ih-oiuv^ummmii

Pinnnnnnnnnnnfinn'nnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnninnnnni

ELEMENTS

OF THE

SCIENCE OF BOTANY,

AS ESTABLISHED

BY LINN JEU S;

WITH

EXAMPLES TO ILLUSTRATE THE CLASSES AN P
ORDERS OF HIS SYSTEM.

^SivU (tbitimu

vol. in.

LONDON :

PRINTED BY T. BENSLEY, BOLT COU3U*,

FOR

J. MURRAY, FLEET-STREET

M DCCC XII.

+GK45

IS/2

y..J,

o

XQ^CMECIA

BiD-rai 8c Tcrtile "blossoms separate,
but both kinds an the same -plant.

UIOECIA
Same olossoms separate

-xxm i " separate p/.urts.

POlYfiAMIA

Barren anal fertile olossoms separate on separate plants , and
fertile olofsoms , contouring ioth Stamina, and PirtiUa/.on

ether plants.

THE CHARACTER OIF CIASS jmLXMLXXMI

MONOECIA.
CLASS XXL

STAMINA AND PISTILLA IN SEPARATE
FLOWERS, BUT BOTH GROWING ON THE
SAME INDIVIDUAL PLANT.

This Class has ten Orders.

ORDER I.

HORNED POND-WEED, Zannichellia palus- monaw-

tris. Of this genus there is only this one species, and ,"

this is the only British plant of this Order : it grows 0ne stamen.
in ditches and stagnant waters, and blossoms in June
and July. It has no corolla, but at the base of its long
linear leaves it produces a Calyx with one stamen and
four pistilla, which is the fertile flower, and a Calyx with
one stamen without any pistilla, which is the barren
flower, constituting the character of the Class : with
the figure of the plant, these parts are represented
enlarged for the sake of illustration.

This plant was named by Micheli, in honour of
Giov.Jeronymo Zannichelli., an apothecary of Venice,

4 MOXOECIA.

author of many works upon different branches of na-
tural knowledge.

BREAD FRUIT TREE, Artocarpus communis, is
supposed to be of this Order. This celebrated tree has
been brought into particular notice since the dis-
covery of Otaheite and the Sandwich Islands, where
the fruit is eaten as bread. It is also a native of many
islands in the East Indies, as Java, Amboyna, Banda,
Sec. but in those islands the tree was not cultivated,
and little use was made of the produce.

The tree is described to be of the size of a mid-
dling Oak, and the fruit to be of the size and shape of
a child's head, growing on boughs like apples, with a
hard, thick, and tough rind. Whea it is ripe it is yel-
low and soft, and the taste sweet and pleasant. It
is gathered when full grown, while it is green and
hard, and baked in an oven, which scorches the rind
and makes it black ; the outside black crust is then
scraped off, and there remains a tender thin crust;
the middle, soft, tender, and as white as snow, and
somewhat of the consistence of new bread. In this
sort, which is the best, there is neither stone nor seed
in the inside, but all of one pure uniform substance.
It requires to be eaten new; if it be kept more than
twenty-four hours it becomes dry and choaky, but
very pleasant before it is too stale, having some-
what of the taste of a Jerusalem Artichoke. This
fruit lasts in season eight months in the year, during
which time the natives of the islands in the South
Seas, where the tree is cultivated, eat no other sort of

MONOECIA. 3

food of the bread kind, unless Yams'and Bananas may
be considered as such. Three trees are supposed to
yield sufficient nourishment for one person.

There are several species or varieties of this tree,
and die fruit of some, has a core, and some, long ob-
long seeds, almost as large as chesnuts.

This tree is useful not only for food, but also for
clothing, the inner rind of the young bark being
manufactured into a kind of cloth.

In the year 1793 Captain Bligh took three hun-
dred and forty-seven of these trees from the South Sea
Islands to Jamaica, and about the same number to St.
Vincent's, in the West Indies, where they continue
to grow and bear fruit; but the hurricanes and tem-
pests of that climate have been unfavourable to their
increase in the degree that was expected, and the na-
tives still prefer the yams of their own country to the
Bread-fruit.

ORDER 2.

No British Plant of this Order.

ANGURIA, of which there are three species, is a diandria
native of St. Domingo, a perennial plant, climbing; „ ~ — .
trees by the means of long tendrils to the height of
twenty feet. The old stems are woody and leafless;
the young ones, round, pliant, smooth, and leafy;

0

MONOECIA,

the flowers, which are red or of a deep orange colour,
are without scent. The fruit is green, with longitu-
dinal white streaks, an inch in length, and die thick-
ness of the middle finger. The seeds are white. It
blossoms in September, and the fruit ripens in
December.

TRTAN.
DRIA.

Three Stami
na.

ORDER 3.

SEDGE. Carex. Of this Genus Professor Martyn
describes ninety-seven species, of which Dr. Smith
enumerates fifty-two which grow wild in Great Bri-
tain. This sedge, Carex acuta, is found on the banks
of rivers, and will also grow in the middle of a ditch,
or pond, and if suffered to increase, quickly fill
up any piece of water. It has creeping roots,
which easily make their way through any moorish
ground, and hence the Carex is often found in
meadows, though, in such situations, of less luxu-
riant growth. From the joints of its horizontal
roots it sends up stems, some producing flowers
with stamina only, and others bearing flowers with
only pistilla. In the annexed plate these two different
flowers have the appearance of being on different
plants, from the want of the connecting root, which
has been omitted to increase the size of the represen-
tation. In a mild season it blossoms in April, and
ripens its seeds in June and July.

In Herefordshire, and other Hop counties, the
Sedge is often used for tying up young Hop wires to

MOXOECIA. /

the poles, and it is also employed to make common
chair bottoms.

Of its use and importance in Lapland, Linnneus
has given a very interesting account, of which this is
Mr. Curtis's translation.

" Thou wilt wonder, perhaps, carious reader, in
what manner human beings are capable of preserving
life during an immense severity of a winter's frost
in Lapland, a part of the world deserted on the ap-
proach of winter by almost every kind of bird and
beast.

" The inhabitants of this inhospitable climate are
obliged to wander with their Rein- deer flocks con-
tinually in the woods, not only in the day time, but
through the longest winter nights ; their cattle are
never housed, nor do they eat any other food than
liver- wort 3 s hence the herdsmen, to secure them
from wild beasts, and other accidents, are of necessity
kept perpetually with them. The darkness of their
nights is, in a degree, overcome and rendered more
tolerable by the light of the stars reflected from the
snow, and the Aurora-borealis, which in a thousand
fantastic forms nightly illumines their hemisphere.
The cold is intense, sufficient to frighten and drive
us foreigners from their happy woods. No part of
our bodies is so liable to be destroyed by cold as the
extremities, which are situated farthest from the heart;
the chilblains of the hands and feet, so frequent with

-■» This liver-wort is the Rein-Deer Lichen, Class XXIV.

8 MONOECIA.

us in Sweden, sufficiently indicate this. In no part
of Lapland do we find the inhabitants affected with
chilblains, though in respect to the country one would
expect them to be peculiarly subject to this disease,
especially as they wear no stockings, while we clothe
ourselves in one, two, and even tree pair.

<c A Laplander preserves himself from the violence
of cold in the following manner ; he wears trowsers,
made of the rough skin of the Rein-deer, which reach
to bis ankles, and shoes made of the same material,
the hair turned outward ; this grass, cut down in the
summer, dried, rubbed betwixt the hands, and after-
wards combed and carded, he puts into his shoes,
so as not only wholly to enwarp his feet, but the
lower part of his legs also, which, thus defended,
never suffer from the severest cold; with this grass
he also fills his hairy gloves to preserve his hands ;
and thus are those hardy people enabled to bear the
frost.

" As this grass in the winter drives away cold, so
in the summer it checks the perspiration of the feet,
and preserves them from being injured by stones in
travelling, for their shoes are extremely thin, being
made of uutanned skins. It is difficult to learn,
on inquiry, what the particular species of grass is
which is thus in request with these people, as some
use one sort, and some another. It is, however,
always a species of Carex, and, we understood, chiefly
this."

MONOECIA.

British Plants of this Order.

Botanical Generic Names. Common Karnes.

97 Cakex 52 Sedge

2 Typha 2 Bull-rush

3 Sparganium 3 Sparganium

ORDER 4.

PAPER MULBERRY TREE. Of the Genus tetran-
Morus there are seven species: this species is a native PRI '
of Japan and the South Sea islands. From the bark of Four stamina
this tree the inhabitants of Japan and China make their
paper, and in those countries the tree is cultivated
for that purpose, much after the same manner as
osiers are cultivated with us, by cutting down the
young shoots in December, after the fall of the leaf.

The young bark, when the outer rind is taken
off, is boiled in a lye till it will readily split into fibres;
it is then washed in pure water, and beaten into a
pulp; after which, with an infusion of rice, and a
mucous water prepared for that purpose, the pulp is
made of a due consistency, and paper is manufactured
from it.

The finest and whitest cloth worn by the princi-
pal people of Otaheite and the Sandwich islands is
made of the bark of this tree.

10

M0N0ECIA.

The juice of the Paper Mulberry is used in China
as a glue, for gluing either paper or leather, but not
wood.

British Plants of this Order.

Botanical Generic Names. Common Names.

15 Betula l Birch

1 Buxus* l Box

1 LlTTORELEA 1 Pl A N T A I N SlI O R liWF.EB

59 Urtica 4 Nettle

ORDER 5.
No British Plant of this Order.
pentan- NEPHELIUM is a native of the East Indies, cul-

DRIA. .

tivated in Java, &c. It is an elegant and shewy tree,
and produces an agreeable fruit, called by the natives
Rambootan, of a delicate and sub-acid flavour, very
refreshing in a hot climate.

FiveStamina.

ORDER 6.
No British Plant of this Order.

iiexan- ZIZANIA, of which there are two species, grows

DRIA' in great abundance in the Lakes of Canada, and the

t Of all the European woods the densest and closest-
grained is Box, and the only one which sinks in water.

Six Stamina.

MONOECIA. 31

seeds, which are as large as oats, are used by the In-
dians for food. It is mentioned in Carver's Travels in
America, and Calm's Travels, vol. iii. p. 32 and 54;
and as it is found to grow very well in England, it has
been suggested, that if shallow pieces of water, of
which many extensive lakes appear well adapted, both
in Great Britain and Ireland, were to be sown with
this grain, considerable advantage might be derived
from it.

ORDER 7.

Stamina nu-
merous and

COMMON ARROW-HEAD, so called from ^Jan-
the shape of its leaf. This plant is one of the most
beautiful ornaments of our rivers, pools, and ditches.
The individual flowers are of a short duration, but indefinlte-
there is a succession of them through the months of
July and August.

It has a bulbous root, containing a good deal of
flour, which may be easily extracted, to be used as
starch or as flour. The root itself is good food for
cattle. This plant, though totally neglected by us, is
cultivated in China, and supplies whole districts with
food.

British Plants of this Order.

Botanical Generic Names. Common Karnes.

32 Arum j Arum

4 CARPINUS 1 HOBNBEAM-TREF.

12 MONOECIA.

Botanical Generic Names. Common Names.

2 Cer atophyllum 2 Floating Hornweed

3 Corylus... l Hazel-nut-tree

5 Facus 2 B ■ e c H

2 MyRIOPHYLLUM 2 MlLLFOIL

20 Quercus 2 Oak

5 Sag it aria i Arrow-head

ORDER 8.

MONO-
DELPHIA-

Stamina all
united to-
gether.

WILD PINE-TREE is called in Britain the
Scoth Fir, from its growing naturally in the moun-
tains of Scotland, but it is common in most parts of
Europe, particularly in the northern regions. The
wood is the red and yellow deal, which is the most
durable of any of the kinds yet known. In a favour-
able soil this tree grows to the height of eighty feet,
with a straight trunk.

Few trees have been applied to more purposes
than this. The tallest and straightest afford masts to
our Navy. The timber is resinous, durable, and ap-
plicable to numerous domestic purposes. From the
trunk and branches of this species and others of the
Genus, tar and pitch, and Burgundy-pitch and tur-
pentine are obtained. The resinous roots are dug
out of the ground in many parts of the Highlands of
Scotland, and being divided into small splinters, are
used by the inhabitants instead of candles. The

MONOECIA. 13

fishermen make ropes of the inner bark, but hard
necessity has taught the Laplanders and Kamschat-
dales to convert it into bread. To effect this, in
spring they strip off the outer bark carefully from
the kindest trees, and collect the soft white succu-
lent interior bark-, and dry it in the shade. When
they have occasion to use it, they first toast it at the
fire, then grind it, and after steeping the flour in
warm water, to take off the resinous taste, they make
it into thin cakes and bake them. Linnaeus remarks,
that this bark bread will fatten swine; and that the
boys in Sweden frequently peel off the bark in the
spring, and eat it raw with a greedy appetite.

Of the Genus Pinus, Professor Martyn makes
twenty-one species, but this tribe of plants has not
yet been well investigated. The Norfolk Island
Pine, Dombeya excelsa, is the loftiest tree known.
According to Governor Phillip, it is commonly from
lGO to 180 feet in height, and Governor King
measured one which was 228 feet high and eleven
feet in diameter.

The two remaining Orders, g and 10, of this Class,
Polyadelphia and Gynandria, if not abolished, re-
quire reformation.

CLASS XXI

ORDER 1

V

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HOMED PO^X)^^EE]D

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ZAM*1CHE]LLIA FAJLUSTIRIS

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ARTOCAjRJFITS communis

CLASS MI

ORDER 2

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A^GFRIA

A^GTURIA FEDATA

S^SsSS\

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class in

ORDER 3

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CLASS XXI

ORDER 4

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FAFER MIHLBEIUKY

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CLASS XXI

ORDER 5

NEPHELIFM,

V

KEFHEJLIUM JECHIHATUM

Vvy^Av>^=

S^Ss^K

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■CIASS XXI

ORDER 6
ZI^A^IA

"VI

ZIZAKIA AQTTATICA

■'v^, vr

CLASS XXI

ORDER 7

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COMMON AlMOW«EEAI)|
1- N

3A&ILTTARIA § A I > ITTIFOILltA

AAM.

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ORDER 8

I

WIJLJD FIME«T1REE

F»TUS SELVES TRIS

DIOECIA.
CLASS XXI L

STAMINA AND PISTILLA IN SEPARATE
FLOWERS, AND THE TWO SORTS OF
FLOWERS GROWING AT THE SAME TIME
ON TWO SEPARATE PLANTS.

This Class has eight Orders.

ORDER I.

No British Plant of this Order.

NAJA.S. Of this Genus there is but this one monan-
species. According to Dr. Smith this plant is a good DRIA:
and immutable example of this Order, and the only one stamenj
one of which he seems to be certain. It is found
wild in the canal between Pisa and Leghorn, and in
the Rhine near Basle: it has no Calyx nor Corolla.

In the Histoire de IS Academic Francois, pub-
lished in the year 1719, there is a small figure of this
plant which bears the Pistilla, from which the an-
nexed figure is copied, and to the present time, no
other has been published that I am acquainted with.

16 DIOECIA

ORDER 2.

VALLISNERIA. This is an aquatic plant of
diandria which there are two species: it grows in great quan-
Twostamina. tities in Italy, in the canal and ditches in the neigh-
bourhood of Pisa, and also in the Rhone. Its natu-
ral habits are highly curious and interesting. The
flowers which bear Stamina are produced at the bot-
tom of the water till they come to maturity, but with-
out expanding; they then separate from the footstalks
on which they are borne, and rising to the top, open
suddenly with an elastic force, and in this state swim
at large on the surface. The other plant producing
the Pistilla, bears its flowers on a spiral stem, which
at the same season, has the power of uncoiling ac-
cording to the depth of the water, so as to arrive at
the surface at the same time, and thus receive the
Pollen from the Antherae of the floating Stamina.
The flowering season being past, the spiral stem then
contracts and completes its fructification at the bottom :
the other flowers with Stamina, are dispersed and
perish.

The plant with staminiferous blossoms is marked
N°l. the other, which only produces Pistilla, and con-
sequently the seed, is marked N" 2.

The flowers producing Stamina are white, those
producing the Pistilla are purple.

D10ECIA. 17

LEAST WILLOW, Sallv herlacea. This is
the least of all trees ; the stems of which, though
scarcely two inches high, are truly woody and peren-
nial. The woody roots are of a greater extent, creep-
ing and running deep into the rocky soil which this
species inhabits, about the tops of the highest moun-
tains in Scotland, Wales, and Cumberland. It has
been gathered on Ben Lomond.

This Genus has not yet been well investigated ; at
present there are enumerated fifty-three species, of
which forty-five are English 5 and this is the only
British Genus of this Order. These plants are very
easily propagated, and remarkably tenaceous of life;
hence they have been often used in experiments to
ascertain some principles in vegetable ceconomy.
Van Helmont, a celebrated physician and chemist,
planted a willow, (the species is not defined) weigh-
ing fifty pounds, in a certain quantity of earth covered
carefully with a sheet of lead : he kept it in this state
for five years, watering it with distilled water; and at
the end of that time the tree weighed 169 lbs. 3 oz.
The earth in which it had vegetated, being weighed
at the same time, was found to have lost no more
than three ounces. Boyle repeated the same experi-
ment upon a plant, which at the end of two years had
gained fourteen pounds without the earth in which it
had vegetated having lost any perceptible portion of its
weight. These facts serve to shew how very impor-
tant air ard water are to the increase of vegetation;
but by what law of nature these elements are con-

VOL. III. B

Bii.

1* DIOICIA.

verted into vegetable matter still remains to be dis-
covered.

ORDER 3.

triax BUTCHER'S BROOM blossoms in March and

'_' April,, and the root is perennial. The plant itself is

Three stami- biennial, and for one winter preserves its leaves as an
ever-green. This plant, though not very common,
is found in shrubby heaths and in thickets in so many
parts of England as to render the indication of any
particular place superfluous. It is often cultivated in
gardens. Of the Ruscus there are five species, but the
one here represented is the only one a native of
England. Of this Order there is only one other Bri-
tish genus, Empetrum, of which there are two species:
the Empetncm nigrum only, is indigenous to Great
Britain.

The leaves are tipped with a sharp thorn, and
bear a solitary flower about the middle of the upper
side, whose footstalk passes down between the inte-
guments of the leaf to its base.

Virgil, in his seventh Eclogue, has introduced the
Ruscus* as an emblem pre-eminently repulsive, from
the sharp and thorny character of its leaves.

I lmino ego sardo'is videar tibi amarior herbis,
Honidior rusco, projecta vilior alga :
Si nv.hi non hacc lux toto jam longior anno est.

£cl. vii.

DIOECIA. 19

ORDER 4.

MISSELTOE. This plant, instead of rooting and ™™£N-

1 ° DRIA.

growing in the earth, fixes itself into the branches of

trees, where it spreads and forms a bush, conspicuous
in winter, when it has a yellowish hue. In Worces-
tershire and Herefordshire it is very common in
orchards and hedge-rows, on apple-trees. In the nor-
thern counties it is less frequent, and has not Deen re-
marked to grow in any part of Scotland. In England
it is rarely found on the Oak, but in Hungary it is
said, by Clusius, to abound on that tree.

It blossoms in May, and produces berries semi-
transparent, full of a sweetish viscid pulp, enclosing
one seed j of these berries bird-lime is made, which
would seem to be a very old application of their use,
as the English name is derived from a Saxon word,
signifying" bird-lime.

The Misseltoe is the golden bough of Virgil,
which was iEneas's passport to the infernal regions.x
It was always considered as sacred by the ancient
Druids, and the tree on which it grew, if it were an
oak. The use that was made of the berries by the
ancient Romans, and the religious veneration attached
to the plant by the Druids, are thus recorded by Pliny
the Elder :

" Bird-lime is made of the berries of the Mis-
seltoe, which are collected unripe, in the season of har-
vest -, if they are left to be exposed to showers, they are

x /En. lib. vi. ver. 130.

~tJ BIOFXIA.

increased in size,, but are less viscous, They are driedj
ihen pounded and steeped in water for about twelve
days to putrify. Afterwards they are put into ran-
ning water and pounded, by which the pulp becomes
clammy. When this is used to ensnare birds, by en-
tangling their feathers, it is mixed up with walnut
oil. Nor must we, on this subject, omit to mention
the admiration of this plant shewn by the people of
the Gallic provinces.

" The Druids (so they term their Priests) hold
nothing more sacred than the misseltoe, and the tree
on which it is produced, if it be an oak. Hence they
choose thick groves of Oak, and perform no sacred
rites without this bough. (So that, by interpreting
the greek, they appear to derive their name, Druid,
from this circumstance.) Indeed whatever grows
upon the oak they consider as sent from heaven, and
as a sign that the tree is adopted by the Deity himself.
It is however very rarely found upon it, and when
discovered is procured with much superstitious reve-
rence ; and especially on the sixth day of the moon,
which with them makes the beginning of their
months and years, and after the thirtieth year, of their
aoe; because the moon is then supposed to have ac-
quired sufficient strength, and at the same time not
completed its half orb/ Great virtues are attributed

z The calculation of the Druids, agreeable to this statement,
shews that they considered the moon to have arrived at half
her age in seven days, being the midway between the change
and full. It is also curious to observe, that their age nearly

DIOECIA. 2J

to it, and the plant is called by a word in their tongue
signifying, healing all things. When it is found,
sacrifices and feasts being prepared under the Oak,
two white bulls are brought, whose horns are bound
for the first time with garlands : the priest clothed in
white, ascends the tree, and with a golden pruning-
hook cuts off the Misseltoe, which he receives into
his white cassock. The victims are then killed, and
offered up with prayers that God would prosper those
on whom he has bestowed so precious a gift.

" An antidote against sterility and ail poisons is
ascribed to the virtues of this plant ; so great is the
superstition of nations concerning frivolous things."-

Of the Genus Viscum there are twelve species,
all exotic except this Viscum album. Of this Order
there is only one other British Genus Myrica, of which
there are nine species, but the Myrica Gale is the
only species indigenous to Great Britain.

CRDER 5.

HEMP. The native soil of this plant is not known
with certainty. Linnaeus gives it to the East Indies
and Japan. There can be little doubt but that the

corresponded to that of the ancient greeks ; as by Herodotus
we learn, that with them three made a century,
a Piinv, lib. xvi.c 44.

PEKTAN.
DR1 A.

rive Stamina.

22 PIOECIA.

greeks took their name from the eastern Kanop, or
Cannab, and that the plant originally came into Eu-
rope from those countries. It grows in England, in
general, to about a man's height, though it has been
sometimes known to grow as high as fourteen feet.b
It is fit for pulling towards the latter end of July, thir-
teen or fourteen weeks after the seed has been sown.
When pulled it is immersed in water and broken,
combed, and dressed, nearly in the same manner as flax.
It is of the greatest importance in the Navy for sails,
and all kinds of cordage are made of it, and some kinds
of coarse cloth for domestic purposes. Bombasin is

b By a paper read in the Royal Society, 178 2, it appears,
that in China, Hemp grows more luxuriantly than with us, or
(hit the kind cultivated there is different from ours. A few
i of Chinese Hemp seed were sown in England on the 4th
of April 1762, which produced luxuriant plants several of them
growing to more than fourteen feet in height and nearly seven
inches in circumference by the middle of October following,
at which time they came into bloom. There were from 30 to
'10 lateral branches on each plant, which were set off in pairs,
one on each side of the stem pointing horizontally ; the others
•at about five or six inches distance from them, pointing in dif-
ferent directions, and so on to the top ; the bottom branches
of some measuring more than five fett, the others gradually
diminishing in length towards the top, so as to form a beautiful
cone when in flower, but which was unfortunately nipped by
a few nights frc.=t towards the end of the month ; and the plants
began to droop at the beginning Of November, when they were
pulled up by the roots.

These plants grew nearly eleven inches per week.— Philoso-
phic::! Transactions, vol.lxxii. p. 16.

D10EC1A. 23

also made of Hemp prepared in a peculiar way with
sulphur, which gives it a silky gloss.

The branches or stalks of common broom, when
dried in the sun, and treated like Hemp, produce
threads which may be spun, and worked into a coarse
cloth. In the country they are made into besoms,
from this, its familiar use, Linnaeus has derived the
specific name of this species, and called it spartium
scoparium? sweeping-broom.

From the seeds of Hemp an oil is extracted. The
seeds themselves are reckoned good food for poultry,
and are supposed to occasion hens to lay a greater
quanty of eggs. Small birds., in general, are very
fond of them, but they should be given to caged birds
with caution, and mixed with other seeds.

A very singular effect is recorded, on good autho-
rity, to have been sometimes produced by feeding
Bullfinches and Goldfinches on hemp-seed alone, or
in too great quantity : that of changing the red and
yellow on those birds to total blackness.

The Hop plant is the only British genus of this
Order of which Botanists make but one species. Hu-
mulus lupulus.

ORDER 6".

BLACK BRYONY. Of this °;enus there are nine- iilxan-
teen species* but this alone is common in shady
duckets, hedges and woods, in most parts of England,
and blossoms in June. The root is somewhat black ex-
ternally, whence its ancient name Bryonia nigra, and

Six Stamina.

24

DIOECIA.

the English name Black Bryony. The stems of this
plant twine about every thing in their way, and ascend
without tendrils to the tops of shrubs and bushes, and
with festoons of red berries decorate the autumn.
This is the only British plant of this Order.

POLY AN-
Dill A.

Stamina nu-
merous.

ORDER 7.

COMMON FROG-BIT. Of this genus there is
only this one species: it floats on the surface of ditches
and slow streams, almost covering the water with its
leaves, and blossoms from June through the autumn.
Ray found it plentiful with a double flower, smelling
very sweet, by the side of Audrey causeway, in the
Ise of Ely.

British Plants of this Order.

Botanical Generic Names. Common Names.

l Hyrochakis l Frog-hit

f> M e k c u n i a lt s 2 Mercury

11 Populus 4 Poplar

■2 RllODlOI.A 1 RoSF.-hOOT.

UONADEL-
PHIA.

Stamina
united toge-
ther.

ORDER 8.

YEW. Of this tree there are four species but
this is the only one common to Europe ; the other
three are natives of Japan. The proper wild situa-
tion of the common Yew is in mountainous woods,
and more particularly in the clefts of high lime-stone
rocks. It blossoms in March and April, and the fruits

DIOECIA. 25

ripens in autum. The Calyx, which is originally
small, and of a green colour, sustaining an oval flat-
tish seed, at length becomes red, soft, and full
of sweet slimy pulp, not unwholesome, though
the leaves are very poisonous. The wood, amongst
our ancestors, was used for making bows, and the tree
is supposed to have been planted in church-yards to
foster its growth for that purpose ; but I suspect the
same feelings that introduced the Cypress in the East
to gloom the repositories of the dead, had a principal
share in this custom, which has prevailed in the nor-
thern nations j it has, however, been thought to be a
symbol of immortality, the tree being of so lasting a
quality, and always green.

The Yew, though of slow growth, sometimes ar-
rives at a very considerable size. Pennant mentions
one in Fontingal church-yard, in the Highlands of
Scotland, whose ruined trunk measured 56^ feet in
circumference

Camden tells a story of a Yew that was held in
such veneration in Yorkshire, in consequence of the
death of a Virgin, whose head was said to have been
hung upon it, by a profligate priest, suspended by the
hair, that an obscure village, called Horton, became so
great a resort of strangers from all parts, that buildings
were yearly increased for their accommodation, and
thus originated the great manufacturing town of Hali-
fax, the derivation of which is, Holy Hair. Fax,
Camden says, is now used by the English, on the
other side of Trent, to signify hair: Fax, is hair in
the Saxon language. ,

26 D10ECIA.

In the mythology of the ancients, Smilax, a beau-
tiful shepherdess, who was beloved by Crocus, was
metamorphosed into a Yew-tree, and Crocus was
changed into a flower which has since borne his name,
well known to us as the harbinger of spring.

It has been much debated whether the yew tree
be poisonous or not; but, from numerous and well-
attested facts, the poisonous quality of its leaves is now
well ascertained, and if eaten by horses and cows,
very small quantities produce certain death j neverthe-
less, some intelligent persons assert, that the branches
of yew, wrhile green, are not noxious, because yew-
trees are known to stand for many years in fields, and
no bad consequences have ensued; but this may be
accounted for from the natural habits of cattle to reject
it, and no pressing necessity occuring to oblige them
to resort to it. Professor Martyn says, from his own
knowledge, that a horse tied to a yew hedge, or to a
faggot-stack of dead yew, has been found dead, be-
fore the owner could be aware that any danger was
at hand! that he lias several times, among his friends,
been a sorrowful witness to losses of this kind ; and in
the Isle of Ely he had once the mortification to see
nine young bullocks of his own all lying dead in a
heap, from browzing on a Yew hedge in an old gar-
den into which they had broken in snowy weather.
It is said that turkies, sheep, and deer, will crop
these trees with impunity.

Yew-leaves are certainly fatal to the human spe-
cie. Caesar, in his Gallic war, relates that Cativolcus,
joint king of the Eburones, killed himself with yew,

DIOECIA. 27

taken as poison .b In Sussex, a few years ago, a
young lady and her servant who had, by mistake,
taken a decoction of yew leaves for the ague at night,
were both found dead in the morning ; and Dr Per-
civai has recorded a case of three children who were
killed by a spoonful of the green leaves injudiciouly
administered to them as a medicine : to these might
be added other well authenticated facts of the same
kind, to shew its powerful effects as a poison on the
human constitution.

As early as the days of Theophrastus, the fruit of
the yew was eaten, and considered as harmless, and
down to our own time I know of no fact to invalidate
his testimony. Every one may remember, with old
Gerarde, who, with his usual simplicity says, " when
I was young and went to school, I and divers of my
school- fellows did eat our fills of the berries of this
tree." Yet, for reasons which I have already given,
respecting the berries of the Cherry-laurel, it may be
as well to reject them.

PITCHER-PLANT. Nepenthes distillatoria.
This very curious and singular plant is a native of
many parts of the East Indies. It is found in the
island of Amboyna and Ceylon. It grows in vallies,

b Cativolcus, rex dimidiae partis Eburonurn, qui una cum
Ambiorige consilium inierat, aetate jam confectus, quum labo-
rem aut belli aut fugae ferre non posset, omnibus precibus detes-
tatus Ambiorigem, qui ejus consilii auctor fuisset, taxo, cujus
magna in Gallia Germaniaque copia est, se exanimavit.

Lib.vi. sec. xxxi.

23 DIOECIA.

about the banks of rivers, in obscure and uncultivated
places. The Leaves, which are alternate, have nerves
running through the middle of each, ending in a long
tendril, generally twisted j to which hangs a hollow
receptacle, or bag, whose aperture at the top is covered
with a leaflet representing a lid. This receptacle is
four or five inches long, and is generally half filled
with a sweetish fluid as clear as water, and what evapo-
rates or is exhaled in the day time, is again restored
in the night, by a secreting power in the plant it-
self. In the Botanical Library at Oxford there are
good dried specimens of this plant, which I have
seen,; and though Linnaeus visited England, partly on
purpose to see that Hortus siccus, yet he must have
overlooked these specimens, as with some hesitation
he has made this plant gynandrous in his system,
which, if he had seen them, would have removed
his difficulty.

British Plants of this Order.

.Botanical Generic Names. Common Namrj.

12 Juniperus 1 Juniper

4 Taxus l Yew.

CIASSMH

ORDER 1

L

KAJAS

NAJAS MA3&WA

7K7\S\S^-

-g^z^zszr

CIASS XXII

ORDER 2

L

VAMJLS^TEMA

VAJLLISKIEJKJA SFIRAUES

'aaaa ■ ■ jj2B

Least Willow

oftfiesize ofntxture

SAHX HElRBArYA

CLASS XXH

ORDER 5

V

BFTCHEIS^BIOOM

JMJ S C F S ACUJLJE AT U §

CLASS HI

ORDEK. 4

MISSJE1LTOE

trerm y.
. Calyx

trcrtnert with the StignuL obtuse ,
tea •■■ ly effuayinatDtl.

Hacca

ontatniru) ojw jvW

VISfUTM AL,BITM

'ATOTT

AAA A

c

CLASS Mil

ORDZB- 5

IEMP

~v

CANNABIS

CIASS Xffl

ORDER 6

VI

:

BLACK BRYONY

TAMUS COMMFMS

SkS^A^SZ

CLASS Sffl

ORDER 7

N

COMMOK ]FROG«BIT

immocrtAra^ mo^i >;-'u \k:e

Z^k^l.

-,*sy»vA^C

K

CLASS XXII

OIU3ER 8

YEW

TAXIT§ BACCATA

AAAA1

MEPENTJEOES BISTIIXATOMIA
tot

s

POLYGAM I A.
CLASS XIII.

TAMINA AND PISTILLA SEPARATE IN SOME FLOW-
ERS, UNITED IN OTHERS, EITHER ON THE SAME
PLANT, OR ON TWO OR THREE DISTINCT
PLANTS J SUCH DIFFERENCE IN THE ESSENTIAL
ORGANS BEING ACCOMPANIED WITH A DIVER-
SITY IN THE ACCESSORY PARTS OF THE FLOWERS.

This Class has three Orders.

ORDER I.

PEDUNCULATED SEA-ORACHE. This monoecia

plant is selected by Dr. Smith as the best example to United~flow.

illustrate this Order : there are fourteen species of this Jg/^ggP*

Genus, of which six are English. This species grows barren or far-

° . tlle» or both;

in salt marshes near Yarmouth, and blossoms in Au- a» on one

plant.

gust and September.

Of this Class and Order Linnaeus has arranged the
extensive Genus Mimosa, of which Professor Mar-
tyn makes 85 species. The common Sensitive-plant,
Mimosa pudica, is the most common in Brazil, where
it is a native, and in the hot houses of English gar-

30 P0LYGAM1A.

dens. The annexed figure is a representation of a
branch of the shrub to shew the form and arrange-
ment of the leaves, which have so remarkable a cha-
racter as to contract upon the slightest external
stimulus.

It appears from the works of Theophrastus, that
the Sensitive-plant was not unknown to the ancients :
he speaks of it as growing about Memphis in Egypt;
and Pliny also speaks of it as a plant named from con-
tracting its leaves at the approach of the hand. The
interesting phenomena connected with its irritability,
have been alike the subject of curiosity and scientific
investigation; and Professoi Martyn's observations,
for more than forty years, during which time he culti-
vated these plants, will serve to illustrate their general
habit and character.

« They are more or less susceptiUe of the touch
or pressure, according to the warmth of the air in
which they grow, for those plants which are kept in
a warm stove contract their leaves immediately on be-
ing touched, either with a hand, a stick, or any other
thing, or by the wind blowing upon them : some of
the sorts only contract their small leaves, which are
placed along the midrib; others not only contract
their small leaves, but the footstalk also declines
downward on being touched; the first are called Sen-
sitive, and the second Humble Plants ; but when
these plants are placed in a cooler situation they do
not move so soon, nor contract so closely, as those
which axe in a greater warmth ; and those that are en-

POLYGAMIA.

tirely exposed to the open air have very little motion,
bat remain in one state, neither expanded nor closed,
but between both, especially in cool weather 5 nor do
these shut themselves at night, as those which are in
a warm temperature of air.

" Secondly, it is not the light which causes them
to expand, as some have affirmed who have had no
experience of these things ; for in the longest days of
summer, they are generally contracted by five or six
o'clock in the evening, when the sun remains above the
horizon two or three hours longer ; and, although the
glasses of the stove in which they are placed are co-
vered close with shutters to exclude the light in the
middle of the day, yet if the air of the stoves be warm
the leaves of the plant will continue fully expanded,
as I have several times observed. Nor do these plants
continue shut till the sun rises in the morning, for I
have frequently found their leaves fully expanded by
the break of the day ; so that it is plain the light is
not the cause of the expansion, nor the want of it the
cause of their contraction.

" I have also observed, that those plants which
are placed in the greatest warmth in winter, continue
vigorous, and retain their property of contracting on be-
ing touched j but those which are in moderate warmth ,
have little or no motion.

" When any of the upper leaves of these plants
are touched, if they fall down and touch those which
are below them, it will occasion their contracting and
failing, so that by one touching another they will con-

32 POLYGAMIA.

tinue falling for some time. When the air of the
stove in which these plants stand, is in a proper tem-
perature and warmth, the plants will recover them-
selves, and their leaves will fully expand in about
eight or ten minutes. I have frequently watched
them as they have been recovering, and have always
found it has been by a vibratory motion, like the in-
dex of a clock.

" Some of the sorts are so susceptible of the touch
that the smallest drop of water falling on their leaves
will cause them to contract, but others do not move
without a much greater pressure.

" The roots of all the sorts have a very strong and
disagreeable odour."

Gum-arabic is produced from one species of this
genus, Mimosa nilotica, and the Gum-senegal from
Mimosa Senegal.

ORDER 2.

moECiA. SEA BUCK-THORN. Of this shrub there are

— ~~ two species : this is found in various parts of England

l he different * • i

flowers on on the sandy sea coast, chiefly upon cliffs or banks

two different ' , .

plants. above the level of the ocean. It rises with shrubby

stalks eight or ten feet high, flowering about the mid-
dle of May, and ripens its berries in the autumn,
which are yellow or red in different situations.

Though the plant is often preserved in shrubberies,
it has never been observed to bear fruit but in a wild

POLYGAMIA. 33

state, which may perhaps be partly owing to its
being dioecious, and the barren and fertile plants hap-
pening not to be cultivated together. The wood is
hard and the branches of the preceding year termi-
nate in stiff thorns. The berries, which are very
juicy, acrid, and astringent, are much eaten by the
Tartars, and used as an acid sauce by the poorer peo-
ple of Sweden and the south of France. They are
also the principal food of the pheasants about Mount
Caucasus. The fishermen of the Gulph of Bothnia
prepare a sauce from them, which imparts a grateful
flavour to fresh fish ; the plant is also used for dying
yellow.

ORDER 3.

No British Plant of this Order.

CULTIVATED FIG. In strict conformity to trioecia.
the data laid down by Linnaeus for this Order, no Different
plant has been found ; the structure of the blossoms J^elepi
in the Fig being alike in all, but a trifling variation in rate Plants-
the calyx has induced subsequent Botanists to con-
tinue the Fig-tree here, where Linnaeus originally
placed it, though not correctly, according to his own
rule, as expressed in the margin.

The singular structure and ceconomy of this plant
deserve particular attention. The fruit, or Fig itself,
not only contains the seeds, but is at the same time
the receptacle, enclosing and sustaining the flowers
within it.

VOL. III. c

34

POL YG AM I A.

The annexed figure is the representation of the
common Levant Fig, which has within it blossoms
bearing only pistilla, and. called by way of pre-emi-
nence the Cultivated Fig, to distinguish it from an-
other species called Caprificus, or Wild Fig.

The wild Fig-tree bears successively in the same
year three sorts of Figs. The first appears in August,
and in the months of October and November gradu-
ally falls away j the second sort makes its appearance
towards the end of September, and remains on die
tree till May^ in which month a third sort of trait puts
forth, much larger than either of the others, which by
the Greeks is called Orni. These fruits have all a
sleek even skin, of a deep green colour, and con-
tain in their dry mealy inside, blossoms, some with
stamina only, and some with only pistilla, enclosed in
the same Fig, placed upon distinct footstalks, the for-
mer above the latter," but none of the fruits are good
to eat ; nevertheless all of them are said to be essen-
tial to the breeding and nourishing in succession a little
gnat, on which the maturity of the cultivated Fig
depends.

From the earliest antiquity the use of the wild Fig-
tree to ripen the cultivated Fig was well known, and
great care was taken to propagate the Caprificus for
that purpose, as at this day it is in the Archipelago.

u In the Illustrations of the different pistilla of different
flowers, N° l. is a pistillum enlarged of the Ons'i; and Nu 2.
apistillum of the cultivated Fig,

FOLYGAMIA. 35

As the flowers of the Fig of every species are all
closely shut up in their respective receptacles, it has
been an interesting subject of inquiry to know how
the seeds of the cultivated Fig, bearing only pistilla,
could be fertilized. Two eminent botanists on the Con-
tinent, Pontederax and Tournefort, have investigated
this subject, and the result of their investigation is,
that a very small kind of gnat, of a black colour, no
where to be seen but about these trees, makes a punc-
ture into the figs at the time of their flowering to de-
posit their eggs, and in passing from one tree to
another to perform this office they carry with them
the dust of the antherae, and thus communicate the
fertilizing principle to the stigma of the cultivated fig.

In the Levant, where attention to the cultivation
of the fig is of the utmost importance to the natives,
as well for food as for traffic, the peasants, during the
months of June and July, take these wild figs at the
time their gnats are ready to break out of them, to
their garden fig-trees 5 and every morning make an
inspection, and transfer only such wild figs, which

x Julius Pontedera was an Italian Botanist, born at Vicenza,
in 1688. In the early part of his life he shewed a disposition-
for those pursuits which have given celebrity to his name. He
became professor of botany at Padua, and superintendant of the
botanic garden of that University. He was also a member of
the Academy of Inscriptions and Belles Lettres at Paris. He died
in 1757. His principal work is his Compendium tabularum
Botanicarum, in quo plantee 272 abeo in Italia nuper detect??-
recensentur, Patavii, 171 8, in 4to»

3o POL VG AMI A.

they call Orni, as are well conditioned for that pin-
pose. Tonrnefort says, ( he was surprised at the pa-
tience of the Greeks in busying themselves for the
space of two months in carrying these gnats from tree
to tree) but to satisfy his curiosity he was told
that one of these fig-trees under their management
usually produced between two and three hundred
pounds of figs, while those of Provence seldom pro-
duced more than twenty-five pounds.'

In England figs are brought to maturity for the
table without the assistance of the wild- fig, but the
fruit must be distinguished from the seed, which
alone is necessary to the reproduction of the plant.
If the Pollen be wanting to fructify the seed, ex-
perience has shewn in the instances I have before
cited from experiments by Linnaeus himself, that the
seed will not vegetate when sown; the fruit may
nevertheless swell, and come to an appearance of per-
fection, though it more commonly drops off before
it ripens if the Pollen has been wanting. The fig-tree
therefore with us cannot be propagated by seed, but
by layers, suckers, or cuttings.

Some species of summer figs in France and Italy,
and also in Malta, ripen their fruits and seeds without
the assistance of the wild fig ; it is, however, neces-
sary to observe, that some species of the cultivated fig-
tree have a few blossoms, or florets, with stamina
placed above those that bear only pistilla within the
same covering, and that in warm climates they are
perfect, and perform their proper office ; but in cold

POLYGAMIA. °t

climates, as in England, and even in late seasQns in a
warm climate, the stamina prove ineffectual, and the
seed consequently unproductive.

Of the cultivated fig there are thirty species or
varieties cultivated in France, Spain, and Italy. The
number of different species of Fig, of every kind, is
not well ascertained: Martyn makes fifty six.

The singular character of the inflorescence of this
plant, the variety of the fructification in different spe-
cies, and the union of the animal kingdom in some
instances, as necessary to its reproduction, are pheno-
mena in the highest degree curious and interesting.

CLASS Mil

ORDER 1

k. N

ATKIPILEX IPEjDHJH CI 'LATA

- the Sensitive Plant

MIMOSA PUBIC A

("IAS SI

ORDER 2

fA

o EA BUCRTHOM1

M

I | ■

ffl [FPOMAE PyHAMITOIDIES

CLASS XXffi

ORHER 3

r

FIG

Fir us

^^w^k

A^*^K

CRYPTOGAMIA
CLASS XXIV.

THE PA UTS OF FRUCTIFICATION OBSCURE
OR UNKNOWN.

This Class has four natural Orders.

ORDER I.

PRICKLY POLYPODIUM. This fern is a na- filtges.
live of most parts of .Europe, and grows in shady Fern*.
places.

Polypodium is the botanical term .for that Genus
of plants commonly called Ferns, and of which there
are enumerated no less than one hundred and thirty-
seven species, the greater part of American growth.
The investigation of this extensive Genus is attended
with difficulty, from their general resemblance and
habit, and from the obscurity of their specific cha-
racters.

This Class includes many genera, besides those
which are called ferns, in the common acceptation
of the word, as Adder's-tongue, Rough Horse-tail*
Spleen-wort, &c.

40 CllYPTOGAMIA.

EQUISETUM HYEMALE. Rough horse-tail.
Of this plant there are seven species ; it is a native ot
boggy woods and thickets in several parts of the king-
dom. The root is perennial., and the stem is erect,
which lasts throughout the winter ; hence the specific
name hyemale: the fructification appears in summer.
This plant has long been imported in a dried state from
Holland, by the name of Dutch rush, to polish cabi-
net work, ivory, and brass. The cuticle is extremely
rough and hard, and is found to contain a large por-
tion of flinty earth.

In many parts of the East there has long been a
medicine in high repute, called Tabasheer, obtained
from a substance found in the hollow stem of the
Bamboo cane, some of which was brought to Eng-
land about twenty years ago. It underwent a chemical
investigation, and proved to be an earthy substance,
principally of a flinty nature ; this substance is also
sometimes found in the Bamboo growing in England.
In the hot-house of Dr. Pitcaim at Islington, subse-
quent to this time, there was found in one of the joints
of a Bamboo which grew there, on cutting it, a solid
pebble withinside about the size of a pea.

The pebble was of an irregular rounded form, of a
dark brown or black colour. Internally it was red-
dish brown, of a close dull texture, much like some
martial siliceous stones. In one corner there were
shining particles which appeared to be crystals, but
too minute to be distinguished, even with a microscope.
This substance was so hard as to cut glass.

CRYPTOGAM I A. 4l

The cuticle or exterior covering of straw has also
a portion of flinty matter in its composition, from
which circumstance, when burnt, it makes an exqui-
sitely fine powder for giving the last polish to marble;
a use to which it has been applied time immemorial,
without the principle being philosophically known.

In the great heat in the East Indies it is not un-
common for large tracts of Reeds to be set on fire, in
their motion, by the wind, which I conjecture must
arise from the flinty surface of their leaves rubbing
against each other in their agitation. In the works
of Sir W. Jones is an elegant Sanscrit stanza, de-
scribing the effect of Bamboo- canes often taking
fire by the violence of their collision, and ad-
dressed, under the allegory of a sandal-tree, as a
virtuous man dwelling in a town inhabited by con-
tending factions: it is thus translated: "Delight of
the world, beloved ChandanaJ stay no longer in this
forest, which is overspread with rigid pernicious Van-
sas}z whose hearts are unsound; and who, being
themselves confounded in the scorching stream of
flames kindled by their mutual attrition, will consume,
not their own families merely, but this whole wood."a

These facts cannot avoid presenting to the mind
the consideration of the boundless laws of nature; —
while a simple vegetable secretes the most volatile and
evanescent perfumes, it also secretes a substance which
is an ingredient in the primeval mountains of the Globe.

y The Hindu name of the Sandal-tree. z The Hindu

name for this species of Bamboo. a Sir Wm, Jones, 4to,

edit. Vol. ii p. 63.

42 CRYPTOGAM I A.

ORDER 2.

musci. MATTED HYPNUM. The shoots of this moss

Mosses. are thickly interwoven, and form a close dark green
mat on the decayed bark of trees in damp woods.
The stalks on which the seed vessels are supported
are short and slender, of a reddish colour, scarcely an
inch high, and arising out of an oval bulb at the bot-
tom ; one of them is given in the annexed plate mag-
nified, that the parts may be more distinctly seen.
The seed vessel, which is called a capsula, is urn-
shaped, with a lid, which when taken off exhibits a
margin fringed with numerous teeth. Upon the
number of these teeth a celebrated naturalist13 has
founded a new arrangement of this tribe of plants.
By the aid of a microscope he has discovered that there
is an invariable uniformity in the number of these teeth
in the same species. That there should be such an
absolute law in the ceconomy of nature in so minute
a production, is infinitely interesting to the contempla-
tive mind.

Mosses are found in the hottest and coldest cli-
mates. They are extremely tenacious of life ; and
after being long dried, by moisture they easily recover
their full vigour of vegetation: an experiment was
made with success, by Haller, after they had been
gathered fifty years. Those mosses which grow on
barks of trees take much nourishment from them;

b Hedwig.

CRYPTOGAMIA. 43

Irence it is observed, that trees which are annually
cleared from the moss grow nearly twice as fast.

ORDER 3.

REIN-DEER LICHEN. Upon this vegetable alg,e,
the numerous herds of Rein-deer, the only riches of riags.
the sequestered Laplander, are entirely dependant for
their winter food. In that remote region it grows at
least a foot high, covering the ground like snow. In
England it is less luxuriant, seldom attaining to half
that height.

In grass fields and on gravel walks, after rain, it
is not uncommon to find a gelatinous substance, vul-
garly supposed to be the remains of a meteor, or
fallen star. This is a vegetable production belonging to
this natural Order Algae ; its botanical name is Tre-
mella nostoc.

Of this Order belongs the Genus Fuci, many of
which have no root, but float on the surface of the
water, and are entirely nourished by their leaves. The
Byssus, another Genus of this Order, may be consi-
dered as the last in the scale of vegetation, of which
there are many species. They appear in form of
threads, or a kind of meal, on rotten wood, the bark of
trees, rocks, damp banks, and walls, especially of
damp cellars. On stagnant waters there is often a

44

CRYPTOGAMIA.

thin wide extended film on the surface, which is one
species, and called green-paper Byssus.

The various size and grandeur of vegetable produc-
tions is not less remarkable than the different qua-
lities of their fruits, or the endless variety and beauty
of their flowers : while on the one hand we have the
Byssus so minute as to require the investigation of the
microscope, we have in the same vegetable kingdom
a Pine-tree rising with a perpendicular stem to the
height of more than two hundred feet, governed by the
same laws and subject to the same principles of life.

ORDER 4.

&c.

fungi. MOREL. This fungus is much esteemed as an

Mushrooms, ingredient in sauces and soups, for which purpose it
may be preserved dry lor many months, or even years.
Those who employed themselves in gathering morels
in Germany, observed that they grew most plentifully
where wood had been burned} and to promote their
propagation they were accustomed to set tire to the
woods till that practice was prohibited by law.

The ancient Hindus held the fungus in such detes
tation, that Yam a, a legislator, supposed now to be
the judge of departed spirits, declares, " Those who
eat mushrooms, whether springing from the ground

CRYPTOGAMIA. 45

or growing oh a tree,, fully equal in guilt to the slayers
of Brahmens, and the most despicable of all deadly
sinners."0

The Fungus, joined to the Morel, in the same
plate, is die Agaricus semi-ova tus, introduced only to
illustrate Linnaeus's seventh kind of Calyx. The dif-
ferent species of Mushrooms, of which Agaricus is the
botanical name, are so vaguely ascertained, that while
Linnaeus makes only 2J species, Micheli makes &J4,
Haller 134, and Withering 213.

Formerly there was a great diversity of opinion,
whether the Fungi were of an animal or a vegetable
nature. Their animal scent, when burnt, and their
growing and continuing healthy without light, in
opposition to the general law of vegetables, inclined
some to think that they could not be considered as
plants: they are now, however, received as such,
though their ceconomy and their mode of reproduc-
tion are yet unknown.

Fungi in general are supposed to be poisonous,
but in Italy all kinds are ate with but little discrimi-
nation, without producing any ill effects, which I
suspect to be owing to the great quantity of oil the
Italians use.in their cookery. One of the most extraordi-
nary, as well as most esteemed of these productions
are Truffles 5 Licoperdon tuber, which are tu-
berous roots, without stem or fibre, of a dark brown

c Sir Wm. Jones, 4 to. edit vol.2, p. 117.

46 CRYPTOGAM I A.

colour, and of a uniform texture throughout; They
grow altogether underground, at about the depth of
nine inches, and are found by dogs, which are of a
particular breed, and exclusively trained and practised
in the south of France and Italy to hunt for them.

I have now enumerated the twenty-four Linnaean
Glasses, and all the Orders, so as to give a gene-
ral view of the whole system. This book may
be therefore considered as a Linnaean Dictionary,
shewing the precise situation for any plant that can
be found in any part of the world. When this ar-
rangement is understood, then the families of plants,
which are calied Genera, and their subdivisions into
Species, may be studied with more facility, and the
commencement of this study may be considered, in
reality, as the commencement of the study of Botany.

There is nothing more important in studying
Botany, according to the Linnaean system, than to
have a clear and distinct perception, that the know-
ledge of classing plants by this system is of itself no
part of Botany ; and this I am the more desirous to
impress, because much error and confusion are pro-
duced by considering the genera and species of plants
as growing out of the Linnaean system of arrangement.

The science of Botany, so called, is usually divided

into three parts j 1st, the systematical arrangement

of plants, with the denomination of their several kinds;

2dly, physiology, or the knowledge of the structure

CRYPTOGAM 1 A. A7

and functions of their different parts ; 3dly, their eco--
nomical and medical properties.

The first part of this division ought to be confined
to the actual knowledge of the plants themselves,
without any consideration of the artificial means by
which that knowledge is to be obtained.

The systematical arrangement of Linnaeus is only
a contrivance to facilitate the knowledge of the vege-
table world j to know where to place an individual
plant, or where to look for it, without considering the
relation or affinity it may have to any other in nature.
As words are disposed in a dictionary, by an arrange-
ment of their letters, so is the Linnaean system, and
with as little reference to radical principles. Thus the
letters b,.o, t, in a dictionary, are alphabetical, and
by pursuing the same system, the v/ord botany is
readily found- j yet the philologist, when he is thus in
possession of it and has ascertained the situation of
this combination of letters, he yet knows nothing about
what relation it bears to other words, whether it
indicates a thing or an action, or any quality or modifi?
cation of either : this knowledge must be the result of a
separate inquiry. In like manner the Botanist counts
the stamina of a plant, which, for example, may be
five, with one pistillum in the midst, and immediately
he finds it in the Ciass and Order Pentandria mono-
gynia. From this information alone, he knows no-
thing about the plant itself; from these signs or cha-
racters he cannot tell whether it be a Rhamnus>

48 CRYPTOGAM I A.

an Azalea, or a Night-shade ; whether it be a
tree two hundred feet high, or a primrose at his feet jd
but, by combining this knowledge with an exami-
nation of all the most obvious appearances of
every part of the flower, or according to the Lin-
naean language, the seven parts of fructification,
he identifies it; and when with a more compre-
hensive view he can assign to it a place in the
oeconomy of nature ; agreeable to its configuration,
appearance, and habit, he may be said to be acquainted
with this first division of his subject, so far as con-
cerns the particular Genus which is the subject of
investigation.

The genera and species of plants are established
in nature, the knowledge of which can alone be con-
sidered as worthy of constituting that department of
botanical information which comes under the head of
Nomenclature, if this department can be said' to have
any pretension to the dignity of a science.

A familiar notion of a Geyius may be readily ap-
prehended by comparing it to a great family, as the

S In this artificial arrangement of Linnaeus, in some in-
stances, species are even separated from their Genus. The Sweet-
scented Vernal-grass, Rice, and Zizania, are ail separated from
each other and from the tribe of grasses to which they belong.
Some of the Rushes are separated from the rest. The two
common Elms of the country are in two different Classes, and
the five species of Rhubarb, according to their natural affinity,
ought to be united with the Rumex, or common dock.

CRYPTOGAMIA. *9

Howards, and the species, to the Houses of Norfolk,
Suffolk, Carlisle, and Effingham.

Although at first view the structure and appear-
ance of a plant is strikingly different from an animal,
yet from the examples in the preceding pages, there
are some instances in which their character resembles
each other so strongly, that it has been found more
difficult than it would be at first imagined, to make
an accurate distinction between them. The power of
changing place in animals is an obvious character
which serves to make a good general distinction be-
tween these two kingdoms of nature, but on close
examination it will be found that there are many ani-
mals that have no such power ; and there are vegeta-
bles that have no root, and are constantly changing
place. Spontaneous motion and irritability are also
common to the vegetable kingdom, as I have already-
shewn . That definition therefore of a plant which
has been thought to be the least objectionable, is,
that it is an organized body, nourished by matter des-
titute of any living principle, while animals live upon
what possesses, or has possessed life ; and the conside-
ration of this law is the more interesting, as it would
seem to shew one grand scheme in the universe, in
which the Fossil, the Vegetable, and the Animal
kingdoms are rendered alike subservient to each
other, and mutually perish to restore new life, to
perpetuate the revolving system of Nature.

VOL. III. D

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ADVERTISEMENT.

The different Genera of British plants of which
there are figures in this work, are in the following
pages described by their characters founded in nature,
and agreeably to the principles of Linnaeus, taken from
the seven parts of fructification.

The examples comprehend all the Classes and Or-
ders according to theLinnaean system; to the characters
of which I confined myself entirely in the previous pages,
that the system might be clearly and fully understood,
and that the facts on which the arrangement depends
might not be confounded with the more general eco-
nomy of nature on which Generic and Specific cha-
racters are established.

When these volumes are read, and the parts of fruc-
tification attended to which are defined and demon-
strated in various examples, the technical language
used in generic descriptions will be understood with-
out difficulty 3 and by the help cf the figure and an
examination of the plant itself this work will put the
learner in possession of the knowledge of one hundred

ADVERTISEMENTS.

and thirty- two Genera of plants, of which the greater
number are natives of Great Britain. This will be a
good foundation for the Study of Botany, as a science,
and afterwards, other works, more comprehensive, may
be studied with advantage.

HIPPURIS.

Calyx, a 2-lobed rim, crowning the germen.

Corolla, none.

Stamen. Filament single, upright, fixed within the outer lobe

of the calyx. Anthera roundish, compressed.
PiSTrLLUM. Germen oblong, beneath. Style single, upright,

awl-shaped, longer than the stamen, fixed to the inner lobe

of the calyx. Sligma acute.
Pericarpium, none.
Seed, single, roundish, naked.

N. B. Mr. Curtis describes the stamen as standing upon the
top of the germen ; and says, that at the close of summer, he has
found flowers without a stamen ; and Scopoli has observed, that
such flowers are sometimes intermixed with the others.

CALLITR1CHE.

Calyx, none.

Corolla. Petals 2, bowed inwards, channelled, opposite to

each other.
Stamen. Filament single, long, bowed. Anthera simple.
Pistilla. Germen nearly round. Styles 2, hair-like, bowed.

Stigmata acute.
Pericarpium. Capsula roundish, compressed ; with 4 angles,

and 2 cells.
Seeds solitary, oblong.

N. B. Seeds 4, naked with a membranaceous border on the
outer edge. — In the Callitriche verna, the stamen and pistilla
are found in separate flowers, but growing on the same plant.
But sometimes, even in this species, flowers are found which
contain both the stamen and pistilla.

CIRCiEA.

Calyx. Perianthium 1 leaf, superior, deciduous. Tube thread-
shaped, very short. Border with 2 divisions, segments
sharp, egg-shaped, concave, bent outwards.

Corolla. Petals 2, inversely heart-shaped, expanding, equal,
mostly shorter than the calyx.

Stamina. Filaments 2, hair-like, upright, as long as the calyx
Anthera roundish.

Pistillum. Germen turban-shaped, beneath. Style thread-
shaped, as long as the antherae. Stigma blunt, notched at
the end.

Pertcarpium. Cepsula betwixt egg and turban-shaped, co-
vered with strong hairs, with 2 cells and 2 valves, opening
from the base upwards.

Seeds solitary, oblong, narrow towards the base.
N. B. Calyx properly 2 leaved.

LEMNA.

Flower with Stamina.

Calyx. 1 leaf, circular, opening at the side, obliquely dila
ted outwardly, blunt, expanding, depressed, large, entire.

Corolla, none.

Stamina. Filaments 2, awl-shaped, crooked, as long as the
calyx. Anthera: double, globular, short, permanent.

Pistillum. Germen egg-shaped. Style short. Stigm a indis-
tinct.

Pericarpium, barren.

Flower with a Pistillum on the same plant.

Calyx, as above.

Corolla, none.

Pistillum. Germen somewhat egg-shaped. Style short, per-
manent. Stigma simple.

Pericarpium. Capsula globular, tapering to a point; with 1

cell.
Seeds several, oblong, acute at each end, nearly as long as

the capsula, scored on one side.

N. B. Complete flowers containing the Stamina and Pistil-
lum in the same blossom, have sometimes been observed.

VERONICA.

Calyx. Perianthium with 4 divisions, permanent. Segments

spear-shaped, acute.
Corolla wheel-shaped, of l petal. Tube nearly as long as
the calyx. Border flat, divided into 4 egg-shaped seg-
ments. Lower Segment narrowest, that opposite to it the
broadest.
Stamina. Filaments 2, thinnest at the bottom, ascending.

Aniherce oblong.
Pistillum. Germen compressed. Style thread -shaped, de-
clining, as long as the stamina. Stigma undivided.
Pericarpium. Capsula inversely heart-shaped, compressed at

the point, with 2 cells and 4 valves.
Seeds several, roundish.

N. B. The tube of the blossom is generally very short j less
so in the 3 first species. Linn. In Veronica montana, the seed-
vessel is roundish, with a notch at the base, and at the top,
(Reich.) and in V. hederijblia, it is like 2 united globes.

ANTHOXANTHUM.

Calyx. Gluma, 2 valves containing l flower. Valves con-
cave, egg-shaped, taper, the innermost the largest.

Corolla. Gluma, 2 valves, the length of the larger valve of
the calyx. Each valve sends out an awn from its back,
at the lower part, and one of the awns is jointed. Nec-
tarium 2 leaves, very slender, cylindrical. The leaves nearly
egg-shaped, and one enfolding the other.

Stamina. Filaments 2, hair-like, very long. Anther* oblong,

forked at each end .
Pistilla. Germen oblong. Styles 2, thread-shaped. Stigmata

undivided.
Pericarpium. The Husks of the blossom grow to the seed.
Seed single, nearly cylindrical, tapering at each end.

CYPERUS.

Calyx. Spike 2-rowed, imbricated. Scales egg-shaped, keeled,
flat, but bent inwards, separating the florets.

Corolla, none.

Stamina Filaments 3, very short. Anther* oblong, fur-
rowed.

Pistillum. Germen very small. Style thread-shaped, very
long. Stigmata 3, hair-like.

Pericarpium none.

Seed single, 3-cornered, tapering to a point, without hairs.

P1ILEUM.

Calyx. Gluma 1 valves, including a single floret ; oblong,
strap-shaped, compressed ; open at the end and furnished
with 2 dagger points. Valves equal, straight, concave, com-
pressed ; one embracing the other ; lopped ; with a sharp
point at the end of the keel.

Corolla. 2 valves, shorter than the calyx ; outer Valve em-
bracing the inner Valve, which is smaller.

Nectarium 2 leaves ; leafits egg-shaped, concave, acute.

Stamina. Filaments 3, hair-like; longer than the calyx.
Anther* oblong, forked at each end.

Pistilla. Germen roundish. Styles 2; hair-like; reflected.
Stigmata feathered.

Pericarpium, none. The calyx and the corolla enclose the
seed.

Seed single; roundish.

ALOPECURUS.

Calyx. Gluma 2 valves, containing l floret. Valves egg-
spear-shaped, compressed, equal, united at the base.

Corolla. 1 valve, egg-spear-shaped, concave, rather shorter
than the calyx, its edges united at the base. Awn twice as
long as the corolla, jointed, fixed on the back of the corolla
towards its base.
Nectarium, none.

Stamina. Filaments 3, hair-like, flattish at the bottom,
longer than the calyx. Anther* forked at each end.

Pistilla. Germen roundish. Styles 2, hair-like, united at
the base, longer than the calyx. Stigmata woolly.

Pericarpium, none; the blossom enclosing the seed.

Seed egg-shaped, covered.

N. B. In Alop. agrestis the calyx is of one piece, divided

rather more than halfway down. Alop. monospelicensis andpa-

niceus have 2-valved corollse.

AGROSTIS.

Calyx. Gluma 2 valves, enclosing 1 floret, tapering to a point
somewhat smaller than the corolla.

Corolla, 2 valves tapering to a point, one Valve larger, bulg-
ing at the base.

Nectarium 2 acute leafits.

Stamina. Filaments three; hair-like; longer than the corolla
Anthers forked.

Pistilla. Germen roundish. Styles 2; reflected, woolly.
Stigmata set lengthways with stiff hairs.

Pericarpium. The corolla adheres to the seed without open-
ing.

Seed single ; cylindrical, but tapering towards each end.

N. B. Scopoli says the Agrostis capillaris has only one petal ;

but with us it has 2, though the smaller one, from its minute-

ness, might easily be overlooked. In all our Species the calyx
is longer than the corolla.

FESTUCA.

Calyx. Gluma 2 valves, upright, containing several florets
collected into a slender spiket. Valves awl-shaped, taper-
ing. Inferior Valve the smallest.

Corolla, 2 \alves. Lower and larger valve the figure of the
calyx, but larger, roundish, tapering, ending in an acute
point.

Nectarium 2 leaves, leafits egg-spear-shaped, acute, bulg-
ing at thebase; sometimes of 1 leaf, which is plano-concave,
horizontal, notched at the end.

Stamina. Filaments 3, hair-like, shorter than the corolla.
A'tlhera oblong.

Pistilla. Germen turban-shaped. Styles 2, short, reflected.
Stigmata simple.

Pericarpium, none, the corolla closely envelopes the seed,
and does not open again.

Sled single, slender, oblong, very acute at each end, marked
with a longitudinal furrow.

HOLOSTEUM.

Calyx. Periajithium 5 leaves. Leafits egg-shaped, perma-
nent.

Corolla. Petals 5, deeply divided, blunt, equal.

Stamina, filainents 3, hair-like, shorter than the corolla.
Anther* roundish.

Pistilla. Germen roundish. Styles 3, hair-like. Stigmata
bluntish.

Pericarpium. Capsula 1 cell, rather cylindrical, opening at
the top.

Seeds several, roundish.

N. B. Holosteum umlellatum has petals with 2 or 3 teeth j

stamina 3 or 5 : styles 3 or 4, capsula with 6 valves at its apex.

SCABIOSA.

Calyx. Common Perianthium of many leaves, expanding,
containing many florets. The Leasts sit upon, and surround
the receptaculum in several rows, the inner ones of which
become gradually smaller.

Proper Calyx double, superior.

Outer Calyx shorter, membranaceous, plaited, perma-
nent.

Inner Calyx with 5 divisions. Segnwits awl-shaped, but
very slender.
Corolla, general, regular, but mostly composed of irregular
florets.

Individuals of 1 petal, tubular, with 4 or 5 clefts, equal,
or unequal.
Sta mi na. Filaments 4, between awl and hair-shaped, limber.

Anihera oblong, fixed side-ways.
Pistillum. Germen beneath, rolled in a proper sheath, like
a little cup. Style thread-shaped, as long as the corolla.
Stigma blunt, obliquely notched at the end.
Pericarpium. none.

Seed solitary, egg oblong, rolled in a cover, variously crowned
by the proper calyses.

lieccptaculum common, convex, chaffy or naked.
N. B. Outer blossoms generally larger and more irregular,
seeds crowned differently in different species. The florets hav-
ing 4 or 5 clefts, afford a primary specific distinction. Linn.

BUFFON1A.
Calyx. Perianthium 4-leaved, upright, permanent. Leqfits

awl-shaped, keeled, membranaceous at the edges.
Corolla. Petals 4, oval, upright, equal, notched at the end,

shorter than the calyx.
Stamina. Filaments 4, equal, as long as the germen. Anthers

double.

Pistilla. Germen egg-shaped, compressed. Styles 2, as long
as the stamina. Stigmata simple.

Pericarpium. Capsula oval, compressed, of 1 cell and 2
valves.

Seeds 2, oval compressed, but marked with a little protube-
rance ; convex on one side.

ILEX.

Calyx. Peiianthium 4-toothed, very small, permanent.
Corolla, i petal, with 4 divisions, wheel-shaped. Segments

roundish, concave, expanding, rather large, adhering by

the claws.
Stamina. Filaments 4, awl-shaped, shorter than the corolla.

Anthera: small.
Pistilla. Germen roundish. Styles none. Stigmata 4, blunt.
Pkricarpium. Berry roundish, with 4 cells.
Seeds solitary, hard as bone, oblong, blun, bellying on one side,

angular on the other.

N. B. Great variations take place in flowers of the Ilex
Gquifolium; sometimes the stamina and pistilla are found on dis-
tinct plants ; sometimes on the same plant, but in different
flowers ; sometimes again the flowers have 5 stamina ; and
frequently there are flowers that have stamina only, and others
that have only Pistilla, as well as complete flowers, on the same,
or on different plants.

RHAMNUS.

Calyx. 5 -leaved.

Corolla. 1 petal, funnel-shaped, closed at the base, rough
outwardly, but coloured within. Tube turban- shaped, cy-
lindrical. Border expanding, divided, acute. Scales 5,
very small, l at the base of each division of the corolla,
approaching inwards.

Stamina. Filaments as many as the segments of the corolla,

awl -shaped, growing upon the corolla under the scales. An-

therce small.
PiStillum. Germen roundish. Style thread-shaped, as long

as the stamina. Stigma blunt, divided into fewer segments

than the corolla.
Pericarp ium. Berry roundish, naked, divided into fewer

cells than the corolla has segments.
Seeds solitary roundish, bulging on one side, compressed on

the other.

AZALEA.

Calyx. Perianthium with 5 divisions, acute, upright, small,
coloured, permanent.

Coholla. 1 petal, bell-shaped, with 5 shallow clefts. Seg-
ments with the edges bent inwards.

Stamina. Filaments 5, thread-shaped, growing on the recep-
taculum, loose. Anther a simple.

Pistili.um. Germen roundish. Style thread-shaped, as long
as the corolla, permanent. Stigma blunt.

Pericarpium. Capmla roundish, with 5 cells and 5 valves.

Seeds many, roundish.

N. B. The corolla in some species is funnel-shaped. In

some the stamina are very long, and declining.

SOLANUM.

Calyx. Perianthium 1 leaf, with 5 shallow clefts, upright,
acute, permanent.

Corolla. 1 petal wheel-shaped. Tube very short. Border
large, plaited, with 5 shallow clefts, turned back and flat.

Stamina. Filaments 5, awl-shaped, very small. Anlhexa ob-
long, approaching, a little united, with 2 open pores at the
end.

Pistil lum. Germen roundish. Style thread-shaped, longer
than the stamina. Stigma blunt.

Pericarpium. Berry roundish, glossy, with a hollow dot at

the end, and 2 cells. Receptaculum convex on both sides,
fleshy.
Seeds several, roundish, dispersed among pulp.

ATROPA.

Calyx. Perianthium l leaf, permanent, with 5 divisions, bulg-
ing.
Segments acute.

Corolla, i petal, bell-shaped. Tube very short. Border
bellying, egg-shaped, longer than the perianthium. Mouth
small, with 5 clefts, open. Segments nearly equal.

Stamina. Filaments 5, awl-shaped, fixed to the base of, and
as long as the corolla, approaching at the base, but bowed
outwards, and diverging towards the top. Anther* rather
thick; rising.

Pistillum. Germen half egg-shaped. Style thread-shaped,
leaning, as long as the stamina. Stigma knobbed, trans
versely oblong, rising.

Pericarmum. Berry of 2 cells, globular, sitting upon the
perianthium, which enlarges. Receptaculum fleshy, kidney-
shaped, convex on both sides.

Seeds numerous, kidney-shaped.

CICUTA.

Calyx. Umbel roundish, with many equal spokes. Rundlets
roundish, with many equal, bristle-shaped spokes.

General Livolucrum none ; partial many leaves, leajits
like bristles, short.

Calyx scarcely evident.
Corolla. General, uniform. Florets all fertile.

Individuals, petals 5, egg«shaped, nearly equal, bent in-
wards.
Stamina. Filaments 5, hair like, longer than the petals. An-
there simple.

Pistilla. Germen beneath. Styles 2, thread-shaped, longer
than the petals, permanent. Stigmata knob-like.

Psricarpium , none. Fruit nearly egg-shaped, furrowed, divi-
sible into 2.

Seeds 2, somewhat egg-shaped, convex and scored on one side,
fiat on the other.

,ETHUSA.
Calyx. Umbel expanding, the inner spokes gradually shorter,
those in the centre the shortet of all. Umhellules small,
expanding.

General In-vclucrum none ; partial going half way round,
upon the outer side, leafds 3 or b, trap-shaped, very long,
pendant.

Calyx hardly perceptible.
Corolla. General, nearly uniform. Florets all fertile.

Individuals, petals 5, unequal, heart-shaped, bent in-
wards.
Stamina. Filaments 5, simple. Anthera roundish.
Pistilla. Germen beneath. Styles 2, reflected. Stigmata

b'unt.
Pericarpium. none. Fruit roundish-egg-shaped, scored,

divisible into 2.
Seeds 2, roundish, scored : on the other side, which is about a
third part, flat.

PARNASS1A.

Calyx. Perianthium with 5 divisions, permanent. Segments
oblong, expanding.

Corolla. Petals 5, nearly circular, scored, concave, expand-
ing.

Nectar! a 5, each being a concave heart-shaped substance,
furnished with 13 rays set along the edge, gradually taller,
and each terminated by a little globe, (or with 3 divisions
rays equal, each bearing a globule.)

Stamina. Filaments 5, awl-shaped. Ar.thertc depressed, fixed
sideways to the filaments.

Pistilla. Germ en egg-shaped, large. Style none, but instead
thereof an open hole. Stigmata 4, blunt permanent, grow-
ing larger as the seed ripens.

Pericarpium. Capsula egg-shaped, but with four angles, 1
cell, and 4 valves. Jleceptaculum in 4 parts, growing to the
valves.

Sleds numerous, oblong.

N. B. The nectarium gives the essential character.

LINUM.

Calyx. Perianthium 5 leaves, small, spear-shaped, upright,
permanent.

Corolla, funnel-shaped. Petals 5, oblong, large, blunt,
gradually expanding more, and growing broarder upwards.

Stamina. Filaments 5, awl-shaped, upright, as long as the
perianthium, (alternating with these are the rudiments of 5
more. ) Anthera simple, arrow-shaped.

Pistilla. Germen egg-shaped. Styles 5, thread- shaped, up-
right, as long as the stamina. Stigmata simple, reflected.

Pericarpium. Capsula globular, with 5 imperfect angles, 10
cells, and 10 valves, opening at the top. Partitions mem*
branaceous, very thm, connecting the valves.

Seids solitary, egg-shaped, but flatted, tapering to a point,
glossy.
N. B. In many species, (perhaps in all ?) the filaments are

united at the base. In the Linum Rad:ola, there are only 4

stamina, 4 pistilla, &c.

DROSERA.

Calyx. Perianthium 1 leaf, with 5 clefts, acute, upright, per-
manent.

Corolla, funnel-shaped. Petals b, nearly egg-shaped, blunt,
somewhat larger than the perianthium.

Stamina. Filaments 5, awl-shaped, as long as the perianthlum.

Anlhtra small.
Pistilla. Germen roundish. Styles 5, simple, as long as the

stamina. Stigmata simple.
Pericarpium. Capsula nearly egg-shaped, of 1 cell, with 3

or 5 valves at the top.
Seeds numerous, very small, nearly egg-shaped, rough.

N. B. D. rotandifolia, and D. longifolia, have 6, and D. an-
glica has sometimes 8 pistilla.

MYOSURUS.

Calyx. Paianthium 5 leaves ; leafts half spear-shaped, blunt,
reflected, coloured, deciduous, joined together above the
base.

Corolla. Petals 5, very small, shorter than the calyx, tubu-
lar at the base, opening obliquely inwards.

Stamina. Filaments 5, (or more,) as long as the perianthium.
Anther* oblong, upright.

Pistilla. Germina numerous, sitting upon the receptaculum,
forming an oblong cone. Styles none. Stigmata simple.

Pericarpium, none. Receptaculum very long, shaped like a style
covered by the seeds, which are laid one over another like
tiles.

Seeds numerous, oblong, tapering to a point.

N. B. The number of stamina are very variable. This genus

is nearly related to the Ranunculus.

BERBERIS.
Calyx. Perianthium 6, leaves standing open, leqfits egg-shaped,
narrowest at the base, concave, coloured, deciduous, alter-
nately smaller.
Corolla. Petals 6, roundish, concave, upright, but expand-
ing, scarcely larger than the perianthium.

Nectarium 2, roundish, coloured substances, growing to the
base of each petal.

Stamina. Filaments 6, upright, compressed, blunt, opposite
the petals. Anthera 2, adhering to each side of the fila-
ments, at the end.

Pistillum. Germen cylindrical, as long as the stamina. Style
none. Stigma round and flat, broader than the germen, en-
compassed by a thin edged border.

Pericarpium. Berry cylindrical, blunt, dimpled, wifh 1 cell.

Seeds 2 or 3, oblong, cylindrical, blunt.

N. B. There is a perforation at the top of the berry.

HYACYNTHUS.

Calyx. Perianthium, none.

Corolla, l Petal, bell-shaped. Border with 6 clefts, re-
flected.

Nectarium, 3 pores filled with honey, at the point of the
germen.
Stamina. Filaments 6, awl-shapcd, rather short. Anther*

approaching.
Pistillum. Germen roundish, but with 3 edges, and 3 fur-
rows. Style simple, shorter than the corolla. Stigmata
blunt.
Pericarpium. Capsula roundLh, but with 3 corners, 3 cells

and valves.
Seeds, 2 for the most part, roundish.

N. B. In the Hyacinthus non-scriplus the blossom is tubu-
lar, but expanding at the mouth, and its segments so deeply
divided that it is not easy to determine whether it is formed ot
one, or of six petals ; and the 3 nectariferous pores are not to be
found on the germen ; so that it rather ranks with the Scilla
than with the Hyacinthus, only that the corolla of the Scilla
is deciduous, and in this Hyacinth it is parmanent.

COLCiliCUM.

Calyx, none, (excpt some scattered Spathce)

Corolla, with 6 divisions. Tube angular, extending down to
the root. Segments of the border spear-cgg-shaped, concave,
upright.

Stami n a. Filaments 6, awl-shaped, shorter than the blossom.
Antheroe oblong, with 4 valves, fixed sideways to the fila-
ments.

Pistilla. Germen buried within the root. Styles 8, thread-
shaped, as long as the stamina. Stigmata reflected, chan-
nelled.

Pericarpium. Capsulaoi 3 lobes, connected on the inside
by a seam, blunt, with 3 cells, opening inwards at the seams.

Seeds many, nearly globular, wrinkled.

ALISMA.

Calyx. Periantkium 3 leaves ; leqfits egg-shaped, concave,
permanent.

Corolla. Petals 3, circular, large, flat, greatly expanded.

Stamina. Filaments 6, awl- shaped, shorter than the blos-
som. Anthera roundish.

Pistilla. Germina more than 5. Styles simple. Stigmata
blunt.

Pericarpium. Capsula compressed.

Seeds solitary, small.

N. B. The Alisma Damasonium has 6 pistilla, and 6 cap-
sules, tapering to a point. The A. natans has generally 8 ;

the A. plantago has from 1 2 to 18 capsulae, and as many pistilla.

ERICA.

Cal\x. Periantkium with 4 leaves j leqfits egg-oblong, per-
manent.

b

Corolla. 1 Petal, bell-shaped, with 4 clefts, often bellying.
Stamina. Filaments 8, hair-like, standing on the receptacu-

lum. Anthera cloven at the point.
Pistilla. Germ en roundish. Style thread-shaped, straight,

longer than the stamina. Stigma resembling a little crown,

with 4 clefts, and 4 edges.
Pericarpium. Capsua roundish, covered, smaller than the

cup, with 4 cells and 4 valves,
Seeds numerous, very small.

N. B. In some species the cal>x is double. Thefigureof
the blossom varies between egg-shaped and oblong. The sta-
mina in some species are longer, and in others shorter than the
blossom. The antherae in some, are notched at the end, in
others they are furnished with 2 awns. — The stigma also is dif-
ferent in different species.

POLYGONUM.

Calyx. Pcrianthium turban-shaped, with 5 divisions, colour-
ed within.

Segments egg-shaped, blunt, permanent.

Corolla, none, unless the cup of the b'ossom be so called.

Stamina, filaments generally ft, awl-shaped, very short. An-
thera roundish, fixed sideways.

Pistilla. Germen 3-comered. Styles generally 3, thread-
shaped, very short. Stigma simple.

Pericarp] dm, none. The calyx wraps round the seed.

Seed single, 3-cornered, acute.

N. B. In some species there are 6 or 7 stamina, and in others

only 5. In some, the pistillum is cloven.

ADOXA.

Calyx. Perianlhium beneath, cloven, flat, permanent.
Corolla, l Petal, with 4 clefts, flat. Segme?Us egg-shaped,
acute, longer than the cup.

Stamina. Filaments 8,- awl-shaped, as long as the cup. An-
ihera roundish.

Pjstilla. Germen beneath the receptaculum of the blossom.
Styles 4, simple, upright, as long as the stamina, permanent.
Stigmata simple.

Peri carpi um. Berry globular, between the cup and the blos-
som, the cup being connected with the under side of the
berry, of 4 cells, dimpled at the end.

Seeds solitary, compressed.

N. B. Such are the characters of the terminating flowers j

but the lateral flowers have blossoms with 5 clefts, 10 stamina,

and 5 pistilla.

PARIS.

Calyx. Perianthium 4-1 eaves, permanent; leqfits spear-shaped,
acute, as large as the blossom, expanding.

Corolla. Petals 4, expanding, awl-shaped, resembling the
calyx, permanent.

Stamina. Filaments 8, awl-shaped, short, beneath theantherae.
Anthera long, growing to the middle of the filaments, and
on each side of them.

Pistilla. Germen roundish, but with 4 angles. Styles 4, ex-
panding, shorter than the stamina. Stigmata simple.

Pericarpium. Berry globular, with 4 angles, and 4 cells.
Seeds several, lying in a double range.

BUTOMUS.

Calyx. Involucrum simple, of 3 leaves, short.

Corolla. Petals, 6, circular, concave, shriveling, every

other petal standing on the outside, smaller and more

acute.
Stamina. Filaments g, aw'-shaped, 6 of them on the outside

&f the otheis. Anthera composed of 2 plates.
2

PiSTiT.i.A. Germen 6, oblong, tapering to a point, ending in
styles. Stigmata simple.

Plricakpium. Capsula 6, oblong, gradually tapering, up-
right, of 1 valve, which opens at the inner side.

Seeds many, oblong-cylindrical, blunt at each end, fixed to the
side of the capsula.

ARBUTUS.

Calyx. P^rianthium with 5 divisions, blunt, very small, per-
manent.

Corolla, l Petal, egg-shaped, flattish and transparent at the
base, mouth with 5 clefts, segments blunt, rolled back,
small.

Stamina. Filaments 10, awl-shaped, but bellying, very slen-
der at the base, half as long as the blossom, and fixed
edgeways to its base. Anther* slightly cloven, nod-
ding.

Pistillum. Germen nearly globular, sitting upon the recepta-
culum, which is marked with 10 dots. Style cylindrical,
as long as the blossom. Stigyna rather thick and blunt.

PeriCahpium. Bery roundish, with b cells.

Seeds small, of a bony hardness.

N. B. The Arbutus uva ursi has only 1 seed, in each cell of

the capsulse, the other species several.

DIANTHUS.

Calyx. Perianthium cylindrical, tubular, scored, permanent,
with 5 teeth at the mouth, and encompassed at the base with
4 scales, 2 of which are opposite, and lower than the
other 2.

Corolla. Petals 5. Claws as long as the cup, narrow, fixed
to the receptaculum. Limbs flat, broadest towards the end,
blunt, scolloped.

Stamina. Filaments 10, awl-shaped, as long as the cup, stand-
in? wide towards the top. Anthera oval-oblong, compressed,
fixed sideways.

Pistilla. Germen ovai. Styles 2, awl-shaped, longer than

the stamina, Stigmata rolled back, tapering to a point.
Pericardium. Capsula cylindrical, covered, of 1 cell, opening

at the top in 4 directions.
Seeds many, compressed, roundish. Receptaculum '.oose , 4-

cornered, only half as long as the seed-vessel.

N, B. In some species the Styles are but little longer than
the stamina ; in others they are very long, but rolled back so as
to render any bending down of the flower unnecessary. Scales
at the base of the calyx sometimes only 2, but they vary e\en in
the same species.

S1LENE.

Calyx. Perianthium 1 leaf, bellying, with 5 teeth, permanent.
Corolla. Petals 5. Claws narrow, as long as the cup, bor-
dered ; Umh flat, blunt, frequently cloven.

Nectary, composed of 2 little teeth, at the neck of each

petal, and constituting a crown at the mouth of the tube.
Stamina. Filaments 10, awl-shaped, every other filament

fixed to the claws of the petals, and shedding their pollen

later. Anihera oblong.
Pistilla. Germen cylindrical. Styles S, simple, longer than

the stamina. Stigmata bending to the left.
Pertcarpium. Capsula cylindrical, covered, with 1 or 3 cells,

opening at the point in 5 or 6 different directions.
Seeds many, kidney-shaped.

N. B. The nectariferous crown of the blossom distinguishes
this genus from theCucubalus. Linn.

CERASTIUM.
Calyx. Perianthium 5 leaves ; lea/its egg-spear-shaped, acute,

expanding, permanent.
Corolla. Petals 5, cloven, blunt, upright, but expanding, as

long as the cup.

Stamina. Filaments 10, thread-shaped, shorter than the blos-
som, alternately longer and shorter. A.ihtTce roundish.

Pistilla. Germen egg- shaped. Styles 5, hair-like, upright,
as long as the stamina Stigmata blunt.

Pericarpium Capsula egg-cylindrical, or globular, blunt,
with i cell, opening at the top, with 10 teeth or 6 valves.

Selds many, roundish.

N B. Cerastium semi-decandrum has only 5 stamina in each

flower. The species are subdivided into such as have oblong, and

such as have globular capsulae. Linn.

LVTHRUM.
Calyx. Perianthium l leaf, cylindrical, scored, with 12 teeth

every other tooth smaller.
Corolla. Petals 6, oblong, rather blunt, ex; anding, fixed

by the claws to the divisions of the calyx.
Stamina. Filaments 12, thread shaped, as long as the calyx,

the upper shorter than the lower ones. Anthera simple,

rising.
Pistillum. Germen oblong. Style awl-shaped, declining, as

long as the stamina. Stigmata round and flat, rising.
Pericarpium. Capsula oblong, tapering to a point, covered j

cells 2, or 1.
Seeds numerous, small.

N. B. In the Ly thrum hyssopifolia, there are only C

stamina. Linn.

AGRIMONIA.
Calyx. Perianthium 1 leaf, with 5 clefts, acute, small, superior,

permanent, surrounded by another calyx.
Corolla. Petals 5, flat, notched at the end j dates narrow, grow-
ing to the calyx.
Stamina. Filaments hair-like, shorter than the blussom, fixed

to the calyx. Anthera small, double, compressed.
Pistilla. Germen beneath. Styles 2, simple, as long as the

stamina. Stigmata blunt.

Pericartium, none. The Calyx grows hard and closes at the

neck.
Seeds 2, roundish.

N. B. The number of stamina exceedingly uncertain; in
some flowers 12, sometimes iO, frequently J. In the Agrimo-
nia eupatoria the outer calyx adheres to the inner one ; the seeds
are 2, the stamina from 12 to 20 ; the fruit surrounded by bris-
tles.— Stamina from 5 to 12.

RESEDA.

Calyx. Perianthium, 1 leaf, divided ; segments narrow, acute,
upright, permanent, 2 of them standing more open on ac-
count of the nectariferous petals.
Corolla. Peta.'ssevtral, unequal, always some, with 3 shal-
low clefts ; the uppermost bulging at the base, as long as the
calyx, and containing honey.
Nectarium, aflat uprightgland, risingfrom the receptaculum,
situated between the stamina and the uttermost petal, clos-
ing with the base of the petals, which on that side are
dilated.
Stamina. Filaments ll to 15, short. Anthene blunt, upright,

as long as the blossom.
Pjstilla. German bulging, ending in some very short styles,

Stigmata simple.
Peri car pi um. Capsula bulging, angular, tapering to the styles,

with 1 cell, opening between the styles.
Seeds many, kidney-shaped, fixed to the angles of the cap-
sula.

N. B. There is hardly any Genus so difficult to characterize
as this ; the different species varying so much both in figure
and number. The essential character consists in the petals with
3 clefts, l petal bearing the nectarium in its base, and the capsular
not closed, but always gaping open. In the Reseda luteola the
-calyx has 4 divisions, the petals are 3; the uppermost, contain-

mg the nectarium, has 6 shallow clefts. The lateral and opposite
petals have 3 clefts; and there are sometimes 2 other very small
and entire petals. Styles 3. Stamina many. Linn.

SEMPERVIUM.

Calyx. Perianth^um from 6 to 12 divisions, concave, acute,
permanent.
Corolla. Petals 6 to 12, oblong, spear-shaped, acute, con-
cave, a little larger than the calyx.
Stamina. Filaments 6 to 12, awl-shaped, slender. Anihera
roundish. Pistilla, germina 6 to 12, placed in a circle, up-
right, each ending in a style ; expanding. Stigmata acute.
Pericarpium. Capsulee 6 to 12, oblong, compressed, short,
placed in a circle, tapering to a point outwardly, opening on
the inner side.
Seeds many, roundish, small.

N. B. When of a luxuriant growth, the numbers often in-
crease, especially the number of the pistilla. Nearly allied to
Sedum, but differs in always having more than 5 petals.

PRUNUS.

Calyx. Perianthium l leafj bell-shaped, with 5 clefts, decidu-
ous ; segments blunt, concave.

Corolla. Petals 5, circular, concave, large, expanding, fixed
to the cup by claws.

Stamina. Filaments 20 to 30, awl-shaped, nearly as long as
the bloisom, standing on the calyx. Anthers double,
short.

Pistillum. Germen superior, roundish. Style thread-shaped,
as long as the stamina. Stigma circular.

Pericarpium, ncaily globular, pulpy, including a nut or.
stone.

Seed, a Nut, somewhat globular, but compressed, seems pro-
jecting.

N. B. The inside of the calyx in most of the species, is co-
vered with a number of small glands, which make an appeir-
ance like a hoar frost. In Prunus insititia there are sometimes
2 pistilla.

PYRUS.

Calyx. Perianthium l leaf, concave, with 5 shallow clefts,

permanent; segments expanding.
Corolla. Petals 5, circular, concave, large, fixed to the

calyx.
Stamina. Filaments 20, awl-shaped, shorter than the blossom,

fixed to the calyx. Antheree simple.
Pistilla. Germen beneath. Styles 5, thread -shaped, as long

as the stamina. Stigmata simple.
Pericarpium, a Pomum, somewhat globular, with a hollow

dimple, fleshy, with 5 cells, divisions membranaceous.
Seeds several, oblong, blunt, tapering to a point at the base,

convex on one side, flat on the other.

ROSA.

Calyx. Perianthium 1 leaf. Tube bellying, narrow at the neck,
lorder globular, with 5 divisions, expanding, segments long
spear-shaped, narrow, (2 of which are in some species fur-
nished with appendages on each side, and the other 2 alter-
nate ones naked, in others only one segment has these ap-
pendages.)

Corolla. Petals 5, inversely heart-shaped, as long as the
calyx, and fixed to its neck.

Stamina. Filaments many, hair-like, very short, fixed to the
neck of the calyx. Anthera; hedged.

Pistilla. Germina numerous, at the bottom of the calyx.
Styles as many as there are germina, closely compressed by
the neck of the calyx j fixed to the side Of the germea.

Psricartium, none. Berry fleshy,top-shaped, coloured, soft,
of 1 cell, crowned by imperfect segments, closed at the neck,
formed by the tube of the calyx.

Seeds numerous, oblong, n;ugh with hair, adhering to the in-
side ot the calyx.
N. B. The Germen is formed of the calyx, and resembles a

berry. Linn.

NYM PI-LEA.

Calyx. Perianthium beneath, 4-leafed, large, coloured on

the upper surface, permanent.
Corolla. Petals numerous (often 15,) fixed to the side of

the germen, in more than l row.
Stamija. filaments numerous (often /0,) flat, crooked,

obtuse, short. Anther* oblong, fixed to the edge of the fila-
ments.
Pistii.lum. Germen egg-shaped, large. Style none. Stigma

circular, Hat, central, sitting, marked with rays, scolloped

at the edge, permanent.
Pericarim i M. Berry hard, egg-shaped, fleshy, rough, narrow

at the neck, ciowned at the top, with many cells (10 to 13),

filled with pulp.
Seeds many, roundish.

N. B. The Nymphaea lutea has a calyx composed of 5
circular leafits, and the petals are smaller than in the other
species. Linn.

CHELIDON1UM.

Calyx. Perianthium -2-leaved, roundish, leajits somewhat egg-
shaped, concave, obtuse, caducous.

Corolla. Petals 4, circular, flat, expanding, large, narrower
at the base.

Stamina. Filaments about 30, flat, broader upwards, shorter

than the blossom. Anther a oblong, compressed, obtuse,
erect, twin.
Pistillum. Germ en cylindrical, as long as the stamina.

Style none. Stigma a knob, bifid.
Pericarpium. Silique cylindrical, generally with 2 valves.
Seeds many, egg-shaped, shining, adhering to the little 5falk
that connects them with the receptaculum. Receptaculum
narrow, situated between the seams of the valves, and ap-
plied close to the seams through their whole length, con-
tinuing entire.

N. B. The Ch. majus produces a long pod of 1 cell ; the
Ch. glaucium and Ch. corniadatum a If ng pod of -2 capsular?,
and the Ch. hybridum a long pod with 3 valves. Ch.
majus has a capsula resembling a pod, with knots where
the seeds are placed ; it has 1 cell and 2 valves. The seeds
are egg-shaped, with a kind of crest along the back, and
fixed by each end to a thread-shaped receptaculum and be-
tween the edges of the valves. The Ch. glaucium and hybridum
have a very long pod-like capsula compressed transversely,
of 2 cells, 2 valves, and a partition inserted between the
edges of the valves. The seeds are globular, and fixed in hoi-
low cavities to the middle of the spongy receptaculum. This
Genus is distinct from Papaver by its siliquose peiicarpium.

CISTUS.

Calyx. Perianthium 5-leaves, permanent, leafds circular, con-
cave, 2 of them smaller, placed below, but alternating with
the others.

Corolla. Petals 5, circular, flat, expanding, very large.

Stamina. Filaments, numerous, hair-like, shorter than the
blossom. Anther a roundish, small.

Pistillum. Germen roundish. Style simple, as long as the
stamina- Stigmata flat, circular.

Pericarpium. Capsula, roundish, covered by the calyx.
Seeds numerous, roundish, small.

N. B. The essential character of the genus consists in the 2
smaller and alternate leaves of the calyx. Some species have a
capsula of l cell and 3 valves, in others it has 5 or 10 cells, and
as many valves as there are cells. Linn.

P.EONIA.

Calyx. Periayithium, 5-leaved, small, permanent; leqfits
roundish, concave, reflex, unequal in size and situation.

Corolla. Petals five, roundish, concave, narrow at the base,
spreading, very large.

Stamina. Filaments numerous, (about three hundred) ca-
pillary, short. Anther* oblong, quadrangular, erect, 4-
celled, large.

Pistilla. Germina 2, ovate, erect, tomentose. Styles none.
Stipnata compressed, oblong, blunt, coloured.

Pericarpium. A double Capsula ovate, oblong, spreading,
and reflex, tomentose, celled, l-valved, opening longitudi-
nally inwards.

Seeds several, oval, shining, coloured, fastened to the open-
ing suture.
N. B. The most natural number of the germina seems to

be two, but they vary much in different, and even in the same

species. They hardly ever amount to five.

AQUILEGIA.

Calyx. Periarithium none.

Corolla. Petals 5, spear-egg-shaped, flat, expanding, equal.
Nectaria b, equal, alternating with the petals, horned, gra-
dually widening upwards, the mouth ascending obliquely
outwards, fixed to the receptaculum inwardly, extending be-
low into a long tapering tube, blunt at the end.

Stamina. Filaments many, (30 to 40,) awl-shaped, the outes

ones the shortest. Anther* oblong, upright, as high as the

nectaria.
Pistilla. Germina 5,eg§-oblong, ending in awl-shaped styles,

longer than the stamina. Stigmata upright, undivided:

10 short, wrinkled, chaffy substances separate and enclose

the germina.
Pericarpium. Capsutcc 5, distinct, cylindrical, parallel,

straight, tapering to a point, with 1 valve, opening from the

point inwardly.
Seeds many, egg-shaped, keeled, fixed to the opening seam.

STRATIOTES.

Flowers with Stamina.
Calyx. Spatha 2-leaved, containing 3 or 5 florets : leafits
boat-shaped, compressed, blunt, approaching, keeled, nearly
equal, permanent.

Calyx l leaf, with 3 divisions, upright, deciduous.
Corolla. Petals 3, inversely heart-shaped, upright, but ex-
panding twice as large as the calyx.

Nectaria 20, resembling antherae, strap-spear-shaped, acute,
placed in a circle, standing on the receptaculum.
Stamina. Filaments 12, thread-shaped, shorter than the nec-
taria, fixed to the receptaculum. Antherae strap-shaped,
upright.

Flowers with Pistilla.
Calyx. Spatha as above, but enclosing only l floret.

Calyx as above, superior.
Corolla, as above.

Nectaria as above, but rather larger.
Pistilla. Germen beneath, egg-shaped, but with 6 angles,
and compressed. Styles 6, divided down to the base. Stigmata
simple, bent outwards.
Pericarpium. Berry egg-shaped, tapering at each end, with
6 sides, and 6 cells ; pulp pellucid.

Seeds many, oblong, cylindrical.

N. B. Nectaria from 21 to 31. Stamina from 11 to 13.
The Stratiotes aloides, in cold climates, bears complete flowers,
with 20 stamina in each.

GLECOMA.

Calyx. Perianthium 1 leaf, tubular, cylindrical, scored, very
small, permanent, rim with 5 clefts, segments unequal, taper-
ing to a point.

Corolla. 1 Petal, gaping. Tube slender, compressed. Upper
lip erect, obtuse with a shallow cleft. Lower lip expanding,
large,tobtuse, with 3 segments, the middle one largest, and
notched at the end.

Stamina. Filaments 4, 2 long and 2 short, covered by the up-
per lip. Anlhera of each pair of stamina approaching so as
to form a cross.

Pistil lum. Germen cloven into 4. Style thread-shaped,
leaning under the upper lip. Stigma cloven, acute.

Pbricarpium, none. The seeds at the bottom of the calyx.

Seeds 4, egg-shaped.

TEUCRIUM.

Calyx. Perianthium 1 leaf, with 5 shallow cleft>, nearly
equal, acute, bulging on one side of the base, permanent.

Corolla. 1 Petal, gaping. Tube cylindrical, short, ending
in a crooked mO"th. Upper lip, erect, acute, deeply
divided, even lower than its base, segments standing wide.
Lower lip with 3 clefts, expanding, lateral segments a little
erect, of the shape of the upper lip, the middle one large,
circular.

Stamina. Filaments 4, awl-shapcd, longer than the upper
lip of the blossom, and projecting between its segments.
Anthera small.

1'rsi ilium. Gtrmen with 4 divisions. Style thread-shaped.

agreeing in size and situation with the stamina. Stigmat*
2, slender.
Pericarpium, none. The calyx remaining unchanged, con-
tains the seeds within it.
Seeds 4, roundish.

N. B. The very deep division of the upper l'p of the blos-
som, and its segments standing so wide apart, give the appear-
ance of a flower without any upper lip. The Teucrium Cham-
*edrys has a tubular calyx, and bears its flowers in the bosom
of the leaves. Linn.

LINNiEA.

Calyx. Perianthium double.

Calyx of the Fruit beneath, 4-leaved ; 2 leafits opposite,
very small, acute, the other 2 elliptical, concave, erect,
rough with hairs, embracing the germen, converging, per-
manent.

Calyx of the Flowers superior, of 1 leaf with 5 divisions,
erect, slender, acute, equal.

Cokolla. 1 Petal, bell-shaped, with 5 shallow clefts, obtuse,
nearly equal, twice the size of the calyx.

Stamina. Flaments 4, awl-shaped, fixed to the bottom of
the blossom, -2 very small, the other 2 near together, longer,
but shorter than the blossom. Anthers compressed, vane-
like.

Pistillum. Germen roundish, beneath. Style thread-shaped,
straight, leaning, as the blossom. Stigma globular.

Pericarpium. Berry juiceless, egg-shaped, 3-celled, covered
by the rough hairy glutinous calyx of the fruit, deci-
duous.

Seeds 2, roundish.

IBER1S.

Calyx. Perianthium 4 leaves; leajlts inversely egg-shaped,
concave, expanding, small, equal, deciduous.

Corolla. 4 petals, unequal; petals inversely egg-shaped,
obtuse, expanding, the 2 outer ones much larger, equal, the
2 inner small, reflected. Claws oblong, erect.

Stamina. Filaments 6, awl shaped, erect, the 2 lateral ones
shortest. Anther* roundish.

Pistillum. Germen roundish, compressed. Style simple,
short. Stigma blunt.

Pericarpium. Pouch erect, nearly circular, compressed,
notched at the end, encompassed by an acute border. Cells
2. Partition spear-shaped. Valves boat-shaped, keeled,
compressed.

Seeds several, somewhat egg-shaped.

DENTARIA.

Calyx. Perianthium 4 leaves; leajits egg-oblong, approaching

towards the top, blunt, deciduous.
Corolla. 4 petals, forming a cross; Petah circular, obtuse,

very slightly notched at the end, flat, ending in c laws as long

as the calyx.
Stamina. Filaments 6, awl-shaped, as long as the calyx, 2 of

them shorter. Anther a heart-oblong, erect.
Pistillum. Germen oblong, the length of the stamina. Style

very short and thick. Stigma obtuse, notched at the end.
Pekicarpium. Siliqua long, cylindrical; cells 2; valves 2,

opening with a jerk, and the valves rolling back; partition

rather longer than the valves.
Seeds many, somewhat egg-shaped.

GERANIUM.

Calyx. Perianthium 5 leaves, or 1 leaf with 5 divisions ; leajits
egg-shaped, acute, concave, permanent.

Corolla. Petals 5, inversely heart-shaped, or egg -shaped, ex-
panding, large.

Stamina. Filaments 10, awl-shaped, united at the base, so as
to form a sort of cup, expanding towards the top, alternately
longer and shorter ; shorter than the blossom. Anther <e ob-
long, turning about like a vane.
Pistillum. Germen with 5 angles, beaked. Style awl- shaped,
longer than the stamina, permanent. Stigmata 5, re-
flected.
Pericarpium. Capsula 5-secded, beaked, cells, opening in-
wardly, each terminated by an awn-like tail, very long, and
rolling up spirally.
Seeds solitary, rarely in pairs, egg-oblong.

N. B. In some species the blossom is irregular; in others it
is regular, and the union of the filaments is not very evident.
In the Geranium cicutariumy pimpinellifolium, moschatum, and
maritimum, the flowers grow in umbels ; the calyx consists
of 5 leaves ; the blossom is not quite regular ; glands are placed
between the petals ; the filaments are 10, but only every other
filament is furnished with an anthera : the awn of the seed is
hairy. In the other (British) species, the flowers are solitary,
or in pairs; the calyx has 5 leaves ; the petals are regular, with
glands placed betwixt them ; the stamina are 10, distinct, all
bearing antherae ; the awn of the seed is smooth. In the Gera-
nium pusillum 5 of the filaments are without antherae, and the
awns of the seeds are covered with fine hairs.

FUMARIA.

Calyx. Perianthium 2 leaves ; leqfits opposite, equal, lateral,

erect acute, small, deciduous.
Corolla, oblong, tubular, gaping, palate projecting and fill-
ing up the mouth.

Upper Up flat, obtuse* notched at the end, reflected.

(The Vexillum.J
The Nectarium is the base of the upper lip projecting back-
wards, obtuse.

c

Lower lip altogether similar to the upper lip, towards the
base keeled. (The Carina.J

Nectarium at the base keeled, but projecting less than in. the
other.

Mouth. 4-cornered, obtuse, cloven perpendicularly.

(The AU.J

Stamina. Filaments 2 , equal, broad, tapering, one enclosed

within each lip. Anthera?, 3 at the end of each filament.

Pistillum. Germen oblong, compressed, tapering to a point.

Style short. Stigma round, compressed, upright.
Pericarfium. Pouch with one cell.
Seeds roundish.

N. B. The stamina are almost the only invariable part in
this Genus. The Fumaria officinalis has a roundish pouch, ge-
nerally containing a single seed, deciduous. In Fumaria clavi-
rulata the seed vessel is an oblong, taper-pointed pod.

POLYGALA.

Calyx. Perianthium 5 leaves, small ; leafits egg-shaped, acute,
permanent, 2 placed beneath, and 1 above the blossom, the
2 middle leafits nearly egg-shaped, flat, large, coloured, (the
AU.J deciduous.

Corolla, nearly butterfly-shaped.

Vexillum generally cylindrical, tubular, short. Rim re-
flected, small, cloven.

Carina, concave, compressed, bulging towards the end.
Appendages to the carina (generally) 2 pencil-shaped sub-
stances, with 3 divisions, fixed towards the end of the
carina.

Stamina. Filaments 8, united, enclosed in the carina. Anthera
8, simple.

Pistillum. Germen oblong. Style simple, erect. Stigma
terminating, rather thick, cloven.

PsaicARPivM. CapivAa inversely heart-shaped, compressed,

acute at the edge. Cells 2. Palves 2. Partition placed
crossways to the valves, opening at the edge on each side.

Seeds solitary, egg-shaped.

N. B. The appendages to the carina are different in different

species, and in many they are not to be found,

KEDYSARUM.

Calyx. Ferianthium l leaf, with 5 shallow clefts, *gme*fr

awl-shaped, erect, permanent.
Corolla, butterfly-shaped, scored.

Fexillum reflected and compressed, egg-oblong, notched
at the end, long.

Ala: oblong, narrower than the other petals, straight.
Carina straight, compressed, broader at the outer part5
and transversely obtuse, cloven from the base to the bulging
part.
Stamina. Filaments 10, 9 united, bent at a right angle. An-

thera roundish, compressed.
Pxstillum. Germen slender, compressed, strap-shaped. Sty It

awl-shaped, bent like the stamina. Stigma undivided.
Pericarpium Legu men with roundish joints, compressed,

with 2 valves and l seed in each joint.
Seeds kidney- shaped, solitary.

N. B. The Hedysarum Onohrychis has a legumen of only 1
joint, and a single seed.

HYPERICUM.

Calyx. Ferianlhium with 5 divisions j segments somewhat egg-
shaped, concave, permanent.

Corolla. Petals 5, oblong-egg-shaped, blunt, expanding,
bending from left to right.

Stamina. Filaments numerous, hair-like, connected at the
base into 3 or 5 sets. Anther* small.

Pjstilla. Germen roundish. Styles 3, (sometimes l? 2, or
5,) simple, distant, as long as the stamina. Stigmata simple
2

Pericarpium. Capsula roundish, with as many ceils as

styles.
Seeds, several, oblong.

CARLINA.

Calyx, common, bellying, radiate, imbricated. Scales nume-
rous, flexible, acute, the inner in a circle, very long, ex-
panding, shining, coloured, forming radii to the compound

flower.

Corolla, compound, uniform, tubular. Florets complete,
having the parts of fructification perfect in each floret,
equal.

Individuals of 1 petal, funnel-shaped. Tule slender; Bor-
der funnel-shaped, with 5 clefts.

Stamina. Filameiils 5, hair-like, very short. Anther* form-
ing a hollow cylinder.

Pistillum. Germen short. Style thread-shaped, as long as
the stamina. Stigma oblong, cloven or entire.

Pericarpium, none. Calyx unchanged.

Seed solitary, rather cylindrical. Pappus divided into rays,
somewhat chaff-like, branched, feathered.

Receptaculum flat, chaff brist'e-like, membranaceous, and a
little united at the base, forming cells, with many clefts, rays
awl-shaped. Bristles somewhat longer than the chaff, and
club-shaped, are intermixed with it.

BELLIS.

Calyx, common, hemispherical, erect, leqfits from 10 to 20,
placed in a double row, spear-shaped, equal.

Corolla, compound, radiate. Florets having the parts of fruc-
tification perfect in each, tubular, numerous, in the centre.
Florets with pistilla only, strap-shaped, more in number than
the leaves of the calyx, in the circumference.

Individual complete florets, funnel-shaped, with 5 clefts.
Individual florets with pistilla only, narrow, spear-shaped,
very slightly marked with 3 teeth.
Stamina. Filaments 5, hair-like, very short. Anthera form-
ing a hollow cylinder.
Pistillum. Germen, in the complete florets, egg-shaped. Style
simple. Stigma notched at the end.

Germen, in the florets having only Pistilla, egg-shaped.
Style thread- shaped. Stigmata 2> standing wide.
Pericahpium none. Calyx unchanged.
Seeds in all the florets, solitary, inversely egg-shaped, com-
pressed. Pappus none.
Receptaculum, naked, conical.

CENTAUREA.

Calyx, common, imbricated, roundish; scales often terminating

variously.
Corolla, compound, florets all tubular, but of different shapes.
Florets complete, having both the parts of fructification in each,
many, in the centre. Florets having only Pistilla, not so
many, larger, more flexible, in the circumference.

Individual complete florets, of 1 petal. Tube thread-shaped.
Border bellying, oblong, erect, terminating in 5 strap-shaped,
erect segments.

Lidividual florets with Pistilla only, of 1 petal, funnel-
shaped. Tube slender, gradually becoming wider, bent back-
wards. Birder oblong, oblique, unequally divided.
Stamina. Filaments 5, hair-like, very short. Anthera forming

a hollow cylinder, as long as the blossom.
Pistillum. Germen in the complete florets, small. Style
thread-shaped, as long as the stamina. Stigma very obtuse,
(in many cloven,) with a projecting point.

Germen \n the florets containing only Pistilla, very smalh
Style next to none.
Stigma none.

Pericarpium, none. Calyx unchanged, closing.

Seeds in the complete florets, solitary. Down mostly feathered,

sometimes hair-like.
Receptaculum, bristly.

N. B. The scales of the calyx, and the down of the seeds,
are different in different species. Linn.

OPHRYS.

Calyx. Spaths scattered. Fruit-stalks undivided Perianthium

none.
Corolla. Petals 5, oblong, approaching upwards, equal, 2 of

them placed outwards
Nectarium longer than the petals, hanging down, behind only

slightly keeled.
Stamina. Filaments 2, very short, standing on the pistillum.

Anther a upright, covered by the inner edge of the nectarium.
Pistillum. Germen beneath, oblong, twisted. Style fixed to

the inner edge of the nectarium. itigyyia indistinct.
Pericarpium. Capsula somewhat egg-shaped, 3-edged, blunt,

scored, with 3 valves, and l cell, opening at the keeled

angles.
Seeds numerous, like saw-dust. Receptaculum strap-shaped,

growing to each valve of the seed-vessel.

N. B. In Ophrys Corallorhiza there are 4 stamina, 2 in each
Jttll.

CYPR1PEDIUM.

Calyx. Spatha scattered. Fiuit-stalk undivided. Perianthium

none.
Corolla. Petals 4 or 5, spear-shaded, very long, expanding,

upright.
Nectarnim within the lower petal, shaped like a slipper, blown

up, blunt, hollow, shorter and broader than the petals j the

Upper lip small, egg-shaped, flat, bent inwards.

Stamina. Filame7its<2, very short, standing on the pistil. An-
ihera: upright, covered by the upper lip of the nectarium.

Pi still a. Germen beneath, long, twisted. Styles very short,
growing to the upper lip of the nectarium. Stigmata in-
distinct.

Pericarpiuiu. Capsula inversely egg-shaped, with 3 blunfc
edges, and 3 seams, under which it opens at the angles ;
Valves 3; Cell 1.

Seeds numerous, very small. Receptaculum strap-shaped, grow-
ing lengthways to each valve ol the seed-vessel.

ARISTOLOCH1A.

Calyx. Perianthium, none.

Corolla. Petal l, tubular, irregular, the base bellying, nearly
globu'ar, with protuberances. Tube oblong, cylindrical
but 6-sided. Border spreading, extending downwards into
a long tongue.

Stamina. Filaments none. Anthe.r<e 6, growing to and under-
neath the Stigmata, with 4 cells in each.

Pistillum. Germen oblong, angular, beneath. Style hardly
any. Stigma nearly globular, with 6 divisions, concave.

Pericarpium. Capsula large, with 6 corners and 6* cells.

Seeds many, flatted, fixed sideways.

N. B. The ripe capsula is either long or roundish. Linn.

ZANNICHELLIA.

Flowers with stamina.
Calyx, none.
Corolla,, none.

Stamina. Filaments single, simple, long, upright. Anlhera
arrow shaped, upright.

Flowers with Pistilla placed near to the other.
Calyx. Perianthium l leaf, hardly perceptible, bellying, with S

teeth.
Corolla, none.

Pi still a. Germina 4 to 8, homed, approaching. Styles 4 to
8, simple, rather expanding. Stigmata egg-shaped, flat,
expanding outwardly.

Pericarpium. Capsule upright, but expanding ; compressed,
crooked, tubercled on the back, the reclining style forming
a beak ; crust leather-like, of 1 cell, valve-less.

Seed solitary, oblong, bulging on one side.

Flowers with Stamina, solitary, scattered.

Calyx P erianthium of l leaf, mouth slanting, very entire, acute
at the back.

CAREX.

Flowers with Stamina forming a spike.
Calyx. Catkin oblong, imbricated, consisting of Scales; each

including a single floret, spear-shaped, acute, concave, per-
manent.
Corolla, none.
Stamina. Filaments 3, bristle-shaped, upright, longer than

the enclosing scale. Anihera: upright, long, strap-shaped.
Flowers ivith Pistilla, the same, hut sometimes on distinct

plants.
Calyx. Catkin as above.
Corolla. Petals none.

Nectarium, inflated, oblong egg-shaped, with 2 or 3 teeth

at the end, contracted towards the upper part, mouth open,

permanent.
Pistillum. Germen 3-cornered, within the nectarium. Style

simple. Stigmata 3 or 2, awl-shaped, bent inwards, long,

tapering to a point, downy.
Pertcarpium, none. The nectarium enlarging contains the

seed.
Seed single, egg-shaped, but pointed, 3-cornered, one of the

angles generally smaller.

N. B. In some species, the florets bearing only Stamina, and

those bearing only Pistilla, are in separate spikes, though on the
same plant. — In others, on distinct plants, and in others again,
in the same spike. What in the flowering state Linnaeus calls
the nectarium, in its maturestate performs the office of a seed-
vessel, and is then called a capsula. It has an open mouth,
through which the stigmata issue from the top of the germen ;
this mouth sometimes closes, sometimes remains open ; in some
species it is entire, in others it has 2 pointed teeth at the end.

SAGITTARIA.

Flowers with Stamina, numerous.
Calyx. Perianthium 3 leaves, leafits, egg-shaped, concave,

permanent.
Corolla. Petals 3, circular, obtuse, flat, expanding, thrice as

large as the calyx.
STAMiNAj^/amenismany, (generally 24,) awl-shaped, collected

into a little head. Anther* upright, as long as the calyx.
Flowers with Pistilla, fewer, beneath the other.
Calyx. Perianthium as above.
Corolla. Petals 3, as above.
Pistilla. Germina numerous, compressed, forming a little

head, bulging on the outer side, ending in very short styles.

Stigmata acute, permanent.
Pericarpium, none. Receptaculum globular, and set round

with the seeds so as to form a globe.
Seeds numerous, oblong, compressed, encompassed length-
ways by a broad membranaceous border, bulging on one

side, tapering towards each end.

PINUS.

lowers with i
Calyx, none,

Flowers with Stamina forming a hunch.

e, but the gaping scales of the bud.
Corolla, none.

Stamina. Filaments many, united below into an upright pil-
lar, divided at the top. Anther* upright, naked.

Flowers with Pistil/a on the same p /ant.

Calyx. Strobilus somewhat egg-shaped, composed of

Scales, with 2 flowers in each, oblong, imbricated, perma-
nent, inflexible.

Corolla, none.

Pi still a. Germen very small. Style awl-shaped. Stigma
simple.

Pericarimum, none. The Scales of the cone, which before
stood open, closing upon the seed.

Seed. Nut enlarged by a membranaceous wing, larger than
the seed, but smaller than the scales of the cone, oblong, on
one side straight, but rounded on the other.

SALIX.

Flowers with Stamina.
Calyx. Catkin oblong, imbricated on every side, lnvolucrum
forming a bud, which is composed of

Scales, inclosing a single flower, oblong, flat, expanding.
Corolla. Petals none.

Nectarium a cylindrical gland, very small, lopped, contain-
ing honey, placed in the centre of the flower.
Stamina. Filaments 2, straight, thread-shaped, longer than the
cup. Anthcra double, with 4 cells.

Flowers with Pistilla,
Calyx. Catkin as above.

Scales as above.
Corolla, none.

Pistillum. Germen egg-shaped, tapering into a Style hardly
distinct from the germen, rather longer than the scales of
the calyx. Stigmata 2, cloven, upright.
Pericarpium. Capsula egg-awl-shaped, with 1 cell, and 2

valves. Palves rolling back.
Seeds numerous, egg-shaped, very small, crowned with un-
divided hair-like down.

N. B. Stamina in some species 3 or 5, unequal in length*
In the Salix hermaphroditica the stamina and pistilla are within
the same calyx. In some species the filaments, in others the an-
therce, are united. — In Salix monandria there is only l stamen,

RUSCUS.

Flowers with Stamina.
Calyx. Perianthium with 6 leaves, upright, but expanding,

LeafiU egg-shaped, convex, the edges at the side reflected.
Corolla, none, unless every other leaf of the cup be considered

as such.
Nectarium egg-shaped, central, as large as the calyx biown

up, open at the rim, upright, coloured.
Stamina, Filaments none. Anther* 3, expanding, placed upon

the end of the neccarium, united at the base.
Flowers with Pistiila.
Calyx. Corolla and Nectarium, as above.
Pistillum. Germen cblong egg shaped, hidden within the

nectarium. Style cylindrical, as long as the nectarium.
Stigma blunt, projecting through the mouth of the

nectarium.
Pericarpium. Berry globular, with 3 cells.
Seeds 2, globular.

N. B. In this and other genera nearly related to it, it is sel-
dom that all the seeds come to perfection : for the most part one
seed enlarges and by pressure destroys the others.

VISCUM.

Flowers with Stamina,
Calyx. Perianthium with 4 divisions; leaves egg-shaped,

equal.
Corolla, none.

Stamina 4. Filaments ncnc. Anthera oblong, tapering, 1
fixed to each leaf of the calyx.

Flowers tviih Pistilla,
mostly growing opposite to the staminiferous flowers.
Calyx with 4 leaves, egg-shaped, small, sitting on the germen,

deciduous.
Corolla none.

Pistil lum. Germen beneath, oblong, 3-edged, indistinctly
crowned with a border with 4 clefts. Style none.
Stigma blunt, a little notched.
Pericarpium. Berry globular, with 1 cell, smooth.
Seeds single, inversely heart-shaped, compressed, blunt, fleshy.
TAMUS.
Flowers with Stamina.
Calyx. Perianthium with 6 divisions, leafits egg-spear-shaped,
expanding towards the top.
Corolla, none.

Stamina. Filaments 6, simple, shorter than the cup. Anther*
upright.

Flowers with Pistilla.
Calyx. Perianthium l leaf, with 6 divisions, bell-shaped, ex-
panding. Segments spear-shaped, superior, deciduous.
Cokolla. Petals none.

Nectarium an oblong dot at the base of each segment of the
calyx on the inner side.
Pistillum. Germen beneath, egg oblong, large, smooth.
Style cylindrical, as long as the calyx. Stigmata3, reflected,
notched at the end, acute.
PeriCarpium. Berry egg-shaped, with 2 cells.
Seeds 3, globular.

HYDROCHARIS.
Flowers with Stamina.
Calyx. Spatha of 2 leaves, oblong, enclosing 3 flowers.

Calyx proper, of 3 leaves, leafits egg-oblong, concave ;
membranaceous at the edge.
Corolla. Petals 3^ circular, flat, large.

Stamina. Filaments g, awl-shaped, upright, disposed in 3
rows ; the middlemost row in the centre sends out an awl-
shaped little pillar, resembling a style, from the inner side
of the base. The other 2 rows are connected at the base, so
that the outer and inner filament adhere together. Anther*
simple.

Pistilla. Germen only a rudiment, in the centre of the flower.
Flowers with Pistilla.

Calyx. Spatha none. Flower-* solitary.
Calyx proper as above, superior.

Corolla, as above.

Pistilla. Germen beneath, roundish. Styles as long as the
calyx, compressed, cloven and furrovsed. Stigmata cloven,
ta; ering to a point.

Pkricarpium. Capsula like leather, roundish, with 6 cells.

Seeds numerous, very small, roundish.

TAXUS.

Flowers with Stamina.

Calyx, none, except the Bud, which resembles a calyx with
4 leaves.

Corolla, none.

Stamina. Filaments numerous, united below into a column
longer than the bud. Anthera depressed, obtuse at the edge
with 8 clefts, opening all round at the base; after shed-
ding their pollen, flat, target-shaped, and the clefts in the
edge become more remarkable.

Flowers with Pistilla on another plant

Calyx as above.

Corolla, none.

Pistillum. Germen egg-shaped, but tapering to a point. Style
none. Stigma obtuse.

Pericarpium. Berry an expansion of the receptaculum, suc-
culent and globular, open at the end, coloured. In course
of time it becomes dry, decays, and disappears.

Seed single, egg-oblong, its top standing out of the open end
of the berry.
N. B. This kind of berry is very singular, and, strictly speak-
ing, perhaps it ought not to be called a seed-vessel. Linn.

ATRIPLEX.

Complete fiowers.
Calyx, Periantkium 5 leaves, concave, permanent. Segments

egg-shaped, concave, membranaceous at the edge.
Corolla, none.

Stamina. Filaments 5, awl-shaped, opposite to the leaves of the
calyx, and longer than the leaves. Anthera roundish, double.
Pistilla. Germen round. Style deeply divided, short. Stig-
mata reflet ted.
Pericarpium none. The cup closing, with 5 sides and 5 an-
gles, the angles compressed, deciduous.
Seeds single, roundish, flatted and depressed.

Flowers with Pistilla only, on the same plant.
Calyx. Perianthium 1 leaves. Leafits flat, upright, egg-shaped,

acute, large, compressed.
Corolla, none.
Pistilla. Germen compressed. Style deeply divided. Stigmata

reflected, acute.
Pericarpivm none. The valves of the calyx, which arelarge

and heart-shaped, enclose the seed between them.
Seed single, roundish, compressed.

N. B. There is a very great affinity between Atriplex, and
Chenopodium: the presence of the flowers which have only Pis-
tilla, in the Atriplex, is the only mark of distinction ; for if the
Chenopodium had these flowers it would be Atriplex ; and
the Atritlex without them, would be Chenopodium. Linn.

HIPPOPHAE.

Flowers wirh Stamina.

Calyx. Perianthium l leaf, divided into 2 parts, forming £

valves, but joined at the base. Segments circular, blunt,

concave, upright, but the points approaching, open at the

sides.
Corolla, none.
Stamina. Filaments 4, very short. Anther* oblong, angular,

almost as long as the calyx.

Flowers with Fist ilia.
Calyx. Perianthium l leaf, egg-oblong, tubular, club-shaped,

cloven at the rim, deciduous.
Corolla, none.
Pistillum. Germen roundish, small. Style simple, very

short. Stigma rather thick, oblong, upright, twice as long

as the calyx.
Pericarpium. Berry nearly globular, with l cell.
Seed single, oblong.

N. B. In Hippophae rhamnoides complete flowers have some-
times been found among the staminiferous blossoms, from
which circumstance it is here placed in the Class Polygamia.

A

GENERAL GLOSSARY

OF

TECHNICAL TERMS
in

BOTANY:

EXPLAINED IN

ALPHABETICAL ORDER. .

The Latin word in Italic characters denotes the part of the plant with
which the previous word is often combined, and the explanation in this
Glossary implies that conjunction. The Latin words themselves are
explained in their proper place, in alphabetical order,

ABBREVIATUM perianthium. When the calyx is shorter than
the tube of the flower. Ex. Tobacco Class v. Order 1.

Abortiens,^7os. A barren flower, such as produces no fruit or
seed. Ex. the staminiferous blossom of Dioecious plants, as
of the Yew, PI. ii. Vol. lj and Vallisneria, Fig. l. Class xxii.
Order 2.

Abruptum, folium pinnatum. A winged leaf ending without
either foliola or cirrhus.

52

Acaulis, without stalk or stem, as Carduus acaulis.

Acerosumfdium. A leaf, when it is linear and abiding, as in
the Pine-tree. Class xxi. Order 8.

Acicularis, needle-shaped, as in scirpus acicularis.

Acinaciforme, falchion or scimitar-shaped, as in mescmbry-
anthetnum acinaciforme.

Acini. The small berries which compose the fruit of a mul-
berry or bramble berry.

Acotyledones. Plants whose seeds have no cotyledons or seed-
leaves.

Aculei, prickles, fixed in the rind or surface of the bark, as in
the Rose stem. Ex. Class xii. Order 3.

Aculeatus caulis. A prickly stem. E-x. the stem of the Rose.

Acuminatum folium. A leaf ending in a point. Ex.
Ruscus aculeatus. Class xxn. Order 3.

Acutum folium. A leaf terminating in an acute angle.

Adnatum folium The disk of the leaf pressing close to the
stem of the plant.

Adpressa/o/z'a. The disk leaves pressed towards the stem.

Adscendens caulis. A stalk or branch inclining upwards.

Adversum folium. When the sides of the leaf are tnrned to-
wards the south.

Aggregatusy?05. An assemblage of flowers produced in clusters.

Aggregate. A natural Order of plants in the Fragmenta me-
thodi naturalis of Linnaeus.

Ala (plural Alae.) A wing, the side petals of a papilionaceous
blossom, or a membrane added to a seed, stalk, &c.

Alatus petiolus. When the foot- stalk of a leaf is winged with
membranes, as the Orange, Class xviii. Order l.

Alburnum. The white and newly-fcrmed wood which lies im-
mediately underneath the inner bark, by workmen com-
monly called the sap.

Algse, Flass. One of the nine Linnaean tribes of plants.

Alterna folia. When leaves come out singly, and follow in
gradual order.

53

Amentaceae. A natural Order of plants in the fragmenta mc

thodi naturalis of Linnaeus, bearing catkins.
Amentum. A Catkin. Ex. Lizard's-tail, Class vii. Order 3.
Amplexicaule folium. A leaf embracing the stalk, as in the

Red Horned Poppy, Class xiii. Order 1.
Anceps cau.'is. Double-edged, when a stalk is compressed,

and forms two opposite acute angle?.
Androgyna. Plants bearing stamina and pistilla in different

flowers on the same root, such as compose the Class Mo-

noecia, as the common Cucumber, Carex, &c.
Angulatus caulis. Angulated stalks. Ground Ivy, &c.
Angustifolia. Narrow-leaved. Ex. Hippuris class l. Order l.
Angiospermia. The second Order in the Class Dydinamia,

containing plants whose seeds are covered with a capsula.
Annua radix. A root which lives but one year.
Anthera, (plural Antherae.) The summit of the stamen bear-
ing the pollen. See Plate 1 and 2. Vol. I.
Apertura. An aperture, opening in some species of anthera.
Apetalusjfos. Without petal or corolla. Ex. Hipperus, &c.
Apex. The top, or summit.

Aphvllus caulis. A stem without a leaf, as Salicornia. Class 1.
Apophysis. An excrescence from the receptaculum of

mosses.
Appendiculatus petiolus. A little appendage hanging from the

extremity of the foot-stalk.
Approximata folia. Leaves growing near each other.
Arbor. A tree.
Arbustiva. A copse of shrubs or trees, a natural Order of

plants in the Fragmenta methodi naturalis of Linnaeus.
Arcuatum legumen, arched. A legumen, curved or bent.
Arillus. The proper exterior coat of a seed which falls off

spontaneously.
Arista. Awn, the beard of corn or grasses. Ex. Class ii. Order 2.
Arma, Arms, Weapons. The prickles or spines of plants.

54

Articulatus caulis. Having knots or joints, as the stems of
grasses.

Articulus culmi. The straight part of the stalk between the
two joints.

Asperifolia. Rough-leaved plants. A natural Order of plants
in the Fragmenta methodi naturalisof Linnaeus.

Assergentia/efta. First bent down, but rising erect towards
the apex.

Attenuatus pechmculus. When the foot-stalk grows smaller to-
wards the flower. Ex. Flax Class v. Order 5. &c.

Auctus calyx. Augmented, having a series of distinct leaves
surrounding the base of the flower, as in the Scabious, Class
iv. Order 1. Blue bottle, Class xix. Order 3.

Avenia folia. Leaves without any visible veins.

Auriculatum folium. An ear-shaped leaf, when the leaf to-
wards the base has a lobe on each side.

Awn. The beard of corn or grasses. Ex. Glass ii. Order 2.

Axillaria/oZ/a Leaves growing out of the angles formed by
the branches and the stem. Ex. Tea-tree, Class xiii.

B.

Bacca. A berry ; or a pulpy pericarpium without valves, in

which the seeds are naked. Ex. Pepper, Barberry, &c.
Barba. A beard. A species of pubescence, sometimes on the

leaves of plants, as on the Mesembiyanthemum bar-

batum.
Barbatum folium. When a bunch of strong hairs terminate

the leaf.
Bicornes. Plants whose antherae have the appearance of two

horns. Likewise a natural Order of plants in the Fragmenta

methodi naturalis of Linnaeus.
Biennis radix. A root which continues to vegetate for two

years.
Bifaria/o/ic. Each leaf pointing two ways.
Biferae plant*. Flowering twice a year.

55

Bindium/o/iwrn. A leaf divided or cloven into two parts.
Biflorus pedanculus. Bearing two flowers on a foot-stalk.
Bigeminum folium. A forked foot-stalk, with two little leaves

on the apex of each division.
Bijugum folium. A winged leaf, bearing two pair of foliolse.
Bilabiata corolla. A corolla with two lips.
Bilobum folium. A leaf consisting of two lobes.
Binata/o/ia. Leaves digitate, consisting of two foliolse.
Bipartitum/b/ium. A leaf divided into two segments.
Bipinnatum folium. Doubly winged, when the foliolse of a

pinnate leaf are pinnate.
Biternatum/b/zzz/n. When there are three folioiseon a petiolum,

and each foliola is ternate ; as in Epimedium.
Bivalve pericarpium. Consisting of two valves, as in the siliqua

and legumen.
Brachiatus caulis. A stem branching in pairs ; each pair stand-
ing at right angles with those above and below.
Brachium. The aim. Tenth degree in the Linnaean scale for

measuring plants, being twenty-four Parisian inches.
Bractea (plural, Bracteae.) A floral leaf, these are generally of

a different shape and colour from the other leaves of the

plant, and are always seated near the fructification. See

p. 3o, Vol. ii.
Bracteatus. Having a bractea growing out of it.
Bulbiferous caulis. A stalk bearing bulbs, as in a species of

Lily, called Lilium bulbiferum.
Bulbosa radix. A bulbous root ; squamosa, scaly, as in the

Lily; tunicata, coated, as in Cepae; duplicate, double, as

in Fritillaria; or solida, as in Tulipa.
Bullatumyb^Mm. When the surface of the leaf rises above the

veins, so as to appear like blisters.

C.

Caducus calyx. To fall off; a term signifying the shortest
time of duration of the calyx, falling off at the first open-
ing of the flower, as in the Poppy.

56

Calimariae Reeds, a natural Order of plants in the Fragmenta
methodi naturalis of Linnaeus.

Calcariatum nectarium. A kind of nectarium resembling a
spur, as in the Nasturtium, Class viii. Order 1.

Caliculatus calyx. A little calyx added to a larger one, as in
the Coreopsis, Leontice, &c.

Calycanthemi, a calyx. A natural Order of plants in the Frag-
menta methodi naturalis of Linnaeus.

Calyptra. A veil, in mosses, where it is placed over the peti-
carpium, and is supposed to be the corolla.

Calyx (plural Calyses.) A flower-cup, of which there are
seven kinds, as enumerated, vol. i. p. 7.

Camparaccse. A natural Order of plants in the Fragmenta me-
thodi naturalis of Linnaeus.

Campunalata corolla. Bell-shaped flowers. Ex. Harebell.
Class \i. Order 1.

Canaliculatum folium. A leaf having a deep channel from
the base to the apex.

Candelares. A natural Order of plants in the Fragmenta me-
thodi natularis of Linnaeus.

Capillaceum folium. Capillary, exemplified in the Ranuncu-
lus aquatilis.

Capillars pappus. Hairy down, as in the dandelion. Class xix.

Capillus, hair. The first degree of the Linnaean scale for mea-
suring plants, the diameter of a hair, and the twelfth part
of a line.

Capitati Jlcres. Flowers collected into heads, as in Mentha
aquatiea, and Thymus serpyllum.

Capitulum. A little head, a species of inflorescentia, in which
the flowers are connected into close heads on the tops of
the peduncles, as in the tuberous Moschatell. Class viii.

Capreolus. A tendril, one of the appendages of plants. See
p. 40, Vol. ii .

Capsula (plural Capsulae.) A hollow pericarpium, as the seed-
vessel of the Tea, Class xiii. the Fox-glove, Class xiv. &c.

57

Carina. The keel of a boat or ship. The lower petal of the

papilionaceous corolla. Ex. Class xvii. Order 4.
Carinatum folium. When the back of a leaf resembles the

keel of a ship.
Cariophyllaeus flos. Clove tree, or flowers growing in the man-
ner of carnations.
Carnosum folium. A fleshy leaf, as the House-leek, Class xi.
Cartilagineum /oft'um. A leaf whose brim is furnished with a

margin of different substance from the disk.
Caryophylli. Carnations or pinks, a natural Order of plants in

the Fragmenta methodi naturalis of Linnaeus.
Catenulata scabritics. Species of glandular roughness, hardly

visible to the naked eye, resembling little chains, on the

surface of some plants.
Catkin. One of the seven kinds of calyx of Linnaeus. Ex. Class

vii. Order 3.
Caudex. The stem of a tree.
Caulescens. Having a stalk, or stem.
Caulinayi/m. Leaves growing immediately on the stem.
Caulis. A stem, a species of trunk.
Cernuus. Nodding, or hanging down its head.
Cespitosa. Plants which produce many stems from one root,

and form a surface of turf or sod.
Ciliatum. Whose margin is guarded by parallel bristles, formed

like the eye-lash.
Circinalea/o/fa. A term of foliation, expressive of the leaves

within the gemma being rolled spirally downward.
Circumcissa capsula. Cut transversely.
Cirrhiferus pedunculus. A peduncle bearing a tendril, as in

the Vine. Passion-flower, Class v. Order 3, &c.
Cirrhosum folium. A leaf that terminates in a tendril, as in

Gloriosa.
Cirrhus. A clamper, or tendril, one of the fulcra of plants, as

in the Passion-flower and Anguria, Class v. and Class xxi.
Classis. A class, according to the Linnaean system, is an

58

agreement of plants in those two parts of fructification, the

Stamen and Pistillum.
Clavatus petiolus, pedunculus. When the foot-stalk of the

leaf or flower is club-shaped, tapering from the base to its

apex.
Clavicula. A little key, a tendril.
Clausa corolla. When the neck of the corolla is closely shut-in

with valves.
Coadunatae. To gather together, a natural Order of plants in

the Fragmenta methodi naturalis of Linnaeus.
Coarctati rami. Close together, oppo-ed to divaricatus.
Cochleatum legumen. A legumen like the shell of a snail, as

in the seed-vessel of the Medicago. Ex. Plate 3. Eclogues of

Virgil.
Coloratum folium. When a leaf, which is generally green, is

of a different colour, as in the common Beet.
Columnella. A little column, the substance that passes through

the capsula, and connects the several partitions and seeds.
Columniferi. Pillar-shaped. A natural Order of plants in the

Fragmenta methodi naturalis of Linnaeus.
Coma. (A bush, or head of hair.) A kind of fulcrum, com-
posed of large bracteae, which terminates the stalk, as in

Lavender, Sage, &c.
Communis gemma. Regards the contents of the gemma, con-
taining both flower and fruit.
Communis calyx. Wrhen a calyx contains both receptaculum

and flower.
Comosae. A natural Order of plants in the Fragmenta methodi

naturalis of Linnaeus.
Comosa radix. The fibres which put forth at the base of a

bulbous root, resembling a head of hair.
CompzcKum folium. When the leaf is of a compact and solid

substance.
CompletusyZos. When the stamen and pistillum are united in

the same blossom.

59

Compositus caulis. A compound stem, the parts diminishing

as they ascend.
Compositum folium. When the petiola bears more than one

leaf, of which there are the following kinds, Articulatum,

Digitatum, Conjugatum, Pedatum, Pinnatum, Decompo-

situm, Supra-decompositum.
Compositae. A natural Order of plants in the Fragmenta me-

thodi naturalis of Linnaeus.
Compressus caulis. A stem resembling a cylinder compressed

on the opposite sides.
Concavum/ota*™. Hollowed, the margin of the leaf forming

an arch with the disk.
Conceptaculum. A pericarpium of a single valve, which opens

longitudinally, and the seeds not affixed to it.
Conduplicatum/o/iMm. Doubled together, when the sides of

a leaf are parallel, and approach each other.
Conferti rami. Branches crowded together.
Conferti verticilli, fores. When flowers are crowded together

and formed into whorles round the stalk. Ex.Lythrum,

Class xi. Order 1.
Confluentia folia. To flow together, as in the pinnated leaf,

when the pinnae run into one another.
Conglobatus fes. When flowers are collected into globular

heads.
Conglomeratusj?^. Flowers irregularly crowded together.
Congesta umbella. Flowers collected into a spherical shape, as

in garlick.
Conica scahities. A species of setaceous scabrities, scarce vi-
sible to the naked eye, on the surface of plants, formed like

cones.
Coniferae. Plants bearing cones, as the genus Pinus, a natural

Order in the Fragmenta methodi naturalis of Linnaeus.
Conjugatum. To join or couple together, a species of pin-
nate leaf, where the foliolae are by pairs.
Connatum. To grow together when two opposite leaves unite

at their base, so as tp have the appearance of one leaf.

60

Connivens corolla. When the apices of the petals converge,
so as to close the flower, as in Trollius Europaeus.

Conniventes anthers. Antherae approaching together.
Continuation /o/z'wm. Continued, when the leaf appears to be
a continuation of the substance of the stalk.

Contortae. A natural order of plants in the Fragmenta methodi
naturalis of Linnaeus.

Contrariae valvule. Valves are termed contraria, when the Dis-
sepimentum is placed transversely between them.

Convexum folium. A leaf rising from the margin to its
centre.

Convolutus cirrhus. A tendril twining in the same direction as
the apparent motion of the sun.

Convolutumyb/ww. A term in foliation, when the leaf is
rolled up like a scroll of paper.

Conus, Cone. Ex. Strobilus, Class xxii. Order 8.

Corculum. The heart and essence of the seed.

Cordatum/o/iwm. Heart-shaped leaf.

Cordiformus. Shaped like a heart.

Corolla. In common language this part is called the flower.
In Botany it is composed of one or more Petals. As Linnaea,
Class xiv. which is a Corolla of one petal, and the Rose,
Class xii. a corolla of five petals.

Corollula. A little corolla.

Corona semi?iis. A crown adhering to many kinds of seeds,
serving them as wings, by which they disperse.

Coronariae. A natural Order of plants in the Fragmenta me-
thodi naturalis of Linnaeus.

Coronula. A little crown.

Cortex. The rind or outer bark of vegetables.

Corydalae. From Jtofu?, a helmet. A natural Order of plants
in the Fragmenta methodi naturalis of Linnaeus.

Corymbus. A kind of inflorescence, where the pedunculi are
inserted at different distances from each other in a com-
mon stem, but produce their flowers even at the top, of
which the Achillea millefolium is a good example.

61

Cotyledon. A side lobe of the seed. The term is used also
to express the seedleaves of young plants, as may be well
seen in the Radish when it first appears above the ground.

Crenatum folium. A notched leaf, when the margin is cut
into angles pointing towards neither of the extremities ;
obtusely crenate, when the angles are rounded; or acutely
crenate, when the angles are pointed.

Crispum/b/?'w7?i. A curved leaf, when the circumference be-
comes larger than the disk admits of, as in Malva crispa.

Cristatus fios. When the flower has a tufted crest, as in Po-
lygala. Class xvii. Order 3.

Cruci formes /lores. Cross-shaped flowers, consisting of four
petals, disposed in the form of a cross, as in the Class Te-
tradynamia. Ex. Coral-wort, Class xv. Order 2.

Cryptogamia. The twenty-fourth Class of the Linnaean system.

Cubitus. A cubit, the ninth degree of the Linnaean scale for
measuring plants, from the elbow to the extremity of the
middle finger, or seventeen Parisian inches.

Cucullatum folium. A leaf rolled up lengthways in form of a
cone, as in Geranium cucullatum, &c.

Cucurbitacae. Gourds, a natural Order of plants in the Frag-
menta methodi naturalis of Linnaeus.

Culminia. The top or crown of any thing, a natural Order
of plants in the Fragmenta methodi naturalis of Linnaeus.

Culmus. A reed or straw, the proper stem of grasses.

Cuspidatum folium. A leaf whose apex resembles the point of
a spear or lance.

Cuneiforme folium. A wedge-shaped leaf.

Cyathyformis corolla. A corolla in the form of a cup.

Cylindracea spica. A spike of flowers in form of a cylinder.

Cymus. A kind of inflorescence which in general appearance
resembles an umbel, but the peduncles of the smaller sub-
divisions do not, as the larger ones, proceed from a centre.
The Laurustinus and Common Elder Tree are good ex-
amples.

62

Cymosus fos. A flower with a Cymus inflorescence.
Cymosae. A natural Order of plants in the Fragmenta me-
thodi naturalis of Linnaeus.

D.

Daedaleum folium. A leaf whose texture is remarkably beau-
tiful and exquisitely wrought.
Debilis caulis. A feeble stalk, as Zannichellia palustris. Class xxi.
Decagynia. The fifth Order in the tenth Class. Flowers that

have ten pistilla. Ex. Phytolacca decandra, Class x.
Decandria. The tenth Class of the Linnaean system.
Decaphyllus cayx. A calyx consisting often leaves.
Deciduum yb/zum. The leaf that falls off in the winter.
Declinatus caulis. A stalk bending towards the earth.
Decomposita folia. When a petiolus once divided, connects

many foliolae.
Decumbens. Lying down.
Decurrens folium. Running down, when the base of a sessile

leaf extends itself downwards along the stem, beyond the

proper base or termination of the leaf.
Decursive, folium pinnatum. When the bases of the foliolse

are continued along the sides of the petiolus.
Decussata folia. When leaves grow in pairs, and opposite,

each pair being opposite alternately. Ex. Melaleuca,

Class xviii. Order 2.
Deflexus ramus. A branch bent a little downwards.
Deflorata stamina. Having shed or discharged the farina of

the anthera.
Defoliatio. The time in autumn when plants shed their leaves.
Deltoides folium. A leaf formed like the Greek delta, (a) as

in Mesembryanthemum deltoides.
Demersum folium. In aquatic plants, leaves sunk below the

surface of the water. Ex. Aponogeton, Class xi. Order 4.
Dentroides surculus. Shrub-like, a subdivision of the surculus

in the genus Hypnum.

63

Dentatum folium. A leaf having horizontal points of the same

consistence of the leaf, and standing at a little distance from

each other.
Denudatae. Stripped naked, a natural Order of plants in the

Fragmenta methocii naturalis of Linnaeus.
Dependens folium. Hanging down, the leaf pointing towards

the ground.
Depressum folium. Pressed down, when the sides rise higher

than the disk.
Dextrosus caulis. A stem twining from right to left, as the Hop

and Honey-suckle.
Diadelphia. The seventeenth Class in the Linnaean system.
Diandria. The second Class in the Linnaean system.
Dichotomus caulis. Forked stalks, when the divisions come

by two and two, as in theCerastium vulgatum, Class x.
Dicotyledones. When the seeds have two cotyledons which

are afterwards the seed-leaves.
Didyma anthera. Twins, when antherae come by twos on each

filament, as in the Balm.
Didynamia. The fourteenth Class in the Linnaean system.
Difformia folia. Different forms, when leaves on the same

plant come of different forms.
Diffusus- caulis. When the branches of the stalk spread different

ways.
Digitatum folium. Fingered, when the apex of a petiolu*

connects many foliolae. The Horse-chesnut leaf is an

example.
Digynia. Two pistilla. The second Order in each of the first

thirteen Classes, except the ninth.
Dimidiatum. Halved.

Dioecia. The twenty-second Class in the Linnaean system.
Dipetala corolla. Flowers consisting of two petals, as in the

Circaea lutetiana, Class ii. Order l.
Diphyllus calyx. A calyx consisting of two leaves,, as in ths
Poppy.

64

Discus. A disk, the middle part of a radiate compound flower,

as the flowers of Class xix.
Disperma. Plants producing their seeds by twos, as in the

Umbellatae, Class v. Order 2.
Dissectum folium. A Leaf cut into lascinia, or divisions.
Dissepimentum. Partitions of the fruit which divide the peri-

carpium into cells.
Dissiliens si/iqua. Pods that burst with elasticity.
Distans verlicillus. When the whorles of flowers, in verticillate

plants, stand at a great distance from one another.
Disticha folia. In two rows, when leaves all grow on two sides

of the branches only, as in the Yew-tree.
Divaricati rami. Branches standing wide from each other in

different directions.
Divergentes rami. Widening gradually.
Dodecandria. The eleventh Class in the Linnaean system.
Dodrans. The seventh degree in the Linnaean scale for mea-
suring the parts of plants, or nine Parisian inches.
Dodrantalis. Nine inches.
Dolabriforme folium. A leaf resembling an ax, as in Mesem-

bryanthemum dolabriforme.
Oorsalis arista. An awn, or beard, fixed to the back or ex-
ternal part of the gluma. Ex. Sweet-scented vernal-grass,

Class ii. Order 2.
Drupa. A pulpy pericarpium, without valves, containing a

stone, as in the Plum and Peach, and the Rhamnus lotus,

Class v. Order 1.
Drupaceae. A natural Order of plants in the Fragmenta methodi

naturalis of Linnaeus.
Dumosae. A bush. A natural Order of plants in the Fragmenta

methodi naturalis of Linnaeus.
Duplicata radix. A double root, a kind of bulbous root,

consisting of two solid bulbs, as in some species of

Orchis.

65

Duplicato serration folium. A leaf sawed double, with lesser
teeth within the greater, as in the common Elm leaf.

E.

Ebracteatus racemus. Without a bractea, or floral leaf.
Ecaudata corolla. Without a tail or spur, as in Antirrhinum

cymbalaria.
Echinatum pericarpium. Pods beset with prickles, like a

hedge-hog, as the outside covering of the chesnut.
Efflorescentia. The precise time when a plant shews its first

flowers.
Emarginatum folia. When the apex of a leaf terminates in

a notch ; the same term is applied to a petal and a stigma.
Enervium folium. A leaf having no apparent nerves.
Enneandria. The ninth Class in the Linnaean system.
Enneapetala corolla. A flower consisting of nine petals.
Enodis caulis, culmus. Without knot or joint, when applied

to a stem or straw.
Ensatae. Plants having sword-shaped leaves, a natural Order

of plants in the Fragmenta methodi naturalis of Linnaeus.
Ensiforme folium* A leaf shaped like a two-edged sword, ta-
pering towards the point.
Equitantia folia. Riding. When the sides of the leaves

approach in such a manner as the outer embrace the

inner.
Erectus caulis, ramus. Upright, perpendicular ; as applied to

a stem, branch, &c.
Erosum folium. Gnawed. When the leaf is sinuate, and the

margin appears as if it were gnawed or bitten.
Exserta stamina. Standing forth, when the stamina appear

beyond the corolla, as in the Fuchsia, Class viii.
Exstipulatus. Without a stipula.

Exsuccum folium. When the substance of the leaf is dry.
Extrafoliacae stipula, Stipulae growing on the outside of

leaves.

VOL. III. e

66

F.

Farctum folium. Stuffed. Opposed to tubulosum
Fasciculata folia. Leaves growing in bunches.
Fascicularis radix. Tuberous roots growing in parcels.
Fasciata planta. When many stalks grow together, like a fag-
got or bundle.
Fastigiati pedunculi. Pedunculi pointed at the apex.
Fauces. Jaws, chaps, throat nr opening of the tube of the corolla.
Femina planta. Plants, the flowers of which bear pistilla only.
Fibrosa radix. A fibrous root.

Filamentum. The name given to that part of the stamen
which in some plants resembles a thread. See PI. i. and ii,
Vol. i.
Filices. Ferns. One of the nine divisions of the vegetable
kingdom of Linnaeus, and a natural Order of plants in his
Fragmenta methodi naturalis.
Filiform Jdamcntum. Thread-shaped stamen.
[•Imbricate petala. Fringed petals, as in Menyanthus.
Fissum folium. A leaf split or cloven half way down,
yistulosus caulis. A piped or hollow stem.
Habellatum folium. A fan-shaped leaf.
Flaccidus pedunculus. The foot-stalk of a flower that is feeble

and slender.
Flagellum. A twig or shoot,like a whip or thong.
Fiexuosus cav'is. A stalk, having many turnings or bend-

ings, taking a different direction at every joint.
Iloralia folia. Floral leaves, those which immediately attend
the flower, as in the Dionaea muscipula Class x. Order 1,
&c. See p. 41. Vol- 2.
Floralis gemma. Flower-buds.
Flos. (Plural Flores.) A flower.
Flosculus, (plural Flosculi.) A little flower.
Foliacae glandula. Glands growing on the leaver
Foliaris cirrhus. A tendril growing from a leaf.

67

Foliaris gemma. Leaf-bud.

Foliatio plant*. The complication of the leaves, whilst folded

within the gemma, or bud.
Foliatus caulis. A leafy stalk.
Foliifera gemma. A bud producing leaves.
Foliola. A little leaf, one of the single leaves, which together

constitute a compound leaf.
Foliosum capitulum. Covered with leaves amongst the flowers-

on the top of the plant.
Folium, (plural Folia). A leaf.
Fornicatum petalum. Vaulted or arched, as in the upper lip of

the flowers in the Class Dydynamia.
Frequens planta. A plant growing frequently, or commonly,

every where.
Frondescentia. The season of the years when the leaves of

plants are unfolded.
Frondosus caudex. A species of trunk composed of the branch

and leaf blended together, as in the Banana-tree.
Fructescentia. The time of the year when a plant scatters its

ripe seeds.
Fructificatio. The temporary part of a vegetable destined for
the reproduction of the species.
Frustranea polygamia. The third Order of the Class Synge-

nesia,
Frutex. A shrub.
Fruticosus caulis. A shrubby stalk

Fucacissima petala. Petals that are fleeting, and of short du-
ration.
Fulcratus caulis. A branch having props.
Fulcrum. (Plural Fulcra.) A prop or support. Linnaeus makes

seven kinds of Fulcra. See p. 40. Vol. 2.
Fungi. One of the nine tribes of plants of Linnaeus, a natural

Order in his Fragmenta methodi naturalis.
Furcata. Forked.
Fusiform radix, A spindle-shaped root, as that of a Carrot .

68

Galea. A helmet, applied to the corolla of the Class Gynan-

dria, as the Orchis.
Galeatum labium. The lip of a flower shaped like a helmet.
Geminae stipuU. Stipulae growing in pairs. Ex. Mtborea.
Geminatus pedunculus. Double footstalks growing from the

same point.
Gemma. A bud, an hibernaculum on the ascending caudex.
Gemnatio. A young bud.
Gcmniparous. Bearing buds.

Genera plantarum. Genera of plants, a subdivision of plants
comprehending an assemblage of species, similar in their
parts of fructification.
Geniculatus epulis, culmus, pedunculus. A jointed stem, straw,

or foot-stalk of a flower. Ex. Misseltoe, Class xxii. &c.
Genicula. Little joints.

Genus, (Plural, Gjnera). In botany a primary division of vege-
tables according to the principles and ceconomy of nature.
Germen. A sprout or bud, the base of the pistillum, the rudi-
ment of the fruit in embryo.
Gibbum folium. Bunching out, or gouty leaf.
Glaber. Smooth. Having a glossy or slippery surface.
Gladiata silijua. A sword- shaped pod.
Glandulse. Glands, or secretory vessels.

Glandulifera s.airities. A kind cf bristly roughness on the
surface of some plants, on which there are minute glands at
the extremity of each bristle.
Glareosi loci. Gravelly places, where plants delight in gravel.
Glaucophyllus. A powdered green, as the leaf of the Sea-kale.
Globosa radix. A round root.

Globularis scalrities. A species of glandular roughness, scarcely
visible to the naked eye, the small grains of which are
exactly globular.

69

Glochoides. The small points of the pubes of plants. Lin-
naeus applies this term only to the Hami triglochoids, three
hooked points.

Glomerata spica. Flowers crowded together in a globular form.

Gluma. A husk, or chaff, a kind of calyx peculiar to corn
and grasses. Ex. Class ii. Order '2. and Class vi. Order 2.

Glutinositus. Like glue or paste.

Gramina. Grasses, one of the nine Linnaean tribes of the vege-
table kingdom.

Granulata radix. A root consisting of many little knobs, like
seeds of grain, attached to one another by small strings, as
in Saxifraga granulata.

Gymnospermia. Naked seeded, the first Order of the Class
Didynamia. Ex. Seeds exposed in ill. of Class xiv.

Gynandria. The twentieth Class in the Linnaean system.

H.

Habitualis character. The character or description of a plant,
taken from its habit, which consists in the placentatio, ra-
dicatio, ramificatio, foliatio, stipulatio, pubesccntia, inflo-
rescentia.

Habitus. The external appearance ; Linnaeus defines it, the
conformity or affinity that congenerous vegetables have to
one another, in placentation, radifieation, &c.

Hamosa seta. Hooked bristle.

Hastatum folium. A leaf resembling the head of a spear or
halbert. Ex. Sagittariasagittifolia.

Hemisphericus calyx. Half round, or half a sphere.

Heptandria. The seventh Class of the Linnaean system.

Herba. An herb; according to Linnaeus, it is thepart of the
vegetable which rises from the root ; terminated by the
fructification, comprehending the stem, leaf, fulcra, and
hibernacula.

Herbacae planta. Plants which annually perish down to the
root.

70

Herbaceus caulis. A stalk that dries annually.

Hermaphroditus flos. A flower that contains at least one an-
thera and one stigma in the same blossom.

Hespcridae. A natural Order of plants in the Fragmenta me-
thod! naturalis of Linnaeus.

1 lexagonus caulis. A stalk with six angles.

Hexandria. The sixth Class in the Linnaean system, having
six stamina of equal length.

Hexagynia. Six pistilla.

Hexapetala corolla. A flower consisting of six petals. Ex.
Colchicum autumnale, Class vi. Order 3.

Hexaphyllus calyx, A Calyx consisting of six leaves.

Hians corolla. A gaping monopetalous flower.

Hirsutus. Rough, hairy.

Hispidus caulis. A stalk covered with strong fragile bristles.

Holcraccae. Potherbs, a natural Order of plants in the Fragmenta
methodi naturalis of Linnaeus.

Horizontalis flos. A flower growing with its disk parallel to
the horizon.

Hybernaculum. Winter-lodge. The part of a plant which
encloses and secures the embryo from external injuries.

Hybrida planta. A monstrous production of two plants of dif-
ferent species.

Hypocrateriformis corolla. A monopetalous flower shaped
like a cup or salver, as the Genus Vinca.

I.

Icosandria. The twelfth Class in the Linnxan system.

Imberbis corolla. Petals without a beard.

Imbricatus. Tiled, when the scales of a stalk, or calyx, lie
over one another in the manner of tiles upon a house. The
Calyx of the Scabiosa and Centaurea arc examples. Class
iv. and xix.

Immutatse. Unaltered.

71

Impar. Odd, applied to a pinnated leaf terminating in an odi

lobe, as in the Pyrus domestica, Class xii. Order 2.
Inequalis corolla. An unequal flower.
Inanis caulis. A hollow or empty stalk.
Incanum folium. A leaf covered with whitish down.
Incisum folium. A leaf cut into irregular segments.
Incompletus fios. An imperfect flower, without stamina or

without pistilla. See vol. i. p. 13.
Incrassatus pedunculus. A foot-stalk of a flower which increases

in thickness as it approaches the flower,
incumbens anthera. An anthera which is affixed to the fila-
ment sideways.
Incurvatus caulis. A stalk bowed towards the earth.
Indivisum folium. An entire, undivided leaf. Ex. Piper,Class ii.
Inerme folium. Unarmed, a leaf without bristles or prickles.
Inferus fios. A flower whose Receptaculum is situated below

the Germen, as in the Poppy.
Inflatum perianthium. A calyx puffed out like a bladder.
Inflexa folia. Leaves bending inwards towards the stem.
Inflorescentia, signifies the various modes in which flowers

are joined to the plant by the pedunculus.
f nfundibuliformis corolla. A monopetalous flower shaped like

a funnel.
Insertus petiolus. A foot-stalk inserted into the stem.
Integrum folium. An entire or undivided leaf.
Integerrimum folium. An entire leaf, whose margin is destitute

of incisions or serratures.
Interfoliaceus pedunculis. A flower-stalk rising from between

opposite leaves. Ex. Tuberous Moscatell, Class viii.
Interruptum folium pinatum. When the large foliolas of a
winged leaf are interrupted alternately by pairs of smaller
ones.
Interrupta spica. A spike of flowers interrupted or brokenly

small clusters of flowers between the larger ones.
Jntorsio. Writhing or twisting.

72

Intrafoliacae stipule. Stipulae growing on the inside of the

leaves of the plant.
Inundata loca. This term is applied by Linnaeus to such places

as are overflowed only in winter.
Involucellum. A partial involucrum. See Cicuta virosa, Class v.
Involucrum. The calyx of umbelliferous plants standing at a

distance from the flower. SeeButomus umbellatus, Class ix.
Involuta folio. Rolled in. Leaves when their lateral margins

are rolled spirally inwards on both sides.
Irregularis flos. An irregular flower of deformed shape.
Juba. A crest of feathers.
Julas. A catkin, See Saururus cernuus, Class vii.

Labiatusjfoj. A lipped flower.

Lacerum /o/ium. A cleft or fissure. A leaf whose margin is
cut into segments, as if rent or torn.

Laciniae. Segments or incisions.

Laciniatum folium. A leaf cut into irregular incisions.

Lactesrentia. Milky; those plants are called milky, whose
juices are white, yellow or red.

Lacunosum folium. A leaf deeply furrowed, by the veins be-
ing sunk below the surface.

Lacustris plcrnta. A plant which grows in lakes.

Lamina, a thin plate. The upper expanded part of a poly-
petalous flower.

Lana. Wool, a species of pubescence, which covers the sur-
face of some plants.

Lanatum/b.%m. A woolly leaf, as the Stachis tomentosa.

Lanceolatum/o//u?». A lance-shaped leaf.

Laterales florcs. Flowers coming from the sides.

Laxus caulis. Loose, weak, or slender stem. Ex. Zanichellia,
Class xxii. Order I.

Legumen. A pericarpium cf two valves, in which the steds

73

are fixed along one suture only, as in the common Pea and

Bean.
Lenticularis scabrities. A species of glandular scabritis, in the

form of lentils.
Leprosus. Spotted like a leopard, exemplified in many Li-

chens.
Laevis caulis. Smooth, a stem having an even surface.
Liber. The inner rind or bark of a plant.
Lignosus caulis. A woody stem.
Lignum. Wood.
Ligulatos Jlos. When the petals, tubulated at the base, are

strap-shaped, and widest at the extremity. See as an ex-
ample, the magnified Floret of the Dandelion, Class xix.
Liliaceae. Like a lily, a natural Order of plants in the Fragmen-
ts methodi naturalis of Linnaeus.
Limbus. A border. The upper expanded part of a monope-

talous flower.
Linea. A line. The second degree in the Linnaean scale for

measuring plant?, the twelfth part of an inch.
Lineare folium. A narrow leaf, whose opposite margins are

almost parallel, as in the Genus Pinus.
Lineatum folium. A leaf, whose supeifices are marked with

parallel lines, running lengthways.
Lingulatum folium. A leaf shaped like a tongue.
Lobatum folium. When a leaf is divided to the middle into

parts, which are separated from each other. Ex. Dionaea

muscipula, Class x. Order 1.
Loculamentum. A cell. The divisions of that species of peri-
carpi um called a capsula, as in the Cyamus Nelumbo, &c.
Locus foliarum. The particular part of the plant to which the

leaves are affixed.
Lomentaceae. Bean meal. A natural Order of plants in the

Fragmenta methodi naturalis of Linnaeus.
Longiusculus. Longish.
Longum perianthium. When the tube of the calyx is equal in

length to that of the corolla.

74

Lucidum folium. Clear, shining leaf.

Lunatum folium. A moon-shaped leaf, when it is round and
hollowed at the base, like what is vulgarly called a half-
moon.

Lunulate. Shaped like a crescent.

Luridae. Pale, wan, a natural Order of plants in the Frag-
mentamethodi naturalis of Linnaeus.

Luxurians flos. A luxuriant flower.

Lyratum folium. A leaf shaped like a harp or lyre.

M.

Marescens corolla. A flower that withers on the plant, as the

Nymphaea Alba.
Margo folii. The margin or edge of the leaf.
Mas. planta. Plants that bear only stamina, as in the Class

Dioecia.
Masculus flos. A flower containing stamina only. Ex Valis-

neria (Fig. 1.) Class xxii. Order 2.
Medulla. Marrow, the pith of a plant.
Membranaceum jolium. When a leaf has no distinguishable

pulp between its surfaces.
Membranatus caulis. A stalk covered with thick membranes.
Monadeiphia. The sixteenth Class in the Linnaean system.
Monandria. The first Class in the Linnaean system.
Monocotyledones. A term applied to plants whose seeds have

a single cotyledon.
Monoecia. The twenty-first Class in the Linnaean system.
Monogynia. One Pistillum. The first order of the first thir-
teen Classes in the Linnaean system.
Monopetala corolla. A flower having one petal. Ex. Linnaea

Class xiv. Order 2.
Monophyllum involucrum. Consisting of one leaf.
Monosperma. Having one seed.

75

Miliaris scabrities, A species of glandular roughness appearing
on the surface of some plants like grains of millet.

Mucronatum folium. A leaf terminating in a sharp point. Ex.
Ruscus, Class xxii. Order 3.

Multifidum folium. A leaf divided into many linear segments
or divisions.

Multiflorus pedunculus. A foot-stalk bearing many flowers.

Multipartitum folium. A leaf divided into many parts.

Multiplicatus flos. A luxuriant flower, whose corolla is mul-
tiplied so as to exclude some of the stamina.

Multisiliquae. Many pods. A natural Order of plants in the
Fragmenta methodi naturalis of Linnaeus.

Muricatus caulis. A stalk whose surface is covered with sharp
points, like the Murex shell.

Muricatae. A natural Order of plants in the Fragmenta me-
thodi naturalis of Linnaeus.

Musci. Mosses, one of the nine tribes of vegetables of Linnae-
us, and a natural Order in his Fragmenta methodi naturalis»

Mutica gluma. When the awn is wanting.

Mutilatus7?os. A mutilated flower.

N.

Natans folium. A leaf which swims on the surface of water.

Navicularis valvula. When the valve of a seed vessel resem-
bles a ship or boat.

Nectarium. (Plural Nectaria.) That part of the corolla con-
taining the honey-juice. Ex. Nasturtium, Class viii. Or-
der 1.

Nervosum folium. A leaf whose surface is full of nerves or
fibres.

Nidulantia semina laccarum. Seeds nestling in the pulp of a
berry.

Nitidum folium. A bright shining glossy leaf.

Nucamentaceae. A natural Order of plants in the Fragmenta
methodi naturalis of Linnaeus.

76

Neucleus. A kernel. See Lotus, Class v. Order 1.

Nudus caulis. A naked stalk, as in the Colchicum, Class vi.

Nutans caulis. A nodding stalk.

Nux. A nut. Ex. Lotus, Class v. Order l.

O.

Obcordatum petalum. A heart-shaped petal, with its joint
downwards.

Obliquum folium. When the apex of the leaf points obliquely
towards the horizon.

Oblongum folium. An oblong leaf.

Obovatum folium. An oval or egg-shaped leaf, growing on
its foot-stalk, by the smaller end.

Obsolete lobalum folium. Leaves having lobes scarcely dis-
cernible.

Obtusum folium. A leaf blunt or rounded at the apex.

Obvolutum folium. Rolled against each other ; when the
margin of each leaf alternately embraces the straight mar-
gin or the opposite leaf.

Octandria. The eighth Class in the Linnacan system.

Officinalis. A term to denote plants used in medicine, or kept
in the apothecaries' shops.

Operculum. A cover. As in the mosses.

Opposita folia. Leaves growing by pairs opposite to each
other.

Orbiculatum folium. A round leaf.

Orchideae orchis. A natural Order of plants in the Fragmenta
methodi naturalis of Linnaeus.

Ordo. Order.

Orgya. A fathom, or six Parisian feet.

Ovale folium. An oval leaf.

Ovarium. The germen.

Ovatum folium. An oval, or egg-shaped leaf.

77
p.

Va.gm2.f0lU. The upper and lower surface of a leaf.

Palea. Chaff. A thin membrane rising from a common Re=
ceptaculum, which separates theflosculi.

Paleaceus/m/?/ws. Down. See Illustration to Class xix.

Palmae. Palms. One of the nine Linneean tribes of the vege-
table kingdom.

Palmata radix. A handed root, as in the Orchis Genus.

Palmatum folium. A leaf shaped like an open hand.

Palustris. Marshy or fenny.

Panduraeforme folium. Shaped like a guitar.

Panicula. A loose spike, as in Poa annua.

Papilionaceous. A butterfly-shaped flower, as the blossom
of the Pea and Bean. See Class Diadelphia, Order 4.

Papilionaceae. A natural Order of plants in the Fragmenta me-
thodi naturalis of Linnaeus.

Papillosum folium. A nipple. A leaf covered with dots or
points like nipples.

Pappus. Down. See Illustration of Class xix.

Papulosum folium. A leaf whose surface is covered with pim-
ples.

Parabolicum folium. *A leaf in form of a parabola.

Parallelum dissepimentum. When the partitions are parallel to
the sides of thepericarpium.

Parasitica planta. Plants that grow only on, or out of, other
plants. Ex. Misseltoe, Cystus, Class xx. &c.

Partialis umbella. A partial umbel. See Cystus, Class xx. &c.

Partiale i?ivolucrum. When at the base of the partial umbel.
See Cicuta virosa, Class v. Order 2.

Partitum folium. A divided leaf.

Parvum perianthium. A little calyx, or comparatively small,
opposed to magnum.

Patens caules, rami, &c. Spreading stalks branches, <Src>

Patulus calyx, A spreading calyx.

78

Pauciflores. Having few flowers.

Pedalis caulis, A stalk a foot in height.

Pedatum folium. A species of compound leaf, whose divi-
sions somewhat resemble the toes of a foot, as in Anguria,
Class xxi. Order 2.

Pedicellus. A little foot stalk,

Peduncularis cirrhus. A tendril proceeding from the foot-stalk
of a flower

Pedunculati jiores. Flowers growing on foot-stalks.

Pedunculus. (Plural Pedunculi. ) The foot-stalk of a flower.

Peltatum/o/mm. When the foot-stalk is inserted into the disk
of the leaf, and not into its base. Ex. Nasturtiam, Class
viii.

Penicilliformia stigmata. Stigmata in form of a painter's pencil.

Pentagonus caulis. A five-angled stalk.

Pentagynia. The fifth Order of a Class.

Pentandria. The fifth Class in the Linnaean system.

Pentapetala corolla. A flower consisting of five petals. Ex.
Dianthus, Class x. Order 2. Rosa, Class xii. &c.

Pentaphyllus calyx. A calyx consisting of five leaves.

Perennis radix. A perennial root, continuing for many years.

Perfectus^os. A flower having stamina and pistilla united in
the same blossom.

Perfoliatum folium. When the base of the leaf entirely sur-
rounds the stem, or when the stalk grows through the cen-
tre or the leaf, as in Clora perfoliata, Class viii.

Terforatus cotyledon. Pierced through ; a species of the
Monocotyledon exemplified in the germen ; also a natural
Order of plants in the Fragmenta methodi naturalis of Lin-
naeus.
Perianthium. One of the seven kinds of calyx, so called when

it closely surrounds the fructification. Ex. Pink, Class x.
Pericarpium. Whatever surrounds and contains the seed.
Perichaetium. The calyx of mosses. Ex. Class xxiv. Order 4.
Perpendicularis radix. A perpendicular root.

79

Personatae. Masked, a natural Order of plants in the Frag-
menta methodi naturalis of Linnxus.

Pes. Afoot.

Petaliformia stigmata. Stigmata resembling the shape of petals,

Petalodes jlos. A flower having petals.

Petalum. (Plural Petala.) The leaf of a flower. See Pink;
Class x.

Petiolaris cirrkus. A tendril proceeding from the foot-stalk of a leaf.

Petiolatum folium. A leaf growing on a foot-stalk.

Petiolus. (Plural Petioli.) A little foot-stalk of a leaf.

Pileus. A hat or bonnet. The orbicular expansion which
covers the top of a mushroom.

Pili. Hairs.

VWosMm folium. A leaf whose surface is covered with long dis-
tinct hairs.

Pinnatifidum folium. A winged leaf. Applied to simple leaves,
situated on a common stalk, opposite to each other, as in
the Mimosa, Class xxiii.

Pinnatum folium A winged leaf.

Piperita. Pepper, a natural Order of plants in the Fragmenta
methodi naturilis of Linnaeus.

Pistillum. (Plural Pistilla.) One of the seven parts of fructifi-
cation of Linnaeus. See vol. i. p. 8.

Pixidatum/oZzuTO. A kind of foliage, where one leaf is let in
to another by a joint, as in Equisetum, Class xxiv. Order 1.

Placentatio cotyledones. A disposition of the lobes in the vege-
tation of the seed.

Planipetalus^/Zos. A flower with plain flat petals.

Plantae. Plants, one of the seven Linnaean families of vegeta-
bles.

Planum folium. A plain flat leaf.

Plenus jlos. A full or double flower*

Plicatum folium. A plaited leaf.

Plumata seta. A feathered hair or bristle.

Plumosus paDDus. A kind of soft down.

80

Plumula. The ascending scaly part of the corculum.
Pollen. An apparently fine powder contained in the anthera.
Pollex. The length of the first joint of the thumb, or a Pa-
risian inch.
Polyadelphia. The eighteenth Class in the Linnaean system.
Polyandria. The thirteenth Class in the Linnaean system.
Polycotyledones. Many cotyledons.

Polygamia. The twenty-third Class in the Linnaean system.
Polygamia ?iecessaria. The fourth Order of the nineteenth Class

in the Linnaean system.
Polygynia. An order of some of the Classes in the Linnaean system.
Polypetala corolla. A flower consisting of many petals.
Polyphillum involucrum. An involucrum of many leaves.
Polystachyus culmus. A stalk of grass having many spikes.
Pomaceae pomum. An apple. A natural Order of plants in

the Fragmenta methodi naturalis of Linnaeus.
Pomum. An apple.
Pori. Pores.
Praemorsa radix. A bitten root, when it ends abruptly, as in

Scabiosa succisa, Class iv. Order 1.
Precias. A natural order of plants in the Fragmenta methodi

naturalis of Linnaeus.
Prismaticus calyx. A triangular calyx.
Procumbens caulis. A stem lying on the ground.
Prolifer /lores. Flowers growing through, or out of one another,

either from the centre or side.
Prominulum dissipimentum. To project beyond the valves.
Pronum discumfolii. Leaves having their face downwards.
Propago. A shoot, the seed of mosses.
Proprium involucrum. An involucrum when at the base of an

umbellated flower, as in the Butomus, Class ix. Order 3.
Pseudo. False.

Pubes. Down or hair. One of the seven kinds of fulcra.
Pulposum folium. A leaf having a pulpy or fleshy substance.

as Sempervivum tectorum, Class xi. Order 6.

81

Pulveratum folium. A leaf powdered with a kind of dust like
meal, as in Primula farinosa.

Punctatum folium. A leaf sprinkled with hollow dots or points.

Putamineae. Like a shell, a natural Order of plants in the Frag-
ments methodi naturalis of Linnaeus.

Q.

Quadrangulare folium. A quadrangular leaf. Having four

prominent angles in the circumscription of its disk.
Quadrisidium/oZi'um. A leaf divided into four parts.
Quadrijugum/oZiMw. A leaf having four pair of foliolae.
QuadrilobumybZz'um. A leaf consisting of four lobes.
Quadripartitum folium. A leaf consisting of four divisions

down to the base.
Quaterna folia. When verticillate leaves are by fours, having

four in each whorl e, as the Herb Paris, Class viii.
Quina folia. Verticillate leaves produced by fives.
QLuinatum/oZzum. When a digitate leaf has five foliolae.
Quinquangulare folium. A leaf having five prominent angles

in the circumscription of the disk.
Quinquejugum/oZizm. When a pinnated leaf has 5 pairof foliolae.
Quinquelobum yb/nzwi. A leaf having five lobes.
QuinquefidumybZzwTrt. A leaf consisting of five divisions with

linear sinus and straight margins.
Quinquepartitum folium. Consisting of five divisions down to

the base.

R.

Racemus, A bunch of grapes or currants, or any other bunch
of berries or flowers having that resemblance, as the Bar-
berry. See Class vi. Order 1.

Rachis. The back bone. A species of receptaculum, as in
the Panicum.

Rachis/o/ii pinnati. The middle rib of a winged leaf, to which
the foliolae are affixed ; as in the Mimosa, Class xxiii.

VOL. III. F

Radiatus jlos. Compound flowers in which the florets of the
disk are tubular, and those of the radius ligulate, as in the
Class Syngenesia.

Radicalia/b/ia. Leaves proceeding immediately from (he root.

Radicans caulis. A stalk bending to the ground, and taking-
root where it touches the earth.

Rad\catam folium. A leaf shooting out roots.

Radicula. A little root.

Radius. The ligulate margin of the disk of a compound flower.

Radix. (Plural Radices.) A root.

Ramea folia. Leaves that grow only on the branches, and not
on the trunk.

ilamosissimus caulis. A stalk abounding with branches irre-
gularly disposed, as the Lotus, Class v.

Ramus. (Plural Rami.) A branch of a tree.

Ramosus caulis. A. stalk having many branches.

Receptaculum. The basis on which the parts of fructification
are connected. See PI. to illustrate Class xix.

Reclinatum folium. A leaf reclined or bending downward.

Recurvatum folium. A leaf bent backwards.

Reflexus ramus. A branch bent back towards the trunk.

Regularis corolla. A flower, the parts of which are regular in
figure and magnitude.

Remotus verticillus. When the whorles of flowers and leaves
stand at a distance from one another,

Reniforme folium. A kidney-shaped leaf.

Repandum/oZ/um. A leaf having a bending or waved margin,
without any angles.

Repens radix. A creeping root extending horizontally.

Repens caulis. A creeping stalk, either running along the
ground, on trees, or rocks, and striking roots at certain
distances.

Reptans fagellum. Creeping along the ground, as the Straw-
berry,.

83'

Restantes pedunculi. Footstalks remaining after the fructifi-
cation has fallen off.

Resupinat-s^oi. When the upper lip of the flower faces the
ground, and the lower lip is turned upwards.

Resupinatum folium. When the lower disk of the leaf turns
upward.

Retrofiexus ramus. A branch bent in different directions.

Retrofractus pedunculus. Bent backwards towards its insertion,
as if it were broken.

Retusum folium. When the apex of the leaf is blunt.

Revolutum folium. A leaf rolled back.

Rhaeades. The red Poppy, a natural Order of plants in the Frag-
menta methodi naturalis of Linnaeus.

Rhombeum folium. A leaf whose shape nearly resembles a-
rhombus.

Rhomboideum folium. A leaf of geometrical figure, whose
sides and angles somewhat resemble that figure.

Rigidus caulis. Stiff, hard, rigid, with respect to the stem,-
&c.

Rimosus caulis. Abounding with clefts and chinks.

Ringe.ns. Grinning or gaping.

Rosaceus fos. A flower, whose petals are placed in a circle,
in form like those of a rose.

Rostellum. A little beak. The descending plain part of the
corculum of the seed.

Rotaceae. Wheel-shaped. A natural Order of plants in the
Fragmenta methodi naturalis of Linnaeus.

Rotatus limbus corolla. A wheel-shaped flower, expanded ho-
rizontally, having a tubular basis.

Rotundatum folium. A roundish leaf.

Rubra lactescentia. Red milkiness in plants.

Ruderata loca. Rubbishy places.

Hugosum folium. A rough or wrinkled leaf,

84

Sagittatum folium. An arrow-shaped leaf. Ex. Sagittaria, &c.
Sermentaceae. A twig or shoot of a vine, a natural Order of

plants in the Fragmenta methodi naturalis of Linnaeus.
Sermentosus caulis. The shoot of a vine, naked between each

joint, and producing leaves at the joints.
Scaber caulis. Scabby and rough, having tubercles.
Scabridae. Rough, a natural Order of plants in the Fragmenta

methodi naturalis of Linnaeus.
Scabrit'es. A species of pubescens, composed of particles
scarcely visible to the naked eye, sprinkled on the surface
of plants.
Scandens caulis. A climbing stem, as the passion flower, &c.
Scapus. A kind of stalk, which elevates the fructification, and
not the leave?, as in the Colchicum autumnale, Class vi.
Dionaea mucipula, Class x. &c.
Scariosum folium. A leaf dry on the margin.
Scitamina. Fair, beautiful. A natural Order of plants in the

Fragmenta methodi naturalis of Linnaeus.
Scorpioides f.os. A flower resembling the tad of a scorpion.
Scutellum. A species of fructification which is orbicular, con-
cave, and elevated in the margin, as in some species of
Lichen.
Scyphi. A subdivision of the genus Lichen.
Secretoria sccbiities. A species of glandular roughness on the

surface of seme plants.
Secunda spica. A spike of grass with the flowers turned all to-
wards one side, as Bromus ardensis,
Securiformis puhescentia. A species of pubes on the surface of

some plants, the bristles resembling an ax or hatchet.
Semen. Seed.
Seminale folium. Seed-leaf.

Semiteres caulis. Half a cylinder, flat on one side, and round
on the other.

85

Sempervirens folium. An ever-green leaf.

Sena folia. Leaves growing in sixes, as in Galium spurium.

Senticosae. Briars or brambles, a natural Order of plants in the
Fragmenta methodi naturalis of Linnaeus.

Sepiariae. Hedge plants, a natural Order of plants in the Frag-
menta methodi naturalis of Linnaeus.

Sericeum folium. A leaf whose surface is of a soft silky texture.

Serratum folium. A leaf whose margin is like the teeth of a
saw ; as the tea-leaf, Class xiii. Order 3.

SessWe folium. A leaf growing immediately to the stem of the
plant without any foot-stalk. Ex. Hippuris, Class l, &c.

Setae. Bristles, a species of pubescens, covering the surface of
some plants.

Setaceum folium. A leaf shaped like a bristle.

Silicula. A little pod, as the Shepherd's Purse. See Illustra-
tion to Class xv.

Siliqua. A pod. See Illustration Class xv. and its character,
as differing from a legumen, vol. ii. p. 24.

Siliquosa. The second Order in the Class Tetradynamia.

Siliquosae. A natural Order of plants in the Fragmenta metho-
di naturalis of Linnaeus.

Simplex caulis. A simple or single stem.

Simplicissimus caulis. The most simple stem.

Sinistrorsus caulis. A stem twining from left to right, Ex.
Class viii. Order 3.

Sinuatumyb/zum. A leaf whose sides are hollowed or scolloped.

Sinus, (plural Sinus.) A hollow, cavity or notch.

Situs foliorum. The disposition of a leaf on the stem and
branches, which are either starry, by threes, opposite, al-
ternate, scattered, or crowded.

Solidus caulis. A solid stalk or stem.

Solitarius pedunculus. When only one flower-stalk proceeds
from the same part. Ex. Flax, Class v. Order 5.

Solutae stipulte. Loose, opposite to adnatae J

$6

Spadix. The receptaculum of a palm, a pedunculus which

proceeds from a spatha.
Sparsi rami, pedunculi. Scattered without order, as the Lotus,

Class v. Order l . The Ruscus, &c.
Spatha. A species of calyx resembling a sheath. Ex. Sisyrin-

chium, Class xvi. Order 1.
Spathaceae. Like sheaths, a natural Order of plants in the Frag-

mentamethodi naturalis of Linnaeus.
Spatulatum folium. A leaf in form of a spatula, an instru-
ment used to spread salve.
Species plantarum. The third subdivision in the Linnaean

system .
Spica. A species of inflorescence, resembling an ear of corn,

Ex. Sweet-scented vernal grass, Class ii. Order 2.
Spica secunda. When the flowers all turn towards one side, as

in the Pyrola secunda.
Spica disticha. When the flowers are in two rows, and incline

two ways.
Spicula. A little spike.

Spina?. Thorns, as in the Rhamnus Lotu*, Cla?s v. Order l.
Spinosus caulis. A thorny stem. See the distinction between

a thorn and a prickle, Class xii. Order 3.
Spirales cotyledones. Seed leaves twisted spirally.
Spithama. A span. Or seven Parisian inches.
Splendentia folia. Shining leaves.
Squamosa radix. A scaly root.
Squarrosum. Rough, scaly, or scurfy.

Stamen, (Plural Stamina.) One of the seven parts of fructifi-
cation in the Linnaean system. See vol. ] . p. 8.
Staminiferous. A flower, having stamina and no pistilla.
Statuminatae. A natural Order of plants in the Fragmenta me-

thodi naturalis of Linnaeus.
Stellata folia. Leaves surrounding the stem, like the radii of a

circle.
Stellatae seta-. A species of pubescens called bristles, when they

87

-rise from a centre in form of a star, as in the Mesembryart-
themum barbatum.

Stellata planta. One of Ray's Classes, the Tetrandria Monogy-
nia cf Linnaeus.

Stellatae. A natural Order of plants in the Frag.nenta method:
naturalis of Linnaeus.

Sterilis Jlos. A flower producing only stamina.

Stigma, (Plural Stigmata.) Summit of the Pistillum. See PL
l and 3. Vol. l.

Stimuli. Stings.

Stipes, (Plural Stipites.) The base of a frond. See p. 4i.
Vol.2.

Stipitatus pappus. A kind of stem that elevates the down and
connects it with the seed. See PL i. Class xix.

Stipula, (Plural Stipulae). One of the kinds of fulcra of plants,
growing at the base of the foot-stalks of leaves, and are either
by twos, single, deciduous, abiding, adhering, loose, on the
inside of the foot-stalks or on the outside. See Storax-tree,
Class x. and Meborea, Class xx.

Stipulares glandule. Glands produced from stipula*.

Stolo. A shoot, which running on the surface of the ground
strikes root at every joint, as in the Strawberry.

Striatus caulus, culmus, &c. Channelled streaks, running length-
wise in parallel lines.

Strictus caulis. Straight stiff shoot.

Strigae. Ridges, rows.

Strobilus. A kind of pericarpium, formed from an amentum,
as the cone of the Pine-tree. Ex. Class xxi. Order 8.

Stylus, (Plural Styli.) That part of the pistiilum which ele-
vates the stigma from thegermen. See plafe .. vol. i.

Submersum folium. When aquatic plants have their leaves
sunk under the surface of the water.

Subramosus caulis. A stem having tew branches.

Subrotundum folium. A leaf almost round.

Subulatum/o/iMw. An awl-shaped leaf.

88

Succulentse. Juicy, a natural Order of plants in the Frag-
menta methodi naturalis of Linnaeus.

Suffrutex. An uncle ishrub.

Sulcatus caulis, culmus. A stalk, deeply furrowed lengthwise.

Superflua polygamic!. The second Order in the Class Syn-
genesia.

Superus flos. When the receptaculum of the flower stands
above the germen, as in the Rose.

Supra-axillaris pedunculus. The foot-stalk of a flower, whose
insertion is above the angle formed by the branch.

Supra-decomposita/oZia, are composite leaves which have little
leaves growing on a subdivided foot-stalk.

Supra-foliaceus pedunculus. The foot-stalk of a flower in-
serted into the stem immediately above the leaf.

Surculus, (Plural Surculi.) The stalks or branches of mosses.

Syngenesia. The nineteenth Class in the Linnsean system.

T.

Tcgumentum. A cover.

Teres caulis. A cylindrical stalk.

Tergeminum folium compositum. A leaf three times double,

when a dichotomus petiolus is subdivided, having two foli-

lce on the extremity of each division.
Terminalis Jlos. A flower terminating a branch .
Terna folia. Leaves in whorles by threes.
Tesselatum folium. A chequered leaf, whose squares are ci

different colours.
Tetradynamia. The fifteenth Class in the Linnaean system.
Tetragonus caulis. A four-cornered or square stalk, as in the

Ground Ivy, Class xiv. Order l, &c.
Tetragynia. The fourth Order of some of the Classes in the

Linnsean system.
Tetrandria. The fourth Class in the Linnasan system.
Tetrapetala corolla. A flower consisting of four petals. Ex.

Coral-wort, Class xv. Order 2.

89

Tetraphyllus calyx. A Calyx consisting of four leaves.

Tetrasperma planta. Producing four seeds.

Thalamus. A bed. The receptaculum.

Theca. A sheath.

Thyrsus. A spike like a pine cone.

Tormentosus caulis. A stalk covered with a whitish down,

like wool.
Tomentum. A species of pubescence, covering the surface of

some plants of woolly or downy texture.
Torosum pericarpium. Protuberant, swelling out in knobs ;

like treins and muscles.
Torta corolla. When the petals of a flower are twisted, as in

the Ilermannia, Class xvi. Order 2.
Tortilis arista. Awns or beards of corn twisted like a screw.
Transversum dissepimentum. When the partition is at right

angles with the sides of the pericarpium, as the Genus

Thlaspi, &c.
Trapeziforme folium. A leaf having four prominent angles,

whose sides are neither equal nor opposite.
Triandria. The third Class in the Linnaean system.
Triangulare/oZfu77i. A triangular leaf.
Tricocca capsula. A capsula with three cells, and a single seed

in each cell. Ex. the seed vessel of the tea-tree, Class xiii.
Tricoccae. A natural Order of plants in the Fragmenta methodi

natural is of Linnaeus.
Tricuspidata. Three-pointed.
Trihdam folium . A leaf divided into three linear segments,

having straight margins.
Triflorus pediinculus. A foot-stalk bearing three flowers.
Trigonus caulis. A three-sided stalk.

Trigynia. The third Order in some of the Classes of the Lin-
naean system.
Trihilatae. Seeds having three eyes.

Trijugurn/b/«m. A winged leaf with three pairs of leaflets.
Trilobum folium. A leaf having three lobes.

90

Trinervum folium. A leaf having three strong nerves running

from the base to the apex.
Trioecia. The third Order in the class Polygamia in the Lin-

nsean system.
Tripartitum/o/zu/n. Aleafdivided intothreepartsdowntothebase.
Tripetala corolla. A flower consisting of three petals. Ex. Wa-
ter-Aloe, Class vi. Order 5.
Tripetalcideee. Three-petaled, a natural Order of plants in the

Fragmenta methodi naturalis of Linnaeus.
Triphyllus calyx. A calyx consisting of three leaves.
Trip'mnztum folium compositum. A leaf having a triple series

of pinnae or wings.
Triplinervum/oZi'uw. A leaf having three nerves running from

the base to the apex, as in the Lotus, Class v. Order l.
Triquetrum folium. A leaf having three plain sides.
Trisperma. Three-seeded, as the Euphorbia. Tea-tree, &c.
Triternatum folium compositum. A compound leaf when the

divisions of a triple petiolus are subdivided into threes.
Trivalve pericarpium. A pod or capsula consisting of three

valves.
Truncatum folium. A leaf having its apex, as it were, cut off, as

the leaf of the Tulip-tree.
Truncus. The body or stem of a tree.
Tuberculatus. Having pimples or tubercles.
Tuberculum A little pimple.
Tuberosa radix. A tuberous or knobbed root.
Tubulatum. Tubular, applied to flowers, as in the Class Di-

dynamia.
Tubulo>i fosculi. Tubular fl rets nearly equal ; one of the

three divisions of compound flowers.
Tubus. A tube. The lower and narrow part of a monopeta-

lous flower.
Tunicatus radix. A species of bulbous root, having coats lying
one over another from the centre to the surface, as in the
Onion, Tulip, &c.

91

Turbinatum pericarpium. A kind of pod, narrow at the base
and broad at the apex, as the Shepherd's Purse. Ex. in the
Plate illustrating the Class and Orders of Class xv.

Turgidum legumen. Swollen, puffed out, as in Ononis.

Turio. The young buds, or shoots of Pines.

Vaginales. Sheathed, a natural Order of plants inthe Frag-

menta methodi naturalis of Linnaeus.
Vaginans/o/iuirc. A leaf like a sheath, whose base infolds the

stem.
Valvula. A valve partition of the external cover of that sort
of pericarpium called capsula.

Vegetabilia. One of the three kingdoms of nature.

Venosum folium. The veins which run over the whole sur-
face of a leaf.

Ventricosa spica. A spike narrowing at each extremity, and
bellying out in the middle.

Ventriculosus calyx. A calyx bellying out in the middle, but
not in so great a degree as Ventricosus.

Vepreculae. Briars or brambles, a natural Order of plants in
the Fragmenta methodi naturalis of Linnaeus.

Verucosa capsula. A capsula having little knobs or warts on
its surface.

Versatilis anthera. When the anthera is fixed by the middle
on the point of the filament, and so poised as to turn like
the needle of a Compass, as in the common Lily.

Verticalia folia. Leaves so situated that their base is perpendi-
cular above the apex.

Verticillati rami, fores. Branches and flowers, surrounding
the stem, like the spokes of a wheel.

Verticillatae. A natural Order of plants in the Fragmenta me-
thodi naturalis of Linnaeus.

92

Verticillus, A species of inflorescence, in which the flowers

grow in whorles, Ex. Lythrum, Class xi. Order 1 .
Vesicula. A little bladder.

Vesicularis scahrities. A kind of glandular roughness, resem-
bling Ve.siculae.
Vexilium. A standard, the upright petal of a papilionaceous

flower.
Villosus caulis. A stalk covered with soft hairs.
Virgatus caulis. A stalk shooting out ; a slender, straight

branch or rod.
Viscidum folium. A leaf whose sursace is clammy.
Viscositas, glewy, clammy.
Uliginosa loca. Boggy places.
Umbella. An umbel, as the sticks of an umbrella.
Umbellatus Jlos. An umbellatcd flower, as Cicuta virosa,

Class v. Order 2. Butomus, Class ix. &c.
Umbellula. A little umbel.
Umbilicatum folium. A peltate leaf, shaped like a navel, at

the insertion of the foot-stalk. Ex. Cyamus Nelumbo.

PI. 3.
Uneinatum stigma. A hooked stigma.
Undatum folium. A waved leaf, whose surface rises and falls

in waves towards the margin, as Rheum undulatum, &c.
Undulata corolla. A flower whose petals are waved.
Unguis. A nail or claw, that part of a petal which is joined to

the receptaculum.
Unicus flos. One flower.
Unicus radix. A single root.
Uniflorus pedunculus. One flower on a foot-stalk.
Unilateralis racemus. A bunch of flowers growing on one

side.
Universalis umbella. An universal umbel.
Volva. The calyx* of the fungi. Ex. Class xxiv. Order 4.
Volubilis caulis. A twinins; stalk. Ex. Class viii. Order 3.

93

Urceolata corolla. A pitcher-shaped flower.

Urens folium. A leaf, burning, stinging, as common Nettles.

Utriculi. A species of glandular, secretory vessels on the sur-
face of various plants.

Vulgaris. Common. The specific name of many plants, as
Hippuris vulgaris, Class i. Order 1. &c.

THE

CLASSES AND ORDERS

DISTINGUISHED BY

THEIR BOTANICAL NAMES.

Class I.
MONANDRIA.

3 Monogynia
■1 Digynia

Class II.
DIANDRIC.

1 Monogynia

2 Digynia

3 Trigynia

Class III.
TRIANDRIA.

1 Monogynia

2 Digynia

3 Trigynia

Class IV.
TETRANDRIA,

l Monogynia
9- Digynia.

3 Tetragynia

Class V.
PENTANDRIA.

1 Monogynia

2 Dygynia

3 Trigynia

4 Tetragynia

5 Pentagynia

6 Hexagynia

7 Polygynia

Class VI.
HEXANDRIA.

1 Monogynia

2 Digynia

3 Trigynia

4 Tetragynia

5 Hexagynia
0 Polygynia

96

Class VII.

6 Dodecagynia

HEPTANDRIA.

1 Monogynia

Class XII.

2 Digynia

ICOSANDRIA,

3 Tetragynia

1 Monogynia

4 Heptagynia

2 Pentagynia

3 Polygynia

Class VIII.

OCTANDRIA.

Class XIII.

l Monogynia

POLYANDRIA.

2 Digynia

] Monogynia

3 Trigynia

2 Digynia

4 Tetragynia

3 Trigynia

4 Tetragynia

Class IX.

5 Pentagynia

ENNEANDRIA.

6 Hexagynia

l Monogynia

7 Polygynia

2 Trigynia

3 Hexagynia

Class XIV.

DIDYNAMIA,

Class X.

] Gymnospermia

DECANDRIA.

2 Angiospermia

1 Monogynia

2 Digynia

XV.

3 Trigynia

TETRADYNAMIA.

4 Pentagynia

1 Siliculosa

5 Decagynia.

2 Siliquosa

Class XI.

Class XVI.

DODECANDRIA.

MONADELPHIA.

1 Monogynia

1 Triandria

2 Digynia

2 Pentandria

3 Trigynia

3 Heptandria

4 Tetragynia

4 Octandria

5 Pentagynia

5 Decandria

97

5 Endecandria

7 Dodecandria

8 Polyandria

Class XVII.
DIADELPHIA.

1 Pentandria

2 Hexandria

3 Octandria

4 Decandria

Class XXI.
MONOECIA.
l Monandria

2 Diandria

3 Triandria

4 Tetrandria

5 Pentandria

6 Hexandria

7 Polyandria

8 Monadelphia

Class XVIII.
POLYADELPHIA.

1 Dodecandria

2 Icosandria

3 Polyandria

Class XIX.
SYNGENESIA.

1 Poly garni a aequalis

2 Polygamia superflua

3 Polygamia frustranea

4 Polygamia necessaria

5 Polygamia segregata

Class XX.
GYNANDRIA,

1 Monandria

2 Diandria

3 Triandria

4 Tetrandria

5 Pentandria

6 Hexandria
? Octandria

VOL, III,

Class XXII.
DIOECIA.

1 Monandria

2 Decandria

3 Triandria

4 Tetrandria

5 Pentandria

6 Hexandria

7 Polyandria

8 Monadelphia

Class XXIII.
POLYGAMIA,

1 Monoecia

2 Dioecia

3 Trioecia

Class XXIV.
CRYPTOGAM1A.

1 Filices

2 Musci

3 Algae

4 Fungi

SYSTEMATICAL INDEX

COMMON NAMES.

ORDER

Class I.

Mare's-tail l

Water Star-wort 2

Class II.
Enchanter's Nightshade.... l
Gibbous Duck- weed. .... —

Speedwell —

Sweet-scented Vernal-grass 2
Black Pepper 3

Class III.
Papyrus l

Cat's-tail-grass 2

Meadow Fox-tail-grass . . —

Sugar-cane —

Umbelliferous Chick-weed 3

Class IV.

Devil's-bit Scabious 1

Slender Buffonia . , 2

Common Holly 3

Class V.

Lotus l

pontic Azalea —

ORDER

Tobaco l

Coffee —

Woody Nightshade — «

Deadly Nightshade —

Water Hemlock 2

Fool's parsley —

Blue Passion-flower 3

Grass of Parnassus 4

Flax 5

Great Sun-dew 6

Mouse-tail 7

Class VI.

Common Barberry 1

English Hyacinth —

Rice 2

Meadow Saffron 3

Peteveria 4

Water Aloe 5

Great Water Plantain 6

Class VII.
Chickweed Winter-green ... 1

Limeum g

Lizard's tail 3

99

ORDER ORDER

Round-leaved Septas 4 Service Tree 2

■ Apple Rose , . , . 3

Class VIII.

Nasturtium i ClASg xnj#

Scarlet Fuchsia — White Water-lily i

Cross-leaved Heath — Lotus of lndia __

Balsam of Gilead amyris — Red Horned-Poppy —

Upright Galenia 2 Cystus Heaanthemum. . . -

Climbing Buck-wheat 3 paeony . . *

Tuberous Moschateil 4 Tea Tree

Herb Paris.

Class IX.

Cinnamon 1

Rhubarb 2

Flowering Rush 3

Tetracera 4

Common Fennel-flower .... 5

Water Aloe q

Egyptian bean-lily 7

Class XIV.
ClassX. Ground Ivy

Fly-trap of Venus 1 Wild SaSe •

Storaxtree — Two-«owered Linnaea 2

Clove Pink 2 _ ~

„ „ ,, „ Class XV.

CornCatchfly 3 „.. „ ,

XT , ' . , Bitter Candy-tuft 1

Narrow-leaved Mouse-ear. . . 4 .-, ,

_. . . , Coral-wort o

Virginian Poke 5

Class XI. Class XVL

Purple Loosestrife l Iris-leaved Sisyrinchium. ... 1

Common Agrimony 2 Marsh-mallow-leaved Her-

Mignonnette 3 mannia 2

Single-spiked Aponogeton . . 4 Sorrel Crane's-bill 3

Glinus 5 CaPe Aitonia 4

Common Houseleek 6 Mountain Crane's-bill 5

___ Brownea q

Class XII. Maple-leaved Pterospher-

Cherry Laurel 1 mum , ....,,.,. 7

100

ORDER ORDER

Common Cotton 8 Anguria 2

— — Sedge. 3

Class XVII. Paper Mulberry Tree 4

Three-leaved Monnieria . . . . l Nephelium 5

Yellow Fumitory 2 Zizania 6

Myrtle-leaved Polygala 3 Common Arrow-head ^

Sensitive Hedysarum 4 Wild Pine Tree 8

Class XVIII. Class XXII.

Orange Tree 1 Najas 1

Thyme-leaved Melaleuca. . . 2 Valhsneria 2

Marsh St. John's-wort 3 Least JViLlow —

Butcher's Broom 3

Class XIX. Misseltoe 4

Common Carline 1 Hemp 5

Daisy 3 Black Bryony 6

Blue Bottle 3 Common Frog-bit 7

Garden Marigold 4 Yew 8

Great Globe Thistle 5 Pitcher-plant —

Class XX. Class XXIII.

Fly Orchis 1 Pedunculated Sea-orache. . . 1

Ladies Slipper 2 Sensitive plant —

Meborea 3 . Sea Buck-thorn 2

Greater Stylidium 4 Cultivated Fig 3

Sweet-scented Pergularia ... 5

Common Birthwort 6 Class XXIV.

Cytinus 7 Prickly Polypodium 1

Rough horse-tail —

Class XXI. Matted Hypnum i

Horned Pond-weed l Rein-deer Lichen „. ?

Bread-fruit-Tree — Morel 4

ALPHABETICAL INDEX

COMMON NAMES.

CLASS

Aitonia xvi

Agrimony xi

Aloe, American vx

Aloe v

Aloe xih

Anguria xxi

Aponogetcn x i

Arrow-head xxi

Asa foetida v

Asparagus vi

Balsam of Gilead Amyris vm

Barberry vi

Birth-wort xx

Blue Bottle xix

Bread-fruit Tree xxi

Broom xxn

Brownea xvi

Bryony xxn

Buck-thorn xxm

Buck-wheat vm

Buffonia i v

Butcher's Broom xxn

Candy-tuft x v

Carline xix

Carraway v

CLASi

Cat's-tail Grass ........ . . m

Cherry Laurel xn

Chick-weed in

Chick-weed Winter-green vir.

Cinnamon ix

Cistus xiu

Coffee v

Coral-wort xv

Corn Catchfly x

Cotton xvi

Crane's-bill vi

Cytinus xx

Deadly Nightshade v

Duck-weed u

Enchanter's Night-shade . . n

Fennel flower v

Festuca in

Fig xxn i

Fly-trap of Venus x

Fool's parsley v

Flax v

Frog-bit xxn

Fuchsia , viu

Fumitory v 1 1

Galenia v;x

102

CLASS

Glinus xi

Globe Thistle xix

Grass of Parnassus v

Heath viii

Hedysarum xvn

Hemlock v

Hemp xxn

Herb Paris viii

Hermania xvi

Holly iv

Horse-chesnut vn

Horse-tail xxiv

Houseleek xi

Hyacinth , vi

Hypnum xxi v

Ivy v

Ladies' Slipper xx

Lichen xxiv

Limeum vn

Linnaea i xi v

Lizard's Tail vu

Loosestrife xi

Lotus v

Lotus xui

Mare's Tail i

Marigold xix

Meadow Foxtail-grass .... in

Meborea xx

Melaleuca xvm

Mignonnette 1 1

Misseltoe xxn

Monnieria xvn

Morel xxiv

Moschatell viii

CLASS

Mouse-ear x

Mouse-tail v

MulberyTree xxi

Najas xxn

Nasturtium viii

Nephelium xxi

Orange Tree xvm

Orchis xx

P«eony xiii

Papyrus in

Parsley v

Passion Flower v

Pepper 1 1

Pergularia xx

Petiveria vi

Pine-apple v i

Pine Tree xxi

Pink x

Plantain vi

Polyg la xvn

Polypodium xxiv

Pondweed xxi

Pontic Azalea v

Poppy xiii

Pterospermum xvi

Rice ▼!

Rose xiii

Rhubarb ix

Rush vi

Saffron vi

Scabious I V

Sea Orache xxm

Sedge xx

Sensitive Plant xxm

103

CLASS

Septas vu

Service Tree Xii

Sisyrinchium x vi

Sorrel Crane's-bill xvi

Speed-well xi

Star-wort I

St. John's-wort xviu

Storax Tree x

Stylidium xx

Sugar-cane in

Sun-dew • » v

Tea Tree xin

CLASS

Tetracera xiii

Tobacco v

Tulip vi

Vallisneria xxn

Vernal-grass 1 1

Virginian Poke x

White Lily vi

Water-lily xm

Wild Sage xi v

Woody Nightshade v

Yew , xxn

Zizania ...,.-.> xxi

ALPHABETICAL INDEX

SCIENTIFIC NAMES.

CLASS

5Lthusa senapiura v

Adoxa moschateilina ... vin
Agaricus semi ovatus. . . xxiv

Agave Americana vi

Agrimonia eupatoria xi

Agrostis stolonifera m

Aitonia capensis xvi

Alisma plantago vi

Alopecurus pratensis . . . . m
Amyris Gileadensis . . . . v 1 1 1

Anguria pedata xxi

Anthoxanthumodoratum . . n
Aponogetonmonostachyon xi
Aristolochia clematitis . . . . xx
Artocarpus communis. . . . xxi

Asparagus v i

Atriplex pedunculata. . . xxm

Atropa bella-donua v

Azalea pontica : . . . v

Bellis perennis xix

Berbens vulgaris v i

Bromelia ananas vi

Brownea racemosa xvi

Buffonia tenufolia, ...... . i v

CLASS

Butomus Umbellatus ix

Byssus xxiv

Calendula officinalis xix

Callitriche aquatica i

Cannabis xxn

Carex acuta xxi

Carlina vulgaris xix

Centaurea cyanus xix

Cerastium vulgatum x

Cicuta virosa v

Circaea lutetiana n

Cistus helianthemum .. . xiii

Citrus aurantium xviii

Coffea arabica v

Colchicum autumnale . . . . vi

Corraea virens vin

Cyamus nelumbo xi 1 1

Cyperus papyrus in

Cypripedium calceolus . . . . xx

Cytinus hypocistis xx

Dentaria bulbifera x v

Dianthus caryophyllus x

Dionaea muscipula x

Drosera anclica v

105

CLASS

Echinops sphaerocephalus xix

Embothria iv

Equisetum hycmale . . . . xxiv

Erica tetralix vm

Ferula asa fcetida v

Festuca vivipara m

Ficus xxiv

Fuchsia coccinea v n i

Fuci xxiv

Fumaria lutea xvn

Galenea Africana vi 1 1

Geranium pyrenaicum ...xvi
Glaucium phcenicium ..xui

Glechoma hederacea xi v

Glinus xi

Gossipium herbacium . . . xvi

Hedysarum gyrans xvn

Hermania aithaeifolia .... xvi
Hippophae rhamnoides . xxiii

Hippuris vulgaris i

Holosteum umbellatum. . . in
Hyacinthus non scriptus ..vi

■ orientalis vi

Hydrocharis morsus-ranae xxn

Hypericum elodes xvm

Hypnum intricatum ...xxiv

Iberis amara xv

Ilex aquifolium iv

Laurus cinnamomum ix

Lemna gibba n

Lichen rangiferinus. . . . xxi v.
Licoperdon tuber. ...... xxiv

Limeum vn

Linnaea borealis, xiv

CLASS

Linum usitatissimum v

Lolium temulentum m

Lythrum salicaria xi

Meborea guyannensis xx

Melaleuca thymifolia . . xvm

Mimosa pudica xxm

Monnieria triloba xvn

Morus papyrifera xxn

Myosurus minimus v

Myrtus pimenta x 1 1 1

Najas marina xxn

Nephelium echinatum . . xxi

Nigeila damascena xm

Nymphasa alba xm

Ophrys muscifera. . . ,.. . . xx

Oryza vi

Paeonia corallma xm

Paris quadrifolia vin

Parnassia palustris v

Passiflora caerulia v

Pelargonium acetosum... xvi
Pergularia odoratissima. . . . xx

Petiveria alliacea vi

Phleum pratense m

Phytolacca decandra x

Pinus silvestris xxj

Piper nigrum n

Polygala myrtifolia xvn

Polygnonum convolvulus vin

Polypodium xxiv

Prunus lauro-cerasus xii

Pterospermum acerifo-

lium xvi

Pyrus domestiGa .,.♦,.., xn

106

CLASS

Reseda odorata x i

Rhammus lotus v

Rheum palraatum ix

' undulatum ix

Rosa villosa xn

Ruscus acculiatus xxn

Saccharum officinarum. . . in

Sagittaria sagittifolia xxi

Salix herbacea xxu

Saururus cernius vu

Scabiosa succisa iv

Sempervivum tectorum . . . xi

Septas capensis vn

Silene conica x

Sisyrinchium bermudiana xvi

Solanum dulcamara v

Styrax officinalis, x

CLASS

Stratiotes alismoides vi

Stratiotes aloides xni

Stylidium major xx

Tamus communis xxix

Taxus baccata xxu

Tetracera x 1 1 1

Thea xni

Tremella nostoc xxiv

Trien talis europaea vn

Tropoeolum majus vm

Teucrium scorodonia . . . . xiv

Vallisneria spiralis xxu

Veronica officinalis n

Viscum album xxu

Zannichellia palustris. . . . xxi
Zizania aquatica xxi

T Benslev, Printer*
Bolt Court, Fleet Street, London.

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