adjoined. To be unable to determine the shell, unless we found the animal, would be like having no other aid than Crystallography for the study of Minerals. u &
These elements are principally compiled from Cuvier’s ‘¢ Mémoires pour servir a U Histoire et a Anatomie des Mollusques,” and the 2d vol. of the ‘‘ Regne Animal” of the same author; M. Lamarck’s Mémoires sur les Fos- siles des Environs de Paris ;” M. Brongniart’s “Mémoires sur des Terrains qué parotssent avoir été formés sous 0 Hau Douce,’ and others on the. same subjects, scattered through the 22 quarto volumes of the ‘‘ dnnales du Mu- seum ;” M. Blainville’s and M. Defrance’s articles: in the ‘“< Dictionnaire des Sciences Naturelles ;” M. de Ferussac’s “ Histoire Naturelle, générale et. particuliere, des Mot- lusques Terrestres et Fluviatiles ;” and many other rare and costly wurks, collected in the splendid library of Baron Cuvier, to which I have had access at all hours, with the liberty. of taking dome, whatever I pleased, for the last two years. sh at
The figures which illustrate the system of M. de Ferussac have been copied from those which accompany his work, with the, exception of such as were to be found im the Museum. Almost all the other figures of the recent, and some few of the fossil shells, have been drawn from the objects. themselves ; which I have invariably been per- mitted to take home, from the Museum for that purpose, without being limited either to ume or number. | have occasionally been favoured with such specimens as were“ not to be found there, from the cabinets of MM. Lamarck and Dufresne. be
PREFACE. Me
The remaining part will contain the Bwalves, Mulu:- valves, and the Sub-Coronalia and Vermicularia of La- marck (the Brachiopoda and Tubicole of Cuvier): a figure of the entire shell, of each valve, and of the hinges and teeth, when at all complicated, will be given. The Animals and Fossil Genera will also be included.
I beg to repeat that this Manual, as well as the others, has been compiled for those of my countrymen, whose remote situations in our colonies do not permit of their acquiring so desirable a species of knowledge, by the study of collections; as well as for those who, like myself, may cullivate Natural History, as the most agreeable delasse- ment to mathematical studies.
Paris, November §, 1821.
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INTRODUCTION.
ss I ossi shells, being necessarily without brilliance, colours, or beauty, and frequently imperfect, were formerly rejected from collections as destitute of interest; but since it has been observed that these fossils are precious monuments for the study of the revolutions undergone by diflerent points on the surface of the globe, they have become objects of the greatest interest to the Naturalist (1).
It appears to have been proved that. the shells, lestaceous ver- micularia, echini, and different species of polypt which are found so profusely in the fossil state beneath the soil or on its surface, even in the middle of continents and on the highest mountains (2), are the remains of multitudes of marine animals which lived in these places, and that several of the species are analogous to those now inhabiting the seas (5). For, as the quantity of these remains is enormous, since we know of masses nearly a hundred miles in extent, and as shells of an extreme thinness and fragility are found entire amongst them, we cannot but conclude that their animals havo veally lived in these parts of the globe, and, consequently, that the sea has formerly been stationary there (‘).
(4) Conchology, when rendered subservient to geognostic investigations, assumes the rank of an useful science, and then becomes a subject of the highest importance. Bulimus trifasciatus, a very common West Indian shell, occurs imbedded in the same limestone which incloses the fossil human ske= leton, lately sent to the British Museum, from the grande terre of Guadaloupe, by Sir A. Cochrane, proving that rock to be of modern date, and contempo- raneous with the existing creation of animals.—Leach’s Zoological Miscel- lany. Vol. t, p. 42.
(2) According to Ulloa, shells have been found at the height of 14,220 feet above the sea, on a mountain in Peru.
(3) M. Defrance has discovered at least 500 species of fossil shells in the calcaire grossier at Grignon, the equivalent of the London clay.
(4) Les terrains les plus bas, les plus unis, excayés jusqu’a de trés-grandes profondeurs, ne montrent que des couches horizontales de maticres variées, enyeloppant presque toutes dinnombrables produits de la mer. Des couches
eae
Vill INTRODUCTION.
The shells whose analogous species do not live in our seas, but in those of warm climates, form a part of the fossils found in the north of Europe. The Nautilus Pompitius found at Courtagnon, and the remains of which are not uncommon at Grignon, is one of the
pele des produits semblables, composent les collines jusqu’aux plus grandes auteurs. Quelquefois les coquilles sont si nombreuses, qu’elles forment a elles seules toute la masse du sol. Presque partout elles sont si bien conservées, que les plus petites d’entre elles gardent leurs parties les plus délicates, leurs crétes les plus subtiles, leurs pointes les plus délices. Elles s'élévent a des hauteurs supérieures au niveau de toutes les mers, et ot nulle mer ne pourroit ¢tre portée aujourd'hui par des causes existantes. Elles ne sont pas seulement en- veloppées dans des sables mobiles, mais les pierres les plus dures les incrustent souvent et en sont pénétrées de toute part. Toutes les parties du monde, tous les hémisphéres, tous les continens, toutes les fles un peu considérables pré- sentent leméme phénoméne. On est donc bientdt disposé a croire, non seule- ment que la mer a envahi toutes nos plaines, mais qu'elle y a séjourné long- temps et paisiblement pour y former des dépdts si étendus, si épais, en parle si solides, et contenant des dépouilles si bien conservées. Le temps n'est. plus ou Tignorance pouvoit soutenir que ces restes de corps organisés étoient de simples jeux de la nature, des produits concus dans le sein de la terre par ses forces créatrices. Une comparaison scrupuleuse de leurs formes, de leur tissu, souvent méme de leur composition chimique, ne montre pas la moindre diffé- rence entre ces coquilles et celles que la mer nourrit ; elles ont donc vécu dans la mer; elles ont été déposées par la mer : Ia mer existoit donc dans les lieux ott elle les a laissées; le bassin des mers a donc éprouvé au moins un change- ment, soit en étendue, soit en situation. Voila ce qui résulte déja des premieres fouilles, et de Pobseryation la plus superficielle.
Les traces de réyolutions deviennent plus imposantes quand on s’éléve un peu plus haut, quand on se rapproche davantage du pied des grandes chaines.
Il y a bien encore des bancs coquilliers; on en apercoit méme de plus épais, de plus solides: les coquilles y sont tout aussi nombreuses, tout aussi bien conservéess; mais ce ne sont lis les mémes espéces; les couches qui les con= tiennent ne sont plus aussi eénéralement horizontales. Elles se redressent
obliquement, quelquefois presque verticalement. Au lieu que, dans les plames et les collines plates, il falloit creuser prufsudement pow connoitre la suc-
cession des bancs, on les voit ici par leur flanc, en suivant les vallées produites par leurs déchiremens. D’'immenses amas de leurs débris forment au pied de Icurs esearpemens des collines arrondies, dont chaque dégel ect chaque orage augmentent la hauteur.
Et ces bancs redressés, qui forment les crétes des montages secondaires, ne sont pas posés sur les banes horizontaux des collines qui leur servent de pre- micrs échelons; ils s’enfoncent au contraire sous eux. Ces collines sont ap- puyées sur leurs pentes. Quand on perce les couches horizontales dans le voisinage des couches obliques, on retrouye celles-ci dans la profondeur : quelquefois méme, quand les couches obliques ne sont pas trop éleyées, leur sommet est couronné par des couches horizontales. Les couches obliques sont done plus anciennes que les couches horizontales; et, comme il est impossible qu’elles n’aient pas été formées horizontalement, il est évident qu’elles ont été relevées, qu’elles Pont été avant que les autres s'appuyassent sur elles. _,
Ainsi la mer, avant de former les couches horizontales, en avoit formé d'autres, qu'une cause quelconque ayoit brisées, redressées, bouleversées de mille manicves. Hy a done eu aussi au moins un changement dans le sein de
INTRODUCTION. 1X
=~ numerous instances (i). The fragments of palm-trees; the fossil masses of gum-elastic ; the impressions of exotic ferns in slate and coal; and the fossil bones of the Elephant, Crocodile, etc. found in England, France, Germany, and other parts of Europe, seem to attest a mutation of climate (2).
Cuvier and Brongniart were the first who announced the exist- ence of formations, anterior to history, composed in the same manner and presenting the same characters, although situated at reat distances from each other, and containing Terrestial and F resh-}V ater instead of Marine productions (3). It is impossible to admit the hypothesis of the transport of these terrestrial produc- tions to the sea by means of rivers. They might have carried into the sea some remains of vegetables and some fluviatick and terrestrial shells, but then the formations which are composed of them ought
cette mer qui avoit précédé la notre; elle a éprouvé aussi au moms une catastrophe ; et comme plusieurs de ces bancs obliques qu'elle avoit formés les premiers s’élévent au-dessus de ces couches horizontales qui leur ont succédeé, et qui les entourent, cette catastrophe, en rendant ces bancs obliques, les avoit aussi fait saillir au-dessus du niveau de la mer, et en avoit fait des tiles, ou au moins des écueils et des inégalités, soit qwils eussent été relevés par une extrémité, ou que laflaissement de lextrémité opposée ett fait baisser les eaux; second résultat non moins clair, non moins demontré que le premier, pour quiconque se donnera la peine d’étudier les monumens qui l'appuient,— Cuvier, Discours sur la Théorie de la Terre. Paris, 1821.
See the note on that singular shell the Zrochus agglutinans, p. 35.
The Terebellum perditum (the analogous living species of which is not known) is found in great numbers and of all ages at Grignon, which M. La- marck considers would not have been the case unless the enormous quantity of marine shells had lived in that region, instead of being accumulated there by some great catastrophe, At Courtagnon, near Rheims, an enormous bed of fossil shells discovers itself in several pomts ; it proceeds from east to west, appears again al Grignon and some other places, and from M. Lamarck’s comparison of the species with those found in Hampshire, appears to have extended to that part of England. If so, there is reason to believe that this bed has been divided by the Channel since its formation ; and, consequently, that its formation was anterior to the last invasion of the sea.
(2) The rocks of the western coasts of France are interlarded with Gry- phites, Ammonites and other shells (coqguilles pelagiennes) known to inhabit the sea only at great depths. Recent littoral shells have been found fixed on these fossil deep-water shells, which are also common in the hills called Vaches- Noires. There isa pottery in that neighbourhood which is supplied with clay from that part of the beach which is uncovered at low water; this clay, which is said to be very superior, contains quantities of deep-water fossil shells. Tt would seem, therefore, that these parts are not now subjected to the sea for the first time. Again, the fossil marine shells found more than 60 feet deep in the earth, probably were not deposited during the last invasion or passage of the sea.—Hydrogeologie, par J. B. Lamarck. Pages 85, 86.
(5) Lamanon is said to have observed immense beds of fresh-water shells on beds of marine shells in the mountains of Proyence.
x INTRODUCTION.
to present the forms and all the characters of alluvium; that is to say, a mixture of all sorts of heterogeneous matters, more fragments than entire bodies, coarse sands, unequal and irregular strata. We find nothing of this kind in the Fresh-Water Formations; the limestone is almost pure, every thing is in its place and perfectly entire, the most delicate shells present themselves in complete preservation; indeed, fragments of them are scarcely to be found in this formation, whilst, in the marine, fragments are met with in large quantities. We must, therefore, suppose a great tranquillity in the waters wherein these shells have lived. They are deposited in beds, often very thin and perfectly horizontal, like the masses of limestone and the zones of silex which they contain; the silex is in beds, frequently continuous, and never in rolled pieces. The disengagements of gas, indicated by the tubulures, have almost always been made vertically, and have often proceeded from the same plane, which is a further proof of the tranquillity of the liquid and the homogeneity of the Formation. Lastly, the immense extent of these deposits, which occupy spaces of more than 1200 square leagues, and which in so great a surface do not present any trace of disorder, renders this hypothesis perfectly admissible (1).
The extent of these masses of Fresh- Water Formation ought not to astonish us; we know of others at least as vast in North America. If the lakes Superior, Michigan, Huron, Erie, and Ontario de- posited stony layers on their beds and became dry, they would leave Fresh-Water Formations more extensive than any of those just described (2). ;
Among the different stages of alteration in which we find fossil shells, the most frequent is that in which only the animal part has
(1) M. Brongniart remarks that marine and fresh-water shells have in no instance been found mixed together, except in the quarries of Grés at Beauchamp near Pierrelaie, where the cause is local ; for the fresh-water limestone, which forms the surface of the soil, reposes immediately on the marine sand which forms the bed or fond ; the mixture of the two, therefore, in this point of contact is natural. M. Defrance has since adduced and explained another instance ; see note on the Genus Helix. At Montmartre the Calcaire Marin forms a kind of mamelon or small hummock, and the gypsum in depositing itself on these beds, which are porous and friable, has enveloped the marine shells which they contain. Indeed, there is no proof that gypsum may not be a salt-water deposit; the upper marine formation contains small beds of gypsum at inter- vals, and the oysters are often covered with chrystals of selenite. There are only 3 fresh-water genera of bivalve shells, and it is remarkable that no species of either has been found in the Fresh Water Formation.
(2) Fresh-water deposits must not be determined by the presence of doubt- ful shells, but, like that of the environs of Paris, on the constant presence of a “considerable majority of shells not found elsewhere, and on the constant absence of all marie bodies. See Pl. 4.
INTRODUCTION. XI
been destroyed, that is to say, the gelatinous or membraneous portion which is mixed with the cretaceous part ; so that after its destruction the shell is almost exclusively composed of calcareous matter. It has lost its brilliance, its colours, and often evenits mother of pearl, if it had any, for it owed all these to the presence of the animal part. It has generally become quite white, but sometimes, having been long buried in a slime containing coloured particles, it has acquired a peculiar hue, not its own. Other fossils have not only lost the animal part, but even their substance has been transformed into siliceous matter; in this case, the closer approximation of the component parts leaves a small void space around the shell,in the stone wherein it is imbedded, more or less interrupted by lateral adherences. Shells have sometimes been so peculiarly disposed by volcanic eruptions, as to preserve their natural colours even in the fossil state. We scarcely condescend to examine microscopic shells, from their insignificant size ; but when we reflect that it is by means of the smallest objects that Nature every where produces the most astonishing and remarkable phenomena, they become highly in- teresting, from their multiplication or abundance, and their conse- quent influence on the composition and extent of the masses com- posing the exterior crust of the globe. Whatever Nature may seem to lose in point of volume in the production of such bodies, is amply made up by the number of the individuals, which she mul- tiplies with admirable promptitude to infinity. The remains of these minute animals, therefore, have much more influence on the
surface of the globe than those of Elephants, Hippopotami, or Whales.
.
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UNIVALVE SHELLS.
DIVISIONS. flatz . . not CONCAVE; LON sy . sf oes we Se ee ote gs «ny oe) UMISCOUS. spheroid
straight or almost straight. .
Symmetrical ....
volute;with whorls ' COHCAVG;: cn s:cu> & teecencs volute: <1. apenas
monoloculat. 22. '. sn.@arched .. .(. seam.
straight ; in the form VEIVslAIP ON m0, ioe coger aes
entire... . elliptical... 27 8. semi-round. .... ii(o(riate | ere ee Bees
angular... «gsi «
moderate conical or spiral; mouth
Not Symmetrical . . Channeled “oS... 3: Spies ar. heres
motchedse “si. sae ae anivelites-Omeminely HAG ee cco 6 nice -w Sele Oe Getta alee © ak
ofa.
adhering
multilocular, ¢..". . .. 3 ¢partly straight... 426 . 53 jnot adhering
Sepiacer. ... Nummulacee. . Spherulacez.. . Orthoceracez. . Lituacez. ... Spirulacee. . .
touching. . Ammonacez. . penetrating Nautilacee. . . ...... Argonautacez. .
sheath.
shield.
Carinacex.. . . Vaginacee. .. Clypeacee. . . Megastomata. .
ie} Ae)
7 OS SO POS so os) Sar
.
.
Ellipsostomata.. . p. Hemicyclostomata. p. 32. Cricostomata. . . p. Gonyostomata. . . p. Syphonostomata.. p. Entomostomata. . p. Angyostomata.. . p. 41.
ae.
33. 35. 36. 38,
el) DIVISION I. SEPIACEA.
GENERA.
4. Lorico. Lam. CALMAR.
A plate of horn on the Y. Animal, p. 54. back, instead of a shell, in the form of a sword or lancet. Pl. 41, fig. 2.
2. Sepia. Lam.
Shell oval, thick, gib- V. Animal, p. 54. bous ; composed of an in- . finity of very thin cal- careous plates, parallel, joined together by innu- merable inttle hollow co- lumns. Pl. 1, fig. 4 (1).
(1) Being friable, from its structure, it is employed to polish various substances ; it is also given to young birds to sharpen their beaks,
CS) DIVISION I. NUMMULACER,
GENERA.
4, {Nummuta. Lam. Ca- MERINA. Brug. Exterior form lenticu- No siphon. Marine. Jar, without any apparent opening ; a spiral cavity divided by septa mto an infinity of small chambers
(1).
a. Perfectly discous. Only one row of cham- Fossil and living. Pl. 1, fig 3,4. (2) bers to each turn of the
spire.
b. (Siderolites, Lam.) The edge with bluntor Microscopic. sharp rays. P}. 4, fig. 23.
ec. (Renulites, Lam.) Several rows of cham- ......... a 'aKb so chins acai bers to each turn of the spire,
2. DiscorsirEs. (3) Lam.
Spiral, all the turns vi- No siphon. sible and exposed. (4) PI. 1, fig. 5.
(1) The Nummutites are amongst the most widely-spread fossils, forming, al- most exclusively, entire chains of calcareous hills and immense beds of building stone. The Pierre de Laon is composed of Nummulites; the pyramids of Egypt were constructed with stone of this nature, and are raised upon the rocks which supplied it. They were formerly considered, by some, to be Lusus Natura, by which portions of calcareous matter assumed the form of organised hoties? by others, as petrified seeds, opercula, bivalve shells, etc. etc. Breynius, in 1732 bana Gesner, in 1758, concluded them to be univalve shells, very analogous to the Am- monifes. Bruguiere thought that the animal was contained in the last chamber of the shell. Cuvier considers them to be interior shells. To observe the chambers more distinctly, let a drop of ink fall on the worn face, and when it is quite dry, rub the Nummulite delicately on a stone to take off the exterior black, after which all the points which have retained the ink become evident on a white ground, and the interior organization is perfectly discovered. This practice is useful for recog- nising several other delicate fossil shells.
(2) These are the most common and the largest amongst the fossil species, but the living species are very small. ;
(3) The termination tes distinguishes the Genera exclusively fossil, no analogous living species having been yet discovered,
(4) This character distinguishes them from the Spirolinites, the absence of the siphon from the Naut#.
DIVISION IU.
4. Mrxrora. Lam.
Oval, globulous, or ob- long ; subtrigonal ; the spi- ral turning around an axis perpendicular to theplanes of the turns; divided into 2 or 3 chambers, the last pierced by a lateral hole, which is the only aperture. Pl. 1, fig. 6.
2. Pottontes. Monéf.
Resembling the Miliola, but the chambers pierced alternately towards both ends of the shell, and the last open the whole breadth. Pl. 3, fig. 16.
3. Aretuusa. Monif.
Chambers rolled ob- liquely (making the shell turreted) and only the Jast perforated. Pl. 3, fig. 17.
4, Metonires. Lam.
No apparent mouth ; consisting of numerous tubes or siphons united in a plane rolled on itself.
Pl. 2, fig. 1.
5. Gyroconires. Lam.
Hollow spheroids, com- posed of seyeral linear pieces, curved, jomed at the sides, the extremities terminating in the poles; the surface furrowed in transversal circles (2).
Pit, ent.
( 16 )
GENERA.
With chambers.
ee a cM A ee oe a
Without chambers.
SPHERULACEZ.
Marine. Some species found on Fuci, in the neighbourhood of Cor- sica (1).
-
On the shores of the Mediterranean Sea and Indian Ocean.
Microscopic. On the shores of the Adriatic.
Scattered throughout the masses of silex be- longing to the First and Secous Fresh Water Formation of the enyi- rons of Paris.
(1) The fossil species have formed, exclusively, immense beds of stone, espe- cially in the quarries of the environs of Paris.
(2) Only one species known, the size of a pin’s head, G, medicaginula, Lam.
(PA)
DIVISION IV. ORTHOCERACEZ.
4. Brremnites. Boet. de Boot.
A thin double case, composed of two cones united at their bases ; the interior cone much shorter than the other, divided within by paral- jel septa, concave towards the base ; only one cham- ber (conical) apparent, the older ones being succes- sively effaced by the piling up and contiguity of the septa. Pl. 4, fig. 9, 22, etc.
GENERA.
A siphon extending from the summit of the exterior to the same part of the interior cone, whence it continues ei- ther along the edge or through the centre of the septa.
Very abundant, es- ecially in strata of Chalk and Compact Limestone.
a. Elongated in cylinders, sharpened at the end only. 6. Narrowed towards the base, like a distaff or lance.
2. OrtHOcERATITES. Brey- nius.
Straight or slightly bent; chambered; margins of the septa even, or with 4 or 2 small undulations. A 1, fig. 25. Pl. 2, fig.
3. ConuranitEs. Miller.
Concave, hollow, mouth half closed by an inflexion ofthe lip. Pl. 3, fig. 19,24.
4. AmpLExitTEs. Sowerby.
Nearly cylindrical; di- vided into chambers by numerous transverse sep- ta embracing each other with their reflected mar- gins. Pl. 2, fig. 10.
5. Noposaria. Lam.
Straight, chambered, slender, with a contrac- tion at each septum.
A siphon central or lateral.
Septa imperforate.
Said to characterise the Transition Rocks of Werner.
In Transition Lime- Stone, in Ironstone, in
Schale, with marine shells.
In the Bimestane of the Black Rock at Lime- rick.
Akin to the Raphanis- ~ ter (PI. 2, fig.15), Echid- nus (PI. 2, fig. 14), and Telebois (Pl. 3, fig. 22) of Montfort ?
B
( 18 ) (Orthoceracee.)
a, Contractions moderate. Pl. 2, fig. 9.
6. Contractions so deep that the septa are united by the siphon only and ap- pear as if strung together. Pl. 2, fig. 12.
6. Hreruritrs. Lam. Cor-
nu-cop1z. Thomson.
Thick, cylindrical or A siphon, agutter in- Several large species conical, with irregular sep-° steadofasiphon,orboth. in the older Secondary ta traversing two longitu- Mountains. dinal cylindrical projec- tions adhering to one of the sides; mouth closed by an operculum. Pl. 4, fig. 21, 26, 28, 34,33. Pl.
2, fig. 18.
ae Conical, more or less arched. Pl. 4, fig, 21.
6. Batholites, Montf. Straight, cylindrical.
7. Bacusites. Faujas. Ha- mites. Parkinson.
Straight, cylindrical, a Maestricht. In the ~ litttle conical, fusiform, clay at Folkstone. In hooked or bent, com- the chalk at Hamsey and pressed : septa transverse, at Horton.
undulated at the mar- gins. Pl. 4, fig. 17, 19. PLA? thie. 10s) PI. 3) fig.
48, 23. a, With a siphon at the outer edge of the chambers. 6. Without oe oe ee
8. ‘Turaiwites. Montf. Spiral, turreted; with — Septa pierced in their — St. Catherine’s Mount
chambers divided by si- disks. near Rouen. In the nuous septa: the turns green sand at Horning- contiguous, all visible : sham, Wilts. Hamsey mouth round. Pl. 4, fig. Marl Pit. 16.
Belemnites.
According to M. Beudant, they have never been found in transition limestone, or grey wacke, but first appear in the argillaccous iron stone which alternates with bituminous slate. The internal of the two testaceous cones is filled with a solid substance, presenting either radiating fibres or conical beds enveloping each other, and their bases corresponding with the edges of the septa of the interior cone: this solid part is sometimes found alone ; at others, the kernels of the chambers of the interior cone or the alveoliare also met with. P1.1, fig.9. Most frequently the al- veoliand the chambers themselves have left no other traces than some projecting cir- cles within the interior cone; but we sometimes meet with the alveoli still piled on one another, but detached from the double conical case which envelopes them. The exterior cone has generally a notch on one side of the base continued in a longitu- dinal furrow. Klein, in 41734, was the first who considered the fusiform Belemnites to be spines of Echini, from the similar exterior form, and the radiation presented in
(19)
both on fracture, P.4, fig. 8. pl. 2, fig. 7 : it does not appear, however, that he thought of making a longitudinal section of the Echinus, such as M. Beudant has submitted, pl. 1, fig. 8. pl. 2, fig.8. A Belemnite, in the collection of the Conseil des Mines, which has not entirely passed into the calcareous state, presents in some of its parts the same spongy and radiated tissue which we observe in the spines of the Echinus. This Belem- nite also offers the peculiarity of a nipple at the base, with projecting sides, striated transversely, and ee ole from the centre to the circumference ; the centre is per- forated by a small shallow round hole: the summit sometimes terminates in folds. Pl. 4, fig. 10,141,412. Some present a large conical cavity at the base, which has been often considered as the last chamber or dwelling of the animal; others have none, or at least a very small cavity. Theophrastus’s description of the lynx stone is not applicable to the Belemnite : it would seem that we owe the first notice of it to Pliny, but it is not quite clear whether his dactylus deus (1. 37, c. 10) which he clearly distinguishes from the lynx stone (1. 8, c. 38) was a fossil species of Echinus or Belemnite. In the 15th century they were considered to be meteoric stones, and marvellous medicinal virtues were ascribed to them. Boetius de Boot, in his Treatise on Stones, pronounces them to be petrified darts, and it was not until the end of the 16th century that they were first regarded as natural organised bodies. Erhart, in 1724, appears to have been the first who concluded them to be shells akin to the Nautilus. Deluc insisted that the Belemnite was an organised bone, like that of the Sepia; and they have been concluded by other authors to be sta- lactites; petrified wood; the teeth or the back bones of fish; the tusks of the Narwal ; Crocodile’s teeth ; tubulites, etc. ete. Cuvier, Régne Animal, t. 2. p. 371. Sage, Jour. de Phys. ventose, an. x. Beudant, Observations sur les Belemnites. Ann. du Mus, t. 16. p.77. Faure Biguet. Considerations sur les Belemnites, etc. Lyon,
4819. Orthoceratites.
Mr. Farey ‘‘ finds them referable to twenty different places in the British series of strata; extending from (4st) the London clay above the chalk, to (20th) the lime- stone resting on slate.” According to Spallanzani, the islands of the coasts of Dal- matia are masses of orthoceratites. M. Sage thinks, from the sections he has made, pl. 4, fig. 24, that the Orthoceratites are alveoli of different species of Belemnites, and contained within the funnel, pl. 4, fig. 29, which, however, according to M. Beu- dant, does not always exist. This opinion has not been generally adopted. Deluc, in particular, combated it (Journ. de Phys. vent. an. 12.), asserting that the alveoli of the Belemnites have no siphon. M. Sage considers the organization of the siphon to be evident in pl. 4, fig. 27, and in the centre of fig. 25, which is confirmed by Platt and Beudant : Montfort seems to have viewed the alveoli as the envelope of a parasite. Breynius submits fig. 30 as an orthoceratite, with the siphon passing through the axis; fig. 35, as the convex front of the last articulation, with the siphon, of a species found most frequently in the marble of Oeland, on the coast of Sweden, four feet long, and only two inches in diameter at the base; fig. 34, or the same part of another species, whose diameter is three inches, whence he infers its length to be more than five feet; fig. 11, p.2, isthat of a species from Gothland with a large siphon at the circumference, and remarkable for the projecting rays, sometimes filled with crystals of fluor, the proportion between the length and the diameter appeared to be 10:1. Dissertatio Physica de Polythalmiis. Gedani, 1732. Some are smooth, others have circular sides ; both kinds are found in the greyish marble of Norway 5 they are of a whitish calcareous spar, with a case or envelope of a reddish brown ; the chambers are separated by hemispherical yellowish lines.
Hippurites.
Some consider what we call the operculum to be the last septum, in which case the shell may be interior, unless it is hereafter discovered to be a bivalve: fig. 26, pl. 1, shows the gutter or canal, c. which replaces the siphon ; fig. 28 is the under part of a convex operculum, with two prolongations having the appearance of a
( 20 )
hinge ; whether this is natural or accidental to the petrifaction cannot be decided, for no other example is known amonst the various species which have been found ; fig. 34 is a Hippurite, with a gutter, a, and a siphon, b; its surface is smooth and the septa are concave: fig. 33 is one of the most singular species which have yet been discovered ; the operculum is entire, and pierced with two eyes; it is only six lines in depth and fifteen in diameter: fig. 18, pl. 2, found in a considerable bed on the mountain of Montferrand is sometimes a foot and a half long, the diameter not exceeding an inch; the operculum has been destroyed by long exposure; M. de la Peyrouse observes, that their situation in the rock clearly indicates that they have been petrified in the same position and in the same place in which they had originated. De novis quibusdam Orthoceratitum et Ostracitum speciebus Dissertatiun- cula, Erlange, 1700. Dr. Thomson, formerly Professor of Anatomy at Oxford, saw several species in the cabinet of M. Chiarelli, at Palermo, in 1789, in the form of the femur of a cow or horse, which had been found entire at Cape Passora (the ancient Pachynus), with no bones whatever in their neighbourhood. Dr. Thomson, on visiting the spot expressly, could only meet with species in the form of a case or sheath, and equal in dimension to the horn of a bull about three years old; the interior hollow, and containing two cylindrical bodies, like two candles. The base of this cone is closed by a species of lid, similar to that of a powder hern. The internal structure resembles a heap of egg shells, broken transversely, and piled up so as to touch each other, but leaving a void space in the middle. These plates are so flexible that they allow the concave part of the horn to bend inwards when squeezed. Their disposition has some resémblance to the diaphragm of the human body. The Hippurite, therefore, is not entirely divided into concamerations, and has __ no tubes of communication, or siphons, as we find in the Ammonites, Belemnites, and Orthoceratites. The texture of this case, as it exists in a fossil state, is scaly lengthwise and across. The transversal fracture, when it is fresh, appears to be strong, and composed of concentric layers; but after having been some time ex- posed to the air, this fracture appears rotten and spongy, so that in the part changed by the air, it becomes ramified like an animal substance, which gives it the appearance of a bone. This fossil case is closed by an operculum, the internal surface of which is imbricated in converging rays, like the shell of the Pecten. The thickness of the operculum led Dr. Thomson to conclude that this case was inhabited by one animal only, and that it was not the nest of several.
DIVISION V. LITUACER.
GENERA. 4. Lirovs. Breynius. The last turn elongated. a, Lituites, Mont. Turns contiguous. Pl. 1, fig. 7. b. Hortolus, Mont/. Turns separated, Pl. 1, © China: Foss. in the fig. 32. red limestone of Oeland ; Meudon ; in the limestone at Namur. 2. Scapuires. Parkinson. The last turn (after bemg In the London lCay ; enlarged and elongated) Crag Marl; Melbury diminished and reflected Marble.
inwards. Pl. 2, fig. 6.
DIVISION VI. SPIRULACEX.
4. Spmvta. (1) Lam.
The turns of the spire not touching ; divided
transyersally into cham- bers. Pl. 4, fig. 18.
2. Sprrouinites. Lam.
The turns of the spire touching; the septa pro-
GENERA.
Siphon occupying the middle of each chamber and continued to the ex- tremity of the shell.
Siphon traversing the septa and chambers.
Ausiral Seas. Gulph of Florida. V. Animal, p. 4.
Grignon. (2)
jecting ina small degree, so as to divide the exterior surface of the spire by crests or strive. Pl. 1, fig.
13.
3. AmMonocenratites. (3) Lam.
Rolled on itself in the same plane?
Septa numerous, undu- Siphon marginal, in- lated at the margins. Pl. 3, terior.
fig. 14.
(1) Peron’s discovery of the animal of the Spirula, so nearly akin to the Nautili that Linnzus placed it amongst them, has thrown much light on all the multilocular univalves : thitherto, it was a question whether the animal inhabited the last chamber of the shell; whether it was contained entirely or partly within it; or whether the shell was enveloped more or less completely by the animal. The animal of the Spirula is perfectly analogous to the Sepia, and its shell is enchased in the posterior extremity of the body, and only visible in part. There is now very little, or no doubt, therefore, that the Rotalites, Belemnites, Hippurites, etc etc. were more or less enchased in the posterior extremity of the animal, a portion of whose body was enveloped in the last chamber, and connected, probably, by a tendinous filament inserted at the extremity of the siphon, similar to that of the Nautilus. Breynius, on the authority of Woodward (Catalogue of English Fossils. Part I, p. 113), says, that the shells of the Spirula abound on the shores of Jamaica, Barbadoes and the Bahamas: he adds, ‘‘de figura autem animalculi domicilium hoc testaceum curiosissimum inhabitantis, altum apud omnes silentium.” p. 22.
(2) Lamarck has mentioned the genus Cristellaria (Pl. 3, fig. 13), but withoui defining it, and there are none in the Museum. These shells are cretaceous, and almost microscopic. Fossil species, pyritous or ferruginous, are found in Tuscany ; and M. Defrance possesses others, which are said to have been brought up with the soundings off Teneriffe.
(3) The ep: is unknown. M. Lamarck purchased it by accident: he kindly allowed me to take it home, in order that the figure, whichis the first that has been made, might be as accurate as possible,
( 22) DIVISION VII. AMMONACE.
GENERA. 4. Ammonites. Brug.
Septa of the chambers A_ siphon, generally | Abounding in the Se- undulated at the mar- marginal. condary Mountains, gins. (4) from the size of a pin to
that of a coach-wheel.
a. Ammonites, Zam. All the turns visible. Pl. 1, fig. 45. 6. Orbulites, Lam. The last turn enveloping all the others. Pl. 3, fig. 14, 12.
(1) According to Spallanzani, there are vast beds of Ammonites in the environs of Nevers. They have been found in England, in all the formations from the 4st or alluvium, to the Sth or first sand stonc, inclusive.
DIVISION VIII. NAUTILACES.
GENERA. 1. Naurinus. The last turns of the | Septa numerous, sim- —_-YV.. Animal, p. 54. spire not only touch but ple, transverse, siphun-
envelope the preceding. culated. PI. 2, fig. 2, 3, 4. a Nauzinires, (1) § Microscopic. a Lenticulina, (2) Lam. The last turn, as in the existing species, pl. 2, fig. 17. } in the middle of the septa. *\ towards the anterior edge. towards the edge. scattered. ranged in a longitudinal line. ranged in a transversal line. 33-0 , § longitudinal. A slit, instead of a siphon. . yiltrasbueréals & Rotalites. (3) Lam. The mouth placed more on one side than the other, or entirely on one side, pl. 2, fig. 13... y Discorbites. (3) Lam. All the turns visible, pl. 4, fig. 5. CP) ae The last turn very large in comparison with the rest of the spire.
One siphon.
Several siphons...
§§ Large or moderate.
a Angulites.(4) Montf. One siphon. f Bisiphites. Montf. Two siphons.
y Planulites. Lam. Siphon towards the edge. § Ellipsolites.(5) Montf. Spire elliptic, pl. 3, fig. 15. » Amaltes. Montf- Siphon in the middle.
(1) Foss. in the London Clay; Crag Marl; Chalk Marl; Green Sand ; Under Oolite ; Blue Lias; Derbyshire Peak or Mountain Lime Stone.
(2) Foss. at Senlis; Soisson; Grignon; Meudon. Lamarck possesses Lenticu- line in the recent state which were found in 125 fathoms off Teneriffe.
(3) Foss. Grignon.
(4) Foss. Grignon. Defrance has received specimens in the recent state from New-Holland and the Red-Sea.
(5) Foss. in the Derbyshire Peak Lime Stone.
DIVISION IX. ARGONAUTACEM.
4. ARGONAUTA.
Very thin ; the last turn so dieaapereona elylarge as to give the spire the ap- pearance of the poop ofa ship. Pl. 13, fig. 4.
Mediterranean. At- lantic. — Fossil species between Rouen and St. Ouen (Pl. 3, fig. 9), and at D’Anyvers. Y. Animal, p. 55.
DIVISION X. CARINACEE.
GENERA.
4. Carman. Lam.
Conical, flattened at the Mouth entire, oval, Mediterranean, At- sides. The summit an oblong, narrowed to- dantic, Indian Seas. involute and very small wards the angle of the —V. Animal, p. 72. spire; the hack with a keel. dentated keel: very thin.
PI. 5, fig. 16.
DIVISION XI. VAGINACE/E.
GENERA.
4. Vacinewiitrs. Daudin.
Tubular, oblong; thin A superior but no la- ‘In the interior of the and pointed at one end, teral aperture. Jossil shells of the envi- and an enlarged mouth at rons of Bourdeaux.
the other. Pl. 3, fig. 10.
2. Crropora. Peron.
Cartilo-gelatinous; like . ... . Shes AN ee Seas of warmclimates. a reversed truncated py- Y. Animal, p. 56. ramid. PI. 5, fig. 2.
3. CymsuLrA. Peron.
Cartilo-gelatinous, very Aperture lateral and Mediterranean, near transparent, crystalline, anterior. Nice. oblong, like a truncated Y. Animal, p. 56. sabot or boat. Pl. 5, fig. 3.
4. Hyavea. Lam.
Horny, oval-globulous ; = Pte, RR Bee 8 Mediterranean, At- tridentated posteriorly. PI. lantic, etc. YV.Animal, 6, fe pu7o0:
DIVISION XII.
4. PATELLA. (1) Lin.
Oval or almost orbicular, in dilated cones, more or less obtuse and concave
beneath. PI. 5, fig. 5,6.
2. Fissunetra. (2) Lam.
3. Emareinuta. (3) Lam.
4. Scutus. Montf. Par- MAPHORA. Blainv.
Elongated, flattened ; summit apparent towards the posterior part, which is rounded; the anterior truncated. PI. 5, fig. 4.
5. Seprarra. NAVICELLA.
Feruss.
Lam. Summit symmetrical ,
inclined towards the pos-
terior edge : an opercu-
lum. PI. 5. fig. 23.
6 AncyLus. Geoff:
Conical. a. PI.5, fig. 7.
(24)
GENERA.
~
A small hole at tke summit. Pl. 5, fig. 10.
A notch at the poste- rior edge. Pl. 5, fig. 11.
A horizontal plate within.
6. Plectrophorus, Fer. With an interior winding
impression. PI]. 6, fig. 2,3.
CLYPEACE/.
Mostly marine, ad- hering to the rocks and other hard substances bordering the sea.
VY. Animal, p. 73.
Marine. VY. Animal, p- 72:
-
Marine. VY. Animal, p.. 72:
Marine. New Zea- land. Fossil species at Grignon.. Animal un- known.
In the rivers of warm climates.
Y. Animal, p. 72.
VY. Animal, p. 63,
Fresh-water.
Terrestrial. Teneriffe. Maldives.
(1) The animal of the fresh-water Patella differs from that of the marine,
although the shell has. scarcely any distinguishing character.
The fossil species
P. cornucopie (pl. 5. fig. 6.) resembles a cap, and is of considerable thickness.
Foss. in Alluvia; Crag Marl; Chalk Marl; Clunch Cla Forest Marble.—Grignon; Houdan; Pontoise.
ry; Alum Shale of Whitby ;
(2) Foss. in the beds of coarse marine limestone at Grignon, and in the marl-pits
of Touraine.
. (3) Foss. in Limestone analogous to that at Grignon.
DIVISION XIII. GENERA.
A. In the form of a shield or cap.
4. Carutus. Mont.
Conical, the summit curving spirally. Pl. 5, fight ton
2. Hirponyx. (1) De
France. Conical, summit in- Support adherent and clined backwards. Pl. 6, bearing (as well as the
fig. 1.
shell) a muscular impres- sion in the shape of a horse-shoe.
3. CREPIDULA. Lam. Oval or oblong, the
summit obtuse, inclined towards the edge. Pl. 5, fig. 12.
Half closed by a ho- rizontal plate.
4. Catyerrma. (2) Lam.
_Conical, the summit ver- tical and pointed.
MEGASTOMATA.
Marine. Mediterranean. badoes.
V. Animal, p. 71.
Bar-
Marine.
Marine.
On the rocks of the Caribbean Sea. Mediter- ranean.
Y. Animal, p. 72.
Marine. : Atlantic, Indian Seas.
a The plate (adhering to the bottom of the cone) folded, and descending
vertically. Pl. 5, fig. 8.
6 Infundibulum, Montf. The plate simple, almost horizontal, adhering to the sides of tbe cone, which has a spiral line on the exterior. Pl. 5, fig. 20.
5. Umprewta. Lam.
Orbicular, slightly con- — A callous, colored disk, vex above, a small apex within. near the summit. Pl. 5,
fig. 15
Marine: Mediterranean, dian Seas.
Tn-
(41) Several valves of different sizes having been found at Grignon, in the marl-
pits of Hauteville, Montmirail, etc. they were considered by some naturalists as the type of the genus Acardo. M. Defrance having remarked a similar support adhering to a recent shell (Patella mitrata, Gm.), foresaw that some other Patell were to be separated from that Genus to form the present. His conjectures were afterwards realised by finding one of the fossil species on its support.
(2) Foss. Grignon.
(3) Foss. in the London Clay; Crag Marl; Woolwich Loam; Green Sand.
( 26 )
B. In the form of an ear.
7. Hatyoris. Lam. Spire or spiral apex flat- tened, excedingly small.
a. Halyotis, Lam.
6. Padolla, Montf.
A deep furrow with- in, forming a_ ridge without. PI, 6, fig. 4.
c. Stomatia, Lam. Spire more promi-
nent; shell deeper.
Pl. 5, fig. 24.
d, Stomatella, Lam.
Whorls carinated. Pl. 5, fig. 22,
8. Sicarntus. Adans. Ditto ; mouth very deep ;
shell hidden within a spon-
gy buckler. Pl. 5, fig. 25.
9. Trstacrtta. Lam.
Oval, spire very small ; semi-corneous, transpar- ent. Pl. 5, fig. 9. Pl. 6, fig. 7, 8,9.
10. ParmAcELia. Cuy.
Oblong, flat, with a slight commencement of a
spire behind. P1.6. fig. 10.
44. Virrina. HE.ico-timax. Feruss.
Very thin, transparent, flattened. PI. 5, fig. 14.
Draparn.s
Pierced by a series of holes. Pl. 5, fig, 24.
Almost all the holes ob- literated,
No holes.
ei Stee erhe
No holes.
The mouth (diminish- ed by the projection of the penultimate whorl of the spire) in the form of a crescent, broader than deep.
(Megastomata.)
Marine.
Adhere to the rocks like limpets, but inhabit deep water, generally at ashort distance from the shore (14). V. Animal, p.. 7/,
Coasts of Africa, Ani- mal unknown.
?
Animal unknown.
Seas of warm chi- mates.
V. Animal, p. 71.
Terrestrial. South of France. 'Tenerifte.:
V. Animal, p. 614.
Terrestial, . Mesopo- tamia.
V. Animal, p. 61.
*
Terrestial. ‘Those of Europe live in ‘humid places and are very small; those of warm climates are larger.
(1) They are found on the coasts of Brittany, Asia Minor, Barbary, Western Africa, India, New Holland, New Zealand, and California. Luid and Scheuchyer
report that they have found the Halyotis in a fossil state.
Bertrand, in his Dic-
tionnaire Orictologique, says that he possesses a shell of this Genus, brought from Vir- ginia, resembling a ferruginous stone.
( 27 ) DIVISION XIV. ELLIPSOSTOMATA. GENERA. A. Longitudinally volute; the last whorl considerably larger than the preceding. 4. Lymnaxus. (1) Lam. Spire oblong; thin; no _Columella* with a lon- In stagnant waters operculum. vf. 6, fig. 12. gitudinal fold entering and marshes. obliquely intothe mouth. VY. Animal, p. 63. 2. Paysa. Drap. : Spireshort or moderate; | Columella simple. In springs. very thin; no operculum. V. Animal, p. 63. Pl. 6, fig. 13.
3. Meranta. (2)
Outer lip advancing and cage Fh lay a, Marine and Fresh narrowing the mouth; an Water. - operculum. V. Animal, p. 67. a. Melania, Zam,
Peristoma complete, Turreted. Fluviatie. Isle of France. effusive (3) at the base Madagascar. East Indies. of the columella; black.
P1.6, fig. 14. 6. Melantho. Peristoma incom- Sub-globular. Marine.
plete, not effusive ; very thick: white. Pl. 6,
fig. 45. c. Melanopsis, Lam. Peristoma incom- Turreted. Fluviatic.
plete, inner lip very broad, reflected, effu- sive; black. Pl. 6, fig. 18.
d, Melanella, Dufresne.
Semi-transparent, Turreted; spirecurved. = Marine.
mouth invaded by the last whorl; white. Pl.
6, fig. 17. (1) Foss. in the Cowes Roch of Limestone; Grignon ; 1st and 2nd Fresh Water Formations of the environs of Paris. * See the section Pl. 12, fig. 16.
(2) I have ventured to separate the marine Melanizx, under the name of Melantho, the Melanella (in the cabinet of M. Dufresne), and the Melanamona; adding the ‘name of Melanatriato Lamarck’s Pyrene, in order to indicate its connexion with the others. Foss. in the London Clay; Purbeck Limestone; Coral Rag; Blue Lias ; at Grignon, Courtagnon, Houdan, Parnes and Ponchartrain. The fossil species of Me- lania found at Grignon differ remarkably from the fresh water species. In the M. costellata, pl. 13, fig. 14, the peristoma is continuous, but the mouth is not circu- lar, and it is entirely detached from the columella towards the upper part of the lip. In the M. cochlearella, pl. 13, fig. 13, the lip is prolonged like a spoon; in the M. marginata, pl. 13, fig. 10, the peristoma is margined or thickened. The fluviatic Melaniacbrought by Olivier from the East are very distinct in appearance from all other species: see Pl. 8, fig. 14, 17, This Genus is, probably, entirely foreign to Europe.
(3) Versante is the French term, which they explain by saying if the shell were laid on its back and filled with water, it would run out at this part of the mouth: this has beep concluded to be the meaning of Linnzus’s term E/fusus, but it appears improbable that he should take a perfect instead of a present participle, when we consider his Latinity.
( 28 ) (£l/ipsostomata.) e. Melanamona. Effusive, with one Turreted. Fluviatic.
very deep sinus ; black. PI. 6, fig. 19.
f. Melanatria. Pyrene. Lam. With 3 undulating .. 1... - -- ee ees tte es oe 8 a shes sinuses: black. Pl. 6, fig. 20.
4, Prastanewia. (1) Lam.
Oblong : operculum, Columellasimple, flat- — Marine. Indian Seas. calcareous. PI. 6, fig. 21, tened at the base. Shores of New Holland. VY. Animal, p. 67.
5. AurictLa. (2)
Oval or oblong, outer _Columella, with large = Mostly Fresh Water, lip thickened. Pl. 6, fig. oblique channellings or but some Marine. : folds ; no umbilicus. VY. Animal, p. 63.
6. Scariszus. Montf.
Oblong-oval, spire a- Imnerliptoothed, with — On herbs in the Mo- cute ; ouier lip thickened, a hollow below the mid=- luccas. The marshes, dentated. Pl. 6, fig. 23. dle. woods, and mountains
of Asia. Animal wiknown.
7. Carycuium. Muller.
Oval or oblong, spire Immerlipplicatewitha The /oods of Europe, obtuse ; outer lip thicken- hollow belowthe middle, under moss. St, Vin- ed, margined ; penulti- the upper part wanting. cent’s. mate whorl much larger than the preceding, but considerably less than the last ; no operculum. Pl. 6,
fig. 24;
8. Conovutus. Lam. Mexampus. Montf.
An inverted cone; lip | Columella with pro- — Rivers of the West finely striated ; no opercu- jecting folds. Indies. lum. PI. 6, fig. 25. VY. Animal, p. 63. 9. Acnatina. (3) Lam. ‘AGATHINA. Oval or oblong. Columella truncated TZrees and sands of
at the end. warm climates.
VY. Animal, p. 62.
(1) Foss. in the Cowes Rock of Limestone.
(2) Foss. in the London Clay; Green Sand; at Grignon.
(3) A smooth, thin, globulous shell is found in the marine deposits of Plaisantin, approaching very nearly to the Achatina, but without the columella being trun- cated at the base, pl. 8, fig. 22. Broechi calls it Bulla Helicoides. ©
( 29 )
a, Liguus, Montf.
A callosity within the last whorl, Pl. 6, fig, 26.
6, Polyphemus, Montf.
The end of the colu- mella curving inwards. Pl. 12, fig. 41. 40. Butrmus. (4) ; Oyal, or oval oblong. Columella smooth. On rocks and trees in ‘ cool shady places. Large species in warm climates.
V. Animal, p. 62.
a Bulimus, Lam. Outer lip thick, blunt, pl. 6, fig. 27. 6 Bulimopsis, Zam. Outer lip thin, sharp, pl. 4, fig. 15. ce Bulimulus, Leack. Outer lip thin, sharp ; inner lip inflected, pl. 6, fig. 28.
44. Ampnurputma. Lame. Succinga. Drap. Elongated or oval ; spire, V. Animal, p. 62. short, of 2-4 whorls, the last forming almost the whole of the shell. Pl. 6, he, 5,6. Pl. 7, fig..5, 6.
12. Tornatetta. Lam. Acrzon. Montf:
Spire projecting but lit- Columellawithoneor Marine. tle; mouth elongated, en- two large folds. Coasts of Africa. ee below. Pl. 6, fig. VY. Animal, p. 63. 20.
B. Longitudinally volute ; the last whorl very little larger, or less, than the preceding.
43. Craustuia. Drap. Slim, long, pointed; With orwithoutteeth In mosses at the feet
the last whorl contracted, or projecting plates. of trees. compressed ; mouth edged V. Animal, p. 62. with a callous pad. Pl. 6,
fig. 36
(1) Fossil species have been found in the 2d Fresh Water Formations of the en- virons of Paris. The marine species at Grignon have not the same generic cha- racter as the Bulimi, according to Brongniart, and ought to be referred to the Phasianella. Lamarck has observed that only terrestrial shells have the lip reflected. The Bulimus dombeyanus , B. octronus, and B. terebraster, pl. 13, fig, 15, and many other species which inhabit Asia, Africa, or America, are turreted with numerous whorls ; others are of a conical form, as the Bulimus trochoides of Bruguiere. See the singular species, and its monstrosity, Pl, 6, fig. 35. 31,
( 30 ) _ (Ellipsostomata.)
14. Oposromra. Fleming.
Spire produced; mouth With teeth or plates. The greater number contracted , subangular , terrestrial; under stones, distinct ‘from the body on rocks, and in mosses. whorl. Animal unknown.
a, Spire dextral. Pl. 8, fig. 28. bos. sinistral, Pl. 8) fig 523.
15. Pura. (1) Lam. Summit obtuse; mouth = Withor without teeth Marine and Terres-
narrowed byacallous pad, or plates. trial.
and qunihitied on the side V. Animal, p. 62.
of the spire by the prece-
ding whorl. Pl. 6, fig. 37,
34.
a Without a tooth, pl. 8, fig. 29.
6 A tooth in the part of the mouth invaded by the penulti- timate whorl, pl. 8, fig. 32. -
e Teeth within the outer lip, pl. 6, fig. 37.
Oval { d Chondrus, Cuv. Teeth at the lip, or plates within the mouth,
: pl. 8, fig. 24.
Cylindrical.
C. Horizontally volute ; mouth transyersally elliptical.
16. Pranoruis. (2) Brug.
Rolled almost in the Slagnant waters. same plan ; the whorls in- V. Animal, p. 63. creasing gradually ; no operculum. Pl. 6, fig. 32.
47. Hex. (8)
Globulous or subconical, Pappesteant spire depressed ; mouth V. Animal, p. 62. somewhat diminished by the projection of the pen- ultimate whorl. Pl. 7.
(1) The shells of the marine and terrestrial Pup are similar, but an experienced Conchologist may always distinguish them : the animal of the former is not known. Lamarck doubts the Pupa mumia to be marine. Foss. in the 2d Fresh Water Formation.
(2) Fossil species have been found in the Limestone of Fontainebleau (2d Fresh Water Formation) ; in the Silea near Paliseau (2nd Fresh Water Formation) ; in the Marne Blanche covering the Gypsum at Pantin and Chaumont (1st Fresh Water For- mation); in the Cowes Rock of Limestone ; London Clay ; Green Sand ; Under Oolite ; Derbyshire Peak Limestone. Neither of the three Planorbes cited at Grignon can be exactly referred to this Genus ; the Carinata resembles the Delphinata.
(3) ‘The distinction of fresh water formations, so precisely established by Geo- logists, has made it indispensably necessary to study this Genus attentively. An ar- rangement with a view of easily distinguishing the species is difficult, from the great accumulation, for whilst the shells present the greatest varieties of form, the animals offer no differences of any importance. As M. de Ferussac appears to have studied the excessively numerous species of tl:is Genus more completely than any other author, accompanying the BE Ft of his system, which comprebends all the known species, with accurate and beautiful engravings, J shall adjoin bis
:
( 51 )
a Helis, Lam. Globulous, pl. 7, fig. 9. 6 Garacolla, Lam. Carinated, conical, pl. 7, og. 22 c Anostoma, Lam. Mouth dorsal, toothed, pl. 7, fig. 20.
18. Heuicrna. (1) Lam.
Subglobulous or coni- Columella callous. Terrestrial.
cal; spire a little depress- VY. Animal, p. 66. ed; inner lip enlarged at
the base in a callous pad entirely covering the um- bilicus ; a small blunt an-
le at the base of the right ip. Pl. 12, fig 6.
49. Hexicarton. Ferruss.
Very thin, transparent. Columellaspiral, solid, © Marine. formed by the inner lip —_ Australasia. and confounded withthe Y. Animal, p. 62. whorl of the mouth.
20. Amputrarta. (2) Lam.
Round and yentricose, | Columella umbilical. spire short; umbilicate ; i
operculum horny. as Mouth narrower, Inner lip sharp. Fresh VWVaters of warm more elliptical, thinner. climates,
BE Os ifies 1.
6, Ampullina.
Considerably thick- Marine. er. P1.9, fig. 2. V. Animal, p. S/,
method of distribution, impressing that it is purely artificial. The Helices being terrestrial shells, it appears extraordinary that we should meet with them in the fossil state in marine deposits; but when that happens they have been brought there by floods or rivers, or by some irruption of the sea, attesting that previously to these deposits there had been dry land in the same places, whereon the animals lived which formed the shells. The Marl Pit of Touraine is the only place on record where they thus occur, and there they are frequeutly filled with the remains of Polypi and marine shells. Fossil Helices are generally found in Fresh Water Formations, and often accompanied by Lymnzi and Planorbes. We meet with them in breccia, and sometimes in the districts which have been overthrown by volcanoes. In England they have been found in the Cowes Rock of Limestone, in the Green Sand, and in the Derbyshire Peak Limestone.
(1) Foss. Blue Lias Limestone.
(2) Their opercula, being horny, are never found, although these shells are very common in beds of coarse, calcareous, shelly matter ; whilst the opercula of the Natice, to which some authors would refer them, are very frequently met with, from their being calcareous. Fossil Ampullariz are also found in the extinct vol- canoes of the valley of Ronca, where they have been so disposed by the eruptions as to preserve their colours. M. Faujas found a species of Ampullaria, with a very thick shell, at St. Paulet, near Pont St. Esprit, in bituminous marl, above a mine of fossil coal; the upper edge of each whorl bears an ascending keel, and it differs from all that are Con, by an oval mouth, pl, 12, fig 12,13, 14.
( 52)
DIVISION XV. HEMICYCLOSTOMATA.
GENERA.
Nenita, Lin.
Semi-globulous ; mouth Columella in a straight semi-circular or semi-el- line. liptical, closed entirely by an operculum ; spire al- most effaced.
a. Natica, (1) Lam. Operculum horny. Columella umbilicate. Marine. Pl. 9, fig. 24. V. Animal, p. 67. 6, Nerita, (2) Lam. Operculum_ stony, | Columella umbilicate, _ Marine. shell thick, Pl. 9, fig. dentated. V. Animal, p, 67.
e. Neritina, Lam.
Operculum horny, Columella rarely den- _ Fluviatic. at thin, Pl. 9, fig. tated. (3) V. Animal, p. 67.
(4) In the fossil state, in the London Clay and Crag Marl; at Grignon. (2) In the fossil state, at Retheutl, Courtagnon, Houdan, Grignon.
(3) Those with the columella dentated form the genus Clithon of Montfort, whose Clithon corona, pl. 9, fig. 23, differs from the Clithon coronata of Leach.
DIVISION XVI. CRICOSTOMATA.
4. Turso. (1) Lam. Round or oyal ; thick.
GENERA.
Mouth completed by the penultimate whorl.
a. Meleager, Montf. Umbilicate. Pl. 9, fig. 3.
6. Turbo, Montf. Not umbilicate, Pl. 12, fig. 15.
2. Turriveia. (2) Lam.
Spire elongated like an obelisk ; thin : operculum horny or cartilaginous. PI.
J; fig. 42. Pl. 12;fig. 17:
3. Vermicutaria. dAdan- Son.
Whor!s not touching, irregularly curyed. Pl. 9, fig. 17.
4. Drteninuta. (3) Lam.
Thick ; rolled almost in ne same plane. Pl. 9. fig.
5- Scararra (4) /am.
Turreted, with pro- jecting sharp longitudinal ribs. Pl. 9, fig. 6.
6. Actona. (5) Leach. WENDLETRAP.
Ditto, but whorls dis-
Mouth completed by the penultimate whorl.
Ditto.
Mouth entirely formed by the last whorl.
Ditto ; but margined.
Mouth entire and mar-
tinct and distant; no co- gined.
lumella. Pl. 9, fig. 5,
(1) Foss. in the Crag Marl; at Presles; Grignon.
Marine. V. Animal, p. 65.
Marine.
V. Animal, p. 65.
Marine. V. Animal, p. 65.
Marine. V. Animal, p. 65.
Marine.
V. Animal, p. 65.
Marine. Animal unknown.
No fossil species of this genus has been discovered in the Fresh Water Formations ; the little shellvof the ponds
of Havre and Magentone have been erroneously referred to it. (2) Foss. in the London Clay; Crag Marl ; at Grignon, Chaumont. (3) Foss. Grignon, Courtagnon. (4) Foss.in the London Clay; Crag Marl; at Grignon, Presles.
(5) ** The museum of Mr, Bullock contains the largest known specimen of the Aciona Scalaris, which was purchased at a sale for twenty-seven pounds; but it 4s now estimated at worth more than double that sum,”—Leach’s Zoological Mis-
ecllany, vol, 2, 1815,
C
( 34 ) (Cricostomata.) 7. Cycrostoma. (1) Lam.
Oval - spiral, mouth Mouth bordered by a | Yerrestrialand aqua- round or nearly round, callous pad. lic. closed entirely by a round, V. Animal, p. 66. thin, calcareous opercu- lum : peristoma complete.
PI. 9, fig. 13, 14.
8. Varyata. Muller. Rolled almost in the Fresh waters. ; same plane. PI. 9, fig. 22. Y. Animal, p. 66.
9. Patupina. (2) Lam. Vivieara. Montfort.
Oval-spiral; opercu- Mouth with a small Marine, and in stag- lum with an angle like angle towards the upper nant waters. that of the mouth. P1.9, part. VY. Animal, p. 66. fig. 45. 40. Moxoponta. Lam.
Oval, or conical ; oper- A blunt and slightly Marine. culum round, horny. Pl. projecting tooth at the —V. Animal, p. 66. 9, fig. 25: base of the columella.
Base flat or concaye.
(1) Young Cyclostome may sometimes be confounded with the shell of the genus Turbo; for the upper part of the peristoma is not completed, that is to say, the lips do not join, before the adult state ; in the Turbo they always remain separated. The Missenau chain of hills near Mayence is composed of fossil Cyclostomex, not of Bulimi, and of two species which, according to M. de Ferussac, are again found in Quercy, Agenois, and in Silesia. M. Brongniart expects that the Cyclostome will hereafter be divided into two genera; the one aquatic, the other terrestrial. The C. mumia, Lam. pl. 4, fig. 1, belongs to the latter; it has only been found as yet in the 1st ox Lower Fresh Water Formation in the environs of Paris ; M. Brongniart conceives that on further investigation it may. be found to characterise it: the enlargement or projection of the upper part of the peristoma is uot unfrequent in the living species. All those indicated at Grignon differ from true Cyclostome, The Cyclostoma carinata of the canals of Egypt, Pl. 13, fig. 9; C. bulimoides of the environs of Alexandria, Pl. 8, fig. 13; C. unicolor, Pl. 8, fig. 15; and the Helix cre- nelata, Pl. 12, fig. 10; brought by Olivier, differ in form from all the other fresh- water shells yet known, and, as M. Brongniart justly observes, if found in the fossil
tate, would certainly have been considered as-marme.
(2) Foss. in Gravel and Alluvial Clay; London Clay ; Crag Marl.
( 35 ) DIVISION XVII.
GENERA. 4. Trocnrus. (1) Lam. Conical; mouth more or Base flat or concave. less quadrangular, in an oblique plane to the axis of the shell; operculum thin, horny, orbicular.
a The columella, in outer lip. Pl. 9, fig. 7
fig. 4
the columella.
Not umbilicate.
spiral canal, f Turreted. g No projection to the columella. h Flattened; the exterior angle edged. i Flattened; the lips rounded.
Umbilicate.
£ Columella embattled lengthwise.
2. Crrrites. Sowerby, Conical ; whorls united.
Pl? 9) fig. 4.
No columella: umbi- licus funnel-shaped.
3. Sorarnium. (2) Lam.
Spire like a dilated cone. PI 9, fig. 44.
A very large umbili- cus, hollowing out the base.
4, Evompuatires. Sow- erby. Rolled almost in the Concave or largely um- same plane, depressed bilicate underneath.
above. PI. 9, fig. 18, 19.
5. [antarna. Lanz.
Subglobulous, horizon- tally volute ; no opercu- lum. Pl. 9, fig. 26.
Columella prolonged eyond the mouth.
GONYOSTOMATA
Marine, or inhabiting the brackish ponts com- municating with the sea.
Y Animal, p. 66.
the form of a concave arch, continued with the 6 Calear, Montf. Flattened; lip sharp, like the rowel of a spur. Pl. 9, ec With a small prominence, or vestige of a tooth, towards the base of
d Mouth much broader than long; base concave. Pl. 9, fig. 9. e Mouth much broader than long; and the columella in the form of a
k Columella with a prominence towards the base.
In the Chalk Marle, under Oolite, and Der- byshire - Peak Lime- Stone.
Marine. V. Animal, p. 66.
In the LimestoneShale ; in the 4st or Upper Grey and in the Peak Limestone of Derby shire.
Marine.
Mediterranean. tralasia.
A floating shell.
VY. Animal, p. 67.
Aus-
(1) Foss inthe London Clay ; Crag Marl; Under Oolite; Blue Lias 3; at Grignon;
fo)
near Pont Chartrain; Longjumeau. The Trochus agglutinaus, Pl. 9, fig. 8, is re- markable for its habit of agglutinating to, and even of incorporating with, its shell, during the growth, small pebbles, fragments of other shells, sand, etc. ete. It often covers the umbilicus with a testaceous plate. A fossil variety of this cu- rious shell, which inhabits the seas of South America, is found at Griznon,
(2) Foss, in the London Clay; Purbeck Limestone; at Grignon, z
( 56 )
DIVISION XVII. SYPHONOSTOMATA.
GENERA. ah A. With varices. (1) 4, Murex. (2) Lam. Oval or oblong; turbi- Varicesintwo opposite Marine.
nated, canal projecting rows. VY. Animal, p. 70. and straight ; operculum horny.
a Murex, Montf. Canal long and slim ; varices spinous. PI. 10, fig. 3.
6 Brontes, Montf. Canal long and slim; varices knotty.
c Typhis, Montf. Canal moderate ; varices spinous, with projecting tubes between, penetrating thé shell. Pl. 12, fig. 7.
d Chicoracexe, Montf. Canal moderate or long, with folded leaves notched or divided. PI, 10, fig. 5.
e Aquila, Montf. Canal moderate or short; varices knotty; umbilicate.
f. Usionam, Montf. Canal moderate or short ; varices knotty; not umbi- icate.
g Tritonium, Montf. Canal moderate or short; varices simple; spire ele- vated ; mouth generally wrinkled transversely on both lips. Pl. 10, fig. 4.
h Trophones, Montf. Canal moderate or short; varices numerous, com- pressed, almost membranous.
t Canal moderate or short; varices few, very much compressed, projecting considerably.
2. Ranrtra. Lam.
Turbinated; canalshort; Varices bordering both Marine. surface armed with tuber- sides. V. Animal, p. 70. cles; lips of the mouth
wrinkled. Pl. 40, fig. 6. a. Apollo, Montf. Umbilicate.
B. Without varices.
3. Fusus. (3) Lam.
Fusiform, peristomaen- Columella simple. Marine. tire ; spire elevated. VY. Animal, p. 70.
a. Fusus, Montf. Umbilicate. b. Lathires, Montf. Not umbilicate. Pl. 10, fig. 7.
‘
(1) Varices are projecting callous pads with which the animal edges the mouth or aperture of its shell, each time that it suspends the growth. V. Pl. 10, fig. 2, a, b.c.d.e.
(2) Foss. in the London Clay; Crag Marl; Woolwich Loam; Green Sand; at Grignon, Courtagnon. The Murew& tripteris, living in the Indian Seas, near Batavia, is very common at Grignon.
(3) Foss. in the London Clay. In France they are found in the newest Shelly Lime- stone, and are much more abundant in that than in any other formation. Although the fossil species are numerous, we meet with scarcely any which are perfectly
analogous to those now found in the recent state. These remarks also apply to the Fasciolaria, A
(od. ) 4. Fasctovaria. Lam.
Subfusiform. Pl. 10, Columellawithoblique = Marine. fig. 14, folds at the base. V. Animal, p. 70.
a. Fulgur, Montf, Whorls of spire flattened at top ; striated within the mouth.
5. Tursrnerta. Lam.
Turbinated or subfusi- | Columella with large = Marine. form. Pl. 10, fig. 15. transverse folds. VY. Animal, p. 70. 6. Pyrura. (1) Lam. Subpyriform : spire flat- | Columella simple. Marine. tened or rounded. Generally in warm climates.
VY. Animal, p. 70.
a. Umbilicate. Pl. 10, fig. 8. 6. Not umbilicate.
7. Preurnoroma. (2) Lam.
Fusiform; a notch in Diito. Marine. the right lip towards the V. Animal, p. 70. spire ; canal long : opercu-
lum horny. Pl. 10, fig. 13.
8. Cravaruta. (3) Lam.
Subturreted; a notch Columella toothed. Marine. im the right lip towards Coasts of Africa. the spire ; left lip excayat- ' Animal unknowia. ed; spire pointed. Pl. 13, ig. 8.
(1) Foss. at Grignon; Courtagnon; Houdan; Parnes. _ \2) Foss. in the London Clay ; Green Sand; at Grignon ; Betz, near Crepy ; Parnes. (3) There is no Clavatula in the Museum ; I was therefore compelled to copy the obscure figure of Seba,
( 58 )
DIVISION XIX. ENTOMOSTOMATA.
A. Turreted.
4. Esurna. Lam. — Nf Shell smooth. Pl. 10. fig. 9 2. ANCILLARIA. (1) Lam. ANCILLA. Oblong, spire short.
Pl. 40, fig. 10. 3. Mirra. (2) Lam.
ri Turreted or sub-fu- siform; spire pointed , mouth oblong. Pl. 10,
fig. 44
4. Pyramipenra. Lam. Mouth broad, crescent
shaped. Pi. 10, fig. 12.
5. ‘Terepra. (3) Brug. Spire atleast double the
greater diameter of the mouth : no operculum.
PL. 10, fig 20.
6. Crriruium. (4) Brug.
Mouth oval, curved to the left at the notch: oper- culum round and horny.
GENERA.
Columella deeply and broadly umbilicate.
A callous pad on the base of the columella.
Columella with large folds, the largest nearest the spire.
Columella with the base twisted obliquely in sharp, spiral folds.
Columella convex or naked, the visible part very short.
A gutter in the upper .
part of the right lip.
Marine.
V. Animal, p. 69.
Marine.
Marine. Warm climates. VY. Animal. p. 69-
Marine.
V. Animal, p. 63.
Marine.
VY. Animal, p. 70.
Marine. V. Animal, p. 70.
a. With varices, but no fold on the columella. b. With folds on the columella. Pl. 13, fig. 2. e. No folds on the columella; no varices. Pl. 10, fig. 19.
(4) Foss. in the London Clay; at Grignon; Courtagnon; Environs of Paris.
(2) Foss. at Grignon; Parnes near Magiiy.
(3) Foss. at Grignon; Parnes.
(4) This genus of univalves presents more species in the fossil state than any other. There are already upwards of a hundred in the cabinet of M. De France: they are almost all found in the newest formations. M. de Gerville, however, re- ports that he has found four species in the bed of Ammonites and Belemnites, in the environs of Bayewx.—Journal de Physique, October, 1813. They have been found in England, in the London Clay and in the Chalk Marl. The Cerithium Gigas, pl. 13, fig. 2, is sometimes from fifteen to sixieen inches long, and four in diameter at the last whorl.
( 59 )
7. Poramuprs. (1) Brongn.
Notch less apparent, No gutter. Salt-water marshes, right lip dilated. Pl. 10, or the brackish waters fig. 18. of the mouths of rivers.
8. Rosrevtaris. (2) Lam.
Fusiform ; a second Marine. ‘i canal, ascending along V. Animal, p. 70. the spire, formed by the outer lip and by the con-
tinuation of the columella. Pl. 10, fig. 16.
B. Oval, sub-conical, or sub-globulous.
9. Bucetnum. (3) Lam.
Oval or elongated ; Columella convex, na- Marine. mouth notched below ; ked. VY. Animal, p. 69. lips simple : operculum cartilaginous. Pl. 10, fig.
Tia :
10. Dotium. Lam.
Ventricose ; sub-globu- — Columella twisted or — Marine. f lous ; outer lip undulated, sharp at the base. VY. Animal, p. 69. notched below. PI. 40, fig. 22.
11. Harpa. (4) Lam.
Oval or gibbous ; with Columella smooth. Marine. longitudinal or oblique Generally in) warm sharp ribs, the last form- climates. ing a callous pad at the V. Animal, p. 69.
lip; mouth oblong, sim- ple, notched below. PI. 11, fig. 1.
(1) This Genus is founded on the habits of the animal, rather than on the im- portance of the character of the shell. Fossil species are found in formations pre- senting only terrestrial and fresh-water shells. P. Lamarckii, pl 4, fig. 6, is found in the opaque silex which covers the sand at Longjumeau ; in the forests of Mont- morency ; above St. Cloud; mixed with Lymnzi, Planorbes, and stalks of reeds in the Limestone, east of Aurillac, in Cantal; in the compact limestone beds (with the Helix Cocquii, pl. 4, fig. 20) , at Nonette, near Issois, in Puy de Dome. \t re- sembles the Cerithium radula, figured by Lister as a fresh-water shell; and, ina lesser degree, the Bulimus auritus of Bruguiere, from the interior of Africa.
(2) Foss. in the London Clay; at Courtagnon; St. Germain en Laye; Parnes. (3) Foss. at Grignon.
(4) Although the Harp are by no means rare in the seas of warm climates, only two species have as yet been found in the fossil state, and those in the coarse Shelly Limestone at Grignon and Hauteville.
42. Nassa. Lam.
( 40 )
Oval;mouthterminated Columellacoyered with
below by a deep notch. Pl. 10, fig. 23.
43. Purpura. (1) Lam. Oval. Pl. 14, fig. 2.
a. Purpura.
a plate.
Columella naked, flat- tened.
(Entomostomata.)
Marine.
Y. Animal, p. 69.
Marine.
VY. Animal, p. 69.
6. Monoceros, Montf. A spine projecting from the base of the outer lip. #
. Ricinella, Lam.
14. Concuorepas. (2) Lam. Patelliform ; outer lip dentated ; spire ey small: operculum oval,
horny. Pl. 410, fig. 47.
45. Cassrparta. Lam. Monto. Montfort.
Cenical; mouth effu- sive; notch terminating in a small canal reflected to the left at the base. Pl. 41, fig. 6.
16. Canceirarrs, (3) Lam.
Oval, last whorl ven- tricose, right lp furrow- ed within the mouth; almost entire at the base.
Pl. 11, fig. 6.
(1) Foss. at Courtagnon.
1, fig. 3
Lip of the columella toothed. Pl. 14, fig. 4.
A furrow from the cavity of the summit ter- minating between the two anterior teeth of the mouth.
Columella covered by a simple plate formed by the left lip.
Columella with com- pressed folds and a plate formed by the inner lip.
Marine. Coast of Peru. Animal unknown.
Marine.
Y. Animal, p. 70.
Marine.
V. Animal, p. 69.
(2) Lamarck placed the Concholepas with the Patella, but most zoologists seem now to agree with Bruguiere in approaching it to the Buccinum, since, according to Dombey’s report, the animal is furnished with a tendinous operculum, which only partly closes the shell. The muscular impression, like a large horse-shoe open
in front, has some resemblance to that of the Calyptrea,
(3) Foss, at Grignon; Piedmont; Environs of Florence.
(41 ) DIVISION XX. ANGYOSTOMATA.
GENERA. _ A. With folds, plaits, or wrinkles, on the columella. 4. Cassis. (1) Brug.
Oval ; mouth oblong or Columella covered with Marine. narrow ; thenotchtermi- a plate formed bytheleft | Generally in warm nating ina short canal re- lip, wrinkled transver- climates, at some dis- flected towards the left at sally. tance from the shore, in the base; right lip wrinkled sandy bottoms.
transversally. VY. Animal, p. 70. a. The callous pad of the lip dentated exteriorly towards the notch. Pl. 11,
fig. 11. b. The callous pad of the lip not dentated exteriorly towards the notch. 2. Cyprza. (2) Lam.
Oval, gibbous in the Mouth long, narrow, Marine. middle, and narrowed at wrinkled transversally = -Y. Animal, p. 68. both ends; lip rolled in- on both sides. wards : no epidermis. PI. ; 41, fig. 7,9. a, b,c.
3. Oxtva. (3) Lam.
Sub-cylindrical; notch- _ Columella striated ob- = Marine. ed at the base; mouth nar- liquely. In warm climates. row; channels between VY. Animal,"p. 68. the whorls of the spire. Pl. 11, fig. 13,
4. Conoerix. Swainson.
Coniform ; spire very Columella plaited. Marine. _ short; mouth linear, nar- Pellew Islands, Ota- row. Pl. 12, fig. 1. heite.
5. Vout. (4) Lam.
Oval ; spire varyingin — Columella with folds, Marine. projection, summit obtuse the lowest the largest. Generally in warm or nippled. Pl. 12, fig. 2, climates.
3, 4, 5. V. Animal, p. 68. a Cymbium, Montf. The last whorl ventricose 6 Voluta, Montf. The last whorl conical, narrowing at the ends.
s (4) The fossil species (and amongst them the Cassis Harpaformis, pl. 11, fig. 12) are found only in the newest formations, and it is remarkable that they are very small, compared with the living ones, which are sometimes of a considerable size.
_ They have been found in England in the London Clay and in the Crag Marl.
{2) In the infant state, the Cypra@a resembles a small thin Ancillaria, curved and truncated at the base, pl. 11, fig. 9, a; in the middle age, it is thin, with a project- ing spire, pl. 11, fig. 9, 6; when adult, it is thicker, and the spire is covered, pl. 14, fig 9,e. Foss. in the London Clay; at Grignon.
(3) Foss. at Grignon; Aumont, near Montmorency.
(4) Foss. in the London Clay ; in the Crag Marl; at Grignon ; Courtagnon ; Chaumont; Beauvais.
6. Marcrensa. (1) Lam.
Oblong-oyal ; a project- ing callous pad on the outer lip ; mouth scarcely notched at the base: no operculum.
a Spire conical. Pl 11, fig. 20. b Spire obscure. Pl. 11, fig 19.
c Colombella, Lam.
7. Votvarta. (2) Lam. Cylindrical, no appa-
( 42)
Columella with folds.
( Angyostomata.)
Marine.
Seas of warm climates, principally in the neigh- bourhood of the Senegal.
VY. Animal, p. 69.
The callous pad of the right lip swelled in the middle; folds of the columella numerous. Pl. 11, fig. 17.
Columella with one or
rent spire; mouth narrow, several folds at the base.
as long as the shell. Pl. 14, fig. 18.
B. Columella simple.
8S. SrruruHrovaria. Lam.
(3)
Turreted: 3 undulating sinuses. Pl. 12, fig. 9.
9, Srromeus. (4) Lam.
Ventricose, with a short canal; notched’ or trun- cated at the base ; right lip dilated in a wing (in the adult), with a sinus to- wards the base : opercu- lum horny, long, narrow.
Pl. 14, fig. 15.
10. Terepexium. (5) Lam.
Oblong or sub-cylin- drical ; mouth narrow above, simple, enlar2ed towards the base, notch- ed. Pl. 44, fig. 14.
(1) Foss. at Grignon. (2) Foss. at Grignon.
Columella covered with a plate formed by the left
lip.
Columella truncated below.
Ditto.
Marine.
Marine. Animal unknown.
Marine. Generally in warm climates.
V. Animal, p. 70.
Marine. V. Animal, p. 68.
(3) The Museum gave 100 francs for the type of this new genus, which is now
figured for the first time.
(4) Foss. in the London Clay; at Grignon. (5) Foss, at Grignon; Environs of Paris. The Tercebellum perditum (the analo- gous living species is not known) is found in great numbers, and of all ages, at
Grignon.
41. Prerocera. Lam.
Ventricose , with an elongated canal; right lip dilated in a wing (in the adult) divided into long, narrow digitations. Pl. 11, fig. 16.
12. Conus. (4) Lam.
Like inverted cones, or cylindrical ; mouth longi- tudinal, narrow, simple, effusive at the base : oper- culum small, horny.
pee
~
Marine.
V. Animal, p. 70.
Marine.
Generally within the tropics, at ten or twelve fathoms deep, near sandy coasts.
V. Animal, p. 68.
a Conical spire, crowned with tubercles. Pl, 11, fig. 21.
6 Conical spire, not crowned with tubercles. Pl. 11, fig. 22.
e Sub-cylindrical spire, not crowned with tubercles.
3. Ovuta. Brug. Gibbous, elongated in a pomtateachend; mouth
longitudinal, Pl. 11, fig. 8, 10. ;
14. Axera. Muller.
Oval-oblong or oval- concave; more or less rolled on itself; no pro- jecting spire; mouth as long or almost as long as the shell, without notch or canal.
Both lips rolled in-
Right lip sharp.
V. Animal, p. 68.
Marine.
In the muddy bottoms of the seas of all climates.
V. Animal, p. 61.
a Bullea, Law. Contained within the mantle, too small to hold the
animal, Pl. 5, fig 18.
6 Bulla (5), Zam. Covered with a thin epidermis, large enough to contain the animal, and turned more than the Buttwa, PI. 5, fig. 17.
C. Almost flat.
45. Aptysra. Lin. La- PLISIA. Sam.
A little convex within, obliquely conical ; base thin, summit thickened and obscurely spiral. PI. 13, fig, 5.
(4) Foss. at Courtagnon; Grignon.
Horny.
Marine. V. Animal, p. 60.
The Conus deperditus, Lam. found. in the
calearéous shelly matter in the environs of Paris, is, according to Bruguiere, the analogous fossil of the Cone treilliséc, which lives in the Pacific Ocean, in the neigh-
bourhood of Otahcite. (9) Foss at Grignon.
( 44 ) (4d ngyostomata.) 16. Donapewra. Lam. PI.
13, fig. 6. Ditto, but base more Calcareous. Marine. enlarged in proportion ; Mediterranean, In- summit more prolonged dian Seas. and curved. VY. Animal, p. 60.
47. PLEUROBRANCHUS. Cuv.
An oval plate. Marine. V. Animal, p. 60.
48. Puanospirirrs. (1 ) Faujas.
Sub-orbicular ; a spiral Maestricht. cord-like ridge on the in- ferior surface. Pl. 1, fig. 20. :
(1) This is one of the rarest and most singular shells found at Maestrieht, only three having as yet been met with. It seems impossible to determine whether it is an univalve or a bivalve; for although it resembles the valve of an oyster in form and thickness, it wants the little hollow found at the summit of that shell and serving to lodge the ligament which characterises the genus; neither has it any apparent muscular impression. If it be a bivalve, it is nearest to the genus Acardo of Lamark, but its spiral cord or ridge, with the absence of the hollow and muscular impression, lead us to conclude that it is an univalve.
( 45 )
GENUS HELIX. (1) FERUSSAC.
SUB-GENERA. A. Horizontally volute, 4, Heuicocena. Fer.
Globulous or elliptical ; Umbilicus masked. peristoma simple.
a Collumellate. Columella solid and twisted. Pl. 7, fig. 7, 8.
6 Acave. Umbilicus entirely covered by an expansion of the columella, Pl.7, fig. 44544:
c Perforate. Umbilicus appearing in part, like a cleft, behind the expan- sion of the columella. Pl. 7, fig. 9, 10
d Imperforate. Depressed, umbilicus closed. Pl. 7, fig. 15, 16, 18.
2. Heticoponta. Fer.
More or less globulous Mouth generally tooth- and depressed ; peristoma ed in the perfect state. reflected or thickened.
a Personate. Peristoma sinuous and thick; or reflected with teeth, plates, or folds. Pl. 7, fig. 17.
6 Lamellate, Mouth with one or more elongated internal plates. Pl. 7, ip. 495 a, 6, c,d, ¢.
e Maxillate. Peristoma with large teeth; a gutter at the base of the co- lumella, Pl. 7, fig. 21,
d Anostomz. Tomogeres, Montf. Mouth reversed or dorsal, with elevated folds or teeth. Pl. 7, fig. 20.
e Impresse. Inner lip with longitudinal elevated folds. Pl, 7, fig. 23.
3. Hexicicona. Fer. Ca- RACOLLA. Lam.
Carinated, somctimes conical. ; a Caracollx, Umbilicus covered. Pl. 7, fig. 22; pl. 8, fig. 1, 2. 6 Vortices, Ocken. Umbilicus masked or visible. Pl. 8, fig. 3.
4. Henicetra. Fer. VYor- TEX. Ocken.
Elliptical or flattened. Umbilicus exposed.
a Lomastome. Peristoma reflected. Pl. 8, fig. 8. 6 Aplostome. Peristoma simple. Pl. 8, fig. 4. e Marginate. Peristoma margined, Pl, 8, fig. 5, 7,18.
(1) Fide p. 30,
( 46 )/ (Helix, Fer.) 5. Heurcostyia. Fer. Elliptical or trochiform. Columella solid. a Aplostome. Columella straight; peristoma simple PI. 8, fig. 6.
4 Lamellate. Columella straight, round; peristoma simple; an internal plate on the last whorl. P1. 8, fig. 9, 10. -
c Canaliculate. Columella twisted, as if truncated at the base, or with an internal spiral rib forming a gutter, under the form of a tooth or cal- losity. Pl. 13, fig. 1. 2
d Marginata. Columella flattened, without teeth or plates; peristoma reflected. Pl, 8, fig. 11.
6. Hevicopuanta. Fer.
Spire depressed ;_ volu- Perforated or umbili- tions rapidly increasing cate. horizontally ; mouth very large and oblique ; only three to three and a half whorls; the last enormous.
a Vitrinoides. Peristoma simple. Pl. 7, fig. 2. 6 Vesicule. Peristoma thickened and sub-reflected. Pl. 7, fig. 3, 4. B. Longitudinally volute.
7. Cocutonypra. Fer. AmpninuLima. Lam. Suc- cINEA. Drap.
Elongated, oval ; volu- Peristoma simple.
tions rapidly increasing vertically ; spire short, with 2 to 4 whorls, the last forming almost the whole of the shell; mouth very large. Pl. 6, fig. 5s Pl. 7, fig. 5, 6
8. Cocniostyia. Fer.
Elongated or ventricose ; Columella solid, not spire elevated : whorls in- truncated at the base. creasing rapidly.
a Lomastome. Peristoma reflected. Pl. 8, fig. 27. b Aplostome. (1) Peristoma simple.
9. Cocutirroma. Fer. AcnHatTinaA. Lam.
Conical or very ventri- Columella solid, flat, cose , solid, little transpa- andiruncatedat the base. rent. a re Base conical; mouth short; outer lip advanced. Pl. 8, 1g. 40. b ae, ey Ventrical; mouth very large; outer lip vertical. Pl. Bees 3,
_ (4) The Sultana (Helix Gallina Sultana, Chem.) was sold, at the sale of the Count de Latour d’Auvergne, for 560 franes,
40. _ CocuircopaA. Fer. (Acuarina. Lam.)
Oviform or turreted ; Columella solid, flat, thin, transparent; mouth truncated, and arched at narrow. the base. a Polyphemus, Montf. Oviform ; mouth long; outer lip vertical. Pl. 8, fig. 22. 6 Styloides. Columna, Perry. Turreted; mouth short; outer lip a little advanced, Pl. 8, fig. 19.
41. Cocnytcrrra. Fer. (Burmus. Brug,)
Conical or turreted; — Columella twisted and perforated ; whorls nearly hollow. equal, or the last shorter than all the others toge- ther. PI. 6, fig. 38.
42. Cocutocena. Fer. (Auricuta. Lam. Butt- mus. Lam.)
Oblong or oviform ; last Columella hollow, whorl of the spire gene- twisted, straight, perfo- rally longer and larger rated, umbilicate. than all the others toge- ther; mouth elongated. :
a Umbilicate. Columella straight. Pl. 8, fig. 20.
» | Raliorakee, Leach, } Columella twisted. Pl. 6, fig. 28.
ec Lomastome. Bulimus, Lam. Columella twisted; peristoma reflected. Pl. 6, fig. 27.
d Helicteres. Turbo, Chemn. Mouth short, crescent-shaped. Pl. 12, fig. 15.
e Stomotoides. Auricula, Zam. Mouth elongated, angular at its extremi- ties, or effusive in the upper part ; peristoma thickened and reflected ; columella large, more or less spiral, sometimes forming a fold in the mouth. Pl. 6, fig. 22, 34.
f Dontostomex. Mouth crescent-shaped ; peristoma margined, a little re-
flected ; columella twisted, hollowed, flattened at the base, or forming a protuberance; often perforated. Pl. 8, fig. 23.
43. Cocutoponta. Fer. (Pura. Lam. Onosro- mia. Fleming.)
Cylindrical orfusiform ; Columella solid or whorls equal, numerous. nearly hollow. narrow: mouth short, al- most as broad as deep in the direction of the axis ; several inner teeth or thin plates: peristoma reflected.
« Pupa, Lam. Cylindrical, Pl. 6, fig. 34, 37 ; pl. 8, fig. 32. 6 Chondrus, Cuv, Fusiform. Pl. 8, fig. 25 ; pl. 13, fig. 12,
( 48 ) (felix, Fer.)
44. Cocntopina. Fer. Cravusinia. Drap. Vou- yutus. Ocken. Cylindricalorfusiform; | Columella solid, often A pedunculated elas- whorls equal, numerous, with plates. lic operculum, narrow; mouth generally with eleyated plates, and always wth one or two gutters.
a Pupoides. Mouth without teeth or plates; peristoma not continuous.
b { Tracheloides. i] Cyclostoma, Zam. §
| Pad Ba, \ Mouth without plates. Pl. 8, fig. 29.
d Clausilia, Drap. Mouth with plates. Pl. 6, fig. 36.
45. Vertico. Muller.
Cylindrical, very spi- Peristomaoften sinuous ral ; volute increasing and reflected. gradually; mouth narrow, short in the direction of the axis, often dentated.
Peristoma continuous, Pl. 8, fig. 31.
a Mouth not dentated. PI. 8, fig. 34. 6 Mouth dentated. PI. 8, fig. 35, 36.
46. Partuta. Fer.
Oval, pointed ; spire Columellar side callous conical ; last whorl gib- at base. bous and longer than all the others together ; mouth short in the direction of the axis, sometimes den- tated or with elevated plates; peristoma general- ‘ly much reflected. Pl. 8, ig. 30.
( 49 )
SHELLS.
Shells are envelopes, formed by a calcareous substance, of a foliated texture, and almost as heavy and hard as marble. They form coverings for a great number of animals of the class of Mollusca ; and every one knows that the variety of their forms, their more or less vivid colours, and the brilliancy of their mother of pearl, constitute some of the finest ornaments of the cabinets of virtuosi. We have sufficiently explained these forms, and we shall presently show their relation with the Orders and Genera of the animals which inhabit them : at present we have only to consider their texture, their growth, andthe manner in which they are united to the rest of the body)
They are composed, like bones, of a calcareous matter ; intimate y con- nected with a gelatinous substance, and which may be, in like manner, separated by means of acids ; but this matter is not disposed in lamina, or in fibres ; it is uniformly extended throughout the whole body of the shell.
It is only in some species that we find strata easily separated, and, as it were, agglutinated to each other like the leaves of paper in the formation of pasteboard. We know, from observation, that these strata do not all exist in younganimals; they haye only the most external, which are, at the same time, the smallest. In proportion as the animal increases in age, it forms a new stratum on the internal surface of the shell, which extends beyond the edges of all the preceding strata, so that each operation of this kind adds to the size of the shell, in length, breadth, and thickness. These are certain facts ; to prove them it is only necessary to compare some shells of the same species that have belonged to individuals of different ages; the fewest strata will always be found in the shells of the young. Muscles, which may be observed when very young, and eyen before they quit the matrix of their mother, have, at that period, shells consisting of one stratum only; but the shell is not therefore soft and gelatinous; it possesses the same firmness as the adult shell, and its greater fragility is merely owing to its thinness.
But are the strata which thus SiICERSmneAR augment the dimensions of shells, produced by developement, or by a simple juxta-position? Do the nutritive vessels deposit the calcareous juice at different points, or does it only transude through the skin of the animal, and attach wself to the pre-existing strata ? These are questions with respect to which physiologists are not agreed.
The body of the snail appears to adhere to its shell only where the muscles are attached ; but Reaumur having placed thin pellicles between the body and parts of the shell, which he purposely broke, these fractures were not repaired ; but when this, or any other obstacle, no longer prevented the juices flowing from the surface of the skin, the injured part was speedily regenerated.
These facts fayour the idea of the simple juxta-position of a transuded matler : we observe, however, on the other hand, that the oyster and muscle adhere to the shell not only by their muscles, but by the whole border of their mantle; besides, the oyster has always between the two last strata of the conyex valve. a considerable yacuity, which is filled with a feetid acrid liquor, and which communicates with the interior of the body by a particular aperture. How is this vacuity produced? and, above all, how is it removed upon the formation of each new stratum, if the arterial and absorbent vessels do not penetrate into the centre of the strata, to regulate its position, and to remove, from time to time, the particles of the shell?
Some observations seem to prove that there are testaceous animals, which,
D
(50 )
at certain periods, cast their old shells entirely off, and acquire new ones ; but this re-production may also take place by development, as in the horns of the Deer. If the internal strata of those shells which are not cast off, be produced bya developement of this kind, it may be compared to that which forms the internal laminz of the hollow horns of the Ox, Sheep, and other Ruminating Mammalia, and even to that by which the epidermis is produced in all animals; that isto say, there must take place a withering, or, as it were, the death of a membrane, which seems to preserve a sort of organization while it remains unexposed to external elements, or while it has not acquired its proper degree of solidity.
In this manner, it appears, are produced all the hard parts which may be regarded as the bones of animals that have no vertebre. In cray-fish, for example, the calcareous crust which, in them, is at once skin and skeleton, grows no more after it is completely indurated. The animal, however, con- linues to increase in all its soft parts; and when these become too much confined by the envelope, the latter splits and is detached : but a new covering is found below the old one, which is formed while the latter loses its con- nection with the body, and as it were dies. The new envelope is at first soft, sensible, and eyen provided with vessels : but a quantity of calcareous par- ticles, previously accumulated in the stomach, is soon deposited in this covering, hardens it, obstructs the pores and the vessels, and renders it in every respect similar to the shell it has replaced.
The induration of the covering of insects is not completed until they acquire their last form, after which they have no longer any occasion to change their skin: but all their skins they previously cast, though soft, are dead, and already replaced by others, which develope themselves underneath that which is destined to fall off.
All the hard parts, therefore, of white blooded animals, whatever may be their consistence and chemical nature, ought to be compared with respect to the manner of their growth to the epidermis, to nails, and to hollow horns, rather than to real bones. 'The same remark should perhaps be applied to certain external parts of fishes, though their substance is strictly osseous; for instance, to the bucklers of the Sturgeon and Cyclopterus, and the spinous tubercles of the Ray.
Some white losticd animals have also hard parts internally; but they are not articulated in such a manner as to form the bases of moveable members, and their texture differs considerably from that of ordinary bones. The most remarkable of these hard parts are the teeth in the donee of the lobster.
The common Cuttle-fish (Sepia officinalis) contains in the flesh of the back an oval substance, convex before and behind, white, solid, friable, and of a calcareous nature. This substance is not attached to the flesh, but has the appearance of a foreign body introduced into it. 'There is no indication of any vessel or nerve penetrating it, nor is any tendon affixed to it. It is composed of thin parallel lamelke, which are not in immediate contact with each other. ‘The intervals are occupied by an infinite number of small hollow columns standing perpendicular between one lamella and another, and arranged in a very regular guincunx.
As the superfices of the lamelle are plane, and those of the bone itself convex, they necessarily mtersect each other: the points of intersection are marked on the surfaces of the bone by regular cuvilinear striz. ‘lhese bones have a kind of wings which are of a less opaque nature, less brittle, and haye greater resemblance to thin elastic horn. than the body of the bone.
To this last substance the parts called the bone in the Calmar (Sepia loligo) bear a resemblance; they are transparent, elastic, and yery brittle ;
®
(51 )
their shape is sometimes that of a leaf, and sometimes it is similar to a sword blade. Their connection with the soft parts is the same as the bone of the Cuttle-fish.
We also find a small semi-corneous and semi-friable plate in the body of the fleshy lobe which covers the branchize of the Aplysia, and there is one still smaller inthe cloak of the Slug.
Every thing tends to convince us that those hard parts which are found within Mollusca, grow by strata, like their external envelope, and that they are a kind of internal shells. :
Mottusca. Cuvier. (4)
Without vertebrz or articulated members ; with blood vessels and nerves (2) ; a simple spmal marrow; lymph, chyle and blood of the same color (a bluish white) ; generally with salivary glands; a voluminous liver furnishing a great quantity of bile ; no pancreas or mesentery ; muscles (3) attached to the skin, which forms a soft envelope, contractile, engendering (in several species) stony plates or shells; the viscera and nervous system within this envelope, the latter composed of scattered masses united by nervous filaments, the principal of which, placed on the cesophagus, are called the brain; a coms plete system of circulation; respiratory organs; organs of digestion and se- cretion almost as complicated as in yertebrated animals (4).
(1) Before Cuvier, naturalists divided all the invertebral animals into two classes, Insects and Worms.
(2) Humboldt has adopted an ingenious method of distinguishing the nerves from the arteries, or other parts, in the smallest animals. He uses two needles, one gold, the other silver : a point of one is applied to the muscles, and a point of the other to the filament, the nature of which he wishes to discover, while the other extremities of these instruments are brought in cuntact. If the filament bea nerve, contractions immediately take place in the muscular fibre.
(3) The Mollusca with an exterior shell, as Helices, Bulimi, Volutz, etc. have but one muscle which attaches their body to the shell, by a small part of the back and nearly in the middle of its length. This muscle forms a considerable tendon, similar to a thin ribband, which divides itself into two or three principal ribbands. Each of these subdivides itself into several smaller, which disperse and distribute themselves into all parts of the body. The Mollusca witha univalve shell furnished with an operculum, have two muscles of attachment : one of these muscles unites the animal to its shell and resembles that just described in the univalves without opercula; the other, which adheres to the operculum, is generally round, very wide, but not thick.
(4) The Mollusca with a trunk, as the Buccini, Volutaw, etc. are carnivorous ; they make use of their trunk asa gimblet, and even bore through other shells and suck the flesh of the animals within. Those which have strong horny jaws and a beak like a parrot, are also carnivorous or nourish themselves with animal sub- stances, like the Cephalopoda. The Mollusca which have a muffle and two jaws, one of which at least is furnished with small teeth, are herbivorous or frugivorous,
such as the Limaces, Helices, Bulimi, etc. .
( 52 )
MOLLUSCA. CLASSES.
A. With unwalve shells, or none.
4. CEPHALOPODA.
Body in the form of a A head covered with Sexes separate. bag, open before, con- large, long, fleshy pro- taining the branchiz. ductions, serving for lo- comotion and prehen- sion. ‘
2. PreRopoDa.
Body entirely closed. Appendages of the Hermaphrodite.
head small or none; or- gans of movement two Wings or membranous fins on the side of the neck, and frequently bearing the branchial tissue.
3. GASTEROPODA.
Creep on the fleshy disk A head distinct and Hermaphrodite and of the belly, sometimes anterior, or none. sexes separate. compressed into a fin (2).
(1) These are the only Mollusca in which organs of hearing have been disco- vered, and which have the brain (sending forth innumerable optic nerves from the two ganglions) within a cartilaginous box: they are called Cephalopoda because they have the feet on the head. They have three hearts; they respire in water by branchiz ; their mouth is placed in the centre of their feet, and resembles a beak; the head is also distinguished by very large eyes, and has the ears placed inter- nally; the stomach is muscular like a gizzard, the liver very voluminous. A par- ticular gland secretes a black liquor, which they throw out, and which darkens the water around them whenever they wish to conceal themselves. They swim with their head behind; and walk in all directions with the head below and the body above. Aristotle remarked, that certain herbs, which have a strong odour, were avoided by cuttle-fishes and the octopus.
(2) They are so called because they crawl on their bellies; the head is move- able, and frequently provided with tentacula ; the heart is single.
When the name of the genus appears in the following tables without any cha- racteristic particulars, the animal is very imperfectly known,
(93 )
B. With bivalve shells, or none.
4. ACEPHALA.
No apparent head ; mouth hidden in the bot- tom or between the folds of a two-lobed mantle containing the branchiz and yiscera.
5. BrAcutopopa.
Mantle lobed; mouth exterior, between the ba- ses of two long fleshy arms supplying the place of a foot and with nume- rous filaments.
6. CrkRHopPopA.
With numerous hairy filaments, in pairs, com- posed of small articula- tions representing feet or fins, towards the orifice of the shell; mouth at the bottom of the shell.
Branchiz composed of large leaves covered with vasculary net- work, upon or between which the water passes.
Branchiz composed of small leaves, ranged vound the edge of the inner face of each lobe.
Hermaphrodite.
Fixed, without the power of lecomotion.
Ditto.
( 54 )
CLASS [{. CEPHALOPODA.
GENERA.
A. No exterior shell.
4. Ocropus. Lam. (Poly- pus of the Ancients.) (1). Pl. 44, fig. 44.
Bag oval, without fins. 8 Feet, very large in %& 2 Small conical horny proportion to the body, grains on each side of and united by a mem- the back. brane at their base.
~
2. Louico. Lam. Bag with two fins to- 8 Feet with little A horny plate within wards the point. Pl. 14, suckers (or short pedi- the back. fig. 1, 10. cles), and two arms to the head, much longer than the feet, with suck- ers at the end only (2).
3. Sepia. (3) Lam.
A fleshy fin along each _ Ditto. Shell oval, thick, gib- side of the bag. bous.
B. Shells interior ; chambered.
4. Sprruta. Lam.
Ditto. Pl. 14, fig. 3.
5. Nautivus.
Ditto. Mouth with several A ligament from the ‘ circles of numerous back passing through-
small tentacula without out the syphon, and at-
suckers. taching the animal. (4)
(1) The reservoir for the ink is enchased in the liver. Some believe that the Sepia rugosa is the species which furnishes the Indian mk. The Mediterranean produces a species remarkable for its musky odour.
(2) They make use of these as anchors.
(3) They lay their eggs attached to one another like bunches of grapes, which has given rise to the vulgar name of Sea-grapes.
(4) According to Rumphius; who says that the animal of the Nautilus Pompilius is partly lodged in the last chamber of the shell, and has the bag, eyes, parrot-beak and funnel of the other Cephalopoda. It is also probable that the epidermis is prolonged on the exterior of the shell.
(ae) C. Shells exterior ; not chambered.
6. Arconaura. (1)
Ditto. Two of the tentacula with a membranous en- - largement.
(4) The animal uses its shell as a boat, and when the sea is calm it is seen navi- gating on the surface, employing six of its tentacula as oars, and raising two, which, from the considerable membranous enlargement, serve as sails. Pl. 15, fig. 1. If the waves are agitated, or any danger appears, the Argonaut draws its tentacula or arms within the shell, concentrates itself, and sinks to the bottom. The ancients were acquainted with this singular animal and its manceuvre; it is their Nautilus and Pompilus.—Plin. IX, cap. 29. Blainville and Dr. Leach consider the animal found in the 4. argo (PI. 15, fig. 2) to be parasitical, and allied to the Octopus, under the name of Ocythoé.
CLASS Il. PTEROPODA.
GENERA. A. Head distinct.
1. Guo. Lin.
No mouth; head form- Fins with a yasculary _No shell. ed by two rounded lobes; net-work instead of tentacula small. Pl. 15, branchie.
fig. on 2. Creopora. Peron. Two membranous An envelope. PI. 5.
wings, with the mouth fig. 2. between, haying a small ‘ lip. 3. CymeButias. Peron.
A large fin with three Envelope cartilagi- lobes, two tubercles and nous or gelatinous. PI. a small fleshy beard at 5; fie, 3:
the base of the smallest.
,
4. Limacina. (1) Cuv.
Head and wings resem- A shell. bling those of the Clio: body terminated by a spi- ral tail lodged in a very thin shell.
5. PNEUMODERMON. Cuv. Branchie on the sur- No mantle. No shell.
face of the body ; fins small; a small foe or fleshy tentaculum beneath hi ha PL 45, fig. 48
B. Head indistinct. 6. Hyarea. Lam.
Two large wings ; man- A shell. ue cleft at the sides, bran- chie within the clefts.
PL. 14, fig. 8.
(1) This animal also uses its shell as a boat, and its wings as oars, when it swims on the surface of the sea. The species known (Clio Helicina of Phipps. Gmel. Ar- gonauta arctica, Fabric Faun. Grant. 387 ) is scarcely less abundant in the northern seas than the Clio borealis, and, like it, is said to be one of the principal aliments of the whale.
CLASS III.
4. Nupmrancur. (1)
No shell. Pl. 15, fig. 7, 8, 9.
2. INFEROBRANCHI.
Ditto. Pl. 15, fig. 10, a4, 42.
3. TEcTiIBRANCHI.
Shell more or less de- veloped, within the man- tle. PI. 16, fig. 1, 2, 3.
4. PULMOBRANCHI.
A great number with turbinated shells, always without opercula.
5. PEcTINIBRANCHI.
Shells completely tur- binated, and generally more or less closed by an operculum attached to the posterior part of the foot.
6. Scurmrancu. (2)
Shells very open, often in the form of a shield, without opercula. Pl. 14, fig. 20.
7. CYcLoBRANCHI.
Shells of one or several pieces, never turbinated, without opercula.
(57 )
ORDERS.
Branchie naked, dor- sal.
Branchis naked, un- der the edges of the mantle.
Branchie covered by the mantle. -
A cavity for respira- tion, opened and shut at will.
Branchiz hidden in a dorsal cavity open above the head. PI. 13, fig. 18.
Ditto.
Branchie around the foot, under the edges of the mantle. Pl. 14, fig.
5,6
GASTEROPODA.
Hermaphrodite.
Sexes separate.
Hermaphrodite.
(1) The greater number swim reversed, the foot (concave like a boat) on the surface, aiding themselves with the edges of their mantle and using their tentacula as oars.
(2) The heart is traversed by the rectum, and receives the blood by two auricles, as in the greater number of Bivalves.
(98 )
Mouth a small trunk
ORDER J. NUDIBRANCHI. GENERA. 1. Donts. (1) Cuv. Branchiz posterior, 2 Small conical ten- ranged in aciele. tacula to the mouth,
2. Potycena. Cuyv.
Branchiz as in Doris, but more simple and with two membranous plates covering them in the mo- ment of danger.
3. Tritonta. (2) Cuv.
Branchie ranged along the two sides of the back.
4. Tuernys. Lin.
Two rows of branchiz the whole length of the back, like bunches of fea- thers; a large, membra- nous, fringed veil on the head.
5. Scyuima. (3) Lin. Body compressed ; foot narrow, with a furrow for seizing the stems of fuci : two pair of mem- branous crests on ‘the
back. Pl. 15, fig. 7, 8, 9.
6. Guaucus. (4)
Body long, slim; three or four branchize on each side, formed of long thongs, disposed like fans and serving as fins.
1) A peculiar liquor issues from a gland interlaced with the liver. P q §
and 2 club-shaped from the upper part of the mantle.
2 Club-shaped tenta- cula before; 4 or 6 others simply pointed.
Ditto.
2 Compressed _tenta-
on the fore part of the mantle.
*
Mouth with membranous lips.
large
Mouth a membranous
cula, with a small coni- trunk without jaws.
cal point on the edge,
Ditto.
4 Very small conical tentacula.
Mouth like a small trunk.
Swim on their back.
They are
found in allseas. Their spawn is spread like gelatinous bands onstones, varecs, etc. (2) The orifice for the liquor is pierced to the right, and their mouth is armed within by two lateral jaws, horny and sharp, and resembling shears. (3) The middle of the stomach is furnished with a fleshy ring, armed with sharp
horny blades like knives.
(4) They are beautiful little animals inhabiting the Mediterranean and the Ocean, agreeably coloured with azure and mother of pearl, and swim on their back with
great swiftness. clearly distinguished.
They have not yet been dissected, and the species are not very
7. Eourpia.
Branchiz like plates or leaves, in transversal rows on the two sides of the back. Pl. 15, fig. 6.
8. Tercires. Cuv.
A row of branchiz (1)
along each side of the back.
ORDER II.
1. Puynwipra. (2) Cuv.
Mantle naked, general- ly coriaceous. Pl. 15, fig.
0,44, 12.
2. Dipnysurmra.
Mantle more pointed behind : head semicircu- lar.
(59 )
2 Tentacula.
GENERA.
1 Tentaculum on each side of the mouth, and 2 from above the two small cavities of the mantle.
1 Pointed tentaculum and a slight tubercle on each side of the head.
Walk on their back.
INFEROBRANCHI.
Mouth a small trunk.
(1) These are each terminated by a little sucker, and serve as fect for walking on
the back.
(2) Their heart is towards the middle of the back, the stomach is simple and membranous, and the intestine short.
ORDER Ill.
1. PLeuroprancuus. (1)
Cuv.
Body as if between two shields formed by the foot and the mantle; the lat- ter sometimes containing an oval calcareous plate.
2. APLYSIA. (2) Lin.
Edges of the foot turn- ed up, flexible, encircling the back in every part: head borne on a_ neck. Pl. 44, fig. 2,44* 14.
( 60 )
GENERA.
2 Tubulous and cleft tentacula on the mouth (a small trunk), sur- mounted by a lip.
2 Superior tentacula, hollowed like the ears of a quadruped, with the eyes at the base ; 2 others flattened and at the edge of thelower lip.
TECTIBRANCHI.
Branchie along the left side, in the furrow between the mouth and the foot.
Branchiz on the back and attached to a stem covered by asmall mem- branous mantle, con- taining a_ hollow flat
shell.
3. DorasEetta. Lam.
Body erga atrun- _— Ditto. Branchiz at the pos- cated cone; shell calca- terior extremity of the reous. body.
4. Norarcnus. Cuv. Mantle with an oblique _Ditto. Branchie as in 4phy-
cleft above the neck com- municating with the bran- chie.
sla.
(1) They have four stomachs; the second is fleshy, sometimes armed with bony pieces, and the third furnished interiorly with longitudinal projecting plates ; the intestine is short.
(2) An enormous membranous crop conducts to a muscular gizzard, armed with- in by pyramidal, cartilaginous corpuscles, followed by a third stomach sown with sharp crooks, and a fourth in the form of a cecum: the intestine is yoluminous. These animals feed on fucus. A peculiar gland furnishes, by an orifice situated near the womb, alimpid humour, which is said to be sour in some species; a deep purple liquor issues abundantly from the edges of the mantle, with which the animal colors the water to a considerable distance on the approach of danger. When Apuleius was accused of magic and poisoning, it was reported as a principal evidence that he had engaged some fishermen to procure him an Aplysia (Sea- Hare) ; and it is to the following part of his description that we owe the only cha- racteristic which has enabled us to recognise so celebrated an animal. ‘ It has an extraordinary property, of which my predecessors have been ignorant, which is, that being otherwise destitute of bone, it has twelve small ones in its belly, similar to the astragali of the hog, attached and tied together.” The form of the Aplysia explains the name of Sca-Hare ; and their smell, and the liquor which they produce, account for the pernicious properties attributed to them.
5. AKERA. (1) Muller.
ORDER IV.
A. Terrestrial ; shell interior ; almost all with 4 tentacula.
4. Limax. (2) Lin.
Body elongated ; a fleshy disk instead of a mantle, anterior and co- vering the pulmonary ca- vity only. Pl. 13, fig. 18. Pl. 15, fig, 13.
2. Testacenra. (3) Lam.
Mantle very small, pos- terior. Pl. 16, fig. 18.
3. PARMACELLA. Cuv.
Mantle membranous, with the edges flaccid. Pl. 14, fig. 9. PI. 16, fig. 9.
B. Terrestrial ; shell exterior ; almost all with 4 tentaculc.
4. Vitrina. Drap. He- tico-Lmax. Ferus. (4)
Body protected in front by a sort of cuirass, and behind by a thin shell which may be partly co- vered by the lobes of the collar or mantle. Pl. 14, fig. 12.
(1) Their hermaphroditism, the position of their two sexes, the complication
and armour of their stomach, the purple liquor produced by several of their spe-
cies, approach them to the Aplysia. (2) Their mouth has only an upper jaw, in the form of a dentated crescent,
(61 )
Tentacula so short and broad as to appear wanting or replaced by a fleshy rectangular shield. Pl. 16, fig. 1, 2, ee nse
GENERA.
Orifice of respiration on the right side towards the front.
Orifice of respiration posterior. =
Orifice of respiration under the right side of the middle part of the mantle.
Body too large to en- ter entirely within the
shell.
which enables them to gnaw herbs and fruits.
(3) The 7, haliotidea lives under ground, and feeds principally on worms. M de Ferussac has observed, that its mantle expands extraordinarily when it is oS
too dry a place, affording it a sort of shelter.
(4) The mantle has a double edge ; the upper, which is divided int lobes, can extend far beyond the shell, and fold back to rub aul polish it. rae ge
PULMONACEZ.
5. HexicAnton. Ferus.
Body truncated behind, with a cuirass in front, under the anterior edge of which it retires its head : shell posterior ; foot separated from the body by a furrow and with a mucous pore at its extremity. Pl. 14, fig. 7. Pl. 16, fig. 6.
6. Hexix. (1) Lin.
Body with a muscular disk or foot, sometimes
pediculated, more or less
gibbous and spiral above.
( 62 )
Mantle forming a kind of ring or collar (at the point of junction of the two parts of the body), in which is pierced the round orifice of the re- spiratory cavity.
(Pulmonacee.)
Head indistinct, with two pair of retractile tentacula, the posterior the larger, and bearing the eyes at the summit ; mouth with a pair of short appendages.
a. Bulimus, Lam. (2)
6. Pupa, Lam.
c. Scarabeus, Montf.
d. Chondrus, Cuv.
e. Amphibulima, Lam. f. Clausilia, Drap. (4) g. Achatina, Lam. (5)
Inferior tentacula very small.
(3)
(1) V. p. 74.
(2) Large and beautiful species are found in warm countries : some are remark- able for the size of their eggs, the shell of which is stony ; and others for their sinis- tral shell. The Helix decollata has the singular habit of breaking the whorls at the top of its spire, proving that the muscles of the animal can detach themselves from the shell without injury, and that they adhere to different points of the shell suc- cessively. How is it that they thus effect the separation of the vessels from one part to implant them in another? for it sometimes happens that this Helix or Bu- limus has but one of the original whorls of its spire lett. Some species of Pupa, Clausilia, and Melania are found in the same state. The Kambeul of Adanson ap-
ears to pass the dry season in a deep trance, like the Limax of Europe, for he Foand several half buried after the month of September. Some had even already began to close the mouth of their shell with a whitish plastery matter, to defend themselves from the long drought, which continues at Senegal from October to the
following June. (3) This animal may perhaps be considered as a Testacella with a large shell.
Its inferior tentacula are very small, and it lives on herbs and bushes by the side of streams, which has caused it to be thought an amphibious genus.
(4) In the narrow part of the last whorl we generally find a small plate, slightly curved like an S: its use to the animal is uaknown.
(5) At the extremity of the truncated columella we find the first indication of the notches in the shells of the marine Gasteropoda,
( 65 )
C. Aquatic ; 2 tentacula.
Without a shell. 5. Oncuipwm. (1) Bu- chanan. A broad fleshy mantle. 2 Long retractileten- Orifice of respiration Pl, 16, fig. 8. tacula, and two triangu- under the posterior part lar lips. of the mantle.
With shells.
6. Ancytus. Geoff:
Eyes at the inner base of the tentacula.
bo |
. Pranonsis. (2) Brug. Pl. 16, fig. 10.
—~Tentacula thin, fili- Ditto. form.
Ne
. Lymnaus. (3) Lam. Tentacula compress- _ Eyes near the base of
ed, broad, triangular. the inner edge. 8. Puysa. (4) Drap.
Two dentated lobes to Tentacula thin, point- —_ Eyes at the inner base, the mantle. ed. which is much enlarged. 9. Auricuta. Lam.
40. Conovura. Lam. 41. Tornarenna. Lam. Animals unknown, but (from the form of the shell
and the absence of the operculum) approximating
to the Auricula, 42. Pyramipriia. Lam. ane
4€ (1) The mollusea, destitute of jaws, have a muscular gizzard, followed by two membranous stomachs.
(2) A red and abundant liquor exudes from the edges of its mantle, but it is not their blood ; they are the constant companions of the Lymnzi in all stagnant waters.
(3) We find them floating on the surface of the water with the foot turned up- wards, and very rarely creeping on hard substances ; when disturbed they fall or sink, and remain a long time immoveable before they reappear at the surface.
(4) This animal, when it swims or creeps, covers its shell with the two dentated lobes of its mantle.
( 64 )
ORDER V. PECTINIBRANCHI.
4. Trocnoipa.
Shell spiral, mouth en- tire, without notch or ca-
nal. Pl. 9, fig. 7.
2. Buccinoipa. Shell spiral, with a
notch or canal for the passage of the siphon, which is a prolonged fold of the mantle. Pl. 10, fig. 21.
3. SIGARETOIDA. Shell flattened, hidden
during life within a spon- gy buckler which is the true mantle. Pl. 5, fig. 25.
PL. 14, fig, 15, 16.
FAMILIES.
An operculum.
FAMILY I. TROCHOIDA.
GENERA. 4; Turbo. Lin. ; Shell turbinated, mouth round. a. Turbo, Lam. (1)
Membranous wings 2 Long tentacula. Eyes on stems at the on the side of the foot. outer bases of the tenta- ltrs ap. 6, 7,8, 9, cula.
10.
6. Delphinula, Lam.
c. Vermicularia. PI. 19, fig,8. 9.
Marine.
2 Triangular, flattened, _—_ Ditto. small tentacula.
d. Turritella, Lam.
e. Scalaria, Lam. (2) Pl. 17, fig. 4.
2 Long, slim tentacula. _Ditto.
(1) To these belong the thick, strong opercula, so frequently found in collections, which were formerly employed in medicine under the name of unguis odoratus.
(2) The mouth is encircled by a callous pad, which the animal repeats from space to space as its shell increases, so as to give the appearance of ladders,
( 66 ) (Pectinibranchi. Trochoida.)
f. Cyclostoma, Lam.
A vascular net-work 2 Tentacula terminated Eyes on two tubercles on the partitions of the by blunt tubercles. near the base of the ten- pectoral cavity, instead tacula. of branchiz ; respira- tory cavity communi-
cating with the exte- rior air by a lateral! cleft,
g- Helicina, Lam. (1) y Head _proboscidi- 2 Filiform tentacula, Eyes at the outer base. form, bilabiate ; respi- ratory cavily as in Cy- clostoma. hk, Valvata, Muller, (2) With branchiz. 2 Slim tentacula.
Eyes at the superior base,
é. Paludina, Lam. (3)
With branchie; a 2 Pointed tentacula. Eyes at the outer base. very short trunk. PI. 14 feel eRl. 17, fig.
Fresh-water and Terrestral.
J» Monodonta, Lam.
Animal more orna- namented, generally with three filaments on each side as long as the tentacula.
2. Trocuus. Lin.
Mouth of the shellan- Three filaments at gular, more or less quad- each edge of the man- rangular, oblique to the tle, or appendages to axis. the foot. Pl. 17, fig. 3,
4,.12*, 13. a. Trochus. 6. Solarium.
(1) M. Blainville is convinced that this is the place of the Helicina; but M. de Ferussac says that it has a collar, with the respiratory hole pierced to the left.
(2) In the V. cristata the branchie, formed like a feather, proceed from under- neath the mantle, and float beyond it with a vibratory motion when the animal wishes to breathe ; on the right side of the body is a filament resembling a third tentaculum.
(3) The female of the P. vivipara produces living young, which are found in her oviductus, in the spring, in all the stages of developement. Spallanzani asserts that these young separated at the moment of their birth, and nourished apart, repro- duce without fecundation like those of the Vine-fretter. The P. cristata one of the small species found in salt water ponds, and described by M. Beudant, moves its tentacula incessantly as oars when it sails on the surface of the water.
3. Conenyiium. Cuy. Entirely aquatic or breathing by branchie.
a. Ampullaria.
4. Melania.
ce. Phasianella. Double lips notched
and fringed, each wing with three filaments.
d, Tauthina. (1)
A vesicular organ un- der the foot, like a fro- thy ball but solid, which admits of floating but not of creeping; head like a cylindrical trunk,
mouth with little fangs. Pl. 14, fig. 13.
4. Nenira. Lin.
Shells with the colu- mella straight, the mouth semi-circular or semi-el- liptic, and closed entirely by an operculum.
a. Natica, Lam.
Foot large; opercu- lum horny. Pl. 47, fig. 17, 18.
b. Nerita, Lam. (2)
Foot moderate ; oper- culum stony. Pl. 17, fig. 41, 12.
c. Neritina.
Foot moderate ; oper- culum horny.
( 67 )
2 Long tentacula,
Tentacula simple.
Animal not yet de- scribed, but probably re- sembling the Paludina.
Animal not wellknown.
Eyes on two tubercles at the outer base of the tentacula,
Eyes at ihe base of the tentacula.
Eyes on stems at the side of the tentacula.
(1) The common species (Helix Janthina, Lin.) List. 572, 24, is a pretty violet- coloured shell, abounding in the Mediterranean.
it sheds a thick liquor of a deep violet colour, which tints tbe sea around it.
When the animal is touched,
(2) The opercula of some univalve shells, particularly of the Nerita, are articu-
lated by ginglymus.
FAMILY II.
4. Conus. Lin.
Trunk elongating con- siderably ; operculum placed obliquely on the foot, narrow, too short to close the mouth of the shell; a long respiratory tube. Pl. 16, fig. 12.
2. Cypraa. (1) Lin.
Mantle large enough to curl up and enyelope the shell : foot thin; no oper- culum. Pl. 16, fig. 11.
3. Ovuta. Brug. 4. Trrepertum. Lam.
5. Vorura. Lin.
Shell termmated by a notch, with projecting and oblique folds on the columella. Pl. 18, fig. 1,2.
a, Oliva, Brug.
A tube above the head for respiration.
6. Voluta.
An elongated trunk, cylindrical and retrac- tile, with small crook- ed teeth; a respiratory tube projecting ob- liquely behind the head ; foot very large ; no operculum. PI. 48;
fig. 2.
c. Cymbium.
A very large foot; no operculum. Pl. 18, fig. 1.
( 68 )
GENERA.
Tentacula elongating
considerably.
Tentacula moderate.
2 Long pointed tenta- cula.
2 Pointed tentacula, from a veil on the head.
2 Tentacula, from a veil
on the head.
(Pectinibranchi.)
BUCCINOIDA.
Eyes near the points on the outer side of the tentacula.
-
Eyes at the outer base,
Eyes towards the mid- dle of the tentacula,
Eyes at the outer base.
Eyes on the veil outside the tentacula.
(4) The mantle is sufficiently large to turn back upon the shell and envelope it ; at a certain age it covers the shell with a layer of another colour, so that this differ- ence, added to the form assumed by the aperture, might cause the adult to be
taken for another species.
V. p. 41.
d, Marginella.
Foot very large, part- Eyes on the outer base ly covers the shell by of the tentacula, raising the lobes of the mantle ; a retractile trunk, a respiratory tube above the head; no operculum.
c. Mitra.
f. Cancellaria.
6. Buccinum.
Shells without folds on the columella ; with a notch or short canal in- flected towards the left, for the passage of the re- spiratory tube. Pl. 410, fig. 24.
a. Buccinum.
No veil to the head ; 2 Conical tentacula far Eyes on the outer side a trunk; a respiratory apart, of the tentacula. tube formed by the mantle ; operculum horny. Pl. 47, fig, 45, ae Ps. 13, fies 165419, 20.
6. Eburna, Lam. c. Dolium, Lam. d. Harpa, Lam.
ce. Nassa, Lam. .
Ventral disk en- 2 Pointed tentacula. Eyes in the middle part larged, truncated an- of the tentacula. teriorly, prolonged be- yond the head; a tube above the head formed by the mantle.
f. Purpura, Brug. (1)
Foot elliptical; re- Ditto. Eyes in the middle of * spiratory tube prolong- the outer part of the ten- ed above the head ; tacula.
operculum _ cartilagi-
nous, Pl. 47, fig. 14,
(1) The animal furnishes a matter fit for dying red, which the ancients used, and which is still employed in the north of Europe.
_g- Cassis. Brug.
Animal resembling the Buccinum, but the operculum horny and dentated in order to pass between the wrin- kles of the outer lip. Pl. 18, fig. 7.
h. Cassidaria, Lam.
Animal resembling the Buccinum.
t. Terebra, Lam.
7. Cerium.
Shell with a turreted spire, mouth oval, canal short, curved to the lett or backwards ; operculum round and horny. Pl. 13, fig. 17. Pl. 18, fig. 3.
8. Murex. Lin. Canal of the shell pro-
jecting, straight ; opercu- lum horny. Pl. 10, fig. 2.
a. Murex, Lam.
( 70 ) (Pectinibranchi. Buccinoida.)
A veil on the head.
No veil.
A retractile trunk; a tubu- lous prolongation of the man- tle ; operculum small, horny. Pl. 18, fig. 4, 6. Pl. 19, fig. 2.
6. Ranella, Lam.
e. Fusus, Lam. Pl. 18, fig. 5.
d. Turbinella, Lam. é. Pleurotoma, Lam. f. Pyrula, Lam.
g. Fasciolaria, Lam.
9. Stromeus. Liv.
Canal straight or in- flected towards the right ; lip dilating with age but preserving a sinus near the canal, under which the animal passes its head.
a. Strombus, Lam.
Operculum horny, long, nar- vow; foot small. Pl. 19, fig. 1,
6. Pterocera, Lam.
¢, Rostellaria, Lam.
Two tentacula, far apart, with the eyes at the side. .
2 Long tentacula, near to each other, with the eyes at the exterior side.
FAMILY ill. SIGARETOIDA.
4. SigArerus. Cuv. A notch and semi-canal in front, conducting the
water into the branchial cavity. Pl. 14, fig. 15, 16.
2. Crvyrerosroma. Blain.
Foot enormous, four or five times larger than the
GENERA.
Tentacula conical.
Tentacula short, co- nical, with appendages
body; mouth hidden un- at thé base.
der the anterior edge of the shell.
ORDER VI.
1, Haryoris. Lin.
Shell turbinated. Pl. 5. fig. 24,
a, Halyotis. Lam. (1)
Mouth a short trunk. Pleas stic: 24. Pile 44: fig. 20. PI. 19, fig. 3
bd
2
6. Padolla. c. Stomatia. (2)
2. Carutus. Montif.
Shell conical; branchize on the anterior edge of the cavity: trunk rather long; a folded membra- nous yeil under the neck.
Pl. 16, fig. 7.
(1) The mantle is deeply cleft on the right side, and the through the holes of the shell, proceeds by the cleft in “
GENERA.
Tentacula long, some at the edges of the cavity of the branchia, and pass- ing through the last holes of the shell,
2 Conical tentacula.
Eyes at outer base of the tentacula.
SCUTIBRANCH I,
Eyes on two cylindrical stems,
Eyes on the outer base of the tentacula.
water which passes
ato the branchial cavity. There
are three or four filaments along the edges of the mantle, which the animal has the power of pushing out through the holes.
(2) The animal is not known: it may possibly belong to the Pectinibranehi.
3. CREPIDULA. Lan.
Shell with an oval base ; the abdominal bag) con- taining the viscera) on the
late of the shell ; the Fea beneath; the head and branchize in front.
Pl. 16, fig. 15, 16, 17.
( 72)
(Scutibranchi.)
Shells, and the position of the heart and branchie, symmetrical.
4. Fissurevta. Lam.
A conical shell on the middle of the back, with a small hole at the sum- mit (for the passage of the water for respiration) ex- tending to the cavity of the branchiz on the fore part of the back; a bran- chial comb on each side; with filaments on the sides of the foot. Pl. 46, fig. 44. (PEAY, fiet6..7-
5. Emarernura. Lam.
A fissure instead of a hole, for the same pur- pose ; edges of the mantle covering a great part of
the shell. Pl. 16, fig. 13.
6. Sepragra. Fer. Navi- CELLA. Lan.
A moveable, angular,tes- taceous plate (besides the shell) hidden in the back of the abdominal bag.
7. Carmarra. (1) Lam.
A compressed, muscu- lar portion under the bel- ly, serving as a fin; shell attached on the branchix : a trunk; head furnished beg tubercles. Pl. 14, fig. AV
8. Caryerrma. Lam.
2 Conical tentacula.
2 Tentacula.
Eyes at the outer base of the tentacula.
Eyes on a tubercle at the outer base of the ten- tacula.
Eyes at the base of the tentacula.
(1) The skin of these animals is almost gelatinous, and has a layer of fibres under it, which, when they are taken, contracts so much as to tear the body and let out
the intestines,
ORDER VII. CYCLOBRANCHI.
GENERA. 4. Pareuza. (1) Lin. Shell of a single piece ; 2 Pointed tentacula. Eyes at the outer a cord of small branchial base of the tentacula.
leaves under the edges of the mantle; a thick, short
trunk. Pl. 14, fig. 5, 6.
2. Curron. (2) Lin.
A range of testaceous, | A | membranous veil symmetrical scales along on the mouth instead of the back of the mantle. tentacula.
(1) The mouth is fleshy, and contains a spiny tongue, lengthened posteriorly, and folded deeply within.
(2) The shell of the Ghiton will be figured and described with the Multivalves.
SYNOPTIC TABLE
0 foot for crawling; no arms for dragging orf PIPROLODA sitet aiele' ses > seizing prey. Two fins,, Shell ensheathing; of one alike and opposite, for|
SVVADAININ 0h. o cece «arches
or with a shell capable of containing it ; a mus- cular foot united to the body in_ its whole length, placed under the belly, for crawling.
Shell without columella or operculum ; not forming a complete spire, unless rolled. > .e owen oes
fe) tw Lal lez] =] {>} wW ° o tw EE ati
Body straight, never spiral |
Greater part of the body twisted in a spire, sepa- 4 rate from he foot, and }Shell always spiral, whorls ne always enveloped in a enerally numerous, with TRacHERpoDA jie aauivelse shell; foot Sane s eolanielia or an free, flat, attached to} operculum the inferior base of the neck, for crawling....
een er ~
projecting from this Bip fe E eee bag, crowned by arms, é
Lower part of the body
contained in a mantle ;
formed like a bag ; head Shell regularly multilocu- at oe ; «a? \ plane; the spire entering
| not articulated, furnish tito the faoutk ne
CEPHALOPODA,... »
ed with suckers sur- ite ; LS = pee ee ee rounding the mouth; 2 clining towards it
horny jaws.......--++-
OF LAMARCK’S SYSTEM.
piece, never spiral, always exterior........+- cesses eee eneees aealeve efecto ip
Shell exterior, covering: in one piece in the form of a shield, cap, or sandal; or in several imbricated pieces : imperfectly or not at all> 2.
Shell partly or completely interior ; cavity simple or none; only forming) 3
Shell exterior ; not capable of entirely containing the animal; the spire( 4
imperfectly formed of two whorls............... SiS CAoonDnS dOoue Mouth of the shell entire ; no notch or canal at the base.............. iy A channel more or less long at the base of the shell ; ) Go Gina outer lip not changing with age................. 7 PEER
A channel more or less long at the base of the shell; %
outer lip changing its form with age and havinga} 7. Avatz. Shell channelled sinus below.... ie of
ea ETI,
seep ats A short channel ascending towards the back, or nt Cy ee ee Pasc oblique notch sub-ascending at the base of the shell. f ~° ; + ee eee y No channel, a notch at the base of the mouth; folds) 9: Gos onthe columiellays 3:4: tejsiooieepotevrd betes Sepatelaseperos a es 2 ee No channel, the base of the mouth notched or effu- 40” Tee sive; the whorls large, rolled round the axis...... \ eh Seer Ss Shell straight or almost straight ; no spire . Sic Uo Uo COBOOpOAE ce do Maa. Onrnocenaces, Shell partially spiral, last whorl Multilocular, §Septa simple at fevininatinp ie straight line... \42, DiMCOLACEm. with septa, ..4 the edges, su-} Shell semi-discoid, spire eccentric 13, Cristacex, tures neither } Shell globulous spheroidal or oval ; notched or un-} whorls of the spire enveloping, 514. dulated on the or cells united within a covering internal parti- | Shell discoid, spire central, cells tion of the tes- | radiating from the centre to the $45. Ravrarez. taceous cover-§ circumference................ SHEE cD BBOIUO Shell discoid, spire central, cells in a spiral line, not extending 6. N from the centre to the circum-{—-* -\AUTUACE®. RELEMC Este Nensyatels noc) ote cutie oleh <rars : Septa notched at the edges, united against the inter- nal partition of the testaceous covering and ae A culated in sinuated sutures notched like parsley; /* “™MONACE®. TO@AWENES 32 271:5)210 o1<iopeleeate SAH EOUeG CORE Serer oh: aboae Jnilocular, univalve, involute; spire entering the mouth or pendant 18 FOWVATOS Tease oi), </ols''« pia aie tcxal o/s area sanbo man topes dpoeaane A ae
* V. Note, p. 27.
: 3. Zabel ri Roe cc je ARTI Lieto me
1 eee oa ¢ DRE A i UE SO th Vie i y he Bis Be a eek iy 5 ate ke 1S RE te etek ade NS ada at: “ae want ueie inthis bie Rae) 4 fr 2 “1 oT, . ; & ,, . Ne Hy aes’ ’ Netty e po ga ¥ bes “ A ’ 4 t ; ot ~ oT) > > d ‘) 3) Lee : "ee =i Toh" 4 i Pie x bn ao ‘ 5 Ch a ,
Acephala. . 53 APHAED Ay ois ol scrss 28 it Soe 46 Se eee 47 ee | SG 62 AG ION Age retelels.216,ey51e05)s By AlGteOniosis: 3 ci stete.e 29 Agathina....... Seay eee FAUCET AWS misredsisue-s.0:8)5. 45 ARE Rates 64 Aomaltes' ca sternecicts 22 Ammonaceratites... 214 Ammonites........ 22 Amphibulima ...... 29 ——————...... 46 er 62 Amplexites ........ 17 Ampullaria ........ 3L = ee Sys. Se ccs 67 Ampullina. ....... 34 AmaStOmMalas s ss:0. 6. ¢ Rd: ACH agers ope oats aoc 38 Ancillaria... ....... 38 Ane ylues cies as5\ +5,- 24 Sa SS inlodauoeee 63 AMPalites orci. Sisto > 22 Aplysias ce <style. 43 “oe SO 60 1) oR eae F 36 PNP Uslalce eta areiao i= 5 35 Arethnsas. 4. s:<:0.:cvexe 16 Argonauta......... 23 eS OEE 55 Aurienla’ ses. nests 28 —_ a ts oie 47 —— 63 Baculites ........... 18 Batholitestaer « <vor.-85 18 Belemnites....... a Al7, Bistphitessere.). 210. 22 Brachiopoda ...... 53 BrOntess a.ceiec.s o.0i0% 36 Buccinoida...,..... 64 Cee as Sens 68 BuaccinpM pets, < 0.6, 39 23 ma TES jays Foch 69 Bulimopsis,........ 29 Bulimulus..... .... 29
INDEX.
Beaihimus\ es. oie we se ere 29 ee E pldieooan t 47 2 Do ecue 62 Pullaisshaseweeniowss 45 Bullwaessccctosaocs 43 Calmar.......- Ws 3 Oia A Calyptrea,......-.- 25 ey elo oe 72 Gamerina .’.. 2.05 15 Cancellaria...... came enon acee 69 Capulus..........+% 25 ee Sod bud ooO eS 74 @aracollatseenvescdec 34 eae ae 45 GCarinarial. cay oeeicc 23 a ede ene my /?) Carychium......... 28 Cassidaria.......... 40 aaa en nr sees 70 Cassis ctecle aerate 41 aR ay te ereeae 70 Cephalopoda....... 52 Gerithinms . © jest 38 — Set hs evater sda oycts 70 Chicoracee......... 36 Ghitone oe Us: @hond@rus)./::. ciastaes 30 a a eee 62 Cirrhopoda....4.... 53 Girrites...... Balen 35 Glavatalay.: Ssee sae 37 Clausilia....... sai 29 ee Eig 48 SS ene ne 62 Cleodora.......3...- 23 a bee oa oee 56 NOs ae aae cs 56 Cochlicella.o.......: 47 @ochlicopa nec cn ki 47 @ochlitomasaeee ssc: 46 Cochlodina......... 48 Cochlodonta....... 47 Cochlogena......... 47 Cochlohvdra....... 46 Cochlostyla........ 46
Columbella .%.,.... 49,
; Page Concholepas ,...... Conchylium........ 69 Conoelix..: 4 ckokss 41 @onovalus!s) 5 esi. 28 rr esr PCI CUTAN Se ae 63 Gonulantes......... 47 Conus.) oc cease 43 —— ...... Rr Es; 68 Cornucopia ........ 18 Grepidalaysc..c.5.c<0 25 ee ne 72 Cristellaria......... PA Cryptostoma....... 71 Cyclostoma........ 34 Se gee si lel 66. Cyclobranchi....... 57 mr oe 73 Cymbiuny.).) 2s sy 44 TS a ss die rh 68 Cymbulia.......... 23 a eee 56 GY predes.6 soca 41 Sa meine ho Naa et N 68 Delphinula......... 23 Sa ees ar ig Paes 65 Diphyllidia daddies 59 Discorbites......... 45 es 22, Dolabella. ......:6%:. 44 perms 5 ng ha fave lebayels 60 Molin 335.3) 65g: 39 Oe oes 69 Oris s OA = cicias closets 58 Bburnaky. vsooseas wise Seen ei faretene eae 69 - Bilipsolites.\jjeiecs 22, Emarginula..... retleay heed: mt a Siavehol 72 HioMdiale ssa te coer . 459 Euomphalites ...... 35 Fasciolaria..,.... Bree U/ et ae ei? Mo pha rethekal i Fissurella..... die cere DA. eee hg sd ccialpeye tn dio LUCEY ean es niA36 Ea Se ore 70
Gyrogonites........
ee
Blelixe. st0% ax papien?
ever cesrse se teos eee reer eer ene
re a
ee atetetotetete else ipreve
eleteleieha Seu e's 80
INDEX.
Page Melanopsis......... 27 Melantho. chen s.tae «- 27 Meleager...... .... 33 Melonites.......... 16 Maliglacd. ic nceee oe 16 Mitra...) eee ee 38 ame wal oleversre e eitote 69 Monoceros......... 40 Monodonta......... 34 —— ———.... 1. 66 Morrie: es. 6.63 HR 40 Murex soi os ccten cee 36 ee ANN ooo dae 70 INassa'snc.0%.' shearer ee 40 mee ha wiolatc clarelnictesctere 69 WNatica «. ofc saec-ces 32 asf ts coe ete 67 Nautilites. ..:.:%. c.0% 22 Nautilus........... 22 CE ic ius icc 54 WNavicella- ss: s22.. 25 ae ee 72 WNevita:s.occ5 00 20 32 pee SNe awe he] Neritina .... .....- 32 PO aod 67 Nodosaria.......... sf Notarchus.......:.. 60 Nudibranchi.......+ 57 at Fi dlaleele 58 Nummula.... 5.2... 45 Octapusiaas eee 54 Odostomia......'... 30 Olivacaccccssice eee 41 ee err atric 47 Bannon osauccic 68 Onchidium......... , 63 Orbulites: ; 625.0520 22 Orthoceratites...... 17 Ovulals cece 43 On oo ae 68 Padollasjj3s0520eF: 26 a Eee 741 Paludinat.s<2%: 42205 34 eee 66 Parmacella.:..2. 2%. 26 ee ee nO. Parmaphora........ 24 Partulay.4Kcsscs hoe 48 iPatella.:.7.. tse eee 24 Anco moi 73 Pectinibranchi...... 57 en: Phasianella......... 28 ee 67 Phyllidia: ./..2 2. 59
Bhiysarn.—2i.s1.. sonctere 27
PRGA oa). 0100s ee Planorbis:.2).2)--62
Planospirites....... Planulites. 2. omctek Plectrophorus ...... Pleurobranchus.... - Pleurotoma........-- Preumodermon.....- Pollonteéss.. 3-70. s= Polycera........-+- Polyphemus.......- Polypus.........---
ee
Potanvndes’<- 1). tase Pterocera........+:
Pteropoda eos eee Pulmobranchi......
a
— ———w STs 8) © eer eae
Renulitest sat seem Ricinellas3:2.5 722-3 Rostellaria.........
Rotalitests): « 2@ecer
Sealaria..........¢ 5 Scaphites;.... -..-. Scarabcens =’. .% 2.
SS OO
Goutis...4 1... nn Scyllza.......----- Sepia... cess eee ees
———— ee 4 0 eLanen are
Siderolites......... Sigaretoida........- ’
Sigaretus ......--+-
————— ee) see
INDEX.
Page. Mestacellaiss «.ix,ae.osie 61 meth ys): \<)<.s<isisr et 58 Tornatellars scissors 29 eee 63 WrILOMIAts bee eerste 58 PREALON TUM 56/1 <)a¥eles le 36 Trochoiday...cicsesies 64 _— ata aha evere 65 Prochusis fecssars 35 SS MHS ter 66 Trophonesi-y 23s 36 urbinellarey tte ssc 37 eee 70 PRO sess evsaic sieve 33 Sere ey cteas a ert stare, stove 65 Murrsliees|sociciee eens. « 18 arritellas scarce <3 33 ee 65
Valvatas=ccicicteteern:
Witrinia s,s ostelstetere
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BY THE AUTHOR.
Au ANALYSIS of the NATURAL CLASSIFICATIONS of MAMMALIA, includ- ing the Systems of Cuvier and Illiger, and illustrated by upwards of 200 figures (comprehending the Extinct or Fossil Genera and Species), principally from the objets themselves in the Gallery and Cabinet of Comparative Anatomy of the Jardin des Plantes. Price 15s.
An INTRODUCTION to the ORNITHOLOGY of CUVIER, illustrated by 261 figures (including several anatomical), principally from the objects themselves, and drawn off on tint. Price 15s.
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‘¢ M. Bowdich a donné a part une carte speciale du pays des Aschantis, base sur ses propres observations, sur des itinéraires détaillés et sur la comparaison qu’il en a faite avec les cartes de d’Anville et les relations des autres voyageurs. Cette partie de son travail, ainsi que ce qu’il a donné sur les environs de Gaboon, sont des acquisitions précieuses pour la géographie. Le reste de la carte de M. Bowdich est beaucoup plus hypothétique, et se fonde sur des documents plus incertains.—— Malgré tant de causes d’imperfection, la carte de M. Bowdich sera utile, parce qu’a beaucoup de sagacité l’auteur 4 joint une profonde étude de son sujet, et qu’elle offre des recherches, des rapprochements curieux, et des conjectures probables, présentés d’une maniere claire et méthodique. Tout ce que M. Bowdich écrira sur lintérieure de l’Afrique, sera toujours un objet d’attention pour tout homme instruit.”—/Valchenaer (Président de P Académie des Inscrip. et des Belles Lettres) Recherches sur l’Afrique, p.326, 330, 344.
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ee
During a residence of tyo years and a half at Paris, with the view of perfecting
himself in Mathematics and Physical Science, as necessary for the greater scientific results of a second travel in Africa, the Author has had occasion to read the greater number of the French works on the elementary parts of mathematics, and to com- pare them with our own. He was astonished to find that England, which has produced Harriot, Wallis, Barrow, and Newton who may be considered as the father of analysis; that England, possessing at the present moment so many illus- trious men of science, does not afford elementary books enabling students to read the works of Euler, Lagrange, Laplace, Legendre, Poisson, and the later English publications, without being arrested by difficulties every moment. :
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In the hope of remedying this inconvenience in some degree, that is as far as his limited means permit, the Author is induced to publish a course of Algebra, assem- bling and connecting the materials scattered through the works of La Croix, Bour- don, Boisbertrand, Garnier, etc. etc. ;
He is not so presumptuous as to believe that this Essay is -the best the subject admits of, but he will feel grateful for every candid critic; ‘sufficieatly recom- pensed if it leads to the production of a better work on the same subject; bis sole object being to offer something useful to his countrymen,
| ee — int Ode ati
ria,
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2 ana
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PLATE I.
URE ATID
4. Shell of the Sepia rugosa. is Set 2. Shell of the Calmar. Loligo sagittata, Lam. ; A 3. 4. Nummulites, with sections. od 5. Discorbite. 8 6. Miliolite coeur de Serpent. od 7. Lituolite. , ih 8. Transverse and longitudinal sections of a Belemnite. A 9.40. 41. 12. Belemnites. -A 43. Spirolinites. 44, Upper and under view, with a section, of the @yrogonites medicag!
nula. . 45. Simplegades colubrinus.
7 A ¢
16. Turrilites compressus.
=
ia Recess SPP
47. Baculites. vertebralis. 18. a. Spirula fragilis seu australis. b. The siphon traversing the chambers.
c. Section magnified.
. Baculites gigas.
Planospirites ostracinus.
. Hippurites cornu-copiw.
. Belemnite.
. Siderolites calcitrapoides. . Section of a Belemnite.
. Orthoceratite.
. Hippurite with a gutter, c. . Hippurite with a siphon.
. Under view of the operculum of a Hippurite, shewing the two prolonga-
tions resembling a hinge.
. Belemnite.
. Section of an Orthoceratite with a siphon passing through the axis.
. Hippurite, with a gutter, a. and a siphon, d.
. Lituites Breynii, found in the marble of OEland: the shaft or straight
part extends in a length equal to the depth of the Plate, gradually enlarging towards the base.
. Hippurite, the operculum pierced with two eyes.
. 35. Orthoceratites with a siphon towards the edge or periphery.
=
PLATE If,
. a. b. c. d. Nautilus melo, with sections.
2. Section of Nautilus flammatus, shewing the siphon.
is)
. Nautilus Pompilius.
. Section of Nautilus caudatus, Lister (N. major seu crassus, Rumph.) shewing the siphon passing through the chambers. 1-4th.
. Nautilus auricula.
. Scaphites Defrancii.
a. b. c. d. Scaphites equalis.
. 8. Transverse and logitudimal sections of the spine of the Echinus ci- daris.
Nodosaria (Nautilus raphanus). . Amplexus coralloides.
. Orthoceratites Gothlandie, 1-2. . Molossus gracilis.
. Rotalite.
. Echidnis diluvianus.
. Raphanister campanulatum.
. Hamites gibbosus.
. Lenticulite.
. Hippurites organicus.
= =
i
ye
yes
nw
PLATE Hf.
. Helix Lemani, in the 2d Fresh-Water Formation.
. Helix Menardi, in the limestone near Mans.
Second Fresh-~Water Formation.
3. Oval grain found in the silex at Longjumeau.
4. Cylindrical, channelled grains, found in opaque silex at Longjumeau.
They have no resemblance to any genus now known.
. 6. Small cylindrical stems, with a channel in the centre, and divided by
transverse partitions.
. A body in the form of a date, with sinuous channels.
. The ear of a plant (which may be compared to certain species of Paspa-
lum) found in the silex at Longjumeau.
. Arethusa corymbosa.
. Argonautites levis.
. Vaginella depressa.
. 12. Orbulites-
. Cristellaria .. . 1 ee ees
. Ammonaceratites Lamarckii, 1-30. s. siphon. . Ellipsolites compressus.
. Pollontes vesicularis.
. Baculites vertebralis. Montf.
. Conularia quadrisulcata.
teres.
quadrisulcata.
. Telebois annulatus.
23. Tiranites gigas.
PLATE IV.
First Fresh-Water Formation.
. Cyclostoma mumia.
. Lymneus strigosus.
a longiscatus. acuminatus.
. Planorbis lens.
. An articulated stem (with projecting papille), resembling the root of an Equisetum.
Second Fresh-Water Formation.
. 2. Lymneus ovum. . Bulimus pusillus.
atomus.
. Cyclostoma elegans antiquum. . Potamides Lamarckit.
. 8. Planorbis rotundatus.
cornu.
Prevostinus.
. Lymneus corneus.
Fabulum.
ventricosus.
enflatus.
. Bulimus pygmeus.
terebra.
. Lymnaus palustris antiquus. . Pupa Defrancii.
. Helix Ramondi. Desmarestina. Cocquii.
Moroguesi.
Tristant.
CaoauNuawr wn =
PLATE VY.
. Hyalea, tricuspidata.
. Cleodora pyramidal. . Cymbulia proboscidea. . Parmaphora elongata.
. Patella elongata.
cornucopia.
. Ancylus flwiatilis. . Upper and under view of the Calypireea equesira.
of the Zestacella haliotidea.
. Fissurella (Patella Greeca, List.). . Emarginula clypeata.
. Under and side view of the Crepidula porcellana.
of the Capulus tortus.
4. Vitrina pellucida.
. Umbrella Indica.
. Carinaria vilrea.
. Dolabella.
. Bullea.
. Bulla operta.
. Infundibulum echinulatum. . Stomatia phymotis
. Stomatella imbricata.
. Septaria seu Navicella (- Patella Borbonica).
a. Back view. b. Under .. c. Side
d. Operculum.
. Halyotis vulgaris.
. Sigaretus concavus.
Some of the figures in this Plate ave inadyertently reversed.
PLATE VI.
1. lipponyx cornucopie. Defr. In profile, 1-2. », Shewing the support within, 4-2. c. In profile, without the SuBPOF, 1-2. d. Seen within. e. On its support, as it was found. J. The support seen within. g. Hipponyx mitrata, Defr. a recent shell, with its support. h. Hipponyx cornucopie, shewing the mouth.
2 Plectrophorus costatus, Feruss. 3 b orbignii, Feruss. 4 Padollus scalaris, Leach.
5 Ambrette Succinea, Drap. (Amphibulima, Lam.) € Amphibulima, Lam.
1 Testacellus ambiguus, Feruss. é Z haliotideus, Feruss. se. . Maugei, Feruss.
10 Parmacella Olivieri, Feruss. 41 Helicarion Cuvierii, Feruss.
12 Lymneus stagnalis.
13 Physa N. Hollandica.
. Melania.
- Melantho.
- Melania amarula.
: Melanella Dufresnii.
- Melanopsis.
. Melanamona.
. Pyrene, Lam. Melanatria. - Phasianella picta.
. Auricula Judea.
Scarabiis imbrium, Leach. - Carychium undulatum. Leach. - Conovula coniformis.
. Achatina Virginiana.
- Bulimus radiatus.
. Bulimulus trifasciatus.
» Tornatella fasciata.
: Helicina neritella.
. Bulimus auris-leporis (monst.). . Planarbis.
. Bulimus ovularis.
» Pupa modiolinus.
- Bulimus auris-leporis.
Clausilia.
» Pupa.
Bulimus decollatus.
PLATE: VII.
4. Helico-Limax elongata, Feruss. 2. Helix brevipes, Drap. 3. 4. Cornu giganteum, Chemn. in the young and in the adult state; one
of the smaller figures represents the egg entire, and the other the animal in its shell coming out of the egg: 1-2 the natural size.
5. Bulimus patulus, Brug. (Amphibulima cucullata, Lam.) Ouse" aie in the young state.
7. Helix naticoides, Drap.
8 Listeri, Feruss.
9 ligata, Muller.
10. .. deformis, Feruss.
44. 42. 15. 16. 17. 48. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23.
Helix aspersa, Muller. Be kaa oes (monstrosities). Pouchet Adans (Turbo variegatus, List.) Helix alonensis, Feruss. Helix plicata, Lin. aspersa, List. carabinata, Feruss. ringens (Tomigeres ringens, Leach. Anostoma, Lam.). imperator (Polydontes imperator, Montf.), carocolla, Chemn. (Carocolla, Lam.)
sorora, Feruss.
fs : \\a
PLATE VIII.
. 2. Helix pyrostoma, Feruss. Madagascariensis, Lam.
. Helicella levipes, Feruss. Helix spadicea, Gmel.
. Helix sub-dentata, Feruss.
albella, Chemn. side view. planata, Chemn. . Helicellg sepulcralis, Feruss.
. Helix ochroleuca, Feruss. Helix albella, Chemn.
10. epistylium, Gmel.
44 strobilus, Feruss.
A2. nitida, Drap.
13. Cyclostoma bulimoides, Oliv.
. Melania buccinoidea.
. Cyclostoma unicolor, Oliy.
- Bulimus labrosus, Oliv.
. Melania costata, Oliv.
. Helix villosa, Drap.
19. Bulimus acicula, Drap. -
20, Buccinum majus, List. (Kambeul, Adanson.)
24. Bulimus Dufresnii, Leach.
22. Bulla helicoides, Brocchi.
23. Bulimus montanus, Drap.
24. Pupa quadridentata, Drap.
25. .. granum, Drap.
26. Helix regina, Feruss. Achatina, Lam.
27. +. frater, Feruss.
28. Cyclostoma Odostomia. (Auris Mida, etc. Chem.) 29. Pupa fragilis, Drap.
30. Partula australis, Feruss. (Auris Mid@ fasciata, etc. Chemn.) 31. Cochlodina Blainvilliana, Feruss. (Cyclostoma, Lam.) 32. Pupa modiolus.
33. Clausilia plicata, Drap.
34. Pupa edentula, Drap.
35... vertigo, Drap.
36. .. antivertiga, Drap.
athe
—
40. 43: 42.
CONAN wD
PLATE IX,
. Ampullaria.
. Ampullina.
. Turbo picta, with its operculum. . Cirrus acutus, Sowerby.
. Aciona scalaria (Wendletrap), Leach.
Scalaria clatrata.
Trochus crenularis.
agglutinans, with and without the adhering substances.
imperator (Imperator coronatus, Montt.) calcar. Solarium perspectivum.
Turriiella.
aye’ he,
43. 44. 15. 16. 47,
48. 49.
20. 24. 22." 23. 24. 25. 26,
Cyclostoma mumia. elegans. Paludina fasciata (Helix vivipara, Lin.) Delphinula. Vermetus; Adans.
Euomphalus pentangulatus, aes catillus,
}Sowerby. Nerita Malaccensis, and its operculum. Neritina zebra.
Valvata spirorbis, Drap.
Clithon coronata.
Natica.
Monodonta.
Tanthina fragilis.
PLATE X.
. Murex lampas.
wo —_
Tritonia. Brandaris.
. Tritonia Atlantica, Montl. . Murex frondescens.
. Ranella Buffonia.
Fusus.
Pyrula melongena.
Conran s o
. Eburna areolata.
— SS
. Anciliaria cinamomea.
_ —
. Mitra.
; S = ane eens gs 8 Ss a PS Seo Ses ee AS US 8 SESSSE: Psi = PS SBE su S&S AS es s Ss £ ws 3 4 Ss mw re ae a SCR Sen soe Ss 2 8 8 Sy = 4 Sg = — aS a E Es SE ae a Sespicese ss Ss cae aS ess = Ss 2s ace & =~ os! WY”) s PR RARE OROCR RA SE BE RAE ae aa
OoOnONIA Tf WON >
40
PLATE XI.
. Harpa mutica.
. Purpura patula.
. Monoceros.
. Ricinula horrida.
. Cassidaria echinophora.
. Cancellaria reticulata.
. Cyprea meneta.
. Ovula gibbosa.
. a. Cyprea in the infant state. Bike .. middle. CLD Kee ean Ove adult
. Ovula oviformis.
. Cassis glauca.
harpeeformis.
. Oliva litterata.
- Terebellum punctatum. - Strombus pugilis.
. Pterocera lambis.
- Colombella hilaris.
. Volvaria monilis.
- Marginella bimarginata. sub-cerulea.
. Conus nocturnus.
beltulinus.
dic 2 3 1 a 6 7 38 9
PLATE XII.
Conelix lineatus, Swainson.
. Voluta rugifera seu musica.
volvacea. vespertilio.
olla.
. Helicina neritella. . Murex tubifer. . Bulimus zebra, Oliv.
. Struthiolaria Lamarcki:.
. Helix crenelata, Oliv. . Polyphemus Bruguireus.
. Ampullaria (found in bituminous marlabove a mine of fossil coal.
compressed laterally ; givingit an accidental, elongated form. vertically ; changing the form of the mouth, and
giving it the appearance of another species.
. Turbo lugubris, Chemn.
. Section of a Pyramidella, to shew the columella.
Vee 09 bank
. Turritella. (au jour). . Cyclostoma bulimoides, Oliv. see.
PLATE XIII.
. Helix unidentata, Chemn.
wo =
Cerithium gigas, 1-4th.
. Achatina fulica, Lam.
. Argonauia. Laaber oun lade . Aplysia.
- Dolabella.
SIO oO & ww
- Interior mould of a Cerithium gigas, 4-Ath.
Clavatula scabra.
© ©
Cyclostoma carinata, Oliv. 10. Melania marginata.
11. Helix conoidea, Drap.
12. Pupa avena, Drap.
13. Melania cochlearella. 44... costellata.
15. Bulimus terebraster.
16. Buccinum Barbadense, Lister.
h. The head.
. «tf. .. tentacula. “m. .. mouth. Bo run: ee. .. eyes. RSS tec Oo. .. operculum.
17. Cerithium. (Buccinum Africanum, Lister.)
h. The head. i... tentacula. m. « mouth. ee. .. eyes. T. .. trunk.
Tb or ilin
o. .. operculum. 18. Limax phosphorescens, 1-2. 19. 20. Yetus, Adans. (Buccinum Persicum, Lister.) h. The head. tt. .. tentacula. m. .. mouth. ee. «.. eyes. T. . trunk, k. .. extremity of the manitle, forming a sort of pipe. nn. membrane accompanying the mantle. ape A ace of its enormous foot. 21. Halyotis.
h. The head.
wt. .. four tentacula.
ee. .- eyes.
n. _.. membrane which attaches the lower tentacula to the head.
i, .. two anterior extremities of the mantle, coming out of the se- cond hole of the shell.
Orde Go
&
10.
PLATE XIV.
. The hearts of the Calmar.
a. The hollow vein. | dd. The place of the branchic. bb. .. lateral hearts. ee. .. pulmonary veins. cc... pulmonary arteries. Jf... middle heart.
' gg. .. aorta.
. The heart of the Aplysia.
fe. The auricle and pulmonary vein.
So yea eats
eri. geaktenteds
a. The hollow vein. d. .. branchie.
. Spirula fragilis with its shell. . Tapada putris, with its shell. . The under side of a Patella, the head bent towards the foot.
a. The foot. e. The pericardium. Be 2. month: Fe .. trunk of the branchial vein. cc. .. tentacula. ggg. .. circular part of the above d._.. anus. and orifice of ge- vein.
neration. hh. .. branchie.
ii. .. branchial artery. . A Patella of the species in which the branchiz are interrupted.
a. The mouth. gg. The intestines. bb. .. tentacula. h. .. branchie. c. .. fleshy mass. wz. .. branchial veins. d. _.. nervous collar. qq. +. oviductus. S- .. Ovarium.
. Helix brevipes, with its shell. . Hyalea australis, with its shell seen on the side of the projecting valve.
a. b. c. The projecting points of the flat or ventral valve. d. The dorsal valve.
Sf... mantle coming out from the interstice between the valves, close to which are the branchie. “om. .< fms. Tee. “mouth. Parmacella Olivieri, Cuy. opened. a. The mouth. w. The retracting muscles. bb. .. great horns. kk, <, “ayer: C3) 3. gaa LB > lungs. d. _.. salivary glands. m.....,aurtele. e.ff .. organs of generation. NR. 4. weart, g. .. bag for the colouring | 0. .. intestine. liquid. z. ., mantle turned back. hk... stomach. Calmar (Sepia Loligo). a. The head. e. The funnel. Bos. CYGS. J... abdomen. Co eo uteet. gS. «.) Mis,
ad... \sanms:
14. Brain of the Polypus; a. The ring round the so-) dd. The lateral ganglions.
phagus. | e. .. abdominal plexus. b. .. brain. ce. .. optical ganglions. |
41.* Brain of the Aplysia. a. The ring round the cesophagus. b. .. brain. e. .. abdominal ganglion. 42. The animal and shell of the Helico-Limax elongata.
43. Janthina penicephala, with its yesicular appendage (spuma cartila- ginea) attached to the posterior part of the foot. 14. Aplysia. a. The head.
b. .. inferior tentacula.
c. superior
d. eyes.
e. .. mantle.
fi. + operculum of the branchie.
45. The female Sigaretus seen underneath: the head and foot a little bent, to shew the entrance of the branchial cavity.
a. The notch. | 4. The anus. 46. The male Sigaretus seen underneath. a. The notch. d. The anterior part of the foot cleft bb... tentacula. transversely. cc. .. foot. e. .. organs of generation:
Of .. edges of the mantle. 47. Carinaria Mediterranea. 18. Plectophorus with its shell.
19. The female Vivipara taken out of its shell. a. The foot partly folded in two.
b. .. operculum attached to the posterior part.
c. .. head with the tentacula and trunk.
d. .. little siphon prolonged under the right tentaculum. e. .. lateral membrane of the left side.
f. edge of the mantle.
g. A small portion of the branchie shewing itself from underneath. h. The orifice of the womb and anus. 20. Halyotis, drawn from the living animal, with all its ornaments.
Cr
PLATE XY.
.
. The 47gonauta argo sailing. . Ocythoé Cranchii, Leach, sitting within the shell.
. Clio Borealis.
a. The body.
b. _.. viscera seen through the common coverings.
cc. .. tubercles of the head, and the holes into which the three tenta- cula on each side retire.
dd. .. branchiz and fins.
, Pneumodermon, front view.
a. The body. ' | e. The chin or pointed fleshy appen- Bite 3.7, eae. dage. c. mouth. ifs oe INS. ad! ps: g. .. branchie. h. .. trunk of the branchial vein.
, Pneumodermon, with ¢he skin divided to shew the position of the peri-
cardium and fleshy tunic. i... The auricle. k. .. pericardium. _ ll. .. fleshy tunic with its longitudinal fibres.
. The Eolis, placed obliquely, shewing the belly and right side. . Scyllea pelagica, on the right side.
HH. The under surface of the foot hollowed into a deep furrow, by which it suspends itself.
G. .._ mouth.
AA. .. two tentacula.
BC. Two pair of membranous flexible ‘These and the back bear the
Wings. branchiz in the form of little fi- D. A crest on the tail. brous tufts.
E. The orifice of generation. F. .. orifice of the anus. se
8. Scyllea pelagica seen on the side of the belly. 9. Scyllea pelagica suspended to a branch of the Fucus nalans. 10. Phyllidia trilineata seen on the upper side.
aa. The indentations for the upper tentacula.
ty ae - of the anus.
41. An upper tentaculum magnified.
12. Phyllidia trilineata seen underneath. aa. The inferior tentacula, between which is the mouth. b. .. branchie of the left side. c. .. orifice of generation, 43. A Limax seen on the right side, the tentacula half developed.
aa. The great tentacula. bb... smaller
c. .. mouth, between which and the small tentacula are seen the papilla of the upper lip. dd. .. foot é. .». posterior point of the back, whence issues the mucosity by which it suspends itself. f f. mantle. g-_.. orifice for respiration. h generation. |
Ww
. Bulla aperta, seen underneath.
. Bulla aperta, partly dissected.
. The tongue of the Bulla aperta greatly magnified. . Helix pomatia, taken from its shell, and seen on the left side: a large
PLATE XVI.
. Bulla aperta entire, seen on the back.
a. The fleshy plate which covers the front of the body, or the tentacular disk c. .. part containing the shell.
. Bulla aperta on the right side, with the ventral fleshy plate separated
from the dorsal, to shew what is between them. |
a. The tentacular disk. e. The anus. b. .. plate serving as a foot. | f. .. common orifice of the male organ and oviductus,
b. The plate serving as a foot. ¢. .. part containing the shell.
d. A part of the branchiz.
a. The stomach. e. The heart.
b: .. cesophagus. poate syeuivels
d. .. branchie. g. .. intestine. h. testicle.
portion of the covering of the pulmonary cavity has been taken away to shew its position; also the teguments of the remainder of the spire, to shew the situation of the heart, the bag of viscous matter, etc.
a. The large right tentaculum| 4. The hole for respiration seen
half developed. : within the pulmonary ca< P v Pp ry b. .. hole whence the left vity. tentaculum issues. i .. diaphragm. c. .. hole for the small tenta- ‘ 7s : Gulia! Ghhibie sani teeo heart and auricle in their Gag. proper place im the open dd. .. two lobes of the veil or pericardium. upper lip. 0. commencement of the great
ece. .. edges of the foot. < artery of the spire. > Two of the lobes placed un-
a gs ne det Ocal pe ee ge. The pad of the collar. q: irst part ol the intestine, hh. .. place where the cover- | r-. second part. ing of the pulmonary | 55;— .. _—_Jobes of the liver. cavity has been cut away.
We .. rectum.
yu
- Capulus, Mont. (Patella Hungarica, Lin.) detached from its shell, and
seen on one side.
a. The foot. d. The trunk. 6. A sort of ruff which this foot | ee. .. tentacula. has in front. : «+ liver and apart of the viscera, ec. The muscle which attaches which occupy the bottom the foot to the shell, of the shell.
- Onchidium, under yiew. . Parmacella, seen on the back: the shell has been taken away, and only
its impression remains.
. The horned Planorbis, with its shell. - The animal of the Cypreea.
Conus.
. Emarginula entire. - Nervous system of the Fissurella. - Animal of the Crepidula, detached from its shell, seen above; the ab-
domen and branchial cavity in their natural position.
. Shell of the Crepidula seen underneath.
a. Plate which retains the point of the abdomen.
- Animal of the Crepidula, detached from its shell, and the upper parti-,
tion of its branchial cavity turned back to shew the branchie.
- Testacellus halyotideus, animal and shell.
4. 2.
PLATE XVII.
Scalaria. The female Vivipara taken out of its shell, and the branchial cavity opened. a. The foot folded in two. | h. The orifice of the womb. b. .. operculumattached toits | 7, part situated under the spire. posterior part. ; c. .. head, with the tentacula | @- -- @nUuS. - _and trunk. l. canal of viscous matter. d... nae aa i m. .. projecting line, forming a se- mea ao ee perros Po terminates ‘e. .. lasveral membrane of the Bond ia A = left side. n. .. heart and its auricle. S- edge of the mantle. o. .. partsof the liver and intestine. g. .. branchie. A. womb swelled by the fe- tus within. Trochus. (Cochlea sublivida, Lis.) h. The head. p. The langueite. tt... tentacula. AP. &: feat: ee... -€Yes. 0. operculum. Do. seen underneath. J: The foot. | m. The mouth. . Animal of the Zrochus pharonius, taken out of its shell, with its oper- culum. Hoe Turbo littoreus. .9.10... .. Turbo chrysostomus. Nerita canrena, takenzout of its shell. Nerita e2uvia, with its operculum. Trochus, Gualt.
14,
. Trochus levis, List.
A. The head. P. The foot.
ee. .. eyes. f «filaments. wu... tentacula. o. .. operculum. p- «+ male organ.
Purpura.
kh. The head. 7. The trunk.
ce. .. eyes. p- + foot.
tt, .. tentacula. o. .. operculum.
. Buccinum undatum, half the natural size, seen on the left side; the
trunk drawn in, and the male organ turned back, and hidden in the branchial cavity.
a. The male organ.
c. .. siphon.
dd. .. position of the branchiz.
e. The position of the heart, R mucous plates placed to the right of the branchiz.
. Buccinum undatum, with the trunk and male organ extended,
a. The male organ. b... trunk. c. «. siphon.
. Natica ee Fossar, Adan. magnified. h. The head. tw. The tentacula. ee. .. eyes. 0. .. operculum. i... fleshy appendages at the base of each tentacu- lum. . Natica
m. The mouth
B iets! (is
Peat aren te SRD
PLATE XVII.
Foluta Ethiopica, 41-2. Voluta.
Cerithium.
Aquila.
Fusus.
. Murex decussalus.
. Cassts glaucus.
F BowolicA Lt
(SC =
PLATE XIX.
. Strombus pugilis.
. Murex saxatilis. . Halyotis vulgaris, its shell taken away, seen on the back, and the edges
of the branchial cavity put asunder. A. The large muscle which attaches the animal to the shell.
a. The anus. | c. The viscous organ. bb. ... branchie. | d. .. heartin its pericardium. . Halyotis, etc. the pericardium and branchial cavity opened. A. The large muscles above. d. The heart. SAA. . ARIS e. .. right auricle. 3 bb. .. branchiz. fo... leftianriele: c. .. viscous organ. 8. heart surrounding the rectum.
wz. .. branchial arteries.
. The beart and large vessels magnified.
a. t. As the preceding figure. h. The right branchial vein.
8.
3. Fissurella entire, covered with its shell, which is set in the edges of its
mantle. : open. a. The disk of the foot. g. The heart. bb. .. circular muscle which | 747°. auricles. joins it to the shell, | _ . i and which has been| “ -- Intestine. cut. k. .. cesophagus. b. A portion of this muscle re- | 7. . pharynx. maining with the man- 4 tle. mm. .. salivary glands. ce. Themantle thrown back,and |’ nz. .. lateral ganglions ofthe brain. seen on the under side. . z As ieee WAY .. extremity of the tongue. d. .. hole with which it is a a Som pierced. pe a oliver. ee. .. branchie, q: .. oyarium. pr eee ane Vermeius, Adanson. c. The tentacula. o. Operculum. Y. .. eyes: M. Mantle. P; <.. foof. A, Aperture by which the animal F. Cylindrical filaments. breathes.
9. The same animal seen underneath.
p. The foot put on one side, to make it more apparent. B. The mouth,
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